gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
What's behind the box? Measuring scene context effects with Shannon's guessing game on indoor scenes (2010)

Natural scenes are lawful, predictable entities: objects do not float unsupported, spoons are more often found with forks than printers, and it makes little sense to search for toilets in dining rooms. Although visual context has often been manipulated in object and scene recognition studies, it has not yet been formally measured. Information theory specifies how much information is required to encode objects in a scene, assuming no contextual knowledge. We can then measure, in bits per object, the information benefit provided by human observers' contextual knowledge. We used a database of 100 indoor scenes, containing 352 unique objects labeled using the LabelMe tool. If all objects were equally probable in a scene, 8.46 bits per object would be required (log2(352)). Taking object frequency into account (i.e., chairs are more common than basketballs), would only reduce this number to 7.22 bits per object. To measure the information required by humans to represent objects in scenes, we adapted the guessing game proposed by Shannon (1951). Between 5-80% of the objects in each scene were occluded by opaque bounding boxes. Observers guessed the identity of each occluded object until the object was correctly named. More than 60% of objects were correctly guessed on the first try, because context massively constrains the identity of a hidden object (What might you guess was hidden next to a plate on a dinner table?). Fully 93% of objects were correctly guessed within 10 tries. Overall, we found that observers could represent the database with just 1.86 bits per object when 5-10% of objects were masked. Just 2.00 bits per object were needed even when the majority of objects were masked. This technique can be used to measure the redundancy provided by aspects of context such as scene category, object density and object consistency.
Cooperative Computation of Stereo Disparity (1976)

The extraction of stereo-disparity information from two images depends upon establishing a correspondence between them. In this article we analyze the nature of the correspondence computation and derive a cooperative algorithm that implements it. We show that this algorithm successfully extracts information from random-dot stereograms, and its implications for the psychophysics and neurophysiology of the visual system are briefly discussed.
Strong electric field tuning of magnetism in self-biased multiferroic structures (2020)

A new type of multiferroic heterostructure has been proposed in this work with strong electric field tuning of magnetism. It is composed of a self-biased magnetic layered structure with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and one piezoelectric substrate. Two configurations were investigated by a modeling approach, Ni/Ni/Ni/PMN-PT with Cu as spacer and Terfenol-D/CoFeB/Ni/PMN-PT. Magnetic multilayers at their resonance exhibit multiple absorption peaks from acoustic and optical modes of spin interaction between adjacent magnetic layers. A piezoelectric substrate transfers electric field induced strain to adjacent magnetic layer and thus shifts resonance frequencies of the multiferroic structure by tuning magnetic effective fields through magnetoelastic coupling. It has been demonstrated computationally that the resonance frequencies for the simulated structures could be up to 76 GHz under zero magnetic bias field. A larger tunability (> 100%) is achieved with applied electric field to the PMN-PT [011] substrate. Resonance mode selectivity is present in the configuration Terfenol-D/CoFeB/Ni/PMN-PT wherein one desired mode exhibits a much higher tunability compared to other modes. This enables the total mode number to be tuned by merging or diverging different modes under E-field.
N-SUBSTITUTION AND á1-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR AFFINITY OF LAUDANOSINE ANALOGUES (2006)

Benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline (BTHIQ) molecules are able to adopt widely differing conformations that depend on the presence or absence of N-substituents.
Discriminating Twisting Direction by Polarization Maintaining Fiber Bragg Grating (2018)

The twisting vector measurement is realized using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) inscribed in a polarization maintaining fiber with a rotated splicing joint. The rotated splicing joint introduces an asymmetric structure in the polarization maintaining FBG (PMFBG) which leads to a unique spectral response for the clockwise and anticlockwise twist of the PMFBG. The opposite intensity change of the intersection region between the two principal Bragg reflections for the clockwise and anticlockwise twist is used to discriminate the twisting direction. The proposed PMFBGs have potential applications in multi-parameter sensing, e.g., temperature, strain, and twist.
Twyman effect mechanics in grinding and microgrinding (1996)

In the Twyman effect (1905), when one side of a thin plate with both sides polished is ground, the plate bends: The ground side becomes convex and is in a state of compressive residual stress, described in terms of force per unit length (Newtons per meter) induced by grinding, the stress (Newtons per square meter) induced by grinding, and the depth of the compressive layer (micrometers). We describe and correlate experiments on optical glasses from the literature in conditions of loose abrasive grinding (lapping at fixed nominal pressure, with abrasives 4-400 μm in size) and deterministic microgrinding experiments (at a fixed infeed rate) conducted at the Center for Optics Manufacturing with bound diamond abrasive tools (with a diamond size of 3-40 μm, embedded in metallic bond) and loose abrasive microgrinding (abrasives of less than 3 μm in size). In brittle grinding conditions, the grinding force and the depth of the compressive layer correlate well with glass mechanical properties describing the fracture process, such as indentation crack size. The maximum surface residual compressive stress decreases, and the depth of the compressive layer increases with increasing abrasive size. In lapping conditions the depth of the abrasive grain penetration into the glass surface scales with the surface roughness, and both are determined primarily by glass hardness and secondarily by Young's modulus for various abrasive sizes and coolants. In the limit of small abrasive size (ductile-mode grinding), the maximum surface compressive stress achieved is near the yield stress of the glass, in agreement with finite-element simulations of indentation in elastic-plastic solids.
J042033 Precise Measurement of the Coating Thickness of Double-Sided Coating Steel Plates by Means of Acoustic Resonant Spectroscopy (2011)

This paper describes a technique for measuring the thickness of coating on the double-sided coating steel plates by means of acoustic resonant spectroscopy. The both sides of the samples were covered with coatings of epoxy resin, and the thickness of the coatings was from 10 to 40pm. The acoustic resonance related with the top and bottom coatings of all samples were observed by the 100MHz focused ultrasonic transducer, and the thickness of coatings on both side of the plates were successfully evaluated from their resonant frequencies.
Application of tilt sensor in headset operated surveillance camera control system for people with disabilities (2006)

This project describes the motivation and design considerations of an economical head operated surveillance camera for people with disabilities. In addition, it focuses on the invention of a head-set operated device to control the movement of the camera, such that the camera can turn left and right according to the movement of the human head. It employs one tilt sensor, which placed in the headset to determine head position and to function as simple headset control system. The tilt sensor detects the lateral head motion to drive the left or right displacement of the camera. This system was invented to assist people with disabilities to live an independent life or even allow them to work as security personnel to earn their life. The idea can be employed in other application such as robotics, intelligent home devices and vehicle control as well.
Abstract 1174: Genetic variations in microRNA biogenesis pathway genes as susceptibility loci for lung cancer risk (2011)

Abstract Many studies have demonstrated that genetic susceptibility played an important role in lung cancer etiology. It has been estimated that microRNAs (miRNAs) may regulate the expression of one third of all human genes and are related to carcinogenesis through their function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. To test the hypothesis that common sequence variants in microRNA pathways may affect individuals’ lung cancer susceptibility, we assessed the association of 75 haplotype tagging and potential functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 8 miRNA biogenesis pathway genes with lung cancer risk in a case control study of 1135 lung cancer cases and 803 healthy controls among Caucasians. Overall, SNP rs2302905 from RNASEN exhibited the strongest association and remained significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons using q value at 10% level. Individuals carrying the variant allele of rs2302905 showed a 1.40-fold increased risk of lung cancer (95% CI = 1.11- 1.77; P = 0.0042). Interestingly, similar to rs2302905, two additional SNPs (rs10805564 and rs639174) from RNASEN also showed increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.04- 1.60; and OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.00- 1.53). Two SNPs (rs197412 and rs85276) from DDX20 had significantly reduced lung cancer risk (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.65- 1.00; and OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.61- 1.00). Stratified analyses by age, gender, and smoking status identified several additional SNPs that were associated with lung cancer risks in sub-populations. We also counted the number of unfavorable genotypes in each individual to assess the cumulative effect of the top 5 SNPs on lung cancer risk and found a significant gene-dosage effect (P for trend = 0.00028). Compared to the individuals with ≤ 3 unfavorable genotypes in the low risk group, carriers of 4 and 5 unfavorable genotypes had increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.96 to 1.77; and OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.47 to 2.98, respectively). In conclusion, genetic variants in miRNA biogenesis pathway genes may affect the risk of lung cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1174. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1174
Vibration of micromachined circular piezoelectric diaphragms (2006)

Electrically and mechanically excited resonances in micromachined circular piezoelectric diaphragms have been investigated. The diaphragm structures were piezoelectric unimorphs consisting of Pb(Zr0.52,Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) films and thermally grown silicon oxide (SiO2) layers. For electrical excitation, ring-shaped interdigitated (IDT) electrodes formed on the top of the PZT layer were used to induce strain in the diaphragms. The diaphragm structures behaved much like circular membranes in which the membrane tension was approximately 206 N/m, at the fundamental modes. For higher modes, the resonance frequencies deviated from the theoretical values due to the finite stiffness of the diaphragms. Under mechanical drive, both symmetric and asymmetric modes were excited. However, for electrical excitation, the symmetric modes were dominant due to the symmetry of the driving IDT electrodes. At a pressure of 727 Torr, the quality factor was approximately 250, and this rose to 2000 at pressures below 1 Torr. When a forward bias was applied to the diaphragm, the membrane tension decreased, but under reverse biases the tension increased. However, because of repoling under reverse biases greater than the coercive field of the PZT film, the achievable increase in the membrane tension was limited. In the diaphragm structure, the nonlinear vibration was governed by geometric nonlinearity rather than material nonlinearity. In addition, evidence of non-180 degrees domain wall motion of the PZT layer in released diaphragms was observed.
Introduction to SharePoint Technologies (2010)

Microsoft SharePoint 2010 is the latest iteration of Microsoft's business collaboration platform. SharePoint provides business users with the tools they need to effectively manage and share information, automate business process, collaborate, and interact with others.
Cognitive Dimensions of Notations (2005)

Summary form only given on an article discussing cognitive dimensions of notations.
Measurement study of low-bitrate internet video streaming (2001)

In this paper, we analyse the results of a seven-month real-time streaming experiment, which was conducted between a number of unicast dialup clients, connecting to the Internet through access points in more than 600 major U.S. cities, and a backbone video server. During the experiment, the clients streamed low-bitrate MPEG-4 video sequences from the server over paths with more than 5,000 distinct Internet routers. We describe the methodology of the experiment, the architecture of our NACK-based streaming application, study end-to-end dynamics of 16 thousand ten-minute sessions (85 million packets), and analyze the behavior of the following network parameters: packet loss, round-trip delay, one-way delay jitter, packet reordering, and path asymmetry. We also study the impact of these parameters on the quality of real-time streaming.
Effects of Phenobarbital Administration on Levels of Physiological Antioxidants in Rat Liver (1978)

Administration of phenobarbital to rats over a period of 5 days was shown to increase hepatic lipid peroxidation concomitant with induction of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome c reductase. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the increase in lipid peroxidation was due to a lowering in hepatic antioxidants. The results show that increased lipid peroxidation was not due to a decreased level of antioxidants since the fat-soluble antioxidants were unchanged and ascorbate, a water-soluble antioxidant, was elevated. The relationship of the increase in hepatic ascorbate to enhanced lipid peroxidation is discussed.
Blood Concentrations of Hydroxychloroquine and Its Desethyl Derivative Correlate Negatively with the Percentage of CD45RO+ Cells among CD4+ Lymphocytes in Hydroxychloroquine‐Treated Lupus Patients (2007)

The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of the blood concentrations of hydroxychloroquine ([HCQ]) and its derivative desethylhydroxychloroquine ([DHCQ]) on lymphocyte activation or differentiation in HCQ-treated lupus patients. We studied the correlations between [HCQ], [DHCQ], and the frequency of various lymphocyte subsets in 58 HCQ-treated lupus patients (mean HCQ dose: 4.93 +/- 1.58 mg/kg/day; mean duration of the disease: 122 +/- 64 months). [HCQ] and [DHCQ] were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Lymphocyte markers were studied by flow cytometry using monoclonal anti-CD3, -CD4, -CD8, -CD25, -DR, -CD45RA, -CD45RO, -CD19, -CD38, and -CD86 antibodies. sIL2-R serum concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). [HCQ] and [DHCQ] were 599.9 ng/mL (median: 529.5; range: 55-1935) and 353.43 (median: 286 ng/mL; range: 118-1090). In a multiple regression analysis, [HCQ] and [DHCQ] were associated with the HCQ prescribed dose in mg/kg/day (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.03) and with compliance to the treatment (P = 0.004 and P = 0.03). We found a negative correlation between [HCQ], [DHCQ], and the CD45RO+ cell frequency among CD3+CD4+ cells (P = 0.03 and P = 0.007, respectively). Other lymphocyte subset markers (LSMs) and sIL2-R concentrations were not significantly associated with [HCQ] or [DHCQ]. In the multiple regression analysis, CD45RO+ expression was negatively influenced by [HCQ] (P = 0.005), and positively influenced by smoking habits (P = 0.005) and age (P = 0.005). Similar results were found in the multivariate model including [DHCQ]. Disease activity and taking more than 10 mg/day of corticosteroids or an immunosuppressive drug did not influence CD45RO+ expression. Lupus patients had less CD3+CD4+CD45RO+ cells than controls (P = 0.03). In lupus patients, HCQ and DHCQ may alter the generation or the blood circulation of CD4+CD45RO+ lymphocytes in a concentration-dependent pattern.
Calculating the performance degradation of a MMSE/IC turbo-equalization scheme due to SNR estimation errors. (2006)

This paper proposes a semi-analytical method for predicting the performance degradation of a turbo-equalization scheme due to signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimation errors. In other words, sensitivity of turbo-equalization to an imperfect knowledge of the SNR (or, equivalently, channel noise variance) is analyzed. The considered turbo-equalizer uses the Wang and Poor's soft-in/soft-out (SISO) Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) / Interference Cancellation (IC) equalizer and a SISO convolutional decoder. The proposed method is applied to BPSK data modulation and single-user context but may be extended to the multi-user case. This paper shows that the equalizer behavior may be very reliably predicted totally by calculations (no simulations are needed) in the presence of imperfectly known SNR at the receiver. As far as the prediction of the decoder behavior is concerned, it requires simulations for only one independent input parameter. Long frames and perfect channel knowledge at the receiver are assumed in the paper.
Innate Immune Cells and C-Reactive Protein in Acute First-Episode Psychosis and Schizophrenia: Relationship to Psychopathology and Treatment (2019)

Innate immunity has been linked to initiation of Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Moreover, risk of first-episode psychosis (FEP) and schizophrenia (Sz) is increased after various infections in predisposed individuals. Thus, we hypothesized an analogous role of innate immunity with increased C-reactive protein (CRP) in non-affective psychosis. Differential blood count, CRP, neutrophil and monocyte-macrophage activation markers, cortisol and psychotic symptoms (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS]) were assessed in controls (n = 294) and acutely ill unmedicated FEP (n = 129) and Sz (n = 124) patients at baseline and after 6 weeks treatment. Neutrophils, monocytes, and CRP were increased in patients vs controls at baseline (P < .001), and neutrophil and monocyte counts correlated positively with activation markers. Eosinophils were lower at baseline in FEP (P < .001) and Sz (P = .021) vs controls. Differences in neutrophils (P = .023), eosinophils (P < .001), and CRP (P < .001) were also present when controlling for smoking and cortisol, and partially remitted after antipsychotic treatment. FEP patients with high neutrophils (P = .048) or monocytes (P = .021) had higher PANSS-P scores at baseline but similar disease course. CRP correlated with PANSS-P at baseline (ρ = 0.204, P = .012). Improvement of positive symptoms after treatment correlated with declining neutrophils (ρ = 0.186, P = .015) or CRP (ρ = 0.237, P = .002) and rising eosinophils (ρ = -0.161, P = .036). In FEP, normalization of neutrophils (ρ = -0.231, P = .029) and eosinophils (ρ = 0.209, P = .048) correlated with drug dosage. In conclusion, innate immune system activation correlated with PANSS-P, supporting the immune hypothesis of psychosis. Neutrophil and monocyte counts and CRP levels may be useful markers of disease acuity, severity, and treatment response.
NGN Functional Architecture (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: The ITU NGN Functional Architecture The Proposed NGN Functional Architecture References
Fuzzy Value-at-Risk Forecasts Using a Novel Data-Driven Neuro Volatility Predictive Model (2019)

Quantitative finance has been evolving over last several decades and combining randomness and fuzziness of the parameters has found growing interest among researchers to solve forecasting problems. Superiority of the fuzzy forecasting method over the minimum mean square forecasting had been demonstrated for fuzzy coefficient (linear as well as nonlinear) time series models in Thavaneswaran et al. [5]. However, many proposed fuzzy forecasting methods remain difficult to use in practice and there is a need for data-driven approach to fit the fuzzy coefficient volatility models. A neural network (NN) system can uniformly approximate any real nonlinear function on a compact domain to any degree of accuracy. Artificial NN (ANNs) have been applied to finance problems such as stock index prediction and bankruptcy prediction. In this paper, we introduce a novel direct data-driven neuro predictive model for conditional volatility and study the fuzzy value-at-risk (VaR) forecasts. We apply this model to forecast VaR with actual financial data. Our model shows considerable promise as a decision making and risk managing tool.
Interchange Reactions of Mercaptals and Mercaptols with Thiols1,2 (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInterchange Reactions of Mercaptals and Mercaptols with Thiols1,2M. Moura Campos and H. HauptmannCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 12, 2962–2964Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01132a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01132a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views71Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts