gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ketonization of the unusually acidic elongated enol generated by flash photolytic decarboxylation of p-formylphenylacetic acid in aqueous solution (2008)

Rates of photolysis of p-formylphenylacetic acid were measured flash photoytically in perchloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions, and also in acetic acid, biphosphate ion, and tris-(hydroxymethyl)methaneammonium ion buffers, using H 2 O and D 2 O as solvents. The results provide rate profiles and solvent isotope effects, which indicate that photolysis occurs through an elongated enol intermediate. This enol is unusually strongly acidic, by some two to three pQ a units, when compared with simple non-elongated enols.Key words: flash photolysis, elongated enols, rate profiles, solvent isotope effects.
Nebenwegübertragung (1977)

Bei allen Planungsüberlegungen sowohl des Luft und auch des Trittschallschutzes sind die Überlegungen möglicher Nebenwegübertragung sofort mit einzubeziehen. Dies gilt für Wände (insbesondere zweischalige flankierende Wände), für Decken und Beläge (einschalige Decken, durchgehende schwimmende Estriche und insbesondere Unterdecken) sowie für Treppen, Balkone und Terrassen.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMIE UND UMLAGERUNGSGESCHWINDIGKEITEN VON TRIS‐(BETA‐DIKETONATO)‐ UND TRIS‐(BETA‐THIOKETONATO)‐METALL(III)‐KOMPLEXEN (1972)

Abstract Die cis‐trans‐Isomerenverteilung und die relativen Geschwindigkeiten der Isomerisierung der nach bekannten Methoden aus entsprechenden Metallsalzen oder ‐carbonylen und den Liganden zum Teil erstmalig dargestellten Titelkomplexe (I) und (II) werden untersucht.
Picture password : (2003)

The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by
A physical model of ovonic threshold switching effect for phase change memory based on the trap-to-band transition mechanism (2014)

A new physical conductivity model of amorphous chalcogenide is proposed, based on carriers transport theory including hopping transport and trap-to-band transition. A numerical simulator based on this model is developed, and the simulation results agree well with the measurement. The ovonic switch voltage and current with different active area and temperature are studied based on the simulator, and the results show a good consistence with the measurement.
Alteration of Smad3 signaling in ischemic rabbit dermal ulcer wounds (2007)

Impaired reepithelialization is a hallmark of chronic, ischemic wounds; however, the pathogenesis of the delayed reepithelialization in these wounds remains poorly understood. Transforming growth factor beta is involved in both the normal and hypoxic wound-healing response and exogenous overexpression of Smad3, which has been known to accelerate reepithelialization. Recently, it was shown in the rabbit ear dermal ulcer model that Ad-Smad3 injection enhanced reepithelialization and granulation tissue formation suggesting a positive effect of Smad3 on wound healing. However, little is known about the role of Smad3 in the ischemic wound healing process. In this study, we examined the effect of Smad3 in an ischemic wound model. Ad-Smad3 or Ad-LacZ (10(8) pfu/wound) was injected into either ear of white New Zealand rabbits. Twenty-four hours later, these ears were rendered ischemic using an established model, and four 7 mm full-thickness punch wounds were made on each ear. Histological evaluation showed a significant increase in reepithelialization parameters in Ad-Smad3-transfected wounds (p<0.01). In contrast, granulation tissue parameters were not affected by Smad3 in ischemia. Smad4 and Smad7 mRNA-expression was not affected by Smad3 overexpression. Connective tissue growth factor protein was up-regulated under ischemic conditions but was unaffected by Smad3 transfection in both ischemic and nonischemic wounds. Our results suggest an enhancing effect of Smad3 on reepithelialization in an ischemic wound model that, in turn, might provide novel therapeutic options. Furthermore, the lack of alteration of Smad-dependent intermediates by Smad3 overexpression suggests the activation of Smad-independent pathways in ischemia.
Finding all Pareto Optimal Paths for Dynamical Multi-Objective Path optimization Problems (2018)

Path optimization plays a fundamentally important role in computational intelligence and operational researches. Single-objective path optimization on static route network is often considered in theoretical research, but in reality, multiple objectives and dynamical routing environments make the problem much more complicated. In a multi-objective path optimization problem (MOPOP), there is usually not just one best path, but a set of Pareto optimal solutions, which together are important to decision-makers. Another challenge is dynamical routing environment, which makes it difficult even to find a single-objective best path. This paper puts multi-objective path optimization and dynamical routing environment together, and aims to develop an effective method to calculate the complete (not just a partial or approximated) Pareto front for MOPOP in dynamical routing environments. To this end, a novel nature-inspired method, so called ripple-spreading algorithm (RSA) is completely re-designed, in order to resolve the proposed problem with a theoretical optimality guarantee. Comprehensive experimental results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the reported method}.
Color-based image retrieval using spatial-chromatic histograms (2003)

We propose a methodology to integrate color and spatial information for content-based image retrieval. This methodology, called Spatial-Chromatic Histogram (SCH), synthesizes in few values information about the location of pixels having the same color and their arrangement within the image. We have performed experiments on a three hundred images database and our results show a high retrieval accuracy.
Neuroprotective effect of modified Boyanghwano-Tang and the major medicinal plants, Astragali Radix and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix on ischemic stroke in rats (2010)

Objectives : In this study, the neuroprotective effects of modified Boyanghwano-Tang (mBHT) and the major medicinal plants, Astragali Radix(AR) and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix(SMR) were investigated in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)-induced ischemic stroke of rats. Methods : mBHT(400 mg/kg) and AR(154 mg/kg) or SMR(62 mg/kg) water extract orally injected in rats after 90 min occlusion of MCA and then allow reperfusion to 24 h. Brain infarction was measured by TTC staining and the expressions of NOS isoforms and apoptotic molecules were determined in ischemic brain by Western blot. Results : The results showed that mBHT has stronger neuropreotective property through inhibitions of the PARP cleaved and caspase-3 activation in ischemic rats, and could reduced infarction volumes comparison of those of AR or SMR, respectively. While, AR extract has an angiogenic property through increasing the expressions of eNOS and VEGF, and SMR extract has a strong anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of iNOS expression in ischemic brains. Conclusions : These results suggest that mBHT has multifactorial therapeutic advantages through anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation and angiogenesis for ischemic stroke based on a synergistic combination of ingradients rather than monotherapy.
Improved Variational Autoencoders for Text Modeling using Dilated\n Convolutions (2017)

Recent work on generative modeling of text has found that variational\nauto-encoders (VAE) incorporating LSTM decoders perform worse than simpler LSTM\nlanguage models (Bowman et al., 2015). This negative result is so far poorly\nunderstood, but has been attributed to the propensity of LSTM decoders to\nignore conditioning information from the encoder. In this paper, we experiment\nwith a new type of decoder for VAE: a dilated CNN. By changing the decoder's\ndilation architecture, we control the effective context from previously\ngenerated words. In experiments, we find that there is a trade off between the\ncontextual capacity of the decoder and the amount of encoding information used.\nWe show that with the right decoder, VAE can outperform LSTM language models.\nWe demonstrate perplexity gains on two datasets, representing the first\npositive experimental result on the use VAE for generative modeling of text.\nFurther, we conduct an in-depth investigation of the use of VAE (with our new\ndecoding architecture) for semi-supervised and unsupervised labeling tasks,\ndemonstrating gains over several strong baselines.\n
A Comparative Study of Multiscale Sample Entropy and Hierarchical Entropy and Its Application in Feature Extraction for Ship-Radiated Noise (2019)

The presence of marine ambient noise makes it difficult to extract effective features from ship-radiated noise. Traditional feature extraction methods based on the Fourier transform or wavelets are limited in such a complex ocean environment. Recently, entropy-based methods have been proven to have many advantages compared with traditional methods. In this paper, we propose a novel feature extraction method for ship-radiated noise based on hierarchical entropy (HE). Compared with the traditional entropy, namely multiscale sample entropy (MSE), which only considers information carried in the lower frequency components, HE takes into account both lower and higher frequency components of signals. We illustrate the different properties of HE and MSE by testing them on simulation signals. The results show that HE has better performance than MSE, especially when the difference in signals is mainly focused on higher frequency components. Furthermore, experiments on real-world data of five types of ship-radiated noise are conducted. A probabilistic neural network is employed to evaluate the performance of the obtained features. Results show that HE has a higher classification accuracy for the five types of ship-radiated noise compared with MSE. This indicates that the HE-based feature extraction method could be used to identify ships in the field of underwater acoustic signal processing.
An analytical model of the write and read process in digital recording with a "Linear" recording medium (1974)

Analytical expressions describing the magnetization distribution, the demagnetizing field and the read signal of a single and a double magnetization transition are derived for the digital magnetic recording process. Under several simplifying assumptions these relations are exact solutions, including demagnetizing effects, of the basic equations governing the recording process. The influence of various parameters on the resulting magnetization and read signals are discussed. It is proved that the half pulse width of the read signal is proportional to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(\deltaM_{r}/H_{c})^{\frac^{1}{2}}</tex> for large values of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\deltaM_{r}/H_{c}</tex> , where δ is the thickness, M <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</inf> the remanent magnetization and H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> the coercivity of the medium. Write head and read head medium separations appear only as a sum in the expressions for the read signal. Calculated half pulse widths show reasonable agreement with experimental data.
Better characterization of estrogen receptor (ER) positive luminal subtypes using genomic grade (2005)

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Upregulation of ADAM proteases and HER ligands through a feedback loop mediates acquired resistance to trastuzumab in HER2-amplified breast cancer (2010)

Retrospective studies on male breast cancer (MBC) have suff ered from small numbers of cases available from any one centre; thus a signifi cant problem in eff ectively studying this disease is accruing suffi ciently large numbers to allow comparative analysis of biomarkers associated with response. Using a coordinated multicentre approach, we present the fi rst large-scale study to address the relevance of the expression of hormone receptors in MBC and female breast cancer (FBC) using immunohistochemistry combined with a novel bioinformatics approach. Following ethical approval, 523 archival blocks (260 MBCs and 263 matched FBCs) were obtained retrospectively. Tissue microarrays were constructed and sections stained for ER, ER1, ER2, ER5, total PR, PRA, PRB and AR and typed using CK5/6, CK14, CK18 and CK19 by immunohistochemistry. Following scoring, a range of ordination techniques were conducted on the datasets including hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the diff erential nature of infl uences and interactions between MBC and FBC. Luminal A subgroup (ER + and/or PR + , HER2 -) was the most common phenotype in both sexes. Luminal B (ER + and/or PR + , HER2 + ) was not seen in males, while basal-like tumours (ER -, PR -, HER2 -, CK5/6 + ) were infrequent in both. Hierarchical clustering revealed common clusters between MBC and FBC including total PR-PRA-PRB and ER1/2 clusters. ER occurred on distinct clusters between males and females. AR, ER1, ER2 and ER5 all existed on the same cluster but with a diff erent substructure, particularly around the positioning of AR. ER associated with this cluster in the male but not the female group. PCA confi rmed that in both groups strong infl uences came from PR-PRA-PRB. In MBC strong infl uences additionally came from AR and ER1, ER2 and ER5, whereas in FBC strong infl uences came from ER alone. Our data support the hypothesis that breast cancer is biologically diff erent in male and females, which could have implications for therapy.
Model for dielectric growth on silicon in a nitrous oxide environment (1993)

In this letter, a model for growth kinetics of ultrathin dielectrics obtained by oxidation of silicon in a nitrous oxide environment is proposed. The model assumes that the oxide growth is limited by time-dependent interface reaction, which is slowed down and eventually completely blocked as oxide growth sites are neutralized by nitrogen atoms. The model fits experimental data extremely well, both with time and temperature.
Herpesvirus tegument protein pUL37 interacts with Dystonin/Bpag1 to promote plus-end directed transport of capsids on microtubules (2012)

Session : Virus Cell Interactions
Simple technique for replication of micro-optical elements (1998)

A simple technique for the replication of micro-optical elements is presented. Elastomeric material is used to realize a negative mold of the original optical element and UV-curing adhesive is used to make the replicated copy. Replicated elements, such as refractive and diffractive micro-optical elements, are produced. The refractive microlenses have a diameter of 970 m and a height of 79 m and the diffractive element is a multilevel blazed grating with a period of 64 m. The characteristics of the replicated elements are measured using different methods. The deviation from a sphere of the original and the replicated refractive microlenses is 0.13 and 0.12 root mean square (rms), respectively. The replicated multilevel blazed grating has a diffraction efficiency of over 80%. An alternative method for realizing planoconcave microlenses from a planoconvex master is also presented.
Arm Length Effect on Synthetic Chemistry of Fullerene-Connected Urethane-Ether Star-Polymers (1997)

Abstract A series of star-shaped polyurethanes were synthesized by the use of fullerenol-derived polyols as the anchoring agents and were characterized by both spectrometric and gel permeation chromatographic techniques. Under similar reaction conditions, the number of attached linear polyurethane arms per C60 decreased as the molecular weight of each isocyanated polymer arm precursor increased. Interestingly, the polydispersity of all star-shaped polyurethanes synthesized was found to be much narrower than that of the corresponding parent arims, independent of the linking efficiency.
Influence of thermal isolating grooves on the performance of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer-type thermo-optic variable optical attenuator (2005)

Two types of silicon-on-insulator thermo-optic variable optical attenuators (VOAs) based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a multimode-interference coupler are fabricated, one with thermal isolating grooves to improve heating efficiency and the other without. Comparison of optical and electrical properties, such as insertion losses, the maximum attenuation levels and the corresponding power consumptions, and the response times, is carried out between the two types of VOAs. The comparison results indicate that use of thermal isolating grooves leads to better values for most characteristics and is an effective way to improve the performance of Mach-Zehnder interferometer-type thermo-optic devices.
Balancing for a Flexible Rotor Considering the Vibration Mode : 2nd Report, Balancing in which Modal Influence Coefficients Contain Phase Angle Errors (1982)

The effectiveness of a modal-least squares balancing method is investigated with regard to a balancing of flexible rotors. The method combines features of both modal balancing and least squares balancing methods. Numerical simulations are carried out with influence coefficients which are assumed to have phase angle errors. The good balancing conditions that were obtained in the second balancing trial are also described.
Enhancing the Divergent Activities of Betulinic Acid via Neoglycosylation (2008)

Using neoglycosylation, the impact of differential glycosylation upon the divergent anticancer and anti-HIV properties of the triterpenoid betulinic acid (BA) was examined. Each member from a library of 37 differentially glycosylated BA variants was tested for anticancer and anti-HIV activities. Enhanced analogs for both desired activities were discovered with the corresponding antitumor or antiviral enhancements diverging, on the basis of the appended sugar, into two distinct compound subsets.
Perirectal Oncologic Gateway to Retroperitoneal Endoscopic Single-Site Surgery (PROGRESSS) (2012)

Perirectal oncologic gateway to retroperitoneal endoscopic single-site surgery for left-sided colonic resections using both flexible and rigid surgical endoscopic platforms was feasible and reproducible in an acute porcine model. This technique might represent a step toward pure NOTES left-sided colorectal procedures.
An investigation of thermoelectric cooling devices for small-scale space conditioning applications in buildings (2009)

This paper presents the study of a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) designed for small-scale space conditioning applications in buildings. A theoretical study was undertaken to find the optimum operating conditions, which were then applied in the laboratory testing work. A TEC unit was assembled and tested under laboratory conditions. Eight pieces of UltraTEC were shown to generate up to 220 W of cooling with a COP of 0.46 under the input current of 4.8 A for each module. Thermo-economical analysis was carried out and results showed that a system with PV panel can compete with an equivalent system without a PV panel when PV costs fall down to or lower than £1.25 per Watt. For the cases without a PV panel, the system with a high level of TEC power input delivered a better performance in terms of the average cooling energy price than that system with a low level of TEC power input after critical interest rate (currently 4%). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Anthracen-9-yl)methyl sulfides as a mechanistic probe for chemical as well as photochemical electron-transfer reactions (2015)

We have examined the intermediacy of sulfur-centred radical cations in the one-electron oxidation of (anthracen-9-yl)methyl sulfides. Reaction of (anthracen-9-yl)methyl sulfides with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) gave predominantly nitration and oxidation products along with products arising through sulfur-centred radical cations in minor amounts. Upon irradiation, (anthracen-9-yl)methyl sulfides underwent efficient intramolecular single electron transfer leading to a variety of products arising through the intermediacy of sulfur-centred radical cations.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Therapy for Craniofacial Surgery (2008)

Between 2 and 10 years of age, the developing craniofacial skeleton poses a significant reconstructive challenge. Local autogenous bone is largely unavailable, distant bone grafts are fraught with significant morbidity and limited yield, and alloplastic materials are incompatible with the growing calvarium and facial skeleton. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2, a member of a class of proteins first noticed in the 1960s to promote bone deposition in soft tissues, offers a potential solution to the bone shortage historically faced by the pediatric craniofacial surgeon. A review of English language literature was conducted from the 1960s to the present.Attention was focused on BMP-2's osteoinductive mechanism, basic science and translational laboratory findings, and multidisciplinary clinical experiences. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 has been embraced by spine surgeons, is gaining in popularity for long-bone repair, and is making its way into the plastic surgery literature. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 may provide a basis for an off-the-shelf tissue-engineered bone construct that is compatible with the growing craniofacial skeleton while free from the morbidities of distant graft harvest. Questions remain, however, regarding the safety and efficacy of this compound in the context of pediatric craniofacial surgery. In an effort to facilitate the clinician's risk-benefit analysis of this emerging technology, we present a primer on the basic science of BMP-2, a discussion of possible morbidities associated with its use, a review of laboratory and clinical trials with this substance to date, and an analysis of strategies to maximize its efficacy in craniofacial surgery.
Conformational sampling, catalysis, and evolution of the bacterial phosphotriesterase (2009)

To efficiently catalyze a chemical reaction, enzymes are required to maintain fast rates for formation of the Michaelis complex, the chemical reaction and product release. These distinct demands could be satisfied via fluctuation between different conformational substates (CSs) with unique configurations and catalytic properties. However, there is debate as to how these rapid conformational changes, or dynamics, exactly affect catalysis. As a model system, we have studied bacterial phosphotriesterase (PTE), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the pesticide paraoxon at rates limited by a physical barrier-either substrate diffusion or conformational change. The mechanism of paraoxon hydrolysis is understood in detail and is based on a single, dominant, enzyme conformation. However, the other aspects of substrate turnover (substrate binding and product release), although possibly rate-limiting, have received relatively little attention. This work identifies "open" and "closed" CSs in PTE and dominant structural transition in the enzyme that links them. The closed state is optimally preorganized for paraoxon hydrolysis, but seems to block access to/from the active site. In contrast, the open CS enables access to the active site but is poorly organized for hydrolysis. Analysis of the structural and kinetic effects of mutations distant from the active site suggests that remote mutations affect the turnover rate by altering the conformational landscape.
Ethanol Blends: E10 and E-Diesel (2016)

Ethanol was first used as a fuel for a combustion engine in 1897, but it has not emerged into the fuel market as a fuel, but rather as an oxygenate. The United States, Canada, Brazil, and many other countries have adopted the use of ethanol blended with gasoline at low concentration to improve emissions. Ethanol can also be blended with diesel at low concentrations (10% to 15%). Most commonly, ethanol is blended with gasoline at concentration of 10% and this oxygenated fuel is referred to as E10 or gasohol.