gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3D Bioprinting Using Hydrogels: Cell Inks and Tissue Engineering Applications (2022)

3D bioprinting is transforming tissue engineering in medicine by providing novel methods that are precise and highly customizable to create biological tissues. The selection of a "cell ink", a printable formulation, is an integral part of adapting 3D bioprinting processes to allow for process optimization and customization related to the target tissue. Bioprinting hydrogels allows for tailorable material, physical, chemical, and biological properties of the cell ink and is suited for biomedical applications. Hydrogel-based cell ink formulations are a promising option for the variety of techniques with which bioprinting can be achieved. In this review, we will examine some of the current hydrogel-based cell inks used in bioprinting, as well as their use in current and proposed future bioprinting methods. We will highlight some of the biological applications and discuss the development of new hydrogels and methods that can incorporate the completed print into the tissue or organ of interest.
TARGETED NANOPARTICLES FOR IMAGING INCIPIENT PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARINOMA (2007)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the 4th leading cause of cancer death in the United States and shows a rapid clinical course, with a median survival of 6 months and a 5-year survival rate of only 3%. As chemotherapy and radiotherapy have only modest benefits and surgery is only possible in 20% of patients, earliest detection that allows surgical resection offers the best hope for longer survival. The identification of novel molecular markers and the development of imaging probes for pre-neoplastic/early invasive lesions is thus a high priority. We used phage display to identify peptides that distinguish mouse and human PDAC cells from normal pancreatic duct cells in vitro. We subsequently conjugated 2 peptides with the highest affinities and specificities to magnetofluorescent nanoparticles (CLIO-VT680) and demonstrate that these agents can effectively detect emerging tumors and pre-neoplastic lesions in a relevant transgenic mouse model via intravital confocal microscopy (Olympus IV100) and optical/MR imaging (OV-100, Bruker Pharmascan). Correlative histology confirmed the specific tumoral localization of the PDAC targeted agents. Additionally, the peptide-binding partners identified from this approach represent a snapshot of the proteome in aberrant cells and also potential PDAC biomarkers. Using affinity chromatography, we identified the binding partners for several peptides and demonstrate their validity as biomarkers. These specific and sensitive probes may have clinical utility in the diagnosis and management of PDAC in humans.
Optimal Technology Mapping and Cell Merger for Asynchronous Threshold Networks (2006)

A key challenge in using robust asynchronous circuit styles is the lack of powerful automated optimization techniques. In this paper, optimal technology mapping and cell merger algorithms for robust asynchronous threshold networks are introduced. The technology mapping algorithm is the first systematically to target either delay or area, without destroying the hazard-freedom properties of the initial unoptimized circuits. Both algorithms were implemented and experiments were performed on a near-complete industrial DES circuit provided by Theseus logic, using a particular asynchronous threshold circuit style called NCL (null convention logic), which had been already optimized in a commercial asynchronous synthesis flow based on constrained use of synchronous CAD tools. The average delay improvements for the three largest subcircuits (with over 400 inputs and outputs each) ranged from 20.0-26.7% for technology mapping and 12.6-16.4% for cell merger. When only the single longest path delay of the largest subcircuits is considered, the worst-case delay improvements ranged from 26.0-26.4% for technology mapping and 24.3-26.4% for cell merger. Though the proposed methods are applied in the NCL design flow, the contribution is general enough to be used for other robust asynchronous threshold circuit styles
Physical Characteristics of and Rates of Nitrous Oxide Diffusion into Tracheal Tube Cuffs (1978)

Physical characteristics and time-related volume changes in air-inflated tracheal tube cuffs exposed to nitrous oxide were measured in an environmental chamber. Cuff wall diameter, thickness, residual volume, and length were also measured. Gas volumes in most air-inflated tracheal tube cuffs increased 1.7 to 7 ml within 30 min of exposure to pure nitrous oxide. Diffusion rates into most cuffs varied inversely with cuff thickness and directly with the partial pressure of nitrous oxide. There were significant differences in diffusion rates among cuffs of the same composition with different densities or porosities as well as among cuffs of different compositions. Cuff diameters ranged from 13.8 to 32 mm; thicknesses from .033 to .55 mm; residual volumes from .22 to 19.4 ml; lengths from 23.1 to 49.1 mm. Intracuff volume and pressure increase related to gas diffusion into air-inflated cuffs should be periodically adjusted or pressure automatically controlled during nitrous oxide anesthesia. Large-diameter, thin-walled cuffs are recommended.
NaI/PPh3-catalyzed visible-light-mediated decarboxylative radical cascade cyclization of N-arylacrylamides for the efficient synthesis of quaternary oxindoles (2023)

A practical NaI/PPh<sub>3</sub>-catalyzed decarboxylative radical cascade cyclization of <i>N</i>-arylacrylamides with redox-active esters is described, which is mediated by visible light irradiation. A wide range of substrates bearing different substituents and derived from ubiquitous carboxylic acids, including α-amino acids, were synthesized and examined under this very mild, efficient, and cost effective transition-metal-free synthetic method. These afforded various functionalized oxindoles featuring a C3 quaternary stereogenic center. Mechanistic experiments suggest a radical mechanism.
EM versus Markov chain Monte Carlo for estimation of hidden Markov models: a computational perspective (2008)

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) and related models have become standard in statistics during the last 15--20 years, with applications in diverse areas like speech and other statistical signal processing, hydrology, financial statistics and econometrics, bioinformatics etc. Inference in HMMs is traditionally often carried out using the EM algorithm, but examples of Bayesian estimation, in general implemented through Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling are also frequent in the HMM literature. The purpose of this paper is to compare the EM and MCMC approaches in three cases of different complexity; the examples include model order selection, continuous-time HMMs and variants of HMMs in which the observed data depends on many hidden variables in an overlapping fashion. All these examples in some way or another originate from real-data applications. Neither EM nor MCMC analysis of HMMs is a black-box methodology without need for user-interaction, and we will illustrate some of the problems, like poor mixing and long computation times, one may expect to encounter.
Potentiating Metronidazole Scaffold against Resistant Trichomonas: Design, Synthesis, Biology and 3D–QSAR Analysis (2011)

Metronidazole (MTZ), the FDA-approved drug against Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), is being challenged seriously by drug resistance, while its inertness to sperm makes it ineffective as a vaginal contraceptive. Thirteen piperidine dithiocarbamate hybrids of 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethane (8-20) were designed to potentiate the MTZ framework against drug resistance and sperm. New compounds were 1.2-12.1 times more effective against MTZ-susceptible and -resistant strains of TV. All of the compounds exhibited high safety toward cervical (HeLa) cells and Lactobacillus. Thirty-eight compounds were scrutinized by CoMFA and CoMSIA techniques of 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship. Good predictive r pred (2) values for CoMFA and CoMSIA models reflected the robustness of the predictive ability. This was validated by designing five new analogues (46-50), which were potently microbicidal (3-10 and 10-20 times against MTZ-susceptible and -resistant TV, respectively) and spermicidal. This in vitro study may have significant clinical relevance, which could become evident in due course.
Finding the Magnetic Center of a Quadrupole to High Resolution (2005)

In a companion pro, collposal it is proposed to align quadrupoles of a transport line to within transverse tolerances of 5 to 10 micrometers. Such a proposal is meaningful only if the effective magnetic center of such lenses can in fact be repeatably located with respect to some external mechanical tooling to comparable accuracy. It is the purpose of this note to describe some new methods and procedures that will accomplish this aim. It will be shown that these methods are capable of yielding greater sensitivity than the more traditional methods used in the past. The notion of the ''nodal'' point is exploited.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Structure Property Relationships for Electron Transfer Rate Attenuation in Redox Active Core Dendrimers (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Tuning of powerful THz pulses by changing the tilt angle of the pump pulse front (2004)

We demonstrate tuning of subpicosecond THz pulses in LiNbO/sub 3/ across the 1.0-4.4 THz range with energies up to 400 pJ and quantum conversion efficiency of 3%. Tunability from 8.5-11.5 THz is predicted in GaP.
Chemical vapor deposited silica coatings for solar mirror protection (1988)

A variety of techniques is available to apply protective coatings to oxidation susceptible spacecraft components, and each has associated advantages and disadvantages. Film applications by means of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has the advantage of being able to be applied conformally to objects of irregular shape. For this reason, a study was made of the oxygen plasma durability of thin film (less than 5000 A) silicon dioxide coatings applied by CVD. In these experiments, such coatings were applied to silver mirrors, which are strongly subject to oxidation, and which are proposed for use on the space station solar dynamic power system. Results indicate that such coatings can provide adequate protection without affecting the reflectance of the mirror. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that oxidation of the silver layer did occur at stress crack locations, but this did not affect the measured solar reflectances. Oxidation of the silver did not proceed beyond the immediate location of the crack. Such stress cracks did not occur in thinner silica films, and hence such films would be desirable for this application.
Adaptive bootstrapping of recommender systems using decision trees (2011)

Recommender systems perform much better on users for which they have more information. This gives rise to a problem of satisfying users new to a system. The problem is even more acute considering that some of these hard to profile new users judge the unfamiliar system by its ability to immediately provide them with satisfying recommendations, and may quickly abandon the system when disappointed. Rapid profiling of new users by a recommender system is often achieved through a bootstrapping process - a kind of an initial interview - that elicits users to provide their opinions on certain carefully chosen items or categories. The elicitation process becomes particularly effective when adapted to users' responses, making best use of users' time by dynamically modifying the questions to improve the evolving profile. In particular, we advocate a specialized version of decision trees as the most appropriate tool for this task. We detail an efficient tree learning algorithm, specifically tailored to the unique properties of the problem. Several extensions to the tree construction are also introduced, which enhance the efficiency and utility of the method. We implemented our methods within a movie recommendation service. The experimental study delivered encouraging results, with the tree-based bootstrapping process significantly outperforming previous approaches.
Limited Change in Anisometropia and Aniso-Axial Length Over 13 Years in Myopic Children Enrolled in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (2014)

Myopia and axial length progressed at a similar rate in both eyes for most children in COMET during the period of fast progression and eventual stabilization. These results may be more generalizable to school-aged myopic children with limited anisometropia at baseline. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00000113.).
Functional T Cells Targeting NY-ESO-1 or Melan-A Are Predictive for Survival of Patients With Distant Melanoma Metastasis (2012)

The presence of circulating T cells responding to Melan-A or NY-ESO-1 had strong independent prognostic impact on survival in advanced melanoma. Our findings support the therapeutic relevance of Melan-A and NY-ESO-1 as targets for immunotherapy.
The Copolymerization of Benzene with Vinyl Acetate1,2 (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Copolymerization of Benzene with Vinyl Acetate1,2Leigiiton H. Peebles Jr., John Thacher Clarke, and Walter H. StockmayerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 18, 4780–4785Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01503a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01503a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views102Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
On the design of constant settling time AGC circuits (1998)

The generalized design of Automatic Gain Control (AGC) circuits that have constant settling time is described. Each of the major components of the AGC circuit is modeled and the criteria to obtain a gain settling time independent of the absolute gain are determined. The method developed works with arbitrary monotonic nonlinear functions in the gain control characteristic of the variable gain amplifier. Several AGC circuits are simulated at the behavioral level to show the benefits of the technique developed.
Activity of Human Blood Platelets in Prothrombin and in Factor X Activation Induced by Ionophore A23187 (1983)

Two reactions of the blood coagulation cascade are highly stimulated by membranes containing negatively charged phospholipids. These are the activation of prothrombin to thrombin by factor Xa with factor Va as cofactor, and the conversion of factor X into Xa by factor IXa with factor VIIIa as cofactor. It is thought that under physiological conditions these reactions take place with the clotting factors adsorbed at the surface of blood platelets. The role of blood platelets in the two reactions was studied using two assay systems consisting of highly purified clotting factors. The rates of formation of thrombin or factor Xa, measured with specific chromogenic substrates, were dependent on the quantity of negatively charged phospholipid present in the reaction mixture. Phospholipid vesicles with platelet phospholipid composition were highly active in the two reaction systems. When the purified lipids were substituted by disrupted platelets, containing the same quantity of lipids, the same high activities were found. With intact human blood platelets a low but significant activity was observed. Incubation of the platelets with the calcium ionophore A23187, resulted in a 50–60‐fold activity increase in formation of thrombin and factor Xa. Platelet disruption increases procoagulant activity, since the negatively charged phospholipids, originally situated in the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer of the platelet membrane become exposed upon platelet disruption. Ionophore activation of platelets was however not due to lysis since discharge of platelet lactate dehydrogenase was less then 3%. The activity of A23187‐activated platelets in formation of thrombin and factor Xa was completely abolished after incubation with phospholipase A 2 , which is to be expected if negatively charged lipids are present at the platelet outer surface. In contrast to platelets, erythrocytes could not be activated by the ionophore. As found by other workers, A23187 induces release of ATP and factor V(a) and results in platelet aggregation. The appearance of procoagulant activity, ATP and factor V(a) release were all dependent on the A23187 concentration and were too rapid to study the time course. All platelet activities were induced between 0.2 μM and 0.7 μM A23187, suggesting a relationship between the release processes and the appearance of procoagulant activity.
Linux kernel integrity measurement using contextual inspection (2007)

This paper introduces the Linux Kernel Integrity Monitor (LKIM) as an improvement over conventional methods of software integrity measurement. LKIM employs contextual inspection as a means to more completely characterize the operational integrity of a running kernel. In addition to cryptographically hashing static code and data in the kernel, dynamic data structures are examined to provide improved integrity measurement. The base approach examines structures that control the execution flow of the kernel through the use of function pointers as well as other data that affect the operation of the kernel. Such structures provide an efficient means of extending the kernel operations, but they are also a means of inserting malicious code without modifying the static parts. The LKIM implementation is discussed and initial performance data is presented to show that contextual inspection is practical
Research on Nonequilibrium MHD Generators (1971)

Abstract : A summary is presented of progress in a study of nonequilibrium generators, with emphasis on the vibrational excitation of molecular species. Experimental work on a large generator includes development of a coaxial preionizer and development of slanted electrode walls, both of which increase the power density of the generator. A three-dimensional analysis of the slanted electrode wall is also given. Finally a preliminary report is given of experimental and theoretical work on the effect of an intense radiation field, coupled to the molecules, on electrothermal instabilities.
In vitro studies of amyloid β-protein fibril assembly and toxicity provide clues to the aetiology of Flemish variant (Ala692→Gly) Alzheimer's disease (2001)

In a Flemish kindred, an Ala(692)-->Gly amino acid substitution in the amyloid beta-protein precursor (AbetaPP) causes a form of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) which displays prominent amyloid angiopathy and unusually large senile plaque cores. The mechanistic basis of this Flemish form of AD is unknown. Previous in vitro studies of amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) production in HEK-293 cells transfected with cDNA encoding Flemish AbetaPP have shown that full-length [Abeta(1-40)] and truncated [Abeta(5-40) and Abeta(11-40)] forms of Abeta are produced. In an effort to determine how these peptides might contribute to the pathogenesis of the Flemish disease, comparative biophysical and neurotoxicity studies were performed on wild-type and Flemish Abeta(1-40), Abeta(5-40) and Abeta(11-40). The results revealed that the Flemish amino acid substitution increased the solubility of each form of peptide, decreased the rate of formation of thioflavin-T-positive assemblies, and increased the SDS-stability of peptide oligomers. Although the kinetics of peptide assembly were altered by the Ala(21)-->Gly substitution, all three Flemish variants formed fibrils, as did the wild-type peptides. Importantly, toxicity studies using cultured primary rat cortical cells showed that the Flemish assemblies were as potent a neurotoxin as were the wild-type assemblies. Our results are consistent with a pathogenetic process in which conformational changes in Abeta induced by the Ala(21)-->Gly substitution would facilitate peptide adherence to the vascular endothelium, creating nidi for amyloid growth. Increased peptide solubility and assembly stability would favour formation of larger deposits and inhibit their elimination. In addition, increased concentrations of neurotoxic assemblies would accelerate neuronal injury and death.
Safe Climate Policy is Affordable: 12 Reasons (2015)

It is generally felt that a climate policy which stabilizes atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) at a ‘safe’ level will be extremely expensive, whether measured in terms of monetary costs, reduced GDP growth or forgone welfare. This is supported by a number of influential economic cost-benefit analyses of climate policy as reviewed in Kelly and Kolstad (1999) and Tol (2008a, b). In this paper it will be argued that the application of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to climate change and policy should be judged as being overly ambitious. To avoid the many fundamental and practical problems associated with CBA and the associated notion of ‘optimal’ climate policy, it will be argued that a better option is to adopt a more modest and practical approach, namely examining the cost of a safe climate policy. This reflects a policy aimed at a stable and safe level of atmospheric GHG concentrations-thus focusing on mitigation, not adaptation. The combination of risk aversion, pervasive uncertainty, and extreme climate change and events motivates such a safe or precautionary approach as a rational alternative to an optimal climate policy. Infact, (avoiding) extreme climate change may be regarded as the ultimate reason for us to worry about and respond to climate change. Even two strong advocates of using CBA to analyze climate change, Tol and Yohe (2007, pp. 153-154), state: “A cost-benefit analysis cannot be the whole argument for abatement. Uncertainty, equity, and responsibility are other, perhaps better reasons to act.”
Generalized matrix method for analysis of coherent and incoherent reflectance and transmittance of multilayer structures with rough surfaces, interfaces, and finite substrates (1995)

A generalized matrix method is presented for calculating the optical reflectance and transmittance of an arbitrary thin-solid-film multilayer structure on very thick substrates with rough surfaces and interfaces. We show that the effect of roughness and the influence of incoherently reflected light on the back side of a thick layer can be accounted for with a more general transfer matrix that enables the inclusion of modified complex Fresnel coefficients. Coherent, partially coherent, and incoherent multiply reflected light inside the multilayer structure is treated in the same way. We demonstrate the method by applying it to simulated and experimental reflectance spectra of thin epitaxial Si overlayers on very thick SiO(2) substrates and on a separation by ion implantation of oxygen structure with a SiO(2) buried layer exhibiting substantial roughness on both of its interfaces (Si/SiO(2) and SiO(2)/Si).