gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The mutagenic assessment of an electronic-cigarette and reference cigarette smoke using the Ames assay in strains TA98 and TA100 (2016)

Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 were used to assess the mutagenic potential of the aerosol from a commercially available, rechargeable, closed system electronic-cigarette. Results obtained were compared to those for the mainstream smoke from a Kentucky reference (3R4F) cigarette. Two different test matrices were assessed. Aerosol generated from the e-cigarette was trapped on a Cambridge filter pad, eluted in DMSO and compared to cigarette smoke total particulate matter (TPM), which was generated in the same manner for mutagenicity assessment in the Salmonella assay. Fresh e-cigarette and cigarette smoke aerosols were generated on the Vitrocell<sup>®</sup> VC 10 smoking robot and compared using a modified scaled-down 35mm air agar interface (AAI) methodology. E-cigarette aerosol collected matter (ACM) was found to be non-mutagenic in the 85mm plate incorporation Ames assay in strains TA98 and TA100 conducted in accordance with OECD 471, when tested up to 2400μg/plate. Freshly generated e-cigarette aerosol was also found to be negative in both strains after an AAI aerosol exposure, when tested up to a 1L/min dilution for up to 3h. Positive control responses were observed in both strains, using benzo[a]pyrene, 2-nitrofluorene, sodium azide and 2-aminoanthracene in TA98 and TA100 in the presence and absence of metabolic activation respectively. In contrast, cigarette smoke TPM and aerosol from 3R4F reference cigarettes were found to be mutagenic in both tester strains, under comparable test conditions to that of e-cigarette exposure. Limited information exists on the mutagenic activity of captured e-cigarette particulates and whole aerosol AAI approaches. With the lower toxicant burden of e-cigarette aerosols compared to cigarette smoke, it is clear that a more comprehensive Ames package of data should be generated when assessing e-cigarettes, consisting of the standard OECD-five, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 (or TA97) and E. coli (or TA102). In addition, TA104 which is more sensitive to the carbonyl based compounds found in e-cigarette aerosols under dry-wicking conditions may also prove a useful addition in a testing battery. Regulatory standard product testing approaches as used in this study will become important when determining whether e-cigarette aerosols are in fact less biologically active than cigarette smoke, as this study suggests. Future studies should be supported by in vitro dosimetry approaches to draw more accurate comparisons between cigarette smoke, e-cigarette aerosol exposure and human use.
Ageing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration (2011)

Evidence suggests that immunological response in chronic inflammation is dynamic, oscillating between active immunity and tolerance. We hypothesized that a similar dynamic exists in melanoma and administration of therapy during a unique phase of such oscillation could impact clinical outcome. Patients with metastatic melanoma eligible to undergo temozolomide underwent serial measurements of C-reactive protein (CRP) and immune biomarkers every 2-3 days for 2 weeks before starting therapy. Treatment was initiated prior to the estimated next CRP peak, or on day 14 post-registration if a peak was not identified. Time profiles of measured biomarkers were analyzed by fitting serially measured data points to 9 mathematical functions and were correlated to time of therapy and outcome. Data suggested that metastatic melanoma patients exhibit a dynamic immune response. The fluctuation of several biomarkers fitted cosine functions with periods which were multiples of 3-4 days. Chemotherapy delivery during a unique phase of this cycle seemed to correlate with improved response. Individualized conventional chemotherapy delivery by synchronizing treatment with pre-existing patient-specific biorhythms may improve clinical outcomes in metastatic melanoma.
A new method to determine the source resistance of FET from measured S-parameters under active-bias conditions (1995)

A new method is proposed to evaluate the source resistance R/sub S/ directly from the S-parameters of a field-effect transistor biased in the active region. The method is based on the fact that the real part of the feedback admittance is mainly caused by the source and the gate resistance. This enables the analytical calculation of R/sub S/ at any measured frequency with high accuracy. Taking the ratio of R/sub G/ with regard to R/sub S/ as the only optimizing parameter, it is possible to calculate quickly an equivalent circuit the elements of which do not depend on starting values. The equivalent circuit fits the measured S-parameters very well and allows a physical interpretation of the calculated elements. By application of the new method in accordance with theoretical considerations one can observe for the first time from RF-measurements a bias-dependence of the source resistance that has been assumed to be constant up to now.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Identification of the human Lewisa carbohydrate motif in a secretory peroxidase from a plant cell suspension culture (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) (1997)

This paper reports for the first time the presence of the human Lewis(a) type determinant in glycoproteins secreted by plant cells. A single glycopeptide was identified in the tryptic hydrolysis of the peroxidase VMPxC1 from Vaccinium myrtillus L. by HPLC/ESI-MS. The oligosaccharide structures were elucidated by ESI-MS-MS and by methylation analysis before and after removal of fucose by mild acid hydrolysis. The major structure determined is of the biantennary plant complex type containing the outer chain motif Lewis(a) [structure in text]. A corresponding fucosyltransferase activity catalyzing the formation of Lewis(a) type structures in vitro was identified in cellular extracts of the suspension cultures.
Ortho-Phosphinobenzenesulfonate: A Superb Ligand for Palladium-Catalyzed Coordination–Insertion Copolymerization of Polar Vinyl Monomers (2013)

Ligands, Lewis bases that coordinate to the metal center in a complex, can completely change the catalytic behavior of the metal center. In this Account, we summarize new reactions enabled by a single class of ligands, phosphine-sulfonates (ortho-phosphinobenzenesulfonates). Using their palladium complexes, we have developed four unusual reactions, and three of these have produced novel types of polymers. In one case, we have produced linear high-molecular weight polyethylene, a type of polymer that group 10 metal catalysts do not typically produce. Secondly, complexes using these ligands catalyzed the formation of linear poly(ethylene-co-polar vinyl monomers). Before the use of phosphine-sulfonate catalysts, researchers could only produce ethylene/polar monomer copolymers that have different branched structures rather than linear ones, depending on whether the polymers were produced by a radical polymerization or a group 10 metal catalyzed coordination polymerization. Thirdly, these phosphine-sulfonate catalysts produced nonalternating linear poly(ethylene-co-carbon monoxide). Radical polymerization gives ethylene-rich branched ethylene/CO copolymers copolymers. Prior to the use of phosphine-sulfonates, all of the metal catalyzed processes gave completely alternating ethylene/carbon monoxide copolymers. Finally, we produced poly(polar vinyl monomer-alt-carbon monoxide), a copolymerization of common polar monomers with carbon monoxide that had not been previously reported. Although researchers have often used symmetrical bidentate ligands such as diimines for the polymerization catalysis, phosphine-sulfonates are unsymmetrical, containing two nonequivalent donor units, a neutral phosphine, and an anionic sulfonate. We discuss the features that make this ligand unique. In order to understand all of the new reactions facilitated by this special ligand, we discuss both the steric effect of the bulky phosphines and electronic effects. We provide a unified interpretation of the unique reactivity by considering of the net charge and the enhanced back donation in the phosphine-sulfonate complexes.
Effect of Cross-Linking on the Structure and Thermodynamics of Lamellar Block Copolymers (2006)

Small-angle X-ray scattering, depolarized light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the dependence of structure and thermodynamics on cross-linking of a symmetric poly(styrene-block-isoprene) copolymer. The polyisoprene block was cross-linked well above the order−disorder transition (ODT) temperature of the un-cross-linked block copolymer. A mean-field theory based on a coarse grained free energy and an RPA-like formulation was developed to predict the dependence of the ODT temperature on cross-linking density. Our theory is limited to cross-linking densities below the gel point. In both experiments and theory the ODT temperature increases as the number of junctions is increased for cross-linking densities below the gelation point. We show that reversible order−disorder transitions are obtained in these materials even when the cross-linking density is larger than that required to obtain a gel. At cross-linking densities near the gel point, the depolarized light scattering signal from the ordered state suddenly increases by orders of magnitude due to the presence of extremely long and thin grains. At sufficiently high cross-linking densities, the disordered state is trapped, and order−disorder transitions are no longer obtained.
The Mechanism of Aqueous Secretion in Mammalia (1941)

A case of juvenile amaurotic idiocy with a mild degree of arachnodactyly is described.
Reversible Changes in Resistance of Perovskite Nickelate NdNiO3 Thin Films Induced by Fluorine Substitution (2017)

Perovskite nickel oxides are of fundamental as well as technological interest because they show large resistance modulation associated with phase transition as a function of the temperature and chemical composition. Here, the effects of fluorine doping in perovskite nickelate NdNiO<sub>3</sub> epitaxial thin films are investigated through a low-temperature reaction with polyvinylidene fluoride as the fluorine source. The fluorine content in the fluorinated NdNiO<sub>3-x</sub>F<sub>x</sub> films is controlled with precision by varying the reaction time. The fully fluorinated film (x ≈ 1) is highly insulating and has a bandgap of 2.1 eV, in contrast to NdNiO<sub>3</sub>, which exhibits metallic transport properties. Hard X-ray photoelectron and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopies reveal the suppression of the density of states at the Fermi level as well as the reduction of nickel ions (valence state changes from +3 to +2) after fluorination, suggesting that the strong Coulombic repulsion in the Ni 3d orbitals associated with the fluorine substitution drives the metal-to-insulator transition. In addition, the resistivity of the fluorinated films recovers to the original value for NdNiO<sub>3</sub> after annealing in an oxygen atmosphere. By application of the reversible fluorination process to transition-metal oxides, the search for resistance-switching materials could be accelerated.
Behavior of Silicone Antifoam Additives in Synthetic Ester Lubricants (1993)

The behavior of silicone (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) antifoamants as a function of PDMS viscosity in non-foaming and foaming synthetic ester turbine engine lubricants or model esters is described. Ten parts-per-million additions of PDMS with viscosities in the excess of about 5000 mm2s−1 (cSt) are very effective antifoamants. At intermediate PDMS viscosities of 10-5000 mm2s−1, the additive is profoamanl. At very low PDMS viscosities of less than about 10 mm2s−1, the additive appears to be ineffectual either as pro- or antifoamant under the test conditions. The results provide a more complete understanding of additive-ester foaming behavior resulting in the development of a hypothesis for such partially miscible systems based upon the limited solubility of PDMS in esters and that effect on surface tension as influenced by variables such as PDMS molecular weight, concentration, and temperature. The hypothesis aids in explaining much of the previous, often conflicting, data and conclusions about foaming in such systems.
Proteomic analysis of aneuploid lines in the homeologous group 1 of the hexaploid wheat cultivar Courtot (2004)

Three monosomic lines (MSLs) and three nullisomic lines (NSLs) of the homeologous group 1 and one euploid line of the bread wheat Triticum aestivum cultivar Courtot were used in a proteomic approach to investigate the effects of zero, one or two doses of chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D on the amount of endosperm proteins. Polypeptides whose amounts changed significantly between each aneuploid line and the euploid line were identified using image analyses of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis patterns resulting from specific endosperm protein extractions. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry were also used for protein identification. Removing one chromosome or a chromosome pair allowed varying responses to be observed for the remaining endosperm protein genes. Compensation phenomena for the high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) were detected only in the MSLs. Subunits Bx7, By8 and Dy12 were the only HMW-GS overexpressed (from 152-737%) when chromosomes 1A or 1B or 1D were at hemizygous state. Thirteen new protein spots were detected only in the NSL1D, and seven were identified as HMW-GS analogs. These seven new spots may result from the expression of inactive genes. The HMW-GS were of significantly higher volume in MSLs, whereas the low molecular weight glutenin subunits and the gamma-gliadins were of lower volume in aneuploid lines. Most of the down-regulated proteins in the MSLs were storage proteins encoded at loci located on another chromosome pair. Complex regulations between chromosomes and loci of the homeologous groups 1 and 6 in bread wheat are discussed.
Failure Analysis of Electronic Packaging (2013)

This chapter provides a description of failure analysis mechanisms for electronic packaging materials exposed to extreme environments, following a brief introduction to the concepts of reliability, quality assurance, and failure physics. Reliability is defined as the probability that a system will function as required under target operating and environmental conditions for a specified amount of time. The reliability of an assembly can be determined by collecting lifetime data on a statistically significant number of assemblies under normal operating conditions and analyzing the data to determine a failure vs. Quality, or the degree to which an assembly meets or exceeds its specifications, and the acceptable range of product parameter variability are determined through qualification testing. For electronic assemblies exposed to extreme environments, failure mechanisms, or the chemical, electrical, physical, and thermal processes leading to failure, can be separated into two different categories, over-stress and time-dependent failure mechanisms.
Pertussis Toxin: The Cause of the Harmful Effects and Prolonged Immunity of Whooping Cough. A Hypothesis (1979)

The nature of the pathogenesis and of the prolonged immunity of whooping cough has not been clearly defined. The literature of Bordetella pertussis indicated that only the antigen that induces histamine sensitization, lymphocytosis, and other biological reactions in mice is the cause of the harmful effects and prolonged immunity of whooping cough. This antigen has the general characteristics of bacterial protein exotoxins that cause the harmful effects of infectious diseases such as diphtheria and tetanus. It is proposed that this antigen, which is histamine-sensitizing, lymphocyte-leukocyte-promoting, and islets-activating (HSF-LPF-IAP), be designated pertussis toxin. Agglutinogen, hemagglutinin, and heat-labile (at 56 C) and heat-stable (at 100 C) toxins are no doubt interrelated with the immunologic and/or toxic reactions of whooping cough. It appears that the first defense against the disease is the antibody that prevents adhesion of the bacteria to the cilia of the respiratory epithelium and that the second defense is the antitoxin against pertussis toxin (HSF-LPF-IAP).
EFFECTS OF PATHOGEN-RELATED PROTEINS FROM BARLEY GRAIN ON BREWERS YEAST (1997)

Two basic glycoproteins homologous with thaumatin- and pathogen-related proteins of the PR-5 family were isolated from grain of brewers barley cultivar. The proteins inhibit fermentation and respiration of brewers yeast and exert a lethal effect on the yeast cells. In addition a significant release of cell constituents was registered. All these effects are dose dependent and tend to saturation at higher dosage. These results suggest that cell membrane damage causes the impairment of vital cell functions. Tracing these proteins in the course of the brewing process revealed that thermal treatment at the mashing stage of brewing leads to their disappearance due to denaturation.
Utility of an In-House Mycobacteriophage-Based Assay for Rapid Detection of Rifampin Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates (2003)

A rapid in-house mycobacteriophage-based assay to identify multidrug resistance by detecting the rifampin susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a microtiter plate format was evaluated. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of the assay were 100%. This test is rapid to perform and suitable for widespread implementation.
Nano Chemical Sensors With Polymer-Coated Carbon Nanotubes (2006)

A simple sensor platform consisting of an interdigitated electrode (IDE) pattern has been fabricated for sensing gas and organic vapors. Purified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in the form of a network laid on the IDE by solution casting serve as the sensor material. The electrical conductivity of the SWNT network changes reproducibly upon exposure to various gases and vapors. Selectivity to specific gases, for example, chlorine and hydrochloric acid vapor, is demonstrated by coating the SWNTs with polymers such as chlorosulfonated polyethylene and hydroxypropyl cellulose.
Hydrogen diffusion ina-Si:H: Solution of the tracer equations including capture by exchange (1995)

We propose a model of trap-controlled diffusion in which diffusing atoms can be captured either by trapping at an empty trap or by exchange with chemically identical trapped atoms of different isotope number. We solve the model's equations describing tracer diffusion experiments, and compare the predictions in the cases of dominant exchange and of dominant trapping. Comparison with experiments in a-Si:H shows that exchange is the dominant capture mechanism in D tracer diffusion measurements. This allows us to understand the relatively short distance (\ensuremath{\sim}200 \AA{}) D travels before trapping. It also reconciles the smoothness of the D tracer diffusion profiles at long times with the existance of deeply bound (&gt;2.0 eV) H in a-Si:H.
Three live-imaging techniques for comprehensively understanding the initial trigger for insulin-responsive intracellular GLUT4 trafficking (2022)

Quantitative features of GLUT4 glucose transporter's behavior deep inside cells remain largely unknown. Our previous analyses with live-cell imaging of intracellular GLUT4 trafficking demonstrated two crucial early events responsible for triggering insulin-responsive translocation processes, namely, heterotypic fusion and liberation. To quantify the regulation, interrelationships, and dynamics of the initial events more accurately and comprehensively, we herein applied three analyses, each based on our distinct dual-color live-cell imaging approaches. With these approaches, heterotypic fusion was found to be the first trigger for insulin-responsive GLUT4 redistributions, preceding liberation, and to be critically regulated by Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) and actin dynamics. In addition, demonstrating the subcellular regional dependence of GLUT4 dynamics revealed that liberated GLUT4 molecules are promptly incorporated into the trafficking itinerary of transferrin receptors. Our approaches highlight the physiological significance of endosomal "GLUT4 molecule trafficking" rather than "GLUT4 vesicle delivery" to the plasma membrane in response to insulin.
IgE‐expressing memory B cells and plasmablasts are increased in blood of children with asthma, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis (2018)

Despite the critical role of soluble IgE in the pathology of IgE-mediated allergic disease, little is known about abnormalities in the memory B cells and plasma cells that produce IgE in allergic patients. We here applied a flow cytometric approach to cross-sectionally study blood IgE+ memory B cells and plasmablasts in 149 children with atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and/or asthma and correlated these to helper T(h)2 cells and eosinophils. Children with allergic disease had increased numbers of IgE+CD27- and IgE+CD27+ memory B cells and IgE+ plasmablasts, as well as increased numbers of eosinophils and Th2 cells. IgE+ plasmablast numbers correlated positively with Th2 cell numbers. These findings open new possibilities for diagnosis and monitoring of treatment in patients with allergic diseases.
Biomedical Imaging: Simultaneous Imaging Of in SituTissue Structure, Blood-Flow Velocity, Standard Deviation, Birefringence and Stokes Vectors in Human Skin (2002)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text Zhongping Chen, Hongwu Ren, Zhihua Ding, Yonghua Zhao, Jianjun Miao, and J. Stuart Nelson, "Biomedical Imaging: Simultaneous Imaging Of in SituTissue Structure, Blood-Flow Velocity, Standard Deviation, Birefringence and Stokes Vectors in Human Skin," Optics & Photonics News 13(12), 14-14 (2002) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Hydrogen–deuterium changeover experiments in a plasma-wall interaction simulator (1982)

Hydrogen recycling from walls and limiters of tokamaks constitutes the major source of plasma particles after the initial few milliseconds of a plasma pulse. The physical processes involved in recycling are thus very important to the control of plasma density and composition. Isotope changeover experiments in the laboratory show that thermally activated processes such as recombination and diffusion play significant roles in recycling. These processes are important not only during the plasma pulse but also continue after the plasma pulse ends, thus the length of time between pulses, the wall temperature, and the vacuum pumping rate all influence changeover dynamics. This paper shows that for type 304 stainless steel walls changeover can range from ≳95% to &amp;lt;50% complete in one 200 ms pulse depending upon these parameters. The initial part of changeover during a plasma pulse is very rapid and involves equilibrating the isotopic compositions of the plasma reservoir and the near-surface wall hydrogen reservoir involved in recycling. The rate limiting step then seems to become vacuum pump-out rates. Because one of the steps in gas evolution during and after the pulse is the recombination process, which is dependent on the square of the surface hydrogenic concentration, changeover can be accelerated if the hydrogenic concentration at the surface is kept high by repeated plasma pulses in the new isotope. The old isotope is evolved as HD.