gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Characterization of Water/Oil and Water/Oil/Water Emulsions Containing Biopolymer-Gelled Water Droplets (2006)

The purpose of this study was to create water-in-oil (W/O) and water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions containing gelled internal water droplets. Twenty weight percent W/O emulsions stabilized by a nonionic surfactant (6.4 wt % polyglycerol polyricinoleate, PGPR) were prepared that contained either 0 or 15 wt % whey protein isolate (WPI) in the aqueous phase, with the WPI-containing emulsions being either unheated or heated (80 degrees C for 20 min) to gel the protein. Optical microscopy and sedimentation tests did not indicate any significant changes in droplet characteristics of the W/O emulsions depending on WPI content (0 or 15%), shearing (0-7 min at constant shear), thermal processing (30-90 degrees C for 30 min), or storage at room temperature (up to 3 weeks). W/O/W emulsions were produced by homogenizing the W/O emulsions with an aqueous Tween 20 solution using either a membrane homogenizer (MH) or a high-pressure valve homogenizer (HPVH). For the MH the mean oil droplet size decreased with increasing number of passes, whereas for the HPVH it decreased with increasing number of passes and increasing homogenization pressure. The HPVH produced smaller droplets than the MH, but the MH produced a narrower particle size distribution. All W/O/W emulsions had a high retention of water droplets (>95%) within the larger oil droplets after homogenization. This study shows that W/O/W emulsions containing oil droplets with gelled water droplets inside can be produced by using MH or HPVH.
Design and performance of multilevel phase fan-out diffractive optical elements for laser materials processing (2002)

A multilevel phase fan-out diffractive optical element (DOE) has been developed and introduced into various kinds of laser materials processing such as drilling, cutting, welding, and soldering. The larger the number of arrayed spots the DOE generates on the surface of the workpiece, the more sensitive the intensity uniformity of the spots becomes to fabrication errors, which are deviations between designed and fabricated surface microstructures. Errors in etch depth error have, in particular, a significant effect on the intensity uniformity. A new design method has been developed for increasing the tolerance to the etch depth error, and applied to the design of a 16-level phase 7 x 7 fan-out element. The result indicates a uniformity less sensitive to etch depth error. The effect of a line width error due to the side etch introduced during a plasma etching process is also evaluated by computing high-resolution graphics data representing the phase of the DOE with the line width errors. The diffraction efficiency and intensity uniformity are measured for fabricated DOE prototypes, and a comparison made between the calculated and measured properties shows good agreement. Mask alignment errors, the slant of sidewalls, and other fabrication errors are discussed further.
Bowl Inversion and Electronic Switching of Buckybowls on Gold (2016)

Bowl-shaped π-conjugated compounds, or buckybowls, are a novel class of sp(2)-hybridized nanocarbon materials. In contrast to tubular carbon nanotubes and ball-shaped fullerenes, the buckybowls feature structural flexibility. Bowl-to-bowl structural inversion is one of the unique properties of the buckybowls in solutions. Bowl inversion on a surface modifies the metal-molecule interactions through bistable switching between bowl-up and bowl-down states on the surface, which makes surface-adsorbed buckybowls a relevant model system for elucidation of the mechano-electronic properties of nanocarbon materials. Here, we report a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements and ab initio atomistic simulations to identify the adlayer structure of the sumanene buckybowl on Au(111) and reveal its unique bowl inversion behavior. We demonstrate that the bowl inversion can be induced by approaching the STM tip toward the molecule. By tuning the local metal-molecule interaction using the STM tip, the sumanene buckybowl exhibits structural bistability with a switching rate that is two orders of magnitude faster than that of the stochastic inversion process.
Transient anterior subcapsular vacuolar change of the crystalline lens in patients after posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation (2013)

Direct irrigation of the narrow space confined by the ICL and the crystalline lens is at risk for the development of vacuolar changes in the crystalline lens. The observed spontaneous reversal indicates that surgeons should not rush to surgical intervention but rather opt for close follow over several weeks.
Provision against the Consequences of Industrial Accidents (1912)

Miles M. Dawson, Provision against the Consequences of Industrial Accidents, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, Vol. 2, No. 2, Business and the Public Welfare (Jan., 1912), pp. 60-67
Sequence and Functional Variation in the HIV-1 Rev Regulatory Axis (2020)

The HIV-1 Rev-RRE regulatory axis is an understudied mechanism by which viral adaptation to diverse immune milieus may take place. There is evidence that this adaptation plays a role in HIV pathogenesis, particularly in immune evasion and latency, but further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted.
Clinically Labeled Contrastive Learning for OCT Biomarker Classification (2023)

This article presents a novel positive and negative set selection strategy for contrastive learning of medical images based on labels that can be extracted from clinical data. In the medical field, there exists a variety of labels for data that serve different purposes at different stages of a diagnostic and treatment process. Clinical labels and biomarker labels are two examples. In general, clinical labels are easier to obtain in larger quantities because they are regularly collected during routine clinical care, while biomarker labels require expert analysis and interpretation to obtain. Within the field of ophthalmology, previous work has shown that clinical values exhibit correlations with biomarker structures that manifest within optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans. We exploit this relationship by using the clinical data as pseudo-labels for our data without biomarker labels in order to choose positive and negative instances for training a backbone network with a supervised contrastive loss. In this way, a backbone network learns a representation space that aligns with the clinical data distribution available. Afterwards, we fine-tune the network trained in this manner with the smaller amount of biomarker labeled data with a cross-entropy loss in order to classify these key indicators of disease directly from OCT scans. We also expand on this concept by proposing a method that uses a linear combination of clinical contrastive losses. We benchmark our methods against state of the art self-supervised methods in a novel setting with biomarkers of varying granularity. We show performance improvements by as much as 5% in total biomarker detection AUROC.
Evidence for direct renal injury as a consequence of glomerular complement activation. (1986)

An isolated perfused kidney (IPK) preparation was used to study the functional consequences of antibody-initiated glomerular complement activation in an environment devoid of circulating inflammatory cells. Control IPK, with antibody bound to the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) (mean +/- SEM, 165.0 +/- 5.7 micrograms globulin/g renal cortex), were perfused with a 5% albumin solution. Control urinary protein excretion was 0.306 +/- 0.112 mg/min, renal vascular resistance (RVR) was 4.72 +/- 0.69 mgHg/ml/min, and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 0.41 +/- 0.01 ml/min/g. To produce glomerular complement activation, IPK with equal quantities of bound antibody (167.0 +/- 6.1 micrograms/g) were perfused with fresh plasma. Glomerular complement activation was associated with linear deposition of C3 on the GBM, a significant increase in protein excretion (3.317 +/- 1.077 mg/min; p less than 0.001) and RVR (10.15 +/- 1.85 mmHg/ml/min; p less than 0.001), and a decline in GFR (0.38 +/- 0.01 ml/min/g; p less than 0.05). Equivalent IPK perfused with decomplemented plasma demonstrated neither glomerular complement deposition nor augmented renal injury. By using both complement repletion and depletion techniques, this study demonstrates that antibody-initiated glomerular complement activation produces direct, neutrophil-independent renal injury. Thus, activated complement components may directly contribute to antibody-induced immune renal injury, in addition to their well established role in the recruitment of circulating inflammatory cells.
Structural defects and cathodoluminescence of InxGa1‐xN layers (2011)

Abstract Correlation between structural defects and appearance of multiple cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence peaks of In x Ga 1‐x N grown nominally with x = 0.1 and increasing layer thickness (100 nm to 1000 nm) is discussed. Cathodoluminescence studies were performed on the cross‐section samples earlier characterized by electron microscopy including Z‐contrast microscopy. Strained and relaxed layers with different In concentrations were observed for InGaN layers above the critical layer thickness. Stacking faults appear at high density in the relaxed layer which also roughens, created a saw‐tooth surface profile due to V‐shaped pits. Large domains of closely separated stacking faults (polytype‐like) were observed. In Z‐contrast microscopy stacking faults in upper/lower part of the layer appear with higher/lower brightness, suggesting different amount of In incorporation in agreement with x‐ray and RBS results. Only thin, strained InGaN layers showed single band‐edge CL peaks. Multiple CL peaks appear in the relaxed, defective portion of the InGaN layers. By comparison with GaN samples where structural defects are associated with CL peak shifts, we postulate that defects, their type and distribution are main contributors to the multiple peaks observed for InGaN samples (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X-ray-absorption studies of zirconia polymorphs. I. Characteristic local structures (1993)

Characteristic extended x-ray-absorption fine structure and x-ray-absorption near-edge structure spectra of zirconia polymorphs (monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, and cubic) have been identified at 10 K. For the host cations, these spectra are phase dependent but dopant independent because the dopant perturbation is short ranged. In the tetragonal structure, the first Zr-O shell is bifurcated into two tetrahedra, with outer O ions loosely bound and severely distorted. Although the tetragonal Zr cation network is nearly fcc and higher-order Zr-Zr coordinated shells are resolvable at distances up to 9 \AA{}, other evidence points to incoherent-distortion reflecting phase instability. In monoclinic, orthorhombic, and cubic structures, a similar Zr-O polyhedron with sevenfold coordination and a comparable bond length is observed, along with a large distortion or splitting of the next-nearest-neighbor Zr-Zr shell. Progressive departure from the ideal fluorite structure by reducing the Zr-O coordination and dilating or distorting the local Zr-Zr network is seen to be correlated to increased phase stability but not to long-range crystal symmetry.
Single-Amplifier Active RC Synthesis (1969)

This method uses basis polynomials drawn from <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RC</tex> networks to decompose desired transfer functions. The active elements employed are a single common isolation amplifier or operational amplifier. The method requires no factoring in the synthesis procedure.
A model for capacitance reconstruction from measured lossy MOS capacitance voltage characteristics (2002)

A capacitance model is developed and a correction formula is derived to reconstruct the intrinsic oxide capacitance value from measured capacitance and conductance of lossy MOS devices. Due to discrepancies during processing, such as cleaning, an unwanted lossy dielectric layer is present in the oxide/semiconductor interface causing the measured capacitance in strong accumulation to be frequency dependent. The capacitance–voltage characteristics after correction are free from any frequency dispersion effect and give the actual oxide thickness in accumulation at all frequencies. Simulation of the measured capacitance–frequency curve was carried out using the model. The model was applied to SiO2/Si, SiO2/strained Si and GaO2/GaAs MOS capacitors.
Reductive Dechlorination of Chloroacetanilide Herbicide (Alachlor) Using Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles (2010)

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) was used for the first time to reductively degrade the chloroacetanilide herbicide, alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide], in laboratory studies. NZVI was synthesized by the borohydride reduction method and characterized using transmission electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis. Resulting particles had an average diameter of 35 nm and a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of 25 m2 g−1. Alachlor degradation in the presence of NZVI was rapid and complete. Parallel comparison trials with commercial microscale zero-valent iron (surface area = 1–2 m2/g−1) were also conducted. Surface area-normalized rate constants (kSA) for NZVI and microscale zero-valent iron were found to be 38.5 × 10−5 and 3.8–7.7 × 10−5 L h−1/m−2, respectively. A reaction product was identified as dechlorinated alachlor [N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl) acetamide]. Based on results obtained in the research, the authors stipulate that NZVI may be a viable option for both site remediation and treatment of low-volume, high-concentration pesticide waste generated during pesticide application operations and in storage.
Importance of dose scheduling of denileukin diftitox/vaccine combination therapy to reduce T regs and to enhance immune responses (2007)

220 Regulatory T cells (T regs) play a crucial role in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and therefore in the prevention of autoimmune disease. In the context of cancer, recent findings suggest that T regs are in part responsible for lack of effective anti-tumor immunity. In fact, it has been shown that cancer patients have a high number of T regs circulating in peripheral blood as well as at the tumor site. The constitutively high expression of the IL-2R α subunit (CD25) on the surface of T regs allows for strategies aimed at depleting this T-cell population by targeting of the IL-2R. Denileukin diftitox, a fusion protein of IL-2 and diphtheria toxin, provides one such means of targeting this population. However, because denileukin diftitox can potentially deplete activated T cells as well as T regs, the scheduling of denileukin diftitox in combination with vaccine becomes an important consideration. In this study, we examined (a) the effect of denileukin diftitox on depletion of Tregs in various cellular compartments and (b) the dose scheduling of denileukin diftitox in combination with vaccine to enhance antigen-specific immune responses. A single injection of denileukin diftitox in mice (0.75 μg, i.p.) resulted in a reduction in the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells in spleen, peripheral blood, and bone marrow at day 1 post-administration. The depletion of T regs in spleen and blood was transient, normalizing by day 10 post-administration, whereas the level of T regs in bone marrow remained depressed at day 10. In subsequent experiments, we examined the use of denileukin diftitox in combination with recombinant poxvirus vaccines encoding for a specific antigen and a triad of costimulatory molecules (TRICOM: B7-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3), in the induction of antigen-specific immune responses in mice (to CEA or NP34). Various schedules of denileukin diftitox/vaccine combination therapy were evaluated, with denileukin diftitox being administered on days -7, -3, -1, 0, and +3 relative to vaccine. Injection of denileukin diftitox one day prior to vaccine was the most efficient in enhancing antigen-specific immune responses above that induced by vaccination alone. In contrast, denileukin diftitox administration three days after vaccine showed a negative impact on the development of an antigen-specific immune response. These studies indicate the potential utility of combination immune therapies designed to (a) reduce immune suppressive factors and (b) enhance activation of T-cell responses.
Involvement of neurokinin receptors in the induction but not the maintenance of mechanical allodynia in rat flexor motoneurones. (1995)

1. Intrathecal (i.t.) injections of the (tachykinin) NK1 receptor agonist, substance P methyl ester (SPME; 20 pmol), or the NK2 receptor agonist, neurokinin A (NKA; 20 pmol), substantially decreased the cutaneous mechanical threshold and markedly enhanced the touch-evoked response of posterior biceps femoris-semitendinosus (PBF-ST) spinal flexor motoneurones in decerebrate-spinal rats. This cutaneous mechanical reflex allodynia was prevented by pretreatment with the NK1 antagonist RP 67580 (2.28 nmol, i.t.) and the NK2 antagonist MEN 10376 (0.7 nmol, i.t.), respectively. 2. Electrical stimulation of the sural nerve at C fibre strength or cutaneous application of the irritant, mustard oil, produced prolonged cutaneous mechanical allodynia in PBF-ST motoneurones (15 min and > 1 h, respectively). Pretreatment with RP 67580 but not MEN 10376 prevented this, but when RP 67580 was administered 25 min after the application of mustard oil, the established hypersensitivity of the flexor motor reflex was not reversed. The enantiomer of RP 67580, RP 68651 was without effect. 3. Injection of bradykinin (60 microM, 80 microliters) into the gastrocnemius muscle increased the cutaneous mechanical hypersensitivity of PBF-ST flexor motoneurones for 40-50 min. MEN 10376, but not RP 67580, prevented this, but only when administered prior to the bradykinin injection. 4. These results suggest that the induction, but not the maintenance, of cutaneous mechanical allodynia in flexor motoneurones is NK receptor dependent, with cutaneous C fibre conditioning inputs acting via NK1 and muscle C fibre conditioning inputs via NK2 receptor subtypes.
Infinite Polyiodide Chains in the Pyrroloperylene–Iodine Complex: Insights into the Starch–Iodine and Perylene–Iodine Complexes (2016)

Abstract We report the preparation and X‐ray crystallographic characterization of the first crystalline homoatomic polymer chain, which is part of a semiconducting pyrroloperylene–iodine complex. The crystal structure contains infinite polyiodide I ∞ δ− . Interestingly, the structure of iodine within the insoluble, blue starch–iodine complex has long remained elusive, but has been speculated as having infinite chains of iodine. Close similarities in the low‐wavenumber Raman spectra of the title compound and starch–iodine point to such infinite polyiodide chains in the latter as well.
Analyzing Sustainability Literature in Maritime Studies with Text Mining (2018)

Since the world’s first Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, sustainability has become a focal point of significant debate for industry, government, and international organizations. As a result, research on sustainability of maritime logistics is on the rise, yet fragmented in terms of conceptual development, empirical testing and validation, and theory building. The aim of this paper is therefore two-fold: the first aim is to present a literature review of key journal articles in the field of maritime studies published between 1993 and 2017 using a technique of topic modelling; and the second is to provide future research directions with respect to major topics, themes and co-authorship patterns. Mapping and consolidation of sustainability issues are achieved by conducting a generative probabilistic text-mining technique, called latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), for latent data discovery and relationships among text document data. Moreover, bibliometric analysis is conducted to visualize the landscape of sustainability research. Based on the results, a new intellectual structure of sustainability research is created, the underlying themes are identified, key trends and patterns are extracted and future research development trajectories are mapped for the field of maritime studies.
Alternative origins of stroma in normal organs and disease (2011)

Stromal fibroblasts are a new prospective drug target. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and monocyte-derived stromal cells, also known as fibrocytes, are distinct fibroblastic populations derived from separate lineages. Mesenchymal and myeloid fibroblast progenitors are multipotent, serve as progenitor cells in animal models, and are implicated in several diseases. In addition, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been established as a mechanism for generation of stromal cells. Organ sources, relative contributions, and functions of these populations in normal development and pathology are not well understood. Innovative approaches are needed to identify markers that can distinguish these stromal populations.
Oversized Titania Nanosheet Crystallites Derived from Flux-Grown Layered Titanate Single Crystals (2003)

This paper reports on the synthesis and characterization of oversized titania nanosheets derived from single crystals of a potassium lithium titanate, K0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4. The single crystals with a lateral size of over 1 mm were obtained via a melt and recrystallization process in a flux melt. The crystals were converted into an acid-exchanged form of H1.07Ti1.73O4·H2O, and then was reacted with aqueous tetrabutylammonium (TBA) ions at various concentrations. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the titanate crystals exhibited high degrees of swelling, and exfoliated single sheets were obtained at a molar TBA dose of 0.5−1 with respect to the exchangeable protons in H1.07Ti1.73O4·H2O. Observations by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy detected very large nanosheet crystallites with a lateral size of several tens of micrometers. Some wrinkles and cracks within the crystallites indicated that they were highly flexible and also fragile.
Hydraulic Conductivity and Aquaporins of Cortical Cells in Gravitropically Bending Roots of Pisum sativum L. (2005)

We examined the differential elongation of gravitropically bending roots of Pisum sativum L. in terms of cell enlargement and water uptake by cells in the growing tissue. Hydraulic conductivity between the elongating and mature tissues (Lp) was estimated from the equation G = A × Lp × Δψ, where G is the water-uptake rate, A is the surface area of a single cell and Δψ is the driving force. The rate of entry of water into a cell was estimated from the rate of increase in the volumes of cells in the outer cortex, which were calculated from longitudinal sections at given times. Gravitropic bending occurred 1 h after the application of gravi-stimulation and the curvature increased rapidly for the next 3 h. The biggest difference in the partial elongation rate between opposite sides of a root was found in the region 3 to 4 mm from the root tip at the start of stimulation. Cell enlargement rate was 2.8 to 3.8 times greater on the upper side of the root than on the lower side. The water potential and the osmotic potential, in both the elongating and mature tissues, were the same on both sides of the root. Therefore, there was no difference in the driving force for water flow. Hydraulic conductivity was 2.3 to 4.2 times greater on the upper side of the root than on the lower side. There was no difference between the upper and lower sides of the root in the amounts of 19-kD and 24-kD proteins in membrane fractions, which we assumed to be aquaporins (putative aquaporins), as estimated with two preparations of polyclonal antibodies. The differential elongation that occurred during root gravitropism was caused by a difference in Lp. However, the difference in Lp did not appear to be regulated by the concentration in cell membranes of the putative aquaporins.