gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spermatogonial Culture Medium: An Effective and Efficient Nutrient Mixture for Culturing Rat Spermatogonial Stem Cells1 (2009)

An economical and simplified procedure to derive and propagate fully functional lines of undifferentiated rat spermatogonia in vitro is presented. The procedure is based on the formulation of a new spermatogonial culture medium termed SG medium. The SG medium is composed of a 1:1 mixture of Dulbecco modified Eagle medium:Ham F12 nutrient, 20 ng/ml of GDNF, 25 ng/ml of FGF2, 100 microM 2-mercaptoethanol, 6 mM l-glutamine, and a 1x concentration of B27 Supplement Minus Vitamin A solution. Using SG medium, six individual spermatogonial lines were derived from the testes of six separate Sprague-Dawley rats. After proliferating over a 120-day period in SG medium, stem cells within the spermatogonial cultures effectively regenerated spermatogenesis in testes of busulfan-treated recipient rats, which transmitted the donor cell haplotype to more than 75% of progeny by natural breeding. Subculturing in SG medium did not require protease treatment and was achieved by passaging the loosely bound spermatogonial cultures at 1:3 dilutions onto fresh monolayers of irradiated DR4 mouse fibroblasts every 12 days. Spermatogonial lines derived and propagated using SG medium were characterized as homogeneous populations of ZBTB16(+) DAZL(+) cells endowed with spermatogonial stem cell potential.
Metal−Ligand Cooperation in C−H and H2 Activation by an Electron-Rich PNP Ir(I) System:  Facile Ligand Dearomatization−Aromatization as Key Steps (2006)

Unusual reactions are reported, in which the aromatic PNP ligand (PNP = 2,6-bis-(di-tert-butylphosphinomethyl)pyridine) acts in concert with the metal in the activation of H2 and benzene, via facile aromatization/dearomatization processes of the ligand. A new, dearomatized electron-rich (PNP*)Ir(I) complex 2 (PNP* = deprotonated PNP) activates benzene to form the aromatic (PNP)Ir(I)Ph 4, which upon treatment with CO undergoes a surprising oxidation process to form (PNP*)Ir(III)(H)CO 6, involving proton migration from the ligand "arm" to the metal, with concomitant dearomatization. 4 undergoes stereoselective activation of H2 to exclusively form the trans-dihydride 7, rather than the expected cis-dihydride complex. Our evidence, including D-labeling, suggests the possibility that the Ir(I)-Ph complex is transformed to the dearomatized Ir(III)(Ph)(H) (independently prepared at low temperature), which may be the actual intermediate undergoing H2 activation.
Liquid distribution in a trickle bed with redistribution screens placed in the column (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLiquid distribution in a trickle bed with redistribution screens placed in the columnTai Sheng ChouCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1984, 23, 3, 501–505Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i200026a016https://doi.org/10.1021/i200026a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views98Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
SU-FF-J-118: A Method for Defining Segmentation Surfaces Using Nonparallel Contours (2007)

Purpose: Segmentation of anatomical structures from CT images for treatment planning has typically involved the process of manual delineation of contours on image slices. However, the original image slices are not always the best planes that allow accurate delineation of structures, and as a result, software tools that permit drawing of contours on oblique or even non-parallel planes are gradually becoming available. Unfortunately, what is missing still is the accompanying computational method for extracting surfaces from such contours. We investigate a novel approach for automatically generating a triangular surface mesh from contour lines defined on arbitrary, possibly intersecting planes. Method and Materials: Using contour delineation programs, we first obtain the defining equations of each contour plane as well as contour line segments delineated on each plane. The contour planes partition the entire space into convex sub-spaces. We compute a surface mesh within each subspace by extending our previously developed method for surface extraction from contours defined on two parallel planes. The entire surface is then constructed by merging surfaces within each subspace. Finally, a normal smoothing step is employed to fair the appearance of the surface. This has been implemented in CERR. Results: Testing the initial implementation on synthetic data reveals that our method is capable of extracting smooth, water-tight surface meshes from complex contour curves with arbitrary shape (e.g., either convex or non-convex) and arbitrary topology (e.g., consisting of either a single loop or multiple loops) that reside on arbitrarily oriented planes. Conclusion: We have developed a novel computational approach for extracting surfaces from contours delineated on planes that may have nonuniform spacing and may have arbitrary orientations. Our method meets the critical need for segmentation of anatomical structures in treatment planning systems using contours delineated from oblique or non-parallel planes.
Ebola epidemic--Liberia, March-October 2014. (2014)

On March 21, 2014, the Guinea Ministry of Health reported the outbreak of an illness characterized by fever, severe diarrhea, vomiting and a high fatality rate (59%), leading to the first known epidemic of Ebola virus disease (Ebola) in West Africa and the largest and longest Ebola epidemic in history. As of November 2, Liberia had reported the largest number of cases (6,525) and deaths (2,697) among the three affected countries of West Africa with ongoing transmission (Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone). The response strategy in Liberia has included management of the epidemic through an incident management system (IMS) in which the activities of all partners are coordinated. Within the IMS, key strategies for epidemic control include surveillance, case investigation, laboratory confirmation, contact tracing, safe transportation of persons with suspected Ebola, isolation, infection control within the health care system, community engagement, and safe burial. This report provides a brief overview of the progression of the epidemic in Liberia and summarizes the interventions implemented.
Study on positioning method of workpiece without fixture based on binocular vision (2016)

With the development of manufacturing technology and the constant variation of market demand, the updating speed of the new product is faster, and the delivery time required by users is shorter. So using traditional fixtures would cause some problems such as low flexibility, relative high cost, more operation time etc., especially in discrete-part manufacturing. The positioning technology of workpiece without fixture can effectively solve the above problems, which is mainly employed in automatic processing by using industrial cameras with high resolution to implement the accurate location of the workpiece. A novel positioning method based on binocular visual system was investigated to obtain posture information of workpiece accurately and reliably, in which the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters matrix and the relative position relationship between left and right cameras were obtained based on 2D chessboard calibration algorithm. The accurate matching between left and right image of measured parts was achieved using SIFT+Harris algorithm to detect feature corner points and match the corresponding feature points. The sub-pixel location technology is introduced in the Harris corner extraction to improve the identification accuracy. The posture of the workpiece in real 3D workspace resulting from three-dimensional reconstruction is restored. The experiment results show that the algorithm presented can meet the location requirements of the workpiece.
Quality of life in South Africa with special reference to the Urban Blacks (1979)

Abstract The authors attempt the presentation of an alternative method for the analysis of problems posed by the goal of creating a sustainable society in South Africa and, more specifically, the goal of solving problems with respect to the Black man in White urban areas. The method referred to involves the concept ‘quality of life’, the complexity, relativity and subjectivity of which are recognized. A tentative conceptualization of the concept ‘quality of life’ is put forward and the development of a methodology for its assessment attempted, both with special reference to the urban Black. Quality of life as a method of analysing the problems of the Black man in the White urban area raises a number of important issues, inter alia, the need to take cognizance of the subjective reality of the urban Black and the need for action and research to be based on his priorities rather than on our assessments of what the constituents of a high quality of life should be.
Allosteric regulation of substrate channeling: Salmonella typhimurium tryptophan synthase (2022)

The regulation of the synthesis of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) in enteric bacteria begins at the level of gene expression where the cellular concentration of L-Trp tightly controls expression of the five enzymes of the Trp operon responsible for the synthesis of L-Trp. Two of these enzymes, trpA and trpB, form an αββα bienzyme complex, designated as tryptophan synthase (TS). TS carries out the last two enzymatic processes comprising the synthesis of L-Trp. The TS α-subunits catalyze the cleavage of 3-indole D-glyceraldehyde 3'-phosphate to indole and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; the pyridoxal phosphate-requiring β-subunits catalyze a nine-step reaction sequence to replace the L-Ser hydroxyl by indole giving L-Trp and a water molecule. Within αβ dimeric units of the αββα bienzyme complex, the common intermediate indole is channeled from the α site to the β site via an interconnecting 25 Å-long tunnel. The TS system provides an unusual example of allosteric control wherein the structures of the nine different covalent intermediates along the β-reaction catalytic path and substrate binding to the α-site provide the allosteric triggers for switching the αββα system between the open (T) and closed (R) allosteric states. This triggering provides a linkage that couples the allosteric conformational coordinate to the covalent chemical reaction coordinates at the α- and β-sites. This coupling drives the α- and β-sites between T and R conformations to achieve regulation of substrate binding and/or product release, modulation of the α- and β-site catalytic activities, prevention of indole escape from the confines of the active sites and the interconnecting tunnel, and synchronization of the α- and β-site catalytic activities. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of the relationships between structure, function, and allosteric regulation of the complex found in <i>Salmonella typhimurium.</i>
Novel cytocompatible intracellular pH-imaging fluorescence probe composed of quantum dot and phospholipid polymer (2010)

To determine the location of molecules during uptake process by cells, a new nanoparticle-type fluorescence probe whose fluorescence behavior can change in response with surrounding pH was prepared. The nanoparticles was composed of quantum dot (QD) core and block-type water-soluble phospholipid polymer with pH responsible poly(2-diethylamino methacrylate (DEAEMA)) segment as a shell. A small amount of fluorescent dye bounded to the polymer. For detecting the pH circumstances, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism between QD as a donor and a fluorescent dye as an accepter was used. The block-type phospholipid polymer was synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization method to control molecular weight and polymer sequence. After solubilizing QD into water by the polymers to form nanoparticles, Alexa 594 cadaverine was immobilized on the nanoparticles. It was observed the change in fluorescence spectra dramatically in the pH range between pH 6.6 and pH 7.4. This was due to the morphology of the block-type phospholipid polymer chains was dramatically changed in this pH range. The poly(DEAEMA) segment in the polymer was shrunken at pH 7.4, while the segment was stretched at pH 5.0 related to the protonation of the polymer. The nanoparticles were added in the culture medium under HeLa cell culturing, the nanoparticles were accepted cell-uptake. During this process, the fluorescence property was changed. We considered that this fluorescence change is corresponded to releasing of the nanoparticles from endosome to cytoplasm. Thus, the nanoparticles are good pH probe to detect the location of molecules inside of cells.
Formation of Hard Films by Laser Vapor Deposition Process. (1994)

The paper describes characteristics and formation mechanism of laser PVD films, which were deposited on Ti or other metallic substrates from Si3N4 or SiC ceramic targets in wide ranges of chamber pressure and substrate temperature by using CW Nd:YAG laser as an evaporator. Many small crystalline Si3N4 particles of 1 to 15 pm size in globular orgranular shapes and metallic Si particles in the hemispherical shape were observed in the flat and dense amorphous LPVD films from the Si3N4 target. Such particles are due to spatters ejected as the fraction of solid and/or Si liquid from the target surface. Nitrogen contents in the amorphous films were reduced considerably because Si3N4 was decomposed into Si and N on the laser irradiated site. Hard films of 8-12 GPa in Knoop hardness were obtained at the substrate temperature of 723-923 K under the pressure of 0.02-1 Pa. In the case of SiC, small granular particles of less than 5 pm were observed in the flat and smooth film. The SiC films ranging 10-36 GPa under the conditions of 623-873 K in substrate temperature and 0.03 Pa in pressure were much harder than those of Si3N4. The results of scratch test indicated that the adhesive strength of the LPVD film was better in the case of Ti than in the case of W. TEM observation of films or clusters formed on the Carbon substrate revealed that the evaporated atoms deposited directly on the substrate forming a dense amorphous film under the high vacuum of 0.01 Pa. On the other hand, under the pressure of more than 1 Pa, clusters or ultra-fine particles were once formed on the substrate and were transformed into the film by the thermal migration on the heated substrate.
Inositol polyphosphates are not increased by overexpression of Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase but show cell-cycle dependent changes in growth factor-stimulated fibroblasts. (1994)

NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were stably transfected with rat brain inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) 3-kinase to explore the relationship between increased production of Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 and the formation of InsP5 and InsP6. Mass measurements of InsP5 and InsP6 revealed no significant difference between kinase- and vector-transfected fibroblasts. However, such 3-kinase-transfected cells, when labeled with [3H]inositol for 48-72 h, showed lower levels of [3H]InsP5 and [3H]InsP6, as well as [3H]Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 and D/L[3H]Ins(1,4,5,6)P4, than their vector-transfected counterparts. Because Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase-transfected cells grew less rapidly than vector-transfected controls, we determined whether the synthesis of InsP5 and InsP6 was related to a specific phase of the cell cycle. When NIH 3T3 cells prelabeled with [3H]inositol were synchronized by serum deprivation followed by stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), the amounts of labeled InsP5 and InsP6 began to increase only after 12 h of stimulation, when cells entered the S-phase as indicated by increased [3H]thymidine incorporation. The enhanced synthesis of these inositol polyphosphates was preceded by an early increase in Ins(1,4,5)P3 and its metabolites that was no longer evident by the fifth hour of PDGF action. There was also a prominent and biphasic increase in the level of D/L-Ins(1,4,5,6)P4 with an early peak at approximately 3 h and a second rise that paralleled the increases in InsP5 and InsP6. These results indicate that the formation of highly phosphorylated inositols is not tightly coupled to the receptor-mediated formation of Ins(1,4,5)P3 and its metabolites but is mainly determined by other factors that operate at specific points of the cell cycle.
Soybean Fibrous Root Heritability and Genotypic Correlations with Agronomic and Seed Quality Traits (1996)

A major obstacle in selecting for increased soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.l seed protein concentration lies in the negative genetic correlation between seed yield and protein. The plant introduction PI 416937 has extensive fibrous root surface area that contributes to increased nitrogen fixation. PI 416937 also exhibits drought tolerance. It may be an important breeding line in the Southeast region of the USA, which is vulnerable to drought stress during soybean development. The development of breeding lines with superior root systems may be an effective way of stabilizing soybean production in drought‐prone regions. The objectives of this study were to estimate the heritability of phenotypic root score and genotypic correlations between root score and seed yield, seed protein concentration, seed oil concentration, and seed weight. A peanut inverter was used to excavate F 2 plants of a population from the cross ‘Lee 74’ × PI 416937. The root systems were scored visually, based on the percentage of fibrous root area. F 2:3 and F 2:4 rows were grown at two locations, Clayton and Kinston, NC, in 1992 and 1993. Ten plants per plot were evaluated for root score at the R7 stage of development. Heritability estimates for root score were 0.39 on an entry‐mean basis from testing in 2 yr and two locations, and 0.24 from a realized heritability estimate. The genotypic correlation between root score and seed protein concentration was positive ( r G = 0.42). This is encouraging and suggests that PI 416937 is a valuable germplasm resource for developing high protein, high yielding breeding lines.
Estimation of elasticity and viscosity in heterogeneous medium using FDTD method and AHI algorithm (2016)

Mechanical properties of tissues in terms of elasticity and viscosity provide us useful information which may be used in detecting tumors. These parameters can be estimated from the measurement of particle velocities of shear wave propagation which is generated by a vibrating needle at a certain frequency. For the heterogeneous medium, the finite difference time domain (FDTD) is an effective method to present the shear wave propagation. The elasticity and viscosity are then estimated using the algebraic Helmholtz inversion (AHI) algorithm. However, there is a lack of deep investigation of estimation by combining FDTD method and AHI algorithm. Thus, this paper presents a complete system which includes the principle of excitation and measurement, the FDTD to model the shear wave propagation, the AHI algorithm to estimate the elasticity and viscosity, and the investigation on frequency-dependent the elasticity and viscosity. Also, we suggest that the excitation frequency of 200 Hz will offer the best estimation of the elasticity and viscosity.
Development of targeted photodynamic therapy drugs by combining a zinc phthalocyanine sensitizer with TSPO or EGFR binding groups: the impact of the number of targeting agents on biological activity (2023)

Drug-targeted delivery has become a top priority in the world of medicine in order to develop more efficient therapeutic agents. This is important as a critical underlying problem in cancer therapy stems from the inability to deliver active therapeutic substances directly to tumor cells without causing collateral damage. In this work, zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) was selected as a sensitizer and was linked to different targeting agents, which would be recognized by overexpressed proteins in cancer cells. As targeting agents, we first selected the two ligands (<b>DAA1106</b>, <b>PK11195</b>) of the translocator protein (<b>TSPO</b>) and then <b>Erlotinib</b> a binding group of the ATP domain of tyrosine kinase in epidermal growth factor (EGFR). ZnPc was connected <i>via</i> an ethylene glycol chain to either one (<i>n</i> = 1) or four (<i>n</i> = 4) targeting agents. The biological activity of these conjugates ZnPc(ligand)<sub><i>n</i></sub> was investigated on MDA-MB-231 breast human cancer cells and human hepatoma HepG2 cells, first in the dark (cytotoxicity) and then under irradiation (photodynamic therapy). The dark cytotoxicity was extremely low (IC<sub>50</sub> ≥ 50 μM) for all of these compounds, which is a required criterion for further photodynamic application. After irradiation at 650 nm, only the conjugates bearing one targeting ligand such as ZnPc-[DAA1106]1, ZnPc-[PK11195]1, and ZnPc-[Erlo]1 showed photodynamic activity, while those linked to 4 targeting agents were inactive. Importantly, fluorescence imaging microscopy showed the colocalization of ZnPc-[DAA1106]1, ZnPc-[PK11195]1 and ZnPc-[erlo]1, at mitochondria, a result that justifies the observed photodynamic activity of these conjugates. This study first shows the impact of the number and the mode of organization of targeting agents on the ability of the sensitizer to cross the cell membrane. When zinc(II) phthalocyanine carries a single targeting agent, a significant photodynamic activity on MDA-MB-231 breast human cancer cells was measured and localization at the mitochondria was demonstrated by fluorescence imaging, thus proving the potential of the sensitizer linked to a targeting agent to improve selectivity. Another important conclusion from this study for the design of future effective PDT drugs using multivalence effects is to control the arrangement of the targeting agents in order to design molecules that will be able to pass the cell membrane barriers.
Sorafenib for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-positive patients (2012)

Few data are available on the safety and efficacy of sorafenib in HIV-infected patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HIV-u-HCC) and concomitant highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Between July 2007 and October 2010, 27 consecutive HIV-u-HCC patients were treated with sorafenib and concomitant HAART within the Gruppo Italiano Cooperativo AIDS e Tumori (GICAT). Three patients achieved a partial response, 12 achieved a stable disease, and 12 showed progression. The median time to progression and overall survival was 5.1 (range 0.5-13.3) and 12.8 (range 1.1-23.5) months, respectively. Grades 3-4 toxicities included diarrhea (four patients, 14.8%), hypertension (three patients, 11%), and hand-and-foot skin reaction (four patients, 14.9%). Most drug-related side effects were low grade and manageable. This retrospective study shows favorable survival data among HIV-u-HCC patients treated with sorafenib together with a reasonable safety profile.