gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Some Human Factors Considerations for Designing Mixed Reality Interfaces (2006)

Mixed Reality (MR) refers to the general case of combining images along a continuum which ranges from purely real (unmodelled) data, such as raw video images, to completely virtual images, based on modelled environments. Depending on where a particular display mode lies on the reality-virtuality continuum, MR encompasses the case of Augmented Reality (AR), as well as the case of Augmented Virtuality (AV). In designing human-machine interfaces for mixed reality applications, a number of considerations are discussed which may potentially impact the effectiveness of the design. In addition to the real-virtual image content (which is closely related to how much knowledge is available about the images being displayed), these include the (visual) perceptual impact of the display technologies used for combining real and virtual images, which manifest themselves in particular when virtual objects must be aligned with real ones, for applications such as AR mediated teleoperation. Other considerations include where the user's particular viewpoint lies along a continuum ranging from ego- to exo-centricity, as well as control-display congruence issues constrained by the other MR factors.
Rotational motion model for temporal prediction in 360 video coding (2017)

The recent boom in the field of virtual and augmented reality has dramatically increased the prevalence of spherical video. Given the enormous amount of data consumed by spherical video, it is critical to achieve efficient compression for storage and transmission. Prevalent approaches simply project (via different geometries) the spherical video onto planes for processing with traditional 2D video coding standards. However, such approaches are significantly sub-optimal as standard video coders only allow for block translations in the critical tool of motion compensated prediction, which is incompatible with the expected motion in projected spherical video. Specifically, the effective sampling density varies over the sphere and the resulting locally varying warping yields complex non-linear motion in the projected domain. Hence, translation in the projected domain does not preserve an object's shape and size on the sphere, and its corresponding motion vector does not have a useful physical interpretation. Instead, we propose to characterize the motion directly on the sphere with a rotational motion model, specifically, in terms of sphere rotations along geodesics. This model preserves object shape and size on the sphere. A motion vector in this model implicitly specifies an axis of rotation and the degree of rotation about that axis, to convey the actual motion of objects on the sphere. Complementary to the novel motion model, we further propose an effective motion search technique that is tailored to the sphere's geometry. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves significant gains over prevalent motion models, across various projection geometries.
Environmental analysis of perovskites and other relevant solar cell technologies in a tandem configuration (2017)

A PK<sub>Sn,Pb</sub>/PK<sub>Pb</sub> tandem was found to be the most promising PV technology for lowering the environmental impacts from solar PVs.
High temperature oxidation and mechanical behavior of β21s and Ti6242S Ti-based alloys (2020)

Aircraft industry always looks for higher in-service temperatures and lighter structures. With a high specific strength, Ti-based alloys are good candidates for such applications. However, when exposed to oxidizing environments at high temperatures, they undergo large oxygen dissolution while forming an oxide scale, which can greatly affect their mechanical properties. Then, evaluating the oxidation resistance and mechanical behavior of such alloys is essential. In this aim, long term oxidation tests were performed under laboratory air between 500 °C and 625 °C on two Ti-based alloys: β21s, exhibiting a fully β microstructure supposed to dissolve lower amount of oxygen and nitrogen, and Ti6242S, with an α/β microstructure. The oxidized samples were characterized using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDS and micro-durometer. As for the mechanical behavior, tensile tests were performed at room temperature on not aged and on oxidized samples. While larger mass variations were obtained at 500 and 560 °C and up to 997 h at 625 °C for β21s, its mass variations became lower than those of Ti6242S for longer durations at 625 °C. Nevertheless, β21s exhibited thicker micro-hardness affected depths and underwent larger mechanical property modifications compared to Ti6242S.
Cationic Cobalt–Thiolate Complexes for the Dehydrogenative Coupling of nBu3SnH (2022)

The synthesis and characterization of novel cationic cobalt(III) thiolate complexes [Cp*Co(RPyS)]22+ 2[BArF4]− (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) are described, and their ability to promote cooperative, heterolytic Sn–H bond activation has been investigated. These complexes, decorated with pyridine-2-thiolate (RPyS) ligands of different steric demand, do form air-stable, sulfur-bridged dimers in solution and in the solid state but still act as precatalysts. After a minute-long induction period, likely required for their dissociation, the least congested complex efficiently catalyzes the dehydrogenative homocoupling of nBu3SnH at room temperature. Two molecules of the hydrostannane are converted into the corresponding distannane within minutes.
Mechanism of enhanced luminescence in InxAlyGa1−x−yN quaternary epilayers (2004)

We report firm evidence for the underlying mechanism of the enhanced luminescence in InxAlyGa1−x−yN quaternary epilayers. Photoluminescence, Raman scattering, field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), and cathodoluminescence (CL) measurements have been employed to study the correlation between optical and structural properties in these alloys. The phonon replica structures accompanying luminescence line, InGaN-related phonon modes in Raman spectra, SEM images, element composition analysis by EDS, and localized CL spectra provide the evidence to show that the existence of InGaN-like nanoclusters is responsible for the enhanced luminescence in InxAlyGa1−x−yN quaternary alloys. Our result therefore gives an excellent demonstration showing that because of the existence of nanoclusters a very defective alloy can exhibit a strong emission even at room temperature.
Genomic Diversity and Evolution of Quasispecies in Newcastle Disease Virus Infections (2020)

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infections are well known to harbour quasispecies, due to the error-prone nature of the RNA polymerase. Quasispecies variants in the fusion cleavage site of the virus are known to significantly change its virulence. However, little is known about the genomic patterns of diversity and selection in NDV viral swarms. We analyse deep sequencing data from in vitro and in vivo NDV infections to uncover the genomic patterns of diversity and the signatures of selection within NDV swarms. Variants in viruses from in vitro samples are mostly localised in non-coding regions and 3' and 5' untranslated regions (3'UTRs or 5'UTRs), while in vivo samples contain an order of magnitude more variants. We find different patterns of genomic divergence and diversity among NDV genotypes, as well as differences in the genomic distribution of intra-host variants among in vitro and in vivo infections of the same strain. The frequency spectrum shows clear signatures of intra-host purifying selection in vivo on the matrix protein (M) coding gene and positive or diversifying selection on nucleocapsid (NP) and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN). The comparison between within-host polymorphisms and phylogenetic divergence reveals complex patterns of selective pressure on the NDV genome at between- and within-host level. The M sequence is strongly constrained both between and within hosts, fusion protein (F) coding gene is under intra-host positive selection, and NP and HN show contrasting patterns: HN RNA sequence is positively selected between hosts while its protein sequence is positively selected within hosts, and NP is under intra-host positive selection at the RNA level and negative selection at the protein level.
A simulation methodology for online process control of hot mix asphalt (HMA) production (2010)

The quality of hot mix asphalt (HMA) is directly related to the quality of the input aggregates and the control of the production process. Many factors such as aggregate gradation and moisture level affect the quality of hot mix asphalt. As state agencies dictate certain standards on quality of the product, some quality assurance techniques have been used in HMA plants. In the current practice, a production sample is taken and analyzed in the lab. The lab analysis takes approximately two hours, making it difficult to quickly correct production mix problems. In this paper, a new online process control of asphalt production system designed to overcome this problem is described. In the proposed system, an image processing system continuously analyzes images of the samples and the required corrective action is taken instantly by a computerized optimization system. In this paper, the simulation model of the proposed online process control system is presented and the results are discussed.
Kinetics of Desorption of Organic Compounds from Dissolved Organic Matter (2011)

This study presents a new experimental technique for measuring rates of desorption of organic compounds from dissolved organic matter (DOM) such as humic substances. The method is based on a fast solid-phase extraction of the freely dissolved fraction of a solute when the solution is flushed through a polymer-coated capillary. The extraction interferes with the solute-DOM sorption equilibrium and drives the desorption process. Solutes which remain sorbed to DOM pass through the extraction capillary and can be analyzed afterward. This technique allows a time resolution for the desorption kinetics from subseconds up to minutes. It is applicable to the study of interaction kinetics between a wide variety of hydrophobic solutes and polyelectrolytes. Due to its simplicity it is accessible for many environmental laboratories. The time-resolved in-tube solid-phase microextraction (TR-IT-SPME) was applied to two humic acids and a surfactant as sorbents together with pyrene, phenanthrene and 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane as solutes. The results give evidence for a two-phase desorption kinetics: a fast desorption step with a half-life of less than 1 s and a slow desorption step with a half-life of more than 1 min. For aliphatic solutes, the fast-desorbing fraction largely dominates, whereas for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as pyrene, the slowly desorbing, stronger-bound fraction is also important.
Inhibitory interneuron transplants restore brain functions in an Alzheimer mouse model (2014)

Trabajo presentado en 44th Annual Meeting Society for Neuroscience, celebrado en Washington, DC (USA) del 15 al 19 de noviembre de 2014
Seismic performance evaluation of exterior beam-column sub-assemblages designed according to different codal recommendations (2011)

In the present study, seismic performance of exterior beam-column sub-assemblages is evaluated by considering different stages of Eurocode (EC) and Indian Standard (IS) provisions for design of the reinforced concrete structures. The study has brought out the implications of the differences in the guidelines on seismic performance. It is found that the gravity load designed (GLD) structure is vulnerable to even medium intensity earthquake. Among the seismically designed specimens without ductile detailing, the one which was designed as per IS exhibits better performance compared to that designed according to the EC with 10% more energy dissipation under large drift ratio. Among the seismically designed and ductile detailed specimens, the one designed as per EC provisions for medium ductility could not perform as good as that designed as per ductile provisions from IS (25% less energy dissipation). Stiffness degradation of the specimens is also found to be a crucial parameter and varies considerably among the specimens. Therefore, earthquake design and ductile detailing provisions of different standards and their progressive improvements have considerable influence on seismic performance of reinforced concrete structures.
Effect of Alloying Elements and Rolling Conditions on Planar Anisotropy of &gamma; Value of High Strength Hot-rolled Steel Sheet for Deep Drawing (1981)

Planar anisotropy of γ value (Δγ=|γ0+γ90/2-γ45|) of Nb-treated high strength hot-rolled steel sheet is usually high. The way for decreasing Δγ was studied with laboratory melted materials and experimental rolling mill.Mechanism which leads to the increase of Δγ can probably be explained as follows: The rolling conditions such as rolling sequence or lubrication may affect the development of austenite texture in a temperature range where recrystallization does not take place. This texture is inherited by ferrite through the γ-α transformation.Unidirectional rolling makes Δγ higher than reverse rolling and water-lubrication or no-lubrication makes Δγ higher than oil-lubrication.Ti, V, Mo do not have such a strong effect of increasing the lowest temperature of γ recrystallization (Tc) as Nb does.So these elements are suitable to the additions for decreasing Δγ of high strength hot-rolled steel sheet for deep drawing.
THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANO-ARSENIC, ANTIMONY AND BISMUTH COMPOUNDS: AN OVERVIEW (1999)

The chemistry of organo-arsenic, -antimony and -bismuth compounds has been reviewed. General features of group 15 elements and the stereochemistries adopted by these elements are discussed briefly. This review covers the chemistry of tri-and pentavalent organometallic compounds of arsenic, antimony and bismuth as well as metal-metal and multiply bonded, heterocyclic and coordination compounds. Pharmaceuticals and environmental aspects of these compounds have also been discussed. Emerging trends in the field have been brought out in the end.
The self-orthogonality phenomenon (2011)

In the standard (Hermitian) formalism of quantum mechanics, usually when a potential parameter is varied the crossing of energy levels with the same symmetry is avoided. However, within the framework of the non-Hermitian formalism it is possible that two (or even more) complex eigenvalues with the same symmetry will cross. At the crossing point the eigenvalues are degenerate and this is accompanied by the coalescence of the eigenfunctions (or eigenvectors). Therefore, we may term this special situation as a non-Hermitian degeneracy. This special situation is associated with a branch point in the complex energy plane which is commonly termed an "exceptional point" in the spectrum of the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. With respect to the c-product defined for non-Hermitian operators (matrices) in Chapter 6, the degenerate eigenstate is self-orthogonal. Since a branch point in the spectrum is removed by any infinitesimally small external perturbation, it seems to be inaccessible experimentally and may be considered just as a mathematical object rather than a physical one. However, as we will show here, by varying the potential parameters the existence of a branch point is reflected in the measurement of the geometrical phases also known as Berry phases. It should be stressed here that while in our case the geometrical phase results from a coalescence of eigenfunctions of a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian, the so-called Berry phase phenomenon occurs also within the Hermitian formalism of quantum mechanics when the eigenvalues of the molecular Hamiltonian in the Born–Oppenheimer approximation are degenerate for specific geometry of the poly-atomic molecule.
Preparation and properties of 3‐cyano pyridine ad+, a new analogue of nad+ (1970)

A bbreviah'ons: 3-cyano Py AD+: 3cyano pyridine adenine dinucleotide; thio NAD+: thio nicotinamide adenine
Effect of load control strategies for methanol fueled vehicle on drive cycle emissions (2013)

The use of methanol as spark-ignition engine fuel can help to increase energy security and offers the prospect of carbon neutral transport. Methanol’s properties enable considerable improvements in engine performance, efficiency and CO2 emissions compared to gasoline operation. Previous research is reported that both flex-fuel and dedicated methanol engines can benefit from an operating strategy employing exhaust gas recirculation to control the load while leaving the throttle wide open (WOT). The current paper presents follow-up work to determine to what extent these advantages still stand over an entire drive cycle by vehicle simulation software. The CO2 and NOx emissions of methanol vehicle with hybrid system are estimated to be 85 g/km and 0.06 g/km at NEDC, 149g/mi and 0.07 g/mi at FTP. Thus our results indicate that the WOT-EGR strategy with high compression ratio methanol fuelled engine represents an interesting alternative powertrain to conventional gasoline/diesel vehicles.
Insulin analogs with B24 or B25 phenylalanine replaced by biphenylalanine (2008)

B24 and B25 phenylalanines (Phe) play important roles in insulin structure and function. Insulin analogs with B24 Phe or B25 Phe replaced by biphenylalanine (Bip) were prepared by enzymatic semisynthesis. The biological activities were determined by receptor binding assay and in vivo mouse convulsion assay. The results showed that B25 Bip insulin has 139% receptor binding activity and 50% in vivo biological activity, whereas B24 Bip insulin is inactive, when compared with native insulin, suggesting that B24 Phe is crucial for insulin activity. The structures in solution were studied by circular dichroism and fluoremetry, and our results suggested that the insulin analogs with low activities tend to be more tightly packed. The association properties were studied by size exclusion chromatography. The Bip-amide replacement of B24 Phe in deshexapeptide insulin or B25 Phe in despentapeptide insulin will cause the monomeric B24 Phe-amide deshexapeptide insulin or B25 Phe-amide despentapeptide insulin to associate and form dimers, whereas the mutations of B24 Phe in insulin will make insulin dimers dissociate into insulin monomers.
Atomic-resolution imaging of oxidation states in manganites (2009)

Aberration corrected electron optics allows routine acquisition of high spatial resolution spectroscopic images in the scanning transmission electron microscope, which is important when trying to understand the physics of transition-metal oxides such as manganites. The physical properties of these perovskites are intimately related to the occupancies of the partially filled $3d$ bands, which define their oxidation state. In this work, we review procedures to obtain this electronic property in ${\text{La}}_{x}{\text{Ca}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{MnO}}_{3}$ from atomic-column-resolved electron energy-loss spectra measured in the aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. In bulk samples, several features of both the average $\text{Mn}\text{ }{L}_{2,3}$ edge and the $\text{O}\text{ }K$ edge fine structure change linearly with Mn nominal valence. These linear correlations are extracted and used as a calibration to quantify oxidation states from atomic resolution spectroscopic images. In such images, the same fine-structure features exhibit further changes, commensurate with the underlying atomic lattice. Mn valence values calculated from those images show unexpected oscillations. The combination of experiment with density-functional theory and dynamical scattering simulations allows detailed interpretation of these maps, distinguishing dynamical scattering effects from actual changes in electronic properties related to the local atomic structure. Specifically, in ${\text{LaMnO}}_{3}$, the two nonequivalent O sites can be distinguished by these methods.
Quantum well infrared photodetectors for long-wavelength infrared applications (1998)

Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs) offer greater flexibility than usual extrinsically doped semiconductor IR detectors because the wavelength of the peak response and cutoff can be continuously tailored by varying layer thickness (well width), barrier composition (barrier height), and carrier density (well doping density). The GaAs/Al<SUB>x</SUB>Ga<SUB>1- x</SUB>As material system allows the quantum well parameters to be varied over a range wide enough to enable light detection at any wavelength range between 6 - 20 micrometer. The spectral band width of these detectors can be tuned from narrow ((Delta) (lambda) /(lambda) approximately 10%) to wide ((Delta) (lambda) /(lambda) approximately 40%), allowing various applications. Also, QWIP device parameters can be optimized to achieve extremely high performance at lower operating temperatures (approximately 40 K) for low background, long- wavelength, infrared applications in the strategic arena as well as in Astronomy. Furthermore, QWIPs offer low cost per pixel and highly uniform, large format, focal plane arrays (FPAs) mainly due to mature GaAs/AlGaAs growth and processing technologies.
Ambient temperature liquid salt electrolytes (2023)

Alkali metal salts usually have high melting points due to strong electrostatic interactions and solvents are needed to create ambient temperature liquid electrolytes. Here, we report on six phosphate-anion-based alkali metal salts, Li/Na/K, all of which are liquids at room temperature, with glass transition temperatures ranging from -61 to -29 °C, and are thermally stable up to at least 225 °C. While the focus herein is on various physico-chemical properties, these salts also exhibit high anodic stabilities, up to 6 V <i>vs.</i> M/M<sup>+</sup> (M = Li/Na/K), and deliver some battery performance - at elevated temperatures as there are severe viscosity limitations at room-temperature. While the battery performance arguably is sub-par, solvent-free electrolytes based on alkali metal salts such as these should pave the way for conceptually different Li/Na/K-batteries, either by refined anion design or by using several salts to create eutectic mixtures.
A new ion-exchange adsorbent with paramagnetic properties for the separation of genomic DNA (2011)

A new ion-exchange adsorbent (IEA) derived from Fe(3)O(4)/SiO(2)-GPTMS-DEAE with paramagnetic properties was prepared. Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles were firstly prepared in water-in-oil microemulsion. The magnetic Fe(3)O(4) particles were modified in situ by hydrolysis and condensation reactions with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) to form the core-shell Fe(3)O(4)/SiO(2). The modified particles were further treated by 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) to form Fe(3)O(4)/SiO(2)-GPTMS nanoparticles. Fe(3)O(4)/SiO(2)-GPTMS-DEAE nanoparticles (IEA) were finally obtained through the condensation reaction between the Cl of diethylaminoethyl chloride-HCl (DEAE) and the epoxy groups of GPTMS in the Fe(3)O(4)/SiO(2)-GPTMS. The obtained IEA has features of paramagnetic and ion exchange properties because of the Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles and protonated organic amine in the sample. The intermediates and final product obtained in the synthesis process were characterized. The separation result of genomic DNA from blood indicated that Fe(3)O(4)/SiO(2)-GPTMS-DEAE nanoparticles have outstanding advantages in operation, selectivity, and capacity.