gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ocrelizumab: a new milestone in multiple sclerosis therapy (2018)

B cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS): they are involved in the activation of pro-inflammatory T cells, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and production of autoantibodies directed against myelin. Hence, the use of B cell-depleting monoclonal antibodies as therapy for autoimmune diseases, including MS, has increased in recent years. Previous results with rituximab, the first therapeutic B cell-depleting chimeric monoclonal antibody that showed efficacy in MS clinical trials, encouraged researchers to evaluate the efficacy of a humanized anti-CD20 antibody, ocrelizumab, in MS. A large phase II clinical trial in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) designed to explore the effects of two doses of ocrelizumab (600 mg and 2000 mg) compared with placebo showed a pronounced effect on radiological and relapse-related outcomes. These results were confirmed in two phase III trials (OPERA I and II) that compared the efficacies of ocrelizumab with interferon beta-1a in patients with relapsing MS, and showed decreased annualized relapse rates (46% in OPERA I and 47% in OPERA II), as well as fewer numbers of gadolinium-enhanced lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (94% in OPERA I and 95% in OPERA II). Notably, ocrelizumab is the first drug to lower rates of clinical and MRI-evidenced progression in patients with primary progressive MS (PPMS). The phase III trial (ORATORIO) in patients with PPMS met its primary efficacy endpoint: the percentage of patients with 12-week confirmed disability progression was significantly lower in the active treatment group (32.9%) than in patients receiving placebo (39.3%). In March 2017, this evidence led the US Food and Drug Administration to approve the licence for ocrelizumab (Ocrevus®) as a treatment for MS, as the first treatment approved for PPMS and as the first monoclonal antibody for secondary progressive MS.
Security risk analysis and evaluation (2004)

Security and cyber-terrorism have become increasingly important issues for organizations and the society. We propose a risk management framework from a bottom-up perspective, i.e. modeling the different types of attacks (or risk types) that an organization could experience. A quantitative model is presented to measure the economic impact of security risk. In addition to risk management, a further goal of this research is to apply data mining techniques to predict and prevent security attacks in an effective manner.
Characterization of the kinetics of NF3-fluorination of NpO2 (2015)

Solid NpO2 has been contacted by gaseous NF3 under isothermal conditions at 450°C, 475°C, and 500°C; and the resulting reactions have been monitored using thermogravimetric analysis. In each case, at least two sequential reactions are clearly observed. The first reaction is fluorination of NpO2 to NpF4 and the second is oxidation and fluorination of NpF4 to NpF6. Careful observation of the experimental reaction curves reveals evidence of several physical and chemical mechanisms occurring sequentially and at times simultaneously. As such, a mathematical modeling approach utilizing a combination of sequential and parallel fundamental gas-solid reaction mechanisms (chemical reaction, diffusion, and phase boundary) is, in general, found to provide representative reaction curves that are in good agreement with experimental reaction curves. The correspondence of fundamental reaction mechanisms with distinctive characteristics of the experimental reaction curves (maximums and inflection points) provides insight into the physical and chemical nature of each reaction being monitored.
Reduced Feedback MIMO-OFDM Precoding and Antenna Selection (2007)

Transmitter precoding for multiple-input-multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is an effective way of leveraging the diversity gains afforded by a multiple-transmit multiple-receive antenna system in a frequency selective environment. In the limited feedback scenario, optimal precoder representation for narrowband MIMO systems using moderately sized codebooks designed on the Grassmann manifold has been shown to perform remarkably well. In MIMO-OFDM systems, precoder matrices have to be designed for all subcarriers and the amount of feedback can get prohibitively large. This is especially true for next generation wireless local area networks and wireless metropolitan area networks which have a large number of subcarriers. In this paper, we present techniques to reduce this feedback requirement and the performance of these algorithms is numerically shown to provide improvement over existing schemes
Analysis of yeast endocytic site formation and maturation through a regulatory transition point (2011)

The earliest stages of endocytic site formation and the regulation of endocytic site maturation are not well understood. Here we analyzed the order in which the earliest proteins are detectable at endocytic sites in budding yeast and found that an uncharacterized protein, Pal1p/Ydr348cp, is also present at the initial stages of endocytosis. Because Ede1p (homologue of Eps15) and clathrin are the early-arriving proteins most important for cargo uptake, their roles during the early stages of endocytosis were examined more comprehensively. Ede1p is necessary for efficient recruitment of most early-arriving proteins, but not for the recruitment of the adaptor protein Yap1802p, to endocytic sites. The early-arriving proteins, as well as the later-arriving proteins Sla2p and Ent1/2p (homologues of Hip1R and epsins), were found to have longer lifetimes in CLC1-knockout yeast, which indicates that clathrin light chain facilitates the transition from the intermediate to late coat stages. Cargo also arrives during the early stages of endocytosis, and therefore its effect on endocytic machinery dynamics was investigated. Our results are consistent with a role for cargo in regulating the transition of endocytic sites from the early stages of formation to the late stages during which vesicle formation occurs.
The impact of ankle–foot orthoses on toe clearance strategy in hemiparetic gait: a cross-sectional study (2018)

UMIN000028946 . Registered 31 August 2017 (retrospectively registered).
Long-term outcomes after severe acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the SALTO study (2023)

Severe AKI in critically ill patients was associated with a high proportion of death within the first 2 months but less so during long-term follow-up. A quarter of long-term survivors experienced a WRF and suffered from a noticeable impairment of quality of life. Renal replacement therapy initiation strategy was not associated with mortality outcome.
Guild‐specific patterns of species richness and host specialization in plant–herbivore food webs from a tropical forest (2010)

1. The extent to which plant-herbivore feeding interactions are specialized is key to understand the processes maintaining the diversity of both tropical forest plants and their insect herbivores. However, studies documenting the full complexity of tropical plant-herbivore food webs are lacking. 2. We describe a complex, species-rich plant-herbivore food web for lowland rain forest in Papua New Guinea, resolving 6818 feeding links between 224 plant species and 1490 herbivore species drawn from 11 distinct feeding guilds. By standardizing sampling intensity and the phylogenetic diversity of focal plants, we are able to make the first rigorous and unbiased comparisons of specificity patterns across feeding guilds. 3. Specificity was highly variable among guilds, spanning almost the full range of theoretically possible values from extreme trophic generalization to monophagy. 4. We identify guilds of herbivores that are most likely to influence the composition of tropical forest vegetation through density-dependent herbivory or apparent competition. 5. We calculate that 251 herbivore species (48 of them unique) are associated with each rain forest tree species in our study site so that the ∼200 tree species coexisting in the lowland rain forest community are involved in ∼50,000 trophic interactions with ∼9600 herbivore species of insects. This is the first estimate of total herbivore and interaction number in a rain forest plant-herbivore food web. 6. A comprehensive classification of insect herbivores into 24 guilds is proposed, providing a framework for comparative analyses across ecosystems and geographical regions.
DETERMINATION OF ETHYL CARBAMATE IN COMMERCIAL PROTEIN BASED CONDIMENT SAUCES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY‐MASS SPECTROMETRY (1988)

ABSTRACT Commercially obtained protein based condiments, including soy sauces, were analyzed for the presence of ethyl carbamate (urethane) using combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Samples were spiked with 100 parts‐per‐billion (ppb) of t ‐butyl carbamate internal standard, extracted with methylene chloride and concentrated prior to GC‐MS analysis. For quantitation, the ratio of the pseudomolecular ions produced during isobutane chemical ionization (CI) at m/z 90 (ethyl carbamate) and m/z 118 ( t ‐butyl carbamate) were monitored by mass chromatography. Response factors for ethyl carbamate versus the internal standard were determined in both the electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization modes. The CI mode was used for quantitation as it was more sensitive and interference free. Samples testing positive by CI‐MS were subsequently scanned by EI‐MS for confirmation of identity as the CI spectra did not contain fragment ions necessary for adequate specificity. This method proved simple and reliable with detection limits less than 1 ppb. Limits of confirmation were 10 ppb. The recovery of internal standard was 86.7%± 5.6%. Only fermented products were found to contain ethyl carbamate.
Eph and NMDA receptors control Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activation duringC. elegansoocyte meiotic maturation (2005)

Fertilization in the female reproductive tract depends on intercellular signaling mechanisms that coordinate sperm presence with oocyte meiotic progression. To achieve this coordination in Caenorhabditis elegans, sperm release an extracellular signal, the major sperm protein (MSP), to induce oocyte meiotic maturation and ovulation. MSP binds to multiple receptors, including the VAB-1 Eph receptor protein-tyrosine kinase on oocyte and ovarian sheath cell surfaces. Canonical VAB-1 ligands called ephrins negatively regulate oocyte maturation and MPK-1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. Here, we show that MSP and VAB-1 regulate the signaling properties of two Ca2+ channels that are encoded by the NMR-1 N-methyl D-aspartate type glutamate receptor subunit and ITR-1 inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor. Ephrin/VAB-1 signaling acts upstream of ITR-1 to inhibit meiotic resumption, while NMR-1 prevents signaling by the UNC-43 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). MSP binding to VAB-1 stimulates NMR-1-dependent UNC-43 activation, and UNC-43 acts redundantly in oocytes to promote oocyte maturation and MAPK activation. Our results support a model in which VAB-1 switches from a negative regulator into a redundant positive regulator of oocyte maturation upon binding to MSP. NMR-1 mediates this switch by controlling UNC-43 CaMKII activation at the oocyte cortex.
Equalization techniques for high-speed serial interconnect transceivers (2008)

In this paper, the equalization techniques for high-speed interconnect transceivers are discussed. Serial interconnect transceivers have been widely adopted for its high data transfer rate, low cost, good noise immunity and low EMI. Signal SNR can be severely degraded by transmission channel. Effects due to channel impairments and tradeoffs among different equalization techniques are discussed in the paper. Implementation examples of key building blocks for high-speed serial transceiver in deep sub-micron CMOS logic process are also introduced.
The electrical conductivity of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in the temperature range 180-290 C (1966)

The d.c. conductivity of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in the temperature range 180-290°C, and its variation on annealing the sample, have been obtained from measurements of the conductivity at 50 c/s. The activation energy for conduction appears to be independent of the average molecular weight of the sample over the range 8900 to 17 400 but dependent upon the degree of crystallinity. The values of activation energy obtained for the molten state and the annealed solid above 180°C were 0·62 and 0·90 eV respectively, with a conductivity at 280°C of the order of 5 × 10-9 mho cm-1. The results suggest that at high temperatures ions rather than electrons are the dominant charge carriers, whereas at lower temperatures the work of other investigators has sometimes favoured electronic conduction. Both mechanisms may be present but the temperature variation of the relative mobilities causes ionic conduction to predominate at high temperatures.
Basic Design of a Josephson Technology Cache Memory (1980)

Design work on components for Josephson computer technology nondestructive read out cache memories has been published previously. In this paper, presenting a design for a 2.5-µm technology, 4 × 1K-bit cache chip with a nominal access time of about 500 ps as a basis, we show for the first time how these components are structured and interfaced. The cell, drivers, decoder, and a sense bus are based on designs which were experimentally verified in a 5-µm technology for which excellent agreement was found between computer simulations and measurements.
Experimental Phased Array Focusing in Pipe Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves (2005)

The phased array focusing technique is being developed with the intent to inspect hundreds of feet of pipeline from a single array position. The single array position is beneficial if access to a pipe is limited, e.g. steam pipes onboard U.S. Naval ships, nuclear power plants, oil and gas pipelines, etc. From a single array position, ultrasonic guided waves propagate down the length of the pipe and return information about potential defects. Focusing the ultrasonic energy at a predetermined location along the length of the pipe enhances the ability to detect defects that current state of the art inspection systems cannot detect. In this paper, theoretical time delays are used to focus torsional ultrasonic guided waves in the frequency ranges of 30 to 130 kHz and 200 to 800 kHz. Results of the focusing experiments are presented along with some concluding remarks and future work.
Apatite flotation from brazilite-apatite-magnetite ore (2013)

The article reports research findings on flotation of apatite from brazilite-apatite-magnetite ore by domestic and foreign manufacture reagents. The agents Phospholan PE65 and Arcomon SO exhibit higher selectivity as compared to saponified tall oil fatty acids.
Contributions to Asynchronous Communication Ports for GALS Systems (2006)

Digital systems commonly use a single global clock signal to synchronize the whole system. This is not always possible and it can be more advantageously to divide the system into separate clock dom ...
Effect of free carriers on pump-to-signal noise transfer in silicon Raman amplifiers (2010)

We study noise transfer from pump to signal in silicon Raman amplifiers, with particular emphasis on the regimes of strong cumulative free-carrier absorption and heavy pump depletion. We calculate the relative intensity noise (RIN) transfers in copumped and counterpumped amplifiers and provide intuitive explanations for RIN peculiarities. We show that noise transfer at low frequencies may be suppressed by carefully choosing the pump intensity, effective free-carrier lifetime, or amplifier length, but only at the expense of a rise in noise at high frequencies.
Crystallization of the NAD(P)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilePyrococcus furiosus (1995)

The NAD(P)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from Pyrococcus furiosus has been crystallized by the hanging-drop method of vapour diffusion using lithium sulfate as the precipitant. The crystals belong to the tetragonal system and are in space group P4(2)2(1)2 with unit-cell dimensions of a = b = 167.2, c = 172.9 A. Consideration of the values of V(m) and possible packing of the molecules within the cell suggest that the asymmetric unit contains a trimer. P. furiosus belongs to the family of Archaea and is one of the most thermostable organisms known, having an optimal growth temperature of 376 K. The glutamate dehydrogenase isolated from this organism has a half-life of 12 h at 373 K and, therefore, the determination of the structure of this enzyme will be important in advancing our understanding of how proteins are adapted to enable them to survive at such extreme temperatures.
Soft drugs: design principles, success stories, and future perspectives (2020)

KEYWORDS: Antedrugdrug metabolismesterasesmethylphenidateprodrugsofpironiumtherapeutic indextoxic metabolite
Glass Transition of Polymer−Nanocrystal Thin Film Mixtures: Role of Entropically Directed Forces on Nanocrystal Distribution (2008)

The connection between the average properties of a polymer/nanocrystal hybrid material and the nanocrystal spatial distribution is shown. Specifically, a property such as the glass transition temperature, Tg, is shown to vary by as much as 65 degrees C through only changes in the spatial distribution of the nanocrystals. Considerable control can be exercised over the nanoparticle spatial distribution. In addition, we show that while the Tg of a thin film hybrid material may be enhanced in relation to the pure bulk system, the bulk nanocomposite analog shows a reduction in Tg. These findings have broad implications with regard to the design of materials with required properties.
Distinct evolutionary trajectories of neuronal and hair cell nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (2019)

ABSTRACT The expansion and pruning of ion channel families has played a crucial role in the evolution of nervous systems. Remarkably, with a highly conserved vertebrate complement, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are unique among ligand-gated ion channels in that members of the family have distinct roles in synaptic transmission in non-overlapping domains, either in the nervous system, the inner ear hair cells or the neuromuscular junction. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of vertebrate nAChRs sequences, single cell expression patterns and comparative functional properties of receptors from three representative tetrapod species. We show that hair cell nAChRs underwent a distinct evolutionary trajectory to that of neuronal receptors. These were most likely shaped by different co-expression patterns and co-assembly rules of component subunits. Thus, neuronal nAChRs showed high degree of coding sequence conservation, coupled to greater co-expression variance and conservation of functional properties across tetrapod clades. In contrast, hair cell α9α10 nAChRs exhibited greater sequence divergence, narrow co-expression pattern and great variability of functional properties across species. These results point to differential substrates for random change within the family of gene paralogs that relate to the segregated roles of nAChRs in synaptic transmission. Significance statement Our work exploits several peculiarities of the family of vertebrate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) to explore the evolutionary trajectories of a ligand-gated ion channel family. By performing a comprehensive comparative analysis of nAChR subunits coding sequences, single cell expression patterns and functional properties we found a contrasting evolutionary history between nAChRs with widespread expression in the nervous system compared to those with isolated expression in the inner ear. Evolutionary changes were focused on differences in co-expression and co-assembly patterns for the former and coding sequences in the latter. This multidisciplinary approach provides further insight into the evolutionary processes that shaped the nervous and sensory systems of extant animals.
Unravelling the Therapeutic Potential of Antibiotics in Hypoxia in a Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cell Line Model (2023)

Antibiotics inhibit breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) by suppressing mitochondrial biogenesis. However, the effectiveness of antibiotics in clinical settings is inconsistent. This inconsistency raises the question of whether the tumor microenvironment, particularly hypoxia, plays a role in the response to antibiotics. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of five commonly used antibiotics for inhibiting CSCs under hypoxia using an MCF-7 cell line model. We assessed the number of CSCs through the mammosphere formation assay and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-bright cell count. Additionally, we examined the impact of antibiotics on the mitochondrial stress response and membrane potential. Furthermore, we analyzed the levels of proteins associated with therapeutic resistance. There was no significant difference in the number of CSCs between cells cultured under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. However, hypoxia did affect the rate of CSC inhibition by antibiotics. Specifically, azithromycin was unable to inhibit sphere formation in hypoxia. Erythromycin and doxycycline did not reduce the ratio of ALDH-bright cells, despite decreasing the number of mammospheres. Furthermore, treatment with chloramphenicol, doxycycline, and tetracycline led to the overexpression of the breast cancer resistance protein. Our findings suggest that hypoxia may weaken the inhibitory effects of antibiotics on the breast cancer model.
Analysis of Dynamic Behaviour for a Lead Screw-Type Positioning System Using Linear Graph Theory. Transient Response Analysis of Feedback Control System and Reduction of Positioning Time. (1992)

Recently, the fine positioning system has been used in the mechanical industry, and has required the improvement of positioning accuracy, reduction of positioning time, increase of carrying capacity and so on. However, the existing control method for the positioning stage may cause delay of phase response or residual vibration when disturbance or overweight acts on the system or stage drives at high speed. In order to obtain the optimum control inputs, it is necessary to grasp the dynamic behaviour of the system precisely. First, this paper deals with the transient response of the positioning stage using the linear graph theory reported in the previous papers. The simulated results of transient response of the positioning stage are compared with the experimental ones, and they are found to be in good agreement. Next, a procedure which can reduce the settling time of positioning is proposed by utilizing this method. As a result, this procedure was able to reduce the settling time by 55%, as compared with only proportional control.
Preparation of an enhanced nanohybrid alloy based on polylactic acid/polycarbonate/nanosilica (2020)

In order to enhance properties of polylactic acid (PLA), its blend with polycarbonate (PC) and silica nanofiller were prepared and their properties were compared with neat PLA and PLA/PC alloy. To have a better exchange reaction between PLA and PC and also an enhanced dispersion of nanosilica throughout the organic polymeric matrix, tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (TEH) and poly(ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PEGM) were used as two different compatibilisers for the transesterification reactions between PLA, PC and nanosilica and chemical grafting of PEGM to PLA, PC and nanosilica. Performed analyses including X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, melt flow index, tensile and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that although PEGM, which contains reactive epoxide groups, has a positive effect to promote the properties of its related nanohybrid, the best results were obtained in the presence of TEH as an effective coordination catalyst. Results showed that an enhanced industrial nanocomposite alloy can be fabricated with this efficient catalyst.