gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The aqueous willow bark extract STW 33-I has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties comparable to Aspirin and diclofenac (2008)

While NSAIDs are well known by their anti-inflammatory effects, where inhibition of NFκ-B is a central antiinflammatory mechanism, and by their anticancer effects via cyclooxygenases (COXs), these effects have not been yet proven for the polyphenol- and salicin-rich willow bark extract STW 33-I (Proaktiv®, water extract, 16–23:1), which is successfully used in the treatment of painful and inflammatory diseases [1]. The aim of this study was to determine anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects of STW 33-I and its polyphenols containing fraction E (Fr. E) compared to well characterized NSAIDs such as Aspirin (ASS) and diclofenac.
Choline-Deficient-Diet-Induced Fatty Liver Is A Metastasis-Resistant Microenvironment (2017)

The relative metastatic resistance of the fatty liver may be due to the reduced number of CAFs in the fatty livers. The mechanism of the effect of the choline-deficient diet is discussed.
High contrast electrochromic iris (2015)

We present a non-mechanical microiris based on two complementary electrochromic (EC) materials, namely viologens and phenozines, with an almost neutral spectral behavior. Measurements concerning the spectral light transmission, modulation transfer function, and response time validate that the optical performance of the EC-iris is comparable to that of a classical blade iris. The time constant is limited due to diffusive mass transport of the molecules, but can be reduced by a short voltage pulse. The current controlled transmission of the EC-material renders the individual control of each iris segment without crosstalk possible, allowing its usage as tunable spatial filter.
Taking the reaction-diffusion master equation to the microscopic limit (2009)

The reaction-diffusion master equation (RDME) is commonly used to model processes where both the spatial and stochastic nature of chemical reactions need to be considered. We show that the RDME in many cases is inconsistent with a microscopic description of diffusion limited chemical reactions and that this will result in unphysical results. We describe how the inconsistency can be reconciled if the association and dissociation rates used in the RDME are derived from the underlying microscopic description. These rate constants will however necessarily depend on the spatial discretization. At fine spatial resolution the rates approach the microscopic rate constants defined at the reaction radius. At low resolution the rates converge to the macroscopic diffusion limited rate constants in 3D, whereas there is no limiting value in 2D. Our results make it possible to develop spatially discretized reaction-diffusion models that correspond to a well-defined microscopic description. We show that this is critical for a correct description of 2D systems and systems that require high spatial resolution in 3D.
Increased Immunoreactive Rat Lung Icam-1 in Oleic Acid-Induced Lung Injury (1995)

Levels of immunoreactive ICAM-1 in rat lung were followed during the kinetic development of acute oleic acid-induced lung injury in the rat by the ELISA assay. Significant increases in ICAM-1 immunoreactivity were found on rat lung membranes within 30 min of oleic acid injection. The increased immunoreactive ICAM-1 persisted for the duration of the study (4 h) and paralleled lung injury as measured by decreased lung compliance. Enhanced ICAM-1 immunofluorescence was also observed on cryostat sections of lungs from oleic acid-treated rats. No direct effect of oleic acid on ICAM-1 levels of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells or rat lung microvascular endothelial cells was observed. This suggests that either oleic acid raises rat lung ICAM-1 levels on endothelial cells by an indirect mechanism or that oleic acid increases ICAM-1 levels on other cell types, such as fibroblasts or lung epithelial cells, by direct or indirect mechanisms. Some of the increased ICAM-1 may also be due to the accumulation of ICAM-1 containing circulating leukocytes in the lung. The role of ICAM-1 in the pathophysiology of oleic acid-induced lung injury and the mechanism by which oleic acid increases ICAM-1 expression in the lung therefore remain to be defined by future experimentation.
Development of a 3D-LC/MS Workflow for Fast, Automated, and Effective Characterization of Glycosylation Patterns of Biotherapeutic Products (2020)

Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies produced in mammalian cells and is considered an important critical quality attribute (CQA), as it is known to impact efficacy, stability, half-life, and immunogenicity. For these reasons, glycosylation requires characterization and close monitoring during the manufacturing process. Due to the complexity of the glycosylation patterns, sophisticated analytical tools with high resolving power are required for the characterization of the glycoforms. This study describes, for the first time, the development and use of an online three-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (3D-HPLC/MS) approach for the monitoring of glycosylation patterns at the middle-up level. An immobilized IdeS-enzyme column was used in the first dimension for the digestion of mAbs in 10 min. Then, following an online reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) column reduction, the ≈25 kDa proteolytic fragments were analyzed using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) coupled to MS. This novel analytical workflow demonstrated the ability to accurately profile glycosylated variants within a total run time of 95 min. To compare the performance of this analytical strategy with a conventional offline procedure (IdeS digestion x reduction-HILIC/MS), a proof of concept study using two mAbs is described here.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CARBON‐13 NMR STUDY OF 2‐BENZYL, 2‐METHYL, 2‐ARYLOCTAHYDROPYRROLO(3,4‐C)PYRROLES AND THE 1,2,3,5‐TETRAHYDROPYRROLO(3,4‐C)PYRROLE RING SYSTEM (1983)

Abstract Pyrrol‐3.4‐dicarbonsäuren (I) liefern über die Anhydride (II) mit Aminen die Amidcarbonsäuren (III), die zu den Imiden (IV) cyclisiert und weiter zu (V) hydriert werden.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Amino Alcohols : Applications to Natural Product Synthesis (2007)

This thesis is divided into four separate parts with amino alcohols as the common feature. The first part of the thesis describes the development of an efficient three-component approach to the synthesis of α-hydroxy-β-amino esters. Utilizing a highly diastereoselective Rh(II)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of carbonyl ylides to various aldimines, syn-α-hydroxy-β-amino esters are formed in high yields and excellent diastereoselectivities. An asymmetric version was also developed by employing chiral α-methylbenzyl imines as dipolarophiles yielding enantiomerically pure syn-α-hydroxy-β-amino esters. This methodology was also applied on a short asymmetric synthesis of the paclitaxel side-chain as well as in an asymmetric synthetic approach towards the proteasome inhibitor omuralide. Furthermore, the use of chiral Rh(II) carboxylates furnishes the syn-α-hydroxy-β-amino esters in moderate enantioselectivity (er up to 82:18), which indicates that the reaction proceeds via a metal-associated carbonyl ylide. The second part describes the development of a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylides to aldehydes for the synthesis of α-amino-β-hydroxy esters. Different methods for the generation of the ylides, including Vedejs’ oxazole methology and an Ag(I)/phosphine-catalyzed approach have been evaluated. The best results were obtained with the Ag(I)/phosphine approach, which yielded the desired α-amino-β-hydroxy ester in 68% yield and 3.4:1 syn:anti-selectivity. The last two parts deals with the total synthesis of the amino alcohol-containing natural products D-erythro-sphingosine and (−)-stemoamide. The key transformation in the sphingosine synthesis is a cross-metathesis reaction for the assembly of the polar head group and the aliphatic chain. In the stemoamide synthesis, the key feature is an iodoboration/Negishi/RCM-sequence for the construction of the β,γ-unsaturated azepine core of stemoamide followed by a stereoselective bromolactonization/1,4-reduction strategy for the installation of the requisite C8-C9 trans-stereochemistry.
Electronic endoscopy: Its present and future (1989)

As its image sensor, the electronic endoscope incorporates the so‐called charge‐coupled device (CCD) at its tip. The device was developed by the high technology of microelectronics, and it has a quite new construction, different from fibre‐optics. Two years after the electronic endoscope was produced first by Welch‐Allyn from the USA, the first Japanese electronic endoscope model was developed in 1985, and now an upper gastrointestinal model, a duodenoscope model, and a colonoscope model are available commercially from four companies worldwide.
Effects of pegfilgrastim on normal biodistribution of 18F-FDG: preclinical and clinical studies. (2006)

In both the animal model and humans, pegfilgrastim markedly increased bone marrow uptake of (18)F-FDG and reduced (18)F-FDG uptake in some normal tissues. These profound alterations in (18)F-FDG biodistribution induced by pegfilgrastim must be considered when one is evaluating quantitative (18)F-FDG PET scans for tumor response to therapy.
Diffracted-Beam Monochromatization Techniques in X-Ray Diffractometry (1956)

Four techniques using curved-crystal focusing monochromators are described: combinations of a reflection specimen and reflection monochromator, a reflection specimen and transmission monochromator, a transmission specimen and reflection monochromator, and a transmission specimen and transmission monochromator. The first technique allows recording of diffraction patterns due to Kα1 radiation only, and elimination of Compton-scattered radiation (except at low angles). The second technique provides a back-reflection diffractometer for measurements at Bragg angles up to 90°. The third technique can be applied to weakly absorbing specimens when a strictly monochromatic diffraction pattern is required. Various aspects of the focusing geometry are analyzed.
Sim-to-Real Transfer of Accurate Grasping with Eye-In-Hand Observations and Continuous Control (2017)

In the context of deep learning for robotics, we show effective method of training a real robot to grasp a tiny sphere (1.37cm of diameter), with an original combination of system design choices. We decompose the end-to-end system into a vision module and a closed-loop controller module. The two modules use target object segmentation as their common interface. The vision module extracts information from the robot end-effector camera, in the form of a binary segmentation mask of the target. We train it to achieve effective domain transfer by composing real background images with simulated images of the target. The controller module takes as input the binary segmentation mask, and thus is agnostic to visual discrepancies between simulated and real environments. We train our closed-loop controller in simulation using imitation learning and show it is robust with respect to discrepancies between the dynamic model of the simulated and real robot: when combined with eye-in-hand observations, we achieve a 90% success rate in grasping a tiny sphere with a real robot. The controller can generalize to unseen scenarios where the target is moving and even learns to recover from failures.
Ca2+ influx and protein scaffolding via TRPC3 sustain PKCβ and ERK activation in B cells (2010)

Ca2+ signaling mediated by phospholipase C that produces inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] and diacylglycerol (DAG) controls lymphocyte activation. In contrast to store-operated Ca2+ entry activated by Ins(1,4,5)P3-induced Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum, the importance of DAG-activated Ca2+ entry remains elusive. Here, we describe the physiological role of DAG-activated Ca2+ entry channels in B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling. In avian DT40 B cells, deficiency of transient receptor potential TRPC3 at the plasma membrane (PM) impaired DAG-activated cation currents and, upon BCR stimulation, the sustained translocation to the PM of protein kinase Cβ (PKCβ) that activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Notably, TRPC3 showed direct association with PKCβ that maintained localization of PKCβ at the PM. Thus, TRPC3 functions as both a Ca2+-permeable channel and a protein scaffold at the PM for downstream PKCβ activation in B cells.
In-plane mobility anisotropy and universality under uni-axial strains in n- and p-MOS inversion layers on [100], [110], and [111] Si (2005)

An investigation of the inversion layer mobility characteristics on conditions with systematic combinations of three key parameters: surface orientations, in-plane channel directions, and uni-axial strains, was performed. A guiding principle for an optimum combination of above three key parameters in terms of electron and hole mobility enhancement is presented. In addition, it is found experimentally that the definition of the mobility universality should be changed with surface orientations and applied uni-axial strains.
Hybrid Heuristics for Optimal Design of Artificial Neural Networks (2001)

Designing the architecture and correct parameters for the learning algorithm is a tedious task for modeling an optimal Artificial Neural Network (ANN), which is smaller, faster and with a better generalization performance. In this paper we explain how a hybrid algorithm integrating Genetic algorithm (GA), Simulated Annealing (SA) and other heuristic procedures can be applied for the optimal design of an ANN. This paper is more concerned with the understanding of current theoretical developments of Evolutionary Artificial Neural Networks (EANNs) using GAs and how the proposed hybrid heuristic procedures can be combined to produce an optimal ANN. The proposed meta-heuristic can be regarded as a general framework for adaptive systems, that is, systems that can change their connection weights, architectures and learning rules according to different environments without human intervention.
Immediate Recall of Driver Warnings in Forward Collision Warning Scenarios (2009)

This paper describes driver recall performance for a forward collision warning (FCW) alert immediately after a critical lead vehicle braking event. A sample of 120 younger and older test participants, balanced by gender, participated in a study of alternative FCW alerts in the Ford Motor Company VIRTTEX driving simulator. A baseline group of participants received no FCW support. Each of the other participants experienced one and only one FCW alert type, visual, auditory, or both. Half of the participants who received an FCW alert had been given knowledge that such a system was in the test vehicle, and half of the participants had been told nothing. A digit-reading distraction task was presented repeatedly during the test drive. The last repetition of this task coincided with the lead vehicle braking event and FCW. Immediately after the event, test participants were asked if they had received a warning and, if so, what they recalled about it. Results were analyzed for those 93 warned test participants who interrupted the digit-reading task to respond to the FCW alert. Approximately 26% of these test participants did not remember receiving a warning at all. Only 58% of the test participants who recollected a warning could accurately recall its modality in all its details, although nearly 90% of those who received the combined audio and video warning recalled at least one of the modalities correctly. Those who received FCW information before the drive had significantly greater recollection than those who were not given any FCW a priori information. Age and gender differences were not statistically significant. The implications of these results are discussed.
Refined structure of bovine carbonic anhydrase III at 2.0 Å resolution (1993)

The three-dimensional structure of bovine carbonic anhydrase III (BCA III) from red skeletal muscle cells has been determined by molecular replacement methods. The structure has been refined at 2.0 A resolution by both constrained and restrained structure-factor least squares refinement. The current crystallographic R-value is 19.2% and 121 solvent molecules have so far been found associated with the protein. The structure is highly similar to the refined structure of human carbonic anhydrase II. Some differences in amino acid sequence and structure between the two isoenzymes are discussed. In BCA III, Lys 64 and Arg 91 (His 64 and Ile 91 in HCA II) are both pointing out from the active site cavity forming salt bridges with Glu 4 and Asp 72 (His 4 and Asp 72 in HCA II), respectively. However, Arg 67 and Phe 198 (Asn 67 and Leu 198 in HCA II) are oriented towards the zinc ion and significantly reduce the volume of the active site cavity. Phe 198 particularly reduces the size of the substrate binding region at the "deep water" position at the bottom of the cavity and we suggest that this is one of the major reasons for the differences in catalytic properties of isoenzyme III as compared to isozyme II.
[Letters from the Nobellaureter Paul Ehrlich to the Director for the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen, Thorvald Madsen]. (2004)

In 2003 some letters, written from 1905-1915 by the father to the chemotherapy, the Nobellaurter Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) and his family written to Dr. Thorvald Madsen (1870-1957), Director of the State Serum Institute from 1909 to 1940 was found. In these letters the personal and scientific relations between the two scientists is described on the background of the letters found. The article is written with the intention to celebrate the 150-birthday of Paul Ehrlich and to document the close relations between Paul Ehrlich and the founders of the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen: Carl Julius Salomonsen (1847-1924) and Thorvald Madsen.
Nach der WTO-Konferenz von Nairobi: Wie geht es weiter mit der Welthandelsorganisation? (2016)

Im Dezember 2015 fand die 10. WTO-Ministerkonferenz in Nairobi statt. Nach Ansicht von Heribert Dieter, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Berlin, kann die Ministerkonferenz einen moderaten Erfolg vorweisen, da einige Beschlüsse gefasst und eine offene Konfrontation vermieden wurden. Deutlich wurde aber auch, dass es immer schwerer werde, globale Regeln zu vereinbaren. Für Rolf J. Langhammer, Institut für Weltwirtschaft, Kiel, liegt die größte Herausforderung für die WTO in der Bilateralisierung der Handelspolitik. Für Marc Bungenberg, Universität des Saarlandes, haben die letzten beiden WTO-Ministerkonferenzen – Bali und Nairobi – verglichen mit dem ambitionierten Start der Doha-WTO-Reformrunde des Welthandelsrechts nur enttäuschende Ergebnisse gebracht. Andreas Freytag, Universität Jena, und Catherine Grant Makokera sehen relevante Erfolge für die afrikanischen WTO-Mitglieder. Denn zum ersten Mal sei die WTO in der Lage gewesen, umfangreiche Verpflichtungen in Bezug auf den Agrarhandel zu vereinbaren. Auch nach Meinung von Axel Berger und Clara Brandi, Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, Bonn, gab es bei der Konferenz in Nairobi Vereinbarungen, die zeigen, dass die WTO nach wie vor als Forum für multilaterale Verhandlungen funktionieren kann. So sei z.B. die Einigung der WTO-Mitgliedstaaten zur Beendigung von Exportsubventionen die wichtigste Entscheidung im Bereich Landwirtschaft, die in der 20-jährigen Geschichte der WTO getroffen wurde.
JPEG optimization using an entropy-constrained quantization framework (2002)

Previous works, including adaptive quantizer selection and adaptive coefficient thresholding, have addressed the optimization of a baseline-decodable JPEG coder in a rate-distortion (R-D) sense. In this work, by developing an entropy-constrained quantization framework, we show that these previous works do not fully realize the attainable coding gain, and then formulate a computationally efficient way that attempts to fully realize this gain for baseline-JPEG-decodable systems. Interestingly, we find that the gains obtained using the previous algorithms are almost additive. The framework involves viewing a scalar-quantized system with fixed quantizers as a special type of vector quantizer (VQ), and then to use techniques akin to entropy-constrained vector quantization (ECVQ) to optimize the system. In the JPEG case, a computationally efficient algorithm can be derived, without training, by jointly performing coefficient thresholding, quantizer selection, and Huffman table customization, all compatible with the baseline JPEG syntax. Our algorithm achieves significant R-D improvement over standard JPEG (about 2 dB for typical images) with performance comparable to that of more complex "state-of-the-art" coders. For example, for the Lenna image coded at 1.0 bits per pixel, our JPEG-compatible coder achieves a PSNR of 39.6 dB, which even slightly exceeds the published performance of Shapiro's wavelet coder. Although PSNR does not guarantee subjective performance, our algorithm can be applied with a flexible range of visually-based distortion metrics.
Liver Proliferation Is an Essential Driver of Fibrosis in Mouse Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (2019)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) involves development of hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and steatohepatitis. Because hepatic steatosis appears first in NAFLD animal models, the current therapy development focuses on inhibition of hepatic steatosis, suggesting that further steps of NAFLD will be also inhibited. In this report, we show that the first event of NAFLD is liver proliferation, which drives fibrosis in NAFLD. We have deleted a strong driver of liver proliferation, gankyrin (Gank), and examined development of NAFLD in this animal model under conditions of a high-fat diet (HFD). We found that proliferating livers of wild-type mice develop fibrosis; however, livers of Gank liver-specific knockout (GLKO) mice with reduced proliferation show no fibrosis. Interestingly, an HFD causes the development of strong macrovesicular steatosis in GLKO mice and is surprisingly associated with improvements in animal health. We observed that key regulators of liver biology CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), p53, and CUG repeat binding protein 1 (CUGBP1) are elevated due to the deletion of Gank and that these proteins support liver functions leading to healthy conditions in GLKO mice under an HFD. To examine the role of one of these proteins in the protection of liver from fibrosis, we used CUGBP1-S302A knockin mice, which have a reduction of CUGBP1 due to increased degradation of this mutant by Gank. These studies show that reduction of CUGBP1 inhibits steatosis and facilitates liver proliferation, leading to fibrosis and the development of liver tumors. <i>Conclusion</i>: Liver proliferation drives fibrosis, while steatosis might play a protective role. Therapy for NAFLD should include inhibition of proliferation rather than inhibition of steatosis.
False-positive TI-201 SPECT Studies in Patients with Left Bundle Branch Block Frequency and Clinical Significance (1991)

This study reports on the frequency and clinical significance of false-positive thallium studies in the interventricular septum in patients with left bundle branch block. In a 3-year period, 93 studies were performed on patients with complete left bundle branch block and sinus rhythm. Of these, 29 had a reversible septal defect; 17 are scored false-positive although only six had angiographic proof of normal left anterior descending coronary arteries. We conclude that thallium scintigraphy is indicated in patients with left bundle branch block, but caution is justified when reversible ischemia is demonstrated scintigraphically.