gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
La polysémie systématique dans la description lexicale (1997)

G. Nunberg et A. Zaenen : La polysémie systématique dans la description lexicale The phenomenon of systematic polysemy offers a fruitful domain for examining the theoretical differences between lexicological and lexicographic approaches to description. We consider here the process that provides for systematic conversion of count to mass nouns in English (a chicken /chicken, an oak / oak etc.). From the point of view of lexicology, we argue, standard syntactic and pragmatic tests suggest the phenomenon should be described by means of a single unindividuated transfer function that does not distinguish between interpretations (rabbit = « meat » vs. « fur »). From the point of view of lexicography, however, these more precise interpretations are made part of explicit description via the inclusion of semantic « licences », a mechanism distinct from lexical rules.
Measuring Intra-Pixel Sensitivity Variations of a CMOS Image Sensor (2018)

Some applications in scientific imaging, like space-based high-precision photometry, benefit from a detailed characterization of the sensitivity variation within a pixel. A detailed map of the intra-pixel sensitivity (IPS) allows to increase the photometric accuracy by correcting for the impact of the tiny sub-pixel movements of the image sensor during integration. This paper reports the measurement of the sub-pixel sensitivity variation and the extraction of the IPS map of a front-side illuminated CMOS image sensor with a pixel pitch of 6 μm. Our optical measurement setup focuses a collimated beam onto the imaging surface with a microscope objective. The spot was scanned in a raster over a single pixel to probe the pixel response at each (sub-pixel) scan position. We model the optical setup in ZEMAX to cross-validate the optical spot profile described by an Airy diffraction pattern. In this paper, we introduce a forward modeling technique to derive the variation of the IPS. We model the optical spot scanning system and discretize the CMOS pixel response. Fitting this model to the measured data allows us to quantify the spatial sensitivity variation within a single pixel. Finally, we compare our results to those obtained from the more commonly used Wiener deconvolution.
Molecular systematics of the Brassicaceae: evidence from coding plastidic matK and nuclear Chs sequences (2001)

Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using nucleotide sequence variation of the nuclear-encoded chalcone synthase gene (Chs) and the chloroplast gene matK for members of five tribes from the family Brassicaceae to analyze tribal and subtribal structures. Phylogenetic trees from individual data sets are mostly in congruence with the results from a combined matK-Chs analysis with a total of 2721 base pairs, but with greater resolution and higher statistical support for deeper branching patterns. The analysis indicates that tribes Lepidieae, Arabideae, and Sisymbrieae are not monophyletic. Among taxa under study four different lineages each were detected in tribes Arabideae and Lepidieae, interspersed with taxa from tribes Sisymbrieae, Hesperideae, and Brassiceae. It is concluded that tribe Brassiceae might be the only monophyletic group of the traditional tribes. From our data we estimated several divergence times for different lineages among cruciferous plants: 5.8 mya (million years ago) for the Arabidopsis-Cardaminopsis split, 20 mya for the Brassica-Arabidopsis split, and ∼40 mya for the age of the deepest split between the most basal crucifer Aethionema and remaining cruciferous taxa.
Synthesis of Cationic Antimicrobial β2,2-Amino Acid Derivatives with Potential for Oral Administration (2011)

We have prepared a series of highly potent achiral cationic β(2,2)-amino acid derivatives that fulfill the Lipinski's rule of five and that contain the basic structural requirements of short cationic antimicrobial peptides. Highest antimicrobial potency was observed for one of the smallest β(2,2)-amino acid derivatives (M(w) 423.6) exhibiting a MIC of 3.8 μM against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), and Staphylococcus aureus, and 7.7 μM against Escherichia coli. The β(2,2)-amino acid derivatives were shown to have similar absorption properties as several commercially available drugs, and the results implied a resembling membrane disrupting mechanism of action as reported for much larger cationic antimicrobial peptides. By their high potency, nontoxicity, absorption properties, and ease of synthesis, the β(2,2)-amino acid derivatives demonstrate a way to modify a vastly investigated class of cationic antimicrobial peptides into small drug-like molecules with high commercial potential.
On the Construction of Protograph-based Partially Doped GLDPC Codes. (2021)

A generalized low-density parity-check (GLDPC) code is a class of codes, where single parity check nodes in a conventional low-density parity-check (LDPC) code are replaced by linear codes with higher parity check constraints. In this paper, we introduce a new method of constructing GLDPC codes by inserting the generalized check nodes for partial doping. While the conventional protograph GLDPC code dopes the protograph check nodes by replacing them with the generalized check nodes, a new GLDPC code is constructed by adding the generalized check nodes and partially doping the selected variable nodes to possess higher degrees of freedom, called a partially doped GLDPC (PD-GLDPC) code. The proposed PD-GLDPC codes can make it possible to do more accurate extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) analysis and the doping granularity can become finer in terms of the protograph than the conventional GLDPC code. We also propose the constraint for the typical minimum distance of PD-GLDPC codes and prove that the PD-GLDPC codes satisfying this condition have the linear minimum distance growth property. Furthermore, we obtain the threshold optimized protograph for both regular and irregular ensembles of the proposed PD-GLDPC codes over the binary erasure channel (BEC). Specifically, we propose the construction algorithms for both regular and irregular protograph-based PD-GLDPC codes that enable the construction of GLDPC codes with higher rates than the conventional ones. The block error rate performance of the proposed PD-GLDPC code shows that it has a reasonably good waterfall performance with low error floor and outperforms other LDPC codes for the same code rate, code length, and degree distribution.
Stable dielectric response of low-loss aromatic polythiourea thin films on Pt/SiO2 substrate (2016)

We have investigated dielectric properties of aromatic polythiourea (ArPTU, a polar polymer containing high dipolar moments with very low defect levels) thin films that were developed on Pt/SiO 2 substrate. The detected response is compared to the response of commercially available polymers, such as high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP), which are at present used in foil capacitors. Stable values of the dielectric constant [Formula: see text] (being twice higher than in HDPE and PP) over broad temperature and frequency ranges and dielectric losses as low as in commercial systems suggest ArPTU as a promising candidate for future use in a variety of applications.
Genomics, individuals and public health: a view from clinical genetics * Comment on Dr R.L. Zimmern's Genomics and individuals in public health practice: are we luddites or can we meet the challenge? (2011)

As a clinical geneticist, I am not too surprised that many public health practitioners appear to have ignored the well-publicized advances in genome science. Their response is understandable since Mendelian and chromosomal disorders are generally rare, while for common, complex diseases, the progressive elucidation of genetic variation has yet to impact significantly upon prevention, diagnosis or treatment. But, like Zimmern,1 I am concerned that the public health community needs to act now if it is to contribute to the ‘responsible and effective translation of genome-based knowledge and technologies for the benefit of population health’. Opportunities for the judicious application of genomics are emerging across a wide range of health settings, but the potential costs of irresponsible, ineffective or inappropriate application are high. Public health will simply not be able to contribute optimally to improving health in the twenty-first century unless it factors genomic science into its practice.
Development of a Contaminant Insensitive Sublimator (2006)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Sublimators have been used for heat rejection for a variety of space applications including the Apollo Lunar Module and the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). Sublimators are excellent candidates for heat rejection devices on future vehicles like the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), the Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM), and future spacesuits. One of the drawbacks of previous designs was sensitivity to contamination in the feedwater. Undissolved contaminants can be removed with filters, but dissolved contaminants would be left in the pores of the porous plates in which the feedwater freezes and sublimates. These contaminants build up and clog the relatively small pores (~3–6 μm), thereby blocking the flow of the feedwater, reducing the available area for freezing and sublimation, and degrading the performance of the sublimator. For the X-38 program, a new sublimator design was developed by NASA-JSC that is less sensitive to contaminants. It separates the control point from the sublimation point, thereby allowing a larger pore size media (~350 μm) to be used where the freezing and sublimation occur. The larger pores do not clog as easily, making the sublimator less sensitive to contaminants. This paper describes the Contaminant Insensitive Sublimator, which improves upon the JSC X-38 design by (a) reducing its mass, (b) improving the heat rejection performance, and (c) improving manufacturability. Thermal analysis and design changes are presented, along with fabrication and test results of a sub-scale “mini-sublimator.”&lt;/div&gt;
Analysis of Eight Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay Tests for Detection of Antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Human Serum (2004)

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an important etiologic agent of primary atypical pneumonia in children and adults. The diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection is commonly confirmed through serologic testing. In this study, we used paired sera from 51 patients (all with confirmed M. pneumoniae infection and positive complement fixation [CF] titers) to compare the results of eight enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) available commercially in the United States. We compared two single-use EIAs and six plate-type EIAs. Results from acute-phase sera ranged from only 7 (14%) positive by ImmunoWELL (GenBio) immunoglobulin M (IgM) EIA to 23 (45%) positive by Zeus IgG EIA. When both the acute-phase and convalescent-phase serum samples were examined, positive results ranged from 20 (39%) by the ImmunoWELL (GenBio) IgM assay to 45 (88%) positive by the Remel IgG-IgM EIA. In this study, the single-use EIAs by Remel and Meridian were more reliable than were the plate-type EIAs. Among the plate-type EIAs, the Zeus and DiaSorin assays (which detect antibodies to protein antigens) were more sensitive than the ImmunoWELL assay (which detects antibodies to glycolipid antigens). In general, IgG EIAs on convalescent-phase sera were more concordant with one another than were IgM EIAs with one another. Scatter plot analysis of convalescent-phase sera showed that, as the CF titer dropped, the IgM assays identified fewer positive convalescent-phase sera. In contrast, the IgG assays provided fairly consistent positive results for convalescent-phase sera with CF titers of 64 and above. Results of individual tests and overall limitations of serodiagnostics for M. pneumoniae infections are discussed.
Optical Generation and Distribution of UWB Signals (2006)

In this paper, we present two different approaches to generating and distributing UWB pulse signals in the optical domain based on optical phase modulation. In the first approach, the combination of the EOPM and the SMF link forms an all-optical microwave bandpass filter that can be designed to shape the input Gaussian pulses into UWB doublet pulses that meet the UWB spectral requirement. In the second approach, optical pulses can be generated by a Q-switched or a mode-locked laser. The phase modulation to intensity modulation (PM-IM) conversion is achieved by use of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) that serves as a frequency discriminator. By locating the phase-modulated optical carrier at the linear slope or the quadrature slope of the FBG reflection spectrum, monocycle or doublet pulses can be obtained at the output of the PD. The experimental measurements are shown which have good agreement with the theoretical analysis
Ti3C2 MXene co-catalyst on metal sulfide photo-absorbers for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production (2017)

Scalable and sustainable solar hydrogen production through photocatalytic water splitting requires highly active and stable earth-abundant co-catalysts to replace expensive and rare platinum. Here we employ density functional theory calculations to direct atomic-level exploration, design and fabrication of a MXene material, Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles, as a highly efficient co-catalyst. Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles are rationally integrated with cadmium sulfide via a hydrothermal strategy to induce a super high visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of 14,342 μmol h<sup>-1 </sup>g<sup>-1</sup> and an apparent quantum efficiency of 40.1% at 420 nm. This high performance arises from the favourable Fermi level position, electrical conductivity and hydrogen evolution capacity of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles. Furthermore, Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles also serve as an efficient co-catalyst on ZnS or Zn<sub>x</sub>Cd<sub>1-x</sub>S. This work demonstrates the potential of earth-abundant MXene family materials to construct numerous high performance and low-cost photocatalysts/photoelectrodes.
Site-directed mutagenesis of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase. Demonstration of lysine 103 in the nucleotide binding site. (1990)

Lys103 and Lys421 of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase have been implicated in the dNTP binding function as judged by their reactivity to a substrate binding site-directed reagent, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (Basu, A., Nanduri, V. B., Gerard, G. F., and Modak, M. J. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 1648-1653). To assess the true catalytic importance of the individual lysine residues in Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase, we mutated Lys103 and Lys421 to leucine and alanine, respectively. Analysis of the mutant enzymes revealed that mutation at the 103 position had a drastic effect on the DNA polymerase activity whereas the 421 mutation had no effect. Both mutants exhibited normal RNase H activity as well as the ability to bind to RNA or DNA templates as judged by UV-mediated cross-linking of the enzyme to the template primers. The enzyme with mutation at codon 421 (Lys----Ala) exhibited properties that were indistinguishable from the wild type with respect to its mode of catalysis, i.e. preference of template primer and divalent metal ion, RNA- or DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, RNase H activity, and the processive mode of DNA synthesis. These observations suggest that only Lys103 and not Lys421 is the catalytically important residue that is involved in the binding of substrate dNTP in Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase.
Performance of an unsaturated expansive soil slope subjected to artificial rainfall infiltration (2003)

A major infrastructure project, the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, has been proposed to carry potable water from the Yangtze River region in the south to many arid and semi-arid areas in the northern regions of China, including Beijing. The proposed 1200 km ‘middle route’ of the project is likely to be an open channel with a trapezoidal cross-section. At least 180 km of the proposed excavated canal will pass through areas of unsaturated expansive soils. An 11 m high cut slope in a typical expansive clay with medium plasticity in Zaoyang, close to the ‘middle route’ in Hubei, was selected for a comprehensive and well-instrumented field study of the effects of rainfall infiltration. Two artificial rainfall events were created during a month of field investigation and monitoring. Prior to the rainfall events, high soil suction was measured within the top 1 m of soil. This high initial soil suction created an upward flux of water and moisture. The abundant cracks and fissures near the ground surface played a key role in the soil suction–water interaction. After the rainfall, there was a delayed response of about 2 days before any significant changes of pore water pressure, earth pressure and ground movement were measured. A perched water table was deduced at a depth of about 1·5 m below the slope surface. Two distinct modes of down-slope deformations were observed: a cantilever deformation within the top 1·5 m at the midslope, and a deep-seated down-slope displacement at the toe of the slope. The observed continual soil swelling after the start of the rainfall appears to be governed by the low coefficient of permeability to water and the expansive nature of the soil. After heavy and prolonged rainfalls, earth pressure measurements suggest that passive failures may take place within the softened clay at shallow depths.
Computer Support in Critical Care Medicine. (1980)

Data entered from analog signals, nursing records, various laboratories and medical records is organized, compared, integrated, interpreted, displayed and charted in a ready to use format by a system of mini computers linked to a large central computer with decision making capabilities. The major advantages of the system include: A) Organization of the data, B) Interpretation of data, C) Focusing personnel attention on problems, D) Manipulation and processing of data, E) Storage of data, F) Guiding clinicians, F) Accelerating the availability of data, and G) Education of physicians and nurses. The system is highly accepted by physicians, nurses and allied health personnel requiring minimal entry and retrieval time.
Two-Dimensional near Infrared Correlation Spectroscopy: Principle and its Applications (1998)

The basic principle and applications of generalised two-dimensional (2D) near infrared (NIR) correlation spectroscopy are reviewed in this paper. A brief history and the basic principle of 2D correlation spectroscopy are described first, and then its importance for NIR spectroscopy is discussed. An outline of the mathematical treatment of generalised 2D correlation spectroscopy is given. Several examples of generalised 2D NIR and 2D NIR-mid IR (MIR) heterospectral correlation analysis are introduced.
Determining Capabilities (2015)

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Measurements of Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering at High Momentum Transfer by a Coincidence Technique (1967)

We present measurements of elastic electron-proton scattering cross sections in which both the scattered electron and recoil proton have been detected. Cross sections have been measured for a range of four-momentum transfers from 10 to 150 ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ with an estimated accuracy of between $3\frac{1}{3}$ and 10%.
Presentation of Carbon Dioxide Emission Information for Smartphone Applications (2013)

This paper examines methods of communicating and presenting information to individuals about transport and travel related carbon emissions for online journey planners and smartphone applications. Numerous on-line carbon calculators provide users with information about the carbon emissions that result from the selection of one mode of transport over another. As users may not be familiar with the magnitude of such emissions, many of these calculators employ techniques designed to help the user better understand their emissions and provide some context. This study examines four different methods of communicating and contextualising trip-related carbon emissions based upon methods already in used by a variety of carbon calculators. These methods included a simple numerical representation of emissions in the form of kilograms of CO2 produced, a “lightbulb” method used to contextualize the emissions, a weekly carbon budget, and a graphical “traffic light system”. Results indicate that while that there is a strong correlation between understanding of methods and likelihood of altering mode choice. Significant preferences exist for each of the methods, and age and gender appear to be indicators of personal preference.
Cardioprotective Mechanism of Telmisartan via PPAR- -eNOS Pathway in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Hypertensive Rats (2008)

These results suggest that the cardioprotective mechanism of telmisartan may be partly due to improvement of endothelial function associated with PPAR-gamma-eNOS, oxidative stress, and Rho-kinase pathway.
Glycollate and glyoxylate excretion bySphaerocystis schroeteri(Chlorophyceae) (1981)

Illumination of oxygen-sparged suspensions of Sphaerocystis schroeteri results in the rapid excretion of glyoxylate into the medium. This is followed by the appearance and accumulation of glycollate in the medium. The excreted glyoxylate may be derived from the intracellular enzymic oxidation of glycollate, produced during photorespiration. S. schroeteri possesses a glycollate dehydrogenase and inhibition of this enzyme by α-hydroxy-2-pyridine methanesulphonate stimulates the rate of glycollate excretion and abolishes glyoxylate excretion. The enzyme is susceptible to end-product inhibition by glyoxylate. This compound, produced upon initial exposure of the algae to light, may influence, in turn, whether further glycollate produced is metabolized by S. schroeteri, or excreted.
Mild Hyperthermia Promotes and Accelerates Development and Maturation of Erythroid Cells (2012)

Hyperthermia treatment has at times been associated with increased platelet levels in humans. The heat shock protein HSP70, which can be induced by hyperthermia in megakaryocytes and erythrocytes, was recently shown to protect GATA-1 from degradation and to be required for erythroid differentiation. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that mild hyperthermia (MH), such as fever (39°C), could impact the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors into erythrocytes and their subsequent maturation. Cell growth and erythroid differentiation increased dramatically in cord blood CD34(+) cell cultures incubated under MH. Erythroid maturation was also strongly promoted, which resulted in an increased proportion of hemoglobinized and enucleated erythroids. The rise in erythroid development was traced to a strong synergistic activity between MH and erythropoietin (EPO). The molecular basis for this potent synergy appears to originate from the capacity of MH to increase the basal activation of several signaling molecules downstream of the EPO receptor and the transcriptional activity of GATA-1. Moreover, the potent impact of MH on erythroid development was found be dependent on increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. Thus, fever-like temperatures can promote the differentiation of progenitors along the erythroid lineage and accelerate their maturation through normal regulatory circuitry.