gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Receptors for bradykinin in rabbit aortae (1977)

Rabbit aorta strips respond to bradykinin (BK) and to the C-terminal fragment of BK, the octapeptide 1-8 BK (Octa) with sustained contractions which are presumably due to the stimulation of specific receptors, because they remain unchanged in presence of phentolamine, methysergide, mepyramine, 8-Leu-AT II , and indomethacin. Experimental dose–response curves of BK and Octa are very similar to the theoretical curves predicted by the mass-action law and show the classical hyperbolic shape; ratios of doses producing 16% and 84% of maximum effects are 1:20 for Octa and 1:19 for BK. The relations of stimulus and effect are linear, suggesting that the extents of the contractions are proportional to the number of receptors occupied by the agonists.Structure–activity studies performed with fragments and analogues of BK and with analogues of Octa have shown that 8-Phe is essential for activation of the aortic receptor, and plays an important role for the affinity. The octapeptide 1-8 sequence is more favorable than the nonapeptide, because BK (pD 2 = 6.40) is less potent than Octa (pD 2 = 7.19) and 9-Ala BK is a partial agonist.Antagonists for both Octa and BK have been found by replacing 8-Phe with aliphatic residues (Ala, Nle, Leu, Leu-OMe) in the octapeptide. Affinities of 8-Leu-Octa (pA 2 = 6.75) and 8-Leu-OMe-Octa (pA 2 = 6.66) for the aortic receptors are fairly high and the antagonism appears to be of the competitive type because pA 2 – pA 10 is close to 0.95 for both compounds.The inhibitory effect of these two compounds are specific for Octa and BK. It is concluded that rabbit aortae contain a new type of receptor for BK, different from those found in the intestine and the uterus of several species.
Next generation of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors for the treatment of cancer (2013)

It is anticipated that with the continuous expansion of work in this research field, the therapeutic potential of targeting the mTOR pathway for the treatment of several malignancies will reach a maximum point in the next few years and may ultimately change the way we treat several malignant tumors.
Anatomy of the ADO.NET entity framework (2007)

Traditional client-server applications relegate query and persistence operations on their data to database systems. The database system operates on data in the form of rows and tables, while the application operates on data in terms of higher-level programming language constructs (classes, structures etc.). The impedance mismatch in the data manipulation services between the application and the database tier was problematic even in traditional systems. With the advent of service-oriented architectures (SOA), application servers and multi-tier applications, the need for data access and manipulation services that are well-integrated with programming environments and can operate in any tier has increased tremendously. Microsoft's ADO.NET Entity Framework is a platform for programming against data that raises the level of abstraction from the relational level to the conceptual (entity) level, and thereby significantly reduces the impedance mismatch for applications and data-centric services. This paper describes the key aspects of the Entity Framework, the overall system architecture, and the underlying technologies.
Beam Shaping: A Review (2018)

This chapter discusses the Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm because it is a relatively simple iterative algorithm that illustrates the application of algorithms to the beam shaping problem. It describes the application of popular optimization algorithms to the beam shaping problem. The chapter examines the basic system considerations for beam shaping. It provides a simplified approach that exploits the global optimization capabilities found in several commercial lens design programs. Beam shaping is the process of redistributing the irradiance and phase of a beam of optical radiation. The irradiance distribution defines the profile of the beam, such as Gaussian, circular, rectangular, annular, or multimode. Beam integrators are especially suited to multimode lasers with a relatively low degree of spatial coherence. Beam shaping design can be approached using either physical or geometrical optics. Lossless beam shaping is related to the phase retrieval problem of image recovery or reconstruction, in that both problems are involved with determining the phase associated with a Fourier transform magnitude.
Assessment of Stability Differences in the Protein G B1 and B2 Domains From Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange: Comparison with Calorimetric Data (1995)

Hydrogen-deuterium (H-D) exchange experiments have been used to measure exchange rates for almost all of the main-chain amide protons (NHs) in the B1 and B2 IgG-binding domains of protein G. For H-bonded NHs, exchange rates were also measured as a function of temperature from 25 to 65 degrees C for B1 and from 25 to 60 degrees C for B2. A number of NHs exchange by a mechanism consistent with global unfolding. For these residues, the free energy required for transient opening of a H-bonded NH (delta Gop) from H-D exchange approximates the extrapolated free energy of thermal unfolding (delta Gu) from calorimetry in B1 and B2. The difference in exchange rates between B1 and B2 for these residues reflects the 1 kcal mol-1 difference in stability from calorimetry. The more stable B1 domain appears to have a slightly larger core of residues which exchange by global unfolding than B2. The delta Gop values for slow exchange H-bonded NHs and calorimetric delta Gu provide highly complementary information on the delta G versus temperature stability profiles of B1 and B2. Furthermore, NH exchange rates provide a very sensitive measure of local stability differences between B1 and B2. In both domains, the beta 2-strand is the least stable of the beta-sheet although it is more stable in B1 than B2. The largest local stability differences occur at residues Y3 and T18 which exchange 40-fold and 100-fold slower in B1, respectively. These residues form a H-bond donor-acceptor pair at one end of the beta 1-beta 2 region. Local stability differences are also evident near the beta 1-beta 2 turn. These stability differences are, at least in part, due to subtle differences in hydrophobic packing effects. They are not obvious from inspection of the B1 and B2 structures but are manifested as readily measurable changes in NH exchange rates for individual residues. Knowledge of these local stability differences in the beta 1-beta 2 region provides potential approaches for designing new stability mutants in protein G. Most non-H-bonded NHs have exchange rates that are < 15 times slower than their intrinsic rates. In marked contrast, the NHs of K10, T11, and L12 in the beta 1-beta 2 turn and V21 have exchange rates which are five to > or = 24 times faster than their intrinsic rates, probably due to local electrostatic effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Supplementary Table 1 from Prevalence, Clinicopathologic Associations, and Molecular Spectrum of <i>ERBB2</i> (<i>HER2</i>) Tyrosine Kinase Mutations in Lung Adenocarcinomas (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file, 76K, Comprehensive list of mutations tested by mass spectrometry (Sequenom).&lt;/p&gt;
A Millimeter-Wave CMOS VCO Featuring a Mode-Ambiguity-Aware Multi-Resonant-RLCM Tank (2021)

This paper presents a millimeter-wave NMOS-PMOS-complementary (CMOS) VCO with a multi-resonant <i>Resistor-Inductor-Capacitor-Mutual Inductance</i> (RLCM) tank. It features an 8-port multi-tap inductor with the switched-capacitor arrays to generate and align the 1<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{{\text {st}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, 2<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{{\text {nd}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and 3<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{{\text {rd}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> harmonic resonances; all exhibit high impedance and high intrinsic quality factor to improve the absolute phase noise (PN) at both the flicker and thermal regions. The inductor of the RLCM tank introduces a metal resistor technique to fully prevent the mode-ambiguity issue during the VCO startup. Meanwhile, we first propose a detailed analysis of the upper and lower bound of the metal resistor, which is verified by the theoretical analysis, and circuit simulation. Prototyped in 65-nm CMOS technology, the VCO scores a PN<sub>&#x0040;1MHz</sub> down to &#x2212;111.41 dBc/Hz with a power consumption of 11.1 mW at 1 V; it corresponds to a FOM<sub>&#x0040;1MHz</sub> up to 189.4 dBc/Hz over a 15.2&#x0025; tuning range (24.62 to 28.66 GHz), while exhibiting a low 1/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{f}^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>PN corner between 480 to 730 kHz.
Pink-eyed Dilution Protein Modulates Arsenic Sensitivity and Intracellular Glutathione Metabolism (2002)

Mutations in the mouse p (pink-eyed dilution) and human P genes lead to melanosomal defects and ocular developmental abnormalities. Despite the critical role played by the p gene product in controlling tyrosinase processing and melanosome biogenesis, its precise biological function is still not defined. We have expressed p heterologously in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to study its function in greater detail. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that p reaches the yeast vacuolar membrane via the prevacuolar compartment. Yeast cells expressing p exhibited increased sensitivity to a number of toxic compounds, including arsenicals. Similarly, cultured murine melanocytes expressing a functional p gene were also found to be more sensitive to arsenical compounds compared with p-null cell lines. Intracellular glutathione, known to play a role in detoxification of arsenicals, was diminished by 50% in p-expressing yeast. By using the glutathione-conjugating dye monochlorobimane, in combination with acivicin, an inhibitor of vacuolar gamma-glutamyl cysteine transpeptidase, involved in the breakdown of glutathione, we found that p facilitates the vacuolar accumulation of glutathione. Our data demonstrate that the pink-eyed dilution protein increases cellular sensitivity to arsenicals and other metalloids and can modulate intracellular glutathione metabolism.
A Prolegomenon on OLTP Database Systems for Non-Volatile Memory. (2014)

The design of a database management system’s (DBMS) architec-ture is predicated on the target storage hierarchy. Traditional disk-oriented systems use a two-level hierarchy, with fast volatile mem-ory used for caching, and slower, durable device used for primary storage. As such, these systems use a buffer pool and complex con-currency control schemes to mask disk latencies. Compare this to main memory DBMSs that assume all data can reside in DRAM, and thus do not need these components. But emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies require us to rethink this dichotomy. Such memory devices are slightly slower than DRAM, but all writes are persistent, even after power loss. We explore two possible use cases of NVM for on-line trans-action processing (OLTP) DBMSs. The first is where NVM com-pletely replaces DRAM and the other is where NVM and DRAM coexist in the system. For each case, we compare the performance of a disk-oriented DBMS with a memory-oriented DBMS using two OLTP benchmarks. We also evaluate the performance of dif-ferent recovery algorithms on these NVM devices. Our evalua-tion shows that in both storage hierarchies, memory-oriented sys-tems are able to outperform their disk-oriented counterparts. How-ever, as skew decreases the performance of the two architectures converge, showing that neither architecture is ideally suited for an NVM-based storage hierarchy. 1.
Mid-wave and long-wave infrared dualband megapixel QWIP focal plane array (2008)

Mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) 1024x1024 pixel InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs based quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal planes and a 320x256 pixel dualband pixel co-registered simultaneous QWIP focal plane array have been demonstrated as pathfinders. In this paper, we discuss the development of 1024x1024 MWIR/LWIR dualband pixel co-registered simultaneous QWIP focal plane array.
Diazine‐substituted tert‐butylureas and tert‐butylthioureas and a convenient access to the related carbodiimides (1995)

Abstract An efficient procedure for the preparation of diazine‐substituted urea and thiourea derivatives 3a‐c, 5a‐c is proposed. On attempts to prepare the related S ‐methylisothioureas 6a‐c under phase‐transfer conditions smooth conversion into carbodiimides 7a‐c was found to occur.
Dislocation analysis of thick epitaxial GaAs grown by hybride vapour phase epitaxy (2006)

Vapour phase epitaxy in a chloride system (HVPE) is a fast epitaxial growth method, which is suitable for depositing thick, ultra-pure epilayers on top of a substrate wafer [1]. In this work we have studied such HVPE-GaAs epilayers by means of synchrotron x-ray topography. The samples studied in this work were made by first growing intrinsic GaAs epilayers by HVPE on commercial GaAs wafers polished on one side. Subsequently the substrate was ground and etched away. The samples prepared in this way contain only the intrinsic GaAs epitaxial layer, the thickness of which ranges from 100 μm to 200 μm depending on the sample. The x-ray diffraction topographs were made at the HASYLAB-DESY F1 topography measuring station using the continuous spectrum of synchrotron radiation and Slavich VPR-M high-resolution x-ray films. The (001) sample surface was set perpendicularly to the incident beam at a distance of 60 mm from the film.
Text selection by structured light marking for hand-held cameras (2004)

We describe a method to enable the selection of specific text regions with a hand-held camera by means of projecting a structured light pointer on the document. The user indicates the text required by dragging the laser pointer over it while a sequence of images is captured. By tracking the motion of the camera over the document and matching the trajectory to the actual text, the system is able to precisely determine the text portion the user intended to capture. By using this selection method along with a text-processing pipeline and OCR, a general purpose hand-held device (such as a PDA or mobile phone) with a camera could be used as effectively as single-purpose pen scanning devices. We present our results showing successful capture and extraction of text.
Human Endogenous Retrovirus Protein Activates Innate Immunity and Promotes Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Mice (2013)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex multifactorial disease of the central nervous system (CNS) for which animal models have mainly addressed downstream immunopathology but not potential inducers of autoimmunity. In the absence of a pathogen known to cause neuroinflammation in MS, Mycobacterial lysate is commonly used in the form of complete Freund's adjuvant to induce autoimmunity to myelin proteins in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS. The present study demonstrates that a protein from the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W family (MSRV-Env) can be used instead of mycobacterial lysate to induce autoimmunity and EAE in mice injected with MOG, with typical anti-myelin response and CNS lesions normally seen in this model. MSRV-Env was shown to induce proinflammatory response in human macrophage cells through TLR4 activation pathway. The present results demonstrate a similar activation of murine dendritic cells and show the ability of MSRV-Env to trigger EAE in mice. In previous studies, MSRV-Env protein was reproducibly detected in MS brain lesions within microglia and perivascular macrophages. The present results are therefore likely to provide a model for MS, in which the upstream adjuvant triggering neuroinflammation is the one detected in MS active lesions. This model now allows pre-clinical studies with therapeutic agents targeting this endogenous retroviral protein in MS.
Simplifying Zygomatic Implant Site Preparation Using Ultrasonic Navigation: A Technical Note (2018)

Zygomatic implant site preparation could be considered a challenging procedure because of the use of a very long twist drill that could sometimes be difficult to control due to the need for drilling the malar bone on an oblique surface. Ultrasound was recently suggested to achieve better control, but the specific long tips required are not readily available, and the elongated tip also tends to reduce the efficacy. This technical note describes a proposal of a novel computer-aided technique to simplify the procedure of zygomatic implant site preparation. This method uses a standard-length ultrasonic tip to prepare the crestal bone and the zygomatic bone in two individual steps. The desired implant trajectory can be achieved during preparation using a real-time tracking navigation system. The combined use of the navigation system and the ultrasonic tips could aid the surgeon, during the first steps, in achieving optimal control of the instruments employed for the implant site preparation and keeping the planned zygomatic implant position. If the efficacy of the procedure is confirmed through clinical trials, this technique could also contribute to reducing the invasiveness of the procedure, promoting a smaller flap, and reducing the soft tissue damage.
Contributions of oxygen vacancies and titanium interstitials to band-gap states of reduced titania (2018)

The spectroscopic fingerprints of the point defects of titanium dioxide remain highly controversial. Seemingly indisputable experiments lead to conflicting conclusions in which oxygen vacancies and titanium interstitials are alternately referred to as the primary origin of the Ti $3d$ band-gap states. We report on experiments performed by electron energy loss spectroscopy whose key is the direct annealing of only the very surface of rutile ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}(110)$ crystals and the simultaneous measurement of its temperature via the Bose-Einstein loss/gain ratio. By surface preparations involving reactions with oxygen and water vapor, in particular, under electron irradiation, vacancy- and interstitial-related band-gap states are singled out. Off-specular measurements reveal that both types of defects contribute to a unique charge distribution that peaks in subsurface layers with a common dispersive behavior.
Peptide Nucleic Acids as Prebiotic and Abiotic Genetic Material (2008)

Abstract This chapter presents some of the experimental evidence for replication at the molecular level. It discusses molecular replicators in terms of enzyme-catalyzed replication, minimal molecular replicators, replicase ribozymes, and higher-order autocatalysis. The chapter also analyzes the dynamics of replicators and a pre-protocell.
5G and B5G Technologies to Implement Private Operators Supporting High Quality Video Production in Dense User Environments (2019)

5G public networks based on 3GPP Release 15 and 16 will provide great opportunities to implement eMBB, mIoT, and URLLC use cases. Based on market acceptance and needs B5G public networks will provide further updates to radio interface, system architecture, and protocols in 3GPP Release 17 and beyond. In addition to the mainstream PLMN deployments, it is expected that there will be a need for local deployments based on 5G and B5G to support the needs of specific groups of users that are localized in a specific small area and/or operate during a limited period of time. Such local deployments are called “private operators,” “non-public networks,” “micro operators” or “local 5G.” The need for such local deployments is recognized at least on the level of 3GPP standardization and national radio regulatory authorities. This paper describes different technologies in 5G and B5G to support private operator deployments with some focus on high quality video production in dense user environments.
Antenna diversity array design for mobile communication systems (2002)

Diversity reception is a technique in radio communications to provide better spectrum efficiency at the cost of an extra set of antennas. The basic requirement of antenna diversity is to have more than one way to receive incoming electromagnetic waves provided usually by a multi-element antenna configuration. The reception modes should be as uncorrelated as possible since the received signal to interference ratio can be optimized on the basis of the correlation properties of the signals. A well known example of antenna diversity usage is the reduction of signal fading in multipath environments such as downtown areas in large cities or indoor environments. Antenna diversity in its various forms and implementation techniques is found to be a very useful and cost-effective addition to many narrow bandwidth TDMA/FDMA-systems, as well as low chip-rate CDMA systems. Applications of diversity reception include for instance cellular telephone networks and wireless local area networks (WLAN).
Learning the rules of a game: Neural conditioning in human-robot interaction with delayed rewards (2013)

Learning in human-robot interaction, as well as in human-to-human situations, is characterised by noisy stimuli, variable timing of stimuli and actions, and delayed rewards. A recent model of neural learning, based on modulated plasticity, suggested the use of rare correlations and eligibility traces to model conditioning in real-world situations with uncertain timing. The current study tests neural learning with rare correlations in a human-robot realistic teaching scenario. The humanoid robot iCub learns the rules of the game rock-paper-scissors while playing with a human tutor. The feedback of the tutor is often delayed, missing, or at times even incorrect. Nevertheless, the neural system learns with great robustness and similar performance both in simulation and in robotic experiments. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the plasticity rule based on rare correlations in implementing robotic neural conditioning.
A case of chronic anorexia nervosa with child-bearing by in vitro fertilization necessitating comprehensive team support (2014)

Generalists should be aware of the issues surrounding pregnancy in patients with anorexia nervosa and discuss well with patients and their families before in vitro fertilization.
Influence of Chemical Conditions on the Nanoporous Structure of Silicate Aerogels (2010)

Silica or various silicate aerogels can be characterized by highly porous, open cell, low density structures. The synthesis parameters influence the three-dimensional porous structures by modifying the kinetics and mechanism of hydrolysis and condensation processes. Numerous investigations have shown that the structure of porous materials can be tailored by variations in synthesis conditions (e.g., the type of precursors, catalyst, and surfactants; the ratio of water/precursor; the concentrations; the medium pH; and the solvent). The objectives of this review are to summarize and elucidate the effects of chemical conditions on the nanoporous structure of sol-gel derived silicate aerogels.