gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hadrontherapy beam monitoring: Towards a new generation of ultra-thin p-type silicon strip detectors (2011)

Hadrontherapy has gained increasing interest for cancer treatment especially within the last decade. System commissioning and quality assurance procedures impose to monitor the particle beam using 2D dose measurements. Nowadays, several monitoring systems exist for hadrontherapy but all show a relatively high influence on the beam properties: indeed, most devices consist of several layers of materials that degrade the beam through scattering and energy losses. For precise treatment purposes, ultra-thin silicon strip detectors are investigated in order to reduce this beam scattering. We assess the beam size increase provoked by the Multiple Coulomb Scattering when passing through Si, to derive a target thickness. Monte-Carlo based simulations show a characteristic scattering opening angle lower than 1mrad for thicknesses below 20 μm. We then evaluated the fabrication process feasibility. We successfully thinned down silicon wafers to thicknesses lower than 10 μm over areas of several cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Strip detectors are presently being processed and they will tentatively be thinned down to 20 μm. Moreover, two-dimensional TCAD simulations were carried out to investigate the beam detector performances on p-type Si substrates. Additionally, thick and thin substrates have been compared thanks to electrical simulations. Reducing the pitch between the strips increases breakdown voltage, whereas leakage current is quite insensitive to strips geometrical configuration. The samples are to be characterized as soon as possible in one of the IBA hadrontherapy facilities. For hadrontherapy, this would represent a considerable step forward in terms of treatment precision.
Influence of the stroke code activation source on the outcome of acute ischemic stroke patients (2008)

Patients arriving directly to the stroke center via emergency medical services or on their own receive neurologic attention sooner, are more frequently treated with tPA, and have better clinical outcome than those patients who are first taken to a community hospital.
PROMISE: Parallel‐imaging and compressed‐sensing reconstruction of multicontrast imaging using SharablE information (2015)

Purpose A typical clinical MR examination includes multiple scans to acquire images with different contrasts for complementary diagnostic information. The multicontrast scheme requires long scanning time. The combination of partially parallel imaging and compressed sensing (CS‐PPI) has been used to reconstruct accelerated scans. However, there are several unsolved problems in existing methods. The target of this work is to improve existing CS‐PPI methods for multicontrast imaging, especially for two‐dimensional imaging. Theory and Methods If the same field of view is scanned in multicontrast imaging, there is significant amount of sharable information. It is proposed in this study to use manifold sharable information among multicontrast images to enhance CS‐PPI in a sequential way. Coil sensitivity information and structure based adaptive regularization, which were extracted from previously reconstructed images, were applied to enhance the following reconstructions. The proposed method is called Parallel‐imaging and compressed‐sensing Reconstruction Of Multicontrast Imaging using SharablE information (PROMISE). Results Using L 1 ‐SPIRiT as a CS‐PPI example, results on multicontrast brain and carotid scans demonstrated that lower error level and better detail preservation can be achieved by exploiting manifold sharable information. Besides, the privilege of PROMISE still exists while there is interscan motion. Conclusion Using the sharable information among multicontrast images can enhance CS‐PPI with tolerance to motions. Magn Reson Med 73:523–535, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel positive allosteric modulators of A2B adenosine receptor acting as bone mineralisation promoters (2020)

Small-molecules acting as positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the A<sub>2B</sub> adenosine receptor (A<sub>2B</sub> AR) could potentially represent a novel therapeutic strategy for pathological conditions characterised by altered bone homeostasis, including osteoporosis. We investigated a library of compounds (<b>4</b>-<b>13</b>) exhibiting different degrees of chemical similarity with three indole derivatives (<b>1</b>-<b>3</b>), which have been recently identified by us as PAMs of the A<sub>2B</sub> AR able to promote mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and bone formation. Evaluation of mineralisation activity of <b>4</b>-<b>13</b> in the presence and in the absence of the agonist BAY60-6583 allowed the identification of lead compounds with therapeutic potential as anti-osteoporosis agents. Further biological characterisation of one of the most performing compounds, the benzofurane derivative <b>9</b>, confirmed that such a molecule behaves as PAM of the A<sub>2B</sub> AR.
Photon-efficient imaging with a single-photon camera (2016)

Reconstructing a scene's 3D structure and reflectivity accurately with an active imaging system operating in low-light-level conditions has wide-ranging applications, spanning biological imaging to remote sensing. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate a depth and reflectivity imaging system with a single-photon camera that generates high-quality images from ∼1 detected signal photon per pixel. Previous achievements of similar photon efficiency have been with conventional raster-scanning data collection using single-pixel photon counters capable of ∼10-ps time tagging. In contrast, our camera's detector array requires highly parallelized time-to-digital conversions with photon time-tagging accuracy limited to ∼ns. Thus, we develop an array-specific algorithm that converts coarsely time-binned photon detections to highly accurate scene depth and reflectivity by exploiting both the transverse smoothness and longitudinal sparsity of natural scenes. By overcoming the coarse time resolution of the array, our framework uniquely achieves high photon efficiency in a relatively short acquisition time.
A surface generated acoustic wave liquid microsensor (1990)

The properties of the acoustic waves in a fluid overlay on a piezoelectric substrate are investigated. Acoustic wave properties such as velocity and attenuation are obtained as a function of the thickness and physical properties of the fluid layer. It is shown that subtle changes in fluid properties modify the acoustic wave properties, which can then be used as the sensing element in a fluid microprocessor. Various liquids containing different concentrations of solutes were studied. Both the velocity and the attenuation of the acoustic mode varied in a predictable fashion as the fluid properties changed. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity to minute variations in solute concentrations. The sensor response was not extremely sensitive to geometric factors such as the parallelism of the two solids. This type of acoustic sensor may have applications in such diverse areas as water pollution control, chemical sensors, and biosensors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Prediction of Conversion from Paroxysmal to Permanent Atrial Fibrillation (2007)

Our results show that a P-SAECG, an analysis of CHRS, and left atrial enlargement are clinical predictors of a progression from PAF to PEAF.
Optimization of Edge Termination Techniques for β-Ga2O3 Schottky Rectifiers (2019)

To realize the potential of Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) Schottky rectifiers fabricated for high voltage and fast switching applications, various edge termination techniques to maximize the breakdown voltage (Vbr) are studied and examined via simulations using the FLOODS/FLOOPS TCAD simulator. The simulated Schottky rectifiers consist of a Si-doped (n = 1.0 × 1015 – 1.3 × 1017 cm−3) β-Ga2O3 epitaxial layer grown on Sn-doped (n = 4.8 × 1018 cm−3) Ga2O3 substrates. The optimization of field plate geometry for Schottky barrier diodes (SBD) was investigated using the device breakdown characteristics as the figure-of-merit. Various field plate dielectrics (SiO2, SiNx, Al2O3, and HfO2) were explored while the field plate structure was concurrently varied to obtain a normalized breakdown field (VNbr) of ∼3 for a step (graduated form) dielectric with Al2O3 as the dielectric. Edge termination via the formation of resistive areas at the anode contact periphery via ion (argon) implantation was also examined for the SBDs since other edge termination techniques are ineffective due to lack of p-type doping in Ga2O3. The configuration of the implanted region was investigated and a VNbr of over 5 was achieved for diodes with an unbounded resistive region and an implantation depth of 50–100 nm.
Dielectric Evolution Characteristics of HfCN Metal-Electrode-Gated MOS Stacks (2007)

Hafnium carbonitride films were synthesized as a metal-gate electrode by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition using precursor. The physical and electrical properties, especially the dielectric evolution characteristic of oxide dielectric, were evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, capacitance–voltage, and current–voltage measurements. As a result, the capacitance-deduced equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) becomes much smaller than the initial physical thickness of various oxide dielectrics after deposition. For the case of stacks, the reduction in EOTs was attributed to the increase in average effective dielectric constant, possibly due to atoms interdiffusion, e.g., N, Hf, or O atoms, which may promote the formation of high-κ dielectric phases. Based on the dielectric evolution characteristic, although the leakage current in the stack with reduced EOT is close to the level of the doped-polysilicon/ stack, Hf-based metal electrode/high-κ dielectric/Si MOS stacks are also expected to be integrated into thermal oxide/Si stacks by one-step metal electrode deposition, which results in conversion of the layer into a high-κ dielectric layer.
Optimum Equivalent Loading in Multi-Dimensional Transmission (2020)

Loading methods for wireline and wireless transmission systems are explained and reviewed to allow examination of fundamental equivalences between approaches to optimum transmission with linear cross-dimensional interference. Shannon's famous water-filling method is then re-interpreted by examining the difference between mutual information and the constellation size used on each tone. Results reinforce that highest performance in all methods retains use of Shannon's water-filling. However, results also find that a constant-size constellation on all energized water-filling dimensions, when used with a good code and an appropriate joint maximum-likelihood decoder, is sufficient to approximate this highest performance. This means that tone-dependent constellation variation is not necessary, which increases receiver complexity but reduces the need for channel-state feedback. This then leads to some adaptive MCS (modulation and coding scheme) equivalent loading methods that can be applied generally to wireline and wireless transmission.
Use of Graphite Oxide and Graphene Oxide as Catalysts in the Synthesis of Dipyrromethane and Calix[4]pyrrole (2011)

Graphite oxide and graphene oxides have been used as solid catalysts for the synthesis of 5,5-dialkyldipyrromethanes and calix[4]pyrroles in organic and aqueous solutions at room temperature.
Dihydroxyphenylisoindoline Amides as Orally Bioavailable Inhibitors of the Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) Molecular Chaperone (2009)

The discovery and optimization of potency and metabolic stability of a novel class of dihyroxyphenylisoindoline amides as Hsp90 inhibitors are presented. Optimization of a screening hit using structure-based design and modification of log D and chemical structural features led to the identification of a class of orally bioavailable non-quinone-containing Hsp90 inhibitors. This class is exemplified by 14 and 15, which possess improved cell potency and pharmacokinetic profiles compared with the original screening hit.
Tislelizumab Plus Chemotherapy as First-line Treatment for Advanced Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Gastric/Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma (2020)

Tislelizumab plus chemotherapy demonstrated durable responses with manageable tolerability in patients with advanced ESCC or G/GEJ adenocarcinoma.
A Study on an Implementation of Control Panel of Sun Trackers and Monitoring System for Photovoltaic Generation Plants (2010)

제어를 위한 기구부의 위치 정보는 BLDC 모터의 홀센서를 이용하여 정확한 위치 및 속도제어가 가능하도록 알고리즘을 구현하였으며, 실제 기구부의 방위각과 고도각에 대한 제어 정밀도를 측정한 결과 최대 <TEX>$2.02^{\circ}$</TEX>, <TEX>$1.01^{\circ}$</TEX>. 오차범위 <TEX>$1.86^{\circ}$</TEX>이내로 비교적 정확하였다. 태양광 발전 모니터링 시스템은 LCU를 중심으로 한 통합 모니터링 제어 시스템으로 모든 장비들은 1:N 방식으로 다중 동시접속이 가능하고, 원격지에서 시스템의 제어 및 현재 상태에 대한 실시간 감시가 가능하도록 개발하였다. Hall sensors of BLDC(brushless DC) motor are used to detect a position information for a control mechanism, which implements an algorithm for velocity and position control. Actual azimuth and altitude were measured to evaluate a control precision. The measurement revealed comparatively good accuracy that the measured values were <TEX>$2.02^{\circ}$</TEX> and <TEX>$1.01^{\circ}$</TEX> respectively, and the maximum error falls within <TEX>$1.86^{\circ}$</TEX>. The developed monitoring system of photovoltaic generation plants is a LCU(Local Control Unit) based on an integrated monitoring system which supports 1:N method for multiple simultaneous connections, remote control and real-time system state monitoring.
Layered modular action control for communicative humanoids (2002)

Face-to-face interaction between people is generally effortless and effective. We exchange glances, take turns speaking and make facial and manual gestures to achieve the goals of the dialogue. This paper describes an action composition and selection architecture for synthetic characters capable of full-duplex, real-time face-to-face interaction with a human. This architecture is part of a computational model of psychosocial dialogue skills, called Y_m_i_r_, that bridges between multimodal perception and multimodal action generation. To test the architecture, a prototype humanoid has been implemented, named G_a_n_d_a_ l_f_, who commands a graphical model of the solar system and can engage in task-directed dialogue with people using speech, manual and facial gesture. Gandalf has been tested in interaction with users and has been shown capable of fluid turn-taking and multimodal dialogue. The primary focus in this paper will be on the action selection mechanisms and low-level composition of motor commands. An overview is also given of the Ymir model and Gandalf's graphical representation.
Modulation of T-dependent recall humoral immunity by Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (63.12) (2011)

Abstract Some microbial toxins are superantigens (SAg) that target large numbers of CD4 T cells. We previously showed that the SAg SEB can lead to memory CD4 T cell inactivation (anergy). Given that SAgs target TCRs independently of their peptide-binding properties, memory T cell help for unrelated antigens might be impaired. Here we show that SEB prevented T-dependent recall humoral immunity. In a mouse model, ovalbumin (OVA)-specific, Vβ8-expressing memory CD4 T cells provided help to hapten-specific B cells after challenge with the T-dependent antigen, TNP-OVA. Only when specific memory T cells were present did the mice make TNP-specific secondary (IgG) humoral responses; otherwise a primary (IgM) humoral response was observed. Exposure of the immune mice to SEB prior to challenge with TNP-OVA led to a loss of IgG production, indicating impaired memory helper function. Aberrant recall immunity was long-lived, as even 3 weeks after exposure to SEB, immunization with TNP-OVA resulted in IgM, but not IgG, anti-TNP Ab. Comparable numbers of carrier-specific T cells were present in SEB-treated and control mice, suggesting that anergic memory cells were maintained in vivo. Memory cell anergy occurred due to Fyn kinase-dependent negative signaling, and Fyn-deficient memory cells promoted IgG production even after SEB exposure. Hence, bacterial toxins can target memory helper cells to eliminate recall responses to unrelated antigens, suggesting a potential need for re-vaccination.
Unified operator approach for deriving Hermite–Gaussian and Laguerre–Gaussian laser modes (2004)

A unified operator approach is described for deriving Hermite-Gaussian and Laguerre-Gaussian laser beams by using as a starting point a plane-wave-spectrum representation of the electromagnetic field. We show that by using the plane-wave representation of the fundamental Gaussian mode as a seed function, all higher-order beam modes can be derived by acting with differential operators on this fundamental solution. The approach presented can be easily generalized to nonparaxial situations and to include vector effects of the electromagnetic field.
Protection against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Guinea Pigs via Oral Administration of Recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum Expressing VP1 (2015)

Mucosal vaccination is an effective strategy for generating antigen-specific immune responses against mucosal infections of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). In this study, Lactobacillus plantarum strains NC8 and WCFS1 were used as oral delivery vehicles containing a pSIP411-VP1 recombinant plasmid to initiate mucosal and systemic immune responses in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were orally vaccinated (three doses) with NC8-pSIP411, NC8-pSIP411-VP1, WCFS1-pSIP411, WCFS1-pSIP411-VP1 or milk. Animals immunized with NC8-pSIP411-VP1 and WCFS1-pSIP411-VP1 developed high levels of antigen-specific serum IgG, IgA, IgM, mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA) and neutralizing antibodies, and revealed stronger cell-mediated immune responses and enhanced protection against FMDV challenge compared with control groups. The recombinant pSIP411-VP1 effectively improved immunoprotection against FMDV in guinea pigs.
Spectrally encoded confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (2010)

Fundus imaging has become an essential clinical diagnostic tool in ophthalmology. Current generation scanning laser ophthalmoscopes (SLO) offer advantages over conventional fundus photography and indirect ophthalmoscopy in terms of light efficiency and contrast. As a result of the ability of SLO to provide rapid, continuous imaging of retinal structures and its versatility in accommodating a variety of illumination wavelengths, allowing for imaging of both endogenous and exogenous fluorescent contrast agents, SLO has become a powerful tool for the characterization of retinal pathologies. However, common implementations of SLO, such as the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (CSLO) and line-scanning laser ophthalmoscope (LSLO), require imaging or multidimensional scanning elements which are typically implemented in bulk optics placed close to the subject eye. Here, we apply a spectral encoding technique in one dimension combined with single-axis lateral scanning to create a spectrally encoded confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SECSLO) which is fully confocal. This novel implementation of the SLO allows for high contrast, high resolution in vivo human retinal imaging with image transmission through a single-mode optical fiber. Furthermore, the scanning optics are similar and the detection engine is identical to that of current-generation spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) systems, potentially allowing for a simplistic implementation of a joint SECSLO-SDOCT imaging system.
Gravity-dependent stick-slip dynamics in penetration experiments on simulated regolith (2020)

The surfaces of many planetary bodies, including asteroids and small moons, are covered with dust to pebble-sized regolith held weakly to the surface by gravity and contact forces. Understanding the reaction of regolith to an external perturbation will allow for instruments including sensors and anchoring mechanisms for use on such surfaces to implement optimized design principles. We analyze the behavior of a flexible probe inserted into loose regolith simulant as a function of probe speed and ambient gravitational acceleration to explore the relevant dynamics. The EMPANADA experiment (Ejecta-Minimizing Protocols for Applications Needing Anchoring or Digging on Asteroids) flew on several parabolic flights. It employs a classic granular physics technique, photoelasticity, to quantify the dynamics of a flexible probe during its insertion into a system of bi-disperse, cm-sized model grains. We identify the grain-scale forces throughout the system for probe insertion at a variety of speeds and for four different levels of gravity: terrestrial, martian, lunar, and microgravity. We identify discrete, stick-slip failure events that increase in both magnitude and frequency as a function of the gravitational acceleration. In microgravity environments, stick-slip behaviors are negligible, and we identify that faster probe insertion can suppress stick-slip behaviors where they are present. We conclude that the mechanical response of regolith on rubble pile asteroids is likely quite distinct from that found on larger planetary objects. Techniques borrowed from Earth-based granular physics experiments provide a promising set of methods for future work analyzing both local and global particle rearrangement events in microgravity conditions.
Dithienophosphole-based molecular electron acceptors constructed using direct (hetero)arylation cross-coupling methods (2018)

Herein we report on the first successful coupling of the dithienophosphole (S<sub>2</sub>PO) functional building block with three types of heteroaryl end caps using direct (hetero)arylation C–H bond functionalization methods.
Kinetic analysis of transcellular passage of the cobalamin–transcobalamin complex in Caco-2 monolayers (2018)

We suggest a novel kinetic approach to quantifying receptor-ligand interactions via the cellular transport and/or accumulation of the ligand. The system of cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) transport was used as a model, because Cbl is an obligatory cofactor, taken up by animal cells with the help of a transport protein and a membrane receptor. Bovine transcobalamin (bTC) stimulated the cellular accumulation and transcytosis of radioactive [<sup>57</sup>Co]Cbl in polarized monolayers of Caco-2 cells. The bovine protein was much more efficient than human TC. The transport was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the unlabeled bTC-Cbl complex, the ligand-free bTC, and the receptor-associated protein (RAP). This inhibition pattern implied the presence of a megalin-like receptor. Quantitative assessment of kinetic records by the suggested method revealed the apparent concentration of receptors in vitro (≈15 nM), as well as the dissociation constants of bTC-Cbl ( K<sub>d</sub> = 13 nM) and RAP ( K<sub>d</sub> = 1.3 nM). The data were used to estimate the effective luminal concentrations of TC-specific receptors in kidneys (3.8 µM) and intestine (50 nM), the tissues resembling polarized Caco-2 cells.
LP/WLP Hybrid Scheme for Quality Improvement of TCX Coders Operating at Low Bit Rates (2012)

In this paper, we propose a switchable linear prediction (LP)/warped linear prediction (WLP) hybrid scheme for the transform coded excitation (TCX) coder, which is adopted as a core codec in AMR-WB+ and USAC. The proposed algorithm selects either an LP or WLP filter on a per-frame basis. To provide a smooth transitions between LP and WLP frames, a window switching scheme is developed using sine and rectangular windows. In addition, a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM)-based classification module is used to determine the prediction mode. Through a subjective listening test it was confirmed that the proposed LP/WLP switching scheme offers improved sound quality.