gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amikacin Initial Dose in Critically Ill Patients: a Nonparametric Approach To Optimize A Priori Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Target Attainments in Individual Patients (2019)

Amikacin is commonly used for probabilistic antimicrobial therapy in critically ill patients with sepsis. Its narrow therapeutic margin makes it challenging to determine the right individual dose that ensures the highest efficacy target attainment rate (TAR) in this setting. This study aims to develop a new initial dosing approach for amikacin by optimizing the <i>a priori</i> TAR in this population. A population pharmacokinetic model was built with a learning data set from critically ill patients who received amikacin. It was then used to design an initial dosing approach maximizing <i>a priori</i> TAR for a target ratio of ≥8 for the peak concentration to the MIC (<i>C</i><sub>max</sub>/MIC) or of ≥75 for the ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h to the MIC (AUC<sub>0-24</sub>/MIC). In the 166 patients included, 53% had amikacin <i>C</i><sub>max</sub> of ≥64 mg/liter with a median dose of 23.4 mg/kg. A two-compartment model with creatinine clearance and body surface area as covariates best described the data and showed good predictive performance. Our dosing approach was successful in optimizing TAR for <i>C</i><sub>max</sub>/MIC, with a rate of 92.9% versus 67.9% using a 30-mg/kg regimen, based on an external subset of data and assuming a MIC of 8 mg/liter. Mean optimal doses were higher (3.5 ± 0.5 g) than with the 30-mg/kg regimen (2.1 ± 0.3 g). Suggested doses varied with the MIC, the target index, and desired TAR threshold. A dosing algorithm based on the method is proposed for a large range of patient covariates. Clinical studies are necessary to confirm efficacy and safety of this optimized dosing approach.
Clinical Implications of Malnutrition in the Management of Patients with Pancreatic Cancer: Introducing the Concept of the Nutritional Oncology Board (2021)

Pancreatic cancer represents a very challenging disease, with an increasing incidence and an extremely poor prognosis. Peculiar features of this tumor entity are represented by pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and an early and intense nutritional imbalance, leading to the highly prevalent and multifactorial syndrome known as cancer cachexia. Recently, also the concept of sarcopenic obesity has emerged, making the concept of pancreatic cancer malnutrition even more multifaceted and complex. Overall, these nutritional derangements play a pivotal role in contributing to the dismal course of this malignancy. However, their relevance is often underrated and their assessment is rarely applied in clinical daily practice with relevant negative impact for patients' outcome in neoadjuvant, surgical, and metastatic settings. The proper detection and management of pancreatic cancer-related malnutrition syndromes are of primary importance and deserve a specific and multidisciplinary (clinical nutrition, oncology, etc.) approach to improve survival, but also the quality of life. In this context, the introduction of a "Nutritional Oncology Board" in routine daily practice, aimed at assessing an early systematic screening of patients and at implementing nutritional support from the time of disease diagnosis onward seems to be the right path to take.
Cx43 Isoform GJA1-20k Promotes Microtubule Dependent Mitochondrial Transport (2017)

Connexin 43 (Cx43, encoded by <i>GJA1</i>) is a cell-cell communication gap junction protein expressed in all organ systems. It was recently found that <i>GJA1</i> mRNA undergoes alternative translation to generate N-terminal truncated isoforms, of which GJA1-20k is the most abundant. Here we report a surprising finding that, unlike full length GJA1-43k, GJA1-20k has a strong tropism for mitochondria. Exploring function, we found that GJA1-20k appears to be an organelle chaperone and that overexpression of GJA1-20k is sufficient to rescue mitochondrial localization to the cell periphery upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide, which effectively limits the network fragmentation that occurs with oxidative stress. By high-resolution fluorescent imaging and electron microscopy, we determined that GJA1-20k is enriched at the interface between mitochondria and microtubules, appearing to load organelles for transport. Mutagenesis experiments revealed that although the microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) in GJA1-20k is not necessary for protein localization to mitochondria, the MTBD is essential for GJA1-20k to facilitate mitochondrial transport and maintain mitochondrial localization at the periphery. These results reveal an unexpected role for the alternatively translated isoform of the Cx43 gap junction protein, GJA1-20k, which is to facilitate microtubule-based mitochondrial transport and to maintain mitochondrial network integrity during cellular stress.
New type of thermoplastic bio composite: nature of the interface on the ultimate properties and water absorption (2015)

A new type of thermoplastic bio composite with coir fibre derived from coconut was fabricated by means of plasma modification of the polymer surface.
Photoinduced optical anisotropy in chalcogenide vitreous semiconducting films (1979)

The optical anisotropy induced in films of some chalcogenide vitreous semiconductors (ChVS) by linearly polarized light is studied. The spectral responses of the photoinduced dichroism are compared with the transmission spectra of the illuminated films. The phenomenon of photoinduced anisotropy is associated with the existence of highly-dispersed, optically anisotropic structure elements in the isotropic (on the average) ChVS films. Es wird mittels polarisiertem Licht die optische Anisotropie untersucht, die in Schichten von einigen glasartigen Chalkogenidhalbleitern (ChVS) induziert wird. Die spektrale Response des photoinduzierten Dichroismus wird mit den Transmissionsspektren der belichteten Schichten verglichen. Das Phänomen der photoinduzierten Anisotropie ist mit der Existenz von hochdispersiven, optisch anisotropen Strukturelementen in den (im Mittel) isotropen ChVS-Schichten verknüpft.
Conjugated organic molecules on metal versus polymer electrodes: Demonstration of a key energy level alignment mechanism (2003)

Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy is used to determine the energy level alignment at interfaces between three electroactive conjugated organic molecular materials, i.e., N,N′-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl1-1,1-biphenyl1-4,4′-diamine; para-sexiphenyl; pentacene, and two high work function electrode materials, i.e., gold and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate). Although both electrode surfaces have a similar work function (∼5 eV), the hole injection barrier and the interfacial dipole barrier are found to be significantly smaller for all the interfaces formed on the polymer as compared to the metal. This important and very general result is linked to one of the basic mechanisms that control molecular level alignment at interfaces with metals, i.e., the reduction of the electronic surface dipole contribution to the metal work function by adsorbed molecules.
The Nature and Staining Reactions of the Fibroma-Cell Inclusions of the Shope Fibroma of the Rabbit (1953)

Journal Article The Nature and Staining Reactions of the Fibroma-Cell Inclusions of the Shope Fibroma of the Rabbit Get access Edwin R. Fisher Edwin R. Fisher Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 14, Issue 2, October 1953, Pages 355–363, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/14.2.355 Published: 01 October 1953 Article history Received: 27 April 1953 Published: 01 October 1953
Non-resonant terahertz field enhancement in periodically arranged nanoslits (2012)

We analyze ultra strong non-resonant field enhancement of THz field in periodic arrays of nanoslits cut in ultrathin metal films. The main feature of our approach is that the slit size and metal film thickness are several orders of magnitude smaller than the wavelength λ of the impinging radiation. Two regimes of operation are found. First, when the grating period P≪λ, frequency-independent enhancement is observed, accompanied by a very high transmission approaching unity. With high accuracy, this enhancement equals the ratio of P to the slit width w. Second, when the grating period approaches the THz wavelength but before entering the Raleigh-Wood anomaly, the field enhancement in nanoslit stays close to that in a single isolated slit, i.e., the well-known inverse-frequency dependence. Both regimes are non-resonant and thus extremely broadband for P&amp;lt;λ. The results are obtained by the microscopic Drude-Lorentz model taking into account retardation processes in the metal film and validated by the finite difference frequency domain method. We expect sensor and modulation applications of the predicted giant broadband field enhancement.
The density of states in silicon nanostructures determined by space-charge-limited current measurements (1998)

Space-charge-limited current (SCLC) flow was investigated as a function of applied potential and specimen thickness in nanocrystalline silicon films prepared by electrochemical anodization. From the analysis of the current–voltage (J–V) characteristics in the SCLC regime, the density of states distribution near the Fermi level was determined. The agreement between the experimental J–V characteristics and the theoretical curve strongly implies that the current flow is entirely controlled by localized states situated at the quasi-Fermi level.
Caractérisation du protéome membranaire de Medicago truncatula au cours de la symbiose mycorhizienne à arbuscules (MA) (2002)

L'approche protéomique a déjà permis avec succès l'identification de protéines solubles exprimées respectivement lors des symbioses mycorhizienne et rhizobienne chez la plante modèle Medicago truncatula (Bestel-Corre et al. 2002). Par la même approche, nous avons entrepris la caractérisation des protéines membranaires impliquées dans la symbiose mycorhizienne à arbuscules (MA). En effet, ce processus se traduit par un transfert d'éléments entre le champignon et les racines de la plante hôte: le champignon acquiert le carbone sous forme organique tandis que la plante obtient un gain en phosphore et en autres éléments minéraux du sol. Ce transfert s'effectue principalement au niveau d'une structure particulière des hyphes appelée arbuscule, formée dans les cellules corticales de la racine. A ce niveau, la structure de la paroi fongique subit de profondes modifications, tandis que la membrane plasmique végétale se différencie en membrane périarbusculaire. Les plantes, inoculées au non avec le champignon MA Glomus intraradices [N. C. Schenck &amp;amp; G. S. Smith (DAOM 181 602)], sont prélevées au maximum d'arbuscules fonctionnels. La fraction microsomale pourra être enrichie en membrane plasmique, contenant pour les plantes mycorhizées la membrane périarbusculaire, par un système de partition en deux phases aqueuses (Larsson et al. 1988). Les protéines contenues dans ces fractions membranaires sont extraites par un mélange de solvants organiques chloroforme/méthanol (C/M) (Ferro et al. 2000). Les protéines les plus hydrophobes, solubles dans le C/M sont séparées en électrophorèse mono-dimensionnelle SDS-PAGE (Chua 1980), tandis que les protéines les moins hydrophobes, insolubles dans le C/M sont séparées en électrophorèse bi-dimensionnelle, suivant leur point isoélectrique dans la première dimension sur gradient de pH immobilisé, puis suivant leur masse moléculaire dans la deuxième dimension sur gel dénaturant à 12% de polyacrylamide. La comparaison des profils protéiques après coloration devrait permettre de trouver des polypeptides membranaires nouvellement exprimés ou régulés lors de la symbiose MA. Ceux-ci seront ultérieurement identifiés après analyse en spectrométrie de masse.
Structural Bases of Light Chain-Related Pathology (1999)

Monoclonal light chains, i.e., Bence Jones proteins, are responsible for the characteristic pathologic features found in patients with the light chain-related diseases that include myeloma nephropathy, light chain deposition disease, light chain amyloidosis, and acquired Fanconi’s syndrome. These disorders result from clonal proliferation of plasma cells that leads to the deposition of their Ig products as amorphous casts, punctate precipitates, highly ordered fibrils, or intracellular crystals, respectively. The preeminent role of monoclonal light chains in the pathogenesis of the light chain-associated diseases has been demonstrated experimentally using both in vivo and in vitro models. Injection into mice of Bence Jones proteins resulted in the renal or systemic deposition of human light chains in a manner comparable to that found in the patient from whom the components were derived. Further, mice receiving non-pathologic proteins had no demonstrable light chain-related lesions.
In Vitro Studies of Glucocorticoid Effects on Neurons and Astrocytesa (1994)

Studies using immunocytochemistry and RNase protection assay demonstrate that glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (GR, MR) and their corresponding mRNAs are co-expressed in hippocampal neurons cultured in serum-free, defined medium and at lower levels in cultured astrocytes. Addition of serum or medium conditioned by astrocytes increases the levels of MR mRNA, but has little effect on the levels of GR mRNA. Cellular levels of both GR mRNA and MR mRNA are upregulated by growth of embryonic hippocampal neurons in corticosterone. This is in distinct contrast to regulation of receptor expression in vivo where mRNAs for these receptors are downregulated in the rat hippocampus by corticosterone treatment of the adult adrenalectomized rat. However, in cultured astrocytes, GR and MR mRNAs are also downregulated by corticosterone. To begin to define the role of glucocorticoids in gene expression in astrocytes, we have used giant two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis to separate astrocyte cellular proteins and translation products synthesized in vitro from astrocyte poly A+ RNA. Analysis of approximately 1,500 in vitro translation products by giant 2D gel electrophoresis reveals 11 protein inductions and 1 repression that occur at the level of mRNA in the absence of protein synthesis following treatment of astrocytes with corticosterone. Interestingly, these changes appear to be mediated by GR, but not by MR. The in vitro studies described here are relevant to identifying the role of GR and MR in gene expression in specific cell types in the hippocampus.
Effect of Silicon, Chromium and Molybdenum on Resistance to Temper Softening of Medium-carbon Martensitic Steel (2020)

The addition of alloy elements such as silicon, chromium and molybdenum is effective in the restraint of temper softening in martensitic steels. The martensitic steel containing such alloy elements is known to have excellent resistance to temper softening in low and high temperature tempering treatments. However, the effects of the compound addition and its mechanism have not yet been satisfactorily revealed. In this study, the effect silicon, chromium, and molybdenum on resistance to the temper softening of the medium-carbon martensitic steel was investigated. As a result, it is revealed that the temper softening resistance quantity is maximum at the tempering temperature 773 K in the martensitic steel containing silicon, chromium, and molybdenum; this is because of the miniaturization of cementite (θ) and clustering of (Cr,Mo,Mn) 2C. Moreover, it is revealed to form this cluster at a tempering temperature lower than the temperature at which the alloy carbide usually precipitates (823 K-873 K).
Crystal Chemistry of Uranyl Carboxylate Coordination Networks Obtained in the Presence of Organic Amine Molecules (2014)

Abstract Three uranyl isophthalates (1,3‐bdc) and two uranyl pyromellitates (btec) of coordination‐polymer type were hydrothermally synthesized (200 °C for 24 h) in the presence of different amine‐based molecules [1,3‐diaminopropane (dap) or dimethylamine (dma) originating from the in situ decomposition of N , N ‐dimethylformamide]. (UO 2 ) 2 (OH) 2 (H 2 O)(1,3‐bdc) · H 2 O ( 1 ) is composed of inorganic tetranuclear cores, which are linked to each other through the isophthalato ligand to generate infinite neutral ribbons, which are intercalated by free H 2 O molecules. The compounds (UO 2 ) 1.5 (H 2 O)(1,3‐bdc) 2 · 0.5H 2 dap · 1.5H 2 O ( 2 ) and UO 2 (1,3‐bdc) 1.5 · 0.5H 2 dap · 2H 2 O ( 3 ) consist of discrete uranyl‐centered hexagonal bipyramids connected to each other by a ditopic linker to form a single‐layer network for 2 or a double‐layer network for 3 . The protonated diamine molecules are located between the uranyl–organic sheets and balance the negative charge of the layered sub‐networks. The phase (UO 2 ) 2 O(btec) · 2Hdma · H 2 O ( 4 ) presents a 2D structure built up from tetranuclear units, which consist of two central sevenfold coordinated uranium centers and two peripheral eightfold coordinated uranium centers. The connection of the resulting tetramers through the pyromellitate molecules generates an anionic layerlike structure, in which the protonated dimethylammonium species are inserted. The compound UO 2 (btec) · 2Hdma ( 5 ) is also a lamellar coordination polymer, which contains isolated eightfold coordinated uranium cations linked through pyromellitate molecules and intercalated by protonated dimethylammonium species. In both phases 4 and 5 , the btec linker has non‐bonded carboxyl oxygen atoms, which preferentially interact with the protonated amine molecules through a hydrogen‐bond network. The different illustrations show the structural diversity of uranyl–organic coordination polymers with organic amine molecules as countercations.
Vaginal microbiome Lactobacillus crispatus is heritable among European American women (2021)

The diversity and dominant bacterial taxa in the vagina are reported to be influenced by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including but not limited to pregnancy, contraceptive use, pathogenic states, socioeconomic status, and ancestry. However, the extent to which host genetic factors influence variation in the vaginal microbiota is unclear. We used a biometrical genetic approach to determine whether host genetic factors contribute to inter-individual differences in taxa from a sample of 332 twins who self-identified as being of African (44 pairs) or European ancestry (122 pairs). Lactobacillus crispatus, a major determinant of vaginal health, was identified as heritable among European American women (narrow-sense heritability = 34.7%, P-value = 0.018). Heritability of L. crispatus is consistent with the reduced prevalence of adverse reproductive disorders, including bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth, among women of European ancestry.
Population structure and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella Typhi isolates in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh from 2004 to 2016 (2019)

BACKGROUND: Multi-drug resistant typhoid fever remains an enormous public health threat in low and middle-income countries. However, we still lack a detailed understanding of the epidemiology and genomics of S. Typhi in many regions. Here we have undertaken a detailed genomic analysis of typhoid in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh to unravel the population structure and antimicrobial resistance patterns in S. Typhi isolated between 2004-2016. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Whole genome sequencing of 202 S. Typhi isolates obtained from three study locations in urban Dhaka revealed a diverse range of S. Typhi genotypes and AMR profiles. The bacterial population within Dhaka were relatively homogenous with little stratification between different healthcare facilities or age groups. We also observed evidence of exchange of Bangladeshi genotypes with neighboring South Asian countries (India, Pakistan and Nepal) suggesting these are circulating throughout the region. This analysis revealed a decline in H58 (genotype 4.3.1) isolates from 2011 onwards, coinciding with a rise in a diverse range of non-H58 genotypes and a simultaneous rise in isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, potentially reflecting a change in treatment practices. We identified a novel S. Typhi genotype, subclade 3.3.2 (previously defined only to clade level, 3.3), which formed two localized clusters (3.3.2.Bd1 and 3.3.2.Bd2) associated with different mutations in the Quinolone Resistance Determining Region (QRDR) of gene gyrA. SIGNIFICANCE: Our analysis of S. Typhi isolates from urban Dhaka, Bangladesh isolated over a twelve year period identified a diverse range of AMR profiles and genotypes. The observed increase in non-H58 genotypes associated with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility may reflect a change in treatment practice in this region and highlights the importance of continued molecular surveillance to monitor the ongoing evolution of AMR in Dhaka. We have defined new genotypes and lineages of Bangladeshi S. Typhi which will facilitate the identification of these emerging AMR clones in future surveillance efforts.
Increasing the speed and saving multipliers in block parallel digital filters by a linear transformation (2002)

The linear transformation of flow graph matrices of block parallel digital filters can be applied to increase the speed of operation and to reduce the number of multipliers. To this aim we introduce a convenient matrix representation of block parallel digital filters and explain the transformation. As an example a second order block parallel filter with arbitrary block length L is generated which has the same high speed as an equivalent block-state space filter, but a multiplier complexity linear in block length L instead of square. For L=3 the number of multipliers is reduced by 32% compared with the block-state space filter and for L=6 by 26% compared with the structure proposed by Parhi.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Broad-Band UHF Distributed Amplifiers Using Band-Pass Filter Techniques (1960)

Distributed amplifiers have generally been limited to operation in the vhf region and to application of low pass filter techniques. However, it has been recognized that these limitations do not exist in theory. The basic principles of distributed amplification as applied to the uhf band-pass amplifier are described in this paper. The modifying factors of major importance are evaluated and techniques for optimizing amplifier performance capabilities in the uhf region are discussed. Measured performance characteristics of several amplifiers are presented in order to show the practical capabilities of band-pass amplifiers in the uhf region. In addition performance data for a transistorized distributed amplifier having useful gain to 700 mc are presented.
High‐throughput laser‐mediated in situ cell purification with high purity and yield (2004)

In situ laser-mediated purification was achieved with nonadherent and adherent cells on the automated laser-enabled analysis and processing platform. Closed-loop processing routinely enabled greater than 99.5% purity with a greater than 90% cell yield in sample sizes ranging from 10(1) to 10(8) cells. Throughput ranged from approximately 10(3) to 10(5) total cells/s for contaminating percentages ranging from 99% to 0.1%, respectively.
Programming a microcoded processor for speech waveform generation (1978)

One effective way to exploit decreasing hardware costs is to build processors tailored to highly specialized tasks. Our experience with the specification, design and programming of a hardware realization of a terminal analog model of the human vocal tract are discussed.