gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Three-limb Teleoperated Robotic System with Foot Control for Flexible Endoscopic Surgery (2020)

Flexible endoscopy requires high skills to manipulate both the endoscope and associated instruments. In most robotic flexible endoscopic systems, the endoscope and instruments are controlled separately by two operators, which may result in communication errors and inefficient operation. We present a novel teleoperation robotic endoscopic system that can be commanded by a surgeon alone. This 13 degrees-of-freedom (DoF) system integrates a foot-controlled robotic flexible endoscope and two hand-controlled robotic endoscopic instruments (a robotic grasper and a robotic cauterizing hook). A foot-controlled human-machine interface maps the natural foot gestures to the 4-DoF movements of the endoscope, and two hand-controlled interfaces map the movements of the two hands to the two instruments individually. The proposed robotic system was validated in an ex-vivo experiment carried out by six subjects, where foot control was also compared with a sequential clutch-based hand control scheme. The participants could successfully teleoperate the endoscope and the two instruments to cut the tissues at scattered target areas in a porcine stomach. Foot control yielded 43.7% faster task completion and required less mental effort as compared to the clutch-based hand control scheme. The system introduced in this paper is intuitive for three-limb manipulation even for operators without experience of handling the endoscope and robotic instruments. This three-limb teleoperated robotic system enables one surgeon to intuitively control three endoscopic tools which normally require two operators, leading to reduced manpower, less communication errors, and improved efficiency.
Dynamic 31P–MRSI using spiral spectroscopic imaging can map mitochondrial capacity in muscles of the human calf during plantar flexion exercise at 7 T (2016)

Phosphorus MRSI (<sup>31</sup> P-MRSI) using a spiral-trajectory readout at 7 T was developed for high temporal resolution mapping of the mitochondrial capacity of exercising human skeletal muscle. The sensitivity and localization accuracy of the method was investigated in phantoms. In vivo performance was assessed in 12 volunteers, who performed a plantar flexion exercise inside a whole-body 7 T MR scanner using an MR-compatible ergometer and a surface coil. In five volunteers the knee was flexed (~60°) to shift the major workload from the gastrocnemii to the soleus muscle. Spiral-encoded MRSI provided 16-25 times faster mapping with a better point spread function than elliptical phase-encoded MRSI with the same matrix size. The inevitable trade-off for the increased temporal resolution was a reduced signal-to-noise ratio, but this was acceptable. The phosphocreatine (PCr) depletion caused by exercise at 0° knee angulation was significantly higher in both gastrocnemii than in the soleus (i.e. 64.8 ± 19.6% and 65.9 ± 23.6% in gastrocnemius lateralis and medialis versus 15.3 ± 8.4% in the soleus). Spiral-encoded <sup>31</sup> P-MRSI is a powerful tool for dynamic mapping of exercising muscle oxidative metabolism, including localized assessment of PCr concentrations, pH and maximal oxidative flux with high temporal and spatial resolution.
Tackling Inequalities in Oral Health: Bone Augmentation in Dental Surgery through the 3D Printing of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Combined with 20% Tricalcium Phosphate (2023)

The concept of personalized medicine and overcoming healthcare inequalities have become extremely popular in recent decades. Polymers can support cost reductions, the simplicity of customized printing processes, and possible future wide-scale expansion. Polymers with β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) are well known for their synergy with oral tissues and their ability to induce osteoconductivity. However, poor information exists concerning their properties after the printing process and whether they can maintain an unaffected biological role. Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) polymer and PCL compounded with TCP 20% composite were printed with a Prusa Mini-LCD-<sup>®</sup>3D printer. Samples were sterilised by immersion in a 2% peracetic acid solution. Sample analyses were performed using infrared-spectroscopy and statical mechanical tests. Biocompatibility tests, such as cell adhesion on the substrate, evaluations of the metabolic activity of viable cells on substrates, and F-actin labelling, followed by FilaQuant-Software were performed using a MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts line. PCL+β-TCP-20% composite is satisfactory for commercial 3D printing and appears suitable to sustain an ISO14937:200937 sterilization procedure. In addition, the proper actin cytoskeleton rearrangement clearly shows their biocompatibility as well as their ability to favour osteoblast adhesion, which is a pivotal condition for cell proliferation and differentiation.
Stepwise Synthesis ofγ-Glutamic Acid 16-Mer (2002)

γ-Glutamic acid 16-mer α-ethyl ester was synthesized in stepwise transesterification of the ethyl ester group into benzyl ester group, followed by hydrogenation afforded γ-glutamic acid 16-mer with free carboxyl groups. Alkaline hydrolysis of γ-glutamic acid 16-mer α-ethyl ester also afforded 16-mer with free carboxyl groups. The two 16-mers showed similar circular dichroism spectra. The structures and optical properties of γ-glutamic acid dimer, trimer, tetramer, octamer, and 16-mer were elucidated by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, circular dichroism spectra, and X-ray. Specific rotation of the intermediates of 16-mer increased as the number of the glutamate unit.
Influence of Outliers on Transformer Power Losses Estimation Using a Statistical Based Data Mining Approach (2018)

Distribution network operators (DNOs) are alarmed for fluctuating behavior of power consumption in the process of decision-making. In the Smart Meters data, outliers can occur from recordings irregularity, undiscovered power demand, illegal user's connection, inadequately installed devices etc. The paper presents an original data mining based approach that acquires the basic concept of knowledge discovery on databases (KDD), focused to identification of outliers recorded by Smart Meters. This information was the input data for power losses estimation in power transformers. In order to validate the proposed approach, a real database with 300 rural substation was considered. By applying the proposed methodology the DNOs know the real technical losses and also a proper operation and planning of actually “smart” networks can be applied.
The effect of activation of angiogenesis pathways independent of VEGF in renal cell carcinoma on resistance to VEGF-targeted antiangiogenic therapy. (2012)

409 Background: VEGF-targeted anti-angiogenic therapy provides significant growth inhibition in clear cell type renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). However, evasive resistance develops in most responding cases due to unclear mechanisms. We investigated the mechanism of resistance to VEGF-targeted therapy in CCRCC both in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Two different conditioned cell lines were developed from wild type Caki-1. Sunitinib-conditioned Caki-1 was developed by chronic exposures to sunitinib (up to 15uM) and hypoxia-conditioned Caki-1 was developed by chronic exposures to hypoxia (1% oxygen). We characterized these conditioned cells in vitro and response patterns to sunitinib were evaluated using subcutaneous xenograft models with parental and conditioned cells. In vivo angiogenesis assays were performed to characterize angiogenesis potentials in these cells. Finally, mRNA microarray was performed to find pathways that induce resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. Results: Sunitinib inhibited proliferation of HUVEC cells, but did not inhibit tumor proliferation in CCRCC cells at pharmacologically relevant doses. In vitro sunitinib-conditioned Caki-1 cells did not show obvious resistance to sunitinib compared to parental cells, but when tested in vivo these cells appeared to be highly resistant to sunitinib therapy. In contrast, hypoxia-conditioned Caki-1, although more resistant to hypoxia and showing increased vascularity by upregulating VEGF production, did not develop sunitinib resistance either in vitro or in vivo compared to parental cells. In vivo matrigel plug assay with sunitinib treatment confirmed that tumor angiogenesis was relatively intact and less affected by sunitinib treatment in xenografts of sunitinib-conditioned cells compared to parental cells. Conclusions: Resistance to VEGF-targeted therapy is acquired by activation of VEGF-independent angiogenesis pathways induced by interactions with VEGF-targeted drug but not by hypoxia. Our results suggest that more broad inhibitions of tumor angiogenesis are required to prevent development of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy in CCRCC.
Solid‐food Introduction in Infants Diagnosed As Having a Cow's‐milk Protein–induced Enterocolitis (2011)

Many infants with CMPIE will develop GI signs and symptoms following the introduction of solid food, whether milk-free infant rice cereal or carrots are introduced, and their onset may be delayed.
Direct Observation of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Removal from a Graphene Surface (2017)

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is commonly used as a temporary support layer for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene transfer; it is then removed by a chemical or thermal treatment. Regardless of the method used for PMMA removal, polymer residues are left on the graphene surface, which alter its intrinsic properties. A method based on isotope labeling of PMMA and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has now been developed to identify, locate, and quantify these residues. It is shown that vacuum annealing does not completely remove the PMMA residues but, instead, transforms them into amorphous carbon. In contrast, air annealing under optimized conditions generates a PMMA-free surface with limited damage to the graphene structure. This cleaned graphene surface demonstrates low friction which is comparable with that of pristine graphene film.
A mechanistic study of the antibacterial effect of silver ions onEscherichia coli andStaphylococcus aureus (2000)

To investigate the mechanism of inhibition of silver ions on microorganisms, two strains of bacteria, namely Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), were treated with AgNO(3) and studied using combined electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Similar morphological changes occurred in both E. coli and S. aureus cells after Ag(+) treatment. The cytoplasm membrane detached from the cell wall. A remarkable electron-light region appeared in the center of the cells, which contained condensed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. There are many small electron-dense granules either surrounding the cell wall or depositing inside the cells. The existence of elements of silver and sulfur in the electron-dense granules and cytoplasm detected by X-ray microanalysis suggested the antibacterial mechanism of silver: DNA lost its replication ability and the protein became inactivated after Ag(+) treatment. The slighter morphological changes of S. aureus compared with E. coli recommended a defense system of S. aureus against the inhibitory effects of Ag(+) ions.
Aspect driven compilation for dataflow designs (2013)

This paper proposes a novel hardware compilation approach targeting dataflow designs. This approach is based on aspect-oriented programming to decouple design development from design optimisation, thus improving portability and developer productivity while enabling automated exploration of design trade-offs to enhance performance. We introduce FAST, a language for specifying dataflow designs that supports our approach. Optimisation strategies for the generated designs are specified in FAST, making use of facilities in the domain-specific aspect-oriented language, LARA. Our approach is demonstrated by implementing various seismic imaging designs for ReverseTime Migration (RTM), which have performance comparable to state-of-the-art FPGA implementations while being produced with improved developer productivity.
Systematic network coding for time-division duplexing (2010)

We present a systematic network coding approach for time-division duplexing channels. In particular, we study the case of a node transmitting to a single receiver. We show that the use of systematic network coding using XORs can provide the same or close to the same performance in terms of completion time as a random linear network coding scheme that uses a large field size, with the added advantage of requiring fewer and simpler operations during the decoding process. We show that the average computation required to decode using systematic network coding in an erasure channel grows as O(M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> Pe <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ), where M is the number of original packets being coded together, and Pe is the packet erasure probability. This means that systematic network coding requires Pe <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> times fewer operations on average than random linear network coding with the same field size.
A CoAP based SOAP transport binding (2011)

A huge momentum towards IP enabled Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) appeared through the emerging 6LoW-PAN protocols (i.e. IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks). By usage of existing cross domain open standards in contrast of proprietary solutions, deployments of WSNs are not tailored too tight for specific applications. Nevertheless, 6LoWPAN is only the first step for the usage of internet protocols in WSNs. Still efforts on higher layers on top of 6LoWPAN are an urgent need to provide seamless connectivity and interaction of highly resource constrained devices with higher valued services. This paper describes a new approach to bind SOAP to the emerging Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) protocol. Thereby CoAP provides a lightweight but reliable transport binding for SOAP based protocols. Compared to the widespread TCP based HTTP binding, round trip times can be reduced by 43% in an exemplary scenario. Combined with dedicated XML compressors like the Efficient XML Interchange format (EXI), existing heavy weight SOAP based protocols become also applicable in WSNs.
2D versus 3D colour space face detection (2004)

Computer vision is one out of many areas that want to understand the process of human functionality and copy that process with intention to complement human life with intelligent machines. For better human-computer interaction it is necessary for the machine to see people. This can be achieved by employing face detection algorithms, like the one used in the installation "15 seconds of fame" Franc Solina et al., (2002). Mentioned installation unites the areas of modern art and technology. Its algorithm is based on skin colour detection. One of the problems this and similar algorithms have to deal with is sensitivity to the illumination conditions under which the input image is captured. Hence illumination sensitivity influences face detection results. One of the aspects from which we can observe illumination influence is the choosing of the proper colour space. Since some colour spaces are designed to eliminate the influence of illumination when describing colour of an object, an idea of using such a colour space for skin-colour detection was taken under consideration and some of the methods were researched and tested.
Energy and poverty in Bangladesh: sustainability accounting perspectives (2016)

Poverty in rural Bangladesh is commonly explained with lack of reliable energy supply. Intrinsically motivated, the purpose of this research is to put such a rhetoric to the test. Following a qualitative analysis of traditional wisdom data, including teachings of the mystic Baul-philosophers, the main finding is that energy and poverty are largely unrelated but linked to the social, geo-environmental and cultural norms of Bangladesh. A push to fossil fuel-based electrification to reduce poverty is unsustainable with renewable energy being the best option instead. The study concludes that rural resilience largely depends on practicing sustainability accounting for natural resources conservation.
Polyelectrolyte spin assembly: Influence of ionic strength on the growth of multilayered thin films (2004)

Abstract Layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly of polymer electrolyte multilayers is now a well‐established method for the fabrication of thin films by sequential adsorption of alternating layers of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. Most commonly, such adsorptions have been from quiescent solutions of varying ionic strength and pH. Here, we report results on an alternative processing route for the achievement of polymeric multilayer assemblies of poly(sodium‐4‐styrene sulfonate) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) that utilizes conventional spin coating. We investigated and describe herein the dependence of multilayer film buildup on solution ionic strength for comparison with similar dependence in quiescent adsorption. Using UV‐Vis spectroscopy we monitored the growth of the multilayered films, while with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) we examined the surface features and measured coating thicknesses at different salt concentrations. AFM and UV‐Vis data reveal two regimes of behavior with increasing salt: strong salt‐dependence at low salt contents, and weak salt‐dependence for high salt contents. To explain this observation, we introduce the relevance of the dimensionless group De = τ, the local Deborah Number, to the problem. As ionic strength increases, τ increases so that spin‐assembly flow influences adsorbed conformation, and thus LbL growth rate. Our results indicate the ability to design and control polyelectrolyte multilayered structures prepared via spin assembly by varying solution properties that influence the conformation of deposited polymer chains. Additionally, our studies reveal the need for study of the fundamental mechanisms of polyelectrolyte adsorption within complex flow fields. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3654–3666, 2004
A power planning model for implantable stimulators (2006)

This paper presents a new analytical, empirical and behavioral modular model developed for accurate evaluation of power dissipation in power conversion chains (PCC) dedicated to power up an electronic implantable device. The model is suitable for power estimation/planning in early design stages, to determine the contribution of each circuit module on the total power consumption and to estimate the input and output voltages of these modules. It is based on average power consumption model and is coded in Verilog-A. The model is verified and the results were found to be in good agreement with state-of-the-art designs for bioelectronics devices. It is flexible and robust to changes in architecture and design parameters and provides accurate and valid results in a fraction of second for a large variety of parameter values. The ease of implementing desired modules and architectures makes the model more advantageous
Continuous Digital Calibration of Pipeline A/D Converters (2006)

A continuous digital calibration technique for pipeline Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) is presented. The scheme utilizes an existing digital calibration algorithm and extends it to work in real-time. This is accomplished by introducing two additional stages at the end of the pipeline which are used only during calibration process. Calibration scheme is transparent to the overall system and is demonstrated using a 14-bit ADC, with 1-bit per stage architecture and 18 identical stages (including two additional stages for calibration). Dominant static errors in a pipeline are successfully corrected by the proposed calibration. Simulation results show more than 2-bits improvement in the number of effective bits and more than 20 dB improvement in the dynamic range of the converter.
Thermostability Improvement of the d-Allulose 3-Epimerase from Dorea sp. CAG317 by Site-Directed Mutagenesis at the Interface Regions (2018)

d-Allulose is a low-calorie sweetener and has broad applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Recently, most studies focus on d-allulose production from d-fructose by d-allulose 3-epimerase (DAEase). However, the major blocker of industrial production of d-allulose is the poor thermostability. In this study, site-directed mutagenesis at the interface regions of Dorea sp. DAEase was carried out, and the F154Y/E191D/I193F mutation was obtained. The mutant protein displayed much higher thermostability, with a t<sub>1/2</sub> value of 20.47 h (50 °C) and a T<sub>m</sub> value of 74.18 °C. Compared with the wild-type DAEase, the t<sub>1/2</sub> value at 50 °C increased by 5.4-fold, and the T<sub>m</sub> value increased by 17.54 °C. In the d-allulose production from 500 g/L d-fructose, 148.2 g/L d-allulose could be obtained by F154Y/E191D/I193F mutant protein. The results suggest that site-directed mutagenesis at the interface regions is an efficient approach for improving the thermostability of DAEase.
Grouping environmental factors influencing individual decision‐making behavior in software projects: A cluster analysis (2017)

Abstract An individual's decision‐making behavior is heavily influenced by and adapted to external environmental factors. Given that software development is a human‐centered activity, individual decision‐making behavior may affect the software project quality. Although environmental factors affecting decision‐making behavior in software projects have been identified in prior literature, there is not yet an objective and a full taxonomy of these factors. Thus, it is not trivial to manage these complex and diverse factors. To address this deficiency, we first design a semantic similarity algorithm between words by utilizing the synonymy and hypernymy relationships in WordNet. Further, we propose a method to measure semantic similarity between phrases and apply it into k‐means clustering algorithm to group these factors. Subsequently, we obtain a taxonomy of the environmental factors affecting individual decision‐making behavior in software projects, which includes 11 broad categories, each containing 2 to 5 sub‐categories. The taxonomy presented herein is obtained by an objective method, and quite comprehensive, with appropriate references provided. The taxonomy holds significant value for researchers and practitioners; it can help them to better understand the major aspects of environmental factors, also to predict and guide the behavior of individuals during decision making towards a successful completion of software projects.
Online Education in the Community College (2012)

This paper looks at three areas impacting online education at the community college level. Community colleges account for more than half of all online students in the United States as of 2006. This makes the success of online learning at the community college level a critical part of the growing online learning movement. Using data for postsecondary education in general, and where available, community colleges in particular, this paper will look at the issues that impact student success in online courses, issues that impact the faculty's ability to successfully transition learning to an online format, and issues that college administrators must consider to facilitate a successful transition. Only by understanding and addressing all three areas will online education at the community college level be successful.