gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analyses of repeated failures in cancer therapy for solid tumors: poor tumor‐selective drug delivery, low therapeutic efficacy and unsustainable costs (2018)

For over six decades reductionist approaches to cancer chemotherapies including recent immunotherapy for solid tumors produced outcome failure-rates of 90% (±5) according to governmental agencies and industry. Despite tremendous public and private funding and initial enthusiasm about missile-therapy for site-specific cancers, molecular targeting drugs for specific enzymes such as kinases or inhibitors of growth factor receptors, the outcomes are very bleak and disappointing. Major scientific reasons for repeated failures of such therapeutic approaches are attributed to reductionist approaches to research and infinite numbers of genetic mutations in chaotic molecular environment of solid tumors that are bases of drug development. Safety and efficacy of candidate drugs tested in test tubes or experimental tumor models of rats or mice are usually evaluated and approved by FDA. Cost-benefit ratios of such 'targeted' therapies are also far from ideal as compared with antibiotics half a century ago. Such alarming records of failure of clinical outcomes, the increased publicity for specific vaccines (e.g., HPV or flu) targeting young and old populations, along with increasing rise of cancer incidence and death created huge and unsustainable cost to the public around the globe. This article discusses a closer scientific assessment of current cancer therapeutics and vaccines. We also present future logical approaches to cancer research and therapy and vaccines.
A transform domain approach to spatial domain image scaling (2002)

Straightforward techniques for spatial domain scaling of compressed video via decompression and re-compression are computationally expensive. We describe an alternative approach wherein the compressed stream is processed in the compressed, DCT domain without explicit decompression and spatial domain scaling, so that the output compressed stream corresponds to a down-sampled image and it conforms the standard syntax of 8/spl times/8 blocks. We propose computation schemes for scaling factors of 2, 3 and 4 that are applicable to any DCT-based compression method. Worst-case estimates of computation savings very between 37% and 50% depending on the scaling factor. For typically sparse DCT blocks, the reduction in computations can be as much as 80%. A byproduct of the proposed approach is improvement in arithmetic precision.
The role of a burner head choke in NOx reduction (1997)

The emission of NOx and CO from flames of burners are a major nuisance for the boiler and burner industry. The current EPA legislation have restricted the emissions of NOx and CO from natural gas commercial burners to 30 ppm (25 ppm in Southern California) and 200 ppm, corrected to 3% O{sub 2}, respectively. The recent experiments performed at the authors` laboratory on low NOx gas burners in a 1 MW refractory steam generator have shown that significant improvement in NOx emissions, without increasing CO, is possible by mounting a converging cone (choke) on the head of a conventional gas burner. A burner mounted with a choke produces up to 405 less NOx than a burner without a choke. The oxides of nitrogen could be further reduced to meet the EPA requirements by using Steam Injection (SI) or external Flue Gas Recirculation(FGR). Due to the already low levels of NOx emission with a choked burner, very little amount of SI or FGR is needed. The flue gas composition at different excess air levels and varying equivalence ratios are plotted. The effect of NOx emission on the amount of FGR and SI is also shown.
Generation of continuous wave terahertz frequency radiation from metal-organic chemical vapour deposition grown Fe-doped InGaAs and InGaAsP (2016)

We demonstrate the generation of continuous wave terahertz (THz) frequency radiation from photomixers fabricated on both Fe-doped InGaAs and Fe-doped InGaAsP, grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The photomixers were excited using a pair of distributed Bragg reflector lasers with emission around 1550 nm, and THz radiation was emitted over a bandwidth of greater than 2.4 THz. Two InGaAs and four InGaAsP wafers with different Fe doping concentrations were investigated, with the InGaAs material found to outperform the InGaAsP in terms of emitted THz power. The dependencies of the emitted power on the photomixer applied bias, incident laser power, and material doping level were also studied.
Building a dynamically generated virtual museum using a game engine (2013)

Summary form only given. Before the digital age, the only way for museum visitors to experience what a museum has to offer, was to actually visit it. However, this adds limitations to the visitors as not all people are able to go to certain places, or even at certain hours. Therefore, there was a need to develop a new concept of museum that will be accessible to all users, at all times, from everywhere. The answer is online virtual museums. This paper aims to describe the work in progress of creating a system that builds dynamically generated 3 D virtual museums based on the user's preferences using a video game engine. Furthermore, we describe the process we followed to build a virtual museum using virtual copies of real archaeological artifacts, describing the problems we faced and how we dealt with them. The 3 D environment of the 3 D virtual museum is a walk-through virtual space, similar to those of the first-person shooter games, which accommodates in specific positions the objects that the user has selected. In this case the user has an avatar which uses to move around in the scene, resembling user experience from the video game world. The user sees the virtual world through the eyes of the avatar and he has the feeling of being in a first-person virtual world. The user is able to walk around using the arrows keys and look using the mouse. Additionally, he is able to use the mouse to interact with objects, so as to enrich his virtual museum experience. The goal of this work is to dynamically build a virtual world containing the museum along with the items positioned in locations according to the user's preferences. The user will be able to set his/her preferences and to choose the content that he is interested in using a user friendly Graphical Unit Interface (GUI). Subsequently, a new scene will be created and introduced to the user. The system's features will include classification filters, search fields, sorting on specific attributes of the items of the museum, like chronology and location. The items used in the system are 3 D models of archaeological items created by The Cyprus Institute (CVI). Finally, our motivation for this work is to provide users a rich experience where they will explore details and information of the archaeological artifacts, that otherwise would remain "hidden", by studying the 3 D digital replicas.
A study on application to gait analysis of joint torque estimation using wearable sensor system (2020)

Motion analysis is important in the field of sports and rehabilitation. The optical motion capture systems that are mainly used in motion analysis are expensive and have a limited range of measurement range. In previous studies, we have proposed a method for estimating joint torque in flexion and extension using a wearable motion sensor and a force plate. However, the result by proposed method was included the error more than the result by the optical motion capture method. In the measurement of a person walks, the vibration of the body and clothing caused by the impact of the foot on the ground is the error factors. Therefore, we proposed a method to reduce noise by using a vibration model considering the vibration caused by the shock in this study. The wearable sensor system was used to measure a 5-meter straight-line gait, and the effect of the roll angle pitch angle vibration was reduced by using the proposed model consisting of the spring and damper elements. It is possible to improve the performance of the posture estimation method by using this method.
Issues in the design and specification of class libraries (1992)

The design and specification of an extensible class library presents a difficult challenge:
Effects of perfusion and vascular architecture on contrast dispersion: Validation in ex-vivo porcine liver under machine perfusion (2016)

Dynamic contrast enhanced ultrasound (DCE-US) enables imaging of cancer angiogenesis by quantification of perfusion and dispersion. Although increased perfusion may be found in areas of active angiogenesis due to increased demands for blood supply, decreased perfusion may be caused by the decreased efficiency and functionality, typical of cancer angiogenic microvasculature. Contrast dispersion, mainly determined by the flow profile in large vessels and by the multipath trajectories in the microvasculature, may thus represent a suitable alternative to characterize cancer angiogenesis. Based on a model of the contrast transport kinetics as a convective-dispersion process, several DCE-US methods have been proposed estimating dispersion for characterization of cancer angiogenic vasculature. Although dispersion imaging has shown promising in a clinical context, its physical link with variations in flow and vascular architecture has never been shown. The objective of this work is thus to investigate the influence of flow and underlying vascular architecture on the estimation of dispersion in an ex-vivo machine-perfused pig liver.
In vitro Studies on the Microbicidal Effectiveness of a Xenon-Based Ultraviolet Light Device for Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Connections (1991)

Mercury vapor sourced ultraviolet light has been used for several years to disinfect connections that are integral to peritoneal dialysis solution delivery systems. This in vitro study evaluated the suitability of xenon flash sourced ultraviolet light as an effective alternative disinfecting agent. Candida albicans was determined to be at least four times more resistant than Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mitis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ultraviolet radiation generated by both mercury vapor and xenon flash devices. Both ultraviolet devices effectively disinfected transfer set spikes that were inoculated intraluminally with each of these five test microorganisms suspended in a pool of patient dialysis effluent. However, ultraviolet (254 nm) absorbance values of dialysis effluent was found to vary greatly between patients, with the most ultraviolet-opaque effluent significantly reducing the microbicidal effectiveness of the mercury vapor, but not the xenon flash system.
Defective humoral immunity disrupts bile acid homeostasis which promotes inflammatory disease of the small bowel (2022)

Mucosal antibodies maintain gut homeostasis by promoting spatial segregation between host tissues and luminal microbes. Whether and how mucosal antibody responses influence gut health through modulation of microbiota composition is unclear. Here, we use a CD19<sup>-/-</sup> mouse model of antibody-deficiency to demonstrate that a relationship exists between dysbiosis, defects in bile acid homeostasis, and gluten-sensitive enteropathy of the small intestine. The gluten-sensitive small intestine enteropathy that develops in CD19<sup>-/-</sup> mice is associated with alterations to luminal bile acid composition in the SI, marked by significant reductions in the abundance of conjugated bile acids. Manipulation of bile acid availability, adoptive transfer of functional B cells, and ablation of bacterial bile salt hydrolase activity all influence the severity of small intestine enteropathy in CD19<sup>-/-</sup> mice. Collectively, results from our experiments support a model whereby mucosal humoral immune responses limit inflammatory disease of the small bowel by regulating bacterial BA metabolism.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Large‐Scale Preparation of 4‐Iodopicolinic Acid (III). (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A CMOS active antenna/inductor for System on a Chip (SoC) applications (2008)

A miniature on-chip antenna/inductor is presented which can radiate effectively while providing the required L and Q for the resonant tank of a VCO. Antenna gain and radiation pattern measurements demonstrate a maximum gain of -22 dBi at 45deg off boresight. With 0 dBm of radiated power, the on-chip antenna supports a 2 m communication link with an off-chip patch antenna connected to a low noise receiver. The results indicate a promising future for this design in short range communication applications.
Remote hydrogen plasma chemical vapor deposition using an organopentasilane cluster as a novel film-forming precursor: Mechanism of the activation step (1994)

The remote hydrogen plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane (TMSS) as a source compound has been examined in terms of the mechanism of the activation step. The deposition experiments performed for different configurations of the afterglow tube (straight, with a light trap, and with a hydrogen-radical annihilator) prove that the TMSS molecules are exclusively activated by the reactions with the hydrogen radicals. The determined temperature dependence of the film deposition rate suggests that the examined remote hydrogen plasma CVD is a nonthermally activated process. Susceptibility of particular bonds in TMSS molecule to the activation step has been characterized using suitable model source compounds. Mechanisms of the most important elementary reactions contributing to the activation step have been proposed.
Detection of Cytomegalovirus,Pneumocystis carinii, and Aspergillus Species in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid:A Comparison of Techniques (1993)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Pneumocystis carinii, and Aspergillus species are common causes of fatal pulmonary infections in immunocompromised hosts. Therefore, rapid and reliable methods of establishing the diagnosis of these types of pneumonia are essential. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) has proved to be a rapid and safe procedure for procuring large numbers of bronchial and alveolar cells from the lung. To assess various methods of detecting CMV, P. carinii, and aspergillosis in lavage specimens, 47 BAL samples from adults at high risk for these infections were evaluated. The visualization of these agents was performed by cytologic examination and in situ hybridization for CMV; cytologic examination, Gomori's methenamine silver (GMS) stain, and immunofluorescence for P. carinii; and cytologic examination, GMS stain, and immunocytologic studies for Aspergillus species. Cytomegalovirus was detected in 2 of 47 specimens (4%) by cytologic examination and 7 of 47 (15%) by in situ hybridization. Cells with nuclear and/or cytoplasmic inclusions invariably were labeled with the CMV DNA probe. The weak diagnostic value of the cytologic examination resulted from the absence of characteristic inclusions in many specimens with positive results by in situ hybridization. P. carinii was the most frequent pathogen isolated from BAL fluid (9 of 47 cases; 19%). It was found in 1 of 47 specimens (2%) by the cytologic examination of Papanicolaou-stained smears, 4 of 47 (8.5%) by the GMS stain, and 8 of 47 (17%) by immunofluorescence. Most P. carinii-positive cases (five of nine cases) were detected by immunofluorescence only. Aspergillus species was diagnosed in 2 of 47 specimens (4%) by cytologic examination and GMS staining. Immunocytologic studies had positive results in these specimens and detected one additional case of Aspergillus infection (3 of 47 cases; 6%). These data show that techniques using CMV DNA probes and anti-P. carinii or anti-Aspergillus antibodies are rapid and more sensitive than conventional diagnostic procedures.
Hydrogen production from meat processing and restaurant waste derived crude glycerol by anaerobic fermentation and utilization of the spent broth (2013)

Abstract BACKGROUND Crude glycerol ( CG ), the major by‐product of the biodiesel production process, could be used for biohydrogen production. However, fermentative hydrogen production is limited by the cost of buffer and additional nutrients required for the process. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to determine maximum H 2 production potential of CG in the absence of any additional expensive supplement. Another objective was sustainable utilization of the waste from the H 2 production process. RESULTS A maximum production of 2022.5 mL H 2 L −1 media was achieved by CG bioconversion (without any additional nutrient) and 10 g L −1 CG was found to be optimum. Further, the addition of spent biomass (50 mg L −1 ) from the process into a subsequent process was found to improve production by 32.5% with a maximum rate of 1040 mL L −1 day −1 . Similarly, nearly 75% of total H 2 was produced at a pH as low as 3.8, indicating high acid tolerance of the strain ( Enterobacter aerogenes NRRL B407 ) used. CONCLUSION Meat processing and restaurant waste based CG has been characterized and evaluated for maximum H 2 production potential. Utilization of spent biomass from the CG bioconversion process (as supplement) was found to improve process performance. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Mixing and transport from combined stretching-and-folding and cutting-and-shuffling (2017)

While structures and bifurcations controlling tracer particle transport and mixing have been studied extensively for systems with only stretching-and-folding, and to a lesser extent for systems with only cutting-and-shuffling, few studies have considered systems with a combination of both. We demonstrate two bifurcations for nonmixing islands associated with elliptic periodic points that only occur in systems with combined cutting-and-shuffling and stretching-and-folding, using as an example a map approximating biaxial rotation of a less-than-half-full spherical granular tumbler. First, we characterize a bifurcation of elliptic island containment, from containment by manifolds associated with hyperbolic periodic points to containment by cutting line tangency. As a result, the maximum size of the nonmixing region occurs when the island is at the bifurcation point. We also demonstrate a bifurcation where periodic points are annihilated by the cutting-and-shuffling action. Chains of elliptic and hyperbolic periodic points that arise when invariant tori surrounding an elliptic point break up [according to Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) theory] can annihilate when they meet a cutting line. Consequently, the Poincaré index (a topological invariant of smooth systems) is not preserved.
Use of Whole-Exome Sequencing to Determine the Genetic Basis of Multiple Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complex Deficiencies (2014)

Exome sequencing enhances the ability to identify potential nuclear gene mutations in patients with biochemically defined defects affecting multiple mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. Additional study is required in independent patient populations to determine the utility of this approach in comparison with traditional diagnostic methods.
A Stable Calcium Alumanyl (2019)

A seven-membered N,N'-heterocyclic potassium alumanyl nucleophile is introduced and utilised in the metathetical synthesis of Mg-Al and Ca-Al bonded derivatives. Both species have been characterised by experimental and theoretical means, allowing a rationalisation of the greater reactivity of the heavier group 2 species implied by an initial assay of their reactivity.
Prognostic severity scores for patients with COPD exacerbations attending emergency departments (2014)

Three clinical predictors available in the ED can be used to create a simple score to predict the need for intensive treatment among eCOPD patients. Such a score can be a tool for clinical practice.
Host Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Modulating Influenza A Virus Disease in Humans (2019)

A large number of human genes associated with viral infections contain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which represent a genetic variation caused by the change of a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence. SNPs are located in coding or non-coding genomic regions and can affect gene expression or protein function by different mechanisms. Furthermore, they have been linked to multiple human diseases, highlighting their medical relevance. Therefore, the identification and analysis of this kind of polymorphisms in the human genome has gained high importance in the research community, and an increasing number of studies have been published during the last years. As a consequence of this exhaustive exploration, an association between the presence of some specific SNPs and the susceptibility or severity of many infectious diseases in some risk population groups has been found. In this review, we discuss the relevance of SNPs that are important to understand the pathology derived from influenza A virus (IAV) infections in humans and the susceptibility of some individuals to suffer more severe symptoms. We also discuss the importance of SNPs for IAV vaccine effectiveness.
GStarX: Explaining Graph Neural Networks with Structure-Aware Cooperative Games (2022)

Explaining machine learning models is an important and increasingly popular area of research interest. The Shapley value from game theory has been proposed as a prime approach to compute feature importance towards model predictions on images, text, tabular data, and recently graph neural networks (GNNs) on graphs. In this work, we revisit the appropriateness of the Shapley value for GNN explanation, where the task is to identify the most important subgraph and constituent nodes for GNN predictions. We claim that the Shapley value is a non-ideal choice for graph data because it is by definition not structure-aware. We propose a Graph Structure-aware eXplanation (GStarX) method to leverage the critical graph structure information to improve the explanation. Specifically, we define a scoring function based on a new structure-aware value from the cooperative game theory proposed by Hamiache and Navarro (HN). When used to score node importance, the HN value utilizes graph structures to attribute cooperation surplus between neighbor nodes, resembling message passing in GNNs, so that node importance scores reflect not only the node feature importance, but also the node structural roles. We demonstrate that GStarX produces qualitatively more intuitive explanations, and quantitatively improves explanation fidelity over strong baselines on chemical graph property prediction and text graph sentiment classification.