gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PP282—The role of cbs and H2S in the induction of torpor and organ preservation during hibernation (2013)

Mammalian hibernation is characterized by profound reductions in metabolism and body temperature. As a result, hibernating animals enter a state of suspended animation called “torpor,” where core body temperatures can drop to as low as approximately –3°C. This is followed by a state with full restoration of metabolism and body temperature called “arousal” without reperfusion injury or other ill effects. It has been recently reported that cooling of hamster cells increases endogenous production of H2S through cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) enzyme, which prevents apoptotic cell death.
The Effect of Various Passivation Layers to the Stability of the MoS2 Field-Effect Transistor (2015)

Recently, 2-dimensional (2-D) semiconductors have been researched a lot as an active layer of next-generation nanoelectronics, due to their peculiar electrical and optical characteristics. Graphene, which is a representative of 2-D material, has been reported to have extremely high mobility. However, the pristine graphene does not have a band gap, resulting in a high off-current of graphene transistor. Due to the limitation of the graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), another kind of 2-D material, has appeared as an alternative material for graphene. MoS2 is one of TMDs with a direct band gap of ~1.9eV in the monolayer form. MoS2 has attracted great attention and there are many reports on MoS2 transistors which show high carrier mobility. Also, its potential to be utilized in optoelectronics and other various applications was proved. However MoS2 has a critical weakness in that the stability under ambient condition is very poor. The resistance of MoS2 transistor increases under ambient atmosphere, which results in the decrease of field-effect mobility. Preventing the degradation of device performance is very important in order to avoid circuit failure or to reduce the power consumption. In this research, we have focused on the stability enhancement of a MoS2 field-effect transistor (FET). Various passivation layers were deposited on top of the bottom-gate MoS2 FET. Then, the evolution of electrical properties for both transistors with and without passivation layer was measured. In addition, the change of device properties under high percentage of humidity condition was measured in order to compare the performance of diverse passivation layers. From this research, the effect of various passivation layers to the environmental stability of MoS2 transistor will be reported.
Reliable data transmission in event-based sensor networks during overload situation (2007)

In this paper, we describe a scalable and distributed framework for minimizing congestion and assuring reliable data transmissions in event based networks. Event based networks are a particular category of sensor networks on which reports are produced only upon the observation of a specific event. This event should satisfy a pre-specified condition. Whenever this condition is satisfied, a sudden traffic increase occurs which may lead the network into congestion. This is particularly undesirable because the data generated during this situation are of great importance, often critical, to the applications. We propose a novel algorithm which is able to control a congestion situation and which is efficient enough to safely transmit almost all the data, generated by the sensors due to an event, back to the sinks. The algorithm does that without throttling the source nodes' data rate. Throttling the data rate could prove fatal for critical networks, due to the fact that each data packet provides the network with updated information concerning the monitored event.
Improved calcineurin inhibition by yeast FKBP12-drug complexes. Crystallographic and functional analysis. (1993)

The protein phosphatase calcineurin is the putative target for the immunosuppressive drug FK-506.The enzyme is inhibited by the complex of the drug with its intracellular receptor, the 12-kDa FK-506-binding protein (FKBP12), and the strength of inhibition usually correlates strongly with immunosuppressive potency.We find, however, that the complex of yeast FKBPl2 with L-685,818, a well characterized antagonist of FK-506 immunosuppression, is a potent inhibitor of calcineurin.The corresponding human complex does not inhibit the enzyme, and both human and yeast complexes with FK-506 do inhibit.To understand the structural basis of these findings, we have determined the three-dimensional structure of the complex of yeast FKBP12 with FK-506 by x-ray crystallography, and have found that the structure of the yeast complex is strikingly similar to its human homolog.These observations indicate that specific sequence elements in the yeast protein provide stronger binding interactions with a heterologous calcineurin than do the corresponding elements in the human protein, and suggest structural modifications that may improve the potency of this class of immunosuppressants.FK-506 (Fig. 1) and cyclosporin A (CsA)' are structurally unrelated natural products of microbial origin that possess immunosuppressive activity and can be used clinically, despite significant side effects, to prevent transplant rejection (1-3).Both FK-506 and CsA bind to distinct classes of intracellular receptors, termed the FK-506-binding proteins and the cyclophilins, respectively.These proteins differ from one another both in sequence and in three-dimensional structure, and the conformations of both drugs when bound to their receptors
The Possibility of Muscle Tissue Reconstruction Using Shape Memory Alloys (2005)

Severe dysfunction of muscle tissues can be treated by transplantation but the success rate is still not high enough. One possibility instead is to replace the dysfunctional muscle with artificial muscles. This article introduces a unique approach using shape memory alloys (SMAs) to replace the anal sphincter muscle for solving the problem of fecal incontinence. The use of SMAs that exhibit a two-way shape memory effect allows the device to function like a sphincter muscle and facilitates simple design. In this article, we will give a brief introduction to the functional material-SMA-together with its medical applications, and will follow this with a description of the recent progress in research and development of an SMA-based artificial sphincter. The possibility of its commercialization will also be discussed.
Targeted drug delivery in the brain via ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier disruption (2009)

This study investigates the impact of focused ultrasound (FOS)-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) on the survival of rats with aggressive glioma. Results show a modest but significant increase in median survival time in rats treated with combined FUS+DOX, while neither DOX nor FOS has any significant impact on survival on its own. Moreover, a post-treatment MRI reveals that rats which received the combined FUS+DOX treatment exhibit slower tumor growth compared to intravenous chemotherapy alone. Hence, the efficacy confirmation in an in vivo tumor model indicates that targeted drug delivery using MRI-guided focused ultrasound has the potential to have a major impact on the treatment of patients with brain tumors and other neurological disorders.
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis FAS‐II condensing enzymes: their role in mycolic acid biosynthesis, acid‐fastness, pathogenesis and in future drug development (2007)

Mycolic acids are very long-chain fatty acids representing essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall. Considering their importance, characterization of key enzymes participating in mycolic acid biosynthesis not only allows an understanding of their role in the physiology of mycobacteria, but also might lead to the identification of new drug targets. Mycolates are synthesized by at least two discrete elongation systems, the type I and type II fatty acid synthases (FAS-I and FAS-II respectively). Among the FAS-II components, the condensing enzymes that catalyse the formation of carbon-carbon bonds have received considerable interest. Four condensases participate in initiation (mtFabH), elongation (KasA and KasB) and termination (Pks13) steps, leading to full-length mycolates. We present the recent biochemical and structural data for these important enzymes. Special emphasis is given to their role in growth, intracellular survival, biofilm formation, as well as in the physiopathology of tuberculosis. Recent studies demonstrated that phosphorylation of these enzymes by mycobacterial kinases affects their activities. We propose here a model in which kinases that sense environmental changes can phosphorylate the condensing enzymes, thus representing a novel mechanism of regulating mycolic acid biosynthesis. Finally, we discuss the attractiveness of these enzymes as valid targets for future antituberculosis drug development.
Online learning for adversaries with memory: price of past mistakes (2015)

The framework of online learning with memory naturally captures learning problems with temporal effects, and was previously studied for the experts setting. In this work we extend the notion of learning with memory to the general Online Convex Optimization (OCO) framework, and present two algorithms that attain low regret. The first algorithm applies to Lipschitz continuous loss functions, obtaining optimal regret bounds for both convex and strongly convex losses. The second algorithm attains the optimal regret bounds and applies more broadly to convex losses without requiring Lipschitz continuity, yet is more complicated to implement. We complement the theoretical results with two applications: statistical arbitrage in finance, and multi-step ahead prediction in statistics.
Recombinant TGF-?1 stimulates bone marrow osteoprogenitor cell activity and bone matrix synthesis in osteopenic, old male mice (1999)

We have previously hypothesized that the osteopenic changes seen in the skeletons of old male BALB/c mice are due to reductions in the availability and/or synthesis of bone TGF-β which results in fewer, less osteogenic marrow osteoprogenitor cells (CFU-f; OPCs) and lower levels of bone formation. Among other things, this hypothesis would predict that introducing exogenous TGF-β into old mice (growth factor replacement) should stimulate marrow CFU-f and increase bone formation. In the present study, we have tested this prediction and, indirectly the hypothesis, by injecting human recombinant TGF-β1, i.p., into both young adult (4 month) and old mice (24 month). The effects of the growth factor on the skeleton were then assessed by measurements of trabecular bone volume, bone formation, fracture healing, and the number, proliferative, apoptotic, and alkaline phosphatase activity of marrow CFU-f/OPCs. Our data show that the introduction of 0.5 or 5.0 ug/day of TGF-β1 into old mice for 20 days 1) increases trabecular bone volume, bone formation and the mineral apposition rate, 2) augments fracture healing, 3) increases the number and size of CFU-f colonies, and 4) increases proliferation and diminishes apoptosis of CFU-f in primary bone marrow cultures. Importantly, these stimulatory effects of injected growth factor are apparently age-specific, i.e., they are either not seen in young animals or, if seen, are found at much lower levels. While these observations do not exclude other possible mechanisms for the osteopenia of old mice, they provide further support for the hypothesis that, with age, diminished TGF-β synthesis or availability results in a reduction in the marrow osteoprogenitor pool and bone formation. The findings also demonstrate that the latter changes can be reversed, at least transiently, by introducing exogenous TGF-β1. J. Cell. Biochem. 73:379–389, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gradient methods in unsupervised neural networks (1991)

The authors discuss the application of gradient methods (steepest descent and conjugate gradients) to an unsupervised neural network that uses potential functions in the output layer as previously reported by the authors (1990). The nature of most unsupervised neural networks makes the gradient step algorithm the only possible way to optimize the network's function. The network reported by the authors in 1990 can make use of other gradient methods. Experiments with the steepest descent/ascent and conjugate gradients algorithms show a potential decrease in the number of iterations. The contours of the network's function showed considerable variation, especially close to the local optima. This nature restricted the line search algorithms that could be used. Simulations confirm this fact by showing how a crude line search algorithm performs better than a semiexact line search algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Clustering and visualization of mobile application permissions for end users and malware analysts (2017)

Application permissions at the core of Android security mechanism are the first leading transparent feature for users to assess any mobile application before download or installation and for experts to analyse any malware. Representing vast, dispersed permissions and achieving clarity is not a trivial matter. In this study, we first examined Android permissions, their groups and formal representations with the limitations. We also surveyed limited studies on clustering/visualization of permissions. We grouped 251 Android permissions into 12 clusters semantically and proposed a new visualization approach that looks more conventional to both end users and experts and helps comprehending permissions easily and quickly. We applied the proposed clustering and visualization on calculated discriminative malign permissions concept for malware analysis and demonstrated potential effectiveness of the approach. Our approach improves expressing and understanding of large number of mobile application permissions in a better context, provides more understanding and insight, and helps interpreting or inferring interesting patterns related to permissions for malware classification.
L’atteinte osseuse dans le sarcome de Kaposi classique et agressif: à propos d’un cas (2016)

Classic Kaposi sarcoma is a multifocal rare tumor originating from vascular endothelial cells with progressive evolution and little malignant predisposition. Although Kaposi sarcoma with extensive visceral involvement is sometimes observed among HIV-positive patients, tumor dissemination to visceral lymph nodes in classic SK remains very rare. We report a rare case of aggressive classic Kaposi sarcoma of the hand with a rapid and destructive development.
Venous thromboembolism as a complication of uterine fibroids: A retrospective descriptive study (2009)

This study describes cases of fibroids with venous thromboembolism (VTE) managed at UHWI between the years 1999-2004. We examined records to find patients with fibroids and VTE diagnosed before or after surgery. We found 438 women with VTE and 72 of these (16.4%) with fibroids. A total of 1,979 patients had fibroids during the period; cases were therefore 3.63% of fibroids. Cases were younger, median age 44 years than the total cohort: the median age was 57 and the mean age was 55.43 (SD 19.87) p = 0.000 about 9.5 years older than cases. Age over 50 years was less common in cases 27% vs 52% p = 0.0001 as were other risk factors for VTE such as cancer 4.9 vs 14% p = 0.03; diabetes 8.6 vs 25.2% p = 0.004 and cardiac disease 8.6% vs 26.6% p = 0.002 . However, thrombocytosis was more frequent, 23% vs 9% p = 0.008. Other risk factors were not significantly different. A total of 21 cases (29.1%) had surgery for fibroids; 15 (71.4%) hysterectomy, and six (28.5%) myomectomy. Most cases 67/72 (93%) had VTE without surgery. Of the five cases with VTE after surgery for fibroids, none had prophylactic heparin. Of the cases, 15 died--23% of women with VTE at PM and 0.8% of those with fibroids.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW HELICAL MOLECULAR FRAMEWORK (1978)

Abstract Die Synthese der helicalen nicht anellierten Verbindungen (VI) bei denen die Schraubenform des Moleküls durch eine Klammer (K) an den Enden einer Kette aus fünf Phenyleinheiten erzwungen wird, wird beschrieben.
An FPGA-Based High-Performance Neural Ensemble Spiking Activity Simulator Utilizing Generalized Volterra Kernel and Complexity Analysis (2015)

Neural information is represented and transmitted among neuronal units by a series of all-or-none “neural codes”. During the process of neural prosthesis design, generally, a large amount of “neural codes” need to be captured and analyzed, which brings about an important discipline, known as neuroinformatics. However, in neuroinformatics study, this coding process, also termed as “spiking activity”, is not straightforward for prediction. It is owing to the high nonlinearity and dynamic property involved in generation of the neuronal spikes. In this paper, a novel generalized Volterra kernel-based neural spiking activity simulator is introduced for prediction of the neural codes in mammalian hippocampal region. High-performance VLSI architecture is established for the simulator based on high-order Volterra kernels involving cross-terms. The effectiveness and efficiency of the simulator are proven in experimental settings. This simulator has the potential to serve as a core functional unit in future hippocampal cognitive neural prosthesis.
A Stress-Criterion-Based Model for the Prediction of the Size of Wear Particles in Boundary Lubricated Contacts (2016)

In this paper, the formulation and validation of a model for the prediction of the wear particles size in boundary lubrication is described. An efficient numerical model based on a well-established BEM formulation combined with a mechanical wear criterion was applied. The behavior of the model and particularly the influence of the initial surface roughness and load was explored. The model was validated using measurements of the wear particles formed in steel–steel and steel–brass contacts. In the case of steel–steel contact, a reasonable quantitative agreement was observed. In the case of steel–brass contact, formation of the brass transfer layer dominates the particles generation process. To include this effect, a layered material model was introduced.
A Fresh View at Sports PSM-Systems (2022)

The syndrome of heart chronic physical overstrain is the condition of functional disadaptation, which a coach must diagnosis by himself. If he misses the development of this condition (especially for juniors) then subsequent training or competitive activities may cause development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and increase the risk of sudden cardiac death. The syndrome of heart chronic physical overstrain is the main reason of &amp;laquo;professional sports aging&amp;raquo;.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults aged 18 and over in the United States, 1998-2009. (2011)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes substantial morbidity and mortality and may be unrecognized in its early stages. Chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD), which includes both COPD and asthma, was the third leading cause of death in the United States in 2008. COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which both make emptying air from the lungs progressively more difficult and can be associated with cough, mucus production, wheezing, and breathlessness. Risk factors include primarily cigarette smoking, but also exposure to noxious particles or gases, recurrent infection, diet, and genetic factors. COPD is often preventable, but there is no cure. Treatment can control symptoms and slow disease progression. This report presents trends in COPD prevalence, hospitalization, and death rates, and detailed recent estimates for population subgroups. Asthma is excluded from this report because it is considered a different condition with fully reversible symptoms, although some people may have asthma and COPD concurrently.
Optical carrier Brillouin processing of microwave photonic signals (2000)

We introduce a novel concept in Brillouin signal processing based on modification of the optical carrier's magnitude and phase by stimulated Brillouin scattering-induced depletion. The technique offers wideband processing and low noise and requires only low optical power. Application to the enhancement of a 25-km high-frequency analog link is experimentally demonstrated and yields a 6.5-GHz bandwidth extension and a 13-dB reduction in the link insertion loss without intermodulation distortion.
Bound entanglement in the Jaynes–Cummings model (2013)

We study in detail entanglement properties of the Jaynes-Cummings model assuming a two-level atom (qubit) interacting with the first $N$ levels of an electromagnetic field mode (qudit) in a cavity. In the Jaynes-Cummings model, the number operator is the conserved quantity that allows for the exact diagonalization of the Hamiltonian and thus we study states that commute with this conserved quantity and whose structure is preserved under the Jaynes-Cummings dynamics. Contrary to the common belief, we show that there are bound entangled states that satisfy the symmetries imposed by the conservation of the number of excitations when $N>3$. Furthermore we show that \emph{the Jaynes-Cummings interaction can be used to generate bound-entanglement} between the atom and the mode.
Actual Diversity Performance of a Multiband Diversity Antenna With Hand and Head Effects (2009)

Using the metric actual diversity gain (ADG), diversity performance is investigated for a compact mobile terminal prototype with two internal, triple frequency band antennas in four different cases of user interaction. ADG is presented as a preferred alternative to apparent diversity gain and effective diversity gain. Absorption due to user proximity causes degradation and imbalance in mean effective gain of the antennas over the frequency bands, contributing to a degradation in diversity performance. However, user-induced changes in the antenna patterns cause a decrease in correlation in the low frequency band, which facilitates increased diversity gain. The study reveals that a significant net diversity gain, i.e., ADG of 5-8 dB compared to a single antenna prototype, can be achieved using multiband antennas in the proximity of a user, even at low frequencies for antennas with high mutual coupling.
The technology of the Global HIV Vaccine Research Cryorepository (2009)

Abstract This paper gives an overview of our developments in the fields of cryotechnology and cryoelectronics for managing biological samples stored over liquid nitrogen, fields that are essential to a central cryostorage facility for AIDS related material used in worldwide collaborative research. As a fundamental part of this project we have developed new electronic cryovials and carrier plates attached to Flash memory chips, so that a redundant and portable set of data is present with each sample. The recovery of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after cryopreservation in the new cryosubstrates showed, especially for small sample volumes (0.1 ml), an increased viability in comparison to the preservation in standard cryovials. The electronic cryosubstrates interface with a dedicated laboratory workflow management system for reproducible and standardized sample processing. This system can read standard operating procedures (SOPs) stored on each sample's memory chip. Finally, we have developed a polymorphic cryoelectronic infrastructure for sample storage tanks. This cryoelectronic system has been integrated in a hermetic storage and semiautomatic handling environment. The new technologies provide state‐of‐the‐art sample identification, documentation and tracking that brings added value to each sample. The first application of these technologies is in a worldwide collaborative research towards the production of an AIDS vaccine. The functionality and versatility of the technologies will lead to an essential optimization of sample and data exchange for global clinical studies by ensuring a high degree of standardization between laboratories.