gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Muscle Fatigue Due to Changes Beyond the Neuromuscular Junction (1981)

A number of changes in function occur beyond the neuromuscular junction during activity; three main types are described. (a) During high frequency stimulation there is a rapid loss of force accompanied by a slowing of the action potential waveform and an increase in the excitation threshold of the muscle. It is suggested that accumulation of K+ in the extracellular spaces of the muscle may be responsible for these changes. (b) Slowing of relaxation is a feature of fatigued muscle. The slowing allows a reduction in activation frequency (minimizing high frequency fatigue) without resulting in an appreciable loss of force. (c) Changes in shape and amplitude of the twitch have considerable effects on the force generated by low frequencies of stimulation. After a brief tetanus there is a reduction in the width of the twitch which increases the fusion frequency of the muscle and may account for the "sag' seen at the start of low frequency contractions. After a prolonged series of contractions the twitch amplitude is reduced and remains so for several hours. This may be the result of some structural damage to the sarcoplasmic reticulum or transverse tubular system.
Defect-Mediated Alloying of Monolayer Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides (2018)

Alloying plays a central role in tailoring the material properties of 2D transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). However, despite widespread reports, the details of the alloying mechanism in 2D TMDs have remained largely unknown and are yet to be further explored. Here, we combine a set of systematic experiments with ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations to unravel a defect-mediated mechanism for the alloying of monolayer TMD crystals. In our alloying approach, a monolayer MoSe<sub>2</sub> film serves as a host crystal in which exchanging selenium (Se) atoms with sulfur (S) atoms yields a MoS<sub>2 x</sub>Se<sub>2(1- x)</sub> alloy. Our study reveals that the driving force required for the alloying of CVD-grown films with abundant vacancy-type defects is significantly lower than that required for the alloying of exfoliated films with fewer vacancies. Indeed, we show that pre-existing Se vacancies in the host MoSe<sub>2</sub> lattice mediate the replacement of chalcogen atoms and facilitate the synthesis of MoS<sub>2 x</sub>Se<sub>2(1- x)</sub> alloys. Our DFT calculations suggest that S atoms can bind to Se vacancies and then diffuse throughout the host MoSe<sub>2</sub> lattice via exchanging the position with Se vacancies, further supporting our proposed defect-mediated alloying mechanism. Beside native vacancy defects, we show that the existence of large-scale defects in CVD-grown MoSe<sub>2</sub> films causes the fracture of alloys under the alloying-induced strain, while no such effect is observed in exfoliated MoSe<sub>2</sub> films. Our study provides a deep insight into the details of the alloying mechanism and enables the synthesis of 2D alloys with tunable properties.
Ultrafast Quantum Gates in Circuit QED (2012)

We present a method to implement ultrafast two-qubit gates valid for the ultrastrong coupling and deep strong coupling regimes of light-matter interaction, considering state-of-the-art circuit quantum electrodynamics technology. Our proposal includes a suitable qubit architecture and is based on a four-step sequential displacement of the intracavity field, operating at a time proportional to the inverse of the resonator frequency. Through ab initio calculations, we show that these quantum gates can be performed at subnanosecond time scales while keeping a fidelity above 99%.
An Alteration in the Cecal Microbiota Composition by Feeding of 1-Kestose Results in a Marked Increase in the Cecal Butyrate Content in Rats (2016)

Functional food ingredients, including prebiotics, have been ardently developed for improving the intestinal environment. Fructooligosaccarides (FOS), including fructans, are the well researched and commercialized prebiotics. However, to our knowledge, few studies have been conducted on the physiological effects of each component of FOS as prebiotics. 1-Kestose, a component of FOS, is composed of one glucose and two fructose molecules, and is considered as a key prebiotic component in short-chain FOS. In the present study, we examined the effects of dietary 1-kestose using 0.5-5% 1-kestose diets on cecal microbiota composition and cecal contents of short-chain fatty acids and lactate in rats. The findings indicate that dietary 1-kestose induced cecal hypertrophy and alterations in the cecal microbiota composition, including a marked increase in the cell number of Bifidobacterium spp. These alterations were associated with significant increases in acetate and lactate, and a marked increase in butyrate in cecal contents. Furthermore, dietary 1-kestose induced a significant decrease in serum insulin concentration in rats fed 2.5-5% 1-kestose diet. These findings suggest a potential of 1-kestose to be a prebiotic for improving the metabolism of the host.
Uphole Motor Technology (2016)

Abstract Attempts have been made in the past to use uphole motor in extending the reach of coiled tubing in directional wellbores, but these efforts were not successful because of poor design. We have designed a workable configuration suitable for coiled-tubing and conventional drillpipe operations. In addition, we have developed a procedure for selecting the required uphole motor size, rotating tubular dimensions, and circulation rate based on surface pump and tubular-buckling constraints. The configuration of the drillstring is highly sensitive to the flow and drilling parameters. And the rotating length function was derived using soft-string torque and drag model. The motor winding ratio and flow rate were made the independent variables of the rotating length and surface pump pressure functions. Based on available surface pump pressure, flow coefficient, and turbulence flow index constraints, the optimum uphole motor configuration and flow rate were determined. From the numerical tests conducted, it is evident that the tecnhlogy is viable and cheap. The technique can significantly increase the reach of tubular in the lateral sections of the wellbore. Furthermore, combining the uphole motor with the articulated tractor system, greater reach is achievable.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Synaptic inhibition in the olfactory bulb accelerates odor discrimination in mice. (2010)

Local inhibitory circuits are thought to shape neuronal information processing in the central nervous system, but it remains unclear how specific properties of inhibitory neuronal interactions translate into behavioral performance. In the olfactory bulb, inhibition of mitral/tufted cells via granule cells may contribute to odor discrimination behavior by refining neuronal representations of odors. Here we show that selective deletion of the AMPA receptor subunit GluA2 in granule cells boosted synaptic Ca(2+) influx, increasing inhibition of mitral cells. On a behavioral level, discrimination of similar odor mixtures was accelerated while leaving learning and memory unaffected. In contrast, selective removal of NMDA receptors in granule cells slowed discrimination of similar odors. Our results demonstrate that inhibition of mitral cells controlled by granule cell glutamate receptors results in fast and accurate discrimination of similar odors. Thus, spatiotemporally defined molecular perturbations of olfactory bulb granule cells directly link stimulus similarity, neuronal processing time, and discrimination behavior to synaptic inhibition.Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. PMID: 20159452 Funding information This work was supported by: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, United Kingdom Medical Research Council, United Kingdom Grant ID: MC_U117597156
Differential In Vitro Cultivation of Francisella tularensis Influences Live Vaccine Protective Efficacy by Altering the Immune Response (2018)

<i>Francisella tularensis</i> (<i>Ft</i>) is a biothreat agent for which there is no FDA-approved human vaccine. Currently, there are substantial efforts underway to develop both vaccines and improved tools to assess these vaccines. <i>Ft</i> expresses distinct sets of antigens (Ags) <i>in vivo</i> as compared to those expressed <i>in vitro</i>. Importantly, <i>Ft</i> grown in brain-heart infusion medium (BHIM) more closely mimics the antigenic profile of macrophage-grown <i>Ft</i> when compared to Mueller-Hinton medium (MHM)-grown <i>Ft</i>. Thus, we predicted that when used as a live vaccine BHIM-grown <i>Ft</i> (BHIM-<i>Ft</i>) would provide better protection, as compared to MHM-<i>Ft</i>. We first determined if there was a difference in growth kinetics between BHIM and MHM-<i>Ft</i>. We found that BHIM-<i>Ft</i> exhibited an initial growth advantage <i>ex vivo</i> that manifests as slightly hastened intracellular replication as compared to MHM-<i>Ft</i>. We also observed that BHIM-<i>Ft</i> exhibited an initial growth advantage <i>in vivo</i> represented by rapid bacterial expansion and systemic dissemination associated with a slightly shorter mean survival time of naive animals. Next, using two distinct strains of <i>Ft</i> LVS (WT and <i>sodB</i>), we observed that mice vaccinated with live BHIM-<i>Ft</i> LVS exhibited significantly better protection against <i>Ft</i> SchuS4 respiratory challenge compared to MHM-<i>Ft</i>-immunized mice. This enhanced protection correlated with lower bacterial burden, reduced tissue inflammation, and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production late in infection. Splenocytes from BHIM-<i>Ft sodB</i>-immunized mice contained more CD4<sup>+</sup>, effector, memory T-cells, and were more effective at limiting intracellular replication of <i>Ft</i> LVS <i>in vitro</i>. Concurrent with enhanced killing of <i>Ft</i> LVS, BHIM-<i>Ft sodB</i>-immune splenocytes produced significantly higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A cytokines than their MHM-<i>Ft sodB</i>-immunized counterparts indicating development of a more effective T cell memory response when immunizing mice with BHIM-<i>Ft</i>.
Safe and Distributed Multi-Agent Motion Planning under Minimum Speed Constraints (2023)

The motion planning problem for multiple unstop-pable agents is of interest in many robotics applications, for example, autonomous traffic management for multiple fixed-wing aircraft. Unfortunately, many of the existing algorithms cannot provide safety for such agents, because they require the agents to be able to brake to a complete stop for safety and feasibility insurance. In this paper, we present a distributed multi-agent motion planner that guarantees collision avoidance and persistent feasibility, which can be applied to a team of homogeneous mobile vehicles that cannot stop. The planner is built on top of the idea that a collision-free trajectory in form of a loop can safely accommodate multiple unstoppable agents, while avoiding collisions among them and static obstacles. At every time step, in a distributed manner, the agents generate trajectory-manipulating actions that preserve the loop structure. Then, a deconfliction process selects a conflict-free subset of the generated actions, which are applied at the next time step. Through simulation using an unstoppable Dubins car model, we show that the proposed motion planner is able to provide persistent safety guarantees for such agents in obstacle-cluttered space in real-time.
New Biotransformation Products of Nemadectins. (2001)

Selected nemadectins (formerly LL-F28249 series) have been fed to a panel of microorganisms with the aim of generating new derivatives. In addition to products resulting from the oxidation of the terminal methyl group (C-29), a unique phosphorylated nemadectin was isolated. The phosphate group was determined to be at C-23 by HMBC between phosphorus and H-23. Milbemycin or nemadectin derivatives with natural substituents involving the 23-hydroxyl group were hitherto unknown.
A gene cluster involved in aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces griseus encodes proteins similar to the response regulators of two-component regulatory systems and membrane translocators (1993)

Mutants of Streptomyces griseus deficient in A-factor production are sporulation negative, since A-factor is an essential hormonal regulator for the induction of morphological and physiological differentiation in this bacterium. A DNA fragment which induced aerial mycelium formation and sporulation in an A-factor-deficient mutant strain, S. griseus HH1, was cloned from this mutant strain. Subcloning experiments and nucleotide sequencing showed that two open reading frames, ORF1 with 656 amino acids and ORF2 with 201 amino acids, were required in order to induce sporulation. The amino acid sequence of ORF1 significantly resembled that of the Escherichia coli HlyB protein, a member of a family of bacterial membrane proteins engaged in ATP-dependent secretion mechanisms. Conserved features of this surface translocator family, such as the transmembrane structure predicted by their hydropathy profiles and the amino acid sequence forming an ATP-binding fold, were also conserved in ORF1. The ORF1 gene appeared to constitute a transcriptional unit with an additional upstream gene encoding ORF3, which was greatly similar to ORF1 in size and amino acid sequence. The other protein, ORF2, showed significant end-to-end homology with the E. coli uhpA product, a regulatory protein for the uptake of sugar phosphates. Like UhpA as a response regulator of a bacterial two-component regulatory system, ORF2 contained a helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain at its COOH-terminal portion and an Asp residue (Asp-54) probably to be phosphorylated at its NH2-terminal portion. An amino acid replacement from Asp-54 to Asn resulted in the loss of the ability of ORF2 to induce sporulation in strain HH1.
Treatment of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex Infection in Beige Mice with Free and Liposome-Encapsulated Streptomycin: Role of Liposome Type and Duration of Treatment (1991)

Current treatments for Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infections are generally ineffective. Thus, the potential of free or liposome-encapsulated streptomycin to treat acute MAC infection was investigated in beige mice. Free streptomycin administered intramuscularly 5 days a week (150 mg/kg) was effective in the liver, spleen, and lungs. At 4 weeks, liposome-encapsulated streptomycin, administered intravenously in weekly doses (15 mg/kg), reduced the colony-forming units in the liver and spleen by about the same extent as a 50- to 100-fold higher dose of free drug. With 4 weekly injections of liposomes, the colony-forming units in the liver and spleen were lower by 2.4 and 2.9 log units, respectively, compared to untreated controls, even by the end of 12 weeks. The effects of unilamellar and multilamellar liposomes were similar. These observations suggest that liposome encapsulation not only targets streptomycin to infected cells but also increases the residual activity of the drug.
Medicine meets virtual reality 2001 : Outer Space, Inner Space, Virtual Space (2001)

Since 1992, the Medicine Meets Virtual Reality conference series has attracted physicians, computer scientists and IT innovators to promote informatics technology for use in healthcare. The January 2001 conference presents research on tools for telemedicine, computer-assisted diagnosis and surgery, psychotherapy and education. The proceedings describes applications used in clinical care and their underlying technologies: simulation, visualization, imaging, haptics and robotics.
A Cattle–Human Comparative Map Built with Cattle BAC-Ends and Human Genome Sequence (2003)

As a step toward the goal of adding the cattle genome to those available for multispecies comparative genome analysis, 40,224 cattle BAC clones were end-sequenced, yielding 60,547 sequences (BAC end sequences, BESs) after trimming with an average read length of 515 bp. Cattle BACs were anchored to the human and mouse genome sequences by BLASTN search, revealing 29.4% and 10.1% significant hits (E < e-5), respectively. More than 60% of all cattle BES hits in both the human and mouse genomes are located within known genes. In order to confirm in silico predictions of orthologyand their relative position on cattle chromosomes, 84 cattle BESs with similarity to sequences on HSA11 were mapped using a cattle-hamster radiation hybrid (RH) panel. Resulting RH maps of BTA15 and BTA29 cover approximately 85% of HSA11 sequence, revealing a complex patchwork shuffling of segments not explained by a simple translocation followed by internal rearrangements. Overlay of the mouse conserved syntenies onto HSA11 revealed that segmental boundaries appear to be conserved in all three species. The BAC clone-based comparative map provides a foundation for the evolutionary analysis of mammalian karyotypes and for sequencing of the cattle genome.
Hourglass‐Shaped Dendrimers on Surfaces: A Comparison of Different Scanning‐Tunneling‐Microscopy Approaches (2002)

Abstract Large molecules adsorbed on surfaces can be analyzed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under various environmental conditions: on a dry surface in air or vacuum, and at the solid‐liquid interface. However, can measurements under dissimilar conditions be compared, e. g. , when sample A was studied at the solid‐liquid interface and sample B in a dry environment? Only rarely can the same substance be examined with more than one approach, since completely different set‐up and preparations are necessary. Furthermore, few substances are suitable for several methods of sample preparation and characterization. We have chosen a large, flexible, nonplanar molecule, namely an alkoxy‐substituted second‐generation dendritic compound with a chiral core unit, which is peculiar for its ‘hourglass' conformation. The assembly properties have been explored by STM both in solution‐cast self‐organized monolayers (SOMs) and multilayer films, as well as at the solid‐liquid interface. The complexity and limits of the three approaches applied to our hourglass‐shaped dendritic compound are discussed. Depending on the approach and environmental conditions, several quality levels of image resolution could be achieved; measurements carried out at low temperatures led to highest resolution on the aromatic parts of the molecule. A comparison of equally sized images obtained under these varying conditions reveals not only different packing arrangements, but also spots of unlike shape. Therefore, when the approach, preparation, and/or environmental conditions are not the same, STM measurements of different compounds have to be compared with greatest care.
The profile of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) gene alterations in GIST patients (pts) from Brazil (2008)

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Tissue-specific dynamic codon redefinition in Drosophila (2021)

Translational stop codon readthrough occurs in organisms ranging from viruses to mammals and is especially prevalent in decoding <i>Drosophila</i> and viral mRNAs. Recoding of UGA, UAG, or UAA to specify an amino acid allows a proportion of the protein encoded by a single gene to be C-terminally extended. The extended product from <i>Drosophila kelch</i> mRNA is 160 kDa, whereas unextended Kelch protein, a subunit of a Cullin3-RING ubiquitin ligase, is 76 kDa. Previously we reported tissue-specific regulation of readthrough of the first <i>kelch</i> stop codon. Here, we characterize major efficiency differences in a variety of cell types. Immunoblotting revealed low levels of readthrough in malpighian tubules, ovary, and testis but abundant readthrough product in lysates of larval and adult central nervous system (CNS) tissue. Reporters of readthrough demonstrated greater than 30% readthrough in adult brains, and imaging in larval and adult brains showed that readthrough occurred in neurons but not glia. The extent of readthrough stimulatory sequences flanking the readthrough stop codon was assessed in transgenic <i>Drosophila</i> and in human tissue culture cells where inefficient readthrough occurs. A 99-nucleotide sequence with potential to form an mRNA stem-loop 3' of the readthrough stop codon stimulated readthrough efficiency. However, even with just six nucleotides of <i>kelch</i> mRNA sequence 3' of the stop codon, readthrough efficiency only dropped to 6% in adult neurons. Finally, we show that high-efficiency readthrough in the <i>Drosophila</i> CNS is common; for many neuronal proteins, C-terminal extended forms of individual proteins are likely relatively abundant.
The placebo effect and homeopathy (2010)

Directions for future research on non-specific therapeutic effects of homeopathy to improve clinical practice and clinical research are discussed.
Advanced encryption schemes in multi-tier heterogeneous internet of things: taxonomy, capabilities, and objectives (2022)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is increasingly becoming widespread in different areas such as healthcare, transportation, and manufacturing. IoT networks comprise many diverse entities, including smart small devices for capturing sensitive information, which may be attainable targets for malicious parties. Thus security and privacy are of utmost importance. To protect the confidentiality of data handled by IoT devices, conventional cryptographic primitives have generally been used in various IoT security solutions. While these primitives provide just an acceptable level of security, they typically neither preserve privacy nor support advanced functionalities. Also, they overly count on trusted third parties because of some limitations by design. This multidisciplinary survey paper connects the dots and explains how some advanced cryptosystems can achieve ambitious goals. We begin by describing a multi-tiered heterogeneous IoT architecture that supports the cloud, edge, fog, and blockchain technologies and assumptions and capabilities for each layer. We then elucidate advanced encryption primitives, namely wildcarded, break-glass, proxy re-encryption, and registration-based encryption schemes, as well as IoT-friendly cryptographic accumulators. Our paper illustrates how they can augment the features mentioned above while simultaneously satisfying the architectural IoT requirements. We provide comparison tables and diverse IoT-based use cases for each advanced cryptosystem as well as a guideline for selecting the best one in different scenarios and depict how they can be integrated.
Reentry formation during ventricular fibrillation (2002)

Sudden cardiac death caused by ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world. It is thought that multiple unstable reentrant spiral waves are the underlying cause of VF. According to the "restitution hypothesis", reentrant waves form due to a cellular instability resulting in alternans leading to conduction block. Alternans are thought to occur when the slope of the restitution curve (i.e., the relationship of APD to its preceding diastolic interval DI) is >1. A video imaging system capable of recording transmembrane potential with high temporal and spatial resolution was used to study the mechanisms of reentry formation during VF in isolated pig hearts. Restitution curves were constructed during steady state pacing at progressively shorter pacing intervals. The slope of the restitution curves was >1 for DIs<82 msec. During VF, reentrant waves frequently formed in regions where impulse propagation was impaired in previous beats. First, impulse propagation slowed, conduction block occurred but no reentry was initiated. Second, the impulse propagated in the retrograde direction forming reentry in the region where black had occurred. These events were not associated with APD alternans despite the fact that during VF DI values were always less than 82 ms.