gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterizing shockwave propagation in waveguides by Schlieren imaging (2016)

Shockwaves can localize mechanical energy into a confined space. To increase the localized energy density, waveguides could be used to focus and direct shockwaves. We study the interaction between a shockwave and a waveguide. Schlieren imaging can visualize shockwaves, but few attempts to acquire quantitative pressure values for shockwaves from Schlieren imagery exist in the literature. We used a high-speed camera in a Schlieren setup to study shockwaves in V- and C-shaped waveguides. The shockwaves were generated with a pulsed Nd:YAG Q-switched laser, focused into air, to generate a breakdown spark. The Schlieren images were calibrated against a lens. We show quantitative time lapse Schlieren images from within the waveguides.
A Density Functional Study of Active Site Models for Xanthine Oxidase (1996)

The suggestion that hydroxide is coordinated to the oxidised molybdenum site in xanthine oxidase (XnO) is tested theoretically by computing the structures of a range of four-, five-, and six-coordinate active site models. The local density approximation of density functional theory has been used with the two experimentally verified singly bonded sulfur ligands modeled by both dithiolene, [SRCCRS](2-) (R = H and CH(3)), and thiolate, [CH(3)S](-) groups. Both ligand types give virtually identical results for analogous species. Based on a comparison of the computed M-L distances and those reported in recent EXAFS studies, it is concluded that both four- and six-coordination are unlikely since the optimized Mo-S contacts are too short or too long respectively. Of the five-coordinate MoOS(SR)(2)X models, the ones with X = [OH](-) give computed M-L bond lengths in excellent agreement with the reported EXAFS data while X = H(2)O, NH(3), [CH(3)S](-), and O(2-) give relatively poor agreement. The theoretical results imply that the active site represents a stable, preferred geometry rather than some imposed entatic state.
Expression Analysis of DGKK during External Genitalia Formation (2015)

Dgkk appears to be a marker or mediator of squamous cell differentiation during development of mouse external genitalia. However, no association exists between Dgkk expression and formation of preputial cleft in the genital tubercle of diethylsilbestrol treated mice, suggesting that these 2 events may follow independent pathways in mice. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of DGKK in hypospadias.
Cover Picture: Ethanol Recovery from Water Using Silicalite‐1 Membrane: An Operando Infrared Spectroscopic Study (ChemPlusChem 6/2012) (2012)

The cover picture shows the separation of ethanol from water using silicalite-1 membrane. The silicalite-1 membrane supported on a porous stainless-steel net has high ethanol selectivity combined with a high flux. Besides, the high mechanical stability and crack resistance of the membrane are revealed. As outlined by S. Mintova and co-workers in their Full Paper on page 437 ff., the supported silicalite-1 membrane is appropriate for ethanol extraction from aqueous bio-ethanol systems such as fermentation broths/biomass.
Realtime MEG source localization (2001)

Iterative gradient methods like Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) are in widespread use for source localization from electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals. Unfortunately LM depends sensitively on the initial guess, particularly (and counterintuitively) at higher signal-to-noise ratios, necessitating repeated runs. This, combined with LM's high per-step cost, makes its computational burden quite high. To reduce this burden, we trained a multilayer perceptron (MLP) as a real-time localizer. We used an analytical model of quasistatic electromagnetic propagation through the head to map randomly chosen dipoles to sensor activities, and trained an MLP to invert this mapping in the presence of various sorts of noise. With realistic noise, our MLP is about five hundred times faster than n-start-LM with n = 4 to match accuracies, while our hybrid MLP-start-LM is about four times more accurate and thirteen times faster than 4-start-LM.
Pattern Formation withinEscherichia coli: Diffusion, Membrane Attachment, and Self-Interaction of MinD Molecules (2004)

In E. coli, accurate cell division depends upon the oscillation of Min proteins from pole to pole. We provide a model for the polar localization of MinD based only on diffusion, a delay for nucleotide exchange, and different rates of attachment to the bare membrane and the occupied membrane. We derive analytically the probability density, and correspondingly the length scale, for MinD attachment zones. Our simple analytical model illustrates the processes giving rise to the observed localization of cellular MinD zones.
DNA fingerprinting of trait-selected mouse lines and linkage analysis in reference families (1993)

The first aim of the study was the molecular genetic characterization of long-term trait-selected (growth, adaptability and fertility) lines of mice using multilocus DNA fingerprinting with the simple tandem repetitive oligonucleotide probes (GAA)6 and (GACA)4. Secondly polymorphic markers were screened for association with growth performance based on DNA fingerprint analysis in reference families. Pooled DNA samples of ten unrelated mice of trait-selected mouse lines (over 40 generations) and the unselected control lines were analyzed. Resulting differences in band patterns were reanalyzed comparing individual fingerprints of the animals included in the pooled DNA samples of the different lines. Between the mouse lines about 30% of analyzed fingerprint bands were polymorphic. Individuals of long-term selected mouse lines show only a few individual-specific bands. Most polymorphic bands observed in DNA mixes appear in all animals included in the DNA mix of the corresponding line. Line-specific DNA fingerprint bands were analyzed for their inheritance and linkage with growth performance in reference families using animals with extreme growth performance of the first backcross after crossing of growth-selected with unselected mice. Scanning the distribution of line-specific bands in the reference panel few bands were identified which are associated with growth performance. They appear as useful markers for growth selection. Nevertheless most line-specific bands result from genetic drift rather than from selection.
Crystallization-Induced 10-nm Structure Formation in P3HT/PCBM Blends (2013)

The miscibility and aggregation of PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) in a polymer matrix is of great importance for the development of fullerene-based organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs). In this study we have systematically investigated the loading of PCBM in regioregular and regiorandom P3HT (poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl). Using optical microscopy, we demonstrate the partial miscibility of PCBM in thermally annealed P3HT films and relate it to the relative crystallinity of P3HT. The low polydispersity and the nearly 100% regioregularity of a self-synthesized P3HT allowed a detailed X-ray characterization as a function of PCBM content, revealing a superstructure of periodic amorphous and crystalline lamellar domains of fully chain extended polymer chains. PCBM dissolves in the amorphous interlamellar P3HT regions (partially index-matching the X-ray scattering contrast) up to a threshold, above which PCBM aggregates start to form. These results show that crystallization of P3HT into 10-nm-wide lamellar domains sets the main length scale in P3HT/PCBM structure formation. PCBM is displaced into the amorphous intralamellar regions, swelling the lamellar stack. This structure formation by crystallization, which is intrinsic to most semicrystalline polymers, followed by the enrichment, segregation, and crystallization of PCBM provides an interdigitated structure, which is conceptually ideal for excitonic solar cells.
Chromatic Spatial Frequency Characteristics of Human Visual System (Color Difference Discrimination) (1977)

色覚機能を明らかにするためにも, カラー画像伝送の基礎としても, 視覚の色度空間周波数特性を知る必要がある.ここでは無彩色を中心とする補色間の正弦波パターンの色差弁別により視覚の色度空間周波数特性を測定した.得られた周波数特性はバンドパスフィルター型であり, 明暗が最も広帯域であり, 色度では赤-緑が広帯域であり, 黄-青の組合せは最も狭帯域であった.画面輝度の影響や空間異方性についても測定した.
The establishment of surrogates and correlates of protection: Useful tools for the licensure of effective influenza vaccines? (2017)

The search for a test that can predict vaccine efficacy is an important part of any vaccine development program. Although regulators hesitate to acknowledge any test as a true 'correlate of protection', there are many precedents for defining 'surrogate' assays. Surrogates can be powerful tools for vaccine optimization, licensure, comparisons between products and development of improved products. When such tests achieve 'reference' status however, they can inadvertently become barriers to new technologies that do not work the same way as existing vaccines. This is particularly true when these tests are based upon circularly-defined 'reference' or, even worse, proprietary reagents. The situation with inactivated influenza vaccines is a good example of this phenomenon. The most frequently used tests to define vaccine-induced immunity are all serologic assays: hemagglutination inhibition (HI), single radial hemolysis (SRH) and microneutralization (MN). The first two, and particularly the HI assay, have achieved reference status and criteria have been established in many jurisdictions for their use in licensing new vaccines and to compare the performance of different vaccines. However, all of these assays are based on biological reagents that are notoriously difficult to standardize and can vary substantially by geography, by chance (i.e. developing reagents in eggs that may not antigenitically match wild-type viruses) and by intention (ie: choosing reagents that yield the most favorable results). This review describes attempts to standardize these assays to improve their performance as surrogates, the dangers of over-reliance on 'reference' serologic assays, the ways that manufacturers can exploit the existing regulatory framework to make their products 'look good' and the implications of this long-established system for the introduction of novel influenza vaccines.
Synthesis of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals in a Droplet-Based Microfluidic Platform: Fast Parametric Space Mapping (2016)

Prior to this work, fully inorganic nanocrystals of cesium lead halide perovskite (CsPbX3, X = Br, I, Cl and Cl/Br and Br/I mixed halide systems), exhibiting bright and tunable photoluminescence, have been synthesized using conventional batch (flask-based) reactions. Unfortunately, our understanding of the parameters governing the formation of these nanocrystals is still very limited due to extremely fast reaction kinetics and multiple variables involved in ion-metathesis-based synthesis of such multinary halide systems. Herein, we report the use of a droplet-based microfluidic platform for the synthesis of CsPbX3 nanocrystals. The combination of online photoluminescence and absorption measurements and the fast mixing of reagents within such a platform allows the rigorous and rapid mapping of the reaction parameters, including molar ratios of Cs, Pb, and halide precursors, reaction temperatures, and reaction times. This translates into enormous savings in reagent usage and screening times when compared to analogous batch synthetic approaches. The early-stage insight into the mechanism of nucleation of metal halide nanocrystals suggests similarities with multinary metal chalcogenide systems, albeit with much faster reaction kinetics in the case of halides. Furthermore, we show that microfluidics-optimized synthesis parameters are also directly transferrable to the conventional flask-based reaction.
Identification of genes involved in the regulation of TERT in hepatocellular carcinoma (2018)

Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promotes immortalization by protecting telomeres in cancer cells. Mutation of the TERT promoter is one of the most common genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), indicating that TERT upregulation is a critical event in hepatocarcinogenesis. Regulators of TERT transcription are, therefore, predicted to be plausible targets for HCC treatment. We undertook a genome-wide shRNA library screen and identified C15orf55 and C7orf43 as regulators of TERT expression in HepG2 cells. Promoter assays showed that C15orf55- and C7orf43-responsive sites exist between base pairs -58 and +36 and -169 and -59 in the TERT promoter, respectively. C15orf55 upregulates TERT expression by binding to two GC motifs in the SP1 binding site of the TERT promoter. C7orf43 upregulates TERT expression through Yes-associated protein 1. The expression levels of C15orf55 and C7orf43 also correlated with that of TERT, and were significantly increased in both HCC tissues and their adjacent non-tumor tissues, compared to normal liver tissues from non-HCC patients. Analysis of 377 HCC patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset showed that overall survival of patients with low levels of C15orf55 and C7orf43 expression in tumor tissues was better compared with patients with high levels of C15orf55 and/or high C7orf43 expression. These results indicate that C15orf55 and C7orf43 are involved in the incidence and progression of HCC by upregulating TERT. In conclusion, we identified C15orf55 and C7orf43 as positive regulators of TERT expression in HCC tissues. These genes are promising targets for HCC treatment.
Complement inhibits immune responses: C3 preparations inhibit the generation of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (1983)

C3 fragments have been shown to inhibit mitogen- and antigen-induced human lymphocyte blastogenesis. In this study, C3 preparations and a small fragment of C3 (contained in a preparation called Fraction 2) were examined for their capacity to regulate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and proliferative mixed lymphocyte responses (MLR). We found that both preparations inhibited the generation of allogeneic human CTL as well as MLR in a dose-related manner. In contrast, Fraction 1, which contained native C3 and C3b, did not inhibit the generation of CTL nor did it inhibit the MLR. The kinetics of inhibition of proliferation were divergent from the kinetics of inhibition of CTL generation; the active preparations inhibited proliferation significantly when added as late as day 5 of a 6-day culture, whereas no inhibition of CTL generation was seen when these preparations were added after day 3 of culture. Cultures in which C3 preparations caused complete inhibition of CTL generation had normal levels of the nonspecific, anomalous killer cell activity, as assayed on K 562 target cells. Furthermore, C3 preparations and Fraction 2 had no effect on the lytic function of differentiated CTL, on "spontaneous" natural killer cell activity or on interferon-induced augmentation of natural killer cell activity. These findings indicate that C3 fragments may play a negative role in the regulation of CTL responses.
Metal coverage dependence of local optical properties of semicontinuous metallic films (2002)

Abstract Semicontinuous silver films on insulator substrates, which exhibit unique electrical and optical properties, were studied experimentally and theoretically. The percolation threshold of the films, which were synthesized by laser ablation, was determined from a combination of studies of the surface morphology by electron microscopy and the dc electrical resistance as a function of metal concentration. Local optical properties measured by near-field optical microscopy were compared with theoretical results obtained using the Block elimination method, with good agreement. Local field distributions were found to depend on the metal concentration and wavelength of illumination. The degree of localization was found to increase at metal concentrations above and below the percolation threshold.
Kegelförmige Emission bei Rubinlasern mit äußeren Spiegeln (1965)

Ein Laser mit einem am Umfang polierten Rubinstab zwischen äußeren ebenen Spiegeln, bei dem die Stabachse gegen die Resonatorachse verdreht ist, zeigt neben dem scharf gebündelten Zentralstrahl eine intensive Abstrahlung in einen Hohlkegel. Der Öffnungswinkel des Hohlkegels wächst mit der Verdrehung der Stabachse gegen die Resonatorachse. Wir weisen experimentell und analytisch nach, daß der Kegelstrahl durch Totalreflexion solcher Lichtstrahlen am polierten Umfang des Rubinstabes entsteht, die beim Durchgang durch den Resonator durch Beugung und Streuung aus dem Zentralstrahl abgelenkt werden.
Antiprotozoal Agents from Plant Sources (1991)

Protozoa are responsible for a number of serious tropical diseases including amoebiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, and trypanosomiasis. New drugs are required for the treatment of these diseases and the potential of plants to produce new clinical agents is discussed.
Bird–building collisions in the United States: Estimates of annual mortality and species vulnerability (2014)

Abstract Building collisions, and particularly collisions with windows, are a major anthropogenic threat to birds, with rough estimates of between 100 million and 1 billion birds killed annually in the United States. However, no current U.S. estimates are based on systematic analysis of multiple data sources. We reviewed the published literature and acquired unpublished datasets to systematically quantify bird–building collision mortality and species-specific vulnerability. Based on 23 studies, we estimate that between 365 and 988 million birds (median = 599 million) are killed annually by building collisions in the U.S., with roughly 56% of mortality at low-rises, 44% at residences, and &amp;lt;1% at high-rises. Based on &amp;gt;92,000 fatality records, and after controlling for population abundance and range overlap with study sites, we identified several species that are disproportionately vulnerable to collisions at all building types. In addition, several species listed as national Birds of Conservation Concern due to their declining populations were identified to be highly vulnerable to building collisions, including Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera), Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris), Canada Warbler (Cardellina canadensis), Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), Kentucky Warbler (Geothlypis formosa), and Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorum). The identification of these five migratory species with geographic ranges limited to eastern and central North America reflects seasonal and regional biases in the currently available building-collision data. Most sampling has occurred during migration and in the eastern U.S. Further research across seasons and in underrepresented regions is needed to reduce this bias. Nonetheless, we provide quantitative evidence to support the conclusion that building collisions are second only to feral and free-ranging pet cats, which are estimated to kill roughly four times as many birds each year, as the largest source of direct human-caused mortality for U.S. birds.
An Fc gamma RII-, Fc gamma RIII-specific monoclonal antibody (2.4G2) decreases acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice (1993)

In order to study the role of Fc gamma Rs in Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice, the 2.4G2 monoclonal antibody (MAb), specific to the extracellular domains of Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII, was injected intraperitoneally into mice. Flow cytometry studies of uninfected mice showed that 2.4G2 MAb bound to peritoneal and lymph node cells, respectively, on days 2 and 6 after injection. Repeating 2.4G2 injections every 3 to 4 days decreased the availability of Fc gamma Rs on peritoneal, lymph node, and spleen cells. Injections of 2.4G2 MAb into T. cruzi-infected mice, at days -1, 3, 7, 11, 16, 20, and 24 relative to infection, reduced mortality in comparison with that in infected animals injected with an unrelated MAb (50 versus 93.3% mortality; P < 0.01). Parasitemia in 2.4G2-treated mice was significantly (three times) lower than in control animals on days 21 and 24 postinfection (P < 0.05), before parasite-specific antibodies were detectable at significant levels. Immunoglobulin and T. cruzi-specific antibody levels were similar in all groups of mice. These results indicate that repeated injections of 2.4G2 MAb administered to acutely infected mice reduce the in vivo infection level, suggesting that Fc gamma Rs play a role in the early host invasion by T. cruzi parasites.
Computer-generated Dialogues through Sequential Pattern Mining (2012)

In this thesis I attempt to answer the following question: How does generating artificial, goal-oriented dialogue using automated data mining weigh up against a manual approach to this problem? I wrote the Pet Shop Game, a web application that anonymously couples players and allows them to engage in a dialogue game set in a pet shop scenario. Players can express themselves in a controlled natural language and perform relevant physical actions. The dialogue data is then mined for sequential patterns using the GSP algorithm, which also provides a taxonomy parameter that is used in this case to not only find patterns at the utterance level but also on the level of speech acts. Sequential patterns can be translated into rules suitable for use by an AI program to replace a human player in the Pet Shop Game. These data mined rules, though arguably of the same structure as rules used by hand-written chatbots, are weaker and find their strength in numbers. That is, many data mined rules combine to come to the right conclusion, whereas hand-written rules are typically much stronger. I suggest a comparative study of serious implementations of both approaches should be made in order to arrive at a more definitive judgement.
Optimizing speech synthesizer memory footprint through phoneme set reduction (2004)

The embedded device market is currently searching for low memory footprint solutions to enable the use of speech technology, including speech synthesis, in mass products. The amount of memory consumed has a direct impact on the product manufacturing costs therefore every means to save memory should be exploited. In speech synthesis, some memory saving can be achieved by reducing the number of phonemes in a given language. According to the listening evaluation test, certain affricates, diphthongs and long vowels in USA-English can be expressed as a combination of two other phonemes. The improved or equal intelligibility and quality were achieved by adding one new phoneme to the phoneme set and by simultaneously removing four of the original phonemes, /tS/, /e/, /O/ and /OI/. The net decrease in the number of phonemes reduced the memory required to store Klatt88 synthesis parameters by 7% and the memory needed for speech database in diphone concatenation synthesis by approximately 10%. More substantial saving in the memory size can be achieved if small degradation of quality and intelligibility is accepted.
Vapor and Gas Separation by Membranes (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction to Membranes and Modules Membrane Process Design Applications Conclusions Glossary References
Reviews (1981)

Reviews Get access The Playwright as Magician: Shakespeare's Image of the Poet in the English Public Theater . By ALVIN B. KERNAN . Pp. vii+164 . New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 1979 . £6.90. DAVID LINDLEY DAVID LINDLEY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 28, Issue 6, December 1981, Pages 533–535, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/28-6-533 Published: 01 December 1981