gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Transdermal Delivery of Heparin by Various Physical and Chemical Enhancement Techniques (2009)

Conventional anticoagulants such as unfractionated heparin and warfarin have numerous limitations compared with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). However, the need for repetitive parenteral administration is still a major disadvantage of LMWH, and the absorption of macromolecules such as LMWH across the gastrointestinal tract is very poor. Due to these problems with oral delivery of LMWH, transdermal delivery can be considered as an alternate route of administration. However, overcoming the skin barrier is necessary for the transport of larger molecules across the stratum corneum. This review focuses on the transdermal delivery of LMWH, providing a brief overview of heparin delivery via invasive and oral routes and discusses the advantages of using LMWH rather than heparin for transdermal delivery, and the primary reasons for poor permeability of LMWH. Various strategies employed for transdermal delivery of heparin are summarized, and chemical and physical enhancement techniques or suitable formulations that can be used to improve transcutaneous penetration and various chemical enhancers that act on the skin by different modes of action are discussed. We also consider physical approaches such as iontophoresis, electroporation, and ultrasound, as well as combination strategies to deliver heparin. The developments in physical and chemical enhancement strategies over the past decade are summarized. In addition, recent novel approaches such as microneedles employed for the transdermal delivery of LMWH are also discussed.
Supplementary Table 3 from Cytogenetic and cDNA Microarray Expression Analysis of MCF10 Human Breast Cancer Progression Cell Lines (2023)

Supplementary Table 3 from Cytogenetic and cDNA Microarray Expression Analysis of MCF10 Human Breast Cancer Progression Cell Lines
Contrasting patterns of newer histocompatibility determinants in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (1978)

The Ia alloantigens as measures of different alleles of loci in the major histocompatibility complex were determined in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The Ia specificities of reagents used were defined by their pattern of reaction with lymphoblastoid lines derived from normal donors homozygous for HLA-D determinants. The reagent specificities included those associated with a single Dw type as well as those reacting with a single specificity shared by several Dw types. Patients with RA had a marked elevation in the frequency of alloantigens detected by reagent sera that recognize various determinants shared by cell lines from HLA-Dw4, Dw7, or Dw10 individuals (Ia 4-7-10). The frequency of mixed lymphocyte culture alleles Dw4 and Dw10 was found to be increased; however this elevation did not approach the higher frequency for the serologically determined antigens of the Ia 4-7-10 group. In contrast, patients with SLE had an increased frequency of reactions with the reagent alloantisera defined by reactions with either HLA-Dw2 or Dw3 positive cell lines. The data suggest that immunogenetic factors are relevant to both groups of patients, but that these are entirely distinct for each disease.
Cost-Effectiveness of Self-Managed Anticoagulant Therapy in Germany (1999)

In this study, the cost-effectiveness of anticoagulation self-management--which is now established in Germany--was compared with the conventional method of monitoring oral anticoagulant therapy by the patient's family physician or by a specialist. Costs were determined based on the usual conditions in Germany such as frequency of testing and control testing, scope of the tests, and diagnostic and therapeutic standards for thromboembolic or bleeding complications. In addition to direct monitoring costs, we determined the costs for treating minor and serious complications and used them to calculate overall therapy costs. The incidence of complications was estimated based on the results of more recent studies. The only costs considered in this study were those covered by the primary cost carrier--the government-controlled health insurance funds--and included outpatient visits and, in cases of serious complications, acute inpatient treatment and rehabilitation. It was shown that the costs to treat minor complications only slightly affected annual, overall treatment costs. The potential reduction in incidences of serious bleeding and thromboembolic complications due to anticoagulation self-management--which is independent of the indication for oral anticoagulation--reduced overall therapy costs from DM 2,061.48/patient-year for conventional therapeutic methods to DM 1,342.46/patient-year for patients under self-management of anticoagulation.
Low temperature inorganic chemical vapor deposition of heteroepitaxial GaN (1996)

We have developed a highly efficient method of growing thin oriented films of GaN on basal plane sapphire and (100) Si substrates using an exclusively inorganic single-source precursor free of carbon and hydrogen. Cross sectional transmission electron microscopy of the highly conformal films revealed columnar material growth on Si and heteroepitaxial columnar growth of crystalline GaN on sapphire. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) of layers grown at 700 °C confirmed stoichiometric GaN. Auger and RBS oxygen and carbon resonance profiles indicated that the films were pure and highly homogeneous. With respect to current chemical vapor deposition processes for GaN growth, our approach offers a number of potentially important improvements. These include high growth rates of 5–350 nm/min, low deposition temperature of 650–700 °C, nearly ideal Ga–N stoichiometry, elimination of the highly inefficient use of toxic ammonia, and a carbon–hydrogen free growth environment that could prove to be beneficial to p-doping processes.
Measuring antigen-specific immune responses -- What is different and what is better? (2005)

Extract: In the old days the "blood picture" was an important diagnostic tool in general medicine and in hematology, in particular. It is also referred to as blood film, full-blood count, or differential blood count in more modern terms. Today, rather than having a technician or a medical doctor looking at a microscopic slide, machines analyze the cellular composition of a small amount of peripheral blood and create an easy-to-read output for the physician. The information requested from such an examination today is of the same nature in principle as it was 25 years ago: a summary of the numbers, composition, and characteristic changes of blood cells, including red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. In immunology, there is a particular interest for white blood cells, because these represent an important part of the immune system. By looking through a microscope a trained technician can discriminate mainly three populations of white blood cells in an appropriately stained blood smear: granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes (in order of frequency). Mostly, changes in their composition or cellular deviations resulting in gross morphologic changes can be picked up this way. Modern cell analyzers, which are based on the principle of measuring cellular impedance, sometimes combined with optical parameters, by contrast, can reveal even smaller changes of red and white blood cells that would remain unnoticed in optical microscopy, and importantly, these measures are based on many more cells than can be evaluated on a blood film, increasing the reliability of the result.
Sepsis 2016 Paris : Paris, France. 6-8 December 2016 (2016)

P17 Evaluation of a novel molecular host response assay to diagnose infection in patients after high-risk gastro-intestinal surgery: a pilot study P18 Validation of sepsis-3 diagnostic criteria in intensive care unit patients
The Role of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane on the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Polyoxymethylene Copolymer Based Nanocomposites (2010)

Hybrid nanocomposites formed with polyoxymethylene copolymer (POM) and different types of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles have been investigated. Four types of POSS have been studied in contents of 2.5% and 5% wt. The POSS were incorporated by direct melt-mixing. Traditionally copolymerization has been the preferred approach used to form polymer-POSS nanocomposites because the possibility of immiscibility with the polymer matrix is reduced. However, melt-blended POSS nanoparticles can also improve the thermo-mechanical properties of some polymers. Different morphologies were obtained depending on the type of POSS used. GI-POSS and O-POSS exhibit sub-micron or micron-sized inclusions which size increased with increasing percentages of POSS added. On the other hand, both G-POSS and T-POSS appeared to be uniformly dispersed in the POM matrix probably at a molecular level. This is a clear indication of miscibility between these systems and also that POSS solubility in POM is higher than 5 wt%. G-POSS improved the thermal stability of the systems. However, the melting temperature and the modulus of elasticity were found to slightly decrease. On the other hand, the O-POSS produced the opposite effect in the matrix. Finally T-POSS filled systems do not yield important variations in regard to polymethylene oxide properties although interaction between T-POSS and the matrix was detected.
Active Polarization Modulation of Terahertz Radiation Using Metamaterial/Graphene-Based Optoelectronic Devices (2022)

We investigate the modulation performance of a metamaterial/graphene optoelectronic device in the THz range. Operating characteristics such as amplitude, phase and polarization modulations of broadband THz radiation are reported. The accomplishments of modulation depth include >75% in spectral amplitude, $\gt 15^{\circ}$ in spectral phase, $\gt 0.2$ active modulation of ellipticity ratio, and active rotational angle changes of 20°. These achievements are the key elements towards efficient manipulations of THz radiation for applications such as next-generation wireless communications, spectroscopy, and imaging.
Coherently strained and dislocation‐free architectured AlGaN/GaN submicron‐sized structures (2021)

Abstract To improve the performance and efficiency of Al containing III‐Nitride‐based devices, a number of issues must be addressed, especially the presence and generation of dislocations and other structural defects. The main sources of the dislocations are growth on non‐native substrates and heteroepitaxial growth of lattice‐mismatched layers. We demonstrate the ability to completely avoid structural defects including dislocations in Al x Ga 1‐x N layers with x up to 0.90 and thicknesses over 100 nm, grown directly on submicron‐sized, flat‐topped GaN platelets. These structures have an excellent homogeneity over an entire array. The GaN platelets were produced by epitaxial growth and reformation of GaN nanowires, effectively blocking the propagation of threading dislocations (TDs) from the underlying substrate. The platelets have a sufficiently small volume to elastically accommodate the strain built up in the architectured AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. Effectively, we have designed a sacrificial nano‐scaled GaN seed, with the ability to be strained by the AlGaN layer grown on top of it. The conditions for the growth of the AlGaN are chosen to avoid the creation of misfit dislocations and other structural defects. These thick and structural defect‐free, submicron‐sized AlGaN/GaN structures may open up a new path for highly efficient electronic and optoelectronic devices. These structures can be used as substrates for light‐emitting diodes and transistors, either as individual devices or arrays in parallel, depending on the need for light output or transistor current.
Improving Accuracy and Speed of NMR Flow Propagators Measurements in Permeable Rocks (2008)

There are two distinct drawbacks to the measurement of fluid flow in porous media using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) flow propagators. First, spin relaxation impairs the quantitative nature of the data. Second, the experiments can be considerably time consuming since both the Pulsed Field Gradient (PFG) strength g and observation time Δ need to be varied independently. Here we present two separate solutions to these problems and show how they can be applied to the study of fluid flow in permeable reservoir rocks. The accuracy of the measurements can be improved using a combination of ζ−T2 and T1−T2 correlations. Under certain ideal conditions it is possible to use these data to remove both the T1 and T2 relaxation weighting from flow propagators [Mitchell et al. J. Magn. Reson. DOI:10.1016/j.jmr.2008.05.001 (2008)]. Statistical analysis of the resultant probability density distributions yields observed mean displacements 〈ζ〉 equal to the expected mean displacements 〈ζ〉0. If speed is more important than accuracy, then the rapid Difftrain pulse sequence can be used to acquire multiple propagators with a range of observation times simultaneously. Difftrain has been validated for use in studies of fluid flow in reservoir rocks [Mitchell et al. J. Magn. Reson. 191 267–272 (2008)] and facilitates the observation of dynamic flowing systems, such as deposition or erosion.
Improving prostate cancer triage with GAN-based synthetically generated prostate ADC MRI (2022)

Tumor classification in clinically significant (cS, Gleason score &ge; 7) or non-clinically significant (ncS, Gleason score &lt; 7) plays a crucial role in patient management of prostate cancer (PCa), allowing to triage those patients that might benefit from an active surveillance approach from those that require an immediate action in the form of further testing or treatment. In spite of it, the current diagnostic pathway of PCa is substantially hampered by over-diagnosis of ncS lesions and under-detection of cS ones. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has proven to be helpful in the stratification of tumors, but it relies on specialized training and experience. Despite the promise shown by deep learning (DL) methods, they are data-hungry approaches and rely on the availability of large amounts of annotated data. Standard augmentation techniques such as image translation have become the by default option to increase variability and data availability. However, the correlation between transformed data and original one limits the amount of information provided by them. Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) present an alternative to classic augmentation techniques by creating synthetic samples. In this paper, we explore a conditional GAN (cGAN) architecture and a deep convolutional one (DCGAN) to generate synthetic apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) prostate MRI. Following, we compare classic augmentation techniques with our GAN-based approach in a prostate cancer triage (classification of tumors) setting. We show that by adding synthetic ADC prostate MRI we are able to improve the final classification AUC of cS vs ncS tumors when compared to classic augmentation.
Human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes and hamster adipocytes as cellular model systems for the study of β‐adrenergic effects (1989)

Abstract Two cellular model systems for the in vitro study of biochemical and pharmacological effects of new β‐adrenergic compounds were compared: the human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte and the hamster white fat tissue adipocyte. The adipocyte β‐adrenoceptor governing the physiological response is atypical in nature, whereas neutrophils seem to have a homogeneous β 2 ‐adrenoceptor population. Both model systems have their own advantages, but as far as pharmacological characterisation is concerned, the β 2 ‐adrenoceptor of neutrophils is far more sensitive and this model system is an obvious choice for the comparison of, for example, isomers. The differentiation between R 67 138 and R 67 145, optical isomers of the β‐adrenoceptor antagonist nebivolol (R 67 555), is 20 times larger on neutrophils than on adipocytes. Some broader applications of both systems are discussed.
eGPU: A 750 MHz Class Soft GPGPU for FPGA (2023)

This paper introduces the eGPU, a SIMT soft processor designed for FPGAs. Soft processors typically achieve modest operating frequencies, a fraction of the headline performance claimed by modern FPGA families, and obtain correspondingly modest performance results. We propose a GPGPU architecture structured specifically to take advantage of both the soft logic and embedded features of the FPGA. We also consider the physical location of the embedded memories and DSP Blocks relative to the location and number of soft logic elements in order to have a design with balanced resources. Our goal is to create a high performance soft processor able to implement complex portions of FPGA system designs, such as the linear solvers commonly used in wireless systems, through push-button compilation from software. The eGPU architecture is a streaming multiprocessor (SM) machine with 512 threads. Each SM contains 16 scalar processors (SP). Both IEEE754 FP32 and INT32 integer arithmetic are supported. We demonstrate a single SM eGPU in an Intel Agilex device, requiring 5600 ALMs and 24 DSP Blocks, which closes timing at over 770 MHz from a completely unconstrained compile. Multiple eGPUs can also be tightly packed together into a single Agilex FPGA logic region, with minimal speed penalty.
Human plasma α2‐macroglobulin promotes in vitro oxidative stress cracking of pellethane 2363‐80A: In vivo and in vitro correlations (1993)

It is hypothesized in this study that the phenomenon of environmental stress cracking (ESC) in polyetherurethane is caused by a synergistic action of biological components in the body fluids, oxidative agents, and stress. An in vitro system is designed to mimic the in vivo system; human plasma contains certain biological components that can act as a stress cracking promoter, while H2O2 (Co) solution provides an oxidative reaction comparable to that observed in the respiratory burst of adherent macrophages and foreign-body giant cells. It is demonstrated that the phenomenon of in vivo stress cracking in Pellethane 2363-80A is duplicated by an in vitro system that involves a pretreatment of prestressed specimens with human plasma at 37 degrees C for 7 days followed by oxidation in 10% hydrogen peroxide with 0.10M cobalt chloride at 50 degrees C for 10 days. The pretreatment with plasma has a synergistic effect with the oxidation by H2O2 (Co) treatment to produce ESC. A plasma component responsible for promoting stress cracking in Pellethane polyurethane is identified to be alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M).
Short Linear Motifs recognized by SH2, SH3 and Ser/Thr Kinase domains are conserved in disordered protein regions (2008)

The correlation between SLiM conservation with disorder prediction demonstrates that functional SLiMs recognized by each domain occur more often in disordered as compared to structured regions of proteins.
Programming with POSIX threads (1993)

With this practical book, you will attain a solid understanding of threads and will discover how to put this powerful mode of programming to work in real-world applications.The primary advantage of threaded programming is that it enables your applications to accomplish more than one task at the same time by using the number-crunching power of multiprocessor parallelism and by automatically exploiting I/O concurrency in your even on a single processor machine. The result: applications that are faster, more responsive to users, and often easier to maintain. Threaded programming is particularly well suited to network programming where it helps alleviate the bottleneck of slow network I/O.This book offers an in-depth description of the IEEE operating system interface standard, POSIXAE (Portable Operating System Interface) threads, commonly called Pthreads. Written for experienced C programmers, but assuming no previous knowledge of threads, the book explains basic concepts such as asynchronous programming, the lifecycle of a thread, and synchronization. You then move to more advanced topics such as attributes objects, thread-specific data, and realtime scheduling. An entire chapter is devoted to real code, with a look at barriers, read/write locks, the work queue manager, and how to utilize existing libraries. In addition, the book tackles one of the thorniest problems faced by thread programmers-debugging-with valuable suggestions on how to avoid code errors and performance problems from the outset.Numerous annotated examples are used to illustrate real-world concepts. A Pthreads mini-reference and a look at future standardization are also included.
Association of Sleep and β-Amyloid Pathology Among Older Cognitively Unimpaired Adults (2021)

In this cross-sectional study, the increased risk of Aβ deposition with reduced nighttime sleep duration occurred early, before cognitive impairment or significant Aβ deposition. Daytime sleep may be associated with an increase in risk for early Aβ accumulation and did not appear to be corrective for loss of nighttime sleep, demonstrating a circadian rhythm dependence of sleep in preventing Aβ accumulation. Treatments that improve sleep may reduce early Aβ accumulation and aid in delaying the onset of cognitive dysfunction associated with early Alzheimer disease.
Association of synapse‐associated protein 90/ postsynaptic density‐95‐associated protein (SAPAP) with neurofilaments (2000)

SAPAP associates with neurofilaments via the N-terminal region and may link various components of the PSD to neurofilaments.
Physiological and histochemical observations on the adult liver fluke,Fasciola hepaticaL. (1947)

1. Careful search has failed to disclose the presence of flame cells in the excretory system of the adult liver fluke. 2. Fat globules are produced in the walls of the excretory system, and are freed into the lumen, and thus to the exterior. 3. These globules do not contain appreciable quantities of cholesterol, cholesterides or lipins, but may contain some unsaturated fatty material. 4. The aqueous medium in which the globules float is either neutral or slightly alkaline. 5. The distribution of reduced ascorbic acid has been investigated by the silver nitrate technique. This indicates that the main concentration occurs in the smaller vessels of the excretory system, and in the submuscular tissues of the body wall.
Neuronal (type I) nitric oxide synthase regulates nuclear factorκB activity and immunologic (type II) nitric oxide synthase expression (1997)

Nitric oxide subserves diverse physiologic roles in the nervous system. NO is produced from at least three different NO synthase (NOS) isoforms: neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS, and immunologic NOS (iNOS). We show that nNOS is the predominant isoform constitutively expressed in glia. NO derived from nNOS in glia inhibits the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF kappaB) as NOS inhibitors enhance basal NF kappaB activation. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is an inhibitor of NF kappaB in most cells; however, we show that PDTC is also a potent scavenger of NO through formation of mononitrosyl iron complexes with PDTC. In Jurkat cells, a human T-cell lymphoma cell line, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induces NF kappaB activation that is inhibited by PDTC. Contrary to the results in Jurkat cells, PDTC did not inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced NF kappaB activation in astrocytes; instead PDTC itself induces NF kappaB activation in astrocytes, and this may be related to scavenging of endogenously produced NO by the PDTC iron complex. In astrocytes PDTC also dramatically induces the NF kappaB-dependent enzyme, iNOS, supporting the physiologic relevance of endogenous NO regulation of NF kappaB. NF kappaB activation in glia from mice lacking nNOS responds more rapidly to PDTC compared with astrocytes from wild-type mice. Our data suggest that nNOS in astrocytes regulates NF kappaB activity and iNOS expression, and indicate a novel regulatory role for nNOS in tonically suppressing central nervous system, NF kappaB-regulated genes.