gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating effects of different control strategies for Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISA) in marine salmonid farming by scenario simulation using a disease transmission model (2021)

Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is an important viral disease causing economic losses and reduced welfare in farmed Atlantic salmon. Here, we present a spatio-temporal stochastic model for the spread of ISA between and within marine aquaculture farms. The model is estimated on historical production data for all marine salmonid farms in Norway from 2004 to February 2019. In this time 142 outbreaks of ISA occurred. We find that transmission from infected neighbouring farms accounts for around 50% of the infections, whereas transmission from "non-specified sources" accounts for around 40%. We hypothesise that the most important of the latter are viruses mutating from the non-virulent ISAV HPR0 to the virulent ISAV HPRdel. The model is used for scenario simulation, or what-if analysis, to investigate the effects of potential strategies to combat ISA, including screening, vaccination and culling. Changing from the current strategy of culling farms with detected ISA-outbreaks to mandatory screening and culling when virus is detected will reduce the fraction of cohorts with a clinical ISA outbreak from 3.8 to 0.36%. Introducing mandatory vaccination would have approximately the same effect as the current stamping-out strategy. The scenario simulation is a useful tool for deciding on appropriate mitigation measures.
Effects of Extruder Die Nozzle Dimensions on Expansion and Micrographic Characterization During Extrusion of Acetylated Starch (2004)

Abstract Starch acetate (DS 2) with ethanol content of 16% (d. b.) was extruded in a twin‐screw extruder with nozzle length to diameter ( L / D ) ratios varying from 2.9 to 13.1, constant screw speed of 140 rpm and barrel temperature of 160°C. Effects of variation in L / D ratio and the individual effects of variations in L and D on expansion and micrographic properties were studied. With smaller D and larger L nozzles, back pressure developed in the die was immense, which resulted in high initial expansion and then collapse of extrudates, after a brief time, leading to smaller diameter extrudates. It was concluded that the pressure drop exerted tensile forces in the cell material in excess of its elastic limits. SEM results of the samples showed the effects. It is important to consider the elastic properties of the material in predicting ultimate radial expansion. The expansion phenomena have been explained in detail.
Age-related increase in caveolin-1 expression facilitates cell-to-cell transmission of α-synuclein in neurons (2021)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, with aging being considered the greatest risk factor for developing PD. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is known to participate in the aging process. Recent evidence indicates that prion-like propagation of misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) released from neurons to neighboring neurons plays an important role in PD progression. In the present study, we demonstrated that cav-1 expression in the brain increased with age, and considerably increased in the brain of A53T α-syn transgenic mice. Cav-1 overexpression facilitated the uptake of α-syn into neurons and formation of additional Lewy body-like inclusion bodies, phosphorylation of cav-1 at tyrosine 14 was found to be crucial for this process. This study demonstrates the relationship between age and α-syn spread and will facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanism of the cell-to-cell transmission of α-syn.
Immunization of Owl Monkeys with a Recombinant Protein Containing Repeated Epitopes of a Plasmodium Falciparum Glycophorin-Binding Protein (1991)

A Plasmodium falciparum glycophorin binding protein (GBP-130) has been implicated in protective immunity to malaria. The gene for GBP-130 encodes a protein containing 11 tandemly repetitive 50 amino acid units. We report an immunization trial in Aotus monkeys using a recombinant DNA protein containing three of these 50 amino acid repeats. When administered with aluminum hydroxide, this antigen induced low levels of antibodies that reacted with the recombinant protein by ELISA and with parasite antigens in immunoblot and immunofluorescence assays, but not by immunoprecipitation. When administered with Freund's complete adjuvant, this antigen induced high levels of antibodies that reacted in ELISA, immunoblot, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation assays. Serum from immunized monkeys did not inhibit parasite growth, and protection from intravenous challenge with P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes was not observed in any experimental group. These results suggest that the repetitive region of GBP-130 is not a useful vaccine candidate.
Evaluating long-term performance of in situ vitrified waste forms: Methodology and results (1992)

In situ vitrification (ISV) is an emerging technology for the remediation of hazardous and radioactive waste sites. The concept relies on the principle of Joule heating to raise the temperature of a soil between an array of electrodes above the melting temperature. After cooling, the melt solidifies into a massive glass and crystalline block similar to naturally occurring obsidian. Determining the long-term performance of ISV products in a changing regulatory environment requires a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms controlling the dissolution behavior of the material. A series of experiments was performed to determine the dissolution behavior of samples produced from the ISV processing of typical soils from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory subsurface disposal area. Dissolution rate constant measurements were completed at 90{degrees}C over the pH range 2 to 11 for one sample obtained from a field test of the ISV process.
Development toward wafer-scale graphene RF electronics (2010)

We will present recent development of graphene FET technology on a wafer scale, including epitaxial graphene growth, device fabrication and characterization. The epitaxial growth of graphene on 2-inch wafers were fabricated via graphitization of Si-face SiC(0001) substrates. The sheet electron carrier density of these layers were typically 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-13</sup> /cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at room temperature and had mobility of ~ 1500 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> V <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> S <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> or higher. Graphene FETs were fabricated with source and drain non-alloyed ohmic metal schemes. Metal gates were used on top of atomic-layer-deposited high-k (Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) gate dielectric layer. DC and RF performance of the world's first epitaxial graphene RF FETs is presented.
Investigation of the Acoustic Performance of After Treatment Devices (2011)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Diesel engines produce harmful exhaust emissions and high exhaust noise levels. One way of mitigating both exhaust emissions and noise is via the use of after treatment devices such as Catalytic Converters (CC), Selective Catalytic Reducers (SCR), Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC), and Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF). The objective of this investigation is to characterize and simulate the acoustic performance of different types of filters so that maximum benefit can be achieved. A number of after treatment device configurations for trucks were selected and measured. A measurement campaign was conducted to characterize the two-port transfer matrix of these devices. The simulation was performed using the two-port theory where the two-port models are limited to the plane wave range in the filter cavity. These models are implemented in SIDLAB Software for the simulation of low frequency sound propagation in ducts, and SIDLAB was used to predict the transfer matrix of the tested configurations. This paper presents guidelines for dividing these complicated systems into a number of simple 1D elements. Specifically, strategies for modeling the side inlet and outlet end caps are documented. The model takes about 15 minutes to set-up and 15 seconds to solve which demonstrates the power of using two-port techniques in modeling exhaust systems. The comparisons show good agreement between the measured and simulated transmission loss in the plane wave region.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Accurate estimation of Brillouin frequency shift in Brillouin optical time domain analysis sensors using cross correlation (2011)

Current methods of estimating the Brillouin frequency shift in Brillouin optical time domain analysis sensors are based on curve-fitting techniques. These techniques apply the same weight to all portions of the curve and dutifully fit into the peak and noisy ends of the curve. This makes them very sensitive to noise, initialization of fitting parameters, symmetry, and start and stop frequencies. We introduce a method based on the cross-correlation technique to estimate the central frequency of noisy Lorentzian curves, which is more robust to noise and free from initial settings of fitting parameters.
Hemodynamic Effects of Early Versus Late Glucocorticosteroid Administration in Experimental Septic Shock (2003)

Recent findings in human septic shock suggest that glucocorticosteroids can limit and even reverse hemodynamic disturbances and dependence on catecholamines. In a rodent model of hypotensive and hypokinetic septic shock, we investigated the effects of early or late dexamethasone administration on hemodynamics, response to catecholamines, and cardiac beta-adrenergic signalling. As compared with sham-operated rats, the untreated septic rats displayed significant arterial hypotension and reduced aortic blood flow. However, in vivo pressor response to epinephrine and phenylephrine was not different among sham and septic animals. Conversely, the chronotropic response to isoproterenol was significantly attenuated in septic animals. Steroid-treated septic animals displayed complete reversal of hypotension, improvement in aortic blood flow, and reduced plasma lactate and nitrite/nitrate concentrations as compared with untreated septic animals. The number of myocardial beta-adrenergic receptors and in vivo isoproterenol-stimulated myocardial cAMP content were similar in sham and septic animals. Glucocorticosteroids, although not changing these patterns, significantly decreased the receptors affinity when administered late, but not early. In this model of septic shock, hemodynamic abnormalities may not be related to adrenergic receptor desensitization. That steroids can improve them suggests that they could act mainly distal to adrenergic receptors, for instance, on myocardial and vascular smooth fiber contraction properties through mechanisms probably including inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition.
O2–04–03: Structural bases of dementia in a typical U.S. urban and suburban population and their association with statin use (2007)

Commonly used drugs may partially address the therapeutic imperative for dementia in the elderly. Determine the pathologic basis of dementia in a typical U.S. urban and suburban population and explore the effects of commonly used statins. Brain autopsy data was from the Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) study, a longitudinal population-based study of brain aging and dementia that includes approximately 3,200 men and women who were 65 years or older and cognitively intact at the time they were sampled. All participants were followed biannually with medical examination and cognitive testing using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI). First, all consecutive autopsies (n = 221) from the ACT cohort with valid last CASI score within 36 months of death (n=211) were examined. Independent risk factors for dementia (estimated relative risk; P value) were Alzheimer's disease (2.95; P < 0.001), cerebral microvascular damage (2.59; P < 0.001) and neocortical Lewy body accumulation (2.01; P < 0.05). Next we investigated statin users (defined as ≥ three prescriptions of ≥ 15 pills of simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, or atorvastatin) and non-users who were cognitively intact and under age 80 at the time of enrollment (n=110). As expected, statin users had more risk factors for vascular disease, atherosclerosis, and infarcts than non-users. After controlling for age at death, gender, CASI score at entry, brain weight, and number of cerebral micro-infarcts, we discovered that statin users had > 2-fold lower risk for each increase in Braak staging for neurfibrillary tangles (NFTs; odds ratio [OR] 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.20 - 0.95) compared to non-users, but the association between statin use and CERAD neuritic plaque score did not reach statistical significance (OR 0.69; 95% CI: 0.32 - 1.52). Our results underscore the therapeutic imperative for Alzheimer's and Lewy body diseases and point to statins as a possible means to suppress partially the processes that lead to NFT accumulation. Our data also provide rationale for strategies that target cerebral microvascular damage as a means to prevent partially or delay onset of dementia in our progressively aging population.
Segmentation and classification of human activities using body-mounted inertial sensors (2011)

International audience
An Improved Antenna Mounting for Ultra-Wideband On-Body Communications and Channel Characterization (2011)

The electromagnetic coupling of antennas with the human body is a well-known, but often neglected, problem in body area network (BAN) communications. The resulting distortion of the antenna's free-space characteristics may, in turn, demand more complex terminals to cope with the different conditions encountered as antennas are mounted on different parts of the body and/or varying separations from the skin. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a mounting method to provide a more stable response and to reduce the antenna's coupling to the body for ultra-wideband (UWB) BAN applications. The proposed mounting method is evaluated on two UWB BAN antennas, characterizing the antennas coupling with the body by analyzing variations in the antennas reflection coefficient between 4-9 GHz, when mounted at different distances from the skin and at different locations on the body. The modified mounting method was found to increase the correlation coefficient between the antenna's reflection coefficient when in free space and mounted using 5 mm of spacer, for the two antennas, from 0.22 and 0.13, to 0.66 and 0.90. The free-space characteristics of the modified antennas are also tested, showing a reduction of up to 4.7 dB of radiated power into the body.
The reaction of carbon monoxide with B-alkyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes. A remarkably simple synthesis of 9-alkylbicyclo[3.3.1.]nonan-9-ols (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe reaction of carbon monoxide with B-alkyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes. A remarkably simple synthesis of 9-alkylbicyclo[3.3.1.]nonan-9-olsEvord F. Knights and Herbert C. BrownCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 19, 5283–5284Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01021a048https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01021a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views266Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Intumescent polypropylene: Interactions between physical and chemical expansion (2019)

Summary To decrease the reaction to fire of a highly flammable plastic, polypropylene (PP), the concept of intumescence was applied. Two intumescent systems were designed on the basis of different mechanisms: physical expansion with expandable graphite (EG) and chemical expansion with modified ammonium polyphosphate (AP). Fire behavior of PP containing EG, AP, or an AP/EG mixture with a total loading of 10 wt% was evaluated by cone calorimetry at 35 kW·m −2 . Thermocouples allowed measuring the temperature at the backside or inside samples over time and evaluating the thermal barrier of these intumescent materials. Two grades of AP (difference in composition) and several grades of EG (difference in expansion characteristics) were compared. Mixing AP and EG does not create a synergistic effect in studied conditions. Contrarily, the incorporation of small amount of EG in PP‐AP modifies heat transfer in the coating, creating a strong anisotropy. Graphite worms are trapped vertically into the expanded AP, which increases the transverse heat conductivity (lower efficiency of the thermal barrier) and decreases the fire performance. This phenomenon disappears in thicker specimens. While a higher expansion volume of graphite worms improves fire performances of PP with only small amount of EG (1 wt%), this effect is not noticeable with AP/EG mixtures.
Inhibition of c-Met with the Specific Small Molecule Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor SU11274 Decreases Growth and Metastasis Formation of Experimental Human Melanoma (2010)

The hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) tyrosine kinase (TK) receptor c-Met plays a crucial role in the development of the invasive phenotype of tumors and thus represents an attractive candidate for targeted therapies in a variety of malignancies, including human malignant melanoma (MM). In contrast to what has been shown previously, we were not able to detect any genetic alterations, either in the juxtamembrane- or in the TK-domain of c-Met, in the studied MM cell lines. Nevertheless, c-Met was constitutively active in these cell lines without exogenous HGF/SF stimulation. The active receptor was localized to the adhesion sites of the cells. Addition of the c-Met TK inhibitor SU11274 specifically decreased the phosphotyrosine signal at the focal adhesions sites, which was accompanied by a decrease in cell proliferation as well as an increase in apoptotic cells. In addition, non-apoptotic concentrations of SU11274 significantly reduced the in vitro migratory capacity of MM cells in the modified Boyden-chamber assay. Administration of SU11274 significantly decreased primary tumor growth as well as the capacity for liver colony formation of MM cells in SCID mice. Our study provides the first evidence for an in vivo antitumor activity of SU11274 in a human melanoma xenograft model, and suggests c-Met as a valid target for the therapy of MM. Consequently, SU11274 treatment might represent a useful strategy for controlling melanoma progression and metastasis in patients with MM.
HIV fusion and its inhibition in antiretroviral therapy (2004)

The end of the twentieth century saw dramatic improvements in the prognosis of HIV infection brought about by the introduction of new agents (the protease inhibitors and the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) and their use in highly active combinations. However, the durability of these combination treatments is limited by a number of factors including adverse effects and extensive intra-class cross-resistance so that new antiretrovirals acting on alternative targets and having improved systemic tolerability profiles are required. The HIV binding and entry process offers several potential targets for antiviral interaction. These include gp120 binding to CD4 and to chemokine co-receptor molecules as well as the fusion process itself, which involves interactions between two leucine zipper-like 4-3 repeat regions within gp41 known as heptad repeat (HR)1 and HR2. Peptides such as enfuvirtide (formerly DP178 or T-20), that mimic the HR2 region of gp41, inhibit HIV-1 by a mechanism that is thought to involve competitive binding to HR1. This review summarises the clinical development of enfuvirtide, providing an overview of the pharmacokinetic, efficacy and safety data in various patient populations, and also considers the evidence for the key role of genotypic changes in the HR1 region (amino acids 36-45) in determining viral susceptibility to inhibition by enfuvirtide.
Systematic characterization of feature dimensions and closing pressures for microfluidic valves produced via photoresist reflow (2012)

Multilayer soft lithography (MSL) provides a convenient and low-cost method for fabricating poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic devices with on-chip valves for automated and precise control of fluid flow. MSL casting molds for flow channels typically incorporate small patches of rounded positive photoresist at valve locations to achieve the rounded cross-sectional profile required for these valves to function properly. Despite the importance of these rounded features for device performance, a comprehensive characterization of how the rounding process affects feature dimensions and closing pressures has been lacking. Here, we measure valve dimensions both before and after rounding and closing pressures for 120 different valve widths and lengths at post-rounding heights between 15 and 84 μm, for a total of 1200 different geometries spanning a wide range of useful sizes. We find that valve height and width after rounding depend strongly on valve aspect ratios, with these effects becoming more pronounced for taller and narrower features. Based on the measured data, we provide a simple fitted model and an online tool for estimating the pre-rounding dimensions needed to achieve desired post-rounding dimensions. We also find that valve closing pressures are well explained by modelling valve membranes in a manner analogous to a suspension bridge, shedding new light on device physics and providing a practical model for estimating closing pressures during device design.