gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On speaker-independent, speaker-dependent, and speaker-adaptive speech recognition (1993)

The DARPA Resource Management task is used as a domain for investigating the performance of speaker-independent, speaker-dependent, and speaker-adaptive speech recognition. The error rate of the speaker-independent recognition system, SPHINX, was reduced substantially by incorporating between-word triphone models additional dynamic features, and sex-dependent, semicontinuous hidden Markov models. The error rate for speaker-independent recognition was 4.3%. On speaker-dependent data, the error rate was further reduced to 2.6-1.4% with 600-2400 training sentences for each speaker. Using speaker-independent models, the authors studied speaker-adaptive recognition. Both codebooks and output distributions were considered for adaptation. It was found that speaker-adaptive systems outperform both speaker-independent and speaker-dependent systems, suggesting that the most effective system is one that begins with speaker-independent training and continues to adapt to users.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A complex intervention to improve outcome in obese pregnancies; the upbeat study (2011)

Objectives To develop a lifestyle intervention to improve pregnancy outcome in obese pregnancies. Methods In accord with UK MRC guidelines a phased approach towards development of an randomised controlled trials (RCT) was adopted by a multidisciplinary team. This included Phase I literature review and protocol development; Phase II pilot RCT to assess behavioural change and practicality; Phase III (multicentre RCT; primary outcomes; maternal oral glucose tolerance test ; neonatal, macrosomia, n=2700) will follow demonstration of behavioural change in the pilot. Results An intervention based on dietary advice (low glycaemic index, low saturated fat and reduced free sugars) and increased physical activity was developed. Advice is delivered by a health trainer in eight structured sessions between 19 and 28 week's gestation and reinforced by a participant handbook, log book and physical activity DVD. Data are entered on an internet database. Recruitment to the pilot phase is complete. 136 obese pregnant women (body mass index; 36.7±6 kg/m 2 ; 47 nullips,71 multips; age 30±5 years; 69 white; 42 black, 7 other) have been randomised to the intervention or standard antenatal care. Physical activity is monitored by accelerometry (1 week×3) and validated questionnaire, and diet by 24 h food recall (double- pass ×3). A lifestyle questionnaire in used to assess knowledge and attitudes. Behavioural changes will be analysed in Feb 2011 and presented at the meeting. Conclusion A pilot study of a complex intervention has been successfully implemented. This step wise approach has enabled detailed development, refinement and evaluation of each component, leading to an intervention acceptable to obese pregnant women.
Carbohydrates as recognition molecules in infection and immunity (1989)

Consideration of host-parasite interactions encompasses a wide range of phenomena from adhesion to epithelial surfaces to interactions with cells of the immune system. This review focuses on the role of carbohydrates as recognition molecules in these complex interactions. The abundant glycoproteins and glycolipids of cell surfaces of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have the ability to exist in a variety of spatial configurations through alpha- and beta-linkages and the formation of branched structures. This ability carries with it the opportunity of acting as informational molecules greater than that possible for proteins or nucleic acids. The blood group substances are probably the best characterized of these carbohydrate containing molecules. Whilst at present a detailed understanding of the importance of these molecules in host-parasite interaction is lacking, the material covered in this discussion emphasizes the way in which carbohydrate based recognition has been shown to be involved and may provide the basis for further understanding.
The Structure of Genealogies in the Presence of Purifying Selection: A Fitness-Class Coalescent (2011)

Compared to a neutral model, purifying selection distorts the structure of genealogies and hence alters the patterns of sampled genetic variation. Although these distortions may be common in nature, our understanding of how we expect purifying selection to affect patterns of molecular variation remains incomplete. Genealogical approaches such as coalescent theory have proven difficult to generalize to situations involving selection at many linked sites, unless selection pressures are extremely strong. Here, we introduce an effective coalescent theory (a "fitness-class coalescent") to describe the structure of genealogies in the presence of purifying selection at many linked sites. We use this effective theory to calculate several simple statistics describing the expected patterns of variation in sequence data, both at the sites under selection and at linked neutral sites. Our analysis combines a description of the allele frequency spectrum in the presence of purifying selection with the structured coalescent approach of Kaplan et al. (1988), to trace the ancestry of individuals through the distribution of fitnesses within the population. We also derive our results using a more direct extension of the structured coalescent approach of Hudson and Kaplan (1994). We find that purifying selection leads to patterns of genetic variation that are related but not identical to a neutrally evolving population in which population size has varied in a specific way in the past.
Effect of scaffold architecture and BMP-2/BMP-7 delivery on in vitro bone regeneration (2010)

The aim of this study was to develop 3-D tissue engineered constructs that mimic the in vivo conditions through a self-contained growth factor delivery system. A set of nanoparticles providing the release of BMP-2 initially followed by the release of BMP-7 were incorporated in poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds with different 3-D architectures produced by 3-D plotting and wet spinning. The release patterns were: each growth factor alone, simultaneous, and sequential. The orientation of the fibers did not have a significant effect on the kinetics of release of the model protein BSA; but affected proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell proliferation on random scaffolds was significantly higher compared to the oriented ones. Delivery of BMP-2 alone suppressed MSC proliferation and increased the ALP activity to a higher level than that with BMP-7 delivery. Proliferation rate was suppressed the most by the sequential delivery of the two growth factors from the random scaffold on which the ALP activity was the highest. Results indicated the distinct effect of scaffold architecture and the mode of growth factor delivery on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, enabling us to design multifunctional scaffolds capable of controlling bone healing.
The agrarian origins of capitalism (1998)

One of the most well established conventions of Western culture is the association of capitalism with cities. Capitalism is supposed to have been born and bred in the city. But more than that, the implication is that any city—with its characteristic practices of trade and commerce—is by its very nature potentially capitalist from the start, and only extraneous obstacles have stood in the way of any urban civilization giving rise to capitalism. Only the wrong religion, the wrong kind of state, or any kind of ideological, political, or cultural fetters tying the hands of urban classes have prevented capitalism from springing up anywhere and everywhere, since time immemorial—or at least since technology has permitted the production of adequate surpluses.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
Vergleich der optischen Qualität der Tecnis®-Linsen mit IOLs, die die sphärische Aberration der menschlichen Kornea teilweise kompensieren (2007)

Zielsetzung: Die Unterschiede in der optischen Qualität von IOLs, die die sphärische Aberration (SA) der Cornea ganz oder teilweise kompensieren, werden in einem Modellauge aufgezeigt, das die durchschnittlichen humanen kornealen Aberrationen simuliert. Methodik: Untersucht wird die Qualität verschiedener monofokaler IOLs. Dabei werden vier asphärischen IOLs, die Tecnis® ZA9003 und die Tecnis® Z9000 (beide mit Komplettkorrektur der durchschnittlichen SA) und die Akreos™ Adapt-AO und Acrysof® IQ SN60WF (mit teilweiser SA-Korrektur), mit den sphärischen IOLs CeeOnEdge® 911A und Acrysof® SA60AT bei einer Pupillenweite von 3 bzw. 4,5mm verglichen. Ergebnisse: Bei 3mm zeigen die asphärischen IOLs eine bessere optische Qualität als die sphärischen IOLs. Bei 4,5mm hingegen lässt die optische Qualität der asphärischen IOLs mit kornealer Aberrationskorrektur weniger nach als bei IOLs ohne Korrektur. Der MTF der Tecnis-Linsen bleibt gleich. Die Linsen mit einer Teilkorrektur der cornealen SA, wie z.B. die SN60WF und die Adapt-AO, besitzen bei 4,5mm geringere MTFs. Schlussfolgerungen: In diesem Vergleich zeigen nur die Tecnis®-Linsen, aufgrund der Komplettkorrektur der SA der durchschnittlichen menschlichen Kornea, eine von der Pupillenweite unabhängige optische Qualität im Modellauge.
Female detection of the synthetic sex pheromone contributes to the efficacy of mating disruption of the European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (2014)

In addition to reducing the ability of males to locate females, the mating-disruption technique can suppress pest numbers as a consequence of its direct effects on females. The two mechanisms probably act synergistically.
ChemInform Abstract: PYRIMIDINES. LIX. RING TRANSFORMATIONS OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS WITH NUCLEOPHILES. PART XVI. DEGENERATE RING TRANSFORMATIONS OF 1,3‐DIETHYL‐1,4(3,4)‐DIHYDRO‐4‐OXOPYRIMIDINIUM TETRAFLUOROBORATES WITH AMMONIA (1977)

Abstract Bei Behandlung mit wäßrigem Ammoniak entstehen aus dem Pyrimidiniumsalz (Ia) die isomeren Aminoacrylam: ‐ de (IIa) [(Z)‐ und (E)‐Form] und (IIIa) [(Z)‐Form], aus dem Pyrimidiniumsalz (Ib) ebenfalls die Isomeren (IIb) und (IIIb) und aus den Pyrirnidiniumsalzen (IV) bzw. (VI) jeweils nur ein Isomeres, nämlich (V) bzw. (VII) oder (VIII).
Impact and Limitations of Modular Service Platforms: The case of IT Services (2006)

In this paper we show the impact and limitations of modular service platforms based on two action research studies with IT service providers. The projects used the information systems modularization and standardization (IS-MOST) method. The resulting modular platform enables providers to match the required scope of services of individual solutions from a set of defined modules. The modular platform can also facilitate a gap analysis of missing services as well as a systematic process of change management. The action research projects, however, also expose the limitations caused by, the heterogeneity of custom systems and quality objectives that a provider needs to match. Service providers thus need to complement modularization with measures aimed at managing or reducing the heterogeneity of custom systems and service objectives
Topological insulator Bi2Se3(111) surface doped with transition metals: Anab initioinvestigation (2013)

Based on first-principles calculations, we provide a map of the energetic stability and the electronic behavior of the topologically protected surface states of the topological insulator (TI), Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$, doped with transition metals (TMs), TM/Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$(111). We find that Fe, Mn, and Cr impurities are energetically more stable at the Bi substitutional sites, whereas we may find energetically stable substitutional as well as interstitial configurations for Co and Ni impurity atoms. Through scanning tunneling microscopy simulations, we verify that each TM atomic species and its position in the Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$(111) surface can be identified. The substitutional Fe and Cr impurities exhibit an energetic preference for the out-of-plane net magnetic moment, giving rise to a small energy gap at the Dirac point (DP), whereas the in-plane magnetic moment of substitutional Mn/Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$(111) promotes a shift of the DP from the center of the surface Brillouin zone, opening up a small energy gap. For the substitutional impurities, the shapes of the metallic bands are somewhat preserved compared with the energy bands of the pristine Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$(111) surface. Interstitial Co atoms also present an in-plane net magnetic moment, where we find the formation of metallic bands, suppressing the presence of the DP. For the Ni/Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$(111) impurity there is not a net magnetic moment, and therefore, the DP is preserved. Further formation energy results indicate other plausible (meta)stable impurity configurations, giving rise to quite different scenarios for the topological properties of TM/Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$(111), even for the same TM impurity.
Peptimetric: Quantifying and Visualizing Differences in Peptidomic Data (2021)

Finding new sustainable means of diagnosing and treating diseases is one of the most pressing issues of our time. In recent years, several endogenous peptides have been found to be both excellent biomarkers for many diseases and to possess important physiological roles which may be utilized in treatments. The detection of peptides has been facilitated by the rapid development of biological mass spectrometry and now the combination of fast and sensitive high resolution MS instruments and stable nano HP-LC equipment sequences thousands of peptides in one single experiment. In most research conducted with these advanced systems, proteolytically cleaved proteins are analyzed and the specific peptides are identified by software dedicated for protein quantification using different proteomics workflows. Analysis of endogenous peptides with peptidomics workflows also benefit from the novel sensitive and advanced instrumentation, however, the generated peptidomic data is vast and subsequently laborious to visualize and examine, creating a bottleneck in the analysis. Therefore, we have created Peptimetric, an application designed to allow researchers to investigate and discover differences between peptidomic samples. Peptimetric allows the user to dynamically and interactively investigate the proteins, peptides, and some general characteristics of multiple samples, and is available as a web application at https://peptimetric.herokuapp.com. To illustrate the utility of Peptimetric, we've applied it to a peptidomic dataset of 15 urine samples from diabetic patients and corresponding data from healthy subjects.
Aqueous Processing of Textured Silicon Nitride Ceramics by Slip Casting in a Strong Magnetic Field (2007)

Recently, textured microstructure has received particular interest in the processing of advanced Si3N4 ceramics because of significant improvement in the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity. This work will report a highly textured β-Si3N4 ceramic by aqueous slip casting in a magnetic field and subsequent pressureless sintering, using commercial α-Si3N4 raw powder and a mixture of Y2O3 and Al2O3 as sintering aids. To obtain the well-dispersed Si3N4- Y2O3-Al2O3 slurries, polyethylenimine (PEI) was chosen as a dispersant. Effects of the sintering aids, PEI amount, pH and stirring time on the stability of the Si3N4 slurries were studied. It is shown that PEI is an effective dispersant for stabilizing the Si3N4-Y2O3-Al2O3 slurries that does not show a time-dependent behavior at an optimum pH ≈ 10, compared to the case in the absence of PEI. Using the 30 vol% Si3N4-Y2O3-Al2O3 slurries stabilized with 1.5 dwb% PEI at pH 10, the highly textured β-Si3N4 with 97 % relative density could be obtained by slip casting in a magnetic field of 12 T and subsequent sintering at 1800 oC for 1 h. The textured microstructure is featured by the alignment of c-axis of β-Si3N4 crystals perpendicular to the magnetic field, and the Lotgering orientation factor, f, is determined to be 0.8.
Liquid types (2008)

We present Logically Qualified Data Types, abbreviated to Liquid Types, a system that combines Hindley-Milner type inference with Predicate Abstraction to automatically infer dependent types precise enough to prove a variety of safety properties. Liquid types allow programmers to reap many of the benefits of dependent types, namely static verification of critical properties and the elimination of expensive run-time checks, without the heavy price of manual annotation. We have implemented liquid type inference in DSOLVE, which takes as input an OCAML program and a set of logical qualifiers and infers dependent types for the expressions in the OCAML program. To demonstrate the utility of our approach, we describe experiments using DSOLVE to statically verify the safety of array accesses on a set of OCAML benchmarks that were previously annotated with dependent types as part of the DML project. We show that when used in conjunction with a fixed set of array bounds checking qualifiers, DSOLVE reduces the amount of manual annotation required for proving safety from 31% of program text to under 1%.
Make3D: Learning 3D Scene Structure from a Single Still Image (2009)

We consider the problem of estimating detailed 3D structure from a single still image of an unstructured environment. Our goal is to create 3D models that are both quantitatively accurate as well as visually pleasing. For each small homogeneous patch in the image, we use a Markov Random Field (MRF) to infer a set of "plane parameters" that capture both the 3D location and 3D orientation of the patch. The MRF, trained via supervised learning, models both image depth cues as well as the relationships between different parts of the image. Other than assuming that the environment is made up of a number of small planes, our model makes no explicit assumptions about the structure of the scene; this enables the algorithm to capture much more detailed 3D structure than does prior art and also give a much richer experience in the 3D flythroughs created using image-based rendering, even for scenes with significant nonvertical structure. Using this approach, we have created qualitatively correct 3D models for 64.9 percent of 588 images downloaded from the Internet. We have also extended our model to produce large-scale 3D models from a few images.
A secreted protein tyrosine phosphatase with modular effector domains in the bacterial pathogen Salmonella typhimurlum (1996)

A number of bacterial pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to subvert host-cell signal-transduction pathways for their own benefit. These bacteria produce and export proteins capable of specific interactions with key mammalian cell regulatory molecules in order to derail the normal functions of the cells. In this study, we describe the identification of a modular effector protein secreted by the bacterial pathogen Salmonella typhimurium that is required for its full display of virulence. Sequence analysis revealed that a carboxy-terminal region of this protein, which we have termed SptP, is homologous to the catalytic domains of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Purified SptP protein efficiently dephosphorylated peptide substrates phosphorylated on tyrosine. An engineered mutant of SptP in which a critical Cys residue in the catalytic domain was changed to Ser was devoid of phosphatase activity, indicating a catalytic mechanism similar to that of other tyrosine phosphatases. In addition, an amino-terminal region of SptP exhibited sequence similarity to the ribosyltransferase exoenzyme S from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the cytotoxin YopE from Yersinia spp. The modular nature of this effector protein may allow multiple interactions with host-cell signalling functions.
Graphene Oxide–Reduced Graphene Oxide Janus Membrane for Efficient Solar Generation of Water Vapor (2021)

Water purification by solar distillation technique is considered a sustainable method of producing fresh water. Thus, the development of a highly efficient solar absorber system has gained considerable attention. In this study, we report a graphene oxide (GO)–reduced graphene oxide (rGO) Janus membrane produced via laser treatment of the GO membrane under the protection of hydrogel. One side of the GO membrane is reduced to rGO using laser power, while the other side of the GO membrane is protected by hydrogel to avoid laser ablation and retain the integrity and original state of the membrane. The hydrophilicity of the GO layer and the relative hydrophobicity of the rGO layer complement each other and work synergistically. The hydrophilic GO side provides a good water transmission channel and exhibits good block salt penetration, whereas the relatively hydrophobic rGO side with a 3D rough surface increases the evaporation rate by increasing the sunlight absorption. Therefore, the resultant GO–rGO Janus membrane under 1 sun illumination exhibits a high solar-to-vapor efficiency of 91.4%, which is higher than that of most graphene-based photothermal conversion materials previously reported. Simultaneously, it is found that the GO–rGO Janus membrane is highly efficient and salt resistant and can be utilized for the purification of various types of water, including seawater and supersaturated brine. Therefore, the GO–rGO Janus membrane made may help to collect solar energy, and this research can be considered as a useful attempt to develop an efficient Janus membrane for producing fresh water.
Multiple convergence zone acoustic telemetry feasibility test report (1991)

personal computer utilizing an AT&T DSP32C digital signal processor plug-in board with analog to digital (AI) converters for real-time waveform generation. The receiver was 1 32-element 1 km long vertcal aray deployed between 500m and 1500 m. It was tethered through a 3 km tether to the RN Point SUR, which housed the multichannel digital recorders. The RN Point SUR also deployed a profiing CI to measure the acoustic channel profile.
Experimental purification ofcoherent states (2006)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate quantum purification of coherent light states, using only basic linear optics. It is based on the independent processing of several identically prepared coherent states.
From BILAG to BILAG-based combined lupus assessment—30 years on (2015)

Disease activity in SLE can be difficult to measure and there is no biomarker that uniformly reflects disease activity. There are various disease activity scores, but there is no gold standard assessment tool. This is a review of the development of the BILAG index from the classic BILAG disease activity index to the BILAG-2004 disease activity index and composite response criteria. The original classic BILAG index was revised and distinguished nine organs/systems. Features that indicated damage, such as avascular necrosis, were excluded. There was improvement in the glossary, scoring system and software. The BILAG-2004 index has been shown to be reliable, valid and sensitive to change. The BILAG-2004 index has been modified for pregnancy and has also been used in paediatrics. The SLE Responder Index (SRI) and the BILAG-based combined lupus assessment (BICLA) are composite responder indices incorporating the BILAG index. Since the initial development of the BILAG index in 1984, major improvements have been made in the measurement of disease activity in lupus. However, the BILAG-2004 index is the only transitional index that grades clinical features as being new, the same, worse or improving and incorporates severity in the scoring.