gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Melting Quality of Polymers in Internal Mixer Diagnosed by Ultrasound (2009)

Abstract Real-time, non-intrusive and non-destructive ultrasonic technology has been used to monitor the melting process in an internal mixer. Visual observation, mechanical torque measurement, and ultrasonic signatures, such as amplitude and time delay of transmission and reflection echoes were used for the diagnosis of the melting process of low density polyethylene (LDPE). Phenomena during the melting process, including phase change from solid to melt, partially melted pellets, air bubbles inside the melt, were successfully monitored by ultrasound. The ultrasonic signatures were able to determine when the polymer has melted completely. The method of moving standard deviation (MSD) was applied to establish the melting completion timing accurately. Higher temperature of mixing chamber and faster rotation speed of blades reduced melting completion period, indicated by MSD of ultrasonic signatures. The presented ultrasonic technique can be utilized to optimize the melting process.
Implementing Elephant Herding Optimization Algorithm with different Operation Time Intervals for Appliance Scheduling in Smart Grid (2018)

Demand Side Management (DSM) is the strategy applied in smart grid domain for Home Energy Management (HEM) and balancing of electricity demand and supply. Numerous optimization techniques have been proposed by research community for HEM. In this study, we have implemented Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) technique to achieve four objectives: cost, PAR and waiting time minimization with user comfort maximization. EHO has been implemented with three different Operation Time Intervals (OTIs) i.e., 05, 30 and 60 minutes. Simulation results showed that EHO performed much better than un-schedule case and EHO efficiency for shorter OTI is also better than longer OTIs.
Symptomatic Anastomotic Leakage after Colon Cancer Surgery (2009)

縫合不全にはいまだ共通の定義はなく，施設あるいは個人によって様々な基準が存在している．今回，すべての縫合部やstaple lineの縫合不全による腹膜炎や，瘻孔形成，放射線学的に縫合不全が証明されなくとも腹腔内膿瘍をともなうものを縫合不全と定義して，検討を行った．2004年6月から2009年5月の間に当施設で腸管吻合を行った大腸癌の縫合不全率は2.92%（20/686）であり，結腸癌は1.51%（6/397），直腸癌は4.84%（14/289）と，結腸癌で縫合不全は有意に少なかった（P=0.01）．また，結腸癌の縫合不全6例のうち，3例は再手術を要し（再手術率0.76%）．1例は経皮的ドレナージを追加し，2例は保存的に軽快した．非手術治療例の縫合不全判明時期はいずれも術後6日目以降であった．最近欧米では，周術期の経過を改善する目的で様々なERASプログラム（Enhanced recovery after surgical programs）が開発され既存の周術期プログラムとの比較や検証が行われているが，結腸癌は術後合併症のリスクが少ないため，このような検討が導入可能な疾患である．
Virtual Memory and Buffer Storage (2008)

Abstract As more and more applications and complex applications are loaded onto computer systems, some processes may need memory large than the physical main memory while a combined number of applications/processes may also overload the allowable physical main memory. As it is not cost effective to have a huge physical memory, the virtual memory concept is used to augment that lack of memory. Virtual memory is a technique that combines the main memory and the slower storage (usually hard disk) to provide the appearance of having a larger memory than actually installed to the computer system. This technique allows the execution of processes that are larger than the physical main memory and allows more processes to be in the physical memory simultaneously. This is because all of the memory references within a process are logical addresses that are dynamically translated into physical addresses at run time, and a process may be swapped in and out of the main memory such that it occupies different regions of main memory at different times during the course of its execution. In this article, we present the concept of the virtual memory and a case study of implementation.
Toward the Performance Enhancement of Microwave Cellular Networks Through THz Links (2016)

Driven by the future need of exploiting the so-called extremely and tremendously high-frequency bands for the rate enhancement of microwave cellular networks, in this paper, we consider the possibility of upgrading the already existing infrastructure of microwave base stations (BSs) by enabling them to convey information through microwave or terahertz (THz) links, depending on the distance and whether a line-of-sight (LOS) link exists between a mobile terminal (MT) and its serving BS. By using a tractable stochastic-geometry approach for the modeling of the position and number of BSs and possible blockages in the radio path, we derive analytical formulas for the achieved coverage probability and average rate, which exhibit a close match with the simulation results and validate the expected significant average-rate gains with respect to the communication only through microwave links. In addition, the results show that the expected tradeoff between the average-rate enhancement and coverage-probability reduction due to the high path-loss attenuation of the THz links can be greatly counteracted by employing highly directional antennas in the THz case, especially for very dense BS setups.
The influence of elastic modulus and thickness on the release of the soft-fouling green algaUlva linza(syn.Enteromorpha linza) from poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) model networks (2005)

The effect of modulus and film thickness on the release of adhered spores and sporelings (young plants) of the green fouling alga Ulva (syn. Enteromorpha) was investigated. PDMS elastomers of constant thickness (100 microm) but different elastic moduli were prepared by varying cross-link density with functional silicone oligomers with degrees of polymerization ranging from 18-830. This provided a 50-fold range of modulus values between 0.2 and 9.4 MPa. Three PDMS coatings of different thicknesses were tested at constant elastic modulus (0.8 MPa). The data revealed no significant increase in percentage spore removal except at the lowest modulus of 0.2 MPa although sporelings released more readily at all but the highest modulus. The influence of coating thickness was also greater for the release of sporelings compared to spores. The release data are discussed in the light of fracture mechanics models that have been applied to hard fouling. New concepts appertaining to the release of soft fouling organisms are proposed, which take into account the deformation in the adhesive base of the adherand and deformation of the PDMS film.
Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants Volume 1b: Bituminous Coal (IGCC) to Electricity Revision 2b – Year Dollar Update (2015)

This report presents the cost and performance results of an assessment of seven integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants. The primary value of this report lies not in the absolute accuracy of the capital cost estimates for the individual cases (estimated to be -15 percent/ 30), but in the application of a consistent approach to allow meaningful comparisons of relative costs among the cases evaluated. This report, Volume 1b, retains the IGCC design and performance updates from the November 2010 release of Volume 1 (Revision 2)1, but updates the IGCC costs for all cases to 2011 year dollars. Volume 1a covers the cost and performance update of all pulverized coal (PC) and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) cases. Section 4 has a revision control table listing the updates applied to this report.
MicroRNA-16 Modulates HuR Regulation of Cyclin E1 in Breast Cancer Cells (2015)

RNA binding protein (RBPs) and microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression that are implicated in development of cancers. Although their individual roles have been studied, the crosstalk between RBPs and miRNAs is under intense investigation. Here, we show that in breast cancer cells, cyclin E1 upregulation by the RBP HuR is through specific binding to regions in the cyclin E1 mRNA 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) containing U-rich elements. Similarly, miR-16 represses cyclin E1, dependent on its cognate binding sites in the cyclin E1 3'UTR. Evidence in the literature indicates that HuR can regulate miRNA expression and recruit or dissociate RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC). Despite this, miR-16 and HuR do not affect the other's expression level or binding to the cyclin E1 3'UTR. While HuR overexpression partially blocks miR-16 repression of a reporter mRNA containing the cyclin E1 3'UTR, it does not block miR-16 repression of endogenous cyclin E1 mRNA. In contrast, miR-16 blocks HuR-mediated upregulation of cyclin E1. Overall our results suggest that miR-16 can override HuR upregulation of cyclin E1 without affecting HuR expression or association with the cyclin E1 mRNA.
High Level Fault Injection for Attack Simulation in Smart Cards (2005)

Smart cards are one of the smallest computing platforms in use today. They are used in an increasing number of security applications. To gain sensitive data, a lot of security attacks are performed on smart cards. Therefore it is mandatory to test smart cards for robustness in matters of security. Tests are very time consuming and are performed often very late in the design process. This paper presents a methodology for high-level fault injection for security attack simulation in smart cards. The fault injection technique into SystemC designs is described and the fault injection tool is presented. Moreover, the system behaviour analysis is depicted. Preliminary results show that this methodology can assist in finding system components vulnerable to security attacks.
Isolated and combined dystonia syndromes – an update on new genes and their phenotypes (2015)

Recent consensus on the definition, phenomenology and classification of dystonia centres around phenomenology and guides our diagnostic approach for the heterogeneous group of dystonias. Current terminology classifies conditions where dystonia is the sole motor feature (apart from tremor) as 'isolated dystonia', while 'combined dystonia' refers to dystonias with other accompanying movement disorders. This review highlights recent advances in the genetics of some isolated and combined dystonic syndromes. Some genes, such as ANO3, GNAL and CIZ1, have been discovered for isolated dystonia, but they are probably not a common cause of classic cervical dystonia. Conversely, the phenotype associated with TUBB4A mutations expanded from that of isolated dystonia to a syndrome of hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC syndrome). Similarly, ATP1A3 mutations cause a wide phenotypic spectrum ranging from rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism to alternating hemiplegia of childhood. Other entities entailing dystonia-parkinsonism include dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome (SLC63 mutations); dopa-responsive dystonias; young-onset parkinsonism (PARKIN, PINK1 and DJ-1 mutations); PRKRA mutations; and X-linked TAF1 mutations, which rarely can also manifest in women. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity also characterizes myoclonus-dystonia, which includes not only the classical phenotype associated with epsilon-sarcoglycan mutations but rarely also presentation of ANO3 gene mutations, TITF1 gene mutations typically underlying benign hereditary chorea, and some dopamine synthesis pathway conditions due to GCH1 and TH mutations. Thus, new genes are being recognized for isolated dystonia, and the phenotype of known genes is broadening and now involves different combined dystonia syndromes.
<title>Technological Nd lasers with Q-switching and their applications</title> (1994)

The generation regimes and technological possibilities of Nd lasers with passive Q-switching are discussed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multifunctional Urea Cocrystal with Combined Ureolysis and Nitrification Inhibiting Capabilities for Enhanced Nitrogen Management (2019)

The novel ternary Zn(II)-thiourea–urea ionic cocrystal [Zn(thiourea)(urea)Cl2], (ZnTU) has been prepared by both solution and mechanochemical processes and structurally characterized by solid-state methods. ZnTU exhibited improved response properties to water as relative humidity as inherited from thiourea. The results of enzymatic activity measurements provide evidence that ZnTU is effective in modulating urea hydrolysis both in vitro (negatively impacting on the activity of isolated urease) and in vivo (decreasing the ureolytic activity of Sporosarcina pasteurii, a widespread soil bacterium), and that Zn(II) is the component of the cocrystal acting as the actual urease inhibitor. Concomitantly, the analysis of the ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) enzymatic activity in Nitrosomonas europaea, taken as a representative of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, in the presence of ZnTU reveals that thiourea is the only component of ZnTU able to inhibit ammonia conversion to nitrite. It has also been shown that ZnTU maintains these capabilities when applied to bacterial cultures containing both S. pasteurii and N. europaea working in tandem. The compound can thus act both as a fertilizer via urea and via the Zn(II) and thiourea components, as a dual action inhibitor of the activities of the enzymes urease and AMO, which are responsible for the negative environmental and economic impact of the agricultural use of urea as soil fertilizer. These results indicate that ZnTU should be considered a novel material to improve N fertilization efficiency, toward a more environment-friendly agricultural practice.
Online distributed optimization via dual averaging (2013)

This paper presents a regret analysis on a distributed online optimization problem computed over a network of agents. The goal is to distributively optimize a global objective function which can be decomposed into the summation of convex cost functions associated with each agent. Since the agents face uncertainties in the environment, their cost functions change at each time step. We extend a distributed algorithm based on dual subgradient averaging to the online setting. The proposed algorithm yields an upper bound on regret as a function of the underlying network topology, specifically its connectivity. The regret of an algorithm is the difference between the cost of the sequence of decisions generated by the algorithm and the performance of the best fixed decision in hindsight. A model for distributed sensor estimation is proposed and the corresponding simulation results are presented.
Role of Precursor Reactivity in Crystallization of Solution-Processed Semiconductors: The Case of Cu2ZnSnS4 (2014)

We study the formation of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) films from various liquid-phase precursors. Our experimental data point to the significant role that reactivities of precursor components play in the quality of the final material. Although reactive molecular precursors favor formation of CZTS under milder conditions, the formation of large crystalline domains requires using less reactive nanostructured precursors. We explain this effect using kinetics of nucleation and growth. We have also demonstrated a strategy to effectively enhance grain growth of CZTS using solid-state phase transition as the driving force for nanocrystal sintering. We hope this contribution will provide a useful guide toward the rational design of liquid-phase precursors for inorganic semiconductors for electronic and optoelectronic applications.
Lin28a/let-7 pathway modulates the Hox code via Polycomb regulation during axial patterning in vertebrates (2020)

The body plan along the anteroposterior axis and regional identities are specified by the spatiotemporal expression of <i>Hox</i> genes. Multistep controls are required for their unique expression patterns; however, the molecular mechanisms behind the tight control of <i>Hox</i> genes are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the <i>Lin28a</i>/<i>let-7</i> pathway is critical for axial elongation. <i>Lin28a</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice exhibited axial shortening with mild skeletal transformations of vertebrae, which were consistent with results in mice with tail bud-specific mutants of Lin28a. The accumulation of <i>let-7</i> in <i>Lin28a</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice resulted in the reduction of PRC1 occupancy at the <i>Hox</i> cluster loci by targeting <i>Cbx2</i>. Consistently, Lin28a loss in embryonic stem-like cells led to aberrant induction of posterior <i>Hox</i> genes, which was rescued by the knockdown of <i>let-7</i>. These results suggest that the <i>Lin28</i>/<i>let-7</i> pathway is involved in the modulation of the '<i>Hox</i> code' via <i>Polycomb</i> regulation during axial patterning.
Genetics of inherited retinal disease (2006)

The introduction of ophthalmoscopy towards the end of the 19th century afforded physicians for the first time detailed views of the fundus of the eye. Over the subsequent 150 years, a huge number of articles have been dedicated to the description of the various patterns of hereditary retinal diseases, also known as retinal dystrophies. Advances over the last two decades in gene identification and cell biology techniques have led to a step change in our understanding providing real insights into the genetic defects and molecular pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie these conditions. Only now, at the beginning of the 21st century, are there realistic prospects that these blinding conditions may be cured.

The retina is a wonderful tool for the study of genetic disease for several reasons. Not only can a wide-variety of phenotypes be directly visualized and documented photographically but their effects on the organ can be quantified by psychophysical measures (acuity, field, colour contrast) and retinal electrophysiology (by which it is now possible to dissect the function of each retinal cell type individually). Since retinal dystrophies are slowly progressive and may not become visually handicapping until adult life, families with these conditions often become large enough for genetic linkage studies. Finally, the ease with which the retina can be visualized has led to the discovery of a large number of animal models which in turn have led to a better understanding of the genetic and biochemical mechanisms resulting in photoreceptor death.1
Analysis of Unsteady Cavitating Flows in Fuel Injection Nozzle of Piezo-driven Injector by Eulerian-Lagrangian Muiti-phase Method (2004)

This study describes the analysis results of unsteady cavitating flows behavior inside nozzle of the prototype piezo-driven injector. This piezo-driven injector has been recognised as one of the next generation diesel injector due to a higher driven efficiency than the conventional solenoid-driven injector. The three dimensional geometry model along the central cross-section regarding of one injection hole has been used to simulate the cavitating flows for injection time by at fully transient simulation with cavitation model. The cavitation model incorporates many of the fundamental physical processes assumed to take place in cavitating flows. The simulations performed were both fully transient and 'pseudo' steady state, even if under steady state boundary conditions. We could analyze the effect the pressure drop to the sudden acceleration of fuel, which is due to the fastest response of needle, on the degree of cavitation existed in piezo-driven injector nozzle
Examination of the Material Removal Rate in Lapping Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts (2012)

This study examines the lapping machining process used during the manufacturing of polycrystalline diamond compacts (PDCs). More specifically, it is aimed at improving the productivity of the process by developing a better understanding of the parameters that affect the material removal rate (MRR) and MRR uniformity of lapped PDC samples. &#13;\n&#13;\nExperiments that focused on several controllable lapping parameters were performed to determine to what extent they affected the process. It was determined that the MRR can be modeled with the Preston equation under certain ranges of pressure and speed. It was also found that using a hard and rigid sample holder produces higher MRRs than soft and flexible sample holders. The results have also shown that MRRs in excess of 300 micrometers per hour can be achieved while using 10 grams of diamond abrasive per PDC per hour of lapping. The productivity of the lapping process can also be improved by placing the maximum allowed PDC samples in a concentric circle on the edge of the sample holder. The MRR uniformity between samples lapped on the same sample holder was found to be dependent on the sample holder material. &#13;\n&#13;\nThis thesis is composed of six chapters. The first chapter introduces the need for PDC's as extreme cutting tools, the manufacturing process of PDC's, and the lapping process. The second chapter discusses the motivation behind this research and the primary objectives that were established. The third chapter details the materials and the experimental procedure, and the fourth chapter presents the results. The fifth chapter discusses the results, and the sixth chapter presents conclusions and information on possible future work.
Evolution of transthoracic fine needle aspiration and core needle biopsy practice: A comparison of two time periods, 1996–1998 and 2003–2005 (2011)

To examine the performance of our large pulmonary transthoracic fine needle aspiration/core biopsy (FNA/CB) practice over time, we performed a retrospective analysis of data from 333 consecutive procedures performed in 1996-1998 and 568 consecutive procedures performed in 2003-2005. Fluoroscopic guidance was performed more frequently in the earlier cohort, while a larger majority of procedures in the later cohort were by computed tomography (CT-guidance). A follow-up histologic diagnosis of cancer or clinical evidence of disease was considered the gold-standard. FNA/CB procedures during the later time period were performed on smaller lesions overall (3.60 cm versus 2.97 cm; P = 0.003) and malignant lesions also tended to be smaller (3.87 cm versus 3.14 cm; P = 0.006). Minimal improvements in sensitivity (94% versus 91%), specificity (99% versus 95%), diagnostic accuracy (95% versus 92%), negative predictive value (NPV) (80% versus 74%), and positive predictive value (PPV) (100% versus 99%) were noted during 2003-2005 when compared with 1996-1998 in all lesions. Larger improvements in sensitivity (94% versus 73%), diagnostic accuracy (95% versus 79%), and NPV (79% versus 50%) were identified in very small lesions (<1 cm) in the later patient cohort in comparison to the earlier patient cohort, as well as a significant decrease in total procedure complications. CT-guided transthoracic FNA/CB continues to be a very effective tool in our practice assessing lung lesions and performance has improved considerably at our institution for very small lesions.
Optimising graft survival in endothelial keratoplasty for endothelial failure secondary to cytomegalovirus endotheliitis (2019)

Targeted aqueous sampling for CMV-DNA perioperatively guides antiviral therapy and ensures adequacy of treatment, minimising the duration of systemic valganciclovir therapy to reduce adverse effects of long-term treatment.
Measuring search-engine quality and query difficulty: Ranking with target and freestyle (1999)

Instead of using traditional performance measures such as precision and recall, information retrieval performance may be measured by considering the probability that the search engine is optimal and the difficulty associated with retrieving documents with a given query or on a given topic. These measures of desirable characteristics are more easily and more directly interpretable than are traditional measures. The performance of the Target and Freestyle search engines is examined, and is very good. Each query in the CF database is assigned a difficulty number, and these numbers are found to strongly correlate with other measures of retrieval performance such as an E or F value. The query difficulty correlates weakly with query length.