gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF DIASTEREO‐ AND ENANTIOSELECTIVELY DEUTERATED β,ε‐,β,β‐,β,Γ‐ AND Γ,Γ‐CAROTENES (1981)

Abstract Die Synthese der deuterierten Carotine (XIIa), (XIIb), (XIIIa) und (XIIIb) ausgehend vom deuterierten Dehydroabietan (Ie) [erhältlich aus der (+)‐Dehydroabietinsäure (Ia) über die Stufen (Ib)‐(Id)] werden beschrieben.
In VivoandIn VitroAcquisition of Resistance to Voriconazole by Candida krusei (2014)

Candida krusei is an important agent of opportunistic infections that often displays resistance to several antifungals. We describe here the in vivo acquisition of resistance to voriconazole (VRC) by C. krusei isolates recovered from a leukemia patient during a long period of VRC therapy. In order to mimic the in vivo development of VRC resistance, a susceptible C. krusei isolate was exposed daily to 1 μg/ml of VRC in vitro. Interestingly, after 5 days of exposure to VRC, a MIC of 4 μg/ml was achieved; this value remained constant after 25 additional days of treatment with VRC and also after 30 consecutive days of incubation in VRC-free medium. Our objective was to determine the associated molecular resistance mechanisms, such as expression of efflux pump genes and ERG11 gene mutations, among the resistant strains. Synergistic effects between the efflux blocker tacrolimus (FK506) and VRC were found in all of the resistant strains. Moreover, ABC1 gene expression increased over time in both the in vivo- and in vitro-induced resistant strains, in contrast to the ABC2 and ERG11 genes, whose expression was invariably lower and constant. ERG11 gene sequencing showed two different types of mutations, i.e., heterozygosity at T1389T/C, corresponding to synonymous mutations, in C. krusei strains and a missense mutation at position T418C, resulting in a change from Tyr to His, among resistant C. krusei clinical isolates. This study highlights the relevance of ATP-dependent efflux pump (namely, Abc1p) activity in VRC resistance and describes new mutations in the ERG11 gene among resistant C. krusei clinical isolates.
There's something in the way you move (2004)

Have you ever had the experience of gliding effortlessly across a dance floor with a partner of rugby-player proportions, yet endured a swollen ankle minutes later from the quick-step of someone half the size? Why does one twin sister seem to be "hard"on shoes while the other can make a pair last twice as long? The explanation for counterintuitive phenomena like these lies in the study of friction and wear – a field known as tribology – and an increasingly rich source of tribological data come from the science of sport.
Novel Ring Resonator-Based Integrated Photonic Beamformer for Broadband Phased Array Receive Antennas—Part II: Experimental Prototype (2009)

An experimental prototype is presented that illustrates the implementation aspects and feasibility of the novel ring resonator-based optical beamformer concept that has been developed and analyzed in Part I of this paper . This concept can be used for seamless control of the reception angle in broadband wireless receivers employing a large phased array antenna (PAA). The design, fabrication, and characterization of a dedicated chip are described, in which an 8 × 1 optical beamforming network, an optical sideband filter for single-sideband suppressed carrier modulation, and a carrier re-insertion coupler for balanced optical detection are integrated. The chip was designed for satellite television reception using a broadband PAA, and was realized in a low-loss, CMOS-compatible optical waveguide technology. Tuning is performed thermo-optically, with a switching time of 1 ms. Group delay response and power response measurements show the correct operation of the OBFN and OSBF, respectively. Measurements on a complete beamformer prototype (including the electro-optical and opto-electrical conversions) demonstrate an optical sideband suppression of 25 dB, RF-to-RF delay generation up to 0.63 ns with a phase accuracy better than ¿/10 radians, and coherent combining of four RF input signals, all in a frequency range of 1-2 GHz.
Surface nitrogen concentration dependence of the nitrogen incorporation in reactively sputtered FeXN films (2002)

N incorporation is critical to soft magnetic properties of the FeXN film. Previous work showed experimentally that the N concentration is linearly proportional to the ratio of the N to Fe atomic fluxes arriving at the surface of the film (flux ratio rule). Recently it was shown that under certain conditions, N incorporation is more efficient than the flux ratio rule would suggest. In this work a simple analytic model based on steady-state N and Fe transport fluxes during the reactive sputtering process is used to understand these two observed phenomena. It is shown that the N concentration in the film depends on the amount of N on the surface of the growing film. In a surface N-depleted state, the flux ratio rule is followed, while in a surface-N rich state, the N incorporation in the film increases with deposition rates even when the ratio of incoming N to Fe fluxes is kept constant. Experimental data from sputtered FeAlN films can be reproduced reasonably well with the current analysis.
Toward Truly Immersive Holographic-Type Communication: Challenges and Solutions (2020)

With significant advances in holographic display technology, a plethora of interactive applications, such as tele-conferencing and tele-surgery, are well on their way to integrating holographic technologies. However, hologram-based applications will place significant demands on networking infrastructure, which are not supported today. These include support for ultra-low delays, high bandwidth, and the ability to coordinate, synchronize, and dynamically adapt multiple data streams. This article articulates these challenges and points out gaps in existing networks that solutions must address. In addition, it provides an experimental analysis of novel network architectures that address one of these challenges, namely the ability to dynamically set up new flows with very low latency incurred by the first packet.
Maximum Minute Ventilation Test for the ProSeal™ Laryngeal Mask Airway (2002)

One of the distinguishing features of the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) is that it can cause upper airway obstruction, even when it is correctly inserted behind the cricoid cartilage. We used a hyperventilation test, the maximum minute ventilation test, to aid in the diagnosis of upper airway obstruction after PLMA insertion.
Special tools for the assessment of balance and dizziness in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (2013)

TBI rehabilitation services are increasingly exemplified by the needs of patients, rather than by the underlying pathology or diagnosis. Basing treatment decisions and treatment timing on laboratory, clinical, and functional testing can optimize the rehabilitation outcome.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of (S)‐Vigabatrin®. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Systematic improvement of isobutanol production from d-xylose in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2019)

As the importance of reducing carbon emissions as a means to limit the serious effects of global climate change becomes apparent, synthetic biologists and metabolic engineers are looking to develop renewable sources for transportation fuels and petroleum-derived chemicals. In recent years, microbial production of high-energy fuels has emerged as an attractive alternative to the traditional production of transportation fuels. In particular, the Baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a highly versatile microbial chassis, has been engineered to produce a wide array of biofuels. Nevertheless, a key limitation of S. cerevisiae is its inability to utilize xylose, the second most abundant sugar in lignocellulosic biomass, for both growth and chemical production. Therefore, the development of a robust S. cerevisiae strain that is able to use xylose is of great importance. Here, we engineered S. cerevisiae to efficiently utilize xylose as a carbon source and produce the advanced biofuel isobutanol. Specifically, we screened xylose reductase (XR) and xylose dehydrogenase (XDH) variants from different xylose-metabolizing yeast strains to identify the XR-XDH combination with the highest activity. Overexpression of the selected XR-XDH variants, a xylose-specific sugar transporter, xylulokinase, and isobutanol pathway enzymes in conjunction with the deletions of PHO13 and GRE3 resulted in an engineered strain that is capable of producing isobutanol at a titer of 48.4 ± 2.0 mg/L (yield of 7.0 mg/g D-xylose). This is a 36-fold increase from the previous report by Brat and Boles and, to our knowledge, is the highest isobutanol yield from D-xylose in a microbial system. We hope that our work will set the stage for an economic route for the production of advanced biofuel isobutanol and enable efficient utilization of lignocellulosic biomass.
Robotic neurorehabilitation in patients with chronic stroke (2015)

Although gait abnormality is one of the most disabling events following stroke, cognitive, and psychological impairments can be devastating. The Lokomat is a robotic that has been used widely for gait rehabilitation in several movement disorders, especially in the acute and subacute phases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gait robotic rehabilitation in patients affected by chronic stroke. Psychological impact was also taken into consideration. Thirty patients (13 women and 17 men) affected by chronic stroke entered the study. All participants underwent neurological examination with respect to ambulation, Ashworth, Functional Independence Measure, and Tinetti scales to assess their physical status, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Psychological General Well-being Index, and Coping Orientation to Problem Experienced to evaluate the Lokomat-related psychological impact before and after either a conventional treatment or the robotic training. During each rehabilitation period (separated by a no-treatment period), patients underwent a total of 40 1 h training sessions (i.e. five times a week for 8 weeks). After the conventional treatment, the patients did not achieve a significant improvement in the functional status, except balance (P<0.001) and walking ability (P<0.01), as per the Tinetti scale. Indeed, after the robotic rehabilitation, significant improvements were detected in almost all the motor and psychological scales that we investigated, particularly for Psychological General Well-being Index and Coping Orientation to Problem Experienced. Manual and robotic-assisted body weight-supported treadmill training optimizes the sensory inputs relevant to step training, repeated practice, as well as neuroplasticity. Several controlled trials have shown a superior effect of Lokomat treatment in stroke patients' walking ability and velocity in particular. Therefore, our preliminary results proved that active robotic training not only facilitates gait and physical function but also the psychological status, even in patients affected by chronic stroke.
Development of glucose valves for metabolic engineering applications in E. coli (2012)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2012.
Behavioural response of mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus to synthetic pyrethroid and organophosphorus-based slow-release insecticidal paint (2021)

The study demonstrates the toxicity and strong behavioural avoidance in known vector mosquito species on exposure to an insecticide-based paint formulation. The combination of insecticides in the present formulation will broaden the overall impact spectrum for protecting users from mosquito bites. The efficacy data generated in the study provide crucial information on the effectiveness of the tested formulation and could be useful in reducing the transmission intensity and disease risk in endemic countries.
A Pivotal Study of Optoacoustic Imaging to Diagnose Benign and Malignant Breast Masses: A New Evaluation Tool for Radiologists (2017)

Purpose To compare the diagnostic utility of an investigational optoacoustic imaging device that fuses laser optical imaging (OA) with grayscale ultrasonography (US) to grayscale US alone in differentiating benign and malignant breast masses. Materials and Methods This prospective, 16-site study of 2105 women (study period: 12/21/2012 to 9/9/2015) compared Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) categories assigned by seven blinded independent readers to benign and malignant breast masses using OA/US versus US alone. BI-RADS 3, 4, or 5 masses assessed at diagnostic US with biopsy-proven histologic findings and BI-RADS 3 masses stable at 12 months were eligible. Independent readers reviewed US images obtained with the OA/US device, assigned a probability of malignancy (POM) and BI-RADS category, and locked results. The same independent readers then reviewed OA/US images, scored OA features, and assigned OA/US POM and a BI-RADS category. Specificity and sensitivity were calculated for US and OA/US. Benign and malignant mass upgrade and downgrade rates, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were compared. Results Of 2105 consented subjects with 2191 masses, 100 subjects (103 masses) were analyzed separately as a training population and excluded. An additional 202 subjects (210 masses) were excluded due to technical failures or incomplete imaging, 72 subjects (78 masses) due to protocol deviations, and 41 subjects (43 masses) due to high-risk histologic results. Of 1690 subjects with 1757 masses (1079 [61.4%] benign and 678 [38.6%] malignant masses), OA/US downgraded 40.8% (3078/7535) of benign mass reads, with a specificity of 43.0% (3242/7538, 99% confidence interval [CI]: 40.4%, 45.7%) for OA/US versus 28.1% (2120/7543, 99% CI: 25.8%, 30.5%) for the internal US of the OA/US device. OA/US exceeded US in specificity by 14.9% (P < .0001; 99% CI: 12.9, 16.9%). Sensitivity for biopsied malignant masses was 96.0% (4553/4745, 99% CI: 94.5%, 97.0%) for OA/US and 98.6% (4680/4746, 99% CI: 97.8%, 99.1%) for US (P < .0001). The negative likelihood ratio of 0.094 for OA/US indicates a negative examination can reduce a maximum US-assigned pretest probability of 17.8% (low BI-RADS 4B) to a posttest probability of 2% (BI-RADS 3). Conclusion OA/US increases the specificity of breast mass assessment compared with the device internal grayscale US alone. Online supplemental material is available for this article. <sup>©</sup> RSNA, 2017.
Ni(dmgH) 2 complex coupled with metal-organic frameworks MIL-101(Cr) for photocatalytic H 2 evolution under visible light irradiation (2016)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been tremendously used as photocatalysts for H2 generation in recent years. Lacking native active sites (so-called co-catalyst) for H2 generation motivates the incorporation of noble metals and their molecular complexes, hydrogenase active site mimics into MOFs to promote H2 generation. We herein report an noble-metal-free photocatalytic H2 generation system consisting of Erythrosin B dye-sensitized MIL-101(Cr) as a light absorber and Ni(dmgH)2 as a co-catalyst. It is found that Ni(dmgH)2 can serve as an efficient co-catalyst to boost H2 generation in the presence of triethanolamine (TEOA) as an electron donor under visible light irradiation. The optimal MIL-101(Cr)/Ni(dmgH)2 hybrid (5 wt% Ni(dmgH)2) displays a hydrogen H2 rate of 45.5 μmol h−1, which is 10 times greater than the control sample without Ni(dmgH)2 loading. This paper provides a novel design route for active H2 generation systems by combining molecular complexes of earth-abundant metal and MOFs photocatalysts.
The effect of hydrology and crevasse wall contact on calving (2022)

Abstract. Calving is one of the main controls on the dynamics of marine ice sheets. We solve a quasi-static linear elastic fracture dynamics problem, forced by a viscous pre-stress describing the stress state in the ice prior to the introduction of a crack, to determine conditions under which an ice shelf can calve for a variety of different surface hydrologies. Extending previous work, we develop a boundary-element-based method for solving the problem, which enables us to ensure that the faces of crevasses are not spuriously allowed to penetrate into each other in the model. We find that a fixed water table below the ice surface can lead to two distinct styles of calving, one of which involves the abrupt unstable growth of a crack across a finite thickness of unbroken ice that is potentially history-dependent, while the other involves the continuous growth of the crack until the full ice thickness has been penetrated, which occurs at a critical combination of extensional stress, water level and ice thickness. We give a relatively simple analytical calving law for the latter case. For a fixed water volume injected into a surface crack, we find that complete crack propagation almost invariably happens at realistic extensional stresses if the initial crack length exceeds a shallow threshold, but we also argue that this process is more likely to correspond to the formation of a localized, moulin-like slot that permits drainage, rather than a calving event. We also revisit the formation of basal cracks and find that, in the model, they invariably propagate across the full ice shelf at stresses that are readily generated near an ice shelf front. This indicates that a more sophisticated coupling of the present model (which has been used in a very similar form by several previous authors) needs modification to incorporate the effect of torques generated by buoyantly modulated shelf flexure in the far field.
ChemInform Abstract: THE TRANSITION METAL‐CATALYZED REACTION BETWEEN PENTACARBONYLIRON AND GROUP V DONOR LIGANDS. A FACILE, HIGH YIELD SYNTHESIS OF FE(CO)4PPH3 (1982)

Abstract Cobalt(II)‐halogenide katalysieren die Umsetzung von Eisenpentacarbonyl (I) mit Phosphinen, Arsinen, Stibinen und Phosphiten (II) unter Bildung von Tetracarbonyleisen‐Komplexen (III).
Respiratory syncytial virus-induced high mobility group box 1 secretion modulates innate immune response to promote inflammation (2021)

Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most common human pathogen responsible for ~ 60% of all acute lower respiratory tract infections in young children, and is a major cause of severe respiratory morbidity and mortality in the elderly, and the immunocompromised. Yet, no vaccine or efficacious treatment is available. Although the mechanisms of RSV-induced acute airway disease are not fully understood, lung inflammatory and immune events are key. Our studies show that RSV induces increased extracellular secretion of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a prominent damage-associated molecular pattern family member that alerts the immune system to potential damage and trigger immediate response. The goal of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanisms of RSV-induced HMGB1 release in the activation of innate immune response in promoting lung inflammation. Studies were conducted in BALB/c mice as well as human lung epithelial cells including A549 and normal small alveolar epithelial cells. To determine the role of HMGB1 in the activation of innate immune signaling, BALB/c mice and airway epithelial cells were infected with RSV in the presence or absence of recombinant HMGB1 or HMGB1 monoclonal antibody and measured RIG-I-dependent interferon-mediated innate antiviral immune response. Our studies demonstrated an important role of HMGB1 in cellular protection and the activation of innate immune signaling cascades to promote inflammation. Our studies indicate that HMGB1 acts as a signaling molecule to induce an increased inflammatory response in the lung, thus contributing to RSV pathogenesis. Modulation of proinflammatory function of HMGB1 may attenuate RSV-induced lung inflammation.
Aminoterminales pro B-Typ natriuretisches Peptid ist erhöht in der Nabelschnur von Neugeborenen mit congenitalem Herzfehler (2009)

Pro B-Typ natriuretisches Peptid wird von den kardialen Myozyten infolge eines Anstiegs der Wandspannung sezerniert. Bei der Sekretion wrd der Prekursor (pro BNP) in das biologisch aktive BNP und das aminoterminale Fragment (NT- proBNP) gespalten. Beide Peptide sind etabliert in der Diagnostik von Herzinsuffizienz bei Kindern und Erwachsenen. Ziel dieser prospektiven Studie war es zu untersuchen, ob NT- pro BNP in der Nabelschnur von Kindern mit angeborenem Herzfehler (CHD) erhöht ist, und ob es bei herzkranken Neugeborenen wie bei gesunden zum Abfall des NT- pro BNPs jenseits des 2. Lebenstages kommt. Patienten und Methode: NT- proBNP wurde bei den Müttern und im Nabelschnurblut von 60 Neonaten mit pränatal diagnostiziertem CHD und im Nabelschnurblut von 200 gesunden Neugeborenen unmittelbar nach der Geburt bestimmt. Bei 54 Patienten mit CHD wurden weiters Werte am im median 5. (3.–10.) Lebenstag erhoben. Ergebnisse: Die NT- proBNP Spiegel im Nabelschnurblut von Neugeborenen mit CHD waren signifikant höher verglichen mit der Kontrollgruppe (median 1589; 378–3631 and 626;153–2518 pg/ml; p&lt;0.001). Weder in der Kontrollgruppe noch in der Studiengruppe korrelierten die NT- proBNP Werte in der Nabelschnur mit den Plasmawerten der Mutter. Die Werte bei Kindern mit CHD am 5. Lebenstag waren signifikant höher als in der Nabelschnur (median 19222 pg/ml; p&lt;0.001). Schlussfolgerung: NT- pro BNP ist nicht plazentagängig. NT- pro BNP ist erhöht in der Nabelschnur von Neugeborenen mit angeborenem Herzfehler. Anders als bei gesunden Neugeborenen kommt es bei herzkranken nicht zu einem Abfall, sondern zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der NT pro-BNP Konzentration in der ersten Lebenswoche.
Amylopectin Starch Promotes the Development of Insulin Resistance in Rats (1995)

Starches that are high in amylopectin are digested and absorbed more quickly than starches with a high amylose content and produce larger postprandial glucose and insulin responses. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that feeding rats a diet containing quickly digested starch could promote insulin resistance. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a high amylopectin or high amylose diet (two 10-g meals per day), and insulin sensitivity was assessed after 9 wk by intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). In the rats fed the high amylopectin diet, glucose tolerance was significantly lower (P < 0.05) and the insulin response to IVGTT was twice as high as in rats fed the high amylose diet (P < 0.05). A second study using Wistar rats investigated the time course of these changes. Differences in the insulin response to the IVGTT were not evident at 4 wk but began to emerge at 8 wk, and by 12 wk the insulin response was 100% greater in rats fed the high amylopectin diet (P < 0.05) than in those fed the high amylose diet. In addition, basal plasma insulin concentration was higher in rats fed the high amylopectin diet (P < 0.05). There were no differences, however, in glucose tolerance at any time point. The results suggests that quickly digested starch promotes the development of insulin resistance in rats. The relatively slow time course resembles the normal development of insulin resistance in humans.