gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of intermolecular potential on compressible Couette flow in slip and transitional regimes (2014)

The effect of intermolecular potentials on compressible, planar flow in slip and transitional regimes is investigated using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. Two intermolecular interaction models, the variable hard sphere (VHS) and the Lennard-Jones (LJ) models, are first compared for subsonic and supersonic Couette flows of argon at temperatures of 40, 273, and 1,000 K, and then for Couette flows in the transitional regime ranging from Knudsen numbers (Kn) of 0.0051 to 1. The binary scattering model for elastic scattering using the Lennard-Jones (LJ) intermolecular potential proposed recently [A. Venkattraman and A. Alexeenko, “Binary scattering model for Lennard-Jones potential: Transport coefficients and collision integrals for non-equilibrium gas flow simulations,” Phys. Fluids 24, 027101 (2012)] is shown to accurately reproduce both the theoretical collision frequency in an equilibrium gas as well as the theoretical viscosity variation with temperature. The use of a repulsive-attractive instead of a purely repulsive potential is found to be most important in the continuum and slip regimes as well as in flows with large temperature variations. Differences in shear stress of up to 28% between the VHS and LJ models is observed at Kn=0.0051 and is attributed to differences in collision frequencies, ultimately affecting velocity gradients at the wall. For Kn=1 where the Knudsen layer expands the entire domain, the effect of the larger collision frequency in the LJ model relative to VHS diminishes, and a 7% difference in shear stress is observed.
Thin Film Nickel-Chromium Resistor Failures in Integrated Circuits (1972)

Radiation hardened integrated circuits of the Quad NAND Gate type were evaluated using both standard high temperature stress tests and specially designed low temperature tests. As a result of this program, effective methods were devised for accelerating the major failure mechanism, i.e., electrochemical attack of thin film nichrome resistors. The basic chemical and structural factors contributing to this mechanism were investigated using electron beam microanalysis techniques. Based upon the results of these studies, methods are proposed for minimizing the effects of this failure mechanism for this class of circuits.
5. Detection of HIV DNA and HPV genotypes in the CD14+ fraction of anal cytology samples from HIV-positive human subjects (2013)

Background HIV-seropositive patients have a higher prevalence of other viral infections, including HPV, even while on anti-retroviral therapy. Anal infection with high-risk HPV genotypes can lead to anal dysplasia, which can progress to anal cancer. HIV and HPV can be contracted via sexual transmission; however, the interaction between these two pathogens and effect on the immune system are poorly understood. Since CD14 cells have been implicated in disease progression in other HIV-associated diseases, the objective of this study was to characterise CD14 cells from anal cytology specimens. Methods: Anal cytology samples were obtained from 14 HIV-positive patients enrolled in an anal dysplasia study. Samples were sorted for CD14 subsets. Following DNA extraction, HIV DNA copy was assessed by real-time PCR with primers/probes for ß-globin and HIV gag genes. HPV DNA was amplified and genotypes identified using Roche’s LINEAR ARRAY HPV genotyping kit. Results: HIV DNA was detected in samples from 8 patients. Of those, 5 patients also tested positive for HPV genotypes. All 6 patients who tested HIV DNA-negative also tested HPV-positive. Due to low numbers, difference in HPV status relative to HIV DNA status was not statistically significant. HPV genotypes closely corresponded between CD14+ and CD14– fractions. Conclusions: Both HIV DNA and HPV genotypes can be detected from a single anal cytology specimen. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the significance of HPV genotypes detected in CD14+ fractions as well as the consequence of HIV and HPV coinfection in anal epithelia.
Use of threshold germination models under variable field conditions. (2009)

The potential of four threshold models to predict germination patterns (in carrot cv. Nantes) recorded in 15 different field environments was investigated. Thermal time tended to underestimate the time to germination and hydrothermal time tended to overestimate the time to germination. The prediction was improved under some conditions by incorporating hydrothermal priming time to take account of advancement towards germination below the base water potential. However, a threshold model which was modified to allow progress toward germination to be unaffected by water potentials above the base water potential provided the most accurate prediction. These results suggest that seeds progressed towards germination faster in variable field conditions than would be expected from laboratory experiments in constant conditions of temperature and water potential.
Pantheon habitat made from regolith, with a focusing solar reflector (2020)

We describe a polar Moon base habitat using direct solar energy for construction, food production and atmospheric revitalization. With a growing area as large as 2000 m<sup>2</sup>, it could provide for 40 or more people. The habitat is built like the ancient Roman Pantheon, a stone structure with a top circular oculus, bringing in focused sunlight that is spread out to crops below. The conical, corbelled structure is built from cast regolith blocks, held in compression despite the large internal atmospheric pressure by a regolith overlayer 20-30 m thick. It is sealed on the inside against leaks with thin plastic. A solar mirror concentrator used initially to cast the building blocks is later used to illuminate the habitat through a small pressure window at the oculus. Three years of robotic preparation of the building blocks does not seem excessive for a habitat which can be expected to last for millennia, as has the Treasury of Atreus made by similar dry-stone construction. One goal of returning to the Moon is to demonstrate the practicality of long-term human habitation off the Earth. The off-axis, paraboloidal reflecting mirror is rotated about the vertical polar axis in order to direct horizontal sunlight downward to a focus. In this way, the heavy materials needed from Earth to build and power the habitat are largely limited to the solar concentrator and regolith moving and moulding equipment. By illuminating with a reflector rather than with electricity, the solar collection area is 20 times smaller than would be needed for PV cells. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Astronomy from the Moon: the next decades'.
A Rare Case of Multiple Pancreatic Metastases in a Patient With Renal Cell Carcinoma (2014)

Introduction: A 76-year-old male was seen at another institution for nonspecific abdominal pain. Patient was status post right nephrectomy in 2006 for a 6-cm, clear cell, Fuhrman grade 2, pT1, N0, M0 renal cell carcinoma (RCC). He also had Gleason score of 8, T2 prostate cancer, with completion of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation and radiation therapy in 2013. His CT abdomen showed multiple enhancing nodules throughout the pancreas, thought to be consistent with chronic pancreatitis, due of his well-established history of heavy alcohol intake. Patient subsequently sought a second opinion at our institution. MRI and EUS showed multiple large hypervascular masses throughout the pancreas. EUS-guided FNA of the pancreatic tail mass was positive for adenocarcinoma, consistent with primary renal cell carcinoma. The patient declined treatment and eventually decided to pursue palliative care. A relatively uncommon malignancy, approximately 65,100 new cases of RCC were diagnosed in 2013, accounting for only 4% of all newly diagnosed cancers. SEER Registry data up to 2008 showed that 17% of RCC were metastatic. The most common sites of RCC metastases are the lung, bone, liver, brain, and adrenal tissue. Pancreas is a less common site, and the RCC mets are usually solitary. Vascular invasion is 5 times more likely than lymph nodes positivity, suggesting hematogenous spread as the possible metastatic route. On the other hand, metastases to the pancreas are also rare, accounting for 2-5% of all pancreatic malignancies. Radiologic findings that arouse suspicion for metastatic disease to the pancreas rather than a primary neoplasm include hypervascularity of lesions, absence of lymphadenopathy, and multicentricity. Differential diagnosis of a pancreatic mass includes lymphoma (minimal enhancement on CT), autoimmune pancreatitis (diffuse enlargement with loss of definition of pancreatic clefts and minimal peripancreatic fat stranding), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (poorly defined mass with surrounding desmoplastic reaction) and neuroendocrine tumors (well-circumscribed hypervascular masses). Synchronous presentation of primary RCC and pancreatic metastasis is rare, occurring in about 10%. The usual interval between nephrectomy to pancreatic recurrence is about 11 years, with no relationship between synchronous disease and survival.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Large-Size Monolayer MoSe2 Crystals on Molten Glass (2017)

We report the fast growth of high-quality millimeter-size monolayer MoSe<sub>2</sub> crystals on molten glass using an ambient pressure CVD system. We found that the isotropic surface of molten glass suppresses nucleation events and greatly improves the growth of large crystalline domains. Triangular monolayer MoSe<sub>2</sub> crystals with sizes reaching ∼2.5 mm, and with a room-temperature carrier mobility up to ∼95 cm<sup>2</sup>/(V·s), can be synthesized in 5 min. The method can also be used to synthesize millimeter-size monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> crystals. Our results demonstrate that "liquid-state" glass is a highly promising substrate for the low-cost growth of high-quality large-size 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs).
Current status of adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer. (2001)

Adjuvant endocrine therapy is a vitally important modality for treatment of women with resected hormone-sensitive breast cancer as indicated by the presence of estrogen and/or progesterone receptors in the tumor. It is not recommended in those patients whose tumors lack these hormone receptors. Tamoxifen for 5 years has been shown to reduce the risk of recurrence and death irrespective of menopausal status or use of adjuvant chemotherapy. In postmenopausal women, the major research emphasis relates to the use of third-generation aromatase inhibitors in sequence with, instead of, and in combination with tamoxifen. In premenopausal women, ovarian ablation/suppression has demonstrated efficacy comparable with some chemotherapy regimens, but its role in women receiving chemotherapy remains to be determined.
Enhanced neural machine translation by learning from draft (2017)

Neural machine translation (NMT) has recently achieved impressive results. A potential problem of the existing NMT algorithm, however, is that the decoding is conducted from left to right, without considering the right context. This paper proposes an two-stage approach to solve the problem. In the first stage, a conventional attention-based NMT system is used to produce a draft translation, and in the second stage, a novel double-attention NMT system is used to refine the translation, by looking at the original input as well as the draft translation. This drafting-and-refinement can obtain the right-context information from the draft, hence producing more consistent translations. We evaluated this approach using two Chinese-English translation tasks, one with 44k pairs and 1M pairs respectively. The experiments showed that our approach achieved positive improvements over the conventional NMT system: the improvements are 2.4 and 0.9 BLEU points on the small-scale and large-scale tasks, respectively.
Conclusion (1997)

The period covered by my study of workers in Masan (1987 to 1994) was one of enormous importance to South Korea. Rapid economic growth was sustained, but the military dictatorship, with its antilabor policies, came to an end. The dominance of heavy and advanced-technology industries increased, while those light industries that employed women as production workers continued their relative decline. For women workers these changes have had complex and sometimes contradictory effects. The urban working class has continued to increase in number and has been able to engage in more open political activity. The end of military rule, however, fragmented opposition political forces and took away the sense of urgency that had driven middleclass college students into such activities as labor organizing. Furthermore, women workers have experienced a diminishing role within the working class as their jobs as production workers have decreased in number and become less important to the national economy. The female workforce in Masan is now only half of its size in 1987, although it is significantly better paid.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies of Nitrosyl and Thionitrosyl and Density Functional Theory Studies of Nitrido, Nitrosyl, Thionitrosyl, and Selenonitrosyl Complexes of Chromium (2010)

The novel S = 1/2 thionitrosyl complexes Cr(NS)(CN)(5)(3-), Cr(NS)(dmso)(5)(2+), and Cr(NS)(nmf)(5)(2+) (dmso = dimethyl sulfoxide, nmf = N-methylformamide) have been prepared, and their optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra were studied. The values of the isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine and superhyperfine coupling constants A((53)Cr), A((14)N), and A((13)C) and of g were determined from the EPR spectra at room temperature and at 66 K. The values of A(⊥) and A(iso) in the thionitrosyl complexes were slightly higher than in the analogous nitrosyl complexes. A common feature in the optical absorption spectra of the thionitrosyl complexes in solution at 298 K is an absorption band around 600 nm with a vibronic structure whereas such a band is located around 450 nm in the analogous nitrosyl complexes. Density functional theory (DFT) studies of the series of complexes Cr(N)(H(2)O)(5)(2+), Cr(NO)(H(2)O)(5)(2+), Cr(NS)(H(2)O)(5)(2+), and Cr(NSe)(H(2)O)(5)(2+) show that the unpaired electron resides in a metal-based d(xy) orbital and that the electronic structure in the equatorial plane is similar in all four complexes and similar to Cr(3+). The σ donating ability was found in the order N(3-) ≫ NO < NS ≈ NSe and the π accepting ability in the order NO > NS ≈ NSe. Time dependent DFT calculations gave in all four complexes a d(x(2)-y(2)) ← d(xy) transition energy around 17 500 cm(-1).
Russian: United States Environmental Restoration Workshop (1993)

The Russian - United States Environmental Restoration Workshop, held in Washington, D.C., and Richland, Washington, from April 5 through 18, 1993, was the first extended collaborative information exchange between the US Department of Energy (DOE) and Russian scientists at the site level. In addition to the Russian scientists, workshop participants included scientists and staff from DOE, Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL), Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC), the US Environmental Training Institute (USETI), universities, and the private sector. The first week (April 5 through 10) of the workshop took place in Washington, D.C., where the Russian and US participants were presented with a US perspective on environmental restoration and remediation issues from representatives in DOE and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The second week (April 11 through 18) occurred in Richland, Washington, where the participants were presented with site-specific environmental restoration and remediation issues related to Hanford Site cleanup. This report is a compilation of the presentations, discussions, and experiences shared during the second week of the workshop in Richland, Washington.
Single-scatter Monte Carlo compared to condensed history results for low energy electrons (1991)

A Monte Carlo code has been developed to simulate individual electron interactions. The code has been instrumental in determining the range of validity for the widely used condensed history method. This task was accomplished by isolating and testing the condensed history assumptions. The results show that the condensed history method fails for low energy electron transport due to inaccuracies in energy loss and spatial positioning. 19 refs., 21 figs., 1 tab.
Quantitative trait loci affecting fatness in the chicken (2002)

An F2 chicken population of 442 individuals from 30 families, obtained by crossing a broiler line with a layer line, was used for detecting and mapping Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) affecting abdominal fat weight, skin fat weight and fat distribution. Within-family regression analyses using 102 microsatellite markers in 27 linkage groups were carried out with genome-wide significance thresholds. The QTL for abdominal fat weight were found on chromosomes 3, 7, 15 and 28; abdominal fat weight adjusted for carcass weight on chromosomes 1, 5, 7 and 28; skin and subcutaneous fat on chromosomes 3, 7 and 13; skin fat weight adjusted for carcass weight on chromosomes 3 and 28; and skin fat weight adjusted for abdominal fat weight on chromosomes 5, 7 and 15. Interactions of the QTL with sex or family were unimportant and, for each trait, there was no evidence for imprinting or of multiple QTL on any chromosome. Significant dominance effects were obtained for all but one of the significant locations for QTL affecting the weight of abdominal fat, none for skin fat and one of the three QTL affecting fat distribution. The magnitude of each QTL ranged from 3.0 to 5.2% of the residual phenotypic variation or 0.2-0.8 phenotypic standard deviations. The largest additive QTL (on chromosome 7) accounted for more than 20% of the mean weight of abdominal fat. Significant positive and negative QTL were identified from both lines.
Strategies for integration of lasers on silicon (2013)

There is a need for closer integration of lasers with silicon electronics in order to realize low-cost, energy-efficient transceivers in high-bandwidth short-reach interconnects for use in data centres, upcoming supercomputer architectures and in fibre-to-the-home applications. As silicon is an inefficient light emitter, it is necessary to integrate a direct bandgap material onto a suitable platform in order to provide the light signal. Powerful photonic integrated circuits can then be realized based on state-of-the-art CMOS wafers or on silicon-on-insulator platforms. We review the different approaches to large-scale integration of light sources with these platforms covering monolithic integration, wafer bonding and epitaxial layer transfer. Transfer printing is demonstrated to be a very effective strategy being scalable and, in conjunction with etched facet reflectors, capable of lithographic alignment in a planar fabrication process. Here, we demonstrate that with a substrate temperature of 60 °C with 100 mA drive current and a voltage of 2.1 V, a 390 µm long laser on a silicon substrate has a total power of >40 mW in continuous wave operation. This technology can also be used to provide the light source for plasmonic transducers required in heat assisted magnetic recording.
DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION IN DIFFERENT ORGANS AFTER GRAM+ /??? INDUCTION IN PRIMATES (2006)

In contrast to the broad knowledge on the inflammatory response to Gram negative bacteria or parts thereof (e.g. LPS), less is known on the pathways activated by Gram positive bacterial infection. To learn more about the differences of Gram positive and Gram negative induced sepsis in general and the specific genetic expression patterns in different organs this study was designed. For this study 12 papio ursinus weighing between 20 and 27 kg were used. They received ~10^8 cfu per kg bacteria suspended in 200 ml saline over 2h infusion was followed by 4h monitoring. 2 baboons were treated with streptococci pyogenes, 2 with E. coli, 2 with LPS, and for control 4 baboons with saline. Tissue samples from 14 different organs were collected (lung, liver, heart, pancreas, adren, colon, small intestine, skin, skeletal muscle, kidney cortex, kidney medulla, brain cerebellum, brain cerebrum cortex, spleen). RNA was isolated from all 14 organs wherefrom 2 SSH-libraries containing about 2000 clones were generated. These controlled and verified clones were spotted onto epoxy coated glass slides presenting 6 replicates per clone on each array. To obtain a statistical validated data set, each experiment was composed of 2 technical replicates and one dye-swap hybridisation. This experimental design provided up to 18 data points per clone. Having 14 different organs, 3 different conditions (Gram+, Gram-and LPS) and 3 replicates 108 cDNA microarray experiments were performed. Out of these 2000 clones about 200 different genes could be determined with high accuracy performing hierarchical BLASTs against human databases. The highest number of genes were determined in the liver and kidney cortex (about 40) the least in brain cerebellum (15) and brain cortex (20). As a first conclusion from this ongoing study we found organ specific expression which is partial specific for the infectious focus. This project is financially supported by GEN-AU
AUTOMATIC REPAIR OF CITYGML LOD2 BUILDINGS USING SHRINK-WRAPPING (2013)

Abstract. The LoD2 building models defined in CityGML are widely used in 3D city applications. The underlying geometry for such models is a GML solid (without interior shells), whose boundary should be a closed 2-manifold. However, this condition is often violated in practice because of the way LoD2 models are constructed and exchanged. Examples of the resulting errors are holes in the wall surface, intersecting and overlapping building parts etc. Those invalid models often cannot be accepted by downstream analytical applications that demand 2-manifold exterior shells for LoD2 building models. Unlike traditional local mesh repair approaches, this paper presents a global repair method for invalid LoD2 building models. Our method is based on the idea of shrink-wrapping a valid bounding surface to the invalid model. It starts by extracting the convex hull of a given model, all the faces of both the input model and the convex hull are treated as constraints in the subsequent tetrahedralization process. Defects like intersections and overlapping between polygons are also handled in the process. Then, based on a heuristic carving process, the bounding convex hull shrinks by incrementally deleting the insignificant boundary tetrahedra and wrapping the exact geometry of the building, holes and gaps are filled accordingly. The method makes no assumption on the input model, regardless of the type of geometric errors and the forms of the building. The output model is a watertight bounding shell, which is valid and represents the exterior of the building.
Las opciones sobre acciones son un gasto (2003)

La concesion de opciones sobre acciones es un incentivo que todas las empresas deberian tener en cuenta en el momento de decidir como atraen y conservan el talento profesional, asi como la forma de coordinar los intereses de directivos y propietarios. A pesar de esto, existe la tendencia a no contabilizarlos como gastos, lo que resulta injustificable desde el punto de vista economico e incita a las empresas a primar la concesion de opciones sobre metodos alternativos de retribucion.