gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phosphates: Solid‐State Chemistry (2004)

Abstract Phosphates contain oxyanions of phosphorus(V). The most common anion is the orthophosphate group PO 4 3 − , which is found in many solid phosphates, including hydrated and acid phosphate salts. Oligomeric polyphosphate chains P n O 3 n +1 ( n +2)− up to n = 6 and cyclophosphate rings P n O 3 n n − up to n = 12 are also observed, and a unique cage ultraphosphate anion P 8 O 23 6− is found in the Na 3 FeP 8 O 23 structure. Polymeric phosphate anions include the infinite chain catenaphosphate anion (PO 3 − ) ∞ and the ultraphosphate networks found in CaP 4 O 11 and the lanthanide MP 5 O 14 structures. Many compound anions and neutral frameworks such as silicophosphates, aluminophosphates, and molybdenum phosphates also exist. Phosphate species are characterized through P–O stretching and bending vibrations in infrared and Raman spectroscopies, and by 31 P NMR. Phosphate structures are generally rigid, resistant to chemical attack, and (when anhydrous) insoluble and thermally stable. Some phosphate crystals have important physical properties such as ferroelectricity in KH 2 PO 4 ( potassium dihydrogenphosphate , KDP ). Diffusion of extra‐framework ions leads to potential uses of solid phosphates as ion exchangers and conductors, for example, NASICON based on NaZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , and LiFePO 4 as a cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries. Vanadium phosphates are important selective oxidation catalysts. Large pore phosphates in which molecules can be adsorbed and undergo acid‐catalyzed reactions have been intensively studied. These materials are crystalline microporous solids such as aluminophosphates, or lamellar structures, typically based on α‐Zr(HPO 4 ) 2 ·H 2 O that can be pillared. This area of interest has led to the synthesis of many new organically templated metal phosphates, usually through hydrothermal reactions. Hydrated and acid orthophosphates can also be prepared in solution, and anhydrous phosphates are synthesized by direct high‐temperature reactions and from phosphate‐rich melts or fluxes. Slow cooling of melts is used to grow crystals, and quenching can result in many stable phosphate glasses. Phosphate anions do not absorb significantly in the UV–visible region and so solid phosphates also find use as optical materials such as phosphors, nonlinear crystals (e.g., KTiOPO 4 ), and lasers. Solid phosphates constitute many minerals, notably apatites, which are also found in living organisms as rigid components such as bones and teeth. Synthetic calcium phosphate biomaterials are used for bone implants.
Safe simulation testing of systems with refusals and destructions (2011)

This paper deals with conformance testing based on formal specifications. The concept of safe testing was earlier proposed by the authors for trace based conformance. This concept is propagated for the case of (weak) simulation based on a relation between the specification and implementation states. The theory of the safe simulation of systems with refusals and destructions is proposed. The problems of complete testing and sufficient conditions for the existence of a complete test suite are discussed. A practical algorithm of complete testing for restricted classes of specifications and implementations is described.
Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (size: ∼10 nm) with high surface area for selective non-enzymatic detection of uric acid with excellent sensitivity and stability (2016)

A high surface area CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>nanoparticle based non-enzymatic uric acid biosensor with excellent sensitivity, selectivity and LOD.
Preparing for the Future: How the SDGs Impact Mine Action (2017)

Adopted by all U.N. Member States in September 2015, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda) and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) entered into effect on 1 January 2016 to guide development efforts. The SDGs are in the early stages of implementation and are still being mainstreamed into mine action. This article draws on a timely study from the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) that aims to stimulate collective thinking in the sector, provides policy recommendations, and offers implementation tools.
Sliding Mode Control of a Slewing Flexible Beam (1997)

An output feedback sliding mode controller (SMC) is proposed to minimize the effects of vibrations of slewing flexible manipulators. A spline trajectory is used to generate ideal position and velocity commands. Constrained nonlinear optimization techniques are used to both calibrate nonlinear models and determine optimized gains to produce a rest-to-rest, residual vibration-free maneuver. Vibration-free maneuvers are important for current and future NASA space missions. This study required the development of the nonlinear dynamic system equations of motion; robust control law design; numerical implementation; system identification; and verification using the Sandia National Laboratories flexible robot testbed. Results are shown for a slewing flexible beam.
Gravity currents impinging on bottom-mounted square cylinders: flow fields and associated forces (2009)

The unsteady drag and lift generated by the interaction of a gravity current with a bottom-mounted square cylinder are investigated by means of high-resolution Navier–Stokes simulations. Two-dimensional simulations for Reynolds numbers ( Re ) O (1000) and three-dimensional simulations for Re = O (10000) demonstrate that the drag coefficient increases exponentially towards a maximum as the current meets the cylinder, then undergoes strong fluctuations and eventually approaches a quasi-steady value. The simulation results show that the maximum drag coefficient can reach a value of 3, with the quasi-steady value being O (1), which should aid in selecting a design drag coefficient for submarine structures under the potential impact of gravity currents. The transient drag and lift fluctuations after impact are associated with the Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices in the mixing layer between the gravity current and the ambient fluid. As these vortices pass over the cylinder, they cause the convection of separated flow regions along the bottom wall towards the cylinder. In two-dimensional simulations at Re = O (10000), these flow structures are seen to be unrealistically coherent and to persist throughout the interaction, thus resulting in a noticeable overprediction of the drag and lift fluctuations. On the other hand, the impact of the current on the cylinder is seen to be very well captured by two-dimensional simulations at all Re values. Three-dimensional simulations lead to excellent agreement with available experimental data throughout the flow/structure interaction. They show that the spanwise variation of the drag is determined by the gravity current's lobe-and-cleft structure at impact and by an unsteady cellular flow structure similar to that found in constant-density flows at later times. A comparison between gravity-current flows and corresponding constant-density flows shows the hydrostatic drag component to be important for gravity currents.
Novel multifunctional neuroprotective iron chelator‐monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs for neurodegenerative diseases: in vitro studies on antioxidant activity, prevention of lipid peroxide formation and monoamine oxidase inhibition (2005)

Iron-dependent oxidative stress, elevated levels of iron and of monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B activity, and depletion of antioxidants in the brain may be major pathogenic factors in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative diseases. Accordingly, iron chelators, antioxidants and MAO-B inhibitors have shown efficacy in a variety of cellular and animal models of CNS injury. In searching for novel antioxidant iron chelators with potential MAO-B inhibitory activity, a series of new iron chelators has been designed, synthesized and investigated. In this study, the novel chelators were further examined for their activity as antioxidants, MAO-B inhibitors and neuroprotective agents in vitro. Three of the selected chelators (M30, HLA20 and M32) were the most effective in inhibiting iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates with IC50 values (12-16 microM), which is comparable with that of desferal, a prototype iron chelator that is not has orally active. Their antioxidant activities were further confirmed using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. In PC12 cell culture, the three novel chelators at 0.1 microM were able to attenuate cell death induced by serum deprivation and by 6-hydroxydopamine. M30 possessing propargyl, the MAO inhibitory moiety of the anti-Parkinson drug rasagiline, displayed greater neuroprotective potency than that of rasagiline. In addition, in vitro, M30 was a highly potent non-selective MAO-A and MAO-B inhibitor (IC50 < 0.1 microM). However, HLA20 was more selective for MAO-B but had poor MAO inhibition, with an IC50 value of 64.2 microM. The data suggest that M30 and HLA20 might serve as leads in developing drugs with multifunctional activities for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders.
SF6 Gas Infrared Thermal Imaging Leakage Detection Based on Faster-RCNN (2019)

Infrared thermal image is an important medium for SF6 gas leakage detection. However, when the environment is complex or the temperature difference between the background and the measured gas is slight, a clear and obvious image can hardly be obtained. Moreover, the procedures for the leakage detection fully relies on human beings, which means lots of manpower are required and some subjective miss detection may occur. To solve this problem, aiming at the infrared thermal image and inspired by the breakthroughs in computer version (CV), this paper proposes a leakage detection method to realize automatic detection for the first time. Faster-RCNN, instead of human beings, is employed to handle SF6 infrared thermography image. Faster-RCNN is an advanced convolutional neural network, which has been widely used in numerous practical situations including image identification and face recognition. Under certain circumstances, our Faster-RCNN method can effectively improve the SF6 gas leakage detection. The method has great academic significance and can be promoted in practical engineering.
An extended FE strategy for transition from continuum damage to mode I cohesive crack propagation (2006)

Abstract An integrated strategy is proposed for the simulation of damage development and crack propagation in concrete structures. In the initial stage of damage growth, concrete is considered to be macroscopically integer and is modeled by a non‐symmetric isotropic non‐local damage model. The transition to the discrete cohesive crack model depends on the local mesh size and is driven by an analytical estimate of the current bandwidth. When a crack is introduced in the model an extended finite element approach is used to follow the propagation path, independent of the background mesh. The proposed methodology is tested on a notched tension specimen and then applied to the analysis of a wedge splitting test. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
The Use of Acoustic Radiation Force Decorrelation-Weighted Pulse Inversion for Enhanced Ultrasound Contrast Imaging (2016)

Acoustic radiation force can be used to generate adherent microbubble signal decorrelation without microbubble bursting. When combined with PI, measurements of the resulting microbubble signal decorrelation can be used to reconstruct images that exhibit superior suppression of highly echogenic tissue interfaces when compared with PI or CPS alone.
Optical design for large‐scale free‐space optical switching modules (1995)

Abstract To achieve large‐scale and compact free‐space optical switching networks, highly efficient coupling between input and output fiber arrays and low‐loss beam propagation for a long‐span are required. In the cascaded optical beam‐shifter module using liquid‐crystal devices, beam expansion due to optical diffraction limits the scale of the switching network. A microlens configuration consisting of collimating lenses and relay lenses with a long focal length is proposed for long‐span beam propagation. This lens configuration can reduce the limitation on the scale of switching network. It is shown that a large‐scale and compact optical switching network can be constructed. The relationship between the aperture size to determine the physical size of an optical switch and the focal lengths for the required lens system also are shown. A long focal‐length microlens fabricated using the sputter‐liftoff method was shown to be very useful for long‐span beam propagation.
Thermodynamic Theory of Ferroelectric Ceramics (1957)

A review of theories of ferroelectricity and of experimental data on ferroelectric ceramics leads to the conclusion that an analytic theory of such ceramics on microscopic basis does not seem feasible. A thermodynamic continuum theory is developed here, which is based on the postulated isomorphism, relevant to small signals only, between a polarized ceramic and one under bias fields near the limit of its nonpolar state; this bears analogy to Mueller's classical theory of Rochelle salt. The results of the theory include an elastic relation, which supplements existing experimental data, and a piezoelectric one, which relates to retained polarization and which agrees with measurements.
Air Puff Induced Corneal Vibrations: Theoretical Simulations and Clinical Observations (2014)

A kinematic viscoelastic model of the cornea is presented to illustrate how the vibrations are associated with factors such as corneal mass, viscoelasticity, and IOP. Also, the predicted corneal vibrations during air puff deformation were confirmed by clinical observation.
Center-based 3D Object Detection and Tracking (2021)

Three-dimensional objects are commonly represented as 3D boxes in a point-cloud. This representation mimics the well-studied image-based 2D bounding-box detection but comes with additional challenges. Objects in a 3D world do not follow any particular orientation, and box-based detectors have difficulties enumerating all orientations or fitting an axis-aligned bounding box to rotated objects. In this paper, we instead propose to represent, detect, and track 3D objects as points. Our framework, CenterPoint, first detects centers of objects using a keypoint detector and regresses to other attributes, including 3D size, 3D orientation, and velocity. In a second stage, it refines these estimates using additional point features on the object. In CenterPoint, 3D object tracking simplifies to greedy closest-point matching. The resulting detection and tracking algorithm is simple, efficient, and effective. CenterPoint achieved state-of-the-art performance on the nuScenes benchmark for both 3D detection and tracking, with 65.5 NDS and 63.8 AMOTA for a single model. On the Waymo Open Dataset, Center-Point outperforms all previous single model methods by a large margin and ranks first among all Lidar-only submissions. The code and pretrained models are available at https://github.com/tianweiy/CenterPoint.
Blocking characteristics of diamond junctions with a punch-through design (2015)

We accurately project the blocking capability of diamond junctions with a punch-through design, carrying out the ionization integration that adopts our previous ionization coefficients and hence explicitly giving the breakdown voltage and field as a function of the doping concentration and length of drift layers. Comparing to this result, we assess the blocking capability of various junctions reported in the literature and find that most of these results fall short of our projections more than a little but that a few of them fit closely or approximately with ours and outperform the theoretical projections of others that are based on ionization coefficients other than ours. Albeit thus being most plausible, the ionization coefficient of this study is still empirical in any way. Accordingly, theoretical and experimental efforts are both further needed in order to pursue the ultimate blocking capability of diamond.
Symmetric information rate estimation and bit aspect ratio optimization for TDMR using Generalized Belief Propagation (2015)

In this paper, we propose a method for estimating the Symmetric Information Rate (SIR) for Two Dimensional Magnetic Recording (TDMR) channel by using the Generalized Belief Propagation (GBP) algorithm. We consider the Voronoi model as the channel model of a TDMR system. The dominant component of noise in TDMR caused by the imperfections of the medium is called “media noise”. The nature of the media noise is data-dependent, however, the media noise can be closely approximated by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with variance and mean dependent on channel bits written on the magnetic medium. Lower and upper bounds on the SIR are obtained by using the GBP algorithm. In addition, it is shown that the accuracy of the SIR estimation can be adjusted for sufficient size of the magnetic medium. Finally, the bit aspect ratio of a TDMR system is optimized by maximizing the SIR per unit area.
A novel high density contactless flash memory array using split-gate sources-side-injection cell for 5 V-only applications (2002)

A high density 5 V-only flash memory array with sector erase mode is presented. It features a new triple poly split-gate source-side-injection cell in a contactless array to achieve small cell size, high programming efficiency, high cell current with no over-erase concerns. The array design and its operating conditions in various modes are discussed. Various disturb reduction techniques, array performance and speed improvement schemes are presented. >
Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in gynecological cancers: a critical review of the literature (2008)

Although it does not have a long history of sentinel node evaluation (SLN) in female genital system cancers, there is a growing number of promising study results, despite the presence of some aspects that need to be considered and developed. It has been most commonly used in vulvar and uterine cervivcal cancer in gynecological oncology. According to these studies, almost all of which are prospective, particularly in cases where Technetium-labeled nanocolloid is used, sentinel node detection rate sensitivity and specificity has been reported to be 100%, except for a few cases. In the studies on cervical cancer, sentinel node detection rates have been reported around 80-86%, a little lower than those in vulva cancer, and negative predictive value has been reported about 99%. It is relatively new in endometrial cancer, where its detection rate varies between 50 and 80%. Studies about vulvar melanoma and vaginal cancers are generally case reports. Although it has not been supported with multicenter randomized and controlled studies including larger case series, study results reported by various centers around the world are harmonious and mutually supportive particularly in vulva cancer, and cervix cancer. Even though it does not seem possible to replace the traditional approaches in these two cancers, it is still a serious alternative for the future. We believe that it is important to increase and support the studies that will strengthen the weaknesses of the method, among which there are detection of micrometastases and increasing detection rates, and render it usable in routine clinical practice.
COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMICAL AND GENETIC STUDIES OF TESTA DEVELOPMENT IN NORMAL AND HULL-LESS PHENOTYPES OF PUMPKIN (CUCURBITA PEPO L) (1983)

A detailed investigation was conducted to examine further the biochemical and genetic bases of the hull-less phenotypic condition in testae of seeds of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). During seed development, testa moisture declined substantially (30%) in both phenotypes, whereas testa dry and fresh weights increased dramatically between 10 to 20 days post-anthesis and then declined steadily until seeds reached maturity. Structural compositional analysis revealed marked reductions in lignin (78%) and cellulose (50%) in hull-less compared with normal phenotypes; whereas no differences in non-cellulosic polysaccharides were found at 20 days post-anthesis. Between 20 days post-anthesis and maturity, pectin content of testae was dramatically reduced in both phenotypes (80-90%). A similar reduction was observed for hemicellulose fractions. Analyses of precursor pools and reserve compounds at 20 days post-anthesis did not reveal consistent differences in quantities of sugars, free amino acids, total phenolics, lipids and starch between phenotypes. By maturity, precursor pools and starch in testae had been essentially exhausted in all strains. Total N values for testae of normal and hull-less phenotypes were not consistently different at 20 days post-anthesis and maturity. About 60% of total testae N compounds was recovered as soluble fractions at 20 days post-anthesis. A substantial amount of structural protein was bound to hemicellulose 'A' fractions and substantially lesser amounts were recovered from cellulose, pectin and hemicellulose 'B' fractions of cell walls in normal and hull-less phenotypes. No consistent differences in amino acid composition of hemicellulose 'A'-associated protein were observed between phenotypes. Some differences in amino acid composition of hemicellulose 'B'-associated protein were observed between normal and hull-less strains, however, discrepancies in amino acid composition between replicates preclude making definitive conclusions about the nature of the differences at this time. Results of the inheritance investigation indicate that the hull-less condition in testae of seeds of pumpkin is controlled by a single major gene, and the degree of hull-lessness may be affected by modifying genes. Variable expression of hull-less phenotypes indicates some degree of environmental interaction with hull-less genotypes.
A General Palladium Catalyst System for Suzuki−Miyaura Coupling of Potassium Aryltrifluoroborates and Aryl Mesylates (2010)

The first general examples of palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-type cross-coupling of aryl and heteroaryl mesylates with potassium aryl and heteroaryltrifluoroborates are presented. In addition to biaryl couplings, the cross-coupling reactions of aryl mesylates with alkyl and vinyltrifluoroborate salts have also been successfully accomplished.
Characteristics of natural antibody–secreting cells (2015)

Natural IgM plays a critical role in protection from pathogens and the prevention of autoimmunity. While its importance has been shown in many different settings, its origins are incompletely understood. This review focuses on the properties of the natural IgM antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), which arise mainly from the B-1 cell lineage. B-1 cells are generated in multiple waves during development, mostly in the fetal and early postfetal periods. The developmental time points can affect their repertoire: prenatal B-1 cells express a mainly germ line-encoded repertoire, while postnatally developing B-1 cells can express Ig with a greater degree of variation. Spleen and bone marrow, but not the body cavities, are primary sites of natural IgM secretion. Within these tissues heterogeneous populations of IgM ASCs can be found. While some ASCs express classical markers of B-1 lymphocytes, others express those of terminally differentiated plasma cells. A better understanding of the properties of these different natural IgM ASCs could aid their future therapeutic exploitation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Isoquino(1,2‐b)quinazolines by Cycloaddition Reaction. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.