gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of future U.S. Water shortages to socioeconomic and climate drivers: a case study in Georgia using an integrated human-earth system modeling framework (2016)

One of the most important interactions between humans and climate is in the demand and supply of water. Humans withdraw, use, and consume water and return waste water to the environment for a variety of socioeconomic purposes, including domestic, commercial, and industrial use, production of energy resources and cooling thermal-electric power plants, and growing food, fiber, and chemical feed stocks for human consumption. Uncertainties in the future human demand for water interact with future impacts of climatic change on water supplies to impinge on water management decisions at the international, national, regional, and local level, but until recently tools were not available to assess the uncertainties surrounding these decisions. This paper demonstrates the use of a multi-model framework in a structured sensitivity analysis to project and quantify the sensitivity of future deficits in surface water in the context of climate and socioeconomic change for all U.S. states and sub-basins. The framework treats all sources of water demand and supply consistently from the world to local level. The paper illustrates the capabilities of the framework with sample results for a river sub-basin in the U.S. state of Georgia.
A Method for Fully Automated Particle Picking in Cryo-Electron Microscopy Based on a CNN (2018)

A novel method for particle picking in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed. The key to successful 3D reconstruction lies in the ability to pick as many particles as possible before 2D class averaging. In most of the existing studies, particles are selected either manually or semi-automatically, which can be time-consuming and laborious. We aim to pick particles fully automatically to improve the picking efficiency without any human intervention. A new CNN model is designed and two data preprocessing methods, image sharpening and histogram equalization, are employed to make the model get better performance. The experimental results show that the proposed method has a better recall score compared to existing algorithms. Moreover, the proposed model is validated and compared using various EM data. With the fully automatically picked particles, 2D class averaging can be processed efficiently to further select good-quality particles. Subsequently, 3D reconstruction can be performed.
Body window-enabled in vivo multicolor imaging of transplanted mouse islets expressing an insulin-Timer fusion protein (2003)

Type 1 diabetes results from the selective destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, and autoimmune T cells are thought to be the mediators of this destruction. T cells are also responsible for allorejection once the islets are transplanted into a patient to reduce the negative consequences of a lack of insulin. To better understand these processes, we have developed a transgenic mouse expressing proinsulin II tagged with a live-cell fluorescent reporter protein, Timer. Timer protein is unique because it changes color from green to red in the first 24 h after synthesis. With this marker, insulin synthesis can be carefully monitored through fluorescent changes over time. To complement this new biotechnological research tool, we designed a body window to allow for in vivo imaging over time of the islets transplanted under the kidney capsule. The window device, which is sutured to replace the underlying skin and body wall over the site of islet transplantation, may be used to simultaneously observe beta cells and T cells that have been labeled with a fluorochrome distinguishable from Timer. The imaging of both insulin-producing cells and T cells may be carried out repeatedly for a week or more with no need for repeated surgery, while preserving the life of the studied animal.
ETDM Transmitter Module for 100-Gb/s Ethernet (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Performance of a packaged distributed-feedback travelling-wave electroabsorption modulator module for data transmission at 100 Gb/s is presented for the first time. Clearly open eye diagrams at 80 Gb/s with an extinction ratio (ER) of 4.9 dB and 100 Gb/s with ER 4.2 dB (limited by measurement setup) are demonstrated together with data transmission over 100-m-long standard single-mode fiber and over dispersion-compensated 10-km fiber link. </para>
Self-assembly of natural and synthetic drug amphiphiles into discrete supramolecular nanostructures (2013)

Molecular assembly provides an effective approach to construct discrete supramolecular nanostructures of various sizes and shapes in a simple manner. One important technological application of the resulting nanostructures is their potential use as anticancer drug carriers to facilitate targeted delivery to tumour sites and consequently to improve clinical outcomes. In this carrier-assisted delivery strategy, anticancer drugs have been almost exclusively considered as the cargo to be carried and delivered, and their potential as molecular building blocks has been largely ignored. In this discussion, we report the use of anticancer drugs as molecular building units to create discrete supramolecular nanostructures that contain a high and quantitative drug loading and also have the potential for self-delivery. We first show the direct assembly of two amphiphilic drug molecules (methotrexate and folic acid) into discrete nanostructures. Our results reveal that folic acid exhibits rich self-assembly behaviour via Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding under various solvent conditions, whereas methotrexate is unable to assemble into any well-defined nanostructures under the same conditions, despite its similar chemical structure. Considering the low water solubility of most anticancer drugs, hydrophilic segments must be conjugated to the drug in order to bestow the necessary amphiphilicity. We have demonstrated this for camptothecin through the attachment of beta-sheet-forming peptides with overall hydrophilicity. We found that the intermolecular interactions among camptothecin segments and those among beta-sheet peptides act together to define the formation of stable one-dimensional nanostructures in dilute solutions, giving rise to nanotubes or nanofibers depending upon the processing conditions used. These results lead us to believe that self-assembly of drugs into discrete nanostructures not only offers an innovative way to craft self-delivering anticancer drugs, but also extends the paradigm of using molecular assembly as a toolbox to achieve functional nanostructures, to a new area which is specifically focused on the direct assembly of functional molecules (e.g. drugs, or imaging agents) into nanostructures of their own.
Effect of Antibiotic Plant Resistance on the Reproductive Fitness of the Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) (1997)

Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effect of antibiosis on the reproductive fitness of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). Cumulative nymphal production was modeled for 6 wheat, Triticum aestivum L., plant introductions (PI 47545, PI 94355, PI 94365, PI 151918, PI 225245, PI 225262) and a susceptible standard, ‘Stephens’ wheat, with a nonlinear regression procedure that used the logistic equation. It was not possible to model the resistant standard, ‘Border’ oat, because of early mortality and lack of nymphipositional activity. The maximum nymphal production (M) ranged from 68.3 (PI 225262) to 87.2 nymphs per female (Stephens wheat). The rate of increase, or increase in nymphal production rate, ranged from 2.4 (PI 225262) to 3.0 (Stephens wheat). The lag time ranged from 2.5 (Stephens wheat) to 2.7 log (days) (PI 151918). Lag time represented the period before the adult female began to produce nymphs. The original time scale (days), was transformed (natural log) to evaluate the early lag phase in these data. Contrasts of parameters M and K, and joint hypothesis testing (comparison of entire curve) among Stephens wheat and the selected resistant plant introduction lines indicated that there were significant differences between Stephens wheat and all plant introduction lines examined for all parameter comparisons (M, K, and whole curve). Estimated models from trial 1 were applied to data from trial 2 to validate the suitability of the models to describe the nymphal production process. Examination of residuals (defined as the difference between the predicted value and the observed value) suggested that although the models tended to slightly overestimate nymphal production, they adequately represented nymphal production data for all plant introduction lines as well as Stephens wheat.
Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis: Does Percutaneous Plating Disrupt Femoral Blood Supply Less Than the Traditional Technique? (1999)

A percutaneous minimally invasive plating technique disrupts the femoral blood supply less than the traditional open method. Such minimally invasive methods may be more advantageous biologically than the traditional method.
A relative value method for measuring and evaluating cardiac reserve (2002)

Using indicators CCCT(1/4) and CCCT(1) may be beneficial for evaluating cardiac contractility and cardiac reserve mobilization level, S1/S2 for considering the factor for hypotension, T1/M1 for evaluating the right heart load, and D/S for evaluating diastolic cardiac blood perfusion time.
Cooperative Eco-Driving at Signalized Intersections in a Partially Connected and Automated Vehicle Environment (2019)

The emergence of connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technology has the potential to bring a number of benefits to our existing transportation systems. Specifically, when CAVs travel along an arterial corridor with signalized intersections, they can not only be driven automatically using pre-designed control models but can also communicate with other CAVs and the roadside infrastructure. In this paper, we describe a cooperative eco-driving (CED) system targeted for signalized corridors, focusing on how the penetration rate of CAVs affects the energy efficiency of the traffic network. In particular, we propose a role transition protocol for CAVs to switch between a leader and following vehicles in a string. Longitudinal control models are developed for conventional vehicles in the network and for different CAVs based on their roles and distances to intersections. A microscopic traffic simulation evaluation has been conducted using PTV VISSIM with realistic traffic data collected for the City of Riverside, CA, USA. The effects on traffic mobility are evaluated, and the environmental benefits are analyzed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) model. The simulation results indicate that the energy consumption and pollutant emissions of the proposed system decrease, as the penetration rate of CAVs increases. Specifically, more than 7% reduction on energy consumption and up to 59% reduction on pollutant emission can be achieved when all vehicles in the proposed system are CAVs.
External electric field effect on electronic properties and charge transfer in CoI2/NiI2 spinterface (2019)

Abstract Electronic structure and spin‐related properties of CoI 2 /NiI 2 heterostructure were studied by means of density functional theory. It was shown that the electronic structure at the Fermi level can be characterized by a band gap. The effect of the external electric field on charge transfer and electronic properties of the CoI 2 /NiI 2 interface was investigated, and it was found that band gap width depends on the strength of the applied electric field, switching its nature from semiconducting to a half‐metallic one. An easy control of the electronic properties and promising spin‐polarized nature of the CoI 2 /NiI 2 spinterface allows the heterostructure to be used in spin‐related applications.
Profiling of extracellular vesicles of metastatic urothelial cancer patients to discover protein signatures related to treatment outcome (2022)

The prognosis of metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) patients is poor, and early prediction of systemic therapy response would be valuable to improve outcome. In this exploratory study, we investigated protein profiles in sequential plasma-isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) from a subset of mUC patients treated within a Phase I trial with vinflunine combined with sorafenib. The isolated EVs were of exosome size and expressed exosome markers CD9, TSG101 and SYND-1. We found, no association between EVs/ml plasma at baseline and progression-free survival (PFS). Protein profiling of EVs, using an antibody-based 92-plex Proximity Extension Assay on the Oncology II<sup>®</sup> platform, revealed a heterogeneous protein expression pattern. Qlucore bioinformatic analyses put forward a protein signature comprising of SYND-1, TNFSF13, FGF-BP1, TFPI-2, GZMH, ABL1 and ERBB3 to be putatively associated with PFS. Similarly, a protein signature from EVs that related to best treatment response was found, which included FR-alpha, TLR 3, TRAIL and FASLG. Several of the markers in the PFS or best treatment response signatures were also identified by a machine learning classification algorithm. In conclusion, protein profiling of EVs isolated from plasma of mUC patients shows a potential to identify protein signatures that may associate with PFS and/or treatment response.
Asynchronous Transmission Schemes for Digital Information (1970)

Some coding schemes of binary signals into ternary signals for asynchronous transmission of digital information are presented. First, an application of differentiated ternary return to zero signals, where every signal is associated with a particular separation signal, to asynchronous transmission is introduced and discussed. Second, coding schemes where successive signals are alike are introduced and also discussed. In these schemes signals may have large intersymbol interferences. Third, in order to minimize intersymbol interference a coding scheme where no two successive pulses may have the same polarity is introduced. The number of code points N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> of length <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</tex> is given by, <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N_{m} = 2(F_{m} + F_{m-1})</tex> , where F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> is in a Fibonacci series <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\{F_{i}\}, i = 1,2,...,m,</tex> starting with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F_{1} = 1</tex> and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F_{2} = 2</tex> . Thus we call this Fibonacci coding. If the Fibonacci coding is performed on a bit-by-bit basis, the code words derived do not generally have equal length. To avoid this, word-by-word coding is proposed. The power spectrum of the Fibonacci coded signals is calculated theoretically. In all cases, any single error may cause a succession of errors. In order to prevent these errors caused by an error, it is required to achieve stable block or frame synchronization.
Interacting proteins identified by genetic interactions: a missense mutation in alpha-tubulin fails to complement alleles of the testis-specific beta-tubulin gene of Drosophila melanogaster. (1989)

In this paper we demonstrate that failure to complement between mutations at separate loci can be used to identify genes that encode interacting structural proteins. A mutation (nc33) identified because it failed to complement mutant alleles of the gene encoding the testis-specific beta 2-tubulin of Drosophila melanogaster (B2t) did not map to the B2t locus. We show that this second-site noncomplementing mutation is a missense mutation in alpha-tubulin that results in substitution of methionine in place of valine at amino acid 177. Because alpha- and beta-tubulin form a heterodimer, our results suggest that the genetic interaction, failure to complement, is based on the structural interaction between the protein products of the two genes. Although the nc33 mutation failed to complement a null allele of B2t (B2tn), a deletion of the alpha-tubulin gene to which nc33 mapped complemented B2tn. Thus, the failure to complement appears to require the presence of the altered alpha-tubulin encoded by the nc33 allele, which may act as a structural poison when incorporated into either the tubulin heterodimer or microtubules.
Rapid Estimation of Recoverable Oil in Citrus Juices by Bromate Titration (1966)

Abstract A new method has been developed for estimation of recoverable oil in citrus juices, based on quantitative combination in acid solution of d-limonene, the principal component of distilled citrus oils, with bromine. 2-Propanol is added to citrus juice, the mixture is distilled, and the distillate is acidified with HC1 and titrated with potassium bromate-bromide solution. End point is observed by disappearance of color from methyl orange indicator. The distillation requires about 3 min., and complete determination, less than 7 min. Recovery of added d-limonene was 100 ±1%, indicating a high degree of accuracy; replications seldom varied more than 0.001% oil, indicating excellent precision. Recoveries were consistently higher than by the Clevenger method.
Oceanic turbulence at millimeter scales (1997)

SUMMARY: The basic theory of turbulence is reviewed, especially as it applies to the smallest scales, in the parameter range typical of the ocean above the thermocline but away from the direct effect of surface waves. The main time and length scales are defined, and related to the environment experienced by particles in the size range of plankton.Two problems are analysed in some detail to illustrate the application of the theory: the differential concentration of almost neutrally buoyant particles, and the size of the sensory and feeding horizon of current feeders.
Bond strength of composite resin containing biomaterial S-PRG to eroded dentin (2017)

Aim: To evaluate the bond strength of composite resin containing or not biomaterial (S-PRG) to sound/eroded dentine. Methods: Occlusal dentin of 30 human molars (n=15) had half of its surface kept uneroded, while on the other half an erosive lesion was produced by cycling in citric acid (pH 2.3) and supersaturated solution (pH 7.0). On both eroded (ED) and non-eroded (SD) substrates, two restorative systems (containing or not S-PRG) were tested. Composite resin cylinders were built and, after storage in water (24h), were submitted to bond strength test. The analysis of the fracture pattern was performed under an optical microscope (40x). The obtained values of bond strength (MPa) were submitted to ANOVA (two factors) and Tukey multiple comparisons tests (p&lt;0.05). Results: According to the results, there was difference between substrates (&lt;0.001) and restorative materials (p=0.002) evaluated. For the microtensile bond strength, the values obtained were: SDNB (47.6±12.2 MPa), SDWB (34.1±15.8 MPa), EDNB (31.1±8.3 MPa) and EDWB (15.5±13.6 MPa), revealing a statistically significant difference in the evaluated substrates and restorative materials. Conclusion: Bond strength of eroded substrate is inferior to the sound substrate and the restorative system containing S-PRG biomaterial influences negatively the results of bonding to sound/eroded dentin.
Continued demand for energy provides firm base for Soviet coal (1976)

Output of coal in the Soviet Union in 1980 must be raised to 790 to 810,000,000 tons; by 1990 it is estimated to reach 1,000,000,000 tons.
Ocean Bottom Nodes (OBN) repeatability and 4D (2010)

During a recent Ocean Bottom Nodes (OBN) campaign in offshore Angola, a repeatability test was carried with two repeated swaths of sources shot over a patch of twin receivers. This technique allowed decoupling independent node and source effects in order to appreciate their relative contribution to the overall pre‐stack repeatability noise. Moreover, it also provided the bases for a quantitative, analytical 4D formalism accounting accurately for the observations made, and whose fundamentals will be introduced in this paper. From this framework, the importance of minimizing positioning differences to constrain “4D noise” is reviewed and quantified in an analytical form. With this objective in mind, an original technique to derive OBN coordinates in the sea‐bottom with an accuracy one order of magnitude greater than the existing state‐of‐the‐art is proposed. Although presented here in the particular context of OBN surveys, the underlying concepts of our work are general enough to be easily transposed to other 4D acquisitions and pave the way for predictive NRMS studies.
Disrupting the CD47-SIRPα anti-phagocytic axis by a humanized anti-CD47 antibody is an efficacious treatment for malignant pediatric brain tumors (2017)

Morbidity and mortality associated with pediatric malignant primary brain tumors remain high in the absence of effective therapies. Macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of tumor cells via blockade of the anti-phagocytic CD47-SIRPα interaction using anti-CD47 antibodies has shown promise in preclinical xenografts of various human malignancies. We demonstrate the effect of a humanized anti-CD47 antibody, Hu5F9-G4, on five aggressive and etiologically distinct pediatric brain tumors: group 3 medulloblastoma (primary and metastatic), atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, pediatric glioblastoma, and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Hu5F9-G4 demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo in patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models. Intraventricular administration of Hu5F9-G4 further enhanced its activity against disseminated medulloblastoma leptomeningeal disease. Notably, Hu5F9-G4 showed minimal activity against normal human neural cells in vitro and in vivo, a phenomenon reiterated in an immunocompetent allograft glioma model. Thus, Hu5F9-G4 is a potentially safe and effective therapeutic agent for managing multiple pediatric central nervous system malignancies.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnesium Oxide Nanotubes: Synthesis, Characterization and Application as Efficient Recyclable Catalyst for Pyrazolyl 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Derivatives. (2013)

Abstract A mild, cost effective, and highly efficient catalyst is presented for the rapid, simple, and cleaner title reaction which includes an easy work‐up procedure.
On Line Continuous Monitoring of Subcutaneous Tissue Glucose is Feasible by Combining Portable Glucosensor with Microdialysis (1993)

A new method for continuous measurement of subcutaneous tissue glucose content is introduced: by combining the microdialysis technique with a wearable amperometric glucose sensor, a device for continuous glucose measurement in the subcutaneous tissue was obtained. This device was applied to healthy volunteers (n = 10) over the period of an oral glucose load and to type I diabetic patients (n = 10) under the conditions of daily life. Glucose profiles in both healthy and diabetic persons were followed in the subcutaneous tissue up to 27 hours. This technique will certainly open new perspectives of monitoring and treating diabetic patients.