gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Value proposition of coatings or new alloys on hammer wear (2022)

The goal of this Case Study was to elucidate the value of improving of the life of parts that wear within a system in terms of the additional material cost that it takes to reach the level of improvement. We recognize that the failure limits and system performance are representative of a single system that may or may not exist in the real world, however, our goal of this project was not to provide an answer for a specific system or to provide a full understanding the economics of all potential systems. The analysis was performed using relative changes from the base alloy cost and considered relative improvements in part life in order to generalize the comparison without referencing specific alloys or coatings that might be employed. Ultimately, this work provides a first check of the potential for improving wear characteristics of grinder hammers to provide a meaningful and impactful benefit to biomass preprocessing and conversion systems. Key takeaways include: • Increasing the life of hammers by 3× provides a delivered feedstock cost benefit of approximately $2.25/dry ton assuming that the relative cost of the hammer material of construction is not increased. • The feasible area of relative hammer cost increase ranges from 110% to 122% of the relative life increase, i.e., a 3× life increase can cost 3.66× the cost of the original hammers • Beyond a 3× increase in relative hammer life, little economic benefit is realized • Even when moisture impacts are included, the relationship between relative hammer cost and relative hammer life was reduced only slightly to a range of 108% to 116% • From the simulation we would expect delivered feedstock costs to be within ±$1.10/dry ton, based on the uncertainty analysis
Open Dynamical Systems: Ergodic Theory, Probabilistic Methods and Applications (2012)

Ergodic theory as a mathematical discipline refers to the analysis of asymptotic or long-range behaviour of a dynamical system (a map or flow on a state space, or more generally a group or semigroup action on a state space) using probabilistic methods. The word ‘ergodic’ used in this context dates back to the origins of the field in statistical mechanics by reference to the ergodic hypothesis (that time averages of observables along orbits be deemed equal space averages) and to the celebrated ergodic theorems of Birkhoff and von Neumann describing conditions under which this property holds. It is a close cousin to topological dynamics, the study of continuous actions on a topological space, and to smooth dynamics, the study of differentiable actions on smooth manifolds. Because of this, it has become quite common in recent years to use the term measurable dynamics in place of ‘ergodic theory.’ There is a rich and productive synergy between the three fields since many interesting examples can be approached through any one, or more typically, a combination of these paradigms. In the case of ergodic theory a key object is an invariant or stationary measure against which observables are integrated to obtain the system statistics and asymptotic behaviour. Determining the properties of such measures is key step for many problems in the field. Open dynamical systems is currently an active subbranch of dynamical systems research. The difference between an open system and a more traditional ‘closed’ dynamical system is very simple. In a closed dynamical system, the map (or a flow) maintains its image in the state space for all time, whereas in an open system, orbits may eventually escape from the state space, typically by falling into a ‘hole in the space. An everyday example is the dynamics of a billiard ball on a table with a pocket (the hole). Other mechanisms for terminating orbits, for example, diffusion through a boundary or similar stochastic perturbations from a closed system are studied within the broad classification of open dynamics. The notion of an open dynamical system, and for the moment we focus specifically a map with a hole, was introduced by Pianigiani and Yorke in 1979: [12]. In a series of papers from the 1990s, Collet, Martinez and collaborators developed the framework for a general theory applicable to the case of uniformly hyperbolic Markov maps with a hole. They proved existence, and studied ergodic properties of, the associated conditionally invariant measure, the so-called Yorke-Pianigiani measure (the natural analogue of an invariant measure for a closed system). A representative paper from this corpus would be: Collet, Martinez and Schmitt (1994): [4]. Only slightly later, Chernov, Markarian and collaborators extended the framework to cover a wide range of natural hyperbolic settings in, for example: Chernov, Markarian, and Troubetzkoy (1998): [3]. During this decade, a further extension to include maps that are non-uniformly or weakly hyperbolic has been undertaken
Stable carbonium ions. XLI. Protonated aliphatic alcohols and their cleavage to carbonium ions (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStable carbonium ions. XLI. Protonated aliphatic alcohols and their cleavage to carbonium ionsGeorge A. Olah, Jean. Sommer, and Eli. NamanworthCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 14, 3576–3581Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00990a040https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00990a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views207Altmetric-Citations55LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Artificial mixing to reduce growth of the blue-green alga Microcystis in Lake Nieuwe Meer, Amsterdam: an evaluation of 7 years of experience (2001)

The problem of Lake Nieuwe Meer (area = 1.3 km2, max. depth 30 m, Ptot = 500 mg/m3) was extensive growth of Microcystis with disturbing scum forming. Since 1993 the lake has been artificially mixed in summer by a bubble plume installation. The result is quite successful since the mass of Microcystis is up to 20 times lower than in the years before mixing and no scum is present any more. The study in Lake Nieuwe Meer showed a shift from cyanobacterial dominance (mainly Microcystis) to flagellates, green-algae and diatoms when artificial mixing was applied. Total phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations did not change as a result of mixing and had apparently no effect on the shift in the phytoplankton composition. The chlorophyll-a concentration was much lower in the mixed lake as a result of dilution. The total algae biomass decreased. The transparency did not improve. The total heat energy of the lake is slightly higher than before mixing but still remains in the range of annual fluctuation. The temperature on the surface is approximately 2°C lower. In the whole water-body oxygen was always higher than 5 mg/l. Living space for fish is therefore wider. The installation in Lake Nieuwe Meer consists of flexible pipes near the sediment, built in a way to prevent sediment erosion and transport into the water. There are no constructions in the water-body. All mechanical parts are on land. The layout of the installation is shown in Fig. 1. Installed compressor energy is 85 kW. This is equivalent to an upper middle-class motor-car. The design was made specifically for this problem. It is based on the physical data of the algae and the plant. It would be beneficial to use this 7 year's experience for further applications e.g. elimination of toxic algae in drinking-water reservoirs.
Eddy Current Characterization on Corrosion in Multi-Layer Aluminium Structures (1993)

An eddy current method has been developed for quantitatively determining the thickness and separation of metal plates in multi-layered structures. The technique is useful for detecting and characterizing hidden corrosion in aircraft lap splices. We use swept-frequency (1 kHz-1 MHz) eddy current measurements of the impedance of an air-core coil. Inversion of the experimental data is accomplished by least-squares fitting of model results to data. The technique has been verified on simulated corrosion and samples corroded in the laboratory. Future work is being directed toward developing pulsed eddy current technique for performing these measurements with a faster, portable instrument.
Pauling and Corey's α-pleated sheet structure may define the prefibrillar amyloidogenic intermediate in amyloid disease (2004)

Transthyretin, beta(2)-microglobulin, lysozyme, and the prion protein are four of the best-characterized proteins implicated in amyloid disease. Upon partial acid denaturation, these proteins undergo conformational change into an amyloidogenic intermediate that can self-assemble into amyloid fibrils. Many experiments have shown that pH-mediated changes in structure are required for the formation of the amyloidogeneic intermediate, but it has proved impossible to characterize these conformational changes at high resolution using experimental means. To probe these conformational changes at atomic resolution, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations of these proteins at neutral and low pH. In low-pH simulations of all four proteins, we observe the formation of alpha-pleated sheet secondary structure, which was first proposed by L. Pauling and R. B. Corey [(1951) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 37, 251-256]. In all beta-sheet proteins, transthyretin and beta(2)-microglobulin, alpha-pleated sheet structure formed over the strands that are highly protected in hydrogen-exchange experiments probing amyloidogenic conditions. In lysozyme and the prion protein, alpha-sheets formed in the specific regions of the protein implicated in the amyloidogenic conversion. We propose that the formation of alpha-pleated sheet structure may be a common conformational transition in amyloidosis.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR REAKTIVITAET VON METALL‐PI‐KOMPLEXEN 7. MITT. DARST. UND EIGENSCHAFTEN KATIONISCHER CYCLOPENTADIENYL‐DIOLEFIN‐NICKEL‐KOMPLEXE (1973)

Abstract Die bisher von (V) ausgehende Darstellung der Dien‐Komplexe (I) und (III) wird durch die Verwendung von (II) als Ausgangssubstanz und die Durchführung in Propionsäureanhydrid vereinfacht und in den Ausbeuten verbessert.
Seeded Growth of Single-Crystal Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks (2017)

&lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Polymerizing monomers into periodic two-dimensional (2D) networks provides structurally precise, atomically thin macromolecular sheets linked by robust, covalent bonds. These materials exhibit desirable mechanical, optoelectrotronic, and molecular transport properties derived from their designed structure and permanent porosity. 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer broad monomer scope, but are generally isolated as polycrystalline, insoluble powders with limited processability. Here we overcome this limitation by controlling 2D COF formation using a two- step procedure. In the first step, 2D COF nanoparticle seeds are prepared with approximate diameters of 30 nm. Next, monomers are slowly added to suppress new nucleation while promoting epitaxial growth on the existing seeds to sizes of several microns. The resulting COF nanoparticles are of exceptional and unprecedented quality, isolated as single crystalline materials with micron-scale domain sizes. These findings advance the controlled synthesis of 2D layered COFs and will enable a broad exploration of synthetic 2D polymer structures and properties. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors in Depression (2023)

Novel treatment strategies that refract existing treatment algorithms for depressive disorders are being sought. Abnormal brain bioenergetic metabolism may represent an alternative, therapeutically targetable neurobiological basis for depression. A growing body of research points to endogenous ketones as candidate neuroprotective metabolites with the potential to enhance brain bioenergetics and improve mood. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, originally approved for the treatment of diabetes, induce ketogenesis and are associated with mood improvement in population-based studies. In this column, we highlight the rationale for the hypothesis that ketogenesis induced by SGLT2 inhibitors may be an effective treatment for depressive disorders.
Lipid accumulation and body fat distribution is influenced by type of dietary fat fed to rats. (1993)

The amount of fat in the diet is known to influence body weight and body composition, but it is not clear whether dietary fat composition can affect body composition independently. We studied the effects of six months of feeding diets containing lard (L), corn oil (CO), fish oil (FO) or medium chain triglycerides (MCT) on body weight and body composition in adult male Wistar rats. Although FO fats ate slightly less total energy than the other groups, there were no differences among groups in body weight at any time during the study. However, body composition, the composition of depot triglyceride, body fat distribution and insulin resistance were all influenced by the type of fat in the diet. FO rats had less total body fat, less intra-abdominal fat, and less insulin resistance than all other groups. Although some of these metabolic effects may have been secondary to a slightly lower energy intake, we believe these data demonstrate the potential impact which dietary fat composition can have on metabolism and body weight regulation.
Phase I trial of preoperative cetuximab in combination with oxaliplatin, capecitabine, and radiation therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer (2008)

15019 Background: Preoperative chemoradiotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is associated with improved regional control of locally advanced rectal cancer with reduced toxicity when compared with postoperative therapy. Cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), has been shown to have anti-tumor activity in colorectal malignancies. This study investigates the safety and tolerability of preoperative cetuximab in combination with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. Methods: Patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (ultrasound-staged T3-T4 or N1) were treated with preoperative weekly cetuximab (400 mg/m2 loading dose followed by 250 mg/m2 weekly dose) for 9 weeks. During the first 6 weeks, patients received standard radiation therapy (5040 cGy over 28 days) to the rectal tumor and pelvis concurrent with capecitabine 800 mg/m2 p.o. twice daily Monday through Friday. Two doses of oxaliplatin 100 mg/m2 are to be given on days 2 and 23 of the preoperative course. Patients were assessed for toxicity weekly during the treatment period. Results: From August 2004 to December 2007, twenty- three patients have completed the 9 week preoperative study treatment. Ten patients were given all three agents, however because of adverse events related to oxaliplatin’s radiosensitising properties, the protocol was amended and the subsequent thirteen patients were treated with cextuximab and capecitabine in combination with radiation therapy. Median age was 52 years (24 to 69) and all patients had KPS ≥ 80%. Toxicities encountered included rash, diarrhea, fatigue, and hand-foot syndrome. Three patients withdrew from the study for adverse events (two for EGFR-related skin toxicity and one for radiation induced ileus). Four of 23 patients (17%) had a pathologic complete response (CR). Thirteen of 23 patients (57%) were downstaged after surgical resection. Conclusions: Radiation with concurrent capecitabine and cetuximab is a tolerable regimen for preoperative therapy of locally advanced rectal cancer with a pathological CR similar to that of 5-FU based therapy alone. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Alternative Methods for the Alkylation of Isoquinoline Reissert Compounds (1978)

A comparative study was made of the alkylation of five representative isoquinoline-type Beissert compounds (1-5_) with both benzyl chloride and 2-nitrobenzyl chloride, using three different base-solvent systems: (9 lithium diisopropylamide in THFIHMQA, (@ KOH with benzene and dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6, and ( CJ 50% aqueous NaOH with benzene or acetonitrile and cetrimonium bromide.Systems (a and (C) were clearly the best, the latter being especially
Targeting sedentary behavior as a feasible health strategy during COVID-19 (2020)

Sedentary behavior is associated with poor physical and mental health. Targeting sedentary behavior is a simple strategy that may help counter physical and mental health concerns associated with COVID-19-related social restrictions. Of course, traditional strategies such as achieving optimal exercise and physical activity levels are also important and should be recommended. However, even under normal circumstances, the difficulty in promoting lasting exercise habits at multiple levels (e.g. individual, environment, policy) are well documented, and chances of maintaining or improving these factors is now even lower. Thus, relative to other lifestyle behaviors - sedentary behavior may be more amenable to change. Moreover, reducing sedentary behavior may be less susceptible to influence from factors associated with health disparities such as age, race, and socio-economic status compared to exercise or physical activity. Sedentary behavior is a feasible health strategy that should be targeted during COVID-19.
Low distortion and low noise oscillator-mixer IC for CATV converters (2003)

A low-distortion and low-noise oscillator-mixer IC sufficient for practical use in CATV (cable television) converters has been successfully developed. The IC consists of a double-balanced mixer (DBM), a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), and balance-unbalance converters (baluns). To obtain high IM/sub 2/ (second-order intermodulation distortion) and low noise figure, special care for designing the IC was taken to suppress the unbalance in the DBM and baluns and to obtain high g/sub m/ in constituent FETs. The converter using the presented IC has superior characteristics to those of conventional converters by 15-20 dB in IM/sub 2/, 2-3 dB in noise figure, and less than -20 dB in local isolation for the CATV band.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
优化《三国无双4》 华丽与速度并存 (2006)

随着《三国无双4》PC版的发布,很多只拥有电脑而没有购买PS2游戏机的玩家可能会兴奋不已,我们也可以在PC上看到华丽的无双乱舞了。不过,《三国无双4》的系统配置可不如《三国无双3》那样平易近人,甚至很多老电脑都无缘运行。可《三国无双4》魅力实在太大,尤其是与朋友一起玩时,乐趣十足。但也不可能为了它而更换电脑,所以,如何调教《三国无双4》就显得尤为迫切了。
Transpiration from stomata via the leaf boundary layer: a microscale modelling approach (2013)

Convective mass transport from entire leaf surfaces was investigated with computational fluid dynamics. A novel aspect is that the stomata were modelled discretely. The convective exchange rate was relatively large, even for the limited surface coverage by stomata, and had a complex dependency on surface coverage and air speed. In addition, insight into the boundary-layer transfer at microscale level was obtained.
Combination targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma (2009)

Several novel therapies have been approved recently in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). These agents inhibit pathways downstream of loss of the von Hippel-Lindau gene VHL. They target the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ligand, VEGF receptor (VEGFR), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and other potentially important pathways. Even with improvements in survival, disease progresses in all patients. There is a critical need to increase complete responses (now rare). One such strategy is combining several agents to block different levels of the VEGF-VEGFR axis (vertical blockade). Alternatively, combination of a VEGF-VEGFR inhibitor with an mTOR inhibitor is attractive. Finally, horizontal blockade of VEGFR with epidermal growth factor receptor and/or platelet-derived growth factor receptor, all signaling pathways activated by hypoxia-inducible factor, is another approach. Already trials have revealed difficulties with combination therapy. By combining agents, the toxicity of 1 or both can be enhanced. The authors of this article report their experience with sorafenib plus bevacizumab, which produced increases in hand-foot syndrome, hypertension, and proteinuria, all known toxic effects. Clinical activity was impressive with 25 responses in 48 patients (52% response rate). Other combinations also required dose reductions (sorafenib with temsirolimus) or were intolerable (sunitinib with temsirolimus or sunitinib with bevacizumab). Unexpected toxicity characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia occurred late in treatment with sunitinib and bevacizumab. Toxicity may be more severe in patients with RCC, who frequently have 1 kidney and poor renal function. Once tolerability for combination regimens has been established, it will be critical to design informative phase 2 trials and address the benefit of combination versus sequential therapy.
Lässt sich die Abbildungsqualität von Intraokularlinsen durch Reduktion der chromatischen Aberration verbessern? (2010)

Durch die Einführung von asphärischen Intraokularlinsen (IOL) konnte die Abbildungsqualität in pseudophaken Augen signifikant verbessert werden. Eine weitere Verbesserung wäre die Reduzierung der chromatischen Aberration im pseudophaken Auge, da diese bekannterweise nach Implantation einer IOL erhöht ist. Die longitudinale chromatische Aberration entsteht im Auge durch die wellenlängenabhängige Brechung des weißen Lichtes und beträgt im Mittel 2 Dioptrien. Sie kann zu einem einen Kontrastempfindlichkeitsverlust von 0,2 log units und einen Sehschärfenabfall von 5% führen. Die chromatische Aberration einer IOL ist abhängig vom Abbe-Faktor und je nach IOL Material unterschiedlich hoch. Mit einem neu entwickelten Gerät (FS) kann über die Messmethode der Photorefraktion bei polychromatischem Licht über unterschiedlichen Farbkanäle die chromatische Aberration des Auge schnell und reproduzierbar ermittelt werden. Vorgestellt werden die Messergebnisse an pseudophaken und zum Vergleich auch an phaken Augen. Diskutiert werden die Vorteile und auch die physiologischen Grenzen der Korrektur der chromatischen Aberration.
1995 Park City Molecular Psychiatry Conference, 5–8 February 1995, Park City, Utah (1995)

In sum, the Park City Conference provided a conducive environment for data presentation and interaction among investigators. Over the past year much progress has been made, including advances in the ascertainment of families, genotyping and analytic methods. A critical mass in the field appears realized and major advances may be forthcoming.