gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cell death in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage: The “black hole” model of hemorrhagic damage (2002)

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has a poor prognosis that may be the consequence of the hematoma's effect on adjacent and remote brain regions. Little is known about the mechanism, location, and severity of such effects. In this study, rats subjected to intracerebral blood injection were examined at 100 days. Stereology (neuronal count and density) and volume measures in the perihematoma rim, the adjacent and overlying brain, and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) were compared with contralateral brain regions at 100 days and the perihemorrhage region at 24 hours and 7 days. In addition, cytochrome c release was investigated at 24 hours, 3 days, and 7 days. At 100 days, post-ICH rats showed no difference in neuronal density in the perihemorrhagic scar region or regions of the striatum immediately surrounding and distal to the perihemorrhage scar. The cell density index in the ipsilateral field was 16.2 +/- 3.8 versus the contralateral control field of 15.6 +/- 3.2 (not significant). Volume measurements of the ipsilateral striatum revealed a 20% decrease that was compensated by an increase in ipsilateral ventricular size. The area of the initial ICH as measured by magnetic resonance imaging correlated with the degree of atrophy. In the region immediately surrounding the hematoma, cytochrome c immunoreactivity increased at 24 hours and 3 days, and returned toward baseline by day 7. At 24 hours, stereology in the peri-ICH region showed decreased density in the region where cytochrome c immunoreactivity was the highest. Neuronal density of the ipsilateral SNr was significantly less than the contralateral side (9.6 +/- 1.9 vs 11.6 +/- 2.3). Histologic damage from ICH occurred mainly in the immediate perihemorrhage region. Except for SNr, we found no evidence of neuronal loss in distal regions. We have termed this continued destruction of neurons, which occurs over at least 3 days as the neurons come into proximity to the hematoma, the "black hole" model of hemorrhagic damage.
Data from Temozolomide Does Not Impair Gene Therapy-Mediated Antitumor Immunity in Syngeneic Brain Tumor Models (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common primary brain cancer in adults. Chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ) significantly prolongs the survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme. However, the three-year survival is still approximately 5%. Herein, we combined intratumoral administration of an adenoviral vector expressing Flt3L (Ad-Flt3L) with systemic temozolomide to assess its impact on therapeutic efficacy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; Wild-type or immunodeficient mice bearing intracranial glioblastoma multiforme or metastatic melanoma were treated with an intratumoral injection of Ad-Flt3L alone or in combination with the conditionally cytotoxic enzyme thymidine kinase (Ad-TK), followed by systemic administration of ganciclovir and temozolomide. We monitored survival and measured the tumor-infiltrating immune cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Although treatment with temozolomide alone led to a small improvement in median survival, when used in combination with gene therapy-mediated immunotherapy, it significantly increased the survival of tumor-bearing mice. The antitumor effect was further enhanced by concomitant intratumoral administration of Ad-TK, leading to 50% to 70% long-term survival in all tumor models. Although temozolomide reduced the content of T cells in the tumor, this did not affect the therapeutic efficacy. The antitumor effect of Ad-Flt3L+Ad-TK+TMZ required an intact immune system because the treatment failed when administered to knock out mice that lacked lymphocytes or dendritic cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Our results challenge the notion that chemotherapy leads to a state of immune-suppression which impairs the ability of the immune system to mount an effective antitumor response. Our work indicates that temozolomide does not inhibit antitumor immunity and supports its clinical implementation in combination with immune-mediated therapies. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 20(6); 1555–65. ©2014 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Universal multiresolution source codes (2001)

A multiresolution source code is a single code giving an embedded source description that can be read at a variety of rates and thereby yields reproductions at a variety of resolutions. The resolution of a source reproduction here refers to the accuracy with which it approximates the original source. Thus, a reproduction with low distortion is a "high-resolution" reproduction while a reproduction with high distortion is a "low-resolution" reproduction. This paper treats the generalization of universal lossy source coding from single-resolution source codes to multiresolution source codes. Results described in this work include new definitions for weakly minimax universal, strongly minimax universal, and weighted universal sequences of fixed- and variable-rate multiresolution source codes that extend the corresponding notions from lossless coding and (single-resolution) quantization to multiresolution quantizers. A variety of universal multiresolution source coding results follow, including necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of universal multiresolution codes, rate of convergence bounds for universal multiresolution coding performance to the theoretical bound, and a new multiresolution approach to two-stage universal source coding.
Individualized Risk of Surgical Complications (2014)

BACKGROUND: Discussion of risk is a central tenet of the dialogue between surgeon and patient. Being able to individualize and quantify risk has been hampered by the lack of robust, multi-institutional databases from which to create appropriate statistical models. In an effort to integrate evidence-based practice into the discussion of patient risk and better manage patient expectations, risk calculators have been recently developed from large multi-institutional databases. Focusing on the comprehensive TOPS database, we endeavored to construct a breast reconstruction risk calculator for plastic surgical outcomes. METHODS: The Tracking Operations and Outcomes for Plastic Surgeons (TOPS) database from 2008-2011 was queried for patients undergoing breast reconstruction. Demographic variables were noted and binary regression models constructed for the following complications: seroma, dehiscence, surgical site infection (SSI), explantation, flap failure, reoperation, and overall complications. Model performance was assessed via Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) p-value, c-statistic, and Brier score. RESULTS: Of 11,992 cases, 5,180 met inclusion criteria. Overall complication rates were 16.5%, with rates of 3.9% for seroma, 4.2% for SSI, 5.8% for dehiscence, 3.8% for explantation, 6.8% for flap failure, and 6.3% for reoperation. Individualized risk models were then developed with acceptable goodness-of-fit, accuracy, and internal validity as demonstrated by H-L statistics, brier scores, and optimism-corrected c-statistics, respectively. Distribution of overall complication risk was broad and asymmetric. This indicates that the majority of patients have a lower risk than the population average indicates, while a subset of patients have a much higher risk. These models were used to create an open-access online version of the risk calculator, available at www.BRAscore.org/TOPS. CONCLUSIONS: Population-based measures of risk may not accurately reflect risk for many individual patients. Statistical models demonstrated a wide distribution of risk around the mean probability of a given complication (Table 1). In this era of increasing emphasis on evidence-based medicine, we have developed a breast reconstruction risk assessment calculator from the robust TOPS database (Figure 1). The BRAscore tool can aid in individualizing--and quantifying--risk to better inform surgical decision-making and better manage patient expectations.Table 1: Table 1.Figure 1: Figure 1.ETHICAL APPROVAL: This work is based on the Tracking Operations and Outcomes for Plastic Surgeons (TOPS) program, which provides HIPAA-compliant, deidentified databases to members and candidate members of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS).
Equity in access to antiseizure medications: Who has the right to decide and what are the consequences of crisis decisions? (2023)

J.M.W. is an associate editor for Epilepsia. She is a member of the South African advisory board for Sanofi and for Novartis. M.R.S. has received compensation for speaking at continuing medical education programs from Medscape, Projects for Knowledge, International Medical Press, and Darnitsa. He has consulted for Medtronic, Neurelis, and Johnson & Johnson. He has received research support from Medtronic, Neurelis, SK Life Science, Takeda, Xenon, Cavion, Cerevel, UCB Pharma, Janssen, Equilibre, Neurona, Byteflies, and Engage Pharmaceuticals. He has received royalties from Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press.
Lasioglossin-III: antimicrobial characterization and feasibility study for immobilization applications (2013)

Prevalent bacterial colonization and subsequent biofilm formation in biomedical implants demand for improved antimicrobial properties of these devices. To address this problem, immobilizing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) on implants is a promising solution because of their biocompatibility and lesser likelihood to incur pathogen resistance. This study presents a systematic approach towards evaluating the feasibility of Lasioglossin-III (Lasio-III) (a new bee venom AMP, found in Lasioglossum laticeps) to be tethered onto biodevices. Antimicrobial characterization of Lasio-III in solution confirms the peptide's membranolytic mode of action and its salt-resistant, broad antimicrobial spectrum activity and anti-biofilm properties against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Lassio-III was covalently immobilized on silicon surfaces using APTES and PEG spacers of varying lengths. Surface characterization of the AMP-immobilized silicon was done using water contact angle measurements, XPS analysis and ellipsometry. Even at modest surface peptide concentrations of ∼180 ng cm−2, Lassio-III showed antibacterial activities which were further enhanced with increasing PEG spacer lengths, as determined by live CFU counting and ATP leakage experiments. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential of Lasio-III as an antimicrobial coating candidate.
Performance investigation of high-efficiency widely tunable subnanosecond optical parametric generator and amplifier based on MgO:PPLN (2022)

We report on experimental and theoretical studies of widely tunable high-efficiency subnanosecond optical parametric generator (OPG) and amplifier (OPA) based on a 2 cm long multigrating MgO-doped periodically-poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) crystal pumped by a passively Q-switched Nd:YAG micro-laser. Our OPG can be continuously tuned from 1442 nm to 4040 nm with signal wave energies ranging from 33 <i>μ</i>J to 265 <i>μ</i>J and total OPG conversion efficiency up to 46 % that depended on the pump focusing conditions. Characterization of spatial properties of the OPG determine Lorentzian spatial profile of the signal beam with <i>M</i> <sup>2</sup>≈2 that was also dependent on the pump focusing conditions. High OPG gain and subsequent pump depletion led to the adjustment of the output signal pulse duration in the range of 242 - 405 ps by varying the incident pump power. By using a distributed feedback (DFB) continuous-wave (CW) 1550 nm wavelength seed laser for the OPA operation we reduced the generation threshold up to 1.6 times, increased maximum conversion efficiency by 4 - 20%, and achieved nearly transform-limited output signal pulses. Experimentally measured characteristics were supplemented by numerical simulations based on the quantum mechanical model for the OPG, and classical three-wave interaction model for the OPA operation.
Enterococcus villorum sp. nov., an enteroadherent bacterium associated with diarrhoea in piglets. (2001)

The taxonomic positions of five enteroadherent bacterial pig isolates, showing phenotypic characteristics most similar to those of Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus hirae, were investigated in a polyphasic study that included 16S rDNA sequence analysis, DNA-DNA hybridizations, DNA base-ratio determinations, whole-cell protein fingerprinting, D11344-primed PCR typing and an extensive examination of phenotypic properties. The results demonstrated that the organisms represent a new species in the Enterococcus faecium species group, for which the name Enterococcus villorum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LMG 12287T (= CCM 4887T).
Anabolic androgenic steroids effects on the immune system: a review (2008)

Abstract Androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone. AAS are used by athletes and recreational users of all ages to enhance their athletic performance and/or physical appearance. While several adverse effects of AAS abuse have been described, their effect on the immune system has not been clearly elucidated. The literature generally indicates that supraphysiologic doses of AAS with an intact steroid nucleus are immunosuppressive, that is they reduce immune cell number and function. While those with alterations to the steroid nucleus are immunostimulatory as they induce the proliferation of T cells and other immune cells. Specifically, several common AAS have been shown to adversely influence lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation, antibody production, Natural Killer Cytotoxic activity and the production of certain cytokines, thereby altering the immune reaction. These effects may be profound and long lasting depending on the dosing regime, types or combinations of AAS used and the extent and duration of AAS abuse. Nevertheless, the effects of long term use of supraphysiologic doses of AAS on the immune system remain uncertain.
A new post-filtering technique for block-based transform coded images (2002)

The two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (DCT) is probably the most popular transform in image and video coding systems as it achieves very high compression ratio for fast implementation. Various still digital image and video compression algorithms using this block-based transform coding method cause the artifacts, called the blocking, in the reconstructed images of a video sequence. This artifact is more prominent at low-bit rates. A new eight-neighbour symmetric post-filtering technique is introduced in this paper to reduce the widely known blocking effect which is commonly found in the reconstructed images of block-based transform coding schemes. In this technique, the weights of the eight neighbouring pixels of the pixel of interest are determined by the modified Lagrange's interpolation algorithm. The proposed technique reduces the blocking effect while maintaining the sharpness of the reconstructed image. The results obtained by the proposed technique are compared in this paper with the results obtained by several well known eight neighbour low-pass filters such as Reeve and Lim's method, the Laplacian eight neighbour accounting filter (LENAF), the Laplacian four neighbour filter with + form, the Laplacian four neighbour filter with x form and a two neighbour filtering method. These comparisons will be conducted with the following measures: peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), block-edge impairment metric and subjective quality evaluation.
Choroidal Thickness Correlates with Clinical and Imaging Metrics of Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study (2021)

A small cohort of PD research participants displayed higher choroidal thickness that was related to better clinical performance and less nigral pathology. These intriguing findings warrant further investigation.
Real-time optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment using hand-held and slit-lamp adapted systems (2002)

Real-time optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to visualize and quantify structures in the anterior segment of the eye. Results obtained with hand-held and slit-lamp adapted OCT systems are presented. Preliminary data indicates strong potential for the use of real-time OCT in anterior segment biometry and in non-invasive assessment of normal and pathological anterior segment anatomy.
Nonlinear optimal suppression of vortex shedding from a circular cylinder (2015)

This study is focused on two- and three-dimensional incompressible flow past a circular cylinder for Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}\leqslant 1000$ . To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying the suppression of unsteadiness for this flow we determine the nonlinear optimal open-loop control driven by surface-normal wall transpiration. The spanwise-constant wall transpiration is allowed to oscillate in time, although steady forcing is determined to be most effective. At low levels of control cost, defined as the square integration of the control, the sensitivity of unsteadiness with respect to wall transpiration is a good approximation of the optimal control. The distribution of this sensitivity suggests that the optimal control at small magnitude is achieved by applying suction upstream of the upper and lower separation points and blowing at the trailing edge. At high levels of wall transpiration, the assumptions underlying the linearized sensitivity calculation become invalid since the base flow is eventually altered by the size of the control forcing. The large-magnitude optimal control is observed to spread downstream of the separation point and draw the shear layer separation towards the rear of the cylinder through suction, while blowing along the centreline eliminates the recirculation bubble in the wake. We further demonstrate that it is possible to completely suppress vortex shedding in two- and three-dimensional flow past a circular cylinder up to $\mathit{Re}=1000$ , accompanied by 70 % drag reduction when a nonlinear optimal control of moderate magnitude (with root-mean-square value 8 % of the free-stream velocity) is applied. This is confirmed through linearized stability analysis about the steady-state solution when the nonlinear optimal wall transpiration is applied. While continuously distributed wall transpiration is not physically realizable, the study highlights localized regions where discrete control strategies could be further developed. It also highlights the appropriate range of application of linear and nonlinear optimal control to this type of flow problem.
Survival of Red Cells Stored for 21 and 35 Days in aNon-Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate Plastic Container (1987)

Whole blood and red cells were stored using citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) and citrate-phosphatedextrose- adenine (CPDA-1) anticoagulants in polyvinylchloride bags made flexible with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) or tri-(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate (TOTM) plasticizers. After storage the posttransfusion viability of these cells was tested in autologous donors. Cells stored in TOTM-plasticized film had a survival rate less than 75% when stored for 35 days, while other systems had a survival greater than this. When compared with the red cells stored in CPD-DEHP-plasticized film, the viability of whole blood and red cells stored in CPDA-TOTM showed a statistically significant decrease (p = <0.01). Therefore, red cell storage in TOTM-plasticized PVC with current anticoagulant should be limited to 21 days.
Structural generalization in neural classification: incorporation of prior probabilities (1991)

Supervised learning of classifications under l/sub 2/ costing of error trains learning classifiers to recall Bayesian a posteriori probabilities of the possible classes, given observed measurements. This result leads to a number of insights concerning the validation of training, access to the likelihood function, creating networks of networks, incorporation of prior probabilities (which may vary in real-time), and how to choose the training set. The author focuses on the latter two points. Contextual information in the form of priors is used to generalise training data to economise on both training and computation. Structural generalization is the process whereby data is generalised architecturally rather than parametrically. A training procedure and postprocessing technique are given which enable learning under one set of prior classification probabilities to be generalized to give (asymptotically) Bayes optimal classifications under all others. >
Effect of Dopants on Zirconia Stabilization—An X‐ray Absorption Study: I, Trivalent Dopants (1994)

Local atomic structures of Zr and dopant cations in zirconia solid solutions with Fe 2 O 3 , Ga 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , and Gd 2 O 3 have been determined. The Zr ions in both partially stabilized tetragonal and fully stabilized cubic zirconia have their own characteristic structures which are dopant‐independent. The dopant cations substitute for Zr ions despite severe local distortions necessitated by the large difference in dopant–O distance ana Zr─O distance. Dopant ionic size determines the preferred locations of oxygen vacancies. Vacancies introduced by oversized dopants (Y and Gd) are located as nearest neighbors to Zr atoms, leaving 8‐fold oxygen coordination to dopant cations. Undersized dopants (Fe and Ga) compete with Zr ions for the oxygen vacancies in zirconia, resulting in 6‐fold oxygen coordination and a large disturbance to the surrounding next nearest neighbors. Since oxygen vacancies associated with Zr can provide stability for tetragonal and cubic zirconia, these results suggest an explanation for the observation that oversized trivalent dopants are more effective than undersized trivalent dopants in stabilizing cubic and tetragonal phases.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Radical Substitution on the Cubane Skeleton. (1990)

Abstract Irradiation of 1,4‐cubanedicarboxylic acid (I) in the presence of tert‐butyl hypoiodite results in iodinative decarboxylation, yielding the diiodide (II) and the triiodide (III).
Edinburgh's Machine Translation Systems for European Language Pairs (2013)

We validated various novel and recently proposed methods for statistical machine translation on 10 language pairs, using large data resources. We saw gains from optimizing parameters, training with sparse features, the operation sequence model, and domain adaptation techniques. We also report on utilizing a huge language model trained on 126 billion tokens. The annual machine translation evaluation campaign for European languages organized around the ACL Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation offers the opportunity to test recent advancements in machine translation in large data condition across several diverse language pairs. Building on our own developments and external contributions to the Moses open source toolkit, we carried out extensive experiments that, by early indications, led to a strong showing in the evaluation campaign. We would like to stress especially two contributions: the use of the new operation sequence model (Section 3) within Moses, and — in a separate unconstraint track submission — the use of a huge language model trained on 126 billion tokens with a new training tool (Section 4).
A note on high-security general-purpose elliptic curves. (2013)

Abstract. In this note we describe some general-purpose, high-efficiency elliptic curves tailored for security levels beyond 2128. For completeness, we also include legacy-level curves at standard security levels. The choice of curves was made to facilitate state-of-the-art implementation tech-niques. 1
Cardiac eigen imaging: a novel method to isolate cardiac activity in thoracic electrical impedance tomography (2020)

While both RCGA and CEI images had high-correlating pixels, CEI had higher correlations, a larger number of high-correlating pixels, and unlike RCGA is not dependent on the quality of the HR data collected. The observed performance of the CEI approach represents a promising step forward for EIT-based cardiac monitoring in either clinical or ambulatory settings.