gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE SODIUM–ACID PHOSPHATE GLASSES (1959)

The preparation of phosphate glasses containing sodium and hydrogen is described. The over-all composition was calculated from the Na/P ratio of the starting mixture and the hydrogen content determined by a zinc oxide ignition. The chemical constitution was determined paper-chromatographically employing recent improvements in technique.Close resemblance between the molecular weight distributions of the sodium–acid glasses and the strong phosphoric acids is shown by the results, but it is also shown that there is no sharp transition to the molecular weight distribution shown by the sodium, potassium, and lithium glasses.The importance of stoichiometry on the constitution of glass is discussed, together with the statistical models from which several theories are derived to predict the distribution of the polymers in a glass. The theories of Van Wazer and Parks, which show the most satisfactory agreement with the experimental results, receive detailed consideration.
Flocculation of kaolin and lignin by bovine blood and hemoglobin (2014)

Abstract BACKGROUND The kaolin flocculant activities of bovine blood (BB) and hemoglobin (HEM) at different salt and pH values were determined. Lower limit concentration (LLC), window of application (WA), and degrees of clarification (DC) values for BB and HEM were determined and compared with those of the synthetic polymeric flocculants poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), cationic polyacrylamide (PAM), and anionic PAM. BB flocculation of lignin, a bioproduct of biomass conversion to bioethanol, was demonstrated. RESULTS Flocculation of kaolin by BB and HEM increased at acidic pH and in the presence of NaCl. LLC values of HEM and BB were similar to LLC values of cationic and anionic PAM. LLC values of HEM and BB were 18–20‐fold higher than that of PDDMAC. WA values of BB and HEM were similar to those of PDADMAC, cationic PAM, and anionic PAM. For lignin flocculation, the ratio of LLC for BB/PDADMAC was 20–38, but the ratio of WA for BB/PDADMAC was &gt; 3.6. For kaolin and lignin flocculation, DC values were similar for all flocculants. CONCLUSIONS The renewable flocculants BB and HEM rapidly settle kaolin and lignin suspensions; BB and HEM could be used in the process to separate lignin from other biomass components. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Arylnaphthalide Lignans from Cleistanthus collinus (2003)

Chemical examination of the aerial parts of Cleistanthus collinus afforded the arylanphthalide lignans, cleistanone (1), diphyllin (2), cleistanthins A (3), C (4) and D (5), and 4-O-(3"-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-diphyllin (6). The first compound is a new member of the rare group of arylnaphthalide lignans containing an alkoxy group on the lactone ring. The structure of the compound was determined from its spectral data, chemical transformations and partial synthesis from diphyllin (2). The new lignan, 1 and its acetyl derivative, 7 were found to exhibit cytotoxicity against MT(2) cell lines.
Advanced Channel Decoding Algorithms and Their Implementation for Future Communication Systems (2006)

Today’s information society demands access to huge amount of data anywhere and data any time. Hence wireless communications is a key technology. In such systems bandwidth and transmission power are critical resources. Thus advanced communications systems have to rely on sophisticated error correction schemes (FEC). Turbo- and LDPC codes belong to the most efficient error correction schemes known by now. However the iterative decoding nature of these codes imply big implementation challenges w.r.t. throughput, latency and low energy. Moreover future communication systems require flexibility. Thus we have to tradeoff flexibility versus implementation costs. In this talk we discuss the design space for Turboand LDPC decoders and compare different implementation alternatives. Moreover we show the need of a design methodology which have to consider code-design and architecture development in a unified way. We discuss this challenge on the base of 3GPP Turbodecoders and DVB-S2 LDPC decoders.
A Rat Gastric Banding Model for Bariatric Surgery (2008)

Gastric banding decreased the body weight gain of rats by decreasing the amount of food intake because of the creation of a small gastric pouch.
3-D Multibody Modeling of a Flexible Surgical Instrument Inside an Endoscope (2012)

Modern surgical procedures involve flexible instruments for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The implementation of flexible instruments in surgery necessitates high motion and force fidelity, and good controllability of the tip. However, the positional accuracy and the force transmission of these instruments are jeopardized by the friction and clearance inside the endoscope, and the compliance of the instrument. The objective of this paper is to set up a 3-D flexible multibody model for a surgical instrument inside an endoscope to study its translational and rotational behavior. The 3-D model incorporates all the deformations—axial, torsion, and bending—due to its interaction with the surroundings. The interaction due to the contact is defined along the normal and tangential direction at the contact point. The wall stiffness and damping are defined in the normal direction. Friction is defined along the tangential direction. The calculation of the interaction force and moment is explained with an example. Various simulations were performed to study the behavior of the instrument inside a curved rigid tube. The simulations for the insertion into a 3-D tube defined in a plane were compared for both 2-D and 3-D model. The simulation results from the 3-D model give the same results as the 2-D model. A simulation was carried out for the insertion in a 3-D tube using the 3-D model and the total interaction force on the instrument was analyzed. A 3-D multibody model was set up for the simulation offline rotation. A motion hysteresis of 5° was observed for the chosen configuration. The 3-D multibody model is able to demonstrate the characteristic behavior of the flexible instrument under different scenarios. Both translational and rotational behavior of the instrument can be characterized for the given set of parameters. The developed model will help us to study the effect of various parameters on the motion and force transmission of the instrument.
244 MICROBIOME ANALYSIS OF UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT BIOPSY SAMPLES FROM INDIVIDUALS ALONG THE METAPLASIA-DYSPLASIA-ADENOCARCINOMA SEQUENCE. (2021)

Abstract The human microbiota, the collection of microbes that inhabit the human body, is increasingly being appreciated as playing a role in human health. A seminal example of this relationship is Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer oncogenesis. The drop in H.pylori infections and non-cardia gastric cancer incidences has coincided with the rise in oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) incidences. We sought to explore the relationship between the upper digestive tract microbiome and OAC oncogenesis. Methods Pinch biopsies were taken from individual’s oesophagus and stomach who were along the metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence (GERD, Barrett's oesophagus, dysplasia, OAC, metastatic OAC) as well as healthy controls. We carried out 16 s rRNA gene DNA sequencing protocols on these samples. DNA extraction and library preparation was performed with consideration to the low mass nature of oesophageal biopsies. Raw reads were processed and amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were generated using the DADA2. We dissected ecological differences between sample site and clinical classification using a variety of approaches including examining differentially abundant taxa and inferred metabolic pathways, alpha diversity and beta-diversity. Results The upper digestive tract was found to be dominated by the genera Streptococcus, Prevotella, and Haemophilus. There was no statistically significant shift in beta diversity with respect to biopsy location. Alpha diversity was reduced in gastric biopsies compare to oesophageal biopsies. A slight yet significant shift was seen in beta diversity (Bray–Curtis Dissimilarity) with respect to clinical classification in biopsies derived from the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) and stomach. Various taxa were found to be differentially abundant between biopsy site and with regard to clinical classification. Conclusion OAC primarily occurs at the GEJ. Community structure was shifted in samples derived from the GEJ and the stomach. Fusobacterium nucleatum was overrepresented in oesophageal biopsies from individuals with diseased oesophagus compared to individuals with a histologically normal oesophagus. This bacterium has been implicated in oncogenesis of various cancers most notably colorectal cancer. Serval ASVs assigned to the genus Prevotella were depleted in stomachs of individuals with metastatic OAC compared to all other groups.
On the Performance of Combined Quadrature Amplitude Modulation and Convolutional Codes for Cross-Coupled Multidimensional Channels (1986)

The performance of cross-coupled, <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</tex> -ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) systems is determined when bandwidth efficient trellis codes are used to combat interference. Performance with and without compensation for cross-coupled interference is presented. It is found that simple trellis codes can maintain the error probability at an acceptable level for cross-coupling parameters that render uncoded systems unusable. Up to two-dimensional trellis codes are considered for four-dimensional QAM signals, and possibilities of obtaining diversity advantages in the form of higher total system throughput by prolonged availability of the two signals are explored. This is accomplished through joint coding over two different constellations. The probability of the most likely error events is calculated by using the method of moments. The results are applicable to any digital communication system using multidimensional quadrature amplitude modulation, e.g., voiceband modems, cross-polarized radio systems and, to some extent, optical systems. In the paper the analysis is restricted to nondispersive cross-coupling models. In most cases the coding gain is larger than in the absence of cross-coupling interference. Specifically, it is found that simple codes have coding gains increased by at least 2 dB with cross-coupling interference relative to that obtained on the additive white Gaussian noise channel.
Electrochemical Synthesis of C60-Derivatized Poly(thiophene)s from Tailored Precursors (2003)

New series of C60-derivatized bithiophenic precursors with low oxidation potential have been synthesized using the thiolate deprotection chemistry. The analysis of the electropolymerization of these compounds shows that the use of two-site precursors leads to polymers combining enhanced conjugation length, faster switching time, and improved stability under redox cycling. The unsuccessful attempts to identify the optical signature of the reduced forms of the attached C60 by spectroelectrochemistry suggest that the PT backbone is unstable in the presence of the C60 anion radical. Preliminary photoelectrochemical experiments on films deposited on platinum electrode reveal a significant enhancement of the photocurrent for the C60-derivatized polymer when compared to a nonsubstituted reference polymer, indicating that these new materials are potentially useful for photovoltaic energy conversion.
Search for supersymmetry inppcollisions ats=7  TeVin final states with missing transverse momentum andb-jets with the ATLAS detector (2012)

The results of a search for supersymmetry in events with large missing transverse momentum and heavy-flavor jets using an integrated luminosity corresponding to $2.05\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider are reported. No significant excess is observed with respect to the prediction for standard model processes. Results are interpreted in a variety of $R$-parity conserving models in which scalar bottoms and tops are the only scalar quarks to appear in the gluino decay cascade, and in an SO(10) model framework. Gluino masses up to 600--900 GeV are excluded, depending on the model considered.
Should We Use PPAR Agonists to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk? (2008)

Trials of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists have shown mixed results for cardiovascular prevention. Fibrates are PPAR-alpha agonists that act primarily to improve dyslipidemia. Based on low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL and HDL) effects, gemfibrozil may be of greater cardiovascular benefit than expected, fenofibrate performed about as expected, and bezafibrate performed worse than expected. Increases in both cardiovascular and noncardiovascular serious adverse events have been observed with some fibrates. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are PPAR-gamma agonists used to improve impaired glucose metabolism but also influence lipids. Pioglitazone reduces atherosclerotic events in diabetic subjects, but has no net cardiovascular benefit due to increased congestive heart failure risk. Rosiglitazone may increase the risk of atherosclerotic events, and has a net harmful effect on the cardiovascular system when congestive heart failure is included. The primary benefit of TZDs appears to be the prevention of diabetic microvascular complications. Dual PPAR-alpha/gamma agonists have had unacceptable adverse effects but more selective agents are in development. PPAR-delta and pan-agonists are also in development. It will be imperative to prove that future PPAR agonists not only prevent atherosclerotic events but also result in a net reduction on total cardiovascular events without significant noncardiovascular adverse effects with long-term use.
Identification of Loci Modulating the Cardiovascular and Skeletal Phenotypes of Marfan Syndrome in Mice (2016)

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disease of the connective tissue, affecting mostly the skeletal, ocular and cardiovascular systems, caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene. The existence of modifier genes has been postulated based on the wide clinical variability of manifestations in patients, even among those with the same FBN1 mutation. Although isogenic mouse models of the disease were fundamental in dissecting the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis, they do not address the effect of genetic background on the disease phenotype. Here, we use a new mouse model, mg(ΔloxPneo), which presents different phenotype severity dependent on the genetic backgrounds, to identify genes involved in modulating MFS phenotype. F2 heterozygotes showed wide phenotypic variability, with no correlations between phenotypic severities of the different affected systems, indicating that each has its specific set of modifier genes. Individual analysis of the phenotypes, with SNP microarrays, identified two suggestive QTL each to the cardiovascular and skeletal, and one significant QTL to the skeletal phenotype. Epistatic interactions between the QTL account for 47.4% and 53.5% of variation in the skeletal and cardiovascular phenotypes, respectively. This is the first study that maps modifier loci for MFS, showing the complex genetic architecture underlying the disease.
Otx2 regulates the extent, identity and fate of neuronal progenitor domains in the ventral midbrain (2004)

The specification of distinct neuronal cell-types is controlled by inducing signals whose interpretation in distinct areas along the central nervous system provides neuronal progenitors with a precise and typical expression code of transcription factors. To gain insights into this process, we investigated the role of Otx2 in the specification of identity and fate of neuronal progenitors in the ventral midbrain. To achieve this, Otx2 was inactivated by Cre recombinase under the transcriptional control of En1. Lack of Otx2 in the ventrolateral and posterior midbrain results in a dorsal expansion of Shh expression and in a dorsal and anterior rotation of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and Fgf8 expression. Indeed, in this mutant correct positioning of the ventral site of midbrain-hindbrain boundary and Fgf8 expression are efficiently controlled by Otx1 function, thus allowing the study of the identity and fate of neuronal progenitors of the ventral midbrain in the absence of Otx2. Our results suggest that Otx2 acts in two ways: by repressing Nkx2.2 in the ventral midbrain and maintaining the Nkx6.1-expressing domain through dorsal antagonism on Shh. Failure of this control affects the identity code and fate of midbrain progenitors, which exhibit features in common with neuronal precursors of the rostral hindbrain even though the midbrain retains its regional identity and these neuronal precursors are rostral to Fgf8 expression. Dopaminergic neurons are greatly reduced in number, red nucleus precursors disappear from the ventral midbrain where a relevant number of serotonergic neurons are generated. These results indicate that Otx2 is an essential regulator of the identity, extent and fate of neuronal progenitor domains in the ventral midbrain and provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which neuronal diversity is generated in the central nervous system.
Hormonally Regulated Myogenic miR-486 Influences Sex-specific Differences in Cancer-induced Skeletal Muscle Defects (2021)

Cancer-induced skeletal muscle defects show sex-specific differences in severity with men performing poorly compared to women. Hormones and sex chromosomal differences are suggested to mediate these differences, but the functional skeletal muscle markers to document these differences are unknown. We show that the myogenic microRNA miR-486 is a marker of sex-specific differences in cancer-induced skeletal muscle defects. Cancer-induced loss of circulating miR-486 was more severe in men with bladder, lung, and pancreatic cancers compared to women with the same cancer types. In a syngeneic model of pancreatic cancer, circulating and skeletal muscle loss of miR-486 was more severe in male mice compared to female mice. Estradiol (E2) and the clinically used selective estrogen receptor modulator toremifene increased miR-486 in undifferentiated and differentiated myoblast cell line C2C12 and E2-inducible expression correlated with direct binding of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) to the regulatory region of the miR-486 gene. E2 and toremifene reduced the actions of cytokines such as myostatin, transforming growth factor β, and tumor necrosis factor α, which mediate cancer-induced skeletal muscle wasting. E2- and toremifene-treated C2C12 myoblast/myotube cells contained elevated levels of active protein kinase B (AKT) with a corresponding decrease in the levels of its negative regulator PTEN, which is a target of miR-486. We propose an ERα:E2-miR-486-AKT signaling axis, which reduces the deleterious effects of cancer-induced cytokines/chemokines on skeletal muscle mass and/or function.
Thermotropic liquid crystals with low-dimensional carbon allotropes (2021)

Abstract As display devices based on liquid crystals have matured over the last decades, liquid crystal research has shifted its priorities in slightly different directions, such as sensors, photonics, nanotechnology and even more biologically related fields like drug delivery. This implied a change of emphasis in the development of novel materials, of which a completely new class of liquid crystal based composites emerged, that of nanoparticle-dispersed liquid crystals. The underlying ideas were to add functionality, while maintaining switchability, and the exploitation of liquid crystal self-organisation to build hierarchical nanostructures. Of particular interest for applications are dispersions of carbon nanomaterials, such as fullerenes, nanotubes and the graphene variants, due to their interactions with conventional liquid crystals. While such systems have been investigated for the past two decades, we concentrate in this review on the effects of dimensionality of the dispersed carbon nanoparticles, which goes hand in hand with the more recent developments in this field. Examples are the doping of 0D fullerenes in liquid crystals and implications for Blue Phase stability, or 1D nanotubes in nematic and ferroelectric liquid crystals, questions of dispersibility and applications as alignment media in ITO-free devices. Graphene (2D) and especially graphene oxide are mainly investigated for their formation of lyotropic liquid crystals. We here discuss the more recent aspects of dispersion in thermotropics.
Theory and Neutrons Combine To Reveal a Family of Layered Perovskites without Inversion Symmetry (2017)

A flurry of recent theoretical studies have predicted the existence of new polar materials among several families of layered perovskites, including the double-layered Dion–Jacobson phases. These predictions have opened up exciting new opportunities for both fundamental studies of the crystal chemistry of Dion–Jacobson phases and their application as components in next-generation memories and low-power electronic devices. However, with some rare exceptions, all known double-layered Dion–Jacobson phases are nonpolar. We use an integrated theoretical–experimental approach to show that several Dion–Jacobson phases that have previously been synthesized and characterized as nonpolar are in fact polar. Additional theoretical calculations reveal that the polar phases of these materials emerge through a hybrid improper or trilinear coupling mechanism. Finally, our work has highlighted the critical role of neutron diffraction in characterizing the structures of double-layered Dion–Jacobson phases, which are typified by subtle oxygen atom displacements not easily resolved using even synchrotron X-ray diffraction.
The α Isoform of Protein Kinase C Is Involved in Signaling the Response of Desmosomes to Wounding in Cultured Epithelial Cells (2000)

Initiation of reepithelialization upon wounding is still poorly understood. To enhance this understanding, we focus here on changes in the adhesive state of desmosomes of cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in response to wounding of confluent cell sheets. Previous results show that desmosomal adhesion in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells changes from a calcium-dependent state to calcium independence in confluent cell sheets. We show that this change, which requires culture confluence to develop, is rapidly reversed upon wounding of confluent cell sheets. Moreover, the change to calcium dependence in wound edge cells is propagated to cells hundreds of micrometers away from the wound edge. Rapid transition from calcium independence to calcium dependence also occurs when cells are treated with phorbol esters that activate PKC. PKC inhibitors, including the conventional isoform inhibitor Gö6976, cause rapid transition from calcium dependence to calcium independence, even in subconfluent cells. The cellular location of the alpha isoform of PKC correlates with the calcium dependence of desmosomes. Upon monolayer wounding, PKCalpha translocates rapidly to the cell periphery, becomes Triton X-100 insoluble, and also becomes concentrated in lamellipodia. The PKCalpha translocation upon wounding precedes both the increase in PKC activity in the membrane fraction and the reversion of desmosomes to calcium dependence. Specific depletion of PKCalpha with an antisense oligonucleotide increases the number of cells with calcium-independent desmosomes. These results show that PKCalpha participates in a novel signaling pathway that modulates desmosomal adhesion in response to wounding.
Haukås, Åsta: Frequenz, Transfer und/oder Grammatikunterricht? Der L2-Erwerb des deutschen hypothetischen Konditionalgefüges aus kognitiv linguistischer Sicht (2013)

Article Haukås, Åsta: Frequenz, Transfer und/oder Grammatikunterricht? Der L2-Erwerb des deutschen hypothetischen Konditionalgefüges aus kognitiv linguistischer Sicht was published on June 1, 2013 in the journal Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache (volume 40, issue 2-3).