gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydroxyurea-Induced Acute Interstitial Lung Disease (1994)

Hydroxyurea is a cytotoxic agent that is being increasingly used for a number of malignant and nonmalignant systemic diseases. This agent is particularly well tolerated, with dose-related myelosuppression being the primary side effect. We describe a patient who had patchy interstitial infiltrates with cavitation 2 months after the start of therapy with hydroxyurea. After hydroxyurea therapy was discontinued and empiric corticosteroid therapy was given, the pulmonary infiltrates resolved. This is a case of presumed hydroxyurea-induced lung disease, the first with supportive lung biopsy material. It is essential for physicians to be aware of this potentially life-threatening toxicity.
Chiral Rodlike Platinum Complexes, Double Helical Chains, and Potential Asymmetric Hydrogenation Ligand Based on “Linear” Building Blocks:  1,8,9,16-Tetrahydroxytetraphenylene and 1,8,9,16-Tetrakis(diphenylphosphino)tetraphenylene (2005)

This paper is concerned with the synthesis of 1,8,9,16-tetrahydroxytetraphenylene (3a) via copper(II)-mediated oxidative coupling, its resolution to optical antipodes, and its conversion to 1,8,9,16-tetrakis(diphenylphosphino)tetraphenylene (3b). On the basis of these chiral "linear" building blocks, three rodlike chiral complexes, triblock (R,R,R,R)-17 and (S,S,S,S)-20 and pentablock (R,R,R,R,R,R,R,R)-22, were constructed. As a hydrogen bond donor, racemic and optically active 3a was allowed to assemble with linear acceptors to afford highly ordered structures. A 1:1 adduct of 4,4'-bipyridyl and (+/-)-3a exists in a dimeric form of 3a linked by 4,4'-bipyridyl through hydrogen bonds. Pyrazine serves as a short linker between achiral parallel chains each formed by (+/-)-3a, while self-assembly of homochiral 3a into alternate parallel chains occurs in the adduct of 5,5'-dipyrimidine with (+/-)-3a. Self-assembly of (S,S)-3a or (R,R)-3a with 4,4'-dipyridyl yielded a packing of chiral double helical chains formed by chiral tetrol 3a molecules. A novel chiral ligand, (S,S)-23, derived from 3a was used in the asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation of alpha-acetamidocinnamate, yielding up to 99.0% ee and 100% conversion.
COLPOSCOPY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESIONS (1998)

In Brief Objective To quantify by meta-analysis the performance of colposcopy to set a standard against which new technologies can be compared. Data Sources MEDLINE was searched for articles on colposcopy for diagnosis of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL). The search selected articles from 1960 to 1996 combining the key word “colposcopy” with key words “diagnosis,” “positive predictive value,” “negative predictive value,” “likelihood ratio,” and “receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.” Methods of Study Selection Articles were selected if the authors studied a population of patients with abnormal screening Papanicolaou smears and presented raw data showing for each cervical lesion type the number of patients judged positive and negative by colposcopic impression versus the standard of colposcopic biopsy results. Nine of 86 studies met these criteria. Tabulation, Integration, and Results Biopsies had been categorized as normal, atypia, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, CIN II, CIN III, carcinoma in situ, and invasive cancer; we recalculated performance measures using the Bethesda system. Overall sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, ROC curves, and the corresponding areas under the curves were calculated. The average weighted sensitivity of diagnostic colposcopy for the threshold normal compared with all cervix abnormalities (atypia, low-grade SIL, high-grade SIL, cancer) was 96% and the average weighted specificity 48%. For the threshold normal cervix and low-grade SIL compared with high-grade SIL and cancer, average weighted sensitivity was 85% and average weighted specificity 69%. Likelihood ratios generated small but important changes in probability for distinguishing normal cervix and low-grade SIL from high-grade SIL and cancer. Areas under the ROC curve were 0.80 for the threshold normal cervix compared with all abnormalities and 0.82 for the threshold normal cervix and low-grade SIL compared with high-grade SIL and cancer. Conclusion Colposcopy compares favorably with other medical diagnostic tests in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curve. New diagnostic methods for the cervix can be compared with colposcopy using these quantified values. Colposcopy has good sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of squamous intraepithelial lesions and should be the standard for comparison of new diagnostic technologies.
The Effects of Ester Chain Length and Temperature on the Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerization of Methacrylates (1999)

The catalytic chain transfer polymerizations of methyl, ethyl, and butyl methacrylates were studied over the temperature range 40−70 °C with cobaloxime boron fluoride (COBF) and its tetraphenyl derivative (COPhBF). It was found that for both catalytic chain transfer agents the chain transfer constant decreases in going from methyl to butyl methacrylate, and that there is no significant temperature effect on the observed chain transfer constants. The results are consistent with a diffusion-controlled rate coefficient for the chain transfer reaction.
Adhesion Promotion in Rayon/Nylon Skin/Core Bigeneric Fibers (1993)

Rayon/nylon skin/core bigeneric fibers have been developed to combine mechanical properties ofsynthetic core material with moisture and comfort properties of cellulosic skin. Fibers are produced in a fiber coating operation where oriented nylon fiber is coated with viscose rayon solution in a fiber coating die. For fibers produced in earlier studies, adhesion between skin and core was not sufficient, and the skin debonded during subsequent processing. In this study, fumaric acid (FA) was used as an adhesion promoter in rayon coated fibers. Results of a severe abrasion test show that FA is an effective coupling agent with adhesion dependent on application conditions. There was significant interaction between FA concentration and time of FA pretreatment; high concentrations at shorter pretreatment times and low concentrations at longer times gave best adhesion. Results of the adhesion test were confirmed with electron microscopy.
022  Preincubation Reduces Epithelialization Period after Grafting in Cell‐Precomfluent Cultured Skin (2004)

Purpose: We have developed a cultured skin with both epidermal and dermal components using two different types of collagen sponges as a scaffold. In addition, we succeeded in grafting cell‐preconfluent cultured skin immediately after seeding the cells. In this study, we examined whether the incubation before grafting can reduce the period of epithelization after grafting. Method: We produced cultured skin as follow. We seeded fibroblasts on the dermal collagen sponge with a seeding density of 100,000 cells per square centimeter. After incubation for 4 hours, an epidermal collagen sponge was put on the dermal collagen sponge, and keratinocytes were seeded on the epidermal collagen sponge with a seeding density again of 100,000 cells per square centimeter. The cultured skin was incubated for 1, 2, and 3 days (n = 3), and grafted them onto skin defects in SCID mice. Three, 5, 7, and 14 days after grafting, tissue specimens were harvested for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Result: Three days after grafting, in 3 days incubation group, the cultured skins formed epithelium with a few layers, while in other groups, they did not. Five days after grafting, in 3 days incubation group, the cultured skins formed 6–8 epithelium layers, while in other groups, they did fewer layers. Seven days after grafting, in 3 days incubation group, the cultured skin formed epithelial layers consisiting of cornified layers, and human type IV collagen was stained at the dermal‐epidermal junction. In other groups, it was not stained. Fourteen days after grafting, all samples formed epithelial layers, and human type IV collagen was stained. Conclusion: In 3 days incubation group, the epithelization was completed earlier than that in the other groups.
Learning to rank (2007)

The paper is concerned with learning to rank, which is to construct a model or a function for ranking objects. Learning to rank is useful for document retrieval, collaborative filtering, and many other applications. Several methods for learning to rank have been proposed, which take object pairs as 'instances' in learning. We refer to them as the pairwise approach in this paper. Although the pairwise approach offers advantages, it ignores the fact that ranking is a prediction task on list of objects. The paper postulates that learning to rank should adopt the listwise approach in which lists of objects are used as 'instances' in learning. The paper proposes a new probabilistic method for the approach. Specifically it introduces two probability models, respectively referred to as permutation probability and top k probability, to define a listwise loss function for learning. Neural Network and Gradient Descent are then employed as model and algorithm in the learning method. Experimental results on information retrieval show that the proposed listwise approach performs better than the pairwise approach.
Macromolecular Design Strategies for Preventing Active‐Material Crossover in Non‐Aqueous All‐Organic Redox‐Flow Batteries (2017)

Abstract Intermittent energy sources, including solar and wind, require scalable, low‐cost, multi‐hour energy storage solutions in order to be effectively incorporated into the grid. All‐Organic non‐aqueous redox‐flow batteries offer a solution, but suffer from rapid capacity fade and low Coulombic efficiency due to the high permeability of redox‐active species across the battery's membrane. Here we show that active‐species crossover is arrested by scaling the membrane's pore size to molecular dimensions and in turn increasing the size of the active material above the membrane's pore‐size exclusion limit. When oligomeric redox‐active organics (RAOs) were paired with microporous polymer membranes, the rate of active‐material crossover was reduced more than 9000‐fold compared to traditional separators at minimal cost to ionic conductivity. This corresponds to an absolute rate of RAO crossover of less than 3 μmol cm −2 day −1 (for a 1.0 m concentration gradient), which exceeds performance targets recently set forth by the battery industry. This strategy was generalizable to both high and low‐potential RAOs in a variety of non‐aqueous electrolytes, highlighting the versatility of macromolecular design in implementing next‐generation redox‐flow batteries.
Studies on Interaction of Arabic Acid and Counterions under Electric Field (1986)

The interaction of arabic acid and counterions under electric field was studied by measuring the transference number and the specific conductivity. The transference number was determined by Wall's method. From these data, the fraction of free counterion, f, was calculated for the concentration range from 0.003 to 0.025 (eq/kg), and at some different degrees of neutralization. The values of f for sodium arabate slightly increased with increasing concentration, but there appeared no distinct change in the case of calcium arabate. At infinite dilution, f for sodium arabate and calcium arabate were 0.70 and 0.34, respectively. These results suggest that Manning's theory for cylindrical polyelectrolytes seems to be applicable not only to γ+ and ∅ but also to f of arabate, if the intercharge distance b can be assumed to be spatial intercharge distance.
[Census of the renal and dialysis units by Italian Society of Nephrology: structure and organization for renal patient assistance in Italy (2014-2015)]. (2017)

615 renal units were identified. From these 615 units, 332 were public renal centres (of which 318 centres answered to the census) and 283 were private dialysis centres (of which 113 centres answered to the census). The results show 6 public renal units pmp. Renal biopsies were 4624 (81 pmp). The nephrology beds are about 41 pmp. There are 7.304 nurses working in HD wards, 1.692 in the nephrology wards and only 613 for outpatients clinics. The benchmark data derived from this census show interesting comparisons between centres, regions and groups of regions. These data realised the clinical management of renal disease in Italy.
Nuclear spin-density wave theory (2009)

Recently [arXiv:0906.5417], we reported a quantum phase transition of 103mRh excited by bremsstrahlung pumping. The long-lived Moessbauer excitation is delocalized as a neutral quasiparticle carrying a spin current. This letter gives a general theory for a nuclear spin-density wave propagating on crystals consisting of identical nuclei with a multipolar transition.
CW laser action in atomic fluorine (1984)

We have obtained CW laser action on four transitions in the doublet system of atomic fluorine for the first time. All previously reported laser action was on a pulsed basis only. CW laser radiation was obtained when F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> or AgF was used as a fluorine donor in an electron beam pumped helium plasma. A multiline output power of 200 mW was obtained.
GoFigure and The Digital Fish Project: Open tools and open data for an imaging based approach to system biolgy (2007)

As part of the Center of Excellence in Genomic Science at Caltech, we have initiated the Digital Fish Project. Our goal is to use in toto imaging of developing transgenic zebrafish embryos on a genomic scale to acquire digital, quantitative, cell-based, molecular data suitable for modelling the biological circuits that turn an egg into an embryo. In toto imaging uses confocal/2-photon microscopy to capture the entire volume of organs and eventually whole embryos at cellular resolution every few minutes in living specimens thoughout their development. The embryos are labelled such that nuclei are one color and cell membranes another color to allow cells to be segmented and tracked as they move and divide. The use of a transgenic marker in a third color allows a variety of molecular data to be marked. In toto imaging generates 4-d image sets (xyzt) which can contain 100,000 to 1,000,000 images per experiment. We are developing a software package called GoFigure to visualize, segment, and analyze these very large image sets. GoFigure uses a MySQL database back end for managing storage of images and segmented objects and uses VTK and ITK for visualization and segmentation. We plan to use in toto imaging to digitize the complete expression and subcellular localization patterns of thousands of proteins throughout zebrafish embryogenesis. This genomic data, our zebrafish lines, and GoFigure will be distributed following the Open Data/Open Source model.
Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism by Human Trophoblastic Cells in Primary Culture* (1981)

Human trophoblastic cells maintained in primary culture take up and degrade 125I-labeled low density lipoprotein ([125I]iodo-LDL) through a process that involves binding to high affinity receptors, adsorptive endocytosis, and degradation by lysosomal enzymes. In the present investigation we sought to define the mechanism (s) involved in the regulation of the number of LDL receptors and of intracellular cholesterol metabolism and storage in human trophoblastic cells. The incorporation of [14C]oleate into cholesteryl esters as a measure of cholesteryl ester synthesis was determined in these cells; the formation of cholesteryl oleate was linear for 6 h, and the rate of cholesteryl oleate formation increased as the oleic acid concentration in the culture medium was increased from 0 to 100 μM, but there was no further increase at oleic acid concentrations greater than 100 μ M. Cholesteryl ester synthesis was stimulated progressively as the concentration of LDL in the culture medium was increased from 0 to 500 μg LDL-protein ml-1. Cholesteryl ester synthesis was inhibited progressively as the concentration of progesterone in the culture medium was increased from 0 to 78 μM. When trophoblastic cells were preincubated with LDL, the uptake and degradation of [125I]iodo-LDL were suppressed in a fashion that was dependent on time and concentration of LDL in the preincubation medium. When trophoblastic cells were preincubated with LDL, the rate of incorporation of [14C]acetate into cholesterol also was suppressed in a manner that was dependent on the concentration of LDL. Based on these findings, we suggest that cholesterol metabolism in human trophoblastic cells may be regulated by the availability of maternal pl sma LDL and by endogenously synthesized progesterone. Moreover, trophoblastic cells apparently regulate the uptake and degradation of LDL and the de novo biosynthesis of cholesterol by modifying the number of LDL receptors present on the cell surface.
Pattern Formation Generated in a Winder System of Textile Machine. (1998)

Elastic yarns in the winder system of a textile machine are deformed into a certain convex polygon in the process of winding at an operating speed of the bobbin holder rotating viscoelastically in contact with the drive roll.The polygonal deformation inceases and develops into a serious vibration of the machine.This paper presents a model and a theoretical analysis to investigate the mechanism of this vibration phenomenon which is regarded as instability due to the time lag.The bobbin holder and the drive roll are both modeled by the one-mass one-shaft system.From the numerical computations using parameters obtained experimentally, the analytical results showed a good agreement with the phenomenon generated in the actual machines.
3D Elbow Kinematics with Monoplanar Fluoroscopy: In Silico Evaluation (2009)

An in-silico assessment of the performance of 3D video-fluoroscopy for the analysis of the kinematics of long bones is proposed. A reliable knowledge of in-vivo joints kinematics in physiological conditions is fundamental in the clinical field. 3D video-fluoroscopy theoretically permits a mm/deg level of accuracy in joint motion analysis, but the optimization algorithm for the pose estimation is highly dependent on the geometry of the bone segment analyzed. An automated technique based on distance maps and tangency condition was applied to the elbow bones. The convergence domain was explored to quantify and optimize measurement accuracy in terms of bias and precision. By conditioning the optimization algorithm using simple image features, the estimation error had small dispersion (interquartile range within 0.5 and 0.025 mm/deg for out-of-plane and in-plane pose parameters, resp.), but with occasional bias and outliers. 3D video-fluoroscopy produced promising results for the elbow joint, but further in-vitro validation studies should be carried out.
N Integrated Optical Bragg-Cell With Tapered Waveguides In Lithium Niobate (1989)

A Bragg-modulator on lithium niobate substrate (z-cut, y-cut) for x= 840 nm operated at 300 MHz has been fabricated. It is realized using two crossed tapered waveguides and an interdigital transducer to convert the high frequency electrical power to a surface acoustic wave (SAW). The monomode waveguide is tapered adiabatically into a width of 50 pm, which provides an interaction length of 3.2 mm. For reasons of low crosstalk the Bragg-angle is chosen to be &theta; B = 0.9°. Because of the need for the large acoustic aperture of 3.2 mm in some cases a special interdigital electrode transducer (ITD) for surface acoustic wave generation, the so called &quot;dog leg&quot; ITD is used. The deflected light intensity was measured to be up to 40% of the non-deflected intensity for y-cut and 15% for z-cut lithium niobate at an electrical power of 800 mW. The static optical crosstalk with coupled fiber is better than -32 dB.
Effect of N-acetylcysteine on Malondyaldehyde Content After Iron Treatment in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5D Patients (2012)

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate and assess the influence of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a biomarker of oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5D (hemodialyzed) patients after parenteral iron therapy. Materials and Methods: This was a randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial comparing oxidative stress induced by intravenous (IV) administration of 100 mg of iron sucrose (control group) with an additional IV administration of 5 g NAC. At hemodialysis (HD) sessions pre- and post-plasma MDA levels were measured. Eighteen patients were enrolled, including 9 as controls and 9 in the treatment group. Results: In the control group, plasma MDA level increased from 3.71μM to 13.89μM (p=0.008), whereas in the treatment group, the level increased from 4.48μM to 7.89μM (p=0.059). The difference between the groups was also significantly different (p=0.015). Conclusions: It appears that NAC has the ability to decrease MDA level as a biomarker of oxidative stress caused by iron treatment in CKD patients.
Resilient system design and efficient link management for the wireless communication of an ocean current turbine testbed (2013)

To ensure that a system is robust and will continue operation even when facing disruptive or traumatic events, we have created a methodology for system architects and designers which may be used to locate risks and hazards in a design and enable the development of more robust and resilient system architectures. It uncovers design vulnerabilities by conducting a complete exploration of a systems’ component operational state space by observing the system from multi-dimensional perspectives and conducts a quantitative design space analysis by means of probabilistic risk assessment using Bayesian Networks. Furthermore, we developed a tool which automated this methodology and demonstrated its use in an assessment of the OCTT PHM communication system architecture. 
To boost the robustness of a wireless communication system and efficiently allocate bandwidth, manage throughput, and ensure quality of service on a wireless link, we created a wireless link management architecture which applies sensor fusion to gather and store platform networked sensor metrics, uses time series forecasting to predict the platform position, and manages data transmission for the links (class based, packet scheduling and capacity allocation). To validate our architecture, we developed a link management tool capable of forecasting the link quality and uses cross-layer scheduling and allocation to modify capacity allocation at the IP layer for various packet flows (HTTP, SSH, RTP) and prevent congestion and priority inversion. 
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are vulnerable to a plethora of different fault types and external attacks after their deployment. To maintain trust in these systems and increase WSN reliability in various scenarios, we developed a framework for node fault detection and prediction in WSNs. Individual wireless sensor nodes sense characteristics of an object or environment. After a smart device successfully connects to a WSN’s base station, these sensed metrics are gathered, sent to and stored on the device from each node in the network, in real time. The framework issues alerts identifying nodes which are classified as faulty and when specific sensors exceed a percentage of a threshold (normal range), it is capable of discerning between faulty sensor hardware and anomalous sensed conditions. Furthermore we developed two proof of concept, prototype applications based on this framework.