gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Visualization Literacy at Elementary School (2017)

This work advances our understanding of children's visualization literacy, and aims to improve it through a novel approach for teaching visualization at elementary school. We first contribute an analysis of data graphics and activities employed in grade K to 4 educational materials, and the results of a survey conducted with 16 elementary school teachers. We find that visualization education could benefit from integrating pedagogical strategies for teaching abstract concepts with established interactive visualization techniques. Building on these insights, we develop and study design principles for novel interactive teaching material aimed at increasing children's visualization literacy. We specifically contribute C'est La Vis, an online platform for teachers and students to respectively teach and learn about pictographs and bar charts, and report on our initial observations of its use in grades K and 2.
Synthesis of L- and D-[methyl-11C]methionine. (1987)

This report describes the synthesis of L- and D-[methyl-11C]methionine in pure enantiomeric forms. The compounds were prepared routinely approximately 1,000 times with less than 20 failures. Starting with carbon-11 (11C) methyl iodide, a simple one-carbon precursor produced from a one-pot or a two-pot apparatus, L- and D-[methyl-11C]methionine were prepared, respectively, with an optical purity higher than 99% in 40%-90% radiochemical yields. The total time for synthesis, starting from [11C]carbon dioxide, was 12-15 min. The crude product usually had a radiochemical purity greater than 95%. The total time for synthesis, including LC purification, was 20-30 min. The radiochemical purity of the product in each case was greater than 98%.
ChemInform Abstract: EIN VERBESSERTES VERFAHREN ZUR RINGANELLIERUNG MIT 3,5‐DIMETHYL‐ISOXAZOLEN (1972)

Abstract Die beiden substituierten Isoxazol‐Derivate (Ia) und (Ib) werden nach Ketalisierung katalytisch zu den Diketon‐monoketalen (IIIa) und (IIIb) hydrogenolysiert.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Human caspase 12 has acquired deleterious mutations. (2002)

Caspase 12 has been cloned from rodent cells, in which it mediated apoptosis in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Based on experiments with murine cells it was suggested that this caspase plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. By alignment of the murine caspase 12 cDNA with the human genome sequence we localized the human caspase 12 gene at a single locus within the caspase 1/ICE gene cluster on chromosome 11q22.3. RT-PCR and molecular cloning revealed that nine alternatively spliced transcripts of this gene are expressed. A frame shift mutation and a premature stop codon which is present in all splice variants preclude the expression of a full length protein. An additional loss-of-function mutation within the SHG box, a critical site in caspases, prohibits any proteins, if they are produced, from acting catalytically. Based on our data we conclude that functional caspase 12 is lost in humans and that it can therefore not play a role in Alzheimer's disease.Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). PMID: 12054529
Targeting Nitric Oxide With Drug Therapy (2006)

Increasing knowledge of the role of nitric oxide (NO) in physiology and disease has stimulated efforts to target the NO pathway pharmacologically. These therapeutic strategies include NO donors that directly or indirectly release NO and agents that increase NO bioactivity. Traditional organic nitrates such as nitroglycerin, which indirectly release NO, were believed to have limited long-term efficacy and tolerability, chiefly because of nitrate tolerance. Recent studies, however, suggest more effective ways of using these agents and new applications for them. Nicorandil, a hybrid organic nitrate that also activates potassium channels, has demonstrated significant benefits in acute coronary syndromes. Other nitrates are being investigated for use in neurodegenerative diseases. Direct NO donors include NO gas, which is useful in respiratory disorders, and the more recent classes of diazeniumdiolates, sydnonimines, and S-nitrosothiols. Preliminary data suggest that these agents may be effective as antiatherosclerotic agents as well as in other disease states. In addition, hybrid agents that consist of an NO donor coupled with a parent anti-inflammatory drug, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, have demonstrated enhanced efficacy and tolerability compared with the anti-inflammatory parent drug alone in diverse experimental models. Established drugs that enhance NO bioactivity include antihypertensive agents, particularly angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and newer vasodilating beta-blockers. In addition, 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) promote NO bioactivity, both through and independent of lipid lowering. The NO-promoting actions of these established drugs provide some insight into their known benefits and suggest possible therapeutic potential.
Photoluminescence Properties of single CdS nanorods (2003)

We present low-temperature studies of the optical properties of single CdS nanorods in relation to their morphology. Keeping track of the same nanorods in the photoluminescence (PL) study and during scanning electron microscope imaging, we were able to distinguish intrinsic spectral features of the nanorods from those of nanocluster aggregates. We observed strong PL polarization in the direction perpendicular to the nanorod axis. The sharp peaks in the “blue” region of the PL spectra are redshifted relative to those of bulk CdS and of CdS microparticles in a glass matrix. Finally, we observe a very interesting “spectral diffusion” of the main emission peaks with the following characteristics: (a) Energy–energy correlation of the two main peaks, and (b) correlation and anticorrelation between energy and intensity for the two peaks. Possible mechanisms behind this phenomenon are discussed.
MMSE multi-user channel estimation for broadband wireless communications (2002)

This paper describes an MMSE multi-user frequency-domain channel identification algorithm for operation in a broadband wireless system such as OFDM. This algorithm tracks rapid channel variations both in frequency and in time, which is critical for antenna array processing algorithms attempting spatial division multiple access (SDMA) or multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) with high data rates over mobile radio channels. Various techniques for implementing the proposed algorithm are investigated as well as reduced complexity versions of the estimator. The performance of the channel estimation algorithm is evaluated by simulating its performance when it is used by optimal adaptive array combining algorithms operating in highly-selective mobile channels.
Why do things look as they do?: Contextual influences on visual processing (2002)

The visual image formed on the retina represents an amalgam of visual scene properties, including the reflectances of surfaces, their relative positions, and the type of illumination. The challenge facing the visual system is to extract the “meaning” of the image by decomposing it into its environmental causes. For each local region of the image, that extraction of meaning is only possible if information from other regions is taken in to account. Of particular importance is a set of image cues revealing of surface occlusion and/or lighting conditions. These information-rich cues direct the perceptual interpretation of other more ambiguous image regions. This context-dependent transformation from image to perception has profound — but frequently under-appreciated — implications for neurophysiological studies of visual processing: To demonstrate that neuronal responses are correlated with perception of visual scene properties, rather than visual image features, neuronal sensitivity must be assessed in varied contexts that differentially influence perceptual interpretation. We review a number of recent studies that have used this context-based approach to explore the neuronal bases of visual scene perception.
Molecular Site Specificity of Pyridinoline and Pyrrole Cross-links in Type I Collagen of Human Bone (1996)

Compared with soft tissue collagens, bone type I collagen displays a distinctive pattern of covalent cross-linking, with evidence of preferred sites of molecular interaction and a prominence of both immature, divalent cross-links and mature, trivalent cross-links in the adult tissue. In this study the site-specificity of the mature cross-links in human bone collagen was examined. Peptides containing fluorescent pyridinoline cross-links and Ehrlich's-reactive pyrrole cross-links were isolated from a bacterial collagenase digest of demineralized bone matrix. The digest was fractionated by molecular sieve chromatography, monitoring for peptide absorbance, pyridinoline fluorescence, pyrroles by Ehrlich's reagent, and immunoassay for cross-linked N-telopeptides. Individual cross-linked peptides were resolved by ion-exchange and reverse-phase HPLC. Structures were established by NH2-terminal microsequencing, cross-link analysis, electrospray mass spectrometry, and immunoassay. Two, about equally occupied, sites of pyridinoline cross-linking were identified, N-telopeptide to helix and C-telopeptide to helix. Pyrroles were alternative cross-linking products at the same sites, but concentrated (85%) at the N-telopeptide end. Only one combination of chains was cross-linked by pyridinolines at the C-telopeptide to helix site, [alpha1(I)C]2alpha1(I)helix. Several peptide combinations arose from the N-telopeptide to helix site, but the main source of pyridinolines was from the locus, alpha1(I)Nalpha2(I)Nalpha1(I)helix. Pyridinolines linking two alpha1(N) telopeptides were a minor component. Pyrroles were concentrated at the locus, alpha1(I)Nalpha2(I)Nalpha2(I)helix. The cross-link ratio of hydroxylysylpyridinoline to lysylpyridinoline differed between N-telopeptide and C-telopeptide sites, and between the individual interchain combinations. Cross-linked N-telopeptides accounted for two-thirds of the total lysylpyridinoline in bone. N-telopeptide pyridinoline fluorescence was quenched on chromatography, so that reliance on peptide fluorescence alone can underestimate the level of N-telopeptide pyridinoline cross-linking.
Óxido de cromo e n-alcanos na estimativa do consumo de forragem de vacas em lactação em condições de pastejo (2006)

Foram avaliadas as técnicas do óxido de cromo/digestibilidade in vitro e dos pares de n-alcanos (C31:C32 e C33:C32) na estimativa do consumo de matéria seca (CMS) por vacas Holandês x Zebu em lactação em pastagem de capim-elefante cv. Napier. As extrusas foram obtidas utilizando-se uma vaca com fístula esofágica. Realizaram-se coletas de fezes duas vezes ao dia, diretamente no reto dos animais, durante nove dias em cada período experimental. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas divididas. Ambos os pares de n-alcanos possibilitaram estimativas de consumos semelhantes, independentemente do horário de coleta (manhã e tarde), sugerindo que uma única coleta de fezes por dia seria suficiente. Quando o estudo foi realizado utilizando-se o valor médio das duas coletas, todas as metodologias diferiram entre si. O Cr2O3/DIVMS forneceu valores de CMS que podem ser considerados mais adequados, pois foram mais próximos daqueles estimados para forragem consumível (2,6% PV) e dos valores das tabelas de exigências do NRC (2001) (2,7% PV). Além disso, essa técnica apresentou vantagens quanto à simplicidade dos procedimentos analíticos e ao baixo custo.
SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTINUED VIRUS PRODUCTION IN TISSUE CULTURES RENDERED NEOPLASTIC BY POLYOMA VIRUS (1960)

The infection with polyoma (PY) virus of monolayer cultures of either mouse or hamster embryo cells gives rise to a neoplastic transformation of the cultures.(1) Previous results showed that the transformed hamster cultures did not release any virus, whereas the transformed mouse cultures continued to release PY virus indefinitely; in the latter case, the virus released was invariably a mutant of small-plaque (sp) type.(2) We have since observed that in some cases transformed hamster cultures also continue to release virus indefinitely and that the virus released is also of the sp type.
Materials Development for the CR5 Solar Thermochemical Heat Engine (2006)

The counter-rotating-ring receiver/reactor/recuperator (CR5) solar thermochemical heat engine is a new concept for production of hydrogen that allows for thermal recuperation between solids in an efficient counter-current arrangement. At the heart of the CR5 system are annular rings of a reactive solid ferrite that are thermally and chemically cycled to produce oxygen and hydrogen from water in separate and isolated steps. This design is very demanding from a materials point of view. The ferrite rings must maintain structural integrity and high reactivity after months of thermal cycling and exposure to temperatures in excess of 1100 °C. In addition, the design of the rings must have high geometric surface area for gas-solid contact and for adsorption of incident solar radiation. After performing a series of initial screenings, we chose Co0.67Fe2.33O4 as our baseline working material for a planned demonstration of CR5 and have begun additional characterization and development of this material. Our results to date with powders are consistent with the expectation that small particle sizes and the application of a support to inhibit ferrite sintering and enhance the chemistry are critical considerations for a practical operating device. Concurrent with the powder studies, we are using Robocasting, a Sandia-developed technique for free form processing of ceramics, to manufacture monolithic structures with complex three-dimensional geometries for chemical, physical, and mechanical evaluation. We have demonstrated that ferrite/zirconia mixtures can be fabricated into small three-dimensional monolithic lattice structures that give reproducible hydrogen yields over multiple cycles.
Rheo-optical Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy of polydimethylsiloxane/polycarbonate block copolymers (1998)

A series of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/polycarbonate (PC) block copolymers with varying compositions were investigated by simultaneous mechanical and Fourier transform near-infrared (FTNIR) spectroscopic (rheo-optical) measurements to study segmental orientation during elongation-to-break and cyclic elongation–recovery procedures. Depending on the composition and the block lengths of the copolymers, different orientational and recovery phenomena were observed for the hard (PC) and soft (PDMS) segments. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 1349–1357, 1998
Factors influencing postoperative adverse events after Hartmann’s reversal (2011)

The study showed that chronic renal failure requiring dialysis was the only independent predictor of postoperative adverse event rates following HR.
7-Fluoroisatin–1,4-dioxane (1/1) (2007)

The title 1,4-dioxane solvate, C8H4FNO2·C4H8O2, was isolated during a manual crystallization screen on 7-fluoro­isatin (7-fluoro­indoline-2,3-dione). The 7-fluoro­isatin mol­ecule occupies a general position and each of the independent mol­ecules of 1,4-dioxane is disposed about a centre of inversion, with half of each in the asymmetric unit. Hydrogen-bonded ribbons of 7-fluoro­isatin are linked by 1,4-dioxane to form sheets parallel to (30\overline{1}). Whilst one solvent mol­ecule has an active role in the sheet formation, the other simply fills the cavity formed within the sheet.
Localization of Transforming Growth Factor-β at the Human Fetal-Maternal Interface: Role in Trophoblast Growth and Differentiation1 (1992)

We examined the localization of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in first-trimester and term human decidua and chorionic villi and explored the role of this factor on the proliferation and differentiation of cultured trophoblast cells. Two antibodies, 1D11.16.8, a mouse monoclonal neutralizing antibody capable of recognizing both TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 and CL-B1/29, a rabbit polyclonal antibody capable of recognizing TGF-beta 2, were used to immunolocalize TGF-beta in fixed, paraffin-embedded, or fixed, frozen sections of placenta and decidua, providing similar results. Intense labeling was observed in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the first-trimester decidua and cytoplasm of term decidual cells. Syncytiotrophoblast cell cytoplasm as well as the ECM in the core of the chorionic villi of both first-trimester and term placentas exhibited a moderate degree of labeling. Strong cytoplasmic labeling was observed in the cytotrophoblastic shell of the term placenta. To examine the role of TGF-beta on trophoblast proliferation and differentiation, early passage cultures of first-trimester and primary cultures of term trophoblast cells were established and characterized on the basis of numerous immunocytochemical and functional markers. These cells expressed cytokeratin, placental alkaline phosphatase, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, and pregnancy-specific beta glycoprotein, but not factor VIII or 63D3; they also produced hCG and collagenase type IV. Exposure of first-trimester trophoblast cultures to TGF-beta 1 significantly inhibited proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. An antiproliferative effect was also noted in the presence of TGF-beta 2. These effects were abrogated in the presence of the neutralizing anti-TGF-beta antibody (1D11.16.8) in a concentration-dependent manner. In a 3-day culture, exogenous TGF-beta 1 stimulated formation of multinucleated cells by the first trimester as well as term trophoblast cells. Addition of neutralizing anti-TGF-beta antibody to first-trimester trophoblast cells stimulated proliferation beyond control levels in a 24-h culture and reduced formation of multinucleated cells in a 3-day culture, indicating the presence of endogenous TGF-beta activity. These results indicate that TGF-beta produced at the human fetal-maternal interface plays a major regulatory role in the proliferation and differentiation of the trophoblast.
A Low Power Lookup Technique for Multi-Hashing Network Applications (2006)

Many network security applications require large virus signature sets to be maintained, retrieved, and compared against the network streams. Software applications frequently fail to identify so many signatures through comparisons at very high network speeds. Bloom filters are one of the main multi-hashing schemes utilized in hardware to support this level of security. Nevertheless Bloom filters consume significant power to store, retrieve and lookup virus signatures owing to many hash function computations required to index to the memory. We present a novel lookup technique and architecture to decrease the power consumption of multi-hashing schemes, predominantly Bloom filters, in hardware. The theoretical analysis has shown that power gain achieved through new lookup technique can go up to 90%. Simulation results with three different classes of the hash functions embedded into the Bloom filter have indicated that power consumption of the Bloom filters can be considerably decreased by employing the low power lookup technique
Automating experimentation on distributed testbeds (2005)

Engineering distributed systems is a challenging activity. This is partly due to the intrinsic complexity of distributed systems, and partly due to the practical obstacles that developers face when evaluating and tuning their design and implementation decisions.This paper addresses the latter aspect, providing techniques for software engineers to automate the experimentation activity. Our approach is founded on a suite of models that characterize the distributed system under experimentation, the testbeds upon which the experiments are to be carried out, and the client behaviors that drive the experiments. The models are used by generative techniques to automate construction of the workloads,as well as construction of the scripts for deploying and executing the experiments on distributed testbeds. The framework is not targeted at a specific system or application model, but rather is a generic, programmable tool. We have validated our approach by performing experiments on a variety of distributed systems. For two of these systems, the experiments were deployed and executed on the PlanetLab wide-area testbed.Our experience shows that this framework can be readily applied to different kinds of distributed system architectures,and that using it for meaningful experimentation,especially in large-scale network environments, is advantageous.
EPR study of carbon and silicon related defects in carbon-rich hydrogenated amorphous silicon-carbon films (2010)

Three paramagnetic defects were revealed in amorphous hydrogenated carbon-rich silicon-carbon alloy films $(a{\text{-Si}}_{0.3}{\text{C}}_{0.7}:\text{H})$. Two of them were attributed to silicon (Si) dangling bonds (Si DBs) and carbon-related defects (CRDs). The third defect, based on its $g$-value and linewidth, was tentatively attributed to a bulk Si DB defect bonded with nitrogen atoms in ${\text{Si-N}}_{2}\text{Si}$ configuration. The effect of thermal vacuum annealing on the properties of the $a{\text{-Si}}_{0.3}{\text{C}}_{0.7}:\text{H}$ films was studied in the temperature range of ${T}_{\text{ann}}=400--950\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C}$. A strong increase in CRD concentration was observed in high temperature annealed $a{\text{-Si}}_{0.3}{\text{C}}_{0.7}:\text{H}$ films, which was explained by hydrogen effusion process occurred at ${T}_{\text{ann}}$ above $400\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C}$. The increase in the concentration of the CRDs is accompanied by the exchange narrowing of its electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) linewidth due to the formation of carbon clusters having ferromagnetic ordering. The temperature dependent $g$-factor anisotropies observed at $Q$-band and $D$-band frequencies for the CRD signal in the samples annealed at high temperature $(950\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C})$ were explained by the presence of graphitelike ${sp}^{2}$-coordinated carbon clusters and demagnetization field (shape-dependent anisotropy term). The demagnetizing field ${B}_{\text{dem}}=\ensuremath{-}4\ensuremath{\pi}{\text{M}}_{s}$, where ${\text{M}}_{s}$ is the sample magnetization, was found to be equal to 0.44 mT at 37 GHz and 1.1 mT at 140 GHz. Analysis of the temperature dependences of the integral intensities of the SiDB and CRD EPR signals has shown that they do not obey the Curie-Weiss law, and their spin systems exhibit superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic properties, respectively.
On the Utilization of Equivalent Sampling in Undersampled Asynchronous Camera Communication Protocols (2022)

With the increasing amount of LED lighting infrastructure present in our homes, offices, and vehicles, camera Communication (CamCom) protocols gained special interest in networking. Here the transmitters are the blinking LEDs, with blinking frequency high enough to not be visible for human eyes, and the receivers are commercial cameras with much lower sampling rate, thus undersampling necessarily happens. In applications, where the transmitted information is short and repeated periodically (e.g. beaconing in indoor localization systems), a natural way of message transmission is based on the equivalent sampling phenomenon. This paper investigates the effect of design parameters on the possible bitrate of the transmission in the practically important case when the transmitter and the receiver are unsynchronized and their clocks may drift. A design method will also be presented, which allows the optimal choice of parameters.