gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Text-Based Spatial and Temporal Visualizations and Their Applications in Visual Analytics (2017)

Textual labels are an essential part of most visualizations used in practice. However, these textual labels are mainly used to annotate other visualizations rather than being a central part of the visualization. Visualization researchers in areas like cartography and geovisualization have studied the combination of graphical features and textual labels to generate map based visualizations, but textual labels alone are not the primary focus in these representations. The idea of using symbols in visual representations and their interpretation as a quantity is gaining more traction. These types of representations are not only aesthetically appealing but also present new possibilities of encoding data. Such scenarios regularly arise while designing visual representations, where designers have to investigate feasibility of encoding information using symbols alone especially textual labels but the lack of readily available automated tools, and design guidelines makes it prohibitively expensive to experiment with such visualization designs. In order to address such challenges, this thesis presents the design and development of visual representations consisting entirely of text. These visual representations open up the possibility of encoding different types of spatial and temporal datasets. We report our results through two novel visualizations: typographic maps and text-based TextRiver visualization. Typographic maps merge text and spatial data into a visual representation where text alone forms the graphical features, mimicking the practices of human map makers. We also introduce methods to combine our automatic typographic maps technique with spatial datasets to generate thema-typographic maps where the properties of individual characters in the map are modified based on the underlying spatial data. Our TextRiver visualization is composed of collection of stream-like shapes consisting entirely of text where each stream represents thematic strength variations over time within a corpus. Such visualization enables additional ways to encode information contained in temporal datasets by modifying text attributes. We also conducted a usability evaluation to assess the potential value of our text-based TextRiver design.
Immunology Interactive - 3rd Version [Book Review] (2004)

Publishers details for: Immunology Interactive - 3rd Version, edited by Ivan Roitt, Jonathan Brostoff and David Male, Mosby, Double CD-ROM, ISBN: 0723432872, A$228.00.
Measurement of the spin of a particle using undulator radiation (1993)

Use of many period wigglers to rotate the spin of particles in accelerators has been proposed. An added advantage of this scheme is that a spectrum of synchrotron radiation will be produced that contains a contribution due to the spin, so that the device can be effectively used as spin polarimeter, with advantages compared to Compton backscattering methods. Results are presented for two high energy proton storage rings: RHIC and the SSC.
Sarcopenia is associated with poor prognosis after chemoradiotherapy in patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: a retrospective analysis (2021)

We intended to investigate whether muscle and adipose masses were associated with prognosis among patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who were undergoing chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). We retrospectively explored data of patients with stage III NSCLC who underwent definitive CCRT (≥ 60 Gy) between January 2004 and March 2018 at our hospital. We examined the relationship of overall survival (OS) with body mass index (BMI), skeletal muscle index (SMI), psoas muscle index (PMI), visceral adipose tissue index (VAI), subcutaneous adipose tissue index (SAI), and visceral-to-subcutaneous adipose tissue area ratio (VSR) using log-rank tests for the univariate analysis and Cox proportional hazard models for the multivariate analysis. Overall, 16, 32, and 12 patients had stage IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC NSCLC, respectively. The total radiotherapy dose ranged from 60 Gy/30 fractions to 66 Gy/33 fractions. In the univariate analysis, the performance status (PS), BMI, and SMI were associated with OS, whereas the PMI, VAI, SAI, and VSR were not. In the multivariate analysis, the PS and SMI were associated with OS. The hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were 2.91 and 1.28-6.64 for PS, and 2.36 and 1.15-4.85 for SMI, respectively. The 1, 3, and 5-year OS rates were 92.1%, 59.6%, and 51.0% in patients with high SMI, and 63.6%, 53.8%, and 17.9% in patients with low SMI, respectively. The SMI correlated with prognosis in our study population, whereas adipose mass did not. Therefore, sarcopenia should be considered while predicting the OS in such patients.
Nuclear power challenges and alternatives (2007)

Walter Scheider and Alan Robock both write that they oppose nuclear power, largely because of safety and proliferation considerations. It would be wonderful if there were a vast, risk-free, universally agreed-on power source, but that is not the case. Yet the world needs energy. Consider the figure, compiled by mechanical engineer H. Douglas Lightfoot from information available from the US Energy Information Administration. It plots per capita energy consumption versus per capita gross domestic product. The correlation is nearly absolute; there are no points in the upper-left and lower-right corners.Countries shown near the top of the chart have generally well-educated populations that live relatively comfortable, longer lives; people in the countries near the bottom have much less education, shorter life spans, and few comforts. Civilization can largely be defined in terms of per capita energy use. The goal of world development must be to improve the conditions of countries low on the list; this must happen if the 21st-century world is to find a measure of peace. Even if the United States were to cut its energy use in half and the rest of the world were brought up to that level, it would mean a tremendous increase in energy use. Scheider and Robock reject nuclear power, but the alternatives are little better. Oil and natural gas will only provide energy for the planet for 20 or 30 years. Coal supplies are adequate for a long time, and China and India are rapidly developing that resource. However, coal is a heavy contributor to global warming. Wind and solar power depend on climate conditions and daylight. And biofuels require a great amount of acreage because of the extremely low efficiency of photosynthesis. By any reasonable measure, nuclear power must be an important part of the mix.Even nuclear fuel is in very short supply—shorter than coal—for a once-through fuel cycle. Breeding nuclear fuel must play an important role in the mid to late 21st-century world. As a fusion scientist, I have advocated using fusion neutrons to breed nuclear fuel as well. 1 1. M. Hoffert et al. , Science 298, 981 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072357 W. Manheimer, J. Fusion Energy 25, 121 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10894-006-9013-x But if we find no new energy sources by midcentury, not only will we be unable to improve the lot of countries low on the chart, the countries now high up will begin to slide back down. Energy depletion, not nuclear power, is the real threat to civilization.Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2003, Washington, DC (8 July 2005).PPT|High resolutionREFERENCESection:ChooseTop of pageREFERENCE <<1. M. Hoffert et al. , Science 298, 981 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072357 , Google ScholarCrossref, CAS W. Manheimer, J. Fusion Energy 25, 121 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10894-006-9013-x , , Google ScholarCrossref© 2007 American Institute of Physics.
Preclinical discovery and development of evolocumab for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia (2020)

<b>Introduction</b>: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a serine protease that binds and promotes the lysosomal degradation of the low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR). Upon its discovery in 2002, PCSK9 inhibition has subsequently emerged as a novel target for lowering LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and reducing coronary heart disease. Evolocumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against human PCSK9, was approved in 2015 as an adjunct to lipid-lowering therapy for treating patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) or patients with high cardiovascular risk, who are treated with maximally tolerated lipid-lowering agents and have not reached the recommended LDL-C levels.<b>Areas covered</b>: The authors illustrate the rapid pace of the drug development process that monoclonal antibodies, including evolocumab, have demonstrated during the last decade. In less than 15 years from its discovery, this lipid-lowering target has successfully progressed from bench-side to clinical practice and has been recently approved to reduce cardiovascular events in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).<b>Expert opinion</b>: Evolocumab has demonstrated a good safety profile and robust efficacy in terms of its lipid-lowering effect and ASCVD risk reduction, yet affordability, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness of PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies remain a hurdle in the 'real-world' setting. These challenges facing the upcoming generation of precision medicine therapies must be addressed upfront.
Crack propagation during thermal fatigue of an alumina ceramic (1969)

Abstract Cracks of sintered aluminas, produced by rapid cooling in a mercury bath, are shown to run length-wise on the surface transient thermal stress region and not catastrophically throughout the specimens. Under thermal fatigue conditions in both the critical and subcritical quenching ranges, the crack propagates in a step-wise manner similar to metal fatigue cracking. An accumulation of elastic and/or plastic strain energy per cycle to fracture energy is suggested to explain the crack propagation.
Hydrogen exchange properties of proteins in native and denatured states monitored by mass spectrometry and NMR (1997)

The extent of deuterium labeling of hen lysozyme, its three-disulfide derivative, and the homologous alpha-lactalbumins, has been measured by both mass spectrometry and NMR. Different conformational states of the proteins were produced by varying the solution conditions. Alternate protein conformers were found to contain different numbers of 2H atoms. Furthermore, measurement in the gas phase of the mass spectrometer or directly in solution by NMR gave consistent results. The unique ability of mass spectrometry to distinguish distributions of 2H atoms in protein molecules is exemplified using samples prepared to contain different populations of 2H-labeled protein. A comparison of the peak widths of bovine alpha-lactalbumin in alternate solution conformations but containing the same average number of 2H atoms showed dramatic differences due to different 2H distributions in the two protein conformers. Measurement of 2H distributions by ESI-MS enabled characterization of conformational averaging and structural heterogeneity. In addition, a time course for hydrogen exchange was examined and the variation in distributions of 2H atom compared with simulations for different hydrogen exchange models. The results clearly show that exchange from the native state of bovine alpha-lactalbumin at 15 degrees C is dominated by local unfolding events.
A glanceable mobile avatar for behavior change (2013)

We present a mobile avatar system designed to provide a constant user-avatar interface for health behavior change therapy. The presented Android application replaces the user's phone background with an animated avatar. The avatar's level of physical activity is made to match the physical activity level of the user. This activity level is inferred using a decision-tree-based frequency analysis of the built-in phone accelerometers. User physical activity data collected is also sent via a mobile analytics platform (Countly) to be stored in a server. Also included in our demo is a simple website which pulls information from this server and places a user's avatar among other people's avatars. In this display a user can see how their avatar's physical activity compares to others', and observe their real-life physical activity behavior directly impacting the performance of their avatar in the virtual world.
The results of field trials conducted with an inactivated vaccine against the egg drop syndrome 76 (EDS 76) (1980)

Summary The results of six vaccination trials carried out with a formalin inactivated oil adjuvant Egg Drop Syndrome 76 (EDS 76) vaccine prepared from strain BC14 are presented. The trials carried out in breeding and laying flocks of fowls always included vaccinated and unvaccinated birds. The birds were vaccinated once during the rearing period by intramuscular injection. Field infection with EDS 76 virus was confirmed by the sero‐logical conversion to EDS antibody positive in the unvaccinated birds. In the unvaccinated birds field challenge was followed by typical EDS 76 symptoms, whereas the vaccinated birds were protected and layed normally throughout the trials.
What role for prednisone in prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease in patients undergoing marrow transplants? (1990)

One hundred forty-seven consecutive patients with leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, or aplastic anemia were treated by marrow grafts from genotypically HLA-identical siblings (n = 122) or HLA-haploidentical family members (n = 25). Haploidentical recipients differed from their donors for no more than one HLA locus on the nonshared haplotype. All were given postgrafting immunosuppression with a combination of methotrexate and cyclosporine. In a randomized study we explored whether prednisone administered from day 0 through 35 along with methotrexate/cyclosporine could improve prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The GVHD incidence in patients not given prednisone was comparable with that previously reported with methotrexate/cyclosporine. Unexpectedly, significant increases in acute and also chronic GVHD were seen in HLA-identical recipients administered prednisone, but not in the small number of patients administered HLA-nonidentical grafts. However, the resultant increase in transplant-related mortality in patients administered prednisone was offset by an increase in leukemic relapse in patients not administered prednisone, presumably related to the absence of a graft-versus-leukemia effect. Therefore, overall disease-free survival of the two groups of patients was comparable, with slightly more than 50% of the patients being alive at more than 2 years after transplantation. We speculated that prednisone adversely affected GVHD prophylaxis, interfering with methotrexate's cell cycle-dependent suppression of donor lymphocyte proliferation in response to host antigens. In a pilot study we explored whether beginning prednisone on day 15, after completion of methotrexate administration, would avoid this adverse effect. The GVHD incidence in patients administered methotrexate/cyclosporine along with "late" prednisone was comparable with that in patients not administered prednisone. We conclude that methotrexate/cyclosporine is effective in decreasing the incidence of grade II through IV GVHD, and that the addition of prednisone to this regimen is not beneficial in recipients of HLA-identical marrow grafts.
Queueing analysis of a distributed explicit rate allocation algorithm for ABR services (2002)

An approximate queueing analysis of a distributed explicit rate allocation algorithm for the flow control of available bit rate (ABR) service, which captures the effect of bandwidth-delay, is described. Attention is focused on bounding the worst case transient queueing behaviour in a strictly-ABR environment with persistent start-up sources. At each switch, resource management (RM) cells are enqueued using a buffer separate from the data cells, and are served with a higher priority than data cells. Both single and multiple node network cases are treated for connections with differing delays. The approximate analysis shows relatively good agreement with simulation results for single node networks, but gives looser estimates for the multiple node case.
Effect of dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin on nitrazepam stability. (1994)

Nitrazepam was found to form an inclusion complex with heptakis; 2,6 di-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DM-beta-CD) in solution. The phase solubility diagram was found to be AL type with no precipitation of the inclusion complex formed. The kinetic studies of nitrazepam hydrolysis in DM-beta-CD solution at 30, 40 and 50 degrees C was followed spectrophotometrically, as the degradation products of the drug did not interfere with such assay. It was found that the degradation of nitrazepam in acidic media followed the first order reaction kinetics at the temperatures studied. Inclusion complexation of nitrazepam in DM-beta-CD resulted in a relatively improved stability of the drug in solution at 30 degrees C. On the other hand, no appreciable stabilization was achieved at higher temperatures (40 and 50 degrees C).
Features of older community-dwelling adults with osteosarcopenia requiring support or care (2022)

[Purpose] This study aimed to investigate the problems associated with osteosarcopenia and its effect on physical performance, nutritional status, and support or care required by older community-dwelling adults. [Participants and Methods] This study investigated 141 older community-dwelling adults requiring support or care using an ambulatory rehabilitation service. The patients were divided into a control, osteopenia only, sarcopenia only, and osteosarcopenia group. We investigated the associations of each condition with the baseline information, grip strength, gait speed, Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form score, and support or care level required. [Results] The osteosarcopenia group consisted of 43.3% of the total study participants. Osteosarcopenia was more closely associated with body mass index, support or care level, grip strength, gait speed, skeletal muscle mass index, and Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form score than osteopenia or sarcopenia alone. [Conclusion] Osteosarcopenia is highly prevalent in older community-dwelling adults requiring support or care, which may suggest a greater effect on physical performance, nutritional status, and support or care required than that exerted by osteopenia or sarcopenia alone.
Effect of free amino acids and vitamins on cleavage and developmental rate of bovine zygotes in vitro (1994)

Due to the complicated media used for culturing bovine embryos, most of the nutrient requirements are unknown. Recently, we developed a simple, serum-free medium (CR1) that allows bovine embryos to develop in vitro. Therefore, our objective was to determine whether development of bovine embryos would be improved by the addition of free amino acids and vitamins to CR1. Oocytes were recovered from slaughterhouse ovaries and matured 22 +/- 2 h, following which the oocytes were randomly allotted to treatment. The experiment was a randomized block design with a 2 x 5 factorial treatment structure. The oocytes were fertilized with or without cumulus cells intact. The five fertilization media were 1) Control (CR1 +/- 10 micrograms/mL of phenol red); 2) control + basal medium Eagle (BME) essential amino acids (EAA) + minimum essential medium (MEM) nonessential amino acids (NEA) + MEM vitamins (VIT); 3) control + EAA + NEA; 4) control + EAA + VIT; and 5) control + NEA + VIT. Cleavage rate was greater (P < .001) when cumulus cells remained on the oocytes during fertilization (51.7 vs 73.2% without and with cumulus cells, respectively). The frequency of blastocysts was increased (P < .001) when EAA or NEA were added to CR1; however, adding VIT had no effect or tended (P = .12) to decrease the frequency of embryos attaining the blastocyst stage. This experiment demonstrates that development of bovine embryos in vitro can be improved by the addition of free amino acids to a simple medium. Contrary to work in rodents, the mixture of vitamins in MEM was not beneficial for bovine embryos.
Multifunctional binary diffractive optical elements for structured light projectors (2018)

A set of diffractive optical elements for multiple-stripe structured illumination was designed, fabricated and characterized. Each of these elements with a single layer of binary surface relief combines functions of a diffractive lens, Gaussian-to-tophat beam shaper, and Dammann beam splitter. The optical investigations of laser light patterns at 20° fanout angle reveal up to 88% diffraction efficiency, high contrast, and nearly diffraction limited resolution. The developed technology has the potential for reducing complexity, number of optical components, power consumption and costs of structured light projectors in mobile and stationary 3D sensors.
Efficient Replication of Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Vectors: a cis -Acting Element outside of the Terminal Repeats and a Minimal Size (2000)

Recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) can be produced in adenovirus-infected cells by cotransfecting a plasmid containing the recombinant AAV2 genome, which is generally comprised of the viral terminal repeats flanking a transgene, together with a second plasmid expressing the AAV2 rep and cap genes. However, recombinant viruses generally replicate inefficiently, often producing 100-fold fewer virus particles per cell than can be obtained after transfection with a plasmid containing a wild-type AAV2 genome. We demonstrate that this defect is due, at least in part, to the presence of a positive-acting cis element between nucleotides 194 and 1882 of AAV2. Recombinant AAV2 genomes lacking this region accumulated 14-fold less double-stranded, monomer-length replicative-form DNA than did wild-type AAV2. In addition, we demonstrate that a minimum genome size of 3.5 kb is required for efficient production of single-stranded viral DNA. Relatively small recombinant genomes (2,992 and 3,445 bp) accumulated three- to eightfold less single-stranded DNA per monomer-length replicative-form DNA molecule than wild-type AAV2. In contrast, recombinant AAV2 with larger genomes (3,555 to 4,712 bp) accumulated similar amounts of single-stranded DNA per monomer-length replicative-form DNA compared to wild-type AAV2. Analysis of two recombinant AAV2 genomes less than 3.5 kb in size indicated that they were deficient in the production of the extended form of monomer-length replicative-form DNA, which is thought to be the immediate precursor to single-stranded AAV2 DNA.
Tonic Water-induced Generalized Bullous Fixed Eruption (2015)

© 2015 The Authors. doi: 10.2340/00015555-1947 Journal Compilation © 2015 Acta Dermato-Venereologica. ISSN 0001-5555 Fixed eruption characteristically recurs at the same site or sites with each exposure to the causative agent (1). It sometimes affects the mucosal region, leading to mis diagnoses, including erythema multiforme majus, Behcet’s disease, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and herpes simplex (2). We report here a confusable case of generalized bullous fixed eruption induced by tonic water.
Heart wall velocimetry and exogenous contrast-based cardiac flow imaging in Drosophila melanogaster using Doppler optical coherence tomography (2010)

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) is a central organism in biology and is becoming increasingly important in the cardiovascular sciences. Prior work in optical imaging of the D. melanogaster heart has focused on static and dynamic structural anatomy. In the study, it is demonstrated that Doppler optical coherence tomography can quantify dynamic heart wall velocity and hemolymph flow in adult D. melanogaster. Since hemolymph is optically transparent, a novel exogenous contrast technique is demonstrated to increase the backscatter-based intracardiac Doppler flow signal. The results presented here open up new possibilities for functional cardiovascular phenotyping of normal and mutant D. melanogaster.