gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of a New Suturing and Knot Tying Device for Laparoscopic Surgery (2010)

Minimally invasive or laparoscopic surgery has completely changed the focus of surgery becoming an alternative to various types of open surgery. Minimally invasive surgery avoids invasive open surgery as the operation is performed through one or more small incisions in the abdomen and using a small camera called laparoscope. Through these incisions, surgeons insert specialized surgical instruments to perform the operation resulting in less postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay, and faster recovery. However, the main problems during minimally-invasive surgery are the limited space for operating instruments and the reduced visibility and range of motion inside the patient’s body. During minimally-invasive surgery, one of the most difficult and time consuming surgical procedures is suturing and knot tying. This procedure significantly increases the operation time as it requires advanced techniques and extensive experience by surgeons.The main goal of this research is to investigate, design, and develop a new suturing instrument to facilitate suturing procedures during minimally invasive surgery.Qualitative research data was collected through interviews with a surgeon and six indepth observations of minimally invasive surgeries at Tampa General Hospital. Different design concepts and mechanisms were created using SolidWorks CAD software, and tested using SimulationXpress in order to identify dimensions, materials and expected performance of the design and its components. The prototypes of the device were made using a Dimension SST 768 FDM machine and tested by the surgeon to ensure that the final design meets the specified needs and criteria. This new device will eliminate the use of many different devices during the operation and allow the use of any type of suture. The proposed suturing device aims to benefit both patients and surgeons. For surgeons, the new device aims to decrease the number of steps for laparoscopic suturing through an intuitive and ergonomic design. For patients, the proposed device will reduce time during surgery and under general anesthesia leading towards improved health care.
(abstract) MCD3 - A Constraint Length 15 Viterbi Decoder (1996)

JPL is responsible for many space missions, as part of NASA's continuing unmanned exploration of the solar system. Signals from spacecraft at planetary distances arrive at Earth with poor S/N ratio. To reduce errors, the signals are encoded with an inner code of Viterbi encoding. One of the key parameters of Viterbi encoding is the constraint length. Previous space missions have used a constraint length of 7. Newer missions use 15, to give a considerably improved error correction ability. However, the complexity of the Viterbi decoder is increased so as to be 256 times more complex.
Combination of high pressure treatment at 500 MPa and biopreservation with a Lactococcus lactis strain for lowering the bacterial growth during storage of diced cooked ham with reduced nitrite salt (2020)

Abstract We investigated the combined effects of biopreservation and high pressure treatment on bacterial communities of diced cooked ham prepared with diminished nitrite salt. First, bacterial communities of four commercial brands of dice cooked ham from local supermarkets, were characterised and stored frozen. Second, sterile diced cooked ham, prepared with reduced level of nitrite was inoculated with two different microbiota collected from the aforementioned commercial samples together with a nisin producing Lactococcus lactis protective strain able to recover from a 500 MPa high pressure treatment. Dices were then treated at 500 MPa for 5 minutes and bacterial dynamics was monitored during storage at 8°C. Depending on samples, ham microbiota were dominated by different Proteobacteria ( Pseudomonas, Serratia, Psychrobacter , or Vibrio ) or by Firmicutes ( Latilactobacillus and Leuconostoc) . Applied alone, none of the treatments stabilized durably the growth of hams microbiota. Nevertheless, the combination of biopreservation and high pressure treatment was efficient to reduce the growth of Proteobacteria spoilage species. However, this effect was dependent on the nature of the initial microbiota, showing that use of biopreservation and high pressure treatment as an alternative to nitrite reduction for ensuring cooked ham microbial safety merits attention but still requires improvement.
Characteristics of the Capacitorless Double Gate Quantum Well Single Transistor DRAM (2009)

We characterize and optimize double gate (DG) single-transistor (1T) DRAM via extensive simulations. We propose a new kind of DRAM: lT-quantum well DRAM: which has a "storage pocket" for holes within the body. This memory gives the opportunity to engineer spatial hole distribution within the body of the device, which is not possible with the conventional 1T DRAMs. Using this novel device we demonstrate approximately 2 order of magnitude increase in the drain current (I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sub> ) difference between the reads of two states of the memory. We study the retention characteristics of this novel DRAM, and also investigate the effect of quantum well depth on the retention characteristics.
Automated Self-Adaptation for Cyber-Defense -- Pushing Adaptive Perimeter Protection Inward (2013)

This paper presents a recently achieved incremental milestone on the long path toward more intelligently adaptive, automated and self-managed computer systems. We demonstrate the feasibility of integrated cyber-defense connecting anomaly detection and isolation mechanisms operating at different system layers with two complementary mediation policy adaptation techniques in service of automatic remediation against observed attacks and their future variants. We describe a number of experiments evaluating the relevance and effectiveness of the integrated cyber-defense operation.
Interactions of Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor with Various Glycosaminoglycans Reveal an Important Interplay between the Presence of Iduronate and Sulfate Density (2007)

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) has a cofactor requirement for heparan sulfate (HS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) in the optimal activation of its signaling receptor MET. However, these two glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have different sugar backbones and sulfation patterns, with only the presence of iduronate in common. The structural basis for GAG recognition and activation is thus very unclear. We have clarified this by testing a wide array of natural and modified GAGs for both protein binding and activation. Comparisons between Ascidia nigra (2,6-O-sulfated) and mammalian (mainly 4-O-sulfated) DS species, as well as between a panel of specifically desulfated heparins, revealed that no specific sulfate isomer, in either GAG, is vital for interaction and activity. Moreover, different GAGs of similar sulfate density had comparable properties, although affinity and potency notably increase with increasing sulfate density. The weaker interaction with CS-E, compared with DS, shows that GlcA-containing polymers can bind, if highly sulfated, but emphasizes the importance of the flexible IdoA ring. Our data indicate that the preferred binding sites in DS in vivo will be comprised of disulfated, IdoA(2S)-containing motifs. In HS, clustering of N-/2-O-/6-O-sulfation in S-domains will lead to strong reactivity, although binding can also be mediated by the transition zones where sulfates are mainly at the N- and 6-O- positions. GAG recognition of HGF/SF thus appears to be primarily driven by electrostatic interactions and exhibits an interesting interplay between requirements for iduronate and sulfate density that may reflect in part a preference for particular sugar chain conformations.
Cutpointmapper.pl from Pattern of Antioxidant and DNA Repair Gene Expression in Normal Airway Epithelium Associated with Lung Cancer Diagnosis (2023)

Cutpointmapper.pl from Pattern of Antioxidant and DNA Repair Gene Expression in Normal Airway Epithelium Associated with Lung Cancer Diagnosis
Anticonvulsant Activity of PNU‐151774E1 in the Amygdala Kindled Model of Complex Partial Seizures (1999)

The activity shown by PNU-151774E at doses similar to those that are active in models of generalized seizures indicates that PNU-151774E would also have potential efficacy in the treatment of complex partial seizures.
Design and calculation of induction heating coils (1957)

WHEN ALTERNATING CURRENT flows in the coil turns of a typical induction heating load, such as shown in Fig. 1, three components of magnetic flux are established, i.e. (1) in the workpiece, (2) in the air gap, and (3) in the copper of the coil turns. This is characteristic of any induction heating load regardless of shape, size, or frequency, and a general equation can be written for total flux linking the coil turns in terms of the magnetizing force H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∗∗∗0</inf> established at the surface of the work. The rate of change of total flux determines the voltage E <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> which must be applied to oppose the counter electromotive force and establish the field intensity H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∗∗∗0</inf> . The current which flows in the coil consists of two components: the one proportional to and in phase with H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∗∗∗0</inf> , and the other proportional to and in phase with the product of total flux Φ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∗∗∗0</inf> and the reluctance of the external flux path. The first is the current which would flow if the external reluctance were negligible (long coil), and its ampere-turns are reflected exactly in the induced current in the workpiece. The second simply supplies the external magnetic drop and its ampere-turns are not reflected in the workpiece.
Synergistic effect between ceria and tungsten oxide on WO3–CeO2–TiO2 catalysts for NH3-SCR reaction (2012)

WO3–CeO2–TiO2 catalysts for NO (nitrogen monoxide) reduction by ammonia were prepared by a sol–gel method. The catalysts were characterized by BET, XRD, Raman, NH3/NO adsorption and H2-TPR to investigate the relationships among the catalyst composition, structure, redox property, acidity and deNOx activity. WO3–CeO2–TiO2 catalysts show a high activity in a broad temperature range of 200–480 °C. The low-temperature activity of catalysts is sensitive to the catalyst composition especially under low-O2-content atmospheres. It may be related to the synergistic effect between CeOx and WOx in the catalysts. On one hand, the interaction between ceria and tungsten oxide promotes the activation of gaseous oxygen to compensate the lattice oxygen consumed in NH3-SCR (selective catalytic reduction) reaction at low temperatures. Meanwhile, the Brønsted acid sites mainly arise from tungsten oxides, Lewis acid sites mainly arise from ceria. Both of the Brønsted and Lewis acid sites facilitate the adsorption of NH3 on catalysts and improve the stability of the adsorbed ammonia species, which are beneficial to the NH3-SCR reaction.
An overview of pruning and harvesting manipulators (2021)

Purpose The motivation for robotics research in the agricultural field has sparked in consequence of the increasing world population and decreasing agricultural labor availability. This paper aims to analyze the state of the art of pruning and harvesting manipulators used in agriculture. Design/methodology/approach A research was performed on papers that corresponded to specific keywords. Ten papers were selected based on a set of attributes that made them adequate for review. Findings The pruning manipulators were used in two different scenarios: grapevines and apple trees. These manipulators showed that a light-controlled environment could reduce visual errors and that prismatic joints on the manipulator are advantageous to obtain a higher reach. The harvesting manipulators were used for three types of fruits: strawberries, tomatoes and apples. These manipulators revealed that different kinematic configurations are required for different kinds of end-effectors, as some of these tools only require movement in the horizontal axis and others are required to reach the target with a broad range of orientations. Originality/value This work serves to reduce the gap in the literature regarding agricultural manipulators and will support new developments of novel solutions related to agricultural robotic grasping and manipulation.
Luxemburg-Gorky effect in a granular medium: Probing perturbations of the material state via cross-modulation of elastic waves (2005)

A nonlinear effect consisting of transfer of modulation from one amplitude-modulated elastic wave, the "pump" wave, to the second initially monochromatic probe wave has been recently introduced in nonlinear acoustics by analogy with radio waves. For the first time, this effect is applied to probe perturbations of the state of a granular material induced by shocks, "seismic events". The experiments indicate a much stronger variability of the nonlinearity-induced modulation sidelobes in comparison with changes in the components at the fundamental frequencies of the probe and pump waves. Another new feature revealed in the experiments is that the transitional shock-induced variations in the amplitudes of the modulation sidelobes are several times stronger than the relaxed, residual values of the changes. The effects observed suggest interesting possibilities to application in active acoustic/seismic monitoring schemes.
沖縄産マングローブの葉の光合成速度及び水ポテンシャルに及ぼす NaCl 濃度の影響(生物生産学科) (1995)

高濃度の根系NaCl条件下で生育する3種ヒルギを用いて, 徐々にNaCl濃度を上げた場合と, 急激上げた場合の処理を行い, そのときの葉のガス交換と水ポテンシャルを測定しNaCl耐性の違いを検討した。得られた結果の要約は以下の通りである。1) 徐々にNaCl濃度を上げたときの3樹種の光合成速度及び気孔伝導度は, それぞれ異なったNaCl濃度において低下した(図1,2)。また, 光合成速度と気孔伝導度との間には高い正の相関関係が認められ(図3), 気孔による支配が大きいことが明らかとなった。処理後11週目の光-光合成曲線は, NaCl濃度の変化に伴い3樹種とも異なる反応を示した(図5,6)。2) 急激にNaCl処理を行ったときの光合成速度及び気孔伝導度と葉の水ポテンシャルとの関係から(図7,8,10), メヒルギ及びオヒルギでは光合成速度の急速な低下がみられたが, ヤエヤマヒルギは葉の水ポテンシャルが-3.0MPaに至るまで低下しなかった(図7)。光合成速度と気孔伝導度との間には, 徐々に処理した場合と同様に高い正の相関関係が認められた(図9)。3) 3種ヒルギの葉の水ポテンシャルと水利用効率との関係を検討したところ, ヤエヤマヒルギは水ポテンシャルの低下にともなって水利用効率が上昇した(図11)。4) 調査した3種のヒルギの気孔密度は100個・(mm)^&lt;-2&gt;で, CAM植物に近い特性を有し, 気孔は葉の裏面に分布していた(表2)。以上より, ヤエヤマヒルギは大きい気孔を少なく有し, 高濃度のNaClに耐えることのできる細胞オルガネラを持つことが, 高NaCl条件下での生育を可能にしていると考えられる。
A Silicon Compton Imager (2006)

A Compton imager has been constructed using arrays of detectors with active areas of 11.4 times 11.4 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . These arrays are stacked 8 layers deep. 32-channel analog ASICs are used to read-out the arrays. This imager is a prototype for a large, high-efficiency Compton imager that will meet operational requirements of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. The instrument created positron emission tomography (PET) images of multiple <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">22</sup> Na sources within its field of view. The image of a 1 mm point source had a measured full width half maximum (FWHM) of 1.25 mm or an intrinsic resolution of 0.75 mm. Using a known source position and partial energy deposition in the Compton imager, the initial gamma-ray energy was reconstructed. The energy resolution was 43 keV FWHM at 662 keV and 83 keV FHWM at 1173 keV. The resolution is dominated by the readout electronics resolution and will be improved
Synthesis of Potentially β-Blocking Practolol Derivatives: (E +Z)-3-[4-(3-Iodoprop-2-enyloxycarbonylamino)phenoxy]-1-(isopropylamino)propan-2-ol (2000)

The iodinatied carbamates 3 (E + Z), with potential β-blocking properties, were synthesized. The first route chosen, from 4-aminophenol and the chloroformate β7, had to be abandoned because of the formation of the oxazolidinone 10 during the epoxidation step. The aminoalcohol 17 prepared from the practolol 1 finally gave the target compounds by condensation with the iodoallylic chloroformates 8 (E + Z). The secondary Boc-protected amine function was regenerated without removing the carbamate function situated in the p-postion, by using mild reaction conditions (1 N HCl).
Metal Flux and Dynamic Speciation at (Bio)interfaces. Part I:  Critical Evaluation and Compilation of Physicochemical Parameters for Complexes with Simple Ligands and Fulvic/Humic Substances (2007)

In the computation of metal flux in aquatic systems, at consuming surfaces like organism membranes, diffusion processes of metal ions, ligands, and complex species, as well as the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of their chemical interactions, must be considered. The properties of many natural ligands, however, are complicated (formation of successive complexes for simple ligands, polyelectrolytic properties and chemical heterogeneity for macromolecular ligands, large size distribution and fractal structure for suspended aggregates). These properties should be properly modeled to get the correct values of the chemical rate constants and diffusion coefficients required for flux computations. The selection of the most appropriate models and parameter values is far from straightforward. This series of papers discusses the various models and compiles the parameters needed for the three most important types of complexants found in aquatic systems: the small, simple ligands, the fulvic and humic compounds, and the colloidal "particles" or aggregates. In particular, new approaches are presented to compute the rate constants of metal complex formation, with both fulvics/humics and particles/aggregates. The method to include the site distribution of fulvics/humics and the size distribution of particles/aggregates in metal flux computation at consuming interfaces is also discussed in detail. These models and parameters are discussed critically and presented in the same framework, forthe computation of metal flux in presence of any of the above complexants or mixtures. Such parameters, largely spread in the literature, are gathered here and selected specifically for environmental applications. The focus in Part I of the series is on simple ligands and fulvic/humic compounds. Part II deals with particulate and aggregate complexants.
Abstract 4977: Dynamic transcriptional programs controlling single NK cell killing dynamics (2019)

Abstract NK cells have a vast heterogeneity in function and phenotype in vivo and their healthy function is critical in the prevention of nascent cancers. NK cell-based immunotherapies, such as adoptive NK cell therapy, are emerging and greater insights into the mechanism of NK cell activation could increase their efficacy. In vitro cytotoxicity assays have revealed that a small subset of NK cells kill the majority of cancer target cells, yet little is known about the dynamic state or triggers of these highly cytotoxic cells. Here, we present methodology for discovery of the molecular precursors and drivers of single NK cell killing events. We study the NK-92 cell line both as a model of primary NK cells and to gain direct insights for improving NK-92 based adoptive cell therapies. In our method, we first performed single cell RNA sequencing on NK-92 cells seeded sparsely on a monolayer of HeLa cancer cells along with a control NK-92 cell population. Clustering cells by principal component analysis revealed groups of NK cells that upregulated genes associated with NK cell cytotoxicity in the HeLa cell activated sample that are absent in the control group. Landmark genes associated with the cytotoxic NK cell clusters included PRF1, GZMK, and ITGB2. Utilizing live cell imaging, we identified categories of dynamic functional phenotypes in NK-92 cells exposed to a HeLa cell monolayer including non-motile and non-killing, highly motile but non-killing, single killing, serial killing, and exhausted. In order to link the systems-level single cell gene expression data to functional NK cell behaviors, we next performed high content live cell imaging of NK-92 cells bearing cas9-based endogenous genetic reporters as they surveilled and killed HeLa cells. Utilizing a custom analysis algorithm, we tracked the motility and killing activity of individual NK-92 cells, and correlated this activity to the dynamic gene expression. Next, we aim to identify the causality and sequence of transcriptional changes associated with NK cell killing and extend our results to the analysis of the critical transcription factor networks governing dynamic NK cell functional phenotypes. We note that the single cell functional discovery strategy that we have shown can be applied more broadly to other model systems of the cancer microenvironment. Citation Format: Matthew S. Hall, Joseph T. Decker, Emanuelle I. Grody, Rachel B. Blaisdell, Jacqueline S. Jeruss, Lonnie D. Shea. Dynamic transcriptional programs controlling single NK cell killing dynamics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4977.
Estimation of an image derived input function with MR-defined carotid arteries in FDG-PET human studies using a novel PVC method (2015)

1734 Objectives In kinetic analysis of dynamic FDG-PET data, accurate knowledge of the arterial input function (AIF) is required. The gold standard method, collection of arterial samples is invasive and laborious, and is usually avoided in practice. In this study, an alternative non-invasive method is presented to measure the image derived input function (IDIF) from FDG-PET images, using anatomical magnetic resonance (MR) images to delineate the carotid arteries for use in partial volume correction. Methods Carotid arteries were segmented in MR images using a thresholding and region growing algorithm [1]. PET frames were co-registered to MR images using a 12 parameter affine model [2]. In order to account for limited spatial resolution of the PET scanners, single region voxel-wise [3] partial volume correction (PVC) method, which only requires segmented carotid arteries, was applied to PET images. Point spread function (PSF) with a FWHM of 6mm is used in the PVC. The mean intensity of the arterial voxels was computed for each PET frame to compute the IDIF. We have applied this method to FDG-PET and MRI brain data from 4 subjects. Arterial samples were collected to estimate the true AIF. Performance was assessed by comparing area under curves (AUCs) and influx constant, Ki, estimates obtained from the two AIFs. Results Similar AUC values were seen for both AIFs with a mean absolute percentage difference of 12.37%. A good agreement in estimated Ki values were observed with a mean absolute percentage difference of 13.66%. In addition, t-test results showed no statistically significant differences between AUC and estimated Ki values across two AIFs. Conclusions In conclusion, we have developed an IDIF extraction method which has comparable performance to the current gold standard method. Future work includes further test of the method with more human brain data. Research Support This work was supported by an IMPACT studentship funded jointly by Siemens and the UCL Faculty of Engineering Sciences. K.E. is funded by a grant from EPSRC (EP/K005278/1). UCL/UCLH research is supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centres funding scheme.