gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of focusing on third-order nonlinear processes in isotropic media (1975)

A theoretical analysis of third-order nonlinear interactions of focused laser beams is performed for the processes <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\omega_{1} + \omega_{2} + \omega_{3} \rightarrow \omega_{4}, \omega_{1} + \omega_{2} - \omega_{3} \rightarrow \omega_{4}</tex> , and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\omega_{1} - \omega_{2} - \omega_{3} \rightarrow \omega_{4}</tex> . The total power and far-field beam profile of the generated radiation is related to the total powers of the fundamental beams, to the tightness and location of the focus, and to the value of the difference between the wave vectors of the generated radiation and driving polarization. The optimum degree of wave-vector mismatch as a function of tightness and location of focus is determined for each of the three processes. The process <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\omega_{1} + \omega_{2} - \omega_{3} \rightarrow \omega_{4}</tex> is found to be unique in that it is always optimized by focusing as tightly as possible. Experimental results, which verify the theory for the processes <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\omega_{1} + \omega_{2} + \omega_{3} \rightarrow \omega_{4}</tex> and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\omega_{1} + \omega_{2} - \omega_{3} \rightarrow \omega_{4}</tex> , are presented.
Effects of Switching to the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 Menthol, Smoking Abstinence, or Continued Cigarette Smoking on Biomarkers of Exposure: A Randomized, Controlled, Open-Label, Multicenter Study in Sequential Confinement and Ambulatory Settings (Part 1) (2016)

This randomized study compared the impact of switching to a modified-risk tobacco product candidate mTHS on biomarkers of exposure to HPHCs of cigarette smoke relative to continuing smoking cigarettes or abstaining from smoking in sequential confinement and ambulatory settings. The study showed that switching to mTHS was associated with significant biomarker reductions within 5 days in confinement, these reductions being maintained throughout the ambulatory setting up to day 90. The results provide evidence that switching to mTHS reduces real-life exposure to HPHCs in adult smokers.
Inhibition of cytochrome P4501-dependent clearance of the endogenous agonist FICZ as a mechanism for activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (2012)

Altered systemic levels of 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), an enigmatic endogenous ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), may explain adverse physiological responses evoked by small natural and anthropogenic molecules as well as by oxidative stress and light. We demonstrate here that several different chemical compounds can inhibit the metabolism of FICZ, thereby disrupting the autoregulatory feedback control of cytochrome P4501 systems and other proteins whose expression is regulated by AHR. FICZ is both the most tightly bound endogenous agonist for the AHR and an ideal substrate for cytochrome CYP1A1/1A2 and 1B1, thereby also participating in an autoregulatory loop that keeps its own steady-state concentration low. At very low concentrations FICZ influences circadian rhythms, responses to UV light, homeostasis associated with pro- and anti-inflammatory processes, and genomic stability. Here, we demonstrate that, if its metabolic clearance is compromised, femtomolar background levels of this compound in cell-culture medium are sufficient to up-regulate CYP1A1 mRNA and enzyme activity. The oxidants UVB irradiation and hydrogen peroxide and the model AHR antagonist 3'-methoxy-4'-nitroflavone all inhibited induction of CYP1A1 enzyme activity by FICZ or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, thereby subsequently elevating intracellular levels of FICZ and activating AHR. Taken together, these findings support an indirect mechanism of AHR activation, indicating that AHR activation by molecules with low affinity actually may reflect inhibition of FICZ metabolism and raising questions about the reported promiscuity of the AHR. Accordingly, we propose that prolonged induction of AHR activity through inhibition of CYP1 disturbs feedback regulation of FICZ levels, with potential detrimental consequences.
Experimental investigation of cross-coupling and its influence on the elementary radiation pattern in 1D ultrasound arrays (2003)

Cross-coupling mechanisms in ultrasound arrays have deep influences on their performances. Here, to investigate them, the surface displacement of a 1D linear array is measured in water with a laser interferometer. Displacement data are then analyzed in both Time-Space and in Time frequency-Spatial frequency domains. Radiation pattern is then simulated from this data and compared to the radiation pattern of a plane piston and to hydrophone measurements. Cross-coupling influence on the 1D array element behavior is finally compared and discussed. Laser interferometry is shown to be a useful tool for ultrasound array optimization as it allows the identification of vibration modes, the determination of the elementary effective aperture and the radiation pattern of elements.
Modeling tremulous voices (1999)

Vocal tremors prominently characterize many pathological voices, but acoustic–perceptual aspects of tremor are poorly understood. To investigate this relationship, two tremor models were implemented in a custom voice synthesizer. The first modulated F0 with a sine wave. The second provided ‘‘random’’ modulation based on white-noise low-pass filtered with cutoff frequency equal to the nominal modulation rate (usually 1–10 Hz). Control parameters in both models were the rate and extent of F0 modulation. (Amplitude modulation was not separately modeled.) Thirty randomly selected 1-s samples of /a/ were modeled. Two synthetic versions of each vowel were created: one with tremor parameters derived from plots of F0 versus time, and one with parameters chosen to match the original stimulus auditorily, regardless of measured tremor values. Listeners judged the similarity of each synthetic voice to the original stimulus. Sine wave and random tremor models both provided excellent matches to subsets of the voices. Preliminary results suggest that tremor rates could be satisfactorily derived from F0 plots, but tremor deviations derived from these plots sounded too extreme. These results also demonstrate the advantage of this perceptual analysis-by-synthesis method in integrating acoustic and perceptual approaches to measuring voice quality.
Forming and Welding of Non-ferrous Alloy Clad Steel (1st Report) (1974)

Copper alloy clad steels have been used for vessels and other structures, e.q. heat exchanger, condenser, evaporator, particle accelerator, etc. 9/1 cupro-nickel clad steel has been often used for evaporator of sea water. Results of formability and weldability tests on clad steel hot-rolled with insert of nickel are described in the present report. The following are the results obtained from the examination.The clad steel exhibited a bond strength higher than the cladding after high temperature heating and severe deformation.No cracks were shown in bend test when welded by the TIG process with or without a buffer of monel or alminum bronze.Two kind of grain boundary infiltration were observed as reported by Matthews and Savage when these copper alloys except monel were deposited on steel.Peel out of the cladding and "dig" of base metal are often performed to prepare the weld groove, but a "dig depth" under 10% of base metal thickness did not result in reduction of joint strength.
The limits in hybridization of Vitis rotundifolia with related species and genera (1919)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
An analysis of influencing factors of attachment loss in clear aligner treatment (2018)

Objective
The purpose of this study was to analyze the influencing factors of attachment loss in clear aligner treatment.


Methods
A clinical observation was performed on 1-year follow-up clinical data of 51 patients who had clear aligner treatment with 1091 attachments. The status of attachment loss was recorded. Different factors affecting attachment loss were analyzed. Associations between these variables and attachment loss were analyzed using univariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression.


Results
Univariate analyses revealed that the factors affecting the attachment loss were molar attachment(losing rate=22.4%, P=0.006), traditional attachment(losing rate=20.4%, P=0.000), having food without appliance(losing rate=18.3%, P=0.001) and aligner removal frequency more than or equal to five times a day(losing rate=20.2%, P=0.014). However, upper or lower teeth, first bonding or second bonding, choice of food and removal method of clear aligner had no impacts on attachment loss according to univariate analysis. The geometry of attachment (P=0.001, OR=1.782), aligner removal frequency (P=0.031, OR=1.440) and presence or absence of appliance when having food (P=0.001, OR=0.451)were proved to be significant independent predictors of attachment loss with multivariable logistic regression analysis. Having food with appliance may be a disincentive of attachment loss.


Conclusions
The traditional attachment and aligner removal frequency ( more than or equal to five times a day) may lead to attachment loss. Having food with appliance may prevent attachment loss.


Key words: 
Clear aligner; attachments loss; influencing factors
Optic Nerve Structural and Functional Changes in LHON-Affected and Asymptomatic Maternal Relatives: Association with H and HV Mitochondrial Haplogroups (2023)

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) affects a minority of carriers of causative mitochondrial DNA mutations. We investigated a cohort of patients with LHON, including m.11778G>A, m.3460G>A, m.14484T>C and DNAJC30 c.152A>G variants, and their asymptomatic maternal carrier relatives for additional potential associations with vision loss. We assessed visual acuity, optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), visually evoked potential including P-100 latency, and full mitochondrial genome sequencing. Comparison was made with a reference standard for OCT; European Descent, Heidelberg Engineering ©; and electrophysiology measurements with in-house normative ranges. RNFL was thinned overall in LHON patients (n = 12); median global RNFL −54 μm in the right eye (RE) and −50 μm in the left eye (LE) versus normal, and was found to be normal overall in asymptomatic carriers at +1 μm RE and −2 μm LE (n = 16). In four asymptomatic carriers there was RNFL thinning found either unilaterally or bilaterally; these cases were associated with isolated delay in P-100 latency (25%), delay and reduced visual acuity (50%), or reduced visual acuity without P-100 latency delay (25%). Optic nerve dysfunction was associated with mitochondrial haplogroup H and HV, versus non-H haplogroups, in the asymptomatic carriers (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.05). Our findings suggest that optic nerve abnormalities may be identified in asymptomatic LHON mitochondrial mutation carriers, which may be associated with optic nerve dysfunction. For asymptomatic carriers these findings were associated with mitochondrial haplogroup H and HV.
Development of an Amorphous Selenium-Based Photodetector Driven by a Diamond Cold Cathode (2013)

Amorphous-selenium (a-Se) based photodetectors are promising candidates for imaging devices, due to their high spatial resolution and response speed, as well as extremely high sensitivity enhanced by an internal carrier multiplication. In addition, a-Se is reported to show sensitivity against wide variety of wavelengths, including visible, UV and X-ray, where a-Se based flat-panel X-ray detector was proposed. In order to develop an ultra high-sensitivity photodetector with a wide detectable wavelength range, a photodetector was fabricated using a-Se photoconductor and a nitrogen-doped diamond cold cathode. In the study, a prototype photodetector has been developed, and its response to visible and ultraviolet light are characterized.
L'identification des propriétés mécaniques de matériaux avec la méthode des champs virtuels, une alternative au recalage par éléments finis (2002)

Cette Note présente une procédure d'identification de paramètres pilotant des lois de comportement de matériaux à partir de champs cinématiques hétérogènes. Cette procédure est directe et évite les calculs itératifs des techniques de recalage par éléments finis.
Design of a Novel Pinhole Collimator System for SPECT Imaging of Small Animals with Different Sizes (2006)

This study aims to develop a novel pinhole collimator system for high resolution and detection efficiency imaging of mice, rats and rabbits using a 3-head SPECT camera (Philips IRIX). Utilizing the entire camera by a single pinhole (SPH) collimator with a larger collimator length (CL) and magnification offers higher spatial resolution, while using a multi-pinhole (MPH) collimator increases the detection efficiency, provided that a shorter CL with less magnification is used with minimum multiplexing and loss of resolution. Optimum imaging of different sized animals also requires adjustable CL. The proposed collimator system consists of a base of 14 cm and two cones with heights of 3.5 cm and 11 cm. They can be assembled into a SPH collimator with a CL of 25 cm, or two MPH collimators with CLs of 17.5 cm and 14 cm that contain changeable pinhole patterns. Resolution and detection efficiency of this system were computed using theoretical predictions and Monte Carlo simulations. The determined FWHMs of the point spread functions for imaging mice, rats and rabbits were 1.14 mm, 1.27 mm and 1.69 mm, respectively for a SPH collimator with 1 mm aperture size. The detection efficiency ratio of a 7-pinhole collimator with CL of 17.5 cm and the SPH collimator was 6:1 at a point-to-aperture distance of 3.8 cm. Our results demonstrate that the proposed collimator system allows flexible SPH and MPH SPECT imaging of different sized small animals while achieving high resolution and detection efficiency.
Coxibs and Alzheimer's disease: Should they stay or should they go? (2006)

The neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by deposits of amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles, but also, among other aspects, by signs of a chronic inflammatory process. Epidemiological studies have shown that long-term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces the risk of developing AD and delays its onset. The classic target of NSAIDs is the prevention of cyclooxygenase (COX) activation. The main mechanism of action of COXs is the synthesis of prostaglandins, some of which have potent inflammatory activity. The discovery of two isoforms of this enzyme, COX-1 and COX-2, and that the latter is inducible by inflammatory cytokines supported the hypothesis that its inhibition would result in a potent antiinflammatory effect and led to the rapid development of selective COX-2 inhibitors, collectively called coxibs. Based on this rationale, some coxibs have been used in clinical trials for AD patients, but all the results obtained so far have been negative. Here, we review our knowledge in terms of COX-2 in the central nervous system, COX-2 and Abeta formation, and finally COX-2 and AD pathogenesis to understand the reasons why these drugs have failed and whether there is any scientific support to keep them as therapeutic tools for this chronic disease.
Content-Based Image Retrieval (2009)

Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) aims to search images that are perceptually similar to the querybased on visual content of the images without the help of annotations. The current CBIR systems use global features (e.g., color, texture, and shape) as image descriptors, or usefeatures extracted from segmented regions (called region-based descriptors). In the former case, descriptors are not discriminative enough at the object level and are sensitive to object occlusion or background clutter, thus fail to give satisfactory result. In the latter case, the features are sensitive to the image segmentation, which is a difficult task in its own right. In addition, the region-based descriptors are still not invariant to varying imaging conditions. In this chapter, we look at the CBIR from the object detection/recognition point of view and introduce the local feature-based image representation methods recently developed in object detection/recognition area. These local descriptors are highly distinctive and robust to imaging condition change. In addition to image representation, we also introduce the other two key issues of CBIR: similarity measurement for image descriptor comparison and the index structure for similarity search.
Characterisation of Multicore Tellurite Optical Fibre (2007)

Tellurite glass fibre has great potential for use in near and mid infrared (mid-IR) optics. The high nonlinearity and its excellent transmission properties in the infrared make it an ideal candidate for many linear and nonlinear optical devices (Abedin, 2006). These can be devices for chemical sensing, nonlinear optical signal processing, Raman amplification or mid-IR continuum generation. Tellurite glasses are also an excellent host for rare earth ions with their low phonon energy. In this paper we report on the fabrication and characterisation of a multiple core tellurite glass fibre. Multiple core fibres can offer new device designs such as arrayed fibre lasers and amplifiers, chemical sensors and bend sensors (Flockhart et al., 2003).
Addressing Viscous Effects in Acoustic Full-waveform Inversion (2017)

Summary Seismic waves are attenuated and dispersed as they travel through the subsurface given that part of the energy is lost into heat. These effects are visible on the recorded seismic data but are commonly ignored when performing acoustic full-waveform inversion (FWI). As a result, the recovered P-wave velocity models are not as well resolved and are quantitatively less accurate. Here we analyse the impact of viscous effects in acoustic FWI of visco-acoustic synthetic data and we propose and apply a method to mitigate attenuation effects while still performing acoustic FWI, which is based on matching filters. We show that only a smooth model of attenuation is required to successfully improve the recovered P-wave velocity model, even when applied to a noisy synthetic dataset.
Road assessment after flood events using non-authoritative data (2013)

Abstract. This research proposes a methodology that leverages non-authoritative data to augment flood extent mapping and the evaluation of transportation infrastructure. The novelty of this approach is the application of freely available, non-authoritative data and its integration with established data and methods. Crowdsourced photos and volunteered geographic data are fused together using a geostatistical interpolation to create an estimation of flood damage in New York City following Hurricane Sandy. This damage assessment is utilized to augment an authoritative storm surge map as well as to create a road damage map for the affected region.
Anti-Stokes Frequency Shift and Evolution in Polarization-Maintaining Photonic Crystal Fiber with Two-Zero Dispersion Wavelengths (2009)

Using the tunable pump pulses with about 100 fs pulse duration and 1064 nm central wavelength; the polarization-, wavelength- and power-dependent anti-Stokes lines are generated and modulated simultaneously in a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PM-PCF) with two zero-dispersion wavelengths. By accurately controlling the polarization directions, the wavelength and the power of the pump pulse in the fiber anomalous region close to the second zero-dispersion wavelength of the PM-PCF, the output anti-Stokes pulse spectra can be tuned between 563 nm and 603 nm, which is in good agreement with the theoretical simulation. The color conversion of the mode image from yellow to orange is also observed with the different polarization pump pulses. These results can be attributed to the combined interaction between the fiber birefringence (including linear- and nonlinear-birefringence) and dispersion, and are attributed to phase-matching parametric four-wave mixing.
Evidence that Chlamydia pneumoniae Affects Platelet Activity in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and ST-segment Elevations (2001)

This study concerns platelet activity at myocardial infarctions and possible relationships with Chlamydia pneumoniae seroreactivity. Fourteen patients with acute myocardial infarction and ST-segment elevations were enrolled. They all received thrombolytic therapy. The subjects were examined within 24 h after hospital admission (Day 1) and after 6 months of recovery. On Day 1, C. pneumoniae IgM antibody titres were analysed and on Day 1 and during recovery C. pneumoniae IgG and soluble P-selectin were determined. P-selectin was used to estimate platelet activation. C. pneumoniae IgM titres at the infarction were closely related to both Day 1 IgG titres (r = 0.6; p < 0.05) and to IgG levels after 6 months (r = 0.8; p < 0.01). These results indicate a possible reactivation of a chronic infection. C. pneumoniae IgM was related to platelet activation. The correlation coefficient was r = 0.7 (p < 0.01) when comparing IgM titres with Day 1 plasma P-selectin. A similar relationship was found when comparing IgM and recovery P-selectin (r = 0.8; p < 0.01). The pathogen appears to contribute to platelet responses occurring during myocardial infarctions with ST-segment elevations. It is concluded that an ongoing reactivation of a chronic infection is related to increased platelet activity.
Mammalian Galactose Dehydrogenase (1966)

The properties of a loo-fold purified preparation of rat liver galactose dehydrogenase are presented.Optimum activity occurs at pH 8.3.The enzyme is relatively stable to dialysis, heat treatment, and storage at -30°, but is quite unstable below pH 5. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, but not galactose, protects from heat inactivation.Heat inactivation kinetics suggests that one enzyme is responsible for galactose oxidation.Activity is strongly inhibited by sulfhydryl group inhibitors, C&f, Zn+f, and Fe++, yet sulfhydryl reagents do not enhance activity or protect from inactivation.Activity was not inhibited by cyanide, arsenate, or ethylenediaminetetraacetate.The Km for galactose is 2.6 x 1O-2 M and for NAD is 1.7 X 10d4 M. The V,,, is 0.57 pmole per min per mg of
Characterization of Secretin and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptors in Rat Pancreatic Plasma Membranes Using the Native Peptides, Secretin-(7–27) and Five Secretin Analogues (1982)

A comparison has been made of the ability of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), secretin, secretin analogues, and secretin-(7-27) to stimulate adenylate cyclase in rat pancreatic plasma membranes. A parallel study of the capacity of peptides of the VIP-secretin family to compete with 125I-VIP for binding to the same plasma membranes was conducted. This allowed a classification of VIP-secretin receptors into three subtypes: (1) VIP-preferring receptors; (2) high-affinity secretin receptors, and (3) low-affinity secretin receptors. The properties of secretin at high-affinity secretin receptors were likely to reflect a contribution of membranes from centroacinar and duct cells.