gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An early phase II study of CPT-11: a new derivative of camptothecin, for the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. (1990)

An early phase II study of a new camptothecin analog and an inhibitor of topoisomerase I, CPT-11, was conducted in 62 patients with refractory leukemia and lymphoma by four different treatment schedules in a multiinstitutional cooperative study. CPT-11 therapy resulted in four complete remissions (CRs) and three partial remissions (PRs) in 29 assessable non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients, one PR in three Hodgkin's disease (HD), one CR and one PR in 11 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and one PR in 15 acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients. Single infusion of 200 mg/m2 every 3 to 4 weeks produced no response in both leukemia and lymphoma patients. Sixty-minute infusions of 40 mg/m2/d for 5 days every 3 to 4 weeks or for 3 days weekly produced four CRs (17%) and four PRs (17%) in 24 patients with malignant lymphoma. Sixty-minute infusions of 20 mg/m2 twice a day for 7 days every 3 to 4 weeks resulted in one CR and two PRs in 12 patients with acute leukemia. No response was seen in an acute leukemia patient by another treatment schedule. CPT-11 was effective in two (15%) of 13 primarily refractory leukemia and lymphoma cases, in two of four relapsed cases, and in seven (17%) of 41 relapsed and refractory cases. Major side effects were leukopenia (91%) and gastrointestinal (GI) (76%). CPT-11 was shown to be effective against refractory leukemia and lymphoma, and thus deserves further clinical study; the novel antitumor activity mode of this drug predicts no cross-resistance to presently available antitumor drugs.
Reflections on sustaining Open Educational Resources: an institutional case study (2008)

This paper reviews some of the literature on the sustainability of Open Educational Resources (OER) and what it has to say about successful or sustainable open content projects on the internet.
It goes on to argue that OER need to be considered with respect to the different types of economy market, public and social that operate for educational materials in particular and education in general. The paper then examines what sustainability means to different actors in these economies and the relationships between them, notably within organisations, between organisations and amongst communities and individuals, but not within or with political institutions. This is followed by a case study of one project within one higher educational organization: OpenLearn at The Open University in the UK.
The case study outlines the objectives of the OpenLearn project; notes its relationship to The Open University`s mission; lists the major internal and external benefits that have arisen from the project; and sets out the future directions for the project. These traits are then compared with some key factors for successful projects listed in Guthrie et al (2008). The paper concludes by looking at the different sources of funding for OER projects and issues of both financial and social sustainability. It notes that sustainability for these projects, at least within organizations, depends upon the activity fitting closely with the goals of the organization such that most of the activity is absorbed into existing systems and practices. It also argues that they can act as a test bed for extending activities and securing a mix of new or improved funding streams.
Carbon nanofiber aerogels for emergent cleanup of oil spillage and chemical leakage under harsh conditions (2014)

To address oil spillage and chemical leakage accidents, the development of efficient sorbent materials is of global importance for environment and water source protection. Here we report on a new type of carbon nanofiber (CNF) aerogels as efficient sorbents for oil uptake with high sorption capacity and excellent recyclability. Importantly, the oil uptake ability of the CNF aerogels can be maintained over a wide temperature range, from liquid nitrogen temperature up to ca. 400°C, making them suitable for oil cleanup under harsh conditions. The outstanding sorption performance of CNF aerogels is associated with their unique physical properties, such as low density, high porosity, excellent mechanical stability, high hydrophobicity and superoleophilicity.
Artificial intelligence based anomaly detection of energy consumption in buildings: A review, current trends and new perspectives (2021)

Enormous amounts of data are being produced everyday by sub-meters and smart sensors installed in residential buildings. If leveraged properly, that data could assist end-users, energy producers and utility companies in detecting anomalous power consumption and understanding the causes of each anomaly. Therefore, anomaly detection could stop a minor problem becoming overwhelming. Moreover, it will aid in better decision-making to reduce wasted energy and promote sustainable and energy efficient behavior. In this regard, this paper is an in-depth review of existing anomaly detection frameworks for building energy consumption based on artificial intelligence. Specifically, an extensive survey is presented, in which a comprehensive taxonomy is introduced to classify existing algorithms based on different modules and parameters adopted, such as machine learning algorithms, feature extraction approaches, anomaly detection levels, computing platforms and application scenarios. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first review article that discusses anomaly detection in building energy consumption. Moving forward, important findings along with domain-specific problems, difficulties and challenges that remain unresolved are thoroughly discussed, including the absence of: (i) precise definitions of anomalous power consumption, (ii) annotated datasets, (iii) unified metrics to assess the performance of existing solutions, (iv) platforms for reproducibility and (v) privacy-preservation. Following, insights about current research trends are discussed to widen the applications and effectiveness of the anomaly detection technology before deriving future directions attracting significant attention. This article serves as a comprehensive reference to understand the current technological progress in anomaly detection of energy consumption based on artificial intelligence.
Computer assisted data collection for stereology: Rationale and description of point counting stereology (PCS) software (1992)

The paper describes microcomputer software for point counting stereology. Stereology includes a collection of statistical methods that quantify the images of light and transmission electron microscopy. The methods use test grids placed over images to collect raw data, which includes counts of points, intersections, transections, and profiles. In turn, the counts are included in stereological equations that give estimates of compartmental volumes, surfaces, lengths, or numbers. These parameters describe the composition of a structure in three-dimensional space. The PCS (point counting stereology) System Software III serves as a data collection, storage, and management tool. Users set up point counting protocols without programming, enter data by pressing predefined function (MS-DOS) or alphabetic keys (UNIX), store data in files, select files for analysis, and calculate results as stereological densities. The latest version of the PCS software includes a new user interface and is designed as a research "front end" that can feed data either into the calculation tools of a stereology tutorial (Bolender, 1992, this issue) or into the analysis routines of quantitative morphology databases (Bolender and Bluhm, 1992).
Identification and characterisation of metallothioneins from environmental indicator species as potential biomonitors (1999)

This study has given the first indication that two commonly used environmental indicator species contain members of the metallothionein superfamily. This demonstrates that these species use similar proteins to higher life forms to adapt to heavy metal conditions. Future studies will investigate if the MT proteins are present in the specialised compartments containing high levels of sulphur and copper/cadmium or if other cysteine-rich proteins such as the phytochelatin family are involved. Previously reported functions of the MT proteins in metal homeostasis suggests that MT expression may be up-regulated as a consequence of the high metal concentration of the environment from which these organisms were collected. The use of the MT expression profiles, as sensitive indicators of the metal concentration of the environment, will be investigated.
Reaction products of 1-hydrazinophthalazine with mesityl oxide; X-ray structural characterization. (1977)

An X-ray structure determination of 1-(3, 5, 5-trimethyl-1-pyrazolinyl) phthalazine, synthesized from 1-hydrazino phthalazine with mesityl oxide, was performed. The structure was solved by the heavy atom method and refined by least-squares procedures to an R factor of 0.048.
Conversion to Oral Controlled-Release Oxycodone From Intravenous Opioid Analgesic in the Postoperative Setting (2003)

Administered at least 12 hours following abdominal, orthopedic, or gynecologic surgery, an initial oral CR oxycodone dose calculated by multiplying the amount of IV morphine used in the previous 24 hours (immediate postoperative period) by a conversion factor of 1.2, on average, provided adequate pain control during the subsequent 12-hour dosing interval and for a maximum of 7 days. Adverse events were consistent with opioid side effects.
Peptide growth factors in the prostate as mediators of stromal epithelial interaction (1996)

Peptide growth factors play a role in the maintenance of normal prostatic growth and differentiation (Fig. 2). It seems likely that the androgen sensitivity of human prostate is mediated by the production of peptide growth factors from stromal cells which act as the direct intermediate of androgen action on epithelial cells. TGF-beta 1 inhibition of epithelial cells is opposed by the stimulatory action of EGF, IGF and FGFs to maintain an equilibrium of epithelial cell numbers. The indirect mitogenic action of androgens appear to act by down-regulation of TGF-beta 1 and possibly EGF receptors. There is also interaction with the effects of IGF-II, produced by prostatic stromal cells and acting on epithelial cells to increase proliferation. The growth of normal prostatic fibroblasts is under the control of bFGF and TGF-beta 1. However, although our understanding of the actions of these growth factors in the normal prostate has improved over the last decade, their role in the development and maintenance of prostate cancer is less clearly defined. TGF-beta 1, classically considered to be inhibitory for epithelial cells, may be up-regulated in prostatic tumours, stimulating growth. Alternatively, autocrine production of such growth factors by tumour cells may lead to loss of inhibitory effects from exogenous TGF-beta 1, a mechanism also witnessed with TGF-alpha and bFGF. The role of EGF in the development of prostate cancer is confusing because results from the use of different cell types and experimental conditions is contradictory. It may be that a switch in the production of the predominant EGFr ligand from EGF to TGF-alpha is an important feature in the development and maintenance of the malignant phenotype. The presence of TGF-alpha autocrine loops has been shown clearly in some tumour cell lines. This switch in the production of a particular ligand may also be a feature of IGFs in prostate cancer. IGF-II may be replaced by IGF-I during malignant progression, both of which are able to act via the type 1 receptor. This change in IGF expression appears to be accompanied by altered expression of the IGF-BP2, with less detectable within prostatic tissues but elevated serum levels [58]. Basic FGF is normally produced by prostatic fibroblasts but is also produced by some prostatic cancer cell lines [64]. However, as with all growth factors, the expression of the bFGF protein and its receptor is dependent on the cell line examined. The autocrine and paracrine control of normal and abnormal prostatic growth by growth factors is important in determining their role in the development and maintenance of prostate cancer. Better understanding of such mechanisms is essential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies in the control and treatment of prostate cancer.
Land Cover of Early-Life Environment Modulates the Risk of Type 1 Diabetes (2021)

The study suggests that exposure to an agricultural environment (comprising nonirrigated arable land, fruit trees and berry plantations, pastures, natural pastures, land principally occupied by agriculture with significant areas of natural vegetation, and agroforestry areas) early in life is inversely associated with the risk of type 1 diabetes. This association may be mediated by early exposure to environmental microbial diversity.
Activated carbons and carbon-containing poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels: characterization, protein adsorption and possibility of myoglobin clearance (2012)

Adsorption of myoglobin (Mb), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and γ-globulin (GG) onto activated carbons (ACs) with different pore size distributions, and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) monolithic cryogels containing AC particles was studied. The highest initial rate of Mb adsorption was observed for AC having the largest specific surface area (1939 m(2) g(-1)) and pore volume (1.82 cm(3) g(-1)). The adsorption kinetics of proteins was characterized by a bimodal shape of the distribution f(D) function of an effective diffusion coefficient. Adsorption isotherms of Mb and GG were of Freundlich type within the studied range of equilibrium concentrations (10-150 μg mL(-1)). The distributions of free energy of protein adsorption were bimodal and reflected both interactions with carbon surfaces and self-association of proteins. Adsorbed amounts of Mb were the highest among the proteins studied (up to 700 mg g(-1) carbon), which was attributed to the higher fraction of pores accessible for Mb. Incorporation of carbon particles into PVA-based cryogel resulted in macroporous monolithic composite materials (AC-PVA) exhibiting good flow-through properties. Scanning electron microscopy of the composites showed macroporous aggregates of carbon particles held together by films and bridges of PVA. The rates of adsorption and adsorbed amounts of proteins on AC-PVA were reduced compared to the pristine carbon and depended on the carbon content in the composites. Nevertheless, adsorption of Mb on AC-PVA took place even in the presence of 500-fold higher concentration of BSA. This indicated a possibility of Mb clearance from blood plasma using the PVA-carbon monoliths.
Pseudo-3-D moment method for rapid calculation of electric field distribution in a low-loss inhomogeneous dielectric (2001)

Numerous applications of dielectric modeling require computation of the distribution of the total electric field in an inhomogeneous dielectric, in response to an applied electric field. An integral equation method would normally use an electric field volume integral technique using the moment method and hence compute the field in three-dimensional (3-D) space. For those instances where the third dimension of the region is assumed to be invariant, such as when determining the spatial sensitivity of a time-domain reflectometry sensor, the heavy resource use of calculating the additional dimension is an unnecessary burden. The new method reported in this paper sums the field contributions from the invariant third dimension at each stage of a two-dimensional (2-D) calculation, reducing the order of the model matrix by 2n/sup 2/ where n is the number of cells in each dimension. Thus, by accepting a small loss in accuracy of less than 3%, this procedure reduces the required memory resource by more than 2n/sup 2/,and execution time is dramatically improved. Assuming an essentially lossless permittivity, we use the calculated electric field distribution from a parallel transmission line to calculate the line's propagation velocity and demonstrate favorable comparison with measured values. Moisture content measurement is used as an example.
[Acrylic materials for denture bases in dentistry. Study of measurement variations and the influence of three new parameters on construction of bases and their deformation]. (1989)

A further study of the variance of deviation measurements of denture bases in the palate region shows that the variability of measurements is not essentially due to measuring, but also to the variability of denture processing. No more than the other previously studied parameters, the heating and cooling rates as well as the mode of insertion of resin in the cast have no effect on the dimensional accuracy of denture bases after curing.
Shape Memory Silk Protein Sponges for Minimally Invasive Tissue Regeneration (2016)

Porous silk protein scaffolds are designed to display shape memory characteristics and volumetric recovery following compression. Two strategies are utilized to realize shape recovery: addition of hygroscopic plasticizers like glycerol, and tyrosine modifications with hydrophilic sulfonic acid chemistries. Silk sponges are evaluated for recovery following 80% compressive strain, total porosity, pore size distribution, secondary structure development, in vivo volume retention, cell infiltration, and inflammatory responses. Glycerol-modified sponges recover up to 98.3% of their original dimensions following compression, while sulfonic acid/glycerol modified sponges swell in water up to 71 times their compressed volume, well in excess of their original size. Longer silk extraction times (lower silk molecular weights) and higher glycerol concentrations yielded greater flexibility and shape fidelity, with no loss in modulus following compression. Sponges are over 95% porous, with secondary structure analysis indicating glycerol-induced β-sheet physical crosslinking. Tyrosine modifications with sulfonic acid interfere with β-sheet formation. Glycerol-modified sponges exhibit improved rates of cellular infiltration at subcutaneous implant sites with minimal immune response in mice. They also degrade more rapidly than unmodified sponges, a result posited to be cell-mediated. Overall, this work suggests that silk sponges may be useful for minimally invasive deployment in soft tissue augmentation procedures.
Morphogenetic Signals from Chondrocytes Promote Osteochondrogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in vitro and in vivo (2007)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of differentiating into multiple cell types including cartilage, bone, and fat. Recent advancements in musculoskeletal tissue engineering have shown that MSCs are potentially useful cells for regeneration of cartilage in conjunction with biomaterials. However, controlling MSC differentiation and tissue formation in vivo have been challenging, thus far needing for a well‐defined and efficient protocols for directing the differentiation of MSCs into the chondrogenic lineage. We hypothesize that morphogenetic signals from chondrocytes may regulate MSC differentiation, and our study reveals that these factors promote osteogenic as well as chondrogenic potential of MSCs in vitro micromass culture. Moreover, when MSCs expanded with chondrocytes conditioned medium were encapsulated in hydrogel and subsequently implanted into athymic nude mice, basophilic extracellular marix deposition characteristic of neocartilage was evident. These results indicate that articular chondrocytes do possess suitable morphogenetic factors that induce differentiation program of MSCs in vitro and in vivo.
Output stabilizability of discrete-event dynamic systems (1991)

The authors investigate the problem of designing stabilizing feedback compensators for discrete-event dynamic systems (DEDS) modeled as finite-state automata in which some transition events are controllable and some events are observed. The problem of output stabilization is defined as the construction of a compensator such that all state trajectories in the closed-loop system go through a given set E infinitely often. The authors also define a stronger notion of output stabilizability which requires that the state not only pass through E infinitely often but that the set of instants when the state is in E and one knows it is in E is also infinite. Necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for both notions. The authors also introduce and characterize a notion of resiliency that corresponds to the system being able to recover from observation errors. In addition, they provide some general bounds for the algorithms considered and discuss several conditions under which far smaller bounds can be achieved.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Progression of Friedreich ataxia: quantitative characterization over 5 years (2016)

While age predicted progression speed in simple analyses and may provide an effective way to stratify cohorts, separating the effects of age and genetic severity is difficult. Controlling for baseline severity, GAA is the major determinant of progression rate in FRDA. Clinical trials will benefit from enrollment of younger subjects, and sample size requirements will shrink with longer assessment periods. These findings should prove useful in devising gene therapy trials in the near future.
Pilot Study of the Tart Cherry Juice for the Treatment of Insomnia and Investigation of Mechanisms (2017)

Cherry juice increased sleep time and sleep efficiency. Cherry juice procyanidin B-2 inhibited IDO, increased tryptophan availability, reduced inflammation, and may be partially responsible for improvement in insomnia.
Release of sex steroids into the water by roach (2004)

Electro‐olfactogram (EOG) recordings of the olfactory epithelium of both male and female roach Rutilus rutilus demonstrated that both sexes were able to detect free and glucuronidated 17,20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one (17,20β‐P) with high sensitivity. Male, but not female, roach were also sensitive to androstenedione. Sexually mature female roach were shown to release free 17,20β‐P, glucuronidated 17,20β‐P and androstenedione into the water; for all three steroids, the rate of release was significantly enhanced by injection of carp pituitary extract (CPE). A series of trials was also carried out which showed that mature males, and to a lesser extent immature males and females, were able also to release free and glucuronidated 17,20β‐P, both before and after CPE treatment. Water extracts from containers that had held CPE‐treated mature male and female roach were examined for the presence of other steroids. This revealed that free and glucuronidated 17,20β‐P plus free and glucuronidated 17,20β,21‐trihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one (17,20β, 21‐P) predominated in water extracts from both sexes. The free moieties of 17,20α‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one, 17‐hydroxyprogesterone and 11‐deoxycortisol were found at concentrations which were between four and 20 times lower than those of free 17,20β‐P. Androstenedione was found at concentrations which were 25‐fold lower than those of 17,20β‐P. Despite its apparent high rate of release by sexually mature male and female roach, free 17,20β,21‐P was found not to exhibit any EOG activity at the highest dose tested (10 −7 M).