gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Animation of Bubbles in Liquid (2003)

Abstract We present a new fluid animation technique in which liquid and gas interact with each other, using the exampleof bubbles rising in water. In contrast to previous studies which only focused on one fluid, our system considersboth the liquid and the gas simultaneously. In addition to the flowing motion, the interactions between liquid andgas cause buoyancy, surface tension, deformation and movement of the bubbles. For the natural manipulationof topological changes and the removal of the numerical diffusion, we combine the volume‐of‐fluid method andthe front‐tracking method developed in the field of computational fluid dynamics. Our minimum‐stress surfacetension method enables this complementary combination. The interfaces are constructed using the marching cubesalgorithm. Optical effects are rendered using vertex shader techniques. Categories and Subject Descriptors (according to ACM CCS): I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Animation
Comparative evaluation of gene set analysis approaches for RNA-Seq data (2014)

Our result emphasizes the importance of using self-contained non-parametric multivariate tests for detecting differentially expressed pathways for RNA-Seq data and warns against applying gene-level GSA tests, especially because of their high level of Type I error rates for both, simulated and real data.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Remediation Using Graphene (G)-Titanium Oxide (TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) Nanocomposite Material in Visible Light Radiation (2016)

The petroleum compounds were photocatalytically remediated from water using graphene (G)- titanium oxide (TiO2) nanocomposite material in visible light radiation. The G-TiO2 nanocomposite was synthesized using sol-gel technique, and its structural & morphological properties were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle analyzer and UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) measurement techniques. Various petroleum-based chemicals (toluene, naphthalene and diesel) were remediated, and samples were analyzed using optical and gas chromatography (GC) techniques. The mechanism of photocatalytic remediation of petroleum compounds using G-TiO2 nanomaterials is understood and well compared with data available in literature.
Simulation of overpressurized gas bubbles in an amorphous metal (1988)

Abstract An overpressurized bubble in an amorphous material (iron) is simulated, using a two-body potential method. Values for the surface energy γ of the bubble and the shear modulus μ of the material are derived. It is found that the excess pressure P exc at which gas bubbles grow under noble-gas implantation is of the order of μ/6 (∼ 75kbar). This value is of the order of the theoretical shear strength in crystalline metals. The calculated P exc is considerably larger than that observed in crystalline materials with the same μ value. The radius of He bubbles as a function of the implanted dose in an amorphous alloy is calculated, using the numerical results for γ and P exc, and using the constant-excess-pressure growth model. The agreement with the experimental results is good, other experimental facts also confirm the numerical results of the simulation.
Alcohol consumption is associated with enrichment of high-density lipoprotein particles in polyunsaturated lipids and increased cholesterol esterification rate. (2002)

Regular wine consumption is associated with high levels of polyunsaturated lipids in HDL and with increases in the cholesterol esterification rate.
Improved detection of lupus anticoagulants by the dilute Russell's Viper venom time (2000)

Accurate and timely detection of lupus anticoagulants (LAs) is of diagnostic and prognostic importance due to the association of persistent LAs with thrombotic disease. A review of LA screening results by kaolin clotting time and dilute Russell's Viper venom time (dRVVT) on 2843 patient samples demonstrated that only 40.7% (417 of 1024) of elevated dRVVT ratios could be interpreted as consistent with the presence of an LA by confirmatory procedures. Apart from those due to the effects of anticoagulant therapy, the remainder generated inconclusive interpretations, necessitating significant numbers of costly repeat investigations. Manipulation of dRVVT assay conditions by increasing confirmatory reagent concentration, and altering venom concentration to maintain analytical parity with the standard assay, revealed LAs not fully neutralized by confirmatory tests at standard concentrations. Further experiments were performed using Russell's Viper venom reagents from five different manufacturers to demonstrate that the findings were not a reagent-specific phenomenon. Higher detection rates were achieved using multiple conventional assays but samples remained that required a modified confirmatory test to demonstrate LA activity. A previously unreported group of LAs was identified with raised dRVVT ratios that failed to correct with any of the dRVVT assays but demonstrated significant correction with all reagents in the modified confirmatory test. Use of modified confirmatory tests enhances sensitivity and specificity, and doubles LA detection rates by dRVVT. Adoption of the technique will significantly increase cost-effectiveness of LA detection in clinical practice.
Simple pyrimidines. Part XII. Synthesis and methylation of some 2-amino-5-phenylpyrimidines (1971)

Syntheses of 2-amino-, 2-methylamino-, and 1,2-dihydro-2-imino-1-methyl- 5-phenylpyrimidines, and of their derivatives para-substituted by a methyl, chloro-, bromo-, fluoro-, methoxy-, dimethylamino-, nitro-, or amino-group, are described. The routes involve primary synthesis of appropriate 5-phenylpyrimidine-2-thiols followed by S-methylation, oxidation to the corresponding sulphones, and aminolysis. On methylation, the 2-aminopyrimidines produced give the imines, which undergo Dimroth rearrangement to the methylamino-isomers, also made directly by methylaminolysis of the sulphones. 2-Amino- and 2-methylamino-5-p-nitrophenylpyrimidine are better made by nitration of the corresponding phenylpyrimidines or by nitration of 2-methylsulphonyl-5-phenyl-pyrimidine followed by aminolysis. Reduction of the appropriate nitro-compounds gives 2-amino-5-p-amino-phenylpyrimidine and its 2-methylamino-homologue.Linear relationships exist between the ionisation constants of these 2-amino-, imino-, and methylamino-pyrimidines and Berliner's σ values for para-substituted-phenyl substituents. The existence of a considerable interplanar angle in such molecules is inferred from the reduced transmission of substituent effects, illustrated not only by pKa values but also by u.v. and 1H n.m.r. spectra.
Apatite (2010)

We present Apatite, a new tool that aids users in learning and understanding a complex API by visualizing the common associations between its various components. Current object-oriented API documentation is usually navigated in a fixed tree structure, starting with a package and then filtering by a specific class. For large APIs, this scheme is overly restrictive, because it prevents users from locating a particular action without first knowing which class it belongs to. Apatite's design instead enables users to search across any level of an API's hierarchy. This is made possible by the introduction of a novel interaction technique that presents popular items from multiple categories simultaneously, determining their relevance by approximating the strength of their association using search engine data. The design of Apatite was refined through iterative usability testing, and it has been released publicly as a web application.
Object boundary detection in natural images may depend on ‘incitatory’ cell-cell interactions (2018)

Abstract Detecting object boundaries is crucial for recognition, but how the process unfolds in visual cortex remains unknown. To study the problem faced by a hypothetical boundary cell, and to predict how cortical circuitry could produce a boundary cell from a population of conventional “simple cells”, we labeled 30,000 natural image patches and used Bayes’ rule to help determine how a simple cell should influence a nearby boundary cell depending on its relative offset in receptive field position and orientation. We identified three basic types of cell-cell interactions: rising and falling interactions with a range of slopes and saturation rates, as well as non-monotonic (bump-shaped) interactions with varying modes and amplitudes. Using simple models we show that a ubiquitous cortical circuit motif consisting of direct excitation and indirect inhibition – a compound effect we call “incitation” – can produce the entire spectrum of simple cell-boundary cell interactions found in our dataset. Moreover, we show that the synaptic weights that parameterize an incitation circuit can be learned by a single-layer “delta” rule. We conclude that incitatory interconnections are a generally useful computing mechanism that the cortex may exploit to help solve difficult natural classification problems. Significance statement: Simple cells in primary visual cortex (V1) respond to oriented edges, and have long been supposed to detect object boundaries, yet the prevailing model of a simple cell – a divisively normalized linear filter – is a surprisingly poor natural boundary detector. To understand why, we analyzed image statistics on and off object boundaries, allowing us to characterize the neural-style computations needed to perform well at this difficult natural classification task. We show that a simple circuit motif known to exist in V1 is capable of extracting high-quality boundary probability signals from local populations of simple cells. Our findings suggest a new, more general way of conceptualizing cell-cell interconnections in the cortex.
Analogous Mechanistic Features of NH3-SCR over Vanadium Oxide and Copper Zeolite Catalysts (2021)

Reduction/oxidation half-cycles of the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 (NH3-SCR) at 200 °C were investigated using in situ and operando spectroscopies to propose a general mechanism for four different catalysts (TiO2-supported and bulk vanadium oxides and Cu-AFX and Cu-CHA zeolites). The reduction half-cycle is initiated by the reaction of NH3 on Lewis acid sites [V(V) or Cu(II); L-NH3] and NO, followed by the gradual reaction of NH3 on Brønsted acid sites (B-NH3) and NO; this results in the formation of V(IV) or Cu(I) and protons (H+) on the surface, along with N2 and H2O. The UV–vis measurements for the reduction half-cycle indicate that N2 is continuously generated until the surface V(V) or Cu(II) species is depleted. The subsequent reoxidation of the reduced catalysts under O2 leads to the regeneration of V(V) or Cu(II) and the reaction of surface H+, yielding H2O (oxidation half-cycle). The higher consumption rates of B-NH3 and L-NH3 under NO + O2 than those under NO, which has been previously reported in the literature, were explained based on the continuous reduction/oxidation of V(V)/V(IV) or Cu(II)/Cu(I) where the regenerated V(V) or Cu(II) site is reused in the subsequent (second) reduction half-cycle. Namely, upon the recovery of V(V) or Cu(II) via reoxidation, the leftover B-NH3 species react with the supplied NO to yield N2; this suggests that B-NH3 is not a spectator but a reservoir of NH3 to participate in the second reduction half-cycle possibly via the migration of NH3 or HONO species. These results provide comprehensive evidence of the general mechanism of NH3-SCR, which was found to be applicable to both V and Cu catalysts.
Notes from the field: Heartland virus disease - United States, 2012-2013. (2014)

Heartland virus is a newly identified phlebovirus that was first isolated from two northwestern Missouri farmers hospitalized with fever, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia in 2009. Based on the patients' clinical findings and their reported exposures, the virus was suspected to be transmitted by ticks. After this discovery, CDC worked with state and local partners to define the ecology and modes of transmission of Heartland virus, develop diagnostic assays, and identify additional cases to describe the epidemiology and clinical disease. From this work, it was learned that Heartland virus is found in the Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum). Six additional cases of Heartland virus disease were identified during 2012-2013; four of those patients were hospitalized, including one with comorbidities who died.
Share the Sky: Concepts and Technologies That Will Shape Future Airspace Use (2011)

The airspace challenge for the United States is to protect national sovereignty and ensure the safety and security of those on the ground and in the air, while at the same time ensuring the efficiency of flight, reducing the costs involved, protecting the environment, and protecting the freedom of access to the airspace. Many visions of the future NAS hold a relatively near-term perspective, focusing on existing uses of the airspace and assuming that new uses will make up a small fraction of total use. In the longer term, the skies will be filled with diverse and amazing new air vehicles filling our societal needs. Anticipated new vehicles include autonomous air vehicles acting both independently and in coordinated groups, unpiloted cargo carriers, and large numbers of personal air vehicles and small-scale point-to-point transports. These vehicles will enable new capabilities that have the potential to increase societal mobility, transport freight at lower cost and with lower environmental impact, improve the study of the Earth s atmosphere and ecosystem, and increase societal safety and security by improving or drastically lowering the cost of critical services such as firefighting, emergency medical evacuation, search and rescue, border and neighborhood surveillance, and the inspection of our infrastructure. To ensure that uses of the airspace can continue to grow for the benefit of all, a new paradigm for operations is needed: equitably and safely sharing the airspace. This paper is an examination of such a vision, concentrating on the operations of all types of air vehicles and future uses of the National Airspace. Attributes of a long-term future airspace system are provided, emerging operations technologies are described, and initial steps in research and development are recommended.
BLU-945 monotherapy and in combination with osimertinib (OSI) in previously treated patients with advanced EGFR-mutant (EGFRm) NSCLC in the phase 1/2 SYMPHONY study. (2023)

9011 Background: Despite improved frontline OSI treatment outcomes, patients (pts) with advanced EGFRm NSCLC inevitably progress, with worse outcomes in the EGFR L858R subgroup (median PFS of 14.4 vs 21.4 mo in pts with exon 19 deletions). BLU-945 is an investigational, next-generation, oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that targets common EGFR-activating and T790M and C797X resistance mutations, while being selective against EGFR wild type (WT). Preclinically, BLU-945 in combination (combo) with OSI had enhanced potency on L858R and extended antitumor response durability versus OSI alone. SYMPHONY (NCT04862780) is an ongoing first-in-human phase 1/2 study of BLU-945 monotherapy (mono) or combo with OSI. Methods: In the phase 1 dose escalation, pts (aged ≥18 y; metastatic EGFRm NSCLC; ECOG PS 0–1; treated with ≥1 EGFR TKI) received BLU-945 mono starting at 25 mg QD. Pts progressing on OSI could receive BLU-945 with 80 mg OSI starting at 50% of the highest safe BLU-945 mono dose. Each dose escalation followed a Bayesian Optimal Interval design. Safety, including dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), PK, and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) mutational status were assessed. Results: As of Jan 6, 2023, 108 pts received BLU-945 mono (25–600 mg QD; 100–300 mg BID). Pts had a median of 3 lines of prior therapy and were genomically complex with ctDNA detectable EGFR on-target and/or off-target resistance alterations (46%) at baseline. DLTs included alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) elevation, hepatic cytolysis, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and hyponatremia, occurring at doses of ≥400 mg/d. The maximum tolerated dose was 500 mg/d. The most common AEs were nausea (42%), headache (40%), increased ALT (38%), increased AST (37%), and vomiting (32%). Robust on-target EGFR activity was observed with ctDNA reduction on day 15 in 90%, 85% and 70% of EGFR T790M, C797S, and L858R alleles at ≥400 mg/d doses, respectively. At ≥400 mg/d, 48% had tumor shrinkage, including partial responses (PRs). Twenty-five pts received BLU-945 (200–400 mg QD; 100–200 mg BID) combo with OSI. Pts had a median of 2 lines of prior therapy. The most common combo AEs were fatigue (36%), diarrhea (32%), headache (32%), and nausea (28%). Other EGFR WT AEs were dry skin (20%) and rash (8%). One DLT (Grade 4 pneumonitis) was reported in the BLU-945 300 mg QD with OSI group. Tumor reductions, including PRs in 2 pts progressing on OSI, were observed at ≥300 mg/d. Dose escalation is ongoing. Conclusions: BLU-945 mono and combo with OSI were generally well tolerated and showed robust on-target EGFR ctDNA reduction, with tumor shrinkage in genomically heterogeneous, heavily pretreated pts. Combo showed responses at BLU-945 doses lower than in mono, consistent with additive benefit. The combo safety profile and on-target activity provide rationale for further development in front line. Clinical trial information: NCT04862780 .
A novel 2-DOF planar parallel robot with high accelerate / high precision (2007)

Orient to urgently demand for high speed and high precision robot of advanced manufacture fields such as packaging and assembly of micro-electronic manufactures, a novel 2-DOF planar parallel robot is presented, which is driven directly by linear voice coil motors. Firstly, the optimum configuration is obtained based on conditioning index of Jacobian. Then optimal dimension design is performed based on the proposed comprehensive performance evaluation index, which integrating kinematic dextrous with dynamic manipulability together. The distribution of conditioning index, dynamic manipulability and acceleration over the workspace is analysed respectively according to optimal structure. Lastly experimental results demonstrated that the novel robot allows a workspace of 55times55 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and an acceleration exceeding 12 g with repeatability better than 1.5 mum. The obtained technical characteristics indicate that the robot can satisfy the proposed application.
Network Marketing: Precarious Labour and Parasite Organisations (2015)

People often compare direct sales organizations (DSOs), such as Herbalife, Amway, Mary Kay, etc., with religious sects, but it would appear to be more fruitful to compare them with ‘new enterprises’, an approach described by L. Boltanski and E. Chiapello or A. Gorz,. The activity of distributors is characterized by fluid boundaries between work and non-work, the absence of social guarantees or demands to invest in the «whole personality» of the person. It makes multilevel marketing similar to new forms of labour activity, while the organization of direct sales resembles “the third spirit of capitalism.” Many researchers who have studied recent economic and social transformations, have mentioned that modern organizations try to shirk a part of their functions and reduce expenses on workers, and DSOs are among those following this trend. This article shows, how DSOs ‘externalize’ the functions of recruitment, socialization, education and control, how it is possible and how it influences distributors.This article is based on data gathered from the analysis of documents, over fifty in-depth interviews and participant-observation conducted by the author between 2003 and 2013 in different DSOs in Moscow and St-Petersburg.DSOs are opposed to ‘total’ (E. Goffman) or ‘greedy’ (L. Coser) institutions, which try to split separate from the external world, because they, on the contrary, aspire to embed in it and make the social serve economic goals. As a result of the type of employment offered by DSOs, they have become dependent on the social context. As such, rather than exploiting the people inside the firm, they target people outside it. DSOs do not invent their own values; they use those that are more popular and supported by the society. The lack of limitations to initial entry helps DSOs to pass functions of recruitment and education on to distributors, who must create a community to do this, which in turn allows DSOs to co-opt individuals with different social trajectories. Finally, DSOs leech on distributors social networks and make ties to the whole personality of the distributor (his body, physical appearance, social competences, etc.), which become another source of economic profit. It is in this manner that DSOs act as organizations-parasites.
Relation of arrhythmias and electrolyte abnormalities to survival in patients with severe chronic heart failure. (1987)

To investigate the determinants of mortality in patients with chronic congestive heart failure, we prospectively evaluated 84 patients with this disorder who underwent detailed biochemical, clinical, and functional tests at the time of initial evaluation and were then followed for 12 to 52 months (mean 31). During this period of follow-up, 58% of the patients died, of whom 71% died suddenly. The most important pretreatment predictor of mortality in these patients was the frequency of ventricular extrasystoles, followed by echocardiographic fractional shortening, a diagnosis of coronary artery disease, and duration of treadmill exercise. The finding of hypokalemia and hyponatremia in these patients at the time of entry into the study was associated with a poor prognosis by univariate analytical methods, but these electrolyte abnormalities did not provide independent prognostic information. The presence of ventricular arrhythmias was related to the severity of left ventricular dysfunction, exercise intolerance, and neurohormonal activation, suggesting that such arrhythmias are multifactorial in origin and may not simply be related to electrolyte abnormalities.
Intracranial Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty for Arteriosclerotic Stenosis (2000)

Occlusive arteriosclerotic disease involving the intracranial cerebral vessels can be managed medically with antiplatelet and anticoagulant drug therapy or surgically. However, in patients who are unresponsive to medical therapy or who have unacceptable surgical risks, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is an attractive alternative that can be performed in selected patients with relatively low risk and good clinical outcome.
An interleaver implementation for the serially concatenated pulse-position modulation decoder (2006)

We describe novel interleaver and deinterleaver architectures that support bandwidth efficient memory access for decoders of turbo-like codes that are used in conjunction with high order modulations. The presentation focuses on a decoder for serially concatenated pulse-position modulation (SCPPM), which is a forward-error-correction code designed by NASA to support laser communications from Mars at mega-bits-per-second (Mbps) rates. For 64-ary PPM, the new architectures effectively triple the fan-in of the interleaver and fan-out of the deinterleaver, enabling parallelization that doubles the overall throughput. The techniques described here can be readily modified for other PPM orders
Dose-Dependent New Bone Formation by Extracorporeal Shock Wave Application on the Intact Femur of Rabbits (2008)

Here, for the first time, a threshold level is presented for new bone formation after applying shock waves to intact bone in vivo. The findings of this study are of considerable significance for preventing unwanted side effects in new approaches in the clinical application of shock waves.