gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wafer Level Through Polymer Optical Vias (TPOV) Enabling High Throughput of Optical Windows Manufacturing (2018)

This article shows the fabrication process and packaging of through polymer optical vias (TPOV). The TPOV enables encapsulation and packaging of silicon photonic systems using film assisted molding (FAM) and the creation of micron-sized through polymer optical vias. The optical vias are lithographically defined in thick film photo-resist (~ 300 μm) and parallel processed on substrate level. Placing and connecting optical windows on individual chips using pick & place is a difficult and time-consuming process because of the stringent requirements on alignment accuracy, cost and throughput. In this work we provide a solution to this problem by combining microfabrication technology with back-end film assisted molding technology for a new packaging approach for the integration of optical windows. As feasibility study we show through polymer optical windows on optical encoder Si photodiode arrays. The resulting microstructures are transparent in the spectrum of interest and hence serve as optical windows towards the substrate. Furthermore, our results show that the high aspect ratio (5:1) micro structure windows can be achieved and protected using FAM-technology. The optical through package windows are accurately defined (±5 μm accuracy due to mask limitations) and can significantly improve the throughput. The total process time of a single wafer with up to 1260 chips and 20160 windows, including lamination, exposure and development, would approximately take 1-1.5 hours.
Impact of local electrostatic field rearrangement on field ionization (2018)

Field ion microscopy allows for direct imaging of surfaces with true atomic resolution. The high charge density distribution on the surface generates an intense electric field that can induce ionization of gas atoms. We investigate the dynamic nature of the charge and the consequent electrostatic field redistribution following the departure of atoms initially constituting the surface in the form of an ion, a process known as field evaporation. We report on a new algorithm for image processing and tracking of individual atoms on the specimen surface enabling quantitative assessment of shifts in the imaged atomic positions. By combining experimental investigations with molecular dynamics simulations, which include the full electric charge, we confirm that change is directly associated with the rearrangement of the electrostatic field that modifies the imaging gas ionization zone. We derive important considerations for future developments of data reconstruction in 3D field ion microscopy, in particular for precise quantification of lattice strains and characterization of crystalline defects at the atomic scale.
Structural analyses of the polymorphic area in type II collagen gene (1989)

The structure of type II collagen gene is extremely well conserved but contains a cluster of high frequency polymorphisms in a 2.2 kb area. Here we report the nucleotide sequence of this DNA area, essential for the PCR-facilitated RFLP-analyses of this gene. In the structural analyses we found four differences in the deduced human amino acid sequence when compared to the published bovine amino acid sequence. The donor and acceptor signals and branch point signals required for the splicing events were in agreement with mammalian consensus sequences. The frequency of inverted repeats which could provoke the DNA strand to loop formation and consequently to deletion mutations did not differ from that found in other sequenced genes coding for fibrillar collagens. mutations did not differ from that found in other sequenced genes coding for fibrillar collagens.
Insulating Composites Made from Sulfur, Canola Oil, and Wool (2020)

An insulating composite was made from the sustainable building blocks wool, sulfur, and canola oil. In the first stage of the synthesis, inverse vulcanization was used to make a polysulfide polymer from the canola oil triglyceride and sulfur. This polymerization benefits from complete atom economy. In the second stage, the powdered polymer is mixed with wool, coating the fibers through electrostatic attraction. The polymer and wool mixture is then compressed with mild heating to provoke S-S metathesis in the polymer, which locks the wool in the polymer matrix. The wool fibers impart tensile strength, insulating properties, and flame resistance to the composite. All building blocks are sustainable or derived from waste and the composite is a promising lead on next-generation insulation for energy conservation.
Analysis of Matrix-Bound Nitrofuran Residues in Worldwide-Originated Honeys by Isotope Dilution High-Performance Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2004)

A sensitive and selective isotope dilution liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESIMS/MS) method is presented for the simultaneous analysis of the metabolites of four nitrofuran veterinary drugs, that is, furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurantoin, and nitrofurazone, in honey samples. The method entails a combined hydrolysis of protein-bound drug metabolites and derivatization of the resulting metabolites with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (NBA) during an overnight incubation, followed by a liquid-liquid extraction and a cleanup on a polymeric solid-phase extraction cartridge. Mass spectral acquisition is carried out in the positive ion mode by applying multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of three diagnostic transition reactions for each analyte under survey. A reliable quantification is obtained by the use of one deuterated analogue per analyte (NBA-d(4) derivative). The method has been validated in honey according to the European Union criteria for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in food. Expressed in underivatized nitrofuran metabolite concentrations, the decision limits (CCalpha) ranged within 0.07-0.46 microg/kg, and the detection capabilities (CCbeta) were within 0.12-0.56 microg/kg. The method has been successfully applied in a survey of honeys of various geographical origins, showing that furazolidone is the main nitrofuran antibiotic administered to treat bacterial diseases of bees.
Cavitation nucleation agents for nonthermal ultrasound therapy (2000)

The use of a nucleation-promoting agent can greatly enhance therapeutically useful nonthermal bioeffects. A blank agent (saline), Optison ultrasound contrast agent, a stabilized perfluoropentane droplet suspension (SDS), and retained air space were compared as nucleation agents in whole blood. Fresh canine whole blood with added agent was exposed in 1.3-ml disposable pipette bulbs to lithotripter shock waves (2-Hz rate; +24.4, -5.2 MPa peak pressure amplitudes). Cavitation activity was assessed by measuring hemolysis. The droplet suspension performed nearly as well as retained air when added at a concentration sufficient to provide a roughly equal volume of gas after vaporization. Optison also yielded nucleation, but a concentration of 10%-20% was needed for large enhancement of hemolysis comparable to 5% SDS. Exposure at room temperature, which was less than the 29 degrees C boiling point of perfluoropentane, eliminated the enhancement of the hemolysis effect relative to the blank. Application of 100-kPa excess pressure during exposure reduced but did not eliminate the nucleation ability of Optison, SDS, or retained air. However, this small pressure (relative to the peak positive pressure of the shock waves) eliminated the hemolysis induced with the blank agent. The stabilized perfluoropentane droplet suspension appears to be a good nucleation agent for nonthermal ultrasound therapy applications.
The Preparation and Characterization of Four-Coordinate Complexes Related by Electron-Transfer Reactions (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation and Characterization of Four-Coordinate Complexes Related by Electron-Transfer ReactionsA. Davison, N. Edelstein, R. H. Holm, and A. H. MakiCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1963, 2, 6, 1227–1232Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50010a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50010a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1327Altmetric-Citations194LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
MIMO radar with broadband waveforms: Smearing filter banks and 2D virtual arrays (2008)

In this paper MIMO radars with broadband waveforms are considered. A time domain viewpoint is taken, which allows frequency invariant beamforming with a filter bank called the smearing filter bank. Motivated by recent work on two dimensional arrays to obtain frequency invariant one dimensional beams, the generation of two dimensional virtual arrays from one dimensional ULAs is also considered. It is also argued that when the smearing filter bank is appropriately used, frequency invariant 2D beams can be generated.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Expancel® Microspheres : Replacement of a Chemical of Environmental Concern (2013)

Synthesis and Evaluation of Expancel® Microspheres : Replacement of a Chemical of Environmental Concern
Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis-specific antibodies in human sera by recombinant major outer-membrane protein polyantigens (2000)

This study was performed to generate and evaluate recombinant antigens for use in a species-specific Chlamydia trachomatis immunoassay. In a molecular genetic approach, fragments of the C. trachomatis major outer-membrane protein (MOMP) were produced as fusion proteins to create three different constructs encompassing the variable domains I, II and IV of selected C. trachomatis serovars. The recombinant MOMP polyantigens were affinity-purified and used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody detection was evaluated with 103 patient sera and the results were compared with titres obtained in the micro-immunofluorescence test. The results showed that the generated MOMP polyantigens detected the presence of C. trachomatis-specific human antibodies with little cross-reaction to C. pneumoniae-specific antibodies. When compared to the micro-immunofluorescence assay the MOMP polyantigen detected the presence of anti-C. trachomatis IgG antibodies with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 91%.
Purification and characterization of shikimate kinase enzyme activity in Bacillus subtilis. (1975)

In Bacillus subtilis shikimate kinase enzyme activity can be demonstrated when a small polypeptide forms a trifunctional complex with the bifunctional enzyme 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate synthetase-chorismate mutase. The shikimate kinase polypeptide whoch carries the catalytic site has been purified to homogeneity by a five-step procedure. The skikimate kinase was determined to have a molecular weight of 10,000 by superfine Sephadex G-75 thin layer chromatography and by calculation of the minimum chemical molecular weight from its amino acid composition. This number corresponds closely to the molecular weight determined by the mobility of the protein following electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. The enzyme aggregates with itself forming larger molecular weight proteins. Thes aggregational pattersn depend on protein concentration and sulfhydryl bridges. The enzyme activity is completely inhibited by EDTA and the requirement for Mg2+ can be partially replaced by Mn2+, Ca2+, and Co2+. The inhibition of shikimate kinase activity by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate is reversed completely when the enzyme complex is treated with dithiothreitol, suggesting the sulfhydryl groups may be involved with the active site. The trifunctional complex is relatively unstable, and the nonidentical subunits dissociate readily. This dissociation results in a 99% loss in shikimate kinase activity and a 30% decrease in the chorismate mutase-DAHP synthetase activities. Shikimate kinase activity is subject to a variety of controls. It is inhibited by the allosteric effectors chorismate and prephenate, the products of the reaction, ADP, and shikimate 5-phosphate. The activity responds to changes in the energy charge of the cell. Because of the variety of controls exerted on this enzyme, this member of the regulatory complex may represent the key enzyme in the allosteric control of the synthesis of the common precursors of aromatic acid synthesis.
Hypothesis for development of a behavioral phenotype in Williams syndrome (2005)

We investigated the natural history of Williams syndrome (WS), including physical characteristics and cognitive, academic language, sensory integration, and adaptive and maladaptive behavior in 32 patients (age 3 to 30 years). These patients were available for psychoeducational testing, parent interview, medical and educational record review, and behavioral observation. Thirty-seven nonlocal individuals (age 8 months to 31 years) were not tested but data on history and development, sensory integration, adaptive and maladaptive behavior were collected resulting in a total sample of 69. The unique constellation of physical manifestations and associated clinical problems in WS contributes to a characteristic behavioral phenotype of 6 factors beginning in infancy with development of salient attachment behaviors. Later a key issue affecting the learning abilities of both the school-aged child and adult with WS was an inadequate development in the use of tools. Theoretical constructs from developmental behavioral genetics, attachment theory, operant conditioning, neuropsychology, and psychosocial theory considered interactively offer explanations for these characteristics.
Caracterización de pigmentos mediante espectroscopia Raman. (2005)

En los ultimos anos se han llevado a cabo numerosas investigaciones que combinan microscopia optica y espectroscopia micro-Raman (9,15-19) como metodo de analisis de fases mineralogicas en perfiles estratigraficos. Las principales ventajas de esta tecnica son su caracter no destructivo y su alta resolucion lateral espacial, solamente limitada por el criterio de difraccion de Rayleigh (O=1.22λ/NA, donde λ es la longitud de onda incidente y NA la apertura numerica del objetivo utilizado), que en nuestro caso es cercana a 1 μm. Todo ello, junto a la peculiaridad de poder analizar la composicion de una probeta segun un perfil a intervalos micrometricos, la situa como una poderosa herramienta para el analisis de sistemas multicapa, como es el caso de la disposicion estratigrafica de materiales en una obra de arte.
Front Cover: Structural, Electronic, and Thermochemical Preference for Multi‐PCET Reactivity of Ruthenium(II)‐Amine and Ruthenium(IV)‐Amido Complexes (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 39/2021) (2021)

The Front Cover shows the transfer of two electrons and two protons, and how they help each other move along the bridge. This is a picture of what we have seen in this Ru-bisamido model complex where the potential inversion favors this multi-redox reactivity. The stabilization produced by Ru−N bonding stabilizes the full transfer of two electrons which are accompanied by protons. This is a step in our learning of this complex four-particle transfer process. These studies bring tools to further understand the increased complexity of multi-PCET reactions. More information can be found in the Full Paper by M. Cattaneo and co-workers.
Frequency-selective I/Q imbalance compensation for OFDM transmitters using online frequency-domain adaptive predistortion (2011)

I/Q imbalance in practical direct-conversion transmitters is a major impairment in OFDM systems. The demand for transmit OFDM signals with low error vector magnitude (EVM) while using increasing bandwidths illuminate the need for robust and high performance frequency-selective I/Q imbalance compensation in OFDM direct-conversion transmitters. Inspired by the 2008 work of Zou, Valkama, and Renfors, this paper extends an approach for compensating frequency-selective I/Q imbalance using a frequency-domain adaptive predistortion scheme and loopback signal path from RF to baseband. The proposed extended method is able to operate fully online (i.e., in normal transmission mode) and recursively using an operational OFDM signal and does not require a special calibration signal or calibration mode. The online and recursive nature of the proposed extended algorithm allows for seamless tracking of any dynamic characteristics associated with I/Q imbalance and simplifies transmitter operation. For the specific frequency-selective I/Q imbalance case considered, simulations show a significant improvement in the image rejection ratio (IRR) over the signal band, showing performance on par with that reported in the cited 2008 work which used a non recursive version of the method based on offline operation, a calibration mode, and a customized pilot signal. Several aspects of the approach are tunable for any given application, allowing the system designer to balance achieved IRR against convergence time, tracking speed, and computational complexity.
Photofading of ballpoint dyes studied on paper by LDI and MALDI MS (2006)

The determination of the age of an ink entry from a questioned document is often a major problem and a controversial issue in forensic sciences. Therefore, it is important to understand the aging process of the different components found in ink. The aim of this work is to characterize the degradation processes of methyl violet and ethyl violet, two typical ballpoint dyes by using laser desorption/ionization (LDI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS), and to evaluate the possible application of the method to forensic examination of documents. The mass spectrometric methods were first tested and were found to be adequate for the purpose of this work. Moreover, it is possible to analyze the dye from a stroke directly from the paper (LDI-MS), so the sample preparation is minimized. The degradation of the dyes methyl violet and ethyl violet in strokes from a ballpoint pen was studied under laboratory conditions influenced by different factors such as light, wavelength of light, heat, and humidity. Then, strokes from the same ballpoint were aged naturally in the dark or under the influence of light over one year and then analyzed. The results show that the degradation of these dyes strongly depends on light fluence. Humidity also increases degradation, which can be explained by the basicity of the paper. The influence of heat on the degradation process was found to be rather weak. It was also observed that the dyes from the ink strokes did not show significant degradation after one year of storage in the dark. In conclusion, the storage conditions of a questioned document and the initial composition of the dyes in the ink have to be known for correct interpretation of the age of an ink entry. Measurements over longer periods of time are necessary to follow the degradation of dyes exempt from light exposure. LDI was found adequate and very useful for the analysis of ballpoint dyes directly from paper without further pretreatment.
Discovering Unexpected Local Nonlinear Interactions in Scientific Black-box Models (2019)

Scientific computational models are crucial for analyzing and understanding complex real-life systems that are otherwise difficult for experimentation. However, the complex behavior and the vast input-output space of these models often make them opaque, slowing the discovery of novel phenomena. In this work, we present HINT (Hessian INTerestingness) -- a new algorithm that can automatically and systematically explore black-box models and highlight local nonlinear interactions in the input-output space of the model. This tool aims to facilitate the discovery of interesting model behaviors that are unknown to the researchers. Using this simple yet powerful tool, we were able to correctly rank all pairwise interactions in known benchmark models and do so faster and with greater accuracy than state-of-the-art methods. We further applied HINT to existing computational neuroscience models, and were able to reproduce important scientific discoveries that were published years after the creation of those models. Finally, we ran HINT on two real-world models (in neuroscience and earth science) and found new behaviors of the model that were of value to domain experts.
[Colorectal cancer: follow-up after curative resection]. (1989)

From Jan 1978 to Dec 1984, 128 patients had a curative resection of colorectal carcinoma. A program for early detection and surgical correction of recurrences was initiated in 88 patients with a mean age of 61 years (range 24 to 85). Seventy two patients complied with the program involving clinical examination, chest X-ray, alkaline phosphatase and CEA determinations and endoscopy at 6 month intervals. Mean follow up was 36 months (range 6 to 60). A total of 28 recurrences (32%) were detected: 4 local, 17 distant and 7 local and distant. Recurrences occurred in 46% of grade C, 19% of grade B and 0% of grade A lesions. Sixty eight% of recurrences were detected within 12 months and 93% within 36 months after surgery. Recurrences were detected by clinical examination in 71% of cases. CEA determination was sensitive (81% and specific (92%) for detection of recurrences in the remaining patients. Four patients (14%) were reoperated on with a survival of 3 to 26 months, all dying from disseminated disease. We conclude that this program did not help to improve the 5 year survival rate of colorectal carcinoma submitted to curative resection. CEA determination may be indicated at 2 month intervals during the period of increased recurrence risk.
Statement to Congress, September 16, 1998 (problems in the international financial system) (1998)

International finance
EBG-Based 60 GHz On-Chip Antenna in Passive Silicon (2008)

At most frequencies currently in use for short range data communication the available bandwidth is limiting the data rate. However, around 60 GHz there is an unlicensed frequency band with ample bandwidth appointed to support high data rate communication. Moreover, semiconductor technology for this frequency range is maturing and price levels will in a few years be suitable for consumer applications. As a result of the short wavelength physically small and integrated antennas are becoming necessary. In this paper an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) dipole antenna designed on a passive silicon substrate is presented. The fabrication is done in a silicon-like chip process and thus resolution of the metal structures is in the order of 1 υm. For testing and integration purposes a balun has been added to the structure. The issues testing integrated antennas are addressed in this paper.