gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of resistance to simazine in Sonchus oleraceus (2003)

Summary Sonchus oleraceus biotypes resistant to simazine were identified by chlorophyll fluorescence analysis of intact leaves. The mechanisms of resistance were determined on the basis of cpDNA and glutathione S ‐transferase (GST) activity analyses. The results of the cpDNA analysis showed that most of the resistant biotypes had a Ser 264 Gly mutation in the psb A gene, which is responsible for an amino acid substitution in the D‐1 protein sequence. The cpDNA fragments were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and digested with restriction enzyme Mae I. Two restriction bands of 338 and 75 bp were recorded in biotypes with the target mutation, while three bands (218, 120 and 75 bp) were present in biotypes without this mutation. A second mechanism of resistance in this species was through the detoxification of simazine by conjugation with glutathione. In resistant biotypes without the above‐mentioned mutation, the average level of GST (simazine) activity in leaves was 4.5‐fold greater than in the resistant biotypes with the target mutation and 8.3‐fold greater than in the susceptible biotypes. Resistance as a result of the target mutation was more common than that achieved through detoxification by glutathione conjugation of simazine.
Distributed Representation of Subgraphs (2017)

Network embeddings have become very popular in learning effective feature representations of networks. Motivated by the recent successes of embeddings in natural language processing, researchers have tried to find network embeddings in order to exploit machine learning algorithms for mining tasks like node classification and edge prediction. However, most of the work focuses on finding distributed representations of nodes, which are inherently ill-suited to tasks such as community detection which are intuitively dependent on subgraphs. Here, we propose sub2vec, an unsupervised scalable algorithm to learn feature representations of arbitrary subgraphs. We provide means to characterize similarties between subgraphs and provide theoretical analysis of sub2vec and demonstrate that it preserves the so-called local proximity. We also highlight the usability of sub2vec by leveraging it for network mining tasks, like community detection. We show that sub2vec gets significant gains over state-of-the-art methods and node-embedding methods. In particular, sub2vec offers an approach to generate a richer vocabulary of features of subgraphs to support representation and reasoning.
Clinical significance of mismatch repair gene expression in sporadic colorectal cancer (2014)

Mismatch repair (MMR) genes play an important role in the occurrence and development of sporadic colorectal cancer; however, the effect of MMR genes on clinicopathological features and prognosis remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to observe the clinical significance of MMR gene expression in sporadic colorectal cancer. Clinicopathological data and postoperative samples from 404 patients with sporadic colorectal cancer were obtained from the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. The immunohistochemistry PV-9000 two-step method was performed to measure the protein expression of human mutL homolog 1 (hMLH1), human mutS homolog (hMSH) 2, human postmeiotic segregation increased 2 (hPSM2) and hMSH6. Differences in clinicopathological features, family history and survival time subsequent to surgery between groups with normal and aberrant MMR protein (MMRP) expression were compared. A total of 27.23% of all patients showed aberrant nuclear staining of MMRP. Among the patients with aberrant MMRP expression, a higher proportion of patients showed aberrant expression of more than one type of MMRP than aberrant expression of only one type of MMRP. Aberrant expression of hMLH1/hPSM2 was most commonly observed (29/404). In addition, aberrant MMRP expression in colorectal cancer was indicated predominantly in the right hemicolon. Histological type primarily showed mucinous adenocarcinoma. In addition, with increasing body mass index (BMI), the MMRP deficiency rate was also shown to increase gradually. There was a close association between MMRP expression deficiency and family history of cancer (P<0.05). For TNM stage III patients, the Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the aberrant MMRP expression group had a three-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate of 66.67%, which was longer than the DFS rate of the normal group (55.41%), with no statistical difference (P>0.05). In conclusion, the immunohistochemistry PV-9000 two-step method can be used to measure MMRP expression in colorectal cancer. Aberrant MMRP expression is closely correlated with tumor location, histological type, BMI and tumor family history in sporadic colorectal cancer. Aberrant MMRP expression may have an effect on the prognosis of stage III patients.
Association of smoking but not HLA-DRB1*15:01, APOE or body mass index with brain atrophy in early multiple sclerosis (2018)

Smoking may have an unfavorable effect on the gray matter fraction as a potential measure of MS severity already in early MS. These findings may impact patients' counseling upon initial diagnosis of MS.
An approach for the design and validation of high frequency vibration energy harvesting devices (2021)

Abstract The aim of this work is to explore a topology optimisation approach for the design of high frequency vibration energy harvesting devices capable of operating in the range of 1800–2600 Hz. The main objective of the approach is to develop an optimisation algorithm for tailoring the resonant behaviour of the cantilever energy harvesters to the dominant frequencies of the available vibrations present in a Bell 206B-1 Kiowa helicopter main rotor gearbox. Hence, the devices designed are to be operated in the high frequency, highly loaded, extreme environments commonly found on aircraft structures. A multi-physics model capable of predicting the performance of the developed cantilever energy harvesters is presented and the design optimisation problem is formulated and then solved with the bi-directional evolutionary structural optimisation method. Two designs were experimentally validated; one that is sensitive to a single mode in the range 1800–2600 Hz equipped with a single transducer having a 6.35 mm diameter and 0.5 mm thickness and the other sensitive to three modes in the same range equipped with two transducers. Output powers of 0.3–3.1 mW were measured, demonstrating the approach’s potential to design harvesters capable of powering many useful sensor types.
An Unsupervised Quantitative Measure for Word Prominence in Spontaneous Speech (2006)

An unsupervised approach for automatic speech prominence detection is proposed in this paper. The algorithm scores prominence by fusing different acoustic feature sets from the speech signal correlation envelope. In addition, we investigate part of speech (POS) as a linguistic correlate for speech prominence. We also underscore the inadequacy of the traditional approach to prominence detection of heuristically tagging speech prominence into discrete levels (categories). Instead, we propose to keep the prominence score continuous, evaluate it by correlation with POS, and leave it for further processing by other applications such as natural language understanding. Furthermore, in contrast to most previous studies, we evaluate prominence scoring on spontaneous speech data (switchboard corpus). Our experimental results indicate that the proposed prominence score can robustly distinguish between content word and function word classes.
Beam Test Measurements With 3D-DDTC Silicon Strip Detectors on n-Type Substrate (2010)

For the planned luminosity upgrade of the CERN LHC to the sLHC new radiation hard technologies for the tracking detectors are investigated. Corresponding to the luminosity increase, the radiation dose will be approximately a factor of ten higher than for the detectors currently installed in the LHC experiments. One option for radiation tolerant detectors are 3D silicon detectors with columnar electrodes penetrating into the silicon bulk. This article reports results of beam test measurements performed with 3D-DDTC (Double-Sided, Double Type Column) silicon strip detectors, where the columns do not pass through the detector completely. The devices were produced by IMB-CNM (Barcelona, Spain) and by FBK-irst (Trento, Italy). Important properties like space-resolved charge collection and efficiency are investigated.
Cannabidiol as potential anticancer drug (2012)

Over the past years, several lines of evidence support an antitumourigenic effect of cannabinoids including Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC), synthetic agonists, endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid transport or degradation inhibitors. Indeed, cannabinoids possess anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects and they are known to interfere with tumour neovascularization, cancer cell migration, adhesion, invasion and metastasization. However, the clinical use of Δ(9)-THC and additional cannabinoid agonists is often limited by their unwanted psychoactive side effects, and for this reason interest in non-psychoactive cannabinoid compounds with structural affinity for Δ(9)-THC, such as cannabidiol (CBD), has substantially increased in recent years. The present review will focus on the efficacy of CBD in the modulation of different steps of tumourigenesis in several types of cancer and highlights the importance of exploring CBD/CBD analogues as alternative therapeutic agents.
Impact of Image-Derived Input Function and Fit Time Intervals on Patlak Quantification of Myocardial Glucose Uptake in Mice (2015)

The choice of IDIF has a profound effect on Patlak kinetics and calculated 18F-FDG uptake. Adjustment of the time interval for fit may be necessary for accurate calculations, particularly with acute insulin treatment. Even without partial-volume correction, the inferior vena cava provides a reliable and reproducible IDIF for Patlak analysis of myocardial glucose uptake in mice.
Establishing the Limits of Validity of the Superposition of Experimental and Analytical Ultrasonic Responses for Simulating Imaging Data (2018)

The superposition of experimental and analytical data is useful for simulating ultrasonic images of defects in samples containing high levels of coherent structural noise. This technique assumes that the superposition of the response of a defect in a homogeneous medium with that of a heterogeneous, defect-free medium is identical to the response of the same defect embedded in the heterogeneous medium. This implies a single-scattering process. Previous experimental work demonstrated successful use of the technique but only over a limited range of defect signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). However, there was a concern that it might not remain valid at low SNR due to, for example, multiple-scattering effects. This paper shows that this technique provides accurate results over the full range of SNRs of defects where the defect is discernible from image noise. The technique is, therefore, suitable for simulating any inspection where ultrasonic imaging is an appropriate method of nondestructive evaluation.
The required number of trials for biomechanical analysis of a golf swing (2019)

The increasing interest in the biomechanical analysis of the golf swing warrants establishing the minimum number of trials required to obtain reliable data. Several such methods have been suggested previously for other movement tasks, and it has been shown that the number of required trials depends on the method used and on the task examined. This study aimed to compare three methods of reliability: a sequential average, intraclass correlations, and a modified version of the standard error of measurement (SEM<sub>ind</sub>). Kinematic and kinetic data of 10 recreational golfers performing 15 shots with both a six-iron and a driver was collected using a ten-camera motion capture system and force platforms. Range-of-motion, velocity, joint moments, and ground reaction forces were extracted and analysed using the three methods. The sequential average method yielded the highest number of required trials (12), while the intraclass correlations and SEM<sub>ind</sub> both resulted in lower numbers of required trials (4). Considering the variability between participants and strengths and limitations of the various methods, we conclude that 8 trials is sufficient for biomechanical analyses of a golf swing and recommend the SEM<sub>ind</sub> method for determining how many swings should be collected.
Near and far-wall effects on the three-dimensional motion of bacteria-driven microbeads (2013)

Bio-hybrid microrobots have been heavily studied due to their potential applications as minimally invasive medical microdevices. Though most researchers have focused on two-dimensional and near-wall motion, this letter uses a defocused optical tracking method to quantify the three-dimensional motion of 5 μm diameter polystyrene beads driven by attached Serratia marcescens bacteria. Away from walls the beads trace out helical trajectories, demonstrating kinematics produced by near-constant forces and torques. Near-wall motion is observed to be more stochastic. The motion of beads driven by single bacteria is analyzed in detail, providing an understanding of the forces and torques on the beads.
Print Defect Mapping with Semantic Segmentation (2020)

Efficient automated print defect mapping is valuable to the printing industry since such defects directly influence customer-perceived printer quality and manually mapping them is cost-ineffective. Conventional methods consist of complicated and hand-crafted feature engineering techniques, usually targeting only one type of defect. In this paper, we propose the first end-to-end framework to map print defects at pixel level, adopting an approach based on semantic segmentation. Our framework uses Convolutional Neural Networks, specifically DeepLab-v3+, and achieves promising results in the identification of defects in printed images. We use synthetic training data by simulating two types of print defects and a print-scan effect with image processing and computer graphic techniques. Compared with conventional methods, our framework is versatile, allowing two inference strategies, one being near real-time and providing coarser results, and the other focusing on offline processing with more fine-grained detection. Our model is evaluated on a dataset of real printed images.
Multi-view image coding with wavelet lifting and in-band disparity compensation (2005)

This paper presents a novel framework to achieve scalable multi-view image coding. As open loop operation, the wavelet lifting scheme for geometric filtering has been exploited to overcome the limitation of SNR scalability and to attain view scalability. The essential key for achieving the spatial scalability is the in-band prediction. It removes correlations among subbands level-by-level via shift-invariant references obtained by overcomplete discrete wavelet transforms (ODWT). Additionally, the proposed disparity compensated view filtering is allowed to exploit the different filters and estimation parameters for each resolution level. The experiments show comparable results at full resolution and the significant improvement at coarser resolution over the conventional spatial prediction scheme.
MEMS chemical gas sensor (2003)

We have developed a miniature polymer-based chemical gas sensor array on silicon using micromachining technology. The sensors use conductive polymer-carbon black composite films, which swell reversibly and induce a resistance change upon exposure to a wide variety of gases. Using a SU-8 photoresist, we have constructed high aspect ratio wells which can contain the polymer-carbon black-solvent liquid volume present during deposition and allow the sensor film to be placed reproducibly in a specific and well-constrained area while reducing its overall size. Two sizes of wells, 500/spl times/600 /spl mu/m and 250/spl times/250 /spl mu/m, have been fabricated and tested. Six polymer-carbon black composite films were deposited into an array of sensor wells and exposed to three chemical gases at five concentration levels. The sensors were able to uniquely detect these gas vapors and demonstrated a linear response to the concentration levels. This design allows the integration of circuits to process the changes in resistance which will permit the realization of a completely integrated miniature gas sensor.
Association between the outcome of traumatic brain injury patients and cerebrovascular autoregulation, cerebral perfusion pressure, age, and injury grades (2016)

The association of the GOS score with CPP, CA impairment conditions, age and diffuse axonal injury (DAI) grade showed that the outcomes of TBI patients were associated with patient-specific CPP management and better outcomes were obtained for younger patients, for patients having lower DAI grade and for patients whose CPP was kept within the range from the optimal CPP to the optimal CPP+10mmHg.
Rapid pressure swing absorption cleanup of post-shift reactor synthesis gas. Technical progress report, January 1, 1992--March 31, 1992 (1992)

This investigation is concerned with the separation of gas mixtures using a novel concept of rapid pressure swing absorption (RAPSAB) of gas in a stationary absorbent liquid through gas-liquid interfaces immobilized in the pore mouths of hydrophobic microporous membranes. The process is implemented in a module well-packed with hydrophobic microporous hollow fiber membranes. The specific objectives are (1) to develop a theoretical model which will provide guidelines for selecting an efficient RAPSAB process cycle which includes desorption; (2) to demonstrate the concept experimentally with a simple gas mixture (e.g., Co{sub 2}-N{sub 2}) and a simple absorbent liquid such as water, and (3) to extend the concept to reactive absorbent liquids for the separation of CO, Co{sub 2} from the post-shift reactor synthesis gas. A simplified theoretical description of the novel rapid pressure swing absorption process has been developed.
Octamethyl-1, 1′-di(2-pyridyl)ferrocene: A Redox-Active Ligand with a Pronounced Selectivity for Divalent Metal Ions (2002)

Octamethyl-1, 1′-di(2-pyridyl)ferrocene (1) acts as molecular electrochemical sensor for magnesium, calcium, zinc, and cadmium ions in acetonitrile solution. The new redox peak, anodically shifted by ca. 0.40 V, which appears in the cyclic voltammogram of 1 in the presence of even small amounts (10 mol %) of these ions, is unaffected by an excess of alkali metal ions. Metal complexation is accompanied by a batho- and hyper-chromic shift of the band in the visible region of the UV-Vis spectrum of 1. A detailed study of the behaviour of 1 towards zinc chloride in acetonitrile solution has revealed that 1 is able to accommodate a maximum of two zinc ions. Oxidation of zinc-coordinated 1 leads to partial decomplexation. The N-methyl and N-benzyl species 1Me+, 1Me22+, 1Bzl+ and 1Bzl22+ have been synthesized and the former two structurally investigated by X-ray diffraction. Alkylation causes an anodic shift of the redox potential of the ferrocene nucleus, which is linearly dependent on the number of alkyl groups introduced. Octamethyl-1, 1′-di(2-thiophenyl)ferrocene (2) has also been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry has revealed that, in contrast to 1, 2 does not respond to the divalent metal ions studied. Octamethyl-1, 1′-di(2-pyridyl)ferrocen: Ein redoxaktiver Ligand mit ausgeprägter Selektivität für zweiwertige Metallionen Octamethyl-1, 1′-di(2-pyridyl)ferrocen (1) ist ein molekularer elektrochemischer Sensor für Magnesium-, Calcium-, Zink- und Cadmiumionen in Acetonitril-Lösung. Das neue, um ca. 0.40 V anodisch verschobene Redoxsignal, das in Gegenwart selbst kleiner Mengen (10 Mol %) dieser Ionen im Cyclovoltammogramm von 1 erscheint, bleibt durch Alkalimetallionen im Überschuß unbeeinflußt. Die Metallkomplexierung wird von einer batho- und hyperchromen Verschiebung der Bande im sichtbaren Bereich des UV-Vis-Spektrums von 1 begleitet. Eine detaillierte Untersuchung des Verhaltens von 1 gegenüber Zinkchlorid in Acetonitril-Lösung ergab, daß 1 maximal zwei Zinkionen aufnehmen kann. Die Oxidation von Zink-gebundenem 1 führt zu teilweiser Dekomplexierung. Die N-methyl- und N-benzyl-Spezies 1Me+, 1Me22+, 1Bzl+ und 1Bzl22+ wurden synthetisiert und die beiden erstgenannten strukturell mittels Röntgenbeugung untersucht. Die Alkylierung verursacht eine anodische Verschiebung des Redoxpotentials des Ferrocen-Kerns, das linear von der Anzahl der eingeführten Alkylgruppen abhängt. Octamethyl-1, 1′-di(2-thiophenyl)ferrocen (2) wurde ebenfalls synthetisiert und strukturell mittels Röntgenbeugung charakterisiert. Cyclovoltammetrische Messungen zeigten, daß 2, im Unterschied zu 1, nicht auf die untersuchten zweiwertigen Ionen reagiert.
Breeding High Amylose Corn1 (1958)

Synopsis A new strain of high amylose was found to be nonallelic with the previously repotted ha strain. The F 3 segregates of a cross between the two strains gave amylose contents ranging from 25.4 to 70.3%. Modifying factors for amylose content apparently exist in some normal dent corn lines.
The Life Cycle Assessment for Polylactic Acid (PLA) to Make It a Low-Carbon Material (2021)

The massive plastic production worldwide leads to a global concern for the pollution made by the plastic wastes and the environmental issues associated with them. One of the best solutions is replacing the fossil-based plastics with bioplastics. Bioplastics such as polylactic acid (PLA) are biodegradable materials with less greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. PLA is a biopolymer produced from natural resources with good mechanical and chemical properties, therefore, it is used widely in packaging, agriculture, and biomedical industries. PLA products mostly end up in landfills or composting. In this review paper, the existing life cycle assessments (LCA) for PLA were comprehensively reviewed and classified. According to the LCAs, the energy and materials used in the whole life cycle of PLA were reported. Finally, the GHG emissions of PLA in each stage of its life cycle, including feedstock acquisition and conversion, manufacturing of PLA products, the PLA applications, and the end of life (EoL) options, were described. The most energy-intensive stage in the life cycle of PLA is its conversion. By optimizing the conversion process of PLA, it is possible to make it a low-carbon material with less dependence on energy sources.
Raman amplification of optical beam carrying orbital angular momentum in a multimode step-index fiber (2019)

We experimentally demonstrate 15 dB of Raman amplification of 1115 nm pulses in an orbital angular momentum mode (OAMM) with charge l=+2, S=+1 in 5 m of step-index 25 μm-diameter-core fiber. The total output reaches 4.5 kW of peak power and 68.5 μJ of energy in ∼15 ns pulses at 4 kHz repetition rate. An Yb-doped fiber source pumps the Raman amplifier at 1060 nm with 60 ns pulses. Using a spatial light modulator for modal decomposition, we measure 83% purity for the amplified target OAMM of selected polarization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time high energy, peak power, gain, and purity are achieved in a fiber Raman amplifier for a single OAMM.
Interferometric Observations of RS Ophiuchi and the Origin of the Near‐Infrared Emission (2007)

We report observations of the recurrent nova RS Oph using long-baseline near-IR interferometry. We are able to resolve emission from the nova for several weeks after the February 2006 outburst. The near-IR source initially expands to a size of approximately 5 milli-arcseconds. However, beginning around day 10 the IR source appears to begin to shrink, reaching approximately 2 milli-arcseconds by day 100. We combine our measured angular diameters with previously available interferometric and photometric data to derive an emission measure for the source, and hence are able to determine the mass-loss rate of the nova in the days following the outburst.