gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative in situ ToF‐SIMS/XPS study of polystyrene modified by argon, oxygen and nitrogen plasmas (1994)

Abstract The on‐line combination of time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) and monochromatized photoelectron spectroscopy is a valuable analytical tool for the characterization of chemically modified surfaces. By an in situ combination of these techniques with a plasma modification chamber, we have investigated polystyrene surfaces modified by various kinds of microwave plasmas (argon, oxygen and nitrogen). The modified surfaces are widely different with respect to the incorporation of elements originating from the plasma, the degree of chemical changes caused by the plasma and the plasma‐induced etching rate. Significant formation of new functional groups specific for the plasma gas is only observed for nitrogen and oxygen. As compared to nitrogen and argon, treatment with the oxygen plasma leads to a high etching rate, but only moderate changes of the chemical state of the polymer surface. In all cases, severe degradation of the aromatic system occurs. Exposure to air after plasma treatment leads to the uptake of considerable amounts of oxygen. In the case of the oxygen and argon plasma, the high mass resolution of ToF–SIMS allows the identification and distinction of clusters that are specific for the oxygen incorporated during plasma treatment and those appearing during exposure to the atmosphere.
Next-Generation Nanopore Sensors for Enhanced Detection of Nanoparticles (2023)

ABSTRACT Nanopore sensing is a technique based on the Coulter principle to analyze and characterize nanoscale materials with single entity resolution. However, its use in nanoparticle characterization has been constrained by the need to tailor the nanopore aperture size to the size of the analyte, precluding the analysis of heterogenous samples. Additionally, nanopore sensors often require the use of high salt concentrations to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, which further limits their ability to study a wide range of nanoparticles that are unstable at high ionic strength. Here, we report the development of nanopore sensors enhanced by a polymer electrolyte system, enabling the analysis of heterogenous nanoparticle mixtures at low ionic strength. We present a finite element model to explain the anomalous conductive/resistive pulse signals observed and compare these results with experiments. Furthermore, we demonstrate the wide applicability of the method by characterizing metallic nanospheres of varied sizes, plasmonic nanostars with various degrees of branching, and protein-based spherical nucleic acids with different oligonucleotide loadings. Our system will complement the toolbox of nanomaterials characterization techniques and will enable real-time optimization workflow for engineering a wide range of nanomaterials.
<title>Channel capacity and new modulation schemes for high-speed fiber optic transmission systems</title> (1993)

In this paper the channel capacity of a fiberoptic transmission system is estimated by upper and lower bounds. It is found that there is only a very small difference between these bounds so that the channel capacity is directly determined by them. The channel capacity is compared with the data rate of a binary transmission system with on-off-keying (OOK) of the optical power. A numerical example shows that the binary OOK-system achieves only about 20 - 25% of the channel capacity. This means that with improved transmission schemes the data rate of existing optical transmission systems can be increased dramatically. The only question left unanswered, is that of which modulation scheme does yield this improvement. It can be shown that a small improvement can be achieved using multilevel pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). For multilevel pulse position modulation (PPM), no improvement is obtained.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Phosphorylation of histone H2AX in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after thoracic irradiation of rats (2011)

Lymphocytes are among the most radiosensitive cells. After exposure of the organism to ionizing radiation, they promptly die by apoptosis at a rate proportional to the dose received. Because of this, they are frequently used in biodosimetry. We demonstrated that one hour after whole-body irradiation of rats, histone H2AX in the lymphocyte nuclei was quickly phosphorylated on serine 139, the phosphorylation process being directly dependent on the gamma radiation dose. In the work presented here, we studied the kinetics of lymphocyte depletion in the peripheral blood and phosphorylation of histone H2AX in the peripheral blood lymphocytes after local (thoracic) irradiation of rats. Twenty-four hours after whole-body irradiation of the rats at a dose of 5 Gy, the lymphocyte count declined to almost zero values, whereas after local irradiation of the thorax area, the counts of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood remained unaltered.The authors employed two methods (flow-cytometric and microscopic) for the &gamma;H2AX determination in the peripheral blood lymphocytes, 1 h after thoracic irradiation of rats. Flow cytometry revealed a dose dependence on the increase in &gamma;H2AX in a dose range of 10-30 Gy. The microscopic method was more sensitive in the case of lower radiation doses, the dependence on the dose being obvious from a dose as low as 5 Gy. The methods are able, in the dose range 5-30 Gy, to differentiate between the type of irradiation, i.e. the whole-body or local.
TRP Channels as Drug Targets to Relieve Itch (2018)

Although acute itch has a protective role by removing irritants to avoid further damage, chronic itch is debilitating, significantly impacting quality of life. Over the past two decades, a considerable amount of stimulating research has been carried out to delineate mechanisms of itch at the molecular, cellular, and circuit levels. There is growing evidence that transient receptor potential (TRP) channels play important roles in itch signaling. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current knowledge about the role of TRP channels in the generation of itch under both physiological and pathological conditions, thereby identifying them as potential drug targets for effective anti-itch therapies.
MIMO antenna performance assessment based on open source software defined radio (2017)

C_M01 MIMO measurements
System for continuously measuring pressure and temperature in the beating zones of refiners [System för att kontinuerligt mäta tryck och temperatur i malzonen hos raffinörer] (1996)

System for continuously measuring pressure and temperature in the beating zones of refiners [System for att kontinuerligt mata tryck och temperatur i malzonen hos raffinorer]
Adapted operator method for solving of ordinary differential equations (2005)

An operator method for solving of ordinary differential equations and their systems is presented in the paper. Formulas for the expression of the solution of a differential equation, using standard trigonometric functions, are derived. Practical applicability of the method (computational ideology, parallelization of a computational algorithm, and the combined solution of exact differential equations) is described.
Expression and Purification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens for Use in Immunoassays for Serodetection of M. tuberculosis Infection in TB Patients (2012)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a fatal and contagious disease. The annual death toll occurring from TB is approximately 2 million according to World Health Organization (WHO). The removal of disease from global face needs immediate treatment for which early diagnosis is pre-requisite. Existing tests for the diagnosis of TB are not efficient and robust. In the present study Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific six antigens namely cfp-10, esat-6 and hspx, along with three antigens which are components of immunodominant mycolyl transferases ag85a, ag85b, ag85c were expressed and purified to evaluate their potential use in immunoassays like Western blotting and multiplex microbead immunoassay. Protein expression of all six antigenic genes was optimized for time and different concentrations of inducer isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside. Protein products were confirmed by Western blotting and purified through immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) technique using columns having affinity for His-tag. Each fluorescently labeled set of microbeads were coated with one of the M. tuberculosis specific antigenic proteins and later on human plasma samples of reactivated TB patients along with healthy BCG as well as tuberculin skin test negative controls were tested for presence of antibodies against these antigenic proteins individually in a multiplex format. The results were generated in median fluorescence intensity form which detected antibodies against M. tuberculosis specific antigenic proteins only in reactivated TB patients. This system detected antibodies against four antigenic proteins in 100% of reactivated TB patients. Thus, M. tuberculosis antigens described in this study seem to have purified at the level to be used in the development of immunoassays for the detection of M. tuberculosis infection in TB patients of different categories like active and latent TB.
Detection of tumor cells in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and apheresis products of breast cancer patients using flow cytometry. (1995)

One of the possible drawbacks to autologous bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation in breast cancer patients is the potential for tumor cell contamination in the transplanted product. To assess the presence of breast cancer cells, we have developed a flow-cytometric method using cytokeratin-FITC and CD45-phycoerythrin (PE) to detect very low levels of cytokeratin-positive (CK+) tumor cells in mononuclear cell (MNC) preparations. In a model system using PBMNC and the breast cancer cell line CAMA, the sensitivity of detection of this flow-cytometric method was one tumor cell in 200,000 MNC. This method was used to evaluate BM, PB, and apheresis products (AP) from 44 patients with metastatic breast cancer. When possible, stained cytologic examination was performed on smears of the unprocessed specimens and on flow cytometry-sorted cells. Results indicated that CK+ tumor cells could be detected by flow cytometry in all three specimen types. When present, however, the tumor content (per MNC) tended to be higher in BM than in PB or AP. Samples from a given patient taken serially over the course of chemotherapy revealed variable results, suggesting that the presence of tumor contamination may be sporadic and requires evaluation of each stem cell product. Of 75 samples tested with both flow cytometry and cytology, the results were concordant in 54 cases (72%). In the remaining samples, flow cytometry only was positive in 15 cases (20%), and cytology only was positive in six cases (8%). This flow-cytometric technique is useful in the evaluation of transplant products for CK+ tumor cell contamination.
Oestradiol improves arterial endothelial function in healthy men receiving testosterone (2001)

In healthy young men, oestradiol supplementation is associated with enhanced arterial endothelial function, a key marker of vascular health.
Antibacterial efficacy of a new gentamicin‐coating for cementless prostheses compared to gentamicin‐loaded bone cement (2011)

Cementless prostheses are increasingly popular but require alternative prophylactic measures than the use of antibiotic-loaded bone cements. Here, we determine the 24-h growth inhibition of gentamicin-releasing coatings from grit-blasted and porous-coated titanium alloys, and compare their antibacterial efficacies and gentamicin release-profiles to those of a commercially available gentamicin-loaded bone cement. Antibacterial efficacy increased with increasing doses of gentamicin in the coating and loading with 1.0 and 0.1 mg gentamicin/cm(2) on both grit-blasted and porous-coated samples yielded comparable efficacy to gentamicin-loaded bone cement. The coating had a higher burst release than bone cement, and also inhibited growth of gentamicin-resistant strains. Antibacterial efficacy of the gentamicin coatings disappeared after 4 days, while gentamicin-loaded bone cement exhibited efficacy over at least 7 days. Shut-down after 4 days of gentamicin-release from coatings is advantageous over the low-dosage tail-release from bone cements, as it minimizing risk of inducing antibiotic-resistant strains. Both gentamicin-loaded cement discs and gentamicin-coated titanium coupons were able to kill gentamicin-sensitive and -resistant bacteria in a simulated prothesis-related interfacial gap. In conclusion, the gentamicin coating provided similar antibacterial properties to those seen by gentamicin-loaded bone cement, implying protection of a prosthesis from being colonized by peri-operatively introduced bacteria in cementless total joint arthroplasty.
dltA gene mutation in the teichoic acids alanylation system of Lactococcus garvieae results in diminished proliferation in its natural host (2009)

The dltABCD cluster is involved in the d-alanylation of teichoic acids in gram positive bacteria. In order to determine the role of this alanylation in the physiology and virulence of Lactococcus garvieae, a previously isolated dltA Delta Tn917 signature tagged mutagenesis (STM) clone was analyzed. RT-PCR results revealed that dltABCD genes form an operon. No major differences could be established between the parental and mutant strains with respect to growth rate, autolytic properties, and susceptibility to acid conditions, lysozyme treatment, anionic detergents, or oxidant agents. However, the dltA mutant was more susceptible to nisin than the parental strain, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8 and 16 microg/ml, respectively. Less proliferation of the mutant was observed in in vivo competence index experiments (CI=0.08). Furthermore, the mutant strain had a 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) 3-fold that of the parental strain. These results, together with the fact that the dltA Delta Tn917 mutant was isolated as a STM clone, reveal that the dltA locus of Lactococcus garvieae is required for full growth and pathogenesis on rainbow trout.
Technical aspects of lymphokine‐activated killer cell production (1988)

Adoptive immunotherapy is a novel approach to treating patients with cancer, utilizing as therapy a patient's own peripheral blood lymphocytes that have been activated by incubation with interleukin-2 (IL-2). These cells develop the ability to mediate tumor regression in vivo and are referred to as lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. The production of LAK cells is a complex and labor-intensive process. Lymphocytes are collected by continuous-flow centrifugation, purified on Ficoll-Hypaque (FH) density gradients, incubated in vitro with IL-2, and then harvested for infusion into the patient. An automated approach to LAK cell generation has been developed using the Fenwal CS-3000 cell separator and polyolefin PL-732 blood storage bags. Lymphocyte concentrates (LC) containing 6.5 x 10(9) mononuclear cells per pack were obtained using standard leukapheresis techniques. Disposable apheresis kits were then modified to allow the LC to be pumped into the separation chamber along with a counter-centrifugal flow of saline, removing the platelets and plasma by elutriation. The remaining cells were underlaid with FH, displacing the lymphocytes into a collection bag, where they were washed and concentrated. Mean leukocyte recovery was 59.2% (99.9% lymphocytes, n = 14). The final product contained 6.7% of the initial platelets and had a hematocrit of less than 1%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Observation of temporal behavior of the emission frequency from an ultrashort, high-power, and compact millimeter-wave source (2007)

The authors demonstrated observation of emission frequency chirping of millimeter-wave emission from a time-varying plasma produced by a nanosecond UV laser pulse. By using a heterodyne interferometer the time-resolved frequency of the emission from a dc to ac radiation converter source was observed to range from 20to32GHz due to the rapid plasma creation. This chirped pulse is suitable for application in various novel dense plasma diagnostics.
Design and analysis of multiple weight linear compactors of responses containing unknown values (2006)

Occurrence of unknown values in scan chains in response to test vectors is a common phenomenon. This paper presents a method for designing matrices for linear test output compactors by using rows of multiple weights. Compared to previously proposed compactors, the method reduces the masking caused by unknowns by an order of magnitude provided that the unknowns are non-uniformally distributed among the scan chains. Also, using multiple rather than single weight compactors increases the compaction ratio and reduces the hardware overhead. The effectiveness of multiple weight compactors is demonstrated through analysis, simulations and experiments with test response from an industrial design.
Ultrafast Detonation of Hydrazoic Acid (HN3) (2012)

The fastest self-sustained chemical reactions in nature occur during detonation of energetic materials where reactions are thought to occur on nanosecond or longer time scales in carbon-containing materials. Here we perform the first atomistic simulation of an azide energetic material, HN3, from the beginning to the end of the chemical evolution and find that the time scale for complete decomposition is a mere 10 ps, orders of magnitude shorter than that of secondary explosives and approaching the fundamental limiting time scale for chemistry; i.e., vibrational time scale. We study several consequences of the short time scale including a state of vibrational disequilibrium induced by the fast transformations.
Синтез симметричных путей физически неклонируемой функции типа арбитр на FPGA (2019)

В статье предлагается новая архитектура звеньев симметричных путей ФНФ типа арбитр, позволяющая эффективно применять ресурсы LUT-блоков различных кристаллов FPGA.
Detection of alterations in testicular and epididymal function in laboratory animals. (1986)

The potential impact of an agent altering male reproductive function is greater for humans than for animals. Consequently, it is essential that sensitive criteria be used to look for effects on a multiplicity of target sites when an agent is evaluated using an animal model. No animal model has reproductive characteristics similar to those of humans, but this does not negate the validity of using animal models. Classic methodologies for reproductive toxicology are limited by the approaches used for subjective evaluation of testicular histology and use of natural mating for fertility tests. After dosing for an interval at least equal to six times the duration of one cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, sperm from ejaculated semen or the cauda epididymidis can be evaluated for normalcy of morphology or function and should be used for artificial insemination of females to critically evaluate fertility. Normal males of animal models ejaculate a great excess of sperm. A 50 or 90% reduction in the number of fertile sperm deposited during mating probably will not markedly reduce fertility. Artificial insemination of a critical number of sperm, selected to result in slightly less than maximal fertility for control animals, will maximize the probability of detecting a decrease in fertility if the same critical number of sperm is inseminated for treated animals as for control animals. Testicular function should be evaluated by objective, rather than subjective, criteria. For each male, a piece of testicular tissue should be appropriately fixed and an aliquot of parenchyma should be homogenized to allow enumeration of homogenization-resistant spermatids. Among the more sensitive criteria of testicular function are the minor diameter of essentially round seminiferous tubules, the ratio of leptotene spermatocytes to Sertoli cells, the corrected numbers of germ cells per seminiferous tubule cross section, and the number of homogenization-resistant spermatids per testis.
Gene expression-based diagnostics for molecular cancer classification of difficult to diagnose tumors (2012)

Increasing evidence of improved patient outcomes with the application of site and molecularly-targeted cancer therapy through use of molecular tools highlights the growing potential for these gene expression-based diagnostics to positively impact patient management. Looking forward, the availability of adequate tissue will be a significant issue and limiting factor as cancer diagnosis progresses; when the tumor specimen is limited, use of molecular classification may be a reasonable early step in the evaluation, particularly if the tumor is poorly-differentiated and has atypical features.
High-Speed Registration of Three- and Four-dimensional Medical Images by Using Voxel Similarity (2003)

A generalized, accurate, automatic, retrospective method of image registration for three-dimensional images has been developed. The method is based on mutual information, a specific measure of voxel similarity, and is applicable to a wide range of imaging modalities and organs, rigid or deformable. A drawback of mutual information-based image registration is long execution times. To overcome the speed problem, low-cost, customized hardware to accelerate this computationally intensive task was developed. Individual hardware accelerator units (each, in principle, 25-fold faster than a comparable software implementation) can be concatenated to perform image registration at any user-desired speed. A first-generation prototype board with two processing units provided a 12- to 16-fold increase in speed. Enhancements for increasing the speed further are being developed. These advances have enabled many nontraditional applications of image registration and have made the traditional applications more efficient. Clinical applications include fusion of computed tomographic (CT), magnetic resonance, and positron emission tomographic (PET) images of the brain; fusion of whole-body CT and PET images; fusion of four-dimensional spatiotemporal ultrasonographic (US) and single photon emission CT images of the heart; and correction of misalignment between pre- and poststress four-dimensional US images.
Einleitung (1986)

Eine große Anzahl von interessanten Naturphänomenen hat etwas mit Diskontinuitäten (Unstetigkeiten) zu tun — mit zeitlichen Diskontinuitäten, etwa wenn sich eine Welle bricht, wenn sich eine Zelle teilt oder eine Brücke einstürzt; mit räumlichen Diskontinuitäten, etwa an der Begrenzung eines Objektes oder an der Grenzfläche zwischen zwei Arten von Gewebe. Bisher waren fast alle Techniken der angewandten Mathematik zur quantitativen Behandlung ausschließlich stetigen Verhaltens geeignet. Diese Verfahren beruhen vor allem auf der Differential- und Integralrechnung, die sich immerhin seit der Zeit von Newton und Leibniz außerordentlich entwickelt und verfeinert hat, so daß ebenso zahlreiche wie weitreichende Fortschritte unseres Naturverständnisses erzielt werden konnten. Dieser große Erfolg war jedoch hauptsächlich auf die physikalischen Wissenschaften beschränkt. Wenn wir uns den Biowissenschaften und den Gesellschaftswissenschaften zuwenden, zeigt sich zumeist sehr bald unser Unvermögen, die gleichen Methoden an Hand relativ ausgefeilter Modelle auf diese Forschungsgebiete zu übertragen. Darüber hinaus ist das Beobachtungsmaterial, von dem jeder Theoretiker ausgehen muß und an dem er seine Modelle zu erproben hat, fast nie von der gleichen Präzision wie etwa in der Physik. Sehr oft handelt es sich dabei nur um qualitative Resultate. Es gibt in der Biologie nichts, was auch nur einigermaßen mit der unerbittlich und exakt prognostizierbaren Bewegung der Himmelskörper vergleichbar wäre.