gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimizing production of ethyl esters of grease using 95% ethanol by response surface methodology (1999)

Abstract Previous research suggested that ethyl esters derived from recycled restaurant grease might be a potential source of biodiesel. Accordingly, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize reaction parameters—temperature, time, level of lipase, mole ratio of reactants—in the PS‐30 lipase‐catalyzed transesterification reaction of grease to ethyl esters using 95% ethanol. The regression equation obtained by a modified central composite design of RSM predicted optimal reaction conditions of 38.4°C, 2.47 h, 13.7 wt% lipase (PS‐30), and a mole ratio of grease to ethanol of 1:6.6. Under these conditions the predicted optimal percentage ethyl ester yield was 85.4%. Subsequent experiments using the predicted parameter combinations indicated a trend where experimental percentage yields of ethyl ester were consistently lower than predicted values. In an effort to improve the experimental yield of esters, a second portion of PS‐30 lipase was added without success; however, the addition of 5% SP435 one hour after the start of the initial reaction increased the yield of esters to &gt;96%. Neither lipase PS‐30 nor lipase SP435 alone, however, gave the RSM‐predicted yield of ethyl esters.
Discrimination of innocuous and noxious thermal stimuli applied to the face in human and monkey (1984)

Pain: June 1984 - Volume 19 - Issue 2 - p 189-190 doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(84)90848-0
Solid‐liquid‐vapor phase behavior of the methane‐carbon dioxide system (1962)

Abstract The phase behavior of the methane‐carbon dioxide system has been determined experimentally along the solid‐liquid‐vapor locus. Pressure‐temperature measurements were made along this locus from the triple point of carbon dioxide to −284°F. Compositions of the vapor phase along the solid‐liquid‐vapor locus were determined with sampling techniques over a composition range of 0.1 to 12% carbon dioxide. Liquid‐phase compositions were obtained from crystal‐point determinations on eleven methane‐carbon dioxide mixtures ranging from 0.16 to 20% carbon dioxide. With the pressure‐temperature for the solid‐liquid‐vapor locus as the termination locus of the dew and bubble data of Donnelly and Katz (2), consistent liquid‐ and vapor‐phase compositions were obtained over the remaining concentration range. Changes in the pressure‐temperature relationship of the solid‐liquid‐vapor locus caused by using a methane stock containing 0.56 mole % nitrogen are also reported.
Fundamentals of Molecular Formula Assignment to Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Data of Natural Organic Matter (2007)

Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry via the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance technique (FT-ICR-MS) allows the identification of thousands of different molecular formulas in natural organic matter and petroleum samples. Molecular formula assignment from mass data is most critical and time-consuming for these samples, and in many cases, several formulas can be determined for the same molecular mass. Therefore, automated procedures are required for an efficient exploitation of the extensive data sets. Here, we revise statements in a recent publication,1 which might result in a misleading impression about our approach of formula assignment in a previous work. We also summarize and categorize existing procedures for formula assignment. In addition, we propose new techniques, which are suitable to be implemented in automated evaluation software. The homologous series approach is extended toward a building block approach that can be applied as a new exclusion criterion for incorrect formula assignments. The examination of stable isotope ratios of individual molecules in natural organic matter can be applied as an additional and intrinsic evaluation for calculated molecular formulas.
High Dose Epoetin Beta in the First Weeks Following Renal Transplantation and Delayed Graft Function: Results of the Neo‐PDGF Study (2010)

Erythropoietin promotes nephroprotection in animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neorecormon and Prevention of Delayed Graft Function (Neo-PDGF) is a French open-label multicenter randomized study to evaluate the effect of high doses of epoetin beta (EPO-beta) during the first 2 weeks of renal transplantation on renal function in patients at risk for delayed graft function (DGF). One hundred and four patients were included in the study. Patients randomized in treatment group (A) received four injections of EPO-beta (30.000 UI each), given before surgery and at 12 h, 7 days and 14 days posttransplantation. Patients randomized in control group (B) did not receive EPO-beta. Immunosuppression included induction with basiliximab and maintenance therapy with steroids, mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus. At 1 month posttransplant, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (MDRD formula) was 42.5 +/- 19.0 mL/min in the EPO-beta group and 44.0 +/- 16.3 mL/min in the control group (p = ns). The frequency of DGF was similar in both groups (32% vs. 38.8%; p = ns). No difference in the incidence of serious adverse events was observed. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00815867.).
High-fidelity sonic boom measurements using weather-robust measurement equipment (2019)

One challenge with outdoor sonic boom measurements is making high-fidelity recordings during adverse weather conditions. This paper describes the deployment of a weather-robust measurement system as part of Brigham Young University’s (BYU) participation in the NASA Quiet Supersonic Flights 2018 (QSF18) test in Galveston, TX. BYU made measurements at four different stations across Galveston Island, representing different ambient environments: Scholes airport, a cemetery, a city park near a busy street, and a downtown Post Office parking lot. At each station, multiple measurements were made simultaneously using different data acquisition hardware and microphone types and configurations. The nearly collocated recordings allowed for the comparison of different measurement approaches in terms of practicality, instrumentation noise floor, measurement bandwidth, and wind noise reduction.
Initial Experiences with a New FPGA Based Traveling Wave Fault Recorder Installed on a MV Distribution Network (2008)

This paper presents the initial results obtained from a newly developed FPGA based traveling wave fault recorder installed on a medium voltage (MV) distribution line. The recorder is capable of recording six input signals, simultaneously sampling at 40 mega samples per second (MSPS) and at 14 bit resolution. It uses high bandwidth 17 MHz Rogowski coils connected to the secondary of a current transformer inside the substation to acquire the high frequency traveling wave components. Initial results during the testing phase show that recorder is capable of recording high fidelity signals relating to switching events. It has also highlighted that the distribution line is subject to many other transient phenomena in addition to faults and switching events which must be taken into consideration when choosing a suitable triggering mechanism.
Optimizing AC and DC winding losses in ultra-compact, high-frequency, high-power transformers (1999)

Removing heat from the windings of a high power (>100 kW) transformer is a significant thermal challenge, especially in the case of the ultra-compact electric vehicle inductive charging transformer. In this paper, nine different transformer design techniques are outlined, analyzed and compared for optimization of the primary and secondary winding resistances to minimize copper losses in a high-power, high-frequency transformer. For the inductive charging transformer example illustrated, these techniques reduce the total winding losses by as much as 5 to 1 and the AC winding losses by 14 to 1. The techniques used are a mixture of well-known approaches, such as winding interleaving, and other lesser-known approaches, such as flux shaping. The winding losses are calculated using a two-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) program, and using one-dimensional equations for comparative purposes. These techniques result in a high-power transformer with a power density greater than 1300 W/in/sup 3/.
Infrastructure Optics (2004)

An overall strategy in infrastructure health monitoring systems is given through the concept of Infrastructure Optics. The focus is to design and build optical devices and systems, primarily fiber optic communication technology, for health monitoring of infrastructure. Recent developments in the use of Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) to demodulate Fiber Bragg Grating Arrays (FBGA) have shown promise in its use in infrastructure health monitoring systems. However, the number of papers on the simulation and characteristics of FBGA using OFDR demodulation for health monitoring purposes is not great. In this paper, a FBGA is simulated using OFDR demodulation technique to extract strain information from a simulated cantilever beam host. The structure is first simulated using a Finite Element Model (FEM) to determine displacement and strain response, and the results are used as inputs to the FBGA. An OFDR program then demodulates the array to extract the strain response of the cantilever beam. The characteristics of OFDR and FBGA system is analyzed and compared to actual FEM results.
Monitoring Structural Transitions in IDPs by Vibrational Spectroscopy of Cyanylated Cysteine (2012)

The fast intrinsic time scale of infrared absorption and the sensitivity of molecular vibrational frequencies to their environments can be applied with site-specificity by introducing the artificial amino acid β-thiocyanatoalanine, or cyanylated cysteine, into chosen sites within intrinsically disordered proteins. This amino acid can be inserted through native chemical ligation at single cysteines introduced via site-directed mutagenesis. The CN stretching band of cyanylated cysteine is sensitive to local changes in both structural content and solvent exposure. This dual sensitivity makes cyanylated cysteine an especially useful probe of binding-induced structural transitions in IDPs. The general strategy of creating single-site cysteine mutations and chemically modifying them to create the vibrational chromophore, as well as observation, processing and analysis of the CN stretching band, is presented.
Investigation of immunoregulatory mechanisms relating to poor surgical wound healing and breast cancer recurrence (2008)

Background Previous epidemiological studies have investigated the relationship between individual nutrients such as vitamin D and vitamin B 12 and mammographic density, a strong marker of breast cancer risk [1], with varied results. There has been limited research on overall dietary patterns and most studies have focused on adult dietary patterns [2]. We examine prospective data to determine whether dietary patterns from childhood to adult life affect mammographic density. Methods The Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development is a national representative sample of 2,815 men and 2,547 women followed since their birth in March 1946 [3]. A wealth of medical and social data has been collected in over 25 follow-ups by home visits, medical examinations and postal questionnaires. Dietary intakes at age 4 years were determined by 24-hour recalls and in adulthood (ages 36, 43 years) by 5-day food records. Copies of the mammograms (two views for each breast) taken when the women were closest to age 50 years were obtained from the relevant NHS centres. A total of 1,319 women were followed up since birth in 1946 for whom a mammogram at age 50 years was retrieved, and the percentage mammographic density was measured using the computer-assisted threshold method for all 1,161 women. Breast cancer incidence for the whole cohort is being ascertained through the National Health Service Central Register. Statistical analysis Reduced rank regression analysis, a relatively new approach to dietary pattern analysis, is being used to identify dietary patterns associated with mammographic density [4]. This approach identifies patterns in food intake that are predictive of an intermediate outcome of the disease process, such as mammographic density, and subsequently examines the relationship between the identified dietary patterns and breast cancer risk.
Speaker load diagnostics for switching automotive audio amplifiers (2016)

Audio amplifiers deliver a large amount of power from a supply to a speaker transducer which converts it to sound energy. The Achilles heel of an audio amplifier IC is its connection to the outside world, i.e. the path to the speaker and the speaker itself. Fault conditions in the speaker and the path to it can result in safety hazards when the signal power gets misdirected, say into a short. In this paper, we explore the detection of such scenarios to pre-empt catastrophic events using the implementation of load diagnostics in the TAS5421 from Texas Instruments — the automotive industry's first class-D eCall amplifier.
Specific Intravenous Delivery of Drugs to the Lungs Using Ion-Exchange Microspheres (1982)

Journal Article Specific Intravenous Delivery of Drugs to the Lungs Using Ion-Exchange Microspheres Get access Lisbeth Illum, Lisbeth Illum Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, DenmarkUniversity of Nottingham, United Kingdom Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S S Davis S S Davis Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, DenmarkUniversity of Nottingham, United Kingdom Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Volume 34, Issue Supplement_12, December 1982, Page 89P, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1982.tb00920.x Published: 12 April 2011
The VINCI Engine Vibration Test campaign (2014)

The VINCI® Engine is the newly developed expander-cycle engine for future European launcher upper stages. This paper takes place in the series of AIAA publications that started on the early VINCI® Engine design. The present paper reports on the engine dynamic characterization which constitutes a major milestone before entering the qualification phase of the engine. This presentation details the present engine development status and the chosen dynamic characterization approach with respect to the programmatic objectives. Specific aspects of the planning and preparation work for the engine vibration test campaign are addressed. Finally, main results and their use for the forthcoming engine qualification activities are highlighted.
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) or nCoV-19-Beta (AZD2816) protect Syrian hamsters against Beta Delta and Omicron variants (2022)

ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) is a replication-deficient simian adenovirus-vectored vaccine encoding the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, based on the first published full-length sequence (Wuhan-1). AZD1222 has been shown to have 74% vaccine efficacy against symptomatic disease in clinical trials. However, variants of concern (VoCs) have been detected, with substitutions that are associated with a reduction in virus neutralizing antibody titer. Updating vaccines to include S proteins of VoCs may be beneficial, even though current real-world data is suggesting good efficacy following boosting with vaccines encoding the ancestral S protein. Using the Syrian hamster model, we evaluate the effect of a single dose of AZD2816, encoding the S protein of the Beta VoC, and efficacy of AZD1222/AZD2816 as a heterologous primary series against challenge with the Beta or Delta variant. Minimal to no viral sgRNA could be detected in lungs of vaccinated animals obtained at 3- or 5- days post inoculation, in contrast to lungs of control animals. In Omicron-challenged hamsters, a single dose of AZD2816 or AZD1222 reduced virus shedding. Thus, these vaccination regimens are protective against the Beta, Delta, and Omicron VoCs in the hamster model.
Virtual-In-The-Loop-Engineering: A categorisation and terminology for modular plants and interfaces (2021)

This contribution pursues the approach to extend real and operative plant components by virtual elements to improve efficiency, safety, and reliability in the automation engineering process. Although some research has been done in the field of mixing real and virtual representations of different plant components, the presented Virtual-In-The-Loop approach promises a wide range of new applications. To enable a systematic investigation of its possibilities and limitations, we present a first-time categorisation of the opportunities for mixing real and virtual plant components and interfaces. Furthermore, we propose a terminology that enables the unambiguous naming of the different forms of mixtures. The results are intended to serve as an orientation and classification guide for future work in the field of Virtual-In-The-Loop Engineering.
Detection threshold calculations for Weibull interference (1988)

The Weibull probability density function (pdf) has been used to represent the noise-only output of an envelope detected matched filter when the input noise contains non-Gaussian, high amplitude components. This situation may occur in active sonar when the total interference is dominated by reverberation. The familiar Rayleigh pdf associated with Gaussian input noise is a member of the Weibull family with a shape factor of 2. If the threshold for detection is based on an assumed Rayleigh density and the noise changes to Weibull with a shape factor less than 2, the false alarm rate will increase dramatically even if the average noise power is unchanged. Therefore, in order to maintain a constant false alarm rate (CFAR), the threshold must be raised. This will result in an increase in the signal to noise ratio required to achieve a specific probability of detection (Pd). It is necessary to determine the signal plus noise pdf to quantitatively evaluate this effect on detectability. An integral formulation of this function has been derived by Eckstrom, and it has been numerically integrated for a few cases by Nilsson and Glisson. The present authors have developed a much simpler approximate procedure for computing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for a linear detector in Weibull noise that does not require numerical integration. This method is based on the premise that the signal plus noise pdf is not strongly affected by the Weibull shape parameter, at least over the 10% &amp;lt; Pd &amp;lt; 90% range. In this paper, the details of this approximate technique are presented, and some comparisons with more exact calculations are provided.
Scientific Foundation (1993)

The healing fracture, autograft, and allograft repair are associated with a panoply of unique biochemical and cellular processes. Temporal harmony between the components of these processes can ensure restoration of form and function to bony deficiencies incurred as a consequence of developmental deformity, traumatic incident, or surgical resection. Part I of this editorial describes the chronobiology of the stages of several types of naturally occurring bone repair materials and the interaction of the component cells and their biochemical products. The emphasis is on growth and inductive factors, which are keys to promoting bone regeneration.
Abstract P127: Factors related to Medication Non-Adherence for Patients with Hypertension in Taiwan (2012)

Purpose: To characterize a Taiwanese population and to examine the prevalence of non-adherence to antihypertensive medications and whether cultural (e.g., use of Chinese herbs) and clinical factors (e.g., number of antihypertensive medications) were associated with non-adherence in Taiwan. Significance: Non-adherence to antihypertensive medications is a significant clinical problem in Taiwan. However, little is known about hypertension (HTN) control and cultural and clinical factors related to non-adherence in Taiwanese. Design: Cross-sectional study design. Sample: A convenience sample of 200 participants were recruited from a large teaching hospital (6800 beds) in Northern Taiwan. Inclusion criteria were: Adult ≥18 years old, taking antihypertensive medications at least once daily and being able to speak Mandarin. Methods: Following a routine medical visit, participants were consented. Study measures included seven, self-administered questionnaires on cultural and clinical factors. Blood pressure (BP) was taken twice and the averaged BP was calculated. BP control was defined as &lt;140/90mmHg. A total score ≥80% of the highest score of medication adherence scale by Morisky’s et al. was defined as adherence. Results: The mean age of the participants was 60.4 (±11.5 years); 62% were male. Two thirds (64.5%) had less than a high school education. The majority (86.0%) were married and lived with family or close friends (93.5%). The averaged length of HTN diagnosis was 8.6 years (±9.0 years). Medication non-adherence rate was 47.5% and uncontrolled HTN rate was 49.0%. Seventeen percent used Chinese herbs for treating their disease (e.g., cough) and promoting health in addition to their regular antihypertensive medications. Statistically significant factors associated with medication non-adherence were: (1) Lower Perceived Susceptibility to HTN-related complications [OR=1.15 (95% CI 1.01, 1.31)]; and (2) Longer Length of HTN Diagnosis [OR=1.06 (95%CI 1.01, 1.12)]. Conclusions: Non-adherence medication rates were, 47.5%, in the Taiwanese compared to only 20% for US population. In turn, inadequate HTN control was 49% for Taiwanese and 30% for the general US population. Taiwanese who are at risk for non-adherence are those individuals who perceived a lower susceptibility to HTN-related complications or had a longer (in years) diagnosis of HTN. Further studies are needed to identify the influence of herbs on adherence behavior. Implications: These findings indicate that culturally sensitive and clinically appropriate nursing interventions for HTN management in Taiwanese are essential if non-adherence to the antihypertensive medications is to be managed.
Potentiating the cross-reactive IFN-γ T cell and polyfunctional T cell responses by heterologous GX-19N DNA booster in mice primed with either a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine or inactivated vaccine (2022)

Summary Waning vaccine-induced immunity, coupled with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, has inspired the widespread implementation of COVID-19 booster vaccinations. Here, we evaluated the potentials of the GX-19N DNA vaccine as a heterologous booster to enhance the protective immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in mice primed with either an inactivated virus particle (VP) or mRNA vaccine. We found that in the VP-primed condition, GX-19N enhanced the response of both vaccine-specific antibodies and cross-reactive T-cells to the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) compared to the homologous VP vaccine prime-boost. Under the mRNA-primed condition, GX-19N induced higher vaccine-induced T-cell responses but lower antibody responses than the homologous mRNA vaccine prime-boost. Furthermore, heterologous GX-19N boost induced higher S-specific polyfunctional CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses than the homologous VP or mRNA prime-boost vaccinations. Our results provide new insights into booster vaccination strategies for the management of novel COVID-19 variants.