gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expanded use of rituximab in the management of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (2009)

Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody targeting the B cell antigen CD20. Since its first approval for clinical use in 1997, rituximab has become an inherent part of the treatment of CD20-positive lymphoma. In previously untreated non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) conventional chemotherapy supplemented by rituximab (R-chemotherapy) was shown to be more effective than chemotherapy alone. This holds true for indolent as well as aggressive NHL. Rituximab was also shown to be beneficial when used as maintenance therapy or part of salvage and re-induction regimens in relapsed NHL. Administration of rituximab is generally well tolerated. The most common side effects including fever, urticaria and bronchospasm are mostly mild, treatable and restricted to the infusion period. Thus, rituximab can usually be administered in an outpatient setting. Due to its favorable effect/side effect ratio, clinical trials are currently evaluating a possible role for rituximab in several other diseases such as Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-malignant autoimmune disorders. This review aims at giving an overview of the pharmacological properties of rituximab and summarizing key publications and recent literature on its use in NHL.
ON THE GENERALIZED STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOUR OF WET CLAY (1968)

THE BASIC CAMBRIDGE THEORY OF THE STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOUR OF WET CLAYS, AS DEVELOPED FOR 'TRIAXIAL' (AXI-SYMMETRIC) COMPRESSION TEST CONDITIONS, IS EXTENDED TO INCLUDE GENERALIZED THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRESS AND STRAIN CONDITIONS. THE THEORY IS DEVELOPED IN THE LIGHT OF A NEW WORK EQUATION PROPOSED BY BURLAND. TWO OTHER NEW CONCEPTS ARE INTRODUCED. FIRST, A NEW YIELD LOCUS TO TAKE ACCOUNT OF THE SHEAR DISTORTION THAT OCCURS, WITHOUT PLASTIC VOLUME CHANGE, FOR STATE PATHS BENEATH THE STATE BOUNDARY SURFACE. SECONDLY, THE MOHR-COULOMB CRITERION IS INCORPORATED IN THE THEORY TO PREDICT RUPTURE WHEN WET CLAYS ARE SUBJECTED TO STRESS PATHS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRESS SPACE. THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF A GIVEN WET CLAY UNDER SUCH A GENERAL SYSTEM IS PREDICTED FROM THE THREE SOIL CONSTANTS, M, LAMBDA AND KAPPA OBTAINED FROM TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS. AFTER SHOWING THAT TRIAXIAL EXTENSION TEST RESULTS CAN BE SATISFACTORILY PREDICTED FROM TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION DATA, PARTICULAR ATTENTION IS PAID TO PLANE STRAIN WHICH IS SO FREQUENTLY RELEVANT IN PRACTICAL PROBLEMS. THE PLANE-STRAIN BEHAVIOUR AS PREDICTED FROM TRIAXIAL DATA IS COMPARED WITH OBSERVATIONS IN A PLANE-STRAIN APPARATUS, AND A SIMPLE-SHEAR APPARATUS. EXCELLENT AGREEMENT IS OBTAINED, AND CONFIRMS THE PREDICTION THAT FOR WET CLAYS THE ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION IN DIRECT SHEAR TESTS IS LESS THAN THE TRIAXIAL VALUE. TO ILLUSTRATE THE POWER AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE THEORY, IT IS USED TO PREDICT THE STRAINS THAT ARE REQUIRED TO DEVELOP THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE RANKINE STATES IN A MASS OF WET CLAY. THESE PREDICITIONS ARE IN AGREEMENT WITH EXPERIENCE. /RRL/A/
NMR instrumentation- a primer (2022)

This primer covers de-bugging NMR hardware, at the level of major components (not the circuit board level). It is intended for users of NMR who are unlikely to build their own spectrometer, but will need to localize the malfunction to individual small sub-systems. Brand names and some part numbers of appropriate test equipment and lab-gadgets are given. But many users will find themselves in need of special purpose NMR probes, so construction of a dedicated probe is not beyond consideration. Thus, simple single-resonance probe circuits are discussed at greater length. The need for tuning and coupling of the probe tuned circuit is treated as an exercise in impedance matching.
Bootstraping manipulation skills to learn affordances in open-ended environments (2016)

International audience
Infant treatment decisions: ethics and cost. (1984)

Though society has been conditioned to believe that cost should not enter into medical care decisions, moral reasons do exist for considering cost in treatment decisions. Ethicists traditionally have distinguished between ordinary, or morally obligatory, means of preserving life and extraordinary, or morally optional, means. Treatment that offers a reasonable hope of benefit to the patient without excessive pain, expense, or other inconvenience would be considered ethically ordinary. Treatment that can not be obtained without excessive expense, which could greatly burden the patient's family and deprive them of other goods, could be legitimately withheld. The principle of proportionality, which requires balancing the probability and extent of potential harm against the probability and extent of good, also has been applied to medical care decisions. It has been used to focus attention on the cost of technologies and policies. Some have argued, however, that the individual patient--not a larger social good--should be the physician's only concern. Society should recognize that doing everything possible to save everyone who might survive leaves fewer resources to meet the needs of the poor and the disadvantaged. One way to limit the costs of intensive care, therefore, would be to limit the availability of neonatal treatment facilities. Infants would thus have to be selected for treatment according to prospects for survival or other medical indicators. Before society cuts back on infant care, however, it must address the question of justice. Since many low-birth weight babies are born to poor families, withholding infant treatment in some cases might increase, rather than reduce, the inequalities that already exist in health care delivery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Experimental investigation of muon-catalyzed dt fusion in wide ranges of D/T mixture conditions (2005)

A vast program of the experimental investigation of muon-catalyzed dt fusion was performed on the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research phasotron. Parameters of the dt cycle were obtained in a wide range of the D/T mixture conditions: temperatures of 20–800 K, densities of 0.2–1.2 of the liquid hydrogen density (LHD), and tritium concentrations of 15–86%. In this paper, the results obtained are summarized.
A software-based MPEG-4 video encoder using parallel processing (1998)

We describe a software-based MPEG4 video encoder which is implemented using parallel processing on a cluster of workstations collectively working as a virtual machine. The contributions of our work are as follows. First, a hierarchical Petri-nets-based modeling methodology is proposed to capture the spatiotemporal relationships among multiple objects at different levels of an MPEG-4 video sequence. Second, a scheduling algorithm is proposed to assign video objects to workstations for encoding in parallel. The algorithm determines the execution order of video objects, ensures that the synchronization requirements among them are enforced and that presentation deadlines are met. Third, a dynamic partitioning scheme is proposed which divides an object among multiple workstations to extract additional parallelism. The scheme achieves load balancing among the workstations with a low overhead. The striking feature of our encoder is that it adjusts the allocation and partitioning of objects automatically according to the dynamic variations in the video object behavior. We have made various additional software optimizations to further speed up the computation. The performance of the encoder can scale according to the number of workstations used. With 20 workstations, the encoder yields an encoding rate higher than real time, allowing the encoding of multiple sequences simultaneously.
Comparison of intra-arterial and manual auscultation of blood pressure during submaximal exercise in humans (2012)

Blood pressure (BP) is a key measure of cardiovascular function, and accurate measurement is important to ensure proper clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. We compared intra-arterial (direct) and cuff auscultation (manual) measurement techniques at rest and during 2 levels of submaximal constant-load exercise (9 min at 40% and 75% maximum watts). Sixty-four adults (aged 29.0 ± 0.7 years; 48% male; height, 173.7 ± 1.2 cm; mass, 73.0 ± 1.7 kg; body mass index, 24.1 ± 0.4 kg·m(-2); body surface area, 1.87 ± 0.03 m(2)) participated in the study. At rest, low, and moderate intensity, direct measurement demonstrated higher systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) (bias for SBP: 22, 31, and 27 mm Hg and for DBP: 5, 7, and 17 mm Hg; rest, low-, and moderate-intensity, respectively; p < 0.01). At rest, the correlation and agreement between the 2 methods was modest (SBP: r = 0.56, bias = +22.1 mm Hg; DBP: r = 0.53, bias = +4.9 mm Hg; p < 0.001). There was good correlation and agreement with SBP at low and moderate intensity; however, DBP demonstrated a weaker relationship (SBP: r = 0.74 and 0.74, bias = +30.2 and +26.8 mm Hg; DBP: r = 0.39 and 0.28, bias = +7.1 and +13.4 mm Hg; for low and moderate intensity, respectively; p < 0.001). Further, manual measurement demonstrated a greater slope from rest to moderate exercise for the relationship between pulse pressure (PP) and cardiac output (13.6 ± 0.4 vs 12.3 ± 0.4, p = 0.03). As exercise intensity increases, manual DBP tends to bias low compared with direct DBP, which, when combined with parallel increases in SBP, leads to no differences in PP between methods at moderate exercise. Because PP is used to calculate other cardiovascular parameters (mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance), measurement technique and exercise intensity should be considered when using cardiovascular variables as outcome measures.
Meniscus behavior under helium exposure for rapid resist spreading during nanoimprint lithography (2018)

Nanoimprint lithography under helium exposure plays an important role in realizing rapid resist spreading. It is expected that the reduction in the surface tension of the resist due to the diffusion of helium would have an impact on the spreading behavior of the resist. By assuming van der Waals potential, the surface tension of the resist under helium exposure is estimated to be reduced by 70%. In our experiment, we obtain an 83% reduction in the surface tension of a resist under helium exposure by evaluating the meniscus shape at the corner of a rectangular imprinted area after UV curing. Furthermore, the C/O composition ratio of the resist after UV curing is found to change due to the exposure. Our study confirms that helium strongly affects the surface tension of the resist. The result also suggests the possibility of the supercritical fluidic behavior of helium in the resist. The resist spreading velocity can be increased by 2.5 times by helium exposure.
Numerical Optimisation of Shot Peening Process on a Steam Turbine Blade (2017)

This article provides a broad and extensive literature survey on optimisation of shot peening process that have been developed and applied in the past decades and summarises the knowledge that has been gained and then points out the shortages of the important investigations in optimisation of shot peening process. On this basis, optimisation function is formulated and genetic algorithm is chosen to conduct the optimisation. This optimisation screens out the influential parameters and provides the weights of different parameters in terms of their influence of shot peening outputs.
Chromatic Orthogonality in Organic Synthesis (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Coherent emission from large aperture antiguided vertical cavity surface emitting laser arrays (2004)

The in-phase mode emission in coupled VCSELs and 2D 4/spl times/4 VCSEL arrays has been reported using antiguided VCSEL elements. Two-step metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is used for the growth of the antiguided VCSEL array structure. Here we demonstrate that in-phase mode operation can be achieved from very large aperture (up to 20/spl times/20) rectangular and triangular antiguided VCSEL arrays in good agreement with theory. Simulation studies give insight into the mode discrimination mechanisms in these structures. A 3D biidirectional beam propagation method is also used to study both cold cavity and above threshold properties in our large aperture antiguided VCSEL arrays.
Fabrication of Composite SiC-MoSi2 Powders Through Plasma Reaction Process (1998)

Abstract This study was aimed at the production of SiC-MoSi2 composite powders through a high-temperature plasma reaction route. The addition of SiC appears to be the best second phase reinforcement for improving the mechanical properties of MoSi2 material for high-temperature structural application. The in-flight carbonization of MoSi2 powders was carried out in an Ar-H2-CH4 induction plasma process. Using methane served as both the powder carrier gas and the "precursor" to react with the MoSi2 powders forming the SiC phase in-situ. Under the experimental conditions employed in this investigation, up to about 8.0 wt. % of carbon was incorporated into the MoSi2 powder particles. The chemical composition, phase content and the microstructure of the composite powder products were examined by XRD, SEM, EDS etc. analysis methods. The reaction mechanisms are discussed in terms of the calculated thermodynamic equilibria.
Syntheses of Thailandepsin B Pseudo‐Natural Products: Access to New Highly Potent HDAC Inhibitors via Late‐Stage Modification (2020)

New Thailandepsin B pseudo-natural products have been prepared. Our synthetic strategy offers the possibility to introduce varying warheads via late stage modification. Additionally, it gives access to the asymmetric branched allylic ester moiety of the natural product in a highly diastereoselective manner applying rhodium-catalyzed hydrooxycarbonylation. The newly developed pseudo-natural products are extremely potent and selective HDAC inhibitors. The non-proteinogenic amino acid d-norleucine was obtained enantioselectively by a recently developed method of rhodium-catalyzed hydroamination.
Bits From Photons: Oversampled Image Acquisition Using Binary Poisson Statistics (2011)

We study a new image sensor that is reminiscent of a traditional photographic film. Each pixel in the sensor has a binary response, giving only a 1-bit quantized measurement of the local light intensity. To analyze its performance, we formulate the oversampled binary sensing scheme as a parameter estimation problem based on quantized Poisson statistics. We show that, with a single-photon quantization threshold and large oversampling factors, the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the estimation variance approaches that of an ideal unquantized sensor, i.e., as if there were no quantization in the sensor measurements. Furthermore, the CRLB is shown to be asymptotically achievable by the maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE). By showing that the log-likelihood function of our problem is concave, we guarantee the global optimality of iterative algorithms in finding the MLE. Numerical results on both synthetic data and images taken by a prototype sensor verify our theoretical analysis and demonstrate the effectiveness of our image reconstruction algorithm. They also suggest the potential application of the oversampled binary sensing scheme in high dynamic range photography.
Development of Advanced Atherosclerotic Plaque by Injection of Inflammatory Proteins in a Rabbit Iliac Artery Model (2016)

These data indicate that this rabbit model of atherosclerotic lesion formation via direct injection of pro-inflammatory proteins into the vessel wall is useful for in vivo studies investigating atherosclerosis.
A hot-carrier solar cell with optical energy selective contacts (2011)

The hot-carrier solar cell (HC-SC) is an ambitious approach to solar energy conversion which in principle can achieve high efficiency (84%) from a single bandgap semiconductor. Here we propose a method of utilising hot-carriers within a photovoltaic device in which energy is extracted optically from a hot-carrier distribution rather than through the usual approach of electrical conduction. Depending on the optical extraction rate, the concept proposed here may attain an upper efficiency approaching that of the conventional HC-SC.
Microbiota-Immune Interactions Regulate Metabolic Disease (2021)

Metabolic diseases are common worldwide and include diseases of overnutrition, such as obesity, or undernutrition, such as kwashiorkor. Both the immune system and the microbiota contribute to a variety of metabolic diseases; however, these two processes have largely been studied independently of one another in this context. The gastrointestinal system houses the greatest density of microbes but also houses one of the largest collections of immune molecules, especially Abs. The IgA isotype dominates the Ab landscape at mucosal sites, and a number of studies have demonstrated the importance of this Ab to the stability of the microbiota. In this article, we review the literature that demonstrates how homeostatic Ab responses control microbiota composition and function to influence metabolic disease. We propose that many metabolic diseases may arise from disruptions to homeostatic immune control of gut commensals and that further understanding this interaction can offer a novel opportunity for therapeutic interventions.
Biophysical characterization of branched amphiphilic peptide capsules and their potential applications in radiotherapy (2014)

Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules (BAPCs) are peptide nano-spheres comprised of equimolar proportions of two branched peptide sequences bis(FLIVI)-K-KKKK and bis(FLIVIGSII)-K-KKKK that self-assemble in water to form bilayer delimited poly-cationic capsules capable of trapping solutes. We examined the lipid-like properties of this system including assembly, fusion, solute encapsulation, and resizing by membrane extrusion as well as their capability to be maintained at a specific size by storage at 4˚C. These studies along with earlier work from the lab (Gudlur et al. (2012) PLOS ONE 7(9): e45374) demonstrated that the capsules, while sharing many properties with lipid vesicles, were much more robust. We next investigated the stability, size limitations of encapsulation, cellular localization, retention and, bio-distribution of the BAPCs. We demonstrated that the BAPCs are readily taken up by epithelial cells in culture, escape or evade the endocytotic pathway, and accumulate in the peri-nuclear region where they persist without any apparent degradation. The stability and persistence of the capsules suggested they might be useful in delivering radionuclides. The BAPCs encapsulated alpha particle emitting radionuclides without any apparent leakage, were taken up
A nested PCR-based method for detecting the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, from pine wood (2005)

Abstract Several methods were examined for extracting DNA from the woody tissues of Japanese black pine, including the general CTAB method which proved to be the most successful. To detect the pine wood nematode, the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD) in pine wood tissues, PWN-specific PCR was done using a DNA mixture obtained from 80 mg of pine wood tissues and a single pine wood nematode as the DNA template. The results showed that nested PCR could amplify the ITS region specific to the PWN, even though the amount of nematode DNA was extremely small. Also, the PWN could be detected in diseased tissues of several Pinus spp. which had been inoculated with nematodes. The method described here can also be used as a simple and quick detection method for a wide range of wood-inhabiting pathogens.
A unified data exchnage environment based on EDIF (1989)

This paper describes the work to unify a data exchange environment based on EDIF. Concepts of common specification, common data structure, and common EDIF reader/writer to synchronize the interpretations of EDIF syntax and semantics in an EDIF-based data exchange environment are introduced. An EDIF-compatible database which improves the speed of the data manipulation and generates portable, standard EDIF is also described.
Travel Time Prediction: Issues and Benefits (2004)

This paper addresses the issues and benefits pertaining to travel time prediction and incorporates an on-line survey of the Tokyo Metropolitan Expressways (MEX) users. While travel time has the potential to mitigate congestion spatially and temporally, little is known about how the travel time information is used. The MEX survey found that 78% of drivers would change route or departure time if there is time savings. However, the amount of time savings to prompt drivers taking such action depends on the characteristic of the drivers. Not surprisingly drivers rate pre-trip information higher than on-route information as a more desired information because pre-trip information allows drivers to make a more informed travel decision. The MEX survey clearly shows that users’ acceptance of prediction accuracy is dependent on the amount of time gain or lost and is insensitive to the trip length. Approximately 70% of the survey participants acknowledge that ±5 minutes as an acceptable level of accuracy. Therefore a more appropriate measure when evaluating travel time prediction models, taking users’ expectation into account, would be to use percentage error within ±5 minutes or ±10 minutes.
Peptide Drug DiscoveryRaison d’Etre: Engineering Mindset, Design Rules and Screening Tools (2022)

Over the last several decades peptide drug discovery has been a source of significant challenge, innovation, and achievement against varying target classes. Noteworthy advances in design, synthesis, and structure-property relationship analysis as well as emerging opportunities for drug delivery, chart the path forward. Herewith we hope to capture the spirit of peptide drug discovery that has been the inspiration of many scientists to advance peptide therapeutic modalities. These have included both linear and macrocyclic peptides, receptor-targeted agonists and antagonists, protease and other enzyme inhibitors, and intracellular protein-protein as well as transcription/translation-targeted modulators. Some noteworthy case studies are exemplified to represent the engineering mindset of key concepts and learnings. Lastly, we share thoughts on what has emerged over recent years in terms of design rules and screening tools that have enabled the raison d'etre of peptide drug discovery: delivering innovative therapies for un-met medical needs.
A security analysis of amazon's elastic compute cloud service (2012)

Cloud services such as Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud and IBM's SmartCloud are quickly changing the way organizations are dealing with IT infrastructures and are providing online services. Today, if an organization needs computing power, it can simply buy it online by instantiating a virtual server image on the cloud. Servers can be quickly launched and shut down via application programming interfaces, offering the user a greater flexibility compared to traditional server rooms.
An effect at the source creates ringing in a thick plate (2017)

Piezoceramic discs bonded to structures have often been used as broadband transducers. We observed that a 2 mm thick, 10 mm dia. disc bonded to a 27 mm thick steel plate exhibits pronounced ringing near 250 kHz when driven by a broadband chirp. Lamb wave and defect localization studies using an array of such transducers are degraded by the ringing, which is not observed on thin plates. Our objectives are to identify the physical source of the ringing, to confirm the behavior by comparing laboratory data to simulation results, and to determine how the frequency of maximum conductance (denoted f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</sub> ) and quality factor (Q) change with transducer diameter, transducer thickness, and plate thickness.