gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Revised Kubelka–Munk theory II Unified framework for homogeneous and inhomogeneous optical media (2004)

We extend the applicability of the recently revised Kubelka-Munk (K-M) theory to inhomogeneous optical media by treating inhomogeneous ink penetration of the substrate. We propose a method for describing light propagation in either homogeneous or inhomogeneous layers using series representations for the K-M scattering and absorption coefficients as well as for intensities of the upward and downward light streams. The conventional and matrix expressions for spectral reflectance and transmittance values of optically homogeneous media in the K-M theory are shown to be special cases of the present framework. Three types of ink distribution-homogeneous, linear, and exponential-have been studied. Simulations of spectral reflectance predict a depression of reflectance peaks and reduction of absorption bands characteristic of hue shifts and significant reduction of saturation and, in turn, color gamut.
Magnetic circular dichroism and absorption study of photochromism in Mn- doped Bi12Geo20 (1995)

Abstract We report on the first simultaneaous investigation of the behavior of ligand field and charge transfer bands in doped Bi12GeO20 (BGO) under various illumination and thermal conditions. This was made possible through MCD measurements in both the near IR and the visible spectral regions. The [MnO4]3- ion is clearly identified in the thermally bleached state. Illumination with blue light leads to the reduction of Mn5+ while the antisite (BiGe 3+ + h) defect is formed. Finally BGO is an interesting host for the popular d2 ions in a tetrahedral site.
Genomic Fingerprinting Patterns of Bifidobacteria Isolated from Healthy Koreans Using ERIC-, TAP-, and BOX-PCR (2008)

유산균인 비피도박테리아는 사람과 동물에서 유익한 프로바이오틱 미생물로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 비피도박테리아 균주의 분류를 위한 repetitive DNA element PCR fingerprinting (ERIC-또는 TAP-PCR)의 사용을 평가하였다. 사람분변으로부터 분리한 알려지지 않은 비피도박테리움 균주와 한국생명공학연구원 생물자원센터로부터 분양받은 표준균주를 가지고 분류 및 동정에 ERIC-PCR과 TAP-PCR을 이용한 RAPD-fingerprinting을 수행하였다. 그 결과 비피도박테리움 균주에 대한 속과 종단위의 분류가 가능하였으며, 실험에 사용된 모든 비피도박테리움 균주는 RAPD-fingerprinting 분석을 통해 유전적 다양성을 확인하였다. 또한 ERIC2와 TAPI 프라이머를 이용한 실험에서는 Bifidobacterium adolescentis 특이 유전자 단편을 확인하였으며 이는 B. adolescentis 균주의 동정에 유용할 것으로 사료된다.
Putting pointer analysis to work (1998)

This paper addresses the problem of how to apply pointer analysis to a wide variety of compiler applications. We are not presenting a new pointer analysis. Rather, we focus on putting two existing pointer analyses, points-to analysis and connection analysis, to work.We demonstrate that the fundamental problem is that one must be able to compare the memory locations read/written via pointer indirections, at different program points, and one must also be able to summarize the effect of pointer references over regions in the program. It is straightforward to compute read/write sets for indirections involving stack-directed pointers using points-to information. However, for heap-directed pointers we show that one needs to introduce the notion of anchor handles into the connection analysis and then express read/write sets to the heap with respect to these anchor handles.Based on the read/write sets we show how to extend traditional analyses like common subexpression elimination, loop-invariant removal and location-invariant removal to include pointer references. We also demonstrate the use of our information on more advanced techniques such as array dependence testing and program understanding. We have implemented our techniques in our McCAT C compiler, and we demonstrate examples of applying our methods on a set of pointer-intensive C benchmarks, as well as present concrete empirical data on the improvements achieved.
MEMS capacitive series switch fabricated using PCB technology (2007)

In this article, an RF MEMS capacitive series switch fabricated using printed circuit processing techniques is discussed. Design, modeling, fabrication, and characterization of the CPW series switch are presented. An example CPW series capacitive switch with insertion loss less than 0.5 dB in the frequency range of 13–18 GHz and isolation better than 10 dB up to 18 GHz is discussed. The switch provides a minimum insertion loss of about 0.1 dB at the self-resonance frequency of 16 GHz and a maximum isolation of about 42 dB at 1 GHz. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2007.
Synthesis and Characterization of 1-Aza-allyl Complexes with Al−Al, Ga−Ga, and In−In Bonds (2000)

The synthesis of new compounds containing Al−Al, Ga−Ga, and In−In bonds, the 1-aza-allyl ligand R (R = [(Me3Si)2C(Ph)C(Me3Si)N]), and halide substituents is described. The gallium(III) compound RGaCl2 (1) was prepared by reaction of GaCl3 with RLi·THF. The reduction of a mixture of RAlI2 and RAlClI with potassium afforded [RIAl−AlClR] (2). [RGaCl]2 (3) was synthesized by the reduction of RGaCl2 with sodium/potassium alloy, while [RInBr]2 (4) was prepared by reaction of RLi·THF with indium(I) bromide. The molecular structures of 1, 2, 3, and 4 have been established by X-ray crystallography.
Proposal of a low power, 1.6 MHz, 91% efficiency, single inductor, double symmetrical outputs integrated DC-DC converter for CCM and DCM operations (2011)

A single inductor, double symmetrical outputs, integrated DC-DC converter with analog control has been designed for supply of low power, output-capacitor-less audio amplifiers. Such amplifiers require positive/negative symmetrical voltage supply for driving headphones without common mode on their output voltages. The power stage of the converter use a single external inductor, 3 external capacitors and five integrated power switches to produce two symmetrical bipolar outputs. This circuit permits to make the economy of using a combination of two separate converters for generating both the positive and the negative output voltage. The benefits are a low number of external components and IOs, and reduced silicon area. The control of the output voltages is accomplished by two feedback loops operating in PWM. A primary prototype has been fabricated in CMOS 130nm process for Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and achieves 80% peak efficiency at 360 mW output power and 1.6 MHz switching frequency. This prototype validates the simulation results about the analog control strategy and the integration of the whole power stage and control. Improvements are presented in order to increase the efficiency up to 90% at full load. The operation in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) and Pulse Skipping (PSK) are introduced to improve the efficiency for low output power. The electrical implementation of DCM and some simulation results are presented. Light-load efficiency is improved to around 60%.
Green Streets and Highways 2010 (2010)

Proceedings of the 2010 Green Streets and Highways Conference, held in Denver, Colorado, November 14-17, 2010. Sponsored by the Transportation and Development Institute of ASCE. This collection contains 40 papers discussing the state of the art in sustainable roadways. Today's world of highway and local street planning and design concerns traffic and civil engineers but also transportation planners, environmental engineers, and regulators. Interdisciplinary teams are needed to address complex multimodal planning, regional environmental issues, context-sensitive solutions, climate change, green rating systems, economic development, and other emerging and often changing issues. Topics include: sustainable and integrated planning and design, green pavements and construction materials, watershed and environmental planning and design, and rating systems.
Morphological and Thermal Characterization of Starch- Based Elastomers (2021)

Novel elastomers are synthesized from corn and potato starch with potential application in the fabrication of biodegradable microfluidic devices. The developed elastomers were subjected to morphological and thermal characterization.
In‐situ photopolymerized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane‐derived monolithic capillary columns with quinidine functionality for enantioseparation by nano‐liquid chromatography (2019)

The successful fabrication of monolithic capillary columns for enantiomer separations was achieved within vinylized fused silica capillaries via fast "one-pot" photo-initiated free radical polymerization reaction. A mixture consisting of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, O-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethylcarbamoyl]-10,11-dihydroquinidine was copolymerized in the presence of n-butanol, ethylene glycol and photo-initiator 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone. The morphology of the resultant polymeric hybrid inorganic-organic material and its permeability as well as porosity can be controlled by adjusting the composition of the monomers and binary porogenic solvent. The chromatographic characteristics of the columns have been investigated. Separation factors of N-acetyl-phenylalanine (Ac-Phe) and dichlorprop dropped with decrease of chiral functional monomer. Permeability was better when the macroporogen ethyleneglycol was present at higher concentrations during the polymerization. In general, the chiral compounds were well separated (dichlorprop: α = 1.53, R<sub>s</sub> up to 4.14; Ac-Phe: α = 1.36, R<sub>s</sub> up to 2.69) by nano-HPLC with an optimized enantioselective monolithic capillary column which can be prepared within a few minutes.
MYPT1 mutants demonstrate the importance of aa 888–928 for the interaction with PKGIα (2006)

During nitric oxide signaling, type Ialpha cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKGIalpha) activates myosin light chain (MLC) phosphatase through an interaction with the 130-kDa myosin targeting subunit (MYPT1), leading to dephosphorylation of 20-kDa MLC and vasodilatation. It has been suggested that the MYPT1-PKGIalpha interaction is mediated by the COOH-terminal leucine zipper (LZ) of MYPT1 and the NH(2)-terminal LZ of PKGIalpha (HK Surks and ME Mendelsohn. Cell Signal 15: 937-944, 2003; HK Surks et al. Science 286: 1583-1587, 1999), but we previously showed that PKGIalpha interacts with LZ-positive (LZ+) and LZ-negative (LZ-) MYPT1 isoforms (13). Interestingly, PKGIalpha is known to preferentially bind to RR and RK motifs (WR Dostmann et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 14772-14777, 2000), and there is an RK motif within the aa 888-928 sequence of MYPT1 in LZ+ and LZ- isoforms. Thus, to localize the domain of MYPT1 important for the MYPT1-PKGIalpha interaction, we designed four MYPT1 fragments that contained both the aa 888-928 sequence and the downstream LZ domain (MYPT1FL), lacked both the aa 888-928 sequence and the LZ domain (MYPT1TR), lacked only the aa 888-928 sequence (MYPT1SO), or lacked only the LZ domain (MYPT1TR2). Using coimmunoprecipitation, we found that only the fragments containing the aa 888-928 sequence (MYPT1FL and MYPT1TR2) were able to form a complex with PKGIalpha in avian smooth muscle tissue lysates. Furthermore, mutations of the RK motif at aa 916-917 (R(916)K(917)) to AA decreased binding of MYPT1 to PKGIalpha in chicken gizzard lysates; these mutations had no effect on binding in chicken aorta lysates. However, mutation of R(916)K(917) to E(916)E(917) eliminated binding, suggesting that one factor important for the PKGIalpha-MYPT1 interaction is the charge at aa 916-917. These results suggest that, during cGMP-mediated signaling, aa 888-928 of MYPT1 mediate the PKGIalpha-MYPT1 interaction.
Double-Consensus-Based Distributed Energy Management in a Virtual Power Plant (2022)

The penetration of distributed generators increases the significance of virtual power plants (VPP) in the electricity market paradigm. The conventional VPP energy management system relies on a trustable centralized coordinator, which is vulnerable to single-point failure and requires a high-bandwidth communication network. This article proposes a robust, fully distributed consensus-based algorithm (RFDCA) for optimal dispatch of VPP participants in power systems with a practical communication network, which considers noise, communication delay, and a dynamically switching communication topology. The profit maximization problem is decomposed into subproblems using dual decomposition and solved using a double consensus approach, which uses a monotonically decreasing consensus gain function to suppress the adverse effects of communication delay and noise. One of the main advantages of this method is that the VPP participants need not share their private information with anyone, thereby preserving their privacy. Another advantage of the proposed approach is that it can deal with networks of different sizes and topologies. Simulations are carried out on standard 15-node VPP and IEEE 39-bus test systems to illustrate the efficacy of the RFDCA approach. The algorithm removes the need for a central controller in the VPP system, and the faster convergence of the algorithm extends its application in real-time energy management.
Sensitivity Analysis in Chemical Kinetics (1983)

Complex mathematical models are increasingly being used as predictive tools and as aids for understanding the processes underlying observed chemical phenomena. The parameters appearing in these models, which may include rate constants, activation energies, thermodynamic constants, transport coefficients, initial conditions, and operating conditions, are seldom known to high precision. Thus, the predictions or conclusions of modeling endeavors are usually subject to uncertainty. Furthermore, regardless of uncertainty questions, there is always the overriding matter of which parameters control laboratory observations. Quantification of the role of the parameters in the model predictions is the traditional realm of sensitivity analysis. A significant amount of current research is directed at conceptualization and implementation of numerical techniques for determining parametric sensitivities for algebraic, differential, and partial differential equation models including those with stochastic character and nonconstant parameters. Recent studies have also served to extend the range of the conventional parametric analysis to address new questions, relevant to the process of model building and interpretation. This review attempts to present a full range of results and applications of sensitivity analysis, relevant to chemical kinetic modeling. We exclude a large class of literature that deals with system sensitivities from a control theory perspective (1). We further limit discussion of related subjects such as parameter identification (estimation of best parameter values for fitting data) and optimization, in which parametric sensitivities play only
Formation of crossed phenazine from the reaction between tetra-p-anisyl- and tetra-p-tolyl-hydrazines in liquid sulphur dioxide (1975)

On dissolving tetra-p-anisyl- and tetra-p-tolyl-hydrazines in liquid sulphur dioxide in the dark in the absence of oxygen, the tetra-p-anisylhydrazine cation radical was formed and 2-methoxy-7-methyl-5-p-anisyl-10-p-tolyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine was isolated from the reaction mixture.
Atomic hydrogen induced defect kinetics in amorphous silicon (2017)

Near-infrared evanescent-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) has been applied to study the defect evolution in an amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin film subjected to a directed beam of atomic H with a flux of (0.4–2) × 1014 cm−2 s−1. To this end, a 42 ± 2 nm a-Si:H film was grown on the total internal reflection surface of a folded miniature optical resonator by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition. A fully reversible defect creation process is observed, with a nonlinear dependence on H flux, with a time resolution of 33 ms and a relative sensitivity of 10−7. Using polarizing optics, the CRDS signal was split into s- and p-polarized components, which, combined with E-field calculations, provides depth sensitivity. Extensive kinetic modeling of the observed process is used to determine rate constants for the hydrogen–material interactions and defect formation in a-Si:H, as well as revealing a high diffusion coefficient for atomic H on the order of 10−11 cm2 s−1. A novel reaction pathway is proposed, whereby H inserted into weak Si–Si bonds recombines with mobile H, resulting in a limited penetration depth for atomic H from the gas-phase on the order of 10–15 nm.
Host Foxp3+CD4+ Regulatory T Cells Act as a Negative Regulator of Dendritic Cells in the Peritransplantation Period (2015)

Host Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to suppress graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in experimental bone marrow transplantation (BMT) models; however, the detailed mechanism is unknown. To address this issue, we established a murine MHC-haploidentical BMT model (BDF1 (H-2b/d) → B6C3F1 (H-2b/k)), in which transplantation following conditioning with high-dose (13 Gy) or low-dose (5 Gy) total body irradiation corresponds to myeloablative stem cell transplantation (MAST) or reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation (RIST) BMT. All MAST recipients died of GVHD within 70 d, whereas RIST recipients developed almost no GVHD and survived for at least 3 mo. In this BMT model, we investigated the kinetics of immune cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes because GVHD was most prominent in the intestines. Host Tregs that survived after total body irradiation could proliferate transiently by day 4. Comparing the kinetics of immune cells among MAST, RIST, and anti-CD25 mAb-treated RIST, we found that the transiently surviving host Tregs were fully functional, closely contacted with host dendritic cells (DCs), and significantly restrained the maturation (CD80 and CD86 expression) of DCs in a dose-dependent manner. There was a positive correlation between the ratio of DCs to host Tregs and the extent of maturation of DCs. Host Tregs suppressed alloresponse mainly by contact inhibition. Host Tregs are already active in lymph nodes before transplantation and restrain the maturation of host DCs, thereby dampening the ability of DCs to activate allogeneic donor T cells and consequently reducing the magnitude of graft-versus-host reaction. Thus, host Tregs are negative regulators of host DCs that act in the peritransplantation period.
Sustainable, economic and secure electricity supply in Singapore (Abstract only) (2011)

With the increase in energy consumption and the depletion of fossil fuels, the electricity prices of conventional generating sources have increased steadily. At the same time, CO 2 emissions have influenced global climate change. In light of these changes, the international community has reached a consensus to move towards renewable and alternative sources and to use the limited energy resources more efficiently. As a nation without natural resources, it is important for Singapore to research in clean energy, microgrids, smart grids and innovative ideas to enhance the efficiency of its supply system and to better position itself for its energy needs.
Pre‐ and postnatal administration ofLactobacillus reuteridecreases TLR2 responses in infants (2014)

Decreased responses to TLR2, the main receptor for LTA from Gram positive bacteria, in probiotic treated children seem to be dependent on factors downstream of TLR mRNA expression.
`Misunderestimating' Chronic Poverty? (2008)

This article examines the issue of chronic (i.e. long-term) poverty in developing countries. It presents a method for estimating chronic poverty using cross-sectional data and suggests that researchers need not rely solely on longitudinal or panel data. As such data are unavailable for most developing countries, the method outlined here provides an opportunity to expand our understanding of the distribution and pattern of chronic poverty in many more countries. The article also shows how the methods used to estimate the number of chronically poor in developing countries in the 2005 Chronic Poverty Report contain errors that render them serious underestimates. The problem of chronic poverty is therefore considerably more pressing and more widespread than is currently thought.
Konventionelle nuklearmedizinische Diagnostik neuroendokriner Neoplasien (2011)

Die nuklearmedizinische Diagnostik besitzt einen hohen Stellenwert für die Primärtumorsuche, das Staging und Re-Staging sowie die Therapieplanung und -kontrolle bei neuroendokrinen Neoplasien. Wie in der PET-Bildgebung neuroendokriner Neoplasien dominiert auch in der konventionellen Diagnostik die Somatostatinrezeptorszintigrafie. Analog zur PET-Bildgebung sind auch hier durch den Einsatz moderner Hybridgeräte (SPECT-CT) deutliche Verbesserungen der Diagnostik zu erzielen. Darüber hinaus erlaubt der Einsatz der SPECT-CT eine Optimierung der Dosimetrie und des Therapiemonitorings von Radionuklidtherapien (Peptidradiorezeptor- oder MIBG-Therapie). Die vorliegende Arbeit spiegelt den aktuellen Stand der konventionellen nuklearmedizinischen Diagnostik wider und gibt einen Ausblick auf weitere Entwicklungen.
VaRTM Process of Composites Using Porous Mold (2013)

This paper introduces Porous Mold Process (PMP) as a reliable low-cost manufacturing process of fiber-reinforced composites. PMP using porous aluminum is applied to the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VaRTM) process of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). Experimental evaluation on resin infusion behavior and quality and mechanical properties of the cured plates is performed with varying the dimensions of the plates. The results show that quality and mechanical properties of the cured plates using PMP are satisfactory, stable, and almost independent of plate dimensions. It is concluded that PMP provides a reliable and knowhow-less resin infusion process of composite materials.
Phonation into a Tube as a Voice Training Method: Acoustic and Physiologic Observations (1995)

Phonation into narrow glass tubes has been used as a voice training method. The present study examined phonatory and voice quality during and after tube phonation. The methods used were (a) electromyography with surface electrodes, (b) a dual-channel electroglottography from which the vertical larynx position was derived and (c) inverse filtering of the acoustic signal of vowel samples produced before and immediately after the exercise. Phonation into a tube seemed to cause a tendency to heighten the vertical laryngeal position. For female subjects (n = 3) the tube exercise tended to lead to increased vocal effort in vowel production after the exercise and, in contrast, to a tendency for a more relaxed voice production for the males (n = 2).
Ascites in a 42-year-old woman (2013)

She has had worsening shortness of breath, leg edema, and ascites for 4 months. What is the cause?
Chemical synthesis of a 5′‐ and 3′/2′‐phosphorylated heptamer sequence of E. coli tRNA: pAGCCUGG(3′/2′)p via phosphotriester methods (1981)

Abstract The synthesis of the 5′‐ and 3′/2′‐phosphorylated heptamer sequence pAGCCUGG(3′/2′)p, corresponding to the fragment 14–20 of E. coli tRNA f met , is described. The assemblage of the fully protected heptamer 16 was effected via a modified phosphotriester approach which is based on the use of the monofunctional phosphorylating agent, 2,2,2‐trichloroethyl 2‐chlorophenyl phosphorochloridate ( 3 ). Thus, various suitably protected building blocks were prepared which were phosphorylated with 3 on the 3′‐hydroxyl function ( e.g. compounds 4 and 5 ). For the introduction of the 5′‐ and 3′/2′‐phosphate functions, two terminal building blocks were synthesized; one with, inter alia , a 5′‐ O ‐(phenyl benzyl phosphoroamidate) function ( 8 ) and another with 2′‐ O ‐(diphenyl phosphate) and 3′‐ O ‐propionyl groups ( 10 ). The latter intermediates ( i.e. compounds 4, 5, 8 and 10 ) were assembled to give the fully protected heptanucleotide ( 16 ). Complete deprotection of 16 by base and acid treatment gave the required heptamer.