gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective Synthesis of 3,3-Disubstituted Piperidine Derivatives by Enolate Dialkylation of Phenylglycinol-Derived Oxazolopiperidone Lactams (2007)

The stereochemical outcome of the enolate dialkylation of simple phenylglycinol-derived oxazolopiperidone lactams is studied. High stereoselectivities in the generation of the quaternary stereocenter are obtained by the appropriate choice of both the configuration of the starting lactam and the order of introduction of the substituents. The usefulness of the methodology is illustrated by the conversion of some of the dialkylated lactams into known synthetic precursors of alkaloids and by the total synthesis of (-)-quebrachamine.
Systems biology and cancer stem cells (2007)

The identification, purification, and characterization of cancer stem cells holds tremendous promise for improving the treatment of cancer. Mounting evidence is demonstrating that only certain tumor cells (i.e. the cancer stem cells) can give rise to tumors when injected and that these purified cell populations generate heterogeneous tumors. While the cell of origin is still not determined definitively, specific molecular markers for populations containing these cancer stem cells have been found for leukemia, brain cancer, and breast cancer, among others. Systems approaches, particularly molecular profiling, have proven to be of great utility for cancer diagnosis and characterization. These approaches also hold significant promise for identifying distinctive properties of the cancer stem cells, and progress is already being made.
Simulation of the toxicokinetics of trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, styrene and n-hexane by a toxicokinetics/toxicodynamics model using experimental data. (2005)

The toxicokinetics/toxicodynamics (TKTD) model simulates the toxicokinetics of a chemical based on physiological data such as blood flow, tissue partition coefficients and metabolism. In this study, Andersen and Clewell's TKTD model was used with seven compartments and ten differential equations for calculating chemical balances in the compartments (Andersen and Clewell 1996, Workshop on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and risk assessment, Aug. 5-16 at Colorado State University, U.S.A) . Using this model, the authors attempted to simulate the behavior of four chemicals: trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, styrene and n-hexane, and the results were evaluated. Simulations of the behavior of trichloroethylene taken in via inhalation and oral exposure routes were also done. The differences between simulations and measurements are due to the differences between the absorption rates of the exposure routes. By changing the absorption rates, the simulation showed agreement with the measured values. The simulations of the other three chemicals showed good results. Thus, this model is useful for simulating the behavior of chemicals for preliminary toxicity assessment.
Robot skin based on touch-area-sensitive tactile element (2006)

In this paper, we propose a new tactile sensor skin ("skin by touch area receptor" or STAR). The skin consists of two components. One is a sensor element which detects a contact area in addition to a contact force. The element is inspired by the fact that humans can discriminate sharpness of objects sensitively on any part of their bodies in spite of their several-centimeter two point discrimination thresholds. We have developed the sensor element that has such characteristics in a very simple structure; two layers of compressible insulators (urethane foam) which are sandwiched between three pieces of stretchable conductive sheets (conductive fabric). The other component is a sensor/communication chip. The chips are arranged at the boundaries of the elements, and the chips measure the capacitances between the conductive layers and send signals through the same conductive layers. The chips enable us to connect the elements to compose a soft robot skin including no long wires
TrickleDNS: Bootstrapping DNS security using social trust (2012)

This paper presents TrickleDNS, a decentralized system for proactive dissemination of DNS data. Unlike prior solutions, which depend on the complete deployment of DNSSEC standard to preserve data integrity, TrickleDNS offers an incrementally deployable solution with a probabilistic guarantee on data integrity that becomes stronger as the adoption of DNSSEC increases. TrickleDNS provides resilience from data corruption attacks and denial of service attacks, including sybil attacks, using three key steps. First, TrickleDNS organizes participating nameservers into a well-connected peer-to-peer Secure Network of Nameservers (SNN) using two types of trust links: (a) strongly trusted social relationships across DNS servers (which exist today); (b) random yet constrained weak trust links between DNS servers, which it introduces. The SNN allows nameservers in the network to reliably broadcast their public-keys to each other without relying on a centralized PKI. Second, TrickleDNS reliably binds domains to their authoritative name servers through independent verification by multiple, randomly chosen peers within the SNN. Finally, TrickleDNS servers proactively disseminate self-certified versions of DNS records to provide faster performance, better availability, and improved security.
Characterization of liquid phase epitaxial GaAs for blocked-impurity-band far-infrared \ndetectors (2004)

GaAs blocked-impurity-band (BIB) photoconductor detectors have the potential to become the most sensitive, low noise detectors in the far-infrared below 45.5 cm−1 (⩾220 μm). We have studied the characteristics of liquid phase epitaxial GaAs films relevant to BIB detector production, including impurity band formation and the infrared absorption of the active section of the device. Knowledge of the far-infrared absorption spectrum as a function of donor concentration combined with variable temperature Hall effect and resistivity studies leads us to conclude that the optimal concentration for the absorbing layer of a GaAs BIB detector lies between 1 × 1015 and 6.7 × 1015 cm−3. At these concentrations there is significant wave function overlap which in turn leads to absorption beyond the 1s ground to 2p bound excited state transition of 35.5 cm−1 (282 μm). There still remains a gap between the upper edge of the donor band and the bottom of the conduction band, a necessity for proper BIB detector operation.
Report on proof-of-principle implementations of novel QKD schemes performed at INRIM (2012)

Quantum Key Distribution together with its intrinsic security represent the more promising technology to meet the challenging requests of novel generation communication protocols. Beyond its relevant commercial interests, QKD is currently and deeply investigated in research fields as quantum information and quantum mechanics foundations, in order to push over the limits of the actual resources needed to ensure the security of quantum communication. Aim of the paper is to contribute to this open debate presenting our last experimental implementations concerning two novel quantum cryptographic schemes which do not require some of the most widely accepted conditions for realizing QKD. The first is Goldenberg-Vaidman<sup>1,2</sup> protocol, in which even if only orthogonal states (that in principle can be cloned without altering the quantum state) are used, any eavesdropping attempt is detectable. The second is N09<sup>3</sup> protocol which, being based on the quantum counterfactual effect, does not even require any actual photon transmission in the quantum channel between the parties for the communication. The good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results represent a proof of principle of the experimental feasibility of the novel protocols.
Modelling rail track deterioration and maintenance: current practices and future needs (1997)

As commercialization and privatization of railway systems reach the political agendas in a number of countries, including Australia, the separation of infrastructure from operating business dictates that track costs need to be shared on an equitable basis. There is also a world‐wide trend towards increased pressures on rail track infrastructure through increases in axle loads and train speeds. Such productivity and customer service driven pressures inevitably lead to reductions in the life of track components and increases in track maintenance costs. This paper provides a state‐of‐the‐art review of track degradation modelling, as well as an overview of track maintenance decision support systems currently in use in North America and Europe. The essential elements of a maintenance optimization model currently under development are also highlighted.
The effect of lifestyle on the mortality associated with respiratory diseases in the general population (2023)

Lifestyle factors, including smoking habit, diet, and physical activity, affect the prognosis of various diseases. We elucidated the effect of lifestyle factors and health status on deaths from respiratory diseases in the general Japanese population using data from a community health examination database. Data of the nationwide screening program of the Specific Health Check-up and Guidance System (Tokutei-Kenshin), targeting the general population in Japan, from 2008 to 2010 were analyzed. The underlying causes of death were coded according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10. The hazard ratios of the incidence of mortality associated with respiratory disease were estimated using the Cox regression model. This study included 664,926 participants aged 40-74 years, who were followed up for 7 years. There were 8051 deaths, including 1263 (15.69%) deaths from respiratory diseases. The independent risk factors of mortality associated with respiratory diseases were male sex, older age, low body mass index, no exercise habit, slow walking speed, no drinking habit, smoking history, history of cerebrovascular diseases, high hemoglobin A1c and uric acid levels, low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and proteinuria. Aging and decline of physical activity are significant risk factors for mortality associated with respiratory diseases, regardless of the smoking status.
AC2P20 selectively kills M. tuberculosis at acidic pH by depleting free thiols (2021)

Abstract Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) senses and adapts to host immune cues as part of its pathogenesis. One environmental cue sensed by Mtb is the acidic pH of its host niche in the macrophage phagosome. Disrupting the ability of Mtb to sense and adapt to acidic pH has the potential to reduce survival of Mtb in macrophages. Previously, a high throughput screen of a ∼220,000 compound small molecule library was conducted to discover chemical probes that inhibit Mtb growth at acidic pH. The screen discovered chemical probes that kill Mtb at pH 5.7 but are inactive at pH 7.0. In this study, AC2P20 was prioritized for continued study to test the hypothesis that it was targeting Mtb pathways associated with pH-driven adaptation. RNAseq transcriptional profiling studies showed AC2P20 modulates expression of genes associated with redox homeostasis. Gene enrichment analysis revealed that the AC2P20 transcriptional profile had significant overlap with a previously characterized pH-selective inhibitor, AC2P36. Like AC2P36, we show that AC2P20 kills Mtb by selectively depleting free thiols at acidic pH. Mass spectrometry studies show the formation of a disulfide bond between AC2P20 and reduced glutathione, supporting a mechanism where AC2P20 is able to deplete intracellular thiols and dysregulate redox homeostasis. The observation of two independent molecules targeting free thiols to kill Mtb at acidic pH further supports that Mtb has restricted redox homeostasis and sensitivity to thiol-oxidative stress at acidic pH.
Current and Future Therapies for Airway Mucus Hypersecretion (2002)

Mucus hypersecretion is a prominent feature of chronic inflammatory diseases of the airways, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis, but little is known about the effects of current therapies for airway disease because of the difficulties in quantifying mucus hypersecretion in clinical studies. Anticholinergics may reduce mucus hypersecretion, whereas beta2 agonists and mucolytics have little obvious effect. Corticosteroids are highly effective in inhibiting mucus hypersecretion in asthma by suppressing the underlying inflammatory process, but are ineffective in COPD and cystic fibrosis. Novel approaches in the future may include inhibition of sensory neuropeptides by tachykinin antagonists, modulators of sensory nerves or K+ channel openers. Inhibition of Th2 cytokines (interleukin [IL]4, IL9, IL13) may also be effective in asthma. In COPD inhibition of neutrophil-derived proteases by small molecule inhibitors or inhibiting neutrophilic inflammation in the airways by reducing neutrophil chemotaxis may also be effective strategies. Several novel targets involved in mucus hypersecretion have recently been identified, including epidermal growth factor receptors, MARCKs, Ca2+-activated Cl- channels and mitogen-activated protein kinases. However, the clinical benefits from inhibiting mucus hypersecretion are still not certain, casting some doubts on this therapeutic approach.
A distributed runtime for java:yesterday and today (2004)

Summary form only given. Since the introduction of the Java language less then a decade ago, there have been several attempts to create a runtime system for distributed execution of multithreaded Java applications. The goal of these attempts was to gain increased computational power while preserving Java's convenient parallel programming paradigm. This paper gives a detailed overview of the existing distributed runtime systems for Java and presents a new approach, implemented in a system called JavaSplit. Unlike previous works, which either forfeit Java's portability or introduce unconventional programming constructs, Java-Split is able to execute standard multithreaded Java while preserving portability. JavaSplit works by rewriting the bytecodes of a given parallel application, transforming it into a distributed application that incorporates all the runtime logic. Each runtime node carries out its part of the resulting distributed computation using nothing but its local standard (unmodified) Java virtual machine (JVM).
Effect of Variations of Plasma Sodium Concentration on the Adrenal Response to Angiotensin II (1965)

The secretion rate of aldosterone was increased by infusion of valine-5-angiotensin II into the adrenal arterial blood supply of sheep. The dimensions of the increase in aldosterone output were inversely related to the control plasma concentration. This high aldosterone secretion was reduced substantially by concurrent adrenal infusion of concentrated NaCl solution which increased plasma sodium concentration by approximately 10 meq/liter. The reduction of aldosterone secretion occurred within 20 minutes. Angiotensin II infusion did not increase the secretion rates of cortisol or corticosterone. The significance of the finding that environmental sodium concentration has different effects on the aldosterone-stimulating action and the pressor action of angiotensin II is discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Total Syntheses of meso‐Chimonanthine (I) and meso‐ Calycanthine (II) via a Novel Samarium Mediated Reductive Dialkylation. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Lane Change Detection Using V2V Safety Messages (2018)

This paper compares three supervised learning techniques (support vector machines, random forest, and decision trees with gradient boosting) applied to the problem of detecting lane change maneuvers of a remote vehicle using Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) safety messages based on automotive standards. The feature vector used for training is derived from the transmitted measurements smoothed over a sliding window, and it includes some differential measurements. Classifier training and evaluation via cross validation is performed on a real vehicle data set consisting of 740 km of drive data capturing over 1000 lane change maneuvers on California highways. The results show that the supervised learning techniques successfully predict 98.4% of remote vehicle lane changes with a mean detection time of 0.31 sec on straight roadways and 89.5% of lane changes with a mean detection time of 0.62 sec on curved roadways. The detection algorithm has also shown to be robust against packet loss for a wide range of Packet Error Rate (PER).
Fully integrated switched-capacitor DC-DC conversion (2011)

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on fully integrated switched-capacitor for DC-DC conversion. Some of the specific topics discussed include: the special features of multicore processing chips; supply impedance and split planes; on-die voltage conversion; the deployment of switched capacitors; system design and network architecture; and system performance testing and evaluations.
Changes of Metabolic Connectivity in Dementia with Lewy Bodies with Visual Hallucinations: A 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Study (2021)

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Recurrent complex visual hallucinations (VHs) are common in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Previous investigations suggest that VHs are associated with connectivity changes within and between large scale networks involved in visual processing and attention. <b><i>Aim:</i></b> To examine more directly whether VH in DLB reflects direct changes in neuronal activity between cortical regions assessing metabolic connectivity with <sup>18</sup>F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance and graph theory. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Twenty-six patients with probable DLB (13 VHs and 13 no-VHs; mean age: 72.9 ± 6.87 years vs. 70.2 ± 7.96 years) were enrolled. T1-weighted 3T-MR images and FDG-PET data were coacquired using an integrated PET/MR scanner. MR images defined cortical parcels of the Shaefer-Yeo atlas for multiple functional networks. We computed in each parcel the regional standardized-uptake-values (SUV) corrected for partial volume and normalized to the cerebellar cortex. Strength degree, clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, and hubs were analyzed with graph analysis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The mean <sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET SUVr of parcels belonging to the visual and dorsal attention networks (DANs) were significantly lower in the VH group (<i>p</i> = 0.01). Metabolism in the right temporoparietal cortex correlated with VH severity (<i>R</i> = -0.58; <i>p</i> < 0.01). VH patients showed weaker metabolic connectivity in the parietal, temporal, and occipital cortex of the default mode network, DAN, and visual networks, but more robust connectivity in the right insula and orbitofrontal cortex. A lower global efficiency characterized the VH group, except for ventral attention network and limbic network. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> VHs in DLB correlate with lower glucose metabolism and weaker metabolic connectivity in the parietal-occipital cortex, but stronger connectivity in the limbic system. Impact statement This study shows that application of the graph theory to <sup>18</sup>F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography data, commonly acquired during the diagnostic workflow in neurodegenerative diseases, could be used to obtain information of functional connectivity at a group level, with results that are consistent with other data commonly used in brain functional investigation (e.g., electroencephalography or functional magnetic resonance). New network-based methods of metabolic image analyses, such as graph analysis, are a recent area of research with a potential capacity to extract information on alterations of metabolic connectivity that may become pharmacological and neuromodulation targets of the physiopathology of recurrent complex visual hallucinations.
Confluentic Acid and 2'-O-Methylperlatolic Acid, Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors in a Brazilian Plant, Himatanthus sucuuba. (1994)

Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors were isolated from the bark of a Brazilian plant, Himatanthus sucuuba (SPR.). Assignments of the 1H- and 13C-NMR data using two dimensional (2D)-NMR techniques showed the active components to be known lichen depsides, confluentic acid (1) and 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid (2). The depside (1) showed selective inhibition of MAO-B with IC50 value of 0.22 microM.
Metabolic interactions between organelles in photosynthetic tissue: a mitochondrial overview (2011)

The photosynthetic cell is particularly active when illuminated and interactions occur among chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes and the cytoplasm, which, although not an organelle, represents a separate cellular compartment. For one organelle to affect the metabolism of another there needs to be a transfer of metabolites so that the second organelle experiences a changed metabolite condition (e.g. substrate:product; NADH:NAD; ATP:ADP). This metabolite transfer may occur directly between organelles when their membranes are in contact or, indirectly, into the medium common to both, i.e. the cytoplasm. These metabolic interactions are dependent on metabolite transport across organelle membranes (Heldt & Flügge, 1987).
Photonics for Radars Operating on Multiple Coherent Bands (2015)

The introduction of photonics in microwave systems is setting new paradigms in radar architectures, providing new features potentially improving the surveillance effectiveness. In particular, photonics is enabling a new generation of the multiband radars able to manage multiple coherent radar signals at different frequencies simultaneously, with high and frequency-independent quality, enabling multispectral imaging for advanced surveillance systems. In fact, thanks to its high stability and huge bandwidth, photonics matches the urgent requirements of the performance and flexibility of the next-generation software-defined radar architectures, and it guarantees system compactness, thanks to the use of a single shared transceiver for multiband operations and to the potentials for photonic integration, which also promises reduced power consumption. In this paper, we present the first field trial, in a maritime scenario, of a fully coherent multiband radar enabled by the use of photonics. The paper reviews the basic concepts exploited for the photonic generation and the detection of the radar signals, and describes the extension to the multiband operation. We present details on the implementation and testing of a dual-band coherent radar system, discussing the potentials for a software-defined radio approach. Moreover, the results obtained after a simple digital data fusion are discussed, highlighting the capability of the coherent photonics-based multiband radars in exploiting the extended observation bandwidth for improving the system detection resolution with minimum computational costs.