gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vision Specific Quality of Life of Pediatric Contact Lens Wearers (2010)

Myopic children younger than 12 years of age report better vision-related quality of life when they are fit with contact lenses than when they wear glasses. Older children, children who participate in recreational activities, children who are motivated to wear contact lenses, and children who do not like their appearance in glasses will benefit most.
Synthesis and Properties of Hyperbranched Aromatic Polyamide Copolymers from AB and AB2 Monomers by Direct Polycondensation (2000)

Hyperbranched aromatic polyamide copolymers were prepared by direct polycondensation of 3-(4-aminophenoxy)benzoic acid (AB monomer) and 3,5-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzoic acid (AB2 monomer) in the presence of triphenyl phosphite and pyridine as condensation agents. The structure of resulting polymers was confirmed by IR, 1H, and 13C NMR measurements. The composition of monomers determined by 1H NMR was almost identical to the feed ratio of monomers. 13C NMR revealed that the copolymers were composed of five kinds of repeating units whose ratio was consistent with statistical distribution. The resulting copolymers were soluble in aprotic polar solvents such as DMF, NMP, and DMSO, and transparent yellow films were prepared from DMF solution of the copolymers. The temperature of a 5% weight loss determined by TGA was over 400 °C for all copolymers. The feed ratio of the monomers affected the glass transition temperatures (Tgs) and the softening points (Tss). A minimum Tg was observed at a 50% of the AB2 monomer whereas Tss gradually decreased with increasing the AB2 monomer and became constant over a 60%. Young's modulus determined by the tensile test decreased from 2.4 to 1.6 GPa with increasing amount of the AB2 monomer in the range 0−60%.
Beyond Prostate Cancer: An Androgen Receptor Splice Variant Expression in Multiple Malignancies, Non-Cancer Pathologies, and Development (2023)

Multiple studies have demonstrated the importance of androgen receptor (AR) splice variants (SVs) in the progression of prostate cancer to the castration-resistant phenotype and their utility as a diagnostic. However, studies on AR expression in non-prostatic malignancies uncovered that AR-SVs are expressed in glioblastoma, breast, salivary, bladder, kidney, and liver cancers, where they have diverse roles in tumorigenesis. AR-SVs also have roles in non-cancer pathologies. In granulosa cells from women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, unique AR-SVs lead to an increase in androgen production. In patients with nonobstructive azoospermia, testicular Sertoli cells exhibit differential expression of AR-SVs, which is associated with impaired spermatogenesis. Moreover, AR-SVs have been identified in normal cells, including blood mononuclear cells, neuronal lipid rafts, and the placenta. The detection and characterization of AR-SVs in mammalian and non-mammalian species argue that AR-SV expression is evolutionarily conserved and that AR-SV-dependent signaling is a fundamental regulatory feature in multiple cellular contexts. These discoveries argue that alternative splicing of the AR transcript is a commonly used mechanism that leads to an expansion in the repertoire of signaling molecules needed in certain tissues. Various malignancies appropriate this mechanism of alternative AR splicing to acquire a proliferative and survival advantage.
Memristor-based Offset Cancellation Technique in Analog Crossbars (2023)

Analog computing platforms have been a popular and promising research area that suggest efficient ways of computation compared to its digital counterparts. Memristor based crossbars drew attention by computing the vector-matrix calculation intensive tasks such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in one time step. Although they provide an energy efficient way of computing these tasks, analog computation in general suffers from non-idealities and systematic errors in the circuitry, which could degrade the performance and accuracy significantly. One of the issues is the random offset associated with the op-amps in the system resulting from the process and mismatch variations. In this paper, a novel technique is offered to reduce the negative effects of the random offset and increase the output accuracy. This newly proposed system uses minimum extra circuitry and additional power consumption and only requires the crossbar to be enlarged by two extra rows. The intrinsic issue of the analog crossbars, interconnect parasitics, must be incorporated into the problem, and a way to separate the offset and wire resistance issues from each other is offered. The functionality of the system has been shown with a case study in the results section where the op-amps have <tex>$\sigma_{offset}=3mV$</tex>. The effectiveness of the offered technique demonstrates a 6× better accuracy with the mitigation of the offset problem. The proposed method can be used in memristor and other analog crossbars to achieve a greater performance and thus improve their competitiveness.
Methods to Identify and Characterize Different NK Cell Receptors and Their Ligands (2009)

Different cellular immune responses are modulated by the cross talk between activating and inhibitory signaling pathways initiated via different cell surface receptors. Similarly, the killing of NK cells is controlled by multiple activating and inhibitory surface receptors. In humans, the major NK triggering receptors, identified so far, include NKp80, 2B4 NKG2D, and CD16 and the natural cytotoxic receptors (collectively named NCRs) include NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30. The two major families of MHC-specific inhibitory receptors identified in humans are the Ig superfamily (KIR and LIR) and the C-type lectin (CD94/NKG2A) receptor superfamily. The different inhibitory receptors show diverse specificity and discriminate between different class I MHC proteins. Much is known about the function and expression patterns of the different NK cell receptors, but the ligand identity of several of the activating NK cell receptors is yet to be discovered. This chapter introduces several research tools that can be used to uncover the identities of different ligands for NK cell receptors.
Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Age- and Gender-Specific Lung Morphology and Ventilation Rate on the Dosimetry of Vapors (2003)

In recent years, there have been growing concerns that due to differences, both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic, between children and adults, children could be at greater risk of adverse effects following chemical exposure. The specific goal of this study was to demonstrate an approach for using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to compare inhalation dosimetry in the adult and the child of both males and females. Three categories of gases were considered: rapidly and irreversibly reactive in the respiratory tract (ozone), relatively water-soluble and nonreactive (isopropanol), and relatively water-insoluble and nonreactive (styrene, vinyl chloride, and perchloroethylene). The nonreactive chemicals were also selected because they are metabolized in the respiratory tract. The age-related changes observed for the estimated dose metrics were a function of the physiochemical properties of the inhaled vapor and their interactions in the body. Blood concentrations estimated for all vapors, either poorly metabolized (e.g., PERC), moderately metabolized (e.g., ST), or highly metabolized vapors (e.g., IPA and VC), varied less than a factor of two between infants and adults. These changes, moreover, were confined to the first year after birth, a relatively short window compared to the total lifespan of the individual. In contrast, circulating metabolite concentrations estimated in the blood, as well as amounts metabolized in the liver and lung, appeared to be a strong function of age, due to their dependence on the maturity of the pertinent metabolic enzyme systems.
Involvement of mitochondrial protein synthesis in sporulation: effects of erythromycin on macromolecular synthesis, meiosis, and ascospore formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1983)

Cells of strain Z270 (MAT alpha/MAT alpha) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae did not undergo ascospore formation in buffered or unbuffered acetate sporulation medium in the presence of erythromycin. The drug inhibited sporulation when added within the first 6 to 8 h and affected to different extents some of the metabolic and sporulation-specific events that normally occur during this period. In sporulation medium, protein synthesis was highly sensitive to erythromycin, whereas RNA synthesis was unaffected and premeiotic DNA synthesis was partially inhibited. Intragenic recombination occurred at normal rates for the various heteroallelic loci tested, but rates of intergenic recombination were markedly reduced, and commitment to haploidization did not occur; hence, development was evidently arrested between intragenic and intergenic recombination. Cells kept for 8 h in acetate sporulation medium that were ready for sporulation in water without erythromycin failed to sporulate in water containing the drug, indicating that erythromycin can inhibit sporulation independent of acetate utilization.
An update on development of a cryogenically cooled-silicon mirror for the Advanced Light Source Upgrade project (2020)

In this paper we provide an update on the development of a novel cantilevered-liquid-nitrogen-cooled-silicon mirror for a new insertion device beamline included in the Advanced Light Source Upgrade (ALS-U). The goals of this mirror development are to achieve diffraction limited performance, demonstrate reliability, minimize coolant flow induced vibration, and demonstrate carbon contamination prevention and cleaning techniques. In this paper we summarize the design requirements, the design of the mirror system, and prototype fabrication.
Fluorescent Proteins and in Vitro Genetic Organization for Cell-Free Synthetic Biology (2013)

To facilitate the construction of cell-free genetic devices, we evaluated the ability of 17 different fluorescent proteins to give easily detectable fluorescence signals in real-time from in vitro transcription-translation reactions with a minimal system consisting of T7 RNA polymerase and E. coli translation machinery, i.e., the PUREsystem. The data were used to construct a ratiometric fluorescence assay to quantify the effect of genetic organization on in vitro expression levels. Synthetic operons with varied spacing and sequence composition between two genes that coded for fluorescent proteins were then assembled. The resulting data indicated which restriction sites and where the restriction sites should be placed in order to build genetic devices in a manner that does not interfere with protein expression. Other simple design rules were identified, such as the spacing and sequence composition influences of regions upstream and downstream of ribosome binding sites and the ability of non-AUG start codons to function in vitro.
Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB2 (p100/p52) Is Required for Normal Splenic Microarchitecture and B Cell–mediated Immune Responses (1998)

The nfkb2 gene is a member of the Rel/NF-kappa B family of transcription factors. COOH-terminal deletions and rearrangements of this gene have been associated with the development of human cutaneous T cell lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemias, and multiple myelomas. To further investigate the function of NF-kappa B2, we have generated mutant mice carrying a germline mutation of the nfkb2 gene by homologous recombination. NF-kappa B2-deficient mice showed a marked reduction in the B cell compartment in spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Moreover, spleen and lymph nodes of mutant mice presented an altered architecture, characterized by diffuse, irregular B cell areas and the absence of discrete perifollicular marginal and mantle zones; the formation of secondary germinal centers in spleen was also impaired. Proliferation of NF-kappa B2-deficient B cells was moderately reduced in response to lipopolysaccharide, anti-IgD-dextran, and CD40, but maturation and immunoglobulin switching were normal. However, nfkb2 (-/-) animals presented a deficient immunological response to T cell-dependent and -independent antigens. These findings indicate an important role of NF-kappa B2 in the maintenance of the peripheral B cell population, humoral responses, and normal spleen architecture.
Obtaining High-Quality Label by Distinguishing between Easy and Hard Items in Crowdsourcing (2017)

Crowdsourcing systems make it possible to hire voluntary workers to label large-scale data by offering them small monetary payments. Usually, the taskmaster requires to collect high-quality labels, while the quality of labels obtained from the crowd may not satisfy this requirement. In this paper, we study the problem of obtaining high-quality labels from the crowd and present an approach of learning the difficulty of items in crowdsourcing, in which we construct a small training set of items with estimated difficulty and then learn a model to predict the difficulty of future items. With the predicted difficulty, we can distinguish between easy and hard items to obtain high-quality labels. For easy items, the quality of their labels inferred from the crowd could be high enough to satisfy the requirement; while for hard items, the crowd could not provide high-quality labels, it is better to choose a more knowledgable crowd or employ specialized workers to label them. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach by learning to distinguish between easy and hard items can significantly improve the label quality.
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Raman spectroscopy as a method for monitoring healing process in bone, intestinal anastomosis and stomach in rat. (2009)

We focused on Raman spectroscopy as a method for monitoring healing process i) bone healing, ii) intestinal anastomosis healing and iii) stomach healing. To accelerate and improve healing we used pentadecapeptide BPC 157, either ip application (10ug, 10 ng/kg, once daily) (i, ii) or topical application of one drop at the site of injury (2mg, 2ug, 2 ng, 2pg/ml) (iii) . i. Raman spectra were recorded at the edge of the circular bone defect of a rat skull, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after the defect was induced. Some changes of characteristic Raman bands appeared in spectra recorded from bone of BPC 157 rats already after 3 and 7 days while in controls effect was observes after 14 days. ii. Raman spectra were recorded at the site of the intestinal anastomosis 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14 days after the ileoileal anatomosis was created. Differences of spectra were demonstrated using principal component analysis to maximize the spectral variances. Separations of the spectra with different healing period on PC scores scatterplot indicated some changes of Raman spectra recorded from intestine of BPC 157 rats. iii. The 3x3mm samples were excided from the rats stomach, and either kindly brushed or leaved intact, and one drop of distilled water with or without BPC 157 was inserted to the specimen through the holder. Five Raman spectra were recorded in intervals of 10 minutes. Principal component analysis was applied on all recorded spectra and separation according to concentration and time was noticed. Separations of the spectra with different post-application period and different BPC 157 concentrations on PC scores scatterplot indicated definitive changes of Raman spectra recorded from both damaged and non damaged stomach of BPC 157 rats in either of tested post-application intervals.
IMPAIRED RBC DEFORMABILITY MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE BRAIN DAMAGE WHICH OCCURS IN HYPOTHERMIC CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS (CPB) IN INFANTS (1997)

Kameneva, M. V.; Ündar, A.; Antaki, J. F.; Walach, M. J.; Calhoon, J. H.; Borovelz, H. S. Author Information
Progresses on plant AP2/ERF transcription factors (2012)

Plant AP2/ERF transcription factor with AP2/ERF domain containing 60-70 amino acids is a huge gene family present in all plant. AP2/ERF transcriptional factors are involved in various biological functions such as plant development, flower development, fruit and seed maturation, wounding, pathogen defense, high salty, drought, and so on. AP2/ERF transcription factor are involved in salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid signal transduction pathways and among them. The transcription factors are cross-talk factor in stress signal pathway. This paper summarizes the most advanced researches on types, biological functions, and gene regulations of plant AP2/ERF transcription factors.
Glutamate, Glutamine, and GABA as Substrates for the Neuronal and Glial Compartments After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats (1998)

Data were obtained consistent with time-dependent changes in the utilization of glutamate and GABA or glutamine as metabolic substrates for the glial or neuronal compartments of rat brain after FCI.
Conditional Means and Covariances of Normal Variables with Singular Covariance Matrix (1964)

Abstract This note gives formulas for conditional means and covariances—formulas which are valid even when the joint distribution is singular. The method is algebraic; it applies to any joint distribution for which independence and zero correlation are equivalent.
The Chip-Scale Atomic Clock - Recent developments (2009)

We report on recent advances in the core performance and capabilities of the chip-scale atomic clock.
Short Paper: Data Mining-based Fault Prediction and Detection on the Grid (2006)

This paper describes a novel approach to fault detection and prediction on the grid based on data mining techniques. Data mining techniques are here applied as a mean to effectively process the significant amount of captured data from grid sites, services, workflows and activities. The paper provides a first approach of proposed techniques in terms of its ability of utilizing relevant information and the fault tolerance requirements. Such approach is one intelligent, distributed framework of fault detection and prediction for anomaly and failed activity by using resource- and workflow-based information. We use fault predictions to improve the performance of the workflow execution by avoiding potential faults of activities
Dark preincubation improves shoot organogenesis from Rhodiola crenulata leaf explants (2012)

An efficient in vitro plant regeneration system has been developed using dark preincubated leaf explants of Rhodiola crenulata, a traditional Tibetan medicinal plant. The leaf explants, preincubated in the dark for 5 d, developed an average of 9.1 shoots per explant on a medium containing 15 μM N 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 2.5 μM gibberellic acid (GA3). The biochemical mechanism underlying dark-induced shoot organogenesis was investigated by measuring polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. Dark preincubation significantly reduced PPO activity in leaf explants during the initial period of shoot organogenesis and reduced browning compared to explants cultured in the light. Up to 88.4 % of the regenerated shoots formed roots and developed into complete plantlets on a medium containing 5 μM indoleacetic acid (IAA) within 25 d. Approximately 82 % of the regenerated plantlets survived transplantation and grew vigorously in the greenhouse.
Ti-Ni sputter-deposited SMA thin films and their applications to microactuators (2003)

The motivation for fabricating sputter-deposited TiNi-base shape memory alloy thin films originates from the great demand for the development of powerful microactuators which can drive micromachines, because actuation force and displacement are greatest in the shape memory alloys among many actuator materials. Besides, even an intrinsic disadvantage of the shape memory alloy such as slow response due to the limitation of cooling rate can be greatly improved in micro size actuators, because the surface/volyme ratio of materials will drastically increase in thin films so that cooling rate becomes efficient. The present paper will give an outline of the recent development and characterization of sputter-deposited Ti-Ni based shape memory alloy thin films and their applications for microactuators. Some prototypes of microstructures consisting if Si warfare and sputter-deposited Ti-Ni thin films have been fabricated by utilizing silicone-based micromachining techniques. The fabrication processes and actuator characteristics of the microactuators will be presented.
Poseidon: Mitigating interest flooding DDoS attacks in Named Data Networking (2013)

Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is an emerging networking paradigm being considered as a possible replacement for the current IP-based host-centric Internet infrastructure. CCN focuses on content distribution, which is arguably not well served by IP. Named-Data Networking (NDN) is an example of CCN. NDN is also an active research project under the NSF Future Internet Architectures (FIA) program. FIA emphasizes security and privacy from the outset and by design. To be a viable Internet architecture, NDN must be resilient against current and emerging threats. This paper focuses on distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks; in particular we address interest flooding, an attack that exploits key architectural features of NDN. We show that an adversary with limited resources can implement such attack, having a significant impact on network performance. We then introduce Poseidon: a framework for detecting and mitigating interest flooding attacks. Finally, we report on results of extensive simulations assessing proposed countermeasure.
Laser‐Generated Shocks and Bubbles as Laboratory‐Scale Models of Underwater Explosions (2002)

Underwater shocks and bubbles were generated using a high energy pulsed laser system. The advantages of this experimental approach are: (1) precisely controlled and measured experimental conditions; (2) improved diagnostics, including extensive imaging capabilities; (3) unique experiments, including a simultaneously detonated line charge; and (4) the ability to provide validation quality data for hydrodynamic simulation codes. Bubble sensitivity to variation of several experimental parameters was examined. Numerical simulations were performed corresponding to the experimental shots, showing that empirical bubble theory, experimental bubble data, and simulations were all in good agreement.
Chemical Synthesis of Homogeneous Human Glycosyl-interferon-β That Exhibits Potent Antitumor Activity in Vivo (2012)

Chemical synthesis of homogeneous human glycoproteins exhibiting bioactivity in vivo has been a challenging task. In an effort to overcome this long-standing problem, we selected interferon-β and examined its synthesis. The 166 residue polypeptide chain of interferon-β was prepared by covalent condensation of two synthetic peptide segments and a glycosylated synthetic peptide bearing a complex-type glycan of biological origin. The peptides were covalently condensed by native chemical ligation. Selective desulfurization followed by deprotection of the two Cys(Acm) residues gave the target full-length polypeptide chain of interferon-β bearing either a complex-type sialyl biantennary oligosaccharide or its asialo form. Subsequent folding with concomitant formation of the native disulfide bond afforded correctly folded homogeneous glycosyl-interferon-β. The chemically synthesized sialyl interferon-β exhibited potent antitumor activity in vivo.