gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structure of the Rat Liver Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase Based on Selenomethionine Multiwavelength Anomalous Dispersion Phases, (1996)

The crystal structure of the recombinant fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase domain, which covers the residues between 251 and 440 of the rat liver bifunctional enzyme, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, was determined by multiwavelength anomalous dispersion phasing and refined at 2.5 A resolution. The selenomethionine-substituted protein was induced in the methionine auxotroph, Escherichia coli DL41DE3, purified, and crystallized in a manner similar to that of the native protein. Phase information was calculated using the multiwavelength anomalous dispersion data collected at the X-ray wavelengths near the absorption edge of the K-shell alpha electrons of selenium. The fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase domain has a core alpha/beta structure which consists of six stacked beta-strands, four parallel and two antiparallel. The core beta-sheet is surrounded by nine alpha-helices. The catalytic site, as defined by a bound phosphate ion, is positioned near the C-terminal end of the beta-sheet and close to the N-terminal end of an alpha-helix. The active site pocket is funnel-shaped. The narrow opening of the funnel is wide enough for a water molecule to pass. The key catalytic residues, including His7, His141, and Glu76, are near each other at the active site and probably function as general acids and/or bases during a catalytic cycle. The inorganic phosphate molecule is bound to an anion trap formed by Arg6, His7, Arg56, and His141. The core structure of the Fru-2,6-P2ase is similar to that of the yeast phosphoglycerate mutase and the rat prostatic acid phosphatase. However, the structure of one of the loops near the active site is completely different from the other family members, perhaps reflecting functional differences and the nanomolar range affinity of Fru-2,6-P2ase for its substrate. The imidazole rings of the two key catalytic residues, His7 and His141, are not parallel as in the yeast phosphoglycerate mutase. The crystal structure is used to interpret the existing chemical data already available for the bisphosphatase domain. In addition, the crystal structure is compared with two other proteins that belong to the histidine phosphatase family.
MVRC and its tolerance analysis for microprocessor power management (2006)

To achieve higher power density and design flexibility with unlimited phase number, the concept of MVRC (Monolithic / Modularized Voltage Regulator Channel) is introduced to be a generic power IC solution for both CPU and POL (Point Of Load) power management. Novel control architecture and analog circuits are invented to implement the MVRC concept. Tolerance analysis and hardware testing verified that the MVRC approach is suitable for today's and even future's microprocessor power management.
Real-time Particle Filters Using Mixtures of Samples Sets (2002)

Recently, particle filters have been applied with great success to a variety of state estimation problems. In many real time applications, sensor information arrives significantly faster than the particle filter can process. The prevalent approach to this problem is to update the particle filter as often as possible and to discard sensor information that cannot be processed in time. In this paper we present an alternative approach. Our real time particle filter makes use of all sensor information by partitioning sample sets into mixtures of smaller sample sets. Each small sample set contains as many samples as can be processed between the arrival of two observations. These small sets are combined as soon as the total number of samples in the mixture is sufficiently high. Using efficient subsampling, we determine the mixture weights so as to minimize the KL-divergence between the mixture density and the true posterior. Thereby, our approach focuses computational resources on valuable sensor information. Experiments using data collected with a mobile robot show that our approach yields drastic improvements over alternative techniques.
Many eyes or many ewes: vigilance tactics in female bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis vary according to reproductive status (2008)

In gregarious animals, there is usually a negative relationship between individual vigilance and group size. This effect of group size is generally explained by increasing probability of predator detection (the many‐eyes hypothesis) and by the dilution of risk occurring in larger groups. Few studies have attempted to examine the specific implications of either hypothesis on the expected vigilance pattern of an animal. Here we examine whether reproductive status affects vigilance patterns in bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis ewes. We also test whether the observed vigilance patterns are consistent with predictions from dilution or detection models of vigilance. Although vigilance decreased with increasing group size, vigilance tactics differed between barren and lactating females. Lactating ewes relied solely on predator detection. In contrast, barren ewes benefited from both detection and dilution effects when group size increased and adjusted vigilance effort according to the proportion of lactating ewes in their group. It is generally assumed that gregariousness increases safety. Here we further show that reproductive status influenced how animals reduce predation risk and that some individuals take advantage of the vigilance effort provided by others.
CAESAR:  A New Conformer Generation Algorithm Based on Recursive Buildup and Local Rotational Symmetry Consideration (2007)

A highly efficient conformer search algorithm based on a divide-and-conquer and recursive conformer build-up approach is presented in this paper. This approach is combined with consideration of local rotational symmetry so that conformer duplicates due to topological symmetry in the systematic search can be efficiently eliminated. This new algorithm, termed CAESAR (Conformer Algorithm based on Energy Screening and Recursive Buildup), has been implemented in Discovery Studio 1.7 as part of the Catalyst Component Collection. CAESAR has been validated by comparing the conformer models generated by the new method and Catalyst/FAST. CAESAR is consistently 5-20 times faster than Catalyst/FAST for all data sets investigated. The speedup is even more dramatic for molecules with high topological symmetry or for molecules that require a large number of conformers to be sampled. The quality of the conformer models generated by CAESAR has been validated by assessing the ability to reproduce the receptor-bound X-ray conformation of ligands extracted for the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and assessing the ability to adequately cover the pharmacophore space. It is shown that CAESAR is able to reproduce the receptor-bound conformation slightly better than the Catalyst/FAST method for a data set of 918 ligands retrieved from the PDB. In addition, it is shown that CEASAR covers the pharmacophore space as well or better than Catalyst/FAST.
Fuel Cells and Precious-Metal Catalysts (1999)

The news article by Robert F. Service about fuel cells (“Energy,” 30 July, p. [682][1]) does not address an important problem associated with their mass use.

Fuel cells require precious-metal (usually platinum) catalysts to operate at reasonable temperatures. But how much platinum—in great demand as an industrial catalyst—would be required for a world fleet of fuel cell-powered cars? Platinum has a crustal abundance of only 37 parts per billion ([1][2]), and total annual production of virgin platinum is less than 100 metric tons ([2][3]). If each fuel cell-powered car required only a gram of platinum (which, I think, is a low estimate), it would take 200 metric tons of platinum to power the U.S. fleet of cars alone.

Although platinum can be recycled, world-scale fuel cell production for automotive and home use would probably require more than the entire annual production of virgin platinum. Because this metal is also an important industrial catalyst, demand would send the price of platinum through the roof. This would destroy any cost savings obtained from mass production of fuel cells and bring us right back where we are now—with fuel cells that are too expensive to be competitive in the mass market.

1. [↵][4]1. M. Winter
 , WebElements, available at [www.shef.ac.uk/chemistry/web-elements][5].
 

2. [↵][6]1. N. N. Greenwood, 2. A. Earnshaw
 , Chemistry of the Elements (Pergamon, Oxford, 1984), ed. 1. p. 1328, 1331.

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.285.5428.682
 [2]: #ref-1
 [3]: #ref-2
 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 View reference 1 in text
 [5]: http://www.shef.ac.uk/chemistry/web-elements
 [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 View reference 2 in text
Application of An Improved DBSCAN Algorithm in Web Text Mining (2013)

This paper studies the characteristics and key technology of Web text mining, and puts forward an improved DBSCAN density clustering algorithm.The algorithm combines the characteristics of hierarchical clustering effectively, it can confirmed class center well,and make the neighborhood parameter r self-adapt to the data sets with different density. To the data sets with different density, it can adjust parameters according to the dense degree. Simulation experiment results verify the proposed algorithm can improve the accuracy in the Web text mining.
Stable recombinant expression of the anti HIV-1 monoclonal antibody 2F5 after IgG3/IgG1 subclass switch in CHO cells (2000)

The human monoclonal antibody (humAb) 2F5 is a potent candidate for immunotherapy of HIV-1. The xenohybridoma derived humAb 2F5 is of IgG3 kappa isotype. Generally, IgG1 isotype has a longer half-life (beta-clearance) in humans than IgG3. Therefore the isotype was switched to an IgG1 by ligation of the 2F5 heavy chain variable region to an IgG1 constant region and expressed as IgG1 kappa in CHO cells. CHO clones have been established, which stably express humAb 2F5 at high levels. The specificity, affinity and in vitro function of both isotypes were identical.
Fabrication of Pt-IrO<sub>x</sub> and Au-V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Thin Films (2007)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
An Approach to the Total Synthesis of Welwistatin. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
High-Density Silver Nanoparticle Film with Temperature-Controllable Interparticle Spacing for a Tunable Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate (2004)

The formation of high-density silver nanoparticles and a novel method to precisely control the spacing between nanoparticles by temperature are demonstrated for a tunable surface enhanced Raman scattering substrates. The high-density nanoparticle thin film is accomplished by self-assembling through the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique on a water surface and transferring the particle monolayer to a temperature-responsive polymer membrane. The temperature-responsive polymer membrane allows producing a dynamic surface enhanced Raman scattering substrate. The plasmon peak of the silver nanoparticle film red shifts up to 110 nm with increasing temperature. The high-density particle film serves as an excellent substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and the scattering signal enhancement factor can be dynamically tuned by the thermally activated SERS substrate. The SERS spectra of Rhodamine 6G on a high-density silver particle film at various temperatures is characterized to demonstrate the tunable plasmon coupling between high-density nanoparticles.
Dimensional inspection planning for coordinate measuring machines (1999)

This thesis documents the development of a fully automated dimensional inspection planner for coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). CMMs are very precise Cartesian robots equipped with tactile probes. Given a solid model of a manufactured part, the goal of dimensional inspection is to determine if the part meets its design specifications. The planner first generates a high-level plan that specifies how to setup the part on the CMM table, which probes to use and how to orient them, and which measurements to perform. This plan is then expanded to include detailed path plans and ultimately a program for driving the CMM. 
The planner has been implemented and includes an accessibility analysis module, a high-level planner, a plan validator (through collision detection), a simulator, and a path planner. We tested the planner on real-world mechanical parts and it is sufficiently fast for practical applications. 
The accessibility analysis module provides a suite of algorithms to compute global accessibility cones (GACs). GACs are sets of directions along which a probe can contact given points on an object's surface, and are used by the planner to determine part setups and probe orientations. The GAC algorithms make use of widely available computer graphics hardware, and are very efficient and robust. 
The high-level planner generates plans by solving a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP), where hierarchical constraints define the requirements of good plans. Plans are extracted using efficient clustering techniques. High-level planning by clustering and without backtracking is a novel approach. 
The path planner finds an efficient and collision-free path for the CMM to inspect a set of points. We use a roadmap method to connect the points through simple paths. Then, we find an efficient tour of the roadmap by solving a traveling salesperson problem. The path planner easily integrates CMM heuristics and is probabilistically complete.
Chemiresistive sensor based on polythiophene-modified single-walled carbon nanotubes for detection ofNO2 (2015)

In the present investigation, a chemiresistive sensor based on conducting polythiophene-modified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) for NO 2 detection has been reported. The SWNTs were aligned across 3 μm gap between two gold microelectrodes on Si / SiO 2 substrate. Alignment of SWNTs was carried out by using AC dielectrophoretic technique and it was confirmed by current–voltage (I–V) measurement. Aligned SWNTs were modified by conducting polythiophene using charge controlled potentiostatic deposition and it was confirmed by field-effect transistor (FET) and electrochemical measurements. Polythiophene-modified SWNT devices were used for the NO 2 detection in chemiresistive modality. This sensor exhibited very good linear response range from 10 ppb to 10 ppm.
Virgo gravitational wave detector: Results and perspectives (2011)

The Virgo detector reached during the past science run a sensitivity\nvery close to the design one. During the last year the detector has been improved by suspending the main interferometer mirrors with monolithic fibers, with the goal of reducing the thermal noise contribution and testing the new technology. At the same time the design of the next detector improvements are on-going and they will be implemented during the construction of Advanced Virgo.
Field Evaluations of Leaf Spot Resistance and Yield in Peanut Genotypes in the United States and Bolivia (2010)

Field experiments were conducted in 2002 to 2006 to characterize yield potential and disease resistance in the Bolivian landrace peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cv. Bayo Grande, and breeding lines developed from crosses of Bayo Grande and U.S. cv. Florida MDR-98. Diseases of interest included early leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora arachidicola, and late leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercosporidium personatum. Bayo Grande, MDR-98, and three breeding lines, along with U.S. cvs. C-99R and Georgia Green, were included in split-plot field experiments in six locations across the United States and Bolivia. Whole-plot treatments consisted of two tebuconazole applications and a nontreated control. Genotypes were the subplot treatments. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for percent defoliation due to leaf spot was lower for Bayo Grande and all breeding lines than for Georgia Green at all U.S. locations across years. AUDPC for disease incidence from one U.S. location indicated similar results. Severity of leaf spot epidemics and relative effects of the genotypes were less consistent in the Bolivian experiments. In Bolivia, there were no indications of greater levels of disease resistance in any of the breeding lines than in Bayo Grande. In the United States, yields of Bayo Grande and the breeding lines were greater than those of the other genotypes in 1 of 2 years. In Bolivia, low disease intensity resulted in the highest yields in Georgia Green, while high disease intensity resulted in comparable yields among the breeding lines, MDR-98, and C-99R. Leaf spot suppression by tebuconazole was greater in Bolivia than in the United States. This result indicates a possible higher level of fungicide resistance in the U.S. population of leaf spot pathogens. Overall, data from this study suggest that Bayo Grande and the breeding lines may be desirable germplasm for U.S. and Bolivian breeding programs or production.
Real-time watercolor illustrations of plants using a blurred depth test (2006)

We present techniques to create convincing high-quality watercolor illustrations of plants. Mainly focusing on the real-time rendering, we introduce methods to abstract the visual and geometrical complexity of the original 3D plant models that are obtained from the photorealistic rendering. Additionally, we integrate detail layers to emphasize the structure, the texture, and the lighting. We distinguish between particle based, texture based, and line stroke based detail primitives, which provide a wide application range for the individual tree and plant models. To support smooth transitions and the frame-to-frame coherence during an animation, we introduce a so-called blurred depth test to perform depth comparisons. This blurred depth test is utilized for the visibility computations of the detail primitives and for the creation of a soft shadowing effect. With our techniques, we create an appropriate lighting and shadowing of the scene, and achieve a high frame-to-frame coherence. For the final watercolor appearance, we apply a formerly published approach that is implemented using hardware shaders.
Visual Adaptation: Effects of Externally Applied Retinal on the Light-Adapted, Isolated Skate Retina (1976)

Incubation with externally applied 11-cis retinal induces a marked increase of visual sensitivity within partially bleached skate photoreceptors. This activity of 11-cis retinal is duplicated by 9-cis retinal, but not by all-trans retinal. The sensitization of photoreceptors promoted by 11-cis and 9-cis retinal is accompanied by the formation of rhodopsin and isorhodopsin, respectively.
Testing in the Time of COVID-19: A Sudden Transition to Unproctored Online Exams (2020)

The swift conversion of chemistry courses to various online formats has presented challenges for students and instructors alike, with one of the most significant challenges being the logistics concerning online testing. At our institution, instructors of general, organic, and physical chemistry courses sought to balance issues of exam access, exam security, and continuity with a traditional test format when switching to unproctored online exams. Different approaches were utilized for exam delivery with varying success. Common challenges arose in several courses, such as the need to train students to use new technology, and the threat of online information for compromising exam security. The most successful attempts to meet these challenges, such as use of a test-bank, are consistent with reported best practices and suggest a way to maximize access, security, and continuity, while working to diminish technological and ethical pitfalls that accompany unproctored online exams.
Characterisation of C-type natriuretic peptide receptors in the gill of dogfish Triakis scyllia (1998)

Only C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) has been identified in primitive elasmobranch fish. CNP is the most conserved molecule in the natriuretic peptide family, suggesting that it is the ancestral type. As a first step to investigating the ancestral type of natriuretic peptide receptors, CNP receptors were characterised in an elasmobranch (dogfish, Triakis scyllia) by radioligand-binding analysis using 125I-[Tyr0]-dogfish (df)CNP. None of the modifications of the CNP molecule that occur at the time of iodination (addition of a Tyr residue at the N-terminus, introduction of iodine into Tyr0 or oxidation of Met17) affect the affinity of dfCNP for the receptors. Neither did oxidation of Met17 decrease the ability of CNP to stimulate cGMP production. In the tissues examined, CNP receptors were densest in the gill cells followed by the intestine, interrenal gland and rectal gland, all of which are involved in osmoregulation in elasmobranchs. CNP-stimulated guanylate cyclase (GC) activity was highest in the interrenal gland, intestine, brain and rectal gland, followed by the gill cells. Since the gill cells seem to contain both GC-coupled and uncoupled receptors, this tissue was used to characterise dogfish CNP receptors. Scatchard analysis of the saturation isotherm revealed two classes of binding site: one has a Kd of 24.0 pM and Bmax of 59.9 fmol/mg protein, and the other has low affinity (Kd > 1 nM) and high capacity (Bmax > 200 fmol/mg protein). The higher-affinity binding sites may represent GC-uncoupled receptors, because C-ANF, a specific ligand for GC-uncoupled receptors, almost completely displaced CNP binding. Affinity-labelling experiments showed that dogfish receptors have molecular masses of about 90, 170 and 340 kDa, and CNP binding to the former two receptors is inhibited by C-ANF. After reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol, most 170 kDa labelling was shifted to 90 kDa. It is concluded that GC-uncoupled receptors in the dogfish gill have higher molecular mass than those of mammals and eel (about 65 kDa), and are present mostly as monomers even in non-reducing conditions. However, a small population of GC-coupled receptors is also present, as demonstrated by an increase in cGMP production.
Inverse problem for the time-dependent density matrix (1982)

The solution of the inverse problem for the time-dependent density matrix means finding the time-dependent Hamiltonian operator $\stackrel{^}{H}$ corresponding to a given time-dependent density matrix $\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$. We point out that the standard requirements for the time-dependent density operator imply a number of compatibility relations. Accordingly, a given $N\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}N$ density matrix might result from a whole family of Hamiltonians, characterized by $N$ free, real parameters. The cases of a 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2 and 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3 density matrix and of the free-fermion chain are worked out explicitly.