gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma Drug Activity Assay for Treatment Optimization in Tuberculosis Patients (2011)

Low antituberculosis (TB) drug levels are common, but their clinical significance remains unclear, and methods of measurement are resource intensive. Subjects initiating treatment for sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB were enrolled from Kibong'oto National TB Hospital, Tanzania, and levels of isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide were measured at the time of typical peak plasma concentration (C(2 h)). To evaluate the significance of the effect of observed drug levels on Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth, a plasma TB drug activity (TDA) assay was developed using the Bactec MGIT system. Time to detection of plasma-cocultured M. tuberculosis versus time to detection of control growth was defined as a TDA ratio. TDA assays were later performed using the subject's own M. tuberculosis isolate and C(2 h) plasma from the Tanzanian cohort and compared to drug levels and clinical outcomes. Sixteen subjects with a mean age of 37.8 years ± 10.7 were enrolled. Fourteen (88%) had C(2 h) rifampin levels and 11 (69%) had isoniazid levels below 90% of the lower limit of the expected range. Plasma spiked with various concentrations of antituberculosis medications found TDA assay results to be unaffected by ethambutol or pyrazinamide. Yet with a range of isoniazid and rifampin concentrations, TDA exhibited a statistically significant correlation with drug level and drug MIC, and a TDA of ~1.0 indicated the presence of multidrug-resistant TB. In Tanzania, low (≤ 2.0) TDA was significantly associated with both lower isoniazid and rifampin C(2 h) levels, and very low (≤ 1.5) TDA corresponded to a trend toward lack of cure. Study of TDA compared to additional clinical outcomes and as a therapeutic management tool is warranted.
Worlds First Gravel-Packed Uniform Inflow Control Completion (2006)

The Etame oil field, offshore Gabon, West Africa, has been producing since September 2002. The Etame oil reservoir is an oval-shaped, low-relief structure with a moderate aquifer drive. In order to maximize ultimate field recovery, the ET- 6H well was drilled with a horizontal lateral positioned to traverse the reservoir near the structural crest and to be within the Upper Gamba sandstone throughout its length. The Gamba sandstone averages 45 ft in thickness and overlies a significant angular unconformity. The subcropping Dentale- aged sandstones and interbedded shales below this unconformity have dips up to 12 degrees. The oil column of approximately 170 ft extends below this unconformity. Previous wells in the field were completed using open-hole horizontal gravel packs (OHGPs) and have experienced excellent sand control performance. However, OHGPs offer no protection against early water breakthrough. The Gamba sand averages 30% porosity with a permeability range of 1 to 3 darcies. The Dentale sands are much more variable, with porosities of 18-30% and a permeability range of 50-1000 md. Thus, if a portion of the lateral is situated immediately above a high permeability Dentale sand, the well will be at risk of early water breakthrough and subsequent reduced recovery if it is completed with a standard OHGP.The operator gravel packed the ET-6H well and used a system that provides a near uniform inflow profile along the entire lateral length to protect against early water breakthrough. The gravel packing of inflow control devices presented some unique challenges due to their differences from standard sand control screens.This paper describes the implementation of the world's first gravel packed uniform inflow control completion, including: inflow control device selection process, gravel pack design, data from the gravel pack operation, and resulting well performance.
Arginine Residues on the Opposite Side of the Active Site Stimulate the Catalysis of Ribosome Depurination by Ricin A Chain by Interacting with the P-protein Stalk (2013)

Ricin inhibits protein synthesis by depurinating the α-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL). Ricin holotoxin does not inhibit translation unless the disulfide bond between the A (RTA) and B (RTB) subunits is reduced. Ricin holotoxin did not bind ribosomes or depurinate them but could depurinate free RNA. When RTA is separated from RTB, arginine residues located at the interface are exposed to the solvent. Because this positively charged region, but not the active site, is blocked by RTB, we mutated arginine residues at or near the interface of RTB to determine if they are critical for ribosome binding. These variants were structurally similar to wild type RTA but could not bind ribosomes. Their K(m) values and catalytic rates (k(cat)) for an SRL mimic RNA were similar to those of wild type, indicating that their activity was not altered. However, they showed an up to 5-fold increase in K(m) and up to 38-fold decrease in kcat toward ribosomes. These results suggest that the stalk binding stimulates the catalysis of ribosome depurination by RTA. The mutated arginines have side chains behind the active site cleft, indicating that the ribosome binding surface of RTA is on the opposite side of the surface that interacts with the SRL. We propose that stalk binding stimulates the catalysis of ribosome depurination by orienting the active site of RTA toward the SRL and thereby allows docking of the target adenine into the active site. This model may apply to the translation factors that interact with the stalk.
The heme oxygenase inducer hemin protects against cardiac dysfunction and ventricular fibrillation in ischaemic/reperfused rat hearts: role of connexin 43 (2008)

Cardiac expression of cytoprotective gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is modulated by ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R). We therefore hypothesized that pretreatment with hemin, an inductor of HO-1, would precondition the heart against post-ischaemic dysfunction and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Male Wistar rats were given either hemin or HO enzyme inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP IX). Isolated hearts were subjected to 30 min global ischaemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion or were aerobically perfused in a time-matched non-ischaemic protocol. Control animals received no pretreatment. Compared to non-perfused controls, pretreatment with hemin increased HO-1 mRNA 13-fold (p<0.001) and HO-1 protein 3.5-fold (p<or=0.001), improved post-ischaemic aortic flow, coronary flow, LVDP and -Dp/dt (p<0.01) and decreased LVEDP (p<0.001) and the incidence of VF (p = 0.001). The improved post-ischaemic cardiac function and reduction of VF were accompanied by a higher total connexin 43 (Cx43) level compared to non-pretreated and ZnPP IX pretreated hearts, and accumulation of non-phosphorylated gap junction protein Cx43 in intercalated discs and lateral plasma membrane of cardiomyocytes. Cardioprotection by HO-1 appeared to be independent of cGMP. Administration of ZnPP IX had no effect on cardiac function or VF. Our results show that pharmacological modulation of HO-1 pathway may provide a new therapeutic approach to protect the heart against post-ischaemic dysfunction and I/R-induced VF possibly by a Cx43 dependent mechanism.
Genesys-pro: innovations in test program generation for functional processor verification (2004)

Functional verification is widely recognized as the bottleneck of the hardware design cycle. With the ever-growing demand for greater performance and faster time to market, coupled with the exponential growth in hardware size, verification has become increasingly difficult. Although formal methods such as model checking and theorem proving have resulted in noticeable progress, these approaches apply only to the verification of relatively small design blocks or to very focused verification goals. Current industry practice is to use separate, automatic, random stimuli generators for processor- and multiprocessor-level verification. The generated stimuli, usually in the form of test programs, trigger architecture and microarchitecture events defined by a verification plan. MAC-based algorithms are well suited for the test program generation domain because they postpone heuristic decisions until after consideration of all architectural and testing-knowledge constraints. Geneysys-Pro is currently the main test generation tool for functional verification of IBM processors, including several complex processors. We've found that the new language considerably reduces the effort needed to define and maintain knowledge specific to an implementation and verification plan.
Common Format and MIME Type for Comma-Separated Values (CSV) Files (2005)

This RFC documents the format used for Comma-Separated Values (CSV)
files and registers the associated MIME type text/csv. This memo
provides information for the Internet community.
Extendible tracking by line auto-calibration (2002)

One of the key requirements for an augmented reality system is a tracking system that determines the user's viewpoint accurately. Many vision-based tracking systems exhibit limited tracking range due to their dependence on pre-calibrated features. Previous extendible-tracking systems only make use of point features. This paper describes an extendible tracking method that integrates pre-calibrated landmarks and natural line features for camera tracking. Extendible and robust tracking is achieved by dynamically calibrating prior uncalibrated 3D structure of line features. The experimental results indicate the effectiveness of this approach for extending the tracking range and reducing dependence on the prepared environment. (Plus color plates).
Inclusion Complexes of Concentrated Orange Oils and β-Cyclodextrin: Physicochemical and Biological Characterizations (2020)

Concentrated orange oils (5x, 10x, 20x) are ingredients used in different industries as components of flavors and aromas due to their great organoleptic qualities. This research focuses on the search for alternative uses for their application through encapsulation in inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Inclusion complexes of concentrated orange oils (COEO) and β-CD were developed by the co-precipitated method in ratios of 4:96, 12:88, and 16:84 (<i>w/w</i>, COEO<i>:</i> β-CD). The best powder recovery was in the ratio 16:84 for the three oils, with values between 82% and 84.8%. The 20x oil in relation 12:88 showed the highest entrapment efficiency (89.5%) with 102.3 mg/g of β-CD. The FT-IR analysis may suggest an interaction between the oil and the β-CD. The best antioxidant activity was observed in the ratio 12:88 for the three oils. The antifungal activity was determined for all the inclusion complexes, and the 10x fraction showed the highest inhibition at a concentration of 10 mg/mL in ratios 12:88 and 16:84. Antibacterial activity was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and was found at a concentration of 1.25 mg/mL in ratios 12:88 and 16:84 for 5x and 20x oils.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Direct Benzylations of Arenes Through C—H Bond Cleavages. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Information Embedding in MPEG-4 Scalable Lossless Audio (2009)

The paper addresses an information embedding audio coder based on the MPEG-4 scalable lossless coding system. By replacing the last part of the bitstream in each frame with a fixed amount of embedded information, the proposed truncator is able to truncate the bitstream without affecting the embedded information. Evaluation results show that the bitstream with the proposed technique is able to carry a maximum of 512 bytes embedded information. These are achieved with low added complexity and no bitstream size expansion.
Progress in neural network-based vision for autonomous robot driving (2003)

This paper describes recent improvements to the ALVINN system (Autonomous Land Vehicle In a Neural Network) for neural network based autonomous driving. The authors perviously (1991, 1992) reported a technique which allows an an artificial neural network to quickly learn to steer by watching a person drive. But the faster the network is trained, the less exposure it receives to novel or infrequent scenarios. For instance, during a typical four minute training run, the network sees few if any examples of passing cars. When a rare situation like this occurs during testing, its lack of coverage in the training set canresult in erratic driving. By modeling the appearance of infrequent scenarios and then using the model to augment the training set, one can teach the network to generalize to situations not explicitly represented in the live training data. Using this technique, a network trained over a two mile stretch of highway was able to drive autonomously for 21.2 miles at speeds of up to 55 miles/hour.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Evaluation of phase-shifting techniques for a self-referencing interferometer wavefront sensor (2005)

The Air Force Research Laboratory is developing a Self-Referencing Interferometer (SRI) wavefront sensor (WFS) for applications requiring laser propagation in strong scintillation. This paper compares several phase-shifting techniques that can be used to capture interference patterns and examines their effects on SRI WFS performance. These techniques include temporal, spatial, and spatial-temporal phase shifting. Temporal phase shifting allows for straightforward setup, alignment, and calibration, though its performance is degraded by changes in the atmosphere between measurements. Spatial phase shifting effectively freezes the atmosphere, but requires more rigorous camera calibration and alignment. Spatial-temporal phase shifting balances the benefits and challenges of both methods. This paper includes a discussion of the tradeoffs involved in selecting an appropriate phase-shifting approach for a given application. Laboratory results demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of each technique in evaluation of SRI WFS performance.
The effect of spray drying on sucrose–glycine caramel powder preparation (2015)

The content of the intermediate products, browning intensity and amount of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) increased with increasing inlet temperature and decreasing pH. Therefore, the amount of sucrose degradation and the change in pH can be used to evaluate caramel properties in the spray drying process. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asynchronous stochastic optimization for sequence training of deep neural networks (2014)

This paper explores asynchronous stochastic optimization for sequence training of deep neural networks. Sequence training requires more computation than frame-level training using pre-computed frame data. This leads to several complications for stochastic optimization, arising from significant asynchrony in model updates under massive parallelization, and limited data shuffling due to utterance-chunked processing. We analyze the impact of these two issues on the efficiency and performance of sequence training. In particular, we suggest a framework to formalize the reasoning about the asynchrony and present experimental results on both small and large scale Voice Search tasks to validate the effectiveness and efficiency of asynchronous stochastic optimization.
The SYSTERS Protein Family Database in 2005 (2004)

The SYSTERS project aims to provide a meaningful partitioning of the whole protein sequence space by a fully automatic procedure. A refined two-step algorithm assigns each protein to a family and a superfamily. The sequence data underlying SYSTERS release 4 now comprise several protein sequence databases derived from completely sequenced genomes (ENSEMBL, TAIR, SGD and GeneDB), in addition to the comprehensive Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL databases. The SYSTERS web server (http://systers.molgen.mpg.de) provides access to 158 153 SYSTERS protein families. To augment the automatically derived results, information from external databases like Pfam and Gene Ontology are added to the web server. Furthermore, users can retrieve pre-processed analyses of families like multiple alignments and phylogenetic trees. New query options comprise a batch retrieval tool for functional inference about families based on automatic keyword extraction from sequence annotations. A new access point, PhyloMatrix, allows the retrieval of phylogenetic profiles of SYSTERS families across organisms with completely sequenced genomes.
Numerical analysis of steric influence on conductivity percolation threshold (2005)

We have investigated the influence of the steric properties of conducting particles in a nonconducting host matrix on the conductivity threshold of the material, i.e., the minimum volume fraction of conducting phase for the whole sample to become conducting. A statistical, numerical method is used in which the particles are randomly put, one by one, into the nonconducting host and the conducting path is searched. The particles are allowed to penetrate each other to some extent. Three different types of particle shapes are considered: spherical, cylindrical with rounded ends and asymmetric cuboids with rounded surfaces. We have found that in addition to the anisotropy in the particles' dimensions, the angular distribution of the particles' long axes plays a dominant role in the calculations of the conductivity percolation threshold.
Adipocyte Fatty Acid Transfer Supports Megakaryocyte Maturation (2020)

Megakaryocytes (MKs) come from a complex process of hematopoietic progenitor maturation within the bone marrow that gives rise to de novo circulating platelets. Bone marrow microenvironment contains a large number of adipocytes with a still ill-defined role. This study aims to analyze the influence of adipocytes and increased medullar adiposity in megakaryopoiesis. An in vivo increased medullar adiposity in mice caused by high-fat-diet-induced obesity is associated to an enhanced MK maturation and proplatelet formation. In vitro co-culture of adipocytes with bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors shows that delipidation of adipocytes directly supports MK maturation by enhancing polyploidization, amplifying the demarcation membrane system, and accelerating proplatelet formation. This direct crosstalk between adipocytes and MKs occurs through adipocyte fatty acid transfer to MKs involving CD36 to reinforce megakaryocytic maturation. Thus, these findings unveil an influence of adiposity on MK homeostasis based on a dialogue between adipocytes and MKs.
Severe Anemia (1979)

One hundred consecutive patients with hemoglobin concentration less than 3.5 g/dL (hematocrit reading, less than 10%) were admitted to the University of Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Iraq, during a 30-month period. Twenty-eight patients had aplastic anemia, 27 had leukemia or other hemopoietic malignancies, 16 had chronic renal failure, eight had iron-deficiency anemia, eight had hemolytic anemia, seven had thalassemia major, and six had other conditions. Twenty-three patients died within seven days of admission, mostly due to the underlying disease or complications thereof. Heart failure developed in ten patients, and five had retinal exudates and hemorrhages attributed to severe anemia. Arrhythmias and ECG abnormalities were noted in 20 of 68 patients. Blood transfusion was instituted in all but three patients, whose anemia was corrected with specific therapy without blood transfusion. The tolerance of the 100 patients to such severe anemia was remarkable. (<i>Arch Intern Med</i>139:1053-1054, 1979)
Roles and Regulation of Ketogenesis in Cultured Astroglia and Neurons Under Hypoxia and Hypoglycemia (2014)

Exogenous ketone bodies (KBs), acetoacetate (AA), and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) act as alternative energy substrates in neural cells under starvation. The present study examined the endogenous ketogenic capacity of astroglia under hypoxia with/without glucose and the possible roles of KBs in neuronal energy metabolism. Cultured neurons and astroglia were prepared from Sprague-Dawley rats. Palmitic acid (PAL) and l-carnitine (LC) were added to the assay medium. The 4- to 24-hr production of AA and BHB was measured using the cyclic thio-NADH method. (14)C-labeled acid-soluble products (KBs) and (14)CO2 produced from [1-(14)C]PAL were also measured. l-[U-(14)C]lactic acid ([(14)C]LAC), [1-(14)C]pyruvic acid ([(14)C]PYR), or β-[1-(14)C]hydroxybutyric acid ([(14)C]BHB) was used to compare the oxidative metabolism of the glycolysis end products with that of the KBs. Some cells were placed in a hypoxic chamber (1% O2). PAL and LC induced a higher production of KBs in astroglia than in neurons, while the CO2 production from PAL was less than 5% of the KB production in both astroglia and neurons. KB production in astroglia was augmented by the AMP-activated protein kinase activators, AICAR and metformin, as well as hypoxia with/without glucose. Neuronal KB production increased under hypoxia in the absence of PAL and LC. In neurons, [(14)C]LAC and [(14)C]PYR oxidation decreased after 24 hr of hypoxia, while [(14)C]BHB oxidation was preserved. Astroglia responds to ischemia in vitro by enhancing KB production, and astroglia-produced KBs derived from fatty acid might serve as a neuronal energy substrate for the tricarboxylic acid cycle instead of lactate, as pyruvate dehydrogenase is susceptible to ischemia.
Harrison : nefrologi dan gangguan asam-basa (2013)

Bagian I Mengenal Sistem Ginjal
Bagian II Perubahan Fungsi Ginjal dan Elektrolit
Bagian III Gagal Ginjal Akut dan Kronik
Bagian IV Gangguan Glomerulus dan Tubulus
Bagian V Penyakit Vaskuler Ginjal
Bagian VI Infeksi dan Obstruksi Saluran Kemih
Bagian VII Kanker Ginjal dan Saluran Kemih
Application of the speckle technique for three-dimensional deformation measurement (2012)

In order to obtain more comprehensive three-dimensional (3-D) deformation data, improve the flexibility and precision of 3-D deformation measurement, and describe the real-time displacement of various points in the measurement scope, we researched speckle methods in this field. First, we expounded basic theories of speckle technique and elaborated on several important aspects of 3-D measurement, including camera calibration, images matching, and 3-D coordinate and displacement calculation. Then, we established the relevant mathematical models and developed a corresponding measurement and analysis software, XJTUDIC. Aided with the appropriate hardware devices, this software recorded and analyzed the whole process of tensile deformation. When compared with the results of the simulation analysis using ANSYS, this method achieved a relative error within ±0.75%, demonstrating the reliability, feasibility, and advantage of this method and its corresponding applied software and hardware.
Evolution and molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus in China (2011)

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), is considered one of the most important viral diseases of cloven-hoofed animals, causing severe economic losses in affected regions of the world. Three serotypes (A, O, and Asia 1) of FMDV have been identified in China since 1958. In addition, the occurrence of novel subtypes within these serotypes has made the epidemiology of FMDV more complicated over the last few years. In this review, we summarize the history and the current epidemiological situation in China, genetic diversity (e.g., quasispecies dynamics, antigenic heterogeneity, and functional constraints), intertypic recombination, and the evidence for positive selection of different FMDV serotypes. We also assess these genetic data to understand the origin, evolution, and transmission of FMDV, the findings of which may be useful in developing control measures for future epidemics.