gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deformations in Extreme Matter (2000)

Most materials become narrower in cross section when stretched, but some materials, such as foams, have the counterintuitive property of becoming fatter when stretched (they have a negative Poisson's ratio). In this Perspective, Lakes discusses how his unusual property may arise in isotropic and anisotropic materials. He highlights the study by Baughman et al., who show that anisotropic materials with a negative Poisson's ratio in one direction can be incompressible, i.e., without an overall change in volume upon stretching. This behavior is predicted for materials with very high density, such as neutron star crusts, or very low density, such as ion plasmas, and the validity of the prediction is demonstrated with experimental data for ion plasmas.
Coumarin Derivatives as New Toxic Compounds to Selected K12, R1–R4 E. coli Strains (2020)

Coumarins are natural compounds that were detected in 80 species of plants. They have numerous applications including the medical, food, tobacco, perfumery, and spirit industries. They show anti-swelling and diastolic effects. However, excess consumption of coumarins may adversely affect our health, because they are easily absorbed from the intestines into the lymph and blood, causing cirrhosis of the liver. Peptidomimetics are molecules whose structure and function are similar to those of peptides. They are an important group of compounds with biological, microbiological, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Therefore, studies on new peptidomimetics, which load the effect of native peptides, whose half-life in the body is much longer due to structural modifications, are extremely important. A preliminary study of coumarin analogues and its derivatives as new potential antimicrobial drugs containing carboxylic acid or ester was performed to determine their basic structure related to their biological features against various types of Gram-stained bacteria by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We hypothesized that the toxicity (antibacterial activity) of coumarin derivatives is dependent on the of LPS in bacteria and nature and position of the substituent which may be carboxylic acid, hydroxyl groups, or esters. In order to verify this hypothesis, we used K12 (smooth) and R1-R4 (rough) <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains which are characterized by differences in the type of LPS, especially in the O-antigen region, the outermost LPS layer. In our work, we synthesized 17 peptidomimetics containing a coumarin scaffold and checked their influence on K12 and R1-R4 <i>E. coli</i> strains possessing smooth and rough LPS. We also measured the damage of plasmid DNA caused by target compounds. The results of our studies clearly support the conclusion that coumarin peptidomimetics are antagonistic compounds to many of the currently used antibiotics. The high biological activity of the selected coumarin peptidomimetic was associated with identification of the so-called magic methyl groups, which substantially change the biochemical properties of target compounds. Investigating the effects of these compounds is particularly important in the era of increasingly common resistance in bacteria.
Mechanisms of the Spatial Distribution of QT Intervals on the Epicardial and Body Surfaces (1999)

QTI is not a robust index of local recovery time on the cardiac surface. QTI distributions were affected by the position of the zero potential line, which is unrelated to local recovery times. However, similarities in the patterns of QTI and recovery times in some regions may help explain the frequently reported predictive value of QT dispersion. Preliminary results indicate STT area may be a better index of recovery time and recovery time dispersion on the epicardium than QTI.
Proximal Hyperspectral Imaging Detects Diurnal and Drought-Induced Changes in Maize Physiology (2021)

Hyperspectral imaging is a promising tool for non-destructive phenotyping of plant physiological traits, which has been transferred from remote to proximal sensing applications, and from manual laboratory setups to automated plant phenotyping platforms. Due to the higher resolution in proximal sensing, illumination variation and plant geometry result in increased non-biological variation in plant spectra that may mask subtle biological differences. Here, a better understanding of spectral measurements for proximal sensing and their application to study drought, developmental and diurnal responses was acquired in a drought case study of maize grown in a greenhouse phenotyping platform with a hyperspectral imaging setup. The use of brightness classification to reduce the illumination-induced non-biological variation is demonstrated, and allowed the detection of diurnal, developmental and early drought-induced changes in maize reflectance and physiology. Diurnal changes in transpiration rate and vapor pressure deficit were significantly correlated with red and red-edge reflectance. Drought-induced changes in effective quantum yield and water potential were accurately predicted using partial least squares regression and the newly developed Water Potential Index 2, respectively. The prediction accuracy of hyperspectral indices and partial least squares regression were similar, as long as a strong relationship between the physiological trait and reflectance was present. This demonstrates that current hyperspectral processing approaches can be used in automated plant phenotyping platforms to monitor physiological traits with a high temporal resolution.
Configuring large systems using generative constraint satisfaction (1998)

The authors used generative constraint satisfaction as the basis for Lava, an automated configuration they developed for the complex domain of telephone switching systems. They built Lava using Cocos, their knowledge-based configuration tool.
Promoter melting and TFIID complexes on Drosophila genes in vivo. (1992)

In vivo UV cross-linking and nuclear transcriptional run-on experiments have shown that a number of Drosophila genes possess an elongationally paused RNA polymerase on their 5' ends. Here, we examine in vivo promoters that do and do not possess paused polymerases using the single-stranded DNA-probing reagent KMnO4. Melted DNA helices are found associated with the pause site of the uninduced hsp70 and hsp26 heat shock genes and the constitutively expressed beta-1 tubulin gene. The histone H1 and H2B genes, which lack a paused polymerase, have no comparable region of melted DNA. Melting at the pause site persists upon heat shock induction of the hsp70 and hsp26 genes, indicating that pausing continues after gene activation. Interestingly, activation triggers additional melting, both at the start site (in the region where open complexes would be expected to form) and downstream of the uninduced pause site. In the course of our studies, we discovered that some T residues of the TATA box were protected from KMnO4 modification in both induced and uninduced cells. This protection appears to be a consequence of TFIID binding, as a similar protection pattern could be produced in vitro with purified protein.
Leakage current and structural analysis of annealed HfO2/La2O3 and CeO2/La2O3 dielectric stacks: A nanoscopic study (2014)

Grain boundaries in the polycrystalline microstructure of post-annealed high-κ (HK) dielectrics are a major limitation in the reliability of HK dielectrics used for advanced CMOS technologies. Another challenge in the field of HK dielectrics is to ensure higher drain drive current in CMOS, while maintaining low leakage current. In this work, the authors demonstrate enhanced performance of HfO2 and CeO2 dielectrics by incorporating lanthanum. The resulting stacks show promising dielectric characteristics with reduced leakage current and uniform (amorphous) crystal structure. The improved HK characteristics were shown to occur even over nanometer-length scales using scanning probe microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, in agreement with previous studies based on micron-scale device-level measurement.
The aging HIV/AIDS population: Fragile social networks (2005)

Social support becomes an increasingly critical resource for people as they age. In New York City, 25% of all people living with HIV/AIDS are over age 50, and 64% are over age 40. This study sample (n=160) reflects current HIV/AIDS epidemiology, with 34% females and 89% people of color. This study provides a detailed profile of this growing, aging cohort and their social networks. Our study finds this growing group of aging adults is isolated from informal networks due to the stigma of HIV/AIDS and ageism. Typically, partners and family members are key sources of informal support, but only 1/3 of respondents had a partner and 71% lived alone. This group relies heavily on friends, many of whom are also HIV-positive. Participants were in primary care and many (86%) utilized Medicaid. The fragile networks of these older adults will be challenged by age-related comorbidities. Without traditional caregivers, these aging adults with HIV/AIDS will have an immense impact on healthcare delivery and community-based programs.
ENACT-2 SAFETY, TOLERABILITY, AND IMMUNOGENICITY RESULTS OF NATALIZUMAB IN PATIENTS WITH CROHNʼS DISEASE (2004)

Purpose: The safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of Antegren™ (natalizumab), a humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibody to α4 integrin, were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study (ENACT-2) in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) who responded to natalizumab treatment in the induction of response/remission study (ENACT-1). Methods: A total of 339 adult patients with CD who achieved response (≥70-point reduction in baseline Crohn's Disease Activity Index [CDAI]) and/or remission (<150) and had a CDAI score <220 after receiving 3 infusions of natalizumab in ENACT-1 were re-randomized 1:1 to natalizumab (300 mg) (n = 168) or placebo (n = 171) and received up to 12 additional monthly infusions. Safety and tolerability were assessed by adverse events (AEs), lab parameters, physical examinations (PEs), and vital signs (VS). Immunogenicity was assessed by testing for anti-natalizumab antibodies. Results: The incidence of serious AEs and AEs were similar between the 2 groups with the exception of CD exacerbation: natalizumab (n = 21 [13%]) and placebo (n = 69 [40%]). The most common AEs in both treatment groups were headache, nasopharyngitis, and nausea. No hematopoietic malignancies or lymphomas were reported. Additionally, the incidence of infection was similar between treatment groups. There were 4 patients that experienced hypersensitivity-like reactions in the natalizumab group, only one of which was classified as serious by the investigator. All 4 patients responded to discontinuation of the study drug and appropriate medical therapy. Overall, persistent anti-natalizumab antibodies were detected in 13 of 339 patients (3.8%). No clinically significant findings were noted in lab value assessments, PEs, or VS. Conclusions: Natalizumab was well tolerated in patients receiving up to 15 monthly infusions. Few patients developed anti-natalizumab antibodies in association with longer-term treatment, and a low rate of infusion reactions occurred. The safety and tolerability of maintenance therapy with natalizumab is consistent with the safety profile previously reported in the 3-month induction of response/remission study (ENACT-1).
Disheartened: Need ROC Curve (1984)

Journal Article Disheartened: Need ROC Curve Get access Douglas Corey, M.D., Douglas Corey, M.D. St. Mary’s Hospital Madison, Wisconsin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Chen-Kang Chang, M.D., Chen-Kang Chang, M.D. St. Mary’s Hospital Madison, Wisconsin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar George S. Cembrowski, M.D., Ph.D. George S. Cembrowski, M.D., Ph.D. Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 81, Issue 4, 1 April 1984, Pages 542–543, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/81.4.542b Published: 01 April 1984
Production and Microbiological Characteristics of Fermented Sausages (2003)

In this study, significant factors influencing on the quality and stability of fermented sausage, such as materials, processing conditions, and microbiological characteristics as well as topography during ripening, were documented. Since most fermented sausages are not heated during manufacture or before consumption, a strict control of the growth of pathogens and the selection of favourable conditions that encourage the specific growth and development of desirable microflora are particularly important. With respect to microbiological safety, hurdles, i.e., preservations(nitrite), redox potential, competitive flora, acidity(pH), and water activity() are matters of importance to prevent proliferation of bacterial pathogens. Today, for ensuring the safety and quality of the final product, the application of starter cultures in combination with the proper processing is subsequently used in practice. For improving the efficiency of microbiological utility in the production of fermented sausages, the understanding of their topography is essential. The documented different points must be taken into account when HACCP systems set up for the manufacture of fermented sausages. There are continuous researches concerning desirable improvements to sausage fermentation with health enhancing properties.
Meta‐analysis for Surrogacy: Accelerated Failure Time Models and Semicompeting Risks Modeling (2011)

There has been great recent interest in the medical and statistical literature in the assessment and validation of surrogate endpoints as proxies for clinical endpoints in medical studies. More recently, authors have focused on using metaanalytical methods for quantification of surrogacy. In this article, we extend existing procedures for analysis based on the accelerated failure time model to this setting. An advantage of this approach relative to proportional hazards model is that it allows for analysis in the semicompeting risks setting, where we model the region where the surrogate endpoint occurs before the true endpoint. Several estimation methods and attendant inferential procedures are presented. In addition, between- and within-trial methods for evaluating surrogacy are developed; a novel principal components procedure is developed for quantifying trial-level surrogacy. The methods are illustrated by application to data from several studies in colorectal cancer.
Flight testing of noise abating required navigation performance procedures and steep approaches (2013)

To test different types of noise abatement approach procedures the Institute of Flight Guidance and the Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology performed flight tests on 6 September 2010 with a Boeing 737-700. In total, 13 approaches to the research airport in Brunswick, Germany (EDVE) were flown while the approach area of the airport was equipped with six noise measurement microphones. Brunswick airport is equipped with an experimental ground based augmentation system which allows the implementation of 49 instrument landing system (ILS) look-alike precision approach procedures with different approach angles simultaneously.
Elastometry and Clinical Results After Bipolar Radiofrequency Treatment of Skin (2010)

Elastometry data showed an average decrease in Young's Modulus and retraction time, both of which suggest that radiofrequency bipolar treatment resulted in more youthful skin. Better mechanical characteristics were consistent with improvements in wrinkles, laxity, and skin quality and appearance.
Soft Computing for Reservoir Characterization and Modeling (2002)

In the middle of the 20th century, Genrich Altshuller, a Russian engineer, analysed hundreds of thousands of patents and scientific publications. From this analysis, he developed TRIZ (G. Altshuller,
A dynamic Monte Carlo study of anomalous current voltage behaviour in organic solar cells (2014)

We present a dynamic Monte Carlo (DMC) study of s-shaped current-voltage (I-V) behaviour in organic solar cells. This anomalous behaviour causes a substantial decrease in fill factor and thus power conversion efficiency. We show that this s-shaped behaviour is induced by charge traps that are located at the electrode interface rather than in the bulk of the active layer, and that the anomaly becomes more pronounced with increasing trap depth or density. Furthermore, the s-shape anomaly is correlated with interface recombination, but not bulk recombination, thus highlighting the importance of controlling the electrode interface. While thermal annealing is known to remove the s-shape anomaly, the reason has been not clear, since these treatments induce multiple simultaneous changes to the organic solar cell structure. The DMC modelling indicates that it is the removal of aluminium clusters at the electrode, which act as charge traps, that removes the anomalous I-V behaviour. Finally, this work shows that the s-shape becomes less pronounced with increasing electron-hole recombination rate; suggesting that efficient organic photovoltaic material systems are more susceptible to these electrode interface effects.
An OCR based on character shape codes and lexical information (2002)

We describe an OCR process which has as its principal attributes high speed of operation and tunability to the lexical content of the documents to which it is applied. This process relies on the transformation of the text image into character shape codes, a rapid and robust process, and on special lexica which contain information on the "shape" of words and the character ambiguities present within particular word shape classifications. We rely on the structure of English (in the current case) and the high percentage of singleton mappings between the shape codes and the characters in the words. Considerable ambiguity is removed by simple lookup in the specially tuned and structured lexicon and substitution on a character-by-character basis. Ambiguity is further reduced by template matching using exemplars derived from surrounding text, taking advantage of the local consistency of font, face and size as well as image quality.
Silica laser damage mechanisms, precursors and their mitigation (2014)

Controlling laser damage is essential for reliable and cost-effective operation of high energy laser systems. We will review important optical damage precursors in silica up to UV fluences as high as 45J/cm<sup>2</sup> (3ns) along with studies of the damage mechanisms involved and processes to mitigate damage precursors. We have found that silica surface damage is initiated by nano-scale precursor absorption followed by thermal coupling to the silica lattice and formation of a laser-supported absorption front. Residual polishing compound and defect layers on fracture surfaces are primarily responsible for optic damage below about 10J/cm<sup>2</sup>; they can be mitigated by an optimized oxide etch processes. At fluences above about 10J/cm<sup>2</sup>, precipitates of trace impurities are responsible for damage; they can be mitigated by eliminating the chances of impurity precipitation following wet chemical processing. Using these approaches, silica damage densities can be reduced by many orders of magnitude allowing large increases in the maximum operating fluences these optics see.
DNase I Footprint Analysis of Protein‐DNA Binding (1989)

Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) protection mapping, or footprinting, is a valuable technique for locating the specific binding sites of proteins on DNA. The basis of this assay is that bound protein protects the phosphodiester backbone of DNA from DNase I-catalyzed hydrolysis. Binding sites are visualized by autoradiography of the DNA fragments that result from hydrolysis, following separation by electrophoresis on denaturing DNA sequencing gels. Footprinting has been developed further as a quantitative technique to determine separate binding curves for each individual protein-binding site on the DNA. For each binding site, the total energy of binding is determined directly from that site's binding curve. For sites that interact cooperatively, simultaneous numerical analysis of all the binding curves can be used to resolve both the intrinsic binding and cooperative components of these energies.DNase I footprint titration is described in this unit and involves (1) preparation of a singly end-labeled DNA restriction fragment, (2) equilibration of the protein with DNA, (3) exposure of the equilibrium mixture to DNase I, and (4) electrophoretic separation on gels of the denatured hydrolysis products, followed by autoradiography. A describes (1) densitometric analysis of the autoradiograms to obtain binding data and (2) numerical analysis of the binding data to yield binding curves and equilibrium constants for the interactions at each of the separate sites. An describes the qualitative use of footprinting to identify DNA-binding proteins in crude extracts.
Stability and mechanism of selective etching of ultrathin Ge films on the Si(100) surface upon chlorine adsorption (2004)

This work investigates the effect of chlorine termination on the stability and the etching of ultra thin Ge layers on a Si(100) surface, using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy. The initial growth of Ge on the Si(100) surface is known to occur layer by layer. The intensities of the Ge $3d,$ Si $2p,$ and Cl $2p$ core levels, after the chlorine passivation of Ge/Si(100) surfaces, together with the STM images reveal that most of the deposited Ge atoms have been randomly dispersed on the surface layer during initial submonolayer growth. They occupy only $\ensuremath{\sim}90%$ of the surface after a 2-ML (monolayer) coverage. Chlorine termination drastically alters the atomic composition of the surface (dimer) layer and in the thin films when annealing at elevated temperatures occurs. Specifically, Cl termination of the Ge/Si(100) surfaces causes Ge, which initially form Cl-Ge bonds in the surface layer, to move into the subsurface layers after annealing at 650--750 K. Silicon is extracted from the subsurface layers to form Cl-Si bonds. Above 900 K, chlorine is desorbed in the form of ${\mathrm{SiCl}}_{2},$ leaving the initial thin Ge films on the Si(100) surface almost intact.
Thoracic endovascular aortic repair for avulsion of aortic branches in a trauma patient requiring resuscitative thoracotomy: a case report (2022)

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair may be a management option for aortic branch avulsion due to cross-clamping of the descending aorta during resuscitative thoracotomy.
Local Magnetic Control in a Large-Scale Low-Pressure Nonlocal Plasma Source (2017)

A method for local control of plasma parameters in a large-scale plasma with nonlocal electron energy distribution function (EEDF) is proposed and implemented. For a given discharge geometry, gas type and pressure, the local control can be made possible by locally decreasing the coefficient of free diffusion of electrons in the region of interest. This can be achieved by applying a strong magnetic field to a fraction of the plasma volume. The magnetic field transforms locally the fraction of nonlocal plasma volume to a plasma with local EEDF and allows controlling properties of a part of the entire plasma. Experiments have been conducted in a low-pressure alternative current glow discharge in helium and air. It is shown that localized strong magnetic field creates dark plasma glow zones in the region.