gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physician tiering: efficacité, qualité, parcimonie. (2009)

In Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities, the innocent Charles Evremonde, called Darnay, is twice sentenced to La Guillotine for the crime of his aristocratic birth. Despite his gallant efforts to demonstrate his compassion and dedication to social justice, the fanatic wave of “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, or Death” in revolutionary France is too powerful for either logic or reason.

From 17th century France we move to 21st century Massachusetts, where the commonwealth’s Group Insurance Commission (GIC) has rallied its forces to the causes of efficiency, quality, and cost reduction with its revolutionary Clinical Performance Improvement Initiative (CPI), which uses “physician tiering” to behead nonconformists. As with the noble ideals of the French Revolution, CPI is at its core reasonable. Reward high quality, efficient physicians and discourage patients from using the services of poor quality, inefficient physicians by tiering the patients’ out-of-pocket copayments. But, as with many well-intentioned programs, the devil is in the details and the details in this program are awful.

Specifically, GIC’s CPI program is based on Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) guidelines using information collected from insurance carriers’ International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)-coded data. As if that were not scary enough, physicians should understand that GIC actually believes these data are reliable enough to label a physician as lower quality with almost no avenue for redress. Once a physician receives a tier assignment, there are only 14 days to request a review; the review consists of the insurance carriers rerunning the analysis already performed on the same data. A physician can request patient-specific information and review charts to verify or refute the findings, but actual patient data do not trump the carriers’ coded data. As an example, a physician can be penalized for not obtaining a screening mammogram on a woman aged 42 to 69 years or a Papanicolaou test on a woman aged 21 to 64 years, but having documented evidence that those tests were performed will not absolve the transgression because the original sin of a missing code in the database was already committed. If that were not exasperating enough, the 2009 GIC-CPI Quality Measures require “an annual follow-up mammogram” for “women with breast cancer and a … bilateral mastectomy.”1 This is not a joke-the GIC CPI plan penalizes the physician who does not order follow-up mammograms for a patient without breasts! When GIC was challenged on this very point, they arrogantly and stubbornly asserted that their system was not flawed.

For those physicians who think this is another quirk of Massachusetts, think again. The GIC Web site proudly asserts that physician tiering is “catching on.”2 With the pain of Maintenance of Certification just beginning to be felt, this is another gift from government to which to look forward.
Correlation optical velocimetry with a compact disk pickup (1997)

The compact disk pickup is a consumer electronics component that can be purchased for a low price owing to the great number of units produced every year. A typical three-beam head contains, enclosed in a tiny case, a quite complete sample of what can be found in an optoelectronics laboratory: a coherent source, a grating, a polarizing beam splitter, a fourth-wave plate, solid-state detectors, and much more. Exploiting the unique features of such a device for scientific aims is intriguing from many points of view. We present a straightforward application of a compact disk pickup to optical correlation velocimetry and show how a rather complicated discrete setup can be replaced successfully by this highly integrated component.
Evaluation of ricin A chain-containing immunotoxins directed against different epitopes on the delta-chain of cell surface-associated IgD on murine B cells. (1990)

Over the past decade, immunotoxins (IT) composed of mAb covalently coupled to toxins or their subunits have been developed for the treatment of malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Despite specific binding to target cells, not every mAb makes a therapeutically potent ricin A chain-containing IT (IT-A). A number of variables influence the potency of a mAb as an IT-A, including the affinity of the mAb, the nature and density of the cell surface Ag, and the type of target cell used. The present report investigates the influence of the epitope specificity of a mAb on the effectiveness of that mAb as an IT-A. Seven mAb directed against different regions of the mouse delta H chain of surface IgD, were conjugated to deglycosylated ricin A chain, and tested for their ability to kill murine B cells. The panel of IT-A had similar A chain activities and similar binding avidities. However, the mAb directed against epitopes in the Fc portion of surface IgD made more effective IT-A than those directed against epitopes in the Fd region. Overall, the anti-Fc-A were approximately 60- to 150-fold more toxic than the anti-Fd-A. Taken together with previous studies, these findings suggest that the epitope on a target Ag recognized by a given mAb is an important variable in determining the potency of a mAb as an IT-A.
NASA Standard Initiator susceptibility to UHF and S-band radio frequency power and lightning strikes (2013)

The NASA Standard Initiator (NSI) is an important piece of pyrotechnic equipment used in many space applications. This paper outlines the results of a series of tests done at UHF and S-Band frequencies to determine NSI susceptibility to Radio Frequency (RF) power. The results show significant susceptibility to pulsed RF power in the S-Band region. Additional testing with lightning pulses injected into the firing line harness, modelling the indirect effects of a lightning strike to a spacecraft, showed no vulnerability.
Abstract 16829: Isolated Left Atrial, Biatrial or Right Atrial Dilatation - Association With Low Voltage Areas in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (2020)

Background: Left atrial volume (LAV) and low voltage areas (LVA) are markers for impaired outcome after ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). Some studies reported the importance of increased right atrial volume (RAV) as a predictor for arrhythmia recurrences in AF patients. Hypothesis: to investigate association between the LAV/RAV ratio and LVA presence. Methods: Patients undergoing first AF ablation with pre-procedural cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging were included. LVA were assessed peri-procedurally using high-density 3D maps and defined as &lt;0.5 mV. LAV was determined using a biplane model based on cine 4- and 2-chamber views, RAV using a monoplane model based on the cine 4-chamber view. Both volumes were indexed to body surface areas, and the LAV/RAV ratio was calculated. LAV/RAV ratio &gt;1 indicated isolated LA dilatation, ratio ≤1 was defined as biatrial/isolated RA dilatation. Results: The study population included 184 patients (Age 63±10 years, 34% women, 58% persistent AF, 22% LVA). There were 148 (80%) patients with isolated LA dilatation. In univariable analysis, isolated LA dilatation was associated with LVAs (OR 6.803, 95% CI 1.395-26.514, p=0.016). This association remained robust in multivariable model after adjustment for persistent AF, CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score, renal function, and heart rate (OR 5.981, 95%CI 1.256-28.484, p=0.025). Using ROC analysis, LAV/RAV ratio (AUC 0.668, 95% CI 0.585-0.751, p&lt;0.001, Figure) was significant predictor for LVA. Biatrial/isolated RA dilatation occurred in 36 (20%) patients. On multivariable analysis, after adjustment for age, persistent AF, and renal function, male sex remained significantly associated with biatrial/isolated RA dilatation (OR 3.040, 95% CI 1.050-8.802, p=0.040). Conclusions: LAV/RAV ratio is useful for the prediction of LVA in AF. Isolated LA dilatation was associated with LVA presence, while male sex remained associated with biatrial/isolated RA dilatation and less LVA.
ACOUSTICS2008/1731 Determination of cavitation bubble lifetimes using bubble-bubble coalescence data (2008)

sonication conditions has been investigated by measuring the volume change of the solution following a period of sonication. The data obtained led to the conclusion that SDS does not reach equilibrium adsorption level at the bubble/solution interface. On this basis, a method is proposed for estimating nonequilibrium surface excess values for solutes that do not fully equilibrate with the bubble/solution interface during sonication. For the case of SDS in the presence of excess NaCl, the method was further employed to estimate the maximum lifetime of bubbles in a multibubble field. Data obtained from this study suggests that an acoustic bubble in a multibubble field has a finite lifetime, and that this lifetime decreases with increasing applied frequency, ranging from up to 0.35 ± 0.05 ms for 213 kHz to 0.10 ± 0.05 ms for 1062 kHz. These estimated lifetimes equate to a bubble in a multibubble field undergoing an upper limit of 50-200 oscillations over its lifetime for applied acoustic frequencies between 200 kHz and 1 MHz.
A Study on Low-Cost RFID System Mutual Authentication Scheme using Key Division (2007)

RFID 시스템은 바코드를 대체하기 위한 무선 주파수 식별 기술로 유비쿼터스 환경을 구축하는 핵심 기술이다. RFID 시스템은 인식 속도 및 저장 공간 등 많은 편리성으로 사용이 급증하였지만 저가의 태그가 리더의 쿼리에 의하여 쉽게 동작하기 때문에 태그의 정보 노출에 따른 사용자 프라이버시 침해 문제가 발생하고 있다. 보안을 적용하기 위하여 많은 방식들이 연구되고 있지만 저가의 태그는 <TEX>$5K{\sim}10K$</TEX> 게이트 정도의 연산 능력을 가지고 있으며 그 중 <TEX>$250{\sim}3K$</TEX> 게이트 정도만을 보안에 할당할 수 있기 때문에 보안 적용이 어려운 실정이다. 따라서 본 방식은 64비트의 키를 분할하여 사용하며 연산을 최대한 줄여 Low-Cost RFID 시스템에 적용할 수 있는 상호 인증 방안에 대하여 제안한다. 기존 방식들은 96비트의 키를 4개로 분할하여 사용하였으나 본 방식은 경량화를 위하여 키 크기를 32비트 줄이고 7번의 통신 횟수를 5번으로 감소시켰다. 또한 두 개의 난수를 생성하는 기존 방식에 비하여 난수 한 개로 보안을 제공하기 때문에 더욱 효율적이라고 할 수 있다. 하지만 XOR 연산만으로 제공되지 못했던 무결성을 위하여 해쉬 함수를 사용하여 제안 방식의 확장을 추가하였다. 확장된 방식은 XOR 연산만을 사용하는 방식들보다 효율성은 제공되지 못하지만 인식 거리가 먼 RFID 시스템에서도 사용할 수 있도록 안전하게 제안된 방식이다. RFID system is core technology that construct ubiquitous environment for replacement of barcode technology. Use ratio of RFID system rapidly increase because the technology has many good points such as identification speed, storage space, convenience etc. But low-cost tag operates easily by query of reader, so the system happened user privacy violent problem by tag information exposure. The system studied many ways for security application, but operation capability of low-cost tag is about <TEX>$5K{\sim}10K$</TEX> gates, but only <TEX>$250{\sim}3K$</TEX> gates allocated security part. So it is difficult to apply security to the system. Therefore, this scheme uses dividing 64 bits and reduces arithmetic, so proposed scheme provide mutual authentication that can apply to low-cost RFID system. Existing methods divide by 4 and used 96 bits. However, that reduces 32 bits length for lightweight and reduced from communication number of times of 7 times to 5 times. Also, because offer security by random number than existing scheme that generate two random numbers, that is more efficient. However, uses hash function for integrity that was not offered by XOR arithmetic and added extension of proposed scheme. Extended scheme is not offered efficiency than methods that use XOR arithmetic, but identification distance is mode that is proposed secure so that can use in for RFID system.
UPDATING THE RESULTS OF THE STATE CADASTRAL ASSESSMENT OF LAND IN THE CITY OF KRASNOYARSK, KRASNOYARSK TERRITORY (2022)

В статье анализируются результаты государственной кадастровой оценки земель г. Красноярска, выявлены основные причины увеличения и уменьшения удельного показателя кадастровой стоимости при актуализации, прогнозируется положительное влияние на инвестиционную привлекательность города.
Higher-order auditory areas in congenital deafness: Top-down interactions and corticocortical decoupling (2016)

The theory of predictive coding assumes that higher-order representations influence lower-order representations by generating predictions about sensory input. In congenital deafness, one identified dysfunction is a reduced activation of deep layers in the auditory cortex. Since these layers play a central role for processing top-down influences, congenital deafness might interfere with the integration of top-down and bottom-up information flow. Studies in humans suggest more deficits in higher-order than in primary cortical areas in congenital deafness. That opens up the question how well neurons in higher-order areas can be activated by the input through the deprived auditory pathway after restoration of hearing with cochlear implants. Further it is unclear whether their interconnections to lower order areas are impaired by absence of hearing. Corticocortical anatomical fiber tracts and general auditory responsiveness in both primary and higher-order areas are generally preserved in absence of auditory experience. However, the existing data suggest a dichotomy between preservation of anatomical cortical connectivity in congenital deafness and functional deficits in corticocortical coupling. Further, cross-modal reorganization observed in congenital deafness in specific cortical areas appears to be established by functional synaptic changes and rests on anatomically preserved, genetically-predetermined and molecularly patterned circuitry connecting the sensory systems. Current data indicate a reduced corticocortical functional coupling between cortical auditory areas in congenital deafness, both in bottom-up and top-down information stream. Consequently, congenital deafness is likely to result in a deficit in predictive coding that affects learning ability after late cochlear implantation.
Feature extraction and selection for objective gait analysis and fall risk assessment by accelerometry (2011)

Falls in the elderly is nowadays a major concern because of their consequences on elderly general health and moral states. Moreover, the aging of the population and the increasing life expectancy make the prediction of falls more and more important. The analysis presented in this article makes a first step in this direction providing a way to analyze gait and classify hospitalized elderly fallers and non-faller. This tool, based on an accelerometer network and signal processing, gives objective informations about the gait and does not need any special gait laboratory as optical analysis do. The tool is also simple to use by a non expert and can therefore be widely used on a large set of patients. A population of 20 hospitalized elderlies was asked to execute several classical clinical tests evaluating their risk of falling. They were also asked if they experienced any fall in the last 12 months. The accelerations of the limbs were recorded during the clinical tests with an accelerometer network distributed on the body. A total of 67 features were extracted from the accelerometric signal recorded during a simple 25 m walking test at comfort speed. A feature selection algorithm was used to select those able to classify subjects at risk and not at risk for several classification algorithms types. The results showed that several classification algorithms were able to discriminate people from the two groups of interest: fallers and non-fallers hospitalized elderlies. The classification performances of the used algorithms were compared. Moreover a subset of the 67 features was considered to be significantly different between the two groups using a t-test. This study gives a method to classify a population of hospitalized elderlies in two groups: at risk of falling or not at risk based on accelerometric data. This is a first step to design a risk of falling assessment system that could be used to provide the right treatment as soon as possible before the fall and its consequences. This tool could also be used to evaluate the risk several times during the revalidation procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: RADIKALRK. UND RETENTION BEI DER STEVENS‐UMLAGERUNG EINES SULFONIUM‐YLIDS, ALLGEMEINE THEORIE DER YLIDUMLAGERUNGEN (1970)

Abstract Das Ylid (I) lagert sich durch kurzes.
CarpetVR: The Magic Carpet Meets the Magic Mirror (2018)

We present CarpetVR - a new system for marker-based positional tracking suitable for mobile VR (Figure 1). The system utilizes all sensors present on a modern smartphone (a camera, a gyroscope, and an accelerometer) and does not require any additional sensors. CarpetVR uses a single floor marker that we call the magic carpet. CarpetVR augments a standard mobile VR setup with a slanted mirror that can be attached either to the smartphone or to the head mount in front of the smartphone camera. As the person walks over the marker, the smartphone camera is able to see the marker thanks to the reflection in the mirror. Our tracking engine then uses a computer vision module to detect the marker and to estimate the smartphone position with respect to the marker at 40 frames per second. This estimate is integrated with high framerate signals from the gyroscope and the accelerometer. The resulting estimates of the position and the orientation are then used to render the virtual world. Our sensor fusion algorithm ensures minimal-latency tracking with very little jitter.
An intrinsic safety PLC with a graphic programming environment (2002)

An intrinsic safety PLC has been developed. This PLC has been built to be used in dangerous environments, such inside mines, where there are risks of explosions. A MC68000 microprocessor has been used as the processor and the PLC incorporates a security system based on the use of fiber optics and the MC68HC11E2 microcontroller. Moreover, conventional digital and analog I/O cards are used. There are two levels of programming, a textual level and a graphic level. The PLC is programmed from a personal computer through a serial port. It is programmed offline.
Emission Characteristics of Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants from the Combustion of Sewage Sludge in a Fluidized Bed Combustor (2008)

In this study, a bench-scale fluidized bed combustor (FBC) was used to investigate the partitioning of nine heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) and organic hazardous air pollutants, including aliphatics, monoaromatic compounds, cyclic hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in the gas and solid phases of emissions from combustion of seven sewage sludge samples. The concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in two main ash streams (bottom ash and fly ash) were detected by inductively coupled plasma−optical emission spectroscopy (ICP−OES). It showed that the concentration of zinc was the highest in bottom and fly ashes, ranging from 1600−1900 and 2200−2900 mg/kg, respectively. The average concentrations of HMs analyzed in both bottom ash and fly ash followed the order of Zn > Cu > Mn > Cr > Ni > Pb > V > Cd > Co. Co and Cu were mostly found in bottom ashes, while Pb and Zn were mostly found in fly ashes; other HMs were almost equally distributed between bottom and fly ashes. Organic pollutants [particularly hazardous air pollutants (HAPs)] in flue gas trapped onto the XAD resin and in fly ash were extracted with dichloromethane and analyzed using a gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS) analyzer. The results showed that PAHs were more likely emitted in flue gas than in fly ash and the concentrations of PAHs in both flue gas and fly ash of sludge combustion were in a reasonably comparable range, with a maximum concentration reaching 0.03 mg/L. Aliphatics were mainly recovered from fly ashes (>70%), while monoaromatic compounds were found in both flue gases and fly ashes and cyclic hydrocarbons were undetectable for most of the sludge samples. The total amounts of HAPs in the flue gases increased most likely with the increasing H/C ratios of the sludge samples.
Mosaic variegated aneuploidy with multiple congenital abnormalities: Homozygosity for total premature chromatid separation trait (1998)

Separation of chromatids of all mitotic chromosomes, here called total premature chromatid separation (total PCS), was observed in 67 to 87.5% of repeated cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes from two unrelated infants. Also noted was a variety of mosaic aneuploidies, especially trisomies, double trisomies, and monosomies, to be called mosaic variegated aneuploidy. The infants both showed severe pre- and postnatal growth retardation, profound developmental retardation, uncontrollable seizures, severe microcephaly, hypoplasia of the brain, Dandy-Walker anomaly, abnormal facial appearance, and bilateral cataract. Patient 1, a girl, in addition had a cleft palate, multiple renal cysts, and Wilms tumor of the left kidney. Whereas patient 2, a boy, had ambiguous external genitalia. They both died within 2 years of age. In the two families of the infants, their parents and three other members showed 2.5 to 47% lymphocytes with total PCS but without mosaic variegated aneuploidy or phenotypic abnormalities. Another 10 relatives studied showed 0 to 1% cells with total PCS and so were judged negative for the total PCS trait. It was deduced that the total PCS trait in the two families was transmitted in an autosomal-dominant fashion, and the two affected infants were homozygous for the trait.
Current Status and Prospects for Experimental Aerodynamics (2002)

The current status of experimental aerodynamics is characterised by highly advanced wind tunnel techniques with complex models and measuring techniques on a sophisticated level. Major improvement has been achieved during the last years and considerable progress can be stated with respect to the physical understanding of phenomena relevant for aerodysnamic problems. Various experimental programmes provided high quality data for improvement of the physical modelling as well as validation of CFD codes. It is obvious that experimental aerodynamics is strongly connected with measurement techniques. Due to considerable improvement of conventional measurement techniques, progress in aerodynamics could be achieved. But new requirements deduced from the point of view of costs and the necessity to find solutions for much more complex aerodynamic problems, cannot be fulfilled by conventional techniques. Hence quite new approaches have to be considered. One promising solution to get future improvement is the application of advanced optical measurement techniques. mainly pressure sensitive paint /PSP) for pressure and force determination and particle image velocimetry (PIV) for flow field mapping are discussed with regard to expected progress in experimental aerodynamics.
Role of heterochromatin during preferential 9q;22q translocation in chronic myelogenous leukemia (1986)

The secondary constriction region (h) of human chromosome 9 was evaluated in 55 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients with respect to its size and position. Each case was examined by C-banding and distamycin A-4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole techniques for the expression of the h regions. When one h region of chromosome 9 was larger, it was more frequently involved in the reciprocal translocation with chromosome 22. In addition, there was a higher incidence of pericentric inversions in the h regions in the translocated chromosome 9 when compared with normal homologues. The role of the constitutive heterochromatin of chromosome 9 as a possible influencing factor during 9q;22q translocation in CML is suggested.
Majorana Loop Stabilizer Codes for Error Mitigation in Fermionic Quantum Simulations (2019)

Life in an imperfect world: While fault-tolerant quantum computing is an ultimate goal, it is far off, so for now we need to find ways to mitigate the errors that creep into quantum computations. Quantum error correction is of key interest, both theoretically and practically. The authors advance the field by considering error-corrected quantum simulation of geometrically local fermionic systems, providing a systematic way to construct error-correcting code using methods from lattice gauge theory, with the gauge operators serving as stabilizers. This method solves two major problems (geometry locality and error mitigation) in near-term quantum simulations of lattice fermion problems.