gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
5-(4-alkyl-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl derivatives of 2′-deoxyuridine as inhibitors of viral and bacterial growth (2016)

A series of 5-(4-alkyl-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl derivatives of 2′-deoxyuridine have been synthesized by the interaction of 3′,5′-diacetyl-5-azidomethyl-2′-deoxyuridine with the corresponding 1-alkynes in a biphasic methylene chloride—water system catalyzed by Cu(I) followed by the deblocking with a water-alcohol ammonia solution. A low cytotoxicity of the compounds in Vero, Jurkat, and A549 cell cultures has been shown. The 2′-deoxyuridine derivatives exhibited an antiherpetic activity in vitro toward two laboratory strains of human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1): acyclovir-sensitive (HSV-1/L2) and acyclovir-resistant (HSV-1/L2RACV). They also inhibited the growth of some bacteria (Mycobacterium smegmatis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides) and yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae in vitro.
Fiber-optic Fabry-Perot flow sensor (1998)

A new design of a vortex-shedding flowmeter with a fiber-optic Fabry–Perot interferometer (FFPI) as the sensing element is described here to measure the liquid flow velocity in a pipe. The flow velocity is determined by measuring the frequency at which the reflected optical power from the FFPI is modulated. Experimentally, a linear dependence of optical modulation frequency on flow velocity is observed over the range from 0.14 to 3.0 m/s, in good agreement with theoretical prediction. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 18: 209–211, 1998.
Carbon nanotube-Cu foam hybrid reinforcements in composite phase change materials with enhanced thermal conductivity (2019)

Organic phase change materials (PCM) have been regarded as one of the most promising candidates for the application of energy storage and temperature control due to their advantages in latent heat. However, their intrinsically low thermal conductivity (λ) is the Achilles heel, and the most common solution is to utilize thermal conductive reinforcements to fabricate composite PCMs. The research focus remains how to promote the efficiency of thermal conductive reinforcements. Here, a CNT-Cu foam hybrid reinforcement was fabricated through a high temperature tube furnace process. Different from conventional carbon film coated metal foam, CNTs with the length comparable to the pore size were radially grown on the surface of Cu foam with Ni catalysts, which can not only reduce the low-λ regions inside the foam skeleton, but also connect every branches of the foam to improve the integrity of the whole reinforcement, and the thermal conductivity of the composite was promoted to 3.49 W·m−1·K−1 from 0.105 W·m−1·K−1 of paraffin. Moreover, this reinforcement exhibited abilities to compensate the loss of latent heat and suppress the supercooling of the composite, indicating their great prospects in the application of phase change energy storage and temperature control.
Sorting with adversarial comparators and application to density estimation (2014)

We consider the problems of sorting and maximum-selection of n elements using adversarial comparators. We derive a maximum-selection algorithm that uses 8n comparisons in expectation, and a sorting algorithm that uses 4n log <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> n comparisons in expectation. Both are tight up to a constant factor. Our adversarial-comparator model was motivated by the practically important problem of density-estimation, where we observe samples from an unknown distribution, and try to determine which of n known distributions is closest to it. Existing algorithms run in Ω(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) time. Applying the adversarial comparator results, we derive a density-estimation algorithm that runs in only O(n) time.
X+ transfer from the halonium ions of adamantylideneadamantane to acceptor olefins. The possibility of chiral induction in the transfer process (1997)

The bromonium ion of adamantylideneadamantane (Ad=Ad-Br + ) has been used to induce the bromocyclization of a 4-pentenyl glycoside (10) and a 5-hexenyl glycoside (11) in dichloroethane. The kinetics of these processes have been studied at 25 °C in the presence of varying [Ad=Ad] and, in the case of the transfer to 10, in the presence of pentanol. The second-order rate constants for bromocyclization of these two alkenes are (1.04 ± 0.06) × 10 −1 M −1 s −1 and (5.34 ± 0.2) × 10 −1 M −1 s −1 , respectively, and in no case does added Ad=Ad or pentanol alter the reaction rate. The kinetic behavior is interpreted in terms of cyclization occurring directly from a 1:1 complex of Ad=Ad-Br + and 10 or 11. The chiral induction for the bromocyclization of 10 promoted by AdAd-Br + was measured at 20% e.e., the (−)-(S)-tetrahydrofurfuryl bromide being the dominant stereoisomer. Ad=Ad molecules substituted at one of the homoallylic carbons by an axial methyl group (12), or by two methyl groups (axial and equatorial), were synthesized and the 1 H NMR spectra of their bromonium ions is given. These materials are not stable for prolonged times at room temperature. A limited kinetic study of the reaction of 12-Br + and 4-pentenol indicated that the Br + transfer is 500 times faster than the comparable transfer from Ad=Ad-Br + to 4-pentenol. The possibility of using these materials to induce chiral bromocyclization is discussed. Keywords: bromonium ion, halonium, transfer, chiral, adamantylideneadamantane.
Geometric Effects on Non-DLVO Forces: Relevance for Nanosystems (2014)

In this paper, the surface element integration (SEI) method was used derive analytical force/potential versus distance profiles for two non-DLVO forces: Lewis acid-base and solvation forces. These forces are highly relevant in a variety of systems, from bacterial adhesion, nanoparticle suspension stability to atomic force microscopy (AFM) profiles. The SEI-derived expressions were compared with the more commonly utilized Derjaguin approximations in order to assess the effect of curvature on the resulting interaction for the test cases of sphere-flat plate and equally sized spheres. For acid-base interactions, the deviation was found to be significant for particles up to 40 nm in diameter for the conventionally used decay length (λ = 1 nm) for water. The resulting expressions show that accounting in curvature for acid-base interactions is important even for simple smooth geometric shapes, recovering the Derjaguin expression at smaller values of λ/R. These results allow for correction of the acid-base force/potential versus distance from the Derjaguin-derived expressions using simple functions of λ/R. Conversely, for the solvation force the deviation was far less significant due to the oscillatory nature of the potential damping out effects and the smaller order of magnitude range of the solvation decay length, indicating that for solvation forces the Derjaguin approximation is suitable for most conceivable cases.
Towards Optimal Use of Exception Handling Information for Function Detection (2021)

Function entry detection is critical for security of binary code. Conventional methods heavily rely on patterns, inevitably missing true functions and introducing errors. Recently, call frames have been used in exception-handling for function start detection. However, existing methods have two problems. First, they combine call frames with heuristic-based approaches, which often brings error and uncertain benefits. Second, they trust the fidelity of call frames, without handling the errors that are introduced by call frames. In this paper, we first study the coverage and accuracy of existing approaches in detecting function starts using call frames. We found that although recursive disassembly with call frames can maximize coverage, using extra heuristic-based approaches does not improve coverage and actually hurts accuracy. Second, we unveil call-frame errors and develop the first approach to fix them, making their use more reliable.
Synthese und Abbau cytostatisch wirksamer cyclischer N‐Phosphamidester des Bis‐(β‐chloräthyl)‐amins (1958)

Abstract Es wird über die Synthese sowie über hydrolytische und enzymatische Abbauuntersuchungen von neuartigen, cytostatisch wirksamen Diamidophosphorsäure‐monoestern mit cyclischer Struktur berichtet. Als gemeinsames Merkmal enthalten sie den N, N‐Bis‐(β‐chloräthyl)‐amin‐Rest in phosphamidischer Bindung. Mit Hilfe verschiedener Methoden und Versuchsanordnungen wird nachgewiesen, daß diese Cytostatica der N‐Lost‐Reihe im wäßrigen Milieu in ganz bestimmter Weise aufgespalten werden.
Algorithms for musical composition: a question of granularity (1991)

Early approaches to computer-generated music are examined, and it is argued that making music is concerned with a higher level of granularity than that of the notes on music paper. Work in artificial intelligence shows that low-level decisions such as the selection of individual notes may actually be subordinate to a model-based control structure, the models being examples of how problems have been resolved. It is suggested that the search for algorithmic rules should be directed by two questions: how to identify units of material of the appropriate granularity, and, given a collection of those units, how to properly assemble them.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
An Overview of Biological Macromolecule Crystallization (2013)

The elucidation of the three dimensional structure of biological macromolecules has provided an important contribution to our current understanding of many basic mechanisms involved in life processes. This enormous impact largely results from the ability of X-ray crystallography to provide accurate structural details at atomic resolution that are a prerequisite for a deeper insight on the way in which bio-macromolecules interact with each other to build up supramolecular nano-machines capable of performing specialized biological functions. With the advent of high-energy synchrotron sources and the development of sophisticated software to solve X-ray and neutron crystal structures of large molecules, the crystallization step has become even more the bottleneck of a successful structure determination. This review introduces the general aspects of protein crystallization, summarizes conventional and innovative crystallization methods and focuses on the new strategies utilized to improve the success rate of experiments and increase crystal diffraction quality.
Mechanical Activation of Tetracalcium Phosphate (2004)

It was found that prolonged high‐energy ball‐milling of Hilgenstokite (tetracalcium phosphate, TTCP) resulted in a decrease in both particle and crystallite size, leading to a mechanical activation of the compound. This mechanically activated material demonstrated a high reactivity such that, in contrast to highly crystalline TTCP, a setting reaction with water to nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) and Ca(OH) 2 could be achieved at 37°C. However, crystalline TTCP is practically unreactive at physiologic temperatures because of the formation of a thin HA layer on the particle surface preventing further reaction.
Immunochemistry of sperm-whale myoglobin--XXII. Accurate delineation of the single reactive region in sequence 103-120 by immunochemical studies of synthetic peptides: the complete antigenic structure of the protein. (1975)

Abstract Previous work from this laboratory has shown that Arg-118 is part of an antigenic reactive region in myoglobin (Mb). In the preceding communication, we demonstrated that this reactive region also includes histidines -113, -116 and -119. This evidence was derived from immunochemical and conformational studies on chemical derivatives of the antive protein. The present communication presents independent evidence for the presence and accurate delineation of this reactive region obtained from studying the immunochemistry of synthetic peptides representing various parts of the region. Five peptides corresponding to Mb-sequences 108–120, 109–120, 112–120, 113–119 were synthesized, well purified and characterized. The reaction of these peptides with four different antisera to Mb demonstrates that the full immunochemical reactivity resided entirely in sequence 113–119 and that the part 108–112 and Pro-120 did not add to the immunochemical reactivity of the peptides. The reactive region, therefore, occupies the sequence 113–119 accurately, which is located on the end of helix G and part of the bend GH in native Mb. This completes the antigenic structure of Mb, and the latter is briefly outlined here.
Neuroendocrine TumorsPractice Guidelines in Oncology (2012)

Neuroendocrine tumors comprise a broad family of tumors, the most common of which are carcinoid and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. The NCCN Neuroendocrine Tumors Guidelines discuss the diagnosis and management of both sporadic and hereditary neuroendocrine tumors. Most of the recommendations pertain to well-differentiated, low- to intermediate-grade tumors. This updated version of the NCCN Guidelines includes a new section on pathology for diagnosis and reporting and revised recommendations for the surgi- cal management of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. (JNCCN 2012;10:724-764)
RadBall™: A new departure for 3-D dosimetry (2009)

This paper describes a new device, RadBall™ for mapping environmental radiation fields, as found in the area of nuclear decontamination. The system consists of a specially shaped PRESAGE™ dosimeter, which sits inside a custom-designed lead collimator. This is imaged using optical CT to yield data from which the position of either point sources or extended objects may be reconstructed. The principle of the technique is explained, simulations and preliminary data are given and the current design of the dosimeter and collimator are presented.
Free-Space Quasi-Phase Matching (2022)

A new approach to the quasi-phase matching of nonlinear materials based on the free space multipass cells is presented. The method is applicable to all types of nonlinear crystals with non-zero susceptibility χ (2) .
The Use of Exchange‐rate Hedging Techniques by UK Property Companies (1994)

The use of financial risk management techniques in the form of exchange‐rate hedging is widespread in the international business community, because their use avoids losses owing to volatile exchange‐rate movements. Identifies the current limited use of such risk‐hedging techniques in the commercial property market, and considers potential benefits to international property transactions.
Dipole moments ofH2,D2,and HD molecules in Czochralski silicon (1999)

Measurements show that the effective charge $\ensuremath{\eta}({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3\mathrm{D}\mathrm{D}})$ (dipole moment per unit displacement) of the infrared (IR) active stretch mode of isolated interstitial ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ molecules is smaller than $\ensuremath{\eta}({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3\mathrm{H}\mathrm{H}})$ for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecules in Si crystals. This may relate to differences in the orientations of the molecular axes that are not in general parallel to the direction of the dipole moments. For molecules paired with an interstitial oxygen atom in Czochralski Si, i.e., $({\mathrm{D}}_{2}({\mathrm{H}}_{2})\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{O}}_{i})$ (two configurations of each), the effective charges $\ensuremath{\eta}({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1\mathrm{D}\mathrm{D}})$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2\mathrm{D}\mathrm{D}})$ are essentially equal to $\ensuremath{\eta}({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1\mathrm{H}\mathrm{H}})$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2\mathrm{H}\mathrm{H}}),$ respectively. No information has been obtained for the effective charges of the three ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{HD}}$ modes. For samples heated in a mixture of $[{\mathrm{H}}_{2}]=[{\mathrm{D}}_{2}],$ the ratios of the concentrations of $[{\mathrm{H}}_{2}]:[\mathrm{HD}]:[{\mathrm{D}}_{2}]$ are expected to be 1:2:1 but the derived concentrations of [HD] are always too small, although $[{\mathrm{H}}_{2}]$ is essentially equal to $[{\mathrm{D}}_{2}].$ Measurements show that the solubilities of hydrogen and deuterium at 1300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C are equal and both vary as ${p}^{0.56},$ where p is the partial pressure of the gas that is mixed with argon. It is inferred either (a) that the dipole moments of HD molecules in the three locations are all anomalously small or (b) that the concentrations of [HD] are significantly smaller than expected from random pairing of H and D atoms during cooling following the heat treatment. A proposal that \ensuremath{\sim}70% of the hydrogen and deuterium is introduced into the Si in the form of correlated H-H and D-D pairs at 1300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C removes the discrepancy (b) but is unlikely as there is then conflict with the measured pressure dependencies of the hydrogen and deuterium solubilities.
Which direction should I go? A quest for understanding the effect of TMS stimulus orientation on evoked responses (2023)

The orientation of the electric field (E-field) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) plays a significant role in determining the magnitude of motor evoked potentials (MEP) and TMS-evoked potentials (TEP). However, fundamental mechanisms explaining the interaction of the induced E-field and the underlying neuronal populations are still largely unknown. We recently entered a quest to understand and describe neurophysiological and physical factors affecting the effect of the E-field orientation on the MEP and TEP. We developed a dual-coil TMS transducer capable of fast and accurate electronic control of the induced E-field orientation. With this transducer, we could scan the effect of stimulus orientation on TEPs and MEPs in single and paired-pulse protocols with unprecedented precision and accuracy. We further compared the experimental data with simulations of responses in realistic neuronal and brain models. Our results show that the spatial distribution of MEPs on the target muscle strongly depends on the E-field orientation. Furthermore, the simulations with realistic models indicate that multiple factors are needed to match closely the experimental data, such as the extent of the stimulated cortical area, E-field distribution, and neuronal population alignment relative to the cortical surface. Our studies provide relevant insights into how the physical properties of a TMS pulse interact with neuronal mechanisms of motor output generation and can be the basis for improving the targeting and effectiveness of TMS clinical treatments.
Nachhaltig konstruieren und bauen mit Beton (2022)

Der aktuelle Stand des Wissens und Umsetzungsvorschläge für die Praxis eines klimaverträglichen und ressourceneffizienten Bauens mit Beton sind die Inhalte dieses Beitrags. Das interdisziplinäre Autorenteam deckt das Spektrum von der angewandten Geologie über die Materialwissenschaften hin zum konstruktiven Beton- und Ingenieurbau ab. Nach einem Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Forschung zum Thema des klimaverträglichen und nachhaltigen Bauens mit Beton werden ausführlich sowohl emissionsreduzierende Maßnahmen für die Bindemittel und Betonzusatzmittel als auch für die Gesteinskörnungen mit deren Möglichkeiten des Wiedereinsatzes aufgezeigt. Weiterhin werden innovative Möglichkeiten der Bewehrung mit Carbonfasern, der Topologieoptimierung von Tragstrukturen als auch Potenziale während des Bauablaufs vorgestellt und eingehend erläutert. Analog zu den Grenzzuständen der Tragfähigkeit und der Gebrauchstauglichkeit wird ein neuer Grenzzustand der Klimaverträglichkeit vorgeschlagen. Darin spiegelt sich auch das Potenzial einer verlängerten Lebensdauer wider. Wertvolle Informationen und aktualisierte Daten über die Umweltwirkungen einzelner Baustoffe, Konstruktionen und Bauprozesse wurden in Tabellenform oder Diagrammen zusammengefasst.
The Function of Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors in Self-Tolerance, Viral Recognition, and Regulation of Adaptive Responses (2014)

To achieve self-tolerance, many inhibitory receptors recognize major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, which are normally expressed on healthy cells. In humans, inhibitory MHC-I receptors include the killer cell immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (KIRs), the leukocyte Ig-like receptors (LILRs), and the CD94/NKG2A heterodimer. This chapter focuses on LILRs and, in particular, on their function during cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and their ability to regulate adaptive responses during bacterial infection and following organ transplantation. The members of the LILR family--also known as immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT), leukocyte Ig-like receptor (LIR), monocyte and macrophage Ig-like receptor (MIR), or CD85--include at least 11 distinct molecules, which have either two or four homologous extracellular Ig-like domains of the C2 type. Inhibitory LILRs (LILRB1, LILRB2, LILRB3, LILRB4, and LILRB5) contain long cytoplasmic domains with two to four immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). Another group of LILRs (LILRA1, LILRA2, ILT7, ILT8, and ILT11) have short cytoplasmic domains that lack ITIMs or recognizable docking motifs for signaling mediators. If LILRs have evolved under the selective pressure of UL18, one would also expect that UL18 mutates to neutralize this strategy of the host immune system. A recent study suggests that the ability of inhibitory LILRs to regulate the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) may be an important mechanism utilized by suppressor T (Ts) cells to induce immunological tolerance.
Experimental and theoretical exploration of the detailed mechanism of the rearrangement of barrelenes to semibullvalenes: diradical intermediates and transition states (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExperimental and theoretical exploration of the detailed mechanism of the rearrangement of barrelenes to semibullvalenes: diradical intermediates and transition statesHoward E. Zimmerman, Horst M. Sulzbach, and Michael B. TollefsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 15, 6548–6556Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00068a011https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00068a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views349Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts