gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analytical Approaches to Verify Food Integrity: Needs and Challenges (2016)

A brief overview of the main analytical approaches and practices to determine food authenticity is presented, addressing, as well, food supply chain and future requirements to more effectively mitigate food fraud. Food companies are introducing procedures and mechanisms that allow them to identify vulnerabilities in their food supply chain under the umbrella of a food fraud prevention management system. A key step and first line of defense is thorough supply chain mapping and full transparency, assessing the likelihood of fraudsters to penetrate the chain at any point. More vulnerable chains, such as those where ingredients and/or raw materials are purchased through traders or auctions, may require a higher degree of sampling, testing, and surveillance. Access to analytical tools is therefore pivotal, requiring continuous development and possibly sophistication in identifying chemical markers, data acquisition, and modeling. Significant progress in portable technologies is evident already today, for instance, as in the rapid testing now available at the agricultural level. In the near future, consumers may also have the ability to scan products in stores or at home to authenticate labels and food content. For food manufacturers, targeted analytical methods complemented by untargeted approaches are end control measures at the factory gate when the material is delivered. In essence, testing for food adulterants is an integral part of routine QC, ideally tailored to the risks in the individual markets and/or geographies or supply chains. The development of analytical methods is a first step in verifying the compliance and authenticity of food materials. A next, more challenging step is the successful establishment of global consensus reference methods as exemplified by the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals initiative, which can serve as an approach that could also be applied to methods for contaminants and adulterants in food. The food industry has taken these many challenges aboard, working closely with all stakeholders and continuously communicating on progress in a fully transparent manner.
A Novel Gate Driver with Positive and Negative Output Voltages (2007)

This paper presents a gate driver, which has positive and negative output voltages with only one positive-voltage source required. Such a gate driver can reduce the switching loss of the MOSFET switch as well as the noise interference during the turn- off period. The detailed operating principles are illustrated and some simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
One Size Fits All: Multiple Uses of Common Modules in the ATLAS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger (2001)

The architecture of the ATLAS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger has been improved and simplified by using a common module to perform different functions that originally required three separate modules.The key is the use of FPGAs with multiple configurations, and the adoption by different subsystems of a common high-density custom crate backplane that takes care to make data paths equal widths and includes minimal VMEbus.One module design can now be configured to count electron/photon and tau/hadron clusters, or count jets, or form missing and total transverse-energy sums and compare them to thresholds.In addition, operations are carried out at both crate and system levels by the same module design.
INFLUENCE OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA (PGPR) ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS L. HERIT (2010)

In the revival of herbal age, aromatic crops are being commercially cultivated in order to fetch the great demand of essential oils used by food, pharmaceutical flavour, perfumery and cosmetics industries. Two isolates of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) which were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Pyrethrum ( Chrysanthemum cineraefolium ) designated as MA-2 and MA-4, and identified as Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens on the basis of cultural as well as biochemical testing. They gave excellent result on the productivity of Pelargonium graveolens , increased herb yield over control by 9 and 27.6% respectively.
Nickel and nickel silicide Schottky barrier contacts to n-type silicon nanowires (2008)

Schottky contacts to n-type silicon nanowires were fabricated using Ni or nickel silicide contacts in a wraparound or end contact geometry, respectively. Series resistance in the test structures was reduced by heavily doping the opposite end of the silicon nanowire, facilitating Ohmic contact formation and reducing the resistance of the nanowire itself. The effective Schottky barrier height is reported as a function of nanowire doping, ambient, and applied back gate bias, highlighting some of the important variables affecting current transport in Schottky contacts to semiconductor nanowires. For the silicide contact to the most lightly doped silicon nanowire, measurements in N2 showed that the effective barrier height without a back gate bias was 0.69 eV, and the ideality factor was 1.1.
salmonella typhimurium (ta100) mutagenicity of 3‐chloro‐4‐(dichloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2(5h)‐furanone and its open‐ and closed‐ring analogs (1991)

The mutagenicities of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX, compound 1), 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-2(5H)-furanone (RMX, compound 6), and 2-(dichloromethyl)-3,3-dichloropropenal (TCB, compound 7) were determined in the same assay and in repetitive determinations using Salmonella typhimurium (TA 100) without microsomal fraction activation. In addition, the mutagenicity of 2-methyl-3,3-dichloropropenal (compound 8) was assayed in the same manner although not simultaneously with MX, RMX, and TCB. This study was undertaken to ascertain the role of open- and closed-ring forms of MX in the mutagenicity of MX. MX proved to be roughly 100 times more mutagenic than the open-ring analogue TCB and 10 times more mutagenic than the closed-ring analogue RMX. Compound 8 was inactive. Assay stability of the three active compounds in Vogel-Bonner medium at 38 degrees C was estimated as the chemical half-life values by following the change in UV absorbance at selected wave lengths. Half-life values were 10.7, 2.6, and 2.8 hr, respectively, for MX, RMX, and TCB. The enhanced mutagenicity of MX relative to RMX and TCB is attributed to the intrinsic mutagenicity of MX and its greater stability is judged to play only a minor role. Moreover, the greater mutagenicity of the closed-ring analogue RMX relative to the open-ring analogue TCB points to the ring form of MX as the active species even though the open form of MX is predominant under assay conditions.
High quality visualization of biochemical pathways in BioPath. (2002)

Biochemical reactions form large and complex networks. Comprehensible visual representations of these networks help biochemists understand the relationships between the chemical components. Typically pathway diagrams are manually produced drawings. Because of the steady progress of knowledge and the complex relationships in these networks, automatic visualizations are necessary. Bio-Path is a system for the exploration and automatic visualization of biochemical pathways. It has been developed to obtain an electronic version of the well-known Boehringer Biochemical Pathways poster and offers new possibilities to find information and to navigate through pathways. BioPath has a specific database containing reactions and a hierarchical clustering of reactions and reaction networks. One feature is the automatic generation of pathways from the database and their high quality visualization. This paper states the requirements for the visualization of biochemical pathways, presents a layout algorithm and shows how BioPath can be used to explore biochemical reaction networks.
Histone acetyltransferase GCN5 is essential for heat stress‐responsive gene activation and thermotolerance in Arabidopsis (2015)

Exposure to temperatures exceeding the normal optimum levels, or heat stress (HS), constitutes an environmental disruption for plants, resulting in severe growth and development retardation. Here we show that loss of function of the Arabidopsis histone acetyltransferase GCN5 results in serious defects in terms of thermotolerance, and considerably impairs the transcriptional activation of HS-responsive genes. Notably, expression of several key regulators such as the HS transcription factors HSFA2 and HSFA3, Multiprotein Bridging Factor 1c (MBF1c) and UV-HYPERSENSITIVE 6 (UVH6) is down-regulated in the gcn5 mutant under HS compared with the wild-type. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays indicated that GCN5 protein is enriched at the promoter regions of HSFA3 and UVH6 genes, but not in HSFA2 and MBF1c, and that GCN5 facilitates H3K9 and H3K14 acetylation, which are associated with HSFA3 and UVH6 activation under HS. Moreover, constitutive expression of UVH6 in the gcn5 mutant partially restores heat tolerance. Taken together, our data indicate that GCN5 plays a key role in the preservation of thermotolerance via versatile regulation in Arabidopsis. In addition, expression of the wheat TaGCN5 gene re-establishes heat tolerance in Arabidopsis gcn5 mutant plants, suggesting that GCN5-mediated thermotolerance may be conserved between Arabidopsis and wheat.
Effect of Elevated Intra-Abdominal Pressure and Hyperoxia on Portal Vein Blood Flow, Hepatocyte Proliferation and Apoptosis in a Rat Model (2008)

Despite a significant decrease in PV blood flow, persistent IAP for 2 hours results in few changes in liver histology, and stimulates hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis in only a few animals, supporting the presence of a recovering mechanism. Treatment with hyperoxia did not significantly change hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis.
The modeling of double patterning lithographic processes (2007)

Double patterning (DP) appears to be the most probable patterning technology for initial 32 nm node manufacturing. This work explores how it may be accurately simulated. In the first instance, the process is approximated using two planar exposures in a commercial lithographic simulation package. This work is then followed up by more accurate calculations using a prototype simulator (based of Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis propagation techniques) which allows the topography generated from the first exposure pass to influence the light propagation in the second exposure. The accuracy of the prototype simulator is demonstrated by validating its' output against the vector model in PROLITH V10, for the planar topography case. Results from the RCWA simulations show that for an example poly gate double patterning process, the presence of the topography enhances the process window of the second exposure, in terms of both exposure and focus latitude. The topography simulator is also used to study the robustness of the second exposure process window to fluctuations in the CD printed during the first exposure pass and of the influence of misalignment between the two passes.
Driving adaptation of probiotic and starter bacteria in order to improve industrial production process (2019)

Driving adaptation of probiotic and starter bacteria in order to improve industrial production process. STLOpendays
Towards unsupervised attention object extraction by integrating visual attention and object growing (2005)

Content-related functionalities of image/video applications call for efficient tools that can automatically extract meaningful objects from images. However, traditional methods generally fail to capture objects of user interest because they totally neglect human visual attention perception. Aiming to address this problem, this study proposes a generic model for unsupervised extraction of viewer's attention objects from color images. We formulate the attention objects as a Markov random field (MRF). Then, the MRF is expressed in the form of a Gibbs random field with an energy function. The energy minimization that integrates visual attention and object growing provides a practical way to obtain attention objects. The proposed model works in a manner analogous to humans and has great promise to be a basic tool for content-based image/video applications. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Stable and Efficient CuO Based Photocathode through Oxygen-Rich Composition and Au–Pd Nanostructure Incorporation for Solar-Hydrogen Production (2017)

Enhancing stability against photocorrosion and improving photocurrent response are the main challenges toward the development of cupric oxide (CuO) based photocathodes for solar-driven hydrogen production. In this paper, stable and efficient CuO-photocathodes have been developed using in situ materials engineering and through gold–palladium (Au–Pd) nanoparticles deposition on the CuO surface. The CuO photocathode exhibits a photocurrent generation of ∼3 mA/cm2 at 0 V v/s RHE. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) analysis and X-ray spectroscopy (XPS) confirm the formation of oxygen-rich (O-rich) CuO film which demonstrates a highly stable photocathode with retained photocurrent of ∼90% for 20 min. The influence of chemical composition on the photocathode performance and stability has been discussed in detail. In addition, O-rich CuO photocathodes deposited with Au–Pd nanostructures have shown enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. Linear scan voltammetry characteristic shows ∼25% enhancement in photocurrent after Au–Pd deposition and reaches ∼4 mA/cm2 at “0” V v/s RHE. Hydrogen evolution rate significantly depends on the elemental composition of CuO and metal nanostructure. The present work has demonstrated a stable photocathode with high photocurrent for visible-light-driven water splitting and hydrogen production.
Characteristics of high energy Kα and Bremsstrahlung sources generated by short pulse petawatt lasers (2004)

We have measured the characteristics of high energy Kα sources created with the Vulcan Petawatt laser at RAL and the JanUSP laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. High energy x-ray backlighters will be essential for radiographing high energy-density experimental science targets for NIF projects especially to probe implosions and high areal density planar samples. Hard Kα x-ray photons are created through relativistic electron plasma interactions in the target material after irradiated by short pulse high intensity lasers. For our Vulcan experiment, we employed a CsI scintillator charge coupled device (CCD) camera for imaging and a CCD camera for single photon counting. We have directly measured the 22 keV Ag Kα source size using the RAL petawatt laser and performed knife-edge measurements of a 40 keV Sm Kα source using the JanUSP laser. The measured source sizes are both ∼60 μm full width half maximum. We have also measured the Ag Kα conversion efficiencies. At laser intensities of 1×1018 W/cm2 range, the conversion efficiency at 22 keV is ∼1×10−4.
341. Addition reactions of heterocyclic compounds. Part IV. Dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and some pyridines (1960)

R. M. Acheson and G. A. Taylor, J. Chem. Soc., 1960, 1691 DOI: 10.1039/JR9600001691
An experimental comparison of click position-bias models (2008)

Search engine click logs provide an invaluable source of relevance information, but this information is biased. A key source of bias is presentation order: the probability of click is influenced by a document's position in the results page. This paper focuses on explaining that bias, modelling how probability of click depends on position. We propose four simple hypotheses about how position bias might arise. We carry out a large data-gathering effort, where we perturb the ranking of a major search engine, to see how clicks are affected. We then explore which of the four hypotheses best explains the real-world position effects, and compare these to a simple logistic regression model. The data are not well explained by simple position models, where some users click indiscriminately on rank 1 or there is a simple decay of attention over ranks. A 'cascade' model, where users view results from top to bottom and leave as soon as they see a worthwhile document, is our best explanation for position bias in early ranks
Spidering Hacks (2003)

Written for developers, researchers, technical assistants, librarians, and power users, Spidering Hacks provides expert tips on spidering and scraping methodologies. You'll begin with a crash course in spidering concepts, tools (Perl, LWP, out-of-the-box utilities), and ethics (how to know when you've gone too far: what's acceptable and unacceptable). Next, you'll collect media files and data from databases. Then you'll learn how to interpret and understand the data, repurpose it for use in other applications, and even build authorized interfaces to integrate the data into your own content.
Rainfall Detection and Rainfall Rate Estimation Using Microwave Attenuation (2018)

Eight microwave links operating at frequencies ranging from 6 to 8 GHz and with path lengths ranging from 5.7 to 37.4 km traversing the city of Seoul, Korea are used to detect rainfall and estimate path-averaged rainfall rates. Rainfall detection using rain-induced attenuation (dB) was validated by rain detectors installed at automatic weather stations, and the results confirmed that microwave links can be used to detect rainfall with an accuracy ≥80%. The power-law R-k relationships between rain-induced specific attenuation, k (dB km−1), and the rainfall rate, R (mm h−1), were established and cross-validated by estimating the path-averaged rainfall rate. The mean bias of the path-averaged rainfall rate, as compared to the rainfall rate from ground rain gauges, was between −3 and 1 mm h−1. The improved accuracy of rainfall detection led to the improved accuracy of the path-averaged rainfall rate. Hence, it was confirmed that microwave links, used for broadcasting and media communications, can identify rainy or dry periods (rain spells or dry spells) in a way comparable to rain detectors and provide high time-resolution rainfall rates in real time.
Bicyclic guanidinate compounds of magnesium and their activity as pre-catalysts in the Tishchenko reaction (2011)

A synthetic route to magnesium guanidinate compounds that avoids ligand redistribution is reported; selected derivatives are active pre-catalysts in the dimerization of aldehydes.
Ketoconazole Blocks Adrenal Steroid Synthesis (1982)

Ketoconazole, a broad-spectrum, antifungal drug that is administered orally, has been shown to inhibit sterol synthesis in fungi. When gynecomastia developed in some patients taking this drug, we investigated the effects of ketoconazole on steroid synthesis in humans and in isolated adrenal cells from rats. In healthy humans, the cortisol response to adrenocorticotropic hormone was significantly blunted 4 hours after a 400-mg or 600-mg dose. The inhibition persisted for up to 8 hours and was absent by 16 hours. This finding indicated that adrenal androgen response was reduced. Easily achieved therapeutic concentrations of ketoconazole virtually eliminated corticosterone production by isolated adrenal cells from rats. Although ketoconazole at currently used doses has never been documented to cause clinical hypoadrenalism, caution is urged in high- or multiple-dose trials. The drug may prove useful as an agent to block steroid synthesis.
Using amorphous silicon solar cells to boost the viability of luminescent solar concentrators (2010)

Abstract We have, for the first time, designed and fabricated hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cells to be used in conjunction with Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs). LSCs are planar plastic sheets doped with organic dyes that absorb solar illumination and down shift the energy to narrowband luminescence which is collected by solar cells attached to the sheet edge. We fabricated an LSC module with two bonded solar cells and performed characterisation with the cells connected in series and parallel configurations. We find that the LSC module has an optical collection efficiency of 9.5% and an optimum power conversion efficiency of approaching 1% when the cells are in a parallel connection. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tomographic imaging with synchrotron radiation (2000)

The SYRMEP collaboration is developing a tomographic imaging project with synchrotron radiation in the energy range 15-35 keV, using a photostimulable phosphor image plate and a high efficiency silicon pixel detector. We present here the preliminary studies which have been carried out in order to define the optimum working parameters and to evaluate the performances of the whole system. Simulation programs have been developed to determine the required angular resolution of the alignment system, and to select the optimal energy to visualize mammographic details while delivering the minimum dose. Images of custom test objects have been acquired in order to evaluate the spatial and contrast resolution of the two detectors. The delivered dose is comparable to the dose delivered in conventional planar mammography.
Figure S5 from Localized Treatment with Oncolytic Adenovirus Delta-24-RGDOX Induces Systemic Immunity against Disseminated Subcutaneous and Intracranial Melanomas (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Effector T cells frequency in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Tumors were implanted and treated as depicted in Fig. 2A. Three days after the last viral injection, lymphocytes from spleens or inguinal lymph nodes (TDLN, 4 to 5 mice/group) were analyzed with flow cytometry. Values represent the mean {plus minus} standard deviation (n = 3). * P &lt; 0.05, 2-tailed Student t test. D24-RGDOX: Delta-24-RGDOX.&lt;/p&gt;
Chemoselective Construction of Substituted Conjugated Dienes Using an Olefin Cross-Metathesis Protocol (2004)

[Reaction: see text] Various substituted conjugated dienes have been made by olefin cross-metathesis. Using either electronic or steric "protection," one of the olefins of the conjugated diene was deactivated relative to the other for cross-metathesis. The reactions proceed with very high chemoselectivity and, when steric deactivation is used, very high diastereoselectivity.
Synthetic aperture ladar imaging demonstrations and information at very low return levels (2014)

We present synthetic aperture ladar (SAL) imaging demonstrations where the return-signal level from the target is near the single-photon level per resolved pixel. Scenes consisting of both specular-point targets and diffuse-reflection, fully speckled targets are studied. Artificial retro-reflector-based phase references and/or phase-gradient-autofocus (PGA) algorithms were utilized for compensation of phase errors during the aperture motion. It was found that SAL images could reliably be formed with both methods even when the final max pixel intensity was at the few photon level, which means the SNR before azimuth compression is below unity. Mutual information-based comparison of SAL images show that average mutual information is reduced when the PGA is utilized for image-based phase compensation. The photon information efficiency of SAL and coherent imaging is discussed.