gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toxic responses of the skin (2017)

This chapter points-out that fish skin has a number of vital functions, many of which could be life threatening if perturbed beyond certain limits. These limits must be better explored and understood with respect to this organ's normal function before any consistent use of skin as a target organ in aquatic toxicity and environmental risk assessment. The chapter lays a foundation from which this understanding of skin as a target organ and chemical exchange surface in aquatic toxicology can grow. It aims to acquaint the reader with the normal histologic structure-function of fish skin and its physiologic and toxicokinetic functions. The chapter presents what is known about the toxicity of specific chemicals, the types of lesions that they cause, and the impact that they have on normal skin structure-function. It brief discusses future skin toxicology research needs.
Simple, compact, medium-energy Mott polarization analyzer (1984)

A simple, compact, UHV compatible Mott polarization analyzer is described that employs electron accelerating voltages in the range 20–40 keV.The analyzer provides excellent discrimination against inelastically scattered electrons and has the advantage that the major portion of the apparatus, and the scattered electron detectors, are operated near ground potential. The efficiency of the analyzer, ∼2×10−5, is competitive with those provided by other polarimeters. The analyzer can measure the polarization of electron beams having currents as low as ∼10−13 A and is suitable for use in a wide variety of experiments involving polarized electron beams.
Effective charge development in the transfer of the acetyl group between nucleophiles in acetonitrile solution: acetolysis and butylaminolysis of substituted phenyl esters (1997)

Equilibrium and rate constants have been measured for the phenolyses of acetic anhydride in acetonitrile solution. Acetolysis of substituted phenyl acetates by acetate ion possesses a Brønsted βlg value of -1.50 which, together with a βeq value of 2.86, indicates substantial fission of the C–OAr bond in the transition structure. The value of βeq is employed to identify the rate-limiting steps in aminolyses in acetonitrile. Butylaminolysis of substituted phenyl acetates in acetonitrile solution yields amide and substituted phenolate anion and the kinetics obey the general rate law:Free energy plots of log k1 and log k2 exhibit breaks near pKaArOH values of 9 and 8, respectively, and these can be interpreted by a mechanism which involves a common zwitterionic adduct T±, which partitions to give the product by two routes: A involving direct expulsion of the phenolate ion leaving group (k1 parameter) and B involving proton transfer prior to phenolate ion expulsion (k2 parameter). The formation of T± is rate-limiting for the A path and C–OAr bond fission is rate-limiting for the B mechanism
Performance Analysis of a Turbocharged Heavy Duty Diesel Engine with a Pre-turbo Diesel Particulate Filter Configuration (2011)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The use of particulate filters (DPF) has become in recent years the state of the art technology for the reduction of soot aerosol emissions for light, medium and heavy duty Diesel vehicles. However, the effect of the system location on engine performance is a key aspect that should be studied. In the present work a numerical study has been carried out with the objective to analyze the effect on the engine performance of an innovative DPF placement upstream of the turbine. This study has been performed by means of the gas dynamic simulation of a two-stage turbocharged heavy duty Diesel engine, which has been previously modeled from experimental data obtained under steady state conditions. The original DPF has been divided into two monoliths for the case of the pre-turbo DPF configuration. Three cylinders discharge in each of these monoliths and after the filtration the flow is driven towards the high-pressure turbine and the EGR system.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The engine response is compared with a pre-turbo DPF configuration under steady state conditions against the common DPF placement downstream of the turbine. The study covers a parametric study based on EGR and waste-gate valves opening. It has allowed comparing the variations on the engine operation as function of the EGR rate and the air-to-fuel ratio settings. Different soot loadings have been considered in order to extend the study over a wider range of operating conditions. Finally, the location of the DOC has been also considered as an additional parameter (upstream of the DPF or downstream of the turbines in the pre-turbo configuration).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Results allow identifying the phenomena controlling the engine response when the DPF is placed upstream of the turbines. Among them highlight the increase of the thermal level that favors the passive regeneration, the DPF pressure drop reduction and the benefits that the use of two parallel monoliths brings out regarding the attenuation of the wave interference between cylinders during exhaust valve opening, which leads to make unnecessary the use of twin turbines. The analysis of the interaction among all the involved phenomena provides a comprehensive understanding of the proposed architecture and its potential regarding both the engine and the DPF behavior.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Synthesis via sigmatropic rearrangement. 12. Total synthesis of (+)-dihydrocostunolide via tandem Cope-Claisen rearrangement (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleSynthesis via sigmatropic rearrangement. 12. Total synthesis of (+)-dihydrocostunolide via tandem Cope-Claisen rearrangementStanley Raucher, Ki Whan Chi, Ki Jun Hwang, and John E. Burks Jr.Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 26, 5503–5505Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00376a110https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00376a110research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views718Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Towards the Disease Biomarker in an Individual Patient Using Statistical Health Monitoring (2014)

In metabolomics, identification of complex diseases is often based on application of (multivariate) statistical techniques to the data. Commonly, each disease requires its own specific diagnostic model, separating healthy and diseased individuals, which is not very practical in a diagnostic setting. Additionally, for orphan diseases such models cannot be constructed due to a lack of available data. An alternative approach adapted from industrial process control is proposed in this study: statistical health monitoring (SHM). In SHM the metabolic profile of an individual is compared to that of healthy people in a multivariate manner. Abnormal metabolite concentrations, or abnormal patterns of concentrations, are indicated by the method. Subsequently, this biomarker can be used for diagnosis. A tremendous advantage here is that only data of healthy people is required to construct the model. The method is applicable in current-population based -clinical practice as well as in personalized health applications. In this study, SHM was successfully applied for diagnosis of several orphan diseases as well as detection of metabotypic abnormalities related to diet and drug intake.
A 62-ns 16-Mb CMOS EPROM with voltage stress relaxation technique (1991)

To meet the increasing demand for higher-density and faster EPROMs, a 16-Mb CMOS EPROM has been developed based on 0.6- mu m N-well CMOS technology. In scaled EPROMs, it is important to guarantee device reliability under high-voltage operation during programming. By employing internal programming-voltage reduction and new stress relaxation circuits, it is possible to keep an external programming voltage V/sub pp/ of 12.5 V. The device achieves a 62-ns access time with a 12-mA operating current. A sense-line equalization and data-out latching scheme, made possible by address transition detection (ATD), and a bit-line bias circuit with two types of depletion load led to the fast access time with high noise immunity. This 16-Mb EPROM has pin compatibility with a standard 16-Mb mask-programmable ROM (MROM) and is operative in either word-wide or byte-wide READ mode. Cell size and chip size are 2.2 mu m*1.75 mu m and 7.18 mm*17.39 mm, respectively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Bulk Metallic Glasses and Composites in Multicomponent Systems (2001)

Single-phase (Zr/Ti)–Cu–Al–Ni metallic glasses were synthesized by copper mold casting and mechanical alloying of elemental powder mixtures. In addition, nanostructured metallic glass composites were produced by annealing of as-cast specimens and by mechanical alloying of elemental powder mixtures blended with different volume fractions of ZrC particles. For cast specimens, the effect of composition on the thermal stability and the microstructure after partial crystallization was investigated by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Ti additions lead to a lower overall thermal stability of the material and induce primary crystallization. The grain size of the precipitates after the first crystallization stage becomes progressively finer with increasing Ti content, yielding grain sizes as small as about 2 nm for Zr54.5Ti7.5Cu20Al10Ni8. For mechanically alloyed Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5 powders containing up to 30 vol% nanoscale ZrC particles, stoichiometry variations of the glass due to particle dissolution in the glassy matrix during the mechanical alloying process were observed, which affect the thermal stability of the glassy matrix phase. Nevertheless, the composites maintain an extended supercooled liquid region before crystallization.
The Use of Peripheral Nerve Stimulators for Regional Anesthesia A Review of Experimental Characteristics, Technique, and Clinical Applications (1985)

An increasing number of patients undergoing surgery or with acute or chronic pain receive nerve blocks for analgesia currently. The continued popularity of regional anesthesia will depend upon a high success rate of the blocks. The peripheral nerve stimulator (PNS) can aid in achieving this success rate. This review article describes the electrophysiology of peripheral nerve stimulation, desirable characteristics of nerve stimulators, efficacy of presently available nerve stimulators and sheathed and unsheathed needles. Furthermore, success with the use of the nerve stimulator requires sound knowledge of anatomy of the region to be blocked and innervation of the muscle groups involved in addition to learning the correct techniques of peripheral nerve stimulation. Failure of nerve blocks using PNS is usually due to incorrect techniques of nerve stimulation.
Nano-Honeycomb Electrode-Based QCM Sensor and Its Application for PPI Detection (2019)

An anodic aluminon oxide-based nano-honeycomb electrode was fabricated on a quartz crystal to increase the surface area binding with an analyte for using as a sensing device in a quartz crystal microbalance to monitor the protein-protein interactions (PPIs). As examples, we detected PPIs of anti-Bcl-2 and Bcl-2, and Bcl-2 and Bax in real time. A sensor with a flat Au electrode showed a tiny frequency shift upon sample injection. However, our fabricated device could detect Bcl-2 and Bax in sequence. Frequency shifts corresponding to the binding of Bcl-2 to anti Bcl-2 and that of Bax to Bcl-2 increased linearly.
Browsing within Lecture Videos Based on the Chain Index of Speech Transcription (2008)

The number of digital lecture video recordings has increased dramatically since recording technology became easier to use. The accessibility and ability to search within this large archive are limited and difficult. Additionally, detailed browsing in videos is not supported due to the lack of an explicit annotation. Manual annotation and segmentation is time-consuming and therefore useless. A promising approach is based on using the audio layer of a lecture recording to obtain information about the lecture's contents. In this paper we're going to present an indexing method for computer science courses based on their existing recorded videos. The transcriptions from a speech-recognition engine (SRE) are sufficient to create a chain index for detailed browsing inside a lecture video. The index structure and the evaluation of the supplied keywords are presented. The user interface for dynamic browsing of the e-learning contents concludes this paper.
Abstract LB-294: Development and characterization of novel orally available hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling inhibitors as dual-mechanism cancer therapeutics (2010)

Abstract The HIF signaling pathway is a crucial way in which tumors can circumvent the constraints of regions of low oxygen (hypoxia) to induce angiogenesis and maintain proliferation. The oxygen regulated subunit of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1), HIF1αlpha, is a positive factor in tumor growth and its expression has been correlated with poor patient prognosis in a number of settings. We here present in vitro and in vivo data for a novel series of orally available small-molecule HIF signaling modulators that show nanomolar inhibition of the HIF signaling pathway in addition to potent anti-proliferative activity against a large number of cell lines derived from solid and blood tumors (EC50 in the range 1-100nM). Phenotypically, the compounds elicit an initial G2/M arrest, followed by the induction of caspase-3/7 and the onset of apoptosis. The in vitro results also translate into in vivo animal models. The lead compounds from the series show efficacy in tumor xenograft mouse models, with dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition of 60-70% after oral dosing (MDA-MB-231 xenograft). Structural optimisation has additionally allowed us to improve the PK and physicochemical characteristics of the compounds, with a lead candidate currently in formal pre-clinical development with the aim of entering a Phase 1 clinical trial in multiple myeloma at the end of 2010. In conclusion, we believe that the development towards clinical Proof-of-Concept of this new class of dual-mechanism inhibitors of HIF signaling and cell proliferation presents a promising new option for cancer therapeutics. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-294.
Cathepsin G and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin in the local host reaction to loosening of total hip prostheses. (1995)

The tissue localization and content of the proteolytic enzyme cathepsin G and its inhibitor alpha 1-antichymotrypsin were studied in the local host reaction to loosening of total hip-replacement prostheses in eleven patients and were compared with those in samples of non-inflammatory tissue from the synovial capsule obtained during arthroscopies of the knee. Immunostaining demonstrated cellular localization of cathepsin G in 71 per cent of monocyte or macrophage-like cells and in 46 per cent of fibroblast-like cells in the samples of interface tissue between the bone and the loose acetabular component obtained at the time of the total hip replacements, and in 59 and 42 per cent, respectively, in the samples of pseudocapsular tissue obtained at the same time, whereas the synovial lining cells in the samples of non-inflammatory tissue from the synovial capsule revealed only a slight immunoreactivity to cathepsin G. Cathepsin-G activity was also measured with synthetic succinyl-alanine-alanine-proline-phenylalanine-paranitroanilide as a substrate, the degradation of which was monitored spectrophotometrically. In accordance with results from immunohistochemical studies, cathepsin-G activity was found in the samples of interface tissue (31.6 international units per liter) and the samples of pseudocapsular tissue (15.5 international units per liter) obtained during the total hip replacements, whereas the level of cathepsin-G was low in the samples of non-inflammatory synovial capsular tissue (2.5 international units per liter). Cathepsin-G activity in the samples of pseudosynovial fluid obtained at the time of the total hip replacements was low (2.4 international units per liter), although immunoblot analysis showed marked immunoreactive cathepsin G in the samples of pseudosynovial fluid. This low activity of cathepsin G might be explained by the presence of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, which was detected by laser nephlometric immunoassay and immunoblot analysis. These results demonstrate increased concentration of cathepsin G locally in the tissues around loose total hip-replacement prostheses. Because cathepsin G is not only able to act on extracellular matrix components (such as gelatin, proteoglycan, elastin, and laminin) at a physiological pH but also is able to activate collagenase, gelatinase, and stromelysin proenzymes, to inactivate tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, and to modulate tumor necrosis factor-alpha, it may play an important role in the degradation of periprosthetic connective tissue and in the lysis of bone around the implant, thus contributing to the loosening of prostheses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Genetic Algorithms: Principles of Natural Selection Applied to Computation (1993)

A genetic algorithm is a form of evolution that occurs on a computer. Genetic algorithms are a search method that can be used for both solving problems and modeling evolutionary systems. With various mapping techniques and an appropriate measure of fitness, a genetic algorithm can be tailored to evolve a solution for many types of problems, including optimization of a function of determination of the proper order of a sequence. Mathematical analysis has begun to explain how genetic algorithms work and how best to use them. Recently, genetic algorithms have been used to model several natural evolutionary systems, including immune systems.
Extra‐pair paternity in waved albatrosses (2000)

We estimated the rate of extra-pair fertilizations (EPFs) in waved albatrosses (Phoebastria irrorata) on Isla Española, Galápagos, Ecuador, using multilocus minisatellite DNA fingerprinting. Waved albatrosses are socially monogamous, long-lived seabirds whose main population is on Española. Aggressive extra-pair copulation (EPC) attempts have been observed in the breeding colony during the days preceding egg-laying. Our genetic analyses of 16 families (single chicks and their attending parents) revealed evidence of EPFs in four families. In all cases males were the excluded parent. These data suggest that waved albatrosses have an unusually high rate of EPF relative to taxa with similar life histories. Future behavioural observations will determine the extent to which forced vs. unforced EPCs contribute to this high EPF rate.
Identifying areas of vulnerability. (2015)

Using penetration testing to highlight areas of weakness with practical steps for improving the security of your organisation.
On the Effect of Time and Frequency Offsets in the Up-link of an Asynchronous Multi-user DMT OFDMA System (2000)

Abstract – The effect of time and frequency offsets in the uplink of an asynchronous multi-user system for wireless communications deploying discrete multi-tone modulation and demodulation is studied through analysis. We give analytical expressions for the multiple access interference generated in such a scenario, we study its statistics, and we emphasize its dependency on the tone assignment algorithm used to multiplex the users. Based on our analysis, we also show that an effective way of counteracting these impairments is to insert time and frequency guard intervals, so that a proper trade off with spectral efficiency can be met to optimize system performance.
Perylenequinones in Photodynamic Therapy: Cellular versus Vascular Response (2006)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising new modality in the treatment of cancers, which employs the interaction between a tumor-localizing photosensitizer and light of an appropriate wavelength to bring about molecular oxygen-induced cell death. We have investigated the efficacy of photosensitizers from the family perylenequinone, namely Hypericin, Hypocrellin A and B, in the treatment of cancer. These photosensitizers are known as potent second generation natural photosensitizers that have phototherapeutic advantages over the presently used porphyrins. We have studied the in vitro signaling mechanism involved in the photodynamic action following PDT in various human carcinoma cell lines. The difference of tumor cell death between two modes of action i.e., vascular- and cellular-mediated cell death, were evaluated in order to compare treatments that can efficaciously eradicate tumor in xenografts model. The antivascular effect of PDT was demonstrated in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Tumor therapy based on targeting the vasculature of the tumor is indeed promising as demonstrated in the higher relative regression percentage of treated tumor compared to cellular targeted PDT. The favorable tumor response derived from short drug-light interval mediated PDT was primarily based on the differential uptake of the photosensitizer into tumor-associated vasculature as opposed to the cellular compartments of the tumor.
Grain Structure Control of Flat Extruded AA6082 Alloy (2000)

In the present work a commercial AA6082 alloy has been investigated. The alloy was homogenised to different dispersoid levels using different temperature cycles and extruded to flat profiles. By applying a special quenching unit at the extrusion press, the recrystallisation process was completely inhibited. The as-deformed materials were annealed in a salt bath to follow the recrystallisation process in rather great detail at various through-thickness positions in the extrusion profiles. The recrystallisation kinetics and grain size were modelled based upon input data such as deformation structure, dispersoid density and verified against the experimental results.