gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The influence of ibuprofen ((RS)-2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid) additive on the structure ordering of coals of different rank during the process of co-pyrolysis (2016)

The mechanism of influence of the addition of 2 wt% of the expired pharmaceuticals (EPs) containing 80% of ibuprofen ((RS)-2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid) on the transformation of the ordered structure of the three coals of different ranks was studied. The co-pyrolysates of coals with EP additive were studied with the method of X-ray diffraction (ХRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was stated that the addition of 2 wt% of EP to all coals under study increases the intra-crystalline ordering. Under the influence of the addition of 2 wt% of EP at the stage of swollen grains of the co-pyrolysates of all coals, the amount of carbon ordered in crystallites decreases. In the co-pyrolysates of lower-rank coals (LRC) and higher-rank coals (HRC) under the influence of this additive at the stage of coke, the amount of the ordered phase decreases compared to the pyrolysates. In the co-pyrolysate of a medium-rank coal (MRC), the degree of ordering of coke does not change compared to the coke from single coal.
Aspergillosis of the Paranasal Sinuses (1984)

Aspergillosis is not a rare disease of the paranasal sinuses; more than 80 cases were reported from 1976 to 1982 in the University ENT Clinic at Graz, Austria. Of 59 patients studied, 27 presented almost metal-dense x-ray shadows resembling foreign bodies in one of the sinuses. By means of light and electron microscopic investigations as well as x-ray fluorescence analysis, it can be demonstrated that these areas are equivalent to local enrichment of calcium phosphate in the center of the noninvasive fungal masses in the sinuses. A detailed description of the histopathology of Aspergillus fumigatus is given. For clinical diagnosis, the detection of almost metal-dense x-ray shadows in the absence of foreign-body history in our experience may be regarded as almost certain for aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses.
Using the crowd as an innovation partner. (2013)

From Apple to Merck to Wikipedia, more and more organizations are turning to crowds for help in solving their most vexing innovation and research questions, but managers remain understandably cautious. It seems risky and even unnatural to push problems out to vast groups of strangers distributed around the world, particularly for companies built on a history of internal innovation. How can intellectual property be protected? How can a crowd-sourced solution be integrated into corporate operations? What about the costs? These concerns are all reasonable, the authors write, but excluding crowdsourcing from the corporate innovation tool kit means losing an opportunity. After a decade of study, they have identified when crowds tend to outperform internal organizations (or not). They outline four ways to tap into crowd-powered problem solving--contests, collaborative communities, complementors, and labor markets--and offer a system for picking the best one in a given situation. Contests, for example, are suited to highly challenging technical, analytical, and scientific problems; design problems; and creative or aesthetic projects. They are akin to running a series of independent experiments that generate multiple solutions--and if those solutions cluster at some extreme, a company can gain insight into where a problem's "technical frontier" lies. (Internal R&D may generate far less information.)
Molecular Mechanisms of High Glucose-Induced Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Monocytes (2004)

The cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. However, its role in diabetic vascular disease is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that diabetic conditions can induce COX-2 in monocytes. High glucose treatment of THP-1 monocytic cells led to a significant three- to fivefold induction of COX-2 mRNA and protein expression but not COX-1 mRNA. High glucose-induced COX-2 mRNA was blocked by inhibitors of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), protein kinase C, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. In addition, an antioxidant and inhibitors of mitochondrial superoxide, NADPH oxidase, and glucose metabolism to glucosamine also blocked high glucose-induced COX-2 expression to varying degrees. High glucose significantly increased transcription from a human COX-2 promoter-luciferase construct (twofold, P < 0.001). Promoter deletion analyses and inhibition of transcription by NF-kappaB superrepressor and cAMP-responsive element binding (CREB) mutants confirmed the involvement of NF-kappaB and CREB transcription factors in high glucose-induced COX-2 regulation. In addition, isolated peripheral blood monocytes from type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients had high levels of COX-2 mRNA, whereas those from normal volunteers showed no expression. These results show that high glucose and diabetes can augment inflammatory responses by upregulating COX-2 via multiple signaling pathways, leading to monocyte activation relevant to the pathogenesis of diabetes complications.
The Renal–Cardiac Connection in Subjects with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Population Based Study (2017)

Worsening GFR was associated with a greater degree of diastolic dysfunction and adverse clinical outcomes. Within each GFR group, the presence of DD was associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Further studies are warranted to determine if improving DD in patients with CKD will benefit clinical outcomes.
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of p53 during apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells. (1999)

Spontaneous apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells was observed to be associated with a marked increase in the intracellular abundance of p53. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analysis revealed that, together with a variety of other nuclear proteins, p53 undergoes extensive poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation early during the apoptotic program in these cells. Subsequent degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), attached to p53 presumably by PAR glycohydrolase, the only reported enzyme to degrade PAR, was apparent concomitant with the onset of proteolytic processing and activation of caspase-3, caspase-3-mediated cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation during the later stages of cell death. The decrease in PAR covalently bound to p53 also coincided with the marked induction of expression of the p53-responsive genes bax and Fas. These results suggest that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation may play a role in the regulation of p53 function and implies a regulatory role for PARP and/or PAR early in apoptosis.
Extraction of DFB laser rate equation parameters for system simulation purposes (2002)

To estimate the performance of lightwave systems based on directly modulated DFB lasers, a rate equation description of the laser is often used. While sophisticated models provide considerable insight into important characteristics of lasers, for system simulations a relatively simple model is often adequate. However, to obtain agreement between experimental and calculated results, values for the parameters appearing in the rate equations must be chosen appropriately. For the purpose of system performance calculations, the rate equation model should reproduce the time variation of the optical power and chirp in response to the modulating current waveform. A technique is described for extracting values for the rate equation parameters based on measurement of the laser threshold current, output power, resonance frequency and damping factor. The objective is to readily determine a set of physically reasonable values for a simple model which reproduces the measured results.
Angular distribution of neutral hydrogen following collisional electron detachment from H/sup -/ (1985)

The angular distribution of neutral hydrogen following electron detachment from H/sup -/ has been measured for H/sup -/ on nitrogen and hydrogen gas, both for neutral atoms left in the 2S state, and for all neutrals independent of the state of excitation. The results are essentially in agreement with calculations based on the Born approximation, although there is some disagreement in detail.
Prenatal development of Crocodylus niloticus niloticus Laurenti, 1768 (2010)

Prenatal development in crocodilians represents a very interesting model for comparative studies. As the speed of prenatal development of crocodilians varies depending on incubation conditions, the staging of embryos and fetuses is a very important prerequisite for data correlation. To establish a background for future developmental studies on Crocodylus niloticus, we characterized its prenatal development in a collection comprising 169 animals during embryonic/incubation days 9-70. The characteristics included external morphology, head morphometry, and wet body weight determined before fixation. We documented the external morphology of prenatal Nile crocodiles in a large collection of photographs and described landmarks during the morphogenesis of the head, face and limbs. In the development of the facial processes (medial nasal, lateral nasal, maxillary), three phases could be distinguished: union, separation, reunion. At the free jaw margin, a regular series of prominences was present. The outer aspect of a prominence gave rise to a labial scale, the inner aspect to a tooth. In contrast to mammals (humans and mice), the hindlimbs of C. niloticus developed faster than the forelimbs. We also determined changes in basic measures of the head and of the wet body weight. Both morphological and morphometric characteristics showed an apparent inter-individual variability among animals of the same age. This variability decreased among animals of a similar body weight (irrespective of their age). Body weight can be considered as the most representative and complex parameter for crocodile staging reflecting the overall growth of a whole embryo/fetus.
Structure of the intermediate phase of PbTe at high pressure (2005)

The evolution of PbTe with pressure has been reexamined using synchrotron x-ray diffraction. The phase transition at 6 GPa is not to the GeS (B16) or TlI (B33) type structures, as previously reported, but to an orthorhombic $Pnma$ structure, with cell parameters $a=8.157(1)$, $b=4.492(1)$, and $c=6.294(1)\mathrm{\AA{}}$ at 6.7 GPa. This structure corresponds to a distortion of the low-pressure NaCl structure with a coordination intermediate between the sixfold B1 (NaCl) and the eightfold B2 (CsCl) structure. We discuss the stability of this new structure with respect to other proposed phases using numerical methods. These results may modify the admitted paths of phase transitions between the B1 and B2 structures.
Can we prevent Parkinson’s disease with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids? (2008)

Accumulating evidence demonstrates that growing adipose tissues produce various proangiogenic factors, cytokines and adipokines, which induce neovascularization. Similar to malignant tissue growth, expansion of fat mass would not be achieved without switching on an angiogenic phenotype. Several recent studies using mouse genetic and high caloric diet-fed obese models validate this concept of preventing obesity by delivery of angiogenesis inhibitors. It is predicted, although it needs to be further proved, that antiangiogenic agents might be used either alone or in combinations with other existing therapeutic agents for the treatment of obesity. This review article focuses on discussing molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis in adipose tissues, defining vascular therapeutic targets, and employing antiangiogenic agents for prevention and treatment of obesity.
Refractive Index Changes of Amorphous Diarylethenes Containing 2,4-Diphenylphenyl Substituents (2003)

Photochromic diarylethene derivatives containing 2,4-diphenylphenyl substituents formed stable amorphous solids and showed reversible solid-state photochromism. Refractive indices of the amorphous films changed reversibly with the photochromic reactions as much as Δn = 0.028 at 817 nm. Changes in both absorption band and static polarizability contributed to the large refractive index modulation.
Combining experimental and modelling approaches to study the sources of reactive species induced in water by the COST RF plasma jet (2018)

The vast biomedical potential of cold atmospheric pressure plasmas (CAPs) is governed by the formation of reactive species. These biologically active species are formed upon the interaction of CAPs with the surroundings. In biological milieu, water plays an essential role. The development of biomedical CAPs thus requires understanding of the sources of the reactive species in aqueous media exposed to the plasma. This is especially important in case of the COST RF plasma jet, which is developed as a reference microplasma system. In this work, we investigated the formation of the OH radicals, H atoms and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in aqueous solutions exposed to the COST plasma jet. This was done by combining experimental and modelling approaches. The liquid phase species were analysed using UV-Vis spectroscopy and spin trapping with hydrogen isotopes and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The discrimination between the species formed from the liquid phase and the gas phase molecules was performed by EPR and <sup>1</sup>H-NMR analyses of the liquid samples. The concentrations of the reactive species in the gas phase plasma were obtained using a zero-dimensional (0D) chemical kinetics computational model. A three-dimensional (3D) fluid dynamics model was developed to provide information on the induced humidity in the plasma effluent. The comparison of the experimentally obtained trends for the formation of the species as a function of the feed gas and effluent humidity with the modelling results suggest that all reactive species detected in our system are mostly formed in the gas phase plasma inside the COST jet, with minor amounts arising from the plasma effluent humidity.
In-Flow Flash Nanoprecipitation of Size-Controlled D-Leucine Nanoparticles for Spray-Drying Formulations (2019)

In this work we report the development of a cheap and scalable flow-based flash nanoprecipitation approach to prepare D-leucine nanoparticles particularly useful as glidants in dry powder for inhalation. Starting from preliminary batch screens, the process was successfully optimized and scaled-up under mesofluidic conditions. The nebulization with both mini and nano spray-dryer, the SEM analysis of nanoparticles and the aerodynamic evaluation of a formulation obtained by physical mixing of atomized D-leucine powders with budenoside showed an excellent decrease in particle size without altering the morphology, and a marked improvement in the aerodynamic properties of the drug. This simple and economic method by physical mixing of leucine with micronized active pharmaceutical ingredients can represent a valid alternative to co-spray-drying.
A Novel Method for the Introduction of a 5β-Methyl Group into 4,5α-Epoxymorphinan-6-onesvia the Enol Ether (2000)

The introduction of a 5β-methyl group into 14-alkoxy substituted naltrexone derivatives was accomplished via the enol ethers 2a and 2b by means of the `LICKOR' (t-BuLi/t-BuOK) base system. According to this new method, the highly selective δ-opioid antagonist HS 378 (7b) and its 14-methoxy analog 7a, both originally prepared in nine steps from thebaine, are now available in only four steps.
Efficacy of Cotargeting Angiopoietin-2 and the VEGF Pathway in the Adjuvant Postsurgical Setting for Early Breast, Colorectal, and Renal Cancers (2016)

Antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) that target VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) have not been effective as adjuvant treatments for micrometastatic disease in phase III clinical trials. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) is a proangiogenic and proinflammatory vascular destabilizer that cooperates with VEGF. The purpose of this study was to test whether CVX-060 (an Ang2-specific CovX-body) can be combined with VEGFR2-targeting TKIs (sunitinib or regorafenib) to successfully treat postsurgical metastatic disease in multiple orthotopically implanted human tumor xenograft and syngeneic murine tumor models. In the MDA-MB-231.LM2-4 human breast cancer model, adjuvant sunitinib was ineffective, whereas adjuvant CVX-060 delayed the progression of pulmonary or distant lymphatic metastases; however, overall survival was only improved with the adjuvant use of a VEGF-A/Ang2-bispecific CovX-body (CVX-241) but not when CVX-060 is combined with sunitinib. Adjuvant CVX-241 also showed promise in the EMT-6/CDDP murine breast cancer model, with or without an immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-L1). In the RENCA model of mouse renal cancer, however, combining CVX-060 with sunitinib in the adjuvant setting was superior to CVX-241 as treatment for postsurgical lung metastases. In the HCT116 and HT29 xenograft models of colorectal cancer, both CVX-060 and regorafenib inhibited liver metastases. Overall, our preclinical findings suggest differential strategies by which Ang2 blockers can be successfully combined with VEGF pathway targeting in the adjuvant setting to treat micrometastatic disease-particularly, in combination with VEGF-A blockers (but not VEGFR2 TKIs) in resected breast cancer; in combination with VEGFR2 TKIs in resected kidney cancer; and as single agents or with VEGFR2 TKIs in resected colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 76(23); 6988-7000. ©2016 AACR.
Room temperature switching of a neutral molecular iron(ii) complex (2013)

Abrupt room temperature switching (T(c) = 295 K with a 5 K hysteresis) was achieved in a neutral Fe(II) complex based on a 2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyridine ligand. Structural characterization and spin crossover study (via SQUID magnetometry, photoexcitation and X-ray absorption spectroscopy) in the solid state are described.
Outliers on the Dose-Response Curve (2013)

This column addresses the two primary reasons some patients do not respond as usual to a medication. Such patients may not benefit either because they are uniquely sensitive to the adverse effects of the drug and/or because the drug does not work on the correct mechanism of action to treat the illness. This column explains and reviews these concepts and provides a rationale for using such information prospectively to increase the likelihood of an optimal outcome with the prescribed treatment.
Chordoid Gliomas of the Third Ventricle Share TTF-1 Expression With Organum Vasculosum of the Lamina Terminalis (2015)

Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle (CG3V) is a rare tumor developing in a stereotyped localization. It has been related to the circumventricular organ of the lamina terminalis, in the anterior part of the third ventricle, but its oncogenesis is poorly understood. TTF-1 transcription factor is involved in the development and adult physiology of the ventral forebrain. We studied the histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of a multicentric series of 17 cases of CG3V. We described additional histologic patterns (solid, fibrosing, and fusiform) to the typical chordoid pattern. TTF-1 was constantly expressed in CG3V, as in developing and adult lamina terminalis. The anti-TTF-1 SPT24 clone was more sensitive than the 8G7G3/1 clone. No mutation of IDH1 R132, IDH2 R172, or BRAF V600 codons was found. We showed TTF-1 as a useful marker for the diagnosis of CG3V and the understanding of its oncogenesis.
Optically controlled assembly of single-walled carbon nanotube devices (2010)

Despite significant progress made in controllable synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), fabrication of SWNT-based devices and systems is still lagged behind due to the absence of efficient integration technique to precisely place SWNTs into nano/micro-architectures. Here we demonstrate a novel in-situ synthetic method for precise and direct integration of SWNTs into predesigned nano/micro-architectures. Pre-patterned substrates containing sharp Ru tip arrays were used in a laser-assisted chemical vapour deposition for growing SWNTs. The sharp metallic tips were fabricated to enhance optical near-field effects which in turn stimulate and confine the growth of SWNTs through localized heating and optical trapping. We show that the integration of SWNTs has nanoscale precision defined by the localized heating and optical trapping effects. Moreover, the laser based synthetic approach also demonstrated laser polarization dependence and low-substrate-temperature growth, which made this approach a potentially scalable technique for fabricating SWNT-based devices and systems.
Estimating noise from noisy speech features with a monte carlo variant of the expectation maximization algorithm (2010)

In this work, we derive a Monte Carlo expectation maximization algorithm for estimating noise from a noisy utterance. In contrast to earlier approaches, where the distribution of noise was estimated based on a vector Taylor series expansion, we use a combination of importance sampling and Parzen-window density estimation to numerically approximate the occurring integrals with the Monte Carlo method. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has superior convergence properties, compared to previous implementations of the EM algorithm. Its application to speech feature enhancement reduced the word error rate by over 30% on a phone number recognition task recorded in a (real) noisy car environment. Index Terms: robust speech recognition, noise estimation, Monte Carlo
Oral health of patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (1986)

Oral health, the amount of salivary Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, and the flow rate, pH and buffer capacity of paraffin-stimulated whole saliva were analyzed in 35 adult diabetic patients and their age- and sex-matched non-diabetic, clinically healthy controls. All patients had insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) with a mean (+/- SD) duration of 14.0 +/- 9.1 yr. The prevalence of dental caries was as high in the diabetic group as in the controls but the past caries experience was remarkably lower in those individuals whose diabetes had started at a very early age (less than or equal to 7 yr). In agreement with the clinical data, the salivary levels of cariogenic microorganisms were of the same order of magnitude in both study groups. However, the relative proportion of S. mutans from the total cultivable aerobic microflora was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in diabetics compared to the controls. The other studied salivary parameters did not differ between the groups. Remarkable individual differences were observed in the correlation between glucose levels of blood and whole saliva among diabetics. In spite of the noncariogenic dietary habits, the adult diabetic patients seem to be at least as susceptible to dental caries as non-diabetics, probably due to the leakage of glucose from blood into the oral cavity.