gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
T Cell Responses Minireview and Viral Escape (1998)

T cells in HIV that are consistent with these highnumbers(Pantaleoetal.,1994).TheCTLresponsespeakVirus infections are normallycontrolled, and often elimi-as the viraemia starts to fall, and then the expanded Tnated, by T lymphocyte responses. Antibody may alsocell populations fade because of apoptosis. All of thiscontributebutisprobablymoreimportantinprophylaxishappens before any neutralizing antibody is detectableagainst repeat exposurewiththe same pathogen. Some(Koup et al., 1994). It is widely believed that this CTLviruses are not eliminated and it is becoming clear thatresponse plays alarge partinearlyand latecontainmentmany of these have evolved immune evasion mecha-of HIV infection, but there is an alternative view, that thenisms;herpesviruses,forinstance,encodeproteinsthatinfection is limited only by the availability of infectableinterfere with the presentation of viral peptide antigenscells (Phillips, 1996). The latter hypothesis couldexplainto T cells (reviewed in Wiertz et al., 1997). However,the rise in HIV load when patients are temporarily in-despite these immune avoidance strategies, most per-fected with other pathogens, which cause proliferationsisting viruses remain under control for the life of the of (HIV-susceptible) Th cells specific for that microor-host. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) provokes a ganism, and also the rapid increase in HIV to pretreat-strong T cell immune response, but unlike most other ment levels when it escapes from antiretroviral drugvirus infectionsthis isinsufficient tocontroltheinfection control.Thishypothesis assumesthatthe CTLresponsepermanently. It is becoming clear that the virus can use fails to control the burst in HIV growth in both cases.an array of immune escape strategies, some of which However, it is now clear that effective anti-HIV drugare unique to this virus. therapy reduces the cytotoxic T cell response, so that
Bidenticity-Enhanced Second Harmonic Generation from Pb Chelation in Pb3Mg3TeP2O14 (2015)

A new ultraviolet nonlinear optical (NLO) material, Pb3Mg3TeP2O14 (PMTP), has been synthesized and characterized. The chiral material exhibits a large second harmonic generation (SHG) response of 13.5 × KDP (600 × α-SiO2), and the shortest absorption edge (250 nm) of reported materials with a strong SHG response (>10 × KDP). PMTP has a three-dimensional crystal structure of corner-shared MgO4, PO4, and TeO6 polyhedra, which form a [TeMg3P2O14]∞ framework. Electronic structure calculations revealed that the stereoactive lone pair on the Pb(2+) cation is critical to producing the substantial NLO response and that the NLO activity is further enhanced by the presence of triply bidentate Te(6+) cations found in Te-O-O-Pb rings.
An Efficient Route to Selective Bio‐oxidation Catalysts: an Iterative Approach Comprising Modeling, Diversification, and Screening, Based on CYP102A1 (2011)

Perillyl alcohol is the terminal hydroxylation product of the cheap and readily available terpene, limonene. It has high potential as an anti-tumor substance, but is of limited availability. In principle, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, such as the self-sufficient CYP102A1, are promising catalysts for the oxidation of limonene or other inert hydrocarbons. The wild-type enzyme converts (4R)-limonene to four different oxidation products; however, terminal hydroxylation at the allylic C7 is not observed. Here we describe a generic strategy to engineer this widely used enzyme to hydroxylate exclusively the exposed, but chemically less reactive, primary C7 in the presence of other reactive positions. The approach presented here turns CYP102A1 into a highly selective catalyst with a shifted product spectra by successive rounds of modeling, the design of small focused libraries, and screening. In the first round a minimal CYP102A1 mutant library was rationally designed. It contained variants with improved or strongly shifted regio-, stereo- and chemoselectivity, compared to wild-type. From this library the variant with the highest perillyl alcohol ratio was fine-tuned by two additional rounds of molecular modeling, diversification, and screening. In total only 29 variants needed to be screened to identify the triple mutant A264V/A238V/L437F that converts (4R)-limonene to perillyl alcohol with a selectivity of 97 %. Focusing mutagenesis on a small number of relevant positions identified by computational approaches is the key for efficient screening for enzyme selectivity.
met*: a method for discriminating metonymy and metaphor by computer (1991)

this paper, contains literal, metonymic, metaphorical, and anomalous semantic relations. The assertion-based class of relations are described in greater length in Fass (1989a)
AFO U N D AT I O NF O RGR A D I N GT H E OV E R A L LCU TQU A L I T YO F RO U N DBR I L L I A N TCU TDI A M O N D S (2004)

GIA began its 15-year study of diamond cut by using a computer to model the way light behaves within a round brilliant cut diamond. From this model, GIA researchers developed proportionbased metrics to predict how diamonds would perform with regard to brilliance and fire. Continued research revealed several important variables that could not be evaluated effectively by computer modeling alone. Thus, the authors asked diamond manufacturers, dealers, retailers, and potential consumers to evaluate brightness (a term selected as more appropriate than b r i l l i a n c e) ,fire, and overall cut appearance of diamonds representing many different proportion combinations. These observations and discussions confirmed that additional factors, besides brightness and fire, contribute to diamond cut appearance, and that factors in addition to face-up appearance are important in assessing the quality of a diamond’s cut. With the trade interactions as a foundation, the authors (1) tested the brightness and fire metrics to find the best fit with human observations, (2) identified and quantified factors in addition to brightness and fire that contribute to face-up appearance, (3) developed a standard viewing environment that mimics common trade environments, (4) created the foundation for a comprehensive diamond cut grading system, and (5) began development of reference software to predict the overall cut grade of a particular diamond. The GIA diamond cut grading system described here includes the components of brightness, fire, scintillation, polish, and symmetry, as well as weight and durability concerns, into a single overall grade for cut quality for standard round brilliants.
Correlation of dielectric relaxation and positron annihilation in glass-forming liquids (1983)

Dielectric relaxation measurements are reported on $\mathrm{bis}[m\ensuremath{-}(m\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{phenoxy})\mathrm{phenoxyphenyl}]$ ether from room temperature (298 K) down to its glass transition temperature (213 K). Combination of these data with orthopositronium annihilation measurements published earlier indicate that the higher-temperature elbow in the latter data (${T}_{r}$) coincides with the temperature at which the orthopositronium lifetime ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{3}$ is comparable with the dipolar relaxation time. A similar correlation is observed for ortho-terphenyl. With the use of ultrasonic velocity data, it is possible in the latter system to compute a mean cavity dimension and discuss the way in which the dynamic behavior of the supercooled liquid influences the positron annihilation behavior. The implications of these observations in terms of theories of viscous liquids are discussed.
Suppression of human prostate tumor growth by a unique prostate-specific monoclonal antibody F77 targeting a glycolipid marker (2009)

In our effort to find diagnostic markers and to develop therapeutic approaches for prostate cancer, we have identified an mAb that is capable of binding to a cell surface antigen specifically expressed on both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Immunohistological studies revealed that this mAb, called F77, stained 112 of 116 primary and 29 of 34 metastatic human prostate cancer specimens. Although the mAb F77 alone directly promotes prostate cancer cell death, it also mediates complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In addition, mAb F77 can significantly inhibit androgen-independent PC3 and Du145 tumor growth in nude mice. Antigen characterization revealed that mAb F77 recognizes a very small molecular species with glycolipid properties. F77 antigen is concentrated in the lipid-raft microdomains, which serve as platforms for the assembly of associating protein complexes. Thus, the present study indicates that mAb F77 defines a unique prostate cancer marker and shows promising potential for diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, especially for androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOMERIZATION OF MONO‐ AND DIACETYLENIC HYDROCARBONS (1977)

Abstract Die Isomerisierung der Hexine (I) in DMSO und in Gegenwart von Methylsulfinylcarbanion als Base ergibt nach 40 h in allen 3 Fällen ein Produktgemisch, das zu 82% aus (Ib), zu 11% aus (Ic) und zu 7% aus (Ia) besteht, aber keine Allene oder konjugierten Diene enthält.
Plasmodium falciparum Endoplasmic Reticulum-Resident Calcium Binding Protein Is a Possible Target of Synthetic Antimalarial Endoperoxides, N-89 and N-251 (2012)

The endoperoxide artemisinin is a current first-line antimalarial and a critical component of the artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) recommended by WHO for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest of malaria parasites. However, recent emergence of the artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum urged us to develop new antimalarial drugs. We have shown that synthetic endoperoxides N-89 and its hydroxyl derivative N-251 had high antimalarial activities both in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanisms including the cellular targets of the endoperoxide antimalarials are not well understood. Thus, in this study, we employed chemical proteomics to survey potential molecular targets of endoperoxides by evaluating P. falciparum proteins capable to associate with endoperoxide structure (N-346, a carboxyamino derivative of N-89). We also analyzed the protein expression profiles of malaria parasites treated with N-89 or N-251 to explore possible changes associated with the drug action. From these experiments, we found that P. falciparum endoplasmic reticulum-resident calcium binding protein (PfERC) had high affinity to the endoperoxide structure (N-346) and was decreased by treatment with N-89 or N-251. PfERC is a member of CREC protein family, a potential disease marker and also a potential target for therapeutic intervention. We propose that the PfERC is a strong candidate of the endoperoxide antimalarial’s target.
The Baldwin Rearrangement: Synthesis of 2‐Acylaziridines (2017)

The Baldwin rearrangement is a thermally induced ring contraction of 4‐isoxazolines into 2‐acylaziridines. The reaction yields highly strained nitrogen‐containing three‐membered‐ring compounds from readily available five‐membered N‐O heterocycles. Diversely substituted isoxazolines are directly transformed into a variety of highly functionalized 2‐acylaziridines in a stereocontrolled process. In this review mechanistic aspects and stereoselectivity of this rearrangement are discussed. Although still undervalued, the Baldwin rearrangement may have significant applications in the synthesis of complex aziridine‐containing targets such as natural products or pharmaceuticals.
A note on the spectral analysis of periodic functions (1972)

An analysis of the Fourier transform for a truncated cosine waveform is given that illustrates the dependence of the transform on the phase as the period of the waveform becomes large with respect to the record length. The effects of sampling on the transform are then discussed and illustrated.
Automatic liver detection algorithm on CT images (2019)

Currently recognition of various organs on computed tomography images is one of the most common activities performed by a radiologist in order to diagnose a patient. Due to a large amount of data this analysis is highly timeconsuming. However, with the current state of technological progress, it has become possible to automatize this process. In this contribution an automatic liver detection algorithm has been created. It identifies a liver in a series of pictures in DICOM format which are the result of spiral computed tomography. The algorithm is based on the methods of digital image processing. Additional steps have been taken to increase the accuracy of the process and eliminate objects with similar density. The algorithm identifies blood vessels and simulates the curve defined by a ribcage of a patient. This algorithm has been implemented in C++ as an integral part of an application with graphical user interface. In order to create this application, the following libraries have been used: OpenCV, DCMTK, and Qt. The process of design, implementation, and testing of the algorithm is described in this paper.
Dynamic sounding for multi-user MIMO in wireless LANs (2017)

Consumer electronic (CE) devices increasingly rely on wireless local area networks (WLANs). Next generation WLANs will continue to exploit multiple antenna systems to satisfy the growing need for WLAN system capacity. Multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems improve the spectral efficiency and single user throughput. Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems exploit the spatial separation of users for increasing the sum-throughput. In an MU-MIMO system, efficient channel sounding is essential for achieving optimal performance. The system analysis in this paper provides insights into the rate at which to perform channel sounding. This paper shows that optimal sounding intervals exist for single user transmit beamforming (SU-TxBF) and MU-MIMO, and proposes a low-complexity dynamic sounding approach for practical MUMIMO WLAN deployments. The proposed approach adjusts the sounding interval adaptively based on the real-time learning outcomes in the given radio environment. Using real over-the-air channel measurements, significant throughput improvements (up to 31.8%) are demonstrated by adopting the proposed dynamic sounding approach, which is compliant with IEEE 802.11ac <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> .
Global Virtual Time and distributed synchronization (1995)

Global Virtual Time (GVT) is the fundamental synchronization concept in optimistic simulations. It is defined as the earliest time tag within the set of unprocessed pending events in distributed simulation. A number of techniques for determining GVT have been proposed in recent years, each having their own intrinsic properties. However, most of these techniques either focus on specific types of simulation problems or assume specific hardware support. This paper specifically addresses the GVT problem in the context of the following area• Scalability• Efficiency• Portability• Flow control• Interactive support•Real time useA new GVT algorithm, called SPEEDES GVT, has been developed in the Synchronous Parallel Environment for Emulation and Discrete-Event Simulation (SPEEDES) framework. The new algorithm runs periodically but does not disrupt event processing. It provides flow control by processing events risk-free while flushing out messages during the GVT computation. SPEEDES GVT is built from a set of global reduction operations that are easily implementable on any hardware system.
Recognizing the importance of new tools and resources for research (2015)

eLife is introducing a new article type—called Tools and Resources—to highlight new experimental techniques, datasets, software tools and other resources.
Supervision and control features of a small-zone radiotelephone system (1971)

The concept of a small-zone system plan for mobile telephone service is reviewed, as are the advantages of spectrum economy, flexible growth, low power requirements, and wide channel spacing and the disadvantages of locating mobiles and establishing base-station sites. The functions which such a system must perform are enumerated. A call processing sequence and a mobile block diagram which perform the basic functions are outlined, followed with a proposed plan for locating mobiles with respect to the small-zone grid.
Dynamic multi-path communication for video traffic (2002)

Video on demand applications emerge on campus wide networks. Compressed video streams pass switches which do not have any bandwidth reservation mechanism, nor any other mechanism against congestion. The switches, shared among video servers, WWW servers and clients, get easily congested in critical situations, hence the switches drop pockets and the quality of end to end delivery service degrades. To provide soft bandwidth (QoS) guarantees for video, we designed and tested through simulation a dynamic end to end multi-path protocol for video traffic. We compared our dynamic multi path protocol performance with a dynamic single path protocol and the experiments show significant advantages of the dynamic multi-path communication with respect to provision of soft bandwidth guarantees for video traffic. A disadvantage of our approach is the reordering overhead. However, the use of the higher level frame information helps to simplify reordering and the overhead is acceptable.
Using dynamic binary translation to fuse dependent instructions (2004)

Instruction scheduling hardware can be simplified and easily pipelined if pairs of dependent instructions are fused so they share a single instruction scheduling slot. We study an implementation of the x86 ISA that dynamically translates x86 code to an underlying ISA that supports instruction fusing. A microarchitecture that is codesigned with the fused instruction set completes the implementation. We focus on the dynamic binary translator for such a codesigned x86 virtual machine. The dynamic binary translator first cracks x86 instructions belonging to hot superblocks into RISC-style microoperations, and then uses heuristics to fuse together pairs of dependent microoperations. Experimental results with SPEC2000 integer benchmarks demonstrate that: (1) the fused ISA with dynamic binary translation reduces the number of scheduling decisions by about 30% versus a conventional implementation that uses hardware cracking into RISC microoperations; (2) an instruction scheduling slot needs only hold two source register fields even though it may hold two instructions; (3) translations generated in the proposed ISA consume about 30% less storage than a corresponding fixed-length RISC-style ISA.
Tree representations of Galois groups (2000)

Much work has gone into matrix representations of Galois groups, but there is a whole new class of naturally occurring representations that have as yet gone almost unnoticed. In fact, it is well-known in various areas of mathematics that the main sources of totally disconnected groups are matrix groups over local fields AND automorphism groups of locally finite trees. It is perhaps surprising then that representations of Galois groups into the latter have been almost ignored, while at the same time Galois representations into the former have been enormously effective in resolving long-standing problems in number theory. These ``tree'' representations are important as regards topics such as the unramified Fontaine-Mazur conjecture. This conjecture states that any p-adic representation of the Galois group of an extension unramified at p (and ramified at only finitely many primes) should have finite image. In other words, p-adic representations say little about such Galois groups. This paper proposes the conjecture that these Galois groups should, on the other hand, have representations with large image (measured by Hausdorff dimension) in the automorphism group of a rooted tree. Thus, they might allow us to investigate the structure of the Galois group of infinite pro-p extensions (such as Hilbert p-class towers), something unapproachable by standard p-adic representation methods.
Flat optics: Controlling wavefronts with optical antenna metasurfaces (2013)

Conventional optical components rely on the propagation effect to control the phase and polarization of light beams. One can instead exploit abrupt phase and polarization changes associated with scattered light from optical resonators to control light propagation. In this talk, we discuss the optical responses of anisotropic plasmonic antennas and a new class of planar optical components (“metasurfaces”) based on arrays of these antennas. To demonstrate the versatility of metasurfaces, we show the design and experimental realization of a number of flat optical components: (a) metasurfaces with a constant interfacial phase gradient that deflect light into arbitrary directions; (b) metasurfaces with spiral phase distributions that create optical vortex beams of well-defined orbital angular momentum; (c) planar lenses and axicons that generate spherical wavefronts and non-diffracting Bessel beams, respectively; and (d) metasurfaces with anisotropic optical responses that create light beams of arbitrary polarization over a wide wavelength range.
A Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Proxy Re-encryption with Chosen-Ciphertext Security (2013)

Cipher text-Policy Attribute-Based Proxy Re-Encryption (CP-ABPRE) extends the traditional Proxy Re-Encryption (PRE) by allowing a semi-trusted proxy to transform a cipher text under an access policy to the one with the same plaintext under another access policy (i.e. attribute-based re-encryption). The proxy, however, learns nothing about the underlying plaintext. CP-ABPRE has many real world applications, such as fine-grained access control in cloud storage systems and medical records sharing among different hospitals. Previous CP-ABPRE schemes leave how to be secure against Chosen-Cipher text Attacks (CCA) as an open problem. This paper, for the first time, proposes a new CP-ABPRE to tackle the problem. The new scheme supports attribute-based re-encryption with any monotonic access structures. Despite our scheme is constructed in the random oracle model, it can be proved CCA secure under the decisional q-parallel bilinear Diffie-Hellman exponent assumption.
Ceruminous tumor of the jugular foramen. (1977)

Intrapetrous ceruminomas are rate tumors; only four cases have been reported in the literature. These had characteristics of cerebellopontine angle tumors. Our case had the characteristics of a tumor of the jugular foramen.
Iterative detection of MIMO transmission using a list-sequential (LISS) detector (2004)

For iterative detection in systems employing multiple antennas with an outer code we need a MIMO detector delivering a-posteriori capabilities (APP) about the code bits. Full-APP detection would lead to prohibitive complexity; therefore we extend for high-level signals the concept of the sphere decoder using an approach from sequential decoding instead of geometrical considerations. We show how a priori information can be incorporated into the metric, which is then optimized by systematic tree search. Furthermore, we show how the reliability of the resulting L-values can be improved by augmenting the complete search tree. Simulation results show an improved performance over the list sphere decoder.