gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced light output in nitride-based light-emitting diodes by roughening the mesa sidewall (2005)

In this letter, we will report on a nitride-based light emitting diode with a mesa sidewall roughening process that increases light output power. The fabricated GaN-based light-emitting diode (LED) wafers were first treated through a photoelectrochemical (PEC) process. The Ga/sub 2/O/sub 3/ layers then formed around the GaN : Si n-type mesa sidewalls and the bottoms mesa etching regions. Selective wet oxidation occurred at the mesa sidewall between the p- and the n-type GaN interface. The light output power of the PEC treated LED was seen to increase by about 82% which was caused by a reduced index reflectance of GaN-Ga/sub 2/O/sub 3/-air layers, by a rough Ga/sub 2/O/sub 3/ surface, by a microroughening of the GaN sidewall surface, and by a selective oxidation step profile of the mesa sidewall that increases the light-extraction efficiency from the mesa sidewall direction. Consequently, this wet PEC treated process is suitable for high powered nitride-based LEDs lighting applications.
Biological Control of Grape Crown Gall with Non-tumorigenicAgrobacterium vitisStrain F2/5 (1994)

A non-tumorigenic strain (F2/5) of <i>Agrobacterium vitis</i> produces an agrocin that inhibited <i>in vitro</i> growth of 21 of 25 <i>A. vitis</i>, two of 10 <i>A. tumefaciens</i> biovar 1, and none of nine biovar 2 strains. It inhibited both tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic strains. When applied to wounds on potted woody grape trunks ( <i>Vitis vinifera</i> L. cvs. Chardonnay and Riesling) in the greenhouse, the gall sizes were significantly reduced for seven of 10 <i>A. vitis</i>, one of two <i>A. tumefaciens</i> biovar 1 and one of one biovar 2 strains. The numbers of inoculation sites at which galls developed was reduced for all but one <i>A. vitis</i> strain. There is a good, but not perfect, correlation between <i>in vitro</i> sensitivity to the agrocin and control <i>in vivo</i>. Co-inoculation of F2/5 with pathogen was as effective or more effective in most cases than pre-inoculation of F2/5. When pathogen was inoculated prior to F2/5, the level of control was greatly reduced. Control was most effective when equal concentrations of F2/5 and pathogen were inoculated and declined for ratios of 1:10 and 1:100 (F2/5 to pathogen). F2/5 contains three plasmids, none of which hybridize with a probe, pTHE17, consisting of the T-DNA from <i>A. tumefaciens</i> strain C58.
Hydrodynamic stability and turbulence in fibre suspension flows (2012)

QC 20120613
High Energy Density Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for NASA and DoD Applications (2016)

We have been successfully using Li-ion batteries in several NASA missions since 2000, including the Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity), Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), Phoenix Lander, JUNO, Aquarius, Keppler Rovers and SMAP. Being compact, lightweight and durable, these batteries have contributed to a significant enhancement or even enablement of these missions. However, NASA’s future missions, e.g., Astronaut’s Portable Life Support System (PLSS) for Extra-Vehicular Activities (EVA), small planetary rovers, planetary probes, CubeSats etc., require more advanced battery technologies with higher energy densities. The lithium-sulfur system emerges as the most promising technology, because of its high theoretical specific energy (3-4x) compared to Li-ion cells. However, despite many significant developmental efforts over the last few years, Li-S technology hasn’t matured yet, mainly due to the challenges from the soluble polysulfides forming a redox shuttle and also poisoning the lithium anode. Several attempts are being reported in the literature to develop novel cathode designs, e.g., hierarchical porous carbon structures to sequester sulfur and its reduction products, and also electrolyte solutions to minimize their solubility. 1-5 Good cycle life was reported in some of these cases with nanostructured sulfur cathodes in both organic electrolytes containing suitable additives (LiNO 3 ) and in ionic liquids, but the sulfur loadings are much lower (below 4 mg/cm 2 ), while high loadings of &gt;12 mg/cm 2 are essential for high specific energy Li-S cells. In this context, we have developed new sulfur composite cathodes blended with transition metal sulfides (e.g., titanium and molybdenum disulfide), which not only provided adequate electronic and ionic conductivity, but also facile electrochemical activity at sulfur reduction potentials to function as redox mediators. 6 With such blended cathodes, we have been able to realize high specific capacities of ≥800 mAh/g at C /3 rates with high material loadings. In this paper, we will describe the performance of these composite sulfur cathodes in different electrolytes, and also in conjunction with a polymer-protected Li anode. Y. Yin, S. Xin, Y. Guo and L. Wan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed . 2013, 52, 13186 (2013). S. Evers, L. F. Nazar, Acc. Chem. Res ., 46, 1135 (2013); X. Ji, K. T. Lee, L. F. Nazar, Nat. Mater . 8, 500 (2009). A. Manthiram, S.-H. Chung, C. Zu, Adv. Mater. 27, 1980 (2015). S. S. Zhang, Front. Energy Res. 1, 1 (2013). Ratnakumar Bugga, Simon Jones, Jasmina Pasalic, Dan Addison and Ramanathan Thillaiyan, 228 th ECS Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, Oct. 11 (2015)
Parasitic Hydrogen Evolution at Different Carbon Fiber Electrodes in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (2016)

Carbon fiber-based fabrics such as felts, cloths or papers are porous electrode materials that are widely used in redox flow batteries. This study investigates the effect of the carbon fiber properties on hydrogen evolution at the negative electrode, which occurs as an important side reaction in redox flow batteries employing acidic electrolytes. The lowest hydrogen evolution rate was observed at carbon fibers with a high content of graphitic domains which have been subjected to surface oxidation pre-treatment. By contrast, felt materials consisting of fibers with a largely amorphous character produce elevated amounts of hydrogen during battery charging. Differences between rayon- and polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-derived carbon fibers point toward the important role of nitrogen species.
Eine photochemisch betriebene molekulare Maschine (1993)

Aus‐ und Einfädeln beim Pseudorotaxan 1 , das zwei über p ‐Phenylen‐Spacer verknüpfte Bipyridinium‐Einheiten und eine zentrale 1,5‐Naphthalindiyl‐Einheit aufweist, sind reversibel möglich, wenn zunächst eine sauerstoffreie Lösung von 1 in Wasser, die 9‐Anthracencarbonsäure als Photosensibilisator und Triethanolamin als “Opfer”‐Reduktionsmittel enthält, bestrahlt wird und anschließend in diese Lösung Luftsauerstoff ausgesetzt wird. Dies belegen eindeutig die Absorptions6hyphen; und Emissionsspektren der Reaktionslösung. magnified image
What is nature's error criterion? (1954)

It is well known that the Fourier series is not the only trigonometric polynomial that may be used to represent a periodic function. It is a polynomial with the property that the mean square error between a partial sum and the given function is a minimum; that is to say, it approximates the given function so as to make the mean square error a minimum. This error criterion is only one of many that could be stipulated as fixing the manner in which the polynomial approximates the given function, and from a practical standpoint it isn't even a good one for many applications because it suffers from the Gibbs phenomenon. A Tschebyscheff-like approximation or the one inherent in the Cesaro sum which converges uniformly even at points of discontinuity may be preferable in many cases.
Trust-based facilitator for e-partnerships (2001)

In this paper, we propose a facilitator that finds capable and trustworthy partners on behalf of client users, which helps users form and maintain e-partnerships for electronic commerce and electronic collaboration. Unlike existing capability- based facilitators or matchmakers, the facilitator collects and maintains private “word- of- mouth” trust information as well as capabilities from each user and uses the information for personalized trustbased facilitation for each user, which is done through the facilitation protocols and trust propagation mechanisms. Compared to other existing trust mechanisms, the characteristics of trust, which this facilitator handles, are personalized- collaborativesubjective- qualitative- private.
Improved Charge Collection in Highly Efficient CsPbBrI2 Solar Cells with Light-Induced Dealloying (2017)

Halide dealloying in CsPbBrI2 perovskite solar cells proves to be critical in achieving high performance. This dealloying occurs under steady illumination and is a reversible process, suggesting transitions between equilibrium states under dark and illuminated environments. Through decoupling charge collection in the electron- and hole-transporting layers, our photoluminescence, X-ray diffraction, and solar cell device characterization results suggest that the light-induced halide dealloying improves hole collection in solar cells, resulting in increased efficiency (9.2% ± 0.64 on average with a champion power conversion efficiency of 10.3%). Our results provide deeper insights on the impact of dealloying on perovskite solar cell performance and highlight the growing potential of all-inorganic perovskite solar cells.
Claims-Based Authentication for a Web-Based Enterprise (2013)

Abstract : Authentication is the process of determining whether someone or something is, in fact, who or what they are declared to be. The authentication process uses credentials (claims) containing authentication information within one of many possible authentication protocols to establish the identities of the parties that wish to collaborate. Claims are representations that are provided by a trusted entity and can be verified and validated. Of the many authentication protocols, including self-attestation, username/password and presentation of credentials, only the latter can be treated as claims. This is a key aspect of our enterprise solution, in that all active entities (persons, machines, and services) are credentialed and the authentication is bi-lateral, that is, each entity makes a claim to the other entity in every communication session initiated. This paper describes authentication that uses the TLS protocols primarily since these are the dominant protocols above the transport layer on the Internet. Other higher layer protocols, such as WS-Security, WS-Federation and WS-Trust, that use a Public Key Infrastructure credential for authentication, integrate via middleware. This authentication is claims based and is a part of an enterprise level security solution that has been piloted and is undergoing operational standup.
Advanced Sand Control Chemistry to Increase Maximum Sand Free Rate with Improved Placement Technique - A Case Study (2014)

Abstract The reliability of the production is essential in offshore operations. Producing a well at its maximum rate is important everywhere. This is often compromised by having sand and fines production which not only plugs the wells and reduce production rate but also erode the equipment and settle in surface vessels. This paper describes a case history where an operator was faced with a well that was rate limited because of fines and sand production. An advanced sand control chemistry system was proposed and a treatment was designed. In April 2013, the treatment was performed by bullheading down the production tubing using rate diversion. Extensive engineering was involved in the candidate selection and planning the operational aspects of the treatment. The execution of the treatment was divided into stages – sand clean out, performing step rate test, pre-job modeling and pumping the treatment as per the design. After the treatment, the well was flowed and tested at almost three times the original maximum sand-free rate (MSFR) at an increased choke without sand production. The well has now been flowing for more than a year, at significantly higher rate than the previous MSFR sand free. This paper describes the chemistry of the sand conglomeration, design consideration, execution and the effect on well performance.
Defense Health Care: Access to Civilian Providers under TRICARE Standard and Extra (2011)

Abstract : Reimbursement rates and provider shortages have been cited as the main impediments that hinder TRICARE Standard and Extra beneficiaries' access to civilian health care and mental health care providers. Providers' concern about TRICARE's reimbursement rates--which are generally set at Medicare rates--has been a long-standing issue and has more recently been cited as the primary reason civilian providers will not accept TRICARE Standard and Extra beneficiaries as patients, according to TMA's surveys of civilian providers. TMA can increase reimbursement rates in certain instances, such as when it determines that access to care is being affected by the level of reimbursement. Shortages of certain provider specialties, such as mental health care providers, at the national and local levels may also impede access, but these shortages are not specific to the TRICARE program and also affect the general population. As a result, there are limitations as to what TMA can do to address them. TMA has primarily used feedback mechanisms, including surveys of beneficiaries and civilian providers, to gauge TRICARE Standard and Extra beneficiaries' access to civilian providers. More recently, in February 2010, in recognition that TRICARE has had no established measures for monitoring the availability of civilian network and non-network providers for these beneficiaries, TMA directed the TRICARE Regional Offices to develop a model to help identify geographic areas where they may experience access problems. GAO's review of the initial models found their methodology to be reasonable. However, because the regional models were recently developed, it is too early to determine their effectiveness. TMA's contractors educate civilian providers about TRICARE program requirements, policies, and procedures.
A 12 bit 100 MS/s pipelined analog to digital converter without calibration (2010)

A 1.8 V 12 bit 100 MS/s pipelined analog to digital converter (ADC) in a 0.18 μm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor process is presented. The first stage adopts a 3.5 bit structure to relax the capacitor matching requirements. A bootstrapped switch and a scaling down technique are used to improve the ADC's linearity and save power dissipation, respectively. With a 15.5 MHz input signal, the ADC achieves 79.8 dB spurious-free dynamic range and 10.5 bit effective number of bits at 100 MS/s. The power consumption is 112 mW at a 1.8 V supply, including output drivers. The chip area is 3.51 mm2, including pads.
Mockingbird: flexible stub compilation from pairs of declarations (2003)

Mockingbird is a prototype tool for developing interlanguage and distributed applications. It compiles stubs from pairs of interface declarations, allowing existing data types to be reused on both sides of every interface. Other multilanguage stub compilers impose data types on the application, complicating development. Mockingbird supports C/C++, Java, and CORBA IDL, and can be extended to other languages. Mockingbird can generate stubs that convert between types whose structural equivalence would be missed by other tools. We show that this kind of tool improves programming productivity, and describe, in detail, Mockingbird's design and implementation.
Reorganization from Kinetically Stable Aggregation States to Thermodynamically Stable Nanotubes of BINOL-Derived Amphiphiles in Water (2019)

The synthesis and self-assembly behavior of newly designed BINOL-based amphiphiles is presented. With minor structural modifications, the aggregation of these amphiphiles could be successfully tuned to form different types of assemblies in water, ranging from vesicles to cubic structures. Simple sonication induced the rearrangement of different kinetically stable aggregates into thermodynamically stable self-assembled nanotubes, as observed by cryo-TEM.
Supplementary Fig. S8 from Addressing Tumor Heterogeneity by Sensitizing Resistant Cancer Cells to T cell–Secreted Cytokines (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Fig. S8 shows CD8 T cell-dependent control of tumors containing a B2m-/- population with inactivated Rnf31 and Atg5 genes.&lt;/p&gt;
Flextensional &amp;ldquo;moonie&amp;rdquo; actuators (1993)

In recent years, piezoelectric and electrostrictive ceramics have been used in many actuators applications. A new type of composite actuator, which is based on the concept of a flextensional transducer, has been developed. This ceramic-metal composite actuator, or “moonie” consists of either a piezoelectric ceramic disk or a multilayer stack sandwich between two specially designed metal end caps. This new design provides a sizeable displacement, as well as a large generative force. In other words, it bridges the gap between the two most common types of actuator: the multilayer and bimorph
Diazepam Kinetics in Relation to Age and Sex (1981)

27 male volunteers aged 20 to 91 years, and 13 female volunteers aged 21 to 33 years, received single 5 to 10 mg doses of diazepam intravenously. Diazepam pharmacokinetics were determined from concentrations measured in multiple plasma samples drawn during 7 days after each dose. Diazepam elimination half-life among males (mean: 66 h) increased significantly with age (r = 0.53, p less than 0.005). Volume of distribution (mean: 1.39 liters/kg) also increased significantly with age (r = 0.67, p less than 0.001). Clearance of total diazepam in males (mean: 0.42 ml/min/kg) tended to decline with age (r = 0.32), but the association was of borderline significance (p = 0.1). Diazepam was extensively bound to plasma protein, with a mean free fraction among male subjects of 1.34%. Free fraction tended to increase with age (r = 0.14). Correction of volume of distribution and clearance for individual differences in binding did not alter the conclusions. Compared to young males, young females had larger volumes of distribution (1.87 vs. 1.34 liters/kg) and higher total clearance (0.63 vs. 0.49 ml/min/kg). These differences were even greater after correction for sex-related changes in protein binding. Elimination half-life did not differ between sexes. Since both age and sex can influence diazepam disposition, both should be considered as independent variables in studies of diazepam pharmacokinetics.
Evolutionary history of metastatic breast cancer reveals minimal seeding from axillary lymph nodes (2018)

Metastatic breast cancers are still incurable. Characterizing the evolutionary landscape of these cancers, including the role of metastatic axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) in seeding distant organ metastasis, can provide a rational basis for effective treatments. Here, we have described the genomic analyses of the primary tumors and metastatic lesions from 99 samples obtained from 20 patients with breast cancer. Our evolutionary analyses revealed diverse spreading and seeding patterns that govern tumor progression. Although linear evolution to successive metastatic sites was common, parallel evolution from the primary tumor to multiple distant sites was also evident. Metastatic spreading was frequently coupled with polyclonal seeding, in which multiple metastatic subclones originated from the primary tumor and/or other distant metastases. Synchronous ALN metastasis, a well-established prognosticator of breast cancer, was not involved in seeding the distant metastasis, suggesting a hematogenous route for cancer dissemination. Clonal evolution coincided frequently with emerging driver alterations and evolving mutational processes, notably an increase in apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like-associated (APOBEC-associated) mutagenesis. Our data provide genomic evidence for a role of ALN metastasis in seeding distant organ metastasis and elucidate the evolving mutational landscape during cancer progression.
Complete complex conjugate resolved heterodyne swept-source optical coherence tomography using a dispersive optical delay line (2011)

Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) provides a substantial sensitivity advantage over its time-domain counterpart, but suffers from a reduced imaging depth range due to sensitivity falloff and complex conjugate ambiguity. Heterodyne complex conjugate-resolved SSOCT (HCCR-SSOCT) has been previously demonstrated as a technique to completely resolve the complex conjugate ambiguity, effectively doubling the falloff limited imaging depth, without the reduction in imaging speed associated with other CCR techniques. However, previous implementations of this technique have employed expensive and lossy optical modulators to provide the required differential phase modulation. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of a dispersive optical delay line (D-ODL) as the reference arm of an OCT system to realize HCCR-SSOCT. This technique maintains the existing advantages of HCCR-SSOCT in that it completely resolves the complex conjugate artifact and does not reduce imaging speed, while conferring the additional advantages of being low cost, maintaining system sensitivity and resolution, not requiring any additional signal processing, and working at all wavelengths and imaging speeds. The D-ODL also allows for hardware correction of unbalanced dispersion in the reference and sample arm, adding further flexibility to system design. We demonstrate the technique using an SSOCT system operating at 100kHz with a central wavelength of 1040nm. Falloff measurements performed using a standard OCT configuration and the proposed D-ODL demonstrate a doubling of the effective imaging range with no sensitivity or resolution penalty. Feasibility of the technique for in vivo imaging was demonstrated by imaging the ocular anterior segments of healthy human volunteers.
Type II collagen markers in osteoarthritis: what do they indicate? (2007)

Type II collagen biomarkers provide useful information for clinical and research applications. Furthermore, they are promising tools for the monitoring the influence of drug treatment on cartilage metabolism in joint diseases such as osteoarthritis.
A Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Precursor Induces Mortality in the Marine Coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi (2016)

Interactions between phytoplankton and bacteria play a central role in mediating biogeochemical cycling and food web structure in the ocean. However, deciphering the chemical drivers of these interspecies interactions remains challenging. Here, we report the isolation of 2-heptyl-4-quinolone (HHQ), released by Pseudoalteromonas piscicida, a marine gamma-proteobacteria previously reported to induce phytoplankton mortality through a hitherto unknown algicidal mechanism. HHQ functions as both an antibiotic and a bacterial signaling molecule in cell-cell communication in clinical infection models. Co-culture of the bloom-forming coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi with both live P. piscicida and cell-free filtrates caused a significant decrease in algal growth. Investigations of the P. piscicida exometabolome revealed HHQ, at nanomolar concentrations, induced mortality in three strains of E. huxleyi. Mortality of E. huxleyi in response to HHQ occurred slowly, implying static growth rather than a singular loss event (e.g., rapid cell lysis). In contrast, the marine chlorophyte, Dunaliella tertiolecta and diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum were unaffected by HHQ exposures. These results suggest that HHQ mediates the type of inter-domain interactions that cause shifts in phytoplankton population dynamics. These chemically mediated interactions, and other like it, ultimately influence large-scale oceanographic processes.