gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development and Commercial Evaluation of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Chemical Analysis Technology in the Coal Power Generation Industry (2002)

An instrumentation variation on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been developed and applied in the operations of power generating companies utilizing low-ash lignite as the fuel source. The instrument design allows simultaneous determination of all detectable elements using a multiple spectrograph and a synchronized, multiple charge-coupled device (CCD) spectral acquisition system. The application of internal ratio analysis has enabled the development of a stable system that can be operated routinely for over a month without recalibration. Detection limits vary depending on the element but are typically on the order of 0.01% by weight for heterogeneous materials such as the moist lignite used in these power stations. Independent testing of the instrument has shown good correlation between the routine LIBS analysis and the analysis of the coal via acid extraction techniques for key ash-forming elements. Testing over a one month period shows excellent correlation between the two methods for elements such as Al ( R = 0.96) and Na ( R = 0.92). The principle limitation is not the accuracy of the LIBS method but rather the inherent errors in sampling heterogeneous materials such as lignite. Because the LIBS analysis takes less than 30 seconds it has clear advantages over traditional methods used in elemental analysis for these materials.
Statistical Shape Models for 3D Medical Image Segmentation (2008)

The increasing importance of three-dimensional imaging in medicine leads to a growing demand for volumetric image analysis and automatic segmentation. Due to their robust performance, statistical shape models trained on a collection of example data are especially suited for that purpose. In this book, a three-step procedure for generating these models and employing them for 3D segmentation is presented. The first step is the identification of corresponding landmarks on the example data, required for training the geometric models. The second step consists of modeling the appearance, i.e. gray-value environment, of the object of interest. The final step integrates shape and appearance model into a robust search algorithm to analyze new images. The presented methods were evaluated on three medical applications: segmentation of the liver in CT data, of the lung in MRI data, and of the prostate in ultrasound images. This book is targeted towards graduate students and researchers in biomedical image analysis who want to gain in-depth insight into the field of statistical shape modeling.
Structure of a flavin-binding plant photoreceptor domain: Insights into light-mediated signal transduction (2001)

Phototropin, a major blue-light receptor for phototropism in seed plants, exhibits blue-light-dependent autophosphorylation and contains two light, oxygen, or voltage (LOV) domains and a serine/threonine kinase domain. The LOV domains share homology with the PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS) superfamily, a diverse group of sensor proteins. Each LOV domain noncovalently binds a single FMN molecule and exhibits reversible photochemistry in vitro when expressed separately or in tandem. We have determined the crystal structure of the LOV2 domain from the phototropin segment of the chimeric fern photoreceptor phy3 to 2.7-A resolution. The structure constitutes an FMN-binding fold that reveals how the flavin cofactor is embedded in the protein. The single LOV2 cysteine residue is located 4.2 A from flavin atom C(4a), consistent with a model in which absorption of blue light induces formation of a covalent cysteinyl-C(4a) adduct. Residues that interact with FMN in the phototropin segment of the chimeric fern photoreceptor (phy3) LOV2 are conserved in LOV domains from phototropin of other plant species and from three proteins involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis and Neurospora. This conservation suggests that these domains exhibit the same overall fold and share a common mechanism for flavin binding and light-induced signaling.
Hypertensive sodium-proton exchanger phenotype persists in immortalized lymphoblasts from essential hypertensive patients. A cell culture model for human hypertension. (1993)

An enhancement of sodium-proton exchange activity is a frequently observed ion transport abnormality in essential hypertension. The cellular basis for this has not yet been elucidated. Due to the lack of a specific cell culture system it has been impossible to distinguish between intrinsic cellular abnormalities and influences exerted by the hypertensive neurohumoral milieu. Using Epstein-Barr virus we have immortalized lymphocytes from controls and from patients with essential hypertension that exhibited enhanced sodium-proton exchanger activity. Sodium-proton exchanger activity was determined in cells loaded with the fluorescent cytosolic pH indicator 2'7'-biscarboxyethyl-5,6-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethylester (BCECF) after pretreatment with 250 nM of the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate for 10 min. Cell lines from hypertensive patients displayed higher Vmax values of sodium-proton exchange than those from normotensive controls (129.6 +/- 30.0 vs. 77.1 +/- 13.2 mmol H+/min.; P < 0.001). Hill coefficients for H+ were distinctly lower in hypertension compared to normotension (1.12 +/- 0.12 vs. 1.50 +/- 0.14; P < 0.0001). The enhanced antiporter activity in cell lines from hypertensive patients was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in steady-state NHE-1 mRNA transcript levels, which argues against overexpression of antiporter protein in hypertension. The cells from hypertensive patients with high sodium-proton exchange activity proliferated distinctly faster than those from normotensive controls. These human cell lines represent a novel model to study the mutual interaction between sodium-proton exchange and cell proliferation, and may provide insights into the alterations in ion transport observed in a group of patients with essential hypertension.
AtNUDX1, an 8-Oxo-7,8-Dihydro-2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-Triphosphate Pyrophosphohydrolase, is Responsible for Eliminating Oxidized Nucleotides in Arabidopsis (2007)

Cellular DNA, RNA and their precursor nucleotides are at high risk of being oxidized by reactive oxygen species. An oxidized base, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-(deoxy)guanosine, can pair with both adenine and cytosine, and thus would cause both replicational and translational errors. Previously, we have reported that an Arabidopsis Nudix hydrolase, AtNUDX1, acts to hydrolyze an oxidized deoxyribonucleotide, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate (8-oxo-dGTP). Here we showed that 8-oxo-dGTP pyrophosphohydrolase activity is not exhibited by any other Arabidopsis Nudix hydrolase. AtNUDX1 acted on an oxidized ribonucleotide, 8-oxo-GTP, with high affinity (K(m) 28.1 microM). In a transcriptional mutational analysis using the lacZ reporter gene, the phenotypic suppression of the lacZ amber mutation in a mutT-deficient Escherichia coli strain caused by the misincorporation of 8-oxo-GTP into the mRNA was significantly diminished by expression of AtNUDX1. These findings suggest that AtNUDX1 prevents transcriptional errors in vivo. A confocal microscopic analysis using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein demonstrated that AtNUDX1 is distributed in the cytosol, where the main pool of nucleotides in the cells exists. The level of 8-oxo-guanosine in genomic DNA was significantly increased in knockout nudx1 plants compared with wild-type plants under normal and oxidative stress (3 microM paraquat) conditions. The results obtained here indicate that AtNUDX1 functions in cellular defense against oxidative DNA and RNA damage through the sanitization of their precursor pools in the cytosol in Arabidopsis cells.
Generation of DNA probes for peptides with highly degenerate codons using mixed primer PCR (1988)

The use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR, (1)) is well suited for the generation of DNA probes from a peptide sequence. The limited specificity of each primer is multiplied when 2 are used in combination. We have used 2 primers, each a mixture of 128 species, to amplify genomic DNA coding for amino acids 1 - 25 of diabetes associated peptide (DAP (2,3)). The primer sequences represented all codon choices for amino acids 1 -5 and 20 -25 plus an Eco Rl linker. After 30 cycles, a 20 ul aliquot was run on a gel and a prominent band of the predicted size was seen (Fig.
Time domain approach to wideband source location (2002)

Consideration is given to the multiple source location problem, using a linear array of equispaced sensors. The method works in the time domain, and uses as a starting point the matrix covariance sequence of the vector of sensor outputs. The spectra of the source signals are assumed to be unknown and rational, but the approach can be easily extended to spectra that are flat in a fixed and known frequency band. The procedure is based on the block Hankel matrix built on the estimated matrix covariance sequence. The properties of this matrix are investigated, and it is shown that its rank is deficient. As for the spectral density matrix in the narrowband case, one can thus define a signal subspace. The identification of the vectors that generate this subspace and the location of the sources by the maxima of the projections of these vectors on the signal subspace then remain.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Optical fiber solitons, their properties and uses (1993)

The history and mathematical formulation of solutions are briefly reviewed. Solitons of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation are studied in greater detail because they describe nonlinear pulse propagation on dispersive optical fibers. The proposal by A. Hasegawa and the experiments of L.F. Mollenauer on long distance soliton propagation for use in repeaterless transoceanic fiber transmission cables are described. In 1986, limitations on the distance that can be spanned by a repeaterless link for a given bit rate were shown to exist. It has been shown recently that by proper design these limitations can be overcome, so that newer transoceanic cable designs are likely to utilize solitons. The special properties of solitons make them particularly suited for all optical switching and logic operations. Some recent experiments with such switches are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
FUZZY CONTROL OF ELECTROHYDRAULIC STEERING SYSTEMS FOR AGRICULTURAL VEHICLES (2001)

This paper presents the development of a fuzzy steering controller for wheeltype agricultural vehicles with anelectrohydraulic (E/H) steering system. The fuzzy controller,which consisted of a variable fuzzifier, an inference engine witha steering control rulebase, and a control signal defuzzifier, was developed based on a commonsense model of agriculturalvehicle steering. The controller implemented steering corrections based upon the desired steering rate and the error betweenthe desired and the actual wheel angles. Test results indicated that this controller could be used on vehicles with similarsteering actuating mechanisms. Limited tuning on fuzzy membership functions was used to account for physical differencesbetween vehicles. This fuzzy controller achieved prompt and accurate steering performance on both a hardwareintheloopelectrohydraulic steering simulator and on an agricultural tractor. The adoption of this fuzzy controller can significantlyreduce the time and costs in the design of steering controllers for agricultural vehicles.
Towards real-time non contact spatial resolved oxygenation monitoring using a multi spectral filter array camera in various light conditions (2018)

Non contact spatial resolved oxygenation measurements remain an open challenge in the biomedical field and non contact patient monitoring. Although point measurements are the clinical standard till this day, regional differences in the oxygenation will improve the quality and safety of care. Recent developments in spectral imaging resulted in spectral filter array cameras (SFA). These provide the means to acquire spatial spectral videos in real-time and allow a spatial approach to spectroscopy. In this study, the performance of a 25 channel near infrared SFA camera was studied to obtain spatial oxygenation maps of hands during an occlusion of the left upper arm in 7 healthy volunteers. For comparison a clinical oxygenation monitoring system, INVOS, was used as a reference. In case of the NIRS SFA camera, oxygenation curves were derived from 2-3 wavelength bands with a custom made fast analysis software using a basic algorithm. Dynamic oxygenation changes were determined with the NIR SFA camera and INVOS system at different regional locations of the occluded versus non-occluded hands and showed to be in good agreement. To increase the signal to noise ratio, algorithm and image acquisition were optimised. The measurement were robust to different illumination conditions with NIR light sources. This study shows that imaging of relative oxygenation changes over larger body areas is potentially possible in real time.
Development of Nano-NiO/Al2O3 Catalyst to be Used for Tar Removal in Biomass Gasification (2008)

The objective of this study isto develop a novel supported nano-NiO catalyst for tar removal in biomass gasification/pyrolysis, to significantly enhance the quality of the produced gases. For this purpose, the supported nano-NiO/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by deposition-precipitation (DP) method. Different analytical approaches such as XRD, BET, TEM and SEM/EDX were used to characterize the synthesized catalysts. The results showed thatthe prepared nano-NiO/gamma-Al2O3 catalysts had a coated structure with a loading of NiO in catalysts over 12 wt %, and they had also a higher BET surface area over commercial nickel based catalysts. The active components of catalyst were spherical NiO nanoparticles coated on the surface of supports with a size range of 12-18 nm. Furthermore, the activity of the catalysts to remove tar in the process of biomass pyrolysis was also investigated using a bench-scale combined fixed bed reactor. The experiments demonstrated that the tar yield after addition of the catalyst was reduced significantly; the tar removal efficiency reached to 99% for catalytic pyrolysis at 800 degrees C, and the gas yield after addition of the catalyst increased markedly. The compositions of gas products before and after addition of the catalyst in the process also changed significantly. The percentages of CO2 and CH4 in the product gas after addition of the catalysts were obviously reduced, while those of the valuable H2 and CO strongly increased. Therefore, using the prepared NiO/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst in biomass gasification/pyrolysis can significantly improve the quality of the produced gas and meanwhile efficiently eliminate the tar generation.
Arc/Arg3.1 Translation Is Controlled by Convergent N-Methyl-D-aspartate and Gs-coupled Receptor Signaling Pathways (2007)

Arc/Arg3.1 is an immediate early gene whose expression is necessary for the late-phase of long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory consolidation. Whereas pathways regulating Arc transcription have been extensively investigated, less is known about the role of post-transcriptional mechanisms in Arc expression. Fluorescence microscopy experiments in cultured hippocampal neurons revealed that Arc protein level was dramatically increased by activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathway, which is implicated in long-term memory. A PKA-dependent increase in Arc protein level was observed after pharmacological or synaptic activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which play a critical role in both LTP induction and learning. Arc protein was also up-regulated by activation of PKA through G(s)-coupled dopamine and beta-adrenergic receptors, which regulate the late-phase of LTP and memory. When agonists for the NMDA and G(s)-coupled receptors were co-applied, they had an additive effect on Arc protein expression. Interestingly, G(s)-coupled receptor stimulation was ineffective in the presence of an NMDA receptor antagonist, suggesting calcium influx through the NMDA receptor plays a gating role in this pathway. Stimulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway did not affect Arc mRNA level or protein stability, identifying translational efficacy as the main determinant of Arc protein expression level. It is concluded that efficient Arc translation requires NMDA receptor activity, whereas a further enhancement can be achieved with activation of G(s)-coupled receptors. These experiments have, therefore, revealed remarkable similarities in the signaling pathways that control Arc expression and those that regulate LTP, learning, and memory.
Learning control for similar robot motions (1995)

In this paper, we propose a novel scheme for governing similar robot motions by using learning mechanisms. Most learning schemes need to repeat the learning process each time a new trajectory is encountered. The main reason for this deficiency is that the learning space for executing general motions of multi-joint robot manipulators is too large. To reduce the complexity in learning, we first classify robot motions according to their similarity. A new learning structure, which is motivated by the concept of a motor program, is then used to learn a class of motions. The proposed structure consists mainly of a fuzzy system and a CMAC-type neural network. The fuzzy system is used for learning of the samples in a class of motions. The CMAC-type neural network is used to generalize the parameters of the fuzzy system, which are appropriate for the control of the sampled motions, to deal with the whole class of motions. The learning process is performed only once and the learning effort is dramatically reduced for a wide range of robot motions.
An overview of liquid redox sulfur recovery (1989)

Liquid redox sulfur recovery processes absorb H/sub 2/S from gas streams and produce elemental sulfur for sale or disposal. These processes, which involve the overall reaction of H/sub 2/S with oxygen to form elemental sulfur and water can be used in a wide variety of applications where H/sub 2/S removal and recovery are required. They can be used to desulfurize natural gas, either directly or by desulfurizing acid gas removal process off gas; refinery and chemical plant fuel gases and sour off gases; process and off-gas streams in coal gasification plants; geothermal vent gas; shale oil plant and underground coal gasification plant gases; Claus tail gas; and enhanced oil recovery vent gas. For many applications, liquid redox processes offer: excellent sulfur removal, often reducing H/sub 2/S levels to 10 ppm or less; one-step conversion of H/sub 2/S gas to elemental sulfur; ambient temperature and pressure operation; the ability to handle fluctuating inlet gas flow rates and H/sub 2/S concentrations; the capability of treating both low- and high-H/sub 2/S gas streams; and regenerating catalysts. This article summarizes information on six liquid redox sulfur recovery processes that are offered commercially today, and it gives an overview of research sponsored by the Gasmore » Research Institute (GRI) in this area. To date, this research has focused primarily on the original technology - the Stretford process. Stretford has the greatest number of plants and the widest variety of applications experience.« less
Measurement of the energy and multiplicity distributions of neutrons from the photofission ofU235 (2017)

For the first time, the complete neutron multiplicity distribution has been measured from the photofission of $^{235}\mathrm{U}$ induced by high-energy spallation $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays arriving ahead of the neutron beam at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. The resulting average neutron multiplicity $3.80\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08$ (stat.) neutrons per photofission is in general agreement with previous measurements. In addition, unique measurements of the prompt fission energy spectrum of the neutrons from photofission and the angular correlation of two-neutron energies emitted in photofission also were made. The results are compared to calculations with the complete event fission model freya.
A review of the biologic and pharmacological role of docosapentaenoic acid (2013)

<ns4:p>Fish oil contains a complex mixture of omega-3 fatty acids, of which eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the three predominant forms. There has been a plethora of previous research on the effects and associations of fish oil supplementation with various clinical manifestations. While the majority of this work was previously done on EPA and DHA, emerging research has begun to elucidate the specific role that DPA plays in these physiological processes and its differences with the other omega-3 fatty acids. The purpose of this review is to focus on the new studies undertaken with DPA. This review summarizes the biochemical mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of DPA before focusing on its effects in cardiovascular disease, immune function, and psychiatric and cognitive health. The limited studies point toward a positive role that DPA supplementation can play in these processes and that is separate and distinct from traditional supplementation with DHA and EPA.</ns4:p>
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Pharmacology of 2‐Alkyl‐Raloxifene Analogues. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertensão Arterial – 2020 (2021)

Universidade Federal de Goiás
Damping in Civil Engineering Using SMA. Part I: Particular Properties of CuAIBe for Damping of Family Houses (2010)

The properties of SMA (or smart materials), are associated with a first order phase transition named martensitic transformation, that occurs between metastable phases from the upper temperature phase (austenite) to the lower temperature phase (martensite). The first order transformation (in stress, deformation and temperature coordinates) has a hysteresis and provides different kinds of applications, i.e., actuators and dampers. Two types of applications can be considered in the damping of structures in civil engineering. The first one is related to the reduction of the damage produced by earthquakes. The second one is the increase of the lifetime of cables in bridges. A completely different behaviour of the SMA is required in each case. Several years or decades without any action (except for the effects of summer-winter room temperature evolution) followed by one or two minutes of sudden oscillations is the characteristic pattern in an earthquake. Large numbers of oscillations per day (a half million or more) with pauses of several hours or days could be the typical dYnamic behaviour of stayed cables in bridges. The earthquake engineering would require an excellent performance during one or two minutes, at near 1 Hz, i.e., nearly 200 working cycles or about 1000 oscillations including several replicas, after several years or decades at rest. This paper analyzes the behaviour of a CuAlBe alloy towards its use as a damper in anti-seismic structures: the SMA creep and its reduction by appropriate heat treatment, the evolution of the alloy by the ageing and the fatigue life of the alloy are the subject of studies.