gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Mechanical System Identification Method for Non-Invasive Ultrasound Theragnostic System (2013)

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a mechanical system identification method for the Non-Invasive Ultrasound Theragnostic System (NIUTS). NIUTS tracks and follows the movement in an affected area (kidney stones, in the present study) by irradiating the area with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Blur noise caused by oscillation of the mechanical systems deteriorates the servoing performance. To enhance the servoing performance, it should be required to identify the mechanical system with mechanical oscillation part.
Freely-moving mice visually pursue prey using a retinal area with least optic flow (2021)

Abstract Mice have a large visual field that is constantly stabilized by vestibular ocular reflex driven eye rotations that counter head-rotations. While maintaining their extensive visual coverage is advantageous for predator detection, mice also track and capture prey using vision. However, in the freely moving animal quantifying object location in the field of view is challenging. Here, we developed a method to digitally reconstruct and quantify the visual scene of freely moving mice performing a visually based prey capture task. By isolating the visual sense and combining amouse eye optic model with the head and eye rotations, the detailed reconstruction of the digital environment and retinal features were projected onto the corneal surface for comparison, and updated throughout the behavior. By quantifying the spatial location of objects in the visual scene and their motion throughout the behavior, we show that the image of the prey is maintained within a small area, the functional focus, in the upper-temporal part of the retina. This functional focus coincides with a region of minimal optic flow in the visual field and consequently minimal motion-induced image blur during pursuit, as well as the reported high density-region of Alpha-ON sustained retinal ganglion cells.
The Multiplicity of Serotonin Receptors: Uselessly Diverse Molecules or an Embarrassment of Riches? (2000)

A large number of 5-HT receptors (&gt;15) have been identified by molecular cloning technology over the past 10 years. This review briefly summarizes available information regarding the functional and therapeutic implications of serotonin receptor diversity for neurology and psychiatry. 5-HT receptors are divided into seven main families: 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, 5-HT5, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7. Several families (e.g., 5-HT1 family) have many members (e.g., 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1E, 5-HT1F), each of which is encoded by a distinct gene product. In addition to the genomic diversity of 5-HT receptors, splice variants and editing isoforms exist for many of the 5-HT receptors, making the family even more diverse. Evidence that is summarized in this review suggests that 5-HT receptors represent novel therapeutic targets for a number of neurologic and psychiatric diseases including migraine headaches, chronic pain conditions, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, eating disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, pervasive developmental disorders, and obesity-related conditions (Type II diabetes, hypertension, obesity syndromes). It is possible that sub-type-selective serotonergic agents may revolutionize the treatment for a number of medical, psychiatric, and neurological disorders.
THE POSSIBILITY OF THE APPLICATION OF LOW REACTIVE LEVEL LASER THERAPY IN THE FIELD OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2007)

The authors have over 30 years experience of treatment with lasers, more than 25 of which have been with low reactive-level laser therapy. (LLLT) Based on our experience, we have continuously attempted to develop new treatments and broaden the clinical application of lasers. Many patients receiving LLLT for an entity other than sight problems have spontaneously described a sense of increased visual acuity following their treatment, and the present study was designed to see if there was in fact, any effect of LLLT on vision. Six healthy adult subjects aged 56∼68 years old, were treated with LLLT according to the proximal priority theory (PPT). The subjects’ close range, far range visual acuity and astigmatism were examined prior to, one hour after and 24 hours after LLLT. The laser hardware used in this experiment was the OhLase HT2001 (Japan Medical Laser Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan) and the Screenoscope (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). A high rate of improvement was seen for both close range and far range visual acuity but a particularly noteworthy improvement rate of 91.7% was seen at examination for far sightedness immediately after LLLT. LLLT in the field of ophthalmology is promising and further controlled studies carried out by ophthalmologic specialists in larger patient groups may yield new indications for LLLT in this field.
ChemInform Abstract: Full Chirality Transfer in the Conversion of Secondary Alcohols into Tertiary Boronic Esters and Alcohols Using Lithiation—Borylation Reactions. (2010)

Abstract New reaction conditions for the synthesis of enantioenriched tertiary boronic esters or alcohols are developed.
Verification of Dscam expression in rat microglia (2009)

Mikrogliazellen sind spezialisierte Makrophagen, die im Gehirn und Rückenmark vorkommen. Basierend auf der Expression eines Antikörper (5D4)- reaktiven Keratansufat- Proteoglykans auf der Oberfläche der Zellen konnten zwei funktionell unterschiedliche Populationen charakterisiert werden. Zellen mit geringerer Expression (5D4low) sind immunologisch aktiver, als jene mit hoher Expression (5D4high). Ein Vergleich von 5D4high- und 5D4low- Microarray Daten führte zur Entdeckung vieler Gene, welche im Bezug auf Entwicklung und Funktion von Mikrogliazellen von großem Interesse sein könnten. Fünf Gene, welche eine erhöhte Expressionsrate in 5D4high Mikrogliazellen zeigten, wurden untersucht: Cadm1, Dlx2, Dscam, Tef und Twist-2. Die Expression aller Gene außer Cadm1 konnte auf mRNA Ebene nachgewiesen werden. Für unsere Fragestellung war Dscam aufgrund seiner Funktion im Immunsystem von Drosophila und wegen seiner homo- und heterophiler Interaktionen sehr interessant. Deshalb entschieden wir uns, die Expression von Dscam in Mikrogliazellen auf mRNA- und Protein- Ebene genauer zu untersuchen. Zusätzlich führten wir ein funktionelles Knock-Down Experiment durch. Obwohl wir Dscam mehrmals nachweisen konnten, war es uns nicht möglich seine Expression in Ratten- Mikrogliazellen definitiv zu bestätigen, da mögliche falsch positive Zellen nicht mit Sicherheit ausgeschlossen werden konnten. Zukünftige Studien sollten die Rolle von Dscam im Säugetier- Immunsystem verifizieren. Weitere Erkenntnisse über Mikroglia- Diversität und die Entwicklung eines neuen, geeigneten Antikörpers könnten dabei zielführend sein.
Chemical stability and biodegradability of new solvents for CO2 capture (2011)

A study on thermal and chemical stability of amines has been performed for eleven chemicals, including ethanolamine (MEA), 2-amino-2-methylpropanol (AMP) and diethanolamine (DEA), trying to identify the impact of parameters such as amine function, alcohol group and steric hindrance. The chemicals were studied for 5 weeks at 135 °C, both with and without the presence of CO2 (0.5 mol/mol amine) and in contact with metal (316 SS) as well as in glass containers. In general, the presence of metal did not make an impact on the degree of degradation. As for thermal degradation without CO2, most of the compounds were relatively stable. For thermal degradation in the presence of CO2, the sterically hindered amine AMP had the highest stability, while the secondary amines had the lowest. Increasing chain length gave slightly higher stability. In comparison with biodegradation, most of the compounds showed higher thermal degradation in the presence of CO2 than for biodegradation, and compounds stable at process conditions are likely also resilient with regards to biodegradation. None of the tested chemicals has the combined desired stability under process conditions while at the same time being sufficiently biodegradable.
KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Candidates for Kidney Transplantation (2020)

The 2020 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Candidates for Kidney Transplantation is intended to assist health care professionals worldwide who evaluate and manage potential candidates for deceased or living donor kidney transplantation. This guideline addresses general candidacy issues such as access to transplantation, patient demographic and health status factors, and immunological and psychosocial assessment. The roles of various risk factors and comorbid conditions governing an individual's suitability for transplantation such as adherence, tobacco use, diabetes, obesity, perioperative issues, causes of kidney failure, infections, malignancy, pulmonary disease, cardiac and peripheral arterial disease, neurologic disease, gastrointestinal and liver disease, hematologic disease, and bone and mineral disorder are also addressed. This guideline provides recommendations for evaluation of individual aspects of a candidate's profile such that each risk factor and comorbidity are considered separately. The goal is to assist the clinical team to assimilate all data relevant to an individual, consider this within their local health context, and make an overall judgment on candidacy for transplantation. The guideline development process followed the Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Guideline recommendations are primarily based on systematic reviews of relevant studies and our assessment of the quality of that evidence, and the strengths of recommendations are provided. Limitations of the evidence are discussed with differences from previous guidelines noted and suggestions for future research are also provided.
Seroprevalence of Antibodies That React with Anaplasma phagocytophila , the Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, in Different Populations in Westchester County, New York (2002)

We determined the frequencies of antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophila, the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), in different groups of adults and children from Westchester County, New York. The groups included 159 adult blood donors and 215 children who were seronegative for Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies, 118 adult patients and 57 children who were seropositive for B. burgdorferi antibodies, and 42 adult patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans. Eighteen (11.3%) of the blood donors and 11 (5.1%) of the B. burgdorferi-seronegative children were found to have A. phagocytophila antibodies by indirect immunofluorescent-antibody assay (IFA). Nine of 42 (21.4%) patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans tested at the baseline visit, 42 of 118 (35.6%) adults, and 3 of 57 (5.3%) children whose sera were reactive for B. burgdorferi antibodies also tested positive for A. phagocytophila antibodies. The geometric mean titer ranged from 219 to 315 for all groups, and the differences in titers among the groups were not statistically significant. Only one-third of the healthy blood donors reactive by IFA were confirmed to be positive by immunoblotting. We conclude that a significant proportion of adults and children without clinical evidence of HGE will test positive for A. phagocytophila antibodies when the conventional cutoff titer of 80 is used in the IFA. This information must be considered in interpretation of test results.
Metabolic features and pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women with hyperglycemia (2009)

Objective
To analyze metabolic features and pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women with hyperglycemia.


Methods
One hundred and thirty pregnant women were enrolled between August 2005 and December 2006 and divided into the normal glucose tolerance group (NGT group, n=26), impaired glucose tolerance group (IGT group, n=42), and gestational diabetes mellitus group (GDM group, n=62) based on 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Serum fasting glucose and insulin, HbA1c, lipid spectrum, and C–reactive protein were measured. Pre–pregnant BMI, ratio of advanced age pregnant women, HOMA–IR, HOMA–B, and ISI were calculated. Family history of diabetes and adverse pregnancy outcomes were recorded. ANOVA , χ2 test, and Logistic regression analysis were used for data analysis.


Results
Among three groups of GDM, IGT and NGT, serum fasting glucose((5.1±1.0), (4.7±1.0), and(4.0±0.5)mmol/L, respectively) and insulin((9±4), (9±4), and(6±4)mU/L, respectively), HbA1c((5.67±0.76)%, (5.62±0.61)%, and (4.03±0.27)%, respectively), total cholesterol((5.5±1.3), (5.1±1.2), and(4.2±1.1)mmol/L, respectively), LDL–C((3.1±1.0), (2.8±0.8), and(2.3±0.8)mmol/L, respectively), C–reactive protein(2.7, 3.8, and 1.8 mg/L, respectively), HOMA–IR(1.9, 1.8, and 0.9, respectively), pre–pregnant BMI((24.4±4.0), (24.3±2.8), and (22.2±2.8)kg/m2, respectively), the rate of cesarean delivery(71.0%, 52.4%, and 19.2%, respectively), infant birth weight((3304±608), (3345±463), and (2988±672)g, respectively), maternal complication rate (69.4%, 54.8%, and 23.1%, respectively), and neonatal complication rate(29.0%, 28.6%, and 3.8%, respectively) were increased in the GDM and IGT groups, although ISI(0.023, 0.024, and 0.052, respectively) was significantly decreased.HOMA–B(295.75, 168.76, and 126.25, respectively) was significantly different between the three groups. Family history of diabetes was more commonly seen in the GDM group(38.7%) than the NGT group(11.5%). Logistic analysis showed that adverse maternal–infant pregnancy outcomes were significantly related with pre–pregnant BMI, age and HbA1c.


Conclusions
Severe insulin resistance, β cell dysfunction, increased pre–pregnant BMI, lipid disorders, and hereditary susceptibility may be the main metabolic features of women with pregnant hyperglycemia. Pre–pregnant BMI, maternal age and HbA1c could be the risk factors of adverse maternal–neonatal complications.


Key words: 
Hyperglycemia; Pregnancy complications; Metabolism; C–reactive protein; Pregnancy outcome
Spectrum sharing through dynamic channel assignment for open access to personal communications services (2002)

This paper focuses on a narrow band technical solution that uses decentralized spectrum sharing to facilitate open access among competing personal communications services (PCS) operators. Existing policies that apportion spectrum by fixed channel assignment (FCA) involve inefficiencies resulting from fragmentation of the available resource into mutually exclusive frequency blocks. Dynamic channel assignment (DCA) has been previously demonstrated to be flexible in handling traffic variability and to simplify frequency planning for a single network operator. We use a discrete event simulation to demonstrate that DCA with autonomous reuse partitioning (ARP) provides more capacity than standard DCA; this property still holds when channels are shared among multiple operators, with partially overlapping networks and unequal traffic shares. We explore the impact of limiting the maximum number of channels that can be assigned to one cell site as an incentive for operators to build more cells, rather than simply appropriating channels from competitors.
Respirable Clofazimine Particles Produced by Air Jet Milling Technique Are Efficacious in Treatment of BALB/c Mice with Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection (2022)

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where access to health care workers, cold-chain storage, and sterile water sources may be limited. Inhaled drug delivery is a promising alternative to systemic delivery of antimycobacterial drugs, as it enables rapid achievement of high infection-site drug concentrations. The off-patent drug clofazimine (CFZ) may be particularly suitable for this route, given its known systemic toxicities. In this study, micronized CFZ particles produced by air jet milling were assessed for shelf-stability, pharmacokinetics, and anti-TB efficacy by the oral and pulmonary routes in BALB/c mice. Intratracheal instillation of micronized CFZ particles produced several-fold higher lung concentrations after a single 30 mg/kg dose compared to delivery via oral gavage, and faster onset of bactericidal activity was observed in lungs of mice with chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection compared to the oral route. Both infection status and administration route affected the multidose pharmacokinetics (PK) of micronized CFZ. Increased lung and spleen accumulation of the drug after pulmonary administration was noted in infected mice compared to naive mice, while the opposite trend was noted in the oral dosing groups. The infection-dependent PK of inhaled micronized CFZ may point to a role of macrophage trafficking in drug distribution, given the intracellular-targeting nature of the formulation. Lastly, air jet milled CFZ exhibited robustness to storage-induced chemical degradation and changes in aerosol performance, thereby indicating the suitability of the formulation for treatment of TB in regions with limited cold chain supply.
Postnatal development of β‐cells in rats (2002)

The previously shown wave of beta-cell apoptosis and the apparent plateau in the beta-cell mass in the third week of life in rats are still unexplained events. Using a novel design-based stereological method we investigated the postnatal development of the beta-cell population in Sprague-Dawley rats. The total beta-cell mass increased from postnatal day 4 until day 16, to be followed by a plateau until day 24, after which it increased further. This plateau was caused by beta-cell hypotrophia as well as decreased net beta-cell formation. The beta-cell mass per unit body weight (the relative beta-cell mass) was five times higher at birth compared with the adult constant level that was reached at approximately 24 days of age. We propose an explanatory model for the postnatal development of the beta-cell population in rats. According to this model, beta-cells in the early postnatal period are immature, i.e. are not susceptible to the mechanism that in later life maintains a constant relative beta-cell mass. Within the following weeks the number of mature beta-cells increases, and from approximately day 24 and onwards the beta-cell population is dominated by mature beta-cells that adjust to match the body weight, keeping a constant relative beta-cell mass. Findings of an apoptotic wave, a plateau phase in the total beta-cell mass development, a period with beta-cell hypotrophia, and the disappearance of insulin-like growth factor II positive beta-cells at postnatal day 21 all fit well in the model.
Sapphyrins Exhibit Tumor Selectivity and Efficacy in Animal Models of Hematologic Malignancies. (2004)

Abstract Sapphyrins are pentapyrrolic metal-free expanded porphyrins that localize to tumors. We have previously demonstrated that sapphyrins induce apoptosis in a variety of hematologic tumor cell lines including lymphomas (Ramos, DHL-4, HF-1), leukemias (Jurkat, HL-60), and myelomas (8226/S, 1-310, C2E3, 1-414). Through chemical modification of the parent compound, PCI-2000, a number of derivatives were generated and tested for induction of apoptosis in Ramos cells. PCI-2000 and one of the more potent apoptosis-inducing derivatives, PCI-2050, were injected into CD-1 nude mice bearing Ramos xenografts. Animals were sacrificed 48 hrs after injection and analyzed for drug uptake in the tumor, liver and spleen using flow cytometry. For PCI-2000, the relative uptake was spleen&amp;gt;tumor&amp;gt;liver. For PCI-2050 the relative uptake was tumor&amp;gt;spleen&amp;gt;liver, suggesting that PCI-2050 preferentially localizes in tumors compared to PCI-2000. Tumor cells isolated from PCI-2050 treated animals grew less well in culture and had more apoptotic cells than those derived from PCI-2000 or control animals. Uptake of PCI-2050 into xenograft tumor cells and tumor cell killing was dose dependent. PCI-2050 (10 umol/kg x 2 days in a row) was administered to Ramos xenograft bearing animals that were then monitored for tumor growth. In both minimal tumor (animals treated before tumor was palpable) and established tumor (palpable tumor) models, PCI-2050 reduced tumor growth by 60–75%. Alternative dosing strategies revealed that split dosing (allowing 1 or more days between doses) was more efficacious in tumor control than dosing 2 days in a row. At the doses used in this study, there was no myelosuppression or lymphosuppression, hepatic or renal abnormalities as assessed by complete blood count and comprehensive serum chemistry analysis, respectively. Our work demonstrates that PCI-2050 induces apoptosis in tissue culture and inhibits tumor growth in an animal tumor model while exhibiting minimal toxicity. PCI-2050 and other sapphyrin derivatives will be further evaluated as potential anti-cancer agents.
Magnetoencephalography/Magnetic Source Imaging in the Assessment of Patients with Epilepsy (1997)

Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) dipole source localization is a particularly promising new tool for noninvasive presurgical evaluation of epileptogenic foci. It is potentially more accurate than EEG localization techniques because magnetic fields are not attenuated or distorted by the skull and scalp, which allows cerebral sources to be modeled more simply. MEC spike and seizure sources are routinely co-registered with the patient's brain MRI for clinical interpretation. This has been called magnetic source imaging. Numerous studies have shown that MEG localization of foci agreed with lesion position, depth electrode and ECoG data, PET and MRI findings, and surgical success. The recent development of whole head sensor arrays has greatly enhanced the case with which epileptiform magnetic fields can be recorded and analyzed.
A metal-organic framework with ultrahigh glass-forming ability (2018)

Glass-forming ability (GFA) is the ability of a liquid to avoid crystallization during cooling. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new class of glass formers (<i>1</i>-<i>3</i>), with hitherto unknown dynamic and thermodynamic properties. We report the discovery of a new series of tetrahedral glass systems, zeolitic imidazolate framework-62 (ZIF-62) [Zn(Im<sub>2-<i>x</i></sub> bIm <sub><i>x</i></sub> )], which have ultrahigh GFA, superior to any other known glass formers. This ultrahigh GFA is evidenced by a high viscosity η (10<sup>5</sup> Pa·s) at the melting temperature <i>T</i><sub>m</sub>, a large crystal-glass network density deficit (Δρ/ρ<sub>g</sub>)<sub>network</sub>, no crystallization in supercooled region on laboratory time scales, a low fragility (<i>m</i> = 23), an extremely high Poisson's ratio (ν = 0.45), and the highest <i>T</i><sub>g</sub>/<i>T</i><sub>m</sub> ratio (0.84) ever reported. <i>T</i><sub>m</sub> and <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> both increase with benzimidazolate (bIm) content but retain the same ultrahigh <i>T</i><sub>g</sub>/<i>T</i><sub>m</sub> ratio, owing to high steric hindrance and frustrated network dynamics and also to the unusually low enthalpy and entropy typical of the soft and flexible nature of MOFs. On the basis of these versatile properties, we explain the exceptional GFA of the ZIF-62 system.