gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pulsed double−heterostructure GaAs diode lasers in flexural and longitudinal vibrations (1975)

The deformation behavior of pulsed double−heterostructure diode lasers at both mirror and contact surfaces was investigated by means of an interferometric technique. The diodes, which were only supported by the pressure of a wire connection, showed at the end of a current pulse an elongation and deflection behavior. Longitudinal and flexural vibrations of the diodes were measured after the application of a single current pulse and for the flexural vibrations a resonance behavior was observed during a current pulse train.
Water deprivation-induced drinking in rats: role of angiotensin II (1983)

The role of angiotensin II in the control of water intake following deprivation of water for varying lengths of time was studied. Male rats were deprived of water for 0, 12, 24, 36, or 48 h. Water intakes were measured with and without pretreatment with the angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril (50 mg/kg, ip). Captopril had no significant effect on water intake following either 0 or 12 h of water deprivation. However, captopril significantly attenuated water intake following 24-48 h of water deprivation with the magnitude of the attenuation increasing as the length of the period of water deprivation increased. Plasma renin activity was significantly increased over control levels after 24-48 h of water deprivation but not after 12 h of water deprivation. Plasma renin activity tended to increase as the length of the water-deprivation period increased. Serum osmolality and sodium concentration were significantly increased over control levels following 12-48 h of water deprivation. Serum osmolality and sodium concentration failed to show any further increases with increasing length of water deprivation beyond the increases following 12 h of water deprivation. The data indicate that the water intake of water-deprived rats can be divided into an angiotensin II-dependent component and angiotensin II-independent component. The angiotensin II-independent component appears to be more important in the early stages of water deprivation whereas the angiotensin II-dependent component becomes more important as the length of the water-deprivation period increases.
Improvement of Performance and Emissions of a Compression Ignition Methanol Engine with Dimethyl Ether (1994)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Dimethyl ether (DME) has very good compression ignition characteristics, and can be converted from methanol using a γ - alumina catalyst. A previous report investigated a compression ignition methanol engine with DME as an ignition improver. The results showed that the engine operation was sufficiently smooth without either spark or glow plugs. Two methods were studied, one was an aspiration method, and the other was a torch ignition chamber method (TIC method). The aspiration method allows a simple engine structure, but suffers from poor engine emissions and requires large amounts of DME. With the TIC method where the DME was introduced into a torch ignition chamber (TIC) during the intake stroke, the diffusion of the DME into the main combustion chamber was limited, and significant reductions in both the necessary quantity of DME and emissions were obtained [&lt;span class="xref"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;][&lt;span class="xref"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In the previous experiment, the cylinder pressure could not be measured because the TIC was installed in the hole of the pressure transducer, and optimization of the TIC was not attempted.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this study, a new TIC head, with the TIC close to the center of the main combustion chamber, was designed for the TIC method. The possibility for further improvements in reducing the quantities of DME and emissions were investigated by optimizing the TIC position, methanol injection timing, DME injection timing, and intake and exhaust throttling. It was found that the necessary amount of DME was greatly reduced when optimizing methanol and DME injection timings. Intake throttling has little effect on the reduction in the quantity of DME, but exhaust throttling can reduce the minimum amount of DME. As a result, the quantity of DME was finally reduced to 5% of the total energy supply, or 1/10 of that needed with the aspiration method over a wide range of engine operating conditions.&lt;/div&gt;
Laser-driven ion accelerators for tumor therapy revisited (2016)

Ten years ago, the authors of this report published a first paper on the technical challenges that laser accelerators need to overcome before they could be applied to tumor therapy. Among the major issues were the maximum energy of the accelerated ions and their intensity, control and reproducibility of the laser-pulse output, quality assurance and patient safety. These issues remain today. While theoretical progress has been made for designing transport systems, for tailoring the plumes of laser-generated protons, and for suitable dose delivery, today's best lasers are far from reaching performance levels, in both proton energy and intensity to seriously consider clinical ion beam therapy (IBT) application. This report details these points and substantiates that laser-based IBT is neither superior to IBT with conventional particle accelerators nor ready to replace it.
Alkali Metal Intercalated Fullerene-Like MS2 (M = W, Mo) Nanoparticles and Their Properties (2002)

Layered metal disulfides-MS(2) (M = Mo, W) in the form of fullerene-like nanoparticles and in the form of platelets (crystallites of the 2H polytype) have been intercalated by exposure to alkali metal (potassium and sodium) vapor using a two-zone transport method. The composition of the intercalated systems was established using X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The alkali metal concentration in the host lattice was found to depend on the kind of sample and the experimental conditions. Furthermore, an inhomogeneity of the intercalated samples was observed. The product consisted of both nonintercalated and intercalated phases. X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy of the samples, which were not exposed to the ambient atmosphere, showed that they suffered little change in their lattice parameters. On the other hand, after exposure to ambient atmosphere, substantial increase in the interplanar spacing (3-5 A) was observed for the intercalated phases. Insertion of one to two water molecules per intercalated metal atom was suggested as a possible explanation for this large expansion along the c-axis. Deintercalation of the hydrated alkali atoms and restacking of the MS(2) layers was observed in all the samples after prolonged exposure to the atmosphere. Electric field induced deintercalation of the alkali metal atoms from the host lattice was also observed by means of the XPS technique. Magnetic moment measurements for all the samples indicate a diamagnetic to paramagnetic transition after intercalation. Measurements of the transport properties reveal a semiconductor to metal transition for the heavily K intercalated 2H-MoS(2). Other samples show several orders of magnitude decrease in resistivity and two- to five-fold decrease in activation energies upon intercalation. These modifications are believed to occur via charge transfer from the alkali metal to the conduction band of the host lattice. Recovery of the pristine compound properties (diamagnetism and semiconductivity) was observed as a result of deintercalation.
Local phase velocity from complex seismic data (1988)

Abstract We propose a new method that uses the concepts of complex trace analysis for the automatic estimation of local phase velocity. A complex seismic record is obtained from a real seismic record by extending complex trace analysis into higher dimensions. Phase velocity is estimated from the complex data by finding trajectories of constant phase. In two dimensions, phase velocity calculation reduces to a ratio of instantaneous frequency and wavenumber, and thus provides a measure of the dominant plane-wave component at each point in the seismic record. The algorithm is simple to implement, and computational requirements are small, partly due to a new method for computing instantaneous frequency and wavenumber which greatly simplifies these calculations for 2-D and 3-D complex records. In addition, our approach has the advantage that no a priori velocity input is needed; however, optimum stability is achieved when a limited range of dipping events is considered. Preconditioning the record with an appropriate velocity filter helps reduce the detrimental effects of crossing events, spatial aliasing, and random noise contamination.
Low Voltage Saturation of Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3 Films on (100)Ir/(100)(ZrO2)1-x(Y2O3)x/(100)Si Substrate Structure Prepared by Reactive Sputtering (2000)

The 37- to 280-nm-thick epitaxial (001)Pb(Zr x Ti 1- x )O 3 (PZT) films were deposited by reactive sputtering on the (100)Ir/(100)(ZrO 2 ) 1- x (Y 2 O 3 ) x (YSZ)/(100)Si substrate structures. We investigated the film thickness and crystalline quality dependences of the ferroelectrical property of the PZT film from a viewpoint of low voltage saturation. The samples were dipped in 61% HNO 3 solution prior to forming the top IrO 2 electrode in order to remove the surface decomposed layer of the PZT film. By this HNO 3 -treatment, the remanent polarization was increased, and the squareness and symmetry of the polarization–voltage ( P – V ) hysteresis loop of the PZT film were improved. The P – V hysteresis loop of the 54-nm-thick HNO 3 -treated epitaxial PZT film was saturated at about 1.5 V. Although the coercive field E c was increased by the HNO 3 -treatment, the coercive voltage was decreased by decreasing the film thickness. It was also found that E c can be lowered by improving the crystalline quality of the PZT film.
Dopant Diffusion (2017)

This chapter discusses the primarily with the atomistic theory of diffusion in silicon. To motivate our discussions and to highlight the relevant issues for dopant diffusion, as it pertains to complementary metal oxide semiconductor, we quote the following from the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. The result will then be generalized for the case of several kinds of defects with internal degrees of freedom, and finally, the equilibrium between the different charge states of a defect will be considered. At thermal equilibrium, the fraction of the lattice sites vacant in intrinsic Si is given by the equation where is the free energy for formation of a vacancy. The chapter also discusses the formulation for dopant diffusion under non-equilibrium conditions. However, there are many open questions about the effect of strain on dopant diffusion, such as the impact on the diffusion pathway and migration barrier.
An inducible lymphocyte nuclear Ca2+/Mg(2+)-dependent endonuclease associated with apoptosis (1996)

Apoptotic cell death is typically accompanied by internucleosomal chromatin fragmentation. Although a number of candidate enzymes have been proposed, there is as yet no direct evidence for the involvement of any particular endonuclease in this process. Here we demonstrate the existence of an endonuclease(s) that is up-regulated during apoptotic T cell death. The endonuclease(s) is located in the nucleus, and its activity is increased up to eightfold by a variety of stimuli or conditions that induce apoptosis in T cell hybridomas and thymocytes. Treatments that prevent TCR-mediated apoptosis, such as cyclosporin A or concomitant administration of glucocorticoids, also prevent the induction of enzyme activity. The endonuclease activity is associated with three molecular forms, designated A, B, and C, with apparent M(r) of 49K, 47K, and 45K, respectively, and constitutes the major endonuclease activity in T hybridoma cells. From A exists in resting cells, and its activity is increased threefold after the induction of apoptosis. Forms B and C are absent in resting cells and are induced up to 20-fold after stimuli that lead to apoptosis. All three forms are Ca2+/Mg2+ dependent and are inhibited by Zn2+. This enzyme(s) introduces double strand breaks and single strand nicks into supercoiled plasmid DNA, demonstrating the mode of DNA fragmentation characteristic of products of apoptotic chromatin degradation. The enzyme(s) produces DNA fragments with 5'-P and 3'-OH terminals, also consistent with apoptotic chromatin degradation. Finally, enzyme solubilized from cells activated to die cleaves chromatin in nuclei isolated from unstimulated T hybridoma cells, yielding the classic DNA ladder. Because of its biologic properties, we named this enzyme(s) inducible lymphocyte Ca2+/Mg(2+)-dependent endonuclease, or ILCME. Because inducible lymphocyte Ca2+/Mg(2+)-dependent endonuclease possesses the key features predicted for an apoptosis-specific enzyme, it is a new candidate for an enzyme(s) that participates in DNA cleavage in apoptotic T cells.
Numerical Simulation in a Multiple Flow Control Valve System of Polymer Melt During Injection Molding Processes (2005)

Process control is an important factor for improving the performance and consistency of thermoplastic parts manufactured by injection molding processes. A critical process parameter for manufacturing of high quality plastic parts is cavity pressure. This paper presents a continuation of a numerical based study of flow control utilized during multi-cavity injection molding processes and focuses in more detail on multiple flow control valve systems, since the valves are coupled with one injection source. The capabilities of the current system design are limited by multiple valve interactions, which may produce undesirable effects in regards to flow modulation and pressure distribution in multiple cavities and should be studied further. Understanding the flow modeling details through a single valve system is essential, thereby reducing the computational work involved with a multiple valve system.
Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in multiple pregnancy. (1975)

Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were higher in 10 twin pregnancies and one triplet pregnancy than in 22 control singleton pregnancies matched for maternal age, parity, and the time of gestation at which the serum sample was taken. In twin pregnancies the average AFP levels were double those found in singleton pregnancies and the level in the triplet pregnancy was even higher. Raised maternal serum AFP values due to multiple pregnancy should not cause unnecessary amniocentesis in the diagnosis of anencephaly or spina bifida if an ultrasound investigation is routinely performed first.
Explain Images with Multimodal Recurrent Neural Networks (2014)

In this paper, we present a multimodal Recurrent Neural Network (m-RNN) model for generating novel sentence descriptions to explain the content of images. It directly models the probability distribution of generating a word given previous words and the image. Image descriptions are generated by sampling from this distribution. The model consists of two sub-networks: a deep recurrent neural network for sentences and a deep convolutional network for images. These two sub-networks interact with each other in a multimodal layer to form the whole m-RNN model. The effectiveness of our model is validated on three benchmark datasets (IAPR TC-12, Flickr 8K, and Flickr 30K). Our model outperforms the state-of-the-art generative method. In addition, the m-RNN model can be applied to retrieval tasks for retrieving images or sentences, and achieves significant performance improvement over the state-of-the-art methods which directly optimize the ranking objective function for retrieval.
Industry Report: Amazon.com Recommendations: Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering. (2003)

Recommendation algorithms are best known for their use on e-commerce Web sites, 1 where they use input about a customer’s interests to generate a list of recommended items. Many applications use only the items that customers purchase and explicitly rate to represent their interests, but they can also use other attributes, including items viewed, demographic data, subject interests, and favorite artists. At Amazon.com, we use recommendation algorithms to personalize the online store for each customer. The store radically changes based on customer interests, showing programming titles to a software engineer and baby toys to a new mother. The click-through and conversion rates — two
공기청정기의 현장적용평가를 통한 의료기관 내 공기오염물질 저감효율 파악 (2019)

According to a recent report on indoor air quality map conducted by the Ministry of Environment (2016-2017), the importance of indoor air quality in hospitals has emerged, with total airborne bacteria (82.3% and 149 cases) showing the highest number of facilities exceeding maintenance standards by contaminant. In particular, interest in the hospital environment is increasing as it is the living space of patients who are mostly vulnerable to pollutants. This study introduced an air purifier with decontamination function within the hospital facility, and the site application evaluation of the air purification system is given as a table of contents. The measurement items for the site application evaluation are fine dust, gross airborne bacteria, fungi, temperature and humidity, and the measuring equipment for each item is grimm dust spectrometer (model 1.108), Mars-100, and HOBO MX 1101. In the case of fine dust, the variation of fine dust can be seen through the measurement of the mining equation, and in the case of floating microorganisms (total airborne bacteria, bear Pangi) the impact method specified in the indoor air quality process test standards was collected, cultivated and quantified. Data were collected for conversion to CFU by counting after incubation of bioaerosol in case of temperature and humidity. The reduction efficiency is presented by comparing data before and after operation of the air purifier
Extending the MERCURY system to support teams of Ada programmers (1991)

The MERCURY system generates multi-user language-based environments from attribute grammars. The AG specifies the interface checking among modular units, to be applied by the environment to inform programmers of errors introduced by interface changes. Since AGs assume a monolithic program, we extended the formalism to support separate compilation units. Our previous work was based on an ideal language where programs consist of an unordered set of monolithic compilation units. We now augment our extensions to support Ada, to allow multiple kinds of compilation units and nested compilation units. We describe how these extensions are used to detect naming errors, determine compilation unit context, and check compilation order as mandated by Ada.
Mode locking of semiconductor diode lasers using saturable excitonic nonlinearities (1985)

Multiple-quantum-well (MQW) structures of GaAs and GaAlAs have been used for passive mode locking of commercial GaAs semiconductor diode lasers. We present an extended discussion of this application of the sensitive room-temperature excitonic absorption saturation in MQW material. We review the criteria for passive mode locking and discuss two methods—carrier diffusion and proton bombardment—for reducing the aborption recovery time without destroying the excitonic nonlinearity. A simple probabilistic theory is derived for the effect of bombardment on the excitonic effects that is in order-of-magnitude agreement with experiment. We have performed experiments using MQW material to mode lock a GaAs laser. A continuous train of pulses as narrow as 1.6 psec has been obtained with a pulse-repetition rate of 2 GHz.
Autostereoscopic display technology for mobile 3DTV applications (2007)

Mobile TV is now a commercial reality, and an opportunity exists for the first mass market 3DTV products based on cell phone platforms with switchable 2D/3D autostereoscopic displays. Compared to conventional cell phones, TV phones need to operate for extended periods of time with the display running at full brightness, so the efficiency of the 3D optical system is key. The desire for increased viewing freedom to provide greater viewing comfort can be met by increasing the number of views presented. A four view lenticular display will have a brightness five times greater than the equivalent parallax barrier display. Therefore, lenticular displays are very strong candidates for cell phone 3DTV. Selection of Polarisation Activated Microlens<sup>TM</sup> architectures for LCD, OLED and reflective display applications is described. The technology delivers significant advantages especially for high pixel density panels and optimises device ruggedness while maintaining display brightness. A significant manufacturing breakthrough is described, enabling switchable microlenses to be fabricated using a simple coating process, which is also readily scalable to large TV panels. The 3D image performance of candidate 3DTV panels will also be compared using autostereoscopic display optical output simulations.
Analysis of signaling pathways related to cell proliferation stimulated by insulin analogs in human mammary epithelial cell lines (2009)

Insulin and insulin analogs stimulate proliferation of human mammary epithelial cells. We identified and analyzed the signaling pathways related to cell proliferation induced by regular insulin and by four insulin analogs presently approved for therapeutical use. Benign and malignant mammary cell lines showing different insulin receptor (IR) and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) expression patterns were studied. Cell proliferation was studied by crystal violet staining (BrdU-FACS analysis). Activation of insulin and IGF signaling pathways was studied by analysis of the phosphorylation status of IGF-IR and of key signaling proteins of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and MAP kinase pathways, by the use of specific PI3K and MAP kinase inhibitors, and by silencing of IR and IGF-IR. Lantus stimulated the growth of MCF7 cells, which show high IGF-IR/IR ratio, significantly at 0.3 nmol/l, while regular insulin (Actrapid and bovine insulin) and other insulin analogs (Novorapid, Humalog, and Levemir) stimulated cell growth at 1.5-15 nmol/l concentrations. No difference between Lantus and the other insulin analogs was observed regarding growth stimulation of MCF10A cells showing low IGF-IR/IR ratio. Growth stimulation of MCF7 cells by Lantus was mainly due to strong activation of the IGF-IR and the MAP kinase pathway. Regular insulin and other insulin analogs tested activated mainly the IR and the PI3K/Akt pathway. We conclude that unlike regular insulin and other insulin analogs, Lantus strongly activates the IGF-IR and the MAP kinase pathway in MCF7 cells and is a strong mitogen for cells characterized by a high-IGF-IR/IR ratio.
<title>Design of ferromagnetic shape memory alloy composites based on TiNi for robust and fast actuators</title> (2002)

Recently, ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) attracted strong attentions due to their fast actuation with relatively large strain. However, the mechanical properties of popular ferromagnetic shape memory alloys are found to be lower than TiNi alloys. A TiNi has high mechanical performances, large transformation strain and stress capability. On the other hand, the speed of TiNi alloys actuated by changing temperature is usually slow. Thus use of a ferromagnetic material is attractive in utilizing it for induction of magnetic force at high speed. If we combine both merits of TiNi and ferromagnetic material, we can design a new ferromagnetic SMA composite. The actuation modes examined here are plate bending and bar torsion, where the stress and strain across thickness direction change linearly with position. The outer layers that are subject to the larger strain are the superelastic TiNi, which sandwich the inner layer of a ferromagnetic material. The force activated in the ferromagnetic layer from the applied magnetic field causes the phase change in the superelastic TiNi layer, i.e. from austenite to martensite, thus the softening of stiffness of TiNi leads to large displacement.