gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
T Cell Epitopes and Neo-epitopes in Type 1 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Update and Reappraisal (2020)

The autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes is characterized by effector T cell responses to pancreatic beta cell-derived peptides presented by HLA class I and class II molecules, leading ultimately to beta cell demise and insulin insufficiency. Although a given HLA molecule presents a vast array of peptides, only those recognized by T cells are designated as epitopes. Given their intimate link to etiology, the discovery and characterization of T cell epitopes is a critical aspect of type 1 diabetes research. Understanding epitope recognition is also crucial for the pursuit of antigen-specific immunotherapies and implementation of strategies for T cell monitoring. For these reasons, a cataloging and appraisal of the T cell epitopes targeted in type 1 diabetes was completed over a decade ago, providing an important resource for both the research and the clinical communities. Here we present a much-needed update and reappraisal of this earlier work, and include an online appendix that cross-indexes each epitope with its primary references and Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) identifier. Our analysis includes a grading scale to score the degree of evidence available for each epitope, which conveys our perspective on several useful criteria for epitope evaluation. While providing an efficient summary of the arguably impressive current state of knowledge, this work also brings to light several deficiencies. These include the need for improved epitope validation, as few epitopes score highly by the criteria employed, and the dearth of investigations of the epitopes recognized in the context of several under-studied type 1 diabetes-associated HLA molecules.
Measurement of fine aerosols in workplaces. A review (1994)

The fine aerosol fractions of interest in occupational health are those associated with the regional deposition of inhaled aerosols in the different parts of the human respiratory tract. The recent recommendations of the International Standards Organization, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and the Comité Europeén de Normalisation define the thoracic fraction (inhaled particles which penetrate into the lung) and the respirable fraction (inhaled particles which penetrate further into the alveolar region). Based on the results of inhalation experiments with humans, conventional curves for these fractions are proposed, which provide 'yardsticks' for health-related sampling devices. Samplers for the respirable fraction have been in existence since the early 1950s, and a fairly large range of acceptable instrumentation is available commercially. Recently, however, attention has been drawn to the effect of even small departures from the 'target' curve on the respirable mass sampled. This suggests the need for additional criteria for sampler acceptability, based on sampled mass in addition to particle size selectivity. Samplers for the thoracic fraction may be based on similar physical concepts to those for respirable aerosol. In addition, versatile devices capable of providing information about more than one fraction simultaneously are being proposed and are finding increasing use as investigative tools for industrial hygienists. Finally, measurement of fine fibrous aerosols is recognized as a special case, and so is treated separately.
Searching for axion stars and Q-balls with a terrestrial magnetometer network (2018)

Light (pseudo-)scalar fields are promising candidates to be the dark matter in the Universe. Under certain initial conditions in the early Universe and/or with certain types of self-interactions, they can form compact dark-matter objects such as axion stars or $Q$-balls. Direct encounters with such objects can be searched for by using a global network of atomic magnetometers. It is shown that for a range of masses and radii not ruled out by existing observations, the terrestrial encounter rate with axion stars or $Q$-balls can be sufficiently high (at least once per year) for a detection. Furthermore, it is shown that a global network of atomic magnetometers is sufficiently sensitive to pseudoscalar couplings to atomic spins so that a transit through an axion star or $Q$-ball could be detected over a broad range of unexplored parameter space.
Who is teaching in Chinese primary schools? A profile of the primary education workforce in Chinese county areas (2021)

A teaching workforce with good quality is a key factor in the process of China's rapid development. Although 76% of Chinese pupils are studying at schools within county areas, a general portray of the corresponding teaching workforce is still not clear. This study presents data from a nationally representative survey of primary education teachers in 35 counties of 18 provinces in China. Findings presented include demographic and professional characteristics, living conditions as well as attitudes towards work. Besides, variations among school locations and geographical regions are also examined. The key findings are the followings: 1) Quality of primary school teachers in county areas has been improved regarding education background; 2) Teaching force in village primary schools has an unbalanced age and gender composition; 3) Out-of-field teaching practice is widespread, especially for minor subjects. 4) Primary school teachers perceived relative low salary and low social status.
Author Correction: Anticancer polymers designed for killing dormant prostate cancer cells (2019)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
A model-driven approach to warp/thread-block level GPU cache bypassing (2016)

The high amount of memory requests from massive threads may easily cause cache contention and cache-miss-related resource congestion on GPUs. This paper proposes a simple yet effective performance model to estimate the impact of cache contention and resource congestion as a function of the number of warps/thread blocks (TBs) to bypass the cache. Then we design a hardware-based dynamic warp/thread-block level GPU cache bypassing scheme, which achieves 1.68x speedup on average on a set of memory-intensive benchmarks over the baseline. Compared to prior works, our scheme achieves 21.6% performance improvement over SWL-best [29] and 11.9% over CBWT-best [4] on average.
Detecting Cyberbullying and Cyberaggression in Social Media (2019)

Cyberbullying and cyberaggression are increasingly worrisome phenomena affecting people across all demographics. More than half of young social media users worldwide have been exposed to such prolonged and/or coordinated digital harassment. Victims can experience a wide range of emotions, with negative consequences such as embarrassment, depression, isolation from other community members, which embed the risk to lead to even more critical consequences, such as suicide attempts. In this work, we take the first concrete steps to understand the characteristics of abusive behavior in Twitter, one of today’s largest social media platforms. We analyze 1.2 million users and 2.1 million tweets, comparing users participating in discussions around seemingly normal topics like the NBA, to those more likely to be hate-related, such as the Gamergate controversy, or the gender pay inequality at the BBC station. We also explore specific manifestations of abusive behavior, i.e., cyberbullying and cyberaggression, in one of the hate-related communities (Gamergate). We present a robust methodology to distinguish bullies and aggressors from normal Twitter users by considering text, user, and network-based attributes. Using various state-of-the-art machine-learning algorithms, we classify these accounts with over 90% accuracy and AUC. Finally, we discuss the current status of Twitter user accounts marked as abusive by our methodology and study the performance of potential mechanisms that can be used by Twitter to suspend users in the future.
Recovery of Uranium from Seawater (1981)

Abstract Seawater contains various elements in solution. Deuterium, lithium, and uranium are the important ingredients for energy application at present and in the future. This paper deals with the recovery of uranium from seawater, with emphasis on the development of an adsorbent with high selectivity and rate of adsorption for uranium. Polyacrylamidoxime chelating resins were synthesized from various co-polymers of acrylonitrile and cross-linking agents. The resulting resins with the chelating amidoxime group showed selective adsorption for uranium in seawater. The amount of uranium adsorbed from seawater at room temperature reached 3.2 mg/g resin after 180 days. Polyacrylamidoxime fiber, which was prepared from polyacrylo-nitrile fiber and hydroxylamine, showed a high rate of adsorption for uranium. The polyacrylamidoxime fiber conditioned with 1 M HCl and 1 M NaOH adsorbed 4 mg U/g fiber from seawater in ten days.
Straightforward route to 2- and 3-formyl hex-1- and -2-enopyranosides and their highly stereoselective hetero Diels–Alder reaction with ethyl vinyl ether (1988)

A straightforward route from D-glucose to conjugated enal and diene pyranoses through a dithiane-based methodology is disclosed; hetero Diels–Alder reaction of the enals with ethyl vinyl ether occurs with high stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (+)‐Calanolide A, an anti‐HIV Agent, via Enzyme‐Catalyzed Resolution of the Aldol Products. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The CALVIH Study: How to Handle Renal Stones in Persons Living with HIV&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;? (2023)

Background: Renal stone (RS) is a highly prevalent disease in our societies and is mostly secondary to lifestyle habits. HIV1 patients often experience RS, although specific risk factors are not known. Despite other priorities, comprehensive work-up should be offered to avoid recurrences (50% risk in 5 years). Purpose and Methods: The aim of the study is to describe how to handle RS in persons living with HIV1 and to suggest how the understanding of mechanisms involved in stone composition helps customize therapy and prevent recurrences. We prospectively performed a complete work-up in a cohort of 23 prevalent HIV1 patients referred to our highly-specialized center by HIV physicians. Results: Inclusion was secondary to a colic episode with spontaneous elimination of the stone (74%), bilateral (67%), not obstructive (67%); 53% underwent urologic interventions. Mean age was 34 ± 16 years old and BMI was 22.5 ± 3 (one-third with metabolic syndrome). History of RS showed only one episode (22%), >one (74%) or >4 (4%). Estimated GFR was 78 ± 24 ml/min/1.73m2 (mean Cr 101 ± 24 μmol/L), and 5 were classified CKD stage 3. Stone analysis was only available for 7 patients and in 6/7 patients, and calcium metabolism was fully explored (2 absorptive hypercalciuria, 4 renal primitive hypercalciuria). Retained mechanism for RS was uric acid dependent for one, oxalic acid dependent for three and calcium dependent for three. Very few patients were exposed to known environmental risk factors for RS, 3 were/had been exposed to darunavir and 3 to atazanavir, 1 to efavirenz, 1 to acetazolamide, 2 to allopurinol. Conclusion: RS in HIV1 patients is mostly not related to ARV. Understanding of renal stone composition is critical to prevent recurrences by offering specific dietetic counselling and therapy. The role of HIV physicians is important due to the high prevalence of RS in the context of HIV disease.
Fecal Recovery of Probiotics Administered as a Multi-Strain Formulation during Antibiotic Treatment (2020)

The present study aimed to investigate whether probiotic recovery is affected when consumed together with antibiotics. Fecal samples were collected from an earlier antibiotic associated diarrhea, randomized, placebo-controlled study with a product consisting of a combination of <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> NCFM, <i>Lactobacillus paracasei</i> Lpc-37, and <i>Bifidobacterium lactis</i> Bi-07, <i>B. lactis</i> Bl-04 at equal numbers and at a total dose of 10<sup>10</sup> CFU. Fecal samples were collected during the screening visit (T0), i.e., at the time of antibiotic prescription, and then on the last day of the antibiotic treatment (T1) as well as seven days after the subject had stopped taking the antibiotic treatment (T2) and at two weeks after completing antibiotic treatment and one week after probiotic/placebo consumption stopped (T3). Samples were analyzed for the presence of the four administered strains. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01596829. Detection levels of all four strains were significantly increased from T0 to T1 and returned to baseline level from T2 to T3. There were also significantly more subjects with detectable levels of <i>L. paracasei</i> Lpc-37, <i>B. lactis</i> Bi-07, and <i>B. lactis</i> Bl-04 at T1 and T2 compared to T0 and T3, and compared to placebo. Each of the four strains could be detected in the feces of patients apparently unaffected by the simultaneous consumption of antibiotics.
Synthesis and antimalarial evaluation of 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene amino alcohols (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and antimalarial evaluation of 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene amino alcoholsAdrienne S. Dey and John L. NeumeyerCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1974, 17, 10, 1095–1100Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00256a015https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00256a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views359Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Mechanically Robust Silver Nanowires Network for Triboelectric Nanogenerators (2016)

The authors develop a mechanically robust silver nanowires (AgNWs) electrode platform for use in flexible and stretchable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). The embedding of an AgNWs network into a photocurable or thermocurable polymeric matrix dramatically enhances the mechanical robustness of the flexible and stretchable TENG electrodes while maintaining a highly efficient triboelectric performance. The AgNWs/polymeric matrix electrode is fabricated in four steps: (i) the AgNWs networks are formed on a hydrophobic glass substrate; (ii) a laminating photocurable or thermocurable prepolymer film is applied to the developed AgNWs network; (iii) the polymeric matrix is crosslinked by UV exposure or thermal treatment; and (iv) the AgNWs‐embedded polymeric matrix is delaminated from the glass substrate. The AgNWs‐embedded polymeric matrix electrodes with four different sheet resistances, controlled by varying the AgNWs network deposition density, are deployed in TENG devices. The authors find that the potential difference between the two contact surfaces of the AgNWs network‐embedded polymer matrix electrodes and the nylon (or perfluoroalkoxy alkane) governs the output triboelectric performances of the devices, rather than the sheet resistance. Both Kelvin probe force microscopy and numerical simulations strongly support these observations.
Hormones, Metabolism and the Benefits of Exercise (2017)

This open access volume focuses on the cellular and molecular pathways that link exercise, muscle biology, hormones and metabolism.
Generating hypotheses to explain accidents and other rare events (1978)

This paper focuses on hypothesis generation. How does one generate propositions that can be tested by scientific methods? Multilinear events sequencing methodology can be useful for predictive study of rare events are phenomena. If one can except that accidents or multievent phenomena involving more than one actor, whose actions must occur in specified chronological sequence to achieve a harmful or other outcome of interest, it can readily be seen that if any of the events occur out of sequence, or not at all, the outcome being studied will not occur. Thus, the pattern of events describing the rare event phenomena can be studied. It is the occurrence of the event sets in the necessary relationship, that is rare, rather than the occurrence of the individual events within the set. If this concept is valid, it suggests new approaches for the accumulation of data about rare events in the form of event sets, rather than in the form of individual conditions are isolated events constituting the phenomenon. The manipulation of chronologically sequenced event sets in process flowchart form appears to hold more promise for understanding rare event's phenomena than the present approaches. In the field, the need for unifying theoretical framework to organize the event sets for research purposes can be shown to be increasingly urgent. Three general concepts of accident seem prevalent. They include: the as a single event; the as a single chain of events; and the as a branched chain of events. None of these is as acceptable as the proposed method that involves the simultaneous and sequential ordering of event sets. The application of probabilistic estimates of the frequency of occurrence of these event sets, provides an approach for predicting rare phenomena. Time are spatial logic tests, as well as traditional mathematical or other experimental methods, can then be used to validate hypotheses, without recourse to statistical inference.
Cannabinoids and Neuroprotection in Motor-Related Disorders (2007)

Neuroprotective properties of cannabinoids have been extensively studied in the last years in different neurodegenerative pathologies. This potential is based on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-excitotoxic properties exhibited by these compounds that allow them to afford neuroprotection in different neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and others. PD and HD are chronic pathologies that are caused by the degeneration of specific structures within the basal ganglia. In both disorders, the key mechanisms involved in the neuroprotection provided by cannabinoids include cannabinoid receptor-independent effects aimed at reducing the oxidative injury, and also cannabinoid 2 receptors (CB2)-mediated effects exerted by regulating the influence of reactive microglia on neuronal homeostasis. MS is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder primarily affecting spinal neurons and secondarily producing a malfunctioning and/or degeneration of other neuronal subpopulations located in supraspinal brain structures. There is evidence that both cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1) and CB2 may afford a protective effect in this disease due to their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-excitotoxic properties. Lastly, neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids exerted by the activation of CB1 but also CB2 receptors have been also identified in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), another degenerative disease characterized by the selective death of spinal motoneurons. In the present review, we will collect the latest advances in the knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which cannabinoids might arrest/delay the degeneration of specific neuronal subpopulations in these motor-related disorders. This should serve to encourage that the present promising evidence obtained mainly at the preclinical level might progress to a real exploitation of neuroprotective benefits of potential cannabinoid-based medicines.
Laser Surface Processing of “Chameleon” Coatings for Aerospace Tribology (2005)

Adaptive solid lubricants were developed to provide friction and wear reduction in aerospace environments such as ambient humid air, vacuum, or dry nitrogen (storage and on ground testing). Achieving high durability and long life requires solid lubricant reservoirs near the tribological surface. Reservoirs were fabricated using precision laser processing to generate arrays of micrometer-sized holes with well-controlled size, location, and density on the surface of hard ceramic coatings applied to steel substrates. Solid lubricants based on dichalocogenides and carbon were applied by burnishing and sputtering to the laser treated surfaces. Sliding friction tests were performed against steel balls in environments with different humidity. The result indicates that there is an optimum reservoir surface density, where the life of the solid lubricant is improved by an order of magnitude. The laser-processed reservoirs enable coating operation in variable environments.
Particulate Suspensions as Ultrasonic Contrast Agents for Liver and Spleen (1988)

​Investigative Radiology publishes original, peer-reviewed research from clinical and basic science investigations in diagnostic imaging, focusing on magnetic resonance, computed tomography, ultrasound, digital subtraction angiography and new technologies. An additional major focus is intravenous contrast media, including clinical trials, development, and the field of theranostics. Emphasis is on early and timely publication. The journal is highly selective, with the current acceptance rate being 14% and an impact factor of 6.224. Primarily research-oriented, Investigative Radiology - due to publication of leading edge technology - includes a wide variety of papers of interest to clinical radiologists.
Spectral-Spatial Unified Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classification (2018)

In this paper, we propose a spectral–spatial unified network (SSUN) with an end-to-end architecture for the hyperspectral image (HSI) classification. Different from traditional spectral–spatial classification frameworks where the spectral feature extraction (FE), spatial FE, and classifier training are separated, these processes are integrated into a unified network in our model. In this way, both FE and classifier training will share a uniform objective function and all the parameters in the network can be optimized at the same time. In the implementation of the SSUN, we propose a band grouping-based long short-term memory model and a multiscale convolutional neural network as the spectral and spatial feature extractors, respectively. In the experiments, three benchmark HSIs are utilized to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The experimental results demonstrate that the SSUN can yield a competitive performance compared with existing methods.
Investigation of Intermodal Four-Wave Mixing for Nonlinear Signal Processing in Few-Mode Fibers (2018)

We present a theoretical and experimental investigation of inter-modal four-wave mixing (FWM). After analyzing the phase-matching condition as the fundamental condition for efficient FWM, we show the impact of the individual mode's propagation characteristics, such as differential mode delay and chromatic dispersion on the power of the generated idler. We verify the theoretical analysis with experimental measurements of intermodal FWM. We conclude that efficient broadband intermodal FWM can only be achieved for one specific FWM process and requires very close values of chromatic dispersion in all interacting fiber modes.