gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AN INITIAL MASS FUNCTION STUDY OF THE DWARF STARBURST GALAXY NGC 4214 (2013)

The production rate of ionizing photons in young (≤8 Myr), unresolved stellar clusters in the nearby irregular galaxy NGC 4214 is probed using multi-wavelength Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 data. We normalize the ionizing photon rate by the cluster mass to investigate the upper end of the stellar initial mass function (IMF). We have found that within the uncertainties the upper end of the stellar IMF appears to be universal in this galaxy, and that deviations from a universal IMF can be attributed to stochastic sampling of stars in clusters with masses ≾ 10^3 M_☉. Furthermore, we have found that there does not seem to be a dependence of the maximum stellar mass on the cluster mass. We have also found that for massive clusters, feedback may cause an underrepresentation in Hα luminosities, which needs to be taken into account when conducting this type of analysis.
Biosynthesis of the Linkage Region of the Mycobacterial Cell Wall (1996)

The "core" structure of the cell wall of Mycobacterium and related genera is unique among prokaryotes, consisting of a covalently linked complex of mycolic acids, D-arabinan and D-galactan (mycolylarabinogalactan, mAG), which, in turn, is linked to peptidoglycan via a special linkage unit, -alpha-L-Rhap(1-->3)-D-GlcNAc-P-. Little is known of the biosynthesis of this complex, although it is the site of action of several common anti-tuberculosis drugs. Isolated cell membranes of Mycobacterium smegmatis catalyzed the incorporation of [14C]GlcNAc from UDP-[14C]GlcNAc into two glycolipids (1 and 2) and of [14C]Rha from TDP-[14C]Rha into glycolipid 2. These products were characterized as polyprenol-P-P-GlcNAc (glycolipid 1) and polyprenol-P-P-GlcNAc-Rha (glycolipid 2) based on sensitivity of synthesis to tunicamycin, chromatographic characterization of the products of mild acid hydrolysis, and mass spectral analysis of the glycosyl and polyprenyl units. Glycolipids 1 and 2 were shown to be precursors of the linkage unit in polymerized cell wall. The inclusion in the assays of UDP-[14C]Galp and a preparation of cell walls allowed the incorporation of [14C]Gal into two further glycolipids (3 and 4). Preliminary evidence indicates a precursor-product relationship among glycolipids 1, 2, 3, and 4. Thus, the first steps in the biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall involve synthesis of the linkage disaccharide on a polyprenyl-P-P carrier followed by growth of the galactan unit. Assays are thus defined for the screening of new anti-tuberculosis drugs active against cell wall synthesis.
The Mechanism of Electropolishing of Titanium in Methanol‐Sulfuric Acid Electrolytes (1998)

The mechanism of electropolishing of titanium in methanol‐sulfuric acid electrolytes is studied by steady‐state measurements and by ac‐impedance spectroscopy using a rotating disk electrode. The effect of applied potential, electrode rotation rate, temperature, and electrolyte composition on the response of the system is investigated at the mass‐transport‐limited current plateau. Both steady‐state measurements and impedance data suggest that the rate of reaction is controlled by mass transport of tetravalent titanium species from the anode surface to the bulk electrolyte. The impedance data confirm the presence of a compact film at the anode surface during titanium dissolution at the limiting current.
Reduction in lipoprotein-associated apoC-III levels following volanesorsen therapy: phase 2 randomized trial results (2016)

Elevated apoC-III levels predict increased cardiovascular risk when present on LDL and HDL particles. We developed novel high-throughput chemiluminescent ELISAs that capture apoB, lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], and apoA-I in plasma and then detect apoC-III on these individual lipoproteins as apoCIII-apoB, apoCIII-Lp(a), and apoCIII-apoAI complexes, respectively. We assessed the effects on these complexes of placebo or 100-300 mg volanesorsen, a generation 2.0+ antisense drug that targets apoC3 mRNA in patients with hypertriglyceridemia, including familial chylomicronemia syndrome (n = 3), volanesorsen monotherapy (n = 51), and as add-on to fibrate (n = 26), treated for 85 days and followed for 176 days. Compared with placebo, volanesorsen was associated with an 82.3 ± 11.7%, 81.3 ± 15.7%, and 80.8 ± 13.6% reduction in apoCIII-apoB, apoCIII-Lp(a), and apoCIII-apoA-I, respectively (300 mg dose;P< 0.001 for all), at day 92. Strong correlations in all assay measures were noted with total plasma apoC-III, chylomicron-apoC-III, and VLDL-apoC-III. In conclusion, novel high-throughput ELISAs were developed to detect lipoprotein-associated apoC-III, including for the first time on Lp(a). Volanesorsen uniformly lowers apoC-III on apoB-100, Lp(a), and apoA-I lipoproteins, and may be a potent agent to reduce triglycerides and cardiovascular risk mediated by apoC-III.
Low-k Integration Using Metallic Hard Masks (2012)

For the 45 nm interconnect technology node, porous dielectric materials (p-SiOCH) have been introduced, leading to complex integration issues due to their high sensitivity upon FC etching and ashing plasma exposure [1, 2]. Thanks to Metallic hard mask (MHM) integration high selectivities towards dielectric materials (&gt;100:1) can be reached and minimizes exposure of p-SiOCH films to ashing plasmas. However MHM such as TiN generates other issues such as i) metal contamination in the patterned structures and ii) growth of metal based residues on the top of the hard mask [3, 4, 5]. The residues growth, which is air exposure time dependent, directly impacts the yield performance with the generation of via and line opens [.
Macrophage Notch Ligand Delta-Like 4 Promotes Vein Graft Lesion Development (2015)

These results suggest that macrophage Dll4 promotes lesion development in vein grafts via macrophage activation and crosstalk between macrophages and smooth muscle cells, supporting the Dll4-Notch axis as a novel therapeutic target.
Tight Integration Between IMU and GPS for Sounding Rockets (2010)

This report presents integrity monitoring and integration methods for an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and a gps receiver. The methods are applied to data from a Maxus sounding rocket used for microgravity research. It is crucial to determine the rocket position during launch to ensure a safe landing location. Today, the navigation relies on IMU integration only. Involving a GPS receiver enhances the position accuracy but there is a need for protection against faulty satellite range measurements. Monitoring over a sequence of the measurements gives higher conﬁdence to the tests.
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL ZWITTERIONIC STRUCTURE AND AN UNUSUAL SUGAR RING CONFORMATION IN 5‐IODO‐5′‐AMINO‐2′,5′‐DIDEOXYURIDINE, AN ANTIVIRAL NUCLEOSIDE (1979)

Abstract Durch Röntgenkrista1lanalyse wird für das Titelnucleosid (I) (Raumgruppe P2121 21) eine dreidimensionale zwitterionische Struktur ermittelt.
Polarization dependant scattering as a tool to retrieve the buried phase information of surface plasmon polaritons (2012)

We report on an experimental and theoretical study demonstrating that the phase information of a surface plasmon polariton (SPP) can be retrieved by investigating the cross polarized scattered components in the SPP reflection channel. The method does not require traditional interferometric techniques, optical heterodyning, or polarimetry, instead the method is self referencing. Studies are performed for different excitation wavelengths (561 nm and 795 nm), providing an alternative access route to phase information for sensing applications while also offering a deeper understanding of the scattering behavior of SPPs.
Magnetoferritin. Biomineralization as a novel molecular approach in the design of iron-oxide-based magnetic resonance contrast agents. (1994)

Bulte JWM, Douglas T, Mann S, Frankel RB, Moskowitz BM, Brooks RA, Baumgarner CD, Vymazal J, Frank JA. Magnetoferritin: biomineralization as a novel molecular approach in the design of iron-oxide-based magnetic resonance contrast agents. Invest Radiol 1994;29:S214–S216.
System considerations for the compressive sampling of EEG and ECoG bio-signals (2011)

Analog domain Compressed Sensing (CS) has enabled dramatic levels of sub-Nyquist sampling of sparse signals in applications such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyogram (EMG) bio-signals. This work describes extensions of CS to electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocorticogram (ECoG) brain signals. Specifically, the time-, frequency- and wavelet-domain sparsity of these signals is investigated. For EEG/ECoG signals it is shown that the time-and frequency-domain capture essential spike features even at high threshold levels and are useful for coarse EEG/ECoG processing. Wavelet domain can be used for fine processing with signal de-noising properties without using thresholding. CS signal-reconstruction performance for time-, frequency- and wavelet domain (Daubechies, Symlets, Coiflets and Meyer wavelets) are presented along with system design considerations.
A VHDL synthesis primer (1996)

From the Publisher:
Here is a practical and useful guide to VHDL synthesis. The purpose of this book is to explain the transformations that occur during the synthesis process from a VHDL model to a netlist. Constructs that are supported for synthesis are clearly explained with many examples with their synthesized netlists. The second edition is based on the IEEE standard NUMERIC_BIT/NUMERIC_STD arithmetic packages.
Amphetamine‐induced c‐fosmRNA expression in the caudate‐putamen and subthalamic nucleus: interactions between dose, environment, and neuronal phenotype (2003)

When administered in a novel environment relatively low doses of amphetamine induce c-fos mRNA in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and in preproenkephalin mRNA-containing (ENK+) neurons in the caudate-putamen (CPu). When administered at home, however, low doses of amphetamine do not produce these effects. Environmental novelty also facilitates the behavioral effects of acute and repeated amphetamine, but this is dose-dependent. The purpose of the present experiment therefore was to determine if the effect of context on amphetamine-induced c-fos expression is also dose-dependent. It was found that: (i) No dose of amphetamine tested (1-10 mg/kg) induced c-fos in many ENK+ cells when given at home. (ii) When given in a novel environment low to moderate doses of amphetamine (1-5 mg/kg) induced c-fos in substantial numbers of ENK+ cells, but the highest dose examined (10 mg/kg) did not. (iii) Environmental novelty enhanced the ability of low to moderate doses of amphetamine to induce c-fos in the STN, but the highest dose of amphetamine induced robust c-fos mRNA expression in the STN regardless of context. The results do not support the idea that engaging ENK+ cells, at least as indicated by c-fos mRNA expression, is critical to produce robust behavioral sensitization, but do suggest a possible role for the STN. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of drug-environment interactions on the neurobiological effects of drugs, and have implications for thinking about the circuits by which context modulates the acute and long-lasting consequences of amphetamine treatment.
Role of IL-1β in Experimental Cystic Fibrosis upon P. aeruginosa Infection (2014)

Cystic fibrosis is associated with increased inflammatory responses to pathogen challenge. Here we revisited the role of IL-1β in lung pathology using the experimental F508del-CFTR murine model on C57BL/6 genetic background (Cftr(tm1eur) or d/d), on double deficient for d/d and type 1 interleukin-1 receptor (d/d X IL-1R1-/-), and antibody neutralization. At steady state, young adult d/d mice did not show any signs of spontaneous lung inflammation. However, IL-1R1 deficiency conferred partial protection to repeated P. aeruginosa endotoxins/LPS lung instillation in d/d mice, as 50% of d/d mice succumbed to inflammation, whereas all d/d x IL-1R1-/- double mutants survived with lower initial weight loss and less pulmonary collagen and mucus production, suggesting that the absence of IL-1R1 signaling is protective in d/d mice in LPS-induced lung damage. Using P. aeruginosa acute lung infection we found heightened neutrophil recruitment in d/d mice with higher epithelial damage, increased bacterial load in BALF, and augmented IL-1β and TNF-α in parenchyma as compared to WT mice. Thus, F508del-CFTR mice show enhanced IL-1β signaling in response to P. aeruginosa. IL-1β antibody neutralization had no effect on lung homeostasis in either d/d or WT mice, however P. aeruginosa induced lung inflammation and bacterial load were diminished by IL-1β antibody neutralization. In conclusion, enhanced susceptibility to P. aeruginosa in d/d mice correlates with an excessive inflammation and with increased IL-1β production and reduced bacterial clearance. Further, we show that neutralization of IL-1β in d/d mice through the double mutation d/d x IL-1R1-/- and in WT via antibody neutralization attenuates inflammation. This supports the notion that intervention in the IL-1R1/IL-1β pathway may be detrimental in CF patients.
Genetic Analysis of Isolates of Botrytis cinerea Sensitive and Resistant to Benzimidazole and Dicarboximide Fungicides (2000)

ABSTRACT A total of 56 isolates of B. cinerea collected from ornamental crops from commercial greenhouses were examined by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprint analyses. Isolates were examined as two independent sets of 35 and 36 isolates, with 15 isolates common to both sets. The isolates had four phenotypes: 17 were sensitive to two commonly used fungicides, thiophanate-methyl (a benzimidazole) and vinclozolin (a dicarboximide) (S(T)S(V)); 18 were resistant to both fungicides (R(T)R(V)); 16 were resistant to thiophanate-methyl but sensitive to vinclozolin (R(T)S(V)); and 5 were sensitive to thiophanate-methyl but resistant to vinclozolin (S(T)R(V)). Relationships among the isolates were determined by cluster analyses of mean character differences using the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average and cladograms were constructed. Isolates were clustered primarily by fungicide-sensitivity phenotype. In one set of greenhouse isolates, 6 of 10 S(T)S(V) isolates clustered together with a bootstrap confidence value of 91%. In the other fingerprint set of greenhouse isolates, 9 of 11 S(T)S(V) isolates clustered together and had a bootstrap confidence value of 98%. Isolates resistant to thiophanate-methyl, vinclozolin, or both fungicides usually were not clustered with other isolates or were clustered with isolates of the same phenotype. To further elucidate these relationships, variant isolates resistant to one or both fungicides were produced on fungicide-amended agar medium from 14 S(T)S(V) greenhouse isolates. These 14 S(T)S(V) parent isolates, 57 resistant variant isolates, and 11 resistant greenhouse isolates were analyzed as three independent RAPD fingerprint sets. Variants selected from eight S(T)S(V) parent isolates were resistant to both thiophanate-methyl and vinclozolin even though parent isolates were exposed to only one of the fungicides. Isolates resistant only to vinclozolin (S(T)R(V)) had fingerprint patterns similar to and clustered with those of parent isolates, while fingerprint patterns of isolates resistant to thiophanate-methyl (i.e., R(T)R(V) or R(T)S(V)), regardless of sensitivity to vinclozolin, clustered differently from both those of S(T)S(V) parent isolates and those of S(T)R(V) isolates derived from the same parent. R(T)R(V) and R(T)S(V) variant isolates derived from the same fungicide-sensitive parents only clustered with other variants having the same phenotype.
Crystal structure of a hybrid salt–cocrystal and its resolution by preferential crystallization: ((±)trans-N,N′-dibenzyldiaminocyclohexane)(2,3-dichlorophenylacetic acid)4 (2011)

trans-N,N′-Dibenzyldiaminocyclohexane (B) crystallizes with 2,3-dichlorophenylacetic acid (AH); the crystal structure, resolved by using crystal X-ray diffraction, revealed an odd stoichiometry composed of H2B2+, two A− and two AH forming an unexpected hybrid salt–cocrystal. As this compound is a stable conglomerate (i.e. every single crystal contains the enantiomerically pure cation H2B2+, RR or SS), several preferential crystallization attempts (AS3PC) were performed in methanol and in THF and gave unexpected final enantiomeric excesses greater than 20% for the entrainment in methanol. These results suggest that the crystal growth mechanism preferentially involves building units composed of [H2B2+; 2A− and 2AH] or reconstruction of some crystal interfaces rather than a layer by layer construction.
Direct Detection of <italic>Salmonella</italic> Cells in the Air of Livestock Stables by Real-Time PCR (2009)

A SYBR Green real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for specific detection and quantification of airborne Salmonella cells in livestock housings is presented. A set of specific primers was tested and validated for specific detection and quantification of Salmonella-specific invA genes of DNA extracted from bioaerosol samples. Application of the method to poultry house bioaerosol samples showed concentrations ranging from 2.2 x 10(1) to 3 x 10(6) Salmonella targets m(-3) of air. Salmonella were also detected by a cultivation-based approach in some samples, but concentrations were two to three magnitudes lower than the concentrations detected by molecular biological results. Specificity of results was demonstrated by cloning analyses of PCR products, which were exclusively assigned to the genus Salmonella. However, by molecular methods, microorganisms are detected independently of their viability status, leading to an overestimation of concentration. Hence, the survival rate of Salmonella cells was measured on filter surfaces during filtration samplings where 82% of the cells died within 20 min of filtration. The results clearly show the specificity and practicability of the established qPCR assay for analysis and quantification of salmonellae in bioaerosols. The results demonstrate airborne Salmonella workplace concentrations in poultry production of up to 3.3% of 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole-counted total cell numbers.
New acetylenic derivatives of betulin and betulone, synthesis and cytotoxic activity (2016)

Betulin <b>1</b> and its semisynthetic derivatives exhibit a cytotoxic activity toward various cancer cell lines. These compounds are a promising and potential anticancer candidates. A series of betulin derivatives was prepared and tested for the antiproliferative activity in vitro against T47D breast cancer, CCRF/CEM leukemia, HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia, SW707 colorectal, murine P388 leukemia, as well as BALB3T3 normal fibroblasts cell lines. Cisplatin and betulin <b>1</b> were used as a reference compounds. Some derivatives of betulin showed a higher cytotoxic activity than the parent compound <b>1</b>. Two derivatives (<b>5</b> and <b>17</b>) were 24-fold potent than betulin <b>1</b> against the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60), with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 0.3 µg/mL.
Epitaxial copper oxide thin films deposited on cubic oxide substrates (2008)

We study the growth conditions of Cu2O thin films deposited on MgO (0 0 1) and SrTiO3 (0 0 1) substrates by pulsed laser ablation, in order to explore the compatibility between semiconducting p-type Cu2O and other perovskite oxides in view of the fabrication of oxide electronics heterostructures. We find that in both cases perfect epitaxy, high crystalline quality and good out-of-plane orientation are achieved. In this context, epitaxy plays a major role in driving the phase formation. On the other hand, in films deposited at temperatures higher than 700 °C transport is inhibited by poor grain connectivity, which is an inevitable consequence of the necessity for the crystal to release the lattice strain. Instead, better connectivity and bulk-like values of resistivity, as well as good crystallinity and orientation, are obtained for films deposited at 650 °C. This should be kept in mind for the fabrication of stacked layer oxide heterostructures, where deep grooves between adjacent grains would be a serious drawback both for vertical and planar transport.
Minimization of the muGFET contact resistance by integration of nisi contacts on epitaxially raised source/drain regions (2005)

High parasitic S/D resistance is a major obstacle in realizing future generations of CMOS technologies using multiple gate devices with narrow fins. This makes selective epitaxial growth of Si in the S/D regions, the enabling process for multiple gate CMOS technologies. In this paper, we endeavor to integrate a low temperature selective epitaxial growth process and a low temperature NiSi process to form low resistance S/D contacts. Our experimental results show 34% and 11% improvement in parasitic S/D resistance of N-and P-channel multiple gate FETs with less than 20 nm wide fins respectively.
Differential Protein Expression Profiling by iTRAQ−2DLC−MS/MS of Lung Cancer Cells Undergoing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Reveals a Migratory/Invasive Phenotype (2006)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of epithelial cells in both normal embryonic development and certain pathological contexts. Here, we show that TGF-beta induced-EMT in human lung cancer cells (A549; adenocarcinoma cells) mediates tumor cell migration and invasion phenotypes. To gain insights into molecular events during EMT, we employed a global stable isotope labeled profiling strategy using iTRAQ reagents, followed by 2DLC-MS/MS, which identified a total of 51 differentially expressed proteins during EMT; 29 proteins were up-regulated and 22 proteins were down-regulated. Down-regulated proteins were predominantly enzymes involved in regulating nutrient or drug metabolism. The majority of the TGF-beta-induced proteins (such as tropomyosins, filamin A, B, & C, integrin-beta1, heat shock protein27, transglutaminase2, cofilin, 14-3-3 zeta, ezrin-radixin-moesin) are involved in the regulation of cell migration, adhesion and invasion, suggesting the acquisition of a invasive phenotype.
Role of systemic inflammation in cirrhosis: From pathogenesis to prognosis (2015)

The natural history of cirrhosis can be divided into an initial stage, known as compensated cirrhosis, and an advanced stage which encompasses both decompensated cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). The latter syndrome has been recently described as an acute deterioration of liver function in patients with cirrhosis, which is usually triggered by a precipitating event and results in the failure of one or more organs and high short-term mortality rates. Each stage is characterized by distinctive clinical manifestations and prognoses. One of the key elements involved in cirrhosis physiopathology is systemic inflammation, recently described as one of the components in the cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction syndrome. This syndrome refers to the combination of immune deficiency and exacerbated inflammation that coexist during the course of cirrhosis and relates to the appearance of clinical complications. Since systemic inflammation is often difficult to assess in cirrhosis patients, new objective, reproducible and readily-available markers are needed in order to optimize prognosis and lengthen survival. Thus, surrogate serum markers and clinical parameters of systemic inflammation have been sought to improve disease follow-up and management, especially in decompensated cirrhosis and ACLF. Leukocyte counts (evaluated as total leukocytes, total eosinophils or neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio) and plasma levels of procalcitonin or C-reactive protein have been proposed as prognostic markers, each with advantages and shortcomings. Research and prospective randomized studies that validate these and other markers are clearly warranted.