gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Architecture design of variable lengths instructions expansion for VLIW (2009)

In current instruction set architecture (ISA) design, fixed length instructions are benefit for improving the efficiency of instruction dispatching. But in embeded computers where memory is limited, variable lengths instructions are much better in memory cost. In this VLIW (very long instruction word) architecture, a two-staged pipeline is used to expand and dispatch the variable lengths instructions. When CPU receives a packet of instructions, a fixed number of instructions expand in the first pipeline phase. In the second pipeline phase, CPU dispatch instructions which execute in the same pipeline cycle.
Building English-Vietnamese Named Entity Corpus with Aligned Bilingual News Articles (2014)

Named entity recognition aims to classify words in a document into pre-defined target entity classes. It is now considered to be fundamental for many natural language processing tasks such as information retrieval, machine translation, information extraction and question answering. This paper presents a workflow to build an English-Vietnamese named entity corpus from an aligned bilingual corpus. The workflow is based on a state of the art named entity recognition tool to identify English named entities and map them into Vietnamese text. The paper also presents a detailed discussion about several mapping errors and differences between English and Vietnamese sentences that affect this task.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy on Hybrid Graphene/Gold Substrates near the Percolation Threshold (2020)

Graphene is a promising platform for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-active substrates, primarily due to the possibility of quenching photoluminescence and fluorescence. Here we study ultrathin gold films near the percolation threshold fabricated by electron-beam deposition on monolayer CVD graphene. The advantages of such hybrid graphene/gold substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are discussed in comparison with conventional substrates without the graphene layer. The percolation threshold is determined by independent measurements of the sheet resistance and effective dielectric constant by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The surface morphology of the ultrathin gold films is analyzed by the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the thicknesses of the films in addition to the quartz-crystal mass-thickness sensor are also measured by AFM. We experimentally demonstrate that the maximum SERS signal is observed near and slightly below the percolation threshold. In this case, the region of maximum enhancement of the SERS signal can be determined using the figure of merit (FOM), which is the ratio of the real and imaginary parts of the effective dielectric permittivity of the films. SERS measurements on hybrid graphene/gold substrates with the dye Crystal Violet show an enhancement factor of ~10<sup>5</sup> and also demonstrate the ability of graphene to quench photoluminescence by an average of ~60%.
The efficiency of Escherichia coli selenocysteine insertion is influenced by the immediate downstream nucleotide (2000)

Selenocysteine (Sec) incorporation requires the TGA opal codon and a downstream Sec insertion sequence (SECIS), which can be partially randomized and cloned into M13 pIII fusion constructs for phage display. This combinatorial approach provides a convenient non-radioactive assay that couples phage production to opal suppression. Two SECIS libraries were prepared, with the immediate downstream nucleotide either randomized (TGAN) or fixed as thymidine (TGAT). The TGAN library resulted in a majority of clones with a downstream purine and selenium-independent phage production, implicating the endo-genous tryptophan-inserting opal suppression pathway. Although the addition of sodium selenite to the growth medium did not affect phage production, it did increase the level of Sec insertion, as shown by the chemical reactivity of the resulting phage. The TGAT phage library yielded clones with strictly selenium-dependent phage production and reactivity consistent with the presence of Sec. These clones were prone to spontaneous mutation upon further propagation, however, resulting in loss of the selenium-dependent phenotype. We conclude that the immediate downstream nucleotide determines whether the endogenous opal suppression pathway competes with co-translational Sec insertion.
Improved Access to Imidazole‐phosphonic Acids: Synthesis of D‐manno‐Tetrahydroimidazopyridine‐2‐phosphonates (2004)

Abstract The D ‐ manno ‐tetrahydroimidazopyridine‐2‐phosphonate 11 was prepared via a high‐yielding Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 ‐catalysed diphenylphosphonylation of the manno ‐iodoimidazole 12 , followed by transesterification to the diethyl phosphonate 14 and dealkylation, providing 11 in eight steps from the thionolactam 1 and in an overall yield of 15%. Alternatively, a more highly convergent synthesis based on the HgCl 2 /Et 3 N‐promoted condensation of the thionolactam 1 with the α ‐aminophosphonate 24 in THF led to 11 in four steps and in the same overall yield. In the presence of HgCl 2 /Et 3 N, the thionolactam 1 reacted at 80° with 2‐methoxyethanol to provide 66% of a 64 : 36 mixture of the gluco ‐ and manno ‐iminoethers 29 / 30 . Performing the reaction at 22° yielded preferentially the gluco ‐isomer 29 (86%, 84 : 16).
On the Coupling of Finite Volume and Discontinuous Galerkin for Reservoir Simulation Problems (2011)

Abstract Finite volume (FV) methods are still the most popular methods in practical reservoir simulation. They have good accuracy when used properly and are computationally very cheap. FV can be used on unstructured grids, but grid generation becomes a very difficult task. More advanced methods, discontinuous Galerkin (DG) for example, work on more general meshes, but are computationally more expensive and are still not accepted by the practitioners. We propose coupling of FV and DG methods that can improve the accuracy of the FV with reasonable increase of the computational cost. We developed the algorithms for coupling DG and FV for model diffusion and convection diffusion problems on Voronoi /PEBI grids. We demonstrate with examples how DG can be used to alleviate the problems with grids in 2-D, gridding around pinch-outs and patch local refinement for areas with tensor coefficients.
Modification of ATP hydrolysis by Strong Coupling with O−H Stretching Vibration (2023)

Abstract Polaritonic chemistry has become an important research field, since vibrational strong coupling (VSC) between molecular transitions and photonic structures was discovered to alter the energy landscape of molecules, through the creation of hybrid states in an optical cavity resonant to a molecular absorption band. ATP hydrolysis is an essential reaction in all known forms of life and have fundamental roles in energy conservation, active transport and pH homeostasis. Herein, using a Fabry‐Pérot (FP) cavity filled with the ATP hydrolysis solution, we measured the ATP hydrolysis efficiency in both strong and weak coupling modes and investigated the VSC effect on the catalytic activity of ATPase at the stretching vibration band of water. We observed an approximately 10‐fold increase of the apparent hydrolysis rate when coupling with the water stretching vibration. This work demonstrates the potential of employing VSC to precisely interfere water‐based biochemical reactions.
WE‐A‐218‐06: A Practical Method of CT Radiation Dose Adjustment for Patient Size and Tissue Composition (2012)

Purpose: The CTDIvol displayed on CT scanners is not patient specific. A practical method to estimate CT dose corrected for patient size, tissue composition, and anatomical location is presented. Methods: The measured CTDIvol of acrylic cylindrical phantoms of diameters from 6–32 cm on a CT scanner revealed a logarithmic relationship with the phantom mass. The relationship has been used in 25 cases of each category of adult head, chest, abdomen and pelvic CT exams. Actual patient CT images have been used to measure the average CT numbers within image slices which are subsequently related to the total tissue mass. By applying the relationship between the actual CTDIvol and the total mass, the CT radiation dose has been adjusted for patient size and tissue composition. Results: Overall, dose underestimation by the scanner dose report is well demonstrated in all 25 cases of adult chest exams (ranging from 9% to 80% under‐estimation) because the lung tissue density is significantly lower. Even in the abdomen, which has a more consistent soft tissue density, there are adipose tissues and voids that complicate the dosimetry. The pelvis contains considerable amounts of bone, which has a much higher attenuation coefficient than soft tissues, complicating the estimation of radiation doses. Also, there is a significant variation in actual patient sizes even among adult patients; thus leads to a spread in actual CTDIvol delivered to these patients. Conclusions: There is a nationwide effort to monitor patient CT dose. Because the current scanner‐reported dose may underestimate the patient dose when the patient size is smaller than the assumed standard or the tissue density is lower, excessive dose outliers may be undetected. This is more likely to happen to pediatric patients. We present a practical method to provide a more accurate estimate of patient CT radiation dose.
Compression Efficiency of High Dynamic Range and Wide Color Gamut Pixel’s Representation (2017)

Ultra-high definition (UHD) is currently being deployed in video distribution pipelines for improved quality of experience. This new recommendation not only improves spatial and temporal resolution, but also the quality and accuracy of pixels using wide color gamut (WCG) and high dynamic range (HDR) technologies. Indeed, HDR video technology aims at conveying the full range of perceptible shadow and highlight details with enough different tonal levels to prevent loss of visual information, while WCG increases the amount of visible color that can be represented. However, these technologies require different standard digital pixel representations than the ones currently employed in high definition (HD) television. While the impact of increasing spatial and temporal resolution (i.e., increase of resolution and frame rate) on compression efficiency has already been assessed, it is not clear how new pixel representations would affect the compression performance. In this paper, we discuss the differences between HD color pixel representation and the newly standardized representations developed to meet the requirements introduced by WCG and HDR. Moreover we explain why existing HD pixel representations are sub-efficient for encoding HDR and WCG pixels. We also perform a statistical analysis of pixel distribution in real images to explain how pixel's representation influences compression efficiency. Results show that by tailoring a pixel representation upon the range of luminance and color values accessible in content and displays, bandwidth savings can be achieved while increasing the quality of delivered content. We conclude this paper by discussing the shortcomings of the color pixel representation recommended for the UHD television standards and provide guidelines to create a more efficient one.
Intravenous delivery for treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis type I: A comparison of AAV serotypes 9 and rh10 (2020)

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA), resulting in accumulation of heparan and dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Individuals with the most severe form of the disease (Hurler syndrome) suffer from neurodegeneration, intellectual disability, and death by age 10. Current treatments for this disease include allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). However, these treatments do not address CNS manifestations of the disease. In this study we compared the ability of intravenously administered AAV serotypes 9 and rh10 (AAV9 and AAVrh10) for delivery and expression of the IDUA gene in the CNS. Adult C57BL/6 MPS I mice were infused intravenously with either AAV9 or AAVrh10 vector encoding the human IDUA gene. Treated animals demonstrated supraphysiological levels and widespread restoration of IDUA enzyme activity in the plasma and all organs including the CNS. High levels of IDUA enzyme activity were observed in the plasma, brain and spinal cord ranging from 10 to 100-fold higher than heterozygote controls, while levels in peripheral organs were also high, ranging from 1000 to 10,000-fold higher than control animals. In general, levels of IDUA expression were slightly higher in peripheral organs for AAVrh10 administered animals although these differences were not significant except for the lung. Levels of IDUA expression between AAV 9 and rh10 were roughly equivalent in the brain. Urinary and tissue GAGs were significantly reduced starting at 3 weeks after vector infusion, with restoration of normal GAG levels by the end of the study in animals treated with either AAV9 or rh10. These results demonstrate that non-invasive intravenous AAV9 or AAVrh10-mediated IDUA gene therapy is a potentially effective treatment for both systemic and CNS manifestations of MPS I, with implications for the treatment of other metabolic and neurological diseases as well.
Influence of Material Anisotropy on the Interaction of a Crack with a Free Boundary (2022)

Interaction of a single rectilinear crack with the free boundary of a finite-dimension anisotropic elastic plate is considered. It is shown that as the crack tip approaches the plate boundary, the influence of elastic anisotropy of material on stress intensity factors is enhanced. The influence of the degree of anisotropy of the elastic properties of material and crack orientation (fracture mode) on this phenomenon is considered.
Definition of Accurate Reference Synchrophasors for Static and Dynamic Characterization of PMUs (2017)

The calibration of phasor measurement units (PMUs) consists of comparing coordinated universal time time-aligned phasors (synchrophasors) measured by the PMU under test, against reference synchrophasors generated through a PMU calibrator. The IEEE Standard C37.118-2011 and its latest amendment (IEEE Std) describe compliance tests for static and dynamic conditions, and indicate the relative limits in terms of accuracy. In this context, this paper focuses on the definition and accuracy assessment of the reference synchrophasors in the test conditions defined by the above IEEE Std. In the first part of this paper, we describe the characterization of a nonlinear least-squares fitting algorithm used to determine the parameters of these reference synchrophasors. For this analysis, we deploy the proposed algorithm in a PMU calibrator and characterize the algorithm performance within the actual hardware implementation for both static and dynamic test conditions. More specifically, we generate reference waveforms through a highly stable high-resolution digital-to-analog converter and evaluate how the algorithm parameters (observation interval length and sampling frequency) affect the solution accuracy. In the second part, we discuss on the appropriateness of the synchrophasor model in the evaluation of PMU performance under step test conditions. In this regard, we propose an alternative time-domain approach to assess the synchrophasor estimate during transient events.
Heuristic model for task allocation in distributed computer systems (1991)

In distributed computing systems, partitioning of application software into modules and proper allocation of modules among processors are important factors for efficient utilisation of resources. A method for static allocation of modules to processors, with the constraints of minimising interprocessor communication (IPC) cost and load balancing is presented. The heuristic approach forms module clusters around maximally linked modules or attached modules, and restricts the cluster size to the average load to be assigned to each processor. While modules are being allocated, specific capabilities of the processors can also be taken into consideration. The module allocation with the above constraints is carried out in a single phase, and the algorithm provides a near optimal solution.
A Review of Piezoelectric and Magnetostrictive Biosensor Materials for Detection of COVID‐19 and Other Viruses (2020)

Abstract The spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus has changed the lives of people around the world with a huge impact on economies and societies. The development of wearable sensors that can continuously monitor the environment for viruses may become an important research area. Here, the state of the art of research on biosensor materials for virus detection is reviewed. A general description of the principles for virus detection is included, along with a critique of the experimental work dedicated to various virus sensors, and a summary of their detection limitations. The piezoelectric sensors used for the detection of human papilloma, vaccinia, dengue, Ebola, influenza A, human immunodeficiency, and hepatitis B viruses are examined in the first section; then the second part deals with magnetostrictive sensors for the detection of bacterial spores, proteins, and classical swine fever. In addition, progress related to early detection of COVID‐19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is discussed in the final section, where remaining challenges in the field are also identified. It is believed that this review will guide material researchers in their future work of developing smart biosensors, which can further improve detection sensitivity in monitoring currently known and future virus threats.
Dedifferentiation of Adult Monkey Sertoli Cells through Activation of Extracellularly Regulated Kinase 1/2 Induced by Heat Treatment (2005)

Sertoli cells play a key role in triggering and regulating the process of spermatogenesis. Failure of a Sertoli cell to mature functionally will presumably render it incapable of supporting germ cell survival and development that appeared after puberty. Expression of cytokeratin 18 (ck-18) intermediate filaments indicates a state of undifferentiation usually observed in Sertoli cells of prepubertal testis. In this study we demonstrated that local testicular heat treatment of adult monkey with water at 43 C for 30 min once daily for 2 consecutive days was capable of activating reexpression of ck-18 in Sertoli cells, which was coincident with activation of ERK1/2 and Akt kinases. Using primary Sertoli cell culture isolated from adult monkey testis, we further confirmed that the heat treatment of the cells at 43 C could also induce ck-18 reexpression, which was similar to the in vivo treatment. ERK MAPK was also induced by the heat treatment in a time- and protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner. After blocking the ERK MAPK signaling pathway, an inhibition of ck-18 expression in the cultured Sertoli cells was observed, and this inhibitory effect was also detected by blocking the PKA activation. However, ck-18 activation in Sertoli cells remained unaltered when the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway was blocked. In conclusion, the heat treatment of adult monkey Sertoli cells are capable of inducing a reversible change in the Sertoli cells from an adult differentiated state to an immature-like dedifferentiated state through PKA-ERK MAPK-dependent pathways but not via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway.
Metal ion catalyzed decarboxylation. Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidative decarboxylation of copper(II) complexes of aminomalonic acid in aqueous solution (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMetal ion catalyzed decarboxylation. Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidative decarboxylation of copper(II) complexes of aminomalonic acid in aqueous solutionJ. H. Fitzpatrick and D. HopgoodCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1974, 13, 3, 568–574Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50133a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50133a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views291Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ATM support in a transparent network (1992)

A generic approach to the mapping of various routing modes and packet formats onto different link layers in the plaNET network is discussed. It is argued that the necessary transformations can be performed relatively easily, at little additional cost to the network and, more importantly, without performance degradation. The approach taken and components used in plaNET to provide the simple interfacing with ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) networks and links are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Lithium Ion Capacity of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Paper Electrodes (2008)

The electrochemical cycling performance of high purity single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) paper electrodes has been measured vs lithium metal for a series of electrolyte solvent compositions. The addition of propylene carbonate (PC) into the conventional ethylene carbonate (EC):dimethyl carbonate (DMC) cosolvent mixture enabled a reversible lithium ion capacity of 520 mAh/g for high purity SWCNTs. The free-standing SWCNT electrode (absent of polymer binder or metal substrate support) with this electrolyte combination demonstrates enhanced cycleability, retaining >95% of the initial capacity after 10 cycles. The first cycle hysteresis, common in these materials, is shown to vary dramatically with solvent selection and illustrates the importance of the solid−electrolyte−interface (SEI) formation on SWCNT capacity. The effect of galvanostatic charge rate (i.e., C-rate) on lithium ion capacity shows a 2× improvement [in capacity per current] over reported values for conventional graphite anode materials. These electrochemical results are complemented by a postmortem analysis of the purified SWCNT electrode after lithiation using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman, and optical absorption spectroscopy. The results show that the structural integrity and carbonaceous purity of individual SWCNTs is maintained during cycling, while the lithium insertion is accommodated by bundle channel expansion.