gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of sub-diffraction-limited organelles and biomolecules using microsphere lenses in combination with fluorescence microscopy (2015)

We propose the use of a high-refractive index glass microsphere in combination with a conventional fluorescence microscope for imaging sub-cellular organelles and biomolecules. The microsphere is placed on a sample that is immersed in water, collects the near-field nano-features of the sample and generates a magnified virtual image in the farfield, which is recorded through a conventional water immersion objective. We first investigate the imaging capability of the microspheres on size-calibrated fluorescent micro-/nano-particles. The experimental results obtained from a microsphere with 60 &mu;m in diameter demonstrate imaging capability of features of ~&lambda;/7-size (&lambda; is the wavelength) with a magnification factor of 5.4. The position of the virtual image, the field-of-view (FOV) of the microsphere and the magnification factor are studied by using microspheres with different sizes. Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations are performed, providing key insight into the imaging effect of the microspheres with super-resolution capability. Moreover, the distribution and complex shape of different sub-cellular organelles, like centrioles, mitochondria and chromosomes in the AML12 cell line, are imaged with help of the glass microspheres. Thereafter, the subcellular location of mitochondrial encoded proteins could be studied.
Effect of Aspect Ratio on Rigid Lifting Flat Plates in Pitch-Plunge Motion at Low Reynolds Numbers (2010)

Flowfield behavior of wall-to-wall and low aspect ratio (AR=2) rigid flat plates in pi tching and plunging motion is studied in a water tunnel at low Reynolds numbers. All models have a 152mm chord and t/c = 2.25% . Two sets of kinematics already wellestablished in the recent literature are used: combined pi tch and plunge, where pitch angle of attack partially cancels plunge-induced angle of attack, and pure plunge. Three Reynolds numbers (1x10, 3x10, and 6x10) are considered, using dye flow visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV). Broadly, sectional vorticity contour plots reveal similarity between the nominally 2D and AR=2 plates, but there are several interesting exceptions. The AR=2 plate exhibited a marked axial flow when the effective angle of attack was near its maximum. For the pi tching and plunging motion the AR=2 plate showed open separation at phase of 180°, while the nominally two-dimensional model has closed separation throughout the downstroke. For validation of the PIV results, a comparison is made between Reynolds number 3x10 and 4x10 three-dimensional models at the University of Michigan and Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), respectively.
Efficient event processing through reconfigurable hardware for algorithmic trading (2010)

In this demo, we present fpga-ToPSS (Toronto Publish/Subscribe System Family), an efficient event processing platform for high-frequency and low-latency algorithmic trading. Our event processing platform is built over reconfigurable hardware---FPGAs---to achieve line-rate processing. Furthermore, our event processing engine supports Boolean expression matching with an expressive predicate language that models complex financial strategies to autonomously buy and sell stocks based on real-time financial data.
Thyroid pathology in residents of the Kiev region, Ukraine, during pre- and post-Chernobyl periods. (1996)

We compared the results of thyroid surgery in residents of the Kiev region in the Ukraine during the 4 years preceding the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power station (CNPS) accident with the results during the 8 years following the catastrophe. We examined 16,340 thyroid glands, removed from patients during the periods 1982 to 1986 and 1987 to 1995, and found increases in the rates of Hashimoto's disease, follicular adenoma, and thyroid cancer. The increased incidence of papillary microcarcinoma deserves special attention when compared to the rates of clinically manifested forms of thyroid cancer. The resulting data bear evidence to the effect of the environment on the thyroid diseases following the Chernobyl catastrophe. However, the role of certain subjective factors must also be considered.
Invasive Disease Due to Group B Streptococcus in Pregnant Women and Neonates from Diverse Population Groups (2000)

From 1993 through 1996, surveillance for invasive disease due to group B Streptococcus (GBS) in neonates aged <7 days and in peripartum pregnant women was performed in a racially and ethnically diverse cohort in 4 cities in the United States. In a birth population of 157,184, 130 neonatal cases (0.8 per 1000) and 54 maternal cases (0.3 per 1000) were identified. Significant correlates with neonatal disease were black or Hispanic race and a birth weight <2500 g. The attack rate for peripartum maternal infection varied widely by city and may have been influenced by the frequency of administration of intrapartum antibiotics or of evaluating febrile women by performance of blood cultures. Pregnancy loss or GBS disease in the infant occurred in 28% of these maternal cases. Among neonatal and maternal GBS isolates, serotypes Ia (34%-37%) and III (25%-26%) predominated, and type V was frequent (14%-23%). These results provide a description of invasive GBS perinatal infection during the period in which guidelines for prevention were actively disseminated.
Differential voltage octuple rectifiers for wireless energy harvesting (2017)

Abstract This paper presents the design of a novel differential voltage octuple rectifier for wireless RF energy harvesting. Two rectifiers with common matching (CM) and two‐branch matching (TBM) are presented for the CDMA850/GSM900 bands operation. Measured maximum efficiencies of CM and TBM rectifiers reach 66.5% and 70.6%, respectively. The results also show that both matching network‐type rectifiers can produce higher output voltage. It is demonstrated that the designed rectifier‐antenna structure powers up a battery‐less LCD sensor by harvesting RF signal of a dialing cell phone. The proposed rectifier topology and matching mechanisms can be used for various energy harvesting applications, especially for those requiring high supply voltage.
Variable Gain Amplifier (2018)

This chapter describes the variable gain amplifier (VGA) used in the radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) transceiver. The VGA is a key RF frontend building block that supports reliable mobile communication of wireless transceivers. The range of the VGA gain control also determines the receiver input dynamic range that provides a stable regulated power to the baseband chipset. The gain control can be achieved by either discrete steps (digital variable gain amplifier (DVGA) or programmable gain amplifier (PGA)) or by continuous gain variation (VGA). The DVGA implemented by using bipolar transistors have exponential transconductance characteristic based on the bias voltage and have a linear transconductance characteristic based on the bias current. A DVGA can be implemented at circuit level by switching between fixed gain amplifier stages or by using a binary weighted array of passive or active circuit components selected discretely using transistor switches.
Interconnected Nickel Nanowires – the Missing Link between Metallic High Surface Area Catalysts and High Porosity Foams (2018)

Porous and electrically conductive materials having extended surface area are attractive for wide range of applications, such as catalysis, sensing or energy storage. High surface area of the material provides higher reaction rates and lower electrode resistance. For instance, metallic sponges such as Raney nickel, having surface areas up to 100 m 2 /g show high catalytic activity during water electrolysis or heterogenous organic synthesis. However, low porosity and small average pore diameter limit their application for devices utilizing additional functional layers (e.g. active electrode materials in batteries). On the other hand, highly porous nickel foams are commonly used as current collectors for Ni- and Zn-based batteries, where sufficient loading of active material can be realized inside of the porous network. However, the surface area of such foams is more than three orders of magnitude smaller than that of the metallic sponges, lowering the potential for e.g. high rate operations of their parent devices. In this talk we will present a recently developed material composed of interconnected nickel nanowires of controllable diameter and distance. The nanowires assembly offers a unique combination of high surface area of metallic sponges and high porosity of metallic foams. The material is conveniently obtained by cheap and up-scalable electrochemical techniques. The unique nanostructural properties of the interconnected nanowires allow for high flexibility of the material and applications in e.g. flexible electronics or wearable sensors. As a proof-of-concept, we will present the performance of our structure for hydrogen generation during water electrolysis. Compared to nickel foams, the high surface area interconnected nanowires offers significantly higher hydrogen evolution currents, showing their potential for next generation electrolyzers and energy devices. Figure 1
Colorless to All-Black Full-NIR High-Contrast Switching in Solid Electrochromic Films Prepared with Organic Mixed Valence Systems Based on Dibenzofulvene Derivatives (2018)

Functional electrochromic materials that allow energy modulation both in the visible and in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral ranges are attracting increasing interest both for the fundamental scientific aspects related to their spectroelectrochemistry and for their technological applications. Vis-NIR dimmable windows based on these materials are very promising for tunable shading, thus allowing lighting and heat energy use saving. Organic mixed valence compounds (MVs) are an interesting class of small molecules with NIR electrochromism arising from optically induced intervalence charge transfer transitions (IVCT). Here, we report the synthesis and vis-NIR electrochromic properties of new organic mixed valence systems, with two and three amino redox centers bridged by a dibenzofulvene (DBF) unit. We studied the neutral and charged state characteristics of these MVs in solution by spectroelectrochemical experiments, theoretical TD-DFT investigations, and, in the solid state, through electrochromic devices (ECDs). We show that a fine-tuning of the electro-optical properties of these MVs can be obtained by different functionalization on the exocyclic fulvene bond of the DBF moiety, including the introduction of a third redox center, leading to compounds where all three redox centers participate in the electron transfer processes as a function of the applied voltage. As a proof-of-concept, the above MVs were used to form solid thermoplastic laminable films in order to fabricate transmissive-to-black switching electrochromic devices, with intermediate color switching characteristics, enabling us to cover all the color palette. Beyond this important exploitability in the vis region, useful in many applications, the most important characteristic of these devices is their absorption in almost the whole NIR range (800–2200 nm) through the excitation of highly charged radical species, which show intense IVCTs. Importantly, all the devices show high optical contrast, response times of a few seconds, and excellent switching stability over 10 000 cycles.
Raman spectroscopy and its plasmon‐enhanced counterparts: A toolbox to probe protein dynamics and aggregation (2023)

Protein unfolding and aggregation are often correlated with numerous diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and other debilitating neurological disorders. Such adverse events consist of a plethora of competing mechanisms, particularly interactions that control the stability and cooperativity of the process. However, it remains challenging to probe the molecular mechanism of protein dynamics such as aggregation, and monitor them in real-time under physiological conditions. Recently, Raman spectroscopy and its plasmon-enhanced counterparts, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), have emerged as sensitive analytical tools that have the potential to perform molecular studies of functional groups and are showing significant promise in probing events related to protein aggregation. We summarize the fundamental working principles of Raman, SERS, and TERS as nondestructive, easy-to-perform, and fast tools for probing protein dynamics and aggregation. Finally, we highlight the utility of these techniques for the analysis of vibrational spectra of aggregation of proteins from various sources such as tissues, pathogens, food, biopharmaceuticals, and lastly, biological fouling to retrieve precise chemical information, which can be potentially translated to practical applications and point-of-care (PoC) devices. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Biosensor (2014)

Nanomaterial based electrochemical method gain tremendous interest for the detection of biomolecules due to high sensitivity, selectivity, and low fabrication cost. High surface to volume ratio, excellent electrocatalytic properties of the nanomaterials plays important role for the sensitive and selective detection of biomolecules. For electrochemical biosensors, proper control of chemical, electrochemical and physical properties, as well as their functionalization and surface immobilization significantly influences the overall performance. This chapter gives an overview of the importance of the development of nanomaterials based electrochemical biosensors; particularly direct electrooxidation-or electroreduction-based biosensors, catalysis-based biosensors, and label-based affinity biosensors. In addition, fabrication methods including modification of electrode surface with nanomaterials, tailoring their physico-chemical properties, and functionalization with chemicals or biomolecules are also highlighted.
Surface protected lithium-metal-oxide electrodes (2023)

A lithium-metal-oxide positive electrode having a layered or spinel structure for a non-aqueous lithium electrochemical cell and battery is disclosed comprising electrode particles that are protected at the surface from undesirable effects, such as electrolyte oxidation, oxygen loss or dissolution by one or more lithium-metal-polyanionic compounds, such as a lithium-metal-phosphate or a lithium-metal-silicate material that can act as a solid electrolyte at or above the operating potential of the lithium-metal-oxide electrode. The surface protection significantly enhances the surface stability, rate capability and cycling stability of the lithium-metal-oxide electrodes, particularly when charged to high potentials.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Carbon Nanotube Rolling and Sliding on Graphite (2000)

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to investigate the origin of friction for carbon nanotubes on graphite substrates. In an initial simulation, a (10,10) nanotube was placed in an 'in-registry' starting position where the hexagonal lattice of the substrate matched that of the nanotube. In a second simulation, the substrate was oriented 90 degrees to the nanotube. A uniform force was applied to the nanotubes for 500 fs to set them into motion. The simulation was then run until the nanotubes stopped moving relative to the substrate. Only sliding was observed in the out-of-registry simulation, while periodic sliding and rolling was observed in the in-registry simulation. The latter is a result of the relatively larger surface corrugation for the in-registry case and occurs to avoid direct atomic collisions between nanotube and substrate atoms as the nanotube is moved along the substrate. Analysis of the kinetic energy suggests that the transition between sliding and rolling contributes to enhanced energy dissipation and higher net friction. These results are consistent with preliminary experimental observations by Superfine and coworkers.
A Novel Approach to Develop an Animal Model for Oral Submucous Fibrosis (2022)

Abstract Epidemiological data has proved the association of consumption of areca nut with the causation of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). OSMF is a chronic inflammatory disease with the potential for malignant transformation from 7% to 13%. The establishment of animal models makes it easier for researchers to focus on the therapeutic applications to combat this disease further. We developed and compared two areca nut extract (ANE) administration methods in male Swiss albino mice to establish OSMF. We used an invasive intra-buccal injection technique and compared it with a non-invasive oral droplet administration method. The duration of induction was around 12 weeks. Histopathological analysis was performed at regular intervals to assess the establishment of the disease. Our study showed that ANE administration through the oral droplet method was superior in all aspects compared to the intra-buccal injection technique. Through daily dosing, OSMF was established within 12 weeks, as evidenced by histopathological analysis. The non-invasive droplet method could simulate the absorption of areca nut seen in humans. The present study focuses on developing a novel droplet method and its comparison with the intrabuccal injection method of ANE administration to develop OSMF features in Swiss albino mice. Our results suggest that the oral droplet method is an efficient and non-invasive method to administer the ANE to develop OSMF. These findings will aid the inefficient development of OSMF animal models for interventional studies, including screening novel drugs in the reversal of the OSMF.
Glycerol Residue - A Rich Source of Glycerol and Medium Chain Fatty Acids (2004)

Glycerol residue, a by-product of glycerol refining from a palm kernel oil methyl ester plant, was found to be a good source of glycerol and medium chain fatty acids. From analyses of twelve samples, it was found to contain, on average, 20.2 % glycerol and 6.6 % fatty acids. The fatty acids comprised mainly C8:0 (30.3 %), C10:0 (9.4 %) and C12:0 (40.8 %).
Sacral insufficiency fractures after lumbosacral arthrodesis: salvage lumbopelvic fixation and a proposed management algorithm (2020)

A high index of suspicion is needed to diagnose sacral insufficiency fracture after LS arthrodesis. A trial of conservative management is reasonable for select patients; potential surgical indications include refractory pain, neurological deficit, fracture nonunion with anterolisthesis or kyphotic angulation, L5-S1 pseudarthrosis, and spinopelvic malalignment. Lumbopelvic fixation with iliac screws may be effective salvage treatment to allow fracture healing and symptom improvement. High-risk patients may benefit from prophylactic lumbopelvic fixation at the time of index LS arthrodesis.
Target cell-specific modulation of neuronal activity by astrocytes (2006)

Interaction between astrocytes and neurons enriches the behavior of brain circuits. By releasing glutamate and ATP, astrocytes can directly excite neurons and modulate synaptic transmission. In the rat olfactory bulb, we demonstrate that the release of GABA by astrocytes causes long-lasting and synchronous inhibition of mitral and granule cells. In addition, astrocytes release glutamate, leading to a selective activation of granule-cell NMDA receptors. Thus, by releasing excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, astrocytes exert a complex modulatory control on the olfactory network.
Transverse flux induction heating of aluminiumalloy strip (1982)

AbstractAbstractTransverse flux induction heating, an efficient electrical technique particularly suited to the continuous heat treatment of metal strip, is explained. The paper also describes a 1 MW transverse flux inductor designed and built at the Electricity Council Research Centre, Capenhurst, and installed in a tension leveller line at Alcan Plate Ltd, Birmingham, UK. It has been successfully used for the continuous heat treatment of wide (1200–1250 mm) aluminium-alloy strip, involving full and partial annealing at line speeds up to 2 m s−1 as well as the solution treatment of certain high-strength aluminium alloys. The advantages of this form of induction heating are compactness, controllability (hence ease of automation), and high efficiency. As a consequence, compared with existing batch and continuous heat-treatment equipment, major economies in plant operation result, owing to reduced energy consumption as well as reduced capital and labour costs. The compactness of the technique allows the possibility of introducing transverse flux induction heat-treatment furnaces into existing process lines.
Modeling and Experimental Validation of Area Constrained Ice Storage Systems (1994)

We report a preterm (35 <sup>4/7</sup> weeks) male neonate with Down's syndrome (DS) diagnosed with isolated pericardial effusion (PE) at 20 weeks of gestation. He was born by precipitous delivery, needed no resuscitation and presented within first 24 hours of life with respiratory distress, anemia due to feto-maternal bleed, hypotension, hepatomegaly, and coagulopathy. Postnatal echocardiography confirmed a 5 mm rim of PE without tamponade, normal cardiac structure, and function. He was stabilized with ventilation, packed red cell, fresh frozen plasma, inotropes (dopamine, dobutamine, and adrenaline), and steroid (hydrocortisone). Subsequent evaluation confirmed hypothyroidism, transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD), hepatic failure due to fibrosis/cirrhosis with portal hypertension, and steroid sensitive hypotension on two occasions possibly due to adrenal insufficiency. PE completely resolved over 2 weeks. In view of progressively worsening liver failure with ascites and portal hypertension, the family opted for palliation. Literature review has been discussed regarding perinatal onset of PE in DS.
An approach to simulate autonomous vehicles in urban traffic scenarios (2009)

The most common cause of traffic accidents is arguably the driver error due to lack of attention. And it is very unlikely this is going to change soon thanks to increasingly cell-phone usage, in-car entertainment systems, and naturally the more frequent traffic jams in highly populated areas. Autonomous vehicles, such as driverless cars, are a promising approach to decrease traffic accidents, as well as congestions. To test this approach, simulations are a safer, more efficient, and cheaper way than live testing. This paper presents an approach to implement a simulator to test such vehicles. It includes a study of the state of the art in driverless car simulation and discusses on the specific objectives that this particular simulator aims to achieve in order to aid testing the interactions of multiple driverless cars in urban networks.
Electrical characteristics of silicon nanowire CMOS inverters under illumination (2018)

In this study, we examine the electrical characteristics of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) inverters with silicon nanowire (SiNW) channels on transparent substrates under illumination. The electrical characteristics vary with the wavelength and power of light due to the variation in the generation rates of the electric-hole pairs. Compared to conventional optoelectronic devices that sense the on/off states by the variation in the current, our device achieves the sensing of the on/off states with more precision by using the voltage variation induced by the wavelength or intensity of light. The device was fabricated on transparent substrates to maximize the light absorption using conventional CMOS technologies. The key difference between our SiNW CMOS inverters and conventional optoelectronic devices is the ability to control the flow of charge carriers more effectively. The improved sensitivity accomplished with the use of SiNW CMOS inverters allows better control of the on/off states.