gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser probes for noninvasive coagulation of subsurface tissues (2006)

Previous ex vivo tissue studies utilizing deep laser heating combined with contact cooling of the tissue surface produced noninvasive thermal destruction of subsurface tissue structures in skin and liver samples. This study describes the design and preliminary in vivo testing of two integrated laser/cooling probes for simultaneous Nd:YAG laser irradiation and sapphire contact cooling of liver and skin tissues in an in vivo, acute porcine model for potential use in laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery. Nd:YAG laser radiation with a wavelength of 1.06 &#956;m, power of 20 W, 7.5-mm-diameter spot, 500-ms pulse length, and repetition rate of 0.625 Hz, was delivered to the tissue with a total irradiation time of 16 s. The tissue surface was continuously cooled with a sapphire plate maintained at -5 <sup>o</sup>C, and with pre- and post-ablation cooling times measuring 120 s and 30 s, resulting in a total operation time of 166 s per a lesion. Thermal lesions were created in liver and skin at a 1-mm depth below the tissue surface and with a 3-4 mm diameter. The laser parameters and lesion dimensions were comparable to previous ex vivo tissue studies. Preliminary in vivo animal studies demonstrate noninvasive creation of subsurface thermal lesions in tissue using Nd:YAG laser irradiation in conjunction with sapphire contact cooling. Chronic wound healing studies will be necessary to optimize the laser and cooling parameters. Potential clinical applications include endoscopic laser treatment of female stress urinary incontinence and thermal coagulation of early stage bladder tumors.
Multi‐agent Control Systems (2021)

This chapter aims to provide background on the essential features of agents and how multi-agent systems introduce human decision-making directly into the autonomy but, due to the distributed nature of the system, allow for self-healing and time-sensitive responses to maintain the resilience of the system, which can include loss of elements due to threats. Early development of agent identities was directed toward artificial intelligence in computer science applications, as compared to the dynamics of control. The next generation of control systems should have a threat-based approach to develop control systems that are resilient by nature. The development of distributed control systems occurred several decades ago. The aspiration to achieve distributed and hybrid has been ongoing within control engineering circles for some time. Early development of agent identities was directed toward artificial intelligence in computer science applications, as compared to the dynamics of control.
Methanogenesis and Methanogen Diversity in Three Peatland Types of the Discontinuous Permafrost Zone, Boreal Western Continental Canada (2006)

Because recent patterns of permafrost collapse in boreal peatlands appear to enhance emissions of CH 4 to the atmosphere, we examined methanogenesis and methanogen diversity in peat soil from peatlands with and without permafrost in two peatland complexes situated in continental western Canada. Peat soil from the active layer of permafrost bogs had very low rates of CH 4 production (ca. 10 nmol g −1 day −1 ), and we were unable to PCR-amplify 16s rRNA gene sequences using Archaea-specific primers in four peat samples. Surface peat soil from continental bogs with no permafrost supported moderate rates of CH 4 production (20–600 nmol g −1 day −1 ), with maximum rates in soil located close to the mean water table level. Additions of ethanol stimulated CH 4 production rates, suggesting metabolic substrate limitations. Peat from internal lawns, which have experienced surface permafrost degradation in the past 150 years, had very rapid rates of CH4 production (up to 800 nmol g −1 day −1 ) occurring within the soil profile. Concomitant rates of anaerobic CO 2 production were greater in continental bogs (ca. 6 μmol g −1 day −1 ) than in internal lawns (ca. 4 μ mol g −1 day −1 ) or in permafrost bogs (2.8 μ mol g −1 day −1 ). Analysis of the 16s rRNA gene for Archaea in the continental bog indicated mostly sequences associate with Methanobacteriales and RC-I with a Methanosarcinaceae sequence in the deepest peat soil. In the internal lawn, Methanosarcinaceae were most common in peat soil with a Methanosaetaceae sequence in the deepest peat soil. This study showed that patterns of discontinuous permafrost and ongoing permafrost degradation in boreal regions create patchy soil environments for methanogens and rates of methanogenesis.
Low-Loss Photonic Integration: Applications in Datacenters (2022)

Interconnects in communication systems play a major role in contributing to the global carbon footprint, especially in data centers and cloud-computing applications where switch fabric capacity is expected to grow exponentially [1]. The power consumption of these systems is very high, with a typical large single-rack router consuming over 10 kW of power [2, 3]. Architecting electronic core routers with higher capacities continues to burden all aspects of system design and underlying technologies including switch fabric capacity and packet processing, such as forwarding, queuing, and buffering. To reduce the power density, and push aggregate capacities to 100s of Tb/s, multi-rack core designs are employed to spread the system power over several racks. However, these systems require as many as six optoelectronic conversions per input/output, in addition to multirack configurations dominated by interface cards. For example, a 25 Tb/s router with 128 40 Gb/s I/O ports can require 768 40 Gb/s actual or equivalent optoelectronic/electro-optic (OE/EO) conversions, whose power dissipation and footprint increase with number of ports and bit rate per port. One reason for the tradeoff in system bandwidth with physical size/density (where system bandwidth is defined as router capacity or throughput with a given packet loss rate and offered load at the input), even with faster and denser electronics, is related to the power-spreading problem.
AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTION AND LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER IN YOUNG CHILDREN ON FK506 AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION1 (1995)

The incidence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) was determined in a pediatric liver transplant population consisting of 51 children treated with FK506 and 91 treated with cyclosporine. The incidence of symptomatic EBV infection was 21.9% (23 of 105 cases) in children < 5 yr old and 10.8% (4 of 37 cases) in children 5 to 17 yr old as compared with 2.7% (9 of 323 cases) in adults (P < 0.0001). In the under 5 yr old group on cyclosporine, the incidences of EBV infection and LPD were 9 of 68 (13.2%) and 2 of 68 children, (2.9%), respectively. In contrast, in children under 5 yr old group on FK506, the incidences of EBV infection and LPD in the FK506 group were 14 of 37 (37.8%) and 7 of 37 children (18.9%), respectively. The difference between these two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.02). There were no cases of LPD in the 5-17 yr-old children on either cyclosporine (n = 23) or FK506 (n = 14). The incidence of EBV infections in the 5 to 17 yr age group, 17.4% on cyclosporine and 0% on FK506, was less than for the younger children on FK506 (37.8%). A total of 39% (9 of 23) of children under 5 yr old who had symptomatic EBV infections developed LPD, and 44% (4 of 9) with LPD died. The higher incidence of EBV infections and LPD in the younger children treated with FK506 was probably related to a greater intensity of immunosuppression for patients on FK506 than those on cyclosporine.
Prediction of crystal structures (1996)

The atom–atom potential method has been demonstrated to quantify intermolecular interactions in molecular crystals of organometallic compounds. A sufficiently general minimization program with a robust steepest-descent algorithm has been used successfully to show that experimentally determined crystal structures correspond to energy minima. The algorithm may be used to predict hitherto unknown crystal structures starting from random packings.
Channel sharing of competing flows in ad hoc networks (2004)

This paper studies the fairness with which competing flows share the channel in ad hoc networks using collision avoidance protocols. It is shown that the required multihop coordination makes the backoff-based distributed fair queueing schemes less effective. Using extensive simulations of two competing flows with different underlying network configuration, it is shown that the commonly used flow contention graph is insufficient to model the contention among nodes and that various degrees of unfairness can take place. The fairness problem is more severe in TCP-based flows due to the required acknowledgment traffic, and TCP throughput is also negatively affected. A measurement based fair scheme is analyzed in which nodes estimate their fair share of the channel from overheard traffic and adjust their backoff window accordingly (voluntarily); it is shown that such a scheme achieves much better fairness but sacrifices too much throughput. These results indicate that more explicit information exchange among contending nodes is mandatory to solve the fairness problem conclusively while maintaining reasonable throughput.
Direction-based proximity detection algorithm for location-based services (2009)

A context-aware system is one that gracefully adapts to user environment changes, rendering its applications/services more personalized. Location has been long considered as the most important context and numerous location based services have been introduced. Proximity detection is considered as a high level proactive location based function that detects proximity between two mobile users. This function is needed in diverse applications such as dating services, gaming and child tracking. This paper presents direction-based dynamic shifted circle (DDSC) approach which takes users direction as context in providing an efficient proximity detection technique. Simulation experiments proved that DDSC outperforms similar algorithms that have been introduced in literature previously, in terms of the number of messages exchanged.
Unconventional roles of metal catalysts in chemical-vapor syntheses of single-crystalline nanowires (2009)

In this invited contribution at the 29th International Conference on the Physics of semiconductors (ICPS 2008), we review two examples of solid-catalytic nanowire (NW) growth in parallel comparisons to the NW growth from the eutectic liquid catalyst. First, we demonstrated the Cu-catalyzed Ge NW growth using GeH4 vapor precursor at 200 °C, which is far below the Cu–Ge eutectic temperature of 644 °C, with a relatively uniform diameter distribution directly templated from that of the catalysts. We provide evidence that the formation of solid Cu3Ge catalysts and Ge diffusion across the catalysts are responsible for such low-temperature growth of Ge NWs in a size-deterministic manner. Second, we show the spontaneous silicidation of NiSix NWs on continuous Ni bulks using SiH4 vapor precursor at 400 °C. This growth is particularly marked in that NiSix NWs are formed in a self-organized manner without employing the nanocluster catalysts. We discuss this spontaneous growth of NiSix NWs within the frame of the nucleation kinetics in the low supersaturation limit in analogous with the earlier examples of the vapor-condensation at the low vapor pressures.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Azaflavanones Using Organocatalytic 6‐endo Aza‐Michael Addition (2014)

Abstract A method to prepare highly enantioenriched azaflavanones using an organocatalytic 6‐ endo aza‐Michael addition has been described. A variety of 2‐aryl‐, 2‐vinyl‐ and 2‐methylazaflavanones were prepared in good yields (53–84%) and excellent enantioselectivities (97.6:2.4 to 99.3:0.7 er ). magnified image
Polarization control and sensing with metasurfaces (Conference Presentation) (2019)

Metasurfaces, nanophotonic arrays of phase shifting elements, hold promise for the miniaturization of a variety of bulk optical elements, most notably lenses and imaging systems. Owing to the flexibility with which their constituent elements may be engineered, metasurfaces allow for point-to-point polarization control on a subwavelength scale. For this reason, metasurfaces represent an exciting new platform for polarization optics as well. I will discuss how this functionality allows for a new perspective on diffractive optics which explicitly acknowledges the vectorial nature of light. This perspective motivates a theory of unitary polarization gratings; I will derive a few key results concerning these gratings. I will discuss and demonstrate how this perspective allows for the design of metasurfaces with new polarization functionalities. I will describe how, through relatively simple optimization methods, a metasurface producing arbitrarily specified polarization states can be designed. This functionality is equivalent to a traditional diffraction grating with individual waveplate optics on each order; here, all the necessary polarization optics can be integrated into a flat, ultrathin optical element. Moreover, such a metasurface can be used in a reverse configuration as a parallel snapshot polarimeter with no need for additional polarization optics. I present a detailed experimental characterization of this device in the visible spectral region and a comparison of the performance of the metasurface to a commercially available rotating waveplate polarimeter. Finally, I will discuss the extension of these concepts to compact polarization imaging systems and will provide a broad outlook on metasurfaces in polarization optics, polarization sensing systems, and polarization instrumentation more generally.
Provocation of Nonepileptic Seizures by Suggestion in a General Seizure Population (1994)

Nonepileptic seizures (NES) are common and are often diagnosed at epilepsy centers by video-EEG recording of both spontaneous and suggestion-induced episodes, but no study has evaluated provocative testing in a general seizure population. We studied consecutive patients with a tentative diagnosis of epilepsy using saline provocation during video-EEG recording, suggesting that this could produce a typical seizure. Of 52 patients, 40% had no response, 23% had responses unlike their seizures, and 37% had typical episodes (positive test). Patients whose usual episodes resembled complex partial seizures (CPS) were more likely to have NES than were patients with a history of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTC). Of patients with positive provocations, the primary physician predicted NES in 68% of cases. This preliminary study suggests that NES are frequent in a general neurology setting, and that saline provocation is a sensitive method of identifying NES.
Exposure of Polymeric Glazing Materials Using NREL’s Ultra-Accelerated Weathering System (UAWs) (2010)

NREL’s Ultra-Accelerated Weathering System (UAWS) selectively reflects and concentrates natural sunlight ultraviolet irradiance below 475 nm onto exposed samples to provide accelerated weathering of materials while keeping samples within realistic temperature limits. This paper will explain the design and implementation of the UAWS which allow it to simulate the effect of years of weathering in weeks of exposure. Exposure chamber design and instrumentation will be discussed for both a prototype UAWS used to test glazing samples as well as a commercial version of UAWS. Candidate polymeric glazing materials have been subjected to accelerated exposure testing at a light intensity level of up to 50 UV suns for an equivalent outdoor exposure in Miami, FL exceeding 15 years. Samples include an impact modified acrylic, fiberglass, and polycarbonate having several thin UV-screening coatings. Concurrent exposure is carried out for identical sample sets at two different temperatures to allow thermal effects to be quantified along with resistance to UV.
Phase I Clinical Study of Edaravone in Healthy Chinese Volunteers (2012)

Edaravone was safe and well tolerated in the volunteers and displayed linear increases in the C(max) and AUC(τ) values.
Skipped dienes in natural product synthesis (2021)

Covering: 2000-2020The 1,4-diene motif, also known as a skipped diene, is widespread across various classes of natural products including alkaloids, fatty acids, terpenoids, and polyketides as part of either the finalized structure or a biosynthetic intermediate. The prevalence of this nonconjugated diene system in nature has resulted in numerous encounters in the total synthesis literature. However, skipped dienes have not been extensively reviewed, which could be attributed to overshadowing by the more recognized 1,3-diene system. In this review, we aim to highlight the relevance of skipped dienes in natural products through the lens of total synthesis. Subjects that will be covered include nomenclature, structural properties, prevalence in natural products, synthetic strategies and the future direction of the field.
Microparticles on the Basis of Segmented Polyurethanes for Drug Respiratory Administration (2004)

Microparticles based on segmented polyurethane were synthesized by polycondensation of a series of diols having various molecular weight with tolyene-2,4-diisocyanate in water-in-oil emulsion. The resulting spherical microparticles were 6-10 µm in diameter following the Gauss distribution. The size of microcapsules at maximum distribution band increases with growing PEG length. It was observed that with higher length of PEG wall surfaces of capsules become more stable mechanically, however a capsule itself is no more brittle and rough. Some aggregation also occurs for microparticles based on PEG 4200. Since respiratory way of drug administration considers size of particles within 1-10 µm as the most applicable, the resulting PU microparticles could be an ideal candidate as domain for respirable antiTB drug administration.
Micro-Electro-Mechanical System for Measuring Mechanical Properties of Cell Aggregates (2015)

This paper presents design and finite element analysis (FEA) modeling of a novel micro-electro-mechanical system for determining mechanical properties of cell aggregates. The main components of this system are the electrostatic actuator array for applying force onto the cell aggregate and piezoresistive sensor for measuring it. A novel actuator array that allows for a set of five predefined displacements up to 100 μm was designed and modeled. FEA modeling of the components was performed to optimize the design and performance. While the device described is specifically designed for on-chip mechanical characterization of cell aggregates in vitro, it could also be translated to other applications. Application of MEMS in biomedical devices has expanded vastly over the last few decades. MEMS devices have been developed to measure different characteristics of cells. The study of cell biomechanics is of growing importance in biology and medical science, as mechanical properties of cells can be related to the cause, progress and cure of certain diseases [1]. The key motivation is to develop systems for controlled mechanical stimulation and characterization of cells. Previously we have developed BioMEM device for measuring mechanical characteristics of single cells [2]. Our new study is focused on a novel method to measure biomechanical properties of cell aggregates, which are commonly used in stem cell culture. The biomechanical measurement of cell aggregates could elucidate how cellular aggregates change with age, differentiation, and other cellular processes or states [3, 4]; which could further inform decisions regarding future use of the cells of interest. The actuation in this work is done by comb drive actuators [5] because of a relatively large displacement and independency of the electrostatic force from displacement. The springs need to be properly designed to achieve the maximum range of stable displacement. Folded flexure spring design combined with initially bent beams was used in our design because of great compliance in lateral direction, larger linear deflection range, lower side instability and minimal area usage [6, 7]. Coupled electromechanical modeling was performed to verify the actuator design. The actuator array consists of a central shuttle and five pairs of comb drives each provide different displacements ranging from 52 μm to 100 μm which correspond to 5 % to 25 % deformation of the targeted cell aggregate. Custom-designed springs that will support the central actuator shuttle and allow for the large displacements were designed and the ratio of shuttle stiffness in perpendicular direction to actuation direction was maximized in order to increase the stable range of shuttle forward movement. FEA of sensor part was also done to maximize the sensor sensitivity by modeling different designs with varied design parameters. This paper presents design of a novel MEMS actuator and sensor system. FEA modeling and optimization of device components was performed and the device is currently being fabricated.
Smart Material Actuators for Micro Optical Zoom Lens Driving Systems (2011)

Process for selection of material and corresponding mechanical structure design with performance testing for smart material micro-optical systems is presented. With the specific application of the optical system for mobile devices in mind, the present work has an emphasis on a design constraint of small physical dimensions that can be achieved through the simplification of power train architecture and the enhanced efficiency of actuation. Evaluations on advantages and drawbacks in terms of mechanical actuation performance of electroactive polymers are also provided. In addition the present work makes an attempt to optimize fabrication process for each possible smart material candidate for the corresponding mechanical structures. Finally a novel biomimetic micro-optical lens unit using a silicon lens and a dielectric actuator is designed and tested.
Enhanced photothermal absorption in iridescent feathers (2021)

The diverse colours of bird feathers are produced by both pigments and nanostructures, and can have substantial thermal consequences. This is because reflectance, transmittance and absorption of differently coloured tissues affect the heat loads acquired from solar radiation. Using reflectance measurements and heating experiments on sunbird museum specimens, we tested the hypothesis that colour and their colour producing mechanisms affect feather surface heating and the heat transferred to skin level. As predicted, we found that surface temperatures were strongly correlated with plumage reflectivity when exposed to a radiative heat source and, likewise, temperatures reached at skin level decreased with increasing reflectivity. Indeed, nanostructured melanin-based iridescent feathers (green, purple, blue) reflected less light and heated more than unstructured melanin-based colours (grey, brown, black), as well as olives, carotenoid-based colours (yellow, orange, red) and non-pigmented whites. We used optical and heat modelling to test if differences in nanostructuring of melanin, or the bulk melanin content itself, better explains the differences between melanin-based feathers. These models showed that the greater melanin content and, to a lesser extent, the shape of the melanosomes explain the greater photothermal absorption in iridescent feathers. Our results suggest that iridescence can increase heat loads, and potentially alter birds' thermal balance.