gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Narrow band modulation and coding schemes for radio LAN (1993)

The paper considers the performance of narrow-band modulation schemes on the indoor radio channel, such as occurs in radio LAN systems. This channel is subject to i.s.i. due to multipath, which limits the maximum data rate. The paper proposes narrow-band modulation and coding to reduce the symbol rate. The paper compares the performances of multilevel signalling constellations of different rates, and shows that the intersymbol interference and hence the irreducible error rate floor are reduced by higher rate multilevel modulation as compared with QPSK, provided the signalling pulse width, and therefore the signal bandwidth, is kept constant. It is also shown that diversity techniques are important in the indoor communications scenario.
The Atomic and Molecular Nature of Matter (1985)

The purpose of this article is to show that electrons and protons, interacting by Coulomb forces and governed by quantum statistical mechanics at suitable temperature and density, form a gas of Hydrogen atoms or molecules.
La evaluación de la socialización familiar: ESPA29 (2016)

Tradicionalmente la socialización familiar se ha considerado un importante correlato del bienestar psicosocial de hijos e hijas y un constructo teórico fundamental para entender las conductas ajustadas y adaptadas dentro de la sociedad. La evaluación del proceso de socialización requiere una perspectiva teórica que conceptualice cómo pueden influir los padres en sus hijos. Sobre la base del clásico modelo bidimensional de socialización, con los ejes de aceptación/implicación y severidad/imposición se definen cuatro tipos de actuación parental: indulgente, autorizativo, negligente y autoritario. La escala ESPA29 permite esa evaluación y se considera que es idónea para la evaluación de la socialización familiar.
The Shikimate Pathway and Its Branches in Apicomplexan Parasites (2002)

The shikimate pathway is essential for production of a plethora of aromatic compounds in plants, bacteria, and fungi. Seven enzymes of the shikimate pathway catalyze sequential conversion of erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenol pyruvate to chorismate. Chorismate is then used as a substrate for other pathways that culminate in production of folates, ubiquinone, napthoquinones, and the aromatic amino acids tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. The shikimate pathway is absent from animals and present in the apicomplexan parasites Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Inhibition of the pathway by glyphosate is effective in controlling growth of these parasites. These findings emphasize the potential benefits of developing additional effective inhibitors of the shikimate pathway. Such inhibitors may function as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents that are effective against bacterial and fungal pathogens and apicomplexan parasites.
Role of hexyloxy groups in zinc phthalocyanines bearing sulfonic acid anchoring groups for dye-sensitized solar cells (2019)

Zinc phthalocyanine dyes bearing four sulfonic acid anchoring groups with (A-ZnPc) and without (H-ZnPc) four chloro and eight hexyloxy groups were used as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The dyes were investigated in terms of their optical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties. The presence of these groups in dye A-ZnPc resulted in both red-shifted absorption and decreased dye aggregation, which are beneficial for the improvement of device performance. In the presence of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) as a coadsorbent, the DSSC based on H-ZnPc shows a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.96%, which is improved by [Formula: see text]40% as compared to the device without CDCA. However, the PCE of an A-ZnPc-based device with CDCA slightly enhances from 1.15% (without CDCA) to 1.22%, indicating that the bulky hexyloxy groups with large steric hindrance can effectively suppress aggregation of the adsorbed dye. The results showed that the zinc phthalocyanine dye bearing bulky hexyloxy groups is a promising candidate to construct efficient coadsorbent-free DSSCs.
Importance of PKCδ signaling in fractionated-radiation-induced expansion of glioma-initiating cells and resistance to cancer treatment (2011)

Brain tumors frequently recur or progress as focal masses after treatment with ionizing radiation. However, the mechanisms underlying the repopulation of tumor cells after radiation have remained unclear. In this study, we show that cellular signaling from Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog (Abl) to protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) is crucial for fractionated-radiation-induced expansion of glioma-initiating cell populations and acquisition of resistance to anticancer treatments. Treatment of human glioma cells with fractionated radiation increased Abl and PKCδ activity, expanded the CD133-positive (CD133(+)) cell population that possesses tumor-initiating potential and induced expression of glioma stem cell markers and self-renewal-related proteins. Moreover, cells treated with fractionated radiation were resistant to anticancer treatments. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of PKCδ expression blocked fractionated-radiation-induced CD133(+) cell expansion and suppressed expression of glioma stem cell markers and self-renewal-related proteins. It also suppressed resistance of glioma cells to anticancer treatments. Similarly, knockdown of Abl led to a decrease in CD133(+) cell populations and restored chemotherapeutic sensitivity. It also attenuated fractionated-radiation-induced PKCδ activation, suggesting that Abl acts upstream of PKCδ. Collectively, these data indicate that fractionated radiation induces an increase in the glioma-initiating cell population, decreases cellular sensitivity to cancer treatment and implicates activation of Abl-PKCδ signaling in both events. These findings provide insights that might prove pivotal in the context of ionising-radiation-based therapeutic interventions for brain tumors.
Serum Amino Acid Concentrations in Nine Athletes Before and After the 1993 Colmar Ultra Triathlon (1995)

The amino acid imbalance hypothesis should explain the fatigue originating in the brain during sustained exercise or over-training as a branched-chain (BCAA)/aromatic amino acids (AAA) imbalance with increased brain tryptophan uptake and 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis. The serum amino acid profile was determined in 9 ultra-triathletes before and after completing the 1993 Colmar ultra-triathlon to additionally analyse the extent of this amino acid imbalance during such an extreme prolonged contest lasting more than 23 hours. The summed serum concentration of 25 amino acids decreased by 18% from 3962 +/- 846 to 3255 +/- 694 umol.l-1 likely reflecting a catabolic state of the organism with a decrease in 18 individual amino acids by 9-56%, an increase in cystine (+38%), methionine (+24%), tyrosine (+10%), phenylalanine (+12%), free tryptophan (+74%), and constant glutamine, leucine and total tryptophan levels. Since plasma volume increased by approximately 7.6% with a 3.3 kg body mass decrease in the athletes during the ultra triathlon, a decrease in intra-cellular water with an extra-cellular fluid increase is hypothesized. This decrease in cellular hydration state is seen as a protein-catabolic signal.
A new theory of a propagating trigger of steam explosions (1990)

An energetic steam explosion may occur if a hot molten material, e.g., molten core in the case of a nuclear reactor severe accident, is dropped in water. The explosive heat transfer and vapor production is attributed to the dramatic increase of the melt/coolant contact area due to fine melt fragmentation. The propagation of the interaction has been explained by Board et al. in the framework of the steady detonation theory in analogy to chemical high explosives. According to the new proposed theory, during the premixing stage of the explosion, a layer of the liquid coolant acquires a high degree of superheat due to the lack of nucleation sites characteristic of liquid-liquid contact. Given a small triggering disturbance, nucleation occurs and escalates in the superheated coolant. The shock-induced nucleation (SIN) drives a detonation wave of sufficient strength to destabilize film boiling and results in direct liquid-liquid contact of sufficient duration to induce fragmentation by some thermal mechanism. The rather weak SIN wave is not responsible for the destructive potential of a steam explosion; it merely acts as a propagating trigger. The slower fragmentation thus occurs behind the trigger wave in a layer of an ever-increasing thickness. Thus, the coherence of themore » interaction depends on the inertial confinement of the interaction zone - an experimentally-acknowledged fact (e.g., Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) rigid confinement test)-and the interaction in a way resembles that occurring in low explosives like gunpowder rather than high explosives. If this theory is correct, interesting practical implications on the research efforts to control steam explosions may follow.« less
A Dual-Modal Vision-Based Tactile Sensor for Robotic Hand Grasping (2018)

Humans' fingertips can perceive not only the magnitude and the direction of force but also the texture of object. When we grasp an object, the surface texture sensing of the fingertip helps us recognize the object and the force feeling that is parallel to the skin helps us grasp stably. Focusing on these points, we have developed a dual-modal vision-based tactile sensor that can measure the texture of object and a distribution of force vectors. The tactile sensor consists of a transparent elastomer, a camera, a piece of transparent acrylic board, LEDs and supporting structures. A reflective membrane and markers array are on the surface of the elastomer. An applied force on the elastic body results in movements of the markers, which are acquired by the CCD camera. In addition, the shape and texture of the object's contact surface can be reflected by the membrane deformations. The distribution of force vectors is determined by the BP neural network. The local binary pattern algorithm using captured images calculates the texture information. This paper reports experimental evaluation results concerning accuracy of determination of magnitude, direction of force, and texture recognition rate.
Schwangere mit SARS-CoV-2-Infektion/COVID-19 und der Komorbidität Typ-1-Diabetes – Symptome, Verlauf und Ausgang bei 5 Fällen aus dem CRONOS-Register (2021)

Fragestellung Vom 3.4.20 bis 13.5.21 wurden im CRONOS-Register 2136 SARS-CoV-2-positive Schwangere registriert. Der Anteil Frauen mit einem Typ-1-Diabetes lag mit 5 Fällen bei 0,2%. Für diese wurde der Verlauf von Infektion, Schwangerschaft und Geburt ausgewertet.
Research in Techniques of Personal Identity Management (2012)

This paper proposed a model of 7-Phase Personal Identity Management Cycle which can capture important actors and events that happen around the management issues of a personal identity. This paper explained the purpose of each phase, the actors and the conditions involved in transition between phases. Examples and scenarios are also provided to give illustrations how this model can be used to address different issues in Identity Fraud.
Role of B7-1 in mediating an immune response to myeloid leukemia cells (1995)

A costimulatory signal from B7-1 (CD80) to its counter-receptor CD28 is required for T-cell activation. Many tumors, including most human leukemias, lack expression of B7-1, and this has been suggested to contribute to the failure of immune recognition of these diseases. A murine leukemia model system was developed to assess the potential role of B7-1 in the induction immunity to leukemia cells. The nonleukemic 32Dc13 myeloid cell line was transformed by transfection of the BCR/ABL gene, generating a subline (32Dp210/clone 26) that was leukemic and rapidly lethal to syngeneic, immunocompetent C3H/HeJ mice or T-cell-deficient nude mice. B7-1-modified leukemic cells remained lethal in nude mice, but caused only a transient, nonlethal leukemia in C3H/HeJ mice. After a single exposure to live, nonirradiated B7-1-modified leukemic cells, C3H/HeJ mice developed protective immunity against subsequent challenge with B7-1(-) leukemic cells. Further, hyperimmunization with B7-1(+) leukemic cells prolonged the survival of mice previously injected with a lethal number of B7-1(-) leukemic cells. These results indicate that myeloid leukemic cells may be attractive candidates for B7-1 gene transfer.
An Introduction to the Application of the Theory of Probabilistic Functions of a Markov Process to Automatic Speech Recognition (1983)

In this paper we present several of the salient theoretical and practical issues associated with modeling a speech signal as a probabilistic function of a (hidden) Markov chain. First we give a concise review of the literature with emphasis on the Baum-Welch algorithm. This is followed by a detailed discussion of three issues not treated in the literature: alternatives to the Baum-Welch algorithm; critical facets of the implementation of the algorithms, with emphasis on their numerical properties; and behavior of Markov models on certain artificial but realistic problems. Special attention is given to a particular class of Markov models, which we call “left-to-right” models. This class of models is especially appropriate for isolated word recognition. The results of the application of these methods to an isolated word, speaker-independent speech recognition experiment are given in a companion paper.
Using Electronic Odor Sensors To Discriminate among Oak Barrel Toasting Levels (1999)

Toasting changes both the quantity and the quality of the extractable substances in oak wood of barrels used for the aging of fine wines and spirits. Mastery and repeatability of toasting are vital in the production of quality barrels to be used for aging wines and spirits. Toasted wood components, which can be extracted by the wines or spirits during the aging process, are normally analyzed by maceration in standard alcohol solutions at concentrations adapted to the various products and can be used to control the intensity of the wood toasting. These kinds of analyses are accurate but time-consuming and need specialized laboratories. In this work, the feasibility of monitoring barrel toasting levels using an electronic nose with a metal oxide odor sensor array (MOS) was studied. The results of oak toasting level differentiation obtained via the MOS network were identical to those obtained by analyzing extractable compounds in liquid or gas phase as described in a previous paper. The results presented in this work at the laboratory scale could be used to implement a nondestructive monitoring system based on the analysis of headspace of barrels under industrial conditions.
Enantioseparation of dihydropyridine derivatives by means of neutral and negatively charged β-cyclodextrin derivatives using capillary electrophoresis (2000)

Employing capillary electrophoresis, the racemates of 29 acidic, neutral and basic dihydropyridines (DHPs) were separated by means of neutral and negatively charged cyclodextrins (CDs). Whereas the enantiomers of the acidic DHPs could be resolved with neutral CDs, mostly alpha- and beta-CD, the enantiomers of the neutral DHPs were only baseline-separated using the sulfobutyl ether-substituted beta-CD. Working in reversed polarity mode (detector at the anode) improved the peak shape and the resolution of the enantiomers. The racemates of the DHP bearing a secondary or tertiary amine function in the side chain at position 3 could be separated by using either the neutral gamma-CD or negatively charged CDs. The poor peak shape found with anionic CDs could be improved by the addition of methanol. The combination of gamma-CD and sulfated beta-CD allowed the detection of the minor enantiomer of lercanidipine (24) at less than 1% w/w.
Shared velocity encoding: A method to improve the temporal resolution of phase‐contrast velocity measurements (2011)

Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is used routinely to measure fluid and tissue velocity with a variety of clinical applications. Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging methods require acquisition of additional data to enable phase difference reconstruction, making real-time imaging problematic. Shared Velocity Encoding (SVE), a method devised to improve the effective temporal resolution of phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging, was implemented in a real-time pulse sequence with segmented echo planar readout. The effect of SVE on peak velocity measurement was investigated in computer simulation, and peak velocities and total flow were measured in a flow phantom and in volunteers and compared with a conventional ECG-triggered, segmented k-space phase-contrast sequence as a reference standard. Computer simulation showed a 36% reduction in peak velocity error from 8.8 to 5.6% with SVE. A similar reduction of 40% in peak velocity error was shown in a pulsatile flow phantom. In the phantom and volunteers, volume flow did not differ significantly when measured with or without SVE. Peak velocity measurements made in the volunteers using SVE showed a higher concordance correlation (0.96) with the reference standard than non-SVE (0.87). The improvement in effective temporal resolution with SVE reconstruction has a positive impact on the precision and accuracy of real-time phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging peak velocity measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: FAKTOREN, DIE DIE PHOTOINDUZIERTE N,PI(*)‐SINGULETT‐ISOMERISIERUNGEN CYCLISCHER BETA,GAMMA‐UNGESAETTIGTER KETONE BETREFFEN (1972)

Abstract Strahlung der Ketone (II) führt zu den Aldehyden (III) und einem photostationären Gemisch der Ketone (I) und (II).
Optimization of Mashing Conditions When Mashing with Unmalted Sorghum and Commercial Enzymes (2003)

AbstractSmall-scale mashing experiments were carried out with 100% unmalted sorghum grist. A commercial mashing program with temperature stands at 50, 95, and 60°C was carried out. A heat-stable α-amylase, a bacterial protease, and a fungal α-amylase were used in all experiments. The effects of the addition of various commercial enzymes, the adjustment of the calcium level of the mash-in liquor, and the adjustment of the initial pH of the mash were observed. An optimum mashing procedure suitable for the production of wort from unmalted sorghum was developed. The optimization results suggested that the potential for brewing a high-quality beer from unmalted sorghum could be improved by 1) adjusting the mash-in liquor to give a calcium content of 200 parts per million; 2) adjusting the mash-in pH to 6.5; 3) using a mashing program with temperature-time stands of 50°C × 50 min, 80°C × 10 min, 95°C × 40 min, and 60°C × 30 min; 4) using a heat-stable α-amylase (120 U/g of grist, added at the end of the 50°C stand), a neutral protease (100 U/g of grist, added at mash-in), and a fungal α-amylase (600 U/g of grist, added at the start of the 60°C stand); and 5) adjusting the pH to 5.5 prior to the 60°C stand.RESUMENExperimentos de maceración en escala reducida fueron realizados con 100% de grano de zahína. Un programa de maceración comercial con temperaturas de permanencia a 50, 95, y 60°C fue realizado. En todos los experimentos se utilizo un a-amilasa termoestable, un protease bacteriano, y un a-amilasa fungicida. Los efectos de la adición de varias enzimas comerciales, los del ajuste del nivel de calcio en el licor macerado, y los del ajuste del pH inicial del macerado fueron observados. Un procedimiento optimo de maceración conveniente para la producción de mosto de zahína no malteada fue desarrollado. Los resultados de la optimización sugirieron que el potencial para elaborar una cerveza de alta calidad utilizando zahína no malteada podría ser mejorado mediante 1) el ajuste en licor macerado para obtener un contenido de 200 porciones por millón de calcio; 2) el ajuste de pH en macerado a 6.5; 3) el uso de un programa de maceración con temperaturas de permanencia de 50°C × 50 minutos, 80°C × 10 minutos, 95°C × 40 minutos, y 60°C × 30 minutos; 4) el uso de a-amilasa termoestable (120 U/g de grano molido, agregado al final de la permanencia de 50°C), un protease neutral (100 U/g de grano molido, agregado en macerado), y un a-amilasa fungicida (600 U/g de grano molido, agregado al comienzo de la permanencia de 60°C); y 5) ajustando el pH a 5.5 antes de la permanencia de 60°C.KeywordsEnzymesHeat-stable α-amylaseSorghumUnmalted sorghumPalabras clave: Enzimasa-Amilasa termoestableZahínaZahína no malteada
ROC curve evaluation of edge detector performance (2002)

We present a method of evaluating edge detector performance based on empirical receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The approach is based on using real images, for which the ground truth has been manually specified. The ROC curve for a given edge detector summarizes its range of tradeoffs between true positive and false positive edge pixels, as determined by comparing the detected edge pixels to the specified ground truth. Aggregate ROC curves are constructed for groups of images. To give a fairer evaluation relative to typical application use, a form of "train and test" methodology has been developed.
Turboelectric Distributed Propulsion Engine Cycle Analysis for Hybrid-Wing-Body Aircraft (2009)

Meeting NASA&amp;apos;s N+3 goals requires a fundamental shift in approach to aircraft and engine design. Material and design improvements allow higher pressure and higher temperature core engines which improve the thermal efficiency. Propulsive efficiency, the other half of the overall efficiency equation, however, is largely determined by the fan pressure ratio (FPR). Lower FPR increases propulsive efficiency, but also dramatically reduces fan shaft speed through the combination of larger diameter fans and reduced fan tip speed limits. The result is that below an FPR of 1.5 the maximum fan shaft speed makes direct drive turbines problematic. However, it is the low pressure ratio fans that allow the improvement in propulsive efficiency which, along with improvements in thermal efficiency in the core, contributes strongly to meeting the N+3 goals for fuel burn reduction. The lower fan exhaust velocities resulting from lower FPRs are also key to meeting the aircraft noise goals. Adding a gear box to the standard turbofan engine allows acceptable turbine speeds to be maintained. However, development of a 50,000+ hp gearbox required by fans in a large twin engine transport aircraft presents an extreme technical challenge, therefore another approach is needed. This paper presents a propulsion system which transmits power from