gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maximum kurtosis beamforming with the generalized sidelobe canceller (2008)

This paper presents an adaptive beamforming application based on the capture of far-field speech data from a real single speaker in a real meeting room. After the position of a speaker is estimated by a speaker tracking system, we construct a subband-domain beamformer in generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) configuration. In contrast to conventional practice, we then optimize the active weight vectors of the GSC so that kurtosis of output signals is maximized. Our beamforming algorithms can suppress noise and reverberation without the signal cancellation problems encountered in conventional beamforming algorithms. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed techniques through a series of automatic speech recognition experiments on the Multi-Channel Wall Street Journal Audio Visual Corpus (MC-WSJ-AV). The beamforming algorithm proposed here achieved a 13.6% WER, whereas the simple delay-and-sum beamformer provided a WER of 17.8%.
Lipoprotein(a) Particle Production as a Determinant of Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Concentration Across Varying Apolipoprotein(a) Isoform Sizes and Background Cholesterol‐Lowering Therapy (2019)

Background Elevated lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), a low-density lipoprotein-like particle bound to the polymorphic apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)), may be causal for cardiovascular disease. However, the metabolism of Lp(a) in humans is poorly understood. Methods and Results We investigated the kinetics of Lp(a)-apo(a) and low-density lipoprotein-apoB-100 in 63 normolipidemic men. The fractional catabolic rate ( FCR ) and production rate PR ) were studied. Plasma apo(a) concentration was significantly and inversely associated with apo(a) isoform size ( r=-0.536, P<0.001) and apo(a) FCR ( r=-0.363, P<0.01), and positively with apo(a) PR ( r=0.877, P<0.001). There were no significant associations between the FCR s of apo(a) and low-density lipoprotein-apoB-100. Subjects with smaller apo(a) isoform sizes (≤22 kringle IV repeats) had significantly higher apo(a) PR ( P<0.05) and lower apo(a) FCR ( P<0.01) than those with larger sizes. Plasma apo(a) concentration was significantly associated with apo(a) PR ( r=0.930, P<0.001), but not with FCR ( r=-0.012, P>0.05) in subjects with smaller apo(a) isoform size. In contrast, both apo(a) PR and FCR were significantly associated with plasma apo(a) concentrations ( r=0.744 and -0.389, respectively, P<0.05) in subjects with larger isoforms. In multiple regression analysis, apo(a) PR and apo(a) isoform size were significant predictors of plasma apo(a) concentration independent of low-density lipoprotein-apoB-100 FCR and background therapy with atorvastatin and evolocumab. Conclusions In normolipidemic men, the plasma Lp(a) concentration is predominantly determined by the rate of production of Lp(a) particles, irrespective of apo(a) isoform size and background therapy with a statin and a proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 inhibitor. Our findings underscore the importance of therapeutic targeting of the hepatic synthesis and secretion of Lp(a) particles. Lp(a) particle catabolism may only play a modest role in determining Lp(a) concentration in subjects with larger apo(a) isoform size. Clinical Trial Registration URL : http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT 02189837.
Compressible Graphene-Coated Polymer Foams with Ultralow Density for Adjustable Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding (2016)

The fabrication of low-density and compressible polymer/graphene composite (PGC) foams for adjustable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding remains a daunting challenge. Herein, ultralightweight and compressible PGC foams have been developed by simple solution dip-coating of graphene on commercial polyurethane (PU) sponges with highly porous network structure. The resultant PU/graphene (PUG) foams had a density as low as ∼0.027-0.030 g/cm(3) and possessed good comprehensive EMI shielding performance together with an absorption-dominant mechanism, possibly due to both conductive dissipation and multiple reflections and scattering of EM waves by the inside 3D conductive graphene network. Moreover, by taking advantage of their remarkable compressibility, the shielding performance of the PUG foams could be simply adjusted through a simple mechanical compression, showing promise for adjustable EMI shielding. We believe that the strategy for fabricating PGC foams through a simple dip-coating method could potentially promote the large-scale production of lightweight foam materials for EMI shielding.
Transforming growth factor alpha may be a physiological regulator of liver regeneration by means of an autocrine mechanism. (1989)

We investigated whether transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) is involved in hepatocyte growth responses both in vivo and in culture. During liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats, TGF-alpha mRNA increased; it reached a maximum (approximately 9-fold higher than normal) at the peak of DNA synthesis. The message and the peptide were localized in hepatocytes and found in higher amounts in hepatocytes obtained from regenerating liver. TGF-alpha caused a 13-fold elevation of DNA synthesis in hepatocytes in primary culture and was slightly more effective than epidermal growth factor. TGF-beta blocked TGF-alpha stimulation when added either simultaneously with TGF-alpha or a day later. TGF-alpha message increased in hepatocytes stimulated to undergo DNA synthesis by TGF-alpha or epidermal growth factor, and the peptide was detected in the culture medium by RIA. In the regenerating liver, the increase in TGF-alpha mRNA during the first day after partial hepatectomy coincided with an increase in epidermal growth factor/TGF-alpha receptor mRNA and a decrease (already reported) in the number of these receptors. We conclude that TGF-alpha may function as a physiological inducer of hepatocyte DNA synthesis during liver regeneration by means of an autocrine mechanism and that its stimulatory effects in this growth process are balanced by the inhibitory action of TGF-beta 1.
Time-of-flight emission profiles of the entire plume using fast imaging during pulsed laser deposition of YBa2Cu3O7−x (2005)

Emission time-of-flight (TOF) profiles have been obtained using gated imagery to further the process control during the pulsed laser deposition of the high temperature superconductor, YBa2Cu3O7−x. An intensified charge coupled device array was used to obtain a sequence of plume images at 10ns temporal resolution and 0.2mm spatial resolution. Plume imagery is transformed to TOF profiles and pulse-to-pulse variations removed using physically based smoothing techniques. Comparison with non-imaging sensors establishes excellent agreement, with systematic uncertainties in streaming speed and temperatures of less than 15% and 8%, respectively. The resulting streaming speeds of 0.4–1.2×106cm∕s and characteristic temperatures of 20000–200000K are characterized across the full plume. This new imaging TOF technique enables the monitoring of the complete evolution of speed distributions. Indeed, significant deviations from the forward-directed Maxwellian speed distributions are observed.
Antioxidant and Anti‐Inflammatory Effects of Rhei Rhizoma and Coptidis Rhizoma Mixture on Reflux Esophagitis in Rats (2016)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the combined extract of Rhei rhizoma and Coptidis rhizoma (RC-mix) in experimental model of acute reflux esophagitis. The antioxidant activity was assessed by in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. RC-mix was given at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight 2 h prior to induction of reflux esophagitis (RE). After 5 h, the effects of RC-mix treated rats were compared with those of normal and control rats. The representative flavonoid contents of RC-mix, such as sennoside A, epiberberine, coptisine, palmatine, and berberine, were detected using HPLC. The elevated esophageal mucosa damage was markedly ameliorated by RC-mix treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the administration of RC-mix reduced the increase of serum reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). The improvement of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels were marked in the group given RC-mix. Moreover, the elevation of inflammatory mediators and cytokines by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in control rats decreased by RC-mix pretreatment. These results indicate that RC-mix treatment reduces the pathological states of esophagitis via regulating NF-κB mediated inflammation related to oxidative stress.
Variability in biomarkers of exposure levels in smokers in a study of smokers switched to reduced toxicant prototype cigarettes (2014)

. Variability in biomarker of exposure levels in smokers in a study of smokers switched to reduced toxicant prototype cigarettes. Christopher J. Shepperd1, Alison Eldridge1, Graham Errington1, Oscar M Camacho1, Kevin McAdam1, Ingo Meyer2 and Christopher J. Proctor1* 1British American Tobacco, Group Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom 2Momentum Pharma Services, Hamburg, Germany *Correspondence: christopher_proctor@bat.com
Characterization and regulation of new secondary metabolites fromAspergillus ochraceusM18 obtained by UV mutagenesis (2005)

UV irradiation of Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL 3174 conidia led to stable mutations in ochratoxin and penicillic-acid pathways. These mutants, especially M18, produced an unexpectedly large number of new metabolites. Two new compounds were purified by TLC and HPLC and their chemical structures were determined. They are 2,10-dimethyl 4-hydroxy-6-oxo-4-undecen-7-yne (1) and 4-(3-methyl-2- butenyl) oxy 1-phenyl acetic acid (2). Compound 1 is very active against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, but inactive against Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. However, compound 2 has no antibiotic activity. The production of 1 was generally associated with growth, whereas that of compound 2 was dissociated from growth. The biosynthesis of these 2 metabolites was influenced by the sources of carbon and nitrogen.
Duplexing complexome profiling with SILAC to study human respiratory chain assembly defects (2021)

Complexome Profiling (CP) combines size separation, by electrophoresis or other means, of native multimeric complexes with protein identification by mass spectrometry (MS). Peptide MS analysis of the multiple fractions in which the sample is separated, results in the creation of protein abundance profiles in function of molecular size, providing a visual output of the assembly status of a group of proteins of interest. Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) is an established quantitative proteomics technique that allows duplexing in the MS analysis as well as the comparison of relative protein abundances between the samples, which are processed and analyzed together. Combining SILAC and CP permitted the direct comparison of migration and abundance of the proteins present in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in two different samples. This analysis, however, introduced a level of complexity in data processing for which bioinformatic tools had to be developed in order to generate the normalized protein abundance profiles. The advantages and challenges of using of this type of analysis for the characterization of two cell lines carrying pathological variants in MT-CO3 and MT-CYB is reviewed. An additional unpublished example of SILAC-CP of a cell line with an in-frame 18-bp deletion in MT-CYB is presented. In these cells, in contrast to other MT-CYB deficient models, a small proportion of complex III<sub>2</sub> is formed and it is found associated with fully assembled complex I. This analysis also revealed a profuse accumulation of assembly intermediates containing complex III subunits UQCR10 and CYC1, as well as a profound early-stage complex IV assembly defect.
Changes in mouse MHC expression during the cell cycle of Con A-treated spleen cells. (1986)

This study was directed at correlating the expression of class I MHC determinants with different segments of the cell cycle by using dual laser flow microfluorometry to measure levels of both DNA and cell surface H-2Kd or H-2Dd determinants for single cells. Con A-treated mouse spleen cells were identified as being in the G2/M or G0/G1 phases of the cell cycle on the basis of propidium iodide or Hoechst 33342 dye bound to DNA. Monoclonal anti-H-2 antibodies, indirectly fluoresceinated with goat anti-mouse IgG, were used to detect MHC determinants. The average level of both Kd and Dd determinants expressed by G2/M cells was about 1.6-fold higher than that expressed by G0/G1 cells. These observations indicate that the average-size G0/G1 and G2/M cells have the same apparent surface density of Kd and Dd determinants, insofar as we estimate that these cells differ in surface area by a factor of about 1.5. We also analyzed the expression of Kd and Dd determinants by measuring how they changed as a function of the intensity of forward light scatter from cells. For both G2/M and G0/G1 cells, changes in light scatter intensity were associated with parallel changes in levels of Dd and Kd determinants, indicating a common mechanism(s) that controls their cell surface expression.
Surveillance through walls and other opaque materials (2002)

Surveillance systems presently used by law enforcement officers cannot tell what is happening on the other side of a wall, behind bushes, around the corner, in the dark or through a dense fog. A new sensor has been developed that uses technology developed by the Department of Defense for missile warhead fuzing. This small, light weight, low power "radar" is based upon the fact that radio waves can penetrate non-metallic materials. This new surveillance capability can help provide information about what is in a wall, ceiling or floor or on the other side of a door or concrete wall. Real field scenarios are used in this paper to show how this radar works and how field users can tell if someone is moving inside a building, even from remote locations.
Local Application of Probiotic Bacteria Prophylaxes against Sepsis and Death Resulting from Burn Wound Infection (2016)

Local probiotic therapy shows great potential as a valuable adjunct in the management of complicated burn injury.
An application of network-coding technique into cooperative jamming (2014)

In this article, we propose an application of network-coding technique into jamming the operation of wiretapping in the physical layer. This method is able to resolve the disadvantage in an extreme case in which an eavesdropper, located near to source, can spy the any jamming-seed if it is shared. The jamming signal is proposed to carry an amount of binary message. When it is securely decoded, the source is able to create a network-coding signal from the binary jamming message and its desire messages, allowing for an avoidance of the wiretapping of the nearby eavesdropper.
Role of Cilia, Mucus, and Airway Surface Liquid in Mucociliary Dysfunction: Lessons from Mouse Models (2008)

Mucociliary clearance is an important primary innate defense mechanism that protects the lungs from deleterious effects of inhaled pollutants, allergens, and pathogens. Mucociliary dysfunction is a common feature of chronic airway diseases in humans. The mucociliary apparatus consists of three functional compartments, that is, the cilia, a protective mucus layer, and an airway surface liquid (ASL) layer, which work in concert to remove inhaled particles from the lung. A synopsis of clinical and pathological observations in patients with cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, asthma, and chronic bronchitis indicates that abnormalities in each compartment of the mucociliary system can compromise mucus clearance and cause chronic airway disease. However, the mechanisms that lead to deficient mucus clearance are still incompletely understood. Genetically engineered mice with defects in individual elements of the mucociliary apparatus are powerful tools to study the pathogenesis of mucociliary dysfunction in vivo. In this concise review, I assess the pulmonary phenotypes of mouse models with genetically defined abnormalities in ciliary structure/function, mucus production, and ASL regulation, and discuss the results of these animal studies in the context of current pathogenetic hypotheses for mucociliary dysfunction. Recent data driven from these animal studies point to a critical role of ASL dehydration in the pathogenesis of mucociliary dysfunction and chronic airway disease. In mice with airway-specific overexpression of epithelial Na(+) channels (ENaC), which constitute a rate limiting pathway for absorption of salt and water from airway surfaces, ASL depletion caused reduced mucus clearance, and a spontaneous chronic airway disease with mucus obstruction, goblet cell metaplasia, chronic inflammation, reduced bacterial clearance, and high pulmonary mortality. This mouse model of mucociliary dysfunction will allow an in vivo evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies designed to improve mucociliary clearance, and will aid the preclinical development of novel therapies for chronic airway diseases.
Base editing strategy for insertion of the A673T mutation in the APP gene to prevent the development of AD in vitro (2021)

The amyloid precursor protein (<i>APP</i>) is a transmembrane protein mostly found in neurons. Cleavage of this protein by β-secretase can lead to the formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide plaque, which leads to Alzheimer's disease. Genomic analysis of an Icelandic population that did not show symptoms of Alzheimer's at an advanced age led to the discovery of the A673T mutation. This mutation can reduce β-secretase cleavage by 40%. We hypothesized that the insertion of this mutation in patients' neurons could be an effective and sustainable method of slowing down or even stopping the progression of Alzheimer's disease. We modified the <i>APP</i> gene in HEK293T cells and in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma using a Cas9 nickase (Cas9n)-deaminase enzyme to convert the alanine codon to a threonine. Several Cas9n-deaminase variants were tested to compare their efficiency of conversion. The results were characterized and quantified by deep sequencing. We successfully introduced the A673T mutation in 53% of HEK293T cells alongside a new mutation (E674K), which seemed to further reduce Aβ peptide accumulation. Our approach aimed to provide a new strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's and in so doing, demonstrate the capacity of base editing techniques for treating genetic diseases.
Cascading Failure Analysis for Ocean Energy Turbine Generator Arrays (2019)

Underwater ocean turbines are an emerging technology for renewable energy production that taps fast-moving ocean currents, like the Gulf Stream, to alleviate the need for clean energy. Realistic installations with underwater turbines will involve large arrays with thousands of devices interconnected in an interdependent multi-layer network topology. The complexity of the design of such systems comes from a high risk of device failure operating in a dynamic environment and a high connectivity via power, data, and mooring lines. Dealing with this complexity requires a scalable solution for investigating the conditions in which cascading failures can occur and the magnitude of such failures. In this paper we describe a simulation framework for a multi-layer interdependent network and we look into cascading failures for ocean turbine arrays in scenarios with different initial conditions, power/data network topologies, and mooring configurations. Simulation results indicate a higher sensitivity of the cascade growth to initial load parameters near the lower bound and also point out that increased connectivity makes cascade failures more certain.
Ferroelectric memory evaluation and development system (2002)

Attention is given to the Ramtron FED-1, and IBM PC/AT compatible single-board 16-b microcomputer with 8-kbyte program/data memory implemented with nonvolatile ferroelectric dynamic RAM. This is the first demonstration of a new type of solid state nonvolatile read/write memory, the ferroelectric RAM (FRAM). It is suggested that this memory technology will have a significant impact on avionics system performance and reliability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Mechanism for the Reduction of the Mixed-Valent MnIIIMnIV[2-OHsalpn]2+ Complex by Tertiary Amines (2000)

The mixed-valent dimanganese(III/IV) complex MnIIIMnIV(2-OHsalpn)2+, 1, is cleanly reduced in acetonitrile by aliphatic tertiary amines to give the dimanganese(III) product MnIII2(2-OHsalpn)2, 2. Thorough characterization of the organic reaction products shows that tributylamine is converted to dibutylformamide and propionaldehyde. Kinetic studies and radical trapping experiments suggest that this occurs via initial single-electron transfer from the amine to 1 coupled with C-H alpha proton transfer from the oxidized amine. EPR spectroscopy and base inhibition studies indicate that coordination of the amine to 1 is a critical step prior to the electron transfer step. Rate data and its dependence on the amine indicate that the ability of the amine to reduce 1 is correlated to its basicity rather than to its reduction potential. Weakly basic amines were unable to reduce 1 irrespective of their reduction potential. This was inferred to indicate that proton transfer from the amine radical cation is also important in the reduction of 1 by tertiary amines. Comparison of the activation energy with reaction thermodynamics indicates that proton transfer and electron transfer must be concerted to explain the rapidity of the reaction. The fate of the amine radical is dependent on the presence of oxygen, and labeling studies show that oxygen in the organic products arises from dioxygen, although incorporation from trace water was also observed. These data indicate that inhibition of the hydrolytic quenching of the amine radical in an aprotic solvent results in a different fate for the amine radical when compared to amine oxidation reactions in aqueous solution. The proposed mechanism gives new insight into the ability of amines with high reduction potential to reduce metal ions of lower potential. In particular, these data are consistent with the ability of small amines and certain amine-containing buffers to inhibit manganese-dependent oxygen evolution in photosynthesis, which arises in some cases as a result of manganese reduction and its concomitant loss from the PS II reaction center.
Compressive sampling with a successive approximation ADC architecture (2011)

This paper proposes a compressive sampling scheme based on random temporal sampling using a successive approximation register (SAR) ADC architecture. Variable wordlength data samples at random sampling times would be produced by the SAR converter, so a modified reconstruction algorithm is proposed to recover signals that are sparse or compressible in a known basis. The modified reconstruction algorithm addresses the variable wordlength resolution issue of SAR ADC samples introduced by the random sampling scheme. We demonstrate that the proposed sampling and reconstruction scheme performs significantly better compared with uniform sampling on the same SAR ADC architecture.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Thiophene Fused Sultam Derivatives via Iodocyclization Approach and Their Application Towards Triazole Linker. (2015)

Abstract An efficient synthesis of 4‐iodo‐thieno[3,2‐e]thiazines (II) via intramolecular iodocyclization is described.
Efficacy of Letrozole as First-Line Treatment of Postmenopausal Women with Hormone Receptor–Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer in Korea (2016)

Letrozole showed considerable efficacy and tolerability as a first-line treatment in postmenopausal patients with HR-positive MBC.