gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rice Yield Components under Water Stress Imposed at Different Growth Stages (2018)

We aimed to assess rice yield components as function of water stress imposed at distinct crop growth stages under greenhouse, in randomized block design under factorial scheme 3 × 4 + 1, with four replications. The factor “A” was the growth stage in which water stress was imposed, being (a) vegetative, (b) reproductive 1, and (c) reproductive 2; factor “B” was four levels of water stress (0-200 kPa). There was also an additional treatment consisting of a flooded check. Water was replenished to saturation every time the threshold stress was reached. At the end of the cycle, all panicles were counted and collected, per plant, for further analysis. In the lab, grains per panicle were counted, being classified either as whole kernel or aborted grains, whose results were used for obtaining sterility percentage. Whole kernel grains were weighted for obtaining the 1000 grains weight for each treatment, and the consequent plant grain yields. Number of panicles was not affected when stress was imposed after panicle initiation, but when imposed at tillering it was reduced; at grain filling, water stress promoted grains sterility higher than 90%; grain weight was only reduced when carbohydrates were directed to root formation in detriment of grain filling; lower rice grain yield per plant was observed even when treatments were maintained above 10kPa all along the cycle, compared to the flooded treatment.
Reduction of intestinal apo A‐IV mRNA levels in the cirrhotic rat (1996)

In the present study, intestinal apo A-IV synthesis was investigated using a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced cirrhosis rat model. Triglyceride (TG) content in rat cirrhotic liver was increased markedly by 170% (P < 0.001) and apo B was increased by 20% (P < 0.05) compared with control levels. These results reflected the steatotic change in the liver. In contrast, TG levels in the small intestine of cirrhotic rats decreased significantly (P < 0.01). In addition, intestinal apo A-IV (jejunum P < 0.001; ileum P < 0.01) and its mRNA levels (jejunum P < 0.01; ileum P < 0.05) were also reduced. The decreased apo A-IV content in the jejunum was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. These results indicate that intestinal apo A-IV synthesis in cirrhosis is suppressed, at least under the condition of an overnight fast. Therefore, decreased intestinal apo A-IV synthesis may relate to the decreased ability to absorb fat in cirrhosis, but a fat-loading study will be necessary to confirm this hypothesis. It is unknown from the present study why serum apo A-IV level is not significantly decreased, despite a reduction in apo A-IV synthesis. The clearance of apo A-IV by the liver may be delayed or apo A-IV synthesis may be rather markedly enhanced during fat absorption in liver cirrhosis.
Dual-microphone speech dereverberation using GARCH modeling (2008)

In this paper, we develop a dual-microphone speech dereverberation algorithm for noisy environments, which is aimed at suppressing late reverberation and background noise. The spectral variance of the late reverberation is obtained with adaptively-estimated direct path compensation. A Markov-switching generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model is used to estimate the spectral variance of the desired signal, which includes the direct sound and early reverberation. Experimental results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed algorithm compared to a decision-directed-based algorithm.
Hyper-immunoglobulin-M syndromes caused by an intrinsic B cell defect (2003)

The heterogeneity in hyper-immunoglobulin-M syndromes will continue to shed light on the molecular mechanisms of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. The description of hyper-immunoglobulin-M syndromes may therefore lead to improvements in the care of these patients.
Micro-contact printed MEMS (2011)

We report a new method for fabricating thin (140 nm thick) suspended metal films in MEMS. Our MEMS fabrication process employs micro-contact printing. It avoids the use of solvents and etchants, obviating the need for deep reactive-ion etching and other harsh chemical treatments. Solvent absence during fabrication also avoids the deleterious effects of MEMS stiction that can result during wet processing. Elevated temperature processing is also avoided to enable MEMS fabrication on flexible polymeric substrates. Thin films up to 0.78 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in area are fabricated and the deflection of 25 μm diameter films is demonstrated. These films can be utilized in pressure sensors, microphones, deformable mirrors, tunable optical cavities, and large-area arrays of MEMS sensors.
Semi-Automatic Annotation of Natural Language Vulnerability Reports (2013)

Those who do not learn from past vulnerabilities are bound to repeat it. Consequently, there have been several research efforts to enumerate and categorize software weaknesses that lead to vulnerabilities. The Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) is a community developed dictionary of software weakness types and their relationships, designed to consolidate these efforts. Yet, aggregating and classifying natural language vulnerability reports with respect to weakness standards is currently a painstaking manual effort. In this paper, the authors present a semi-automated process for annotating vulnerability information with semantic concepts that are traceable to CWE identifiers. The authors present an information-processing pipeline to parse natural language vulnerability reports. The resulting terms are used for learning the syntactic cues in these reports that are indicators for corresponding standard weakness definitions. Finally, the results of multiple machine learning algorithms are compared individually as well as collectively to semi-automatically annotate new vulnerability reports.
Efficient computation of the ambiguity function and the Wigner distribution on arbitrary line segments (2003)

Efficient algorithms utilizing the Fractional Fourier Transformation (FrFT) are proposed for fast computation of the Ambiguity Function (AF) and the Wigner Distribution (WD) on arbitrary line segments. For a signal with time-bandwidth product N, the complexity of the algorithms is O(N log N).
Systemic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma: Still unmet expectations (2017)

Many patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are diagnosed in an advanced stage, so they cannot be offered the option of curative treatments. The results of systemic chemotherapy are unsatisfactory and this has led to molecular targeted approaches. HCC develops in chronically damaged tissue due to cirrhosis in most patients. Several different cell types and molecules constitute a unique microenvironment in the liver, which has significant implications in tumor development and invasion. This, together with genome instability, contributes to a significant heterogeneity which is further enhanced by the molecular differences of the underlying causes. New classifications based on genetic characteristics of the tissue microenvironment have been proposed and key carcinogenic signaling pathways have been described. Tumor and adjacent tissue profiling seem biologically promising, but have not yet been translated into clinical settings. The encouraging first results with molecular - genetic signatures should be validated and clinically applicable. A more personalized approach to modern management of HCC is urgently needed.
Solvent-Free Manufacturing of Electrodes for Lithium-ion Batteries (2016)

Lithium ion battery electrodes were manufactured using a new, completely dry powder painting process. The solvents used for conventional slurry-cast electrodes have been completely removed. Thermal activation time has been greatly reduced due to the time and resource demanding solvent evaporation process needed with slurry-cast electrode manufacturing being replaced by a hot rolling process. It has been found that thermal activation time to induce mechanical bonding of the thermoplastic polymer to the remaining active electrode particles is only a few seconds. Removing the solvent and drying process allows large-scale Li-ion battery production to be more economically viable in markets such as automotive energy storage systems. By understanding the surface energies of various powders which govern the powder mixing and binder distribution, bonding tests of the dry-deposited particles onto the current collector show that the bonding strength is greater than slurry-cast electrodes, 148.8 kPa as compared to 84.3 kPa. Electrochemical tests show that the new electrodes outperform conventional slurry processed electrodes, which is due to different binder distribution.
Efficient Nuclear Delivery and Nuclear Body Localization of Antisense Oligo-Nucleotides using Degradable Polymersomes (2006)

Delivery of antisense oligonucleotides, AON, presents many of the same challenges as delivery of any nucleic acid: charge, stability, cell uptake, endolysosomal escape, and entry into the nucleus. Here we demonstrate efficient delivery of AON after loading into biodegradable polymer vesicles or `polymersomes'. We focus on AON delivery to muscle cells in vitro and in vivo because of the emergence of AON in therapeutic strategies directed at muscular dystrophies. To first clarify uptake kinetics without the complications of typical multi-layered myotube cultures, we use micro-patterned C2C12 cells and show efficient uptake of AON-polymersomes. The biodegradable polymersomes break down and foster AON escape with the binding of fluorescent-AON into the nuclear bodies. Intramuscular injections of the polymersome-AON into the hind limbs of mdx-dystrophic mice show more efficient nuclear uptake than AON alone and also lead to dystrophin expression in the mdx mice. In sum, these neutral, degradable carriers of AON show promise in vivo.
Zinc-air cells: power source of the future (1983)

Modern-day microelectronic products demand similarly miniaturised reliable power sources, in some cases even operating in a standby mode. This article states the case for the zinc-air cell, originally used in hearing aids, as opposed to its main competitors
Jack bean urease (EC 3.5.1.5). V. On the mechanism of action of urease on urea, formamide, acetamide, N-methylurea, and related compounds (1980)

Acetamide and N-methylurea have been shown for the first time to be substrates for jack bean urease. In the enzymatic hydrolysis of urea, formamide, acetamide, and N-methylurea at pH 7.0 and 38 degrees C, kcat has the values 5870, 85, 0.55, and 0.075 s-1, respectively. The urease-catalyzed hydrolysis of all these substrates involves the active-site nickel ion(s). Enzymatic hydrolysis of the following compounds could not be detected: phenyl formate, p-nitroformanilide, trifluoroacetamide, p-nitrophenyl carbamate, thiourea, and O-methylisouronium ion. In the enzymatic hydrolysis of urea, the pH dependence of kcat between pH 3.4 and 7.8 indicates that at least two prototropic forms are active. Enzymatic hydrolysis of urea in the presence of methanol gave no detectable methyl carbamate. A mechanism of action for urease is proposed which involves initially an O-bonded complex between urea and an active-site Ni2+ ion and subsequently an O-bonded carbamato-enzyme intermediate.
Disrupted basal ganglia–thalamocortical loops in focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (2019)

Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures are associated with lower quality of life, higher risk of seizure-related injuries, increased chance of sudden unexpected death, and unfavourable treatment outcomes. Achieving greater understanding of their underlying circuitry offers better opportunity to control these seizures. Towards this goal, we provide a network science perspective of the interactive pathways among basal ganglia, thalamus and cortex, to explore the imprinting of secondary seizure generalization on the mesoscale brain network in temporal lobe epilepsy. Specifically, we parameterized the functional organization of both the thalamocortical network and the basal ganglia-thalamus network with resting state functional MRI in three groups of patients with different focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure histories. Using the participation coefficient to describe the pattern of thalamocortical connections among different cortical networks, we showed that, compared to patients with no previous history, those with positive histories of focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, including both remote (none for >1 year) and current (within the past year) histories, presented more uniform distribution patterns of thalamocortical connections in the ipsilateral medial-dorsal thalamic nuclei. As a sign of greater thalamus-mediated cortico-cortical communication, this result comports with greater susceptibility to secondary seizure generalization from the epileptogenic temporal lobe to broader brain networks in these patients. Using interregional integration to characterize the functional interaction between basal ganglia and thalamus, we demonstrated that patients with current history presented increased interaction between putamen and globus pallidus internus, and decreased interaction between the latter and the thalamus, compared to the other two patient groups. Importantly, through a series of 'disconnection' simulations, we showed that these changes in interactive profiles of the basal ganglia-thalamus network in the current history group mainly depended upon the direct but not the indirect basal ganglia pathway. It is intuitively plausible that such disruption in the striatum-modulated tonic inhibition of the thalamus from the globus pallidus internus could lead to an under-suppressed thalamus, which in turn may account for their greater vulnerability to secondary seizure generalization. Collectively, these findings suggest that the broken balance between basal ganglia inhibition and thalamus synchronization can inform the presence and effective control of focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. The mechanistic underpinnings we uncover may shed light on the development of new treatment strategies for patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.
Charge-dependent Self-assembly of a Water-soluble Porphyrin in a Variety of Dimensions (2022)

Porphyrins are basic compounds because of their central pyrrole units, potentially producing dications at their cores through protonation. When anionic and cationic groups are presented as peripheral groups, local charges can be introduced at the cores and peripheries of the porphyrins, providing derivatives with a variety of total charges. In this study we synthesized a new porphyrin derivative for which the total charge could be varied from −2, to 0, to +2. Charge neutralization–driven self-assembly of this porphyrin derivative controlled the pathways through which it formed various supramolecular structures at different values of pH. A new water-soluble dianionic porphyrin, N2-TPPS2, for which the total charge is varied from −2, to 0, to +2 is synthesized. Upon decreasing the pH, two-step protonation realizes at the different moieties on the porphyrin ring. N2-TPPS2 undergoes charge neutralization–driven self-assembly to form three different charge-distributed supramolecular structures, depending on the applied pH.
Complexing Behaviour of 2H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-thiol Complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Ru(II), Rh(III), Pd(II), Pt(II), and Au(I) (1978)

Abstract Complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Ru(II), Rh(III), Pd(II), Pt(II), and Au(I) with 2H-1,2,4-triazole3-thiol have been prepared. Probable structures have been proposed for the complexes on the basis of visible and infrared spectra, magnetic susceptibility, and chemical analysis. Crystal field parameters have been calculated wherever possible.
Neonatal gut colonization byStaphylococcus aureusstrains with certain adhesins and superantigens is negatively associated with subsequent development of atopic eczema (2018)

The results precisely replicate our previous observations and may suggest that mucosal colonization by certain S. aureus strains provides immune stimulation that strengthens the epithelial barrier and counteracts the development of atopic eczema.
Kooperative Lewis‐Säure/Cp*CoIII‐katalysierte C‐H‐Bindungsaktivierung zur Synthese von Isochinolin‐3‐onen (2016)

Abstract Eine einfache Route zur Synthese von Isochinolin‐3‐onen durch Kooperation von B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ‐ und Cp*Co III ‐katalysierter C‐H‐Bindungsaktivierung von Iminen mit Diazoverbindungen wird beschrieben. Der Einsatz von katalytischen Mengen an B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ermöglicht eine hocheffiziente Reaktion, sodass selbst labile NH‐Imine als Substrate eingesetzt werden können.
Increased adaptation of an energy willow cultivar to soil salinity by duplication of its genome size (2020)

Soil salinity can limit the use of marginal lands for biomass production based on cultivation of short-rotation woody crops as energy willow. Here, we compare salt stress responses of the diploid, productive cultivar (Energo), and its artificially produced autotetraploid (PPE-2; PPE-7; PPE-13) variants. After pre-testing the effects of various salt concentrations, willow plants with different genome sizes were exposed to 1.5 g NaCl kg−1 soil (electrical conductivity (EC) value: 7.04 mS/cm). Digital imaging of shoot surface area (green pixel) and root surface (white pixel) indicated variable improvements in growth responses of tetraploids relative to diploid ones in saline soils. After nine weeks of salt stress, increase in salt adaptation capability of tetraploid plants was indicated by larger biomass, leaf and root weights under salinity (1.5 g NaCl kg−1 soil) relative to diploids. Biomass weights were significantly higher in the case of tetraploid PPE-2 plants with increased water consumption and leaf water content than of diploid plants. The inhibitory effect of salt stress on photosynthetic assimilation rates was less significant in plants with doubled genome. The Na+ accumulation was reduced in leaves of tetraploids and increased in their roots, while the K+ ion content was higher in their leaves than in diploids. Tetraploidy improved K+/Na+ ratio in leaves and roots of willow plants under normal soil condition. This parameter was less reduced in tetraploid leaves exposed to salt stress. The described tetraploid energy willow genotypes with salt tolerance can play a role in the extended use of green energy.
Zeno logic gates using microcavities (2007)

The linear optics approach to quantum computing has several potential advantages, but the logic operations are probabilistic. We review the use of the quantum Zeno effect to suppress the intrinsic failure events in these kinds of devices, which would produce deterministic logic operations without the need for ancilla photons or high-efficiency detectors. The potential advantages of implementing Zeno gates using microcavities and electromagnetically induced transparency are discussed.
MR Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis (2011)

Owing to its ability to depict the pathologic features of multiple sclerosis (MS) in exquisite detail, conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has become an established tool in the diagnosis of this disease and in monitoring its evolution. MR imaging has been formally included in the diagnostic work-up of patients who present with a clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of MS, and ad hoc diagnostic criteria have been proposed and are updated on a regular basis. In patients with established MS and in those participating in treatment trials, examinations performed with conventional MR pulse sequences provide objective measures to monitor disease activity and progression; however, they have a limited prognostic role. This has driven the application of newer MR imaging technologies, including higher-field-strength MR units, to estimate overall MS burden and mechanisms of recovery in patients at different stages of the disease. These techniques have allowed in vivo assessment of the heterogeneity of MS pathologic features in focal lesions and in normal-appearing tissues. More recently, some of the finer details of MS, including macrophage infiltration and abnormal iron deposition, have become quantifiable with MR imaging. The utility of these modern MR techniques in clinical trial monitoring and in the assessment of the individual patient's response to treatment still need to be evaluated.
The dependence of magnetostriction of grain oriented silicon steel on angle to the rolling direction (1989)

The magnetostriction of high permeability grain oriented silicon steel has been examined under zero applied stress at angles to the rolling direction from 0° to 90°. A system of domain switching processes has been considered to account for the magnetostriction levels measured over this range. It is concluded that the magnetostriction vs angle characteristic is determined by three principal types of domain activity. Each has a particular area of dominance with a gradual change over between them.
<title>Speech quality as a function of IP network performance</title> (1999)

Subjective evaluations of IP telephony were collected while network performance was varied using an IP network emulator. Packet loss was set at 0%, 1%, or 8%. Mean one-way delay was set at 8 ms, 46 ms, or 156 ms (in addition to system delay of 90 ms). Delay variation (standard deviation) was set to 1 ms, 8 ms, or 17 ms. For combinations of these network settings, a standard mean opinion score (MOS) of speech quality was collected from 31 human judges. MOS is reported as a function of the network emulator settings.
Differential NAD(P)H Oxidase Expression and Activity in Rat Pulmonary and Coronary Arteries (2008)

Previous studies have characterized NAD(P)H oxidases (NOX) in bovine pulmonary and coronary arteries in the context of examining their differential role in responses associated with changes in PO2. In the present study we compared NOX expression and activity in rat intrapulmonary (RPA) and coronary (RCA) arteries. In RPA there was an elevated production of NOX‐derived O2.‐ and H2O2, as compared to RCA. Microarray gene expression profiling revealed that among the factors known to influence NOX activity, gp91phox, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and bone morphogenetic protein‐4 (BMP4) were enriched in RPA, as compared to RCA. Protein expression of gp91phox in RPA was also increased. BMP4 (3 ng/mL) elicited significant NOX‐dependent increases in ROS production in RCA and human CAECs (∼250%). However, BMP4 ‐induced increases in ROS generation in RPA and PAECs (∼120%) were significantly lower. Incubation with an anti‐BMP4 antibody did not decrease ROS generation significantly in RPA. Thus, both rat and bovine PAs exhibit increased NOX activity, likely due to an increased expression/activity of gp91phox and G6PD, whereas our data does not support a major role for BMP4 in this phenomenon.
Evolution of the electrical characteristics of Pt∕3C-SiC Schottky contacts upon thermal annealing (2010)

In this paper, the evolution of the electrical characteristics of Pt Schottky contacts to cubic silicon carbide (3C‐SiC) upon annealing was investigated. The Pt/3C‐SiC system was structurally and electrically characterized upon annealing in the temperature range 500° C–900° C. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) showed the formation of platinum silicide (Pt2Si) starting at an annealing temperature of 500° C. After metal preparation, the current‐voltage (I–V) characteristics of Pt/3C‐SiC diodes exhibited a lower leakage current and a higher Schottky barrier height with respect to the previously studied Au/3C‐SiC system [1]. A further improvement was observed after annealing at 500° C, and attributed to the consumption of a SiC surface‐layer by the reaction, thus reducing the influence of the original interface states. On the other hand, annealing at higher temperatures (700° C and 900° C) caused a degradation of the contact properties, which can be related to the evolution of carbon clusters released during reaction.