gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonenzymatic post-translational modifications in peptides by cold plasma-derived reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (2020)

Cold physical plasmas are emerging tools for wound care and cancer control that deliver reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS). Alongside direct effects on cellular signaling processes, covalent modification of biomolecules may contribute to the observed physiological consequences. The potential of ROS/RNS generated by two different plasma sources (kINPen and COST-Jet) to introduce post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the peptides angiotensin and bradykinin was explored. While the peptide backbone was kept intact, a significant introduction of oxidative PTMs was observed. The modifications cluster at aromatic (tyrosine, histidine, and phenylalanine) and neutral amino acids (isoleucine and proline) with the introduction of one, two, or three oxygen atoms, ring cleavages of histidine and tryptophan, and nitration/nitrosylation predominantly observed. Alkaline and acidic amino acid (arginine and aspartic acid) residues showed a high resilience, indicating that local charges and the chemical environment at large modulate the attack of the electron-rich ROS/RNS. Previously published simulations, which include only OH radicals as ROS, do not match the experimental results in full, suggesting the contribution of other short-lived species, i.e., atomic oxygen, singlet oxygen, and peroxynitrite. The observed PTMs are relevant for the biological activity of peptides and proteins, changing polarity, folding, and function. In conclusion, it can be assumed that an introduction of covalent oxidative modifications at the amino acid chain level occurs during a plasma treatment. The introduced changes, in part, mimic naturally occurring patterns that can be interpreted by the cell, and subsequently, these PTMs allow for prolonged secondary effects on cell physiology.
Synthesis and optimization procedures for robustly delay-fault testable combinational logic circuits (1990)

In this paper we apply recently developed necessary and sufficient conditions for robust path-delay-fault testability to develop synthesis procedures which produce two-level and multilevel circuits with high degrees of robust path delay fault testability. For circuits which can be flattened to two levels, we give a covering procedure which optimizes for robust path delay fault testability. These two-level circuits can then be algebraically factored to produce robustly path-delay-fault testable multilevel circuits. For regular structures which cannot be flattened to two levels, we give a composition procedure which allows for the construction of robustly path-delay-fault testable regular structures. Finally, we show how these two techniques can be combined to produce cascaded combinational logic blocks that are robustly path-delay-fault testable. We demonstrate these techniques on a variety of examples. It is possible to produce entire chips that are fully path delay testable using these techniques.
Gain Switching and Active Mode Locking Of Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Lasers (2000)

Quantum cascade (QC) lasers1 are light sources based on optical transitions between quantized states of the conduction band in semiconductor nanostructures. These devices emit in the mid-infrared spectral region, which is known as the molecular fingerprint region, because many chemical and biological species have their telltale absorption features at these wavelengths. This spectral range is characterized by the lack of convenient laser sources of ultrashort pulses. On the other hand, these sources would be quite desirable for several applications, ranging from time-resolved spectroscopy to coherent control. Recently, we demonstrated the generation of picosecond mid-infrared pulses with gain-switched and actively mode-locked QC lasers.
The antidepressant venlafaxine ameliorates murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (2008)

Antidepressants are known to impact on the immune system. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory properties of venlafaxine, a selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a T-cell-mediated CNS demyelinating disease model of multiple sclerosis. EAE was induced in SJL/J mice by adoptive transfer of myelin-specific T cells. Mice received different doses of venlafaxine before induction and after onset of disease. Sustained daily oral treatment with 6, 20 and 60 mg/kg significantly ameliorated the clinical symptoms of the disease compared to vehicle during both preventive and therapeutic intervention. Venlafaxine suppressed the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 p40, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in encephalitogenic T-cell clones, splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages in vitro. It also diminished mRNA expression of a number of inflammatory genes in the inflamed CNS tissue, among them CD3, CD8, Granzyme B, IL-12 p40, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and the chemokines Ccl2 and RANTES, whereas the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor was increased. These findings demonstrate the strong immunomodulatory property of the selective SNRI venlafaxine. Further studies are warranted to clarify whether venlafaxine may exert similar effects in humans.
One‐Pot Four‐Component Reaction: Aqueous TiCl3/PhN+2‐Mediated Alkyl Radical Addition to Imines Generated in situ. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Critical-Layer Structures and Mechanisms in Elastoinertial Turbulence (2019)

Simulations of elastoinertial turbulence (EIT) of a polymer solution at low Reynolds number are shown to display localized polymer stretch fluctuations. These are very similar to structures arising from linear stability (Tollmien-Schlichting modes) and resolvent analyses, i.e., critical-layer structures localized where the mean fluid velocity equals the wave speed. Computations of self-sustained nonlinear Tollmien-Schlichting waves reveal that the critical layer exhibits stagnation points that generate sheets of large polymer stretch. These kinematics may be the genesis of similar structures in EIT.
LOAD DISTRIBUTION TEST ON PRECAST HOLLOW CORE SLABS WITH OPENINGS (1972)

In many applications of prestressed concrete hollow-core slabs as floor systems, it is necessary to provide large openings through some units for mechanical and plumbing requirements. Openings through an individual unit may require removal of as much as 50 percent of the cross section. In most cases, this design can be accomplished by transferring the load to adjacent full units. (1), (2) This investigation covers a load test which was conducted to assist in verifying such a design approach. A floor system of 6 in. thick hollow-core units with a 40 x 40-in, cutout was used for the test (see Fig. 1). In the investigation the following points were of interest: 1. What is the capacity of the system? 2. How effective is the shear key in transferring load? 3. What type of local cracks result before failure? 4. What type of failure results at ultimate load?
End‐plate voltage‐gated sodium channels are lost in clinical and experimental myasthenia gravis (1998)

Abstract This study examined the loss of voltage‐gated Na + channels as well as acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) form the endplate region in patients with acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) and in rats with experimental autoimmune passively transferred MG (PTMG). Rats received a monoclonal IgG antibody directed against an extracellular epitope of the nicotinc acetylcholine receptor of muscle (AChR) to produce PTMG. At the end‐plate border we examined miniature end‐plate potentials (MEPPs), sodium current ( I Na ) amplitude, and action potential (AP) properties; the latter two were also examined on the extrajunctional membrane. In the normal situation, the safety factor for neuromuscular transmission is ensured by the large I Na at the end plate, which reduces the AP threshold. Among different fiber types, I Na was largest for type IIb fibers and smallest for type I fibers. When end‐plate border properties of fibers form 3 MG patients and 15 PTMG rats were compared with controls, I Na was reduced, AP thresholds were higher, and rates of AP rise were reduced. Amplitudes of MEPPs and I Na at the end plate indicated that loss of AChRs was greater than loss of Na + channels in patients with MG and rats with PTMG; I Na was reduced to about 60% of control values, whereas MEPPs were reduced to less than 30% of control values. On the extrajunctional membrane, I Na and AP thresholds and rates ofrise were similar for MG patients, PTMG rats, and controls. This evidence for loss of voltage‐gated Na + channels at the motor end plate in both patients with MG and in rats with PTMG reveals a hitherto unrecognized consequence of the end‐plate damage initiated by the binding of complement‐fixing IgG to end‐plate AChRs.
Methanol Concentration Smart Sensor (1993)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A Methanol Concentration Smart Sensor has been developed to support the demand for alternately fueled vehicles operating on blends of methanol and gasoline in any mixture up to 85% methanol.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The sensor measures concentration by exploiting the difference in dielectric properties between methanol and gasoline. The measurement is made based on the distributed capacitance of a coil of wire, contained in a reservoir through which the fuel passes. This signal, along with temperature compensation inputs, is then fed to an integral microprocessor, which provides a voltage output proportional to the methanol concentration of the fuel. The Powertrain Controller uses this information to modify injector pulse width and provide proper spark advance. This paper will explain the sensor's development methodology and function.&lt;/div&gt;
Amplitude and bandwidth recovery beneath gas zones using Kirchhoff prestack depth Q‐migration (2008)

When imaging geologic structures below a viscoaoustic overburden, it is important to account for amplitude dimming, frequency loss, and phase distortion. Several viscoaoustic wave‐equation based methods have been developed to solve this problem. We present a Kirchhoff approach. The technical significance of this approach is that we have found an efficient way to compute frequency‐dependent traveltimes, which are crucial in the Kirchhoff integral. The validity of our technology is illustrated by data examples.
Remote customization of systems code for embedded devices (2004)

Dedicated operating systems for embedded systems are fast being phased out due to their use of manual optimization, which provides high performance and small footprint, but also requires high maintenance and portability costs every time hardware evolves.In this paper, we describe an approach based on customization of generic operating system modules. Our approach uses a remote customization server to automatically generate highly optimized code that is then loaded and executed in the kernel of the embedded device. This process combines the advantages of generic systems software code (leveraging portability and evolution costs) with the advantages of customization (small footprint and low overhead).We have validated our customization infrastructure with a case study: the TCP/IP stack of the Linux kernel. We analyzed the performance and size of the customized code generated on three platforms: a Pentium III (600MHz), an ARM SA1100 (200Mhz) on a COMPAQ iPAQ, and a 486 (40MHz). The customized code runs about 25% faster and its size reduces by up to a factor of 20. The throughput of the protocol stack improves by up to 21%.
Caffeine Improves Physical and Cognitive Performance during Exhaustive Exercise (2008)

Caffeine in a performance bar can significantly improve endurance performance and complex cognitive ability during and after exercise. These effects may be salient for sports performance in which concentration plays a major role.
Control of Skin Potential by Triboelectrification with Ferroelectric Polymers (2015)

Negatively polarized ferroelectric polymer β-P(VDF-TrFE) shows higher positive triboelectric properties than skin, which could lead to new medical applications. Kelvin force microscope measurements and triboelectric nanogenerator characterizations are performed to demonstrate this new property. In addition, how many negative charges are exchanged by contact electrification between the negatively polarized β-P(VDF-TrFE) and the skin is estimated.
Proton MR Spectroscopy in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (1990)

We present here the case of an 11-year-old boy with herpes simplex encephalitis diagnosed on the basis of clinical features, serology, and response to acyclovir, who relapsed after 3 weeks of therapy. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) of the brain, at 8 and 16 weeks after the onset of symptoms, showed abnormalities, most prominently a reduction in the N-acetylaspartate/choline ratio. The role of 1H MRS in assessing disease activity is discussed.
Electrically evoked whole-nerve action potentials: Parametric data from the cat (1990)

In a companion paper [Brown et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 88, 1385-1391 (1990)], a method for recording the electrically evoked whole-nerve action potential in human cochlear implant users was reported. The procedure for recording the response requires that two biphasic current pulses, a "masker" and a "probe," be presented at a rate and level sufficient to drive the auditory nerve into a refractory state. The present study was designed to assess the sensitivity of that recording technique to variations in stimulation parameters. The experiments described in this paper demonstrate that: (1) the EAP as recorded in the cat is triphasic and is defined by two negative peaks occurring at latencies of approximately 0.26 and 0.82 ms; (2) EAP amplitude is independent of the level of the masker stimulus for current levels equal to or greater than the current level of the probe stimulus; and (3) the time course of recovery of the EAP from the refractory state is stable over a range of both probe and masker current levels.
Gallium–Indium–Zinc-Oxide-Based Thin-Film Transistors: Influence of the Source/Drain Material (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> During the last years, oxide semiconductors have shown that they will have a key role in the future of electronics. In fact, several research groups have already presented working devices with remarkable electrical and optical properties based on these materials, mainly thin-film transistors (TFTs). Most of these TFTs use indium–tin oxide (ITO) as the material for source/drain electrodes. This paper focuses on the investigation of different materials to replace ITO in inverted–staggered TFTs based on gallium–indium–zinc oxide (GIZO) semiconductor. The analyzed electrode materials were indium–zinc oxide, Ti, Al, Mo, and Ti/Au, with each of these materials used in two different kinds of devices: one was annealed after GIZO channel deposition but prior to source/drain deposition, and the other was annealed at the end of device production. The results show an improvement on the electrical properties when the annealing is performed at the end (for instance, with Ti/Au electrodes, mobility rises from 19 to 25 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\hbox{cm}^{2}/\hbox{V}\cdot \hbox{s}$ </tex></formula>, and turn-on voltage drops from 4 to 2 V). Using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), we could confirm that some diffusion exists in the source/drain electrodes/semiconductor interface, which is in close agreement with the obtained electrical properties. In addition to TOF-SIMS results for relevant elements, electrical characterization is presented for each kind of device, including the extraction of source/drain series resistances and TFT intrinsic parameters, such as <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\mu_{i}$</tex></formula> (intrinsic mobility) and <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$V_{\rm Ti}$</tex></formula> (intrinsic threshold voltage). </para>
Expression of ALS-PFN1 impairs vesicular degradation in iPSC-derived microglia (2023)

Microglia play a pivotal role in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis, but the mechanisms underlying microglia dysfunction and toxicity remain to be fully elucidated. To investigate the effect of neurodegenerative disease-linked genes on the intrinsic properties of microglia, we studied microglia-like cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), termed iMGs, harboring mutations in profilin-1 (PFN1) that are causative for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS-PFN1 iMGs exhibited lipid dysmetabolism and deficits in phagocytosis, a critical microglia function. Our cumulative data implicate an effect of ALS-linked PFN1 on the autophagy pathway, including enhanced binding of mutant PFN1 to the autophagy signaling molecule PI3P, as an underlying cause of defective phagocytosis in ALS-PFN1 iMGs. Indeed, phagocytic processing was restored in ALS-PFN1 iMGs with Rapamycin, an inducer of autophagic flux. These outcomes demonstrate the utility of iMGs for neurodegenerative disease research and highlight microglia vesicular degradation pathways as potential therapeutic targets for these disorders.
Joint Optimization of VNF Deployment and Routing in Software Defined Satellite Networks (2018)

By integrating software defined network and network function virtualization, software defined satellite networks (SDSNs) can enable flexible virtual network function (VNF) deployment to process and forward end-to-end traffic flows. Since one traffic flow has to go through all its required VNFs, the VNF deployment has a significant impact on traffic routing. In this regard, with time-varying network topology and limited network resources taken into account, we aim to match VNF deployment and routing to fulfill traffic flows' requirements in the SDSN in a cost-effective manner. Specifically, we first evolve the traditional time evolving graph as a software defined time evolving graph (SDTEG) to depict the time-varying network topology and meanwhile, provide a shared platform for elastic network resource provisioning. On this basis, we then formulate a cost minimization problem as a multi-slot integer linear programming problem to make a judicious decision on VNF deployment and routing for each traffic flow. To address this challenging problem effectively, we further propose a heuristic algorithm, referred to as time-slot decoupled algorithm (TDA). Finally, the effectiveness of the TDA as well as the superiorities from the joint optimization of VNF deployment and routing are demonstrated through simulation results.
A comparative evaluation of SAR and SLAR (1993)

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) was evaluated as a potential technological improvement over the Coast Guard`s existing side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) for oil-spill surveillance applications. The US Coast Guard Research and Development Center (R&D Center), Environmental Branch, sponsored a joint experiment including the US Coast Guard, Sandia National Laboratories, and the Naval Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Hazardous Materials Division. Radar imaging missions were flown on six days over the coastal waters off Santa Barbara, CA, where there are constant natural seeps of oil. Both the Coast Guard SLAR and the Sandia National Laboratories SAR were employed to acquire simultaneous images of oil slicks and other natural sea surface features that impact oil-spill interpretation. Surface truth and other environmental data were also recorded during the experiment. The experiment data were processed at Sandia National Laboratories and delivered to the R&D Center on a computer workstation for analysis by experiment participants. Issues such as optimal spatial resolution, single-look vs. multi-look SAR imaging, and the utility of SAR for oil-spill analysis were addressed. Finally, conceptual design requirements for a possible future Coast Guard SAR were outlined and evaluated.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Process Variables on the Continuous Alkylation of Isobutane with 2‐Butene on Superacid Sulfated Zirconia Catalysts. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Targeting Specific Cell Types with Silencing RNA (2005)

A new way to target cell-specific gene expression has been demonstrated in two mouse models of cancer.
Special Topic: Welded Metal/CFRP‐Structures (2013)

In autumn 2004 the research unit for 524 entitled “Joining, properties, and simulation of welded metal/CFRP lightweight structures” was established by the German Research Foundation (DFG) to enable alternative joining methods for future multi-material design concepts by understanding the basics of mechanical and microstructural performance. In this joint research different aluminum alloys, steels, and carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites were studied. To realize metal to composite joints three different welding techniques were investigated: ultrasonic welding, induction welding, and thermal impact welding. Different characterization and experimental techniques were combined in order to establish a thorough understanding of the microstructure–property relationships in welded hybrid joints. Their mechanical, physical, and technological properties were investigated with respect to the specific characteristics of the different joining zones by high resolution microscopy and surface analysis. The results provide essential input parameters for modeling and simulation of the welding processes themselves as well as the mechanical behavior of metal/CFRP-structures. By the crosslink of experiment, modeling, and simulation microstructure-based as well as property-based models were developed for prediction of the performance of future multi-material components. Finally the synergy of all FOR 524 projects led from a scientific view on coupon level to advanced welded hybrid structures. A closed hybrid Al/CFRP demonstrator shows the potential of the alternative joining techniques for future applications in structural automotive and aircraft design concepts. Parts of the results were presented during the FOR 524 colloquium at the University of Kaiserslautern in summer 2012 as well as during an international symposium at the TMS 2013 annual meeting in San Antonio (TX, USA). This issue of Advanced Engineering Materials presents full papers, which address different aspects relevant for welded metal/CFRP-joints. Two reviews on ultrasonic and induction welding provide a basic overview about alternative joining techniques for dissimilar materials, especially of metals to thermoplastics. Further communications cover all remaining aspects of the research unit 524: Joining, properties, and simulation of welded metal/CFRP-structures. Finally we would like to thank DFG, in particular Dr. Xenia Molodova and Dr. Burkhard Jahnen, for their on-going interest and financial support of our work. Without the financial support of DFG these unique joint research projects would not have been possible. Last but not least we hope that the selected contributions will stimulate future research activities and we wish enjoyable reading. Frank Balle Dietmar Eifler Frank Balle and Dietmar Eifler Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (WKK) University of Kaiserslautern (Germany)