gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytokine network and its manipulation in rheumatoid arthritis. (2006)

Studies of the inflammatory process in the inflamed synovium from rheumatoid arthritis patients have shown an intricate network of molecules involved in its initiation, perpetuation and regulation trial balances the pro- and anti-inflammatory process. This system is self-regulating though the action of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines cytokine receptor antagonists and naturally occurring antibodies cytokines. Inflammatory synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (and possibly in other inflammatory arthritidies) appears to be the result of an imbalance in the cytokine network with either an excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines or from inadequacy of the natural anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Using this knowledge the newer therapeutic approaches to RA and other inflammatory arthritides are being aimed at correcting this imbalance. Monoclonal antibodies to INF-alpha (humanised form of this is called infliximab), soluble TNF-alpha receptors (etanercept) are already in clinical use and adalimumab (humanised TNF-alpha antibody). IL-1Ra is undergoing clinical trials. Other promising therapeutic agents that could regulate the cytokine network are in various stages of laboratory and clinical evaluation. These studies promise to yield therapeutic targets that could dramatically change the way inflammatory diseases would he treated in the future. The now established efficacy of infliximab and etanercept in inflammatory arthritides could be considered just a glimpse of the exciting scenario of the future.
Understanding and improving model representation of aerosol optical properties for a Chinese haze event measured during KORUS-AQ (2020)

Abstract. KORUS-AQ was an international cooperative air quality field study in South Korea that measured local and remote sources of air pollution affecting the Korean Peninsula during May–June 2016. Some of the largest aerosol mass concentrations were measured during a Chinese haze transport event (24 May). Air quality forecasts using the WRF-Chem model with aerosol optical depth (AOD) data assimilation captured AOD during this pollution episode but overpredicted surface particulate matter concentrations in South Korea, especially PM2.5, often by a factor of 2 or larger. Analysis revealed multiple sources of model deficiency related to the calculation of optical properties from aerosol mass that explain these discrepancies. Using in situ observations of aerosol size and composition as inputs to the optical properties calculations showed that using a low-resolution size bin representation (four bins) underestimates the efficiency with which aerosols scatter and absorb light (mass extinction efficiency). Besides using finer-resolution size bins (8–16 bins), it was also necessary to increase the refractive indices and hygroscopicity of select aerosol species within the range of values reported in the literature to achieve better consistency with measured values of the mass extinction efficiency (6.7 m2 g−1 observed average) and light-scattering enhancement factor (f(RH)) due to aerosol hygroscopic growth (2.2 observed average). Furthermore, an evaluation of the optical properties obtained using modeled aerosol properties revealed the inability of sectional and modal aerosol representations in WRF-Chem to properly reproduce the observed size distribution, with the models displaying a much wider accumulation mode. Other model deficiencies included an underestimate of organic aerosol density (1.0 g cm−3 in the model vs. observed average of 1.5 g cm−3) and an overprediction of the fractional contribution of submicron inorganic aerosols other than sulfate, ammonium, nitrate, chloride, and sodium corresponding to mostly dust (17 %–28 % modeled vs. 12 % estimated from observations). These results illustrate the complexity of achieving an accurate model representation of optical properties and provide potential solutions that are relevant to multiple disciplines and applications such as air quality forecasts, health impact assessments, climate projections, solar power forecasts, and aerosol data assimilation.
The effects of deltamethrin on heme oxygenase-1 in rats (2008)

Objective:To observe the expression changes of heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) and its mRNA induced by delmathrin(DM) in rats.Methods:36 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into control,low DM(1.25 mg/kg DM),high DM(12.5 mg/kg DM)exposed groups,by giving intraperitoneal injection for 5 days.The number of protein expression of hemeoxygenase-1 and its mRNA were detected at 24 hours after the last intraperitoneal administration.Results:The HO-1 and its mRNA expressed positive cells were significantly increased in high DM group(P0.05).Conclusion:Deltamethrin could induce increase expression of HO-1.
The reactions of 3,4-dehydroproline with substituted isatins (1967)

Substituted isatins having a free NH group react with 3,4- dehydroproline, like isatin itself, to give 3-(1-pyrrolyl)oxindoles. Analysis of the N.M.R. spectra of the 5-nitro and 5,7-dibromo analogues confirms that the isatins condense at their 3- and not their 2-carbonyl groups. N-Alkylisatins form similar products which, depending on the conditions, may react with a further molecule of the isatin to give unstable di-adducts whose structures have been determined.
Element-specific study of epitaxial NiO/Ag/CoO/Fe films grown on vicinal Ag(001) using photoemission electron microscopy (2011)

NiO/Ag/CoO/Fe single crystalline films are grown epitaxially on a vicinal Ag(001) substrate using molecular beam epitaxy and investigated by photoemission electron microscopy. We find that after zero-field cooling, the in-plane Fe magnetization switches from parallel to perpendicular direction of the atomic steps of the vicinal surface at thinner CoO thickness but remains in its original direction parallel to the steps at thicker CoO thickness. CoO and NiO domain imaging result shows that both CoO/Fe and NiO/CoO spins are perpendicularly coupled, suggesting that the Fe magnetization switching may be associated with the rotatable-frozen spin transition of the CoO film.
Methodology of Generating Timing-Slack-Based Cell-Aware Tests (2019)

In order to reduce DPPM (defect parts per million), cell-aware (CA) methodology was proposed to cover various types of intra-cell defects. The resulting CA faults can be a 1-time-frame (1tf) or 2-time-frame (2tf) fault, and 2tf CA tests were experimentally verified to be capable of catching a significant number of defective parts not covered by other conventional tests. In this paper, we present a novel methodology for generating 2tf CA tests based on timing slack analysis. The proposed 2tf CA fault model, aware of timing slack and named TS, defines a fault (i) on a cell instance basis, and (ii) based on per-instance timing criticality (according to timing slack). More explicitly, for each cell instance with a specific defect injected, we check its output capacitive load and derive the corresponding extra delay. By comparing the extra delay against timing slack of the cell instance, a delay fault can be defined, and according to its severity, the fault can be further classified into small-delay fault or gross-delay fault. In contrast to prior 2tf CA methodology that is on a cell (rather than cell instance) basis and unaware of timing criticality/slack, our methodology can identify “more realistic” faults which really need to be considered, and potentially the cost/effort for testing those 2tf CA faults can be reduced. Experimental results on a set of 28nm industrial designs demonstrate that, due to more realistic fault identification, the numbers of identified small-delay faults and corresponding test patterns to be applied can be reduced by 35.1% and 24.1% respectively, leading to 40.7% reduction in the runtime of ATPG.
Probiotics and Periodontal Diseases (2017)

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Probiotics have been used to directly modify the resident oral microbiome and proposed to modulate immune responses. In dentistry, probiotics have been employed as useful adjuncts for the reduction of caries development, suppressing oral Candida infection and controlling halitosis. Plaque-induced gingivitis is a gingival inflammation caused by the adherent bacterial biofilm around teeth. Gingivitis and periodontitis are considered to be a continuum of the same inflammatory process, although many gingivitis lesions do not progress to periodontitis. Periodontitis is an inflammatory process that affects the attachment structures of teeth. It constitutes a second cause of tooth loss worldwide. Conventional treatment modalities of periodontal disease include non-surgical and/or surgical management, with an emphasis on mechanical debridement. However, mechanical debridement as a sole therapy is not always effective to improve clinical parameters. A growing number of studies support probiotic therapy to prevent or treat gingivitis and periodontitis. Oral administration of probiotics is an effective adjunct in reducing pathogenic bacteria and improving clinical signs of disease. Probiotics may serve as adjunct or replacement therapy substitute antibiotics in managing human periodontal infections in future.
The analytic hierarchy and analytic network measurement processes: Applications to decisions under Risk (2007)

Mathematics applications largely depend on scientific practice. In science measurement depends on the use of scales, most frequently ratio scales. A ratio scale there is applied to measure various physical attributes and assumes a zero and an arbitrary unit used uniformly throughout an application. Different ratio scales are combined by means of formulas. The formulas apply within structures involving variables and their relations under natural law. The meaning and use of the outcome is then interpreted according to the judgment of an expert as to how well it meets understanding and experience or satisfies laws of nature that are always there. Science derives results objectively, but interprets their significance is subjectively. In decision making, there are no set laws to characterize structures in which relations are predetermined for every decision. Understanding is needed to structure a problem and then also to use judgments to represent importance and preference quantitatively so that a best outcome can be derived by combining and trading off different factors or attributes. From numerical representations of judgments, priority scales are derived and synthesized according to given rules of composition. In decision making the priority scales can only be derived objectively after subjective judgments are made. The process is the opposite of what we do in science. This paper summarizes a mathematical theory of measurement in decision making and applies it to real-life examples of complex decisions.
BCG administration promotes the long-term protection afforded by a single-dose intranasal adenovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (2023)

Abstract Despite medical interventions and several approved vaccines, the COVID-19 pandemic is continuing into its third year. Recent publications have explored single-dose intranasal (i.n.) adenovirus-based vaccines as an effective strategy for curbing SARS-CoV-2 in naïve animal models. However, the effects of prior immunizations and infections have yet to be considered within these models. Here, we investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Mycobacterium bovis BCG pre-immunization on a subsequent S-protein expressing i.n. Ad vaccination, termed Ad(Spike). We found that Ad(Spike) alone conferred long-term protection from severe SARS-CoV-2 pathology within a mouse model, yet it was unable to limit initial infection 6 months post-vaccination. While i.n. Ad(Spike) retains some protective effect after 6 months, a single administration of BCG-Danish prior to Ad(Spike) vaccination potentiates its ability to control viral replication of the B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variant within the respiratory tract. Though BCG-Danish had no effect on the ability of Ad(Spike) to generate and maintain humoral immunity, it promoted the generation of cytotoxic and Th1 responses over suppressive FoxP3 + T REG cells in the lungs of infected mice. These data demonstrate a novel vaccination strategy that may prove useful in limiting future viral pandemics by potentiating the long-term efficacy of next generation mucosal vaccines within the context of the safe and widely distributed BCG vaccine. One sentence summary BCG enhances anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity and protection afforded by a novel adenovirus-vectored vaccine.
Texturing the cathode of white organic light-emitting diodes with a lattice of nanoscale scatterers for enhanced light out-coupling (2015)

The external quantum efficiency of white organic light-emitting diodes is often limited by light out-coupling losses due to surface plasmons. We demonstrate how texturing of the metal-cathode surface using a two-dimensionally periodic lattice of nanoscale scatterers with limited disorder can be used to reduce plasmonic losses while simultaneously enhancing both the light out-coupling and the spontaneous-emission rate of the excitons. We use electrodynamic simulations and statistical modeling to explore the relationship between the topology of the surface texture and its corresponding scattering efficiency. From this, we outline attributes of textures that can most enhance device performance.
Synthesis of D-alloisoleucine from L-isoleucine and from (S)-2-methylbutan-1-ol. Synthesis of isostatine (1994)

Three different synthetic routes to the uncommon α-amino acid D-alloisoleucine were studied. The first was based on the stereospecific inversion of configuration of the C-2 stereogenic carbon of L-isoleucine. The second involved acetylation of L-isoleucine with epimerisation at the C-2 carbon, giving a mixture of L-isoleucine and D-alloisoleucine, which was resolved enzymically with hog kidney acylase. In a new approach, an epimeric mixture of LL-isoleucine and D-alloisoleucine was synthesized from (S)-2-methylbutan-1-ol and was again resolved enzymically. The D-alloisoleucine produced in these syntheses was subsequently transformed into the γ-amino acid isostatine.
Refractive index and extinction coefficient dependence of thin Al and Ir films on deposition technique and thickness (2007)

We show that the optical properties of thin metallic films depend on the thickness of the film as well as on the deposition technique. Several thicknesses of electron-beam-gun-evaporated aluminium films were measured and the refractive index and the extinction coefficient defined using ellipsometry. In addition, the refractive indexes and the extinction coefficients of atomic-layer-deposited iridium were compared with those of evaporated iridium samples.
Mechanical and thermal properties of PP/PBT blends compatibilized with triblock thermoplastic elastomer (2015)

Abstract A linear triblock copolymer, poly(styrene-b-etylene/butylene-b-styrene)(SEBS) thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) grafted with maleic anhydride was used for compatibilization of PP/PBT blends. PP/PBT blends of different mass ratios 60/40, 50/50, 40/60 were mixed with 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt.% of SEBS copolymer in a twin screw extruder. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis were performed to define the phase structure of PP/PBT blends. TPE with a rubbery mid-block shifted the glass transition of PP/PBT blend towards lower temperatures, and significant decrease the crystallization temperature of a crystalline phase of PP component was observed. The influence of the amount of compatibilizer and the blend composition on the mechanical properties (tensile and flexural strengths, toughness and moduli) was determined. Addition of 5 wt.% of a triblock TPE led to a three-fold increase of PP/PBT toughness. A significant increase of impact properties was observed for all materials compatibilized with the highest amount of SEBS copolymer.
Targeting the tumor microenvironment (2007)

Despite some notable successes cancer remains, for the most part, a seemingly intractable problem. There is, however, a growing appreciation that targeting the tumor epithelium in isolation is not sufficient as there is an intricate mutually sustaining synergy between the tumor epithelial cells and their surrounding stroma. As the details of this dialogue emerge, new therapeutic targets have been proposed. The FDA has already approved drugs targeting microenvironmental components such as VEGF and aromatase and many more agents are in the pipeline. In this article, we describe some of the "druggable" targets and processes within the tumor microenvironment and review the approaches being taken to disrupt these interactions.
Materials reliability issues in microelectronics : symposium held April 30-May 3, 1991, Anaheim, California, U.S.A. (1991)

With the increased complexity of modern integrated circuits, it is important that reliability problems be attacked properly with the appropriate tools. This volume recognizes that almost all reliability problems are materials problems, and helps to put 'reliabilty physics' on a firm scientific foundation. Topics include: electromigration; stress effects on reliability; stress and packaging; metallization; device, oxide and dielectric reliability; new investigative techniques; corrosion.
Dielectric properties of epoxy based nanocomposites for high voltage insulation (2011)

Epoxy polymer with micro, nano and micro + nano silica fillers have been evaluated for their electrical performance in high voltage insulation applications. The dielectric strength of these samples was measured in accordance with the ASTM D-149 standard. Dielectric spectroscopy was used to understand the role of space charge and interfaces in these materials. The results of dielectric spectroscopy suggest that significant improvement in the electrical performance can be expected by using samples containing nanofillers and micro + nanofillers when compared to materials containing only microfillers. However, the dielectric strength measurement showed no statistically significant improvement for the nanofilled samples. Techniques other than dielectric breakdown may be required to adequately characterize differences in the electrical performance of the dielectrics. For example, a partial discharge test using a highly non-uniform field may be more useful as it would correspond to simulate actual service conditions.
Editorial (2005)

Editing any Journal carries risk. The production process necessitates the submission of copy well in advance of the anticipated publication date. The task of second gussing development in the ecclesiastical world keeps one in a constant state of alertness. But even my crystal ball is not faultless. Thus I pen this editorial in the penumbral world which lies between the election of potential bishop for the See of Guildford and the confirmation of such election.
Can chest ultrasonography assess pleurodesis after VATS for spontaneous pneumothorax? (2005)

Thoracic echography for the postoperative evaluation of pleurodesis is feasible and simple. An ideal pleurodesis is more likely after pleurectomy than after pleural abrasion. Areas of persisting pleural sliding are probably at risk of recurrence.
Prevalence of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type II in American Indian Populations of the Southwestern United States (1994)

We investigated the seroprevalence of human T cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) using a screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblot confirmation among the predominant tribes (Pueblo and Athapaskan) served by two large Indian Health Service facilities in New Mexico. Among persons being treated for sexually transmitted diseases, eight (3.2%) of 250 were seropositive for HTLV II, compared with eight (2.1%) of 385 women attending prenatal clinics. In a survey of unselected patients at one of the facilities, 15 (3.4%) of 446 were seropositive. Of 31 seropositive subjects, 25 were infected with HTLV-II and six infections could not be typed. Sera from nine (29%) of the 31 infected subjects had absorbance values less than the manufacturer's cutoff in the ELISA. Both Pueblo and Athapaskan groups had similar overall seroprevalences, but women tended to have a slightly higher seroprevalence than men, and seroprevalence tended to increase with age. These data show that HTLV-II infection is present among diverse groups of American Indians in the southwestern United States. Present ELISA screening tests, such as those used in this study, lack sensitivity to HTLV-II infection unless a reduced absorbance cutoff is used.
Application of cone penetrometer testing technology in waste site investigations at SRS (1993)

The Savannah River site is currently using the cone penetrometer test as a screening tool in geotechnical subsurface and hydrogeologic investigations of hazardous/radioactive waste units. Cone penetration technology has been employed to characterize the subsurface at several assessment sites for facility investigation/remedial investigation established as a result of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The primary uses of the cone penetrometer test are for stratigraphic logging data (continuity and thickness), hydrologic data (potentiometric and pore pressure data), and contaminant information at these sites. Lessons learned in applying the cone penetrometer testing technology have been compiled to better apply this technology.
Prothymosin alpha enhances human natural killer cell cytotoxicity: role in mediating signals for NK activity. (1992)

We have investigated the effects of prothymosin alpha (ProT alpha) on the in vitro NK activity of various human cell populations obtained by successive purification of large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) and CD16+ cells. The results of this study indicate that ProT alpha is able to enhance the spontaneous NK activity of cells from normal donors. This effect was time and dose dependent in the range 7 to 350 nM, occurred over a wide range of effector/target cell ratios, and appeared not to require the presence of accessory cells. In addition, ProT alpha exhibited additive effects with recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) and recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). Finally our data suggest that the effect of ProT alpha enhancing the NK cell cytotoxicity appears to involve enhancement of p70 IL-2R expression and internalization of IL-2, and was independent of cell proliferation.
Contribution des moyens de production dispersés aux courants de défaut. Modélisation des moyens de production et algorithmes de détection de défaut. (2014)

This research focuses on the protection of MV distribution networks with Distributed Generators (DGs), such as wind farms or photovoltaic farms, etc. First, the state of art is carried out on fault behaviour of DGs, their impacts on protection system and the mitigation solutions. Next, algorithms are developed for directional relays without voltage sensors. Based on the symmetrical component method, these algorithms help the overcurrent protections to avoid the false tripping issue due to fault contribution of DGs. With the suppression of voltage sensors, such directional relays become cheaper in comparison with the traditional ones. Following the fault detection (the phase or residual current reaches the pick-up value) and depending on fault type (line-to-ground or line-to-line fault), the ratios between the variation (before and during fault) of negative-zero sequence or negative-positive sequence currents are calculated. From these ratios, a SVM (Support Vector Machines) classifier estimates the fault direction (upstream or downstream the detector). The classifier is trained beforehand from transient simulations. This survey shows good performances of the directional algorithms with different network parameters and different kinds of DGs. Such algorithms could be implemented in protections along the feeders in the future smart grids.