gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gentle cold welding between gold nano objects driven by electrical field and atomic rearrangement (2011)

The combination of a top-down and a bottom-up fabrication approach will be a key technology to overcome the minimum size limit of the top-down approach. Gentle cold welding is a promising method to connect nano objects without appreciable damages to the nano device in a bottom-up approach. We developed the gentle cold welding method using the combination of an electrical field and an atomic rearrangement. The formulated process was visualized between gold tips using a transmission electron microscope. The initial connection mechanism was divided into three modes depending on a bias voltage between tips; (1) physical contact, (2) atom extraction, and (3) field evaporation, depending on the electrical fields. All the nano connections grew by the atomic rearrangement driven by gold surface self-diffusion. The grown connections were single crystalline structures. These results suggested that this welding will be a useful method to build up future nano devices and systems.
Interferon and Transcription of Early Viz RNA in Cells Infected with Simian Virus i (2016)

Treatment with interferon reduced the content of early virus-specific RNA, as well as the content of an early viral protein (T antigen), in monkey cells acutely infected with simian virus 40 (SV40). This unexpected finding suggests either that the action of interferon involves inhibition of the transcription of early SV40 messenger RNA, or that the SV40 genome contains a proto-early gene whose product is required for the transcription of the remaining early genes. Interferons are proteins produced by animal cells in response to infection by many different viruses, and after contact with several nonviral interferon inducers (1). A number of investigations have suggested that exposure to homologous (2) interferon induces cells to synthesize a new, intracellular, antiviral protein (3) which, in turn, inhibits the replication of a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses without affecting normal cellular synthetic activities (4). The capacity to promote the inhibition of viral functions without affecting host-cell macromolecular synthesis (4, 5) makes interferon an extremely useful tool for the analysis of virus-cell interactions, including those involving oncogenic viruses (6-8). However, the interpretation of the results of such analyses awaits an exact knowledge of the mechanism of action of interferon. In this regard, it has been demonstrated that interferon action involves an inhibition of the early (i.e., prereplicative) synthetic functions of both DNA and RNA viruses (7, 9). Furthermore, the results of in vitro studies of RNA viruses by Marcus and Salb (10) and Levy and Carter (11), and of studies of vaccinia virus infection in interferon-treated cells by Joklik and Merigan (12), suggest that the postulated interferon-induced antiviral protein inhibits the translation of viral messenger RNA (mRNA). Interferon has already been utilized to examine viral gene function during and after the in vitro neoplastic transformation of cells by the oncogenic DNA virus, simian virus 40 (SV40). It was observed that in acutely infected cells the synthesis of SV40 T antigen (an early viral protein) was markedly inhibited by interferon (7). In contrast, the synthesis of this same virus-coded protein in SV40-transformed cells was not affected by the presence of interferon (8). An understanding of the basis for the fundamental difference in interferonsensitivity of this early viral function in acutely infected and transformed cells will depend upon the determination of whether transcription or translation is being inhibited. Abbreviations: SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate; cRNA, RNA that hybridizes to a complementary DNA; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus; AGMK, African green monkey kidney (cells).
Optimizing antibody expression by using the naturally occurring framework diversity in a live bacterial antibody display system (2015)

Rapid identification of residues that influence antibody expression and thermostability is often needed to move promising therapeutics into the clinic. To establish a method that can assess small expression differences, we developed a Bacterial Antibody Display (BAD) system that overcomes previous limitations, enabling the use of full-length formats for antibody and antigen in a live cell setting. We designed a unique library of individual framework variants using natural diversity introduced by somatic hypermutation, and screened half-antibodies for increased expression using BAD. We successfully identify variants that dramatically improve expression yields and in vitro thermostability of two therapeutically relevant antibodies in E. coli and mammalian cells. While we study antibody expression, bacterial display can now be expanded to examine the processes of protein folding and translocation. Additionally, our natural library design strategy could be applied during antibody humanization and library design for in vitro display methods to maintain expression and formulation stability.
Massive metrology and failure identification for DRAM applications (Conference Presentation) (2019)

Introduction and problem statement Given that EUV lithography allows printing smaller Critical Dimension (CD) features, it can result in non-normal distributed CD populations on ADI wafers [Civay SPIE AL 2014], leading to errors in predicted failure rates [Bristol SPIE AL 2017]. As a result, there is a need to quantify the actual behavior of the CD population extremes by means of massive metrology [Dillen EUVL 2018]. Not only allows this to study the CD distribution, we can in parallel also evaluate pattern quality and the failure mechanisms leading to defects. This massive metrology method provides an accurate failure rate based on CD, and enables new possibilities to define a failure rate based on different metrics in a single measurement. Method We analyze the CD uniformity of pillars in polar coordinates using a global waveform based thresholding strategy. In conjunction with this CD information, we also evaluated the print quality of each individual measured feature. Fig 1. In line detected anomalies and failure definitions As we gather this information during the measurement of CD, we can limit the additional measurement overhead to neglectable levels. Application and outlook We will show how we can leverage this to determine a defect based process window and relations of failure mechanisms through process conditions (see figure 2). When we take failures in a CH dataset into account, we illustrate the effect on the shape of a large dataset distribution in figure 3. Fig 2. Defect identification for a through exposure dose experiment of pillars. For each condition >13k pillars where measured. The plot clearly shows an asymmetric behavior due to different failure mechanisms at low and high energy. The 2 vertical lines at relative energies 0.93 and 1.05 times nominal indicate the low defect process window. Fig 3. A distribution of measured regular grid dense CH. The red line is the unfiltered CD data, the blue line is the shape of the distribution after filtering individual CH measurements that have a much lower contrast than expected.
Image Secret Sharing (2017)

Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 14.3.3 Color Image Sharing Based on Moving Lines . . . . . . . . . . . 392 14.3.4 Improved Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39614.4 Experiment and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 14.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400Cryptography plays a very vital enabling role in our modern computing infrastructure. Almost all real-world applications require keys (such as passwords) for the purposes of confidentiality, authentication, and nonrepudiation. The strength of such cryptographic applications is based on the secrecy of a key. Therefore, the loss of a key can lead to disastrous consequences. Thus, many cryptographers have tackled the following problem:Suppose a secret s (a key) is divided into n &gt; 1 parts (called secret shares) and it satisfies these properties:1. The secret key s can be easily restored from k (k ≤ n) shares.
Effect of annealing on the electrical and optical properties of GaAs/InGaP/n+InGaAs/GaAs epitaxial layers (1998)

Annealing effects on the electrical and optical characteristics of GaAs/InGaP/n+InGaAs:Si/GaAs epilayers grown on GaAs semi-insulating substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition have been investigated. This epilayer structure has been used for heterostructure metal–semiconductor field effect transistors. The carrier concentration is decreased and the mobility is increased by annealing at 700 °C or higher, suggesting the deactivation of Si donors in the n+InGaAs layers. With such annealing, the band-edge photoluminescence (PL) peak from the n+InGaAs layers becomes dramatically weak or disappears and deep level PL broad peaks around 1.2 and 1.5 μm appear instead. It is confirmed by the selectively excited PL that these peaks are from the n+InGaAs layer. The deep levels probably act as nonradiative recombination centers for the near band-edge PL and are attributed to Si complex levels created during the Si donor deactivation process. These levels have no relationship with the strain relaxation or dislocation generation. At 600 °C or lower, however, the carrier concentration, mobility, and PL spectra are hardly changed at all by annealing.
Artificial Membrane Assays to Assess Permeability (2008)

This paper reviews the development of artificial membrane assays in the last decade. Reasons why parallel artificial membrane assays (PAMPA) became widely used are discussed and the various PAMPA assays targeting gastro-intestinal absorption, blood brain barrier and skin penetration are presented. Improvements in the assay technology like the introduction of a paracellular component and the critical factors to get quality data are reviewed. The question how does PAMPA compare with Caco-2 monolayer permeability is being addressed. New dimensions in artificial membrane assays like octanol/water logP measurement, influence of excipients on solubility/permeability and binding constants measurements are introduced. Finally, similarity and differences between partition coefficients and permeability values are discussed.
Combination of intense pulsed light, Sculptra, and Ultherapy for treatment of the aging face (2014)

IPL, MFUS, and PLLA may be safely performed in a single treatment session to target multiple tissue planes concurrently without increased adverse events.
Distal Weak Coordination of Acetamides in Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed C−H Activation Processes (2017)

C-H activations with challenging arylacetamides were accomplished by versatile ruthenium(II) biscarboxylate catalysis. The distal C-H functionalization offers ample scope-including twofold oxidative C-H functionalizations and alkyne hydroarylations-through facile base-assisted internal electrophilic-type substitution (BIES) C-H ruthenation by weak O-coordination.
The Pandemic Experience in Southeast Asia: Interface Between SARS-CoV-2, Malaria, and Dengue (2021)

Southeast Asia (SEA) emerged relatively unscathed from the first year of the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, but as of July 2021 the region is experiencing a surge in case numbers primarily driven by Alpha (B.1.1.7) and subsequently the more transmissible Delta (B.1.617.2) variants. While initial disease burden was mitigated by swift government responses, favorable cultural and societal factors, the more recent rise in cases suggests an under-appreciation of prior prevalence and over-appreciation of possible cross-protective immunity from exposure to endemic viruses, and highlights the effects of vaccine rollout at varying tempos and of variable efficacy. This burgeoning crisis is further complicated by co-existence of malaria and dengue in the region, with implications of serological cross-reactivity on interpretation of SARS-CoV-2 assays and competing resource demands impacting efforts to contain both endemic and pandemic disease.
Effects of Polyols on Electric Properties of Polyurethane Cationomers. (1998)

本報は, 優れたエラストマー性を示す, ポリウレタンカチオノマー (PUC) の電気的性質について報告した. PUCは, 種々のポリオールを出発材料として, プレポリマー法により無溶媒で合成した. 最大の導電率を示したのはポリ (オキシエチレン) グリコール (PEG) を用いた試料である. PEGは, カチオンキャリヤーに対して高い導電率を与えることが一般的に知られているが, ヨウ化物イオンのようなアニオンキャリヤーを用いた場合でも高い導電率を与えた. 導電率の温度依存性はVogel-Tamman-Fulcher式では高い直線性を示した. 複素インピーダンスと複素粘性率の温度分散曲線は, 形状がよく一致した. 複素インピーダンスの温度分散は, 複素粘性率の温度分散よりも高温側に発現したことから, イオン伝導が分子鎖のミクロブラウン運動に要する以上の熱的エネルギーを必要とすることが示唆される.
Comparison of the surfaces and interfaces formed for sputter and electroless deposited gold contacts on CdZnTe (2017)

Cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) is a leading sensor material for spectroscopic X/γ-ray imaging in the fields of homeland security, medical imaging, industrial analysis and astrophysics. The metal-semiconductor interface formed during contact deposition is of fundamental importance to the spectroscopic performance of the detector and is primarily determined by the deposition method. A multi-technique analysis of the metal-semiconductor interface formed by sputter and electroless deposition of gold onto (111) aligned CdZnTe is presented. Focused ion beam (FIB) cross section imaging, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling and current-voltage (IV) analysis have been applied to determine the structural, chemical and electronic properties of the gold contacts. In a novel approach, principal component analysis has been employed on the XPS depth profiles to extract detailed chemical state information from different depths within the profile. It was found that electroless deposition forms a complicated, graded interface comprised of tellurium oxide, gold/gold telluride particulates, and cadmium chloride. This compared with a sharp transition from surface gold to bulk CdZnTe observed for the interface formed by sputter deposition. The electronic (IV) response for the detector with electroless deposited contacts was symmetric, but was asymmetric for the detector with sputtered gold contacts. This is due to the electroless deposition degrading the difference between the Cd- and Te-faces of the CdZnTe (111) crystal, whilst these differences are maintained for the sputter deposited gold contacts. This work represents an important step in the optimisation of the metal-semiconductor interface which currently is a limiting factor in the development of high resolution CdZnTe detectors.
A genetically encoded tool to increase cellular NADH/NAD + ratio in living cells (2022)

ABSTRACT Impaired reduction/oxidation (redox) metabolism is a key contributor to the etiology of many diseases, including primary mitochondrial disorders, cancer, neurodegeneration, and aging. However, mechanistic studies of redox imbalance remain challenging due to limited strategies which can perturb cellular redox metabolism and model pathology in various cellular, tissue, or organismal backgrounds without creating additional and potentially confounding metabolic perturbations. To date, most studies involving impaired redox metabolism have focused on oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; consequently, less is known about the settings where there is an overabundance of reducing equivalents, termed reductive stress. NADH reductive stress has been modeled using pharmacologic inhibition of the electron transport chain (ETC) and ethanol supplementation. Still, both these methods have significant drawbacks. Here, we introduce a soluble transhydrogenase from E. coli ( Ec STH) as a novel genetically encoded tool to promote NADH overproduction in living cells. When expressed in mammalian cells, Ec STH, and a mitochondrially-targeted version (mito Ec STH), can elevate the NADH/NAD + ratio in a compartment-specific manner. Using this tool, we determine the metabolic and transcriptomic signatures of NADH reductive stress in mammalian cells. We also find that cellular responses to NADH reductive stress, including blunted proliferation, are dependent on cellular background and identify the metabolic reactions that sense changes in the cellular NADH/NAD + balance. Collectively, our novel genetically encoded tool represents an orthogonal strategy to perturb redox metabolism and characterize the impact on normal physiology and disease states.
Transplantation of Germ Cells from Rabbits and Dogs Into Mouse Testes1 (1999)

Spermatogonial stem cells of a fertile mouse transplanted into the seminiferous tubules of an infertile mouse can develop spermatogenesis and transmit the donor haplotype to progeny of the recipient mouse. When testis cells from rats or hamsters were transplanted to the testes of immunodeficient mice, complete rat or hamster spermatogenesis occurred in the recipient mouse testes, albeit with lower efficiency for the hamster. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of increasing phylogenetic distance between donor and recipient animals on the outcome of spermatogonial transplantation. Testis cells were collected from donor rabbits and dogs and transplanted into testes of immunodeficient recipient mice in which endogenous spermatogenesis had been destroyed. In separate experiments, rabbit or dog testis cells were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen or cultured for 1 mo before transplantation to mice. Recipient testes were analyzed, using donor-specific polyclonal antibodies, from 1 to >12 mo after transplantation for the presence of donor germ cells. In addition, the presence of canine cells in recipient testes was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for canine alpha-satellite DNA. Donor germ cells were present in the testes of all but one recipient. Donor germ cells predominantly formed chains and networks of round cells connected by intercellular bridges, but later stages of donor-derived spermatogenesis were not observed. The pattern of colonization after transplantation of cultured cells did not resemble spermatogonial proliferation. These results indicate that fresh and cryopreserved germ cells can colonize the mouse testis but do not differentiate beyond the stage of spermatogonial expansion.
Magnetic thaw down and boil-off of electrons in the quantum Hall effect regime due to magnetoacceptors in GaAs/GaAlAs heterostructures (2012)

The quantum Hall effect (QHE) and the Shubnikov--de Haas effect in the QHE regime are investigated experimentally using modulation doped $n$-type GaAs/GaAlAs quantum wells additionally doped in the well with beryllium. It is known that acceptor states introduced by Be atoms have a localized character in the conduction band due to a combined effect of the well and a magnetic field parallel to the growth direction and that they possess discrete energies above the corresponding conduction Landau levels. It is presently shown that the localized magnetoacceptor (MA) states lead to two observable effects in magnetotransport in the ultraquantum limit: magnetic thaw down and magnetic boil-off of two-dimensional (2D) electrons. Both effects are related to the fact that electrons occupying localized MA states cannot conduct. Thus in the thaw down effect the electrons fall down from the MA states to the free Landau states, which leads to a shift of the Hall plateau toward higher magnetic fields as a consequence of an increase of the 2D electron density ${N}_{s}$. In the boil-off effect the electrons are pushed from the free Landau states to the MA states which leads to a dramatic increase of resistance, as a consequence of the decrease of ${N}_{s}$. Differences between the above effects and those induced by magnetodonors in 2D systems are emphasized. We analyze the magnetic boil-off effect theoretically assuming that it is caused by the quantum Hall electric field present in our experiments. It is demonstrated that a sufficiently strong electric field in the crossed-field configuration can indeed populate localized MA states above the Landau levels.
Spheroids from adipose‐derived stem cells exhibit an miRNA profile of highly undifferentiated cells (2018)

Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have been extensively used to investigate stem cell biology, but new insights show that the 2D model may not properly represent the potential of the tissue of origin. Conversely, three-dimensional cultures exhibit protein expression patterns and intercellular junctions that are more representative of their in vivo condition. Multiclonal cells that grow in suspension are defined as "spheroids," and we have previously demonstrated that spheroids from adipose-derived stem cells (S-ASCs) displayed enhanced regenerative capability. With the current study, we further characterized S-ASCs to further understand the molecular mechanisms underlying their stemness properties. Recent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in many cellular mechanisms, including stemness maintenance and proliferation, and adipose stem cell differentiation. Most studies have been conducted to identify a specific miRNA profile on adherent adipose stem cells, although little is still known about S-ASCs. In this study, we investigate for the first time the miRNA expression pattern in S-ASCs compared to that of ASCs, demonstrating that cell lines cultured in suspension show a typical miRNA expression profile that is closer to the one reported in induced pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, we have analyzed miRNAs that are specifically involved in two distinct moments of each differentiation, namely early and late stages of osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages during long-term in vitro culture. The data reported in the current study suggest that S-ASCs have superior stemness features than the ASCs and they represent the true upstream stem cell fraction present in adipose tissue, relegating their adherent counterparts.
Basilar artery occlusion management: An international survey of middle versus high-income countries (2022)

In an area where clinical equipoise was called into question despite the lack of RCT evidence, we found that respondents from MIC were more likely to express willingness to enroll patients with BAO in an RCT than their HIC counterparts.
A corpus-based finite-state morphological toolkit for contemporary arabic (2013)

Journal Article A corpus-based finite-state morphological toolkit for contemporary arabic Get access Mohammed Attia, Mohammed Attia School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Pavel Pecina, Pavel Pecina School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Antonio Toral, Antonio Toral School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Josef van Genabith Josef van Genabith School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Logic and Computation, Volume 24, Issue 2, April 2014, Pages 455–472, https://doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exs070 Published: 08 January 2013 Article history Received: 10 February 2012 Published: 08 January 2013