gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder: pathology, diagnosis and treatment (2003)

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) can occur in both nonbilharzial and bilharzial bladders; the two subtypes differ in epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinicopathological features. The nonbilharzial type occurs in Western countries and represents < 5% of all vesical tumours; it occurs most often in the seventh decade with a slight male predominance. The principal predisposing factor is prolonged indwelling urethral catheterization in patients with spinal cord injury and the main symptom is haematuria. Patients are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and most of the tumours are of moderate and high grades. At cystoscopy tumours are predominantly ulcerative and commonly involve the trigone and lateral walls. Although distant metastasis is infrequent (8-10%) the prognosis is grave and most patients die after failure of locoregional control; radical cystectomy provides the best therapy. To avoid nonbilharzial SCC, patients with spinal cord injury should be free of catheterization if possible. The outcome can be improved by early detection with frequent cytology, cystoscopy and biopsy. Bilharzial SCC occurs commonly in the Middle East, South-east Asia and South America where schistosomiasis is endemic. In an Egyptian series SCC represented 59% of 1026 cystectomy specimens. The tumour is diagnosed in the fifth decade, and five times more common in men than women. Bladder carcinogenesis is probably related to bacterial and viral infections, commonly associated with bilharzial infestation rather than the parasite itself. The presentation is often with irritative bladder symptoms and haematuria, and many patients present at an advanced stage, although most tumours are of low and moderate grades. At cystoscopy tumours are predominantly nodular and usually arise from the upper vesical hemisphere. Lymph-node metastasis occurs in approximately 19% and significantly decreases survival; radical cystectomy remains the main treatment, giving a 5-year survival rate of 50%. Early detection improves the therapeutic yield and prevention is possible by combining snail control and mass therapy of the infested rural population by oral antibilharzial drugs.
Quantum Control Landscapes Beyond the Dipole Approximation: Controllability, Singular Controls, and Resources (2021)

We investigate the control landscapes of closed n -level quantum systems beyond the dipole approximation by including a polarizability term in the Hamiltonian. The latter term is quadratic in the control field. Theoretical analysis of singular controls is presented, which are candidates for producing landscape traps. The results for considering the presence of singular controls are compared to their counterparts in the dipole approximation (i.e., without polarizability). A numerical analysis of the existence of traps in control landscapes for generating unitary transformations beyond the dipole approximation is made upon including the polarizability term. An extensive exploration of these control landscapes is achieved by creating many random Hamiltonians which include terms linear and quadratic in a single control field. The discovered singular controls are all found not to be local optima. This result extends a great body of recent work on typical landscapes of quantum systems where the dipole approximation is made. We further investigate the relationship between the magnitude of the polarizability and the fluence of the control resulting from optimization. It is also shown that including a polarizability term in an otherwise uncontrollable dipole coupled system removes traps from the corresponding control landscape by restoring controllability. We numerically assess the effect of a polarizability term on a known example of a particular three-level Λ-system with a second order trap in its control landscape. It is found that the addition of the polarizability removes the trap from the landscape. The general practical control implications of these simulations are discussed.
Artificial intelligence in medicine: a personal retrospective on its emergence and early function (1987)

Methods of artificial intelligence were gradually introduced into clinical decision-making research from 1970 to 1974. Evolving from pattern recognition and general A.I. problem-solving ideas, such methods helped researchers crystallize the notions of knowledge-based systems by the mid-1970s. In 1978 the early systems gave way to either second-generation frameworks for general consultative reasoning or to new, more sophisticated knowledge representations. This paper traces some of the major events in the early evolution of AIM systems, with emphasis on the developments at the Rutgers Resource, in which the author participated.
Developing and validating a hearing impairment simulator (2013)

Purpose Hearing impaired users often find it difficult to listen to voice over television, computer or public announcement systems due to background noise, music or poor sound quality. This paper presents a hearing impairment simulator that can help digital content developers to understand the auditory perception of hearing impaired users. Existing hearing impairment simulations often fail to publish results on validation or running the system on stored files. The present work describes validation result on a hearing impairment simulator and link to download the system that can simulate any sound stored as a wav file.
Nanometrology at the PTB (1991)

The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) is engaged in a range of projects which call for dimensional precision of order 1 nm. These include research and development (i) to improve linear and angular displacement metrology; (ii) to investigate the physical interaction of high resolution probes with technical surfaces and microstructures and so to represent the microtopography, form and dimension of measures. The limits vary with application and technology. Currently, only one-dimensional displacement measurements and microtopography provide the level of accuracy for which figures in the sub-nanometre range can be given. For the measurement of form and dimension of volumetric standards, barriers have still to be recognized around 10 nm. The application of single-crystal silicon devices for different length and angle measurements with nanometre and nanorad accuracy is of particular interest for the PTB.
Clinical Efficacy of Olaparib in IDH1/IDH2-Mutant Mesenchymal Sarcomas (2021)

These results indicate preliminary activity of PARP inhibition in patients with IDH1/2-mutant chondrosarcoma and pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Further studies of PARP inhibitors alone and in combination in this patient population are warranted.
Role of IL-12 and 4-1BB ligand in cytokine production by CD28+ and CD28- T cells (1997)

The costimulatory receptor CD28 is important in the development of both Th1 and Th2 responses. To further assess the requirement for CD28 in the development of Th1 and Th2 responses, we analyzed the ability of T cells from wild-type or CD28- mice to secrete cytokines in MLRs with B lymphomas. We find that in the absence of added IL-12, B lymphomas expressing the alternate costimulatory ligand 4-1BBL can support the production of IL-2 and IL-4 but little detectable IFN-gamma by allogeneic CD28+ and CD28- T cells. IL-4 production by CD28+ or CD28- T cells responding to B7(low) B lymphomas was abrogated by blocking 4-1BB ligand-4-1BB interaction. When APC express high levels of B7 family molecules as well as 4-1BBL, soluble 4-1BB inhibits IL-4 production by CD28- but not by CD28+ cells. Addition of IL-12 to the CD28- MLRs results in increased production of IFN-gamma and decreased amounts of IL-2 and IL-4. Thus, both Th1 and Th2 responses can develop in the complete absence of a signal through the CD28 molecule. CD28+ and CD28- T cells differed, however, with respect to the effect of IL-12 on IL-4 production. IL-12 severely curtailed the amount of IL-4 produced in the CD28- T cell cultures but had a less profound effect on the level of IL-4 produced in the CD28+ cultures, suggesting that a strong signal through the CD28 molecule prevents down-regulation of IL-4 production by IL-12.
Orchestration of vascular smooth muscle cell plasticity using epigenetic therapy (2022)

Current and future therapy of atherosclerosis.
Supplementary Figures, Table and Movie Legend from Blood Vessel Maturation and Response to Vascular-Disrupting Therapy in Single Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A Isoform–Producing Tumors (2023)

Supplementary Figures, Table and Movie Legend from Blood Vessel Maturation and Response to Vascular-Disrupting Therapy in Single Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A Isoform–Producing Tumors
A Comparison of Methods for Tracking Progression in X-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa Using Frequency Domain OCT (2013)

Because disease progression in RP can be relatively slow, annual changes can be difficult to monitor during the course of a clinical trial. Here we suggest a quick, effective, and reliable method for detecting subtle changes.
Validation of Home Blood Glucose Meters With Respect to Clinical and Analytical Approaches (1998)

To evaluate accuracy of blood glucose meters, error grid analysis, as well as statistical models, are helpful means and should be performed together. Analytical performance of currently available home blood glucose meters differs substantially within defined glycemic ranges.
Upstream stimulating factor affects human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat-directed transcription in a cell-specific manner, independently of the HIV-1 subtype and the core-negative regulatory element (2001)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is classified into subtypes on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of sequence differences. Inter- and intra-subtype polymorphism extends throughout the genome, including the long terminal repeat (LTR). In this study, the importance of the upstream stimulating factor (USF)-binding site (E-box) in the core-negative regulatory element (NRE) of the LTR of HIV-1 subtypes A, B, C, D, E and G was investigated. In vivo, USF was found to repress transcription directed from representative HIV-1 LTR sequences of all the subtypes tested in an epithelial cell line, yet activate the same transcription in a T-cell line. Mutation of the core-NRE USF site of the representative subtype B LTR did not affect the cell-specific, subtype-independent, dual role of USF. In vitro binding assays showed that recombinant USF(43) interacts with the core-NRE from subtypes B and C, but not A, D, E or G. Thus, USF affects LTR-directed transcription in a cell-specific manner, independently of both the HIV-1 subtype from which the LTR was derived and the core-NRE USF site sequences.
Low-dose Systemic Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Amplify the Pulmonary Vasodilatory Response to Inhaled Prostacyclin in Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension (1999)

Inhalation of aerosolized prostaglandin I(2) (PGI(2)) causes selective pulmonary vasodilation, but the effect rapidly levels off after termination of nebulization. In experimental pulmonary hypertension in intact rabbits, provoked by continuous infusion of the stable thromboxane mimetic U46619, the impact of intravenous phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics was investigated in the absence and the presence of aerosolized PGI(2). We employed the monoselective inhibitors motapizone (PDE 3), rolipram (PDE 4), and zaprinast (PDE 5), as well as the dual-selective blockers zardaverine and tolafentrine (both PDE 3/4). All PDE inhibitors dose-dependently reduced the pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), with doses for an approximately 20% decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance being 5 microgram/kg for motapizone, 25 microgram/kg for rolipram, 500 microgram/kg for zardaverine, 1 mg/kg for zaprinast, and 1 mg/kg for tolafentrine. Additive efficacy was noted when combining the monoselective 3 plus 4, 3 plus 5, and 4 plus 5 inhibitors. In parallel with the pulmonary vasorelaxant effect, all PDE inhibitors caused a decrease in systemic arterial pressure and an increase in cardiac output. Nebulized PGI(2) (56 ng/kg. min) reduced the U46619-evoked increase in Ppa by approximately 30%. This vasorelaxant effect was fully lost within 10 min after termination of PGI(2) nebulization. Coapplication of subthreshold doses of intravenous PDE inhibitors, which per se did not affect pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics, resulted in a marked prolongation of the post-PGI(2) decrease in Ppa for all blockers (motapizone at 2.2 microgram/kg, rolipram at 5.5 microgram/kg, zaprinast at 100 microgram/kg). The most effective agents, zardaverine (50 microgram/kg) and tolafentrine (100 microgram/kg), augmented the maximum Ppa drop during nebulization by approximately 30-50% and prolonged the post-PGI(2) pulmonary vasodilation to > 30 min, without affecting systemic arterial pressure and arterial oxygenation. We conclude that subthreshold systemic doses of monoselective PDE 3, 4, and 5 inhibitors and in particular dual-selective PDE 3/4 inhibitors cause significant amplification of the pulmonary vasodilatory response to inhaled PGI(2), while limiting the hypotensive effect to the pulmonary circulation. Combining nebulized PGI(2) with low-dose systemic PDE inhibitors may thus offer a therapeutic strategy to achieve selective pulmonary vasodilation in acute and chronic pulmonary hypertension.
Whole-Brain Voxel-Based Morphometry in Kallmann Syndrome Associated with Mirror Movements (2008)

The VBM study did not show significant white matter changes in patients with KS but showed gray matter alterations in keeping with a hypertrophic response to a deficient pyramidal decussation in patients with MM. In addition, gray matter alterations were observed in patients without MM, which can represent more complex mechanisms determining the presence or absence of this symptom.
Numerical Study of One Dimensional Pipe Flow Under Pump Cavitation Surge (2017)

Pump cavitation surge is highly coupled phenomenon with unsteady cavitation inside a pump and system dynamics of the pipe flow surrounding the pump. The piping system flow dynamics can be calculated under two kinds of assumptions; lumped parameter system (LPS) and distributed parameter system (DPS). In the lumped parameter system, the equations of motion of water columns inside pipes are calculated upstream and downstream of the pump. In the distributed parameter system, wave propagations along the pipes are calculated. In this study a simple system that consists of an upstream tank, an upstream pipe, a pump with cavitation, a downstream pipe and a downstream tank is analyzed by using two methods. Cavitation inside the pump is featured in the lumped parameters of cavitation compliance and mass flow gain factor. In the lumped parameter system case, equations of motion are calculated numerically by Runge-Kutta methods. In the distributed parameter system case, wave propagations are calculated by Method of Characteristics. From the comparison of two method results, appropriate criterion for practical piping system calculation is discussed.
SU‐F‐J‐43: Positional Variation of Implanted Fiducial Markers Over the Course of Image Guided Radiotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer (2016)

Purpose: Pancreas is a soft‐tissue organ, implanted fiducials can change positions due to migration or tissue deformation. This study quantified positional variation of fiducials in IGRT for pancreatic cancer. Methods: 20 patients had at least 3 gold fiducials implanted in pancreas under EUS guidance. Patients had 4D‐CT simulation for gated treatment. Daily gated OBI kV images (Turebeam) were used for positional alignment with fiducials for total of 25 or 28 fractions. Relative distances among 3 fiducials (d 1 – 2 , d 1 – 3 , d 2 – 3 ) were measured from 4D‐CT end‐of‐expiration phase bin; and from gated kV images in first, mid, and last fraction (n=180). Results: The median duration between implant and simulation was 11 (range 0–41) days. The median duration between simulation and first fraction was 17 (range 8–24) days. The median relative distance was 12 (range 4–78) mm for d 1 – 2 , 24 (range 6–80) mm for d 1 – 3 , and 19 (range 5–63) mm for d 2 – 3 . The median deviation was 1 mm for d 1 – 2 , d 1 – 3 , d 2 – 3 between simulation and first fraction, first and mid fraction, mid and last fraction (n=180). Two patients (10%) had deviation &gt;= 5 mm (5, 11 mm) between simulation and first fraction. One patient (5%) had deviation &gt;= 5 mm (11 mm) between first and mid fraction. No patient (0%) had deviation &gt;= 5 mm between mid and last fraction. In all 3 cases with deviation &gt;=5 mm, only one fiducial was significantly deviated. No clear evidence that deviation size was associated with time interval between implant and first fraction. Conclusion: Implanted gold fiducials were quite stable over time in their relative positions in pancreas. Our data suggested at least 3 fiducials are needed. In cases that one fiducial was significantly deviated in daily kV images, this fiducial should be excluded in image guidance.
Helical Repeat Structure of Apoptosis Inhibitor 5 Reveals Protein-Protein Interaction Modules (2012)

Apoptosis inhibitor 5 (API5) is an anti-apoptotic protein that is up-regulated in various cancer cells. Here, we present the crystal structure of human API5. API5 exhibits an elongated all α-helical structure. The N-terminal half of API5 is similar to the HEAT repeat and the C-terminal half is similar to the ARM (Armadillo-like) repeat. HEAT and ARM repeats have been implicated in protein-protein interactions, suggesting that the cellular roles of API5 may be to mediate protein-protein interactions. Various components of multiprotein complexes have been identified as API5-interacting protein partners, suggesting that API5 may act as a scaffold for multiprotein complexes. API5 exists as a monomer, and the functionally important heptad leucine repeat does not exhibit the predicted a dimeric leucine zipper. Additionally, Lys-251, which can be acetylated in cells, plays important roles in the inhibition of apoptosis under serum deprivation conditions. The acetylation of this lysine also affects the stability of API5 in cells.
Low density lipoprotein for oxidation and metabolic studies. Isolation from small volumes of plasma using a tabletop ultracentrifuge. (1995)

A rapid method is described for the isolation of small volumes of plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) free of plasma protein contaminants using the TL-100 Tabletop Ultracentrifuge (Beckman). The isolation of LDL was achieved by a 25 min discontinuous gradient density centrifugation between the density range of 1.006 and 1.21 g/ml, recovery of LDL by tube slicing followed by a 90 min flotation step (d = 1.12 g/ml). The purity of LDL and apolipoprotein B100 (apo B100) were monitored by agarose electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), radial immunodiffusion and micropreparative fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). The ability of LDL oxidation was assessed by following absorbance at 234 nm after addition of copper ions. The functional integrity of the isolated LDL was checked by clearance kinetics after injection of [125I]-labelled LDL in estrogen-treated rats. The additional purification step led to LDL fractions free of protein contamination and left apo B100, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene intact. The LDL prepared in this way was free of albumin, as evident from analytic tests and from its enhanced oxidative modification by copper ions. Used for analytical purposes, this method allows LDL preparations from plasma volumes up to 570 microliters. This method is also convenient for metabolic studies in small animals, especially those relating to the determination of kinetic parameters of LDL in which LDL-apo B100 has to be specifically radiolabelled.
An Estimating Method for Post-cyclic Strength and Stiffness of Eine-grained Soils in Direct Simple Shear Tests (2004)

Based on an estimating method for post-cyclic strength and stiffness with cyclic triaxial tests proposed by one of the authors, cyclic Direct Simple Shear (DSS) tests were carried out to confirm whether the method can be adapted to DSS test on fine-grained soils: silty clay, plastic silt, and non-plastic silt. Results from cyclic and post-cyclic DSS tests were interpreted by a modified method as adopted for cyclic and post-cyclic triaxial tests. In particular, influence of plasticity index for fine-grained soils and initial static shear stress (ISSS) was emphasised. Findings obtained from the present study are: (i) liquefaction strength ratio of fine-grained soils decreases with decreasing plasticity index and increasing ISSS; (ii) plasticity index and ISSS did not markedly influence relation between equivalent cyclic stiffness and shear strain relations; (iii) the higher the plasticity index of fine-grained soils is, the less the strength ratio decreases with increment of a normalcies excess pore water pressure (NEPWP); (iv) stiffness ratio of plastic silt has large activity decrease rapidly with increasing excess pore water pressure; and (v) post-cyclic strength and stiffness results from DSS tests agree well with those predicted by the method modified from a procedure used for triaxial test results.
StreamGrid: Summarization of Large Scale Events using Topic Modelling and Temporal Analysis. (2014)

Due to the increasing popularity of microblogging platforms, the amount of messages related to large scale public events reach impressive levels. Although such messages can be quite informative regarding dierent aspects
THE ENERGY SAVINGS POTENTIAL FORECAST FOR CENTRAL AIR-CONDITIONER IN CHINA (2004)

This paper establishes an energy savings forecast model for central air-conditioner.Provided that the energy efficiency standards for central air-conditioners are put into practice,the authors use this model to predict the energy savings and the cumulative reduction of CO 2,SO 2,NO x and ash emitted by coal-fired power stations which generate electricity to drive central air-conditioners in China from 2003 to 2020.In addition, the paper analyzes the need to establish the energy efficiency standards for central air-conditioners and the benefits resulting from these standards in the future.
Condensation of 7 H -Benzo[ de ]naphthacene-7-one (9,10-Dibenzanthrone) (2002)

We have synthesized undecacyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using condensation of dibenzoanthrones. For example, dibenzo[ a,o ]dinaphtho[3,2,1- cd ;1,2,3- lm ]perylene, diphenanthra[1,2,3- cd ; 3,2,1- lm ]perylene and diphenanthra[2,3,4- cd ;4,3,2- lm ]perylene were produced from 5,6-, 8,9- and 10,11-dibenzoanthrones, respectively. In the present study, we have extended our work and aimed to synthesize new undecacyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the use of 9,10-dibenzoanthrone (7 H -benzo[ de ]naphthacene-7-one) as a starting material. 9,10-Dibenzoanthrone was prepared by the cyclization of 1,2'-dinaphthylketone in aluminum chloride anhydride and sodium chloride, and the structure was confirmed by NMR measurements. It dissolves into ethanol and crystallizes in pale yellow needles; its melting point is 198.2-199.3°. The condensation of 9,10-dibenzoanthrone should give undecacyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzo[ vwx ]naphtha[12,1,2- cde ] hexaphene.
Putting pressure on elusive polymorphs and solvates (2008)

The reproducible crystallisation of elusive polymorphs and solvates of molecular compounds at high pressure has been demonstrated through studies on maleic acid, malonamide, and paracetamol. These high-pressure methods can be scaled-up to produce ‘bulk’ quantities of metastable forms that can be recovered to ambient pressure for subsequent seeding experiments. This has been demonstrated for paracetamol form II and paracetamol monohydrate. The studies also show that the particular solid form can be tuned by both pressure and concentration.