gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Numerical Modeling of Axisymmetric and Three-Dimensional Flows in Microelectromechanical Systems Nozzles (2002)

A numerical study of three-dimensional effects on the performance of a micronozzle fabricated from e at silicon wafers is performed by use of both continuum and kinetic approaches. The nozzle operates in a low-Reynoldsnumber regime, and viscous effects dominate the gas expansion. Thrust losses occur because the shear on the wall is greater in a e at nozzle cone guration than in an axisymmetric conical nozzle. Therefore, the prediction of the micronozzle performance based on axisymmetric or two-dimensional modeling can lead to signie cant design errors.Comparisonofsimulationwithrecentdatashowsgood agreementintermsofthrustpredictionsforcold-gas thrusters at Reynolds numbers of approximately 2 ££ 102.
Paradigm Shift in Lead Design (1999)

During the past 30 years there has been a tremendous development in electrode technology from bulky (90 mm2) to pin-sized (1.0 mm2) electrodes. Simultaneously, impedance has increased from 110 Ohms to >1 kOhms, which has been termed a "paradigm shift" in lead design. If current is responsible for stimulation, why is its impedance a key factor in saving energy? Further, what mechanism is behind this development based on experimental findings and what conclusion can be drawn from it to optimize electrode size? If it is assumed that there is always a layer of nonexcitable tissue between the electrode surface and excitable myocardium and that the electric field (potential gradient) produced by the electrode at this boundary is reaching threshold level, then a formula can be derived for the voltage threshold that completely describes the electrophysiology and electrophysics of a hemispherical electrode. Assuming that the mean chronic threshold for porous steroid-eluting electrodes is 0.6 V with 0.5-ms pulse duration, thickness of nonexcitable tissue can be estimated to be 1.5 mm. Taking into account this measure and the relationship between chronaxie and electrode area, voltage threshold, impedance, and energy as a function of surface area can be calculated. The lowest voltage for 0.5-ms pulse duration is reached with r(o) = 0.5 d, yielding a surface area of 4 mm2 and a voltage threshold of 0.62 V, an impedance of 1 kOhms, and an energy level of 197 nJ. It can be deduced from our findings that a further reduction of surface areas below 1.6 mm2 will not diminish energy threshold substantially, if pulse duration remains at 0.5 ms. Lowest energy is reached with t = chronaxie, yielding an energy level <100 nJ with surface areas < or =1.5 mm2. It is striking to see how well the theoretically derived results correspond to the experimental findings. It is also surprising that the hemispheric model so accurately approximates experimental results with differently shaped electrodes that it can be concluded that electrode shape seems to play a minor role in electrode efficiency. Further energy reduction can only be achieved by reducing the pulse duration to chronaxie. A real paradigm shift will occur only if the fundamentals of electrostimulation in combination with electrophysics are accepted by the pacing community.
Induction of HIV‐1 Specific Mucosal Immune Responses by DNA Vaccination (1997)

DNA vaccination has been shown to induce immunity against several different pathogens including HIV-1. The authors demonstrate here that administration of DNA vaccines via the intranasal route is sufficient to induce immune responses both at distal mucosal sites and systemically. Since transmission of HIV-1 occurs largely across mucosal surfaces, the intranasal route provides a further means of application for DNA immunization.
Assessment of epithelial integrity and cell viability in epithelial flaps prepared with the epi-LASIK procedure (2007)

Most basal cells in epithelial flaps prepared with different epikeratome devices were dead.
Unconventional nuclides for radiopharmaceuticals. (2010)

Rapid and widespread growth in the use of nuclear medicine for both diagnosis and therapy of disease has been the driving force behind burgeoning research interests in the design of novel radiopharmaceuticals. Until recently, the majority of clinical and basic science research has focused on the development of 11C-, 13N-, 15O-, and 18F-radiopharmaceuticals for use with positron emission tomography (PET) and 99mTc-labeled agents for use with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). With the increased availability of small, low-energy cyclotrons and improvements in both cyclotron targetry and purification chemistries, the use of "nonstandard" radionuclides is becoming more prevalent. This brief review describes the physical characteristics of 60 radionuclides, including beta+, beta-, gamma-ray, and alpha-particle emitters, which have the potential for use in the design and synthesis of the next generation of diagnostic and/or radiotherapeutic drugs. As the decay processes of many of the radionuclides described herein involve emission of high-energy gamma-rays, relevant shielding and radiation safety issues are also considered. In particular, the properties and safety considerations associated with the increasingly prevalent PET nuclides 64Cu, 68Ga, 86Y, 89Zr, and 124I are discussed.
Robust statistical methods for detection of missing RFID tags (2011)

The technology of radio frequency identification is being deployed in many applications, such as logistics and inventorying. However, a generic problem in all RFID systems is to ensure that the RFID readers can reliably read a set of RFID tags, such that the probability of missing tags stays below some acceptable value. This article introduces statistical methods to deal with the problem of missing RFID tags. These methods are applied at the reliability layer, which initiates multiple reader sessions by invoking certain MAC-layer arbitration (anti-collision) protocols to collect tag responses. The reliability layer obtains a running estimate of the probability of having at least one tag missing. This estimate is used to detect if an additional reader session is required. We present several estimators, which can be used at the reliability layer to obtain an estimate of the probability of missed tags after R reader sessions have been carried out. These estimators are derived under idealized assumptions. However, when tested under more realistic conditions, which violate these ideal assumptions, the estimators exhibit high robustness and provide a very close approximation of the true probability of missing tags.
Effect of Bromocriptine‐QR (a Quick‐Release Formulation of Bromocriptine Mesylate) on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes Subjects (2012)

URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov. Unique Identifier: NCT00377676.
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry of insulators with pulsed charge compensation by low-energy electrons (1989)

A new charge compensation system for time-of-flight (TOF) secondary ion mass spectrometry is described. A pulsed low-energy electron source (10 eV) in combination with a pulsed extraction voltage of the TOF analyzer allows low-energy electrons to reach the target in the relatively long period of time between two excitation pulses. Low-energy electrons allow self-adjusting of the surface potential. Sample damages by these electrons are not detectable. Effects due to electron stimulated desorption are suppressed by pulsing the anode of the electron source. Compensation is possible for the accumulation of positive as well as negative spectra. With this experimental arrangement we investigated a variety of insulating materials (e.g., thick polymer films, glasses, ceramics). In all cases we found stable and reproducible spectra, even of insulators with extremely low conductivity.
A time warp implementation of Sharks World (1990)

The authors discuss the TWOS (Time Warp Operating System) implementations of the Shark's World simulation, a simple simulation of sharks and fish swimming through a toroidal world. Shark's World was coded and debugged in two man-weeks; after the initial debugging and tuning, it ran all tests without modifications. Shark's World provides a good performance under TWOS. It has demonstrated speedups as high as 29.5, with efficiencies as high as 63.75%. With a sufficient number of sectors, TWOS provides a smooth speedup curve. If the number of sectors is close to the number of nodes, the speedup curve is likely to have a plateau between the points of two objects per node and one object per node. Shark's World provides a test example for lazy cancellation versus aggressive cancellation. Due to its nature, lazy cancellation should do very well with Shark's World, and does indeed do better than aggressive cancellation. The authors examine methods of improving TWOS performance on this application, and the possible effects of adding more complexity to the simulation. >
A stereoscopic quality metric based on binocular perception (2010)

This paper presents a new metric for the quality evaluation of stereoscopic images. The proposed metric is inspired from the simple and complex cells response, in which the matching of the left and right retinal images is performed, in the visual cortex. In order to estimate the binocular energy, we used the bandelet transform which is computed on complex wavelet transform. By using the complex wavelet transform, we were able to model the behavior of the simple and complex cells. The proposed model allows the estimation of the degradation of the binocular energy according to the impairments of the right and the left images. Subjective tests have been performed to validate the results obtained by our metric. The results shows a high correlation between the predicted score and the human judgement.
Cone density loss on adaptive optics in early macular telangiectasia type 2 (2015)

PURPOSE To determine whether cone photoreceptors are impaired early in macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel 2) progression. METHODS Eight patients with MacTel 2 lacking intraretinal cavitation underwent multimodal retinal imaging including adaptive optics. Cone packing metrics were determined in 5 sampling windows at different eccentricities from the fovea. Results were compared with a previously established normative database. RESULTS In MacTel 2 eyes, cone density was significantly lower than normal at all eccentricities (P < 0.0001). Mean cone spacing and mean percentage of hexagonally organized cone photoreceptors were respectively significantly larger and lower than normal at all eccentricities (P = 0.0488 and P < 0.0001). In MacTel 2 patients, adaptive optics showed an irregular patchy disturbance of the cone mosaic corresponding to some fragmentation of the interdigitation zone on optical coherence tomography. The ellipsoid zone remained intact in the studied area. CONCLUSION Adaptive optics showed that the macular cone density was lower than normal even outside the telangiectasia in MacTel 2 lacking intraretinal cavitation, although the ellipsoid zone remained intact on optical coherence tomography. These findings do not indicate that the cone density loss is causative of the disease as it might be secondary to Muller cell or rod loss in this area. However, cone density assessment could become a useful parameter to monitor disease progression.
The Veterans Affairs Experience: Comparative Effectiveness Research In A Large Health System (2010)

Comparative effectiveness research is a tool to use in achieving patient-centered, high-value health care. However, applying the results to individual patients and health systems raises unique issues. Here, we review lessons learned by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) in developing and implementing the research in a large integrated health system. Decision makers should examine whether individual studies apply to diverse populations, align tools and incentives to adopt evidence-based practices, and consider both the patient and population perspectives. A key challenge remains how to incorporate comparative evidence and patient values into busy clinical practices.
Compositional dependency of Cd‐S‐Se quantum dots within silicate glass on color conversion for a white LED (2018)

Abstract Quantum dot embedded glasses ( QDEG s) were prepared by the conventional melt‐quenching method to enhance its color conversion efficiency via optimizing the concentration of ZnS, ZnSe, and CdO within the silicate‐based glass matrix. The QDEG , which contained 0.875 ZnS, 0.625 ZnSe, and 0.75 CdO (in mol%) and was heat treated at 500°C for 10 hours showed promising color conversion with an improved quantum yield of up to 25%. Color coordination of light‐emitting diodes ( LED s) mounted with the QDEG s could be adjusted by tuning heat‐treatment conditions and thickness control of QDEG s. The practical feasibility of the QDEG for a white LED is demonstrated with a reasonable glass thickness for LED packaging process. The formation of Cd‐S‐Se quantum dots within a glass matrix was identified by Raman and HR ‐ TEM analyses. The effect of ZnSe and CdO on the formation of Cd‐S‐Se quantum dots within silicate glass is also discussed.
Let the Citizen Speak: A demand-driven e-government portal using Semantic Web Technology (2006)

Opening up a catalogue of governmental information and service offerings through the Web is just as much an orga-nizational challenge as a technological one. While in prac-tice governments operate as a loose network of organizations
Stimulation of protein synthesis by both insulin and amino acids is unique to skeletal muscle in neonatal pigs (2002)

In neonatal pigs, the feeding-induced stimulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle, but not liver, can be reproduced by insulin infusion when essential amino acids and glucose are maintained at fasting levels. In the present study, 7- and 26-day-old pigs were studied during 1) fasting, 2) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic clamps, 3) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-hyperaminoacidemic clamps, and 4) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic-hyperaminoacidemic clamps. Amino acids were clamped using a new amino acid mixture enriched in nonessential amino acids. Tissue protein synthesis was measured using a flooding dose of L-[4-(3)H]phenylalanine. In 7-day-old pigs, insulin infusion alone increased protein synthesis in various skeletal muscles (from +35 to +64%), with equivalent contribution of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins, as well as cardiac muscle (+50%), skin (+34%), and spleen (+26%). Amino acid infusion alone increased protein synthesis in skeletal muscles (from +28 to +50%), also with equivalent contribution of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins, as well as liver (+27%), pancreas (+28%), and kidney (+10%). An elevation of both insulin and amino acids did not have an additive effect. Similar qualitative results were obtained in 26-day-old pigs, but the magnitude of the stimulation of protein synthesis by insulin and/or amino acids was lower. The results suggest that, in the neonate, the stimulation of protein synthesis by feeding is mediated by either amino acids or insulin in most tissues; however, the feeding-induced stimulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle is uniquely regulated by both insulin and amino acids.
Constrained reconstruction: A superresolution, optimal signal‐to‐noise alternative to the Fourier transform in magnetic resonance imaging (1989)

Many problems in physics involve imaging objects with high spatial frequency content in a limited amount of time. The limitation of available experimental data leads to the infamous problem of diffraction limited data which manifests itself by causing ringing in the image. This ringing is due to the interference phenomena in optics and is known as the Gibbs phenomenon in engineering. Present techniques to cope with this problem include filtering and regularization schemes based on minimum norm or maximum entropy constraints. In this paper, a new technique based on object modeling and estimation is developed to achieve superresolution reconstruction from partial Fourier transform data. The nonlinear parameters of the object model are obtained using the singular value decomposition (SVD)-based all-pole model framework, and the linear parameters are determined using a standard least squares estimation method. This technique is capable, in principle, of unlimited resolution and is robust with respect to Gaussian white noise perturbation to the measured data and with respect to systematic modeling errors. Reconstruction results from simulated data and real magnetic resonance data are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed method.
[A case of multiple liver metastases from sigmoid carcinoma treated successfully with arterial infusion chemotherapy]. (1986)

A 63-year-old female, who had undergone sigmoidectomy for sigmoid carcinoma one year before, was admitted for multiple liver metastases. A urokinase-immobilized catheter was introduced into the proper hepatic artery via the gastroepiploic artery operatively. A daily arterial infusion of 5-FU (250 mg) was combined with a weekly arterial infusion of adriamycin (30 mg) or MMC (10 mg). After discharge, 5-FU (200 mg/day) was given orally and MMC (10 mg) was infused intraarterially every other week at an outpatient clinic. ADR or MMC was infused with angiotensin II, known to increase arterial blood supply to a malignant lesion. Ultrasonography demonstrated 35 to 50% reduction in tumor diameter. The density of metastases seen in computerized tomography became low indicating tumor necrosis. Plasma CEA level, which had initially been as high as 864 ng/ml, decreased rapidly and has remained within normal limits up to the present time. Arterial infusion chemotherapy using 5-FU, ADR or MMC in combination with angiotensin II seems to be effective in the treatment of multiple hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma.
On-line handwritten Chinese character recognition based on inter-radical stochastic context-free grammar (2012)

This paper presents a new radical-based recognition method for online handwritten Chinese characters focusing on their hierarchical structure. Inter-radical stochastic context-free grammar (SCFG) is introduced to represent the character generation process where radicals as structure elements. Inter-radical SCFG combines the radical shape likelihood with the relative position likelihood between radicals/meta-radicals. The character pattern is over-segmented by three-layer nested pre-segmentation. Character-radical dictionaries of all character classes are unified into several big tree structures where character-parts (sub-structures) are shared by different character classes. Combining inter-radical SCFG with tree structural character-radical dictionaries, the optimal radical segmentation and recognition result is obtained during hierarchical dynamic programming (DP) search. We have implemented the method to Chinese characters of left-right and up-down structures. Experimental results on a sample set of 5,773 character classes consisting of 1,149 radicals show the proposed method is comparable to our previous method.
OS1438 EBSD Observation of Creep Damage Process in Ni-Cr-Co-Fe Alloy (2009)

SEM and EBSD observation was conducted on long term creep damaged test pieces of Ni-Cr-Co-Fe high temperature alloy. According to SEM observation, the void area fraction showed monotonically increasing trend with creep damage. From IPF map by EBSD observation, aspect ratios of grains were measured and found to decrease almost monotonically with creep damage. From KAM map by EBSD observation, area averaged KAM value KAM_<ave> calculated and found to increase extensively in the final part of creep damage. Those three parameters could be used for evaluating creep damage of this alloy.
Actionable Knowledge Discovery for Threats Intelligence Support Using a Multi-dimensional Data Mining Methodology (2008)

This paper describes a multi-dimensional knowledge discovery and data mining (KDD) methodology that aims at discovering actionable knowledge related to Internet threats, taking into account domain expert guidance and the integration of domain-specific intelligence during the data mining process. The objectives are twofold: i) to develop global indicators for assessing the prevalence of certain malicious activities on the Internet, and ii) to get insights into the modus operandi of new emerging attack phenomena, so as to improve our understanding of threats. In this paper, we first present the generic aspects of a domain-driven graph-based KDD methodology, which is based on two main components: a clique-based clustering technique and a concepts synthesis process using cliques' intersections. Then, to evaluate the applicability of this approach to our application domain, we use a large dataset of real-world attack traces collected since 2003. Our experimental results show that significant insights can be obtained into the domain of threat intelligence by using this multi-dimensional knowledge discovery method.
The biosynthesis of gram-negative endotoxin. Formation of lipid A precursors from UDP-GlcNAc in extracts of Escherichia coli. (1985)

The Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli has previously been shown to utilize two unique glucosamine (GlcN)-derived phospholipids in the biosynthesis of lipid A disaccharides (Bulawa, C.E., and Raetz, C. R.H. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 4846-4851; Ray, B. L., Painter, G.L., and Raetz, C.R.H. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 4852-4859. We now present evidence that these compounds, UDP-2,3-diacyl-GlcN and 2,3-diacyl-GlcN-1-phosphate (2,3-diacyl-GlcN-1-P), are generated in extracts of E. coli by fatty acylation of UDP-GlcNAc. The initial reaction is an O-acylation of the glucosamine ring, presumably of the 3-OH group, with (R)-beta-hydroxymyristate, followed by removal of the acetyl moiety, and further fatty acylation of the N atom with (R)-beta-hydroxymyristate to yield UDP-2,3-diacyl-GlcN. Hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate bridge in this molecule gives 2,3-diacyl-GlcN-1-P + UMP. In vivo pulse labeling with 32Pi supports this postulated pathway, since UDP-2,3-diacyl-GlcN is labeled prior to 2,3-diacyl-GlcN-1-P. UDP-glucosamine is inactive as a substrate in the initial acylation reaction. These acylations show an absolute specificity for fatty acyl moieties activated with acyl carrier protein. No reaction is detected with fatty acyl-CoA or free fatty acid. The fatty acylation of sugar nucleotides has not been reported previously in E. coli or any other organism.
Images of the soul and the Circulatory Cosmology of Life: Psychological Models of Folk Representations in Japanese and French Youths' Drawings (2001)

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli organisms are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although most strains of E. coli are harmless commensals, a few types have emerged that are capable of disrupting the normal physiology of the human gut, producing illness ranging from watery diarrhea to fatal hemorrhagic colitis. Diarrheagenic E. coli cause infection by a variety of complex mechanisms, some of which are incompletely understood. These include adherence, elaboration of toxigenic mediators, invasion of the intestinal mucosa, and transportation of bacterial proteins into the host cells. Specific components of the host-microbial interaction that cause damage have been identified, increasing our understanding of the mechanisms of diarrhea. This article reviews some of the recent findings about the pathogenesis and infectious processes involved in three emerging pathotypes of this fascinating gram-negative bacterium.
(Alk-1-ynyl)oxiranes in the Reaction of (Alk-1-ynyl)chlorocarbenes with Alkali Metal Alkoxides (1995)

The reaction of (alk-1-ynyl)chlorocarbenes 2a–c, generated from dichlorides 1a–c, with alkali metal alkoxides 3 gives 2-(alk-1-ynyl)oxiranes 5a–f in 30–70% yield.