gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How to get 500 million years of experience in anaerobic digestion: animal mimicking (2010)

We present an original approach which consists to analyse natural innovation in animal digestive tracts in order to improve anaerobic digestion processes. The first step of this approach consists in a large descriptive inventory of animal digestive tracts. Each digestive system can be divided in elementary steps which could be translated in terms of process engineering: cutting and grinding compartments; Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) or Plug Flow Reactor (PFR); chemical, enzymatic or biological reactors;and filtration press. This paper presents only few examples of animal digestive systems among the huge, mainly unknown, diversity of animal digestive systems. Two types of systems are highlighted. Firstly, we discuss on the evolution of the structures in relation to the feeding habit (carnivorous, omnivorous, granivorous, herbivorous) and secondly, the different features selected by animals in order to face the digestion of ligno-cellulosic compounds. Finally, the different elementary units of the studied digestive systems was compared and their role on the process analysed.
Improving the Ranking Capability of the Hyperlink Based Search Engines using Heuristic Approach (2006)

To evaluate the informative content of a Web page, the Web structure has to be carefully analyzed. Hyperlink analysis, which is capable of measuring the potential information contained in a Web page with respect to the Web space, is gaining more attention. The links to and from Web pages are an important resource that has largely gone unused in existing search engines. Web pages differ from general text in that they possess external and internal structure. The Web links between documents can provide useful information in finding pages for a given set of topics. Making use of the Web link information would allow the construction of more powerful tools for answering user queries. Google has been among the first search engines to utilize hyper links in page ranking. Still two main flaws in Google need to be tackled. First, all the backlinks to a page are assigned equal weights. Second, less content rich pages, such as intermediate and transient pages, are not differentiated from more content rich pages. To overcome these pitfalls, this paper proposes a heuristic based solution to differentiate the significance of various backlinks by assigning a different weight factor to them depending on their location in the directory tree of the Web space
Femtosecond and Dual-Wavelength Picosecond Operations of Nd,La:SrF2 Disordered Crystal Laser (2017)

Both femtosecond and dual-wavelength picosecond operations of Nd,La:SrF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> disordered crystal laser have been demonstrated for the first time. In femtosecond operation, the laser generated mode-locked pulses with pulse duration of 156 fs, which is an average power of 90 mW, and a repetition rate of 108 MHz at the central wavelength of 1057 nm. In dual-wavelength picosecond operation, the laser generated synchronously mode-locked pulses with an average power of 500 mW and pulse duration of 9.9 ps. The mode-locked spectrum clearly shows two peaks at 1050.8 and 1059.0 nm, respectively. A periodic beat frequency of 2.2 THz is observed from the intensity autocorrelation trace, indicating the synchronous dual-wavelength mode-locking. Our experimental results show that Nd,La:SrF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> disordered crystal is an excellent laser material for femtosecond and dual-wavelength lasers near 1 μm wavelength.
Correlating rheological properties and printability of collagen bioinks: the effects of riboflavin photocrosslinking and pH (2017)

Collagen has shown promise as a bioink for extrusion-based bioprinting, but further development of new collagen bioink formulations is necessary to improve their printability. Screening these formulations by measuring print accuracy is a costly and time consuming process. We hypothesized that rheological properties of the bioink before, during, and/or after gelation can be used to predict printability. In this study, we investigated the effects of riboflavin photocrosslinking and pH on type I collagen bioink rheology before, during, and after gelation and directly correlated these findings to the printability of each bioink formulation. From the riboflavin crosslinking study, results showed that riboflavin crosslinking increased the storage moduli of collagen bioinks, but the degree of improvement was less pronounced at higher collagen concentrations. Dots printed with collagen bioinks with riboflavin crosslinking exhibited smaller dot footprint areas than those printed with collagen bioinks without riboflavin crosslinking. From the pH study, results showed that gelation kinetics and final gel moduli were highly pH dependent and both exhibited maxima around pH 8. The shape fidelity of printed lines was highest at pH 8-9.5. The effect of riboflavin crosslinking and pH on cell viability was assessed using bovine chondrocytes. Cell viability in collagen gels was found to decrease after blue light activated riboflavin crosslinking but was not affected by pH. Correlations between rheological parameters and printability showed that the modulus associated with the bioink immediately after extrusion and before deposition was the best predictor of bioink printability. These findings will allow for the more rapid screening of collagen bioink formulations.
Unaltered Plasma GH Levels in Acromegalics and Normal Men and Women After Administration of [Pyro]Glu-Ser-Gly-NH2, a Proposed GH-Releasing Hormone* (1974)

[pyro]Glu-Ser-Gly-NH2 has been reported to release GH. Therefore, this tripeptide was injected iv at a dose of 600 μg into 10 men and women, 3 of whom had acromegaly. Plasma levels of GH, TSH, LH and FSH were measured, but no consistent elevations were found. The results do not support the proposal that [pyro]Glu-Ser-Gly-NH2 is the GH-releasing hormone.
Transform domain Wyner-Ziv video coding with successively improving side information based on decoding reliability (2008)

센서네트워크와 같은 자원한정적인 상황에서의 비디오 부호화가 중요해짐에 따라 경량화 비디오 부호화 문제의 솔루션으로 분산비디오 부호화 기술(DVC: Distributed Video Coding)이 폭넓게 연구되고 있다. 이의 대표적인 기술인 Wyner-Ziv 부호화 기술은, 복호화기에서 영상간 유사도를 이용하여 부호화하는 현재 프레임에 대한 보조정보를 생성하고, 발생하는 잡음을 채널코드를 이용하여 제거함으로써 영상을 복원한다. 따라서 복호화기에서 보조정보를 정교하게 만들수록, 즉 제거되어야 할 잡음이 적게 생성될수록 전체적인 시스템의 부호화 효율이 좋아진다. 하지만 실제로 복호화기가 부호화하는 현재 프레임에 대한 정보 없이 정확도 높은 보조정보를 만드는 것은 상당히 어려운 일이므로, 복호되는 현재 프레임의 정보 및 그 신뢰도에 기반하여 점진적으로 보조 정보를 향상시키는 방법이 개발되었다. 하지만 복호결과를 이용하여 보조정보를 향상시키기 위해서는 복호결과 정보의 에러율에 못지않게 복호결과로부터 유효한 정보의 양 또한 중요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 변환영역의 Wyner-Ziv 부호화 기술에서 점진적으로 복호되는 현재 프레임에 대한 정보의 에러율 및 유효한 정보 양을 고려한 신뢰도에 기반하여 점진적으로 보조정보를 향상시키는 부호화 방법을 제안한다. 실험결과는 제안 방법이 점진적 보조정보 향상방법을 사용하지 않는 이전 변환영역 Wyner-Ziv 부호화 방법에 비해 최대 약 1.7 dB에 이르는 성능향상이 있음을 보였다. As a video encoding in resource constrained environments such as sensor networks has become an important issue, DVC(Distributed Video Coding) has been intensively investigated as a solution for light weighted video encoding problem. Known as one of the representative schemes of DVC, the Wyner-Ziv coding generates side information of current frame only at decoder, using correlation among frames, and reconstructs video through noise elimination on the side information using channel code. Accordingly, the better quality of side information brings less channel noise, thus attains better coding performance of the Wyner-Ziv coder. However, since it is hard for decoder to generate an accurate side information without any information of original frame, a method to successively improve side information using successively decoded original frame, based on decoding reliability, was previously developed. However, to improve side information from decoding results, not only an error rate of the decoding result as a reliability, but also the amount of reliable information from the decoding result is important. Therefore, we propose TDWZ(Transform-domain Wyner-Ziv coding) with successively improving side information based on decoding reliability considering not only an error rate but also the amount of reliable information of the decoding results. Our experiment shows the proposed method gains average PSNR up to 1.7 dB over the previous TDWZ, that is without successive side information improvement.
Reactive OFF-ON type alkylating agents for higher-ordered structures of nucleic acids (2019)

Higher-ordered structure motifs of nucleic acids, such as the G-quadruplex (G-4), mismatched and bulge structures, are significant research targets because these structures are involved in genetic control and diseases. Selective alkylation of these higher-order structures is challenging due to the chemical instability of the alkylating agent and side-reactions with the single- or double-strand DNA and RNA. We now report the reactive OFF-ON type alkylating agents, vinyl-quinazolinone (VQ) precursors with a sulfoxide, thiophenyl or thiomethyl group for the OFF-ON control of the vinyl reactivity. The stable VQ precursors conjugated with aminoacridine, which bind to the G-4 DNA, selectively reacted with a T base on the G-4 DNA in contrast to the single- and double-strand DNA. Additionally, the VQ precursor reacted with the T or U base in the AP-site, G-4 RNA and T-T mismatch structures. These VQ precursors would be a new candidate for the T or U specific alkylation in the higher-ordered structures of nucleic acids.
Time dependence of the infrared spectrum of N2 adsorbed at low coverage on the Ni(110) surface (1987)

The time dependence of the N–N stretching band of N2 chemisorbed on the Ni(110) surface at a coverage of 0.1 monolayer at temperatures of 81, 105, 115, and 125 K was studied with the technique of Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRAS). Spectra requiring 31 s of signal averaging were obtained every 5 min over a period of 45 min. The N–N stretching band initially at 2196 cm−1 splits with time into two components at 2194 and 2199 cm−1 at 105 K while at 81 K no splitting of the band occurs. A similar splitting of the band is observed at 115 and 125 K. After 2 h, hydrogen adsorption from the background results in reforming a single band at 2205 cm−1 at both 105 and 115 K with a full width of 7 cm−1 compared to a bandwidth of 12 cm−1 on the clean surface. These results illustrate the advantages of the high sensitivity, high resolution, and fast data acquisition times available with FT-IRAS. The fact that the band splits only at temperatures at or above 105 K indicates that the process is thermally activated. Several possible sources for the band splitting are discussed.
RELAP5/MOD2 code modifications to obtain better predictions for the once-through steam generator (1989)

The steam generator is a major component in pressurized water reactors. Predicting the response of a steam generator during both steady-state and transient conditions is essential in studying the thermal-hydraulic behavior of a nuclear reactor coolant system. Therefore, many analytical and experimental efforts have been performed to investigate the thermal-hydraulic behavior of the steam generators during operational and accident transients. The objective of this study is to predict the behavior of the secondary side of the once-through steam generator (OTSG) using the RELAP5/MOD2 computer code. Steady-state conditions were predicted with the current version of the RELAP5/MOD2 code and compared with experimental plant data. The code predictions consistently underpredict the degree of superheat. A new interface friction model has been implemented in a modified version of RELAP5/MOD2. This modification, along with changes to the flow regime transition criteria and the heat transfer correlations, correctly predicts the degree of superheat and matches plant data.
Effect of Al Addition on Thermal Fatigue Deformation Morphology in High Heat-resistant Ferritic Stainless Steel SUS444 (2023)

Ferritic stainless steels are used for automobile exhaust parts because of their high heat and corrosion resistance. Among them, parts located upstream near the engine, so-called hot-end parts, for example, exhaust manifolds, are required to show excellent heat resistance. Since thermal fatigue is induced by repeating heating and cooling with mechanical strain restriction, thermal fatigue resistance is one of the most important properties of upstream exhaust-parts materials.
UnMapped: Leveraging Experts’ Situated Experiences to Ease Remote Guidance in Collaborative Mixed Reality (2023)

Collaborative Mixed Reality (MR) systems that help extend expertise for physical tasks to remote environments often situate experts in an immersive view of the task environment to bring the collaboration closer to collocated settings. In this paper, we design UnMapped, an alternative interface for remote experts that combines a live 3D view of the active space within the novice’s environment with a static 3D recreation of the expert’s own workspace to leverage their existing spatial memories within it. We evaluate the impact of this approach on single and repeated use of collaborative MR systems for remote guidance through a comparative study. Our results indicate that despite having a limited understanding of the novice’s environment, using an UnMapped interface increased performance and communication efficiency while reducing experts’ task load. We also outline the various affordances of providing remote experts with a familiar and spatially-stable environment to assist novices.
A comparison of embedded reconfigurable video-processing architectures (2008)

Using field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) as accelerators for image or video processing operations and algorithms has gained increasing attention over the last few years. One reason for that is FPGAs are able to exploit both temporal and spatial parallelism. In this paper two platforms for FPGA-based real-time image and video processing are presented and compared against each other. With both of these platforms it is possible to update the physical resources during run-time by exploiting the dynamic partial reconfiguration capabilities of Xilinx Virtex FPGAs. The analysis of both platforms with respect to their benefits and draw-backs has led to the concept of an optimal FPGA-based dynamically and partially reconfigurable platform for real-time video and image processing.
Prediction of Walking Energy Expenditure Utilizing Accelerometry and Stride Length Measurements (2006)

Walking accounts for a large proportion of daily activity and the metabolic cost of normal walking has been shown to be associated with step-to-step transition properties (e.g. stride length). PURPOSE: To examine the impact of stride length measurements on the accuracy of accelerometry based energy expenditure prediction equations. METHODS: Forty-two adults (21 men, 21 women) aged 48.9±7.6 yrs completed a 6-min walking bout at a self-selected speed (104.3±14.5 m-min−1) at 0% grade. Subjects were randomly assigned to an equation development (n=28) or validation (n=9) group. Three accelerometers (RT3, MTI, and Actical) were worn on the right hip. Metabolic variables were measured using indirect calorimetry. The time required to complete 20 strides during each bout was recorded to determine treadmill stride length (TreadSL). Subjects then walked (23.32 meters) at a self-selected pace to determine floor stride length (FloorSL). Stepwise regression was used to determine which variables significantly contributed to the prediction of EE with significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Correlations existed between EE and demographic variables (height, r = 0.49; weight, r = 0.61; age, r = −0.13) and stride length variables (TreadSL, r = 0.57; FloorSL, r = 0.64). The correlation between TreadSL and FloorSL (r = 0.54) was significant. Weight, TreadSL, and FloorSL were significant predictors as determined by stepwise regression. The model including counts and weight resulted in r2 values of 0.74 (Actical & MTI) and 0.80 (RT3). The addition of TreadSL to the model improved values for the Actical (r2= 0.81) and RT3 (r2 = 0.84), but not MTI monitor (r2 = 0.74). The substitution of FloorSL for TreadSL significantly improved the equations for all monitors (Actical, r2= 0.86; MTI, r2= 0.80; RT3, r2= 0.87). The correlations between measured and predicted EE for all monitors were higher when FloorSL was used as a predictor (Actical r = 0.93, MTI r = 0.89, RT3 r = 0.93) as opposed to TreadSL (Actical r = 0.90, MTI r = 0.86, RT3 r = 0.92). When equations were applied in the validation group, correlations between measured and predicted EE were higher for the model that utilized FloorSL as a predictor. Significant differences between measured and predicted EE (TreadSL & FloorSL) were noted for the Actical and MTI monitors, but not RT3. CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of stride length in accelerometry based energy expenditure prediction equations significantly improved energy expenditure estimates. Compared to values obtained on the treadmill, floor stride length had a greater impact on prediction accuracy.
Parallel All-Optical Assay to Study Use-Dependent Functioning of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in a Miniaturized Format (2020)

Voltage-gated ion channels produce rapid transmembrane currents responsible for action potential generation and propagation at the neuronal, muscular, and cardiac levels. They represent attractive clinical targets because their altered firing frequency is often the hallmark of pathological signaling leading to several neuromuscular disorders. Therefore, a method to study their functioning upon repeated triggers at different frequencies is desired to develop new drug molecules selectively targeting pathological phenotype. Optogenetics provides powerful tools for millisecond switch of cellular excitability in contactless, physiological, and low-cost settings. Nevertheless, its application to large-scale drug-screening operations is still limited by long processing time (due to sequential well read), rigid flashing pattern, lack of online compound addition, or high consumable costs of existing methods. Here, we developed a method that enables simultaneous analysis of 384-well plates with optical pacing, fluorescence recording, and liquid injection. We used our method to deliver programmable millisecond-switched depolarization through light-activated opsin in concomitance with continuous optical recording by a fluorescent indicator. We obtained 384-well pacing of recombinant voltage-activated sodium or calcium channels, as well as induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes, in all-optical parallel settings. Furthermore, we demonstrated the use-dependent behavior of known ion channel blockers by optogenetic pacing at normal or pathological firing frequencies, obtaining very good signal reproducibility and accordance with electrophysiology data. Our method provides a novel physiological approach to study frequency-dependent drug behavior using reversible programmable triggers. The all-optical parallel settings combined with contained operational costs make our method particularly suited for large-scale drug-screening campaigns as well as cardiac liability studies.
Influence of Cross-linkers on the Cohesive and Adhesive Self-Healing Ability of Polysulfide-Based Thermosets (2012)

Synthetic systems with intrinsic self-repairing or self-healing abilities have emerged during the past decade. In this work, the influence of the cross-linker and chain rigidity on the healing ability of thermoset rubbers containing disulfide bonds have been investigated. The produced materials exhibit adhesive and cohesive self-healing properties. The recovery of these two functionalities upon the thermally triggered healing events has shown to be highly dependent on the network cross-link density and chain rigidity. As a result, depending on the rubber thermoset intrinsic physical properties, the thermal mending leading to full cohesive recovery can be achieved in 20-300 min at a modest healing temperature of 65 °C. The adhesive strength ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 MPa and is fully recovered even after multiple failure events.
Design, tolerance analysis, and fabrication of silicon oxynitride based planar optical waveguides for communication devices (1999)

Planar optical waveguiding structures for application in communication networks are highly demanding with respect to low insertion loss, efficient fiber-to-chip coupling, polarization independent operation, high integration density, reliable fabrication, and last but not least cost efficiency. When applying silicon oxynitride, which is a very versatile material, planar waveguiding structures can be designed having the potential of meeting all those requirements. In this paper, we will describe the design of such a waveguiding structure, demonstrate the practical feasibility of realizing this structure and discuss the preliminary measurement results.
Conformation and Planar Chirality of Pillar[n]arenes (2015)

The study of the structure and conformational mobility of macrocyclic hosts is very important because these properties dramatically affect their host–guest and self-assembly abilities. Macrocyclic molecules can be divided into two categories according to their conformational mobility: conformationally flexible and fixed macrocyclic compounds. Phenolic units composed of pillar[n]arenes can rotate freely, therefore pillar[n]arenes are designated as conformationally flexible macrocyclic compounds. This chapter deals with the conformational mobility of pillar[n]arenes in the solution state. We also discuss the conformation of pillar[n]arenes in the crystal state. Although the conformational structure in the crystal state is a “snapshot” of one of the conformations of pillar[n]arenes, the structure observed will be the most stable conformation, and this provides useful information about the conformational properties of pillar[n]arenes. In this chapter, we discuss how the substituents on the rims, cavity size and number of rings of pillar[n]arenes dramatically influence the conformational mobility and the most stable structures of pillar[n]arenes in solution and the solid state.
Nanocrystal Quantum Dot Devices: How the Lead Sulfide (PbS) System Teaches Us the Importance of Surfaces (2021)

Semiconducting thin films made from nanocrystals hold potential as composite hybrid materials with new functionalities. With nanocrystal syntheses, composition can be controlled at the sub-nanometer level, and, by tuning size, shape, and surface termination of the nanocrystals as well as their packing, it is possible to select the electronic, phononic, and photonic properties of the resulting thin films. While the ability to tune the properties of a semiconductor from the atomistic- to macro-scale using solution-based techniques presents unique opportunities, it also introduces challenges for process control and reproducibility. In this review, we use the example of well-studied lead sulfide (PbS) nanocrystals and describe the key advances in nanocrystal synthesis and thin-film fabrication that have enabled improvement in performance of photovoltaic devices. While research moves forward with novel nanocrystal materials, it is important to consider what decades of work on PbS nanocrystals has taught us and how we can apply these learnings to realize the full potential of nanocrystal solids as highly flexible materials systems for functional semiconductor thin-film devices. One key lesson is the importance of controlling and manipulating surfaces.