gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Technique for Measuring the Diffusion Coefficient of Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2016)

The electrolyte is a crucial component in modern Lithium-Ion batteries. It is responsible for the transport Lithium-Ions not only through the separator but also within the porous structure of the electrodes. A small diffusion coefficient of the electrolyte leads to an increased voltage drop due to depletion of Lithium-Ions and thus limits the performance of a battery for high currents. While the diffusion coefficient is mostly measured by potentiostatic or galvanostatic intermittent titration techniques (PITT or GITT), also an evaluation of the diffusion impedance of the electrolyte should yield according values. However, standard impedance measurement techniques like Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) suffer severe disadvantages: Due to the sinusoidal excitation a current is permanently flowing and, in case of beneficially used metallic Lithium electrodes, Lithium is continuously being deposited and stripped. This causes a continuously changing surface area during the measurement and hence a time-variant and thus invalid impedance spectrum. Moreover, the diffusion impedance needs to be measured down to very low frequencies, which results in very long measurement times for regular Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. As an adequate solution for both issues we suggest computing the diffusion impedance from time-domain measurements [1]: By choosing an appropriate excitation signal, changes within the system during measurement can be prevented and, as all frequencies are excited simultaneously, measurement time can be minimized. By experimentally shifting the diffusion process to lower frequencies we are further able to clearly separate it from other, surface reaction related processes and thus to isolate the diffusion impedance. For an example see Figure 1, where repeated measurements of the diffusion impedance of LiPF 6 in EC/DMC (1:1) are shown. From the time constant of the diffusion impedance, the diffusion coefficient of the electrolyte is finally obtained. Caption Figure 1: Repeated measurement of the diffusion impedance of LiPF 6 in EC/DMC (1:1), as it is commonly used in Lithium-Ion batteries (real-parts shifted to origin). References: [1] D. Klotz, M. Schönleber, J. P. Schmidt and E. Ivers-Tiffée, "New approach for the calculation of impedance spectra out of time domain data", Electrochimica Acta 56, pp. 8763-8769 (2011) Figure 1
An international consensus on device-related pressure ulcers: SECURE prevention (2020)

<b>Catherine Milne</b> and colleagues present the findings of their review, ccna2@juno.com.
Exploiting Resource Usage Patterns for Better Utilization Prediction (2011)

Understanding the resource utilization in computing clouds is critical for efficient resource planning and better operational performance. In this paper, we propose two ways, from microscopic and macroscopic perspectives, to predict the resource consumption for data centers by statistically characterizing resource usage patterns. The first approach focuses on the usage prediction for a specific node. Compared to the basic method of calibrating AR models for CPU usages separately, we find that using both CPU and memory usage data can improve the forecasting performance. The second approach is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify resource usage patterns across different nodes. Using the identified patterns, we can reduce the number of parameters for predicting the resource usage on multiple nodes. In addition, using the principal components obtained from PCA, we propose an optimization framework to optimally consolidate VMs into a number of physical servers and in the meanwhile reduce the resource usage variability. The evaluation of the proposed approaches is based on traces collected from a production cloud environment.
Directed Hypersonic Strain Waves Imaged with Ultrafast Electron Microscopy (2018)

Intense, ultrafast photoexcitation of semiconducting materials produces several discrete but inter-related energy relaxation processes that span large spatial and temporal scales. Initial charge-carrier excitation, and generation of a dense electron-hole plasma, produces hypersonic plasma waves that propagate outward from the excitation zone. Related to this, myriad scattering processes (electron-electron, electron-phonon, etc.) occur within the first few picoseconds following photoexcitation, ultimately leading to the launch of coherent propagating strain waves. In thin membranes of semiconducting materials, propagating strain waves display Lamb-type symmetries and hypersonic velocities (depending on mode type and membrane thickness). In addition to often-used ultrafast spectroscopic methods, femtosecond X-ray and electron scattering has been used to study both hypersonic plasma waves and acoustic-phonon wavetrains. Observations from these experiments, combined with knowledge of the associated spatiotemporal scales, lead to questions about preferred nucleation points/regions, propagation directions, and time-varying phase-velocity dispersion behaviors. In this work, we discuss the results of real-space imaging, with ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM), of hypersonic coherent strain-wave dynamics in Ge.
Experiments and numerical simulations on the aerodynamics of the Ahmed body (2011)

The aerodynamic behaviour of the Ahmed body is investigated experimentally and numerically. The experiments cover the two slant angles 25° and 35° and Reynolds numbers up to 2.784⋅10 6 . The commercial CFD tool Fluent™ v6.3.26 is tested for its ability to reproduce the aerodynamic force coefficients of the body. The simulations are validated with the present experiments and experiments from literature. Fair agreement with data from literature is found for velocity profiles along the slant and in the wake of the body.
A Spatiotemporal Microenvironment Model to Improve Design of a Three-Dimensional Bioreactor for Red Cell Production (2021)

Cellular microenvironments provide stimuli, including paracrine and autocrine growth factors and physicochemical cues, which support efficient <i>in vivo</i> cell production unmatched by current <i>in vitro</i> biomanufacturing platforms. While three-dimensional (3D) culture systems aim to recapitulate niche architecture and function of the target tissue/organ, they are limited in accessing spatiotemporal information to evaluate and optimize <i>in situ</i> cell/tissue process development. Herein, a mathematical modeling framework is parameterized by single-cell phenotypic imaging and multiplexed biochemical assays to simulate the nonuniform tissue distribution of nutrients/metabolites and growth factors in cell niche environments. This model is applied to a bone marrow mimicry 3D perfusion bioreactor containing dense stromal and hematopoietic tissue with limited red blood cell (RBC) egress. The model characterized an imbalance between endogenous cytokine production and nutrient starvation within the microenvironmental niches and recommended increased cell inoculum density and enhanced medium exchange, guiding the development of a miniaturized prototype bioreactor. The second-generation prototype improved the distribution of nutrients and growth factors and supported a 50-fold increase in RBC production efficiency. This image-informed bioprocess modeling framework leverages spatiotemporal niche information to enhance biochemical factor utilization and improve cell manufacturing in 3D systems. Impact statement Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems are becoming increasingly important because they recapitulate the architecture and, consequently, physiological function of the target tissue/organ. Design and optimization of these 3D biomanufacturing platforms require evaluation of <i>in situ</i> spatiotemporal information. We have developed an integrated experimental-computational framework that captures the spatiotemporal distribution of cells, nutrients, and cytokines within a marrow biomimicry perfusion bioreactor. The model simulated biochemical factor utilization and guided the design of an improved second-generation bioreactor that achieved 50-fold increase in RBC production with improved cost efficiency. Such a modeling framework provides an essential platform for the optimization of 3D biomanufacturing systems.
Raman determination of layer stresses and strains for heterostructures and its application to the cubic SiC/Si system (1988)

A set of formulas for Raman shifts of diamond and zinc-blende semiconductors under a generalized axial stress are derived. The Raman shifts under hydrostatic pressure, uniaxial and biaxial stresses are only the special cases of the general formulas. Raman-stress coefficients and mode parameters are introduced, by which the Raman shifts due to different kinds of applied stresses are related. By the analysis of known Raman data of cubic SiC (3C-SiC) under hydrostatic pressures, one of the Raman-stress coefficients is obtained and the existing elastic stiffness constants of 3C-SiC are optimized. Unreliable data in the literature are pointed out and a choice of the best available data is made (C11=5.4, C12=1.8, and C44=2.5×1012 dyn/cm2). A series of chemical-vapor-deposited 3C-SiC films on (100) Si with the film thicknesses between 4 and 17 μm are measured by Raman scattering. We propose a method for calculating the stress and strain in these SiC films. The stresses in 3C-SiC on Si are in the range of 0.3–1.1 GPa and strains are on the order of 0.1%-0.2%, which is a factor of 100 below the lattice mismatch between bulk 3C-SiC and Si. Further discussion of the release of strain due to misfit dislocations and the effect of the buffer layer on the film stress is given. Our expressions and the method of the measurement of the stress and strain in heterostructures are quite general and may be used for other systems.
In—Cavity Laser Raman Spectroscopy of Vapors at Elevated Temperatures. As4 and As4O6 (1972)

The 632.8-nm radiation inside the cavity of an He–Ne laser is used to excite vibrational Raman spectra of As4 vapor at ∼ 610°C and As4O6 vapor at ∼ 440°C. As4 peaks are observed and assigned as follows: v1(a1), 344 cm−1; v2(e), 210 cm−1; and v3(f2), 255 cm−1. As4O6 vapor peaks are seen at 185, 253, 381, 409, 496, and 555 cm−1. An outside-cavity room-temperature spectrum of powdered As4O6 shows bands at 85, 189, 269, 371, 470, 560, and 782 cm−1. At a sample temperature of −178°C, the 85-cm−1 peak shifts to higher frequency by 4.4 cm−1. The molecular f2 fundamentals of As4O6 vapor are reassigned at 253, 346, 496, and 782 cm−1 based upon the disappearance of the 85-cm−1 low-frequency band upon going from solid to vapor, the temperature dependence of the 85-cm−1 band of the solid, comparison with assignments for P4O6, and comparison of computed absolute entropies of As4O6 vapor with entropies obtained from vapor pressure measurements, as well as literature single-crystal polarization measurements and infrared absorptions.
Scratch drive actuator with mechanical links for self-assembly of three-dimensional MEMS (1997)

The self-assembling of three-dimensional (3-D) MEMS from polysilicon surface micromachined part is very attractive. To avoid risky external manipulation, the practical use of integrated actuator to perform the assembling task is required. To that goal, this paper presents detailed characteristics of the electrostatic surface micromachined scratch drive actuator (SDA). First, from numerous SDA tests, it is shown that this actuator is able to produce a threshold force of 30 /spl mu/N, with a yield above 60%. With polysilicon devices consisting of SDA mechanically linked to buckling beam, a horizontal force of 63 mN has been demonstrated with /spl plusmn/112 V pulse, and up to 100 /spl mu/N can be obtained with higher voltage. With buckling beams, displacements up to 150 /spl mu/m have been obtained in the vertical direction. The generation of vertical force of 10 /spl mu/N was confirmed with a 100 /spl mu/m displacement producing 1 nJ work in the vertical direction. Finally, SDA overcomes the usual sticking of surface machined polysilicon by producing enough vertical force to completely release wide polysilicon plate (500 /spl mu/m/spl times/50 /spl mu/m) without external manipulation. The above characteristic, both in terms of structure releasing and vertical/horizontal forces and displacements provides the SDA with the capability of self-assembling complex 3-D polysilicon part, opening new integration capabilities and new application field of MEMS.
Reverse engineering of object-oriented code into Umple using an incremental and rule-based approach (2014)

In this paper we present a novel approach to reverse engineering, in which modeling information such as UML associations, state machines and attributes is incrementally added to code written in Java or C++, while maintaining the system in a textual format. Umple is a textual representation that blends modeling in UML with programming language code. The approach, called umplification, produces a program with behavior identical to the original one, but written in Umple and enhanced with model-level abstractions. As the resulting program is Umple code, our approach eliminates the distinction between code and model. In this paper we discuss the principles of Umple, the umplification approach and a rule-driven tool called the Umplificator, which implements and validates the depicted approach.
Direct Quantification of Attogram Levels of Strontium-90 in Microscale Biosamples Using Isotope Dilution-Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry Assisted by Quadrupole Energy Filtering (2023)

Although thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) has been employed for the high-precision analysis of isotope ratios, direct quantification of artificial mono-nuclide in the environment is difficult by even using isotope dilution (ID) due to the coexistence of the great magnitude of natural stable nuclides or isobars. In traditional TIMS and ID-TIMS, a sufficient amount of stable Sr doped on a filament is required to realize a stable and adequate ion-beam intensity (i.e., thermally ionized beams). However, the background noise (BGN) at <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 90, detected by an electron multiplier, disturbs <sup>90</sup>Sr analysis at low concentration levels due to peak tailing of a significant <sup>88</sup>Sr ion beam dependent on the <sup>88</sup>Sr-doping amount. Here, TIMS assisted by quadruple energy filtering was successfully employed for the direct quantification of attogram levels of an artificial monoisotopic radionuclide strontium-90 (<sup>90</sup>Sr) in microscale biosamples. Direct quantification was achieved by integrating the ID quantification of natural Sr and simultaneous <sup>90</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr isotope ratio analysis. Additionally, the measurement amount calculated by the combination of the ID and intercalibration was corrected for the net result amount of <sup>90</sup>Sr by subtracting dark noise and the detected amount derived from the survived <sup>88</sup>Sr, which are equivalent with the BGN intensity at <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 90. Background correction revealed that the detection limits were in the range of 6.15 × 10<sup>-2</sup>-3.90 × 10<sup>-1</sup> ag (0.31-1.95 μBq), depending on the concentration of natural Sr in a 1 μL sample, and the quantification of 0.98 ag (5.0 μBq) of <sup>90</sup>Sr in 0-300 mg/L of natural Sr was successful. This method could analyze small sample quantities (1 μL), and the quantitative results were verified against authorized radiometric analysis techniques. Furthermore, the amount of <sup>90</sup>Sr in actual teeth was successfully quantified. This method will be a powerful tool for measuring <sup>90</sup>Sr in the measurement of micro-samples, which are required to assess and understand the degree of internal radiation exposure.
Activation of hepatocyte growth factor activator zymogen (pro‐HGFA) by human kallikrein 1‐related peptidases (2008)

Hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA) is a serine protease and a potent activator of prohepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (pro-HGF/SF), a multifunctional growth factor that is critically involved in tissue morphogenesis, regeneration, and tumor progression. HGFA circulates as a zymogen (pro-HGFA) and is activated in response to tissue injury. Although thrombin is considered to be an activator of pro-HGFA, alternative pro-HGFA activation pathways in tumor microenvironments remain to be identified. In this study, we examined the effects of kallikrein 1-related peptidases (KLKs), a family of extracellular serine proteases, on the activation of pro-HGFA. Among the KLKs examined (KLK2, KLK3, KLK4 and KLK5), we identified KLK4 and KLK5 as novel activators of pro-HGFA. Using N-terminal sequencing, the cleavage site was identified as the normal processing site, Arg407-Ile408. The activation of pro-HGFA by KLK5 required a negatively charged substance such as dextran sulfate, whereas KLK4 could process pro-HGFA without dextran sulfate. KLK5 showed more efficient pro-HGFA processing than KLK4, and was expressed in 50% (13/25) of the tumor cell lines examined. HGFA processed by these KLKs efficiently activated pro-HGF/SF, and led to cellular scattering and invasion in vitro. The activities of both KLK4 and KLK5 were strongly inhibited by HGFA inhibitor type 1, an integral membrane Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor that inhibits HGFA and other pro-HGF/SF-activating proteases. These data suggest that KLK4 and KLK5 mediate HGFA-induced activation of pro-HGF/SF within tumor tissue, which may thereafter trigger a series of events leading to tumor progression via the MET receptor.
Replication protein A binds RNA and promotes R-loop formation (2020)

SUMMARY Replication protein A (RPA), a major eukaryotic ssDNA-binding protein, is essential for all metabolic processes that involve ssDNA including DNA replication, repair, and damage signaling. Surprisingly, we found here that RPA binds RNA in vitro with high affinity. Using native RIP method, we isolated RNA-RPA complexes from human cells. Furthermore, RPA promotes R-loop formation between RNA and homologous dsDNA. R-loops, the three-stranded nucleic acid structure consisting of an RNA-DNA hybrid and the displaced ssDNA strand, are common in human genome. R-loops may play an important role in transcription-coupled homologous recombination and DNA replication restart. We reconstituted the process of replication restart in vitro using RPA-generated R-loops and human DNA polymerases. These findings indicate that RPA may play a role in RNA metabolism and suggest a mechanism of genome maintenance that depends on RPA and RNA.
Estrogen and Hippocampal Plasticity in Rodent Models (2008)

Accumulating evidence indicates that ovarian hormones regulate a wide variety of non-reproductive functions in the central nervous system by interacting with several molecular and cellular processes. A growing animal literature using both adult and aged rodent models indicates that 17beta-estradiol, the most potent of the biologically relevant estrogens, facilitates some forms of learning and memory, in particular those that involve hippocampal-dependent tasks. A recently developed triple-transgenic mouse (3xTg-AD) has been widely used as an animal model of Alzheimer's disease, as this mouse exhibits an age-related and progressive neuropathological phenotype that includes both plaque and tangle pathology mainly restricted to hippocampus, amygdala and cerebral cortex. In this report, we examine recent studies that compare the effects of ovarian hormones on synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity in adult and aged rodents. A better understanding of the non-reproductive functions of ovarian hormones has far-reaching implications for hormone therapy to maintain health and function within the nervous system throughout aging.
Hepatitis C Viral Evolution in Genotype 1 Treatment-Naïve and Treatment-Experienced Patients Receiving Telaprevir-Based Therapy in Clinical Trials (2012)

A consistent, subtype-dependent resistance profile was observed in patients who did not achieve an SVR with telaprevir-based treatment. The primary role of TVR is to inhibit wild-type virus and variants with lower-levels of resistance to telaprevir. The complementary role of PR is to clear any remaining telaprevir-resistant variants, especially higher-level telaprevir-resistant variants. Resistant variants are detectable in most patients who fail to achieve SVR, but their levels decline over time after treatment.
The amylose content of the starch present in the growing potato tuber (1948)

These authors say that DDT is adsorbed by chitin. This implies a surface action and since no proofis offered
Cutset Sampling with Likelihood Weighting (2012)

The paper analyzes theoretically and empirically the performance of likelihood weighting (LW) on a subset of nodes in Bayesian networks. The proposed scheme requires fewer samples to converge due to reduction in sampling variance. The method exploits the structure of the network to bound the complexity of exact inference used to compute sampling distributions, similar to Gibbs cutset sampling. Yet, the extension of the previosly proposed cutset sampling principles to likelihood weighting is non-trivial due to differences in the sampling processes of Gibbs sampler and LW. We demonstrate empirically that likelihood weighting on a cutset (LWLC) is effective time-wise and has a lower rejection rate than LW when applied to networks with many deterministic probabilities. Finally, we show that the performance of likelihood weighting on a cutset can be improved further by caching computed sampling distributions and, consequently, learning 'zeros' of the target distribution.