gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increased growth of Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium by germinated barley foodstuff, accompanied by enhanced butyrate production in healthy volunteers. (1999)

Germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) derived from the aleurone and scutellum fractions of germinated barley mainly consists of low-lignified hemicellulose and glutamine-rich protein. GBF improves the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells and defecation, through the bacterial production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), especially butyrate. In this study we investigated the mechanism of production of butyrate by microflora in humans and in vitro. Daily administration of 9 g GBF for 14 successive days significantly increased fecal butyrate content. Fecal Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium were also significantly increased by GBF administration in healthy volunteers. Ten anaerobic micro-organisms selected from intestinal microflora were cultured in vitro in the medium containing GBF as a sole carbon source (GBF medium). After a 3-day incubation, 7 strains (Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei, Bacteroides ovatus, Clostridium butyricum, and Eubacterium limosum) lowered the medium pH producing SCFA. Eubacterium grown together with Bifidobacterium in GBF medium efficiently produced butyrate. On the other hand, GBF changed the intestinal microflora and increased probiotics such as Bifidobacterium in the intestinal tract. As a result, butyrate was produced by the mutual action of Eubacterium and Bifidobacterium. This butyrate is considered to enhance the proliferation of colonic epithelial cells.
An evidence-based review of surgical decompression for acute spinal cord injury: rationale, indications, and timing based on experimental and clinical studies (1999)

Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major public health problem for which there is still only limited treatment available. The National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study-2 (NASCIS-2) and -3 clinical trials demonstrated that the use of acute pharmacotherapy with methylprednisolone can attenuate the secondary injury cascade if administered within 8 hours of acute SCI. However, no trial has been performed to examine whether acute surgical decompressive procedures within this critical 8-hour time window can improve patients' neurological outcome. The purpose of the current prospective Surgical Treatment for Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (STASCIS) pilot study was to determine the feasibility of obtaining a radiological diagnosis of spinal canal compromise of 25% or more and to perform spinal cord (C3-T1) decompressive procedures by 8 hours postinjury. One of the following three decompressive methods was used: 1) traction alone; 2) traction and surgery; or 3) surgery alone. Twenty-six patients from eight North American centers were entered into the study between 1996 and 1997. Significant difficulties were encountered in many centers in performing immediate magnetic resonance imaging examination in patients with acute SCI. Fewer than 10% of acute cervical SCI patients could be enrolled into this protocol mainly because the combination of the required time for rescue, resuscitation, transport, imaging study, and surgical preparation exceeded the 8-hour injury-to-decompressive surgery window. Eleven patients underwent decompressive procedures initially by being placed in traction at a mean time of 10.9 hours postinjury. Those patients not undergoing this procedure underwent decompressive surgery at a mean time of 40.1 hours. However, the surgical decompressive procedure was completed within 12 hours in seven patients. As a result of these findings, several major changes have been made to the STASCIS protocol for early decompressive therapy.
Visible to near-infrared refractive properties of freshly-excised human-liver tissues: marking hepatic malignancies (2016)

The refractive index is an optical constant that plays a significant role in the description of light-matter interactions. When it comes to biological media, refraction is understudied despite recent advances in the field of bio-optics. In the present article, we report on the measurement of the refractive properties of freshly excised healthy and cancerous human liver samples, by use of a prism-coupling technique covering the visible and near-infrared spectral range. Novel data on the wavelength-dependent complex refractive index of human liver tissues are presented. The magnitude of the real and imaginary part of the refractive index is correlated with hepatic pathology. Notably, the real index contrast is pointed out as a marker of discrimination between normal liver tissue and hepatic metastases. In view of the current progress in optical biosensor technologies, our findings may be exploited for the development of novel surgical and endoscopic tools.
Regional anesthesia in neonates and infants outside the immediate perioperative period: A systematic review of studies with efficacy and safety considerations (2020)

This review examines the quality and quantity of literature regarding methods that measure efficacy in the context of reported safety of regional anesthesia techniques in preterm and term infants <1 year of age. Because the role of anesthesiologists continues to expand outside the operating room, we focused on all relevant settings with assessments that extend beyond 24 hours from the intraoperative period. All study designs were included from a search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Cochrane databases from 1946 to the end of 2019. A total of 31 studies were included (n = 1038 participants), consisting of five randomized controlled trials and 26 observational studies. Twenty-three studies examined neuraxial procedures, seven studies examined peripheral procedures, and one study examined both. Efficacy measures included pain assessment tools, analgesic use, and factors pertaining to the recovery of patients. Safety was assessed in multiple systems (neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, pathological) and with vital signs and/or measures of systemic toxicity. Evidence in this review establishes that neuraxial and peripheral anesthesia treatments may be applied to neonates and infants with a high degree of safety. However, large gaps in the consistency of methods used to assess pain in these studies underline the need for rigorous prospective efficacy studies of these techniques in this population. This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018114466).
A Revised Method of Surface Water Quality Evaluation Based on Background Values and Its Application to Samples Collected in Heilongjiang Province, China (2019)

In China, the use of certain standards to evaluate surface water quality in areas with high background values due to natural factors rather than to human activities results in water quality underestimation and thus affects regional water quality management and decision-making. Herein, we examined river source water function zones of the Heilongjang province characterised by high background values and analysed the corresponding water quality data acquired in 2011–2016. The examined samples featured elevated chemical oxygen demand (COD), permanganate index (CODMn), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) levels, which indicated that water quality was affected by the natural environment. The concentrations of background pollutants almost exceeded the limits stipulated by regional surface water quality standards and exhibited strong spatiotemporal variability. A three-step discrimination method including single index recognition, limiting factors, and a synthetic index was proposed to distinguish the background area among these zones for determining background values, and 10 complete background areas were identified. The background values of COD, CODMn, and NH3-N for the entire area were determined based on the data acquired during background area monitoring. Finally, considering the present procedure of water quality evaluation in China (single factor exponential method), a revised method based on background values was suggested. Thus, the evaluation results objectively and accurately reflect the regional water quality situation and therefore provide a scientific basis for the development of a better water quality assessment and management system in China.
Cooperative Team Strategies for Multi-Player Perimeter-Defense Games (2020)

This letter studies a variant of the multi-player reach-avoid game played between intruders and defenders with applications to perimeter defense. The intruder team tries to score by sending as many intruders as possible to the target area, while the defender team tries to minimize this score by intercepting them. Finding the optimal strategies of the game is challenging due to the high dimensionality of the joint state space. Existing works have proposed approximation methods to reduce the design of the defense strategy into assignment problems, however, they suffer from either suboptimal defender performance or computational complexity. Based on a novel decomposition method, this letter proposes a scalable (polynomial-time) assignment algorithm that accommodates cooperative behaviors and outperforms the existing defense strategies. For a certain class of initial configurations, we derive the exact score by showing that the lower bound provided by the intruder team matches the upper bound provided by the defender team, which also proves the optimality of the team strategies.
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Induces p53 by Phosphorylating MDMX and Inhibiting Its Activity (2013)

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been shown to activate p53 in response to metabolic stress. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that metabolic stresses induce AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of human MDMX on Ser342 in vitro and in cells, leading to enhanced association between MDMX and 14-3-3. This markedly inhibits p53 ubiquitylation and significantly stabilizes and activates p53. By striking contrast, no phosphorylation of MDM2 by AMPK was noted. AMPK-mediated MDMX phosphorylation, MDMX-14-3-3 binding, and p53 activation were drastically reduced in mouse embryo fibroblasts harboring endogenous MDMX with S341A (mouse homologue of human serine 342), S367A, and S402A (mouse homologue of human serine 403) mutations. Moreover, deficiency of AMPK prevented MDMX-14-3-3 interaction and p53 activation. The activation of p53 through AMPK-mediated MDMX phosphorylation and inactivation was further confirmed by using cell and animal model systems with two AMPK activators, metformin and salicylate (the active form of aspirin). Together, the results unveil a mechanism by which metabolic stresses activate AMPK, which, in turn, phosphorylates and inactivates MDMX, resulting in p53 stabilization and activation.
Inconsistencies in the association of clinical factors with the choice of early steroid withdrawal across kidney transplant centers: A national registry study (2020)

We have observed apparent inconsistencies across transplant centers in the practice of tailoring ESW to the recipient's risk profile. Standardized guidelines for ESW tailoring are needed.
Approach to High-Performance Transonic Compressor Design (2004)

A single stage transonic centrifugal compressor for a small turbofan engine has been developed. Rig testing has demonstrated an 83.2% adiabatic efficiency with a 7.5:1 total-to-static pressure ratio and a corrected tip speed of 596 m/s. An impeller blade redesign is presented of the original blade geometry, which uses both experimental and numerical results. An in-house developed Navier-Stokes flow solver was applied to the impeller redesign process. To meet the development schedule, a steady flow solver was used for the impeller analysis instead of an unsteady stage analysis. As a result, the following important redesign factors for higher efficiency were found: leading-edge shock control, blade-to-blade loading control, and splitter-loading optimization. Also, the flow physics of a secondary flow mechanism was captured by the computational analysis, and its control was applied during the impeller redesign process. The final stage performance was achieved by rig testing, through use of a coupled pipe diffuser and impeller-inducer bleed system.
Discovery and clinical introduction of first-in-class imipridone ONC201 (2016)

ONC201 is the founding member of a novel class of anti-cancer compounds called imipridones that is currently in Phase II clinical trials in multiple advanced cancers. Since the discovery of ONC201 as a p53-independent inducer of TRAIL gene transcription, preclinical studies have determined that ONC201 has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects against a broad range of tumor cells but not normal cells. The mechanism of action of ONC201 involves engagement of PERK-independent activation of the integrated stress response, leading to tumor upregulation of DR5 and dual Akt/ERK inactivation, and consequent Foxo3a activation leading to upregulation of the death ligand TRAIL. ONC201 is orally active with infrequent dosing in animals models, causes sustained pharmacodynamic effects, and is not genotoxic. The first-in-human clinical trial of ONC201 in advanced aggressive refractory solid tumors confirmed that ONC201 is exceptionally well-tolerated and established the recommended phase II dose of 625 mg administered orally every three weeks defined by drug exposure comparable to efficacious levels in preclinical models. Clinical trials are evaluating the single agent efficacy of ONC201 in multiple solid tumors and hematological malignancies and exploring alternative dosing regimens. In addition, chemical analogs that have shown promise in other oncology indications are in pre-clinical development. In summary, the imipridone family that comprises ONC201 and its chemical analogs represent a new class of anti-cancer therapy with a unique mechanism of action being translated in ongoing clinical trials.
High speed DRAM architecture movement (2002)

Summary form only given. The authors present an overview of the today's DRAM architecture movements and consideration of future high speed DRAM technologies.
Impacto territorial y gestión ambiental de la actividad petrolera en Angola (2012)

La tesis aborda el estudio de la explotacion de los recursos del territorio angoleno, especificamente del petroleo, por los principales agentes economicos vinculados al mismo, ya sean locales o foraneos, en un contexto social y politico muy condicionado por una larga guerra civil iniciada a partir de la independencia de Angola entre los grupos politicos existentes, y de las repercusiones mas relevantes de dicho conflicto, como la destruccion de las infraestructuras y del aparato productivo, la elevada importacion de alimentos y productos elaborados, la excesiva dependencia de las exportaciones de petroleo, la concentracion de la riqueza en pocas manos, la congregacion de los habitantes en la capital del Estado, el desempleo cronico y la generalizacion de la economia informal, el elevado porcentaje de poblacion que vive por debajo del umbral de la pobreza, la inseguridad ciudadana vinculada a la misma, la deficiente situacion sanitaria con la mortalidad infantil mas alta del mundo, la contaminacion ambiental y la denunciada corrupcion politica, entre otros temas de interes. Los contenidos relativos a la actividad petrolera y a la dinamica socioeconomica y politica de Angola se articulan en 8 capitulos en los que se muestran las principales fuentes de investigacion y las herramientas utilizadas en el analisis e interpretacion de la realidad para llegar a unas conclusiones coherentes desde el punto de vista cientifico y a unas recomendaciones practicas que sean utiles para la toma de decisiones y aplicables a la resolucion de problemas locales.
New materials with high spin polarization: half-metallic Heusler compounds (2007)

The development of magnetic Heusler compounds, specifically designed as materials for spintronic applications, has made tremendous progress in the very recent past [1–21]. Heusler compounds can be made as half-metals, showing a high spin polarization of the conduction electrons of up to 100% [1]. These materials are exceptionally well suited for applications in magnetic tunnel junctions acting, for example, as sensors for magnetic fields. The tunnelling magneto-resistance (TMR) effect is the relative change in the electrical resistance upon application of a small magnetic field. Tunnel junctions with a TMR effect of 580% at 4 K were reported by the group of Miyazaki and Ando [1], consisting of two Co2MnSi Heusler electrodes. High Curie temperatures were found in Co2 Heusler compounds with values up to 1120 K in Co2FeSi [2]. The latest results are for a TMR device made from the Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5 Heusler compound and working at room temperature with a TMR effect of 174% [3].
Single-layer, anti-reflective thin films of porous MgF 2 for solar thermal applications (2019)

Abstract Single-layer, anti-reflective coatings prepared via the sol–gel method can be scaled to large-area applications (e.g. solar collectors). In the specific case of evacuated tube solar thermal collectors, there are often three glass–air or glass–vacuum interfaces which can cause reflection. Thus, in the absence of any anti-reflective technology (i.e. most commercial products), a steep 15% or 22% reflective loss (e.g. transmission ~0.92 N , where N = 2 or 3) occurs in evacuated tube solar collectors. Porous MgF 2 -based materials have been shown to provide low refractive index as a single layer, but they have not yet been applied to solar thermal collector technology—which requires elevated temperature stability and spectrum transmission. Importantly, these should be low cost at the m 2 scale. Further, since solar technologies are considered ‘green’, the materials used in their manufacturing should be carefully considered. In this study, we have employed trifluoroacetic acid (instead of hydrofluoric acid) as the fluorine source to produce single-layer porous MgF 2 coatings. These coatings were designed and modeled with OpenFilters, fabricated with dip-coating, and characterized with ellipsometetry, x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and focused ion beam/transmission electron microscopy to validate the OpenFilters model. For high transmission substrates, the dip coated films produced in this study can reach a solar-weighted reflectance of 2.3%. Additionally, to test if these films are suitable for solar thermal collectors, durability tests were conducted, which revealed acceptable heat resistance. However, without a water-resistant outer layer, the films did not pass an ASTM D870-09 water immersion test. Overall, this study presents a low-cost approach to developing anti-reflective coatings which are suitable for large-area solar thermal applications.
Efficient energy upconversion emission in Tm3+/Yb3+-codoped TeO2-based optical glasses excited at 1.064 μm (2001)

Efficient energy upconversion of cw radiation at 1.064 μm into blue, red, and near infrared emission in Tm3+-doped Yb3+-sensitized 60TeO2-10GeO2-10K2O-10Li2O-10Nb2O5 glasses is reported. Intense blue upconversion luminescence at 485 nm corresponding to the Tm3+ G41→3H6 transition with a measured absolute power of 0.1 μW for 800 mW excitation power at room temperature is observed. The experimental results also revealed a sevenfold enhancement in the upconversion efficiency when the sample was heated from room temperature to 235 °C yielding 0.7 μW of blue absolute fluorescence power for 800 mW pump power. High brightness emission around 800 nm (3F4→3H6) in addition to a less intense 655 nm (1G4→3H4 and F2,33→3H6) fluorescence is also recorded. The energy upconversion excitation mechanism for thulium emitting levels is assigned to multiphonon-assisted anti-Stokes excitation of the ytterbium-sensitizer followed by multiphonon-assisted sequential energy-transfer processes.
Caracterización y tipología de la gran producción audiovisual distópica a partir del diagnóstico de las ciencias sociales críticas sobre el futuro del capitalismo (2022)

Al capitalismo se le presenta un futuro incierto y numerosos autores de las ciencias sociales críticas están atendiendo esta cuestión. También los medios de comunicación, haciéndose eco de diferentes investigaciones sobre los efectos de la crisis económica y climática. Ello tiene finalmente un efecto sobre la industria audiovisual, puesto que proliferan las historias distópicas. Combinando metodología cuantitativa y cualitativa, en este trabajo ponemos en relación el diagnóstico de los/las autores/as críticos/as con esa ficción audiovisual para determinar hasta qué punto está presente lo que explican los primeros en lo representado por la segunda. Primero, a través del análisis de contenido de una muestra de estas producciones distópicas, que nos ha permitido construir una tipología; y seguidamente, con el análisis del discurso fílmico de las películas epítome de cada tipo. El diagnóstico de estos/as autores/as aparece en buena parte de las grandes producciones, pero no así su visión crítica.
Image-based fractional flow reserve using coronary angiography (2013)

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) has become an important quantitative-index for defining the physiologic significance of coronary stenosis. Pressure-wire based FFR is being increasingly applied to guide treatment and medical therapy in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study is to develop a new wire-free approach of quantifying FFR using only 2-dimensional fluoroscopic imaging from coronary angiography. FFR is defined as the ratio of maximum myocardial blood flow in the presence of a stenosis to the theoretical maximum flow assumed if absent stenosis. Under the acquisition of maximum coronary vasodilatation, the proposed fluoroscopic FFR is calculated from a sequence of fluoroscopic images that record the dynamic contrast agent in the coronary vessels. Considering that the inflow rate of contrast agent at the proximal arterial segment reflects the theoretical blood flow, we estimate the fluoroscopic FFR as the ratio of blood flows obtained from the measurements of image ROIs respectively located in the proximal artery and in the dependent myocardium. Measured time-density-curve (TDC) of contrast signals is modeled as a gamma-variate function. A healthy coronary branch is also included in the image measurements as a reference. Since the introduced reference branch has the known FFR of unity, fluoroscopic FFR is finally derived, depending only on the time-to-peak (TTP) parameters of the measured TDCs. Evaluation is implemented to seven swine models with a moderate to severe stenosis either in the left anterior descending (LAD) or left circumflex artery (LCx). Image data were acquired at hyperemic condition, and pressure-wire based FFR was recorded as the gold standard for comparison. The average difference of fluoroscopic FFRs and wire-FFRs is ±0.04, and the two measures correlated well with r = 0.982. In summary, a novel method of quantifying FFR is proposed using coronary angiography alone. It is simple and efficient. Since only TTP parameters are used, we may not be confounded about the linearity of image pixels and the foreshortening commonly associated with 2D imaging.
Two‐Year Follow‐up of a Randomized Controlled Nutrition Intervention Trial in Very Low‐Birth‐Weight Infants (2016)

This randomized controlled hypothesis-generating study demonstrated no beneficial effect of early high-dose AA administration and mixed fat emulsions on survival and neurodevelopmental outcome in VLBW infants, although growth was enhanced.
SmI2-Induced Deoxygenation of Epoxides and Its Application to Carbonyl Methylenation in Combination with Iodomethylation (1987)

Abstract Deoxygenation of epoxides to olefins was effected by an efficient electron transfer system of SmI2-THF-HMPA in the presence of N,N-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) or glutaric anhydride. This procedure, in combination with the SmI2-induced iodomethylation, afforded a new, rapid and mild one-pot carbonyl methylenation method.