gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of wheat germplasm resistant to major Russian wheat aphid biotypes in the United States (2020)

Abstract Russian wheat aphid ( Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov [RWA]) is one of the most invasive and detrimental pests, and host plant resistance is the most efficient approach to manage RWA. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) accessions resistant to RWA biotype 1 (RWA1) and biotype 2 (RWA2) were previously identified by screening wheat accessions available at the USDA‐ARS National Small Grains Collection. However, RWA biotypic variation necessitates a continuous search for sources of resistance to new RWA biotypes. The objective of this study was to identify wheat accessions resistant to all major RWA biotypes in the United States. A set of 172 RWA‐resistant wheat accessions, mainly Iranian landraces, were evaluated for responses to five predominant U.S. biotypes—RWA1, RWA2, RWA3, RWA6, and RWA8—in controlled environments. Of these, 137 accessions showed homogeneous or heterogeneous resistance to at least one biotype, and 14 of them were resistant or highly resistant to all five biotypes. Another set of 19 accessions were resistant or highly resistant to two to four biotypes. These RWA‐resistant accessions are valuable sources for RWA resistance improvement, and further purification of some accessions and characterization of the underlying RWA resistance genes are imperative for their utilization in wheat breeding.
Progranulin acts as a shared chaperone and regulates multiple lysosomal enzymes (2017)

Multifunctional factor progranulin (PGRN) plays an important role in lysosomes, and its mutations and insufficiency are associated with lysosomal storage diseases, including neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and Gaucher disease (GD). The first breakthrough in understanding the molecular mechanisms of PGRN as regulator of lysosomal storage diseases came unexpectedly while investigating the role of PGRN in inflammation. Challenged PGRN null mice displayed typical features of GD. In addition, GRN gene variants were identified in GD patients and the serum levels of PGRN were significantly lower in GD patients. PGRN directly binds to and functions as a chaperone of the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCaase), whose mutations cause GD. In addition, its C-terminus containing granulin E domain, termed Pcgin (PGRN C-terminus for GCase Interaction), is required for the association between PGRN and GCase. The concept that PGRN acts as a chaperone of lysosomal enzymes was further supported and extended by a recent article showing that PGRN acts as a chaperone molecule of lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D (CSTD), and the association between PGRN and CSTD is also mediated by PGRN's C-terminal granulin E domain. Collectively, these reports suggest that PGRN may act as a shared chaperone and regulates multiple lysosomal enzymes.
GSK3 suppression upregulates β-catenin and c-Myc to abrogate KRas-dependent tumors (2018)

Mutant KRas is a significant driver of human oncogenesis and confers resistance to therapy, underscoring the need to develop approaches that disable mutant KRas-driven tumors. Because targeting KRas directly has proven difficult, identifying vulnerabilities specific for mutant KRas tumors is an important alternative approach. Here we show that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is required for the in vitro and in vivo growth and survival of human mutant KRas-dependent tumors but is dispensable for mutant KRas-independent tumors. Further, inhibiting phosphorylation of GSK3 substrates c-Myc on T58 and β-catenin on S33/S37/T41 and their subsequent upregulation contribute to the antitumor activity of GSK3 inhibition. Importantly, GSK3 blockade inhibits the in vivo growth of G12D, G12V, and G12C mutant KRas primary and metastatic patient-derived xenografts from pancreatic cancer patients who progressed on chemo- and radiation therapies. This discovery opens new avenues to target mutant KRas-dependent cancers.
Channeling Effects in High Angular Resolution Electron Spectroscopy (2006)

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
High-quantile modeling for customer wallet estimation and other applications (2007)

In this paper we discuss the important practical problem of customer wallet estimation, i.e., estimation of potential spending by customers(rather than their expected spending). For this purpose we utilize quantile modeling, whose goal is to estimate a quantile of the discriminative conditional distribution of the response, rather than the mean, which is the implicit goal of most standard regression approaches. We argue that a notion of wallet can be captured through high quantile modeling (e.g, estimating the 90th percentile), and describe a wallet estimation implementation within IBM's Market Alignment Program (MAP). We also discuss the wide range of domains where high-quantile modeling can be practically important: estimating opportunities in sales and marketing domains, defining 'surprising' patterns for outlier and fraud detection and more. We survey some existing approaches for quantile modeling, and propose adaptations of nearest-neighbor and regression-tree approaches to quantile modeling. We demonstrate the various models' performance in high quantile estimation in several domains, including our motivating problem of estimating the 'realistic' IT wallets of IBM customers.
TriRhino: A Five-Degrees-of-Freedom of Hybrid Serial–Parallel Manipulator With All Rotating Axes Being Continuous: Stiffness Analysis and Experiments (2020)

Abstract This paper studies the stiffness and experiment of a five-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) hybrid, serial–parallel, manipulator, with all rotating axes being continuous: TriRhino. First, the motion principle of the hybrid manipulator is introduced and the structural design is presented. Next, the stiffness analysis of the hybrid manipulator is carried out. Specifically, a stiffness test, based on prototype and loading device, is performed, proving that the real stiffness is lower than that obtained by the finite element analysis. Following, the main geometric parameters, involving error, are determined, while the real values of the parameters with an error are identified, through performed calibration experiments. Finally, the measurement results show that the positioning accuracy of the manipulator is significantly improved, after kinematic calibration. Moreover, machining experiments on a workpiece show the great ability of the proposed manipulator, in machining parts with curved surface; thus, great application prospects, in the machining of structural parts with complex surfaces, are quite realistic.
Automatic segmentation of internal structures of the brain in MR images using a tandem of affine and non-rigid registration of an anatomical brain atlas (2002)

In the study of many neurological pathologies, the accurate quantization of the white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) volumes of the brain is essential Moreover, regional volume calculations may bring even more useful diagnostic information. We present therefore the segmentation of internal structures of the brain for further regional WM and GM volume quantization. A priori information about the brain anatomy is included in the segmentation process by the registration of the patient MR images with a computerized brain atlas. We propose the combination of a global affine transformation used to initialize key boundary surfaces (lateral ventricles and cortical surfaces) of both images with a local free-form transformation based on an optical flow algorithm. We apply this technique to segment the cerebellum and the cerebral trunk in order to exclude them from our WM and GM volume quantization. Validation has been conducted on a large number of images, showing excellent results.
Lipopolysaccharide-induced gene expression in murine peritoneal macrophages is selectively suppressed by agents that elevate intracellular cAMP. (1989)

Elevation of intracellular cAMP has been associated with the suppression of macrophage activation. The present study has examined the effects of agents that alter intracellular levels of cAMP on LPS-induced macrophage gene expression. Treatment of murine peritoneal macrophages with trace amounts of LPS leads to dramatically enhanced expression of multiple mRNA including the competence genes JE and KC, first observed in platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated fibroblasts, and those encoding the inflammatory monokines IL-1 and TNF. If macrophages are first treated with cholera toxin or dibutyryl cAMP 15 min before stimulation with LPS, the accumulation of mRNA encoding both JE and TNF is strongly suppressed whereas mRNA levels for KC and IL-1 are unaffected. The suppression of JE and TNF mRNA levels is dose dependent, in the range of 10 to 500 microM dibutyryl cAMP; concentrations as high as 1 mM do not affect the expression of either KC or IL-1. When dibutyryl cAMP is added to macrophages after initiation of LPS treatment, suppressive effects are diminished in a time-dependent fashion. Furthermore, dibutyryl cAMP suppresses the LPS-induced transcriptional activation of the TNF gene. Previous work has shown that the LPS-induced expression of JE appears to be mediated by hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides and involves a post-transcriptional mechanism. Treatment with dibutyryl cAMP suppresses JE expression induced by treatment with phorbol ester and A23187 suggesting that inhibition of gene expression must act at a site other than the initial transmembrane signaling event. Finally, dibutyryl cAMP only marginally affects the constitutive transcription of the JE gene indicating that suppression may involve a post-transcriptional mechanism. These results indicate that expression of genes encoding inducible early proteins and inflammatory monokines are selectively regulated by elevation of intracellular cAMP. Such effects may be pleiotropic in nature involving multiple molecular mechanisms.
Alcohol, DNA methylation, and cancer (2013)

Cancer is one of the most significant diseases associated with chronic alcohol consumption, and chronic drinking is a strong risk factor for cancer, particularly of the upper aerodigestive tract, liver, colorectum, and breast. Several factors contribute to alcohol-induced cancer development (i.e., carcinogenesis), including the actions of acetaldehyde, the first and primary metabolite of ethanol, and oxidative stress. However, increasing evidence suggests that aberrant patterns of DNA methylation, an important epigenetic mechanism of transcriptional control, also could be part of the pathogenetic mechanisms that lead to alcohol-induced cancer development. The effects of alcohol on global and local DNA methylation patterns likely are mediated by its ability to interfere with the availability of the principal biological methyl donor, S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), as well as pathways related to it. Several mechanisms may mediate the effects of alcohol on DNA methylation, including reduced folate levels and inhibition of key enzymes in one-carbon metabolism that ultimately lead to lower SAMe levels, as well as inhibition of activity and expression of enzymes involved in DNA methylation (i.e., DNA methyltransferases). Finally, variations (i.e., polymorphisms) of several genes involved in one-carbon metabolism also modulate the risk of alcohol-associated carcinogenesis.
Colour television (1956)

The theory of colour mixing and of colorimetry is discussed briefly. Various systems for colour television are outlined and studio and receiver equipment described. The N.T.S.C. system and its modification to British standards are discussed.
Lung perfusion imaging using multidetector-row spiral CT: Potential for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (2003)

Poster: ECR 2003 / C-0382 / Lung perfusion imaging using multidetector-row spiral CT: Potential for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism by: M. J. H. Chung , J. M. Goo, J.-G. Im, J. H. Park; Seoul/KP
Titanium Compounds, Organic (2005)

Abstract Organic titanium compounds are materials having a covalent bond between titanium and another atom that is also bonded to a carbon‐based group. Titanium tetrachloride, the basic raw material from which organic titanate compounds are made, is readily converted to tetraisopropyl titanate, TYZOR TPT, by the Nelles process. This ester can be converted by alkoxy exchange (transesterification) to a wide variety of tetraalkyl titanates, which in turn react with other ligands and chelating agents to give complexes having properties significantly different from the starting materials. This article covers all aspects of the organic titanium compound, from properties, reactions, and synthesis, to uses and health and safety factors.
The Smart Mask: Active Closed-Loop Protection against Airborne Pathogens (2020)

Face masks provide effective, easy-to-use, and low-cost protection against airborne pathogens or infectious agents, including SARS-CoV-2. There is a wide variety of face masks available on the market for various applications, but they are all passive in nature, i.e., simply act as air filters for the nasal passage and/or mouth. In this paper, we present a new "active mask" paradigm, in which the wearable device is equipped with smart sensors and actuators to both detect the presence of airborne pathogens in real time and take appropriate action to mitigate the threat. The proposed approach is based on a closed-loop control system that senses airborne particles of different sizes close to the mask and then makes intelligent decisions to reduce their concentrations. This paper presents a specific implementation of this concept in which the on-board controller determines ambient air quality via a commercial particulate matter sensor, and if necessary activates a piezoelectric actuator that generates a mist spray to load these particles, thus causing them to fall to the ground. The proposed system communicates with the user via a smart phone application that provides various alerts, including notification of the need to recharge and/or decontaminate the mask prior to reuse. The application also enables a user to override the on-board control system and manually control the mist generator if necessary. Experimental results from a functional prototype demonstrate significant reduction in airborne particulate counts near the mask when the active protection system is enabled.
Dynamics of Vegetation Greenness and Its Response to Climate Change in Xinjiang over the Past Two Decades (2021)

Climate change has proven to have a profound impact on the growth of vegetation from various points of view. Understanding how vegetation changes and its response to climatic shift is of vital importance for describing their mutual relationships and projecting future land–climate interactions. Arid areas are considered to be regions that respond most strongly to climate change. Xinjiang, as a typical dryland in China, has received great attention lately for its unique ecological environment. However, comprehensive studies examining vegetation change and its driving factors across Xinjiang are rare. Here, we used the remote sensing datasets (MOD13A2 and TerraClimate) and data of meteorological stations to investigate the trends in the dynamic change in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and its response to climate change from 2000 to 2019 across Xinjiang based on the Google Earth platform. We found that the increment rates of growth-season mean and maximum NDVI were 0.0011 per year and 0.0013 per year, respectively, by averaging all of the pixels from the region. The results also showed that, compared with other land use types, cropland had the fastest greening rate, which was mainly distributed among the northern Tianshan Mountains and Southern Junggar Basin and the northern margin of the Tarim Basin. The vegetation browning areas primarily spread over the Ili River Valley where most grasslands were distributed. Moreover, there was a trend of warming and wetting across Xinjiang over the past 20 years; this was determined by analyzing the climate data. Through correlation analysis, we found that the contribution of precipitation to NDVI (R2 = 0.48) was greater than that of temperature to NDVI (R2 = 0.42) throughout Xinjiang. The Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was also computed to better investigate the correlation between climate change and vegetation growth in arid areas. Our results could improve the local management of dryland ecosystems and provide insights into the complex interaction between vegetation and climate change.
ResearchGuides: ENG-2120 Survey of American Literature: Background Research and Primary Texts (2015)

A guide that will help survey students research and develop topics concerning American literature studies. Dictionaries and encyclopedias are a great place to become familiar with key issues within a particular topic. Though tertiary sources cannot count towards your works cited, they are useful for leading towards scholarly books and research. For more inform
A scalable information theoretic approach to distributed robot coordination (2011)

This paper presents a scalable information theoretic approach to infer the state of an environment by distributively controlling robots equipped with sensors. The robots iteratively estimate the environment state using a recursive Bayesian filter, while continuously moving to improve the quality of the estimate by following the gradient of mutual information. Both the filter and the controller use a novel algorithm for approximating the robots' joint measurement probabilities, which combines consensus (for decentralization) and sampling (for scalability). The approximations are shown to approach the true joint measurement probabilities as the size of the consensus rounds grows or as the network becomes complete. The resulting gradient controller runs in constant time with respect to the number of robots, and linear time with respect to the number of sensor measurements and environment discretization cells, while traditional mutual information methods are exponential in all of these quantities. Furthermore, the controller is proven to be convergent between consensus rounds and, under certain conditions, is locally optimal. The complete distributed inference and coordination algorithm is demonstrated in experiments with five quad-rotor flying robots and simulations with 100 robots.
Taro (Colocasia esculenta) variety release recommendations for Papua New Guinea based on multi‐location trials (2006)

Abstract Multi‐location trials were conducted on six elite lines originating from the third cycle of the Papua New Guinea taro (Colocasia esculenta) breeding programme based on modified recurrent selection. The trials identified the multi‐trait superiority of line C3‐E10 over other five elite lines on the basis of high yield, taro leaf blight resistance, yield stability over a range of environments, and good eating quality. Line C3‐E10 also showed an added advantage of rare flowering, which is helpful in restoring conn shape and better suckering ability. Based on this superiority, line C3‐E10 has been released to farmers of Papua New Guinea (under the name NT 04) and for regional multi‐location trials for the South Pacific region.
Is the Horizon Visible from an Airplane? (1986)

It has been pointed out that the distance to the visible horizon is increased by atmospheric refraction (French, 1982). Indeed, it even has been asserted that given the right vertical variation of refractive index a ray of light would have the same curvature as the earth, and the horizon would move to infinity; with a sufficiently powerful telescope, one could look around the earth and see the back of one's head (Jones, 1982).
The preoperative erythrocyte sedimentation rate is an independent prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma (2005)

An elevated ESR in patients with RCC suggested the presence of aggressive disease and poorer outcomes after surgical treatment. For patients with clear cell RCC, the ESR provided useful information above and beyond traditional prognostic algorithms, and it may be valuable for preoperative prognostication.
Proposed free electron laser systems operating in the XUV (1989)

The physical mechanisms and parameters of proposed XUV free electron laser systems are reviewed. User facilities in the XUV appear more feasible each year.
Multispectral Co-Occurrence With Three Random Variables in Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Breast Cancer (2008)

Presented is a new computer-aided multispectral image processing method which is used in three spatial dimensions and one spectral dimension where the dynamic, contrast enhanced magnetic resonance parameter maps derived from voxel-wise model-fitting represent the spectral dimension. The method is based on co-occurrence analysis using a 3-D window of observation which introduces an automated identification of suspicious lesions. The co-occurrence analysis defines 21 different statistical features, a subset of which were input to a neural network classifier where the assessments of the voxel-wise majority of a group of radiologist readings were used as the gold standard. The voxel-wise true positive fraction (TPF) and false positive fraction (FPF) results of the computer classifier were statistically indistinguishable from the TPF and FPF results of the readers using a one sample paired t-test. In order to observe the generality of the method, two different groups of studies were used with widely different image acquisition specifications.
Wireless Lans: Implementing Interoperable Networks (1999)

From the Publisher:
Wireless LANs: covers how and why to migrate from proprietary solutions to the 802.11 standard; explains how to realize significant cost savings through wireless LAN implementation for data collection systems; covers how to counteract common problems such as radio frequency interference; and discusses the details of upgrading from existing 902 MHz to 2.4 GHz network.
Eutrophication in the northern Adriatic Sea: Benthic fluxes and nutrient budgets (1990)

The northern Adriatic Sea has been plagued by problems of eutrophication. This area is relatively shallow (maximum depth = 60m), becoming stratified during the summer months which inhibits oxygen transport to bottom waters. Anthropogenic nutrient loading in rivers entering the northern Adriatic has increased nutrient input to this system and stimulated algai growth. Five stations in the western Adriatic (south of the Po River Delta) were occupied during September, 1988 and benthic flux chambers used to measure nutrient fluxes. These sites included 3 stations previously studied in 1982. Flux measurements of dissolved silica, nitrate, oxygen, ammonia, phosphate, CO[sub 2], alkalinity and radon were made during 24 hour incubations of flux chambers (area covered - 0.07 m[sup 2], volume = [approximately]81) that were continuously stirred and sampled periodically. Nutrient fluxes measured were generally consistent with the fluxes measured previously in June, 1982 except for radon fluxes which were 203 times greater in the earlier field season. There was a general trend in nutrient fluxes to decrease offshore, a pattern probably controlled by the sedimentation patterns because fine grained, organic matter-rich sediment are concentrated in a zone near shore. Average regional fluxes were (in mmol m[sup -2]d[sup -1], negative values indicate fluxmore » into sediment): Oxygen (-12), CO[sub 2] (19), Alkalinity (4), Silica (3.3), Ammonia (1.5), Phosphate (0.1) and Nitrate (0.3). The carbon/ammonia flux ratio is about twice the C/N ratio in marine phytoplankton, suggesting that large amounts of denitrification may be occuring in these sediments. Comparisons of benthic fluxes and sediment burial rates indicate that 50-90% of the carbon, silica, phosphorus and nitrogen arriving at the sediment-water interface is recycled before burial. The nutrient input to the water column from NW Adriatic sediments is about equal to the input from coastal rivers.« less