gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Brønsted Acid Catalysis of Achiral Enamine for Regio- and Enantioselective Nitroso Aldol Synthesis (2005)

Two types of chiral Brønsted acid catalysts have been shown to catalyze regio- and enantioselective nitroso aldol synthesis between nitrosobenzene and achiral enamine. The combination of Brønsted acidity and amine moiety of enamine realizes complete regioselectivity with high enantioselectivity. After a survey of Brønsted acid catalysts, 1-naphthyl glycolic acid is found to be optimal in the O-nitroso aldol pathway, while 1-naphthyl TADDOL is the best catalyst for the N-nitroso aldol pathway. This is based on our finding on the control of regioselectivity by changing the amine moiety of enamine and the choice of Brønsted acidity.
Cross-Coupling Reactions (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Cross-coupling reaction of alkyl halides with Grignard reagents in the presence of 1,3-butadiene catalysed by nickel, palladium, or copper Triorganoindium compounds as efficient reagents for palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions with aryl and vinyl electrophiles Cross-coupling reactions catalysed by heterogeneous nickel-on-charcoal Carbon-carbon bond formation using arylboron reagents with rhodium(I) catalysts in aqueous media
Dynamic region following formation control for a swarm of robots (2009)

This paper presents a dynamic region following formation control method for a swarm of robots. In this control strategy, a swarm of robots shall move together as a group inside a dynamic region that can rotate or scale to enable the robots to adjust the formation. Various desired shapes can be formed by choosing appropriate functions. Unlike existing formation control methods, the proposed method do not need to have specific identities or orders in the group but yet dynamic formation can be formed for a large group of robots. This enables a swarm of robots to adjust the formation during the course of maneuver. The system is also scalable in the sense that any robot can move into the formation or leave the formation without affecting the other robots. Lyapunov-like function is presented for convergence analysis of the multi-robot systems. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed controller.
Evaluating restoration trajectories using DNA metabarcoding of ground-dwelling and airborne invertebrates and associated plant communities (2021)

Invertebrates are important for restoration processes as they are key drivers of many landscape-scale ecosystem functions, including pollination, nutrient cycling and soil formation. However, invertebrates are often overlooked in restoration monitoring because they are highly diverse, poorly described, and time-consuming to survey, and require increasingly scarce taxonomic expertise to enable identification. DNA metabarcoding is a relatively new tool for rapid survey that is able to address some of these concerns, and provide information about the taxa with which invertebrates are interacting via food webs and habitat. Here we evaluate how invertebrate communities may be used to determine ecosystem trajectories during restoration. We collected ground-dwelling and airborne invertebrates across chronosequences of mine-site restoration in three ecologically disparate locations in Western Australia and identified invertebrate and plant communities using DNA metabarcoding. Ground-dwelling invertebrates showed the clearest restoration signals, with communities becoming more similar to reference communities over time. These patterns were weaker in airborne invertebrates, which have higher dispersal abilities and therefore less local fidelity to environmental conditions. Although we detected directional changes in community composition indicative of invertebrate recovery, patterns observed were inconsistent between study locations. The inclusion of plant assays allowed identification of plant species, as well as potential food sources and habitat. We demonstrate that DNA metabarcoding of invertebrate communities can be used to evaluate restoration trajectories. Testing and incorporating new monitoring techniques such as DNA metabarcoding is critical to improving restoration outcomes.
The Economic Dimension in the Sociology of Education (1978)

Endemic in the traditional approaches to the sociology of education, although not always stated explicitly, is a particular view of the relationship between the education system, educational institutions and the economy, particularly that part of it represented by the occupational structure. This model presupposes a certain view of intelligence and ability and of the functions of the education system. Much of the same model is also incorporated implicitly into the new sociology of education which, so far, has failed to consider these macro‐level relationships. This task is now being undertaken by a new generation of Marxist sociologists whose work should contain significant insights especially at a time when the traditional relationship between education and the economy is being highlighted both by cuts in education and the large scale unemployment amongst school leavers.
Modeling subsurface charge accumulation images of a quantum Hall liquid (2002)

Subsurface charge accumulation imaging is a cryogenic scanning probe technique that has recently been used to spatially probe incompressible strips formed in a two-dimensional electron system (2DES) at high magnetic fields. In this paper, we present a detailed numerical modeling of these data. At a basic level, the method produces results that agree well with the predictions of models based on simple circuit elements. Moreover, the modeling method is sufficiently advanced to simulate spatially resolved measurements. By comparing directly the simulations to the experimentally measured data, we can extract quantitatively local electronic features of the 2DES. In particular, we deduce the electron density of states inside the incompressible strips and electrical resistance across them.
A Novel Glass Membrane for Low Temperature H2/O2Fuel Cell Electrolytes (2007)

Abstract A novel structure for an H 2 /O 2 fuel cell with a proton conducting glass electrolyte and a Pt/C catalyst was developed. The performance of the fuel cell, which was impregnated with a glass electrolyte and a gaseous hydrogen–oxygen feed at low temperature in a humidified atmosphere was significantly improved by introducing membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) consisting of heteropolyacids (HPAs) (phosphotungstic acid, PWA and phosphomolybdic acid, PMA) doped with a P 2 O 5 ‐SiO 2 glass electrolyte. The HPAs containing porous glass electrolytes show promise for applications in low temperature H 2 /O 2 fuel cells. The electrochemical behaviour of these materials was studied by measuring the current–voltage profile from polarisation curves. A maximum power density of ≈ 35 mW cm –2 was obtained at 30 °C and 30% RH (relative humidity) using a PMA/PWA‐P 2 O 5 ‐SiO 2 glass electrolyte membrane. The impedance measurements displaying the total cell ohmic resistance for 12 h at 0.5 V were evaluated at 30 °C. The resistance value was 3.5 Ω for an operating time of 12 h. This MEA showed the best and the most stable performance for use in an H 2 /O 2 fuel cell.
Analysis of the CAG Repeat Number in a Patient with Huntington's Disease. (1999)

This study was performed to confirm 1) the difference in the trinucleotide CAG repeat number among tissues, 2) somatic mosaicism in each tissue, 3) the correlation of the repeat number with pathological severity in Huntington's disease. The CAG repeat number was determined by analysis of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product in various tissues, including central nervous system (CNS) tissues and non-CNS tissues. We also determined the pathological severity grade in each brain section and compared this with the results of CAG repeat analyses. The patient was a Japanese male with Huntington's disease who died at 62 years of age. Genomic DNA was extracted from 10 parts of the central nervous system and 6 parts of other tissues from the patient. Each part of the formalin-fixed brain was subjected to gross and microscopic pathological assessment. The main peaks of CAG repeat in all tissues were 22 and 44. In analysis of somatic mosaicism, high degrees of mosaicism were obtained in the caudate nucleus, putamen and cerebral cortex, in which more severe degeneration was observed by pathological examination. These results, although this is a single case study, indicated that pathological severity did not correlate with the CAG repeat number, but it did relate to the degree of somatic mosaicism. Somatic mosaicism might reflect region-specific neuronal degeneration in Huntington's disease.
Prevalence and spectrum of Johne’s disease lesions in cattle slaughtered at two abattoirs in Kampala, Uganda: Poster 131. 56th AAVLD/117th USAHA Annual Meeting Proceedings (2013)

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and characteristics of Johne’s disease (JD) lesions in Ugandan cattle slaughtered at two of the main abattoirs in Kampala. JD, or paratuberculosis, is a chronic wasting<br/>disease that affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals and is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), an acid-fast bacterium. It has serious negative impact on the productivity of the affected<br/>animals. The control and eradication of the disease is constrained by the lack of early diagnosis tools. Identification of the affected animals can be based on clinical signs, demonstration of the organism in feces and tissues of affected<br/>animals using various bacteriological and molecular methods; serological testing in live animals, and gross and microscopic lesions. In countries where JD has never been reported or has very low prevalence, facilities for culture<br/>and molecular diagnosis of the disease might not be in existence. Under such circumstances, pathological diagnosis is very important. Although gross lesions can lead to a correct diagnosis of the disease in advanced stages, in some<br/>cases, even animals with advanced disease may lack such lesions. Moreover, in early stages of the disease, the lesions may be so subtle as to escape recognition. Ileocecal junction and the associated lymph nodes of 1,022 cattle<br/>were examined for gross and microscopic lesions, followed by Ziehl Neelsen staining of the tissues bearing lesions. Confirmation of MAP infection was done in some of the tissues using culture and IS900 PCR. The lesions were then<br/>described, characterised and tabulated. Characteristic JD granulomas were found in 4.7% of the samples examined, derived from Zebu, Ankole longhorn, Friesian breeds of cattle and their crosses. Lesions were found both in the<br/>lymph nodes and ileocecal junction mucosa. The lesions tended to be more severe in the lymph node than in the mucosa. There were also some unique and atypical lesions found in association with JD granulomas. The diagnostic<br/>value of various gross lesions and criteria of lesion classifications and diagnosis are revisited and discussed based on the findings of this study. The prevalence of JD lesions among slaughtered cattle in Kampala’s two abattoirs<br/>indicates that the disease is well established in the cattle population in the country. The diverse manifestations in lesions of JD, particularly early, focal or mild lesions, need to be considered when making histological diagnosis in<br/>tissues where the disease is suspected.
Fast Integral Equation Solution by Multilevel Green's Function Interpolation Combined With Multilevel Fast Multipole Method (2012)

A fast wideband integral equation (IE) solver combining the multilevel interpolatory fast Fourier transform accelerated approach (MLIPFFT) with the multilevel fast multipole method (MLFMM) is discussed. On electrically fine levels within an oct-tree multilevel structure, coupling computations are performed by MLIPFFT. This method is based on a 3D Lagrange factorization of the pertinent Green's functions with a smooth approximation error in space and it does not suffer a low frequency breakdown as known from MLFMM. For high frequency integral equation problems, MLIPFFT has decreased computational efficiency as the Nyquist theorem requires increasing numbers of samples in 3 dimensions. Due to a transition from the interpolation point based MLIPFFT source/receive formulation towards an appropriate <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> -space representation at a certain level within the oct-tree, the high frequency efficient MLFMM can be employed for coarse levels. The hybrid algorithm is hence well suited for fast wideband integral equation solutions. Both, mixed-potential and direct-field formulations are considered. Furthermore, a method for MLIPFFT extrapolation error reduction based on fine level interpolation domain spreading is introduced. In several numerical examples, the performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated.
Purification and Characterization of the Pac1 Ribonuclease of Schizosaccharomyces Pombe (1996)

The pac1+ gene of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is essential for viability and its overexpression induces sterility and suppresses mutations in the pat1+ and snm1+ genes. The pac1+ gene encodes a protein that is structurally similar to RNase III from Escherichia coli, but its normal function is unknown. We report here the purification and characterization of the Pac1 protein after overexpression in E. coli. The purified protein is a highly active, double-strand-specific endoribonuclease that converts long double-stranded RNAs into short oligonucleotides and also cleaves a small hairpin RNA substrate. The Pac1 RNase is inhibited by a variety of double- and single-stranded polynucleotides, but polycytidylic acid greatly enhances activity and also promotes cleavage specificity. The Pac1 RNase produces 5'-phosphate termini and requires Mg2+; Mn2+ supports activity but causes a loss of cleavage specificity. Optimal activity was obtained at pH 8.5, at low ionic strength, in the presence of a reducing agent. The enzyme is relatively insensitive to N-ethylmaleimide but is strongly inhibited by ethidium bromide and vanadyl ribonucleoside complexes. The properties of the Pac1 RNase support the hypothesis that it is a eukaryotic homolog of RNase III.
Poly(ethylene glycol) as a diluent for preparation of standards for volatile organics in water (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPoly(ethylene glycol) as a diluent for preparation of standards for volatile organics in waterWoodfin V. Ligon and Hans. GradeCite this: Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 6, 920–921Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00229a047https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00229a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views37Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy: from atomic imaging and analysis to solving energy problems (2009)

The new possibilities of aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) extend far beyond the factor of 2 or more in lateral resolution that was the original motivation. The smaller probe also gives enhanced single atom sensitivity, both for imaging and for spectroscopy, enabling light elements to be detected in a Z-contrast image and giving much improved phase contrast imaging using the bright field detector with pixel-by-pixel correlation with the Z-contrast image. Furthermore, the increased probe-forming aperture brings significant depth sensitivity and the possibility of optical sectioning to extract information in three dimensions. This paper reviews these recent advances with reference to several applications of relevance to energy, the origin of the low-temperature catalytic activity of nanophase Au, the nucleation and growth of semiconducting nanowires, and the origin of the eight orders of magnitude increased ionic conductivity in oxide superlattices. Possible future directions of aberration-corrected STEM for solving energy problems are outlined.
Structural Insights into Bifunctional Thaumarchaeal Crotonyl-CoA Hydratase and 3-Hydroxypropionyl-CoA Dehydratase from Nitrosopumilus maritimus (2021)

Abstract The ammonia-oxidizing thaumarchaeal 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate (3HP/4HB) cycle is one of the most energy-efficient CO 2 fixation cycles discovered thus far. The protein encoded by Nmar_1308 (from Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1) is a promiscuous enzyme that catalyzes two essential reactions within the thaumarchaeal 3HP/4HB cycle, functioning as both a crotonyl-CoA hydratase (CCAH) and 3- hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase (3HPD). In performing both hydratase and dehydratase activities, Nmar_1308 reduces the total number of enzymes necessary for CO 2 fixation in Thaumarchaeota, reducing the overall cost for biosynthesis. Here, we present the first high-resolution crystal structure of this bifunctional enzyme with key catalytic residues in the thaumarchaeal 3HP/4HB pathway.
TTIDS: Transmission-Resuming Time-Based Intrusion Detection System for Controller Area Network (CAN) (2022)

Modern vehicles are becoming complex cyber-physical systems equipped with numerous electronic control units (ECUs). Over the controller area network (CAN), these ECUs communicate with each other to share information related to vehicle status as well as commands to efficiently control the vehicle. However, the increasing complexity of modern vehicles has inadvertently expanded potential attack surfaces, making them vulnerable to cyber attacks. In light of this, researchers are currently working to demonstrate remote vehicle maneuvering by compromising ECUs, and as a countermeasure to such malicious manipulation, to study automotive intrusion detection systems (IDSs) as potential remedies. In general, CAN messages are transmitted periodically, and as such, many researchers have relied on frequency-based IDSs in their solutions proposals. However, an attacker can bypass this defense by suspending the communication of the target ECU from the network and injecting malicious messages with the same frequency as the suspended messages. As a result, an attacker is able to masquerade as the original transmission frequency. In this paper, we propose a Transmission-resuming Time-based IDS (TTIDS), which is designed to detect such attacks. TTIDS detects when an ECU periodically transmitting messages is suspended, and then it estimates when the suspended ECU resumes periodic transmission. With this projection, TTIDS detects malicious messages transmitted while the ECU is suspended. We conduct the evaluation of TTIDS on two real vehicles and present the results, which show the TTIDS is able to effectively detect an enhanced attack that bypasses existing frequency-based IDSs with a false positive rate of 0.213% and a false negative rate of 0.027%.
Development and application of high‐performance affinity beads: Toward chemical biology and drug discovery (2009)

In drug development research, the elucidation and understanding of the interactions between physiologically active substances and proteins that numerous genes produce is important. Currently, most commercially available drugs and physiologically active substances have been brought to market without knowledge of factors interacting with the drugs and the substances. Affinity purification is a useful and powerful technique employed to understand factors that are targeted by drugs and physiologically active substances. However, use of conventional matrices for affinity chromatography often causes a decrease in efficiency of affinity purification and, as a result, more practical matrices for affinity purification have been developed for application in drug discovery research. In this paper, we describe the development of high-performance affinity beads (SG beads and FG beads) that enable one-step affinity purification of drug targets and the elucidation of the mechanism of the action of the drugs. We also describe a chemical screening system using our affinity beads. We hope that utilization of the affinity beads will contribute to the progress of research in chemical biology.
Nitric Oxide Equilibrium (2007)

The explicit formulas for following the passage to chemical equilibrium are derived.
On the Reaction of 4-Quinazolinecarbonitrile with Nucleophilic Reagents. II. Reaction of 4-Quinazolinecarbonitrile with Grignard Reagents (1962)

Grignard reagents reacted as anionoid with 4-quinazolinecarbonitrile (I).Reaction of (I) with methylmagnesium iodide, ethylmagnesium bromide, isopropylmagnesium bromide, phenylmagnesium bromide, and benzylmagnesium chloride afforded 4-methyl-(II), 4-ethyl-(III), 4-isopropyl-(IV), 4-phenyl-(V), and 4-benzylquinazoline-(VI), respectively.The mechanism for these reactions may be suggested as in Chart 2.Reactions of 4-chloroquinazoline (VII) with Grignard reagents were carried out in order to compare them with those of (I) using the same reagents.(VII), with isopropylmagnesium bromide, afforded (W) and 4, 4'-biquinazoline (VIII), with phenylmagnesium bromide, (VIII), and with benzylmagnesium chloride, (VI).The foregoing results showed that the 4-position in (I) was very reactive to anionoid reagents, and some differences in chemical properties existed between (VIII) and (I).
An implementation of downlink asynchronous HARQ for LTE TDD system (2012)

The HARQ enables the error correction of the unsuccessfully decoded transport block, but it requires redundancy retransmissions and delay in receiving an acknowledgement. In order to provide the flexibility of scheduling, the DL of LTE system uses the asynchronous HARQ so that retransmissions occur at any time. Generally in the FDD, the HARQ round trip time (RTT) which is time interval between initial transmission and retransmission is fixed. In the TDD, UL/DL subframe is separated in time domain by UL-DL configuration, so the HARQ RTT is different according to each subframe and that would be longer than the FDD. Especially when retransmissions occur, if the HARQ RTT increases, the QoS requirement of the retransmitted packet would not be satisfied by increased end-to-end latency. In this paper, we suggest the method of implementing DL asynchronous HARQ in LTE TDD system that the eNB can apply by UL-DL configuration as minimizing the HARQ RTT, and analyze in aspect of the HARQ RTT.