gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antigens in culture supernatant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: epitopes defined by monoclonal and human antibodies (1990)

Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis found in the supernatant of heat-treated cultures were characterized in order to explore whether antigens from this source could be used for the development of a serological test. Culture supernatants and sonicates of 12, 25 and 39 d cultures were analysed by SDS-PAGE. In culture supernatant, major protein bands of 65, 24, and 12 kDa were visible after Coomassie brilliant blue staining. Using murine monoclonal antibodies in Western blots, a pattern of protein bands distinct from that of the corresponding M. tuberculosis sonicates was found in all the culture supernatants. Gel permeation chromatography, in the presence of SDS, was used to separate the major protein bands in the culture supernatant. In ELISA, sera from 20 of 26 patients with tuberculosis reacted with fractions containing mainly 24 kDa or 12 kDa proteins, whereas none of the control sera reacted. In Western blots, each patient serum had its own characteristic banding pattern with culture supernatant, but all the sera from tuberculosis patients and control subjects reacted with protein bands of 65, 61, 58, 30 and 24 kDa. The 12 kDa protein was recognized only by sera from patients with tuberculosis in both Western blots and ELISA. This suggests that different kinds of epitopes on proteins of M. tuberculosis are detected by human antibodies in Western blots and ELISA. We assume that epitopes recognized in Western blots by patients with tuberculosis and control subjects are ubiquitous and are also present on normal commensal bacteria. Epitopes recognized by only some patients with tuberculosis in Western blots may be linear and M. tuberculosis specific. Epitopes recognized by tuberculosis patients but by none of the control subjects in ELISA may be conformation related and M. tuberculosis specific. The major protein bands found in supernatants of heat-treated cultures, 24 and 12 kDa, possess epitopes that may be M. tuberculosis specific and are potentially valuable for the development of a serological test.
The Heck reaction in the production of fine chemicals (2001)

An overview is given of the use of the Heck reaction for the production of fine chemicals. Five commercial products have been identified that are produced on a scale in excess of 1 ton/year. The herbicide Prosulfuron(tm) is produced via a Matsuda reaction of 2-sulfonatobenzenediazonium on 3,3,3-trifluoropropene. The sunscreen agent 2-ethylhexyl p-methoxy-cinnamate has been produced on pilot scale using Pd/C as catalyst. Naproxen(tm) is produced via the Heck reaction of 2-bromo-6-methoxy-naphthalene on ethylene, followed by carbonylation of the product. Monomers for coatings are produced via a Heck reaction on 2-bromo-benzocyclobutene. A key step in the production of the antiasthma agent Singulair(tm) is the use of the Heck reaction of methyl 2-iodo-benzoate on allylic alcohol (18) to give ketone (20). The high cost of palladium has spurred much research aimed at the development of more active palladium catalysts. Ligandless catalysts are very attractive for production, but work only on reactive substrates. Palladacycles are much more stable than Pd-phosphine complexes and can be used at higher temperatures. The same effect has been reached with pincer ligands. Bulky ligands lead to coordinatively unsaturated Pd-complexes, which are highly active for the Heck reaction. Recycle of palladium catalysts is also very important to reduce cost. Immobilization of catalysts by attaching ligands to solid support is not very useful, because of leaching and reduced activity. In ligandless Heck reactions the catalyst can be precipitated on carriers such as silica, dicalite, or celite. This material can be restored to its original activity by treatment with I2 or Br2.Key words: homogeneous catalysis, palladium, arylation, olefination, ligandless, catalyst recycle.
Accuracy of Cytology vs. Microbiopsy for the Diagnosis of Well-Differentiated Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Macroregenerative Nodule (2000)

Among 100 cases studied, the final diagnosis was available for 43. In those 43 cases, combining analysis of cytologic and histologic specimens, the sensitivity of US-guided FNA was of 75% and the specificity 100%. Cytologic analysis was better than isolated histologic analysis, with a sensitivity of 75% vs. 68%, respectively. Sensitivity of cytologic diagnosis was lower for smaller nodules and for those located in poorly accessible hepatic segments. With the use of stepwise logistic regression analysis, four cytologic features (increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, cellular monomorphism, nuclear crowding, loss of bile duct cells) and four histologic features (increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, decreased Kupffer cells, cellular monomorphism, increased trabeculae thickness) were identified as predictive of HCC.
Java Framework for Negotiating Management Agents (2001)

Chapter three introduces a simple but powerful Java-based agent framework for network management applications. With the increased demand for new services and the ever-present need to reduce costs, both network and service providers require improved management of resources. Better utilisation of resources through distributed control can be facilitated using agent technology. Allowing resource management agents to negotiate among themselves–forming a society of independently acting agents–may achieve promising resource utilisation results. The power of this paradigm appears to arise from the negotiating and management facilities of the agents, with their specialist intelligence just being added on.
Antibacterial Releasing Titanium Surface Using Albumin Nanoparticle Carriers (2014)

We developed a simple and highly efficient method for delivery from titanium (Ti) surfaces using albumin nanoparticle carriers. A Ti disc with a resorbable blasting media surface was used as a metal implant with a localized drug delivery structure. Human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles loaded with chlorhexidine (CHX) diacetate salt hydrate as the model drug were fabricated using a desolvation technique. The CHX-loaded HSA nanoparticles produced were cross linked with glutaraldehyde (GA). The nanoparticles were pre-coated with positively-charged polyethylenimine (PEI) molecules and then immobilized via electrical interactions on the negatively charged Ti disc surface. Our results suggested that the PEI-coated HSA nanoparticles loaded with CHX (PEI-CHX-HSA) were incorporated successfully and well-dispersed on the Ti disc surfaces. The agar diffusion test on the Ti surface treated with PEI-CHX-HSA nanoparticles showed a larger growth inhibition zone of Streptococcus mutans versus the control Ti surface, suggesting that this innovative delivery platform imparts potent antibacterial activity to the Ti surface. Thus, CHX, which inhibits the growth of oral bacteria, can be efficiently incorporated onto Ti surfaces by using HSA nanoparticles.
VT-1598 inhibits the in vitro growth of mucosal Candida strains and protects against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant oral candidiasis in IL-17 signalling-deficient mice (2018)

VT-1598 effectively controls in vitro growth of mucosally derived Candida clinical isolates, including fluconazole-resistant strains. In vivo, VT-1598 eliminates C. albicans, even after a long washout period or at low doses. Therefore, VT-1598 is a promising drug candidate that may significantly improve treatment options for CMC patients.
Proposed mechanisms for homeopathy are physically impossible (2012)

Abstract Background Homeopathy is a system of complementary and alternative medicine based on a belief that a malady can be treated by the administration of an extreme dilution of an agent thought to cause the physical signs of that malady. Homeopathy enjoys popular support from the general public and advocates of alternative medicine, but most large‐scale clinical trials show no homeopathy to be no more effective than placebo treatment. Objectives To explore the chemical and physical plausibility of homeopathic treatments. Methods Homeopathic claims were put into a physical context and analysed using the laws of basic physics and chemistry. Results Through the laws of physics, homeopathic medicines appear to have zero chance of containing any biologically active component. Evidence from physical chemistry also rules out the plausibility of mechanisms such as water memory. Conclusions The proposed mechanisms of homeopathy are shown to be implausible when analysed from a physical and chemical perspective, and thus it is of no surprise that the biological effects of homeopathy cannot be measured in large‐scale clinical trials.
Head & neck optical diagnostics: vision of the future of surgery (2009)

Review paper and Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting of the Head and Neck Optical Diagnostics Society (HNODS) on March 14th 2009 at University College London. The aim of our research must be to provide breakthrough translational research which can be applied clinically in the immediate rather than the near future. We are fortunate that this is indeed a possibility and may fundamentally change current clinical and surgical practice to improve our patients' lives.
High-speed DRAM architecture development (1999)

This paper is an overview of the high-speed DRAM architecture developments. We discuss developments on density growth, interface technology, memory-core architecture, and DRAM+ASIC technology. We can find the developments of density as 2/spl times/ growth instead of 4/spl times/ by each generation. Interface technologies will have a tendency to use the terminated bus structure for higher data rate. Memory-core architecture developments are the trials for actual bandwidth improvements. DRAM+ASIC technologies seem to require universal interface solutions. We tried to show that no single solution is able to cover the wide diversity of future system requirements.
Structure and Self-Aggregation of Mono- and Bis(cyclodextrin) Derivatives in Aqueous Media: Fluorescence, Induced Circular Dichroism, and Molecular Dynamics (2010)

Fluorescence and circular dichroism techniques were used to study the water solution behavior of those mono- and bisβCDs derivatives whose appended group or spacer between βCDs contain the fluorescent 1,3-diphenoxy moiety (OB), i.e., 6[4-((3-(prop-2-ynyloxy)phenoxy)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]6-deoxy-βCD (mβCD) and 1,3-bis((1-(6′deoxy-βCD-6′-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)benzene (bβCD), as well as their 1,3-bis(propargyloxy)benzene (POB) model compound in the presence of βCD. Molecular dynamics calculations were also employed to simulate the conformational behavior of m- and bβCD derivatives, as well as the POB/βCD complexation and self-association of mβCD in the presence of water. Unfortunately, fluorescence techniques are not very useful for studying these systems as the fluorescence properties of the OB chromophore hardly change with the microviscosity and polarity of the environment. However, the combination of the induced circular dichroism measurements and molecular dynamics simulations permitted us to clarify the structure of mβCD, bβCD, and POB/βCD complexes in aqueous solution. Self-inclusion of the appended group (or spacer) for mβCD (bβCD) is rather unlikely. However, mβCD may associate as tail-to-head n-mers or as tail-to-tail dimers. In the latter complexes OB groups are axially oriented relative to the main βCD axis and partially outside the cavity. These association processes, which are probably responsible for the mβCD low solubility in water, may compete with any guest complexation.
Frequency-modulation spectroscopy: a new method for measuring weak absorptions and dispersions (1980)

A new type of wavelength-modulation laser spectroscopy is accomplished by utilizing an external phase modulator driven at radio frequencies large compared to the width of the spectral feature of interest. The spectral feature is probed by a single frequency-modulated (FM) sideband, and the associated absorption and dispersion are measured by monitoring the resulting radio-frequency beat signal. Experimental results are presented for the measurement of Fabry–Perot resonances, I2 vapor absorption lines, and saturation holes in Na vapor.
Robust Code Acquisition in the Presence of BOC Modulation for Future Galileo Receivers (2007)

The problem of code acquisition for the Galileo system is investigated in this paper. The effect of non-ideal sampling on the binary offset carrier (BOC) modulated signal is evaluated and a novel detection scheme, identified as Quadribranch, is proposed. Detection performance is investigated by analysis and simulations taking into account frequency errors and non ideal sampling with actual Galileo signals. The notable result is that Quadribranch is able to improve performance in terms of detection probability and mean acquisition time, and, differently from the conventional approach, allows to achieve robust code acquisition without oversampling.
Bond stabilisation in tocopherols. Part I. The Claisen rearrangement of allyl tocopheryl ethers (1966)

The Claisen rearrangement of a series of allyl tocopheryl ethers has been studied kinetically in order to examine the possibility that the pronounced Mills–Nixon effect in 6-chromanols can be attributed to a significant degree of bond fixation in these compounds. The rearrangements of allyl tocyl ether and allyl δ-tocopheryl ether were similar and gave the 5-allyltocopherol predominantly in each case. There were kinetic differences in the rearrangements of the β-tocopheryl and γ-tocopheryl ethers, and a difference of 2·6 kcal./mole in their activation energies, which suggests that a mild degree of bond fixation might exist in these compounds. The pyrolysis of allyl α-tocopheryl ether at 192° yields α-tocopherol rapidly and in good yield.
A Novel Implementation of Computer Generated Hologram for Highly Secured Communication Using Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) Algorithm (2020)

In this work, we generate a computer-generated hologram (CGH) with the help of computer instead of optical lenses that is applicable for secured communication. Here, various images are used as an alternative of textual information to develop a Holographic Communication System (HCS) with the assist of a Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) Algorithm. At the transmitter side of the proposed system digital holograms are generated for the main object image along with the reference object image and muxing these two holograms the transmitted hologram is generated. Similarly, at the receiver side a hologram of the main object image was generated by demuxing the received hologram and also found the main object image from this regenerated hologram. As the decoding of transmitted hologram is almost impossible without the information of reference so the proposed holographic system can be implemented in the field of secure communication system that indicates the novelty of this work.
Usefulness of Multiplex Real-Time PCR and Melting Curve Analysis in Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (2007)

With the multiplex real-time PCR and melting curve analysis of 16S rRNA and hsp65 genes, M. abscessus and M. chelonae were readily identified and MAC were differentiated from other NTM. Especially, M. abscessus and M. chelonae, which were not differentiated from each other with the 16S rRNA gene fragment analysis, were identified with hsp65 gene fragment analysis.
Modeling and simulation of hard disk dive final assembly usign a HDD template (2007)

A HDD template is designed and developed for modeling and simulation for final assembly of hard disk drive (HDD) manufacturing using Arena. The designed HDD template is a high flexibility and good performance at an internal supply chain level and self-development and improves the system performance significantly. It is developed the intelligent based dynamic machine knowledge, which can capture dynamic based activities with fuzzy system. The study shows how modeling and simulation tools can be used and integrated to implement highly automated systems for industrial processes and deal with flexible products. In such context we designed and developed a prototype for the final assembly of hard disk drive with dynamic and static behavior.
Serotonin function and depression: neuroendocrine and mood responses to intravenous L-tryptophan in depressed patients and healthy comparison subjects (1991)

This study was designed to compare central serotonergic function in depressed patients and healthy comparison subjects by examining neuroendocrine and mood responses to intravenous L-tryptophan.One hundred twenty-six drug-free patients with DSM-III-R major depression (109 unipolar, 17 bipolar; 68 melancholic, 58 nonmelancholic; 28 psychotic, and 98 nonpsychotic patients) and 58 healthy comparison subjects participated. After an overnight fast, subjects received an intravenous infusion of L-tryptophan, 7 g. Blood was obtained for determination of serum prolactin, serum growth hormone (GH), and plasma tryptophan levels. Visual analogue scales were used to assess mood.Prolactin responses were blunted in nonmelancholic and higher in melancholic and psychotic depressed patients, while GH responses were blunted in combined unipolar, nonmelancholic, and nonpsychotic depressed patients. Controlling for baseline biological, clinical, and demographic factors eliminated the higher prolactin response in the melancholic and psychotic patients, attenuated the blunted GH response in the unipolar patients, and revealed a blunted GH response in the melancholic patients. Patients and comparison subjects differed on five of 13 mood responses, primarily because of baseline differences.These findings are consistent with previous studies demonstrating blunted neuroendocrine responses to intravenous L-tryptophan in depression. Restriction of these findings to specific subtypes of depression may reflect a differential role of serotonergic abnormalities in these subtypes.
Improvement of the Electrode-Amplifier Circuit for an Electromyogram Recording Device (2009)

EMG signals are often disguised beneath DC offsets and electrical noise. To isolate the signal, it must be amplified when it is acquired. The amplification stage can be embedded in an electrode-amplifier so that it has an AC-coupled, differential gain with high CMRR and input impedance. This project compares three possible electrode-amplifier circuit designs that use an instrumentation amplifier to provide a high input impedance and CMRR. The first design is a classic, DC-coupled instrumentation amplifier circuit with a gain of 20. The second design features an AC-suppression circuit within the classic design. The third design prepends an AC-coupling circuit to the classic design; it was analyzed and implemented with a gain of 100, a CMRR greater than 90 dB, and a low input-referred noise.
The brain and the mind — can the immune system help? (2003)

The function of inflammation in acute or chronic insult to the CNS has long been under debate. Concepts such as the immune-privileged status of the CNS, as well as observations such as the presence of immune cells in the diseased CNS, fostered the prevailing belief that immune activity in the CNS is detrimental [1]. Many authors consider inflammation to be an important mediator of secondary damage [2–8].
Fast switching performance by 20 A / 730 V AlGaN/GaN MIS-HFET using AlON gate insulator (2017)

In this paper, high current and high voltage AlGaN/GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) heterojunction field-effect transistors (HFETs) on Si are demonstrated. The devices exhibit a drain current of 20 A as well as a breakdown voltage of 730 V, serving normally-off operations. Stable interfacial characteristics free from the hysteresis in the transfer characteristics are enabled by the introduction of AlON gate insulator. A recessed gate structure formed by epitaxial regrowth of AlGaN over the grooved AlGaN/GaN heterojunction successfully reduces the on-state resistance and eliminates the processing damage on the surface of the grooved structure. Note that an oxygen annealing followed by the deposition of AlON shifts the threshold voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> to positive side. The resultant switching performance by the 20 A / 730 V AlGaN/GaN MIS-HFET is very fast with dV/dt of 78 V/ns and 169 V/ns for turn-on and turn-off transitions, respectively, indicating that the proposed MIS-HFETs are very promising for practical power switching applications.
Longitudinal Study of Learning Outcomes in a New Product Development Class (2007)

This paper reports on a longitudinal study of lessons learned from a graduate-level New Product Development course taught at the University of California at Berkeley, comparing lessons learned by students during the course with alumni perceptions one to ten years after graduation. Previous research on student learning outcomes in New Product Development (NPD) found that on the last day of class students identify working in multifunctional teams and understanding user needs as their most important lessons learned. This study raises the question of whether or not students maintain the same emphasis on learning outcomes once they have moved on to careers in industry. To answer this question, we conducted 21 in-depth interviews with alumni who took the course between 1995–2005 and are now working in industry. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the alumni interviews reveals that former students still highly value what they learned about team work and understanding user needs, but see more value in tools for concept generation, prototyping, and testing after gaining work experience. The results reaffirm the value of engaging students in multidisciplinary design projects as a vehicle for developing the professional skills needed in today’s competitive new product development environment.
The Effect of Surfactant Additions on the Mechanism of Sulfur Corrosion Inhibition in Sour Systems (2014)

Abstract One of the most challenging tasks for corrosion control is the accelerated, localized corrosion of carbon steel in the presence of elemental sulfur in aqueous, high sour (&amp;gt;5% H2S mol%) gas environments. The accelerated attack occurs predominantly in the vicinity of sulfur particles that directly contact the metal surface1. It is very rare that a corrosion inhibitor will remain effective under such conditions, even at a very high dose rate. When elemental sulfur is in contact with H2S, various polysulfide species of the general formula H2Sx+1 (x ≥ 1) are formed. These polysulfides are surface-active and will compete for adsorption sites on the metal surface with corrosion inhibitor molecules. This ultimately results in damage to the uniformity of the passivating iron sulfide layer as well as to the protective corrosion inhibitor layer2. LPR bubble and autoclave tests have been used to demonstrate that selection of an appropriate surfactant can modify the sulfur corrosion mechanism in a sour aqueous system to inhibit the polysulfide producing pathway via between H2S and sulfur (H2S + Sx ↔ H2Sx+1). A non-ionic surfactant (e.g. nonylphenol ethoxylate) performed satisfactorily with corrosion inhibitor Product A, both at 300ppm under a gas mixture of 200psi (13.8 bar, 15% H2S + 26% CO2, balanced with N2), and 0.1% elemental sulfur addition based on total weight of testing fluids at 90°C for 70 hours. It is hypothesized that when nonylphenol ethoxylate was added, the delocalized Pi electron cloud in the phenol group interacted with the electrons on the sulfur crown; therefore, a binding relationship in a loose sandwiched arrangement was formed and is supported by the literature3. These loosely bonded, de-energized sulfur-surfactant molecules would not be in favor approaching toward the metal-liquid interface in the so-called Stern layer4.