Analytical gas chromatography (1987)

Preface. Introduction: General Considerations. A Simplistic Approach. A Simplistic Approach. Simplistic Comparisons of Packed and Open Tubular Columns. A Simplified Theory of the Chromatographic Process. Separation of Components. Effect of Carrier Gas Velocity. References. The Open Tubular Column: General Considerations. The Tubing. Sources of Activity. Structural Flaws. Flexible Columns of Conventional Glasses. Silanol Deactivation. Column Coating. References. Sample Injection: General Considerations. Extra-Chromatographic Phenomena Influencing Band Length. Chromatographic Phenomena Influencing Band Length. Hot Vaporizing Injection Methods. Programmed Temperature Vaporizing Injector (PTV). On-Column Injection. Large Volume Injection. Purge and Trap Sampling. Selecting the Proper Injection Mode. References. The Stationary Phase: General Consideration. Stationary Phase Polarity and Selectivity. Polysiloxane Stationary Phases. Aryl Substituted Siloxanes.Bonded, Crosslinked, and/or Immobilized Stationary Phases. Polyethylene Glycol Stationary Phases. Enantiomer Separations. Other Special-Selectivity Stationary Phases. Gas-Solid Absorption Columns. References. Variables in the Gas Chromatographic Process: General Considerations. Volumetric Column Flow. Carrier Gas Viscosity. Comparing Calculated to Experimental Volumetric Flows. Volumetric Column Flow & Average Linear Velocity. Regulation of Gas Flow and Gas Velocity. Average Linear Velocity & Chromatographic Efficiency. Calculating Reliable Estimates A, B, and C. Theory & Practice. Choice of Carrier Gas. The Effect of Solute Retention Factors. The Effect of Column Length. The Effect of Column I.D. The Effect of Stationary Phase Film Thickness. The Effect of Stationary Phase Diffusivity. The Effects of Temperature. Optimum Practical Gas Velocity. Temperature Programmed Considerations. Column Flow Under Temperature Programmed Conditions. Average Linear Velocity Under Temperature Programmed Conditions.D and D under Temperature Programmed Considerations. Solute Retention Under Temperature Programmed Considerations. Chromatographic Efficiency Under Temperature Programmed Conditions. Changes in Solute Elution Order. References. Column Selection, Installation, and Use: General Considerations. Selecting the Stationary Phase. Stationary Phase Selectivity. Selecting the Column Diameter. Selecting the Column Length. Selecting the Stationary Phase Film Thickness. Column Installation. Column Condition. Optimizing Operational Parameters for Specific Column. Columns for Mass Spectrometry. References. Instrument Conversion and Adaptation: General Considerations. Oven Considerations. Carrier Gas Considerations. Packed to Large Diameter-Diameter Open Tubular Conversion. Packed to Capillary Conversion. Make-Up Gas Considerations. Inlet Deactivation. References. Special Analytical Techniques: General Consideration. Flow Stream Switching. Multidimensional Chromatography. Recycle Chromatography. Specifically Designed Stationary Phases. Selectivity Tuning. Vapor Samples and Headspace Injections. Fast Analysis. References. Selected Applications: General Considerations. Food, Flavor, and Fragrance Applications. Petroleum-and Chemical-Related Applications. Environmental Applications. Biological and Medical Applications. References. Troubleshooting: General Considerations. Use of Test Mixtures. Column Bleed. Temperature and Oxygen Effects. Column Rejuvenation. Peak Distortion. Other Sorptive Residues. Colum Coupling and Junction Problems. Flame Jet Problems. Miscellaneous Chromatographic Problems. References. Appendix I. Abbreviations, Terms, and Nomenclature. Subject Index.