gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inferring Multi-Dimensional Ideal Points for US Supreme Court Justices (2016)

In Supreme Court parlance and the political science literature, an ideal point positions a justice in a continuous space and can be interpreted as a quantification of the justice's policy preferences. We present an automated approach to infer such ideal points for justices of the US Supreme Court. This approach combines topic modeling over case opinions with the voting (and endorsing) behavior of justices. Furthermore, given a topic of interest, say the Fourth Amendment, the topic model can be optionally seeded with supervised information to steer the inference of ideal points. Application of this methodology over five years of cases provides interesting perspectives into the leaning of justices on crucial issues, coalitions underlying specific topics, and the role of swing justices in deciding the outcomes of cases.
2P1-L09 Bacteria Immobilization in Porous carrier by Dielectrophoresis(Bio-Mimetics and Bio-Mechatronics) (2011)

A microbe contains various enzymes enabling multi-step biochemical reaction. Extremely wide varieties of bacteria have been discovered or genetically modified to enhance the process efficiency and to develop new biochemical reactions. To investigate the performances of microbes, it is necessary to not only quantify the number of microbes that are involved in the reaction but also make their reaction conditions consistent. Therefore precise control and immobilization of microbes is crucial. In this paper we propose bacteria handling and immobilization in micro scale holes by dielectrophoresis. This way can control precise amount of bacteria, identify the number of the bacteria and analyze their reaction accurately. We succeeded in handling and immobilizing bacteria in micro scale holes. The number of immobilized bacteria could be controlled and only alive bacteria were successfully collected.
Preparation of polyurethane nanocapsules by miniemulsion polyaddition (2007)

The encapsulation of organic liquids in polyurethane nanocapsules by interfacial miniemulsion polycondensation of isophorone diisocyanate and propanetriol has been performed. The influence of type and amount of encapsulated organic liquid has been studied and it was found that the encapsulation efficiency is dependent on the water solubility of the organic liquids, their interfacial tension against water and their compatibility with polyurethane. It was also shown how different types of surfactants and variations in pH and ionic strength of the continuous phase affected the stability during polymerization and the diameter of the miniemulsion droplets and the resulting nanocapsules. The long-chained anionic surfactant Disponil FES77 can be utilized over a larger pH range than SDS due to the contribution of steric stabilization. Relatively narrow size distributions were obtained.
Subgroup Analyses from a Phase 3, Open-Label, Randomized Study of Eribulin Mesylate versus Capecitabine in Pretreated Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer (2016)

This study reports the subgroup analyses of eribulin versus capecitabine from a phase 3, open-label, randomized study (www.clinicaltrials.gov; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00337103).
Radioligand Binding Assay (2003)

Characterization and cloning of the AT(1) and AT(2) receptors would not have been possible without an assay that could detect and measure the density and affinity of these receptors. The most frequently used, if not the only, methodological approach used to investigate these receptors is the radioligand binding assay performed either in a test tube with tissue-membrane preparations or cultured cells, or on tissue sections (the latter revealed by autoradiography). This chapter will only deal with the test-tube radioligand binding assay. In this assay, a radiolabeled ligand (labeled with (125)I or (3)H, for example) is incubated with a membrane preparation or cells in presence of receptor subtype-specific antagonist or agonist. After reaching equilibrium, the receptor-bound tracer is separated from the free tracer by rapid filtration through glass fiber filters or by centrifugation. The amount (cpm) of bound tracer is then used to calculate the density and affinity of each receptor subtype. Alternatively, other experiments can be designed to derive kinetics of association and dissociation or saturation.
Comments on the Extensivity of the Boltzmann Entropy (2016)

In thermodynamics entropy Std is an extensive state function. Its derivation by statistical mechanics following Boltzmann and Gibbs with the famous formula S=kBlnW for a micro-canonical ensemble with N particles, kB the Boltzmann constant, and W the number of accessible micro-states is however in general not extensive unless the Stirling approximation given by lnN! – NlnN + N is used. Furthermore, at the thermodynamic limit with the number of particles N→∞ at constant density the Stirling approximation can not be used to show extensivity because limN→∞ (lnN! – NlnN + N)=∞. Hence, the Boltzmann entropy S as shown here for the ideal gas is neither for a small system with N particles nor at the thermodynamic limit extensive. Thus, if strict extensivity for the entropy is requested the claim of statistical mechanics that the Boltzmann entropy is a microscopic description of its thermodynamic analog is challenged.
Conformational analysis of potent sweet taste ligands by NMR and computer simulations (1999)

We report the conformational analysis by 1H-nmr and computer simulations of five potent sweet molecules, N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-aspartyl-S-(α-methyl)phenylalanine methylester (1; 5000 times more potent than sucrose), L-aspartyl-D-valine (S)-α-methoxycarbonylmethylbenzylamide (2; 1400 times more potent than sucrose), L-aspartyl-D-valine α-phenylcyclopentylamide (3; 1200 times more potent than sucrose), L-aspartyl-D-α-aminobutyric acid (S)-α-cyclohexylpropylamide (4; 2300 times more potent than sucrose), and L-aspartyl-D-valine (R)-α-methylthiomethylbenzylamide (5; 3000 times more potent than sucrose). The “L-shaped” structure, which we believe to be responsible for sweet taste, is accessible to all five sweet compounds in solution. This structure is characterized by a zwitterionic ring formed by the A-H and B containing moieties located in the +y axis and by the hydrophobic group X pointing into the +x axis. Other accessible conformations of these flexible molecules are extended conformations with the A-H and B containing moieties in the +y axis and the hydrophobic group X pointing in the −y axis and reversed L-shaped structures with the hydrophobic group X projecting along the −x axis. The remarkable potency of the N-alkylated compound 1 supports our recent hypothesis that a second hydrophobic binding domain in addition to interactions arising from the L-shaped structure leads to an enhancement of sweetness potency. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 49: 525–539, 1999
Generalized Differential Vector Signaling (2009)

Binary NRZ signaling over single ended or fully differential parallel wired channels is commonly used for chip-to-chip communications. This paper presents differential vector signaling as a generalized new class of signaling for parallel wired links. Differential vector signaling has many of the benefits inherent to differential signaling while maintaining high pin efficiency of single ended parallel links and offers an alternative solution for high speed chip-to-chip interconnections. The signaling is viewed as a multi-wire coded communication system. The encoding method and the maximum likelihood decoding algorithm are presented. Also a variant of this signaling which requires a reduced complexity receiver is proposed.
Imaging of Directional Distributed Noise Sources (2008)

This study relates to the acoustic imaging of noise sources that are distributed and strongly directional, such as in turbulent jets. The goal is to generate high-resolution noise source maps with self-consistency, i.e., their integration over the extent of the noise source region gives the far-field pressure auto-spectrum for a particular emission direction. Self-consistency is possible by including a directivity factor in the formulation of the source cross-spectral density. The resulting source distribution is based on the complex coherence, rather than the cross-spectrum, of the measured acoustic field. For jet noise, whose spectral nature changes with emission angle, it is necessary to conduct the measurements with a narrow-aperture array. Three coherence-based imaging methods were applied to a Mach 0.9 turbulent jet: delay-and-sum beamforming; deconvolution of the beamformer output; and direct spectral estimation that relies on minimizing the difference between the measured and modeled coherences of the acoustic field. The delay-and-sum beamforming generates noise source maps with strong spatial distortions and sidelobes. Deconvolution leads to a five-fold improvement in spatial resolution and significantly reduces the intensity of the sidelobes. The direct spectral estimation produces maps very similar to those obtained by deconvolution. The coherence-based noise source maps, obtained by deconvolution or direct spectral estimation, are similar at small and large observation angles relative to the jet axis.
Hermite distributed approximating functionals and simple moving average to upscale and identify the productive layer from well-log data (2017)

Pair Correlation Function (PCF) approximation method takes into account the effect of scattering by considering the interactions between any two points of a random heterogeneous medium. In a random heterogeneous media, the amplitude of the fluctuations of the correlation function will be higher if the properties of the inclusions are drastically different from the matrix and consequently, the PCF has numerous applications like solving the upscaling problems, detecting heterogeneity etc. In clastic sediments, the heterogeneity will be maximum when the inclusions are filled with oil or gas. This is considered a very useful property in differentiating the productive from the non-productive layer. In this study Hermite Distributed Approximating Functionals (HDAFs) and Simple Moving Average (SMA) are used as the averaging or upscaling methods for calculating the amplitude of the fluctuations from well log data to detect the productive layer for frequencies ranging from 30 Hz to 1000 Hz. The results show that to detect the productive layers at lower frequencies that corresponds to seismic data, HDAF gives better results. Presentation Date: Wednesday, September 27, 2017 Start Time: 11:25 AM Location: 351D Presentation Type: ORAL
Cloud-based Internet of Things Approach for Smart Irrigation System: Design and Implementation (2020)

Water plays a significant role in the economic development of countries. The agriculture sector is the most water-consuming; this sector consumes 69% of the freshwater. However, farmers often use traditional irrigation systems to water their crops. These systems are ineffective and consume a IoT of time and effort, mainly when several fields are distributed in different geographical regions. Therefore, employing smart irrigation techniques will significantly overcome these problems. This paper proposes an intelligent irrigation framework based on Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT) cloud services. The proposed system consists of three main components; the WSN, the control unit, and cloud services. Arduino Uno and XBee ZigBee modules are combined to gather sensors data and send them wirelessly to the control unit. YL-69 sensor is used to monitor the soil moisture. Raspberry Pi is utilized to gather data, process them, provide the proper decision, and transfer them to ThingSpeak IoT cloud. In the cloud, the data collected from the system is stored to create instance visualization of live data and send alerts. This allows farmers to monitor the status of crops and make the required decisions. After inspecting the prototype, many challenges are posed for future work.
Asymmetric Simultaneous Transmit and Receive in WiFi Networks (2017)

Many researchers expect to see the efficiency of wireless local area networks (WLANs) increased by in-band simultaneous transmit and receive (STR). While insufficient suppression of self-interference has been a major obstacle to implementing the STR capability, an even bigger obstacle is the fact that enabling STR involves significant modification to the current IEEE 802.11 medium access control (MAC) protocol. In this paper, we propose MASTaR, a novel MAC protocol that enables STR in 802.11 WLAN using standard-compliant methods. The feasibility and performance of MASTaR are extensively evaluated via 3-D ray-tracing-based simulation. The simulation results demonstrate that significant performance enhancement, e.g., up to 2.58× higher throughput than the current 802.11 MAC protocol, can be achieved by an STR-capable access point.
A scan shifting method based on clock gating of multiple groups for low power scan testing (2015)

From the advent of very large scale integration (VLSI) design, a larger power consumption of a scan-based testing has been one of the most serious problems. The large number of scan cells lead to excessive switching activities during the scan shifting operations. In this paper, we present a new scan shifting method based on clock gating of multiple groups by reducing toggle rate of the internal combinational logic. This method prevents cumulative transitions caused by shifting operations of the scan cells. In addition, the existing compression schemes can be compatible with the proposed method without modification of decompression architecture. Experimental results on ITC'99 benchmark circuits and industrial circuits show that this shifting method reduces the scan shifting power in all cases. In spite of outperformed power, a burden of the extra logic is not necessary to be contemplated.
Long-term residential sunlight exposure associated with cognitive function among adults residing in Finland (2022)

While sunlight may influence cognitive function through several pathways, associations of residential sunlight exposure with cognitive function are not well known. We evaluated associations of long-term residential sunlight exposure with cognitive function among a representative cohort of 1838 Finnish adults residing in Finland who underwent comprehensive cognitive assessment in midlife. We linked daily recordings of global solar radiation to study participants using residential information and calculated the average daily residential exposure to sunlight for four exposure time intervals: 2 months, 1 year, 2 years and 5 years prior to the date of the cognition assessment. Associations of the residential sunlight exposure with cognitive function were assessed using linear regression analyses adjusting for season, sex, age, and individual- and neighborhood-level socioeconomic characteristics. Greater average residential sunlight exposure over 2 and 5 years prior to the cognitive function assessment was associated with better global cognitive function (b = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.25; b = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.29, per 1 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> difference in sunlight exposure), while no associations with global cognitive function were observed at shorter exposure time intervals. In domain-specific analyses, greater residential exposure to sunlight over 1, 2 and 5 years prior to the cognitive function assessment was associated with better performance on new learning and visual memory (b = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.00, 0.20; b = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.28; b = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.08, 0.31) and sustained attention (b = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.25; b = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.06, 0.30; b = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.29), but worse performance on reaction time (b = - 0.12, 95% CI = - 0.22, - 0.02; b = -0.15, 95% CI = - 0.28, - 0.02; b = - 0.18, 95% CI = - 0.30, - 0.05). Residential sunlight exposure was not associated with executive function. These findings suggest long-term residential sunlight exposure may be an environmental factor influencing cognitive function among a cognitively healthy cohort residing in Northern Europe. Further studies in populations residing in different geographical locations are needed.
Forest Canopy Characterization and Vegetation Penetration Assessment with Space-Borne Radar (1986)

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images from the- National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) Mission were used to analyze the effects of radar incidence angle on information content and vegetation penetration. Three SAR data sets using incidence angles of 26°, 46°, and 58° were acquired over the mangrove jungles of Southern Bangladesh. The data sets were digitally processed using 3 × 3, 7 × 7, and 11 × 11 spatial filters and geometrically registered to a multisource-multilevel-corraborative data base consisting of Landsat data, forest map data, and in situ acquired forest enumeration and topographic information. Analyses revealed that significant vegetation "penetration" was found at all angles and that tree and canopy structural morphology may exert an influence on this phenomenon.
Rifabutin and Ethambutol Do Not Help Recurrent Crohnʼs Disease in the Neoterminal Ileum (1992)

We tested the efficacy of rifabutin and ethambutol in combination in healing severe recurrent Crohn's disease in the neoterminal ileum. Sixteen patients who had undergone an ileal resection with partial colectomy and ileocolonic anastomosis and who had severe recurrent lesions in the neoterminal ileum at baseline ileocolonoscopy were included in the study. The patients received rifabutin in a dose of 5 mg/kg together with ethambutol, 20 mg/kg. Ten patients were treated for 6 months; six patients dropped out because of adverse events. As no effect was observed after 6 months, five patients completed a 12-month therapy course. Follow-up ileocolonoscopy was performed at 3, 6, and 12 months. In none of the 10 patients who completed the 6-month trial and in none of the five patients who completed 12 months of therapy was endoscopic improvement of the lesions observed. In four patients the disease was clinically progressive, and two patients underwent a reresection after 6 and 8 months, respectively. This study shows that long-term therapy with rifabutin and ethambutol does not heal Crohn's disease in the neoterminal ileum and does not prevent recurrence of symptoms and complications.
HO‐1 Involvement In Iron Homeostasis In Liver Of Obese Mice (2011)

In the United States, obesity is a major health problem that negatively impacts life quality and expectancy. In obesity increased levels of reactive oxygen species, increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, and altered iron homeostasis occur, however the mechanisms involved are unresolved. Heme oxygenase (HO-1) confers cytoprotection against oxidative stress and, through its activity, liberates iron from heme, upregulating ferritin, responsible for sequestering free iron. We examined the effect of the HO-1 inducer, cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP), on the regulation of iron homeostasis in liver of obese mice. In obese mice HO-1 expression was lower (p < 0.05) and cytokine levels higher (p< 0.05) compared to age matched lean mice. HO-1 induction lowered body weight, serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 (p< 0.05) and cellular levels of iron. In particular, CoPP increased ferritin levels and icreased levels of ferroportin and decreased IREB1 and hepcidin (p< 0.05). Conversely, inhibition of HO activity reversed all of these beneficial effects. The decrease in oxidative stress, via HO-1 induction and increased HO-1 activity, was associated with decreased cellular iron overload. These findings point to an effective strategy in the treatment of the metabolic consequences of obesity through alteration of liver iron homeostasis.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Protein Kinase C δ Is a Downstream Effector of Oncogenic K-ras in Lung Tumors (2023)

Supplementary Figure 2 from Protein Kinase C δ Is a Downstream Effector of Oncogenic K-ras in Lung Tumors
Comprehensive in vitro pharmacological selectivity profile of oseltamivir prodrug (Tamiflu®) and oseltamivir active metabolite (2008)

Oseltamivir is a potent and selective inhibitor of the influenza virus neuraminidases, specifically targeting influenza virus A‐ and B‐subtypes including the A/H5N1 influenza virus. To date, the drug has been administered to almost 50 million subjects for the treatment or prophylaxis of influenza. Here we present a comprehensive in vitro pharmacological profile of oseltamivir prodrug (OP) and oseltamivir active metabolite (OC). The assessment of both compounds in a panel of 155 radio‐ligand binding and functional in vitro assays covering a broad range of receptors, enzymes and ion channels, including CNS‐related targets, confirmed the lack of any relevant off‐target activity of OP and OC. Enzymatic studies employing recombinant influenza neuraminidase and all four known human neuraminidases revealed an IC 50 ~ 1 nM of OC on influenza neuraminidase and no detectable inhibitory activity of OP and OC on any of the four human neuraminidases at concentrations up to 1 mM. Our pharmacological data revealed selective activity only against the influenza virus neuraminidase in line with previous reports and further consolidate the selectivity of the drug.
Effects of a Particle Film on Biology and Behavior of <I>Diaphorina citri</I> (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Its Infestations in Citrus (2007)

Studies were conducted to investigate the effects of a kaolin-based hydrophilic particle film, Surround WP, on the biology and behavior of the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and to assess population densities of D. citri in citrus subjected to monthly applications of Surround WP. Laboratory investigations indicated a 3% (wt:vol) suspension of Surround WP in water applied directly was not acutely toxic to eggs, older nymphs or adults. Presence of the dried particle film on leaves interfered with the ability of adults to grasp and walk on citrus leaves. During a 30-s period, adults spent an average of 5 s moving on leaves with particle film compared with 16 s on leaves without particle film. When leaves were inverted, a significantly higher percentage of adults fell or flew from treated leaves (53%) than untreated leaves (16%). In a 12-mo study investigating infestations of D. citri on citrus treated monthly with Surround WP, cumulative reductions of 78% in adult numbers on mature leaves and of 60% in adult numbers on flush shoots (immature leaves) were observed in treated trees compared with untreated trees. Numbers of eggs and nymphs per flush shoot were reduced by 85 and 78%, respectively, in trees treated with particle film. Reductions in infestation levels of D. citri in treated trees were attributed to the negative effects of the particle film on the ability of adults to grasp, move, and oviposit. The suppressive effects of a Surround treatment against adult psyllids were degraded by rain.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Construction of 1,7‐Dimethyl A.B.C.(6.6.6) Tricycles. Part 1. Transannular Diels‐Alder Reactions of 14‐Membered Macrocycles Containing trans‐Dienophiles. (1994)

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