gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computer-Mediated Addition of Fresh Medium in Continuous Culture of Zymomonas mobilis by Monitoring Weight Changes (1997)

A major problem encountered in pH-stat continuous culture of Zymomonas mobilis which employed growth-dependent pH changes to control the rate of addition of fresh medium into the culture was that of low dilution rate. Glucose concentration in the culture broth also became very low after the initiation of continuous fermentation. A new control system for delivering fresh substrate into the fermentor is discussed that solves the problems of low dilution rate and low residual glucose. This new system involves linking the feeding of fresh substrate into the fermentor with the outflow of alkali (NaOH) from the alkali reservoir by monitoring weight changes of the two solutions. Dilution rates of about 0.33 h-1 and productivity values of about 11.00 g.l-1h-1 could be achieved with this method, while maintaining the concentration of ethanol in the fermentor at about 33.00 gl-1 when the ratio (α) of weight of glucose fed into the fermentor to the unit weight of alkali used in neutralizing acid produced in the broth was 25.00.
Two‐dimensional electrophoresis of human placental mitochondria and protein identification by mass spectrometry: Toward a human mitochondrial proteome (1998)

Owing to the complexity of higher eukaryotic cells, characterization of a complete proteome is likely to be difficult to achieve. However, advantage can be taken of the cell compartmentalization to build organelle proteomes, which can moreover be viewed as specialized tools to study specifically the biology and "physiology" of the target organelle. Within this frame, we report here the construction of the human mitochondrial proteome, using placenta as the source tissue. Protein identification was carried out mainly by peptide mass fingerprinting, but other methods were also used (N-terminal microsequencing, blotting). The optimization steps in two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis needed for proteome research are discussed. However, the relative paucity of data concerning mitochondrial proteins is still the major limiting factor in building the corresponding proteome, which should be a useful tool for researchers working on human mitochondria and their deficiencies.
Auction Design Enhancements for Non-Combinatorial Auctions (1997)

We evaluate a number of possible enhancements to the FCC auctions. We consider only changes to the current auction rules that stay within the basic format of the simultaneous multiple round auction for individual licenses. This report summarizes and extends our e-mail exchanges with FCC staff on this topic. A subsequent report will cover auctions with combination bids. Overall, the FCC spectrum auctions have been an enormous success. However, there are two design goals in the auction where important improvement can be achieved within the basic rules structure. These are restricting collusion among bidders and reducing the time taken to complete the auction. This report focuses on enhancements that help to achieve these two goals. Some of the suggested changes also streamline the auction process so large auctions can be conducted more quickly without sacrificing efficiency.
Properties of Vero cytotoxin-producingEscherichia coliof human and animal origin belonging to serotypes other than O157: H7 (1989)

Eight non-O157:H7 Vero cytotoxin (VT)-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) strains isolated from ill persons and nine bovine and lamb strains of serogroups matching the human strains, were characterized for various properties known to be associated with E. coli virulence. Five different serogroups were represented: O5, O55, O103, O111 and O153. The bovine and lamb strains produced VT1, while 3 human strains produced VT1, 3 produced VT2 and 2 were positive for both VT1 and VT2. The strains were non-haemolytic on horse blood agar, did not produce either heat stable toxin A (STA) or heat labile toxin (LT), and were noninvasive. The CVD419 probe which has been proposed to identify enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) hybridized with all of the O5 and O103 strains, none of the O55 and O153 strains, and 3 of the 4 O111 strains. The strains carried several different sized plasmids and hybridization of Southern blots with the CVD419 probe identified plasmids ranging in size from 42 x 10(6) to 90 x 10(6). The strains did not hybridize with the enteroadherence factor (EAF) probe derived from an enteropathogenic strain and associated with the ability to give localized adherence to HEp-2 cells. Nevertheless five of the strains adhered in a localized pattern to HEp-2 cells and Intestine 407 cells. Adhesion to either HEp-2 or Intestine 407 cells did not correlate with hybridization with the CVD419 probe or haemagglutinating properties.
Pulsed, multiple dye laser oscillator system with accurate wavelength control (1986)

An ultrastable, tunable, multiple wavelength laser system would be highly desirable for performing multiphoton spectroscopic experiments. We have designed, built, and tested (for extended periods) such a system, whose frequency is accurately determined and controlled by a single wavelength meter. An optical fiber network is used to multiplex several lasers into the wavemeter and facilitate remote operation. In addition, a wavelength reference is included to periodically update calibration of the wavemeter, allowing for long-term operation.
Eco-friendly and mechanochemically functionalised graphene with quick and high water dispersibility (2022)

This work represents an environmentally sound method to form graphene through ball-milling expanded graphite in the presence of the vitamin B 2 derivative Riboflavin Mononucleotide to give a covalently bonded, highly dispersible, low defect graphene.
Energy Transfer Is the Single Most Important Factor for the Difference in Vascular Response between Isolated Ultrafiltration and Hemodialysis (2000)

Differences in vascular reactivity between isolated ultrafiltration (i-UF) and hemodialysis (UF + HD) have been attributed to various factors, including differences in core temperature (CT) and energy transfer (ET). However, the relative importance of these thermal factors is not known. The aim of this study was to elucidate to what extent differences in ET are responsible for the divergent vascular response between i-UF and UF + HD. During four different dialysis treatments in 15 patients, four measurements were performed that consisted of 1 h of i-UF, UF + HD at a dialysate temperature (T(d)) of 37.5 degrees C (UF + HD(37.5)), UF + HD at T(d) 35.5 degrees C (UF + HD(35.5)), and UF + HD with a similar ET as during i-UF(UF + HD(ET-set)). The UF rate in all sessions was 1 L/h. CT ( degrees C) decreased significantly during i-UF and UF + HD(ET-set) (P < 0.05), increased significantly during UF + HD(37.5) (P < 0.05), and remained unchanged during UF + HD(35. 5) (NS). Forearm vascular reactivity increased significantly during i-UF, UF + HD(ET-set), and UF + HD(35.5) (P < 0.05), but not during UF + HD(37.5) (NS). Venous tone increased significantly during i-UF, UF + HD(35.5), and UF + HD(ET-set) (P < 0.05), and decreased significantly during UF + HD(37.5) (P < 0.05). When i-UF and UF + HD are matched for ET, all differences in vascular response disappear, showing that differences in ET are the single most important factor for the observed difference in vascular response between i-UF and UF + HD. In contrast to UF + HD(37.5), vascular reactivity was improved when the increase in CT was prevented during UF + HD(35.5) and appeared to increase more when CT was lowered. Preventing the increase in CT during UF + HD appears to be mandatory for optimization of hemodynamic stability during dialysis.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Bioresponsive and Endosomolytic siRNA−Polymer Conjugate (2009)

Extracellular stability of electrostatically formed siRNA polyplexes is a significant concern in the delivery process. To overcome the risk of polyplex dissociation in the extracellular environment, siRNA was covalently incorporated into a pH- and redox-responsive polymer conjugate. The novel siRNA conjugate consists of polylysine (PLL) as RNA binding and protecting polycation, polyethylene glycol (PEG) as solubilizing and shielding polymer, the lytic peptide melittin masked by dimethylmaleic anhydride (DMMAn) removable at endosomal pH, and the siRNA attached at the 5'-end of the sense strand via a bioreducible disulfide bond. The purified siRNA conjugate was stable in the presence of the polyanion heparin at conditions where the analogous electrostatic siRNA polyplexes disassemble. Only the combination of heparin plus a reducing agent such as glutathione triggered the release of siRNA from the conjugate. High in vitro biocompatibility (absence of cytotoxicity or hemolytic activity at neutral pH) and efficient and sequence-specific gene silencing was found at > or =25 nM siRNA, comparable to the corresponding electrostatic polyplexes. In vivo toxicity studies of this formulation demonstrated that conjugates remain to be optimized for therapeutic application.
Power flow control and damping enhancement of a large wind farm using a superconducting magnetic energy storage unit (2008)

A novel scheme using a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit to perform both power flow control and damping enhancement of a large wind farm (WF) feeding to a utility grid is presented. The studied WF consisting of forty 2 MW wind induction generators (IGs) is simulated by an equivalent 80 MW IG. A damping controller of the SMES unit is designed based on the modal control theory to contribute proper damping characteristics to the studied WF under different wind speeds. A frequency-domain approach based on a linearised system model using eigen techniques and a time-domain scheme based on a nonlinear system model subject to disturbance conditions are both employed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed SMES unit with the designed SMES damping controller. It can be concluded from the simulated results that the proposed SMES unit combined with the designed damping controller is very effective in stabilising the studied large WF under various wind speeds. The inherent fluctuations of the injected active power of the WF to the power grid can also be effectively controlled by the proposed control scheme.
How Far Away Are Lithium-Sulfur Batteries From Commercialization? (2019)

With the increasing demand for green energy due to environmental issues, developing batteries with high energy density is of great importance. Li-S batteries, since their big breakthrough in 2009, have attracted much attention in both academia and industry. In academia, significant progress has been made in improving the specific capacity, rate capacity and cycle performance using various novel strategies. However, the performance is hugely different when these strategies are extended to mass production, indicating a significant difference between academic research and industrial production. In this brief review, we discussed the gap between the academic research and commercialization in detail based on literature reports and to our more than ten years’ experience on Li-S pouch cells, which including cathodes, anodes, separators, interlayers, electrolytes, and additives. The problems, which existing in pouch cells by using the materials and technologies developed by academic research using coin cells, was analyzed. We expected that this review could be helpful to both academic research and industrial commercialization of Li-S batteries.
Shiga toxin genes (stx) in Norwegian sheep herds (2001)

The aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of shiga toxic genes (stx) in Norwegian sheep herds, and to identify herd management factors related to the occurrence of stx in herds. Faecal samples from 124 sheep-herds were collected at abattoirs in 1998. Pooled samples from lambs and from ewes were screened for stx by a PCR method directly on faeces. Of the 124 herds, 61 were positive for stx, giving an overall herd-prevalence of 49%. Twenty-one of the 61 positive herds were positive both in lamb and ewe samples, 24 only in lamb samples and 16 only in ewe samples. There was no difference in prevalence between regions. From the 21 herds positive both in lamb and ewe samples, stx encoding E. coli were detected in 18 herds using hydrophobic grid membrane filters and subsequent colony hybridization. Information about management factors was collected by telephone interviews. Having cattle at the same farm turned out to be a possible risk factor, with an Odds Ratio of 9.9 (CI 1.2 --> infinity).
Characterization and application of fluidic properties of trinucleotide repeat sequences by wax-on-plastic microfluidics (2019)

Trinucleotide repeat (TNR) sequences introduce sequence-directed flexibility in the genomic makeup of all living species leading to unique non-canonical structure formation. In humans, the expansions of TNR sequences are responsible for almost 24 neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases because their unique structures disrupt cell functions. The biophysical studies of these sequences affect their electrophoretic mobility and spectroscopic signatures. Here, we demonstrate a novel strategy to characterize and discriminate the TNR sequences by monitoring their capillary flow in the absence of an external driving force using wax-on-plastic microchannels. The wax-on-plastic microfluidic system translates the sequence-directed flexibility of TNR into differential flow dynamics. Several variables were used to characterize sequences including concentration, single- vs. double-stranded samples, type of repeat sequence, length of the repeat sequence, presence of mismatches in duplex, and presence of metal ion. All these variables were found to influence the flow velocities of TNR sequences as these factors directly affect the structural flexibility of TNR at the molecular level. An overall trend was observed as the higher flexibility in the TNR structure leads to lower capillary flow. After testing samples derived from relevant cells harboring expanded TNR sequences, it is concluded that this approach may transform into a reagent-free and pump-free biosensing platform to detect microsatellite expansion diseases.
Georgia Institute of Technology—Integrated Acoustics Laboratory (2001)

The Integrated Acoustics Laboratory of Georgia Tech’s School of Mechanical Engineering is a state-of-the-art facility dedicated to acoustic and vibration research. The current centerpiece of the lab is an anechoic chamber with interior dimensions of 17 ft × 17 ft × 12 ft. Laboratory instrumentation includes a 32-channel HP VXI data acquisition system, full LMS CADA-X data acquisition and analysis package, HP-VEE, a two-channel Siglab analyzer, Polytec PSV-200 scanning laser Doppler vibrometer, and a host of microphones, accelerometers, shakers, and load cells. The laboratories also feature a brake dynamometer. Two finite-element modeling stations are equipped with MSC/NASTRAN and COMET/Acoustics software for the complete modeling of vibration and acoustics. The laboratory will be expanded this year to include a reverberation room, which will be attached to the existing anechoic chamber by a hatch for transmission loss testing. The expansion will also add a semi-anechoic chamber to the lab.
Individualized Calibration of Industrial-Grade Gas Sensors in Air Quality Sensing System (2017)

Low-cost sensors are widely used to realize large-scale deployment for sensing systems. In this paper, we discuss challenges in using industrial-grade gas sensors for air quality monitoring. To overcome variation due to system errors, we present a framework for individualized calibration. Within the framework, multiple regression and interpolation methods are prepared for alternative optimization on fitting sensors' response to gas concentration.
Rates of noninsulin-mediated glucose uptake are elevated in type II diabetic subjects. (1985)

Although insulin is extremely potent in regulating glucose transport in insulin-sensitive tissues, all tissues are capable of taking up glucose by facilitated diffusion by means of a noninsulin-mediated glucose uptake (NIMGU) system. Several reports have estimated that in the postabsorptive state the majority of glucose disposal occurs via a NIMGU mechanism. However, these estimates have been either derived or extrapolated in normal humans. In the present study we have directly measured NIMGU rates in 11 normal (C) and 7 Type II noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects (NIDDM; mean +/- SE fasting serum glucose, 249 +/- 24 mg/dl). To accomplish this, the serum glucose was clamped at a desired level during a period of insulin deficiency induced by a somatostatin infusion (SRIF, 550 micrograms/h). With a concomitant [3-3H]glucose infusion, we could isotopically quantitate glucose disposal rates (Rd) during basal (basal insulin present) and insulin-deficient (SRIF) conditions. With this approach we found that (a) basal Rd was greater in NIDDM than in C, 274 +/- 31 vs. 150 +/- 7 mg/min, due to elevated hepatic glucose output, (b) NIMGU composes 75 +/- 5% of basal Rd in C and 71 +/- 4% in NIDDM, (c) NIDDMS have absolute basal NIMGU rates that are twice that of C (195 +/- 23 vs. 113 +/- 8 mg/min, P less than 0.05), (d) when C were studied under conditions of insulin deficiency (SRIF infusion) and at a serum glucose level comparable to that of the NIDDM group (250 mg/dl), their rates of NIMGU were the same as that of the NIDDM group (186 +/- 19 vs. 195 +/- 23 mg/min; NS). We conclude that (a) in the postabsorptive state, NIMGU is the major pathway for glucose disposal for both C and NIDDM; (b) for a given glucose level the efficiency of NIMGU (NIMGU divided by serum glucose level) is equal in C and NIDDM, but since basal Rd is elevated in NIDDMs their absolute basal rates of NIMGU are higher; and (c) elevated basal rates of NIMGU in NIDDM may play a role in the pathogenesis of the late complications of diabetes.
Characterization and Prediction of Clinical Pathways of Vulnerability to Psychosis through Graph Signal Processing (2020)

Abstract There is a growing recognition that psychiatric symptoms have the potential to causally interact with one another. Particularly in the earliest stages of psychopathology dynamic interactions between symptoms could contribute heterogeneous and cross-diagnostic clinical evolutions. Current clinical approaches attempt to merge clinical manifestations that co-occur across subjects and could therefore significantly hinder our understanding of clinical pathways connecting individual symptoms. Network approaches have the potential to shed light on the complex dynamics of early psychopathology. In the present manuscript we attempt to address 2 main limitations that have in our opinion hindered the application of network approaches in the clinical setting. The first limitation is that network analyses have mostly been applied to cross-sectional data, yielding results that often lack the intuitive interpretability of simpler categorical or dimensional approaches. Here we propose an approach based on multi-layer network analysis that offers an intuitive low-dimensional characterization of longitudinal pathways involved in the evolution of psychopathology, while conserving high-dimensional information on the role of specific symptoms. The second limitation is that network analyses typically characterize symptom connectivity at the level of a population, whereas clinical practice deals with symptom severity at the level of the individual. Here we propose an approach based on graph signal processing that exploits knowledge of network interactions between symptoms to predict longitudinal clinical evolution at the level of the individual. We test our approaches in two independent samples of individuals with genetic and clinical vulnerability for developing psychosis.
Electrochemical Storage: Catechol‐Mediated Reversible Binding of Multivalent Cations in Eumelanin Half‐Cells (Adv. Mater. 38/2014) (2014)

Biologically derived polymers from the cuttlefish can be leveraged as sustainable energy-storage materials. Melanin pigments exhibit redox-active chemistries and homogeneous nanostructured particles. Catechols can be oxidized into ortho-quinones and reversibly bind magnesium cations with differential affinity as described by J. F. Whitacre, C. J. Bettinger, and co-workers on page 6572. These properties of melanin biopolymers are advantageous for the potential use as cathodes in rechargeable magnesium ion batteries with high cycle stability. Photo credit: Brent Polishak.
BotcoinTrap: Detection of Bitcoin Miner Botnet Using Host Based Approach (2018)

Bitcoin is one of the most successful cryptocurrencies. Many people invest money on creating new Bitcoins because of Bitcoin's market increase. They actually buy hardware and power to participate in Bitcoin mining. The market value of Bitcoin has also absorbed cybercriminals. They steal the process cycles from victims' machines and use them in mining activities by malware programs. There have been several security reports about these types of malicious activities. Although there are methods to detect botnets, to the best of our knowledge, none of non-commercial and published papers present detection method for these types. In this paper, we present Botcointrap, a novel approach to identify Bitcoin miner botnets (called Botcoin) based on dynamic analysis of executable binary files. This method benefits from a parameter value that all Botcoins must use across their computations and detect them in the lowest level of execution; therefore, our method can be used to overcome weaknesses of many other approaches. Our evaluation shows that the proposed approach efficiently identifies all simulated Botcoins.
Temperature effects on ventilatory rate, heart rate, and preferred pedal rate during cycle ergometry (1995)

According to the most customary exercise protocols, core temperature (Tc) rises in parallel with workload (WL) and experimental time. Physiological variables, however, may be related to each of these factors. To investigate effects of WL independent of experimental time and body temperature, we employed four moderate WLs in 4-min steps between 35 and 65% peak O2 uptake (VO2 peak) in randomized order. To investigate independent effects of body temperature, the same work protocol was performed both after resting in comfortable ambient temperature [control test (Cont)] and after a double cold exposure [precooling test (Pret)], where Tc and the temperature set point are decreased by approximately 0.6 and 0.3 degrees C, respectively. Eight male subjects (24 +/- 1.9 yr, VO2 peak 4.9 +/- 0.5 l/min) worked on a cycle ergometer in a climatic chamber. Heart rate (HR) and breathing frequency (BF), but not preferred pedal rate (PR), were positively correlated to Tc, the slopes amounting to 17 and 3.75 min-1/degree C for HR and BF, respectively. The regression appeared linear over the whole temperature range, and the regression lines were not shifted by precooling. PR was increased by time, but Pret-Cont differences of PR and Tc were inversely correlated (r = -0.50, P < 0.01). The effects of WL were highly significant on HR, O2 uptake, and rate of perceived exertion but not on BF, PR, and sweat rate. The relation of rate of perceived exertion to HR was shifted by precooling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Direct Heat Measurement of Mechanical Energy Storage Metal–Organic Frameworks (2015)

Abstract In any process, the heat exchanged is an essential property required in its development. Whilst the work related to structural transitions of some flexible metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has been quantified and linked with potential applications such as molecular springs or shock absorbers, the heat related to such transitions has never been directly measured. This has now been carried out with MIL‐53(Al) using specifically devised calorimetry experiments. We project the importance of these heats in devices such as molecular springs or dampers.