gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Designing regenerative braking strategies for electric vehicles with an efficiency map (2013)

Regenerative braking can lead to an extension of 10 to 25% of a vehicle's range in urban driving. The goal is to define acceptable regenerative torque strategies from an efficiency map of the regenerated energy versus the vehicle's speed, and the kind of road (dry, wet, snow, ...). The method designs the regenerative braking strategy by taking into account all losses. It is applied to a prototype of a recreational 3-wheel rear-wheel drive hybrid vehicle. The electrical motor is linked to the rear wheel with a belt and gears. A longitudinal model of the vehicle is simulated with Matlab/Simulink. The simulated global efficiency map is obtained by applying different regenerative torques and computing the ratio of the incoming battery power to the extracted kinetic power. Experimental measurements give the electrical motor efficiency and the mechanical parameters. An experimental global efficiency map can then be evaluated from those measurements. The optimal regenerative strategy is the one which maximizes the global efficiency for each speed. Simulations show that the designed strategy recaptures more energy than the usual strategies proposed in the literature. The efficiency map also shows that several strategies are acceptable on dry asphalt roads. This is confirmed by some measurements: a deceleration chosen between 2 and 3 m/s2 regenerates almost the same amount of energy (from 65% to 73% of the kinetic energy). Experimental measurements and simulations prove that there is not only one optimal strategy but several acceptable strategies which can be deduced from the global efficiency map. The regenerative torque can then be modified while maintaining an acceptable recapturing efficiency level. Future work will focus on online updating of the map and on designing a slip controller to maintain vehicle stability on slippery roads.
Saturation Effects in Active Noise Control Systems (2004)

The reference and error sensors of active noise control (ANC) systems will be saturated in real-world applications if the noise level exceeds the dynamic range of the sensors. However, there is a lack of analysis of saturation effects on the performance of ANC systems. This paper proposes an indirect method for analyzing the saturation effects in steady state using Fourier analysis. This indirect method uses clipping to approximate saturation and decomposes the saturated narrowband signal as the summation of a set of rectangular waves and a pulse-amplitude modulated signal. The theoretical analysis shows that the clipping of a sinusoidal signal produces extra odd harmonics, thus affecting the convergence speed and steady-state solution of adaptive filter in ANC systems. This analysis can be extended to narrowband noises that consist of multiple sinusoidal components such as engine noise in many ANC applications. A low-pass filter is effective in reducing saturation effects for harmonic-related noises. Analysis results are verified by computer simulations using recorded engine noise and transfer functions measured from an experimental setup.
Isolation of the Intermediate in the Tricyanovinylation of Indole and N-Methylindole (1972)

Abstract The intermediate has been isolated in the tricyanovinylation of indole and N-methylindole. The neutral adduct structure at the 3-position is assigned on the basis of spectroscopic as well as chemical evidence. The mechanism for tricyanovinylation is discussed.
Experimental Study on the Barrier Effects in Gaseous Helium for the Insulation Design of a High Voltage SFCL (2011)

It has been widely established that gaseous helium (GHe) can be injected into a sub-cooled liquid nitrogen (LN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) cooling system to control the pressure of such a system because of its non-condensing characteristics. A sub-cooled LN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> cooling system is known as one of the most promising method to develop a large scale superconducting machine. Unfortunately, the electrical breakdown voltage of GHe is not good enough for developing a high voltage electric machine such as a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL). To enhance the dielectric characteristics of current leads placed in GHe, the use of solid barriers is regarded as an efficient method. In this study, experiments are made on the dielectric characteristics of GHe and the barrier effects and results are analyzed in order to improve the dielectric performance of a high voltage SFCL using a sub-cooled LN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> cooling system. The dielectric experiments of the energized sphere and the grounded plane in GHe are examined according to various pressures with a solid insulating barrier. The dielectric experiments are performed by installing barriers made of glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) between two electrodes and the electrical breakdown voltage according to the pressure of GHe and the position of a barrier is observed. As a result, it is found that the position of a solid barrier and the pressure of GHe are important in enhancing the dielectric characteristics of a sphere-to-plane electrode system with quasi-uniform field.
Rapid metabolite response in leaf blade and petiole as a marker for shade avoidance syndrome (2020)

In various plant species tested in this study, quantification of carotenoid Raman peaks correlate to the severity of SAS. Moreover, short-term exposure to shade can induce the carotenoid Raman peaks to decrease. These findings highlight the carotenoid Raman peaks as a biomarker for early diagnosis of SAS in plants.
Atomic nitrogen measurements in the upper thermosphere (1977)

The open source neutral mass spectrometer on board the Atmosphere Explorer satellites measures, besides other neutral constituents, atomic nitrogen densities in the upper thermosphere. Atomic nitrogen combines with atomic oxygen on the walls of the mass spectrometer ion source to form NO. From the measured NO concentration atomic nitrogen is deduced. Studies of the diurnal variation show that the maximum atomic nitrogen densities occur near 1600 local solar time (LST) and minimum densities near 0400 LST. The diurnal amplitude at 300 km is about a factor of 8, which is lower than predicted in present models. Atomic nitrogen also exhibits a pronounced seasonal variation with an amplitude similar to that of the diurnal variation; summer values are considerably higher than winter ones.
Clinical experience of infective endocarditis complicated by acute cerebrovascular accidents (2015)

Early surgical intervention for IE with ischemic stroke may prevent adverse events, particularly in patients with impaired renal function, diabetes, or staphylococcal infection. A delay in operation of > 30 days is recommended after hemorrhagic stroke.
Porous-Coated Metal-Backed Patellar Components in Total Knee Replacement. A Postmortem Retrieval Analysis* (1998)

The use of porous-coated metal-backed patellar components to achieve consistent fixation by bone ingrowth and to provide relief of pain warrants serious scrutiny. We conducted a quantitative postmortem investigation of eleven consecutively retrieved components with use of high-resolution contact radiographs, electron microscopy, and histological analysis. The implants had been in situ for a mean (and standard deviation) of 45+/-36 months (range, one to eighty-four months). Analysis of the high-resolution contact radiographs revealed that a mean of 86+/-12 per cent (range, 61 to 100 per cent) of the porous coating was in contact with the host bone. Backscattered electron imaging showed that the mean volume fraction of bone ingrowth was 13+/-9 per cent (range, 0 to 30 per cent). No significant difference was detected, with the numbers available, between the volume fraction of the bone ingrowth measured in the porous coating and that of the host cancellous bone in the patellae.
Hydraulic Jet Drilling (1969)

Abstract As a result of a detailed survey of over 25 novel drilling techniques, a laboratory study of hydraulic jet drilling was made. In initial tests, a cannon was used to fire 1.45-gal water pulses at rocks at pressures up to 25,000 psi. These tests showed that a threshold nozzle pressure must be exceeded before hydraulic jets will drill rock. Water jets having diameters of 0.2- to 1-in. drilled holes with diameters ranging from 0.8 to 4 in. in sandstone and limestone. These holes, which were 1 to 3 in. deep, were drilled in 0.02 to 0.2 seconds. These tests showed that water jets can effectively drill sedimentary rocks. Following these tests, a 2-in.-diameter hydraulic jet drill was tested in a laboratory rig. A high-pressure pump was used to pump water continuously through this drill at pressures up to 13,500 psi. This drill penetrated pressures up to 13,500 psi. This drill penetrated Carthage marble at 180 ft/hour, Indiana limestone at 280 ft/hour and Berea sandstone at 300 ft/hour. These tests showed that a full-scale hydraulic jet drill [3,000 hp] should drill 8-in.-diameter holes in average-strength sedimentary rocks at rates of 200 to 300 ft/ hour, These high drilling rates show that hydraulic jet drills have high potential for drilling oil wells economically. Introduction A survey of over 30 novel drilling techniques revealed that full-scale hydraulic jet drills [also drilled erosion drills] should have high drilling rates in oil wells. These hydraulic jet drills use high-pressure water jets [5,000 to 70,000 psi] to shatter rock and pump the debris from the hole bottom. pump the debris from the hole bottom. Following this survey, we measured hydraulic jet drilling rates and studied variables that affect hydraulic drilling rate. These tests showed that hydraulic jet drills can drill sedimentary rocks at high rates and that they have potential for drilling oil wells economically. Our results, along with a summary of the findings of other investigators, are presented in this paper. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Rock Removal Mechanism A threshold nozzle pressure must be exceeded before water jets will effectively shatter and drill rocks. This threshold pressure increases with rock strength; many water pressure increases with rock strength; many water jets will effectively drill weak materials such as coal or concrete, but will not drill hard rocks such as granite or basalt. Abrasives [e.g., sand or steel shot] have been used in erosion jets operating below threshold pressure.
EGO sensor based robust output control of EGR in diesel engines (1995)

In diesel engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is an efficient method for reducing NO/sub x/. EGR rates are commonly set according to the expected engine behavior, without considering the actual composition of the exhaust gases. In this paper, a new control system for EGR in passenger cars is presented, based on an exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) sensor as indicator of the combustion state as well as on a robust design approach to cope with the parameter variations. The proposed control has been designed for and tested on an Audi TDI engine and has been found to yield a similar performance as the conventional controllers for the standard engine, in spite of the transport delays between combustion process and measurement. Due to the presence of feedback, reduced sensitivity and/or detectability of wear, production irregularities, changes of operating conditions and calibration faults are expected from long-time measurements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cerrahi Alan İnfeksiyonlarının Profilaksisinde Lokal Vankomisin Uygulaması (2020)

Surgical site infections (SSI) are one of the major causes of hospital-acquired infections. Despite not recommended in the guidelines, powdered antibiotics are frequently applied locally. The aim of this application is to obtain more and longer antibiotic concentrations in the surgical site than systemic circulation. Less systemic exposure is expected to result in less undesirable effects. However, there is no high-quality clinical evidence supporting this practice in the literature. The role of the antibiotics applied as local powders and the appropriate timing of these antibiotics are not clear. In addition, the process of both preparation and administration of these antibiotics is not defined, so such practices carry concerns and risks. In this article, it was aimed to summarize the current clinical evidence related to the local use of vancomycin for the prevention of SSI and to present the advantages and disadvantages of this usage.
<title>Synthetic aperture radar processing system for search and rescue</title> (1997)

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is uniquely suited to help solve the search and rescue problem since it can be utilized either day or night and through both dense fog or thick cloud cover. This paper describes the search and rescue data processing system (SARDPS) developed at Goddard Space Flight Center. SARDPS was developed for the Search and Rescue Mission Office in order to conduct research, development, and technology demonstration of SAR to quickly locate small aircraft which have crashed in remote areas. In order to effectively apply SAR to the detection of crashed aircraft several technical challenges needed to be overcome. These include full resolution SAR image formation using low frequency radar appropriate for foliage penetration, the application of autofocusing for SAR motion compensation in the processing system, and the development of sophisticated candidate crash site detection algorithms. In addition, the need to dispatch rescue teams to specific locations requires precise SAR image georectification and map registration techniques. The final end-to-end processing system allows for raw SAR phase history data to be quickly converted to georeferenced map/image products with candidate crash site locations identified.
Effect of Pore Size, Lubricant Viscosity, and Distribution on the Slippery Properties of Infused Cement Surfaces (2019)

The fabrication of slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) usually requires the use of structured substrates, with specifically designed micro- and nanoroughness and complementary surface chemistry, ideally suited to trap lubricants. It is not yet established whether a random roughness, with a range of pores with a variable size reaching deep into the bulk of the material, is suitable for successful infusion. In this study, a highly porous material with random and complex roughness, obtained by using portland cement (the most common type of cementitious material), was tested for its potential to act as a SLIP surface. Atomic force microscopy meniscus measurements were used to investigate the distribution of lubricants on the surface upon subsequent stages of depletion because of the capillary absorption of the lubricant within the porous structure. Factors such as curing time of the cement paste, time since infusion, and lubricant viscosity were varied to identify the conditions under which infusion could be considered successful. A sensitive method to evaluate the penetration of liquid (low-temperature differential scanning calorimetry) was used, which could be applicable to many porous materials. The optimized infusion of cement surfaces ultimately resulted in the desired hallmarks of SLIPS, that is, high water repellence and slipperiness, effective for several weeks, reduced water permeability, and icephobicity.
On synthetic benchmark generation methods (2002)

In the process of designing complex chips and systems, the use of benchmark designs is often necessary. However, the existing benchmark suites are not sufficient for the evaluation of new architectures and EDA tools; synthetic benchmark circuits are a viable alternative. In this paper, a systematic approach for the generation and evaluation of synthetic benchmark circuits is presented. A number of existing benchmark generation methods are examined using direct validation of size and topological parameters. This exposes certain features and drawbacks of the different methods.
Staining of the ILM in macular surgery (2003)

This record and fulltext contains comment (by A Gandorfer, C Haritoglou, A Kampik) and authors' reply (by K K Li, D Wong, P Hiscott, P E Stanga, C Groenwald, J McGalliard)
Cell Hashing v1 (2018)

This protocol is for performing Cell Hashing only. Sample multiplexing and super-loading on single cell RNA-sequencing platforms. Cell Hashinguses a series of oligo-tagged antibodies against ubiquitously expressed surface proteins with different barcodes to uniquely label cells from distinct samples, which can be subsequently pooled in one scRNA-seq run. By sequencing these tags alongside the cellular transcriptome, we can assign each cell to its sample of origin, and robustly identify doublets originating from multiple samples.
Clinical Trials of Novel and Targeted Therapies: Endpoints, Trial Design, and Analysis (2008)

With the growth in knowledge of tumorigenesis, the development of agents to combat cancer has evolved from examining the ability of a compound to destroy more tumor cells than healthy cells without...
Photochemical Formation of Singlet Molecular Oxygen in Illuminated Aqueous Solutions of Several Commercially Available Sunscreen Active Ingredients (1996)

Evidence is presented for the photochemical formation of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) in air-saturated aqueous solutions of several sunscreen active ingredients using sunlight-range illumination. This is of significance because (1) 1O2 is known to be cytotoxic, and (2) there have been several reports of toxic effects associated with the use of some sunscreens; most notably, with p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). Illuminated aqueous solutions of PABA, 2-ethylhexyl p-(dimethylamino)benzate (ODPABA), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BZ3), 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BZ8), 2-ethylhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate (OCR), 2-ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate (OMC), and 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (OCS) were evaluated individually for 1O2 formation. Furfuryl alcohol (FFA), a well-known chemical trap for 1O2, was added to each of the aqueous sunscreen solutions. The FFA was consumed when solutions of PABA, ODPABA, OMC, and OCR were illuminated, but no loss of FFA other than by direct photolysis occurred in solutions of BZ3, BZ8, or OCS. There was also no significant loss of FFA in any of these solutions kept in the dark. Further evidence for the formation of 1O2 in illuminated aqueous sunscreen solutions is provided by the results of experiments in which individual solutions containing sunscreen active ingredients and FFA that were diluted with D2O exhibited an increased rate of FFA consumption while the addition of azide ion (N3-) reduced the rate of FFA consumption. Continuous sunlight-range illumination of aqueous PABA solutions produced significantly higher steady-state concentrations of 1O2 than in solutions containing any of the other sunscreen active ingredients evaluated. The substituted benzophenone compounds (BZ3 and BZ8) and the salicylate-based compound (OCS) not only appear to produce no 1O2, but they also appear to produce no other reactive oxidant species that are capable of consuming FFA. This indicates that BZ3, BZ8, and OCS may be peferable, from the standpoint of toxic oxidant formation, for use as sunscreen active ingredients when compared to the other compounds evaluated in this study.
Polymorphism of Isotactic Poly(1-butene) as Revealed by Microindentation Hardness. 1. Kinetics of the Transformation (2002)

The microindentation hardness technique has been employed to examine the II → I polymorphic transformation of i-PBu1 taking place upon aging at room temperature. The hardness values of form I are shown to be remarkably higher than those of form II due to the denser packing of chains in the hexagonal crystal modification. The kinetics of the II → I transformation has been followed by means of microindentation hardness measurements in real time. The influence of molar mass and crystallization temperature on the kinetics of the polymorphic transformation is examined. Results suggest that the rate of polymorphic transformation is independent of molecular weight. In addition, it is seen that increasing the crystallization temperature (up to 105 °C) notably reduces the time required for a full transformation of form II into form I. The influence of the fraction of amorphous material on the rate of polymorphic transformation is discussed.
Bio-composites based on cellulose acetate and kenaf fibers: Processing and properties (2014)

Research on bio-composites is important because of its positive environmental impact. In this study, bio-composites based on plasticised cellulose acetate and kenaf fibers were prepared by solution casting and compression moulding methods. The fibers were chemically treated to remove lignin, hemicellulose and impurities. Mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of the biocomposites were studied. Introduction of chopped kenaf fibers increased the storage modulus. The flexural storage modulus of the composite was affected with the introduction of moisture. Moisture behaved similar to the effect of plasticiser, it reduced the modulus.
Effects of overlayers on electromigration reliability improvement for Cu/low K interconnects (2004)

Electromigration in Cu Damascene lines capped with either a CoWP, Ta/TaN, SiN/sub x/, or SiC/sub x/N/sub y/H/sub z/ layer was reviewed. A thin CoWP or Ta/TaN cap on top of the Cu line surface significantly reduced interface diffusion and improved the electromigration lifetime when compared with lines capped with SiN/sub x/ or SiC/sub x/N/sub y/H/sub z/. Activation energies for electromigration were found to be 2.0 eV, 1.4 eV, and 0.85-1.1 eV for the Cu lines capped with CoWP, Ta/TaN, and SiN/sub x/ or SiC/sub x/N/sub y/H/sub z/, respectively.
Genome duplication improves rice root resistance to salt stress (2014)

Our results suggest that genome duplication improves root resistance to salt stress, and that enhanced proton transport to the root surface may play a role in reducing Na(+) entrance into the roots.
철골모멘트 골조의 붕괴성능에 영향을 미치는 불확실성 분석 (2015)

구조물의 붕괴성능을 정확하게 평가하기 위해서는 구조물과 관련된 구조부재 및 지반운동의 불확실성을 고려한 확률적접근방식이 요구된다. 불확실성의 종류에 상관없이 불확실성은 구조물의 응답에 영향을 미치게 되는데, 구조물의 성능목표를 설정함에 있어 이러한 불확실성 전파를 예측할 필요가 있다. 최근 들어, 구조물의 붕괴성능을 평가하는 방법으로 사용되고 있는 증분동적해석은 지반운동과 관련된 임의적 불확실성을 해석과정에서 고려할 수 있다는 장점이 있으나, 확률론적 평 가를 위한 또 다른 중요 요인인 인식론적 불확실성을 직접적으로 평가할 수 없다는 제한사항이 있다. 본 연구에서는 철골모 멘트골조를 표본 건물로 선정하여 인식론적 불확실 요인으로 정의한 구조물의 고유감쇠, 지진중량, 구조부재의 항복강도 및 탄성계수가 구조물의 붕괴성능에 미치는 영향을 확률적으로 평가하였다. 이를 위하여 라틴 방격 추출법을 사용한 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 통해 증분동적해석을 수행하여 구조시스템 붕괴성능의 변동성을 정량적으로 예측하였다. 해석결과, 붕괴성능의 변동성에 인식론적 불확실성을 대표하는 변수 중에서 구조물 고유감쇠의 영향이 가장 두드러지는 것으로 나타났다.