gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fe3+-substituted silicate gels: Precursors for zeolite-based catalysts (1991)

In order to investigate the possibility of isomorphous substitution of Fe3+ for Si4+ in the tetrahedral silicate network, two Fe-substituted silicate gel samples with Si/Fe atom ratios of 50 and 25 were prepared by the solution–sol-gel processing technique. The samples were characterized by magnetization and Mössbauer spectroscopic measurements over the temperature range 293–4.2 K. The magnetic moment of the Fe ions and Mössbauer isomer shifts were used to determine the valence state and coordination symmetry of the Fe species present in these gel samples. It has been found that iron enters substitutionally into the tetrahedral silicate structure, especially at low concentrations. This result is of importance, since Fe substituted silicates can be used as catalyst precursors in several technologically relevant chemical reactions.
Quitosano, un biopolímero con aplicaciones en sistemas de liberación controlada de fármacos (2010)

En las ultimas decadas, el estudio de diferentes formas de liberacion controlada de farmacos ha suscitado gran interes en la industria farmaceutica. La liberacion prolongada de un principio activo tiene varias ventajas, como son la disminucion de la frecuencia de administracion del medicamento, mejorando de esta forma el cumplimiento del tratamiento por parte del paciente; la reduccion de los efectos secundarios y un efecto terapeutico mas uniforme. Estos sistemas estan constituidos por polimeros que deben ser biodegradables y no toxicos. El polimero utilizado en este trabajo es el quitosano, biopolimero de origen natural que se obtiene por desacetilacion de la quitina, componente del exoesqueleto de crustaceos e insectos, de la pared celular de hongos y presente tambien en moluscos. Ademas de cumplir los requisitos de biodegradabilidad y no toxicidad, el quitosano presenta otras propiedades interesantes para su aplicacion en liberacion controlada, como son su bioadhesividad y su capacidad como promotor de la absorcion de farmacos. Por todo ello, en los ultimos anos, ha recibido un gran interes por su aplicacion en el campo de la tecnologia farmaceutica. El objetivo general de esta Tesis ha sido, por una parte obtener microesferas , peliculas y nanoparticulas de quitosano para la encapsulacion de farmacos y, por otra parte, estudiar la citotoxicidad del quitosano y su capacidad para abrir las uniones estrechas entre celulas epiteliales y promover la absorcion de macromoleculas a traves de monocapas de celulas Calu-3. Con el fin de mejorar la estabilidad de los sistemas obtenidos y retardar la liberacion del farmaco, se han utilizado dos agentes entrecruzantes: el tripolifosfato sodico, empleado habitualmente para este tipo de sistemas y la genipina, de origen natural, que esta ganando interes como agente entrecruzante por su capacidad de reaccionar con grupos amino. Los resultados muestran, por una parte, que las matrices polimericas obtenidas retardaron la liberacion de los principios activos encapsulados, alcanzandose un grado de entrecruzamiento optimo en todos los casos. Por otra parte, se demostro la capacidad del quitosano, tanto en nanoparticulas como en disolucion, para abrir las uniones estrechas entre las celulas Calu-3 y para promover la permeabilidad de una macromolecula modelo. La idea original para el desarrollo de la Tesis surgio directamente del interes del sector farmaceutico en el desarrollo de nuevos sistemas de liberacion de principios...
The Concept of the Cultural Region and the Importance of Coincidence between Administrative and Cultural Regions (2005)

After browsing the principal terms of geographical regions like structural and functional regions, the paper highlights the term “cultural region” as a manifestation of a certain culture in the landscape on the one hand and as a factor of shaping cultural identity on the other. The very point and message of the paper is to emphasize that it was an advantage, if administrative regions, i.e. a subtype of functional regions, would coincide with cultural regions, i.e. a subtype of structural regions. It offers several explanations for why this coincidence was favourable, hints at successful historical examples and recent attempts to achieve such a coincidence.
Performance evaluation of the frequency detectors for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (1997)

This paper deals with the performance evaluation of a total of six frequency synchronization algorithms (five known algorithms and one new algorithm proposed in this paper called the "guard-band power detection algorithm") for OFDM systems in the channel with AWGN and multipath.
[Enhanced lymphocyte proliferative response to house dust mite in the older but not in the younger asthmatic children]. (1997)

Allergen-specific lymphocyte proliferation was measured by flow cytometry in 16 children with atopic dermatitis (AD). 26 with bronchial asthma (BA) and 13 non-atopic controls. Although the level of mite-S.I.F. (stimulation index measured by flow cytometry) in the younger AD children (2-7 y) was significantly higher than that in the non-atopic subjects (189.6 +/- 70.7 vs 113.9 +/- 11.0, p < 0.02), there was no elevation in the younger BA children (122.6 +/- 23.4). It is therefore likely that the elevated mite-S.I.F. level is related to the development of the allergic cellular inflammation representing the pathology of AD, rather than the IgE-mediated allergic reaction as a mechanism of childhood BA. Because the level of mite-specific IgE antibody in the younger BA children is elevated (93.6 +/- 41.2 PRU/ml), the result also indicates that mite-specific peripheral T lymphocytes do not play a critical role in stimulating the mite-specific IgE synthesis. On the contrary, the older BA children (8-15 y) showed an elevated mite-S.I.F. level (176.0 +/- 54.6) significantly higher than that in the non-atopic subjects (114.6 +/- 13.9, p < 0.05) as well as that in the younger BA children (p < 0.05). Because other investigators have reported that the level of mite-specific lymphocyte proliferation is increased in the adult BA patients, the transition from childhood BA to adult-type BA may start at the age of about 8 y.
Synthesis and X-ray structure of an η3-phenalenyl–platinum complex (1978)

A. Keasey, P. M. Bailey and P. M. Maitlis, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1978, 142 DOI: 10.1039/C39780000142
Interstitial cystitis: characterization and management of an enigmatic urologic syndrome. (2002)

The enigmatic urologic condition known as interstitial cystitis has an estimated prevalence of 0.01% to 0.50% of the female population. Its etiology is unknown but may involve microbiologic, immunologic, mucosal, neurogenic, and/or other, as yet undefined, agents. There is no gold standard for the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis; rather, it is a diagnosis of exclusion. It is impossible to provide a purely evidence-based treatment strategy, but review of available evidence suggests that conservative supportive therapy (including diet modification); oral treatment with pentosan polysulfate, amitriptyline, hydroxyzine, or cimetidine; and intravesical treatments with heparinoids, dimethyl sulfoxide, alkalized lidocaine, or bacille Calmette-Guérin may be effective in some patients.
Comparison of static and dynamic cardiac perfusion thallium-201 SPECT (2001)

Cardiac SPECT is typically performed clinically with static imaging protocols and visually assessed for perfusion defects based upon the relative intensity of myocardial regions. Dynamic imaging, however, has the potential to provide quantitative measures of flow, possibly improving diagnosis. The objective of this study was to compare the information content of dynamic and static thallium SPECT imaging as measures of myocardial perfusion. Studies were performed in four canines, each with an occlusion placed on the left anterior descending coronary artery. Dynamic SPECT imaging was performed at rest and under adenosine stress, and subsets of the data were summed to provide corresponding static datasets for identical physiologic conditions. Microsphere-derived flow measurements were used as the gold standard. The dynamic data were fit to a two-compartment model to provide regional estimates of wash-in rate parameters. Occluded-to-normal ratios were also calculated for each canine study. The results show comparable correlations with microspheres for both wash-in and static scaled image intensities. The dynamic data provided higher defect contrasts, which were more accurate than the static occluded to normal ratios. Preliminary studies were also performed in two patients and the static and dynamic data compared. These results show that dynamic thallium imaging may provide improved diagnostic information compared to static imaging for myocardial perfusion SPECT studies.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 4-[2-(Methyl-pyridin2-ylamino)ethoxy]-benzaldoxime (2012)

The title compound, C15H17N3O2, was synthesized, and the structure was characterised spectroscopically by 1H NMR and 13C NMR methods, and finally confirmed by an X-ray diffraction study. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic crystal class in the space group P1 with the following cell parameters: a = 7.3332(8)Å, b = 8.6358(7)Å, c = 11.7675 Å, α = 75.306(8)°, β = 73.835(9)°, γ = 89.698(8)°, Z = 2 and V = 690.63(11)Å3.
A priority-considering approach for the multiple container loading problem (2011)

A priority-considering heuristic approach is proposed to solve the multiple container loading problem, i.e., the problem of packing a given set of three-dimensional rectangular items into multiple containers to make the maximum use of the container space. The items with large volume are usually difficult to make efficient use of the container space. These items are set higher priority over other items, and preferentially assigned into the containers. Within the proposed approach an algorithm is used for solving the single container loading problem under the constraint of priority. The proposed approach achieves excellent results for the test cases suggested by Ivancic et al. and Mohanty et al. with reasonable computing time.
D-BRAIN: Anatomically Accurate Simulated Diffusion MRI Brain Data (2016)

Diffusion Weighted (DW) MRI allows for the non-invasive study of water diffusion inside living tissues. As such, it is useful for the investigation of human brain white matter (WM) connectivity in vivo through fiber tractography (FT) algorithms. Many DW-MRI tailored restoration techniques and FT algorithms have been developed. However, it is not clear how accurately these methods reproduce the WM bundle characteristics in real-world conditions, such as in the presence of noise, partial volume effect, and a limited spatial and angular resolution. The difficulty lies in the lack of a realistic brain phantom on the one hand, and a sufficiently accurate way of modeling the acquisition-related degradation on the other. This paper proposes a software phantom that approximates a human brain to a high degree of realism and that can incorporate complex brain-like structural features. We refer to it as a Diffusion BRAIN (D-BRAIN) phantom. Also, we propose an accurate model of a (DW) MRI acquisition protocol to allow for validation of methods in realistic conditions with data imperfections. The phantom model simulates anatomical and diffusion properties for multiple brain tissue components, and can serve as a ground-truth to evaluate FT algorithms, among others. The simulation of the acquisition process allows one to include noise, partial volume effects, and limited spatial and angular resolution in the images. In this way, the effect of image artifacts on, for instance, fiber tractography can be investigated with great detail. The proposed framework enables reliable and quantitative evaluation of DW-MR image processing and FT algorithms at the level of large-scale WM structures. The effect of noise levels and other data characteristics on cortico-cortical connectivity and tractography-based grey matter parcellation can be investigated as well.
Host Intrinsic and Innate Intracellular Immunity During Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Infection (2019)

When host cells are invaded by viruses, they deploy multifaceted intracellular defense mechanisms to control infections and limit the damage they may cause. Host intracellular antiviral immunity can be classified into two main branches: (i) intrinsic immunity, an interferon (IFN)-independent antiviral response mediated by constitutively expressed cellular proteins (so-called intrinsic host restriction factors); and (ii) innate immunity, an IFN-dependent antiviral response conferred by IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) products, which are (as indicated by their name) upregulated in response to IFN secretion following the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Recent evidence has demonstrated temporal regulation and specific viral requirements for the induction of these two arms of immunity during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Moreover, they exert differential antiviral effects to control viral replication. Although they are distinct from one another, the words "intrinsic" and "innate" have been interchangeably and/or simultaneously used in the field of virology. Hence, the aims of this review are to (1) elucidate the current knowledge about host intrinsic and innate immunity during HSV-1 infection, (2) clarify the recent advances in the understanding of their regulation and address the distinctions between them with respect to their induction requirements and effects on viral infection, and (3) highlight the key roles of the viral E3 ubiquitin ligase ICP0 in counteracting both aspects of immunity. This review emphasizes that intrinsic and innate immunity are temporally and functionally distinct arms of host intracellular immunity during HSV-1 infection; the findings are likely pertinent to other clinically important viral infections.
PERSPECTIVAS DA QUÍMICA MEDICINAL PARA O SÉCULO XXI: DESAFIOS E OPORTUNIDADES (2018)

In the 21st century, medicinal chemists will face many challenges to improve the quality of life of populations. The challenges consist of emerging infectious (ex. bacterial, viral and parasite infections) and non-communicable diseases (ex. autoimmune, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson’s disease) that will require innovative technologies (ex. microfluidics, nanotechnology, biotechnology) to be fully understood and combated. In this work, we indicate trends, perspectives and opportunities related to drug discovery as well as highlight the tools and strategies that could be used in drug discovery of the 21st century.
Oxygen Stoichiometry Effect on Polar Properties of LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (2018)

Abstract Discovery of a ferroelectric‐like behavior of the LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 (LAO/STO) interfaces provides an attractive platform for the development of nanoelectronic devices with functionality that can be tuned by electrical or mechanical means. However, further progress in this direction critically depends on deeper understanding of the physicochemical mechanism of this phenomenon. In this report, this problem by testing the electronic properties of the LAO/STO heterostructures with oxygen stoichiometry used as a variable is addressed. Local probe measurements in conjunction with interface electrical characterization allow to establish the field‐driven reversible migration of oxygen vacancies as the origin of the ferroelectric‐like behavior in LAO/STO. In addition, it is shown that oxygen deficiency gives rise to the formation of micrometer‐long atomically sharp boundaries with robust piezoelectricity stemming from a significant strain gradient across the boundary region. These boundaries are not ferroelectric but they can modulate the local electronic characteristics at the interface. The obtained results open a possibility to design and engineer electromechanical functionality in a wide variety of nominally nonpolar and non‐piezoelectric complex oxide heterostructures and thin films.
Biophysical and biochemical analysis of hnRNP K: arginine methylation, reversible aggregation and combinatorial binding to nucleic acids (2014)

Abstract Analysis of arginine methylation, which affects specific protein interactions in eukaryotic cells, requires access to methylated protein for biophysical and biochemical studies. Methylation of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) upon co-expression with protein arginine methyltransferase 1 in E. coli was monitored by mass spectrometry and found to be identical to the modification of hnRNP K purified from mammalian cells. Recombinant non-methylated and arginine-methylated hnRNP K (MethnRNP K) were used to characterize self-aggregation and nucleic acid binding. Analytical ultracentrifugation and static light scattering experiments revealed that hnRNP K methylation does not impact reversible self-aggregation, which can be prevented by high ionic strength and organic additives. Filter binding assays were used to compare the binding of non-methylated and MethnRNP K to the pyrimidine repeat-containing differentiation control element (DICE) of reticulocyte 15-lipoxygenase mRNA 3' UTR. No affinity differences were detected for both hnRNP K variants. A series of oligonucleotides carrying various numbers of C4 motifs at different positions was used in steady state competition assays with fluorescently-labeled functional differentiation control element (2R). Quantitative evaluation indicated that all hnRNP K homology domains of hnRNP K contribute differentially to RNA binding, with KH1-KH2 acting as a tandem domain and KH3 as an individual binding domain.
Directions for Research on Spoken Dialog Systems, Broadly Defined (2012)

To increase impact and accelerate progress, the spoken dialog systems research community should work on four shareable things that will also engage and support sister fields of science and engineering.
Continuously Shaping Orbital Angular Momentum with an Analog Optical Vortex Transmitter (2015)

Dynamic generation of obitial angular momentum (OAM) of light has enabled complex manipulation of micro-particles, high-dimension quantum entanglement and optical communication. We report an analog vortex transmitter made of one bilaterally symmetric grating and an aperture, emitting optical vortices with the average OAM value continuously variant in the entire rational range. Benefiting from linearly-varying transverse dislocation along its axis of symmetry, this diffractive transmitter possesses extra degree of freedom in engineering broadband optical vortices meanwhile preserving a novel spiniform phase with equally spaced singularities. It unlimitedly increases the average OAM of light by embracing more singularities, which is significantly different from that for Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) and Bessel vortex beams. Realizing analog generation of OAM in a single device, this technique can be potentially extended to other frequencies and applied to a wide spectrum of developments on quantum physics, aperiodic photonics and optical manipulation.
Deep reinforcement learning algorithm for self-tuning 8-figure fiber laser (2021)

Machine learning (ML) algorithms have already shown their efficiency for adjusting fiber-mode-locked lasers [1] . However, the performance of reinforcement (RL) learning algorithms required for robust application of ML methods in practical environment is yet to be verified in different laser systems [2] . Implementation of RL algoritms may reveal unknown strategies for adjusting complex laser systems since such algorithms consider intermidiate states of the system during the training process.
Intermittent Hypoxia Suppresses Adiponectin Secretion by Adipocytes (2008)

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by cyclic intermittent hypoxia (IH) during sleep, is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Adiponectin (APN), an adipocytokine secreted exclusively by adipocytes, possesses antiatherogenic properties. Low levels of APN, particularly the high-molecular-weight (HMW) form, are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Here, we hypothesized that IH would result in the dysregulation of APN expression and secretion. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed to IH at 12 cycles/h for 6 h/d to simulate the IH condition similar to that encountered in OSA. Control adipocytes were exposed to 21% O(2) under identical conditions. After 48 h of incubation, IH caused a decrease in the secretion of total and HMW APN in spite of a significant upregulation of APN mRNA expression by adipocytes. This study suggested a novel mechanism of how the cyclic hypoxemia in OSA predisposes OSA patients to cardiovascular disease through the dysregulation of secretion of APN by adipocytes. Further studies are needed to determine the exact molecular mechanism how IH reduces the release of APN by adipocytes.
The complex biology of autocrine motility factor/phosphoglucose isomerase (AMF/PGI) and its receptor, the gp78/AMFR E3 ubiquitin ligase (2009)

Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is a glycolytic enzyme that exhibits a dual function as an extracellular cytokine, under the name autocrine motility factor (AMF). Its cell surface receptor, gp78/AMFR, is also localized to the endoplasmic reticulum where it functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Expression of both AMF/PGI and gp78/AMFR is associated with cancer and, in this review, we will discuss various aspects of the biology of this ligand-receptor complex and its role in tumor progression.
ChemInform Abstract: Very Short C‐C Single Bonds and Their Origin. The Central Bond Length in Bitetrahedryl. (1989)

Abstract A reduced C‐C bond length and a lower rotational barrier are apparently the consequences of increasing the H‐C‐C bond angle in ethane according to ab initio calculation.
Functional diversity of voltage-sensing phosphatases in two urodele amphibians (2014)

Voltage-sensing phosphatases (VSPs) share the molecular architecture of the voltage sensor domain (VSD) with voltage-gated ion channels and the phosphoinositide phosphatase region with the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), respectively. VSPs enzymatic activities are regulated by the motions of VSD upon depolarization. The physiological role of these proteins has remained elusive, and insights may be gained by investigating biological variations in different animal species. Urodele amphibians are vertebrates with potent activities of regeneration and also show diverse mechanisms of polyspermy prevention. We cloned cDNAs of VSPs from the testes of two urodeles; Hynobius nebulosus and Cynops pyrrhogaster, and compared their expression and voltage-dependent activation. Their molecular architecture is highly conserved in both Hynobius VSP (Hn-VSP) and Cynops VSP (Cp-VSP), including the positively-charged arginine residues in the S4 segment of the VSD and the enzymatic active site for substrate binding, yet the C-terminal C2 domain of Hn-VSP is significantly shorter than that of Cp-VSP and other VSP orthologs. RT-PCR analysis showed that gene expression pattern was distinct between two VSPs. The voltage sensor motions and voltage-dependent phosphatase activities were investigated electrophysiologically by expression in Xenopus oocytes. Both VSPs showed "sensing" currents, indicating that their voltage sensor domains are functional. The phosphatase activity of Cp-VSP was found to be voltage dependent, as shown by its ability to regulate the conductance of coexpressed GIRK2 channels, but Hn-VSP lacked such phosphatase activity due to the truncation of its C2 domain.