gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved Disposition of Surplus Weapons-Grade Plutonium Using a Metallic Pu-Zr Fuel Design (2023)

The United States and the Russian Federation have agreed to dispose of their excess weapons-grade plutonium, with consuming the material as nuclear fuel in light water reactors for electricity generation often discussed as the best option. Lightbridge Corporation has several thermal reactor fuel designs that offer very high burnups, in the range of 21 at. % or approximately 190 900 MWd/tonne of heavy metal, which make them well suited for consuming excess weapons-grade plutonium. MCNP6.2 computer simulations were performed to quantify the mass of plutonium consumed in a Lightbridge-designed fuel rod compared to traditional mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel, as well as the attractiveness of the plutonium in the used fuel for weapons purposes. The results of these simulations show that the Lightbridge plutonium disposition fuel variant consumes approximately 5.5 times more plutonium per fuel rod than MOX fuel and that the material attractiveness of the Lightbridge-used plutonium is noticeably less than that of MOX fuel.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Preparation of endotoxin-free bacteriophages. (2004)

Bacteriophages (phages) are bacterial viruses that interact with bacterial walls and invade bacterial cells. Moreover, they disturb bacterial metabolism and lead to bacteria lysis. In the case of Gram-negative bacteria crude phage cultures, apart from the phages themselves, the bacterial debris, bacterial proteins and nucleic acids contain endotoxins. These endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) posses a high degree of toxicity in vitro and in vivo, and their removal is essential for safety in antibacterial bacteriophage therapy. An effective, scaleable purification of bacteriophages from endotoxins was accomplished by sequential ultrafiltration through polysulfone membrane (30 nm) followed by chromatography on sepharose 4B and Matrex Cellulofine Sulfate. The phage fraction after gel filtration chromatography routinely contained endotoxins in the 150-2500 EU/ml range. The procedure yielded bacteriophages contaminated with as little as 0.4-7 EU/ml (Limulus assay). This value lies within the permitted level for intravenous applications (5 EU/kg/h by European Pharmacopoeia, 1997). PMID: 15213806
GaccO - A GPU-accelerated OLTP DBMS (2022)

In this paper, we present GaccO - a main memory DBMS for GPU-accelerated OLTP. For executing OLTP workloads, GaccO implements a novel scheme that splits the execution across the CPU and the GPU. Using such a co-execution scheme GaccO can thus not only efficiently make use of the vectorized execution of the GPU by grouping transactions of the same type into batches, but it can also support databases larger than device memory by leveraging CPU memory in addition to the GPU memory. In our evaluation with TPC-C, we show that GaccO can thus speed-up OLTP workloads by up to 6 times compared to a pure CPU-based OLTP execution.
Protein-Protein Interaction of Zinc Finger LIM Domains with Protein Kinase C (1996)

The LIM domain comprising two zinc-finger motifs is found in a variety of proteins and has been proposed to direct protein-protein interactions. During the identification of protein kinase C (PKC)-interacting proteins by a yeast two-hybrid assay, a novel protein containing three LIM domains, designated ENH, was shown to associate with PKC in an isoform-specific manner. Deletion analysis demonstrated that any single LIM domain of ENH associates with the NH2-terminal region of PKC. ENH associated with PKC in COS-7 cells and was phosphorylated by PKC in vitro. Upon treatment of the cells with phorbol ester, ENH in the membrane fraction was translocated to the cytosol fraction in vivo. Other LIM domain-containing proteins, such as Enigma and LIM-kinase 1, also interacted with PKC through their LIM domains. These results suggest that the LIM domain is one of the targets of PKC and that the LIM-PKC interaction may shed light on undefined roles of LIM domain-containing proteins.
Gene‐expression‐based quality scores indicate optimal harvest point in Bordetella pertussis cultivation for vaccine production (2009)

The evolution of vaccine product quality during batch cultivation of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, was investigated with the goal to determine the optimal harvest point. The process was explored by measuring mRNA expression at frequent intervals during cultivation. The genes that are involved in virulence are already known for this product and changes in their expression levels are proposed to be indicative for product quality. A quantitative product quality score is calculated based on the expression levels of these virulence genes, which allows comparison of expected product quality between culture samples. Product quality scores were maximal throughout the logarithmic growth phase, but dropped significantly at the start of the stationary phase. This showed that the decreasing lactate and glutamate concentrations towards the end of the batch are critical for product quality. On-line measurement of these nutrients allows the cultivation process to be harvested at the optimal harvest point, increasing process robustness and consistency.
Monochlorination of n-alkyl phenyl ethers in micellar sodium dodecyl sulfate (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMonochlorination of n-alkyl phenyl ethers in micellar sodium dodecyl sulfateDavid A. Jaeger, Jacqueline R. Wyatt, and Raymond E. RobertsonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 9, 1467–1470Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00209a021https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00209a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views81Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
TiO₂ Surface Engineering to Improve Nanostability: The Role of Interface Segregation (2019)

Nanoparticle stability against coarsening is one of the keys to allow better exploitation of the properties of nanoscale materials. The intrinsically high interfacial energies of nanoparticles constitute the driving force for coarsening, and therefore can serve as targets to design materials with improved thermal stability. In this study, we discuss the surface engineering of TiO₂ nanocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis by exploiting the spontaneous segregation of Ba²⁺ ions to the interfaces of TiO₂ nanocrystals. Ba²⁺ is a strong candidate for photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ and its effects on interfacial energies lead to a remarkable increase in thermal stability. By using a systematic lixiviation method, we quantified the Ba²⁺ content located at both the surface and at grain boundary interfaces and combined with direct calorimetric measurements of surface energies and microstructural studies to demonstrate that Ba²⁺ excess quantities directly impact coarsening of TiO₂ nanocatalysts by creating meta-equilibrium configurations defined by the Ba²⁺ content and segregation potentials at each individual interface. The results establish the fundamental framework for the design of ultrastable nanocatalysts.
The Marginal Value of Adaptive Gradient Methods in Machine Learning (2017)

Adaptive optimization methods, which perform local optimization with a metric constructed from the history of iterates, are becoming increasingly popular for training deep neural networks. Examples include AdaGrad, RMSProp, and Adam. We show that for simple overparameterized problems, adaptive methods often find drastically different solutions than gradient descent (GD) or stochastic gradient descent (SGD). We construct an illustrative binary classification problem where the data is linearly separable, GD and SGD achieve zero test error, and AdaGrad, Adam, and RMSProp attain test errors arbitrarily close to half. We additionally study the empirical generalization capability of adaptive methods on several state-of-the-art deep learning models. We observe that the solutions found by adaptive methods generalize worse (often significantly worse) than SGD, even when these solutions have better training performance. These results suggest that practitioners should reconsider the use of adaptive methods to train neural networks.
Flavivirus induces MHC antigen on human myoblasts: A model of autoimmune myositis? (1992)

Infection of human embryonic myoblasts by West Nile virus (WNV), a flavivirus, caused significant upregulation of class I and II MHC expression as determined by flow cytometry. After 48 hours at a multiplicity of infection of 5 pfu/cell, a sixfold increase in MHC class I expression was induced from initially low levels of expression. In contrast, MHC class II was induced de novo to five times the control fluorescence level. At least 70% of the cells were infected as determined using fluorescence microscopy and anti-WNV antibody labeling. Myoblasts were > 90% pure as shown by anti--Leu-19 labeling. MHC class I (but not class II) was increased threefold after exposure to virus-inactivated supernatant from 48-hour--infected cells, indicating the presence of factor(s) contributing to the MHC class I increase. These findings may be important in establishing a link between viral infection of human cells and induction of inflammatory autoimmune disease. We discuss the possibility of using WNV as an in vivo model.
The transcriptional repressor Bcl6 promotes pre-TCR induced differentiation to CD4+CD8+ thymocyte and attenuates Notch1 activation (2020)

Pre-T-cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction is required for developing thymocytes to differentiate from CD4<sup>-</sup>CD8<sup>-</sup> double-negative (DN) cell to CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> double-positive (DP) cell. Notch signalling is required for T-cell fate specification and must be maintained throughout β-selection, but inappropriate Notch activation in DN4 and DP cells is oncogenic. Here, we show that pre-TCR signalling leads to increased expression of the transcriptional repressor <i>Bcl6</i> and that Bcl6 is required for differentiation to DP. Conditional deletion of Bcl6 from thymocytes reduced pre-TCR-induced differentiation to DP cells, disrupted expansion and enrichment of intracellular TCRβ<sup>+</sup> cells within the DN population and increased DN4 cell death. Deletion also increased Notch1 activation and Notch-mediated transcription in the DP population. Thus, Bcl6 is required in thymocyte development for efficient differentiation from DN3 to DP and to attenuate Notch1 activation in DP cells. Given the importance of inappropriate NOTCH1 signalling in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL), and the involvement of BCL6 in other types of leukaemia, this study is important to our understanding of T-ALL.
P4–024: Alzheimer amyloid peptides aggregation propensity correlates directly with neuronal cell surface binding (2006)

Alzheimer's disease is linked to the formation of amyloid fibrils, which has been shown to be catalyzed by the release of Alzheimer's peptides Abeta40 and Abeta42. These peptides are proteolytic cleavage products from the amyloid precursor protein and are forty and forty–two amino acids in length. The peptides start to deposit in brains as plasma membrane–bound diffuse plaques and have been shown to specifically interact with certain phospholipids and gangliosides. Current methods utilize dyes or antibodies that specifically bind to amyloid plaques in tissues or on synthetic lipid bilayers. However these observation tools might be missing the pre–amyloid structural conformation that has been recently indicated as the cellular toxic form. Temporal images of the Alzheimer amyloid peptides deposition with live cells. Aggregation propensity of Abeta40, Abeta42 and a reported nonaggregating mutant Abeta42 peptide were characterized with dynamic light scattering, thioflavin–T staining and circular dichroism measurements. Utilizing a fluorescent label, direct cell surface association of these peptides was monitored with confocal microscopy. In conjunction, flow cytometry was used for quantitative global measurements of these peptides with model neuronal cell lines. The rate of Alzheimer amyloid peptides association with cells was directly related to their aggregation propensity. The nonaggregating mutant of Abeta42 did not bind to live cells. Therefore, aggregation propensity is essential for cell binding.
A trypanosomal CCHC-type zinc finger protein which binds the conserved universal sequence of kinetoplast DNA minicircles: isolation and analysis of the complete cDNA from Crithidia fasciculata. (1993)

Replication of the kinetoplast DNA minicircle light strand initiates at a highly conserved 12-nucleotide sequence, termed the universal minicircle sequence. A Crithidia fasciculata single-stranded DNA-binding protein interacts specifically with the guanine-rich heavy strand of this origin-associated sequence (Y. Tzfati, H. Abeliovich, I. Kapeller, and J. Shlomai, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6891-6895, 1992). Using the universal minicircle sequence heavy-strand probe to screen a C. fasciculata cDNA expression library, we have isolated two overlapping cDNA clones encoding the trypanosomatid universal minicircle sequence-binding protein. The complete cDNA sequence defines an open reading frame encoding a 116-amino-acid polypeptide chain consisting of five repetitions of a CCHC zinc finger motif. A significant similarity is found between this universal minicircle sequence-binding protein and two other single-stranded DNA-binding proteins identified in humans and in Leishmania major. All three proteins bind specifically to single-stranded guanine-rich DNA ligands. Partial amino acid sequence of the endogenous protein, purified to homogeneity from C. fasciculata, was identical to that deduced from the cDNA nucleotide sequence. DNA-binding characteristics of the cDNA-encoded fusion protein expressed in bacteria were identical to those of the endogenous C. fasciculata protein. Hybridization analyses reveal that the gene encoding the minicircle origin-binding protein is nuclear and may occur in the C. fasciculata chromosome as a cluster of several structural genes.
Illumination pupil optimization in 0.33NA EUVL by intensity balancing for semi-iso dark field two-bar M1 building blocks (2016)

We will shed light on the optimization of lithographic metrics for the semi-isolated dark field two-bar logic building block. Under standard D90Y illumination this building block suffers from large mask 3D induced relative focus dependent CD asymmetries. Such behavior limits its overlapping process window and gives rise to untenable full wafer CDU and intra-field pattern shifts. We have found that besides a Ta absorber thickness reduction an illumination pupil optimization is necessary to fully remove these CD asymmetries. The pupil optimization is achieved by relating the aerial image decomposition (here: symmetrization and balancing of intensities across the diffracted orders) with lithographic metrics per pupil plane location. The resulting pupil allows us (i) to lift the focus-dependent CD asymmetries and (ii) to co-optimize a number of lithographic metrics such as overlapping process window, contrast, non-telecentricity and pattern shift. The importance of subsidiary conditions (e.g. symmetry of the pupil, required DOF) will be discussed.
Benign lesions of the larynx: Should the laser be used? (1990)

The use of the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser in the treatment of patients with benign laryngeal lesions, excluding respiratory papillomatosis, has been questioned because of potential adverse thermal effects on surrounding tissue. We question whether wound healing and subsequent quality of voice would be better if the surgeon used the "cold technique" with microlaryngeal instruments. Since the advent, in 1987, of a small-spot (0.3 mm) CO2 laser micromanipulator and more precise microlaryngeal instruments, we have redefined our use of the CO2 laser for benign laryngeal lesions. Over the past 4 years, in a series of 68 consecutive patients with vocal cord nodules, polyps, polypoid changes, or granulomas, the CO2 laser was useful for mucosal micro-flap dissection techniques and for vascular lesions. Smaller pedunculated lesions, such as vocal cord nodules, were more efficiently removed with the new microlaryngeal instrumentation. The combined selective use of a microspot CO2 laser at low-power settings (1 to 3 W), with 0.1-second pulses, and with precise microlaryngeal instruments will give the best results.
Online Education: A Unique Opportunity for Cognitive Scientists to Integrate Research and Practice (2013)

That there is a rapid expansion of online education is much better understood than what its consequences will be.This symposium considers that one key feature of "real-world" education that takes place on the Internet is that it provides a high level of experimental control and automatic data collection & analysis, which can support cognitive science research that was previously only possible in laboratory settings and small-scale educational environments.The presenters discuss the unprecedented opportunities online learning provides for conducting research in ecologically valid contexts: linking existing laboratory experiments to relevant online contexts, personalizing adaptive instruction, embedding in vivo research studies of education, and using the vast amount of high quality data available.The product of such work is not only theories and empirical discoveries that better characterize learning, but also the opportunity to directly translate these into practical benefits to students through concrete improvements to educational resources.
Odess: Speeding up Resemblance Detection for Redundancy Elimination by Fast Content-Defined Sampling (2021)

Multiple data reduction techniques have been investigated to lower storage costs for a wide variety of customers. In this work, we focus on similarity-based delta compression, which calculates and stores the difference of very similar, but non-duplicate, chunks in storage systems. Delta compression is often implemented along with deduplication and has been shown to achieve a much higher compression ratio. Currently, the N-Transform method is the most popular and widely-used approach to generate features for data content (e.g. chunks) to detect similar candidates (and then apply delta compression). For delta compression systems, though, the throughput of N-Transform is often the bottleneck. Finesse is a high throughput variant of N-Transform, but it suffers from lower detection accuracy and compression ratio. The computation overhead of N-Transform consists of two parts: calculating the rolling hash across data and applying time-consuming transforms on each hash. In this work, we propose Odess, a fast resemblance detection approach, that uses a novel Content-Defined Sampling method to generate a much smaller proxy hash set and then applies transforms on this small hash set. This reduces the calculations in the transform step from being the bottleneck. Meanwhile, Odess also leverages the faster Gear hash to generate rolling hashes. Thus, Odess greatly reduces the computational overhead for resemblance detection while achieving high detection accuracy and high compression ratio. Our evaluation results show that Odess is ~ 5.4× (Finesse) and ~ 26.9× (N-Transform) faster (on average) at generating features for resemblance detection. When considering an end-to-end data reduction storage system, Odess increases throughput by ~ 1.36× (Finesse) and ~ 2.76× (N-Transform) while maintaining the compression ratio of N-Transform and increasing the compression ratio ~ 1.22× over Finesse.
Restoring the sense of touch with a prosthetic hand through a brain interface (2013)

Our ability to manipulate objects dexterously relies fundamentally on sensory signals originating from the hand. To restore motor function with upper-limb neuroprostheses requires that somatosensory feedback be provided to the tetraplegic patient or amputee. Given the complexity of state-of-the-art prosthetic limbs and, thus, the huge state space they can traverse, it is desirable to minimize the need for the patient to learn associations between events impinging on the limb and arbitrary sensations. Accordingly, we have developed approaches to intuitively convey sensory information that is critical for object manipulation--information about contact location, pressure, and timing--through intracortical microstimulation of primary somatosensory cortex. In experiments with nonhuman primates, we show that we can elicit percepts that are projected to a localized patch of skin and that track the pressure exerted on the skin. In a real-time application, we demonstrate that animals can perform a tactile discrimination task equally well whether mechanical stimuli are delivered to their native fingers or to a prosthetic one. Finally, we propose that the timing of contact events can be signaled through phasic intracortical microstimulation at the onset and offset of object contact that mimics the ubiquitous on and off responses observed in primary somatosensory cortex to complement slowly varying pressure-related feedback. We anticipate that the proposed biomimetic feedback will considerably increase the dexterity and embodiment of upper-limb neuroprostheses and will constitute an important step in restoring touch to individuals who have lost it.
ATVEF: A Specification for Interactive Television Based on Internet Standards (1999)

It is becoming clear that one of the major benefits of digital television will be its ability to carry substantial amounts of auxiliary data, both program-related and otherwise. This is a result of both the maturing of broadcast television technology as well as the increasing sophistication and demands of audiences. In this regard, TV data broadcasting can be considered the zero-point of intersection for convergence of computers and television, allowing the embrace of an interactive television experience both PC and TV platforms. Yet exactly how this is to be successfully accomplished remains under debate. The uncertainty is amplified by the relative lack of established creative aesthetics and consumer preferences in such a new environment, as well as the pressing economic exigencies of enhanced-content providers. The need for technical standardisation in this nascent domain is unanimously held, however. — This presentation will discuss methods of adapting already successful compositional styles and data transmission standards for the creation, transport and delivery of interactive television and other TV data-broadcast material. It will propose practical yet extensible solutions to this issue of profound relevance to television's future.