gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cessation of Epithelial Bmp Signaling Switches the Differentiation of Crown Epithelia to the Root Lineage in a β-Catenin-Dependent Manner (2013)

The differentiation of dental epithelia into enamel-producing ameloblasts or the root epithelial lineage compartmentalizes teeth into crowns and roots. Bmp signaling has been linked to enamel formation, but its role in root epithelial lineage differentiation is unclear. Here we show that cessation of epithelial Bmp signaling by Bmpr1a depletion during the differentiation stage switched differentiation of crown epithelia into the root lineage and led to formation of ectopic cementum-like structures. This phenotype is related to the upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although epithelial β-catenin depletion during the differentiation stage also led to variable enamel defect and precocious/ectopic formation of fragmented root epithelia in some teeth, it did not cause ectopic cementogenesis and inhibited EMT in cultured dental epithelia. Concomitant epithelial β-catenin depletion rescued EMT and ectopic cementogenesis caused by Bmpr1a depletion. These data suggested that Bmp and Wnt/β-catenin pathways interact antagonistically in dental epithelia to regulate the root lineage differentiation and EMT. These findings will aid in the design of new strategies to promote functional differentiation in the regeneration and tissue engineering of teeth and will provide new insights into the dynamic interactions between the Bmp and Wnt/β-catenin pathways during cell fate decisions.
ENZYME-LINKED FAB’ FRAGMENT BASED COMPETITIVE IMMUNOASSAY FOR OVALBUMIN IN HOT-PROCESSED FOOD (2012)

A hen's egg is one of the most common causes of food allergy. The allergen quantitation in hot-processed food is always a difficult task, because the protein in these samples will be denatured, insoluble, and degraded. This article presents a competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantitation of ovalbumin in hot-processed food. Its recovery was improved nearly two times by the assay method as compared with previous sandwich ELISA. The heat and DL-Dithiothreitol treated ovalbumin was used as antigen for monoclonal antibody preparation. A smaller labeled antibody molecule, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled Fab' fragment, was used to replace IgG in ELISA for improving sensitivity and analytical speed of the method. A binding site protection procedure was developed for Fab' fragment labeling with HRP, which prevented damage to the Fab' binding site. The combination and separation steps were efficiently completed in an affinity spin column. Based on the optimized ELISA condition, the IC50 was 1.2 µg/mL and the coefficients of variation were less than 10%.
Cerebro-cerebellar interactions in nonhuman primates examined by optogenetic functional magnetic resonance imaging (2022)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a promising approach for the simultaneous and extensive scanning of whole-brain activities. Optogenetics is free from electrical and magnetic artifacts and is an ideal stimulation method for combined use with fMRI. However, the application of optogenetics in nonhuman primates (NHPs) remains limited. Recently, we developed an efficient optogenetic intracortical microstimulation method of the primary motor cortex (M1), which successfully induced forelimb movements in macaque monkeys. Here, we aimed to investigate how optogenetic M1 stimulation causes neural modulation in the local and remote brain regions in anesthetized monkeys using 7-tesla fMRI. We demonstrated that optogenetic stimulation of the M1 forelimb and hindlimb regions successfully evoked robust direct and remote fMRI activities. Prominent remote activities were detected in the anterior and posterior lobes in the contralateral cerebellum, which receive projections polysynaptically from the M1. We further demonstrated that the cerebro-cerebellar projections from these M1 regions were topographically organized, which is concordant with the somatotopic map in the cerebellar cortex previously reported in macaques and humans. The present study significantly enhances optogenetic fMRI in NHPs, resulting in profound understanding of the brain network, thereby accelerating the translation of findings from animal models to humans.
Cannabinoid‐1 receptor activation induces reactive oxygen species‐dependent and ‐independent mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation and cell death in human coronary artery endothelial cells (2010)

CB(1) receptor activation in endothelial cells may amplify the ROS-MAPK activation-cell death pathway in pathological conditions when the endocannabinoid synthetic or metabolic pathways are dysregulated by excessive inflammation and/or oxidative/nitrosative stress, thereby contributing to the development of endothelial dysfunction and pathophysiology of multiple cardiovascular diseases.
Efficient Processing of Deep Neural Networks: A Tutorial and Survey (2017)

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are currently widely used for many artificial intelligence (AI) applications including computer vision, speech recognition, and robotics. While DNNs deliver state-of-the-art accuracy on many AI tasks, it comes at the cost of high computational complexity. Accordingly, techniques that enable efficient processing of DNNs to improve energy efficiency and throughput without sacrificing application accuracy or increasing hardware cost are critical to the wide deployment of DNNs in AI systems. This article aims to provide a comprehensive tutorial and survey about the recent advances towards the goal of enabling efficient processing of DNNs. Specifically, it will provide an overview of DNNs, discuss various hardware platforms and architectures that support DNNs, and highlight key trends in reducing the computation cost of DNNs either solely via hardware design changes or via joint hardware design and DNN algorithm changes. It will also summarize various development resources that enable researchers and practitioners to quickly get started in this field, and highlight important benchmarking metrics and design considerations that should be used for evaluating the rapidly growing number of DNN hardware designs, optionally including algorithmic co-designs, being proposed in academia and industry. The reader will take away the following concepts from this article: understand the key design considerations for DNNs; be able to evaluate different DNN hardware implementations with benchmarks and comparison metrics; understand the trade-offs between various hardware architectures and platforms; be able to evaluate the utility of various DNN design techniques for efficient processing; and understand recent implementation trends and opportunities.
Development of a critical heat flux mapping method for fin-structured surfaces (2015)

In this study, we performed critical heat flux (CHF) experiments using structured surfaces to validate the parameter effects and understand their physical meanings. Experimental results showed that the CHF has a peak value as the fin geometry changes. Fins with height of 0.5 mm produced the largest CHF, 1.7 MW/m2, and fins longer than 2 mm reduced the CHF values. To explain the results, a CHF mapping method was developed describing the liquid supply-side and demand-side limits. The liquid demand-side limit is governed by the heat removal capability, mainly the nucleate boiling, calculated using the hot spot model. We consider three liquid supply-side limits restricting the liquid supply to the heating surface: capillary limit and counter-current flow limitations (CCFLs). The capillary limit is determined by balancing the capillary pressure and viscous dissipation in the liquid film on the fin side. The CCFL in the structure is calculated using the Wallis correlation and the CCFL in the free volume limits the liquid downward flow by the vapor jetting from the heating surface. The CHF map for our experimental results successfully describes the CHF trend of the structured surfaces. As a result, we concluded that CHF mapping method is an effective means of explaining CHF in pool boiling.
Amputations du membre inférieur : indications, bilan et complications (2014)

The main causes of lower limb amputations are peripheral artery disease (92% of the cases) and trauma (7%). The selection of the amputation level aims at optimizing the chances of healing and the functionality of the involved limb. Foot preserving amputations offer the best functional outcome but the healing process is frequently slow and difficult. After a below-knee amputation, 60% of the patients are capable of ambulating again, whereas only 20% of the patients undergoing an above-knee amputation ambulate autonomously. Complications after amputations are frequent, can occur a long time after surgery and must be managed by a highly specialized team.
1.55-μm InP-lattice-matched VCSELs with AlGaAsSb-AlAsSb DBRs (2001)

We review the design, fabrication, and characterization of 1.55-/spl mu/m lattice-matched vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, operating continuous wave up to 88/spl deg/C. For one embodiment, the threshold current is 800 /spl mu/A, the differential quantum efficiency is 23%, and the maximum output power is more than 1 mW at 20/spl deg/C and 110 /spl mu/W at 80/spl deg/C. The basic structure consists of AlAsSb-AlGaAsSb mirrors, which provide both high reflectivity and an InP-lattice-matched structure. The quaternary mirrors have poor electrical and thermal conductivities, which can raise the device temperature. However, a double-intracavity-contacted structure along with thick n-type InP cladding layers circumvents these drawbacks and finally leads to an excellent performance. The measured voltage and thermal impedances are much lower for the intracavity-contacted device than an air-post structure in which current is injected through the Sb-based quaternary mirror. The structure utilizes an undercut aperture for current and optical confinement. The aperture reduces scattering loss at the etched mirror and contributes to high differential efficiency and low threshold current density.
Inhibition of CDK9 activity compromises global splicing in prostate cancer cells (2021)

Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) phosphorylates RNA polymerase II to promote productive transcription elongation. Here we show that short-term CDK9 inhibition affects the splicing of thousands of mRNAs. CDK9 inhibition impairs global splicing and there is no evidence for a coordinated response between the alternative splicing and the overall transcriptome. Alternative splicing is a feature of aggressive prostate cancer (CRPC) and enables the generation of the anti-androgen resistant version of the ligand-independent androgen receptor, AR-v7. We show that CDK9 inhibition results in the loss of AR and AR-v7 expression due to the defects in splicing, which sensitizes CRPC cells to androgen deprivation. Finally, we demonstrate that CDK9 expression increases as PC cells develop CRPC-phenotype both <i>in vitro</i> and also in patient samples. To conclude, here we show that CDK9 inhibition compromises splicing in PC cells, which can be capitalized on by targeting the PC-specific addiction androgen receptor.
Trinuclear magnetic clusters based on cyanide metal complexes: synthesis, crystal structures, and magnetic properties of four new [MnII2MIII] complexes (M = Cr, Fe, Co) (2006)

Four new cyano-bridged [MnIIMIIIMnII] heterotrinuclear complexes (MIII = Cr, Fe, Co) have been synthesized and crystallographically characterized: {[(H2O)L1Mn–NC–Cr(CN)4–CN–MnL1(H2O)]}3[Cr(CN)6]·10H2O 1, [(H2O)L2Mn–NC–M(CN)4–CN–MnL2(NCS)]·2H2O 2, [(H2O)L2Mn–NC–Fe(CN)4–CN–MnL2(H2O)](NCS)·1.5H2O 3, and [(H2O)L2Mn–NC–Co(CN)4–CN–MnL2(H2O)](NCS)·1.5H2O 4 (L1 = 2,13-dimethyl-3,6,9,12,18-pentaazabicyclo[12.3.1]octadeca-1(18),2,12,14,16-pentaene, L2 = 2,13-dimethyl-6,9-dioxa-3,12,18-triazabicyclo[12.3.1]octadeca-1(18),2,12,14,16-pentaene). The crystal structure of 1 consists of independent [MnCrMn] monocations whose charges are counterbalanced by [Cr(CN)6]3− anions. The crystal structure of 2 consists of neutral heterotrinuclear [MnCrMn] species, with the isothiocyanato ion coordinated to one of the manganese atoms. Compounds 3 and 4 are isomorphous. Their crystal structure consists of centrosymmetric [MnMMn] entities, uncoordinated NCS− ions, and solvent molecules. The magnetic properties of the four complexes have been investigated. Compounds 1 and 2 are new examples of systems with an irregular spin state structure, exhibiting the characteristic minimum on the the χMTversusT curves. The exchange interaction between the chromium(III) and the manganese(II) ions is antiferromagnetic (1: J = −9.8 cm−1; 2: J = −6.52 cm−1). For compound 3, the exchange interaction between manganese(II) and iron(III) was found to be ferromagnetic.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase BMX maintains self-renewal and tumorigenic potential of glioblastoma stem cells by activating STAT3. (2011)

Glioblastomas display cellular hierarchies containing tumor-propagating glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). STAT3 is a critical signaling node in GSC maintenance but molecular mechanisms underlying STAT3 activation in GSCs are poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that the bone marrow X-linked (BMX) nonreceptor tyrosine kinase activates STAT3 signaling to maintain self-renewal and tumorigenic potential of GSCs. BMX is differentially expressed in GSCs relative to nonstem cancer cells and neural progenitors. BMX knockdown potently inhibited STAT3 activation, expression of GSC transcription factors, and growth of GSC-derived intracranial tumors. Constitutively active STAT3 rescued the effects of BMX downregulation, supporting that BMX signals through STAT3 in GSCs. These data demonstrate that BMX represents a GSC therapeutic target and reinforces the importance of STAT3 signaling in stem-like cancer phenotypes.Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. PMID: 21481791 Funding information This work was supported by: NCI NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 CA154130 NINDS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 NS054276 NCI NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 CA129958 NHLBI NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: P01 HL085098 NINDS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 NS070315-01 NHLBI NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 HL081092-05 NHLBI NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 HL081092 NCI NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: CA116659 NCI NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: CA154130 NCI NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: CA129958 NINDS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 NS070315-02 NCI NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 CA116659 NINDS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 NS070315 NHLBI NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: P01 HL085098-04 NINDS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: NS070315 NINDS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: NS054276 More Less keyboard_arrow_down
Development of integrated ceiling systems (1975)

The world wide energy crisis indicates the need to examine more critically the consumption of energy by building services. The integrated environmental design (IED) approach to building design has much to offer since one of its purposes is to save energy. One of the elements in IED is the integrated ceiling system which can provide lighting, air-diffusion, sound control and fire protection. The paper examines the development of these systems and the standards to which individual components and assembled systems must be tested. The use of high intensity discharge lamps and luminaires for lighting and air-handling is discussed and the behaviour of the ceiling with negative pressure plenums, and the diffusion of conditioned air from ceilings having shaped or offered contours are also considered.
Antifluorite-type Na5FeO4 as a low-cost, environment-friendly cathode with combined cationic/anionic redox activity for sodium ion batteries: a first-principles investigation (2022)

The rapid electrification of our society and the transition towards a larger share of intermittent renewable energy sources in our electricity grids will dramatically increase the demand for cheap energy storage. Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) show a lot of promise to provide the required stationary storage at the grid level at low cost owing to the natural abundance and geographical availability of sodium. In addition, alkali-rich cathode materials exhibiting anionic redox contributions have garnered much attention over the past decade as a strategy to increase the specific capacity. In this work, we investigate for the first time the sodium-rich compound Na<sub>5</sub>FeO<sub>4</sub> as a potential low-cost, environment-friendly cathode for sodium ion batteries from first principles using density functional theory. We investigate three low-energy polymorphs related to the antifluorite structure, verify their dynamical and mechanical stabilities, and show that they exhibit promising ion diffusive properties. As alkali-rich cathode materials are prone to oxygen loss during cycling, we investigate cycling stability with respect to phase transformations and oxygen loss and identify in particular one promising cycling interval that can reversibly shuttle 1.5 Na<sup>+</sup> per formula unit between Na<sub>5</sub>FeO<sub>4</sub> and Na<sub>3.5</sub>FeO<sub>4</sub> with a gravimetric energy density exceeding 360 W h kg<sup>-1</sup>. Investigations into possible redox mechanisms reveal that the charge compensation occurs simultaneously on Fe- and O-atoms in FeO<sub>4</sub>-tetrahedra, which suggests that Na<sub>5</sub>FeO<sub>4</sub>, if realised experimentally as a cathode material, would join the family of combined cationic/anionic redox compounds.
Plant Vacuoles (2011)

Abstract Most plant cells contain one or several vacuoles, which may occupy up to 95% of the cellular space. The vacuoles often appear empty under a light microscope (hence their name), except when they contain pigments or precipitated substances. The vacuole is delimited from the cytosol by the vacuolar membrane, which is also called tonoplast. Vacuoles are compartments of the secretory pathway derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Their function include the storage of ions, sugars, proteins and xenobiotics. They also participate in volume changes during growth and development, movements such as stomata opening and closing and the maintenance of internal turgor pressure for the mechanical stiffness of green tissues. Although most plant cells have a single central vacuole, some cells have two different vacuoles with different contents and functions. Vacuole biogenesis is a complicated process involving several intermediate compartments, vesicle trafficking and fusion. Key Concepts: The large central vacuole plays an important role in temporary storage of metabolites, thus allowing keeping the metabolite levels constant in the cytosol. Plant cells can harbour two different types of vacuoles with different contents and functions. Vacuoles are compartments of the secretory pathway and derive their membrane (tonoplast) and protein content from the ER via the Golgi apparatus and pre‐vacuolar compartments. Some storage vacuoles may however derive directly from the ER. Toxic compounds are preferentially stored in the large central vacuole, since in this compartment they do not interfere with plant metabolism.
Distributed Widely Linear Multiple-Model Adaptive Estimation (2015)

The paper considers the problem of estimating the state of a complex-valued stochastic hybrid system observed distributively using an agent/sensor network (AN/SN) with complex-valued (possibly noncircular) observations. In several distributed estimation problems, a suitable model to describe the underlying system is unknown a priori, i.e., distributed state estimation with structural uncertainty. Motivated by application of widely linear processing techniques in such problems, the paper proposes a class of distributed multiple-model adaptive estimation algorithms, referred to as the CD/MMAE. By incorporating the particular structure of the complex-valued observations on the second moment, first we develop two hierarchical CD/MMAE implementations and then use them as the building blocks and develop a diffusion-based hybrid estimator for decentralized estimation without incorporation of a fusion centre. The paper derives a new form of the adaptation law and a new form of information fusion, which takes advantage of the full second-order statistical properties of the underlying observations. Convergence properties of the proposed diffusion-based CD/MMAE are then investigated. We show that the adaptive weight of all local nodes converges to the true mode with probability one. Simulation results indicate that the proposed hybrid estimators provide improved performance and convergence properties over their traditional counterparts.
Understanding the molecular mechanism of pulse current charging for stable lithium-metal batteries (2017)

High energy and safe electrochemical storage are critical components in multiple emerging fields of technologies. Rechargeable lithium-metal batteries are considered to be promising alternatives for current lithium-ion batteries, leading to as much as a 10-fold improvement in anode storage capacity (from 372 to 3860 mAh g<sup>-1</sup>). One of the major challenges for commercializing lithium-metal batteries is the reliability and safety issue, which is often associated with uneven lithium electrodeposition (lithium dendrites) during the charging stage of the battery cycling process. We report that stable lithium-metal batteries can be achieved by simply charging cells with square-wave pulse current. We investigated the effects of charging period and frequency as well as the mechanisms that govern this process at the molecular level. Molecular simulations were performed to study the diffusion and the solvation structure of lithium cations (Li<sup>+</sup>) in bulk electrolyte. The model predicts that loose association between cations and anions can enhance the transport of Li<sup>+</sup> and eventually stabilize the lithium electrodeposition. We also performed galvanostatic measurements to evaluate the cycling behavior and cell lifetime under pulsed electric field and found that the cell lifetime can be more than doubled using certain pulse current waveforms. Both experimental and simulation results demonstrate that the effectiveness of pulse current charging on dendrite suppression can be optimized by choosing proper time- and frequency-dependent pulses. This work provides a molecular basis for understanding the mechanisms of pulse current charging to mitigating lithium dendrites and designing pulse current waveforms for stable lithium-metal batteries.
Low Temperature Coefficient Shear Wave Thin Films for Composite Resonators and Filters (1983)

Low temperature coefficient thin film composites have been synthesized using both ZnO/Si and AlN/Si. Using these composites, resonators have been fabricated which exhibit an absolute temperature coefficient of series resonant frequency of less than 1 ppm/C around room temperature and an overall coefficient better than ATcut quartz over the measured temperature of -20°C to 120°C. Shear waves were generated by ZnO or A1N films having c-axes oriented up to 45 from the s ubstrate normal in order to produce quasi-shear waves in the films and pure shear waves in the p+ Si membrane substrate. The oriented films were produced in a modified dc planar magnetron sputtering system having an auxiliary anode biased to control film orientation. By independently measuring the temperature coefficient of i sol ated piezoelectric films, t he temperature coefficient o f the boron doped p+ Si was inferred to be approximately 810 ppm/C as an average over the membrane thickness. Theoretical results suggest that the p+ Si membrane should have a temperature coefficient ranging from -10 ppm/C to +30 ppm/C over the membrane thickness.