gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interaction between atmospheric CO2 concentration and water deficit on gas exchange and crop growth: testing of ecosys with data from the Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment (1995)

Abstract Soil water deficits are likely to influence the response of crop growth and yield to changes in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations (C a ), but the extent of this influence is uncertain. To study the interaction of water deficits and C a on crop growth, the ecosystem simulation model ecosys was tested with data for diurnal gas exchange and seasonal wheat growth measured during 1993 under high and low irrigation at C a = 370 and 550 μmol mol −1 in the Free Air CO 2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment near Phoenix, AZ. The model, supported by the data from canopy gas exchange enclosures, indicated that under high irrigation canopy conductance (g c ) at C a = 550 μmol mol −1 was reduced to about 0.75 that at C a = 370 μmol mol −1 , but that under low irrigation, g c was reduced less. Consequently when C a was increased from 370 to 550 μmol mol −1 , canopy transpiration was reduced less, and net CO 2 fixation was increased more, under low irrigation than under high irrigation. The simulated effects of C a and irrigation on diurnal gas exchange were also apparent on seasonal water use and grain yield. Simulated vs. measured seasonal water use by wheat under high irrigation was reduced by 6% vs. 4% at C a = 550 vs. 370 μmol mol −1 but that under low irrigation was increased by 3% vs. 5%. Simulated vs. measured grain yield of wheat under high irrigation was increased by 16% vs. 8%, but that under low irrigation was increased by 38% vs. 21%. In ecosys , the interaction between C a and irrigation on diurnal gas exchange, and hence on seasonal crop growth and water use, was attributed to a convergence of simulated g c towards common values under both C a as canopy turgor declined. This convergence caused transpiration to decrease comparatively less, but CO 2 fixation to increase comparatively more, under high vs. low C a . Convergence of g c was in turn attributed to improved turgor maintenance under elevated C a caused by greater storage C concentrations in the leaves, and by greater rooting density in the soil.
Surface Modification of Poly(lactic acid) Fabrics with Plasma Pretreatment and Chitosan/Siloxane Polyesters Coating for Color Strength Improvement (2017)

As people in the 21st century become increasingly environmentally aware, environmentally friendly products have come into focus. As such, environmentally friendly textiles and eco-textiles have become an international trend in research and development. Poly(lactic acid) fiber, which is biodegradable, holds much promise, but it is difficult to deep dye. This study used chitosan, succine anhydride, siloxane, and polyethylene glycol to produce a series of chitosan/siloxane polyesters that have a hydrophilic component (chitosan) and a hydrophobic component (siloxane), and this chitosan/siloxane polyester can be coated on poly(lactic acid) fiber, which we had subjected to Argon plasma treatment to increase their antimicrobial properties and to increase the fibers dyeing efficiency. The study shows that, after the surface plasma treatment, longer PEG chain lengths resulted in higher K/S values. This result suggests that the surface plasma pretreatment and chitosan/siloxane polyesters coating showed that lower ∆E values result in more leveling dyeing of poly(lactic acid) fiber.
Estimating Minimally Effective Inducing Doses (EDOls) of TeDD in Livers of Rats and Humans Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling (1997)

Introduction: TCDD and related compounds cause induction of several cytochrome P450 (CYP450) family isozymes in liver and other tissues. In the liver, induction of CYPIAI and CYPIA2 is not uniform throughout the entire organ. ',2 For instance, at low doses, induction is centrilobular and there is a sharp lJoundary between areas of tlie liver that are fully induced and areas of the liver where there is no appreciable induction. A. dose increases the proportion of induced cells in the liver increases and the region showing induction fills out from the centrilobular toward the periportal area. The sharp boundary between fully induced and non­ induced cells is indicative of highly non-linear processes in the induction of these enzymes by TCDD' Recently, quantitative models of regional induction have been developed to describe both total induction in liver and the regional distribution ofinduced protein within the acinus' Cancer risk assessments with TCDD have generally been based on average daily intakes with standard defaults for interspecies (body-weight) and low dose (linearized multistage) extrapolation. The upper-bound estimate of the I in a 1,000,000 cancer risk for humans calculated from this approach is 6 femtogramslkg body weight/day. These calculations have largely ignored information about interspecies differences in elimination rates of TCDD. With the increases in information about the species differences in TCDD metabolism and about the significance of regional distribution for low-dose extrapolation, it is possible to improve current estimates of the expected extent of biological responses at low doses. In addition, with the publication ofthe proposed US EPA cancer risk assessment guidelines, 6 intermediate effects, such
From engagement to hedging: South Korea's new China policy (2008)

Abstract With the inauguration of South Korea's new president, Lee Myung-bak, Korea's China policy is changing. Replacing the policy of tilting toward China pursued by his predecessor, Roh Moo-hyun, President Lee instead suggests a policy of hedging toward China. In general, the policy of hedging is composed of two different approaches, engagement and balancing. President Lee's twin hedging emphasizes deep engagement and soft balancing toward China. The basic rationale of the Republic of Korea (the ROK) is to adopt the policy of twin hedging as it needs both great powers, the United States and China, for its strategic stability and economic prosperity. For the successful implementation of the twin hedging policy, the South Korean government, as a way to deepen the economic engagement, has to precipitate and expand the economic cooperation between the ROK and China. Simultaneously, it has to strengthen the U.S.–Korean alliance as a mode of soft balancing. For the United States, the diplomatic shift of Lee Myung-bak to the policy of twin hedging is, of course, a welcome development. But China seems to feel uncomfortable with this. Although China cannot object to the reinforcement of the U.S.–Korean alliance, however, it is beginning to feel concerned about a potential strategic coalition between the United States and the ROK on the sensitive issues, including Seoul's participation in the Missile Defense System and Proliferation Security Initiative, the ROK's shift of its North Korean policies unfavorable to China, and the shift of conditions and roles of the American troops stationed in Korea. The success of the policy of twin hedging toward China depends on how carefully and competently the Lee Myung-bak administration convinces the Chinese government of the ROK's strategic necessity for the hedging policy.
The Hunt for Natural Skin Whitening Agents (2009)

Skin whitening products are commercially available for cosmetic purposes in order to obtain a lighter skin appearance. They are also utilized for clinical treatment of pigmentary disorders such as melasma or postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Whitening agents act at various levels of melanin production in the skin. Many of them are known as competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanogenesis. Others inhibit the maturation of this enzyme or the transport of pigment granules (melanosomes) from melanocytes to surrounding keratinocytes. In this review we present an overview of (natural) whitening products that may decrease skin pigmentation by their interference with the pigmentary processes.
Conformational extremes in the supramolecular assemblies of para-sulfonato-calix[8]arene (2006)

Two complex solid state structures of para-sulfonato-calix[8]arene are described, showing extremes in the macrocyclic conformation; one is planar and nearly circular, the other an inverted double cone. The differences in the molecular conformations lead to highly different packing arrangements in the structures.
Modulating Endogenous NQO1 Levels Identifies Key Regulatory Mechanisms of Action of β-Lapachone for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy (2011)

Because NQO1 enzyme activities are easily measured and commonly overexpressed (i.e., >70%) in pancreatic cancers 5- to 10-fold above normal tissue, strategies using β-lap to efficaciously treat pancreatic cancers are indicated. On the basis of optimal drug formulation and efficacious antitumor efficacy, such a therapy should be extremely safe and not accompanied with normal tissue toxicity or hemolytic anemia.
Structure and Stability of Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex with Preclinical 9-Amino Acridines (2013)

G-quadruplexes are higher-order DNA structures formed from guanine-rich sequences, and have been identified as attractive anticancer drug targets. Elucidating the three-dimensional structure of G-quadruplex with 9-amino acridines and the specific interactions involved in binding selectivity are the key to understanding their mechanism of action. Fluorescence titration assays, competitive dialysis and NMR studies have been used to study the binding specificity of 9-amino acridines to DNA. Structural models of the complexes with the telomeric DNA G-quadruplex based on NMR measurements were developed and further examined by molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. Selective binding of 9-amino acridines for G-quadruplex sequences were observed. These compounds bind between A and G-tetrads, involving significant π-π interactions and several strong hydrogen bonds. The specific interactions between different moieties of the 9-amino acridines to the DNA were examined and shown to play a significant role in governing the overall stabilities of DNA G-quadruplex complexes. Both 9-amino acridines, with similar binding affinities to the G-quadruplex, were shown to induce different level of structural stabilization through intercalation. This unique property of altering structural stability is likely a contributing factor for affecting telomerase function and, subsequently, the observed differences in the anticancer activities between the two 9-amino acridines.
Synthesis of Si and CdTe quantum dots and their combined use as down-shifting photoluminescent centers in Si solar cells (2019)

This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of Si and CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and their use, either on their own or combined, as photoluminescent (PL) down-shifting nanostructured coatings aimed to enhance the photovoltaic efficiency of polycrystalline silicon solar cells. To this end, the front face of a set of silicon cells was coated with different volume ratios of the above-mentioned QDs, or some of its mixtures, dispersed in PMMA layers. Previously, the absorption and the PL (exc = 380 nm) response of the dispersions of the QDs were measured. It was observed that the PL response of the mixtures was strongly affected in location, spread, and intensity of the emission peak according to the volume ratio involved. As compared to the unmixed CdTe samples, a notorious red-shift of the main peak location was obtained for a couple of mixed QDs’ dispersions, which was one of the project objectives given that Si solar cells respond better to photons with wavelengths in the 650–700 nm range. This effect was confirmed in a set of polycrystalline Si solar cells covered with and without nanostructured PMMA/QDs layers tested under AM 1.5G solar simulator conditions. It was found that the use of the proposed mixtures of QDs gave an increase of 1.53% in solar cell power conversion efficiency.
The application of perceptual color spaces to the display of remotely sensed imagery (1988)

An attempt is made to show how perceptually uniform color spaces can improve significantly the interpretability of displays and remotely sensed geoscientific imagery. A computational framework encompassing the mapping of data into perceptually uniform color spaces is presented, and practical application of this framework to various types of geophysical data is described. Applications include the depiction of informative data variables in specified lightness and saturation ranges, the effective utilization of chromatic contrast in multispectral data displays, and representations of more complex integrated data sets.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
FPGA based partial reconfigurable fir filter design (2014)

This paper proposes partial reconfigurable FIR filter design using systolic Distributed Arithmetic (DA) architecture optimized for FPGAs. To implement computationally efficient, low power, high speed Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter a two dimensional fully pipelined structure is used. To reduce the partial reconfiguration time a new architecture for the Look-Up Table (LUT) in distributed arithmetic is proposed. The FIR filter is dynamically reconfigured to realize low pass and high pass filter characteristics by changing the filter coefficients in the partial reconfiguration module. The design is implemented using XUP Virtex 5 LX110T FPGA kit. The FIR filter design shows improvement in configuration time and efficiency.
An ITPR1 gene deletion causes spinocerebellar ataxia 15/16: A genetic, clinical and radiological description (2010)

The purpose of this study was to characterise a novel family with very slowly progressive pure spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) caused by a deletion in the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor 1 (ITPR1) gene on chromosome 3. This is a detailed clinical, genetic, and radiological description of the genotype. Deletions in ITPR1 have been shown to cause SCA15/SCA16 in six families to date. A further Japanese family has been identified with an ITPR1 point mutation. The exact prevalence is as yet unknown, but is probably higher than previously thought. The clinical phenotype of the family is described, and videotaped clinical examinations are presented. Serial brain magnetic resonance imaging studies were carried out on one affected individual, and genetic analysis was performed on several family members. Protein analysis confirmed the ITPR1 deletion. Affected subjects display a remarkably slow, almost pure cerebellar syndrome. Serial magnetic resonance imaging shows moderate cerebellar atrophy with mild inferior parietal and temporal cortical volume loss. Genetic analysis shows a deletion of 346,487 bp in ITPR1 (the second largest ITPR1 deletion reported to date), suggesting SCA15 is due to a loss of ITPR1 function. Western blotting of lymphoblastoid cell line protein confirms reduced ITPR1 protein levels. SCA15 is a slowly or nonprogressive pure cerebellar ataxia, which appears to be caused by a loss of ITPR1 function and a reduction in the translated protein. Patients with nonprogressive or slowly progressive ataxia should be screened for ITPR1 defects.
Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheet–Carbon Nanotube Three‐Dimensional Porous Composites as High‐Performance Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts (2014)

A new class of highly efficient oxygen evolution catalysts has been synthesized through the self-assembly of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets and carbon nanotubes, driven by π-π stacking and electrostatic interactions. Remarkably, the catalysts exhibit higher catalytic oxygen evolution activity and stronger durability than Ir-based noble-metal catalysts and display the best performance among the reported nonmetal catalysts. This good result is attributed to the high nitrogen content and the efficient mass and charge transfer in the porous three-dimensional nanostructure.
Infrared ion spectroscopy: an analytical tool for the study of metabolites (2018)

Vibrational ion spectroscopy techniques coupled with mass spectrometry are applied to standard metabolites as a proof-of-principle demonstration for the structural identification of unknown metabolites. The traditional room temperature infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy technique is shown to differentiate chemical moieties in isobaric and isomeric variants. These results are compared to infrared spectra of cryogenically cooled analyte ions, showing enhanced spectral resolution, and thus also improved differentiation between closely related molecules, such as isomers. The cryogenic spectroscopy is effected in a recently developed mass-selective cryogenic linear ion trap, which is capable of high sensitivity and the ability to measure the IR spectra of multiple analytes simultaneously.
Use of Automatic Insulin Injector for Intracorporeal Injection in Erectile Dysfunction (1994)

Intracorporeal injection of vasoactive drugs for the treatment of impotence may be problematic in patients with limited dexterity or psychogenic inhibitions of self-injection. Already in common use for diabetic patients is an easy-to-use automatic injector device, with rapid and simple loading and operating. This economical and handy gadget is adapted to accept standard disposable syringes. We have found it useful also for painless self-injection of intracorporeal vasoactive drugs for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
Functional Differences between Human NKp44− and NKp44+ RORC+ Innate Lymphoid Cells (2012)

Human RORC(+) lymphoid tissue inducer cells are part of a rapidly expanding family of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) that participate in innate and adaptive immune responses as well as in lymphoid tissue (re) modeling. The assessment of a potential role for innate lymphocyte-derived cytokines in human homeostasis and disease is hampered by a poor characterization of RORC(+) innate cell subsets and a lack of knowledge on the distribution of these cells in adults. Here we show that functionally distinct subsets of human RORC(+) innate lymphoid cells are enriched for secretion of IL-17a or IL-22. Both subsets have an activated phenotype and can be distinguished based on the presence or absence of the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp44. NKp44(+) IL-22 producing cells are present in tonsils while NKp44(-) IL-17a producing cells are present in fetal developing lymph nodes. Development of human intestinal NKp44(+) ILC is a programmed event that is independent of bacterial colonization and these cells colonize the fetal intestine during the first trimester. In the adult intestine, NKp44(+) ILC are the main ILC subset producing IL-22. NKp44(-) ILC remain present throughout adulthood in peripheral non-inflamed lymph nodes as resting, non-cytokine producing cells. However, upon stimulation lymph node ILC can swiftly initiate cytokine transcription suggesting that secondary human lymphoid organs may function as a reservoir for innate lymphoid cells capable of participating in inflammatory responses.
ChemInform Abstract: Products from Furans. Part 4. Selective Oxidation of 2‐Furfuryl Alcohol Derivatives, in the Presence of Aryl Thioethers, with N‐Bromosuccinimide (NBS). A New Procedure for the Preparation of 2H‐Pyran‐3(6H)‐ones. (1987)

Abstract The furfuryl alcohols (I) react with NBS (II), yielding the hydroxypyranones (III).
Longitudinal characterization of two siblings with frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 associated with the S305N tau mutation (2004)

The background to this study began with the reporting of two Japanese kindreds with the S305N tau mutation. Although the pathological findings in the autopsied cases were well characterized, only limited ante-mortem data were presented. In this study, longitudinal characterization was carried out in two siblings of European ancestry found to have frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) through comprehensive neurobehavioural examinations and other scales at approximate 6-month intervals. Scales included the Mini-Mental State Examination, Short Test of Mental Status, modified motor subtest of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, detailed neuropsychological testing, and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Changes in whole-brain volume and ventricular volume were measured from serial MRI studies. All members of the kindred underwent molecular genetic analyses to elucidate the mechanism of inheritance. The missense mutation in tau, S305N, was detected in the proband (onset age 30), who has undergone serial evaluations for almost 4 years. Her older sister (onset age 36) was subsequently found to have the same mutation, and has undergone serial evaluations for 2 years. This mutation is absent in both parents and the only other sibling, and non-paternity was excluded by additional analyses. The siblings have exhibited cognitive and behavioural features typical of FTDP-17, which have proved challenging to manage despite aggressive pharmacological and behavioural therapies. The proband's sister has demonstrated an atypical profile of impairment on neuropsychological testing. Both siblings have developed striking atrophy of the anterior part of temporal lobes and moderate atrophy of the dorsolateral and orbitofrontal cortical regions, which in both cases is relatively symmetrical. The annualized changes in whole-brain volume and ventricular volume, respectively, were -35.2 ml/year (3.23% decrease per year) and +20.75 ml/year (16.93% increase per year) for the proband, and -30.75 ml/year (2.77% decrease per year) and +5.01 ml/year (3.11% increase per year) for the proband's sister. In conclusion, the mutation in these siblings may have arisen during oogenesis in the mother and probably represents germline mosaicism. Although both patients have exhibited the typical cognitive and behavioural features of FTDP-17, one patient is exhibiting an atypical neuropsychological profile. Also, despite a similar topographic pattern of progressive atrophy on MRI, the rates of change in whole-brain volume and ventricular volume between the two patients are quite different. These findings have implications for future drug trial development in FTDP-17 and the sporadic tauopathies.
Biochemical and structural aspects of transiently and stably expressed mutant desmin in vimentin-free and vimentin-containing cells. (1992)

Using immunoelectron microscopy it is demonstrated that desmin subunits missing their complete carboxy-terminal domain are incapable of homopolymeric filament formation in vivo. Furthermore it is shown that, in vimentin-containing cells, desmin integrates into preexisting vimentin filaments resulting in desmin/vimentin heteropolymers. Removal of the amino-terminal or both nonhelical end domains of desmin increases Triton X-100 solubility of the mutant desmin subunits. Expression of desmin mutants containing deletions in the C-terminal part of the rod in vimentin-free cells results in an increase of the Triton X-100 solubility too. In contrast, if expressed in vimentin-containing cells, these mutant subunits remain in the Triton X-100 insoluble fraction. Deletion of the nonhelical carboxy-terminal domain only has no effect on solubility. In vimentin-free cells, stably expressed desmin subunits missing their amino-terminal domains display a slightly higher turnover rate compared to wild-type desmin. Transiently expressed desmin subunits missing 18 or more carboxy-terminal residues of the rod domain are rapidly degraded in vimentin-free cells. In vimentin-containing cells, turnover rates were much less pronounced. Finally, by using site-directed mutagenesis, we were able to map specific residues important for de novo filament assembly within the amino-terminal domain and in the conserved part at the C-terminus of the alpha-helical domain.