gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative comparisons of hydraulic permeability and endothelial intercellular cleft dimensions in single frog capillaries. (1988)

1. We have investigated the ultrastructure of the intercellular clefts of the walls of single capillaries and venules of the frog mesentery in which the hydraulic permeability (Lp) and the reflection coefficient of the vessel walls to serum albumin (sigma BSA) had been measured using the micro-occlusion technique of Michel (1980). Our aim was to investigate whether the dimensions of the clefts were sufficient to accommodate the pathways through the vessel walls necessary to account for the measured permeability. 2. Lp was measured in seventeen individually perfused vessels. The walls of fourteen of these were relatively impermeable to macromolecules with a sigma to albumin greater than 0.66 (mean value 0.83, S.E.M. +/- 0.04). The Lp of these fourteen vessels ranged from 1.8 x 10(-7) to 12.5 x 10(-7) cm s-1 cmH2O-1 and had a mean value of 5.9 (S.E.M. +/- 0.85) x 10(-7) cm s-1 cmH2O-1. 3. Cleft dimensions estimated from electron micrographs of 642 transversely sectioned endothelial cell junctions from the same seventeen vessels gave a value for the mean cleft width (W) of 0.0220 micron (S.E.M. +/- 0.0064 micron). The mean depth of the clefts from luminal to abluminal surface of the endothelium (delta x) was 0.395 micron (S.E.M. +/- 0.091 micron) with a range of 0.104-1.70 micron. The cleft length per unit area of cell wall (L), calculated using the formulation of Bundgaard & Frøkjaer-Jensen (1982), was 2064 (S.E.M. +/- 112) cm cm-2. Measurements were also made of cleft dimensions from longitudinally sectioned junctions from five of the seventeen vessels. 4. The fraction of the surface area of capillary wall occupied by the clefts (Ap = LW) had a mean value of 0.0048 (+/- 0.00014) for all seventeen vessels with a range of 0.0030-0.0074 when estimated from transverse sections. There was no correlation between the variation of Lp between different vessels and the variations of Ap. 5. Data from the fourteen vessels when sigma BSA was greater than 0.66 revealed a correlation between values of Lp and the reciprocal of delta x (r = 0.6675, P less than 0.01). No correlation was found between Lp and the mean thickness of the endothelial cells in the vicinity of the clefts. This is strong evidence for the intercellular cleft being the principal pathway for fluid movements. Variation in cleft depth appears to be a factor determining variation in permeability between different capillaries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Inelastic tunneling in AlAs-GaAs-AlAs heterostructures (1988)

Current-voltage measurements in AlAs-GaAs-AlAs heterostructures under hydrostatic pressure show that inelastic tunneling through the XAlAs-ΓGaAs discontinuity is reduced as the thickness of the AlAs layers is decreased. This reduction makes possible large peak-to-valley current ratios in resonant tunneling devices with thin AlAs barriers.
Abstract 18398: Time Course of Cardiac Markers During Acute Myocarditis (2017)

Introduction: Acute myocarditis is an inflammatory process that leads to leak of intracellular components into the blood including cardiac markers. The time course of cardiac markers has been well ...
Au−Cu Alloy Nanocluster Doped SiO2 Films by Sol−Gel Processing (2000)

Au−Cu alloy nanocluster formation in silica films has been achieved in the present study by sol−gel processing. A fundamental role for obtaining alloy clusters instead of separation of the metallic species is played by the annealing atmosphere. Annealing in reducing atmosphere (hydrogen-containing) results in Au−Cu alloy formation, whereas air annealing promotes not only Au cluster precipitation and Cu oxidation but also Au−Cu alloy separation in samples previously annealed under reducing atmosphere.
Negative blood oxygenation level dependent homunculus and somatotopic information in primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area (2012)

A crucial attribute in movement encoding is an adequate balance between suppression of unwanted muscles and activation of required ones. We studied movement encoding across the primary motor cortex (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA) by inspecting the positive and negative blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals in these regions. Using periodic and event-related experiments incorporating the bilateral/axial movements of 20 body parts, we report detailed mototopic imaging maps in M1 and SMA. These maps were obtained using phase-locked analysis. In addition to the positive BOLD, significant negative BOLD was detected in M1 but not in the SMA. The negative BOLD spatial pattern was neither located at the ipsilateral somatotopic location nor randomly distributed. Rather, it was organized somatotopically across the entire homunculus and inversely to the positive BOLD, creating a negative BOLD homunculus. The neuronal source of negative BOLD is unclear. M1 provides a unique system to test whether the origin of negative BOLD is neuronal, because different arteries supply blood to different regions in the homunculus, ruling out blood-stealing explanations. Finally, multivoxel pattern analysis showed that positive BOLD in M1 and SMA and negative BOLD in M1 contain somatotopic information, enabling prediction of the moving body part from inside and outside its somatotopic location. We suggest that the neuronal processes underlying negative BOLD participate in somatotopic encoding in M1 but not in the SMA. This dissociation may emerge because of differences in the activity of these motor areas associated with movement suppression.
t(3;21)(q26;q22) in myeloid leukemia (2006)

Activation of AME through t(3;21) defines a highly aggressive, therapy-related leukemic blast syndrome. Prior treatment with hydroxyurea or other antimetabolites is implicated as a contributory cause.
Contrast properties of reflective liquid crystal light valves in projection displays (1998)

Projectors that use reflective light valves must employ beam splitters or analogous components to separate bright-state light from dark-state light, since both states must propagate in the space above the light valve. Polarization ray tracing shows that such beam splitters will not usually achieve high rejection of dark-state light when the beam has the typical angular divergence of about ±10°. At such propagation angles, different rays in the beam will have appreciably different planes of incidence at tilted optical coatings in the system (because of the compound angles involved). If the light valve is mirrorlike in dark state, we show that to correct the depolarization resulting from compound incidence angles, it is necessary that the optics introduce no rotation in the illuminating polarization. To a reasonable approximation, such a rotation in polarization will double in the return pass through the optics. To the same approximation, induced ellipticity in the illuminating polarization will cancel in double pass, and pure rotation can be converted to pure ellipticity with a quarterwave retarder. An important qualification, however, is that a light valve can only be exactly mirrorlike in restricted cases [i.e., if linearly polarized input light remains exactly linearly polarized (though possibly rotated) at all wavelengths when it reaches the mirror backplane of the light valve, independent of small manufacturing errors]. We calculate contrast loss in the more realistic case of a reflective twisted nematic liquid crystal (TNLC) light valve interacting with tilted coatings in the projection optics over finite numerical aperture (NA), and discuss the impact on LC thickness tolerances and spectral bandwidth Δλ. We extend our results to apply to more general light valves and more general projection optics configurations. Dark-state background is found to scale as NA <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (or in some cases as ∼NA <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> Δλ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). Because of this interaction, the complete system almost always shows a lower contrast than the light valve alone.
Supplementary Figure 3 from Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Human Breast Epithelial Cells Transformed by 17β-Estradiol (2023)

Supplementary Figure 3 from Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Human Breast Epithelial Cells Transformed by 17β-Estradiol
Quantitative study on optics and their alignment in laser material processing systems (2014)

Selection of optics and their alignment are too often taken for granted in the design and building of a laser material processing system. Traditionally the “measuring stick” is the process and whether it is working and not necessarily a quantitative value on the spot size and whether it has any aberrations. It is quite possible to have good optics and poor alignment and conversely have poor optics and good alignment and not immediately know that there is a problem at the process. Beam quality metrics have been around and in use for decades but have tended to be too bulky, expensive and hard to use for the average user. We study the impact of alignment and quality of typical optical components in a laser material processing system and the resulting impact at the focal spot. The consequence of decenter, tilted optics and commonly used beam enhancement devices like beam expanders are quantitatively investigated. The common optical aberrations of coma, astigmatism and spherical aberration are illustrated and correlated to the common alignment and optical selection mistakes. The importance of measuring the laser beam in both the near and far field using an all passive optical design beam metric system is further outlined.
Toward a Generalizable Image Representation for Large-Scale Change Detection: Application to Generic Damage Analysis (2016)

Each year, multiple catastrophic events impact vulnerable populations around the planet. Assessing the damage caused by these events in a timely and accurate manner is crucial for efficient execution of relief efforts to help the victims of these calamities. Given the low accessibility of the damaged areas, high-resolution optical satellite imagery has emerged as a valuable source of information to quickly asses the extent of damage by manually analyzing the pre- and postevent imagery of the region. To make this analysis more efficient, multiple learning techniques using a variety of image representations have been proposed. However, most of these representations are prone to variabilities in capture angle, sun location, and seasonal variations. To evaluate these representations in the context of damage detection, we present a benchmark of 86 pre- and postevent image pairs with respective reference data derived from United Nation Operational Satellite Applications Programme (UNOSAT) assessment maps, spanning a total area of 4665 km <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> from 11 different locations around the world. The technical contribution of our work is a novel image representation based on shape distributions of image patches encoded with locality-constrained linear coding. We empirically demonstrate that our proposed representation provides an improvement of at least 5%, in equal error rate, over alternate approaches. Finally, we present a thorough robustness analysis of the considered representational schemes, with respect to capture-angle variabilities and multiple sensor combinations.
Diels–Alder reactions in ionic liquids (1999)

Diels–Alder reactions in neutral ionic liquids (such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium lactate) are reported. Rate enhancements and selectivities similar to those of reactions performed in lithium perchlorate–diethyl ether mixtures have been observed. As the ionic liquids used have no measurable vapour pressure, are thermally robust, will tolerate impurities such as water, and are recyclable, it is envisaged that these systems could be used on an industrial scale.
Adenosine deaminase alleles and autistic disorder: Case-control and family-based association studies (2000)

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) plays a relevant role in purine metabolism, immune responses, and peptidase activity, which may be altered in some autistic patients. Codominant ADA1 and ADA2 alleles code for ADA1 and ADA2 allozymes, the most frequent protein isoforms in the general population. Individuals carrying one copy of the ADA2 allele display 15 to 20% lower catalytic activity compared to ADA1 homozygotes. Recent preliminary data suggest that ADA2 alleles may be more frequent among autistic patients than healthy controls. The present study was undertaken to replicate these findings in a new case-control study, to test for linkage/association using a family-based design, and to characterize ADA2-carrying patients by serotonin blood levels, peptiduria, and head circumference. ADA2 alleles were significantly more frequent in 91 Caucasian autistic patients of Italian descent than in 152 unaffected controls (17.6% vs. 7.9%, P = 0.018), as well as among their fathers. Family-based tests involving these 91 singleton families, as well as 44 additional Caucasian-American trios, did not support significant linkage/association. However, the observed preferential maternal transmission of ADA2 alleles, if replicated, may point toward linkage disequilibrium between the ADA2 polymorphism and an imprinted gene variant located in its vicinity. Racial and ethnic differences in ADA allelic distributions, together with the low frequency of the ADA2 allele, may pose methodological problems to future linkage/association studies. Direct assessments of ADA catalytic activity in autistic individuals and unaffected siblings carrying ADA1/ADA1 vs ADA1/ADA2 genotypes may provide stronger evidence of ADA2 contributions to autistic disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 96:784-790, 2000.
Implementing narrow front silver gridlines through ink jet machine for high quality contacts to silicon solar cells (2011)

In this paper we report on the evaluation of the feasibility of jetting full gridline contacts to fabricate solar cells without additional plating step. We have demonstrated, for the first time, fully ink jetted front Ag gridlines with average line width of only 56.6 μm and height of 30 μm. A high series resistance of 1.1 Ω-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> resulted in average fill factor of 0.767 and led to average efficiency of 18.0% on 239 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> commercial CZ wafers with sheet resistance of 65-Ω/sq. This result is very promising and leaves room for improvement, especially with optimized finger spacing, improved ink and co-firing process.
The Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2016)

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are a growing area of research in toxicology as these compounds impact human health and disease. One explanation for the rapid rise in prevalence of diseases such as obesity and diabetes mellitus is the exposure to EDCs. EDCs may have the capacity to disrupt vital aspects of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell or mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and MSC lineage cell function in the body, including the ability of MSCs to proliferate, to differentiate, and to maintain body homeostasis. Salient information regarding MSC characterization, differentiation, function, and aging will be addressed. This chapter will cover effects of EDCs including organophosphate pesticides, DDT, alkylphenols, bisphenol A (BPA), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and phthalates on MSCs and the adipocytic and osteoblastic lineage of MSCs in addition to general molecular effects of these compounds. The effects of EDCs on MSCs, particularly the adipocytic lineage of MSCs, may explain the EDC role in inducing development of chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes mellitus.
Studies on the antigenic structure of tetanus toxin. (1975)

The isolation and purification of split-products from tetanus toxin after freezing is reported. Antigenically defective and non-defective fragments exhibiting reduced molecular weights with respect to that of intact toxin were investigated as to their biological and immunological properties. The results obtained are discussed in relation to other data from the literature.
Microsurgical Denervation of the Spermatic Cord for Chronic Orchialgia: Long-Term Results From a Single Center (2008)

Microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord is a minimally invasive, effective and durable management option for treatment of chronic orchialgia refractory to medical management, preserving the physiological function and psychological role of the testes.
<title>Fourier-Transform Feature-Space Studies</title> (1984)

A hierarchial multi-level feature-space pattern recognition system is described. Multi-class distortion-invariant object identification is the purpose of this study. Attention is given to dimensionality reduction (to simplify computations) and to the use of non-unitary transformations (to achieve discrimination). A Fourier transform feature space is used. However, our basic hierarchial concepts, our theoretical analysis, and our general conclusions are applicable to other feature spaces. The use of intensity versus phase features is studied and the performance of our system in the presence of noise is studied. Quantitative experimental data on 2 two-class pattern recognition databases are provided.
Ostwald Ripening ofβ-Carotene Nanoparticles (2007)

Ostwald ripening, the interfacial-energy-driven dissolution and reprecipitation of solutes, becomes an increasingly significant problem for nanoparticle formulations. We present the first quantitative study of Ostwald ripening for nanoparticle dispersions. The Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner (LSW) theory of particle growth driven by diffusion is applied to study beta-carotene nanoparticles with sizes of O(100 nm) formed by our block-copolymer protected Flash Nanoprecipitation process. A numerical implementation of the LSW theory that accounts for the original particle size distribution is presented. The predicted particle sizes from the numerical simulation are compared with the experimental results measured by dynamical light scattering. The results show quantitative agreement with no adjustable parameters. The addition of antisolvent results in the reduction of the ripening rate by dramatically decreasing bulk solubility.
509. Cordycepin, a metabolic product from cultures of Cordyceps militaris(Linn.) link. Part II. The structure of cordycepin (1951)

H. R. Bentley, K. G. Cunningham and F. S. Spring, J. Chem. Soc., 1951, 2301 DOI: 10.1039/JR9510002301
Low-temperature-operative Carbon Monoxide Gas Sensor with Novel CO Oxidizing Catalyst (2013)

Abstract A catalytic-combustion-type carbon monoxide gas sensor operable at a low temperature was devised by employing a Pt-loaded cerium oxide–zirconium oxide–tin oxide solid solution as a novel oxidizing catalyst. Since this catalyst can oxidize CO at low temperatures, the sensor with the Pt-loaded CeO2–ZrO2–SnO2 catalyst exhibits a smooth and reproducible response to CO gas at 70 °C, which is a significantly lower temperature than that required for the operation of sensors with the conventional CO oxidation catalysts Pt/Al2O3 or Pd/Al2O3.
Interface properties in organic thin films : FePc on TiO2(110) (2007)

Organic molecules adsorbed on inorganic substrates are the topics of interest in this thesis. Interfaces of this kind are found in dye sensitized solar cells that convert solar energy to electricity, a promising environmentally friendly energy source which might provide a route to replace fossil fuels. Another field where these interfaces play a role is in molecular electronics, an approach to solve the down scaling in the ever increasing hunt for miniaturized electronic devices. The motivation for this work lies among other in these applications and surface science is a suitable approach to investigate the electronic and morphologic properties of the interfaces as it provides detailed knowledge on an atomic level. Phthalocyanines are the organic molecules investigated and the inorganic substrates range from wide band gap via narrow band gap semiconductors to metals. Photoelectron and X-ray spectroscopy experiments are performed to shed light on the electronic properties of the adsorbed molecules and the substrate, as well as the chemical interaction between adsorbate and substrate at the interface. The ordering of the adsorbate at the interface is important as ordered molecular thin films may have other properties than amorphous films due to the anisotropic electronic properties of the organic molecules; this is investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy. We find that the phthalocyanines are affected by adsorption when the substrate is TiO2 or Ag, where charge transfer from the molecule occurs or an interface state is formed respectively. The molecules are adsorbed flat on these surfaces giving a large contact area and a relatively strong bond. On Ag, ordered structures appear with different symmetry depending on initial coverage. The reactivity of the TiO2 surface is not ideal in the solar cell application and by modifying the surface with a thin organic layer, the negative influence on the adsorbed phthalocyanine is reduced. ZnO is not as reactive as TiO2, thanks maybe to the upright adsorption mode of the phthalocyanines. The semiconductor InSb is less reactive leading to self-assembled molecular structures on the (001) surface, either homogenously distributed in a one monolayer thick film or in strands along the reconstruction rows. InAs on the other hand has a larger influence on the adsorbed molecules resulting in a metallic film upon thermal treatment.
Investigation of the Interpretability of Three Function Structure Representations: A User Study (2009)

Function models are used during the conceptual design phase of the design process to model the intended use or objective of a product, independent of the products physical form. Function models also aid in guiding design activities such as generating concepts and allocating design team resources. Recent research effort have focused on the formalization of function models through a controlled vocabulary and archival of functional representations in computer-based repositories. However, the usefulness and interpretability of these function models has not fully been explored. This paper presents the results of a user study to ascertain the interpretability of functional representations at three levels of abstraction. In this interpretability is defined as the ability to identify the product based on a functional representation. These function models vary in abstraction in two dimensions: (1) the number of function within the model and (2) the specificity of the terms used within the functional models. Sixteen mechanical engineering graduate students are asked to identify the products from the functional models in these three abstraction levels. In addition to identifying the product, students are asked to record time and list any keywords in the functional model that help them to choose a product. Analysis of the results indicates that interpretability of a functional model increases substantially by using free language terms over a limited functional vocabulary and environmental context of the product. Additionally, the number of functions within the functional model correlates with the identification of similar products.