gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Countering code-injection attacks with instruction-set randomization (2003)

We describe a new, general approach for safeguarding systems against any type of code-injection attack. We apply Kerckhoff's principle, by creating process-specific randomized instruction sets (e.g., machine instructions) of the system executing potentially vulnerable software. An attacker who does not know the key to the randomization algorithm will inject code that is invalid for that randomized processor, causing a runtime exception. To determine the difficulty of integrating support for the proposed mechanism in the operating system, we modified the Linux kernel, the GNU binutils tools, and the bochs-x86 emulator. Although the performance penalty is significant, our prototype demonstrates the feasibility of the approach, and should be directly usable on a suitable-modified processor (e.g., the Transmeta Crusoe).Our approach is equally applicable against code-injecting attacks in scripting and interpreted languages, e.g., web-based SQL injection. We demonstrate this by modifying the Perl interpreter to permit randomized script execution. The performance penalty in this case is minimal. Where our proposed approach is feasible (i.e., in an emulated environment, in the presence of programmable or specialized hardware, or in interpreted languages), it can serve as a low-overhead protection mechanism, and can easily complement other mechanisms.
Investigations on sub-aperture stitching approach for testing freeform optics (2015)

In this paper, an experimental investigation for the measurement of freeform surfaces using a sub-aperture scanning and stitching approach is presented. The Shack Hartmann Sensor (SHS) and the Modified Talbot Wavefront Sensor are used. The full wavefront transmitted through the freeform surface is divided into a number of small sub-apertures. Series of measurements are conducted and stitched together in order to obtain afull profile of the surface. The experimental results are compared with those obtained by simulations.
Detailed studies on energy loss mechanism in phosphor-sensitized fluorescent polymer light-emitting devices (2010)

We studied the main energy loss mechanism in electroluminescent (EL) processes in phosphor-sensitized fluorescent polymer light-emitting devices. The used organometallic phosphor is fac-tris(2-phenyl-pridine) iridium [Ir(ppy)3] and the used red fluorescent dye is 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetrame-thyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB). The investigation found that due to the stronger electron trapping ability of DCJTB than that of Ir(ppy)3, the excitons prefer to form on DCJTB molecules. The charge trapping on the DCJTB molecules obviously restrain the function of the phosphor-sensitizer Ir(ppy)3. Moreover, the energy transfer from phosphorescent triplet state (Tp) to the fluorescent triplet state (Tf) also has great negative impact on the phosphor-sensitized fluorescent process. We clearly demonstrated these energy loss processes by steady-state and transient photoluminescence and comparison of device efficiency.
Synthesis of N-Alkylaminoephedrines and Their Effect on Bronchial Musculature (1981)

N-Alkylaminoephedrines (IIIa-d) having methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and benzyl groups were synthesized by the hydrogenation of N-(alkylideneamino)-ephedrines by using lithium aluminium hydride in ether, and obtained as hydrochlorides. These hydrochlorides did not exhibit any significant activity on the bronchial musculature.
256. A Novel Rationally Designed AAV Capsid Yields a Potent Neurotropic Gene Therapy Vector (2016)

Recent clinical trials have demonstrated safety and efficacy of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy, and precipitated the approval of the first gene therapy product for commercial use. Although AAV is the most commonly used vector, there are limitations due to its restricted biological activity. This can be partially overcome by aligning capsid choice and target tissue. Tailoring of AAV capsids has traditionally been accomplished by simply selecting the most suitable available serotype or by further optimization of available serotypes by peptide insertion or capsid reshuffling and in vivo selection in mouse or humanised mouse models. A novel approach based on in silico reconstruction of ancestral viruses recently yielded a promising vector for gene therapy of diseases that affect liver, muscle or retina. Here we report an alternative evolutionary approach to AAV capsid design based on the introduction of amino acids that have been found at the other end of the evolutionary spectrum. Specifically, we have designed a novel AAV2 capsid by including amino acids that are conserved in natural AAV isolates found in human pediatric tissues. We have determined the structural and immunological characteristics of this novel AAV2-based capsid and performed biodistribution studies. When the bioactivity of the vector was evaluated in various in vivo contexts the data revealed extraordinary transduction characteristics in eye and brain tissues. Intracranial injections in mice and rats revealed a significantly increased spread and enhanced transduction of brain tissues as compared to AAV2, with evidence for retrograde transport. Additionally, intra-ocular injections in adult mice revealed a marked enhancement of transduction of photoreceptor cells by the novel vector when compared to AAV2. Peripheral injections also demonstrated strong affinity for the brain and showed little evidence for transduction of non-neuronal tissues. Importantly, we were able to demonstrate superior performance in a disease model that affects the central nervous system when compared to other serotypes that have a strong affinity for neuronal tissues. In summary, we have engineered a novel capsid to include key residues found in natural variants of AAV2, which yields a unique gene therapy vector for the treatment of diseases that affect the central nervous system.
Regulation of the Cdk inhibitor p27 and its deregulation in cancer (2000)

p27 is a cell cycle inhibitor whose cellular abundance increases in response to many antimitogenic stimuli. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on p27 function and its regulation by synthesis and by ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Importantly, p27 degradation is enhanced in many aggressive human tumors. The frequency with which this is observed suggests that loss of p27 may confer a growth advantage to these cancers. From a practical point of view, immunodetection of p27 in tumors may prove to be useful in the assessment of prognosis and may ultimately influence the therapy of this disease. J. Cell. Physiol. 183:10–17, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electroorganie Synthesis, 55[1]. Influences on the Selectivity of the Kolbe versus the Non‐Kolbe Electrolysis in the Anodic Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids (1993)

Abstract The anodic decarboxylation of 3‐oxanonanoic acid ( 2a ) and 3‐oxapentadecanoic acid ( 2b ) in methanol leads exclusively to products of the non‐Kolbe electrolysis. The influence of co‐electrolysis, solvent, current density, degree of neutralization and chain length of the alkoxy group on the anodic decarboxylation of 2a, b have been investigated. An extended alkyl chain in the alkoxy group, coelectrolysis with long‐chain fatty acids, ethanol or dimethylformamide as solvent, and a high current density favor the Kolbe coupling against the non‐Kolbe electrolysis.
Catalytic alkene cyclization reactions for the stereoselective synthesis of complex “terpenoid-like” heterocycles (2012)

A new catalytic synthesis of densely-substituted tetrahydroquinolines is described. This reaction forms up to two rings, three bonds, and three stereogenic centers with excellent stereo- and regiocontrol in a single step. Although control experiments demonstrate that the active catalyst is protic acid, Sc(OTf)<sub>3</sub> serves as an effective and practical pre-catalyst. The scope of this reaction is demonstrated with 21 monocyclizations and 14 bicyclization reactions.
Novel mammalian kinase related to yeast and fly chromosome segregation regulators is exclusively expressed in the germline (1999)

Since kinases play important roles in regulating both mitotic and meiotic cell cycles in a variety of organisms, we sought to clone novel kinases that might regulate germ cell development in mammals. One of the kinases we identified, termed IAK3, is a member of a newly emerging subfamily of the serine/threonine kinase superfamily and mapped to mouse Chromosome 7. This kinase is related to genes identified in yeast and Drosophila which are regulators of chromosome segregation and to another mammalian kinase, IAK1, which is a new component of the centrosome and mitotic spindle. IAK3 transcripts are uniquely expressed in germ cells and are undetectable in proliferating somatic cells. Thus IAK3 may be a regulator of microtubule dynamics and/or chromosome segregation in the germline. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 52:18–28, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Activation of the MAPK pathway mediates resistance to PI3K inhibitors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (2021)

Inhibitors of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) that target the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway have revolutionized the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Mutations associated with resistance to BTK inhibitors have been identified, but limited data are available on mechanisms of resistance to PI3Kδ inhibitors. Here we present findings from longitudinal whole-exome sequencing of cells from patients with multiply relapsed CLL (N = 28) enrolled in trials of PI3K inhibitors. The nonresponder subgroup was characterized by baseline activating mutations in MAP2K1, BRAF, and KRAS genes in 60% of patients. PI3Kδ inhibition failed to inhibit ERK phosphorylation (pERK) in nonresponder CLL cells with and without mutations, whereas treatment with a MEK inhibitor rescued ERK inhibition. Overexpression of MAP2K1 mutants in vitro led to increased basal and inducible pERK and resistance to idelalisib. These data demonstrate that MAPK/ERK activation plays a key role in resistance to PI3Kδ inhibitors in CLL and provide a rationale for therapy with a combination of PI3Kδ and ERK inhibitors.
How a Secure and Open Mobile Agent Framework Suits Electronic Commerce Applications. (2000)

The Mobile Agent (MA) paradigm seems able to support effectively distributed applications in open and heterogeneous environments, and application areas such as ecommerce appear to be of particular interest. However, MA technology has to answer to the requirements of security and interoperability to achieve wide deployment, especially in e-commerce applications. The paper focuses on security and interoperability, and describes a Secure and Open Mobile Agent (SOMA) programming environment where both requirements are main design objectives. On the one hand, SOMA is based on a thorough security model and provides a wide range of mechanisms and tools to build and enforce flexible security policies. On the other hand, the SOMA framework permits to interoperate with different application components designed with different programming styles. SOMA grants interoperability by closely considering compliance with the OMG CORBA and MASIF standards. In particular, the paper presents a SOMA-based e-marketplace that stresses to the limit the security and interoperability issues and that has served as a testbed for the validation of SOMA security and interoperability support. 1.
Alternative Therapeutic Modalities in Sports Medicine. (2015)

Bone marrow aspirate, prolotherapy, platelet-rich plasma,and autologous conditioned serum represent alternative treatment options that have emerged to address various musculoskeletal ailments. We have reviewed the basic science, physiology, and clinical evidence of each of these modalities and discovered that each treatment has its individual place in the management of common orthopaedic pathologies. Bone marrow aspirates are successful in treating early arthritis and cartilage defects. Prolotherapy and platelet-rich plasma have demonstrated good efficacy in treating inflammatory processes and early arthritis. Finally, autologous conditioned serum (Orthokine) represents a promising treatment option for chronic joint arthritis. The clinical evidence supporting these alternative treatment modalities is insufficient and further level 1 evidence is needed before we can begin to employ these techniques in our daily orthopaedic practice.
Mineralization of Calcium Carbonates in Gelling Media (2010)

Precipitation of calcium carbonate in different carrageenan gelling environments was initiated by fast mixing of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate solutions. Carrageenan concentration and the gelling mechanism, controlled by the addition of different cross-linking cations, calcium or sodium, were varied in order to elucidate the mechanism and dynamic of solid phase formation in highly supersaturated precipitation systems in which initial formation of three calcium carbonate polymorphs and amorphous calcium carbonate is possible. The analysis of the samples isolated 5 days after initiating the precipitation showed that calcite was the only solid phase obtained in the whole range of carrageenan concentrations investigated. At lower carrageenan concentrations, the calcite aggregates were observed, while at higher concentrations rhombohedral crystals of uniform size distribution were found. Spherical imprints on the surfaces of calcite particles precipitated at lower gel concentrations were observed, thus pointing out the initial and simultaneous precipitation of stable calcite and metastable calcium carbonate phases, vaterite and possibly amorphous calcium carbonate. Time resolving precipitation experiments within gelling media of low concentration confirmed such an assumption and implied the solution mediated mechanism of transformation of metastable vaterite, which was in close contact with calcite crystals. Reference precipitation systems, performed at apparently similar initial supersaturation and hydrodynamic conditions but without the presence of carrageenan, showed a comparable pattern of stepwise solution mediated transformation of metastable amorphous calcium carbonate and vaterite into calcite.
Failure site transition in PB-free solder joints caused by manufacturing variabilities in BGA and MLF components in low cycle fatigue analysis (2008)

A comprehensive three level design of experiment that is applied on the manufacturing process to compare the effect of variability in printing and reflow processes on quality and durability of Micro Lead Frame (MLF) and Ball Grid Array (BGA) components. The quality and durability of the BGA and MLF components were studied very closely by thermo-mechanical experiment and finite element simulation. Different populations of failures indicating different failure site and mechanisms were observed in both BGA and MLF components. Conflictions were observed when parameter variations caused durability improvement in one type and durability degradation in the other package.
Investigation of step-edge microbridges for application as microwave detectors (1991)

Step-edge microbridges of Y-Ba-Cu-O are investigated for use as microwave detectors at 35 GHz. The superconducting thin films is laser deposited upon a defined substrate step-edge, which is formed by wet chemical etching of an SrTiO3 layer, which again was laser deposited on an LaAlO3 substrate. The voltage response of the device is directly proportional to the power of the microwave signals within a dynamic range of 50 dB and exhibits an NEP of 3.2*10-9 W/Hz1/2 at 74 K.
Elevated field insulator (ELFIN) process for device isolation of ultrathin SOI MOSFETs with top silicon film less than 20 nm (2002)

New device isolation process, called elevated field insulator (ELFIN) process, for ultrathin SOI devices with top silicon film less than 20 nm has been proposed and successfully demonstrated. In ELFIN process, gate oxidation and subsequent gate poly-Si deposition is followed by conventional STI process. ELFIN process has a field region elevated compared with active silicon region, leading to prevention of silicon edge from being wrapped around by gate poly-Si. It is found that thin-film SOI NMOSFETs with ELFIN process have better reverse narrow channel effect about 50% at W/sub G/=0.3 μm than that with conventional shallow trench isolation (STI) process.
pH microprobe manipulated in microchannels using optical tweezers (2005)

SNARF-1 fluorochrome was used to functionalize 3&mu;m diameter latex spheres making them sensitive to the pH of their environment, manifested as a change in their fluorescence. The fluorescence emission at 580nm was excited using a filtered xenon arc lamp at 515nm. A solution of functionalized latex spheres was placed between gold microelectrodes in a microfluidic channel. Optical tweezers were used to trap and manipulate the spheres in the vicinity of the microelectrodes, to map out the pH profile in the electrolyte solution, induced by passing 20 microsecond transient current pulses through the microelectrodes.
Mode Switch Despite Undersensing of Atrial Fibrillation in ODD Pacing (1996)

Up to an atrial sensitivity of 1 mV, 100% of AF episodes were diagnosed. The Chorum mode switching algorithms are 100% reliable if > 45% of the AF waves are sensed. In the event of switching failure, the ventricle is protected by an average rate remaining below 80 ppm.
Dynamic Adaptive DNN Surgery for Inference Acceleration on the Edge (2019)

Recent advances in deep neural networks (DNNs) have substantially improved the accuracy and speed of a variety of intelligent applications. Nevertheless, one obstacle is that DNN inference imposes heavy computation burden to end devices, but offloading inference tasks to the cloud causes transmission of a large volume of data. Motivated by the fact that the data size of some intermediate DNN layers is significantly smaller than that of raw input data, we design the DNN surgery, which allows partitioned DNN processed at both the edge and cloud while limiting the data transmission. The challenge is twofold: (1) Network dynamics substantially influence the performance of DNN partition, and (2) State-of-the-art DNNs are characterized by a directed acyclic graph (DAG) rather than a chain so that partition is greatly complicated. In order to solve the issues, we design a Dynamic Adaptive DNN Surgery (DADS) scheme, which optimally partitions the DNN under different network condition. Under the lightly loaded condition, DNN Surgery Light (DSL) is developed, which minimizes the overall delay to process one frame. The minimization problem is equivalent to a min-cut problem so that a globally optimal solution is derived. In the heavily loaded condition, DNN Surgery Heavy (DSH) is developed, with the objective to maximize throughput. However, the problem is NP-hard so that DSH resorts an approximation method to achieve an approximation ratio of 3. Real-world prototype based on self-driving car video dataset is implemented, showing that compared with executing entire the DNN on the edge and cloud, DADS can improve latency up to 6.45 and 8.08 times respectively, and improve throughput up to 8.31 and 14.01 times respectively.
William J. Marshall (1980)

A surface in Colour Space representing equal depth at all points (a Control Depth) is defined by a constant value of Integ – an integration of a weighted function of the measured reflectance values of a dyeing throughout the range of visible wavelengths. The amount of a dye that must be applied to a particular substrate by a specified dyeing method to give this Integ value may be determined by experiment, and is called the Control Strength of the dye. Extensive checks made by matching colours with various ternary combinations of dyes have shown that Control Strengths give a reliable indication of the relative strengths of different dyes, even when these differ very widely in colour. The position of dyeings at a Control Depth in ANLAB 40 Colour Space may be projected on to the A, B plane to produce the ICI Colour Map. This indicates quantitatively the relative hue and brightness of the dyeings, and displays the total gamut of shades attainable by combinations of dyes at the Control Depth. By combining this information from the Colour Map with Control Strength and selling price data, a very complete and quantitative description is obtained of the coloristic value of different dyes. This is a powerful tool in the selection of dyes for particular purposes.
AirSR, a [2Fe-2S] Cluster-Containing Two-Component System, Mediates Global Oxygen Sensing and Redox Signaling in Staphylococcus aureus (2011)

Oxygen sensing and redox signaling significantly affect bacterial physiology and host-pathogen interaction. Here we show that a Staphylococcus aureus two-component system, AirSR (anaerobic iron-sulfur cluster-containing redox sensor regulator, formerly YhcSR), responds to oxidation signals (O(2), H(2)O(2), NO, etc) by using a redox-active [2Fe-2S] cluster in the sensor kinase AirS. Mutagenesis studies demonstrate that the [2Fe-2S] cluster is essential for the kinase activity of AirS. We have also discovered that a homologue of IscS (SA1450) in S. aureus is active as a cysteine desulfurase, which enables the in vitro reconstitution of the [2Fe-2S] cluster in AirS. Phosphorylation assays show that the oxidized AirS with a [2Fe-2S](2+) cluster is the fully active form of the kinase but not the apo-AirS nor the reduced AirS possessing a [2Fe-2S](+) cluster. Overoxidation by prolonged exposure to O(2) or contact with H(2)O(2) or NO led to inactivation of AirS. Transcriptome analysis revealed that mutation of airR impacts the expression of ~355 genes under anaerobic conditions. Moreover, the mutant strain displayed increased resistance toward H(2)O(2), vancomycin, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin under anaerobic conditions. Together, our results show that S. aureus AirSR is a redox-dependent global regulatory system that plays important roles in gene regulation using a redox active Fe-S cluster under O(2)-limited conditions.
The premelting of ice (2001)

We address the century-old puzzle of the existence of a liquid-like layer at the ice surface near its melting point with new photoelectron spectroscopic tools using synchrotron radiation. Near-edge x-ray absorption shows that a liquid-like film exists at temperatures as low as -20 degrees C. Near 0 degrees C this film is about 20 Angstroms thick, i.e., 6 bilayers. With high-pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we have further investigated for the first time the effect of surface contamination, which is ubiquitous in natural environments, on the state of the ice. Our results show that the premelting of ice can be strongly enhanced by the presence of hydrocarbon contamination.