gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Long- and Short-term Effects of Tobacco Smoking on Circulating Concentrations of B Vitamins (2010)

Smoking lowered circulating concentrations of folate, PLP, and riboflavin, but concentrations increased significantly after a few days of smoking cessation. We propose that short-term effects may be related to acute smoking-induced oxidative stress, whereas the longer-lasting effects among ex-smokers may reflect changes in diet and/or restoration of vitamin concentrations in tissue during the first few months to years after smoking cessation.
Object-Oriented Design and Programming With C++ (1995)

Software engineering principles overview of C++ elementary programming in C++ elementary C++ program structure arrays and pointers structured data types in C++ advanced input and output advanced C++ program structure modelling object-oriented systems an example - a graphical database transitioning to an object-oriented system. Appendices: reserved words in C++ syntax summary of C++ review of C language the ANSI standard C++ library.
pH‐Dependent Proton Conducting Behavior in a Metal–Organic Framework Material (2014)

A porous metal-organic framework (MOF), [Ni2(dobdc)(H2O)2]⋅6 H2O (Ni2(dobdc) or Ni-MOF-74; dobdc(4-)=2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) with hexagonal channels was synthesized using a microwave-assisted solvothermal reaction. Soaking Ni2(dobdc) in sulfuric acid solutions at different pH values afforded new proton-conducting frameworks, H(+)@Ni2(dobdc). At pH 1.8, the acidified MOF shows proton conductivity of 2.2×10(-2) S cm(-1) at 80 °C and 95% relative humidity (RH), approaching the highest values reported for MOFs. Proton conduction occurs via the Grotthuss mechanism with a significantly low activation energy as compared to other proton-conducting MOFs. Protonated water clusters within the pores of H(+)@Ni2(dobdc) play an important role in the conduction process.
Biomedical aspects of magnetic nanoparticles (2003)

Though all the components of the body are either dia-, para, superparaor ferromagnetic, the magnetic fields required which are likely to produce obvious effects on the body are very large. Even red blood cells with micrograms each of the iron protein haemoglobin are relatively unreactive to large fields or steep field gradients. However, there is sufficient iron present for MRI to be possible without adding iron-rich or other contrast enhancing reagepts. Indeed many cell types contain magnetite or other iron oxide nanoparticles-it is not clear whether these are generated by some standard biochemical process or are adventitious particles acquired from the environment. The other natural iron-containing compounds in the body are haemosiderin, ferritin, transferrin and the cytochromes. The question of whether there are hazards or effects from magnetic fields of the magnitudes normally encountered in the environment even in the 'built' environment acting on these molecules is unlikely though unresolved. But the electromagnetic fields produced by mobile phones may perhaps be large enough to have pathological effects (see Cranfield et al. 2003 for a suggestion as to mechanism). However the most likely exposures to large fields or field gradients arises from therapy or diagnosis. MRI produces images of both hard and soft organs and this is useful in diagnosis and in following the course of therapy. MRI contrast reagents are often used and there are a number ofpotential compounds for infusion or injection. Basically there are three ways in which a contrast reagent may act. It may not enter or attach to cells and simply act as an indicator of fluid-filled space eg the knee capsule. It may attach to the outside of cells or lastly it may be taken into the cells. Closely related to these biological differences are the routes by which the agent reaches the target area. A wider and wider range of effective contrast agents continue to be developed and perhaps noteworthy amongst these are dendrimer based agents to help image the lymph system (Kobayashi et al. 2003), putrescineGd-amyloid beta peptides for Alzheimer plaque detection (Poduslo et al. 2003). . There are advantages in using strongly magnetic nanoparticle contrast reagents, at least in theory, because there is a possibility that the particles can be localised in the desired region by applying local magnetic field gradients. There is also the possibility of producing localised hyperthermia when an organ loaded with nanoparticles is exposed to electromagnetic radiation. There are, however, potential ifnot real hazards with the use of superparamagnetic nanoparticles which are discussed below. The localizability of the particles by applying external small fields is ofapparent value in other types oftherapy, for instance drug delivery or hyperthermia. It has been usual to suppose that the route or delivery would be by injection either through a vascular route or by localised injection into a tissue. After injection the particles would either remain un-attached to cells and drift around the bodyfluids.
Response of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and IGFBP-3 to IGF-I treatment in severe insulin resistance (1994)

It has been suggested that recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) is a potential therapeutic agent in diabetes mellitus. It is known to have glucose-lowering effects in normal individuals, in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) and in extreme insulin-resistant states. IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) have the potential to affect the biological activity of rhIGF-I. We have studied the effect of infused rhIGF-I on IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 in a patient with Mendenhall's syndrome, a rare insulin-resistant state. During an infusion of 20 mg rhIGF-I, glucose concentrations fell from 44.1 +/- 7.2 to 31.5 +/- 7.2 (S.E.M.) mmol/l (P = 0.001), and insulin and C-peptide levels fell from 920 +/- 62 to 542 +/- 45 mU/l (P = 0.008) and 5466 +/- 633 to 3071 +/- 297 pmol/l (P = 0.02) respectively. Significant lowering of phosphate, magnesium and alkaline phosphatase concentrations was also noted. IGF-I levels rose from 48 +/- 10.2 to 410 +/- 50.1 micrograms/l (P = 0.001), and those of IGF-II fell from 279.8 +/- 8.3 to 104.3 +/- 7.9 micrograms/l (P = 0.001). IGFBP-1 concentrations did not significantly change during the infusion but those of IGFBP-3 increased from 1655 +/- 127 to 2197 +/- 334 micrograms/l (P = 0.002), despite a significant fall in GH concentrations from 10.7 +/- 2.6 to 4.1 +/- 1.1 mU/l (P = 0.007), suggesting that IGFBP-3 regulation is also IGF-I-dependent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Linear multiuser receivers: effective interference, effective bandwidth and user capacity (1999)

Multiuser receivers improve the performance of spread-spectrum and antenna-array systems by exploiting the structure of the multiaccess interference when demodulating the signal of a user. Much of the previous work on the performance analysis of multiuser receivers has focused on their ability to reject worst case interference. Their performance in a power-controlled network and the resulting user capacity are less well-understood. We show that in a large system with each user using random spreading sequences, the limiting interference effects under several linear multiuser receivers can be decoupled, such that each interferer can be ascribed a level of effective interference that it provides to the user to be demodulated. Applying these results to the uplink of a single power-controlled cell, we derive an effective bandwidth characterization of the user capacity: the signal-to-interference requirements of all the users can be met if and only if the sum of the effective bandwidths of the users is less than the total number of degrees of freedom in the system. The effective bandwidth of a user depends only on its own SIR requirement, and simple expressions are derived for three linear receivers: the conventional matched filter, the decorrelator, and the MMSE receiver. The effective bandwidths under the three receivers serve as a basis for performance comparison.
Characterization of Hydrotreated Decant Oils. Effect of Different Severities of Hydrotreating on Decant Oil Chemical Composition (2012)

Different severities of hydrotreatment were performed on a raw decant oil and one of its subsequent hydrotreated decant oils. Six hydrotreated decant oils with different chemical composition were obtained during this process. The products obtained from the raw decant oil showed difficulty in sulfur removal. Higher desulfurization was obtained after repassing the first drum of product (EI-132) at a reduced feed rate (LHSV 0.5h–1), higher temperature (734 °F and 750 °F), and higher reactor pressure (8.3 MPa). Several analyses were performed to characterize the decant oils: elemental analysis, 1H and 13C NMR, asphaltene content, average boiling point, API gravity, GC/MS, and viscosity. Two structural parameters derived from the 1H NMR spectra and elemental analyses were calculated: aromaticity (fa) and the fraction of aromatic edge carbons carrying substituents (σ). All the information gathered from the different techniques was helpful to understand the chemical transformations taking place during hydrotreatment of decant oils. It was observed that hydrogenation of aromatic rings and hydrodealkylation were the dominant reactions in the severely hydrotreated decant oils (EI-137 and EI-138) while the formation of alkyl side chains was observed in the low and intermediate hydrotreated decant oils, (EI-133 and EI-134) and (EI-135 and EI-136), respectively.
Asymmetric Volcano Trend in Oxygen Reduction Activity of Pt and Non-Pt Catalysts: In Situ Identification of the Site-Blocking Effect (2017)

Proper understanding of the major limitations of current catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is essential for further advancement. Herein by studying representative Pt and non-Pt ORR catalysts with a wide range of redox potential (E<sub>redox</sub>) via combined electrochemical, theoretical, and in situ spectroscopic methods, we demonstrate that the role of the site-blocking effect in limiting the ORR varies drastically depending on the E<sub>redox</sub> of active sites; and the intrinsic activity of active sites with low E<sub>redox</sub> have been markedly underestimated owing to the overlook of this effect. Accordingly, we establish a general asymmetric volcano trend in the ORR activity: the ORR of the catalysts on the overly high E<sub>redox</sub> side of the volcano is limited by the intrinsic activity; whereas the ORR of the catalysts on the low E<sub>redox</sub> side is limited by either the site-blocking effect and/or intrinsic activity depending on the E<sub>redox</sub>.
7.10 Nierenzellkarzinom (2015)

Hanns-Wolf Baenkler, Hartmut Goldschmidt, Johannes-Martin Hahn, Martin Hinterseer, Andreas Knez, Michael Lafrenz, Matthias Möhlig, Andreas F.H. Pfeiffer, Hartmut H.-J. Schmidt, Michael Schmidt, Joachim Spranger, Reinhard E. Voll, Mathias Witzens-Harig, Walter Zidek
Dual-wavelength picosecond optical pulse generation using an actively mode-locked multichannel grating cavity laser (1994)

Picosecond pulse generation by active mode locking has been achieved simultaneously at two wavelengths using a multichannel grating cavity Laser. For a spectral channel separation of 2.2 nm, pulses of duration of 60 ps and with a spectral width of 11 GHz have been obtained. The pulse widths are limited by the spectral dispersion of the grating used.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Highly exo selective, photochemically promoted cyclization of iodoallene derivatives (2022)

Abstract A photochemically promoted intramolecular cyclization of aryl‐, vinyl‐, and alkyliodo allenes has been developed. The optimal conditions employed [Ir(ppy) 2 (dtbbpy)]PF 6 (1 mol%) as catalyst affording products with high exo selectivity in moderate to good yields. Chiral substrates showed diastereoselectivity of up to 95/5 favoring trans product.
The Amino Acid Sequence in the Vicinity of the Covalently Bound Adenylic Acid in Glutamine Synthetase from Escherichia coli (1970)

Abstract A single tryptic peptide containing adenylic acid has been isolated from Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase. The amino acid sequence of the peptide is [see PDF for sequence] The radioactivity of the 14C-AMP moiety was released from the peptide during the first Edman degradative cycle, and this was shown to be due to cleavage of the 14C-adenine-ribose bond by trifluoroacetic acid.
Solving the attenuation problem in emission computed tomography using homomorphic filters (1990)

An approach to the attenuation problem in positron emission computed tomography (PET) is discussed. The underlying idea of the method, in which a homomorphic system and an iterative convolution backprojection algorithm are employed, is described. The use of these two algorithms in the new algorithm is discussed. Results obtained with the algorithms are judged acceptable, with the reconstructed images of many different phantoms tested seeming to converge after several iterations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The long and winding road for the development of tasquinimod as an oral second-generation quinoline-3-carboxamide antiangiogenic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer (2010)

Tasquinimod is a novel inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis that enhances the therapeutic anticancer response when combined with other standard-of-care modalities (radiation, androgen ablation, and/or taxane-based chemotherapies) in experimental animal models, but does not inhibit normal wound healing. It has successfully completed clinical Phase II testing in humans and will shortly enter registration Phase III evaluation for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.
ChemInform Abstract: SPECTROSCOPIC AND KINETIC EVIDENCE FOR THE TAUTOMER OF 7‐DEOXYAKLAVINONE AS AN INTERMEDIATE IN THE REDUCTIVE COUPLING OF ACLACINOMYCIN A (1984)

Abstract Unter sorgfältigem Luftabschluß wird die Titelverbindung (I) in gepufferter methanolischer Lösung durch die aus ihrem Dimer gewonnenen Radikale (II) zum Desoxyaklavinon (III) und seinem Dimer (IV) reduziert.
Mass spectroscopic investigation of the CH3 radicals in a methane rf discharge (1989)

Neutral CH3 radicals in a capacitively coupled rf discharge in methane have been detected with a quadrupole mass spectrometer utilizing a threshold ionization technique. The absolute density of CH3 radicals was measured at pressures from 0.5 to 20 mTorr, together with the ionic composition of the methane plasma. The principal ionic species were CH+5 and C2H+5 , except in the low-pressure region, suggesting the importance of ion-molecule reactions in the plasma. The lifetime of CH3 radicals in the afterglow of pulsed rf discharges was measured and explained in terms of the recombination reaction CH3 +CH3 →C2 H6.
Why are online catalogsstill hard to use? (1996)

We return to arguments made 10 years ago (Borgman, 1986a) that online catalogs are difficult to use because their design does not incorporate sufficient understanding of searching behavior. The earlier article examined studies of information retrieval system searching for their implications for online catalog design; this article examines the implications of card catalog design for online catalogs. With this analysis, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of user behavior and to lay to rest the card catalog design model for online catalogs. We discuss the problems with query matching systems, which were designed for skilled search intermediaries rather than end-users, and the knowledge and skills they require in the information-seeking process, illustrated with examples of searching card and online catalogs. Searching requires conceptual knowledge of the information retrieval process—translating an information need into a searchable query; semantic knowledge of how to implement a query in a given system—the how and when to use system features; and technical skills in executing the query—basic computing skills and the syntax of entering queries as specific search statements. In the short term, we can help make online catalogs easier to use through improved training and documentation that is based on information-seeking behavior, with the caveat that good training is not a substitute for good system design. Our long term goal should be to design intuitive systems that require a minimum of instruction. Given the complexity of the information retrieval problem and the limited capabilities of today's systems, we are far from achieving that goal. If libraries are to provide primary information services for the networked world, they need to put research results on the information-seeking process into practice in designing the next generation of online public access information retrieval systems. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preparation, structure and optical properties of [CH3SC(NH2)NH2]3PbI5, [CH3SC(NH2)NH2]4Pb2Br8and [CH3SC(NH2)NH2]3PbCl5·CH3SC(NH2)NH2Cl (1998)

The preparation, crystal structures and optical absorption spectra of [CH3SC(NH2)NH2 ]3PbI51, [CH3SC(NH2)NH2 ]4Pb2Br82 and [CH3SC(NH2)NH2 ]3PbCl5·CH3SC(NH2)NH2Cl 3 are reported. Compounds 1 and 3 consist of deformed PbX6 octahedra, which share opposite corners to form quasi-zero-dimensional or one-dimensional infinite chains along the a-axis. Compound 2 consists of Pb2Br9 units which are connected with two neighbouring units by non-opposite Br atoms; in this way, infinite zigzag chains are formed. A blue shift of the excitonic absorption bands, in comparison to those of systems with higher dimensionality, is observed.
EFFECT OF BONE GRAFT TYPE ON FUSION RATES FOLLOWING ENDOSCOPIC ANTERIOR SCOLIOSIS CORRECTION (2009)

Bone graft is generally considered fundamental in achieving solid fusion in scoliosis correction and pseudarthrosis following instrumentation may predispose to implant failure. In endoscopic anterior-instrumented scoliosis surgery, autologous rib or iliac crest graft has been utilised traditionally but both techniques increase operative duration and cause donor site morbidity. Allograft bone and bone- morphogenetic-protein alternatives may improve fusion rates but this remains controversial. This study's objective was to compare two-year postoperative fusion rates in a series of patients who underwent endoscopic anterior instrumentation for thoracic scoliosis utilising various bone graft types. Significantly better rates of fusion occurred in endoscopic anterior instrumented scoliosis correction using femoral allograft compared to autologous rib-heads and iliac crest graft. This may be partly explained by the difficulty obtaining sufficient quantities of autologous graft. Lower fusion rates in the autologous graft group appeared to predispose to rod fracture although the clinical consequence of implant failure is uncertain.
LYS3 encodes a prolamin-box-binding transcription factor that controls embryo growth in barley and wheat (2020)

Mutations at the <i>LYS3</i> locus in barley have multiple effects on grain development, including an increase in embryo size and a decrease in endosperm starch content. The gene underlying <i>LYS3</i> was identified by genetic mapping and mutations in this gene were identified in all four barley <i>lys3</i> alleles. <i>LYS3</i> encodes a transcription factor called Prolamin Binding Factor (PBF). Its role in controlling embryo size was confirmed using wheat TILLING mutants. To understand how <i>PBF</i> controls embryo development, we studied its spatial and temporal patterns of expression in developing grains. The <i>PBF</i> gene is expressed in both the endosperm and the embryos, but the timing of expression in these organs differs. <i>PBF</i> expression in wild-type embryos precedes the onset of embryo enlargement in <i>lys3</i> mutants, suggesting that <i>PBF</i> suppresses embryo growth. We predicted the down-stream target genes of <i>PBF</i> in wheat and found them to be involved in a wide range of biological processes, including organ development and starch metabolism<i>.</i> Our work suggests that <i>PBF</i> may influence embryo size and endosperm starch synthesis via separate gene control networks.
Changes in the physical properties of human premolar cementum after application of 4 weeks of controlled orthodontic forces (2006)

This study was performed to assess the relationship between the magnitude of orthodontic force and physical properties of individual human cementum, and to identify the sites that may be predisposed to root resorption. The findings may assist in relating physical properties of dental root cementum and its susceptibility to root resorption. Sixteen maxillary first premolar teeth were selected in eight orthodontic patients (three males and five females), mean age 14.8 years (range 11.2-17.5 years), requiring first premolar extractions. In each patient, a light orthodontic force of 25 cN was applied buccally using a sectional archwire on the first premolar on one side, while a heavy force of 225 cN was applied to the contralateral side. The teeth were extracted 4 weeks after initial force application. Hardness and elastic modulus were measured on the buccal and the lingual surfaces of the cementum at the cervical, middle, and apical third of the root. The results showed that the mean hardness and elastic modulus of cementum in the light force group were greater than in the heavy force group at all positions. There were highly significant differences in both hardness and elastic modulus between the heavy and light force groups (P < 0.01). The mean hardness and elastic modulus of cementum gradually decreased from the cervical to the apical regions for buccal as well as lingual surfaces in both groups. There was, however, an insignificant difference between hardness and elastic modulus on the buccal surface compared with the lingual surface (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the hardness and elastic modulus of cementum were affected by the application of orthodontics forces.
Immune-based strategies for mood disorders: facts and challenges (2017)

Inflammation seems to play a role in the pathophysiology of mood disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). In the last years several studies have shown increased levels of inflammatory and/or immune markers in patients with mood disorders. Accordingly, the immune system has become a target of interest for the development of biomarkers and therapeutics for mood disorders. Areas covered: Here, we review the evidence showing low-grade inflammation in mood disorders and the studies evaluating immune-based strategies for the treatment of these conditions. Expert commentary: Clinical trials with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, polyunsaturated acids, N-acetylcysteine, anti-cytokines, physical activity and probiotics have provided promising results in terms of antidepressant efficacy in patients with MDD and BD. Regarding stem cells, only studies with animal models have been performed so far with interesting pre-clinical results. Due to the preliminary nature of the results, most of the clinical studies need to be replicated and/or confirmed in larger clinical settings, embracing the highly heterogeneous pathophysiology of mood disorders.
Low temperature emission characteristics of an ytterbium sensitized erbium-doped tellurite glass (2008)

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