gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acetaminophen Induces DNA Damage and ATM Mediated DNA Damage Repair in Mouse Hepatocytes (2021)

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a common analgesic/antipyretic that is widely used throughout the world. While safe at therapeutic doses, it presents a risk for acute liver failure at higher dosages. Accounting for 50% of the cases of liver failure, drug‐induced liver toxicity is the most common cause of liver damage in western societies. With the only efficacious form of treatment being liver transplant, it is imperative to find alternative forms of treatment. Gaining a greater understanding of the molecular pathology contributing to the progression of liver failure, we allow insights on methods to enhance patient care and quality of life. Acute liver injury from APAP is associated with increased levels of inflammation, oxidative stress, and hepatic cell death. High levels of oxidative stress damages multiple systems within the cell, most notability the DNA. In response to DNA damage, DNA damage response (DDR) markers are activated leading to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and the eventual death of the cell if damage is unable to be repaired. Our hypothesis is that the accumulation of DNA damage results in the activation of the DDR, which then contributes to the further progression of APAP‐induced liver injury. Methods Mouse hepatocytes (FL86B cells) were treated with APAP (1mM‐100mM) and viability was assessed. FL83B cells were then treated for 24 hours with 5mM APAP, a dose that gave 70% of viability after 24 hr. A DNA comet assay was performed on the treated cells to assay DNA damage. ATM, phospho‐ATM, phospho‐Chk2 and gH2AX were assessed via immunofluorescence. ATM, Chk2, and BP53 were assess via qPCR. To assess the effects that the removal of ATM has on APAP exposure, the FL86B cells were transfected with ATM siRNA for 48 hours prior to 24‐hour exposure of 5mM APAP. ATM and Chk2 were assessed via qPCR and ATM, phospho‐ATM, Chk2 and phospho‐Chk2 were assessed via immunofluorescence. Results APAP exposure to mouse hepatocytes showed a marked increase in the accumulation of DNA damage when compared to untreated hepatocytes. An increase in the markers for DNA double strand breaks (DSB), gH2AX and 53BP, as well the comet assay confirmed the accumulation of DNA damage after exposure to APAP. An increase of ATM and phosphor‐ATM and its downstream effector Chk2 and active form phospho‐Chk2 were increased after exposure to APAP. The removal of ATM attenuated the phosphorylation of ATM and Chk2 and enhanced cell viability with exposure to APAP. Conclusion Exposure to APAP induces DNA damage within hepatocytes. This elevated amount of DNA damage results in the activation of ATM and the DDR through Chk2. ATM‐mediated signaling may be a potential driver for hepatocellular death and ALF. Agents designed to inhibit ATM‐mediated signaling or the DDR response need to be assessed as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of APAP‐induced liver damage.
Effect of Thermal Interface Materials on Heat Dissipation of Light-Emitting Diode Headlamps with Thermally-Conductive Plastics (2021)

We study the effect of thermal interface material such as thermal-conductive plastic on the dissipation of generated heat from the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based headlamp for the application of environment-friendly green energy in vehicles. The thermal distribution and the performances of thermal-conductive plastic with heatsink are consistently investigated by using experimental and numerical results. Various thicknesses of thermal-conductive plastics from 0.3 mm to 1.0 mm used in this research work. Basically the thermal-conductive plastic reduces the thermal interface resistance between the contact of two solid surfaces. As a result, High electrical power of about 15 W (1 A and 15 V) can be possible for applying to the high-power LED package without any damage. The soldering temperature of LED package without thermal-conductive plastic shows approximately 138.7 °C which is higher compared to the LED package with thermal-conductive plastic (124.3 °C). On the other hand, the soldering temperature increases from 124.3 to 127.6 °C with increasing the thicknesses of thermal-conductive plastic. In addition, the soldering temperature decreases from 138.7 to 124.3 °C with increasing the thermal conductivities of thermal-conductive plastic. Finally, a highly thermal conductive property of thermal-conductive plastic will propose for optimum dissipation of generated heat from the LEDs-based headlamp. We also successfully estimate the junction temperature of packaged LEDs by using soldering temperature.
Superconducting triplet pairing in Ni--Ga-bilayer junctions. (2021)

Ni--Ga bilayers are a versatile platform for exploring the competition between strongly antagonistic ferromagnetic and superconducting phases. We characterize the impact of this competition on the transport properties of highly-ballistic Al/Al$ _2 $O$ _3 $(/EuS)/Ni--Ga tunnel junctions from both experimental and theoretical points of view. While the conductance spectra of junctions comprising Ni (3 nm)--Ga (60 nm) bilayers can be well understood within the framework of earlier results, which associate the emerging main conductance maxima with the junction films' superconducting gaps, thinner Ni (1.6 nm)--Ga (30 nm) bilayers entail completely different physics, giving rise to novel conductance-peak subseries that we term conductance shoulders. Detecting the paramagnetic Meissner response in Ga from polarized neutron reflectometry provides the essential experimental hint that these conductance shoulders are caused by superconducting triplet pairings that Ni's ferromagnetic exchange interaction induces near thin Ni--Ga bilayers' interfaces -- most likely owing to inhomogeneously magnetized interface domains. We further substantiate our findings by means of a phenomenological theoretical model, clarifying that induced superconducting triplet pairings around the interface of Ni--Ga bilayers can indeed manifest themselves in the observed conductance shoulders. Arranging our work in a broader context demonstrates that Ni--Ga-bilayer junctions have a strong potential for efficient triplet-pairing engineering in superconducting-spintronics applications.
A comparison of theoretical, computational, and experimental human electromagnetic scattering at VHF and UHF (2014)

Radar-based human detection and classification is a diverse research field that is rich with challenging open problems. There are currently several commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) computational electromagnetic software packages that have developed human packages specifically for the purpose of radar-based human detection and classification research. In this paper we compare a theoretical and computational state-of-the-art software to recent experimental data on adult and child human subjects using a static radar operating in VHF and UHF. We find that there are unique human-based resonances in the UHF band that may aid researchers in finding a way to classify a general age class and estimate certain physical biometric indexes from radar scattering measurements. We continue the analysis by comparing the regions of the human body that maximally scatter based on frequency selection. We conclude the paper by listing a set of open problems that have been determined based on our papers analysis.
Die Bildung von Semibenzolen bei der Dimerisierung von Benzyl‐Radikalen (1978)

Abstract Bei der Dimerisierung von Benzyl‐Radikalen bilden sich neben dem αα‐Kopplungsprodukt Bibenzyl ( 9 ) auch instabile Semibenzole durch α o ‐ und α p ‐Kopplung, die im Verlauf der Reaktion zu Bibenzyl umlagern. Sie werden anhand ihrer 1 H‐CIDNP‐NMR‐Spektren nachgewiesen. Mit Säure lassen sie sich als o ‐ und p ‐Benzyltoluole abfangen. Aus der Ausbeute der Benzyltoluole wird geschlossen, daß die Dimerisierung bei 30°C zu 19% über Semibenzole verläuft. Die Produktverteilung und ihre Temperaturabhängigkeit weisen auf intermediäre energetisch verschiedene bimolekulare Benzyl‐Komplexe als produktkontrollierende Zwischenstufen hin.
Development of Novel Inorganic Scintillator Materials (2011)

This article presents the recent development of novel inorganic scintillators. To supply the demand of
Three-Dimensional Photon Counting Axially Distributed Image Sensing (2013)

In this paper, we present a 3D photon counting axially distributed image sensing system using statistical approaches, such as a maximum-likelihood estimation and total variation maximum a posteriori expectation maximization, to enhance the visual quality of 2D photon counting images and obtain better 3D reconstructed images. Conventional photon counting integral imaging is implemented by using a lens array, moving an image sensor in lateral (horizontal and vertical) directions, or using an image sensor array to obtain elemental images. To avoid lateral movement of the image sensor, axially distributed sensing is applied to photon counting imaging. A single image sensor is moved along its optical axis to pickup multi-view 2D images with slightly different perspectives which are used for 3D visualization. Axially distributed sensing (ADS) with proper statistical processing can remedy the effect of partial occlusion of the 3D scene. We show that our method can improve the visual quality of 2D photon counting images computationally and obtain the enhanced 3D reconstructed images.
Hyperhomocysteinemia in Asian Indians Living in the United States (2003)

Hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported in Asian Indians (people from Indian subcontinent) to be related to relatively low plasma levels of folate and vitamin B-12. However, a true ethnic-related characteristic has not been excluded. This study was done to determine whether Asian Indians have high plasma homocysteine compared with Caucasians in the United States in the era of folate fortification, and whether low vitamin B-12 or insulin resistance may account for possible interethnic differences in plasma homocysteine. A total of 227 Asian Indians (131 males and 96 females) and 155 Caucasians (66 males and 89 females) completed a questionnaire for medical, family, and personal history. They had height, weight, and blood pressure measured and fasting blood drawn for routine chemistry, TSH, plasma homocysteine, vitamin B-12, and folate. Oral glucose tolerance test and vitamin B-6 was measured in a subgroup of 66 Asian Indians (47 males and 19 females) and 63 Caucasians (33 males and 30 females). Asian Indians were found to have significantly higher plasma homocysteine than Caucasians (median of 12.6 and 8.0 micro mol/liter, P < 0.0001, respectively) and lower plasma concentrations of B-6 (median 49 vs. 70 nmol/liter; P = 0.05, respectively). Plasma folate was relatively high and similar in both ethnic groups. Plasma vitamin B-12 was significantly lower in Asian Indians than Caucasians (median of 204 vs. 320 pmol/liter, P < 0.0001, respectively). Vitamin B-12 correlated significantly with plasma homocysteine. When vitamin B-12 was between 150 and 379 pmol/liter, the regression curve between vitamin B-12 and homocysteine had significantly different slope in the two ethnic groups (P value < 0.05) and Asian Indians had significantly higher homocysteine for any level of vitamin B-12. Although insulin resistance, measured as insulin area under the curve by oral glucose tolerance test was higher in Asian Indians and correlated significantly with homocysteine, it did not explain inter-ethnic differences in plasma homocysteine in a multivariate analysis. We conclude that Asian Indians living in the United States have significant elevation of plasma homocysteine concentrations despite normal plasma folate. Lower plasma concentrations of vitamin B-12 and lower insulin sensitivity may contribute to this finding but only partially explained the ethnic-related hyperhomocysteinemia of the Asian Indians.
Vertical and horizontal flow controls for TCP optimization in the mobile ad hoc networks (2003)

In mobile ad hoc network (MANET), each end-node operates as an end-host and as a router simultaneously. Thus differently from wired-network, the occurrence of network congestion in end-host leaves much room for consideration. In the case of MANET, we can improve TCP throughput by using flow control algorithm that operates between layers because that algorithm reduces packet drops which caused by network congestion in end-hosts (source or destination). In MANET, usually IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol is used in a link layer transmission of two neighbored nodes for reliability and hidden terminal problem. But this protocol does not offer flow control mechanism in link layer. Link layer flow control can prevent packet drops caused by buffer overflow that can occur just after packet transmission. And in result, this prevention of packet drop can reduce the waste of bandwidth and energy which are limited in wireless environment. In this paper, we propose two flow control algorithms called, respectively, vertical flow control and horizon flow control. We show improved TCP throughput and reduced power consumption in end-nodes through the use of proposed two flow control algorithms in performance evaluation.
Uroguanylin gene expression in the alimentary tract and extra‐gastrointestinal tissues (1996)

Uroguanylin, a member of the guanylin peptide family, is a novel peptide regulator for intestinal salt and water transport. A cDNA encoding a precursor for rat uroguanylin was cloned from a rat jejunum cDNA library and sequenced. The precursor was 106 amino acids long and included a 21 residue putative signal peptide at the N-terminus. Rat uroguanylin consisted of 15 amino acids similar to, but distinct from human uroguanylin; the C-terminal leucine residue was deleted and 3 residues were substituted compared to those in the human peptide. Synthetic rat uroguanylin-15 dose-dependently increased the cyclic GMP level in cultured T84 cells. RNA blot analysis showed that rat uroguanylin mRNA is expressed not only in the gastrointestinal tract but also in the lung, pancreas and kidney. Evidence for uroguanylin expression in extra-gastrointestinal tissues indicates the possible existence of a novel system for water and electrolyte homeostasis, and a more global effect of uroguanylin on epithelial cell function.
Synthesis in inverse emulsion and associating behavior of hydrophobically modified polyacrylamides (2003)

Abstract An inverse free‐radical emulsion polymerization technique was used to prepare copolymers of acrylamide and two different hydrophobic comonomers: N,N ‐dihexylacrylamide (diC6) or N,N ‐diphenylacrylamide (diPh). The products of the reaction were high molecular weight hydrophobically modified water‐soluble polymers (HMWSPs) encapsulated within water droplets dispersed in an organic medium. A comparison of the copolymer compositions prepared under different experimental conditions showed that the level of incorporation of diPh in the final copolymer depended strongly on its localization in the emulsion (aqueous or oil phase) and on the nature of the redox initiator pair (water‐soluble or oil‐soluble). The rheological properties of the HMWSPs in aqueous solution were investigated as a function of the comonomer content and the nature of the initiator, using steady‐flow experiments. The thickening properties were found to be directly correlated to the conditions of synthesis and were optimal when the initiator and the hydrophobic comonomer were located in two distinct phases. An examination of the viscosity as a function of shear rate showed that these solutions exhibit typical characteristics of hydrophobically associative polymers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 916–924, 2004
Measuring the surface energies of spherical cellulose beads by inverse gas chromatography (1996)

Abstract The effect of the chemical composition of regenerated cellulose solids on surface energy was studied by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). This was to probe a possible relationship between the ability of the cellulose surface to interact with other phases through van der Waals forces and its bonding potential. A model consisting of amorphous cellulose spheres (“beads”) was used to eliminate all effects of morphology and geometry. The surface of the beads was modified by chemical reaction of the hydroxyl groups of cellulose. A thin layer of cellulose derivative, such as cellulose trifluoroethoxyacetate (CW‐TFEA), cellulose laurate (CW‐LA), or directly fluorinated cellulose (CW‐F), was produced on the bead surface. The surface properties of the cellulose beads were fully characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption. IGC was performed using the adsorption of two kinds of probes: alkanes to measure the dispersive component of the surface energy (γ ), and acid/base probes to quantify the specific adsorption enthalpy (Δ H Sp ). The dispersive component of the surface energy of cellulose was found to depend mostly on the presence and concentration of free hydroxyl groups on the surface. At low degrees of substitution (DS &lt; 1), how these OH groups were replaced by modification, whether by fatty acid type substituents or by fluorine‐containing groups, was essentially irrelevant for surface energies. The dispersive component of the surface energy (γ ) declined with DS almost irrespective of substituent type. The surface of cellulose was found to be highly acidic, and this was attributed mainly to the presence of hydroxyl groups.
Short and long latency skin sensitizing antibody in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the monkey (1980)

In some allergic sera, 2-hr PCA responses can be due to IgE class antibody. In other sera where 2-hr PCA responses are not seen, removal of the IgG fracton allows expression of this 2-hr latency PCA response, suggesting an initial competition for binding sites between IgG and IgE, or that IgG can act as a blocking antibody, preventing antigen from reaching the cell-bound IgE.
Exercise Study Detects Subclinical RV Dysfunction in PAH (2018)

A new study suggests that subclinical RV dysfunction may cause exercise-induced dyspnea in compensated subjects with PAH.
Iron Catalysts Containing Amine(imine)diphosphine P-NH-N-P Ligands Catalyze both the Asymmetric Hydrogenation and Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones (2014)

When activated with base, the iron(II) complexes with tetradentate amine(imine)diphosphine ligands, (S,S)-trans-[FeCl(CO)(PAr2-NH-N-PAr′2)]BF4 (1: Ar, Ar′ = Ph; 2: Ar = Ph, Ar′ = 4-MeC6H4; 3: Ar, Ar′ = 3,5-Me2C6H3), are very active for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of ketones in KOtBu/2-propanol. For ATH, better enantioselectivity, but lower catalytic activity, was observed in general when using catalyst precursors with the bulkier dixylylphosphino groups compared to those with diphenylphosphino groups. The complexes were much less active for the pressure hydrogenation of ketones, where 1 and 2 produced racemic product alcohols, while 3 yielded chiral alcohols with an enantiomeric excess of up to 70% (R) at turnover frequencies up to 80 h–1 and turnover numbers of 100 for a range of ketones at 50 °C and 20 atm H2. This is a rare example of asymmetric pressure hydrogenation using an iron complex. Unlike the case of ATH, there is no effect on the rate upon the addition of KOtBu beyond the 2 equiv needed to convert the precursor complex to the active amido(ene-amido) and amine(ene-amido)hydrido forms. Both AH and ATH reactions share the same iron hydride intermediate formed by reaction of the amido(ene-amido) iron complex with either dihydrogen or 2-propanol. Kinetic studies on the H2 hydrogenation of acetophenone catalyzed by 1, activated by base in benzene, using the method of initial rates indicated that the heterolytic splitting of the dihydrogen at the amido(ene-amido) iron complex is the turnover-limiting step of the catalytic cycle for hydrogenation. For 1 in benzene at 323 K over the ranges of concentrations [1] = (2.4–4.8) × 10–4 M and [ketone] = (3.6–7.2) × 10–2 M, and of H2 pressures = 10–20 atm, the rate law is rate = k[1][H2], with k = 0.16 ± 0.01 M–1 s–1, ΔH⧧ = 10.0 ± 0.2 kcal mol–1, and ΔS⧧ = −31.0 ± 0.5 cal mol–1 K–1. Detailed DFT calculations also support the finding that the barrier for H2 splitting is the turnover-limiting step. The higher barrier for H2 activation compared to isopropanol activation in order to generate the active amine(ene-amido)hydrido form explains why this system is biased toward ATH over AH.
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS BY HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS ON SALT SURFACES (1981)

Abstract In Gegenwart von Kaliumfluorid als Aktivator werden Aldehyde (I) mit dem Silan (II) in hoher Ausbeute und selektiver Weise zu Alkoholen (III) reduziert.
CLARP, a death effector domain-containing protein interacts with caspase-8 and regulates apoptosis (1997)

We have identified and characterized CLARP, a caspase-like apoptosis-regulatory protein. Sequence analysis revealed that human CLARP contains two amino-terminal death effector domains fused to a carboxyl-terminal caspase-like domain. The structure and amino acid sequence of CLARP resemble those of caspase-8, caspase-10, and DCP2, a Drosophila melanogaster protein identified in this study. Unlike caspase-8, caspase-10, and DCP2, however, two important residues predicted to be involved in catalysis were lost in the caspase-like domain of CLARP. Analysis with fluorogenic substrates for caspase activity confirmed that CLARP is catalytically inactive. CLARP was found to interact with caspase-8 but not with FADD/MORT-1, an upstream death effector domain-containing protein of the Fas and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 signaling pathway. Expression of CLARP induced apoptosis, which was blocked by the viral caspase inhibitor p35, dominant negative mutant caspase-8, and the synthetic caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (zVAD-fmk). Moreover, CLARP augmented the killing ability of caspase-8 and FADD/MORT-1 in mammalian cells. The human clarp gene maps to 2q33. Thus, CLARP represents a regulator of the upstream caspase-8, which may play a role in apoptosis during tissue development and homeostasis.
Flexible production lines for series production of automotive electric drives (2012)

The economic production of drive components is a major condition for the market success of electric vehicles. To deal with the high number of variants in the automotive industry, market uncertainties and to ensure an economic production, it is necessary to develop flexible production lines which meet the requirements of automotive series production. Based on the development of a production-oriented component design, manufacturing and different measurement methods have to be examined and enabled to readiness. Moreover, simulation-based classification models will be used for the final design of the production lines.
HTS Insert Magnet Design Study (2011)

Future accelerator magnets will need to reach higher field in the range of 20 T. This field level is very difficult to reach using only Low Temperature Superconductor materials whereas High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) provide interesting opportunities. High current densities and stress levels are needed to design such magnets. YBCO superconductor indeed carries large current densities under high magnetic field and provides good mechanical properties especially when produced using the IBAD approach. The HFM EUCARD program studies the design and the realization of an HTS insert of 6 T inside a Nb$_{3}$Sn dipole of 13T at 4.2 K. In the2HTS insert, engineering current densities higher than 250 MA/m under 19 T are required to fulfill the specifications. The stress level is also very severe. YBCO IBAD tapes theoretically meet these challenges from presented measurements. The insert protection is also a critical because HTS materials show low quench propagation velocities and the coupling with the Nb$_{3}$Sn magnet makes the problem even more challenging. The magnetic and mechanical designs of the HTS insert as well as some protection investigation ways will be presented.