gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Constructive proof of efficient pattern storage in the multi-layer perceptron (2002)

We show that the pattern storage capability of the Gabor polynomial is much higher than the commonly used lower bound on multi-layer perceptron (MLP) pattern storage. We also show that multi-layer perceptron networks having second and third degree polynomial activations can be constructed which efficiently implement Gabor polynomials and therefore have the same high pattern storage capability. The polynomial networks can be mapped to conventional sigmoidal MLPs having the same efficiency. It is shown that training techniques like output weight optimization and conjugate gradient attain only the lower bound of pattern storage. Certainly they are not the final solutions to the MLP training problem.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Process Window Optimization by Die to Database e Beam Inspection - Tuung Luoh (2018)

e Beam inspection (EBI) technique is widely used in semiconductor manufacturing, people usually utilize EBI to verify the electrical defects and physical defects. However, the inspection performance is dependent on the operation modes selection and the integrated methodologies of other tools or software. Hot spot inspection gain much better alignment stability during inspection even under small inspection filed due to hot spot mode inspecting the sites with exactly same coordinates in each die. Therefore, it is implemented into Die to database (D2DB) inspection to get high resolution images with accuracy position. D2DB inspection can help us to find out the systematic defects in the huge database and highlight the risk tiny defects automatically. Focus exposure matrix (FEM) window in contact/via holes size or the CD of word/bit lines can be identified directly by die to database technique, which has better capability to verify the size of contacts/vias or CD of lines than that using KLA inspection. Furthermore, the CD variation within shot map can get the excellent correction of across chips and wafer by D2DB inspection technique as device shrink to 30nm and beyond.
Reticle surface contaminants and their relationship to subpellicle particle formation (2003)

Sub-pellicle particle formation continues to be a significant problem in semiconductor fabs. We have previously reported on the identification of various defects detected on reticles after extended use. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of various molecular contaminants found on the backside surface of a reticle used in high-volume production. Previously all or most of the photo-induced contaminants were detected under the pellicle. This particular contamination is a white "haze" detected by pre-exposure inspection using KLA-Tencor TeraStar STAR<i>light</i> with Un-patterned Reticle Surface Analysis, (URSA). Chemical analysis was done using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) and Raman spectroscopy.
Ta Compound Film as New Anode Material for Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis (2012)

In order to attempt Ta compounds as anode electrocatalyst for Polymer electrolyte water electrolysis, the catalytic activities of Ta compound films for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was investigated. Ta compound films were prepared under several partial pressures of nitrogen and oxygen at several temperatures by reactive sputtering. Although Ta compound films had high overpotential for the OER, the catalytic activities of Ta compounds for the OER were changed by the change of preparation condition.
The Effects of Genetic Polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and CYP2C 19 on Phenytoin Metabolism in Japanese Adult Patients with Epilepsy: Studies in Stereoselective Hydroxylation and Population Pharmacokinetics (1998)

Although the hydroxylation capacity of PHT was impaired with mutations of CYP2C9/19, the impairment was greater for CYP2C9. In view of the clinical use of PHT, two important conclusions were derived from this population study. First, the serum PHT concentration in patients with the Leu359 allele in CYP2C9 would increase dramatically even at lower daily doses. Second, the patients with CYP2C19 mutations should be treated carefully at higher daily doses of PHT.
Mechanisms of interaction of non-thermal plasma with living cells (2010)

Thermal plasmas and lasers have been widely used in medicine to cut, ablate and cauterize tissues through heating; in contrast, non-thermal plasma produces various highly active molecules and atoms without heat. As a result, its effects on living cells and tissues could be selective and tunable. This makes non-thermal plasma very attractive for medical applications. However, despite several interesting demonstrations of non-thermal plasma in blood coagulation and tissue sterilization, the biological and physical mechanisms of its interaction with living cells are still poorly understood impeding further development of non-thermal plasma as a clinical tool. Although several possible mechanisms of interaction have been suggested, no systematic experimental work has been performed to verify these hypotheses. Using cells in culture, it is shown in this work that non-thermal plasma created by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) has dose-dependent effects ranging from increasing cell proliferation to inducing apoptosis which are consistent with the effects of oxidative stress. DNA damage is chosen as a marker to assess the effects of oxidative stress in a quantitative manner. It is demonstrated here that plasma induced DNA damage as well as other effects ranging from cell proliferation to apoptosis are indeed due to production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). We found that DNA damage is initiated primarily by plasma generated active neutral species which cannot be attributed to ozone alone. Moreover, it is found that extracellular media and its components play a critical role in the transfer of the non-thermal plasma initiated oxidative stress into cells. Specifically, it is found that the peroxidation efficiency of amino acids is the sole predictor of the ability of the medium to transfer the oxidative stress induced by non-thermal plasma. Phosphorylation of H2AX, a DNA damage marker, following plasma treatment is found to be ATR dependent and ATM independent, suggesting that non-thermal plasma may induce formation of bulky lesions unlike ionizing radiation (IR) or H₂O₂ which primarily produce DNA double strand breaks. Moreover, it is found that the pathway by which plasma generated oxidative stress is transferred across cellular membranes does not involve lipid peroxidation by-products, although lipid peroxidation does occur.
Smart design of scaffolds obtained by biofabrication for tissue engineering applications (2013)

A engenharia de tecidos é um domínio tecnológico emergente em rápido desenvolvimento que se destina a produzir substitutos viáveis para a restauração, manutenção ou melhoria da função dos tecidos ou órgãos humanos. Uma das estratégias mais predominantes em engenharia de tecidos envolve crescimento celular sobre matrizes de suporte (scaffolds), biocompatíveis e biodegradáveis. Estas matrizes devem possuir não só elevadas propriedades mecânicas e vasculares, mas também uma elevada porosidade. Devido à incompatibilidade destes dois parâmetros, é necessário desenvolver estratégias de simulação de forma a obter estruturas optimizadas. A previsão real das propriedades mecânicas, vasculares e topológicas das matrizes de suporte, produzidas por técnicas de biofabricação, é muito importante para as diversas aplicações em engenharia de tecidos. A presente dissertação apresenta o estado da arte da engenharia de tecidos, bem como as técnicas de biofabricação envolvidas na produção de matrizes de suporte. Para o design optimizado de matrizes de suporte foi adoptada uma metodologia de design baseada tanto em métodos de elementos finitos para o cálculo do comportamento mecânico, vascular e as optimizações topológicas, como em métodos analíticos para a validação das simulações estruturais utilizando dados experimentais. Considerando que as matrizes de suporte são estruturas elementares do tipo LEGO, dois tipos de famílias foram consideradas, superfícies não periódicas e as superfícies triplas periódicas que descrevem superfícies naturais. Os objectivos principais desta dissertação são: i) avaliar as técnicas existentes de engenharia de tecidos; ii) avaliar as técnicas existentes de biofabricação para a produção de matrizes de suporte; iii) avaliar o desempenho e comportamento das matrizes de suporte; iv) implementar uma metodologia de design de matrizes de suporte em variáveis tais como a porosidade, geometria e comportamento mecânico e vascular por forma a auxiliar o processo de design; e por fim, v) validar experimentalmente a metodologia adoptada.
Double-Layer Inhibition of Peroxydisulfate Reduction at Mercury Ultramicroelectrodes. A Quantitative Analysis of the Frumkin Effect Including Molecular Transport and Long-Range Electron Transfer (2023)

The electrical double layer (EDL) can lead to unexpected voltammetric phenomena. A notable example is the Frumkin effect, observed for the reduction of peroxydisulfate (S2O82–). In the absence of excess supporting electrolyte, the rate of S2O82– reduction decreases as the cathodic overpotential is increased, contrary to expectations for faradaic electron-transfer processes. Here, we report a demonstration of the Frumkin effect for S2O82– reduction at Hg ultramicroelectrodes, revealing steady-state voltammetry behavior consistent with prior observations at rotating disk electrodes. A finite element model is used to simulate the effect of the EDL on S2O82– reduction in the presence and absence of excess supporting electrolyte (K2SO4). Semiquantitative agreement between experimental and simulated voltammograms is obtained, including capturing the decrease in current for S2O82– reduction with increasing overpotential. We show that S2O82– migration within the EDL, at electrode potentials negative of the potential of zero charge, is the primary process responsible for the observed decrease in current with increasing driving force. These combined experiments and finite element simulations represent the first quantitative description of the Frumkin effect with rigorous inclusion of the EDL, migrational and diffusional mass-transport, and long-range electron transfer kinetics.
Toward the manufacture of red blood cells? (2008)

In this issue of Blood , Lu and colleagues describe a new method to differentiate human embryonic stem cells into large amounts of mature red blood cells.

Although the red blood cell supply is currently very safe, a donorless industrial process to manufacture red blood cells for transfusion is
Contributions of Age and Sex to Heterogeneity of Symptoms and Effectiveness of Secondary Prevention Strategies in Asthma as Modeled in the Guinea Pig (2007)

Previous studies in a guinea pig model of asthma have suggested that age and sex contribute both to the profile of asthma symptoms, i.e., asthma heterogeneity, as well as to the success of primary prevention strategies. The present study investigated the contributions of age and sex to the severity of central vs. peripheral airway hyperresponsiveness as well as to the effectiveness of secondary preventions strategies for asthma as modeled in the guinea pig. Experimental groups: Young/Young, sensitized and challenged before sexual maturity; Young/Adult, sensitized young and challenged after sexual maturity; Adult/Adult, sensitized and challenged after sexual maturity. Males and females were sensitized IP with 0.5 mg/kg ovalbumin (OVA) and challenged intratracheally with varying doses of OVA. Cellular infiltration into lung and lavage fluid, OVA specific IgG(1) as well as airway hyperresponsiveness to intravenous methacholine were determined 24 hr later. Airway hyperresponsiveness in central airways and peripheral lung was assessed by measurement of airway resistance, tissue damping and tissue elastance. Airway hyperresponsiveness with allergen sensitization and challenge was evident in male and female Adult/Adult animals and male Young/Young animals. Airway hyperresponsiveness in female Young/Young animals was not significant, despite marked airway eosinophilia. Changes in tissue elastance were more evident in OVA treated Adult/Adult compared to Young/Young animals. As allergen exposure decreased, a reduction in inflammation was seen in young females before other age sex groups. OVA induced increases in eosinophils were more pronounced in Young/Adult compared to Adult/Adult animals. Our results suggest that in asthmatic children, females may clinically benefit most from secondary prevention strategies to limit allergen exposure. In adult asthmatics, changes in tissue elastance may be significant, and secondary prevention strategies may be more effective in those sensitized as children compared to those sensitized as adults.
Effects of phenobarbital on plasma concentration of phenytoin and mortality of mice treated with phenytoin after electroshock. (1981)

THe effects of phenobarbital on the plasma concentration of phenytoin and mortality of the phenytoin-treated mice were mainly studied. The plasma concentration of phenytoin estimated in the live mice after electroshock was significantly higher than that in the dead mice, suggesting that biological activity of phenytoin is dependent on its plasma concentration where individual difference seems to be large. Though the pretreatment of mice with phenobarbital lowered the plasma concentration of phenytoin, all the mice were alive after electroshock with further treatment with phenobarbital and phenytoin. These results suggest that combination of phenobarbital with phenytoin for the treatment of epileptic patients may be feasible.
Exercise-induced Ghrelin Secretion is Associated with Increased Lipolysis (2004)

0996 PURPOSE: Ghrelin is a gastrointestinal hormone that has been implicated in signaling increased energy need as a rise in its plasma concentration precedes food intake and occurs after weight loss (Cummings, et al., 2001, 2002). Ghrelin is inhibited by postprandial insulin release (Saad, et al., 2002) and is a growth hormone secretagogue (Kojima, et al., 1999). It is not known whether ghrelin secretion is responsive to increases in energy expenditure due to exercise as exercise intensity sufficient to elicit growth hormone secretion was reported to have no effect on plasma ghrelin (Dall, 2002). Therefore, we hypothesized that (1) exercise-induced increases in energy expenditure will increase ghrelin secretion and (2) exercise during postprandial increases in insulin secretion will suppress ghrelin secretion. METHODS: In this experiment, eight postmenopausal women engaged in moderate intensity exercise in the form of an AM and PM two-hour bout of walking, each producing an expenditure of approximately 400 Kcal and timed before (ExBM) or after (ExAM) two daily weight maintenance meals. We evaluated the effects of fasting and postprandial exercise on plasma ghrelin, insulin, and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. The increase in plasma FFA concentration was used as a physiological marker of postabsorptive energy need. RESULTS: Plasma ghrelin increased only when exercise was performed in the fasted state (ExBM F = 11.6, p = 0.0019) and not when exercise was performed after the meal. Lipolysis increased by approximately 50% in the ExBM condition compared to the ExAM (F = 11.02, p = 0.0006). There was a significant correlation between ghrelin and FFA concentrations during the diurnal period (0600–2200 hr) in both exercise conditions (ExBM F = 24.12, p = < 0.0001; ExAM F = 10.45, p = 0.0032). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that ghrelin secretion increases in response to exercise performed in a fasted state. A significant correlation between plasma ghrelin and FFA concentrations suggests that the functional role of ghrelin may be to stimulate lipolysis by way of increased growth hormone secretion.
Bupivacaine Release from Biopolymeric Depots for the Alleviation of Postoperative Pain (2000)

The objective of this study is to develop an improved dose form for the longer-term delivery of a combined local—systemic system for pain management in an emergency situation. The amelioration of pain associated with injury (automobile accidents, industrial accidents, battlefield scenario, and so on), when treated with potent narcotic analgesics, may be associated with sedation and possible side effects, such as dizziness and nausea. Thus, functional activity may be reduced for as long as pain relief is necessary. Nevertheless, the opiate analgesics have an important role that cannot always be filled by local anesthetics (LAs). However, when pain is severe and long-lasting, it may be desirable to couple a narcotic with a LA. The side effects may be minimized, and long-lasting relief may be achieved, by controlled-release implants for delivery of either or both types of agent. Such anesthetic formulations may be implanted at the wound site, for local delivery of drug. Analgesic formulations may likewise be implanted at alternative, nontraumatized sites, for systemic delivery of drug. By use of a biodegradable excipient, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), the implants need not be removed, and drug delivery can be adjusted to address targeted deliveries from several days to approx 2 wk, using one long-acting dose form.
Practical Introduction to LEDs (2011)

This book is all about the practical aspects of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and how you can make practical lighting designs using them. The purpose of the book is to tell practical things about LEDs. While the information in is applicable to these small LEDs, the main focus is on power devices. Phosphors are designed to absorb one specific wavelength of light, and re-emit it at either one or more different wavelengths or in a band of wavelengths. The reason for the varying forward voltages is that the colored light is generated directly by the semiconductor material. The book is about designing lighting with LEDs. It indicated in the Haitz’s law, LEDs are probably going to reach the maximum theoretical limit for efficacy of any light source. Controlled Vocabulary Terms LED displays; phosphors; semiconductor materials
What is the value of proliferation markers in the normal and neoplastic cervix? (1998)

Markers of cellular proliferation have been widely applied in cervical disease and include techniques which are applicable to routinely processed tissue including standard hematoxylin and eosin sections, and sections labelled with antibodies to Ki-67 and PCNA proteins. Flow cytometry and in vivo techniques including labelling with Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and radiolabelled thymidine require more specialized facilities. Increases in the mitotic index and the Ki-67 and PCNA labelling indices, the incidence of aneuploidy together with increases in in vivo labelling with BrdU and radiolabelled thymidine have been demonstrated as the grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) increases. With respect to invasive tumours increases in these parameters are associated with increased tumour size, stage and improved survival after radiotherapy. At present the major practical application of these markers appears to be in distinguishing between postmenopausal atrophy and CIN lesions on histological sections and, in combination with the Papnet system, in identifying high grade dyskaryosis on blood stained cervical smears. Future development may permit the identification of those patients whose CIN lesion will progress, and who require treatment, to be distinguished from those whose lesions will stay static or regress and who can be followed up cytologically. This promises a more rational use of health care resources. Most of the studies to date have been on small numbers of cases. Meta-analysis of existing studies and large, possibly multicentric, prospective studies are needed to elucidate the value of these markers.
Chromatographic techniques in analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in drugs and biological samples (2012)

Abstract Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as a therapeutic class, are among the most often used active pharmaceutical ingredients in heath care in the world. They are mostly available without prescription and often used for treatment of fever and pain. An extensive research of the literature published in analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry journals has been conducted and the chromatographic methods which were used for the purity, stability and pharmacokinetic studies of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, in formulations and biological materials have been reviewed. The methodology for the analysis of selected drugs is very well documented and many examples are available in the literature. The common use of chromatographic techniques with various detection attachments provide possibility for monitoring of drugs in therapy.
Selected Research Highlights and Potential Impact for Army Applications (2008)

Abstract : MISSION AND GOALS: To dramatically improve the survivability of the Soldier by working and extending the frontiers of Nano-technology through fundamental research ... and transitioning with our Army and Industry Partners.
Sonography: the undiscovered jewel of interventional radiology. (1996)

Because most radiologists in the United States have been taught that fluoroscopy and computed tomography (CT) are the best guidance techniques for nonvascular interventional procedures, sonography has been greatly underused in this regard. Recently, sonography has been gaining recognition as a highly useful and versatile guidance technique. It has many advantages over CT and fluoroscopic guidance, including real-time imaging with vessel visualization, decreased procedure time and cost, portability, and lack of ionizing radiation. Sonography should be the primary guidance technique for many nonvascular interventional procedures, and use of sonography as an adjunct guidance technique increases the ease and speed with which many other interventional procedures are performed. Sonography should generally be used instead of CT for guidance of abdominal and pelvic biopsy and drainage. Sonographic guidance should replace CT and fluoroscopic guidance for biopsy and drainage of accessible peripheral thoracic and mediastinal masses. Use of sonographic guidance should be integrated into all interventional radiology suites to reduce radiation exposure and facilitate the performance of many nonvascular and some vascular interventional procedures that have traditionally been performed under fluoroscopic guidance.
RNA markers for ultra-rapid molecular antimicrobial susceptibility testing in fluoroquinolone-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae (2020)

Our results suggest that RNA signature is a promising approach to AST development, resulting in faster clinical diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease. This approach is potentially applicable in other models including other pathogens exposed to different classes of antibiotics.