gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sci‐Sat AM: Radiation Dosimetry and Practical Therapy Solutions ‐ 10: Towards LET detection: A study on the effects of scintillator doping (2016)

Purpose: In radiotherapy, the amount of radiation delivered is determined by optimizing the amount of absorbed dose to the tumor. Dose does not always correlate well with the actual biological effects of radiation. This work seeks to validate the LET‐dependence of doped plastic scintillators for use in a radiation beam quality (LET) detector. Methods: The LET spectrum ( [Φ] ) can be resolved knowing the measured signals of uniquely LET‐dependent detectors, [S] , and the response of each LET‐dependent detector to specific LETs ( [R] ), through the relation [Φ]=[S][R] −1 . Plastic scintillator response is intrinsically LET dependent and can be varied via doping. Initial prototype consists of plastic scintillator and glass taper coupled to an optical fiber; components are housed in black acrylic, reducing effect of ambient light. In order to determine [R] , the light response matrix, GEANT4.10.1 Monte Carlo (MC) was used. To validate MC, measurements were done using high energy electrons (9,12,15MeV) and orthovoltage x‐rays (100,250kV); scintillator signal was normalized to dose measured simultaneously. Results: Stopping power was varied by changing particle type/energy; measurements indicated that as stopping power increased from 1.9 to 6.6MeV/cm, detector response increased by 263% (+/−29.2%) for 5%Pb‐doped scintillator (155% in MC); 52% (+/−7.8%) increase observed when undoped scintillator was used (49% in MC). 5%Pb‐doped discrepancy (100kV x‐rays) is being investigated. Conclusions: This work validates that doping effects LET/energy response of scintillators; an effect that can be utilized for construction of an LET detector.
Small but Mighty: Platelets in NASH and Other Chronic Liver Diseases (2020)

Hilscher, Moira B. M.D.; Shah, Vijay H. M.D.Editor(s): Corey, Kathleen E.2; Malhi, Harmeet3 Author Information
“A Party of Forgetful Metaphors”. On the Problem of pragmatics of the classical form in Russian architecture of the 20th and early 21st c. (2012)

The paper deals with the classical tradition in Russian architecture of the 20th – early 21st century. The specifi c uses of Classical order are examined as well as the architects’ intentions. The paper starts from the pre-revolutionary period, then the focus shift s to Stalinist architecture and Soviet Postmodernism of the late 20th century. Finally, the contemporary Moscow order architecture, e.g. by Dmitry Barkhin, is examined, which is based on citing of concrete historical buildings.
Functional and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Metronomic Cyclophosphamide and Docetaxel Regimen in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2013)

Metronomic CYC exerts anti-tumoral effects in an in vivo model of prostate cancer and in patients with CRPC, and also increases the bioavailability of docetaxel. These results explain the favorable toxicity and activity profiles observed in patients treated with this regimen.
Drill-mounted video guidance for orthopaedic trauma surgery (2021)

<b>Purpose:</b> Percutaneous fracture fixation is a challenging procedure that requires accurate interpretation of fluoroscopic images to insert guidewires through narrow bone corridors. We present a guidance system with a video camera mounted onboard the surgical drill to achieve real-time augmentation of the drill trajectory in fluoroscopy and/or CT. <b>Approach:</b> The camera was mounted on the drill and calibrated with respect to the drill axis. Markers identifiable in both video and fluoroscopy are placed about the surgical field and co-registered by feature correspondences. If available, a preoperative CT can also be co-registered by 3D-2D image registration. Real-time guidance is achieved by virtual overlay of the registered drill axis on fluoroscopy or in CT. Performance was evaluated in terms of target registration error (TRE), conformance within clinically relevant pelvic bone corridors, and runtime. <b>Results:</b> Registration of the drill axis to fluoroscopy demonstrated median TRE of 0.9 mm and 2.0 deg when solved with two views (e.g., anteroposterior and lateral) and five markers visible in both video and fluoroscopy-more than sufficient to provide Kirschner wire (K-wire) conformance within common pelvic bone corridors. Registration accuracy was reduced when solved with a single fluoroscopic view ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>TRE</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3.4</mml:mn> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> <mml:mi>mm</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> and 2.7 deg) but was also sufficient for K-wire conformance within pelvic bone corridors. Registration was robust with as few as four markers visible within the field of view. Runtime of the initial implementation allowed fluoroscopy overlay and/or 3D CT navigation with freehand manipulation of the drill up to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> <mml:mtext>frames</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> . <b>Conclusions:</b> A drill-mounted video guidance system was developed to assist with K-wire placement. Overall workflow is compatible with fluoroscopically guided orthopaedic trauma surgery and does not require markers to be placed in preoperative CT. The initial prototype demonstrates accuracy and runtime that could improve the accuracy of K-wire placement, motivating future work for translation to clinical studies.
Dietary copper (Cu)‐ and age‐dependent changes of C‐metallothionein in relation to the level of nitric oxide (NO) in the liver of LEC (Long‐Evans Cinnamon) rats (1997)

To understand the unique pathophysiological process of LEC rats (Long-Evans rats with a cinnamon-like coat color), which develop hereditary and spontaneous hepatic injury -4 months after birth, the levels of four biometals, such as Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn together with metallothionein (MT) and nitric oxide (NO as NO2− plus NO3−), were determined in the liver of male and female animals given normal (Cu level: 0.9–1.0 mg/100 g solid) or Cu-deficient (Cu level: <0.1 mg/100 g solid) diet by atomic absorption spectrometry, radioimmunoassay, and the Griess method, respectively. Levels of Cu and MT, which in turn form Cu-MT, increased, whereas the NO level was decreased in the aging process of both male and female rats given a normal diet. Therefore, the accumulated Cu-MT was proposed to scavenge NO, since NO levels in the liver of LEC rats were lowered compared with those of normal Wistar rats given the same diet. In female LEC rats, enhancements of both Cu and MT accumulations were proposed to relate closely to the development of hepatoma as estimated by histochemical staining. In addition, alterations of Fe, Zn, and Mn levels in the liver were obtained, which may contribute the development of jaundice, hepatitis, and hepatoma of LEC rats. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 10:89–100, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ATTENUATION OUTER RETINAL BANDS ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FOLLOWING MACULAR EDEMA: A Possible Manifestation of Photoreceptor Misalignment. (2020)

After macular edema, focal attenuations of the inner segment/outer segment and of the cone outer segment tips lines may be present on OCT. These areas may show a strong directional variability by both OCT and adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy, suggesting that misaligned photoreceptor outer segments contribute to such features. The evaluation of outer retinal damage following macular edema should therefore take into account the optical Stiles-Crawford effect to disambiguate missing from misaligned cones.
Determination of the optical properties of tissue-simulating phantoms from interstitial frequency domain measurements of relative fluence and phase difference (2006)

We estimated the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of tissue-simulating phantoms from interstitial measurements of the phase difference and relative amplitude signals at two distances from a sinusoidally modulated isotropic source. It was found that absorption and reduced scattering coefficients can be recovered within 10% and slightly over 10% respectively, using either the data collected by two detectors 3mm apart or by two detectors 5mm apart with light collected by one detector attenuated by a neutral density filter. This accuracy was achieved over a wide range of optical properties, mu(a)=0.008 to 0.17mm(-1) and mu(s)'=0.3 to 1.8mm(-1). Additional factors affecting accuracy including source anisotropy, uncertainty in fiber placement, phase amplitude crosstalk, and the forward light propagation model (the combined isotropic similarity model and standard diffusion approximation versus the modified spherical harmonics method) were studied by Monte Carlo simulations (first two factors) and experiments (last two factors).
Point Defect Characterization of 3C-SiC Layers Grown on Si (001) by Hot Wall CVD (2006)

http://www.ecscrm2006.org/&#13;\nSchottky diodes have been fabricated and point defect characterization conducted&#13;\non single crystalline 3C-SiC films in order to correlate its electrical properties with&#13;\ndevice performance. DLTS characterization, performed over a temperature and bias&#13;\nrange of 50-150K and 0.05-5V, respectively, showed the presence of two traps. The&#13;\nposition of one of the traps moved from approximately 175 K to 240 K when the&#13;\nbias was increased from 0.05V to 5V; while the position for the other trap remained&#13;\nunchanged. We believe this phenomenon may be attributed to a surface effect, a&#13;\nPoole-Frenkel effect or, alternatively, to an in-depth dependence of the trap emission&#13;\nproperties on electric field. The 3C-SiC on Si films were planarized to improve the&#13;\nperformance of gold Schottky contacts resulting in diodes with an ideality factor&#13;\nof 2. Electron beam induced current (EBIC) in a scanning electron microscope&#13;\n(SEM) system was used to structurally analyze the films. Finally, point defect&#13;\ncharacterization was performed via capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements, deep&#13;\nlevel transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and spectral photocurrent (PC).
Tumor microenvironment: The role of the tumor stroma in cancer (2007)

The tumor microenvironment, composed of non-cancer cells and their stroma, has become recognized as a major factor influencing the growth of cancer. The microenvironment has been implicated in the regulation of cell growth, determining metastatic potential and possibly determining location of metastatic disease, and impacting the outcome of therapy. While the stromal cells are not malignant per se, their role in supporting cancer growth is so vital to the survival of the tumor that they have become an attractive target for chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we will discuss the various cellular and molecular components of the stromal environment, their effects on cancer cell dynamics, and the rationale and implications of targeting this environment for control of cancer. Additionally, we will emphasize the role of the bone marrow-derived cell in providing cells for the stroma.
Biological Treatment of Textile Dyes by Agar‐Agar Immobilized Consortium in a Packed Bed Reactor (2015)

The decolorization of Acid Maroon V was investigated using bacterial consortium EDPA containing Enterobacter dissolvens AGYP1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa AGYP2 immobilized in different entrapment matrices. The consortium displayed 96% removal of dye (100 mg/l) within 6 h when immobilized in agar-agar. Under optimum concentrations of agar-agar (3.0% w/v) and cell biomass (0.9 g% w/v), the consortium displayed decolorization for 18 successive batches of Acid Maroon V and also decolorized 14 other different textile dyes. A packed bed reactor under batch mode showed 89% decolorization of dye after 56 repetitive cycles. Under continuous flow mode, maximum color removal was achieved with bed length of 36 cm, hydraulic retention time of 2.66 h, and dye concentration of 100 mg/l. Additionally, the reactor decolorized relatively higher concentrations (100-2000 mg/l) of dye. The synthetic dye wastewater containing five textile dyes was decolorized 92% with 62% COD reduction using an immobilized consortium.
Core Recommendations for Osteoarthritis Care: A Systematic Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines (2023)

This synthesis of high-quality CPGs for OA management offers health care providers with clear, simple guidance of recommended OA care to improve patient outcomes.
The Acoustical Impedance of Closed Rectangular Loudspeaker Housings (1950)

Direct-radiator loudspeakers are often mounted with the back of the diaphragm working into a completely enclosed space. Conventional theory states that when the maximum linear dimension of such an enclosure is small compared with the wave-length, the pressure is uniform throughout, and the acoustical impedance presented to the loudspeaker is -j/ω(V/ρc2), where V is the enclosed volume. Although it has not been clearly established how small an enclosure must be before it is “small compared with the wave-length,” the foregoing expression is generally used, at low audiofrequencies, to calculate the acoustical impedance of closed loudspeaker housings. It is shown here that while the acoustical impedance of a closed rectangular housing is capacitive at very low frequencies, it passes through zero as the frequency increases and becomes that of an inertance as the frequency of the first normal mode is approached. For a typical housing 11 in. × 22 in. × 22 in., the frequency at which the impedance presented to a very small speaker passes through zero is in the vicinity of 70 c.p.s.; at this frequency, the maximum linear dimension of the enclosure is less than one-seventh of the wave-length. These results are obtained by using the methods given by Morse for determining the pressure distribution in a room. A point-source loudspeaker is assumed and the pressure at the source is calculated as the summation of the pressures due to the normal modes of the enclosure, losses being neglected. Measurements of the pressure within the enclosure support this analysis. From measurements of the pressure distribution over the surface of the loudspeaker diaphragm, it may be deduced that the magnitude of the acoustical impedance which the enclosure presents to the loudspeaker diaphragm and the frequency at which the impedance becomes zero depend upon the dimensions of the loudspeaker diaphragm as well as the dimensions of the enclosure.
Ein makrobicyclischer Tris‐bipyridin‐Ligand sowie ein Cu‐ und ein Ag‐Komplex (1991)

Der neue tritope Käfigligand des Ag I 3 ‐Cryptates 1 entsteht in einer Eintopfreaktion durch Kondensation des entsprechenden Bipyridindialdehyds mit Tris(2‐aminoethyl)amin in über 70% Ausbeute. 1 ist der erste Ag I ‐Komplex, in dem drei Ag I ‐Ionen direkt benachbart im selben Hohlraum angeordnet sind. Sie werden dabei von allen 14 Stickstoffatomen des Liganden koordiniert. Drastische Konformationsänderungen im Zuge der Komplexierung, insbesondere in der Trisbipyridin‐Einheit, werden durch Röntgenstrukturanalysen von 1 und dem Käfigliganden offengelegt. magnified image
Highly Selective Separation Intermediate‐Size Anionic Pollutants from Smaller and Larger Analogs via Thermodynamically and Kinetically Cooperative‐Controlled Crystallization (2021)

Selective separation of organic species, particularly that of intermediate-size ones from their analogs, remains challenging because of their similar structures and properties. Here, a novel strategy is presented, cooperatively (thermodynamically and kinetically) controlled crystallization for the highly selective separation of intermediate-size anionic pollutants from their analogs in water through one-pot construction of cationic metal-organic frameworks (CMOFs) with higher stabilities and faster crystallization, which are based on the target anions as charge-balancing anions. 4,4'-azo-triazole and Cu<sup>2+</sup> are chosen as suitable ligand and metal ion for CMOF construction because they can form stronger intermolecular interaction with <i>p</i>-toluenesulfonate anion (Ts-) compared to its analogs. For this combination, a condition is established, under which the crystallization rate of a Ts--based CMOF is remarkably high while those of analog-based CMOFs are almost zero. As a result, the faster crystallization and higher stability cooperatively endow the cationic framework with a close-to-100% selectivity for Ts- over its analogs in two-component mixtures, and this preference is retained in a practical mixture containing more than seven competing (analogs and inorganic) anions. The nature of the free Ts- anion in the cationic framework also allows the resultant CMOF to be recyclable via anion exchange.
Thickness dependence of the dielectric constant and resistance of Al2O3 films (1977)

Thickness dependence of the dielectric constant and dielectric resistance of aluminum oxide films in the thickness region from ∼30 to 1000 Å is studied at 1 kHz. The dielectric constant is measured at 1 kHz at room temperature, and its bulklike value is found to be nearly 9. The dielectric constant begins to decrease from the bulk value due to the structural discontinuity as the sample thickness is decreased (&amp;lt;200 Å). A peculiar effect is observed for ultrathin films (&amp;lt;60 Å); the higher dielectric constant corresponds to the smaller film thickness. Aging of the samples agrees with capacitance proportional to (time)−n relation. Thickness measurements of the aged films confirm that the change in capacitance is due to a change in film thickness rather than a change in the dielectric constant. The dielectric resistance shows an exponential dependence on thickness for ultrathin film (&amp;lt;50 Å). Such thickness dependence of the resistance measured at low frequency indicates that the tunneling is the dominant current flow mechanism for very thin specimens.
Target size analysis of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (1992)

To determine the size of the functional catalytic unit of prostaglandin endoperoxide (prostaglandin H) synthase, radiation inactivation experiments were performed. Both microsomes from ovine seminal vesicles and purified enzyme were irradiated with 10 MeV electrons. The enzymic activities of prostaglandin H synthase, cyclooxygenase and peroxidase, showed mono-exponential inactivation curves dependent on radiation dose, indicating molecular masses of approximately 72 kDa. The enzyme in microsomes, in its native environment, as well as in its purified state after solubilisation with nonionic detergent showed identical molecular masses. The results clearly demonstrate that the monomer of the enzyme with an apparent molecular mass of 72 kDa (SDS/PAGE) is the functional unit for catalysis of both activities. Hence the two active sites of cyclooxygenase and peroxidase reside on the same polypeptide chain.
Learning Photography Aesthetics with Deep CNNs (2017)

Automatic photo aesthetic assessment is a challenging artificial intelligence task. Existing computational approaches have focused on modeling a single aesthetic score or a class (good or bad), however these do not provide any details on why the photograph is good or bad, or which attributes contribute to the quality of the photograph. To obtain both accuracy and human interpretation of the score, we advocate learning the aesthetic attributes along with the prediction of the overall score. For this purpose, we propose a novel multitask deep convolution neural network, which jointly learns eight aesthetic attributes along with the overall aesthetic score. We report near human performance in the prediction of the overall aesthetic score. To understand the internal representation of these attributes in the learned model, we also develop the visualization technique using back propagation of gradients. These visualizations highlight the important image regions for the corresponding attributes, thus providing insights about model's representation of these attributes. We showcase the diversity and complexity associated with different attributes through a qualitative analysis of the activation maps.
Performance of mitochondrial DNA mutations detecting early stage cancer (2008)

Our findings indicate comprehensive mtDNA resequencing can be a high-throughput tool for detecting mutations in clinical samples with potential applications for cancer detection, but it is unclear the biological relevance of these detected mitochondrial mutations. Whether the detection of tumor-specific mtDNA mutations in body fluidsy this method will be useful for diagnosis and monitoring applications requires further investigation.
Context-Aware Recommendation System Using Content Based Image Retrieval with Dynamic Context Considered (2013)

This paper conceptually proposes a context-aware recommendation system that gives/recommends optimal information for users based on 1) the content of an image using content-based image retrieval engines, 2) the contextual information of its similar images on the Web, and 3) user context, namely users' situations such as their location, we are aiming to extract the detailed information to the text-unpresentable images. It is expected to increase the precision of content-based image matching by combining the partial context obtained there from other types of data such as contextual information.
An effective methodology to improve the performance of the up*/down* routing algorithm (2004)

Networks of workstations (NOWs) are being considered as a cost-effective alternative to parallel computers. Most NOWs are arranged as a switch-based network and provide mechanisms for discovering the network topology. Hence, they provide support for both regular and irregular topologies, which makes routing and deadlock avoidance quite complicated. Current proposals use the up*/down* routing algorithm to remove cyclic dependencies between channels and avoid deadlock. However, routing is considerably restricted and most messages must follow nonminimal paths, increasing latency and wasting resources. We propose and evaluate a simple and effective methodology to compute up*/down* routing tables. The new methodology is based on computing a depth-first search (DPS) spanning tree on the network graph that decreases the number of routing restrictions with respect to the breadth-first search (BFS) spanning tree used by the traditional methodology. Additionally, we propose different heuristic rules for computing the spanning trees to improve the efficiency of up*/down* routing. Evaluation results for several different topologies show that computing the up*/down* routing tables by using the new methodology increases throughput by a factor of up to 2.48 in large networks with respect to the traditional methodology, and also reduces latency significantly.
Distributed Command and Organizational Situation Awareness (2004)

Situation awareness is an essential cognitive-domain object of the command and control decision process. This paper places an organization’s SA in the context of OODA (Observe, Orient, Decide, Act) interaction between opposing teams. In addition, a hierarchical SA structure is used to organize SA generated from the physical entities in the corresponding physical domain. A rich Modal Logic-based language (SALMA) is proposed to represent and also to communicate awareness within an organization to form the Organizational Situation Awareness. An example of increase of knowledge due to Organizational SA is given. An additional example of strategic maneuver based on Organization SA is also given. The paper concludes with an assessment of technology-led innovation and the significance of measurement in situation awareness. An entity in the physical domain could have a state of awareness of the present situation. That awareness is the basis for generating actions. There is no situation awareness