gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Reduction of Lactam-Based β-Aminoacrylates. Synthesis of Heterocyclic β2-Amino Acids (2016)

The ability to affect asymmetric reduction of heterocyclic β-aminoacrylates 1 (n = 1-3) has been assessed with pyrrolidine and piperidone variants generating the corresponding N-heterocyclic β(2)-amino acids 3b and 5b with high enantioselectivity (≥97% ee) using a Rh/WALPHOS catalyst combination. The use of the carboxylic acid substrate was essential; the corresponding esters do undergo reduction but led to racemic products. The seven-ring azepanone variant (as the carboxylic acid 9b) underwent reduction, but only a minimal level of asymmetric induction was observed.
Hydrogenation of low‐molar‐mass, OH‐telechelic polybutadienes. I. Methods based on diimide (1999)

Low-molar-mass, OH-telechelic polybutadienes were hydrogenated (1) by diimide alone and (2) by using a novel method, consisting of the following two steps: up to some 95% degree of conversion by gaseous hydrogen with conventional Ziegler–Natta catalysts, and, only then, up to almost full saturation by diimide. The two-step method, which has been found to be equally efficient, enables one to decrease substantially the necessary feed of p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide, by the thermal decomposition of which diimide is generated. The crude saturated products, which could not be purified by a conventional (re)precipitation technique due to their low molar mass, contained a relatively large amount of a side-product, bis(p-tolyl)disulfide (TDS). It was found that free TDS can be converted quantitatively by reduction cleavage into p-tolyl mercaptan (TM) without changing the structure of the polymeric product, and TM can then be removed from the mixture by alkaline extraction. Alternatively, the crude product can be freed from TDS by chromatography. With the two-step hydrogenation method, only a small amount of the fragments and/or precursors of TDS add to the 5% residual CC double bonds of the partially hydrogenated polybutadiene chains. After any of the two purification procedures, the fully saturated products usually contained less than 1 wt % of such undesirable substituents only, which is comparable with the reported single-step diimide hydrogenation of the initial, fully unsaturated polybutadiene in the presence of a proton scavenger (tri-n-propylamine). © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 3203–3213, 1999
Coenzyme Q10 Treatment in Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies (1997)

We report a short-term double-blind, crossover study of CoQ10 in 8 patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Four patients had myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers syndrome, 3 had mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes syndrome, and 1 had chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia with myopathy. A trend of effectiveness of CoQ10 in several parameters was noted. Fatigability of daily activities was alleviated. The endurance to muscle exercise was augmented. Global muscle strength scored by Medical Research Council scale was increased. The extent of elevation in serum lactate and pyruvate levels after exercise was decreased. However, only the global MRC index score had a statistical significance (p < 0.05). There were no side effects during therapy. The serum CoQ10 levels were significantly lower in patients than in normal controls before CoQ10 treatment and increased significantly after treatment.
Interleukins 6 and 15 Levels Are Higher in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue, but Obesity Is Associated with Their Increased Content in Visceral Fat Depots (2015)

Excess adiposity is associated with chronic inflammation, which takes part in the development of obesity-related complications. The aim of this study was to establish whether subcutaneous (SAT) or visceral (VAT) adipose tissue plays a major role in synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Concentrations of interleukins (IL): 1β, 6, 8 and 15 were measured at the protein level by an ELISA-based method and on the mRNA level by real-time PCR in VAT and SAT samples obtained from 49 obese (BMI > 40 kg/m²) and 16 normal-weight (BMI 20-24.9 kg/m²) controls. IL-6 and IL-15 protein concentrations were higher in SAT than in VAT for both obese (p = 0.003 and p < 0.0001, respectively) and control individuals (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively), while for IL-1β this was observed only in obese subjects (p = 0.047). What characterized obese individuals was the higher expression of IL-6 and IL-15 at the protein level in VAT compared to normal-weight controls (p = 0.047 and p = 0.016, respectively). Additionally, obese individuals with metabolic syndrome had higher IL-1β levels in VAT than did obese individuals without this syndrome (p = 0.003). In conclusion, concentrations of some pro-inflammatory cytokines were higher in SAT than in VAT, but it was the increased pro-inflammatory activity of VAT that was associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Combining soft matter and soft chemistry: integrative chemistry towards designing novel and complex multiscale architectures (2006)

There is today a strong and emerging commitment toward designing complex and hierarchical architectures. In this context, great interest is appearing in the combination of soft chemistry and complex fluids. In any circumstance we can see that there is a strong affinity between and as they can interact together without disrupting their own function. For instance, a continuous network should emerge from the former while the latter should promote patterning effects. In this general context, the new concept of is proposed as well as its principle and main perspectives.
Characterization of Near-Infrared Spectral Variance in the Authentication of Skim and Nonfat Dry Milk Powder Collection Using ANOVA-PCA, Pooled-ANOVA, and Partial Least-Squares Regression (2014)

Forty-one samples of skim milk powder (SMP) and nonfat dry milk (NFDM) from 8 suppliers, 13 production sites, and 3 processing temperatures were analyzed by NIR diffuse reflectance spectrometry over a period of 3 days. NIR reflectance spectra (1700–2500 nm) were converted to pseudoabsorbance and examined using (a) analysis of variance-principal component analysis (ANOVA-PCA), (b) pooled-ANOVA based on data submatrices, and (c) partial least-squares regression (PLSR) coupled with pooled-ANOVA. ANOVA-PCA score plots showed clear separation of the samples with respect to milk class (SMP or NFDM), day of analysis, production site, processing temperature, and individual samples. Pooled-ANOVA provided statistical levels of significance for the separation of the averages, some of which were many orders of magnitude below 10–3. PLSR showed that the correlation with Certificate of Analysis (COA) concentrations varied from a weak coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.32 for moisture to moderate R2 values of 0.61 for fat and 0.78 for protein for this multinational study. In this study, pooled-ANOVA was applied for the first time to PLS modeling and demonstrated that even though the calibration models may not be precise, the contribution of the protein peaks in the NIR spectra accounted for the largest proportion of the variation despite the inherent imprecision of the COA values.
Effect of Long-Term Metformin and Lifestyle in the Diabetes Prevention Program and Its Outcome Study on Coronary Artery Calcium (2017)

Background: Despite the reduced incidence of coronary heart disease with intensive risk factor management, people with diabetes mellitus and prediabetes remain at increased coronary heart disease risk. Diabetes prevention interventions may be needed to reduce coronary heart disease risk. This approach was examined in the DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) and the DPPOS (Diabetes Prevention Program Outcome Study), a long-term intervention study in 3234 subjects with prediabetes (mean±SD age, 64±10 years) that showed reduced diabetes risk with lifestyle and metformin compared with placebo over 3.2 years. Methods: The DPPOS offered periodic group lifestyle sessions to all participants and continued metformin in the originally randomized metformin group. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed in 2029 participants with coronary artery calcium (CAC) measurements after an average of 14 years of follow-up. The CAC scores were analyzed continuously as CAC severity and categorically as CAC presence (CAC score &gt;0) and reported separately in men and women. Results: There were no CAC differences between lifestyle and placebo intervention groups in either sex. CAC severity and presence were significantly lower among men in the metformin versus the placebo group (age-adjusted mean CAC severity, 39.5 versus 66.9 Agatston units, P =0.04; CAC presence, 75% versus 84%, P =0.02), but no metformin effect was seen in women. In multivariate analysis, the metformin effect in men was not influenced by demographic, anthropometric, or metabolic factors; by the development of diabetes mellitus; or by use/nonuse of statin therapy. Conclusions: Metformin may protect against coronary atherosclerosis in prediabetes and early diabetes mellitus among men. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00038727.
ChemInform Abstract: Photolabile Linker Units (2010)

Abstract Review: 87 refs.
A distributed and robust SDN control plane for transactional network updates (2015)

Software-defined networking (SDN) is a novel paradigm that outsources the control of programmable network switches to a set of software controllers. The most fundamental task of these controllers is the correct implementation of the network policy, i.e., the intended network behavior. In essence, such a policy specifies the rules by which packets must be forwarded across the network. This paper studies a distributed SDN control plane that enables concurrent and robust policy implementation. We introduce a formal model describing the interaction between the data plane and a distributed control plane (consisting of a collection of fault-prone controllers). Then we formulate the problem of consistent composition of concurrent network policy updates (termed the CPC Problem). To anticipate scenarios in which some conflicting policy updates must be rejected, we enable the composition via a natural transactional interface with all-or-nothing semantics. We show that the ability of an f-resilient distributed control plane to process concurrent policy updates depends on the tag complexity, i.e., the number of policy labels (a.k.a. tags) available to the controllers, and describe a CPC protocol with optimal tag complexity f + 2.
Lewis acid mediated cyclisation of β-phenylethylamides with an unactivated benzene ring: an efficient preparation of dihydroisoquinolines (1996)

The efficient Lewis acid assisted cyclisation of β-phenylethylamide into dihydroisoquinolines was optimised in relation to metal chloride catalyst, and by X-ray crystallography a new type of non-bonded interaction in the cyclic systems was demonstrated: face coordination of the Cl-anion and an electron deficient pyridinium π-system.
The operating microscope I. Optical principles, illumination systems, and support systems (1980)

The optical principles of the Zeiss OPMI 1, 6-S, and 7 P/H operating microscopes are discussed, along with standard and fiberoptic illumination systems and the range of currently available support systems.
Development of Red Flags Index for Early Referral of Adults with Symptoms and Signs Suggestive of Crohn’s Disease: An IOIBD Initiative (2015)

The Red Flags index using early symptoms and signs has high predictive value for the diagnosis of CD. These results need prospective validation prior to introduction into clinical practice.
Pre-college Electrical Engineering Outreach: The Design of a Home Security System (Evaluation) (2020)

in 2002 where she is currently a Professor.Her research interests are in the field of statistical signal processing, with emphasis on the theory of Monte Carlo methods and its application to different disciplines including biomedicine, sensor networks, and finance.In addition, she has focused on STEM education and has initiated several successful programs with the purpose of engaging students at all academic stages in the excitement of engineering and research, with particular focus on underrepresented groups.
Cannabinoid Modulation of Neuroinflammatory Disorders (2012)

In recent years, a growing interest has been dedicated to the study of the endocannabinoid system. The isolation of Cannabis sativa main psychotropic compound, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has led to the discovery of an atypical neurotransmission system that modulates the release of other neurotransmitters and participates in many biological processes, including the cascade of inflammatory responses. In this context, cannabinoids have been studied for their possible therapeutic properties in neuroinflammatory diseases. In this review, historic and biochemical aspects of cannabinoids are discussed, as well as their function as modulators of inflammatory processes and therapeutic perspectives for neurodegenerative disorders, particularly, multiple sclerosis.
Device and programs for investigation of biological objects autofluorescence (2012)

A method of fluorescent sub-diffractional microscopy is proposed based on using object dyeing by special dye, which is able to bind to some object structures and initially not absorb light, used for excitation of fluorescence. As a result of some processes small part of molecules is activated, that is converted to molecule able to absorb light and fluoresce sufficiently long to be registered by a sensitive video camera as separate spots covering tens of pixcels of camera matrix. Then registered molecules must be photobleached or transformed to nonfluorescing state by other influence and new portion of molecules is activated. This circle of "activation"--"fluorescence excitation and registration"--"photobleaching" may be repeated thousands times. The accuracy of center spots determination may be up to 2 nm. A collection of all calculated centers of spots in all registered frames may be used for reconstruction of object image with resolution not limited by diffraction. A method of improving visibility of spots produced by single molecules in object having autofluorescence is described.
Caspase Gene Expression in the Brain as a Function of the Clinical Progression of Alzheimer Disease (2003)

Proapoptotic mechanisms may be at play early in the onset of AD (before overt signs of apoptosis) and may be a conditional factor for later apoptotic cell injury or death. These data have relevance to potential therapeutic interventions for AD using selective caspase inhibitors.
Hydrate Modeling & Flow Loop Experiments for Water Continuous & Partially Dispersed Systems (2014)

Abstract A major industry concern is to reduce the severe safety risks associated with hydrate plug formation, and significantly extending subsea tieback distances by providing a cost effective flow assurance management/safety tool for mature fields. Developing fundamental understanding of the key mechanistic steps towards hydrate plug formation for different multiphase flow conditions is a key challenge to the flow assurance community. Such understanding can ultimately provide new insight and hydrate management guidelines to diminish the safety risks due to hydrate formation and accumulation in deepwater flowlines and facilities. The transportability of hydrates in pipelines is a function of the operating parameters, such as temperature, pressure, fluid mixture velocity, liquid loading, and fluid system characteristics. Specifically, the hydrate formation rate and plugging onset characteristics can be significantly different for water continuous, oil continuous, and partially dispersed systems. The latter is defined as a system containing oil/gas/water, where the water is present both as free water and partially dispersed in the oil phase (e.g., entrained water in the oil). This paper presents the results and analyses of flowloop experiments on partially dispersed systems as a function of water volume fraction and velocity/mixing. These experiments indicate that the partially dispersed systems tend to be problematic and are more severe cases with respect to flow assurance when compared to systems where the water is completely dispersed in oil. We have found that the partially dispersed systems are distinct, and are not an intermediate case between total water, and totally water-dispersed systems. Instead the experiments indicate that growth of hydrate sheet/deposit on the pipe wall because of the wetting of pipe walls by the free water layer coupled with bedding of the hydrates that are formed in bulk liquid seems to be the governing phenomena for hydrates growth in such systems. The data from the tests performed provide the basis for a mechanistic model for hydrate formation and plugging in partially dispersed systems. Lessons resulting from this work should be incorporated into flow assurance models, as well as operating company production strategies to reduce or mitigate hydrate plugging risks in complex multiphase systems.
Reliability-Driven Task Assignment in Vehicular Crowdsourcing: A Matching Game (2019)

Vehicular crowdsourcing is an emerging mobile sensing-based paradigm in which a service platform manages the allocation of data collection and processing tasks to vehicles according to their itinerary, expected response time, and optimal reward. However, selfish or malicious vehicles may take advantage of the platform to maximize their profit or even attack the deployed sensing applications and compromise their decisions by transmitting unreliable data, which can degrade the quality of delivered services and negatively affect the platform reward and reputation. In this paper, we design a task assignment mechanism for vehicular crowdsourcing based on vehicles' reliability to protect the platform from such threats. First, a beta reputation system is adopted for probabilistic reliability assessment according to vehicles' behavior. Then, a new multi-dimensional task assignment problem, which proves to be NP-complete, is modeled as a many-to-one matching game between the platform and vehicles by defining reliability and reward-based preference functions. Finally, a distributed matching algorithm that aims at maximizing the platform reward by assigning the tasks to reliable participants is presented. The mechanism also achieves privacy-preservability by enabling vehicles to engage in the task allocation process without necessarily unveiling their sensitive information. Results show that the proposed mechanism increases the quality of crowdsourcing services by assigning the tasks to reliable and benign vehicles, and adheres to the scalability requirements of the system.
Subjective fatigue and subjective sleepiness: two independent consequences of sleep disorders? (2005)

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate subjective fatigue versus subjective sleepiness as independent consequences of sleep disorders. Furthermore, we tried to explore how these symptoms relate to alertness, depressive symptoms and illness intrusiveness. In a prospective observational study, 283 sleep-disordered patients referred to a hospital-based sleep laboratory for various indications over a 1-year period were evaluated vis-à-vis fatigue and sleepiness. All patients completed five subjective questionnaires, underwent objective sleep recording and attended a clinical interview with a sleep specialist. The subjective questionnaires included the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Fatigue Severity Scale, the Toronto Hospital Alertness Test, the Illness Intrusiveness Rating Scale and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. Only 4% of the total sample was referred to the sleep clinic due to a complaint of excessive fatigue compared with 17% for excessive daytime sleepiness. However, during the assessment, 64% of referred patients reported pathological fatigue without overlap of sleepiness and only 4% reported pathological sleepiness without overlap of fatigue. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated a weak association (r=0.18) between subjective fatigue and sleepiness in the total sample. Analysis of variance testing showed strong association between those patients with prominent fatigue and depressive symptoms (P<0.01) and illness intrusiveness (P<0.001). The findings support the notion that subjective fatigue and sleepiness can be independent manifestations of sleep disorders. Furthermore, predominantly fatigued individuals with sleep disorders seem vulnerable to additional negative consequences due to possible interplay between amplified fatigue and psychological distress.
Elimination–addition mechanisms of acyl-group transfer reactions: a novel E1cB mechanism in the hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (1982)

S. Thea, G. Guanti, G. Petrillo, A. Hopkins and A. Williams, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1982, 577 DOI: 10.1039/C39820000577
A setup reduction methodology from lean manufacturing for development of meta-heuristic algorithms (2013)

We present an application of the Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED) methodology used in lean automotive manufacturing for the design and implementation of metaheuristic algorithms. This methodology allows the design of algorithm implementations that are flexible and enables algorithm designers to modify the algorithm's configuration quickly and with a minimum amount of errors. This comes with little downside as measured by computational effort and engenders a wider variety of experimental scenarios to be tested.
Multiple Antigenic Peptides of Human Heparanase Elicit a Much More Potent Immune Response against Tumors (2011)

Peptide vaccination for cancer immunotherapy requires an ideal immune response induced by epitope peptides derived from tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Heparanase is broadly expressed in various advanced tumors. Accumulating evidence suggests that heparanase can serve as a universal TAA for tumor immunotherapy. However, due to the low immunogenicity of peptide vaccines, an ideal immune response against tumors usually cannot be elicited in patients. To increase the immunogenicity of peptide vaccines, we designed three 4-branched multiple antigenic peptides (MAP) on the basis of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes of human heparanase that we identified previously as antigen carriers. Our results show that MAP vaccines based on the HLA-A2-restricted CLT epitopes of human heparanase were capable of inducing HLA-A2-restricted and heparanase-specific CTL in vitro and in mice. Moreover, compared with their corresponding linear peptides, heparanase MAP vaccines elicited much stronger lysis of tumor cells by activating CD8(+) T lymphocytes and increasing the releasing of IFN-γ. However, these heparanase-specific CTLs did not lyse heparanase-expressing autologous lymphocytes and dendritic cells, which confirm the safety of these MAP vaccines. Therefore, our findings indicate that MAP vaccines based on CTL epitopes of human heparanase can be used as potent immunogens for tumor immunotherapy because of advantages such as broad spectrum, high effectiveness, high specificity, and safety.
Holographic telescope arrays (1988)

A typical job in optical computing is to illuminate an array of small nonlinear optical components, separated by wide gaps to avoid crosstalk. We do this by letting a wide uniform beam fall onto a densely packed array of minifying telescopes. Each telescope produces a narrow bundle of parallel rays which illuminates one of the nonlinear optical components. The holographic telescopes can do more than change the width of the bundles of parallel rays. Their image forming capability allows the transmission of many pixels per channel in parallel. The pair of lenslets of a single holographic telescope (Kepler or Galilean) is produced in rigid coupling. The monolithic production avoids adjusting the two lenslets later on.