gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural and molecular basis of ZNRF3/RNF43 transmembrane ubiquitin ligase inhibition by the Wnt agonist R-spondin (2013)

The four R-spondin (Rspo) proteins are secreted agonists of Wnt signalling in vertebrates, functioning in embryogenesis and adult stem cell biology. Through ubiquitination and degradation of Wnt receptors, the transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligase ZNRF3 and related RNF43 antagonize Wnt signalling. Rspo ligands have been reported to inhibit the ligase activity through direct interaction with ZNRF3 and RNF43. Here we report multiple crystal structures of the ZNRF3 ectodomain (ZNRF3(ecto)), a signalling-competent Furin1-Furin2 (Fu1-Fu2) fragment of Rspo2 (Rspo2(Fu1-Fu2)), and Rspo2(Fu1-Fu2) in complex with ZNRF3(ecto), or RNF43(ecto). A prominent loop in Fu1 clamps into equivalent grooves in the ZNRF3(ecto) and RNF43(ecto) surface. Rspo binding enhances dimerization of ZNRF3(ecto) but not of RNF43(ecto). Comparison of the four Rspo proteins, mutants and chimeras in biophysical and cellular assays shows that their signalling potency depends on their ability to recruit ZNRF3 or RNF43 via Fu1 into a complex with LGR receptors, which interact with Rspo via Fu2.
Significant Crosstalk Reduction Using All-Dielectric CMOS-Compatible Metamaterials (2016)

A recent computational result suggests that highly confined modes can be realized by all-dielectric metamaterials. This substantially decreases crosstalk between dielectric waveguides, paving the way for high-density photonic circuits. Here, we experimentally demonstrate, on a standard silicon-on-insulator platform, that using a simple metamaterial between two silicon strip waveguides results in about a tenfold increase in coupling length. The proposed structure may lead to significant reduction in the size of devices in silicon photonics.
Scanning the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Gene Using High-Resolution DNA Melting Analysis (2007)

High-resolution DNA melting methods provide a rapid and accurate alternative for complete CFTR analysis. False positives can be decreased by considering the melting profiles of common variants.
Research on the Proportion of Electricity in Terminal Energy Consumption under the Background of Urban Energy Revolution (2019)

The in-depth advancement of global energy reform has put forward new requirements for urban energy development and transformation, and also has had a profound impact on the transform of energy consumption structure. This paper selects the Proportion of Electricity Energy in Terminal Energy Consumption (PETEC) as research index firstly, which quantitatively calculates from three dimensions of time, region and industry, to obtain the status quo of urban electrification level under the background of energy reform. Afterwards, the sensitivity calculation and analysis are used to find the quantity of contribution of different industries to the overall electrification level. According to the results, the industry with higher sensitivity to the electrification level of the city was found. Finally, based on the data of industry electricity consumption in S-city from 2006 to 2017, a research has carried out. And the results show that the method proposed in this paper is universal and practical and the analysis conclusion provides an important reference for re-electrification under the environment of energy change.
Thermal Diffusivity of Metals at High Temperatures (1954)

A modified Ångström method for measuring thermal diffusivity and hence thermal conductivity of metals has been developed. Like previously reported dynamic methods, this method uses a heat source, whose temperature varies sinusoidally with time, located at one end of an effectively infinite rod. Unlike these methods, only one period of the heat pulse is required to eliminate the unknown coefficient determining the heat lost by radiation since both velocity and amplitude decrement of the heat pulse are measured. In addition to providing greater reliability at high temperatures by using only one period, the new method is faster in taking data and simpler in computation. The thermoelectric potentials from two thermojunctions are amplified and plotted on a Brown electronic recorder in order to obtain a permanent record of all necessary data for computing the thermal diffusivity. Results for copper, nickel, and thorium over the temperature range 0–500°C are given.
Opening the Web for all : inclusive and secure design of an online authentication system (2012)

A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Preparation of High-Purity Vanadium Metalb by the Iodide Refining Process (1961)

The preparation of vanadium of 99.95 + % purity by the Van Arkel‐deBoer iodide process is described. Conditions for optimum growth rate and maximum purity were determined. Data on impurity transfer from the feed to the hot filament are presented together with a discussion of contamination by the retort. The quality of vanadium obtained from feed material prepared by bomb reduction and by a sponge process is compared. Some physical properties of this metal are reported. An apparatus designed to prepare several pounds per batch is described.
Cooperative effect of hepatocyte growth factor and fibronectin in anchorage-independent survival of mammary carcinoma cells: requirement for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. (2000)

Anchorage-independent survival and growth are critical characteristics of malignant cells. We showed previously that the addition of exogenous hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and the presence of fibronectin fibrils stimulate anchorage-independent colony growth of a murine mammary carcinoma, SP1, which expresses both HGF and HGF receptor (Met; R. Saulnier et al., Exp. Cell Res., 222: 360-369, 1996). We now show that tyrosine phosphorylation of Met in carcinoma cells is augmented by cell adhesion and spreading on fibronectin substratum. In contrast, detached serum-starved cells exhibit reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of Met and undergo apoptotic cell death within 18-24 h. Under these conditions, the addition of HGF stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of Met and restores survival of carcinoma cells. Soluble fibronectin also stimulates cell survival and shows a cooperative survival response with HGF but does not affect tyrosine phosphorylation of Met; these results indicate that fibronectin acts via a pathway independent of Met in detached cells. We demonstrated previously that inhibition of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity blocks HGF-induced DNA synthesis of carcinoma cells (N. Rahimi et al., J. Biol. Chem., 271: 24850-24855, 1996). We now show in detached cells a cooperative effect of HGF and FN in the activation of PI 3-kinase and on the phosphorylation of PKB/Akt at serine 473. PI 3-kinase activity is also required for the HGF- and fibronectin-induced survival responses, as well as anchorage-independent colony growth. However, c-Src kinase or MEK1/2 activities are not required for the cell survival effect. Together, these results demonstrate that the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway is a key effector of the HGF- and fibronectin-induced survival response of breast carcinoma cells under detached conditions and corroborate an interaction between integrin and HGF/ Met signalling pathways in the development of invasive breast cancer.
Dislocation Etch Pits on the {111} and {111¯} Surfaces of InSb (1960)

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Blocking inducible co-stimulator in the absence of CD28 impairs Th1 and CD25+ regulatory T cells in murine colitis (2004)

Several autoimmune disease models depend on an imbalance in the activation of aggressor T(h)1 and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells. Here we compare the requirement for signals through the co-stimulatory molecules CD28 and inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) in chronic murine colitis, a model for inflammatory bowel disease. We used a colitis model in which disease-causing CD45RB(hi) T cells alone or in combination with CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells from either CD28-deficient or wild-type donors were transferred into T cell-deficient animals, half of which were treated with ICOS-blocking reagents. Blocking ICOS on the surface of CD28-deficient T(h)1 cells abrogated development of colitis, whereas blocking CD28 or ICOS alone had little to no effect on disease induction. In contrast to T(h)1 cells, regulatory T cell functioning depended mostly on CD28 signaling with only a minor contribution for ICOS. We conclude that CD28 and ICOS collaborate to development of murine colitis by aggressor T(h)1 cells, and that CD28 is required for T(reg) cells, which should caution against the use of CD28-blocking reagents in inflammatory bowel disease.
EFFECT OF ATOMIZING AIR FLOW ON SPRAY ATOMIZATION OF AN INTERNAL-MIX TWIN-FLUID ATOMIZER (2015)

The effect of the atomization air flow rate on the spray characteristics of a swirling twin-fluid atomizer operating on Diesel fuel is investigated. The mean droplet axial velocity and size distributions were simultaneously measured using a phase Doppler anemometer (PDA). The mean droplet diameter is found to increase with radial distance from the spray centreline, while its axial velocity decreases from a peak at the centreline. Increasing the atomizing air-liquid fuel mass ratio (ALR) reduces the fuel droplet size due to the increased shear and increases the spray penetration length as a result of increased momentum. Comparison of the drop size-ALR relations to previous independently developed correlations shows good agreement. A comparison was made between the observable boundaries obtained with Mie scattering and the droplet number density. It is found that the Mie images correspond to 95%−99% edge of the cumulative droplet mass distribution through the spray.
Light emission and burnout characteristics of GaAs power MESFET's (1978)

In order to obtain information on the field distributions and weak places of GaAs power MESFET's, the light emission and pulse burnout characteristics were investigated. Their dependence on the drain structure was also studied. The light emission occurs at the drain edge of the active region when the gate bias is zero volt, slightly changing its place depending on the drain structure. The drain edge of the epitaxial layer was also damaged by the pulse burnout experiments at zero gate bias. When the gate bias is increased, the light emission at the drain edge decreases rapidly until the gate Schottky breaks down and begins to give the light emission at the gate edge. The pulse burnout experiments suggest that the burnout initiates inside of the active or buffer epitaxial layer when the gate bias is near the pinchoff voltage.
Improved material properties of amorphous silicon from silane by fluorine implantation: Application to thin-film transistors (1989)

In this paper it is reported for the first time that the material properties of hydrogenated amorphous-silicon films deposited from a pure silane plasma can be improved by a low-dose fluorine implantation. It is shown that the field-effect density of states is reduced after implantation and appropriate annealing. The implanted material shows a better photostability as well as a better resistance against prolonged electric field application and against exposure to temperatures above deposition temperature.
Significance of preoperative butyrylcholinesterase as an independent predictor of overall survival in patients with renal clear cell carcinoma treated with nephrectomy. (2014)

458 Background: Prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) of the patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (cRCC) treated with nephrectomy are still not defined well. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is an α-glycoprotein found in the nervous system and liver. Advanced cancer is a condition with mild to moderate inflammation and interacts with various degree of protein-energy malnutrition. In this study, we analyzed the potential preoperative prognostic significance of BChE in patients with cRCC undergoing nephrectomy. Methods: etween 1992 and 2013, we treated 551 patients with renal cell carcinoma. Of these 400 patients with cRCC who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy were enrolled. Serum BChE was routinely measured before operation in all patients. Covariates included age, gender, performance status (PS), preoperative laboratory data, clinical T stage, and distant metastasis status. Univariate analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier and log-rank methods. Multivariate analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazard model. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine clinical factors that associated with OS. Results: Of these, 302 patients had an organ-confined disease (T1-2N0M0) and 56 patients had a distant metastasis (any T, any N, and M1). The median BChE level was 250U/L (normal range from 168 to 470U/L). The median follow-up period was 34 months. At the time of analysis, 26 patients (6.5%) had alive with recurrent cRCC and 38 patients (9.5%) had died from cRCC. The 3-year OS rate for our entire cohort of 400 patients was 88%. The 3-year OS rates were 89.3% and 77.7% in the BChE ≥100 and &lt;100U/L groups (p= 0.004). In the univariate analysis, PS, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, BChE, corrected calcium, C-reactive protein, and distant metastasis status were significantly associated with OS. Multivariate analysis revealed that BChE and distant metastasis status were significantly associated with OS. Conclusions: These data suggest a possible role of pre-operative BChE as an independent predictor of OS after nephrectomy for cRCC.
A new assay for nerve fiber repulsion (2010)

In inflammatory lesions, sympathetic nerve fibers get lost soon after the start of inflammation. To be able to identify and examine the factors that are responsible for this repulsion of the sympathetic nerve fibers we established an in vitro assay. Sympathetic trunk ganglia of postnatal mice were used for the outgrowth of axons. They were plated on poly-D-lysine-coated culture slides. Axons were encouraged to grow out by the addition of nerve growth factor-7S (NGF) from murine submaxillary gland. Using live imaging it was clearly shown that SEMA3F is a nerve-repellent factor. Two different types of nerve fiber repulsion were observed. The assay turned out to be an excellent model for the investigation of axon guidance factors of sympathetic neurons (nerve fiber repulsion/nerve fiber attraction).
Supervised Keyphrase Extraction as Positive Unlabeled Learning (2016)

The problem of noisy and unbalanced training data for supervised keyphrase extraction results from the subjectivity of keyphrase assignment, which we quantify by crowdsourcing keyphrases for news and fashion magazine articles with many annotators per document. We show that annotators exhibit substantial disagreement, meaning that single annotator data could lead to very different training sets for supervised keyphrase extractors. Thus, annotations from single authors or readers lead to noisy training data and poor extraction performance of the resulting supervised extractor. We provide a simple but effective solution to still work with such data by reweighting the importance of unlabeled candidate phrases in a two stage Positive Unlabeled Learning setting. We show that performance of trained keyphrase extractors approximates a classifier trained on articles labeled by multiple annotators, leading to higher average F 1 scores and better rankings of keyphrases. We apply this strategy to a variety of test collections from different backgrounds and show improvements over strong baseline models.
Controllability of a class of swarm signalling networks (2022)

Abstract In this article, we propose closed-form analytical expressions to determine the minimum number of driver nodes that is needed to control a specific class of networks. We consider swarm signalling networks with regular out-degree distribution where a fraction $p$ of the links is unavailable. We further apply our method to networks with bi-modal out-degree distributions. Our approximations are validated through intensive simulations. Results show that our approximations have high accuracy when compared with simulation results for both types of out-degree distribution.
Rapid reprogramming of epigenetic and transcriptional profiles in mammalian culture systems (2015)

We report a dramatic and novel consequence of adaptation of mammalian cells to culture in which global loss of 5hmC occurs, suggesting rapid concomitant loss of methylcytosine dioxygenase activity. The observed epigenetic and transcriptional re-programming occurs much earlier than previously assumed, and has significant implications for the use of cell lines as faithful mimics of in vivo epigenetic and physiological processes.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination Chemistry of the Bicycloaminophosphorane Ph(H)P((OCH2CH2)2N), a Potential P/N Ligand. Access to Iron and Ruthenium Phosphoranides. Reversible Migration of a Phenyl Group Between Iron and Phosphorus: Crystal and Molecular Structure of η5‐CpFe(CO)(P(OCH2CH2)2N)(η1‐C6H5). (1987)

Abstract The bicyclic aminophosphorane (Ia), in its open tautomeric form (IIa), and the analogue (Ib) behave toward (η5‐C5H5)Fe(CO)2X mainly as a P‐bonded monodentate ligand by displacement of X, and as a PN bidentate ligand by replacement of CO and X, to yield the cationic derivatives (IIIa), (IIIb) and (IVa), (IVb), respectively.
Induction of frameshift and base pair substitution mutations by the major DNA adduct of the endogenous carcinogen malondialdehyde (2003)

Instability of repetitive sequences is a hallmark of human cancer, and its enhancement has been linked to oxidative stress. Malondialdehyde is an endogenous product of oxidative stress that reacts with guanine to form the exocyclic adduct, pyrimido[1,2- alpha]purin-10(3H)-one (M1G). We used site-specifically modified single- and double-stranded vectors to investigate the mutagenic potential of M1G in bacteria and mammalian cells. M1G induced frameshift mutations (-1 and -2) when positioned in a reiterated (CpG)4 sequence but not when positioned in a nonreiterated sequence in Escherichia coli and in COS-7 cells. The frequency of frameshift mutations was highest when M1G was placed at the third G in the sequence. M1G induced base pair substitutions at comparable frequencies in both sequence contexts in COS-7 cells. These studies indicate that M1G, an endogenously generated product of oxidative stress, induces sequence-dependent frameshift mutations and base pair substitutions in bacteria and in mammalian cells. This finding suggests a potential role for the M1G lesion in the induction of mutations commonly associated with human diseases.
Apparatus for the Study of Silicon Film Deposition and Silicon Etching. (1987)

Abstract : A special vacuum system used to study the surface reactions in thin film deposition and etching was equipped with surface analytical techniques and ion sputtering for preparing and characterizing surfaces. X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy systems were obtained from Vacuum Science Workshop and installed in a 2-chamber vacuum system along with an ion sputtering gun for sample cleaning. These techniques will be used in conjunction with infrared ellipsometry and modulated molecular beam techniques to elucidate the kinetics and mechanisms of surface reactions of silicon deposition and etching.
Fibre Bragg grating based spectral encoder/decoderfor lightwave CDMA (1999)

An all-fibre technique for the coherent spectral encoding and decoding of optical pulses is proposed. The spectral coding of optical waveforms is achieved using pairs of oppositely chirped and suitably coded fibre gratings. The application potential to lightwave code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) communications is demonstrated.
The Efficacy and Toxicity of Bupropion in the Elderly (2000)

Bupropion is an antidepressant with excellent tolerability and few side effects or drug interactions. These characteristics suite it well for use both in the elderly and in the medically ill. However, early reports of seizures with bupropion therapy in patients with bulimia limited its use. The pharmacology, efficacy, toxicity, and side effect profile of both the immediate release (IR) and the recently available sustained release (SR) formulations of bupropion are reviewed. Bupropion SR is associated with a reduced seizure incidence (0.1%) compared to that found with the IR formulation (0.4%). Recent reports, however, demonstrate that the half-life of bupropion is prolonged in the elderly and that the elderly accumulate bupropion metabolites. Potential toxic effects, including seizures and psychosis, may result from high bupropion plasma levels and the accumulation of bupropion metabolites in the elderly or in those with impaired renal or liver function. Clinical reports in the elderly demonstrate that lower (75-225 mg/day) doses of bupropion are associated with fewer side effects and equal efficacy to that found with higher doses. Bupropion is a good antidepressant choice for the elderly and the medically ill, provided additional precautions, including the use of low doses, are taken. Bupropion should either be avoided or be used with extreme caution in anyone who is at increased risk of seizures or who has a history of psychosis or an eating disorder.
A Fast Solver for the Fractional Helmholtz Equation (2019)

The purpose of this paper is to study a Helmholtz problem with a spectral fractional Laplacian, instead ofthe standard Laplacian. Recently, it has been established that such a fractional Helmholtz problem better captures the underlying behavior in Geophysical Electromagnetics. We establish the well-posedness and regularity of this problem. We introduce a hybrid finite element-spectral approach to discretize it and show well-posedness of the discrete system. In addition, we derive a priori discretization error estimates. Finally, we introduce an efficient solver that scales as well as the best possible solver for the classical integer-order Helmholtz equation. We conclude with several illustrative examples that confirm our theoretical findings.
Japanese document recognition based on interpolated n-gram model of character (2002)

N-gram model is widely applied to various pattern recognition system because it well represents local features of natural languages. In this paper, we describe a contextual postprocessing method using a trigram model of character for Japanese document recognition, and its advantage is revealed by practical experiments. The model is automatically obtained by statistical processing of training documents. The ability to reduce ambiguity is evaluated by the perplexity. In the processing, two smoothing methods are examined, and the predictive power of the deleted interpolation method is shown to be superior. For leading articles, the perplexity reduced to about 22 when using deleted interpolation. The output from OCR is processed very fast using a Viterbi algorithm. Experimental results of recognition for three kinds of documents show that the error correction rates are ranged from 75 to over 90 percent.