gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The National Quality Forum Safe Practice Standard for Computerized Physician Order Entry (2006)

The National Quality Forum has designated computerized physician order entry (CPOE)-the electronic entry of physicians' orders into a clinical computer system for patient care-as 1 of their 30 Safe Practices for Better Healthcare in 2003. Since that time, the body of knowledge and experience with CPOE has grown considerably. This article reexamines the objectives, requirements for achieving these objectives, and evidence of efficacy for this practice, and evaluates new published studies in CPOE. It reviews relevant issues of medication safety, the likely impact of CPOE, the efficacy of CPOE in various studies, key measures of impact of the practice, and important implementation issues. Although it is clear that CPOE can cause errors as well as prevent them, the evidence clearly suggests that CPOE reduces the rates of medication errors and serious medication errors, although studies with adequate power to assess the impact of CPOE on the preventable adverse drug event rate have not been performed. Finally, updates and revisions to the current National Quality Forum CPOE practice standard and implementation examples are suggested.
‘Plasma monocyte-derived extracellular vesicles are associated with neurocognitive impairment in HIV infected individuals.’ (2018)

Abstract Monocytes contribute to the neuropathogenesis of HIV-related cognitive impairment (CI) as they enter the central nervous system and initiate a cascade of neuroinflammatory events. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potent vehicles of intercellular signaling and may reflect the state of cells in the brain under healthy and pathological conditions. We measured EVs in plasma from 79 HIV-infected adults enrolled in the Hawaii Aging with HIV Cohort, classified as having either normal cognition (n=16) or CI based on meeting criteria for HIV-Associated Dementia (n=25) or Mild Cognitive Motor Disorder (n=38). We tested whether EV phenotypes differed between those with and without CI. EVs expressing monocyte-associated markers (EVs/μl) were significantly higher in HIV+ donors with CI compared to those without CI: CD14 (819 vs. 118.5, p=0.017), CD4 (261 vs. 45, p=0.001), CD16 (898 vs. 215, p&amp;lt;0.0001), CD163 (1660 vs. 55, p=0.010), and CCR5 (202 vs. 43.5, p=0.009). In addition, increased levels of EVs expressing neural markers were found in HIV+ adults with CI compared to those without CI: MAP2 (531 vs. 103.5, p=0.013), GFAP (1810 vs. 775, p=0.036), and CD200 (1216 vs. 36.5, p=0.005). There was no significant difference between the two groups in age, CD4 count, viral load, and, EVs expressing CD3, CD41a, CD62p, CD63, CCR2 and CD11b. Levels of CD16-expressing EVs negatively correlated with the degree of CI using a composite of 8 neuropsychological (NP) tests to compute a summary NPZ-8 score (r=−0.224, p=0.046). Our findings reveal that EVs expressing monocyte activation and neural damage markers correlate with CI in HIV+ adults. These techniques reveal novel circulating biomarkers of CI, and neuronal pathogenesis markers utilizing peripheral blood.
Moderate deviations of retransmission buffers over a wireless fading channel (2010)

We study the buffer performance of retransmission protocols over a wireless link. The channel gain is modeled as a discrete-time complex Gaussian model. The advantage of this channel model over simpler alternatives (such as finite-state Markov models) is that the correspondence with the physical situation is more transparent. In order to keep the performance analysis of the buffer content tractable, we opt for heavy-traffic and moderate deviations scalings. We add some notes on the optimal selection of the signal to noise ratio.
Design for the National RF Test Facility at ORNL (1983)

Conceptual and preliminary engineering design for the National RF Test Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has been completed. The facility will comprise a single mirror configuration embodying two superconducting development coils from the ELMO Bumpy Torus Proof-of-Principle (EBT-P) program on either side of a cavity designed for full-scale antenna testing. The coils are capable of generating a 1.2-T field at the axial midpoint between the coils separated by 1.0 m. The vacuum vessel will be a stainless steel, water-cooled structure having an 85-cm-radius central cavity. The facility will have the use of a number of continuous wave (cw), radio-frequency (rf) sources at levels including 600 kW at 80 MHz and 100 kW at 28 GHz. Several plasma sources will provide a wide range of plasma environments, including densities as high as ∼5 × 1013 cm−3 and temperatures on the order of ∼10 eV. Furthermore, a wide range of diagnostics will be available to the experimenter for accurate appraisal of rf testing.
Antibiotic therapy in periodontal disease. 1. Selection of antibiotics. (1987)

歯周病の化学療法をめざし, 歯周病原性細菌に有効な抗生物質を選択する目的で, 6菌種の歯周病原性細菌に対する10種の抗菌物質の最小生育阻止濃度, および歯肉縁下プラーク細菌に対する感受性を検討した。その結果, 被験抗菌物質の中でミノサイクリン (MINO), テトラサイクリン (TC), ペニシリンG (PCG), セフメタゾール, クリンダマイシン (CLDM), メトロニダゾール (MD), が黒色色素産生性Bacteroidesに強い抗菌性を示した。さらにMINOはほかの被験菌種に対しても強い抗菌作用を示した。また, 縁下プラーク細菌に対しては, MINO, PCGが強い抑制効果を示し, 1μg/mlの濃度で95%以上の細菌を抑制した。CLDM, TCは5μg/mlで同様の抑制効果を示したが, MD, クロルヘキシジンの抑制効果は低かった。以上の結果より, 歯周病原性細菌に対して強く幅広い抗菌活性を有するMINOは歯周病治療に用いる抗生物質として優先される薬剤であると考えられた。
Magnetotransport studies of epitaxial Cr thin films (1990)

We report the results of transport measurements on epitaxial Cr thin films. The variation of TN (The Néel transition temperature) with respect to the film thickness is discussed in terms of the stress in the film. In addition, the temperature dependence of the magnetoresistance and Hall resistance for temperatures from 4 to 150 K are measured and discussed, with particular attention to the temperature dependence of the nonlinear portion of the Hall data.
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms: A Non-Random PCR-Based Technique for Multilocus Sampling (1999)

Choosing appropriate genetic markers for evolutionary hypothesis testing involves assessment of their variability and repeatability, in addition to their applicability to the organism in question. The variability inherent to a particular marker is directly correlated with its power of resolution, the degree of which determines its level of inference on the small, medium, large or very large scale (e.g. individuals, population, species, higher taxa). No marker is suitable for every question, and thus maximizing the level of pertinent information (i.e. signal) while minimizing that of extraneous variation (i.e. noise) underlies one’s selection of genetic tool. Constraining these choices are considerations of time (marker development and data generation), technical ease and money; one would preferably not have to retool and retrain at the onset of each new study. In light of this, a reliable and robust marker, one that could be tuned to accommodate testing of novel models or hypotheses, would be ideal.
Fast rigid registration in radiation therapy. (2006)

Based on a stochastic mutual information type matching and RPROP as stochastic optimizer, an interactive image-based registration of a CT volume onto two 2D images provided by a megavoltage system is presented. The matching process is based on semi-automatic pre-segmentation, an approximate 2D-2D matching with precomputed virtual projections (DRRs) followed by an accurate 3D-2D matching step. Our sample-based approach requires only a fraction of computed DRRs for 3D-2D. A simultaneous computation of the DRR rays and their perturbations in 6 dimensions speeds up the rendering process by a factor of 6.8. The complete registration process takes 5.6 +/- 2.3 seconds on a 3 GHz Pentium IV PC, being the fastest non-parallel approach for this sort of application the authors are aware of.
Genotype–phenotype correlations in cerebral cavernous malformations patients (2006)

Despite similarities among the three groups, there is a significantly lower number of affected individuals in CCM3 pedigrees, CCM3 mutations may confer a higher risk for cerebral hemorrhage, particularly during childhood, and the increment of gradient-echo sequence lesions with age differs between CCM1 and CCM2 patients.
Development of Micro Gas Turbine Combustor with a Recirculation Zone Induced by an Upward Swirl (2nd Report, Effect of a Fuel Atomization on Combustion Characteristics and Measurement of Combustion Gas Flow in a Primary Zone) (2008)

A low NOx combustor for kerosene-fueled micro gas turbine based on a new concept was proposed. The combustor consisted of primary and secondary combustion zones, and they were connected by a throat. A swirler was set between the primary and secondary combustion zones. In order to enhance recirculation of burned gas in the primary combustion zone, combustion air was introduced through the swirler and forced to flow upward to the combustor bottom. In this study, fundamental combustion characteristics such as lean combustion limit, exhaust gas composition and combustion gas temperature were measured using three fuel atomizers which rated flow rates were 3.0 gallon/h, 4.5 gallon/h and 6.0 gallon/h respectively. It was shown that the combustion stability and emission characteristics in the case of 3.0 gallon/h nozzle were superior to those in other cases. Further, gas velocity in the primary combustion zone was measured by Leaser Doppler Anemometer (LDA) and behavior of the recirculation of burned gas was investigated.
<title>Feasibility of human/robot cooperation in image-directed radiation oncology</title> (1998)

Image-directed radiation therapy potentially offers significant improvement over current open-loop radiotherapy techniques. Utilizing real-time imaging of tumors, it may be possible to direct a treatment beam to achieve better localization of radiation dose. Since real-time imaging offers relatively poor fidelity, automated analysis of images is formidable. However, experienced physicians may take advantage of visual cues and knowledge of how cancer spreads to infer the location of tumors in partially occluded or otherwise ambiguous scenes. At The Cleveland Clinic, an image-directed radiation treatment system, consisting of a relatively compact linear accelerator manipulated by a 6 degree-of-freedom robot, is in use for treatment of brain tumors. This same system could be applied to teleoperated radiation treatment of non-stationary tumors. To evaluate the prospects for operator-interactive, image-directed therapy, a simulator was constructed to determine the effectiveness of emulated human-in-the-loop treatments. Early performance results based on video recordings of actual lung tumors show that image-directed treatment can offer significant improvements over current practice, motivating development of teleoperated treatment systems.
Under the hood of GeoVRML 1.0 (2000)

GeoVRML 1.0 provides geoscientists with a rich suite of enabling capabilities that cannot be found elsewhere. That is, the ability to model dynamic 3-D geographic data that can be distributed over the web and interactively visualized using a standard browser configuration. GeoVRML includes nodes for VRML97 that perform this task; addressing issues such as coordinate systems, scalability, animation, accuracy, and preservation of the original geographic data. The implementation is released as open source and includes various tools for generating GeoVRML data. All these facilities provide geoscientists with an excellent medium to present complex 3-D geographic data in a dynamic, interactive, and web-accessible format. We illustrate these capabilities using real-world examples drawn from diverse application areas.
RSR13, a Synthetic Allosteric Modifier of Hemoglobin, Improves Myocardial Recovery Following Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass (1999)

Background —During hypothermic blood cardioplegia, oxygen delivery to myocytes is minimal with ineffective anaerobic metabolism predominating. RSR13, 2-[4-[[(3,5-dimethylanilino) carbonyl]methyl]phenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid, a synthetic allosteric modifier of hemoglobin (Hb), increases release of oxygen from Hb, increasing oxygen availability to hypoxic tissues, and reverses the hypothermia-dependent increase in Hb oxygen affinity. We studied recovery of myocardial mechanical and metabolic function and examined myocardial morphology after cardioplegia, comparing RSR13 (1.75 mmol/L)-supplemented blood (RSR13-BC) to standard blood cardioplegia (BC). Methods and Results —Twelve dogs underwent 15 minutes of 37°C global ischemia on cardiopulmonary bypass, followed by 75 minutes of hypothermic cardioplegia (13°C) with either BC (n=6) or RSR13-BC (n=6). There were no differences in baseline function between groups. Cardiac function was assessed after 30 minutes of 37°C reperfusion (BC versus RSR13-BC, respectively) by measuring: % return to normal sinus rhythm (0/100%), % of baseline+dP/dt (33.7±1.7/76.3±1.9), % of baseline−dP/dt (26.6±2.0/81.1±1.6), stroke volume (3.5±0.5/7.1±0.9 mL), cardiac output (340±20/880±40.3 mL/min), and LVEDP (11.3±2.2/0.3±2.9 mm Hg). Postischemic oxidative and metabolic parameters including myocardial lactate, pyruvate, ATP content, and percent water content also were determined. Histological analysis demonstrated preservation of endothelial and myocyte morphology in hearts receiving RSR13-BC compared with BC. Conclusions —These results indicate that in the setting of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, RSR13 improves recovery of myocardial mechanical and metabolic function compared with standard hypothermic BC. Findings from this study suggest that RSR13-BC, by decreasing hemoglobin oxygen affinity, improves oxidative metabolism and preserves cellular morphology, resulting in significantly improved contractile recovery on reperfusion.
Thermal Characterization and Thermal Management in Processor-Based Systems (2007)

The register file is one of the hottest devices in processor-based systems. Leakage reduction techniques and DTM mechanisms require a thermal characterization of the hardware. This paper presents a thermal model to analyze the temperature evolution in the shared register files found on VLIW systems. The use of this model allows the analysis of several factors that have an strong impact on the heat transfer. The results obtained can be used in the design of temperature-aware compilers and place&route tools.
Efficient Synthesis of Heparinoid Bioconjugates for Tailoring FGF2 Activity at the Stem Cell–Matrix Interface (2019)

Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HS GAGs) attached to proteoglycans harbor high affinity binding sites for various growth factors (GFs) and direct their organization and activity across the cell-matrix interface. Here, we describe a mild and efficient method for generating HS-protein conjugates. The two-step process utilizes a "copper-free click" coupling between differentially sulfated heparinoids primed at their reducing end with an azide handle and a bovine serum albumin protein modified with complementary cyclooctyne functionality. When adsorbed on tissue culture substrates, the glycoconjugates served as extracellular matrix proteoglycan models with the ability to sequester FGF2 and influence mesenchymal stem cell proliferation based on the structure of their HS GAG component.
Coplink: Arming Law Enforcement with New Knowledge Management Technologies (2002)

The problem of information and knowledge management in the knowledge intensive and time critical environment of law enforcement has posed an interesting problem for information technology professionals in the field.
THALAMO-CORTICAL SYNCHRONIZATION ACROSS THE SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE (2003)

M. Czisch, R. Wehrle, C. Kaufmann, T. C. Wetter, F. Holsboer, T. Pollmacher, D. P. Auer Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany Upon acoustic stimulation, negative BOLD responses of varying extent and intensity can be observed in simultaneous EEG/fMRI experiments during sleep. During nonREM sleep this deactivation can be regarded as a sleep protective mechanism. For tonic and phasic REM sleep deviant (de-)activation patterns can be found which resemble wakeful-like activity during tonic REM and which show negative BOLD responses including thalamic deactivation during phasic REM. Functional connectivity maps show a highly synchronized thalamo-cortical network which can be exclusively been observed in REM episods.
[Optimal formation conditions and analytical methods of the target product by MAP precipitation]. (2009)

In order to establish optimal conditions of the struvite (MAP: MgNH4PO4 x 6H2O) formation, acid dissolution was applied and developed to perform element analyses on the precipitates obtained from MAP precipitation, and a novel analyzing and calculating method was developed to quantitatively determine the struvite content (purity) in the harvested precipitates according to the NH4+-N content. With this method, the purities of struvite were respectively determined for both ultra pure water and tap water used as solutes. At the same time, the effect of pH and Ca2+ on the formation and crystallization of struvite was evaluated. The newly developed method was effective enough to determine the purities of struvite, which could be a better method than qualitative X-ray diffraction (XRD). Based on the developed method, it was found that the optimal pH ranges for having a high struvite content (> 90%) were respectively at 7.5-9.0 with ultra pure water as solute and at 7.0-7.5 with tap water as solute. In real wastewater, Ca2+ at pH > 8.0 might result in impurities rather than struvite. Therefore, a neutral pH range (< 8.0) is proposed to perform struvite precipitation in wastewater.
Hierarchical Clustering Can Identify B Cell Clones with High Confidence in Ig Repertoire Sequencing Data (2017)

Adaptive immunity is driven by the expansion, somatic hypermutation, and selection of B cell clones. Each clone is the progeny of a single B cell responding to Ag, with diversified Ig receptors. These receptors can now be profiled on a large scale by next-generation sequencing. Such data provide a window into the microevolutionary dynamics that drive successful immune responses and the dysregulation that occurs with aging or disease. Clonal relationships are not directly measured, but they must be computationally inferred from these sequencing data. Although several hierarchical clustering-based methods have been proposed, they vary in distance and linkage methods and have not yet been rigorously compared. In this study, we use a combination of human experimental and simulated data to characterize the performance of hierarchical clustering-based methods for partitioning sequences into clones. We find that single linkage clustering has high performance, with specificity, sensitivity, and positive predictive value all >99%, whereas other linkages result in a significant loss of sensitivity. Surprisingly, distance metrics that incorporate the biases of somatic hypermutation do not outperform simple Hamming distance. Although errors were more likely in sequences with short junctions, using the entire dataset to choose a single distance threshold for clustering is near optimal. Our results suggest that hierarchical clustering using single linkage with Hamming distance identifies clones with high confidence and provides a fully automated method for clonal grouping. The performance estimates we develop provide important context to interpret clonal analysis of repertoire sequencing data and allow for rigorous testing of other clonal grouping algorithms.
Carbon Neutral: The Failure of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to Affect Dung-Generated Greenhouse Gases in the Pasture (2020)

Research suggests dung beetles can churn, aerate, and desiccate dung in ways that influence the dung and soil microbes producing greenhouse gases (GHGs). We examined the impacts of the tunneling beetle, Onthophagus taurus (Schreber), and the dwelling beetle, Labarrus pseudolividus (Balthasar), on the carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emitted from pasture-laid bovine dung as well as their sum-total (CO2 + CH4 + N2O) effect on global warming, or their carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Despite dung beetles potential effects on CH4 and N2O, the existing literature shows no ultimate CO2e reductions. We hypothesized that more dung beetles would degrade pats faster and reduce CO2e, and so we increased the average dung beetle biomass per dung volume 6.22× above previously published records, and visually documented any dung damage. However, the time effects were 2-5× greater for any GHG and CO2e (E = 0.27-0.77) than dung beetle effects alone (E = 0.09-0.24). This suggests that dung beetle communities cannot adequately reduce GHGs unless they can accelerate dung decomposition faster than time alone.
Exploiting media stream similarity for energy-efficient decoding and resource prediction (2012)

This article introduces a novel approach to energy-efficient media stream decoding that is based on the notion of media stream similarity. The key idea is that platform-independent scenarios with similar decoding complexity can be identified within and across media streams. A device that decodes a media stream annotated with scenario information can then adjust its processor clock frequency and voltage level based on these scenarios for lower energy consumption. Our evaluation, done using the H.264 AVC decoder and 12 reference video streams, shows an average energy reduction of 44% while missing less than 0.2% of the frame deadlines using scenario-driven video decoding. An additional application of scenario-based media stream annotation is to predict required resources (compute power and energy) for consuming a given service on a given device. Resource prediction is extremely useful in a client-server setup in which the client requests a media service from the server or content provider. The content provider (in cooperation with the client) can then determine what service quality to deliver, given the client's available resources. Scenario-aware resource prediction can predict (compute power and energy) consumption with errors less than 4% (and an overall average 1.4% error).
Quantitative analysis on tongue inspection in traditional Chinese medicine using optical coherence tomography (2008)

Tongue inspection (TI) is an important and unique diagnostic method in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), because significant connections between various viscerae diseases and abnormalities in the tongue have been verified. In TCM, TI is simple and non invasive, but in clinical applications, TI is subjectively based on the experience and technique of physicians. To avoid this problem, optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging is introduced here for TI. We study OCT imaging in rats in vivo from chronic gastritis group (model) and normal group (control) and quantitatively analyze the relative parameters, such as the thickness and the moisture degree of TI. Our results show that OCT images properly demonstrate the thickness of the tongue coating and the moisture degree of the tongue in both groups, and the thickness is increased in the model group from that in the normal group, while the moisture degree decreases. As a result, OCT technology has the potential to provide physicians with an objective diagnostic standard for visual TI in TCM clinical practice and research.