gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using a Simulation Game Approach to Teach Enterprise Resource Planning Concepts (2006)

This paper proposes an innovative "learning-by-doing" approach for teaching Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) concepts. Based on turn-based simulation games, students are put in a situation in which they have to run their business with a real-life ERP (mySAP ERP). Using standard reports and the business intelligence module of the ERP, students must analyze these transactional data to make business decisions and ensure the profitability of their operations. The pedagogical objectives of this game are threefold: i) to develop a hands-on understanding of the concepts underlying enterprise systems, ii) to experience the benefits of enterprise integration firsthand, and iii) to develop technical skills at using ERP software. This approach was successfully tested with both undergraduate and graduate business administration students majoring in information technologies in an AACSB school.
Identification of matrix physicochemical properties required for renal epithelial cell tubulogenesis by using synthetic hydrogels (2019)

Synthetic hydrogels with controlled physicochemical matrix properties serve as powerful <i>in vitro</i> tools to dissect cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions that regulate epithelial morphogenesis in 3D microenvironments. In addition, these fully defined matrices overcome the lot-to-lot variability of naturally derived materials and have provided insights into the formation of rudimentary epithelial organs. Therefore, we engineered a fully defined synthetic hydrogel with independent control over proteolytic degradation, mechanical properties, and adhesive ligand type and density to study the impact of ECM properties on epithelial tubulogenesis for inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells. Protease sensitivity of the synthetic material for membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP, also known as MMP14) was required for tubulogenesis. Additionally, a defined range of matrix elasticity and presentation of RGD adhesive peptide at a threshold level of 2 mM ligand density were required for epithelial tubulogenesis. Finally, we demonstrated that the engineered hydrogel supported organization of epithelial tubules with a lumen and secreted laminin. This synthetic hydrogel serves as a platform that supports epithelial tubular morphogenetic programs and can be tuned to identify ECM biophysical and biochemical properties required for epithelial tubulogenesis.
Understanding Intestinal Microbiota in Equine Grass Sickness: Next Generation Sequencing of Faecal Bacterial DNA (2015)

Reasons for performing study The bacteria C lostridium botulinum has been associated with equine grass sickness ( EGS ); however, the effect on the wider horse's gut microbiome is currently unknown. Objectives To characterise the bacterial dysbiosis that occurs within the gut microbiome of horses with EGS and to identify and quantify C lostridium botulinum within the faecal microbiota of the affected horses. Study design Case–control study. Methods Faecal samples were collected from horses with a histological diagnosis of EGS and matched controls. Faecal bacterial DNA was extracted and sequenced to characterise the microbial communities in the group. Faecal samples were collected from a total of 33 horses over 2 years. This included 13 EGS cases, 14 matched controls and 6 hospital controls. Faecal bacterial DNA was extracted from samples and the v4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified. DNA was sequenced on the MiSeq platform and data was analysed using QIIME . Differences in community profile between the 3 groups of horses were identified using linear discriminant analysis effect size ( LEfS e) method. Results There was a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and a decrease in Firmicutes bacteria in horses with EGS compared to the 2 control groups. Discriminant analysis identified bacterial genera D esulphovibrio and V eillonella and the bacterial species V eillonella parvula as increased in abundance. There was no noticeable increase in C . botulinum in the faecal microbiome of EGS horses in this study. Conclusions The dysbiosis characterised by bacterial sequencing showed a similar shift to that identified previously in colitis horses and human inflammatory bowel disease. It is currently unclear how V errucomicrobia bacteria are linked to grass sickness. Ethical animal research: The study was approved by The University of Liverpool ethics committee. Owner informed consent was obtained before sampling. Sources of funding: The Equine Grass Sickness Fund and The University of R eading. Competing interests: None declared.
A rugged, self-sterilizing antimicrobial copper coating on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene: a preliminary study on the feasibility of an antimicrobial prosthetic joint material (2019)

We report here for the first time how the combination of a precursor solution and low temperature (170 °C) aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition were used to bond a copper coating to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and promote robustness. This metallic thin film remained intact on the UHMWPE substrate after the Scotch tape test and showed notable wear-resistance after 10 cycles of sand paper-abrasion. Antimicrobial assays against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus revealed potent dark bactericidal activity with 99.999% reduction in bacterial number within 15 minutes. These results suggest that the modified UHMWPE could be a potential candidate for antimicrobial plastics and in the long term may find application in prosthetic joint applications.
Indoor insect allergens are potent inducers of experimental eosinophilic esophagitis in mice (2010)

EE is an emerging disease reported in children and adults of urbanized countries, where indoor insect allergens are major health risk factors. Review of our hospital patient database uncovered that a number of EE patients have hypersensitivity to indoor cat, dog, cockroach, and dust mite allergens. We tested the hypothesis whether inhaled indoor insect allergens are effective inducers of experimental EE. We delivered cat, dog, cockroach, and dust mite allergen extracts intranasally to wild-type and eotaxin-1/2-, CCR3-, and IL-5-deficient mice. Interestingly, wild-type mice exposed to cockroach or dust mite allergens develop a significant increase in the levels of esophageal eosinophils and mast cells compared with saline-challenged mice. The eosinophil numbers in the esophagus of cockroach- and dust mite-exposed mice were 18.3+/-6.8/mm2 and 33.4+/-11.1/mm2 compared with 2.3+/-1.8/mm2 and 2.1+/-1.2/mm2 in saline-challenged mice. Additionally, we observed an additive effect of these two allergens in inducing esophageal eosinophilia and mastocytosis. Histopathological analysis detected intraepithelial esophageal eosinophilia in mice exposed to both allergens. Furthermore, mice exposed to cockroach and/or dust mite had increased levels of total IgE and antigen-specific IgG1 in the blood and increased esophageal expression of eosinophil-active cytokines (IL-13) and chemokines (eotaxin-1). Notably, mice deficient in eotaxin-1/2, CCR3, and IL-5 showed ablated esophageal eosinophilia following cockroach or dust mite allergen exposure. These data indicate that indoor insect allergens are potent inducers of IL-5 and eotaxin-mediated esophageal eosinophilia. These experimental studies are in accordance with clinical data but may have some limitations inherent to animal models of human disease.
Effect of Water Activity a w of Milk on acid Production by Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus (1989)

ABSTRACT Rate of acid production by Lactobacillus bulgaricus ATCC 11842 and Streptococcus thermophilus ATCC 19258 was measured at temperatures between 30°C and 50°C in milks which had been adjusted from 0.992 to 0.943 a w with glycerol. Data were fitted with a nonlinear mathematical model of the Arrhenius type. Decrease of a w inhibited acid production by both organisms. Range of temperatures, within which the rate of acid production was higher than 50% of the optimal rate, was also narrowed with both species. Optimal temperatures of acid production were unaffected by changes of a w . Minimum a w for acid production was always lower when a w of milk was adjusted with glucose or sucrose than with glycerol.
Pedestrian Motion Path Detection Method Based on Deep Learning and Foreground Detection (2021)

For the surveillance video images captured by monocular camera, this paper proposes a method combining foreground detection and deep learning to detect moving pedestrians, making full use of the invariable background of video image. Firstly, the motion region is extracted by the method of interframe difference and background difference. Then, the normalized motion region extracts the feature vectors based on the improved YOLOv3 tiny network. Finally, the trained linear support vector machine is used for pedestrian detection, and the performance of the fusion detection algorithm on caviar dataset is given, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed fusion detection algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method not only improves the practical application of pedestrian rerecognition but also reduces the detection range, computational complexity, and false detection rate compared with sliding window method.
Circadian control of carbohydrate availability for growth in Arabidopsis plants at night (2010)

Plant growth is driven by photosynthetic carbon fixation during the day. Some photosynthate is accumulated, often as starch, to support nocturnal metabolism and growth at night. The rate of starch degradation in Arabidopsis leaves at night is essentially linear, and is such that almost all of the starch is used by dawn. We have investigated the timer that matches starch utilization to the duration of the night. The rate of degradation adjusted immediately and appropriately to an unexpected early onset of night. Starch was still degraded in an appropriate manner when the preceding light period was interrupted by a period of darkness. However, when Arabidopsis was grown in abnormal day lengths (28 h or 17 h) starch was exhausted approximately 24 h after the last dawn, irrespective of the actual dawn. A mutant lacking the LHY and CCA1 clock components exhausted its starch at the dawn anticipated by its fast-running circadian clock, rather than the actual dawn. Reduced growth of wild-type plants in 28-h days and lhy/cca1 mutants in 24-h days was attributable to the inappropriate rate of starch degradation and the consequent carbon starvation at the end of night. Thus, starch degradation is under circadian control to ensure that carbohydrate availability is maintained until the next anticipated dawn, and this control is necessary for maintaining plant productivity.
Collaborating Towards Coherence: Lexical Cohesion in English Discourse (2006)

This book approaches cohesion and coherence from a perspective of interaction and collaboration. After a detailed account of various models of cohesion and coherence, the book suggests that it is fruitful to regard cohesion as contributing to coherence, as a strategy used by communicators to help their fellow communicators create coherence from a text. Throughout the book, the context-sensitive and discourse-specific nature of cohesion is stressed: cohesive relations are created and interpreted in particular texts in particular contexts. By investigating the use of cohesion in four different types of discourse, the study shows that cohesion is not uniform across discourse types. The analysis reveals that written dialogue (computer-mediated discussions) and spoken monologue (prepared speech) make use of similar cohesive strategies as spoken dialogue (conversations): in these contexts the communicators’ interaction with their fellow communicators leads to a similar outcome. The book suggests that this is an indication of the communicators’ attempt to collaborate towards successful communication.
Positions of His‐64 and a bound water in human carbonic anhydrase II upon binding three structurally related inhibitors (1994)

The 3-dimensional structure of human carbonic anhydrase II (HCAII; EC 4.2.1.1) complexed with 3 structurally related inhibitors, 1a, 1b, and 1c, has been determined by X-ray crystallographic methods. The 3 inhibitors (1a = C8H12N2O4S3) vary only in the length of the substituent on the 4-amino group: 1a, proton; 1b, methyl; and 1c, ethyl. The binding constants (Ki's) for 1a, 1b, and 1c to HCAII are 1.52, 1.88, and 0.37 nM, respectively. These structures were solved to learn if any structural cause could be found for the difference in binding. In the complex with inhibitors 1a and 1b, electron density can be observed for His-64 and a bound water molecule in the native positions. When inhibitor 1c is bound, the side chain attached to the 4-amino group is positioned so that His-64 can only occupy the alternate position and the bound water is absent. While a variety of factors contribute to the observed binding constants, the major reason 1c binds tighter to HCAII than does 1a or 1b appears to be entropy: the increase in entropy when the bound water molecule is released contributes to the increase in binding and overcomes the small penalty for putting the His-64 side chain in a higher energy state.
Plant Growth under Hypobaric Conditions (2008)

In order to achieve plant production in a closed ecological life support system (CELSS) in space, environmental control is a key technology because the environment is completely artificial. One advantage of the CELSS in space is that each module's gas composition and total pressure can be regulated at an optimal level. For example, the nitrogen contained in air is not necessary for plant growth, and low oxygen concentration may enhance net photosynthesis by reducing photorespiration. Hypobaric conditions, obtained by reducing nitrogen and oxygen concentrations, could facilitate gas control, reduce construction costs, and simplify maintenance of modules on a lunar base and in plant production systems on Mars. This review summarizes previous papers and evaluates significant effects of total pressure on growth and development of higher plants, especially crops. Previous studies showed that photosynthesis and transpiration of plants were enhanced under low total pressures because gas diffusion rates increase at low total pressures. Spinach and lettuce in vegetative stages can grow normally under 25 to 50 kPa total pressures. Seeds of rice and Arabidopsis thaliana germinated at 25 kPa total pressure. Flowering was normal in Arabidopsis under hypobaric conditions. Seed growth of soybean and Arabidopsis under low total pressures with a low O2 partial pressure was greater than under the atmospheric pressure with the same O2 partial pressure. This indicates that O2 concentrations inside siliques were maintained higher by the higher diffusion rates prevailing under hypobaric conditions. The results indicate that if total and partial pressures are controlled precisely, plants can grow normally in their life cycle from germination to harvest under hypobaric conditions.
Information dynamic spectrum characterizes system instability toward critical transitions (2014)

This paper addresses the need of characterizing system instability toward critical transitions in complex systems. We propose a novel information dynamic spectrum framework and a probabilistic light cone method to automate the analysis. Our framework uniquely investigates heterogeneously networked dynamical systems with transient directional influences, which subsumes unidirectional diffusion dynamics. When the observed instability of a system deviates from the prediction, the method automatically indicates the approach of an upcoming critical transition. We provide several demonstrations in engineering, economics, and social systems. The results suggest that early detecting critical transitions of synchronizations, sudden collapse, and exponential growth is possible.
Novel Epoxynorbornane Monomers. 1. Synthesis and Characterization (1996)

The synthesis of a series of mono-, di-, and multifunctional monomers bearing the epoxynorbornane group has been carried out. Key to their preparation is the chemoselective epoxidation of 5-vinyl-2-norbornene, which affords the 5-vinyl-exo-2,3-norbornane epoxide in high yields. Monomers were prepared using this substrate and carrying out hydrosilations to make mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrafunctional epoxides. The esterification and etherification of 5-norbornene-2-methanol with succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol gives the corresponding bisnorbornene compounds, which were epoxidized to give diepoxynorbornane monomers containing ester and ether linkages. All monomers were fully characterized by means of IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and by elemental analysis.
Crystal structure and stereochemical studies of KD(P)G aldolase from Thermoproteus tenax (2008)

Carbon-carbon bond forming enzymes offer great potential for organic biosynthesis. Hence there is an ongoing effort to improve their biocatalytic properties, regarding availability, activity, stability, and substrate specificity and selectivity. Aldolases belong to the class of C-C bond forming enzymes and play important roles in numerous cellular processes. In several hyperthermophilic Archaea the 2-keto-3-deoxy-(6-phospho)-gluconate (KD(P)G) aldolase was identified as a key player in the metabolic pathway. The carbohydrate metabolism of the hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeote Thermoproteus tenax, for example, has been found to employ a combination of a variant of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and an unusual branched Entner-Doudoroff pathway that harbors a nonphosphorylative and a semiphosphorylative branch. The KD(P)G aldolase catalyzes the reversible cleavage of 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) and 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate (KDG) forming pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or glyceraldehyde, respectively. In T. tenax initial studies revealed that the pathway is specific for glucose, whereas in the thermoacidophilic Crenarchaeote Sulfolobus solfataricus the pathway was shown to be promiscuous for glucose and galactose degradation. The KD(P)G aldolase of S. solfataricus lacks stereo control and displays additional activity with 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate (KDPGal) and 2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate (KDGal), similar to the KD(P)G aldolase of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. To address the stereo control of the T. tenax enzyme the formation of the two C4 epimers KDG and KDGal was analyzed via gas chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy. Furthermore, the crystal structure of the apoprotein was determined to a resolution of 2.0 A, and the crystal structure of the protein covalently linked to a pathway intermediate, namely pyruvate, was determined to 2.2 A. Interestingly, although the pathway seems to be specific for glucose in T. tenax the enzyme apparently also lacks stereo control, suggesting that the enzyme is a trade-off between required catabolic flexibility needed for the conversion of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated substrates and required stereo control of cellular/physiological enzymatic reactions.
Assisting Human Balance in Standing With a Robotic Exoskeleton (2019)

This letter presents an experimental study on balance recovery control with a lower limb exoskeleton robot. Four participants were subjected to a perturbation during standing, a forward force impulse applied to their pelvis that forced them to step forward with the right leg for balance recovery. Trials with and without exoskeleton assistance to move the stepping legs thigh were conducted to investigate the influence of the exoskeletons control assistance on balancing performance and a potential adaptation. Analysis of the body kinematics and muscle activation demonstrates that robotic assistance: first, was easy to use and did not require learning, nor inhibited the healthy stepping behavior; second, it modified the stepping leg trajectories by increasing hip and knee movement; third, increased reaction speed and decreased the step duration; and finally, generally increased biceps femoris and rectus femoris muscle activity.
A transversal filter using CPW directional couplers (1996)

A transversal filter using coplanar waveguide (CPW) directional couplers and no active devices has been proposed. It aims to be free from the noise figure problems found in an active transversal filter and also aims to show it can be easily realized with a single-layer structure when the bandwidth is narrower than about 30%. Two types of CPW directional couplers were employed. When using G-S-G-S-G-type directional couplers, connecting section influences between strong and weak couplers were successfully suppressed.
Radar Derived Spatial Statistics of Summer Rain (1975)

Data reduction and analysis procedures are discussed along with the physical and statistical descriptors used. The statistical modeling techniques are outlined and examples of the derived statistical characterization of rain cells in terms of the several physical descriptors are presented. Recommendations concerning analyses which can be pursued using the data base collected during the experiment are included.
Processive kinetics in the three-step lanosterol 14α-demethylation reaction catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 51A1 (2023)

Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) family 51 enzymes catalyze the 14α-demethylation of sterols, leading to critical products used for membranes and the production of steroids, as well as signaling molecules. In mammals, P450 51 catalyzes the 3-step, 6-electron oxidation of lanosterol to form (4β,5α)-4,4-dimethyl-cholestra-8,14,24-trien-3-ol (FF-MAS). P450 51A1 can also use 24,25-dihydrolanosterol (a natural substrate in the Kandutsch-Russell cholesterol pathway). 24,25-Dihydrolanosterol and the corresponding P450 51A1 reaction intermediates, the 14α-alcohol and -aldehyde derivatives of dihydrolanosterol, were synthesized to study the kinetic processivity of the overall 14α-demethylation reaction of human P450 51A1. A combination of steady-state kinetic parameters, steady-state binding constants, dissociation rates of P450-sterol complexes, and kinetic modeling of the time course of oxidation of a P450-dihydrolanosterol complex showed that the overall reaction is highly processive, with k<sub>off</sub> rates of P450 51A1-dihydrolanosterol and the 14α-alcohol and 14α-aldehyde complexes being 1 to 2 orders of magnitude less than the forward rates of competing oxidations. epi-Dihydrolanosterol (the 3α-hydroxy analog) was as efficient as the common 3β-hydroxy isomer in the binding and formation of dihydro FF-MAS. The common lanosterol contaminant dihydroagnosterol was found to be a substrate of human P450 51A1, with roughly one-half the activity of dihydrolanosterol. Steady-state experiments with 14α-methyl deuterated dihydrolanosterol showed no kinetic isotope effect, indicating that C-14α C-H bond breaking is not rate-limiting in any of the individual steps. The high processivity of this reaction generates higher efficiency and also renders the reaction less sensitive to inhibitors.