gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Organic Functional Group Interconversion (2017)

Gojko Lalic of the University of Washington developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 6473) conditions for the preparation of the fluoride 2 by SN2 displacement of the triflate 1. Ross M. Denton of the University of Nottingham showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2014, 55, 799) that a polymer-bound phosphine oxide activated with oxalyl bromide would convert an alcohol 3 to the bromide 4. The polymer could be filtered off and reactivated directly. Jonas C. Peters and Gregory C. Fu of Caltech devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 2162) a photochemically-activated Cu catalyst that mediated the displacement of the bromide 5 by the amide 6 to give 7. Mark L. Trudell of the University of New Orleans used (Synthesis 2014, 46, 230) an Ir catalyst to couple the amide 9 with the alcohol 8, leading to 10. Tohru Fukuyama of Nagoya University converted (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 727) the unsaturated aldehyde 11 into the ester 12. As the transformation proceeded via proton­ation of the enolized acyl cyanide, the less stable diastereomer was formed kinetically. Brindaban C. Ranu of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science developed (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 1040) conditions for the coupling of an alkenyl halide 13 with a phenol, leading to the vinyl ether 14. Inter alia, this would be a convenient way to hydrolyze an alkenyl halide to the aldehyde. Vinyl ethers can also be oxidized directly to the ester, and to the unsaturated aldehyde. Pallavi Sharma and John E. Moses of the University of Lincoln observed (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 2158) that the cyanation of the alkenyl halide 15 delivered 16, with retention of the geometry of the alkene. Jitendra K. Bera of the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur uncovered (Tetrahedron Lett. 2014, 55, 1444) “on water” conditions for the hydrolysis of a terminal alkyne 17 to the methyl ketone 18. Jiannan Xiang and Weimin He of Hunan University prepared (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 2668) the keto phosphonate 20 by hydrolysis of the alkynyl phosphonate 19. Ken-ichi Fujita of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology cyclized (Tetrahedron Lett. 2014, 55, 3013) the alkyne 21 with CO₂, leading to 22.
Lääke vaikuttaa myös ympäristöön (2019)

Lääkettä määrättäessä olennaisinta on valita oikea lääke oikeaan indikaatioon potilasturvallisuus huomioiden. Jos yhtä tehokkaita ja turvallisia vaihtoehtoja on useita, ympäristövaikutus voisi olla päätöksenteon yksi osatekijä.
Sharp behavioral changes in preemptible instance pricing (2022)

Alibaba Cloud was the second cloud provider to offer preemptible (spot) instances, and yet their price traces have never been analyzed. We analyzed thousands of price traces collected for over 3 years to find sharp and coordinated behavioral changes in the pricing.
Management of HCV infection: current issues and future options. (2009)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common cause of chronic liver disease (CLD). Presently the standard regime comprises a combination of PEG-IFN and ribavirin. Sustained virologic response (SVR) is defined as the absence of HCV RNA in the serum six months after the end of treatment. With standard treatment, in patients with genotypel infections, SVR lies between 42% to 56%, whereas for genotypes 2 and 3 the SVR is from 76% to 82%. Thus, a large percentage of patients fail to achieve SVR even with improvised standard treatment. Such patients may be divided initially into relapsers and nonresponders. The decision to re-treat should be based on the presence of clinical, virological and histological factors that predict the possibility of successful outcome with further therapy. Both the type of previous therapy and previous response are very important factors in guiding re-treatment. The development of new therapeutic agents is critical for further improvement in the management of chronic hepatitis C as current therapeutic options have rather low efficacy in certain subgroups, such as those with HCV genotype 1 or patients with advanced liver disease, and most probably in nonresponders and relapsers. Moreover, pegylated IFNalpha and/or ribavirin are associated with frequent side effects and have a negative impact on the patient's quality of life. Therefore, the development of new effective and safe drugs is a matter of significant clinical importance.
Pilot-Scale Laboratory Instruction for ChE: the specific case of the Pilot-unit leading group (2010)

This paper presents an original approach for Chemical Engineering laboratory teaching that is currently applied at INP-ENSIACET (France). This approach, referred to as "pilot-unit leading group" is based on a partial management of the laboratories by the students themselves who become temporarily in charge of one specific laboratory. In addition to meeting the classical pedagogic requirements of the laboratories, this teaching method allows the students to actively experience technical project management.
ChemInform Abstract: INTRAMOLEKULARE WECHSELWIRKUNGEN ZWISCHEN DREIFACHBINDUNGEN 11. MITT. 9,10,19,20‐TETRADEHYDRO‐TETRABENZO(A,C,G,I)CYCLODODECEN, EIN MAKROCYCLISCHES DIACETYLEN MIT GEKREUZTEN DREIFACHBINDUNGEN (1972)

Abstract Bei der Einwirkung von CuCl 2 auf das aus dem entsprechenden Dibromid und n‐Butyl‐Li in Äther/Hexan bei ‐30°C dargestellte Acetylen (Ia), langsamem Erwärmen auf Raumtemperatur und anschließendem Erhitzen unter Rückfluß erhält man die Titelverbindung (IIa).
Autograft, Allograft, and Bone Graft Substitutes: Clinical Evidence and Indications for Use in the Setting of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery (2019)

Bone grafts are the second most common tissue transplanted in the United States, and they are an essential treatment tool in the field of acute and reconstructive traumatic orthopaedic surgery. Available in cancellous, cortical, or bone marrow aspirate form, autogenous bone graft is regarded as the gold standard in the treatment of posttraumatic conditions such as fracture, delayed union, and nonunion. However, drawbacks including donor-site morbidity and limited quantity of graft available for harvest make autograft a less-than-ideal option for certain patient populations. Advancements in allograft and bone graft substitutes in the past decade have created viable alternatives that circumvent some of the weak points of autografts. Allograft is a favorable alternative for its convenience, abundance, and lack of procurement-related patient morbidity. Options include structural, particulate, and demineralized bone matrix form. Commonly used bone graft substitutes include calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate synthetics-these grafts provide their own benefits in structural support and availability. In addition, different growth factors including bone morphogenic proteins can augment the healing process of bony defects treated with grafts. Autograft, allograft, and bone graft substitutes all possess their own varying degrees of osteogenic, osteoconductive, and osteoinductive properties that make them better suited for different procedures. It is the purpose of this review to characterize these properties and present clinical evidence supporting their indications for use in the hopes of better elucidating treatment options for patients requiring bone grafting in an orthopaedic trauma setting.
Erratum: Response to McDonald et al. (2015)

Zacharioudakis, Ioannis M; Zervou, Fainareti N; Pliakos, Elina Eleftheria; Ziakas, Panayiotis D; Mylonakis, Eleftherios
ChemInform Abstract: LEWIS ACID‐BASE BEHAVIOR OF DIHYDRODECACARBONYLTRIOSMIUM: VERSATILE PATHWAYS TO MIXED‐METAL CLUSTERS (1980)

Abstract Der gemischte Cluster (I) wurde auf zwei verschie Dabei wirkt der als Ausgangs‐Os‐Verbindung eingesetzte Hydrido‐Carbonylkomplex (III) in der Reaktion mit dem stark nucleophilen Tetracarbonylferrat (II) als Lewissäure und in der Umsetzung mit dem Fe‐Carbonyl (IV) als Lewisbase.
Patient isolation in multichannel bioelectric recordings by digital transmission through a single optical fiber (1993)

A design for patient isolation in 64-channel ECG recordings is presented. Small dimensions of the isolated section and the use of an optical fiber as the only connection between the isolated section and the grounded section of the measurement system ensured a minimal capacitance between the patient and the environment. The consistent low-power design of the isolated section resulted in a power consumption of 210 mW, which enabled a 10 h continuous operating time of the battery powered isolated section. The system handles 64 signals with a dynamic range of 75 dB. Analog to digital conversion is performed in the isolated section with a sample rate of 1 kHz per channel. The receiver interfaces to a commercially available DMA board for a standard personal computer.
A Rapid Yield Learning Flow Based on Production Integrated Layout-Aware Diagnosis (2006)

This paper presents a flow for using logic diagnosis to turn production material into vehicles for yield learning. High throughput logic diagnosis is combined with the newly emerging field of design for manufacturing to enable layout aware diagnosis. The ability of the flow to calculate feature failure rates and the application of the failure rates for yield learning is demonstrated through volume data analysis on a production ASIC
Analysis of New York City's Water Main Replacement Policy (1988)

Water distribution main breakage is a perplexing problem for water utilities. To avoid excessive breakage, certain mains should be replaced. However, determining the appropriate mains to be replaced is not a straight-forward task. This paper presents one approach to the problem using data from New York City.
Lunar Crust: Structure and Composition (1972)

Lunar seismic data from artificial impacts recorded at three Apollo seismometers are interpreted to determine the structure of the moon's interior to a depth of about 100 kilomneters. In the Fra Mauro region of Oceanus Procellarum, the moon has a layered crust 65 kilometers thick. The seismic velocities in the upper 25 kilometers are consistent with those in lunar basalts. Between 25 and 65 kilometers, the nearly constant velocity (6.8 kilometers per second) corresponds to velocities in gabbroic and anorthositic rocks. The apparent velocity is high (about 9 kilometers per second) in the lunar mantle immediately below the crust.
PAPER 069: OXIDATIVE STRESS MARKERS IN THE BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH METAL-ON-METAL TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY (2010)

Purpose: Several studies have shown elevated levels of metal ions in the blood of patients with metal-on-metal (MM) total hip arthroplasty (THA). Even though there is no conclusive evidence that the elevated levels of ions have any detrimental effects on the patients, the presence of these ions is still a cause of concerns. The potential of metal ions released from MM implants for oxidative stress is unknown. In the present study, we measured the concentrations of oxidative stress markers in the plasma of patients with MM THAs. Method: Blood from patients having MM THAs was collected up to 10 years post-operatively into Sarstedt Li-Heparin tubes. Plasma was prepared by centrifugation at 500 × g for 10 min. Plasma was chosen as opposed to whole blood because it is known that the assays for oxidative stress are not recommended for blood and can lead to erroneous data. Total antioxidant levels were measured by the Oxford Biomedical total antioxidant power assay to obtain an overview of the defense capacity of patients against oxidative stress. The activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase, two antioxidant enzymes acting on specific reactive oxygen species, was measured by enzymatic assays. Peroxide concentrations were measured by the Biomedica Oxy-Stat assay to quantify damage to lipids in the systemic circulation. Nitrototyrosine levels were quantified using the BIOXYTECH® Nitrotyrosine-EIA assay to measure damage to proteins. Levels in patients without prostheses were used as control. Results: There were no statistical differences in the concentrations of total antioxidants, lipid peroxides, and nitrotyrosines throughout the period of study. The activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase was also stable over time. Moreover, there was no correlation between the concentrations of these markers and the concentrations of both cobalt and chromium ions. Conclusion: Metal ions have the potential to induce the production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and cause oxidative stress in the plasma of patients with MM THAs. The present study showed that there were no changes in the levels of oxidative stress markers or antioxidant enzymes in these patients up to 10 years post-operatively. Taken together, the data strongly suggest that metal ions may not cause a significant oxidative stress in patients with MM THAs.
Purification of Porins from Mycobacterium smegmatis (2003)

Mycobacteria possess a unique cell wall that mainly consists of a copolymer of peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan, and mycolic acids (1). The mycolic acids constitute the inner layer of an outer membrane with an exceptionally low fluidity (2) and permeability for hydrophilic compounds (3,4). Porins are water-filled channel proteins that mediate the transport of hydrophilic nutrients such as sugars and amino acids across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria (5,6). A decade ago, channel proteins functionally similar to the porins of Gram-negative bacteria were discovered in mycobacteria (7,8).
Optical features of InAs quantum dots-in-a-well structures (2014)

Electronic energy structure and features of optical interband transitions of InAs quantum dots-in-a-well structures are studied via photoreflectance (PR) and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. InAs dots were grown with and without InGaAs capping layer and embedded in GaAs/AlAs quantum wells. Experimental results revealed that the 5 nm thick InGaAs capping layer significantly improves PR and PL signal intensity. Moreover, a shift of the quantum dot ground-state optical transition to lower energy by about 120 meV was observed. The red-shift of the ground-state transition is associated mainly with an increase of dot size and decrease of strain within quantum dots. Furthermore, the origin of PL intensity quenching with temperature is discussed in terms of electronic energy structure revealed from PR spectra and calculations performed within effective mass approximation.
Estimating Water Loss During Hibernation in the American Black Bear (Ursus americanus) (2012)

The American black bear can hibernate for up to 6 months. During this period they do not eat, drink, urinate, or defecate: they elicit minimal movements and typically do not leave their dens. Still, they lose minimal skeletal muscle mass and strength, and do not suffer any adverse consequences of either starvation or dehydration. In previous reports bears have been shown to maintain normal blood compositions, suggesting that they sustain homeostasis of their blood and other bodily fluids. To maintain this water balance without any fluid intake, bears must minimize water loss throughout their bodies, including their respiratory systems. Radio‐collared wild black bears in northern Minnesota were tracked to their dens during early or late hibernation. Bears were anesthetized, after which the relative amount of water vapor expired was analyzed using a hygrometer/mask system. We designed a respiratory mask to fit on the muzzle of the bear to collect expired air while still allowing them to breathe normally. From these data we estimated the amount of water vapor lost by bears during hibernation and were able to estimate that a 200–250 lbs bear would lose only 2.3L of water in 5 months of hibernation. This ability to conserve water during respiration is required to sustain long periods without intake through diet or drinking. Funding by NIH training grant 5T32AR007612 and Medtronic professorship funding.
Diodes électroluminescentes obtenues par IBAD (dépôt assisté par faisceau d'ions) d'un matériau organique (Alq3) (1998)

Dans cet article, nous présentons la démarche entreprise pour parvenir à augmenter le rendement quantique interne de diodes électroluminescentes à base d'un matériau moléculaire : le 8-tris-hydroxyquinoline aluminium (Alq3). Le procédé de dépôt assisté par faisceau d'ions (IBAD) réalisé avec des ions Iode de 100 eV, permet d'augmenter d'un ordre de grandeur ce rendement ; l'étude en fonction de la localisaiton en épaisseur du dépôt assisté par le faisceau d'ions permet d'attribuer cet effet bénéfique à la densification du matériau, avec limitation de la diffusion de la vapeur d'eau et de l'oxygène dans la zone de recombinaison siège du processus d'émission lumineuse.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Functionalized Bis‐acylsilanes. β‐Hydroxy‐ and . beta.‐Oxo‐bis‐acylsilanes. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Eddy current flowmeter for sodium flow (2017)

The eddy current flowmeter for liquid metal passing through the cylindrical channel is studied experimentally and numerically. The alternating magnetic field is created by an annular-shape coil and resulting field is measured by two symmetric coils. The dependence of the signal on the magnetic field frequency was obtained for a solid duralumin cylinder. The phase shift and amplitude ratio linearly depends on the flowrate in a wide range of parameters. The workability of the method was tested on a liquid sodium, flowing along a cylindrical channel. The dependencies for liquid sodium and solid duralumin cylinder differ due to the existence of a non-uniform velocity profile along the radius of the fluid. This necessitates an additional calibration procedure on the liquid metal in addition to research on the solid conductor. The developed flowmeter is used to measure the flowrate in the sodium loop.
True 2D CMOS integrated Hall sensor (2007)

We have designed and realized a new integrated Hall structure that converts the magnetic field vector in the chip plane, into an ac signal, whose amplitude and phase correspond to the magnitude and direction of the field. It is the first Hall sensor that provides the field angle without the need of computing an arctan function. The Hall structure is formed by a n-well ring with a large number of contacts equally distributed along the ring, like a circular railroad track. Each contact is connected to the control electronics through switches. The measurement consists in activating a small portion of the ring at the time, forming a vertical Hall probe and uses the switches to make this portion circulate. The measurement sequence suppresses the zero-field offset and the 1/f noise. At 100 Hz, the resolution is 14 muT and 0.008deg. We propose a measurement scheme to further reduce the offset, and remove the need for calibration.
Dysgenesis of cephalic neural crest derivatives in Pax7−/− mutant mice (1996)

Pax7 is a member of the paired box containing gene family. Its expression pattern suggests a function in cephalic neural crest derivatives, skeletal muscle and central nervous system development. To understand the role of Pax7 during mouse embryogenesis, we used the homologous recombination technique in embryonic stem cells and generated Pax7-/- mice. Homozygous animals are born but die shortly afer weaning. They exhibit malformations in facial structures involving the maxilla and nose. Our analysis suggests that the observed phenotype is due to a cephalic neural crest defect. No obvious phenotype could be detected in the central nervous system and skeletal muscle. Functional redundancy between Pax7 and Pax3 is discussed.
Flip-chip optical couplers with scalable I/O count for silicon photonics (2013)

A scalable and tolerant optical interfacing method based on flip-chip bonding is developed for silicon photonics packaging. Bidirectional optical couplers between multiple silicon-on-insulator waveguides and single-mode polymer waveguides are designed and fabricated. Successful operation is verified experimentally in the 1530-1570 nm spectral window. At the wavelength of 1570 nm, the coupling loss is as low as 0.8 dB for both polarization states and the planar misalignment loss is less than 0.6 dB for TE and 0.3 dB for TM polarization in a lateral silicon-polymer waveguide offset range of ± 2 µm. The coupling loss does not exhibit any temperature dependence up to the highest measurement point of 70°C.
Behavioral finance and retirement plan contributions: how participants behave, and prescriptive solutions. (2007)

Behavioral research has made important, relevant contributions to retirement saving and investing. This work has cast a new light on participant behavior and its underpinnings: By and large, individuals are inert--with good intentions, poor follow-through, and bounded rationality. Loss aversion and decision-making biases often lead to unfortunate outcomes, including a poorly funded retirement. Further, behavioral economists have demonstrated that education and communication programs alone may not be effective in changing behavior. Instead, with their behavioral insights, they have offered new retirement plan design alternatives and empirically tested their efficacy in overcoming identified suboptimal behavior. These efforts are helping to pave a path of least resistance that should lead to greater retirement security. The Pension Protection Act of 2006 appears to support these alternatives by providing incentives to plan sponsors that implement automatic features such as automatic enrollment and deferral rate escalation. It also allows plan sponsors to choose more aggressive investment defaults. Perhaps implicit in this support is some advice to sponsors to accept participant behavior and to think more about changing their own by embracing automatic plan features.
Plasma YKL-40 as a biomarker in patients with nonmetastatic bone and soft tissue sarcomas: a prospective exploratory clinical study (2020)

Purpose: YKL-40 is a glycoprotein with a role in inflammation, tissue remodeling, tumor angiogenesis, and protection against apoptosis. We hypothesized that high preoperative plasma YKL-40 in patients with nonmetastatic bone and soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is associated with short overall survival (OS), and that plasma YKL-40 is an independent predictor for OS. Materials and methods: Plasma was collected preoperatively from 65 patients with nonmetastatic bone (n=14) or STS (n=51) in the lower extremities (n=43), the upper extremities (n=16) or the trunk wall/spine (n=6). All patients underwent surgical cancer treatment. Twenty patients developed metastases during the follow-up period (minimum 5 y). The plasma concentration of YKL-40 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Twenty-seven patients died [mean: 3.2 (range: 0.2–7.3) y postoperatively] and 38 patients were still alive after a follow-up of mean 6.9 (5.8–8.2) years postoperatively. Plasma YKL-40 was higher in patients who died during follow-up ( P =0.008), in males ( P =0.007) and in patients 61 years of age and above ( P =0.001). The 5-year OS was 68% and OS was lower in patients with high (≥95% percentile age-corrected) plasma YKL-40 ( P =0.021), age 61 years and above ( P =0.013), high histologic malignancy grade ( P =0.047) and male sex ( P =0.051). Multivariable analysis showed that only plasma YKL-40 (age-corrected (hazard ratio=2.80, 95% confidence interval: 1.13–6.91, P =0.026) and malignancy grade (hazard ratio=9.9×10 7 , 95% confidence interval: 0–∞, P =0.007) remained independent prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions: High preoperative plasma YKL-40 was related to short OS in patients with nonmetastatic bone and STS and plasma YKL-40 (age-corrected) was an independent prognostic risk factor for OS.