gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential Diagnosis in Cushing Syndrome: Use of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (1995)

Testing with ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) has facilitated the differential diagnosis of Cushing syndrome, which is often not straightforward. We provide our experience between January 1989 and August 1993 with 30 patients with Cushing syndrome and describe 4 cases in detail to illustrate how CRH testing can be successfully applied to some of the difficulties encountered in the evaluation. CRH testing proved to be particularly useful in distinguishing cases of Cushing syndrome of adrenal etiology from those of Cushing disease with low or undetectable adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) levels. CRH testing during petrosal sinus sampling was also found to help distinguish the ectopic ACTH syndrome from pituitary-dependent Cushing syndrome. Our cases illustrate the need for careful biochemical evaluation before proceeding to imaging studies. Using CRH testing to evaluate cases of Cushing syndrome in which standard testing was inconclusive can provide useful information and lead to a more rapid determination of etiology and definitive therapy than previously possible.
Designing of Magnetic MAB Phases for Energy Applications (2020)

Based on high-throughput density functional theory calculations, we performed screening for stable magnetic MAB compounds and predicted potential strong magnets for permanent magnet and magnetocaloric applications. The thermodynamical, mechanical, and dynamical stabilities are systematically evaluated, resulting in 21 unreported compounds on the convex hull, and 434 materials being metastable considering convex hull tolerance to be 100 meV/atom. Analysis based on the Hume-Rothery rules revealed that the valence electron concentration and size factor difference are of significant importance in determining the stability, with good correspondence with the local atomic bonding. We found 71 compounds with the absolute value of magneto-crystalline anisotropy energy above 1.0 MJ/m$^3$ and 23 compounds with a uniaxial anisotropy greater than 0.4 MJ/m$^3$, which are potential gap magnets. Based on the magnetic deformation proxy, 99 compounds were identified as potential materials with interesting magnetocaloric performance.
The Fully Developed Wake of a Circular Cylinder (1949)

Extending previous work on turbulent diffusion in the wake of a circular-cylinder, a series of measurements have been made of the turbulent transport of mean stream momentum, turbulent energy, and heat in the wake of a cylinder of 0.169 cm. diameter, placed in an air-stream of velocity 1280 cm. sec.-1. It has been possible to extend the measurements to 960 diameters down-stream from the cylinder, and it 1s found that, at distances in excess of 600 diameters, the requirements of dynamical similarity are very nearly satisfied. To account for the observed rates of transport of turbulent energy and heat, it is necessary that only part of this transport be due to bulk convection by the slow large-scale motion of the jets of turbulent fluid emitted by the central, fully turbulent core of the wake, which had been supposed previously to perform most of the transport. The remainder of the transport is carried out by the small-scale diffusive motion of the turbulent eddies within the jets, and may be described by assigning diffusion coefficients to the turbulent fluid. It is found that the diffusion coefficients for momentum and heat are approximately equal, but that for turbulent energy is considerably smaller. On the basis of these hypotheses, it is possible to calculate $he form of the mean velocity distribution in good agreement with experiment, and to give a qualitative explanation of the apparently more rapid diffusion of heat.
Overview of the Methane Prediction Module in the AusBeef Rumen Model (2014)

Improved livestock nutrition modelling can enable better description and prediction of the physiological and environmental effects of specific production processes, thereby improving productivity and efficiency. Although there are several models of livestock methane emissions (e.g., Ellis et al.2007) few mechanistic whole-animal models exist. The AusBeef rumen model, initially proposed and developed by Nagorcka and Zurcher (2002), is one of the few whole-animal dynamic and mechanistic models that can be used to predict both productivity and enteric fermentation from ruminants.
Focussed and unfocussed laser heating of a TLD layer for medical imaging: a comparison case (2003)

Thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs) heated by infrared laser stimulation are discussed. Discrete spots on a relatively large TLD are heated to release dosimetric information with a spatial resolution that depends on laser beam diameter and radial heat conduction. The laser beam is focused to improve spatial resolution and decrease heating time for each spot. Decreasing the laser beam diameter 81.2% increases heating rates as much as 30 times initially and improves spatial resolution in proportion to beam diameter.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Estimating Solar Radiation from Temperature with Spatial and Temporal Calibration (2011)

A procedure is introduced to estimate daily solar radiation from maximum and minimum temperatures for areas where solar radiation is either unavailable or unreliable. The procedure uses historical temperature data for spatial and temporal self-calibration. The results from the self-calibrated procedure are compared with measured solar radiation data in one coastal and two interior regions. The self-calibrated procedure is also compared with an equation presented by Thornton and Running that also uses historical maximum and minimum temperature to estimate solar radiation. The comparison between measured and predicted solar radiation values for several years shows that the self-calibrated method can predict solar radiation with error ranging from 0–3%. The error from the Thornton and Running equation ranges from 7–11%. In general, the Thornton and Running equation tends to overestimate solar radiation especially for overcast sky conditions such as monsoon season.
Emerging Topical and Systemic JAK Inhibitors in Dermatology (2019)

Accumulating data on cellular and molecular pathways help to develop novel therapeutic strategies in skin inflammation and autoimmunity. Examples are psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, two clinically and immunologically well-defined disorders. Here, the elucidation of key pathogenic factors such as IL-17A/IL-23 on the one hand and IL-4/IL-13 on the other hand profoundly changed our therapeutic practice. The knowledge on intracellular pathways and governing factors is shifting our attention to new druggable molecules. Multiple cytokine receptors signal through Janus kinases (JAKs) and associated signal transducer and activators of transcription (STATs). Inhibition of JAKs can simultaneously block the function of multiple cytokines. Therefore, JAK inhibitors (JAKi) are emerging as a new class of drugs, which in dermatology can either be used systemically as oral drugs or locally in topical formulations. Inhibition of JAKs has been shown to be effective in various skin disorders. The first oral JAKi have been recently approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Currently, multiple inhibitors of the JAK/STAT pathway are being investigated for skin diseases like alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis, dermatomyositis, graft-versus-host-disease, hidradenitis suppurativa, lichen planus, lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, and vitiligo. Here, we aim to discuss the immunological basis and current stage of development of JAKi in dermatology.
Sensitivity Analysis Of Evanescent Fiber Optic Sensors (1989)

Evanescent fiber optic sensors are being developed for remote in situ immunoassay. The single reflection total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) geometry can serve as a well-defined model against which evanescent waveguide devices can be compared and evaluated. This paper addresses the problem of optimizing the sensitivity of an evanescent fiber optic sensor (EFOS). Two aspects are discussed: (1) the modes of exciting laser light in the fiber have an effect on the sensor efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio; (2) in a fiber biosensor, there is generally a protein layer attached to the core surface; the thickness of the layer is at least 5nm. If the refractive index of the protein layer can be made equal to the refractive index of the core, we can get a new fiber waveguide in which the core also contains the protein layer. The fluorescent emission sources are thus inside the core region and generate the highest signal collection efficiency. We also discuss the situation when the refractive index of the protein layer is larger or smaller than that of the optical fiber core.
Antibody testing for COVID-19: A report from the National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review] (2020)

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused &gt;1 million infections during January-March 2020. There is an urgent need for reliable antibody detection approaches to support diagnosis, vaccine development, safe release of individuals from quarantine, and population lock-down exit strategies. We set out to evaluate the performance of ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) devices.&#13;\nMethods: We tested plasma for COVID (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2) IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA and using nine different LFIA devices. We used a panel of plasma samples from individuals who have had confirmed COVID infection based on a PCR result (n=40), and pre-pandemic negative control samples banked in the UK prior to December-2019 (n=142).&#13;\nResults: ELISA detected IgM or IgG in 34/40 individuals with a confirmed history of COVID infection (sensitivity 85%, 95%CI 70-94%), vs. 0/50 pre-pandemic controls (specificity 100% [95%CI 93-100%]). IgG levels were detected in 31/31 COVID-positive individuals tested ≥10 days after symptom onset (sensitivity 100%, 95%CI 89-100%). IgG titres rose during the 3 weeks post symptom onset and began to fall by 8 weeks, but remained above the detection threshold. Point estimates for the sensitivity of LFIA devices ranged from 55-70% versus RT-PCR and 65-85% versus ELISA, with specificity 95-100% and 93-100% respectively. Within the limits of the study size, the performance of most LFIA devices was similar.&#13;\nConclusions: Currently available commercial LFIA devices do not perform sufficiently well for individual patient applications. However, ELISA can be calibrated to be specific for detecting and quantifying SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG and is highly sensitive for IgG from 10 days following first symptoms.
A Neoepitope‐Based Enzyme Immunoassay for Quantification of C1‐Inhibitor in Complex with C1r and C1s (1997)

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) recognizing neoepitopes exposed on activation products of complement proteins but hidden in the native components have been used for quantification of activated complement. A previously produced and characterized mouse MoAb, recognizing a neoepitope on the human plasma protein C1-inhibitor complexed with its substrates, was used to design an enzyme immunoassay for detection of C1-inhibitor complexed with C1r and C1s. These complexes are indicators of early classical complement pathway activation. The standard was serum activated with heat aggregated IgG defined to contain 1000 arbitrary units (AU)/ml. The lower detection limit was approximately 0.05 AU/ml corresponding to 0.005% of fully activated serum. The reliability of the assay, including day-to-day variation, was tested. Intra-assay variation coefficients were 12% for low plasma control and 13% for high plasma control (n = 12 for both). Inter-assay variation coefficients were 12% for low control (n = 6), 19% for high control (n = 6) and 15% for the normal plasma control (n = 9). A 2.5-97.5 percentile reference range (normal blood donors) was 16-33 AU/ml. Two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus had considerably elevated plasma levels of the activation product (56 and 62 AU/ml), and six patients with hereditary angioedema had normal plasma levels despite considerably reduced C1-inhibitor concentration. We conclude that the present method is sensitive and reliable for detection of early classical pathway activation and superior to previously published methods by utilizing neoepitope specificity and non-radiolabelled reagents.
Optimal Sensor Configuration for Activity Recognition during Whole-body Exercises (2019)

Advances in wearable devices with inertial measurement units (IMUs) for the detection of different motor activities and monitoring training tasks have important applications in tele-rehabilitation. These technologies can play an effective role in improving the quality of life for people with progressive movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Considering cost, simplicity, and practicality, a smaller and more efficient number of IMUs that can accurately recognize the type of movement is preferable. The purpose of the current study was to design an affordable and accurate wearable device with IMUs to detect thirty four different motor activities in a customized training program called LSVT-BIG, which is usually used for people with PD. Nine neurologically healthy individuals performed all 34 tasks. The collected data were processed in windows of 2.5 seconds. Eight features in time and frequency domains and discrete wavelet transforms were calculated. Dimension reduction was performed using the PCA algorithm. NM, RBF, SVM, and k-NN<;span style="font-size: 11.25px;"> <;/span>classifiers were then trained and used to recognize the activity. A genetic algorithm was utilized to decide which sensors and signals took part in the classification to produce the best accuracy. Our results showed that the four sensors installed on the left shank, right thigh, left forearm, and right arm provided the optimal number and arrangement to achieve a precision of 94.3% and sensitivity of 93.4% using NM classification. Also, an adaptation algorithm was utilized in order to maintain the quality of recognition for new users.
Metal Dilution Effects on the Spin-Crossover Properties of the Three-Dimensional Coordination Polymer Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] (2005)

The 1A1 left arrow over right arrow 5T2 spin transition has been investigated in the solid solutions of Fe(x)M(1-x)(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] (M = Ni or Co, 0 < or = x < or = 1) having a three-dimensional polynuclear structure. Both Ni and Co dilutions tend to decrease the hysteresis width and smooth the transition curves. The enthalpy (entropy) change associated with the spin transition was found to decrease from 26 kJ mol(-1) (84 J K(-1) mol(-1)) for x = 1 to 12 kJ mol(-1) (47 J K(-1) mol(-1)) for 47% Co dilution and to 15 kJ mol(-1) (54 J K(-1) mol(-1)) for 59% Ni dilution. Raman spectroscopy revealed a mixed one- and two-mode behavior in the solid solutions. For the first time, a correlation between vibrational frequencies exhibiting one-mode behavior and the entropy change, which drives the spin crossover, is established.
The persistence of immunophenotypically normal residual bone marrow plasma cells at diagnosis identifies a good prognostic subgroup of symptomatic multiple myeloma patients (2009)

Multiparameter flow cytometry immunophenotyping allows discrimination between normal (N-) and myelomatous (MM-) plasma cells (PCs) within the bone marrow plasma cell compartment (BMPCs). Here we report on the prognostic relevance of detecting more than 5% residual normal plasma cells from all bone marrow plasma cells (N-PCs/BMPCs) by multiparameter flow cytometry in a series of 594 newly diagnosed symptomatic MM patients, uniformly treated according to the Grupo Español de MM 2000 (GEM2000) protocol. Our results show that symptomatic MM patients with more than 5% N-PCs/BMPCs (n = 80 of 594; 14%) have a favorable baseline clinical prospect, together with a significantly lower frequency of high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities and higher response rates. Moreover, this group of patients had a significantly longer progression-free survival (median, 54 vs 42 months, P = .001) and overall survival (median, not reached vs 89 months, P = .04) than patients with less than or equal to 5% N-PCs/BMPCs. Our findings support the clinical value of detecting residual normal PCs in MM patients at diagnosis because this reveals a good prognostic category that could benefit from specific therapeutic approaches. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00560053.
Interferon-alpha and -gamma promote myeloid differentiation of HL-60, a human acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line. (1984)

Two different preparations of ultrapurified interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) (lymphoblastoid and peripheral blood leukocyte) and one of IFN-gamma were tested for their ability to induce terminal differentiation and alter cell growth in three human leukemia cell lines of different hematological origin (HL-60, K562, U937). Cell lines were cultured for 9 days in the presence of 500 units/ml of either IFN-alpha or of IFN-gamma. Cell counts and stained differentials were made on days 3, 6, and 9 to assess the effects of IFN. A marked heterogeneity of response was found, not only among cell lines, but among the IFNs tested. The most striking morphological changes were noted in the HL-60 acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line. All three IFNs tested induced significant myeloid maturation, with increased numbers of terminally differentiated myelocytes and metamyelocytes seen as early as day 3 of culture. The feasibility of using IFNs as an adjunctive or alternative therapy for the treatment of some types of leukemias is discussed.
Measurement-Induced Vibrational Dynamics of a Trapped Ion (1998)

Excitation spectra of an individual trapped ${}^{138}{\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$ ion show sidebands of radial and axial ion vibration in the trap. The second-order sidebands involving radial and axial vibrations would allow swapping these vibrational states; they represent an inverse Raman effect with the role of electronic and vibrational excitation interchanged. Deexcitation sidebands differ from excitation sidebands as the vibrational distribution in the ${D}_{5/2}$ level is modified by the ion being reduced to this level in null observations of resonance light. Delayed deexcitation goes along with stochastic cooling that makes the ion collapse into the Fock state $|n\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1〉$. Sideband modulation is identified as stroboscopic detection of the light-induced nutation on a vibrational transition with $\ensuremath{\Delta}n\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$.
Muscle strength deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction in a muscular dystrophy model of C. elegans and its functional response to drugs (2018)

Muscle strength is a key clinical parameter used to monitor the progression of human muscular dystrophies, including Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. Although <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> is an established genetic model for studying the mechanisms and treatments of muscular dystrophies, analogous strength-based measurements in this disease model are lacking. Here, we describe the first demonstration of the direct measurement of muscular strength in dystrophin-deficient <i>C. elegans</i> mutants using a micropillar-based force measurement system called NemaFlex<i>.</i> We show that <i>dys-1(eg33)</i> mutants, but not <i>dys-1(cx18)</i> mutants, are significantly weaker than their wild-type counterparts in early adulthood, cannot thrash in liquid at wild-type rates, display mitochondrial network fragmentation in the body wall muscles, and have an abnormally high baseline mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, treatment with prednisone, the standard treatment for muscular dystrophy in humans, and melatonin both improve muscular strength, thrashing rate and mitochondrial network integrity in <i>dys-1(eg33)</i>, and prednisone treatment also returns baseline respiration to normal levels<i>.</i> Thus, our results demonstrate that the <i>dys-1(eg33)</i> strain is more clinically relevant than <i>dys-1(cx18)</i> for muscular dystrophy studies in <i>C. elegans</i> This finding, in combination with the novel NemaFlex platform, can be used as an efficient workflow for identifying candidate compounds that can improve strength in the <i>C. elegans</i> muscular dystrophy model. Our study also lays the foundation for further probing of the mechanism of muscle function loss in dystrophin-deficient <i>C. elegans</i>, leading to knowledge translatable to human muscular dystrophy.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
An inclusive and extensible architecture for electronic brokerage (2003)

The output and experience of a large European project in Electronic Brokerage called "Generic Architecture for Information Availability" (GAIA) is presented. The paper describes a reference model and functional architecture for value-added mediation in Electronic Commerce. The customers are provided with a uniform way of accessing heterogeneous suppliers without changes in the supplier software. A way of employing distributed objects for large scale service integration and multi-enterprise transactions is shown. The issues encountered during the implementation of the CORBA-based pilot prototype and the application of the architecture in 3 diverse domains are presented.
Chiral Selective Chemistry Induced by Natural Selection of Spin‐Polarized Electrons (2015)

The search to understand the origin of homochirality in nature has been ongoing since the time of Pasteur. Previous work has shown that DNA can act as a spin filter for low-energy electrons and that spin-polarized secondary electrons produced by X-ray irradiation of a magnetic substrate can induce chiral selective chemistry. In the present work it is demonstrated that secondary electrons from a substrate that are transmitted through a chiral overlayer cause enantiomeric selective chemistry in an adsorbed adlayer. We determine the quantum yields (QYs) for dissociation of (R)- or (S)-epichlorohydrin adsorbed on a chiral self-assembled layer of DNA on gold and on bare gold (for control). The results show that there is a significant difference in the QYs between the two enantiomers when adsorbed on DNA, but none when they are adsorbed on bare Au. We propose that the effect results from natural spin filtering effects cause by the chiral monolayer.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Nucleophilic Opening of meso Epoxides by Organolithium Reagents. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.