gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from a Spark Ignition Engine (1998)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Exhaust particulate emissions from a 4-cylinder, 2.25 liter spark ignition engine were measured and characterized. A single-stage ejector-diluter system was used to dilute and cool the exhaust sample for measurement. The particulate measurement equipment included a condensation nucleus counter and a scanning mobility particle sizer. Exhaust measurements were made both upstream and downstream of the catalytic converter using three different fuels.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Unlike particulate emissions in diesel engines, spark ignition exhaust particle emissions were found to be highly unstable. Typically, a stable “baseline” concentration on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; particles/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; is emitted. Occasionally, however, a “spike” in the exhaust particle concentration is observed. The exhaust particle concentrations observed during these spikes can increase by as much as two orders of magnitude over the baseline concentration. The spikes were found to be composed of nearly 100% volatile particles which were below 30 nm in diameter.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Particle number emissions at a 120 km/hr equivalent operating condition were found to be on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt;-10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; particles per kilometer, more than two orders of magnitude below emissions previously reported for SI engines. The brake specific particle number emissions ranged from 1.6 × 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; particles per kilowatt-hour at light load conditions to 7.3 × 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; particles per kilowatt-hour at high load conditions. Brake specific particle emissions at 2000 and 2500 rpm were found to increase exponentially as a function of engine load, while the number-weighted geometric mean diameter was found to increase linearly as a function of engine load. The type of fuel used did not affect general trends, though more than a factor of two variation in the magnitude of the exhaust emissions was observed between the fuels.&lt;/div&gt;
Arginine blocks gap junctions between retinal horizontal cells (1990)

Functions of nitric oxide are of common interest among a variety of tissues, since it activates soluble guanylate cyclase to produce cGMP. Here we report that intracellular application of L-arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide, blocked gap junctions between horizontal cells of the turtle retina. The input resistances of the cells were greatly increased and the cells were thereby easily polarized by current injections through microelectrodes. This procedure enables us to plot precise I-V curves and the reversal potential of light responses was estimated at around 0 mV. These results were quite similar to those obtained by intracellular application of cGMP, suggesting that the L-arginine:nitric oxide:cGMP pathway is present in retinal horizontal cells.
P2–355: Open Access Structural Imaging Series (OASIS) (2006)

Structural MR imaging has proven to be an effective and powerful tool for exploring anatomic changes associated with the pathology of Alzheimer's disease relative to the normal aging process. The Open Access Structural Imaging Series (OASIS) is a series of structural MRI data sets that is being made publicly available for the study and analysis of healthy aging and the pathological progression of dementia. Specifically, Part 1 of the OASIS project provides researchers with an accessible data set and user–friendly environment to create and develop analytic techniques for potential use in early detection and diagnosis of AD. Part 1 of the series presents a cross–sectional collection of 400 participants grouped into adults (n=200, ages 18–59), nondemented older adults (n=100, ages 60–94), and demented older adults (n=100, ages 62–96). All participants are right handed and approximately equally divided by gender. Each participant has 3–5 individual T1–weighted MRI scans obtained in a single session. These scans are available in Analyze 7.5 format. Identifying facial features and header file content have been removed. Additionally, for reliability analysis, 20 normal participants, scanned in two separate sessions on two separate days, are included in this data set. Measures developed in previous studies are provided as examples of how these data may be utilized to capture anatomic changes in healthy and diseased aging. These measures include automated computations of whole brain volume and estimated total intracranial volume. The OASIS project includes a web–based application for visualizing, exploring, and downloading the data set. The OASIS project is intended to further scientific discovery of anatomic changes in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease and to serve as a developmental database to test analytic techniques on large sets of clinically–relevant brain images.
Inferring link loss using striped unicast probes (2002)

In this paper we explore the use of end-to-end unicast traffic as measurement probes to infer link-level loss rates. We leverage on of earlier work that produced efficient estimates for link-level loss rates based on end-to-end multicast traffic measurements. We design experiments based on the notion of transmitting stripes of packets (with no delay between transmission of successive packets within a stripe) to two or more receivers. The purpose of these stripes is to ensure that the correlation in receiver observations matches as closely as possible what would have been observed if the stripe had been replaced by a notional multicast probe that followed the same paths to the receivers. Measurements provide good evidence that a packet pair to distinct receivers introduces considerable correlation which can be further increased by simply considering longer stripes. We then use simulation to explore how well these stripes translate into accurate link-level loss estimates. We observe good accuracy with packet pairs, with a typical error of about 1%, which significantly decreases as stripe length is increased to 4 packets.
The Independent Association of TSH and Free Triiodothyronine Levels With Lymphocyte Counts Among COVID-19 Patients (2022)

TSH and fT3 levels showed independent positive correlations with LYM among COVID-19 patients, supporting the interaction between the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and immune system in COVID-19.
Bidirectional Lipid Droplet Velocities Are Controlled by Differential Binding Strengths of HCV Core DII Protein (2013)

Host cell lipid droplets (LD) are essential in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle and are targeted by the viral capsid core protein. Core-coated LDs accumulate in the perinuclear region and facilitate viral particle assembly, but it is unclear how mobility of these LDs is directed by core. Herein we used two-photon fluorescence, differential interference contrast imaging, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopies, to reveal novel core-mediated changes to LD dynamics. Expression of core protein's lipid binding domain II (DII-core) induced slower LD speeds, but did not affect directionality of movement on microtubules. Modulating the LD binding strength of DII-core further impacted LD mobility, revealing the temporal effects of LD-bound DII-core. These results for DII-core coated LDs support a model for core-mediated LD localization that involves core slowing down the rate of movement of LDs until localization at the perinuclear region is accomplished where LD movement ceases. The guided localization of LDs by HCV core protein not only is essential to the viral life cycle but also poses an interesting target for the development of antiviral strategies against HCV.
Data from Association of Tumor Mutational Burden with Efficacy of Pembrolizumab±Chemotherapy as First-Line Therapy for Gastric Cancer in the Phase III KEYNOTE-062 Study (2023)

&lt;div&gt;AbstractPurpose:&lt;p&gt;This prespecified exploratory analysis evaluated the association between tumor mutational burden (TMB) status and outcomes of first-line pembrolizumab±chemotherapy versus chemotherapy in KEYNOTE-062.&lt;/p&gt;Patients and Methods:&lt;p&gt;In patients with advanced gastric cancer and evaluable TMB data, we evaluated the association between TMB (continuous variable; square root scale) assessed with FoundationOne CDx and clinical outcomes [objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS)] using logistic (ORR) and Cox proportional hazards (PFS, OS) regression models. Clinical utility of TMB was assessed using the prespecified cutoff of 10 mut/Mb.&lt;/p&gt;Results:&lt;p&gt;TMB data were available for 306 of 763 patients (40.1%; pembrolizumab, 107; pembrolizumab+chemotherapy, 100; chemotherapy, 99). TMB was significantly associated with clinical outcomes in patients treated with pembrolizumab and pembrolizumab+chemotherapy (ORR, PFS, and OS; all &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05) but not with chemotherapy (all &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &gt; 0.05). The overall prevalence of TMB ≥10 mut/Mb was 16% across treatment groups; 44% of patients who had TMB ≥10 mut/Mb had high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) tumors. Improved clinical outcomes (ORR, PFS, and OS) were observed in pembrolizumab-treated patients (pembrolizumab monotherapy and pembrolizumab+chemotherapy) with TMB ≥10 mut/Mb. When the analysis was limited to the non–MSI-H subgroup, both the positive association between clinical outcomes with pembrolizumab or pembrolizumab+chemotherapy and TMB as a continuous variable and the clinical utility of pembrolizumab (with or without chemotherapy) versus chemotherapy by TMB cutoff were attenuated.&lt;/p&gt;Conclusions:&lt;p&gt;This exploratory analysis of KEYNOTE-062 suggests an association between TMB and clinical efficacy with first-line pembrolizumab-based therapy in patients with advanced gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. However, after the exclusion of patients with MSI-H tumors, the clinical utility of TMB was attenuated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
A Comparative Study of Directly Injected, Spark Ignition Engine Combustion and Energy Transfer with Natural Gas, Gasoline, and Charge Dilution (2022)

&lt;div&gt;This article presents an investigation of energy transfer, flame propagation, and emissions formation mechanisms in a four-cylinder, downsized and boosted, spark ignition engine fuelled by either directly injected compressed natural gas (DI CNG) or gasoline (GDI). Three different charge preparation strategies are examined for both fuels: stoichiometric engine operation without external dilution, stoichiometric operation with external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and lean burn.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;In this work, experiments and engine modelling are first used to analyze the energy transfer throughout the engine system. This analysis shows that an early start of fuel injection (SOI) improves fuel efficiency through lower unburned fuel energy at low loads with stoichiometric DI CNG operation. The charge dilution study then reveals that the optimization of fuel efficiency with EGR or lean burn requires a balance between the positive impact of lower in-cylinder heat losses and less pumping work and the negative impact of higher energy losses to the exhaust, via either sensible enthalpy or unburned fuel. Between these two dilution strategies, lean burn is more efficient than stoichiometric EGR operation at equivalent dilution levels. Flame propagation is then examined using the results of premixed, turbulent combustion simulations. This reveals that increasing EGR and lean burn for both DI CNG and GDI decreases the flame speed, and this is shown to have a more pronounced effect on CNG combustion. Using the premixed, turbulent flame theory of Bradley, it is demonstrated that changing the fuel from gasoline to CNG, increasing charge dilution, or increasing engine speed all promote the likelihood of bulk flame quenching, which correlates with the measured engine-out unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions and combustion variability. This provides insight into the fundamental processes by which charge dilution impacts flame propagation and, thus, engine performance.&lt;/div&gt;
Sensor network software update management: a survey (2005)

Abstract Software management is a critical task in the system administration of enterprise‐scale networks. Enterprise‐scale networks that have traditionally comprised of large clusters of workstations are expanding to include low‐power ad hoc wireless sensor networks (WSN). The existing tools for software updates in workstations cannot be used with the severely resource‐constrained sensor nodes. In this article, we survey the software update techniques in WSNs. We base our discussion around a conceptual model for the software update tools in WSNs. Three components of this model that we study are the execution environment at the sensor nodes, the software distribution protocol in the network and optimization of transmitted updates. We present the design space of each component and discuss in‐depth the trade‐offs that need to be considered in making a particular design choice. The discussion is interspersed with references to deployed systems that highlight the design choices. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Stiffness and heterogeneity of the pulmonary endothelial glycocalyx measured by atomic force microscopy (2011)

The mechanical properties of endothelial glycocalyx were studied using atomic force microscopy with a silica bead (diameter ∼18 μm) serving as an indenter. Even at indentations of several hundred nanometers, the bead exerted very low compressive pressures on the bovine lung microvascular endothelial cell (BLMVEC) glycocalyx and allowed for an averaging of stiffness in the bead-cell contact area. The elastic modulus of BLMVEC glycocalyx was determined as a pointwise function of the indentation depth before and after enzymatic degradation of specific glycocalyx components. The modulus-indentation depth profiles showed the cells becoming progressively stiffer with increased indentation. Three different enzymes were used: heparinases III and I and hyaluronidase. The main effects of heparinase III and hyaluronidase enzymes were that the elastic modulus in the cell junction regions increased more rapidly with the indentation than in BLMVEC controls, and that the effective thickness of glycocalyx was reduced. Cytochalasin D abolished the modulus increase with the indentation. The confocal profiling of heparan sulfate and hyaluronan with atomic force microscopy indentation data demonstrated marked heterogeneity of the glycocalyx composition between cell junctions and nuclear regions.
Spontaneous Postoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks Following Application of Anti-Adhesion Barrier Gel (2001)

The excessive rate of cerebrospinal fluid leakage after the use of ADCON-L is significant, and the morbidity associated with its use outweighs the potential benefit of the product.
[P1–437]: PRESYMPTOMATIC WHITE MATTER INTEGRITY LOSS IN FAMILIAL FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA IN THE GENETIC FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA INITIATIVE (GENFI) COHORT: A MULTI‐CENTRE, CROSS‐SECTIONAL, DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING STUDY (2017)

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern in up to 40%, with mutations in the GRN, MAPT and C9orf72 genes as its most common causes. This offers a unique window to develop disease biomarkers for pinpointing onset and tracking progression. The Genetic Frontotemporal dementia Initiative (GENFI) cohort, a longitudinal multi-center study in familial FTD, forms an ideal methodological platform to do so. As FTD is characterized by early and extensive white matter (WM) integrity loss, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is a promising neuroimaging biomarker. In the present study, we compared baseline 3T DTI WM integrity parameters between 140 mutation carriers (30 MAPT, 56 GRN, 54 C9orf72) and 115 non-carriers (14 MAPT, 64 GRN, 37 C9orf72) within GENFI. We extracted fractional anisotropy (FA) in the following WM tracts: genu, body and splenium of the corpus callosum; anterior and posterior limb and retrolenticular part of the internal capsule; external capsule; anterior, posterior and superior corona radiata; posterior thalamic radiation; sagittal stratum; cingulum; superior longitudinal fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus. We used linear mixed effects models to examine whether the association between FA and time to expected symptom onset differed between mutation carriers and non-carriers. Mean FA differed between mutation carriers and non-carriers in the corpus callosum (genu, body, splenium), anterior limb internal capsule, external capsule, anterior corona radiata, superior longitudinal fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus (all p<0.01; Table). Furthermore, the relationship between mean FA and expected years to onset differed between mutation carriers and non-carriers in the corpus callosum (genu, body, splenium), anterior limb internal capsule, anterior corona radiata, and superior longitudinal fasciculus (all p<0.01). We show significant WM integrity loss in specific tracts connecting the frontal and temporal lobes, as well as evidence of increasing damage when moving from the presymptomatic towards the symptomatic phase of FTD. Our study corroborates the notion of FTD as a disconnection syndrome, where changes in network connectivity, particularly fronto-limbic disconnections, are some of the earliest detectable features. Further studies will include analyses of other DTI parameters (mean, axial and radial diffusivity) in order to fully investigate the specific pathological nature of these white matter alterations.
Insights into the Mind of a Trojan Designer: The Challenge to Integrate a Trojan into the Bitstream (2019)

The threat of inserting hardware Trojans during the design, production, or in-field poses a danger for integrated circuits in real-world applications. A particular critical case of hardware Trojans is the malicious manipulation of third-party FPGA configurations. In addition to attack vectors during the design process, FPGAs can be infiltrated in a non-invasive manner after shipment through alterations of the bitstream. First, we present an improved methodology for bitstream file format reversing. Second, we introduce a novel idea for Trojan insertion.
Immunoglobulin substitution therapy in a patient with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia and anti‐IgA antibodies (1986)

Permanent immunoglobulin substitution therapy was performed in a 44-year-old patient with common variable immunodeficiency, recurrent respiratory tract infections, total absence of serum IgA and a high titre of class-specific anti-IgA antibodies. An IgA-depleted i.v. immunoglobulin (IG) preparation was used. Infusions were well tolerated by the patient although minor anaphylactoid symptoms regularly occurred. Anti-IgA antibody titres rose during the first 4 months of treatment and gradually fell during the following 8 months. Regular IG substitution therapy led to a substantial improvement in the patient's health and quality of life.
Dietary Lipid Oxidization Products Alter Growth, Adiposity and Gut Microbial Ecology in Prepubertal Porcine Model (2022)

ABSTRACT Elevated levels of dietary fats in westernized diets, associated with increased risk of obesity and other chronic diseases, are increasingly consumed by children in the United States. Cooking practices such as high heat frying and increased use of oxidizable sources of fats have introduced high levels of lipid oxidation products (LOPs) into these diets. The effects of these highly reactive dietary compounds on human biology are largely unstudied, especially in the gut where these compounds are likely present at higher concentrations. Given that the gut microbiome can be influenced by dietary components and then in turn have a systemic impact, we investigated the effects of consuming LOPs on gut bacterial and fungal communities and on growth and body composition during the prepubertal period in a porcine model. The presence of LOPs in the high fat diet reduced growth and body fat gain in the model. The gut microbiome was uniquely altered by both high fat and the presence of LOPs, with notable changes in the abundances of Turicibacterales, Spriochaetales, RF39, Lactobacillales and Erysipelotrichales . The mycobiome was dominated by Kazachstania , a porcine specific yeast, which was only minimally influenced by the dietary regimen. Application of machine learning identified dietary fat and LOPs as strong predictors of body fat. The genus Methanobrevibacter was the key microbial predictor of body fat. This study highlights the need for further studies on the biological effects of LOPs which have become ubiquitous in human, livestock and pet diets in developed countries.
Impact of controlled language on translation quality and post-editing in a statistical machine translation environment. (2007)

This paper investigates the relationships among controlled language (CL), machine translation (MT) quality, and post-editing (PE). Previous research has shown that the use of CL improves the quality of MT. By extension, we assume that the use of CL will lead to greater productivity or reduced PE effort. The paper examines whether this three-way relationship among CL, MT quality, and PE holds. Beginning with a set of CL rules, we determine what types of CL rules have the greatest cross-linguistic impact on MT quality. We create two sets of English data, one which violates the CL rules and the other which conforms to them. We translate both sets of sentences into four typologically different languages (Dutch, Chinese, Arabic, and French) using MSR-MT, a statistical machine translation system developed at Microsoft. We measure the degree of impact of CL rules on MT quality based on the difference in human evaluation as well as BLEU scores between the two sets of MT output. Finally, we examine whether the use of CL improves productivity in terms of reduced PE effort, using character-based edit-distance. 1.
Holding-Time- and Impairment-Aware Shared Spectrum Allocation in Mixed-Line-Rate Elastic Optical Networks (2019)

Cross-phase modulation (XPM) is considered one of the key factors for the quality-of-transmission (QoT) degradation in elastic optical networks (EONs) with mixed line rates (MLRs). Based on the XPM consideration, this paper proposes a holding-time- and impairment-aware shared spectrum allocation scheme for EONs with MLRs to suppress call blocking in the network. The proposed scheme divides the entire spectrum resources into three exclusive partitioning zones and two shared partitioning zones; furthermore, two exclusive partitioning zones are separated by one shared partitioning zone. A lightpath request is considered as a longer holding-time lightpath request if the holding time of the request is greater than a specified threshold value defined by the network operator; otherwise, the request is considered a shorter holding-time lightpath request. The proposed scheme assigns shorter holding-time lightpath requests to the exclusive partitioning zones and longer holding-time lightpath requests to the shared partitioning zones. It is observed from simulation results that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional scheme in terms of blocking probability and QoT estimation.