gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mixed Imidazolin-2-iminato–Cp* Thorium(IV) Complexes: Synthesis and Reactivity Toward Oxygen-Containing Substrates (2015)

The mixed pentamethylcyclopentadienyl thorium(IV) imidazolin-2-iminato complexes Cp*2Th(ImDippN)(Me) (2) and Cp*2Th(ImMesN)(Me) (3) were synthesized in quantitative yields via rapid protonolysis of Cp*2Th(Me)2 (1) with the respective neutral imidazolin-2-iminato ligand ImRNH. Cp*2Th(ImDippN)(Me) (2) and Cp*2Th(ImMesN)(Me) (3) display short Th–N bond lengths and large Th–N–C angles. The reactivity of complex 2 and 3 toward oxygen-containing substrates was studied, and the catalytic activity of 2 was compared to the dimethyl (bispentamethyl–cyclopentadienyl) thorium complex 1. Complex 2 was applied in the catalytic Tishchenko reaction with aromatic, heteroaromatic, and branched aliphatic aldehydes, displaying a higher catalytic activity than Cp*2Th(Me)2 and Cp*2Th(ImMesN)(Me). Furthermore, 2 was applied as a catalyst in the crossed Tishchenko reaction and in the oligomerization of bis(aldehydes), as well as in the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone. In all reactions, the activity of Cp*2Th(ImDippN)(Me) (2) and Cp*2Th(ImMesN)(Me) (3) was higher than that observed for Cp*2Th(Me)2 (1), which can be attributed to the increased electron density introduced by the coordination of the imidazolin-2-iminato ligand.
A Kinetic Study of the Interaction between Glycogen and Neurospora crassa Branching Enzyme (1990)

The interaction of Neurospora crassa branching enzyme (1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 6-alpha-(1,4-alpha-glucano)-transferase) [EC 2.4.1.18] with substrate glycogen or amylopectin was studied by affinity electrophoresis. By this method, the dissociation constants (K) of the branching enzyme for oyster glycogen (CL-12.2, OCL-6.3) and for potato amylopectin (CL-20, OCL-12.8) were determined to be 13.3 mM and 0.355 mM, respectively. The affinity of the enzyme to the substrate glycogen increased with the increase of outer chain length (OCL) of the substrate. The thermodynamic parameters of the branching reaction were obtained from the changes of K values of the enzyme-substrate complex at various temperatures. The value of heat change (delta H degree) of the branching reaction for amylopectin was -27.7 kcal/deg.mol. The most suitable length of glucan chain for branching was greater than 12 glucose units.
KERIS: evolving software with extensible modules (2005)

Abstract We present the programming language K ERIS , an extension of Java with explicit support for software evolution. K ERIS introduces extensible modules as the basic building blocks for software. Modules are composed hierarchically, explicitly revealing the architecture of systems. A distinct feature of the module design is that modules do not get linked manually. Instead, the wiring of modules gets inferred. The module assembly and refinement mechanism of K ERIS is not restricted to the unanticipated extensibility of atomic modules. It also allows extensions of already linked systems by replacing selected submodules with compatible versions without needing to re‐link the full system. Extensibility is type‐safe and non‐invasive, i.e., the extension of a module preserves the original version and does not require access to source code. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Glycans in Systemic Physiology (2015)

Glycans have numerous physiological functions. This brief chapter will guide readers to focus on glycans in normal organ system functions, mostly in vertebrates. Pathological aspects of glycan biosynthesis and degradation are discussed elsewhere. Given the breadth of physiological functions of glycans, the individual sections indicate just a few representative examples, and listings are necessarily incomplete.
Who controls the controllers? (2011)

In a novel study of children who received livers transplanted from adult donors, Lisman and colleagues describe how plasma levels of coagulation proteins remain at pediatric levels posttransplantation, suggesting that control of the plasma levels is not primarily driven by the liver itself.1 This study raises numerous important questions about the biology and regulation of the coagulation system, a key control system in our bodies, and should be the stimulus for much further research.
Role of complement S protein (vitronectin) in adherence of Streptococcus dysgalactiae to bovine epithelial cells (1990)

The binding of bovine complement S protein (vitronectin) to Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolates from cattle with mastitis and the S protein's role in streptococcal adherence to bovine epithelial cells were investigated. All 25 clinical isolates of S dysgalactiae interacted with bovine S protein. None of the other streptococcal species tested bound to bovine S protein. The S protein-binding sites were saturable and highly sensitive to trypsin. The binding of bovine S protein to S dysgalactiae isolates was specific and could not be inhibited by other plasma proteins, such as fibronectin, albumin, fibrinogen, alpha 2-macroglobulin, or IgG. Similarly, streptococcal binding of bovine S protein was not influenced by the synthetic peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, which constituted the host cell attachment sequence of S protein. In adherence experiments, prior binding of bovine S protein to S dysgalactiae enhanced streptococcal adherence to bovine epithelial cells. The enhancing effects by bovine S protein were abolished when the respective binding sites on the streptococci were digested by trypsin. Thus, bovine S protein could be an important mediator of adherence of S dysgalactiae to bovine epithelial cells.
The metabolism of aprindine in relation to the sparteine/debrisoquine polymorphism. (1993)

1. Incubation of the class I antiarrhythmic drug aprindine (AP) with human liver microsomes resulted in the formation of two hydroxylated metabolites (HA1 and HA2) and desethylaprindine which were identified by GC-mass spectrometry. In liver microsomes isolated from a poor metaboliser (PM) of sparteine no hydroxylated metabolites of AP were detected whereas AP N-dealkylation was unimpaired. Thus hydroxylation of AP is mediated by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). 2. AP was found to be a competitive inhibitor of CYP2D6 as indicated by its ability to impair the formation of (2S)-hydroxysparteine, 5,6-didehydrosparteine and 5-hydroxypropafenone by human liver microsomes. 3. These in vitro findings are consistent with a major role of CYP2D6 in the clearance of AP in vivo, with its ability to impair the metabolism of other CYP2D6 substrates in vivo, and an ability to cause phenocopying (conversion of extensive metaboliser phenotypes for sparteine/debrisoquine to apparent 'poor metabolisers).
Research on Westco pump (1st Report) (1951)

ウェスコポンプは構造が簡単なために小形ポンプとして広く用いられており, これに関しては高井氏, 寺田, 南谷両氏の実験的研究(5)(6)と, 宮津博士の理論的研究(7)が発表されている.最近ではポンプおよび電動機を小形ならしめるために3000rev/mnまたは3600rev/mnの回転数となすことが多く, 1400～2200rev/mnの低回転において得られた上記の実験結果から, かゝる高回転の性能を想像することは困難であり, また理論的研究も, 実験と比較して得られた係数が回転数と共に変化すること等のために, 高回転における実験結果と比較してみる必要がある.またこの種のポンプの諸寸法が性能におよぼす影響に関する実験も一部行われているが(6), ポンプの性能は各部の寸法に支配されるために, 完全な設計法を知るには各要素単独の影響を系統的に調べることが必要で, さらに多くの秩序だつた実験を必要とする.著者等は広い回転数の範囲にわたつて実験を行い, ポンプ性能に重要な影響をおよぼす諸元をしらべて今後なさるべき改良の方向を知ることができた.なおそれらに関して行つた理論的な考察の結果は次の機会に述べることにする.
Single-Dose Anti-CD138 Radioimmunotherapy: Bismuth-213 is More Efficient than Lutetium-177 for Treatment of Multiple Myeloma in a Preclinical Model (2015)

This study revealed the advantages of α-RIT in the treatment of MM in a preclinical model where β-RIT shows almost no efficacy.
A 3V 6b successive-approximation ADC using complementary organic thin-film transistors on glass (2010)

A successive-approximation ADC is implemented in an organic thin-film process. The design uses an auto-zeroed, inverter-based comparator and on-chip calibration to achieve 6 b precision in presence of large component variation. The ADC is fabricated on a glass substrate and uses 53 p- and n-type organic transistors and 19 capacitors.
Comparing the brain–behaviour relationship in acute and chronic stroke aphasia (2023)

In stroke aphasia, lesion volume is typically associated with aphasia severity. Although this relationship is likely present throughout recovery, different factors may affect lesion volume and behaviour early into recovery (acute) and in the later stages of recovery (chronic). Therefore, studies typically separate patients into two groups (acute/chronic), and this is often accompanied with arguments for and against using data from acute stroke patients over chronic. However, no comprehensive studies have provided strong evidence of whether the lesion-behaviour relationship early in recovery is comparable to later in the recovery trajectory. To that end, we investigated two aims: (i) whether lesion data from acute and chronic patients yield similar results in region-based lesion-symptom mapping analyses and (ii) if models based on one timepoint accurately predict the other. Lesions and aphasia severity scores from acute (<i>N</i> = 63) and chronic (<i>N</i> = 109) stroke survivors with aphasia were entered into separate univariate region-based lesion-symptom mapping analyses. A support vector regression model was trained on lesion data from either the acute or chronic data set to give an estimate of aphasia severity. Four model-based analyses were conducted: trained on acute/chronic using leave-one-out, tested on left-out behaviour or trained on acute/chronic to predict the other timepoint. Region-based lesion-symptom mapping analyses identified similar but not identical regions in both timepoints. All four models revealed positive correlations between actual and predicted Western Aphasia Battery-Revised aphasia-quotient scores. Lesion-to-behaviour predictions were almost equivalent when comparing within versus across stroke stage, despite differing lesion size/locations and distributions of aphasia severity between stroke timepoints. This suggests that research investigating the brain-behaviour relationship including subsets of patients from only one timepoint may also be applicable at other timepoints, although it is important to note that these comparable findings may only be seen using broad measures such as aphasia severity, rather than those aimed at identifying more specific deficits. Subtle differences found between timepoints may also be useful in understanding the nature of lesion volume and aphasia severity over time. Stronger correlations found when predicting acute behaviour (e.g. predicting acute: <i>r</i> = 0.6888, <i>P</i> < 0.001, predicting chronic <i>r</i> = 0.5014, <i>P</i> < 0.001) suggest that the acute lesion/perfusion patterns more accurately capture the critical changes in underlying vascular territories. Differences in critical brain regions between timepoints may shed light on recovery patterns. Future studies could focus on a longitudinal design to compare acute and chronic patients in a more controlled manner.
International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance (2021)

Following critical evaluation of the available literature to date, The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) position regarding caffeine intake is as follows:
Motor system changes in the aging brain: what is normal and what is not. (1998)

Age-related changes in the nervous system may present with physical signs that are not unlike early manifestations of several clinical disorders. Gait disturbances (immobility), balance difficulties (instability), and certain motor control problems (i.e., tremor) are not necessarily signs of a disease state. The clinician needs to be reminded that most physiologic functions decline at a rate of 1% per year, beginning at age 30. Often compounding "natural" decline are the motor problems related to disuse. This is especially true for the inactive individual suffering from depression, cardiac or pulmonary insufficiency, painful joint and muscle conditions, substance abuse and, sometimes, simply social isolation.
Synthèse et application de diols isomolécularies aux résines polyuréthannes (1990)

Abstract Different methods of preparation of monodisperse diols were reviewed and a new synthesis of perfectly monodisperse macrodiol 5 is described, obtained by radical telomerization of monoester 3 b (prepared by esterification of 10‐undecenoic acid ( 3 a ) with 1,6‐hexanediol) with dithiol 4 . Macrodiol 5 was used to obtain prepolymers by reaction with aromatic or aliphatic diisocyanates ( 6 and 7 ). Finally, these prepolymers were extended by 1,4‐butanediol and led to polyurethanes. All the above products were analyzed by GPC, 1 H NMR, and the resulting polyurethanes were tested mechanically. The study shows that monodisperse diols lead to better mechanical properties of the polyurethane than those obtained from polydisperse diols with equal molecular weight.
The calcium sensing receptor is directly involved in both osteoclast differentiation and apoptosis (2006)

Intracellular transduction pathways that are dependent on activation of the CaR by Ca(o)2+ have been studied extensively in parathyroid and other cell types, and include cytosolic calcium, phospholipases C, A2, and D, protein kinase C isoforms and the cAMP/protein kinase A system. In this study, using bone marrow cells isolated from CaR-/- mice as well as DN-CaR-transfected RAW 264.7 cells, we provide evidence that expression of the CaR plays an important role in osteoclast differentiation. We also establish that activation of the CaR and resultant stimulation of PLC are involved in high Ca(o)2+-induced apoptosis of mature rabbit osteoclasts. Similar to RANKL, Ca(o)2+ (20 mM) appeared to trigger rapid and significant nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in a CaR- and PLC-dependent manner. In summary, our data suggest that stimulation of the CaR may play a pivotal role in the control of both osteoclast differentiation and apoptosis in the systems studied here through a signaling pathway involving activation of the CaR, phospholipase C, and NF-kappaB.
The VCU Pressure Ulcer Summit (2016)

This article reports the findings of the Unavoidable Pressure Ulcer Committee (of the VCU Pressure Ulcer Summit) that was tasked with addressing key issues associated with pressure injuries that are unavoidable or unpreventable. Our goals were (1) to clarify nomenclature and descriptions surrounding "terminal ulceration," (2) to describe the medical complications and comorbid conditions that can lead to skin failure and/or terminal ulceration, (3) to describe the variable possible causes of unavoidable pressure injuries, and (4) to present clinical cases to exemplify pressure injuries considered to be unavoidable.
M-Net: A Novel U-Net With Multi-Stream Feature Fusion and Multi-Scale Dilated Convolutions for Bile Ducts and Hepatolith Segmentation (2019)

Automatically segmenting bile ducts and hepatolith in abdominal CT scans is helpful to assist hepatobiliary surgeons for minimally invasive surgery. High-deformation characteristics of bile ducts and small-size characteristics of hepatolith make this segmentation task challenging. To the best of our knowledge, we make the first attempt to simultaneously segment bile ducts and hepatolith in this paper. Inspired by U-Net, a novel two-dimensional end-to-end fully convolutional network named M-Net is designed to implement this segmentation task. The M-Net is composed of four streams involving two encoder-decoder processes. Multi-scale dilated convolutions are designed to extract abundant semantic features and multi-scale context information at different scales. To make full advantages of multi-scale feature maps, a multi-stream feature fusion strategy is proposed to transfer the most abundant semantic features produced in the first stream to the other streams. To further improve the segmentation performance, a novel loss function is defined to focus the M-Net on hard pixels (difficultly distinguished) in the edges of bile ducts and hepatolith, which is based on the online bootstrapped method and cross entropy. By discarding pixels (easy to distinguish) with higher probability of class, the decline of loss is focused on hard pixels so that the training become more efficient and directional. Experimental results indicate that our proposed M-Net is superior to the state-of-the-art deep-learning methods for simultaneously segmenting bile ducts and hepatolith in the abdominal CT scans. The M-Net can simultaneously segment bile ducts and hepatolith in abdominal CT scans at a high performance with 98.678% Recall, 84.427% Precision, 89.831% DICE and 90.998% F1-score for bile ducts, and 99.894% Recall, 55.132% Precision, 71.248% DICE and 71.051% F1-score for hepatolith.
Occult HBV infection (2012)

The long-lasting persistence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomes in the liver (with detectable or undetectable HBV DNA in the serum) of individuals testing negative for the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) is termed occult HBV infection (OBI). Although in a minority of cases the lack of HBsAg detection is due to infection with variant viruses unrecognized by available assays (S-escape mutants), the typical OBI is related to replication-competent HBVs strongly suppressed in their replication activity. The causes of HBV suppression are not yet well clarified, although the host's immune surveillance and epigenetic mechanisms are likely involved. OBI is a worldwide diffused entity, but the available data of prevalence in various categories of individuals are often contrasting because of the different sensitivity and specificity of the methods used for its detection in many studies. OBI may have an impact in several different clinical contexts. In fact, it can be transmitted (i.e., through blood transfusion and liver transplantation) causing classic forms of hepatitis B in newly infected individuals. The development of an immunosuppressive status (mainly by immunotherapy or chemotherapy) may induce OBI reactivation and development of acute and often severe hepatitis. Finally, evidence suggests that OBI can favor the progression of liver fibrosis, in particular in HCV-infected patients. The possible contribution of OBI to the establishment of cirrhosis also implies its possible indirect role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. On the other hand, OBI may maintain most of the direct transforming properties of the overt HBV infection, such as the capacity to integrate in the host's genome and to synthesize pro-oncogenic proteins.
Waste Cassava Tuber Fibers as an Immobilization Carrier of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Ethanol Production (2016)

Waste cassava tuber fibers (wCTF), derived from the ethanolic fermentation of cassava tubers, have potential use as anatural adsorption immobilization carrier. Ethanol fermentation was conducted using 15% (w/v) glucose-containing mediumat 40 °C for 48 h by Saccharomyces cerevisiae G6-2-2 (1.3 x 1010cells). Ethanol concentration produced by free, wCTF (1.2 g dry weight) adsorbed, wCTFadsorbed-calcium alginate entrapped,and calcium alginate entrapped cellswere 42.10 ± 0.61, 67.35 ± 0.53, 52.10 ± 0.40, and 46.45 ± 0.18 g/L (0.34, 0.45, 0.35, and 0.31 g ethanol/g reducing sugar), respectively. The wCTF adsorbed cells produced a maximum ethanol yield of 82.15 ± 0.48 g/L (0.43 g ethanol/g total sugar) from molasses (20% w/v initial total sugar) after 48 h, compared to 74 g/L to 76 g/L and 48 h to 100 h for the free suspension cells. The increase in ethanol produced by the wCTF adsorbed cells compared to free cells reflected that the cells were protected from environmental stresses and received amino nitrogen from the wCTF that supported growth and ethanol tolerance.
Formation Mechanism of Porous Single-Crystal Cr2O3 and Co3O4 Templated by Mesoporous Silica (2006)

Porous single crystals of Cr2O3 and Co3O4 templated by mesoporous silicas, SBA-15 and KIT-6, have been fabricated. Specimens at different stages of crystal growth were characterized by using XRD and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The final products of oxide porous single crystals were also characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption experiments. A multiseed formation mechanism can eventually be established. The present investigation revealed that the original mesostructures in SBA-15 and KIT-6 were negatively replicated by the crystals of oxides, and therefore, the dimension of the building blocks (nanorods or nanowires) in the porous crystals of oxides depends on the pore diameter of the silica. It was also found that a mesopore system, regarded as a nanoreactor, had a significant influence on the size and morphology of produced oxide particles and on the route and temperature of the crystallization.
Multi-AP Multi-Link Aggregation for High Data Rate Real-Time Applications (2020)

Stable wireless connections are required for realtime applications employing high data rate video streaming. Each of Multi-AP system and Multi-Link aggregation is effective to make WLAN connections stable, and we propose a combined Multi-AP Multi-Link system for realizing more stability in the practical use. In our proposed system, APs, which have different types of transmission queues, transmit a stream collaboratively with the support of a coordinator. In the demonstration, we will show that the proposed system realizes high quality video streaming even when WLAN links suffer from interference caused by surrounding devices.
Anthropometric and biochemical correlates of PAPP-A2, free IGF-I, and IGFBP-3 in childhood (2020)

This is the first study to describe serum PAPP-A2 and intact IGFBP-3 in children between 3 and 18 years of age. Our correlative findings suggest that PAPP-A2 is an important regulator of the percent free IGF-I which can be a marker of perturbations in the GH/IGF-I axis.
The second brain and Parkinson’s disease (2009)

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. It has been classically considered that the pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease, namely Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, affect primarily the substantia nigra. Nevertheless, it has become increasingly evident in recent years that Parkinson's disease is a multicentric neurodegenerative process that affects several neuronal structures outside the substantia nigra, among which is the enteric nervous system. Remarkably, recent reports have shown that the lesions in the enteric nervous system occurred at a very early stage of the disease, even before the involvement of the central nervous system. This led to the postulate that the enteric nervous system could be critical in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, as it could represent a route of entry for a putative environmental factor to initiate the pathological process (Braak's hypothesis). Besides their putative role in the spreading of the pathological process, it has also been suggested that the pathological alterations within the enteric nervous system could be involved in the gastrointestinal dysfunction frequently encountered by parkinsonian patients. The scope of the present article is to review the available studies on the enteric nervous system in Parkinson's disease patients and in animal models of the disease. We further discuss the strategies that will help in our understanding of the roles of the enteric nervous system, both in the pathophysiology of the disease and in the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal symptoms.