gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
UAV Multisensory Data Fusion and Multi-Task Deep Learning for High-Throughput Maize Phenotyping (2023)

Recent advances in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), mini and mobile sensors, and GeoAI (a blend of geospatial and artificial intelligence (AI) research) are the main highlights among agricultural innovations to improve crop productivity and thus secure vulnerable food systems. This study investigated the versatility of UAV-borne multisensory data fusion within a framework of multi-task deep learning for high-throughput phenotyping in maize. UAVs equipped with a set of miniaturized sensors including hyperspectral, thermal, and LiDAR were collected in an experimental corn field in Urbana, IL, USA during the growing season. A full suite of eight phenotypes was in situ measured at the end of the season for ground truth data, specifically, dry stalk biomass, cob biomass, dry grain yield, harvest index, grain nitrogen utilization efficiency (Grain NutE), grain nitrogen content, total plant nitrogen content, and grain density. After being funneled through a series of radiometric calibrations and geo-corrections, the aerial data were analytically processed in three primary approaches. First, an extended version normalized difference spectral index (<i>NDSI</i>) served as a simple arithmetic combination of different data modalities to explore the correlation degree with maize phenotypes. The extended <i>NDSI</i> analysis revealed the NIR spectra (750-1000 nm) alone in a strong relation with all of eight maize traits. Second, a fusion of vegetation indices, structural indices, and thermal index selectively handcrafted from each data modality was fed to classical machine learning regressors, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF). The prediction performance varied from phenotype to phenotype, ranging from <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.34 for grain density up to <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.85 for both grain nitrogen content and total plant nitrogen content. Further, a fusion of hyperspectral and LiDAR data completely exceeded limitations of single data modality, especially addressing the vegetation saturation effect occurring in optical remote sensing. Third, a multi-task deep convolutional neural network (CNN) was customized to take a raw imagery data fusion of hyperspectral, thermal, and LiDAR for multi-predictions of maize traits at a time. The multi-task deep learning performed predictions comparably, if not better in some traits, with the mono-task deep learning and machine learning regressors. Data augmentation used for the deep learning models boosted the prediction accuracy, which helps to alleviate the intrinsic limitation of a small sample size and unbalanced sample classes in remote sensing research. Theoretical and practical implications to plant breeders and crop growers were also made explicit during discussions in the studies.
Supplementary Figures 1-3 from Cyclooxygenase 2 Rescues LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells from Sanguinarine-Induced Apoptosis by a Mechanism Involving Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity (2023)

Supplementary Figures 1-3 from Cyclooxygenase 2 Rescues LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells from Sanguinarine-Induced Apoptosis by a Mechanism Involving Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity
Xanthates as a Source of Stabilised Carbon Centered Radicals Using Visible Light (1989)

Stabilised alkyl radicals can be generated and trapped in useful yields by irradiating the corresponding S-alkyl xanthates with visible light in the presence of catalytic amounts of 0-ethyl S-benroyl xanthate.We have recently reported chat alkyl and acyl xanthates can be induced into participating in a radical chain process whereby an alkyl or acyl radical is produced and captured by r n appropriate 1 olefin .Ordinary alkyl xanthates require initiation by uv light whereas acyl xanthatee are conveniently decomposed by visible light from a tungsten lamp.In view of the rather unselective nature of uv irradiation, we considered the possibility of using mall amounts of an acyl xanthate to trigger, with visible light, the radical chain sequence from an ordinary xanthate as shorn by the reaction manifold displayed in scheme 1.Irradiation with visible light of 0-ethyl S-benzoyl xanthate L produces benroyl radicals which, unlike aliphatic analogues, n r e quite resistant to loss of carbon monoxide.In the presence of xanthate 2, a rapid but reversible addition to the thiocarbonyl group takes place leading to radical 3.This addition can then be followed by 1-eelssion to give radical and, concomitantly, a molecule of acylxantate 4. The formation of the latter regenerates rhe catalytic activity of 1. Finally irreversible addition of R ' onto the olefinic trap sere off the principal chain reaction leading ultimately to derivatives of structures 5.The success of this contrivance hinges, to a large e x t e n t , on the efficiency of the fragmentation leading to R'as compared with the collapse to give back the benzoyl radical.Clearly, the desired pathway will be favoured if R' ie a stabilised radical.These expectations were borne out in practice using a variety of resonance stebilised carbon centered radicals.
Pyrrolidine-5,5-trans-lactams. 4. Incorporation of a P3/P4 Urea Leads to Potent Intracellular Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4A Protease (2003)

[reaction: see text] In this, the first of two Letters, we describe how a P3/P4 urea linking unit was used to greatly enhance the biochemical and replicon potency of inhibitors based upon the pyrrolidine-5,5-trans-lactam template. Compound 7b demonstrated a 100 nM IC(50) in the replicon cell-based surrogate HCV assay.
Properties of peptic-tryptic digestion products of human and bovine lactoferrins. (1989)

人乳および牛乳の鉄飽和ならびに脱鉄ラクトフェリンをin vitroでpH 4.5においてペプシン, 次いで, pH 7.5においてトリプシンにより連続消化し, 6% TCA可溶性窒素量, 鉄結合能, 免疫学的反応性, ディスクゲル電気泳動および免疫電気泳動の経時的変化を観察した。さらに, ラクトフェリン消化物の病原性大腸菌E. coli0111に対する静菌作用についても検討し, 以下の結果を得た。1) ペプシン2時間およびトリプシン3時間消化後における6% TCA可溶性窒素量の増加率ならびに鉄結合能と免疫学的反応性の残存率は, それぞれ, 人乳鉄飽和ラクトフェリン6.0, 85.0, 100%, 人乳脱鉄ラクトフェリン32.0, 44.4, 62.9%, 牛乳鉄飽和ラクトフェリン5.2, 82.8, 89.5%, および牛乳脱鉄ラクトフェリン35.0, 39.5, 34.7%であった。2) ディスクゲル電気泳動および免疫電気泳動のパターンは, 人乳と牛乳の脱鉄ラクトフェリンとの間で著しく異なった。3) 鉄飽和ラクトフェリンは, 消化の有無にかかわらず, 人乳, 牛乳ともに静菌活性を示さなかった。これに対して, 人乳および牛乳の脱鉄ラクトフェリンでは, 消化の時間経過とともにその活性は著しく減少したが, ペプシン2時間およびトリプシン3時間消化後においても依然として静菌作用が認められた。
The severe perinatal form of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease maps to chromosome 6p21.1-p12: implications for genetic counseling. (1995)

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a one of the most common hereditary renal cystic diseases in children. Its clinical spectrum is widely variable with most cases presenting in infancy. Most affected neonates die within the first few hours of life. At present, prenatal diagnosis relies on fetal sonography, which is often imprecise in detecting even the severe form of the disease. Recently, in a cohort of families with mostly milder ARPKD phenotypes, an ARPKD locus was mapped to a 13-cM region of chromosome 6p21-cen. To determine whether severe perinatal ARPKD also maps to chromosome 6p, we have analyzed the segregation of seven microsatellite markers from the ARPKD interval in 22 families with the severe phenotype. In the majority of the affected infants, ARPKD was documented by histopathology. Our data confirm linkage and refine the ARPKD region to a 3.8-cM interval, delimited by the markers D6S465/D6S427/D6S436/D6S272 and D6S466. Taken together, these results suggest that, despite the wide variability in clinical phenotypes, there is a single ARPKD gene. These linkage data and the absence of genetic heterogeneity in all families tested to date have important implications for DNA-based prenatal diagnoses as well as for the isolation of the ARPKD gene.
Infrared cavity ring-down spectroscopy for detecting non-small cell lung cancer in exhaled breath (2022)

Early diagnosis of lung cancer greatly improves the likelihood of survival and remission, but limitations in existing technologies like low-dose computed tomography have prevented the implementation of widespread screening programs. Breath-based solutions that seek disease biomarkers in exhaled volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles show promise as affordable, accessible and non-invasive alternatives to traditional imaging. In this pilot work, we present a lung cancer detection framework using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), an effective and practical laser absorption spectroscopy technique that has the ability to advance breath screening into clinical reality. The main aims of this work were to (1) test the utility of infrared CRDS breath profiles for discriminating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients from controls, (2) compare models with VOCs as predictors to those with patterns from the CRDS spectra (breathprints) as predictors, and (3) present a robust approach for identifying relevant disease biomarkers. First, based on a proposed learning curve technique that estimated the limits of a model's performance at multiple sample sizes (10-158), the CRDS-based models developed in this work were found to achieve classification performance comparable or superior to like mass spectroscopy and sensor-based systems. Second, using 158 collected samples (62 NSCLC subjects and 96 controls), the accuracy range for the VOC-based model was 65.19%-85.44% (51.61%-66.13% sensitivity and 73.96%-97.92% specificity), depending on the employed cross-validation technique. The model based on breathprint predictors generally performed better, with accuracy ranging from 71.52%-86.08% (58.06%-82.26% sensitivity and 80.21%-88.54% specificity). Lastly, using a protocol based on consensus feature selection, three VOCs (isopropanol, dimethyl sulfide, and butyric acid) and two breathprint features (from a local binary pattern transformation of the spectra) were identified as possible NSCLC biomarkers. This research demonstrates the potential of infrared CRDS breath profiles and the developed early-stage classification techniques for lung cancer biomarker detection and screening.
IPDA: interconnect performance design assistant (1992)

IPDA is a generic interconnect performance design assistant that integrates a finite-difference numerical simulation method, linear interpolation algorithm, interactive performance synthesis methodology, and lossless/lossy transmission-line SPICE modeling capability into a spreadsheet-style graphical user interface. The algorithm, implementation, and methodology of IPDA are described and an application example is discussed. Although the authors describe electrical performance measures for given geometry and material parameters of conductors and dielectrics, IPDA can be customized for other packaging measures such as reliability and thermal and cost effects through spreadsheet interface and calculations. IPDA assists users in selecting interconnect technologies for design-for-performance goals and also in optimizing interconnect performance designs for the full hierarchy of packaging including IC/multichip module/printed circuit board/lead-bonding/via interconnect designs. >
Smoke and C5a Induce Airway Epithelial Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Cell Adhesion (2003)

The human bronchial epithelial cell is one of the first cell types to be exposed to the irritants and toxins present in inhaled cigarette smoke. The ability of the bronchial epithelium to modulate inflammatory and immune events in response to cigarette smoke is important in the pathogenesis of smoke-induced airway injury. We have shown that cigarette smoke extract and the complement anaphylatoxin C5a both independently induce increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 on airway epithelial monolayers compared with unstimulated cells in vitro. This enhanced ICAM-1 expression is associated with a greater capacity of the airway epithelial cells to bind mononuclear cells, a process that appears to require the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha and protein kinase C intracellular signaling. Exposure of epithelial monolayers to the combination of cigarette smoke followed by C5a results in an additive response for ICAM-1 expression and mononuclear cell adhesion compared with smoke or C5a challenge alone. Inhibiting C5a receptor expression can attenuate these responses. These findings suggest that smoke exposure in some way enhances the functional responsiveness of the C5a receptor expressed on these airway epithelial cells for subsequent C5a-mediated increases in ICAM-1 expression and mononuclear cell adhesion. Our results may help explain the initiation and propagation of inflammatory events in vivo induced by chronic airway exposure to cigarette smoke.
Aggregation−Dissociation Studies of Asphaltene Solutions in Resins Performed Using the Combined Freeze Fracture−Transmission Electron Microscopy Technique (2008)

Solutions of asphaltenes in resins (3%) were studied combining the freeze fracture and transmission electron microscopy techniques (FF-TEM). These studies were performed by analyzing samples prepared at different temperatures ( T) from 25 up to 250 °C. In this temperature range, mean particle diameters ( D p) were found to drop from about 5 to about 3.5 nm. The smallest diameter measured at each temperature ( D S) reached a constant value equal to 2.5 nm in the range between 100 and 250 °C. Frequencies f( D) of all but D S values were found to decrease at some temperatures reveling that diameters D > D S correspond to aggregates (Ag). Moreover, during this heating, we found that whereas for big (B) and smallest diameters frequencies f( D) either decrease (big) or increase ( D S) continuously, maxima were found for intermediate (I) diameters. This suggests that under the conditions of this experiment (temperature and time) conversion from intermediate to smallest diameter meets some energy barrier high enough for the accumulation of intermediate size diameters. These results were interpreted in terms of the consecutive process A g ( B ) → T k 1 A g ( I ) → T k 2 A 1 M where A1M stand for A1-type molecules and k 1 > k 2; consequently, because of the low solubility of A1M, conversion from intermediate aggregates to molecules is a difficult step. The above results and many others in the literature are in agreement with the colloidal, solubility, and aggregates hypothesis related to A1 and A2 fractions of asphaltenes.
Comparison of observer reliability in assessing alveolar bone changes from color-coded with subtraction radiographs. (1999)

Color coding of radiographic differences by means of image addition may be a feasible alternative to the subtraction technique for evaluating periodontal bone changes.
Identification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Glycoprotein gp120/gp41 Interacting Sites by the Idiotypic Mimicry of Two Monoclonal Antibodies (1993)

A sequence of four amino acid residues amino-terminal to the only intramolecular disulphide bond of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmembrane protein gp41 is recognized by an anti-idiotypic antibody (9G5A) raised against another monoclonal antibody (M38), which recognizes the C5 region of gp120. 9G5A is an Ab2 beta antibody (internal image of the M38 epitope) in that it inhibits the interaction of M38 to its antigen. The binding of 9G5A to gp41 can be inhibited by M38 showing that the two antibodies interact via their paratopes. 9G5A neutralizes HIV-1 infection and syncytia formation. Ab3 antibodies induced in mice and rabbits immunized with 9G5A also can neutralize virus in both assays. These data show that the M38-defined epitope of the carboxy-terminal region of gp120 interacts with the 9G5A-defined epitope of gp41, and that this interaction can be reproduced by the idiotypic mimicry of the two antibodies. The results are consistent with a proposed molecular model of the two env regions which predicts the presence, within the C5 region of gp120, of a large intramolecular pocket that is contacted by the gp41 cysteine loop.
Association of the prion protein and its expression with ovarian follicle development in cattle (2007)

The cellular form of the prion protein (PrP(C)) has been detected in many tissues including reproductive tissues. While its function is unclear, it has been suggested to act as a receptor for an unidentified ligand and/or as an antioxidant agent. We tested the hypothesis that PrP(C) is differentially expressed in dominant, growing, compared to subordinate bovine ovarian follicles. Using both microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR, the level of prion protein mRNA (Prnp) in both theca and granulosa cells was measured. We found that levels of Prnp were significantly higher in the theca cells of dominant compared to subordinate follicles but similar among granulosa cells from different follicles. This difference was apparent immediately after selection of the dominant follicle and continued to the dominance stage of the follicle wave. Levels of the protein for PrP(C) were also higher (P < 0.05) in theca cells of dominant compared to subordinate follicles. In conclusion, elevated PrP(C) was associated with ovarian follicle growth and development and we suggest that it may play a role in the success of follicle development.
Medical applications of shortwave FM radar: Remote monitoring of cardiac and respiratory motion (2010)

Micropower continuous wave FM radar is a reliable, robust, inexpensive, and harmless tool for real-time monitoring of the cardiac and respiratory rates. Additionally, it opens a range of new and exciting opportunities in diagnostic and critical care medicine. Differences between the presented approach and other types of radars used for biomedical applications are discussed.
Structural and thermodynamic characterization of the recognition of the S100‐binding peptides TRTK12 and p53 by calmodulin (2014)

Calmodulin (CaM) is a multifunctional messenger protein that activates a wide variety of signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells in a calcium-dependent manner. CaM has been proposed to be functionally distinct from the S100 proteins, a related family of eukaryotic calcium-binding proteins. Previously, it was demonstrated that peptides derived from the actin-capping protein, TRTK12, and the tumor-suppressor protein, p53, interact with multiple members of the S100 proteins. To test the specificity of these peptides, they were screened using isothermal titration calorimetry against 16 members of the human S100 protein family, as well as CaM, which served as a negative control. Interestingly, both the TRTK12 and p53 peptides were found to interact with CaM. These interactions were further confirmed by both fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. These peptides have distinct sequences from the known CaM target sequences. The TRTK12 peptide was found to independently interact with both CaM domains and bind with a stoichiometry of 2:1 and dissociations constants Kd,C-term = 2 ± 1 µM and Kd,N-term = 14 ± 1 µM. In contrast, the p53 peptide was found to interact only with the C-terminal domain of CaM, Kd,C-term = 2 ± 1 µM, 25°C. Using NMR spectroscopy, the locations of the peptide binding sites were mapped onto the structure of CaM. The binding sites for both peptides were found to overlap with the binding interface for previously identified targets on both domains of CaM. This study demonstrates the plasticity of CaM in target binding and may suggest a possible overlap in target specificity between CaM and the S100 proteins.
Gangliosides Inhibit Glucosylceramide Synthase: A Possible Role in Ganglioside Therapy (1991)

Gangliosides stimulate the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide (GlcCer), their precursor, and therefore may lower the level of cellular GlcCer and exert a feedback control effect to slow the formation of gangliosides. Tests were made to see if a similar effect on GlcCer levels can be exerted by the action of gangliosides on GlcCer synthesis. Using a new assay procedure, we showed that gangliosides do inhibit the synthase in brain membranes quite effectively, the most active being those lipids with more sugar and sialic acid moieties. Mice injected with a mixture of brain gangliosides for 5 days were found to have a lower level of ceramide:UDP-Glc glucosyltransferase activity in brain, liver, and kidney. The inhibition seems to be exerted by competition for the active site and binding to effector site(s) on the enzyme. It is possible that the reported therapeutic actions of gangliosides on the nervous system are, in part, the result of lowered levels of GlcCer. Malignant tumors shed gangliosides into the extracellular fluid, which are believed to block the generation of antibodies by the host's immunodefense system; this effect also may be due, in part, to reduction in the GlcCer level of immunogenic cells. A new finding is that a ceramide containing phytosphingosine is a markedly better substrate for GlcCer synthase than one containing the more common base.
29.2: Power‐Saving: A New Advantage of Multi‐Primary Color Displays Derived by Numerical Analysis (2010)

Abstract In this paper, we present the advantages of Multi‐Primary Color (MPC) display devices compared to the conventional display devices with three (red, green, and blue) primary colors. Not only do we review the well‐known advantages such as wide color gamut and wide viewing angles but also introduce the examples of numerical computation for the purposes of the luminance reproduction. According to the results, we also estimate the potentials of power‐saving for RGB, RGB + Yellow, and RGB + White systems. It is shown that MPC systems are much superior to RGB‐based systems in terms of power‐saving. Not only does RGB + Yellow system widens color gamut but also reduces power consumption by 20% with respect to RGB‐based systems.
Orientational Dynamics of theSc3Trimer inC82: An EPR Study (1994)

Electron paramagnetic resonance experiments on endohedral ${\mathrm{Sc}}_{3}$ in ${\mathrm{C}}_{82}$ show 22 hyperfine coupling split transitions with unusually large linewidths. Both the nuclear hyperfine coupling and the linewidths are found to be strongly temperature dependent. The data show that the three Sc ions are equivalent, and strongly suggest that they form a trimer which rapidly reorients within the ${\mathrm{C}}_{82}$ cage. A simple model is proposed which is in good agreement with the data.
Strain Localization during Diametral Compression of ZrO2(Y2O3) Ceramics (2019)

Deformation behavior of ZrO2−Y2O3 ceramics under conditions of diametral compression has been studied by method of digital image correlation. Spatiotemporal patterns of strain localization along the axis of a deformed sample (εxx(x)) and across this axis (εyy(y)) were obtained. It is established that the εxx and εyy deformations accumulated during the diametral compression test are inhomogeneously distributed over the sample. This is manifested by variation of the microstructure characteristics such as the size of the coherently diffracting domains of a tetragonal phase and microstresses and leads to the tetragonal–monoclinic phase transformation. This pattern of strain localization is correlated with the observed inhomogeneity of microstresses arising in the material volume.