gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a CFAR correlation radiometer (2015)

The two antenna correlation radiometer is used detecting unknown signals but its principle equals a single antenna detector where a signal is correlated by its delayed version. Its performance, its sensitivity to errors in noise power estimation as well as its constant false alarm rate (CFAR) form have been analyzed previously. Herein, an alternative analysis of the CFAR form is provided as well as simple to use formulae for setting the detection threshold and evaluating detection performance. The simulation results verify that the provided analytical results are more accurate than the previous results. Furthermore, it is shown that multipath propagation may increase the detection performance due to multipath diversity if the multipaths are separable.
(Invited) Electrochemical Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Crystalline Silicon Films (2021)

This presentation summarizes our sum knowledge to date on the topic of low temperature electrodeposition of crystalline Si. The motivation is to realize a low energy, low cost route towards inexpensive solar-grade Si. A brief commentary on the importance of this goal with respect to renewal energy prospects will first be provided. Subsequently, an introduction to the concept of hybrid electrodeposition-melt flux crystal growths will be given. A description of the general process of electrochemical liquid phase epitaxy (ec-LPE) will be presented. Then, an examination of factors specifically relevant to Si ec-LPE will be detailed. Our latest results in the realization of micron-thick Si films by this process will be described. Insights on the impact of the metallurgy of the liquid metal, the composition of the liquid electrolyte, and the design of the ec-LPE cell will be presented. Finally, a description of the short and long term requirements needed to advance ec-LPE beyond a lab curiousity will be discussed.
Allergic contact reactions in the skin assessed by electrical impedance – a pilot study (1997)

Our results suggest that, by the application of a technique based on electrical impedance, it will be possible to characterize allergic skin reactions.
Locality, Scheduling, and Selfishness: Algorithmic Foundations of Highly Decentralized Networks (2006)

Large-scale and highly decentralized networks such as the Internet have emerged as arguably the most complex computer systems. The size of such networks, as well as their dynamic, socio-economic, and often wireless nature brings about a large variety of challenging problems. Achieving efficient and provably robust algorithmic solutions for these problems, in turn, necessitates the development and employment of novel techniques and methods. This dissertation studies three major concepts that stand out as being of particular importance and interest in this context: locality, wireless communication, and selfishness. In large-scale networks, gathering information about the whole network topology is either too resource consuming or simply impossible due to mobility, dynamics, or churn. Hence, no node is typically able to collect or maintain a global state about the network and each node has to base its decision on local information only. This discrepancy between the need to achieve global efficiency and the limitation to local knowledge motivates the study of local algorithms and local computation. The first part of this dissertation investigates the possibilities and limitations of local computation in the classic message passing model of distributed computing. We present near-tight upper and lower bounds on the achievable trade-off between the amount of local knowledge and the resulting global solution for a variety of fundamental network problems. The integration of wireless devices into the Internet, and the advent of wireless multi-hop networks such as ad hoc and sensor networks poses numerous algorithmic challenges. This dissertation investigates the distributed complexity of computing network coordination structures such as clusterings and colorings in models that closely capture unstructured wireless multi-hop networks. We then define and study the scheduling complexity of wireless networks in a physical model of wireless communication. This measure describes the theoretically achievable performance of any scheduling protocol and allows to characterize and analytically evaluate existing protocols from a worst case perspective. Hosts in the Internet or peers in a peer-to-peer network are typically governed by socio-economic agents whose main interest is not the benevolent optimization of the network’s entirety, but rather the maximization of their own benefit. In other words, participating agents may be selfish, rather than acting in a coordinated manner that optimizes social welfare. The final part of this thesis analyzes the impact of selfish and potentially malicious behavior on the efficiency of peer-to-peer and other decentralized computer networks.
The Estrus Detection Problem: New Concepts, Technologies, and Possibilities (1994)

The single most important problem limiting high reproductive efficiency in the national dairy herd is poor detection of estrus. Failure to detect estrus or erroneous diagnosis of estrus results in an estimated annual loss of over $300 million to the dairy industry in the US. New technologies for the solution of this problem must be more effective than visual observation and aids currently used to detect estrus. Ideally, technologies that provide the solution for detection problems should provide the following: continuous (24 h/d) surveillance of the cow, accurate and automatic identification of cows in estrus, operation for the productive lifetime of the cow, minimized labor requirements, and high accuracy in identifying the appropriate physiologic or behavioral events that correlate highly with ovulation. New approaches are aimed at providing automation of detection of estrus using electronic technology. Pedometry, implantable impedance sensors, and surface-applied and implantable pressure sensors are in various stages of development and use.
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in the Mouse (2010)

Abstract This unit details the materials and methods required for both active induction and adoptive transfer of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the SJL mouse strain using intact proteins or peptides from the two major myelin proteins: proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin basic protein (MBP). Detailed materials and methods required for the purification of both PLP and MBP are also described. A protocol for isolating CNS‐infiltrating lymphocytes in EAE mice is included. Modifications of the specified protocols may be necessary for efficient induction of active or adoptive EAE in other mouse strains. Curr. Protoc. Immunol . 88:15.1.1‐15.1.20. © 2010 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Development and Evaluation of Selected Mobility Applications for VII: Concept of Operations (2009)

This report describes the concept of operations for the three mobility applications that PATH is developing and evaluating under the sponsorship of the FHWA Exploratory Advanced Research Program. These applications are intended to use DSRC wireless communications among vehicles and between vehicles and the roadway infrastructure to improve mobility on limited-access highways. The first application combines ramp metering with variable speed limits to enhance control of traffic so that traffic flow breakdowns can be deferred or avoided at bottleneck locations. The second application uses vehicle-vehicle communication to improve the performance of adaptive cruise control systems so that they can operate safely with smaller longitudinal gaps and vehicle-roadside communication to provide adjustments to their set speed and gap settings to adapt to changes in local traffic conditions. The third application uses vehicle-vehicle communication to enable three tractor-trailer trucks to drive in a coordinated platoon at short enough gaps that they can substantially reduce their aerodynamic drag and increase the effective capacity of their lane.
Light-induced fruit body formation of an entomogenous fungus Paecilomyces tenuipes (1999)

Asexual fruit body formation of an entomogenous fungus, Paecilomyces tenuipes, on an artificial culture medium was investigated. For the fruit body induction, light/dark condition was important. Illumination by white light in a particular critical period preceded by a dark period induced the fruit bodies. The critical period was identified to be around 6–14 d after inoculation at 20°C
A Bayesian method for microseismic source inversion (2016)

Earthquake source inversion is highly dependent on location determination and velocity models. Uncertainties in both the model parameters and the observations need to be rigorously incorporated into an inversion approach. Here, we show a probabilistic Bayesian method that allows formal inclusion of the uncertainties in the moment tensor inversion. This method allows the combination of different sets of far-field observations, such as P-wave and S-wave polarities and amplitude ratios, into one inversion. Additional observations can be included by deriving a suitable likelihood function from the uncertainties. This inversion produces samples from the source posterior probability distribution, including a best-fitting solution for the source mechanism and associated probability. The inversion can be constrained to the double-couple space or allowed to explore the gamut of moment tensor solutions, allowing volumetric and other non-double-couple components. The posterior probability of the double-couple and full moment tensor source models can be evaluated from the Bayesian evidence, using samples from the likelihood distributions for the two source models, producing an estimate of whether or not a source is double-couple. Such an approach is ideally suited to microseismic studies where there are many sources of uncertainty and it is often difficult to produce reliability estimates of the source mechanism, although this can be true of many other cases. Using full-waveform synthetic seismograms, we also show the effects of noise, location, network distribution and velocity model uncertainty on the source probability density function. The noise has the largest effect on the results, especially as it can affect other parts of the event processing. This uncertainty can lead to erroneous non-double-couple source probability distributions, even when no other uncertainties exist. Although including amplitude ratios can improve the constraint on the source probability distribution, the measurements are often systematically affected by noise, leading to deviation from their noise-free true values and consequently adversely affecting the source probability distribution, especially for the full moment tensor model. As an example of the application of this method, four events from the Krafla volcano in Iceland are inverted, which show clear differentiation between non-double-couple and double-couple sources, reflected in the posterior probability distributions for the source models.
Analysis of Ohmic Contact Metal Deposition Defect Using FIB/SEM for a GaAs MESFET Clock Buffer IC Device (1999)

Abstract A major yield detractor in wafer final testing and outgoing production testing of a vendor supplied high frequency Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) clock buffer was encountered. The electrical failure modes are open, short, high Idd and gross functional fails. Physical analysis revealed the ohmic contact extrusion with a burst of Gallium from the substrate (GaAs) like a “mushroom” at the ohmic contact of the active layers of the MESFET and the MIM capacitors. The anomaly was not induced by ESD as it was proved by the ESD simulation test. The ESD test showed a much worse catastrophic damage than the extrusion anomaly. EDAX analysis identified high concentration of Ga in the extrusion. Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the extrusion showed large voids under the contact area at the defect location. Mis-alignment of interconnect metal to ohmic contact (Au-Ge-Ni) and pinholes in ohmic contact metal to active layers in substrate were found throughout the analysis. The pinholes causes the diffusion area to contact directly to the first level gold (Au) interconnect metal (M1). This results in Au-GaAs interdiffusion (mainly Ga) leaving a large void in the bulk substrate similar to kirkendahl voiding. Additional defects were found when the device was electrically biased. The problem was quickly fixed by slightly adjusting an angle in the sputtering process to provide a complete ohmic contact metal coverage on the diffusion contact and subsequently a yield improvement was resulted.
Three-Dimensional Volume Managers Replacing Window Managers in Augmented Reality Application Paradigm (2015)

New mobile hardware technologies open up new possibilities for developing augmented reality applications of different types. In the advent of mature next-generation hardware, it is already possible to recognize some of the key concepts and software technologies to support the augmented reality application paradigm. In this paper we focus to the rendering part of the future augmented reality application paradigm, especially the 3D techniques that fulfill the main needs for the future augmented reality application paradigm.
Longitudinal Design Loads - A Historical Perspective (2002)

The development of the philosophy for longitudinal design loads to prevent cascades is traced from the beginning of the 20th century to the present. Using primary sources, evidence is presented that experience with flexible structures in the first two decades of the last century led to prescriptions for periodic deadr end structures. In the late 1950's and early 1960's theories for the behavior of flexible structures similar to those that led to cascades early in the century regained acceptance. This led to construction of lines that suffered extensive cascades and a rediscovery of the necessity of stop structures.
DNA nanoparticles with core–shell morphology (2014)

Mannobiose-modified polyethylenimines (PEI) are used in gene therapy to generate nanoparticles of DNA that can be targeted to the antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. We report that the sugar modification alters the DNA organization within the nanoparticles from homogenous to shell-like packing. The depth-dependent packing of DNA within the nanoparticles was probed using AFM nano-indentation. Unmodified PEI-DNA nanoparticles display linear elastic properties and depth-independent mechanics, characteristic of homogenous materials. Mannobiose-modified nanoparticles, however, showed distinct force regimes that were dependent on indentation depth, with 'buckling'-like response that is reproducible and not due to particle failure. By comparison with theoretical studies of spherical shell mechanics, the structure of mannobiosylated particles was deduced to be a thin shell with wall thickness in the order of few nanometers, and a fluid-filled core. The shell-core structure is also consistent with observations of nanoparticle denting in altered solution conditions, with measurements of nanoparticle water content from AFM images, and with images of DNA distribution in Transmission Electron Microscopy.
Distribution of relevant documents in domain-level aggregates for topic distillation (2004)

In this paper, we study the distribution of relevant documents in aggregates, formed by grouping the retrieved documents according to their domain. For each aggregate, we take into account its size, and a measure of the correlation between its incoming and outgoing hyperlinks. We report on a preliminary experiment with two TREC topic distillation tasks, where we find that larger aggregates, or those aggregates with correlated hyperlinks, are more likely to contain relevant documents. This result shows that the distribution of domain-level aggregates is potentially useful for finding relevant documents.
Latent Space Model for Road Networks to Predict Time-Varying Traffic (2016)

Real-time traffic prediction from high-fidelity spatiotemporal traffic sensor datasets is an important problem for intelligent transportation systems and sustainability. However, it is challenging due to the complex topological dependencies and high dynamics associated with changing road conditions. In this paper, we propose a Latent Space Model for Road Networks (LSM-RN) to address these challenges. In particular, given a series of road network snapshots, we learn the attributes of vertices in latent spaces which capture both topological and temporal properties. As these latent attributes are time-dependent, they can estimate how traffic patterns form and evolve. In addition, we present an incremental online algorithm which sequentially and adaptively learn the latent attributes from the temporal graph changes. Our framework enables real-time traffic prediction by 1) exploiting real-time sensor readings to adjust/update the existing latent spaces, and 2) training as data arrives and making predictions on-the-fly with given data. By conducting extensive experiments with a large volume of real-world traffic sensor data, we demonstrate the utility superiority of our framework for real-time traffic prediction on large road networks over competitors as well as a baseline graph-based LSM.
Unexpected formation of π-expanded isoquinoline from anthracene possessing four electron-donating groups via the Duff reaction (2016)

New synthetic methods leading towards π-expanded heterocycles are sought after mainly due to their promising opto-electronic properties. Subjecting 1,5,9,10-tetramethoxyanthracene to the modern Duff reaction conditions led to the formation of a compound possessing the 2-azabenzoanthrone (dibenzo[de,h]isoquinolin-7-on) skeleton instead of the expected dialdehyde. This non-typical course of reaction can be rationalized by the double electrophilic aromatic substitution at two neighboring electron-rich positions of anthracene followed by oxidation of the resulting intermediate to form a pyridine ring. Optical studies supported by the quantum chemistry calculations indicated the lack of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT); for energy reasons, only one tautomeric form, with a hydrogen atom bonded to one of the two nearby oxygen atoms, was populated in the electronic ground S0 and in the excited S1 states. Nonradiative depopulation of the S1 state proceeded via internal conversion stimulated by the presence of the low frequency vibrational modes. Our serendipitous discovery represents the most complex case of rearrangement of aromatic compounds under Duff reaction conditions and could help to design analogous processes. At the same time this is the simplest method for the synthesis of derivatives of 2-azabenzoanthrone.
Cell viability in normal fibroblasts and liver cancer cells after treatment with iron (III), nickel (II), and their mixture (2018)

Iron (III) and nickel (II) decrease cell viability. Iron chloride at a concentration of 200 μM protects mitochondria from nickel chloride toxicity.
Conversion of Limonene over Heterogeneous Catalysis: An Overview (2021)

The natural terpene limonene is widely found in nature. The (R)-limonene (the most abundant enantiomer) is present in the essential oils of lemon, orange, and other citrus fruits, while the (S)- limonene is found in peppermint and the racemate in turpentine oil. Limonene is a low-cost, low toxicity biodegradable terpene present in agricultural wastes derived from citrus peels. The products obtained from the conversion of limonene are valuable compounds widely used as additives for food, cosmetics, or pharmaceuticals. The conversion of limonene to produce different products has been the subject of intense research, mainly with the objective of improving catalytic systems. This review focused on the application of heterogeneous catalysts in the catalytic conversion of limonene.
The expression of CXCR4/CXCL12 determines subsets of patients in systemic lupus erythematosus (2011)

Results B cells and CD4 T cells from SLE patients exhibited an over two-fold increase (p 10 compared to those with SLEDAI scores ≤10 (p=0.005), and was 1.36-fold higher in active neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) patients compared to non-NPSLE patients (p=0.11). CXCL12 was significantly up-regulated in lupus nephritis kidneys (n=16), with the extent and level of expression was correlated with histopathological scores.
Mutant IDH1 regulates the tumor-associated immune system in gliomas (2017)

Gliomas harboring mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2) have the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) and significantly longer patient survival time than wild-type IDH1/2 (wtIDH1/2) tumors. Although there are many factors underlying the differences in survival between these two tumor types, immune-related differences in cell content are potentially important contributors. In order to investigate the role of IDH mutations in immune response, we created a syngeneic pair mouse model for mutant IDH1 (muIDH1) and wtIDH1 gliomas and demonstrated that muIDH1 mice showed many molecular and clinical similarities to muIDH1 human gliomas, including a 100-fold higher concentration of 2-hydroxygluratate (2-HG), longer survival time, and higher CpG methylation compared with wtIDH1. Also, we showed that IDH1 mutations caused down-regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis, resulting in repression of the tumor-associated immune system. Given that significant infiltration of immune cells such as macrophages, microglia, monocytes, and neutrophils is linked to poor prognosis in many cancer types, these reduced immune infiltrates in muIDH1 glioma tumors may contribute in part to the differences in aggressiveness of the two glioma types.
Detection of circulating tumour DNA after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced oesophageal cancer (2022)

Active surveillance instead of standard surgery after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) has been proposed for patients with oesophageal cancer. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) may be used to facilitate selection of patients for surgery. We show that detection of ctDNA after nCRT seems highly suggestive of major residual disease. Tumour biopsies and blood samples were taken before, and 6 and 12 weeks after, nCRT. Biopsies were analysed with regular targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) was analysed using targeted NGS with unique molecular identifiers and digital polymerase chain reaction. cfDNA mutations matching pre-treatment biopsy mutations confirmed the presence of ctDNA. In total, 31 patients were included, of whom 24 had a biopsy mutation that was potentially detectable in cfDNA (77%). Pre-treatment ctDNA was detected in nine of 24 patients (38%), four of whom had incurable disease progression before surgery. Pre-treatment ctDNA detection had a sensitivity of 47% (95% CI 24-71) (8/17), specificity of 85% (95% CI 42-99) (6/7), positive predictive value (PPV) of 89% (95% CI 51-99) (8/9), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 40% (95% CI 17-67) (6/15) for detecting major residual disease (>10% residue in the resection specimen or progression before surgery). After nCRT, ctDNA was detected in three patients, two of whom had disease progression. Post-nCRT ctDNA detection had a sensitivity of 21% (95% CI 6-51) (3/14), specificity of 100% (95% CI 56-100) (7/7), PPV of 100% (95% CI 31-100) (3/3), and NPV of 39% (95% CI 18-64) (7/18) for detecting major residual disease. The addition of ctDNA to the current set of diagnostics did not lead to more patients being clinically identified with residual disease. These results indicate that pre-treatment and post-nCRT ctDNA detection may be useful in identifying patients at high risk of disease progression. The addition of ctDNA analysis to the current set of diagnostic modalities may not improve detection of residual disease after nCRT. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.