gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating stochastic seeding strategies in networks (2018)

When trying to maximize the adoption of a behavior in a population connected by a social network, it is common to strategize about where in the network to seed the behavior, often with an element of randomness. Selecting seeds uniformly at random is a basic but compelling strategy in that it distributes seeds broadly throughout the network. A more sophisticated stochastic strategy, one-hop targeting, is to select random network neighbors of random individuals; this exploits a version of the friendship paradox, whereby the friend of a random individual is expected to have more friends than a random individual, with the hope that seeding a behavior at more connected individuals leads to more adoption. Many seeding strategies have been proposed, but empirical evaluations have demanded large field experiments designed specifically for this purpose and have yielded relatively imprecise comparisons of strategies. Here we show how stochastic seeding strategies can be evaluated more efficiently in such experiments, how they can be evaluated "off-policy" using existing data arising from experiments designed for other purposes, and how to design more efficient experiments. In particular, we consider contrasts between stochastic seeding strategies and analyze nonparametric estimators adapted from policy evaluation and importance sampling. We use simulations on real networks to show that the proposed estimators and designs can increase precision while yielding valid inference. We then apply our proposed estimators to two field experiments, one that assigned households to an intensive marketing intervention and one that assigned students to an anti-bullying intervention.
Beam shaping of ultrashort laser pulses using diffractive optics: a theoretical study (2002)

We extended the study of a diffractive laser beam shaping system which is originally designed for continuous waves (SPIE vol. 2863, pp 237-45, 1996). The beam profile of an ultra-short laser pulse passing through this optical system is calculated. Two different numerical methods, Monte Carlo and Gaussian method, are applied to this problem. We find that the Gaussian method yields better results because the step size algorithms used in this method are well suited for this specific problem. The Gaussian numerical simulation shows that the fluence still yields a top-hat radial distribution. Beam shaping of ultra-short laser pulses using this optical scheme is feasible.
Indirect electrochemical reactions by using mediators. Potentiality of electro-reductive and -oxidative functionalizations in electrosynthesis. (1985)

This review deals with indirect electro-reductive and oxidative reactions which involve four major topics : (1) Electroreductive functionalization with metal redox complexes as mediators ; (2) Electroreductive functionalization with organic redox compounds as mediators ; (3) Electroreductive functionalization with superoxide ; (4) Electrooxidative functionalization with miscellaneous redox systems.
Glaukomscreening mit dem Blaulicht-Muster-ERG und dem OCT - Sind beide Verfahren gleichwertig? (2012)

The blue light-pattern ERG correlates in 87 % of our cases with the OCT. Healthy test persons are certainly identified just as well as definitely glaucomatous patients. To distinguish people suspected of early glaucoma the blue light-pattern ERG can be used as an additional, fast and economic diagnostic procedure.
Calibration of fibre-optic RF E/H-field probes using a magnetic resonance (MR) compatible TEM cell and dedicated MR measurement techniques (2012)

Supervision of specific absorption rate (SAR) during Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is crucial for patient safety. Electromagnetic field (EMF) simulations have proven to be essential tools in design and evaluation of dedicated MR coil setups. However, such simulations can only be validated comprehensively by physical measurements of EM field distribution using radio frequency (RF) electric and magnetic field probes. The reliability of those measurements strongly depends on the quality of the calibration procedure. This work presents a fully MR compatible Transverse Electromagnetic Cell (TEM cell) which was used to calibrate two different fibre coupled field probes by common MR measurement techniques only. In a water filled capillary mounted inside the TEM cell the B 1 (+) magnetic field component produced by the cell was measured by a flip angle mapping sequence. In a TEM cell the electric field and the magnetic field are related via E/H = 376.73 . Therefore, the E-field can be related exactly to B 1 (+) by E = 2 c 0 B 1 (+) (c 0 : velocity of light). For the acquisition of the sensor signals the receiver unit of a clinical 3T MR scanner and a 7T whole-body research scanner was used; as a result, no additional hardware was necessary. The estimated accuracy of the calibration procedure is 5 % or 0.4 dB and the linear behaviour of the calibrated sensor signals was verified. For further evaluation of uncertainties and homogeneity of the generated RF fields an improved design of the TEM cell with a characteristic impedance of 50 is desired.
Behavior planning of an unmanned ground vehicle with actively articulated suspension to negotiate geometric obstacles (2009)

The behavior control method was usually adapted for controlling the suspension configuration which determines the traversability of the UGV with actively articulated suspension. In this paper, we proposed a method of configuration planning of the suspension without any detail geometric data of terrain. The terrain was estimated by the traces of each wheel and the behavior plans for the desired upper level behavior were set up against the constraints of the terrain. Also, an optimal suspension configuration was calculated based on the quasi-static stability and power consumption, and plans for the suspension behavior were made. Validity of the proposed method was checked by simulation using some off-the-shelf programs, and showed that the behavior planning without geometric features of terrain and simplification of the behavior planning for obstacle negotiation were possible.
Porphyrin-Based Conjugated Polymers as Intrinsic Semiconducting Photocatalysts for Robust H2 Generation under Visible Light (2019)

Up to now, conjugated organic polymers as organic semiconductors have received more and more attention on the direct conversion of water to hydrogen energy. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of porphyrin-based conjugated polymers (Zn-ZnDETPP, Co-CoDETPP, and Zn-CoDETPP) with intrinsic semiconducting feature and broad spectral response ability. The Zn-CoDETPP polymer exhibits a photocatalytic H2 generation activity (43 μmol h–1) illuminated by λ ≥ 400 nm light and a record apparent quantum yield (7.36%) at λ = 400 nm monochromatic light among those porphyrin-based polymers reported previously, while the Zn-ZnDETPP and Co-CoDETPP only deliver a H2 generation activity of 8.0 and 33 μmol h–1 respectively. The characteristic results demonstrate that the CoDETPP porphyrin units as bridges in the Zn-CoDETPP polymer can act as an electron acceptor and promote the metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) from zinc porphyrin to cobalt porphyrin units, which could lead to more effective and faster charge separation in the Zn-CoDETPP polymer for the H2 generation reaction. The present results open up a promising strategy applying porphyrin-based conjugated polymers as intrinsic semiconductors for efficient H2 generation and instruct us to efficiently convert solar energy into chemical energy by molecular designing.
A fast adaptive filter for electrocardiography (2004)

A new adaptive filter structure is proposed to reduce power line interference from ECGs. It is based on the principle of continuously tracking the frequency, amplitude and phase of the noise, using a modified form of the short time Fourier transform. This information is used to reconstruct the noise signal, which is then subtracted from the noisy ECG. The method was tested using ECGs from the MIT-BIH database with superimposed noise of varying amplitude and frequency (60 Hz +/- 5 Hz). It was found to be efficient even at low sampling rates. The process is computationally simple enough for real time implementation. It also obviates the need for a reference input. This technique can be applied to many other bipotential signals, and can be adapted for hardware implementation.
The Intracavitary ECG Method for Positioning the Tip of Central Venous Catheters: Results of an Italian Multicenter Study (2012)

Our multicenter study confirms that the intracavitary ECG method for real time verification of tip position is accurate, safe, feasible in all adult patients and applicable to any type of short-term or long-term central venous access device.
Electron beam inspection of 16nm HP node EUV masks (2012)

EUV lithography (EUVL) is the most promising solution for 16nm HP node semiconductor device manufacturing and beyond. The fabrication of defect free EUV mask is one of the most challenging roadblocks to insert EUVL into high volume manufacturing (HVM). To fabricate and assure the defect free EUV masks, electron beam inspection (EBI) tool will be likely the necessary tool since optical mask inspection systems using 193nm and 199nm light are reaching a practical resolution limit around 16nm HP node EUV mask. For production use of EBI, several challenges and potential issues are expected. Firstly, required defect detection sensitivity is quite high. According to ITRS roadmap updated in 2011, the smallest defect size needed to detect is about 18nm for 15nm NAND Flash HP node EUV mask. Secondly, small pixel size is likely required to obtain the high sensitivity. Thus, it might damage Ru capped Mo/Si multilayer due to accumulated high density electron beam bombardments. It also has potential of elevation of nuisance defects and reduction of throughput. These challenges must be solved before inserting EBI system into EUV mask HVM line. In this paper, we share our initial inspection results for 16nm HP node EUV mask (64nm HP absorber pattern on the EUV mask) using an EBI system eXplore&reg; 5400 developed by Hermes Microvision, Inc. (HMI). In particularly, defect detection sensitivity, inspectability and damage to EUV mask were assessed. As conclusions, we found that the EBI system has capability to capture 16nm defects on 64nm absorber pattern EUV mask, satisfying the sensitivity requirement of 15nm NAND Flash HP node EUV mask. Furthermore, we confirmed there is no significant damage to susceptible Ru capped Mo/Si multilayer. We also identified that low throughput and high nuisance defect rate are critical challenges needed to address for the 16nm HP node EUV mask inspection. The high nuisance defect rate could be generated by poor LWR and stitching errors during EB writing of 64nm HP resist pattern. This result suggests we need further improvements not only in the EBI inspection system but also the patterning processes for 16nm HP node EUV masks.
Revisão teórica da interconectividade de materiais porosos hierárquicos - caracterização por adsorção física (2022)

Os materiais hierarquicamente estruturados, apresentando vários níveis de porosidades, têm sido pesquisados, devido às suas propriedades, como área superficial elevada, acessibilidade para sítios ativos e controlada difusão de massa. A caracterização desses materiais para determinação do tamanho dos poros, área superficial e distribuição de tamanho de poros é necessária para seleção e otimização do desempenho em muitas aplicações industriais (catálise, adsorção, separação, energia e bioquímica). Esta revisão apresenta os aspectos importantes para a caracterização estrutural de materiais porosos por adsorção de gás, com foco na interconectividade de micro-mesoporos. São apresentados os fundamentos gerais da adsorção para caracterização de materiais utilizando o modelo de poros independentes e o desenvolvimento de estudos teóricos e experimentais para caracterização de materiais com poros interconectados, ilustrados com a caracterização por adsorção avançada. Nos últimos anos, o progresso nas sínteses de materiais mesoporosos, os avanços nas técnicas experimentais e da instrumentação comercial, as abordagens microscópicas e os métodos computacionais, resultaram em um grande desenvolvimento na pesquisa para compreender a relação estrutura-propriedade desses materiais hierárquicos. A adsorção de gás é o método mais usado para caracterizar sólidos porosos e está bem estabelecida para modelo de poros independentes. Persiste, no entanto, o desafio para o desenvolvimento de modelos para poros interconectados. Em materiais com poros desordenados, mais esforço de pesquisa no desenvolvimento de técnicas experimentais e de simulação molecular é necessário para compreender o comportamento destes materiais heterogêneos.
p97 dysfunction underlies a loss of quality control of damaged membrane proteins and promotes oxidative stress and sickling in sickle cell disease (2022)

Sickling is the central pathogenic process of sickle cell disease (SCD), one of the most prevalent inherited hemolytic disorders. Having no easy access to antioxidants in the cytosol, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) residing at the plasma membrane in sickle red blood cells (sRBCs) easily oxidize membrane proteins and thus contribute to sickling. Although the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is essential to rapidly clear ROS-damaged membrane proteins and maintain cellular homeostasis, the function and regulatory mechanism of the UPS for their clearance in sRBCs remains unidentified. Elevated levels of polyubiquitinated membrane-associated proteins in human sRBCs are reported here. High throughput and untargeted proteomic analyses of membrane proteins immunoprecipitated by ubiquitin antibodies detected elevated levels of ubiquitination of a series of proteins including cytoskeletal proteins, transporters, ROS-related proteins, and UPS machinery components in sRBCs. Polyubiquitination of membrane-associated catalase was increased in sRBCs, associated with decreased catalase activity and elevated ROS. Surprisingly, shuttling of p97 (ATP-dependent valosin-containing chaperone protein), a key component of the UPS to shuttle polyubiquitinated proteins from the membrane to cytosol for proteasomal degradation, was significantly impaired, resulting in significant accumulation of p97 along with polyubiquitinated proteins in the membrane of human sRBCs. Functionally, inhibition of p97 directly promoted accumulation of polyubiquitinated membrane-associated proteins, excessive ROS levels, and sickling in response to hypoxia. Overall, we revealed that p97 dysfunction underlies impaired UPS and contributes to oxidative stress in sRBCs.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Lipophilic BTBP Ligands for An/Ln Separation in Nuclear Waste Treatment: The Effect of Alkyl Substitution on Extraction Properties and Implications for Ligand Design (2012)

Abstract Four new 6,6′‐bis(1,2,4‐triazin‐3‐yl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine (BTBP) ligands, which contain either additional alkyl groups on the pyridine rings or seven‐membered aliphatic rings attached to the triazine rings, have been synthesized, and the effects of the additional alkyl substitution in the 4‐ and 4′‐positions of the pyridine rings on their extraction properties with Ln III and An III cations in simulated nuclear waste solutions have been studied. The speciation of ligand 13 with some trivalent lanthanide nitrates was elucidated by 1 H NMR spectroscopic titrations and ESI‐MS. Although 13 formed both 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with La III and Y III , only 1:2 complexes were observed with Eu III and Ce III . Quite unexpectedly, both alkyl‐substituted ligands 12 and 13 showed lower solubilities in certain diluents than the unsubstituted ligand CyMe 4 ‐BTBP. Compared to CyMe 4 ‐BTBP, alkyl‐substitution was found to decrease the rates of metal‐ion extraction of the ligands in both 1‐octanol and cyclohexanone. A highly efficient ( D Am &gt; 10) and selective (SF Am/Eu &gt; 90) extraction was observed for 12 and 13 in cyclohexanone and for 13 in 1‐octanol in the presence of a phase‐transfer agent. The implications of these results for the design of improved extractants for radioactive waste treatment are discussed.
Subcritical excitation of the current-driven Tayler instability by super-rotation (2016)

It is known that in a hydrodynamic Taylor-Couette system, uniform rotation or a rotation law with positive shear (“super-rotation”) is linearly stable. It is also known that a conducting fluid under the presence of a sufficiently strong axial electric-current becomes unstable against nonaxisymmetric disturbances. It is thus suggestive that a cylindrical pinch formed by a homogeneous axial electric-current is stabilized by rotation laws with dΩ/dR ≥ 0. For magnetic Prandtl number Pm ≠ 1 and for slow rotation, however, rigid rotation and super-rotation support the instability by lowering the critical Hartmann numbers. This double-diffusive instability of super-rotation even exists for toroidal magnetic fields with rather arbitrary radial profiles, the current-free profile Bϕ ∝ 1/R included. The sign of the azimuthal drift of the nonaxisymmetric hydromagnetic instability pattern strongly depends on the magnetic Prandtl number. The pattern counterrotates with the flow for Pm ≪ 1 and it corotates for Pm ≫ 1 while for rotation laws with negative shear, the instability pattern migrates in the direction of the basic rotation for all Pm. An axial electric-current of minimal 3.6 kA flowing inside or outside the inner cylinder suffices to realize the double-diffusive instability for super-rotation in experiments using liquid sodium as the conducting fluid between the rotating cylinders. The limit is 11 kA if a gallium alloy is used.
Home network message specification for white goods and its applications (2002)

A home network message specification for white goods based on power line communication is proposed. It is designed for white goods such as air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines etc. The proposed home network message specification is composed of a virtual device service and a device-specific attribute. For practical implementation, an application software and two types of power line modules are used.
The Effects of Time Weighting the Input to a Spectrum Analyzer (1961)

The effects of time weighting the input to a spectrum analyzer are considered. The spectrum analyzer is assumed equivalent to a bank of similar filters whose overlapping passbands cover a region of spectral interest and whose outputs are measured at a single instant in time. The term transient selectivity is defined as the magnitude of the envelope of the response of a filter with center frequency <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\omega + \Delta \omega</tex> , at the time instant <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</tex> , to an input <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e^{j \omega t}</tex> over the interval <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0 \leq t \leq T</tex> . The transient selectivity characteristics of an arbitrary bank of filters can be achieved using a bank of single-tuned filters and time varying the magnitude of the envelope of the input to the filter bank system. This property is called the time-weighting principle. Spectrum analyzer systems are employed to detect the presence and specify the frequency of fixed-duration constant-frequency signals immersed in noise. For a system whose objectives include distinguishing the presence of several simultaneous signals, two measures of system performance are the sharpness of the system's transient selectivity and the system's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Time weighting functions are presented which can realize arbitrarily sharp transient selectivity characteristics. An equation for the snr for arbitrary filters and arbitrary time weighting functions is also presented. The transient selectivity and snr performance for a bank of filters time weighted with a <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sine^{N} \pi t/T</tex> weighting function is illustrated.
In Situ Printing of Adhesive Hydrogel Scaffolds for the Treatment of Skeletal Muscle Injuries (2020)

Reconstructive surgery remains inadequate for the treatment of volumetric muscle loss (VML). The geometry of skeletal muscle defects in VML injuries varies on a case-by-case basis. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as one strategy that enables the fabrication of scaffolds that match the geometry of the defect site. However, the time and facilities needed for imaging the defect site, processing to render computer models, and printing a suitable scaffold prevent immediate reconstructive interventions post-traumatic injuries. In addition, the proper implantation of hydrogel-based scaffolds, which have generated promising results <i>in vitro</i>, is a major challenge. To overcome these challenges, a paradigm is proposed in which gelatin-based hydrogels are printed directly into the defect area and cross-linked <i>in situ</i>. The adhesiveness of the bioink hydrogel to the skeletal muscles was assessed <i>ex vivo</i>. The suitability of the <i>in situ</i> printed bioink for the delivery of cells is successfully assessed <i>in vitro</i>. Acellular scaffolds are directly printed into the defect site of mice with VML injury, exhibiting proper adhesion to the surrounding tissue and promoting remnant skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The developed handheld printer capable of 3D <i>in situ</i> printing of adhesive scaffolds is a paradigm shift in the rapid yet precise filling of complex skeletal muscle tissue defects.
Scandium(III) Trifluoromethanesulfonate Catalyzed Aromatic Nitration with Inorganic Nitrates and Acetic Anhydride. (2002)

The rare earth metal(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (rare earth metal(III) triflate, RE(OTf)3) was found to be an efficient catalyst for aromatic nitration with carboxylic anhydride-inorganic nitrate as the nitrating agent. In the presence of a catalytic amount of RE(OTf)3, the nitration of substituted benzenes proceeded to afford the corresponding nitrobenzenes. Especially, scandium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (scandium(III) triflate, Sc(OTf)3) is the most active catalyst among our tested Lewis acids. It was also found that acetic anhydride-Al(NO3).9H2O is the most active nitrating agent in this system.
A 3D Self-Adjust Region Growing Method for Axon Extraction (2007)

Neuron axon analysis is an important means to investigate disease mechanisms and signaling pathways in neurobiology and often requires collecting a great amount of statistical information and phenomena. Automated extraction of axons in 3D microscopic images posts a key problem in the field of neuron axon analysis. To address tortuous axons in 3D volumes, a self-adjust region growing approach referring to surface modeling and self-adjustment which takes advantage of the nature of axon (e.g., continuity), is presented. Experimental results on axon volumes show that the proposed scheme provides a reliable solution to axon retrieving and overcomes several common drawbacks from other existing methods.