gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Emerging Role of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Models (2013)

Multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common disabling neurologic disease of young adults, is considered a classical T cell-mediated disease and is characterized by demyelination, axonal damage, and progressive neurological dysfunction. The currently available disease-modifying therapies are limited in their efficacy, and improved understanding of new pathways contributing to disease pathogenesis could reveal additional novel therapeutic targets. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is known to be triggered by stress stimuli and to contribute to inflammatory responses. Importantly, a number of recent studies have identified this signaling pathway as a central player in MS and its principal animal model, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Here, we review the evidence from mouse and human studies supporting the role of p38 MAPK in regulating key immunopathogenic mechanisms underlying autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and the potential of targeting this pathway as a disease-modifying therapy in MS.
Renal chemoreceptors in the rat. (1978)

There are afferent nerve fibers responsive to alterations of the kidney's chemical environment in the renal nerves of the rat. In anesthetized, artificially ventilated, male Sprague-Dawley rats, single unit recordings were prepared by dissection of the centrally cut nerves of the right kidney. The stimuli used included occlusion of the renal artery, systemic asphyxia, changes in renal arterial and venous pressures, changes in ureteral pressure, and cyanide infusion. We found a population of sensory nerve fibers whose endings are activated only during markedly impaired renal blood flow (produced by clamping the renal artery, severe hypotension below 40 mm Hg, and prolonged occlusion of the renal vein), and during systemic asphyxia. The same units are not responsive to increases and decreases in systemic arterial pressure (range: 40--190 mm Hg), to ureteral pressure (range: 0--50 mm Hg), or to changes in renal venous pressure. None of the 40 single units studied was spontaneously active; their pattern of activation during renal ischemia always was characterized by trains of impulses. These sensory units have functional properties distinctly different from those of known renal mechanoreceptors. They appear to be a homogeneous group of sensory elements, and we have termed them renal ("R") chemoreceptors. Evidence also is presented which is consistent with the concept that a chemical substance released by or accumulated within the kidney might be the agent activating these chemoreceptors during renal ischemia.
Task Specificity of Responses to Stimulant Drugs in Laboratory Tests (1979)

The mere presence of typical symptoms of hyperactivity (e.g., impulsive and/or inattentive behavior) does not ensure that stimulant drugs will have a effect on the patient (Bradley, 1937, 1950; Fish, 1976). Therefore, a trial on stimulants can be an aid to diagnosis. Laufer & Denhoff (1957) have suggested that a response to stimulants, in addition to the behavioral symptoms, be considered supplementary evidence for the diagnosis of hyperactivity. Presumably, then, an response to stimulants should be taken as evidence against the diagnosis of hyperactivity (Swanson & Kinsbourne, 1978). Cantwell (1975), Eisen berg (1972), Safer & Allen (1976), Solomon (1971), Swanson, Kinsbourne, Roberts, & Zucker (1978), and Wender (1971) all recommend a trial on stimulant medication as an integral part of diagnosing hyperactivity. The logic behind this procedure is that the response of normal people to stimulants is adverse and that an abnormal condition presumed to exist in hyperactive children before treatment accounts for their favorable response to stimulant therapy. Central nervous system underarousal or underactivation may charac terize the abnormal condition of hyperactive children, but this view is still controversial (Barkley & Jackson, 1977; Rosenthal & Allen, 1978). For this reason the behavioral response to drug treatment has been used for assessment instead of a baseline comparison with established no rmsbasedon physiological or neurological tests.
Directed Metalation of Diaryl Sulfone 2-Amides and 2-O-Carbamates. Regiospecific General Route to Thioxanthen-9-one 10,10-Dioxides via Anionic Friedel-Crafts and Remote Fries Rearrangement Equivalents (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirected Metalation of Diaryl Sulfone 2-Amides and 2-O-Carbamates. Regiospecific General Route to Thioxanthen-9-one 10,10-Dioxides via Anionic Friedel-Crafts and Remote Fries Rearrangement EquivalentsFrancis Beaulieu and Victor SnieckusCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 22, 6508–6509Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00101a004RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views407Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (246 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Biosynthesis of berninamycin: Incorporation of 13C-labeled amino acids (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBiosynthesis of berninamycin: Incorporation of 13C-labeled amino acidsRaymond C. M. Lau and Kenneth L. RinehartCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 29, 7606–7610Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00134a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00134a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views307Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Evidence that the growth hormone receptor mediates differentiation and development of the mammary gland. (1993)

We have shown that nonlactogenic rat (r) GH is far more potent than rPRL in inducing rat mammary development. To determine the relative roles of GH and PRL in mammary development and their mechanisms of action, we have compared the abilities of a group of native and mutant GHs, PRLs, and placental lactogens (PLs) to induce mammary development, bind to GH receptors, and activate lactogenic receptors. Mammary development was assessed histologically by counting terminal end buds and alveolar structures in glands from sexually immature, hypophysectomized, castrated, estradiol-treated rats. Hormones were implanted, in Elvax pellets, into the lumbar mammary gland. Significant increases in terminal end buds (P < 0.03) over internal control values were obtained with rGH, recombinant human GH (rhGH), rbGH, and one of two mutant rhGHs. These four hormones were also found to bind to GH receptors with high affinity. In contrast, little development occurred with hPRL, rPRL, rhPL, ovine PRL, mutant forms of rhPRL and rhPL, and a mutant of rhGH altered to reduce binding to GH and PRL receptors. All of these substances are more than 50-fold reduced in binding to the GH receptor, yet can bind and activate lactogenic receptors. Thus, only those natural or mutant pituitary or placental hormones with high binding affinity to GH receptors induce mammary development, suggesting that GH receptors play a central role in this process.
A Low Power Approach for Processing Lunar Materials (2008)

An attractive alternative method of surface blasting for excavation on the moon’s surface could incorporate the use of electrically powered plasma blasting. Such a technique also allows easily adjusted explosive yield control for additional safety. This paper discusses the design, construction, and performance of a prototype plasma blasting power system and blasting probes. Electrical storage devices such as capacitors are charged slowly, and then rapidly discharged into high peak power transient loads. A Bernardes-Merryman (BM) capacitor bank configuration was used as a voltage reversal protection scheme. Tests on concrete and granite rock samples are reported. Blasting probe design effects to deliverable energy is also discussed.
Surface crystallization on metallized 94% alumina ceramics. [Ceramic-to-metal seal] (1985)

Fabrication of 94% alumina (Wesgo AL500:94% ..cap alpha..-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, balance SiO/sub 2/-MgO-CaO glass) ceramic-to-metal seals involves metallization and nickel plating of the ceramic surface before brazing to the metal. To obtain a satisfactory joint, the metallized layer must be nickel plated for it to be wetted by the braze alloy. The strength and hermeticity of these seals are occasionally compromised by formation of an acicular reaction product on the metallized surface of the ceramic prior to plating. This reaction phase is electrically nonconductive and inhibits uniform nickel plating. In this study we integrated a variety of electro-optical techniques to identify the structure and composition of this deleterious acicular phase and deduce how it forms; a means to retard its formation is suggested.
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase controls nicotinamide riboside metabolism in mammalian cells (2022)

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is an effective precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in human and animal cells. NR supplementation can increase the level of NAD in various tissues and thereby improve physiological functions that are weakened or lost in experimental models of aging or various human pathologies. However, there are also reports questioning the efficacy of NR supplementation. Indeed, the mechanisms of its utilization by cells are not fully understood. Herein, we investigated the role of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) in NR metabolism in mammalian cells. Using both PNP overexpression and genetic knockout, we show that after being imported into cells by members of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter family, NR is predominantly metabolized by PNP, resulting in nicotinamide (Nam) accumulation. Intracellular cleavage of NR to Nam is prevented by the potent PNP inhibitor Immucillin H in various types of mammalian cells. In turn, suppression of PNP activity potentiates NAD synthesis from NR. Combining pharmacological inhibition of PNP with NR supplementation in mice, we demonstrate that the cleavage of the riboside to Nam is strongly diminished, maintaining high levels of NR in blood, kidney, and liver. Moreover, we show that PNP inhibition stimulates Nam mononucleotide and NAD<sup>+</sup> synthesis from NR in vivo, in particular, in the kidney. Thus, we establish PNP as a major regulator of NR metabolism in mammals and provide evidence that the health benefits of NR supplementation could be greatly enhanced by concomitant downregulation of PNP activity.
Kinetics of the Epoxidation of Substituted α, α′-dimethylstilbenes with Perbenzoic Acid. (1961)

The rates of epoxidation of trans-3, 3′-dimethyl, trans-3, 3′-dimethoxy, cisand trans-3, 3′-dibromo, cis- and trans-3, 3′-dinitro-α, α′-dimethylstilbene with perbenzoic acid in benzene were determined at three temperatures, and the energies, free energies, and entropies of activation calculated. Values of the entropy of activation were nearly the same for all cis-compounds and this was also the case for all the trans-compounds. The electron releasing groups decreased, and the electron attracting groups increased, the free energy of activation. The Hammett treatment of the substituent effect gave an excellent straight line with the exception of the point for trans-3, 3′-dimethoxy derivative for both cis- and trans-series. The Hammett line for the meta derivatives fell in a lower position than that for the para derivatives.
Designed α-sheet peptides inhibit amyloid formation by targeting toxic oligomers (2014)

Previous studies suggest that the toxic soluble-oligomeric form of different amyloid proteins share a common backbone conformation, but the amorphous nature of this oligomer prevents its structural characterization by experiment. Based on molecular dynamics simulations we proposed that toxic intermediates of different amyloid proteins adopt a common, nonstandard secondary structure, called α-sheet. Here we report the experimental characterization of peptides designed to be complementary to the α-sheet conformation observed in the simulations. We demonstrate inhibition of aggregation in two different amyloid systems, β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and transthyretin, by these designed α-sheet peptides. When immobilized the α-sheet designs preferentially bind species from solutions enriched in the toxic conformer compared with non-aggregated, nontoxic species or mature fibrils. The designs display characteristic spectroscopic signatures distinguishing them from conventional secondary structures, supporting α-sheet as a structure involved in the toxic oligomer stage of amyloid formation and paving the way for novel therapeutics and diagnostics.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01681.001.
Preliminary Study of Pulsed-Electromagnetic Fields Effects on Endothelial (HUVEC) Cell Secretions—Modulation of the Thrombo-Hemorrhagic Balance (2008)

We investigated the role of low-amplitude magnetic pulse with low repetition frequency superimposed on the environmental electromagnetic field (EMF) on the secretion of anti-aggregant (Prostacyclin or PGI(2)) and pro-aggregant (Thromboxane A(2)) agents in endothelial cells of the human umbilical cord vein (HUVEC). We established that magnetic pulse exposure modulates both PGI(2) and TXA(2). These modulations depend on the frequency, width of the pulse, and intensity of the magnetic field. Moreover, we corroborated previous results obtained with an endothelial cell line (EaHy-926), concerning the increased thrombo-embolic risk for the 1 Hz frequency.
Random Access over Wireless Links: Optimal Rate and Activity Probability Selection (2017)

In this paper, we consider a random access scheme over wireless fading channels based on slotted ALOHA where each user independently decides whether to send a packet or not to a common receiver at any given time slot. To characterize the system throughput, i.e., the expected sum- rate, an information theoretic formulation is developed. We consider two scenarios: classical slotted ALOHA where no multi-user detection (MUD) capability is available and slotted ALOHA with MUD. Our main contribution is that the optimal rates and channel activity probabilities can be characterized as a function of the user distances to the receiver to maximize the system throughput. In addition, we address the issue of fairness among the users and provide solutions, which guarantee a minimum amount of individual throughput.
Inclusion of a variable RBE into proton and photon plan comparison for various fractionation schedules in prostate radiation therapy (2017)

Model predicted RBE values may differ substantially from 1.1. This is most pronounced for fractionation doses of around 2 Gy(RBE) with higher doses to the target and the OARs, whereas the effect seems to be of less importance for the hypofractionated schedules. This could result in misleading conclusions when comparing proton plans to photon plans. By accounting for a variable RBE in the optimization process, robust and clinically acceptable dose plans, with the potential of lowering rectal NTCP, may be generated by reoptimizing the physical dose. However, the direction and magnitude of the changes in the physical proton dose to the prostate are dependent on RBE model and α/β assumptions and should therefore be used conservatively.
[Superoxide dismutase and hyperbaric oxygen therapy of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis]. (1985)

Cu, Zn-SOD values were measured by enzyme immunoassay in the synovial fluid, leukocytes in the synovial fluid, synovial membrane, and leukocytes in blood of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis. SOD activity, lipoperoxide value in serum, ESR, and Lansbury's index of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis under hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy were also investigated. SOD values of synovial fluid and of leukocytes in synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis group were found to be higher than those from osteoarthritis group. No significant difference was found the SOD values in leukocytes of blood and synovial membrane between two groups. In the patients with rheumatoid arthritis under HBO therapy the SOD activity was increased, whereas lipoperoxide values was decreased. Furthermore, ESR and Lansbury's index showed a remarkable recovery. These results suggest that HBO therapy may be an effective treatment for the patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Prof. Fujisawa and his Essay 'Change of Situation and Change of Thing' (2005)

Significance of the Puzzles Concerning Size and Number inPlato's Theaetetus'.The note is concerned with the prob lern of how to translate a phrase (eme telikonde onta) in a passage which states the puzzle.Prof. Fujisawa raises an objection to Prof. Tanaka's translation 'I, being of this age', and insists that this phrase should be translated as 'I, being of this size'.When so stated, the problem may seem very trivial.The argument about this note, however, develops into a bigger problem of how to understand the essence of Plato' s philosophy as a whole.
Solid-phase assembly of DNA duplexes from synthetic oligonucleotides. (1987)

A new method of rapid and efficient assembly of extended DNA duplexes in solid phase was developed. Subassemblies of separately annealed oligonucleotides were stepwise hybridized to each other on a solid support. Two types of supports with anchor oligonucleotide were tested: Fractosil-1000 with oligo-dT sequence and Sephacryl S-500 with an oligonucleotide bound via CNBr-activation procedure. Sephacryl S-500 turned out to be the support of choice since all enzymatic reactions of the assembly procedure (phosphorylation, ligation, restriction enzyme digestion) could be efficiently performed with DNA immobilized on Sephacryl S-500 particles.
Combined Raman and continuous-wave-excited two-photon fluorescence cell imaging (2003)

We demonstrate a confocal optical microscope that combines cw two-photon-excited fluorescence microscopy with confocal Raman microscopy. With this microscope fast image acquisition with fluorescence imaging can be used to select areas of interest for subsequent chemical analysis with spontaneous Raman imaging. The distribution of the UV-absorbing fluorophore Hoechst 33342 in the apoptotic HeLa cells is measured in the combined cw two-photon-excited fluorescence and Raman microscopy modes. The 647-nm line of a Kr-ion laser is used to excite both the Raman scattering and the two-photon-excited fluorescence emission. The lateral and axial resolutions in the two imaging modes are compared by use of the Gaussian beam approximation and backprojection of the focal volume through the confocal pinhole.
Separation of Nanoparticles in Different Sizes and Compositions by Capillary Electrophoresis (2003)

Nano-sized particles have received considerable interest in the past two decades.1 Due to the quantum confinement effect, the nanoparticles show distinct physical and chemical properties depending on the sizes and shapes, particularly when the sizes are close to or smaller than the dimensions of exciton of the corresponding bulk materials.2However, their wide distributions of sizes always give rise to the major limitations for precise investigation of their unique physical and chemical characteristics.Therefore, the separation of the nano-sized particles has brought considerable attention in many scientific areas recently.3-8
Effect of Several Hydrophilic Polymers on the Permeation of Morphine and Salicylic Acid through Excised Hairless Rat Skin. (1998)

Several hydrophilic polymers changed the cumulative amount of morphine (MOR) permeated through excised hairless rat skin from 1% MOR hydrochloride solution containing ethanol and l-menthol at concentrations of 40% and 5%, respectively, as permeation enhancers. Anionic polymers (carboxyvinylpolymer and methylvinylether-maleic anhydride copolymer) in the test solutions decreased the skin permeation of MOR, whereas cationic polymers (polyethyleneimine and chitosan) increased it, compared with that without polymers. Little change, however, was observed by the addition of nonionic polymers (hydroxypropylcellulose and polyethyleneoxide). On the other hand, the cationic and anionic polymers in the test solutions decreased and increased, respectively, the skin permeation of salicylic acid (SA) from the same enhancing system containing sodium salicylate. These opposite results were probably caused by the change in escaping tendency of the drugs from the vehicles, which was due to the drug-polymer interaction. (The escaping tendency has a great effect on the drug partition from the polymer solution to the skin barrier). The effect of hydrophilic polymers on the partition was then evaluated by Donnan membrane theory. The partition of MOR was increased and decreased by the presence of polymers having identical and opposite charge to MOR. The low partition of the drugs to skin may also be caused by low diffusion of the drugs in the polymer solutions. The drug release from the hydrophilic polymer solutions was then measured, and the release rate was found to have decreased in the presence of polymers having opposite charge to MOR and SA. It is suggested that these drug-polymer interactions changed the drug partition to skin thus changing the skin permeation of the drug.
Scalable Creation of Deep Silicon‐Vacancy Color Centers in Diamond by Ion Implantation through a 1‐μm Pinhole (2021)

Abstract The controlled creation of quantum emitters in diamond represents a major research effort in the fabrication of single‐photon devices. Here, the scalable production of silicon‐vacancy (SiV) color centers in single‐crystal diamond by ion implantation up to m depths is presented. The lateral position of the SiV is spatially controlled by a 1‐m pinhole placed in front of the sample, which can be moved nanometer precise using a piezo stage. The initial implantation position is controlled by monitoring the ion beam position with a camera. Hereby, silicon ions are implanted at the desired spots in an area comparable to the diffraction limit. The role of ions scattered by the pinhole and the activation yield of the SiV color centers for the creation of single quantum emitters is also discussed.