gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Similarities and differences of recent hybrid pixel detectors for X-ray and high energy physics developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut (2015)

Hybrid pixel detectors are being developed for both photon science and high energy physics. The article will cover similarities and differences in pixel detectors for both applications using two of the pixel detectors developed at the Paul Scherrer Institute (Switzerland) as examples: the EIGER photon counting detector and the <em>psi46dig</em> chip, which has been developed for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) tracking pixel detector upgrade.<br /> EIGER is a single photon counting hybrid pixel detector for applications at synchrotron light sources in the energy range from a few to 25 k<em>e</em>V. It is characterized by a small pixel size (75 x 75 <em>μ</em>m<sup>2</sup>), high count rate capability (10<sup>6</sup> counts/pixel/s) and very high data rate, which reaches 6 Gb/s for a 256 x 256 pixel chip. The CMS pixel detector is designed to provide charge information from the pixels in the harsh radiation environment at the Large Hadron Collider. The short time between bunches of 25 ns and the high event rate at luminosity up to 2 x 10<sup>34</sup>cm<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> require a detector with high hit efficiency, with good timing resolution and the ability to retain timestamp information for the hits. The readout architecture is based on the transfer of hits from the pixels to the periphery, where the trigger validation is performed before data transfer. The data rates of the digitized output reach 160 Mb/s for a 52 x 80 pixel chip.<br /> The specific timing and rate requirements for the detectors, the analog performances (minimum threshold and noise), the power consumption and the radiation hardness will be compared. An overview on future developments based on mutual learning and common solutions will be discussed.
Exploiting Part-Based Models and Edge Boundaries for Object Detection (2008)

This paper explores how to exploit shape information to perform object class recognition. We use a sparse part-based model to describe object categories defined by shape. The sparseness allows the relative spatial relationship between parts to be described simply. It is possible, with this model, to highlight potential locations of the object and its parts in novel images. Subsequently these areas are examined by a more flexible shape model that measures if the image data provides evidence of the existence of boundary/connecting curves between connected hypothesized parts. From these measurements it is possible to construct a very simple cost function which indicates the presence or absence of the object class. The part-based model is designed to decouple variations due to affine warps and other forms of shape deformations. The latter are modeled probabilistically using conditional probability distributions which describe the linear dependencies between the location of a part and a subset of the other parts. These conditional distributions can then be exploited to search efficiently for the instances of the part model in novel images. Results are reported on experiments performed on the ETHZ shape classes database that features heavily cluttered images and large variations in scale.
Bringing Digital Science Deep Inside the Scientific Article: the Elsevier Article of the Future Project (2014)

The ICT revolution of the last decades impacted scientific communication as it has impacted many other forms of communications, changing the way in which articles are delivered and how they can be discovered. However, the impact of ICT on the research itself has been much more profound, introducing digital tools to the way in which researchers gather data, perform analyses, and exchange results. This brought new, digital forms of research output, and disseminating those calls for changes deeply impact the core format of the scientific article.In 2009, Elsevier introduced the “Article of the Future” project to define an optimal way for the dissemination of science in the digital age, and in this paper we discuss three of its key dimensions. First we discuss interlinking scientific articles and research data stored with domain-specific data repositories — such interlinking is essential to interpret both article and data efficiently and correctly. We then present easy-to-use 3D visualization tools embedded in online articles: a key example of how the digital article format adds value to scientific communication and helps readers to better understand research results. The last topic covered in this paper is automatic enrichment of journal articles through text-mining or other methods. Here we share insights from a recent survey on the question: how can we find a balance between creating valuable contextual links, without sacrificing the high-quality, peer-reviewed status of published articles?
Correlating Coefficient of Friction and Shear Force to Platen Motor Current in Tungsten and Interlayer Dielectric Chemical Mechanical Planarization at Highly Non-Steady-State Conditions (2019)

Correlations between shear force and platen motor current (PMC), as well as those between coefficient of friction (COF) and PMC were investigated for various tungsten and interlayer dielectric (ILD) chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) cases where the processes were highly non steady-state. We chose to initially focus on non-steady-state conditions because we believed the relationships among shear force, COF and platen motor current to be clearer as opposed to steady-state conditions. Shear force, normal force and PMC data were collected from twelve different Stribeck+ curves at an acquisition frequency of 1,000 Hz and analyzed in order to determine any emerging trends. For the 12 cases, involving 8 pre-polished blanket CVD tungsten and 4 silicon dioxide blanket wafers, it was discovered that PMC closely mirrored shear force as evidenced by a high average correlation coefficient (0.955) and coefficient of determination (0.916) obtained from all runs.
Convergence analysis of iterative detectors for narrow-band multiple access (2004)

Convergence analysis of iterative detectors for narrow-band multiple access is performed using extrinsic information transfer charts. The system has no bandwidth expansion, so K users use the same bandwidth as a single user. The load (the number of bits used per channel) of the system is therefore higher than the load in, for example, conventional CDMA systems. The analysis provides useful guidelines on how to combine outer codes with the chosen mapper for different loads of the system. Both memoryless mappers and differential mappers are evaluated. We present the limitations of the system measured with the maximum number of users and the required SNR for different scenarios.
Phase I dose-escalation study of the investigational Aurora A kinase (AAK) inhibitor MLN8237 as an enteric-coated tablet (ECT) formulation in patients with nonhematologic malignancies. (2011)

3094 Background: The investigational drug MLN8237 is an orally available, selective AAK inhibitor with early clinical trials using a powder in capsule (PIC) formulation in a range of tumor types. This phase I/II study was conducted in pts with nonhematologic malignancies using an ECT formulation. Safety and PK from phase I are reported. Methods: Eligible pts were age ≥18 y with advanced, nonhematologic malignancies, ECOG PS 0–1, measurable disease by RECIST and ≤2 prior cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens. MLN8237 ECT was administered orally BID for 7 d + 14 d of rest (21-d cycles). Doses were escalated in a 3+3 design based on dose-limiting toxicities in cycle 1 until maximum tolerated dose (MTD). AEs were graded according to NCI-CTCAE v4.0. Results: 17 pts were treated, 5 are ongoing, and enrollment is complete. Median age was 58 y (range 34–81), and frequent tumor types included sarcoma (n=4), and ovarian (n=2). Pts received a median of 2 cycles (range 1–8) at either 10 (n=1), 20 (n=3), 40 (n=4), 50 (n=6), or 60 mg (n=3) BID. The MTD was identified as 50 mg BID. A DLT of G4 febrile neutropenia was reported at 50 mg BID. No further DLTs were reported, but at 60 mg BID, 3 pts had G4 neutropenia. The most common AEs were neutropenia (47%) and fatigue (47%). Neutropenia was the most common G≥3 AE (41%), and was generally reversible. There were 17 treatment-emergent SAEs in 9 pts; neutropenia was the only SAE to occur in >1 pt (n=2). Preliminary PK data were available in 14 pts. Following oral administration, MLN8237 ECT was absorbed at a moderate rate with an overall median Tmax of 3 h and dose-related increase in exposure over 10–50 mg BID. Mean t½ was ~20 h following multiple dosing. Conclusions: In pts with advanced non-hematologic malignancies, the data suggest that the toxicity profile of MLN8237 was predictable, generally tolerable, and manageable, and these results support a recommended phase II dose of 50 mg BID for 7 days in a 21-day cycle using the ECT formulation. The ongoing phase II portion is investigating MLN8237 in lung, breast, head/neck and gastroesophageal malignancies.
Derivation in Prime Rings and Banach Algebra (2010)

Let R be a prime ring of characteristics different from 2 and 3. If there exits a nonzero derivation d from R to itself that the map x → [[[[d(x),x], x], x], x] is centralizing on R then d = 0. Combining this result together with the result of Sinclair and Johnson, we extend the Singer-Wermer theorem and its application in Banach algebra. Finally, we conclude some open problems.
Sub-surface fluorescence time-of-flight imaging using a large format SPAD sensor (2022)

Classical fluorescence guided surgery uses long laser pulses to excite fluorescent tracers, only providing the practitioner with 2D information. In this work, we develop and test a 3D imaging technique using LiDAR technology to sense target tissue depths up to 5 mm below the surface. Imaging through highly scattering medium like tissues implies that temporal information used for 3D reconstruction is convolved with diffuse dynamics of the medium. Using diffuse reflectance as an indicator of the medium’s optical properties, correction of the time-of-flight is made possible. Time-of-flight fluorescence imaging, captures intensity as well as temporal profile of fluorescence excited by ultra-short pulses.
Quantitative and Qualitative Studies on the Major Extracellular Antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and Mycobacterium bovis BCG (1990)

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85 is a biologically important antigen. Tuberculosis patients may have strong antibodies against it, and their peripheral blood mononuclear cells respond to it with gamma-interferon production and lymphocyte proliferation. Antigen 85 is actively secreted into the culture medium during culture in vitro and is known to bind human fibronectin. A double-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantification of antigen 85 is described. A mouse monoclonal antibody, HYT27, was used as capture antibody in the assay. HYT27 was characterized in crossed immunoelectrophoresis and found to bind all three components of the antigen 85 complex. By radioimmunoassay, HYT27 was found to bind equally well to antigens 85A and 85B. In the ELISA assay, a rabbit anti-antigen 85 antiserum was used in the second antibody layer. The specificity of the assay was tested using several different antigen preparations. The purified BCG 85A and 85B components were compared, and there was a 10 times lower sensitivity for antigen 85A due to weaker rabbit antibodies toward this component. The purified components MPT44 and MPT59 from M. tuberculosis H37Rv were compared with the components of BCG and found to correspond to BCG 85A and 85B, respectively. Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium avium both contained partially identical antigens. Small amounts of antigen 85 were detected in Mycobacterium leprae sonicates. Detecting antigen 85 by sensitive methods may be of great value in the early diagnosis of mycobacterial disease.
A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of diamminecyclobutane-dicarboxylatoplatinum (NSC 241240). (1983)

Carboplatin (CBDCA; NSC 241240) is a second-generation platinum coordination compound which in preclinical testing was found to be less nephrotoxic and emetogenic than cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP), while retaining a broad spectrum of antitumor activity. We have conducted a Phase I trial of CBDCA in 38 patients with advanced carcinoma. The drug was given without hydration as a 24-hr constant i.v. infusion on Day 1 of a 28-day cycle. Seventy-five cycles of CBDCA were administered in eight dose levels ranging from 20 to 320 mg/sq m. Dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression, primarily thrombocytopenia, occurring between Days 14 and 28 of the cycle. Myelosuppression was first observed at a dose of 240 mg/sq m and became dose-limiting at 320 mg/sq m, which is the recommended dose for Phase II trial. Other toxicities included nausea and vomiting and reversible renal failure seen in two patients with low normal pretreatment creatinine clearances. No consistent changes were seen on serial audiograms. Plasma concentrations of total and ultrafilterable platinum were measured by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Following cessation of the infusion, a half-life of 170 +/- 34 min (S.D.) was found for CBDCA-derived ultrafilterable platinum. In vitro clonogenic assay of a CDDP-sensitive human ovarian cancer cell line using clinically achievable drug concentrations suggests that prolonged infusions of CBDCA may be more cytotoxic than bolus administration. In this study, minimal responses were seen in two patients with ovarian carcinoma who had failed previous combination chemotherapy including CDDP. In addition, three patients with refractory metastatic breast cancer responded to CBDCA (two minimal responses and one partial response) with remission durations averaging 3 months. CBDCA behaves as predicted by preclinical studies with different toxicities from CDDP and apparent activity in breast cancer.
An Arrayed Genome-Scale Lentiviral-Enabled Short Hairpin RNA Screen Identifies Lethal and Rescuer Gene Candidates (2012)

RNA interference technology is becoming an integral tool for target discovery and validation.; With perhaps the exception of only few studies published using arrayed short hairpin RNA (shRNA) libraries, most of the reports have been either against pooled siRNA or shRNA, or arrayed siRNA libraries. For this purpose, we have developed a workflow and performed an arrayed genome-scale shRNA lethality screen against the TRC1 library in HeLa cells. The resulting targets would be a valuable resource of candidates toward a better understanding of cellular homeostasis. Using a high-stringency hit nomination method encompassing criteria of at least three active hairpins per gene and filtered for potential off-target effects (OTEs), referred to as the Bhinder-Djaballah analysis method, we identified 1,252 lethal and 6 rescuer gene candidates, knockdown of which resulted in severe cell death or enhanced growth, respectively. Cross referencing individual hairpins with the TRC1 validated clone database, 239 of the 1,252 candidates were deemed independently validated with at least three validated clones. Through our systematic OTE analysis, we have identified 31 microRNAs (miRNAs) in lethal and 2 in rescuer genes; all having a seed heptamer mimic in the corresponding shRNA hairpins and likely cause of the OTE observed in our screen, perhaps unraveling a previously unknown plausible essentiality of these miRNAs in cellular viability. Taken together, we report on a methodology for performing large-scale arrayed shRNA screens, a comprehensive analysis method to nominate high-confidence hits, and a performance assessment of the TRC1 library highlighting the intracellular inefficiencies of shRNA processing in general.
Semiconductor microlenses fabricated by one-step focused ion beam direct writing (2002)

We fabricated a refractive semiconductor micro-lenses using a focused ion beam (FIB) direct writing technique. The simple one-step FIB process produced high-quality micro-lenses of silicon, the most popular and low cost semiconductor material used in optoelectronics. A spherical Si microlens with a nominal lens diameter of 48 /spl mu/m exhibited a radius curvature and focal length of 100 and 40 /spl mu/m, respectively. The maximum derivation between the measured and designed profiles is less than /spl lambda//100. The surface roughness, RMS, measured by use of atomic force microscope in 1/spl times/ 1 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ square area, is 1.1 nm. This microlens fabrication method could be readily applicable due to the simplicity in processing and the high-quality results.
8. Charge transfer and interface design in thermoelectric materials (2020)

Thermoelectric modules have applications in power generation, refrigeration, active cooling, and thermal switching. In all these applications, the key is to have a thermoelectric material with large power factor (PF). Simultaneously, large electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient values are needed to achieve large thermoelectric PF. Heavily doped semiconductors are by far the most studied class of thermoelectric materials. At low temperatures, the carrier mobility of heavily doped semiconductors is limited by the ionized impurity scattering. This chapter is an overview of the strategies that are proposed to enhance the charge carrier mobility of heavily doped semiconductors in their nanostructured form, including: selective doping, modulation doping, surface doping, and percolation. These strategies are demonstrated in multiphase samples in which the charge transfer may occur at the vicinity of the heterointerfaces. Therefore, interfaces are unavoidable and their impact on the thermoelectric transport is crucial in determining the performance of the thermoelectric materials.
Declarative networking (2009)

Declarative Networking is a programming methodology that enables developers to concisely specify network protocols and services, which are directly compiled to a dataflow framework that executes the specifications. This paper provides an introduction to basic issues in declarative networking, including language design, optimization, and dataflow execution. We present the intuition behind declarative programming of networks, including roots in Datalog, extensions for networked environments, and the semantics of long-running queries over network state. We focus on a sublanguage we call Network Datalog (NDlog) , including execution strategies that provide crisp eventual consistency semantics with significant flexibility in execution. We also describe a more general language called Overlog , which makes some compromises between expressive richness and semantic guarantees. We provide an overview of declarative network protocols, with a focus on routing protocols and overlay networks. Finally, we highlight related work in declarative networking, and new declarative approaches to related problems.
Ideation and Design Flow through the Hybrid Ideation Space (2008)

Este estudio evalua un innovador modelo inmersivo para realizar bocetos y crear sistemas: la Hybrid Ideation Space(HIS). El sistema permite a los disenadores hacer croquis y modelos en torno a todos ellos en tiempo y a escala real utilizando una tableta digital (boceto), la captura de la imagen (modelos fisicos) y un dispositivo de proyeccion esferica (inmersion). Se efectuo un experimento para evaluarlo utilizando el concepto de Diseno de flujo y el volumen de trabajo con los estudiantes de diseno industrial en equipos de trabajo durante la etapa de ideacion del diseno de un coche. Este HIS se comparo con instrumentos analogicos y tecnicas hibridas.
Gain and noise figure variations of an EDFA for pump wavelengths between 1460 and 1510nm (1990)

Recently, 978nm diode pumping of an erbium doped fiber amplifier has produced the highest gain coefficient of 3.9 dB/mW. However, pumping with 1.48-µm laser diodes: is also important because of the more mature technology for fabricating high power InGaAsP laser diodes. High optical gain is generally desirable, but a low noise figure is also important for use as a preamplifier. To optimize the amplifier performance and compare with 978-nm pumping, we measured the gain and noise characteristic of an erbium doped fiber amplifier for pump wavelengths between 1460 and 1510 nm.
Minirhizotrons: A Summary of Methods and Instruments in Current Use (1987)

The minirhizotron system is a multicomponent assembly that visually or photographically records normally inaccessible plant roots growing within the soil. The first major component of the minirhizotron system is the transparent observation tube. These tubes have often been referred to as minirhizotrons. Three methods have been used for permanently recording observations of roots in minirhizotrons. Two of these are photographic procedures and the other is hand-drawn pictures. Hand-drawn pictures of intersecting roots were originally used. The minirhizotron technique has been primarily used in the study of agronomic crops. The advantages of the minirhizotron method over destructive methods include: root growth measurements can be made on the same plant throughout its growth period. The method is flexible because it gives the researcher a wide range of options in establishing test conditions. There exists failure in some soils to maintain close contact between the soil and the observation tube.
Substrate Recognition by Recombinant Serine Collagenase 1 from Uca pugilator (1996)

Uca pugilator serine collagenase 1 was cloned and sequenced from a fiddler crab hepatopancreas cDNA library. A full-length sequence encodes a 270-amino acid pre-pro-enzyme highly identical in structure to the chymotrypsin family of serine proteases. The zymogen form of the enzyme was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a fusion with the alpha-factor signal sequence under control of the alcohol dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter. Upon activation with trypsin, the recombinant collagenase possesses collagenolytic properties identical to those of the enzyme isolated from the crab hepatopancreas. The collagenase substrate binding pocket recognizes a wide range of basic, hydrophobic, and neutral polar residues. beta-Branched and acidic amino acids are poor substrates. Acylation is rate-limiting for collagenase versus peptidyl amides, rather than deacylation, as for trypsin and chymotrypsin. Correlations relating substrate volume and hydrophobicity to catalysis were found for collagenase and compared to those for chymotrypsin and elastase. Relative enzyme efficiencies on single amino acid versus tetrapeptide amide substrates show that collagenase derives less catalytic efficiency from binding of the primary substrate residue than trypsin or chymotrypsin, but compensates in binding of the extended peptidyl residues. Serine collagenase 1 is a novel member of the chymotrypsin protease family, by virtue of its amino acid sequence and multifunctional active site.
Spaces, Trees, and Colors (2014)

Document retrieval is one of the best-established information retrieval activities since the ’60s, pervading all search engines. Its aim is to obtain, from a collection of text documents, those most relevant to a pattern query. Current technology is mostly oriented to “natural language” text collections, where inverted indexes are the preferred solution. As successful as this paradigm has been, it fails to properly handle various East Asian languages and other scenarios where the “natural language” assumptions do not hold. Inthis survey, we cover the recent research in extending the document retrieval techniques to a broader class of sequence collections, which has applications in bioinformatics, data and web mining, chemoinformatics, software engineering, multimedia information retrieval, and many other fields. We focus on the algorithmic aspects of the techniques, uncovering a rich world of relations between document retrieval challenges and fundamental problems on trees, strings, range queries, discrete geometry, and other areas.