gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification and Characterization of Wheat Dwarf Virus from France Using a Rapid Method for Geminivirus DNA Preparation (1995)

Using molecular analyses, we identified wheat dwarf geminivirus (WDV), a leafhopper-transmitted geminivirus prevalent in northern and eastern Europe, as the causative agent of a recent wheat dwarf outbreak in France. A novel, simple, and rapid method for purification of circular DNA from small amounts of plant tissue was described and was applied to clone the genome of WDV-F. The cloned WDV-F DNA was shown to be infectious on wheat (Triticum aestivum) following agroinoculation, and progeny virus was transmitted by leafhoppers. The DNA sequence of the WDV-F genome consists of 2,750 bases, differs by only 1.3 and 1.4% from the WDV isolates from Sweden and Czechoslovakia, respectively, and represents a new isolate of WDV.
Characterization of submicrometer periodic structures produced on polymer surfaces with low-fluence ultraviolet laser radiation (1993)

Periodic ripples and dot patterns with spacing smaller than 200 nm have been produced on various highly absorbing polymers [poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate), polystyrene, polycarbonate, etc.] using a polarized beam of an ArF and KrF excimer laser. The period of the structures increases with the wavelength used and with the angle of incidence of the beam, whereas the ripple direction is parallel to the polarization direction. The fluence interval in which the pattern can be produced is far below the ablation threshold of the polymer but probably allows a local melting or photolysis of the surface. For polystyrene, a strong influence of the presence of oxygen was observed, which leads to the conclusion that photooxidative processes play a major role in the structure growing mechanisms. Due to the small size (0.1 μm) of the structure scattering techniques using visible light (0.4–0.8 μm) could not be used in this study and scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were found adequate techniques. However, as alternative means of characterization a method called sample rotation ellipsometry has been successfully developed.
The molecular mechanism of acylation stimulating protein regulation of adipophilin and perilipin expression: Involvement of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase and phospholipase C (2011)

The novel adipokine acylation stimulating protein (ASP) is involved in lipid metabolism and obesity-related disorders. Adipophilin and perilipin, two members of the lipid droplet protein family, participate not only in fat storage within adipocytes, but also in ectopic lipid deposition in the form of cytoplasmic triglyceride (TG) droplets within many types of mammalian cells. During differentiation to mature adipocytes, mechanisms controlling the synthesis and turnover of these lipid droplet proteins are only partially understood, the mechanisms regulating gene/protein expression as yet unidentified. In our previous study, ASP has been shown to regulate adipophilin and perilipin expression to facilitate TG synthesis during 3T3-L1 cell differentiation. Our aim in this study was to provide insight into the physiological importance of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and phospholipase C (PLC) in ASP-triggered alteration of adipophilin and perilipin expression. We found that acute (2.5 h) inhibition of PLC or PI3K results in a decrease in mRNA and protein of perilipin and adipophilin at any time during differentiation. The fact that there is such a rapid change even with mRNA levels suggests a rapid turnover of both mRNA and protein independent of a direct ASP effect. Also, the presence of these inhibitors blocked the ASP stimulatory effects with a maximal decrease in gene and protein expression of adipophilin (-45% and -60%, respectively, P < 0.01) and perilipin (-96% and -63%, respectively, P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). These findings provide further understanding of the adipogenic properties of ASP in adipocytes.
Experience with Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer in Japan and Future Perspectives (2015)

Novel anti-androgens and androgen biosynthesis inhibitors have been developed to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, knowledge of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has not been developed in the criticism, including information regarding the adverse effects of hormonal therapy. We hypothesize that there are ethnic differences in the efficacy and adverse effects of ADT; therefore, this review summarizes the experience of ADT, mainly in Japan. A risk stratification instrument, the Japan Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (J-CAPRA) score, was developed based on the Japan Study Group of Prostate Cancer registry, which is a large, multicenter, population-based database. It revealed that clinical outcomes were substantially better for males treated with ADT in Japan compared with those in the United States. Moreover, there were small survival differences in patients with localized and locally advanced cancer who received local therapy and primary ADT in another Japanese cohort study. In terms of adverse effects, including bone loss and cardiovascular risk, ADT appears to be better tolerated in Japanese populations than in Western cohorts. An ongoing randomized controlled trial of a trimodality treatment comprising brachytherapy, external beam radiation therapy, and neoadjuvant with or without adjuvant ADT in patients with localized high-risk prostate cancer will provide novel insights regarding adjuvant ADT. As a future perspective, the optimal selection of the type of primary ADT, including combining androgen blockade and novel hormonal compounds, adjusted according to each patient's clinicopathological background, may provide better clinical outcomes in patients with advanced prostate cancer.
A Computational Model of a Single Auditory Nerve Fiber for Electric-Acoustic Stimulation (2022)

Cochlear implant (CI) recipients with preserved acoustic low-frequency hearing in the implanted ear are a growing group among traditional CI users who benefit from hybrid electric-acoustic stimulation (EAS). However, combined ipsilateral electric and acoustic stimulation also introduces interactions between the two modalities that can affect the performance of EAS users. A computational model of a single auditory nerve fiber that is excited by EAS was developed to study the interaction between electric and acoustic stimulation. Two existing models of sole electric or acoustic stimulation were coupled to simulate responses to combined EAS. Different methods of combining both models were implemented. In the coupled model variant, the refractoriness of the simulated fiber leads to suppressive interaction between electrically evoked and acoustically evoked spikes as well as spontaneous activity. The second model variant is an uncoupled EAS model without electric-acoustic interaction. By comparing predictions between the coupled and the noninteracting EAS model, it was possible to infer electric-acoustic interaction at the level of the auditory nerve. The EAS model was used to simulate fiber populations with realistic inter-unit variability, where each unit was represented by the single-fiber model. Predicted thresholds and dynamic ranges, spike rates, latencies, jitter, and vector strengths were compared to empirical data. The presented EAS model provides a framework for future studies of peripheral electric-acoustic interaction.
Mechanisms of active control in cylindrical fuselage structures (1990)

This paper summarizes ongoing efforts to understand and exploit active control techniques for low frequency noise suppression in aerospace applications. Analytical models are utilized in an effort to understand the mechanisms that govern noise transmission into acoustic spaces enclosed by lightweight structures and to examine the results of experimental implementations of active control schemes. Emphasis is placed on attaining global noise reductions using a minimum number of actuators rather than localized control over many subregions. This program has demonstrated the effect of synchrophasing and interface modal filtering, in limiting the modal density within the acoustic space, and how strong reactive effects may occur in two dimensional geometries. Finally, the performance of active control systems utilizing acoustic and vibration actuators is evaluated. Suppressions of 10 to 30 dB are demonstrated in practice, and performance is discussed in relation to the physical mechanisms and parameters of the system.
On the Corrosion Fatigue Crack Initiation Process of Ferritic Stainless Steel (1984)

フェライト系ステンレス鋼SUS405を用いた3%NaCl水溶液中でこの疲労試験を行い,腐食疲労過程における腐食ピット形成の重要性を明らかにした.そして,この様な腐食ピットがアノード溶解により形成されたものであることを確認した.さらに,結晶方位解析を行った結果,腐食ピットの生成される結晶粒のシュミット因子Kの値はK>0.46と大きな値を示したが,必ずしもK≒0.5近傍の方位をとっていないことが明らかとなった.
Safe Fine-Grained Locking for Aggregate Objects (2006)

Programmers have difficulty writing correct multithreaded code, not to mention code that scales well. One way to approach this problem is by offering a transaction construct, and leaving it to the compiler and run-time system to implement efficient synchronization. However, automatically generating efficient synchronization code is an open research problem. In this paper, rather than attempting to generate synchronization code automatically, we propose a programming methodology for explicit fine-grained locking of aggregate objects. We also propose a method for run-time checking, and a method for sound modular static verification of the safety of programs written according to the methodology. The system prevents deadlocks. The system is an extension of our methodology for safe concurrency for aggregate objects with invariants, which is in turn based on the Spec#/Boogie methodology for aggregate objects with invariants. This paper is a preliminary result of our investigation into programming methodologies for safe and efficient concurrency in object-oriented languages.
Inclusion in Regular Physical Education: The Research Base (1994)

Abstract The research base on including students with disabilities in regular education settings is beginning to help us understand if inclusion works and under what circumstances it works best.
MODIFICATIONS OF THE TRANSORAL APPROACH TO THE CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION (2008)

The cadaveric data correlated well with intraoperative measurements and the need for modifications of the transoral approach in 15 of the 16 adult patients (93.8%). Pediatric patients, patients with limited mouth opening, elevated craniovertebral junctions, and particularly deep lesions required more extensive exposure. This analysis may be useful for determining the optimal approach for patients undergoing transoral surgery.
Osteoprotegerin in Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis (2005)

Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a critical regulator of osteoclastogenesis, is expressed by prostate cancer cells, and OPG levels are increased in patients with prostate cancer bone metastases. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of OPG overexpression on prostate cancer cells and prostate cancer/bone cell interactions in vitro and in vivo. OPG-transfected C4-2 cells expressed 8.0 ng OPG per mL per 10(6) cells, whereas no OPG was detected in the media of C4-2 cells transfected with a control plasmid. OPG overexpressed by C4-2 cells protected these cells from tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis and decreased osteoclast formation. Subcutaneous OPG-C4-2 and pcDNA-C4-2 tumors exhibited similar growth and take-rate characteristics. However, when grown in bone, tumor volume was decreased in OPG-C4-2 versus pcDNA-C4-2 (P=0.0017). OPG expressed by C4-2 cells caused increases in bone mineral density (P=0.0074) and percentage of trabecular bone volume (P=0.007), and decreases in numbers of osteoblasts and osteoclasts when compared with intratibial pcDNA-C4-2 tumors (P=0.003 and P=0.019, respectively). In summary, our data show that increased expression of OPG in C4-2 cells does not directly affect proliferation of prostate cancer cells but indirectly decreases growth of C4-2 tumors in the bone environment. Our data also show that OPG expressed by C4-2 cells inhibits bone lysis associated with C4-2 bone metastasis, which results in net increases in bone volume. We therefore hypothesize that OPG expressed in prostate cancer patient bone metastases may be at least partially responsible for the osteoblastic character of most prostate cancer bone lesions.
Differences in reactivity of antibodies to active versus inactive PLTP significantly impacts PLTP measurement (2002)

Due to conflicting reports concerning the relationship between phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) activity and mass in plasma, the protein concentration and activity of PLTP were assessed in fractions isolated by fast protein liquid chromatography from the plasma of healthy normolipidemic individuals. Using both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, PLTP was identified by Western blot analysis after both SDS and non-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and quantitated by dot blot. PLTP activity was determined using a labeled vesicle/HDL assay. PLTP mass corresponded substantially with the activity distribution using the polyclonal antibody on dot blot with some inactive PLTP being present. However, the monoclonal antibody preferentially reacted with inactive PLTP, primarily associated with LDL and large HDL, overestimating inactive PLTP. Western blot analysis of non-denaturing gradient gels, using the polyclonal antibody, indicated that active PLTP was associated with numerous discrete HDL subpopulations (7.6-12.0 nm) with the major portion being 9-12 nm. Inactive PLTP was associated with particles of 12 to >17 nm. The monoclonal antibody demonstrated a different pattern of reactivity on gradient gels, showing strong reactivity with the inactive PLTP in particles of 12 to >17 nm, but less reactivity with particles of 7.6-12 nm. The differences in reactivities of antibodies for active versus inactive PLTP can account for some of the discrepancies reported in the literature regarding the relationship between PLTP mass and activity.
Application of frequency conversion of starlight to high-resolution imaging interferometry. On-sky sensitivity test of a single arm of the interferometer (2012)

Abstract We investigate the sensitivity of frequency conversion of starlight using a non-linear optical sum frequency process. This study is being carried out in the context of future applications of optical interferometry dedicated to high-resolution imaging. We have implemented a complete experimental chain from telescope to detector. The starlight frequency is shifted from the infrared to the visible using an optically non-linear crystal. To fulfil the requirements of interferometry, our experimental setup uses spatially single-mode and polarization maintaining components. Due to the small size of the collecting aperture (8 inches Celestron C8) with a 3 nm spectral bandwidth, on-sky tests were performed on bright stars in the H band. The detection was achieved in a true photon counting operation, using synchronous detection. Betelgeuse (HMag =−3.9), Antares (HMag =−3.6) and Pollux (HMag =−1) were successfully converted and detected in visible light. Despite the low transmission of our experiment, our results prove that the efficiency of frequency conversion offers sufficient sensitivity for future interferometric applications.
The superposition principle and cavity ring-down spectroscopy (1996)

Cavity ring-down is becoming a widely used technique in gas phase spectroscopy. It holds promise for further important extensions, which will lead to even more frequent use. However, we have found widespread confusion in the literature about the nature of coherence effects, especially when the optical cavity constituting the ring-down cell is excited with a short coherence length laser source. In this paper we use the superposition principle of optics to present a general and natural framework for describing the excitation of a ring-down cavity regardless of the relative values of the cavity ring-down time, the input pulse coherence time, or the dephasing time of absorption species inside the cavity. This analysis demonstrates that even in the impulsive limit the radiation inside a high finesse cavity can have frequency components only at the natural resonance frequencies of the cavity modes. As an immediate consequence, a sample absorption line can be detected only if it overlaps at least one of the cavity resonances. Since this point is of particular importance for high resolution applications of the technique, we have derived the same conclusion also in the time domain representation. Finally, we have predicted that it is possible to use this effect to do spectroscopy with a resolution much higher than that of the bandwidth of the excitation laser. In order to aid in the design of such experiments, expressions are derived for the temporal and spatial overlap of a Fourier transform limited input Gaussian beam with the TEMmn modes of the cavity. The expressions we derive for the spatial mode overlap coefficients are of general interest in applications where accurate mode matching to an optical cavity is required.
On Diagonally Relaxed Orthogonal Projection Methods (2008)

We propose and study a block-iterative projection method for solving linear equations and/or inequalities. The method allows diagonal componentwise relaxation in conjunction with orthogonal projections onto the individual hyperplanes of the system, and is thus called diagonally relaxed orthogonal projections (DROP). Diagonal relaxation has proven useful in accelerating the initial convergence of simultaneous and block-iterative projection algorithms, but until now it was available only in conjunction with generalized oblique projections in which there is a special relation between the weighting and the oblique projections. DROP has been used by practitioners, and in this paper a contribution to its convergence theory is provided. The mathematical analysis is complemented by some experiments in image reconstruction from projections which illustrate the performance of DROP.
GomX-1: A Nano-satellite Mission to Demonstrate Improved Situational Awareness for Air Traffic Control (2012)

Since the launch of the first Cubesats in 2003 significant resources are now being invested worldwide in developing technologies and capabilities that allows nano-satellites to perform more meaningful missions in space. In November 2012 GomSpace will launch the GomX-1 nano-satellite, which features a payload capable of tracking from space trans-oceanic flights by reception of the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) signal emitted by the aircraft. The future potential uses for space based ADS-B are many and range from the optimization of air space procedures based on statistical data from a few nano-satellites to an operational real-time system for operational air traffic management. The GomX-1 mission will be the first ADS-B demonstration from space.
High-grade serous ovarian cancer arises from fallopian tube in a mouse model (2012)

Although ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in women, little is known about how the cancer initiates and metastasizes. In the last decade, new evidence has challenged the dogma that the ovary is the main source of this cancer. The fallopian tube has been proposed instead as the primary origin of high-grade serous ovarian cancer, the subtype causing 70% of ovarian cancer deaths. By conditionally deleting Dicer, an essential gene for microRNA synthesis, and Pten, a key negative regulator of the PI3K pathway, we show that high-grade serous carcinomas arise from the fallopian tube in mice. In these Dicer-Pten double-knockout mice, primary fallopian tube tumors spread to engulf the ovary and then aggressively metastasize throughout the abdominal cavity, causing ascites and killing 100% of the mice by 13 mo. Besides the clinical resemblance to human serous cancers, these fallopian tube cancers highly express genes that are known to be up-regulated in human serous ovarian cancers, also demonstrating molecular similarities. Although ovariectomized mice continue to develop high-grade serous cancers, removal of the fallopian tube at an early age prevents cancer formation--confirming the fallopian tube origin of the cancer. Intriguingly, the primary carcinomas are first observed in the stroma of the fallopian tube, suggesting that these epithelial cancers have a mesenchymal origin. Thus, this mouse model demonstrates a paradigm for the origin and initiation of high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas, the most common and deadliest ovarian cancer.
Spin-on dielectric films-a general overview (2002)

In this paper an overview of both new and existing spin-on dielectric materials used in the manufacture of integrated circuit devices will be presented. Present day integrated circuit devices have 2 to 3 levels of metal interconnects, and future devices may contain upwards of 6 metal levels. This evolving structural complexity necessitates the development of low dielectric constant insulators keeping the RC time constant of the metal-insulator structure to a minimum. This meets the needs of today's high clock speed devices. In addition, spin-on dielectric films must be capable of withstanding temperatures in excess of 400/spl deg/C, resistant to water absorption, have good adhesion to underlying films, generate crack free films ranging in thickness from 0.1 to 1 /spl mu/m, and possess excellent mechanical and electrical strength. Spin-on dielectric films can be classified into four families: silicate, siloxane, organic, and nanoporous silicate. Silicates are silicon dioxide films formed by the cross-linking reaction of hydroxylated-silicate oligomers. Siloxanes are silicate compounds that are either partially or fully methylated. The addition of the methyl group lowers the film stress, lowers the dielectric constant by lowering the film density, and at the same time improves the gap fill and planarization of these films. Hydrogen, and have hydrogenmethyl siloxane combinations are under evaluation as well. Organic dielectrics are currently receiving a lot of attention from semiconductor device manufacturers and have-the benefit that thick, crack free, films can be formed. Organic polymers, on the other hand, are limited by their thermal stability. Nanoporous silicates overcome this issue by retaining a thermally stable silicon-oxygen backbone but make use of a modified xerogel technology to impart a nanoporous film structure resulting in ultra-low dielectric constant films.
Spin-dependent tunneling junctions with Fe55Ni45 electrodes and in situ resistive measurement of oxide growth (1999)

We have fabricated Si/Ta/Fe55Ni45/FeMn/Fe55Ni45/Al2O3/Fe55Ni45/Ta spin-dependent tunneling junctions, in which the tunneling barrier is formed by plasma oxidation. The as-deposited Fe55Ni45/FeMn bilayer has a surface exchange energy of 0.13 erg/cm2. A maximum tunneling magnetoresistive ratio of 16.5% is obtained in the junctions. We also developed an in situ resistance measurement technique to monitor tunneling barrier thickness during plasma oxidation. The plasma oxidation data are fitted to an oxide growth model based on cation hopping current and sputtering.