gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing Atrophy and High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia From Prostatic Adenocarcinoma With and Without Previous Adjuvant Hormone Therapy With the Aid of Cytokeratin 5/6 (2003)

We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 for distinguishing foci of atrophy from prostatic adenocarcinoma with and without previous hormonal adjuvant therapy and observed the intensity and pattern of staining in mimickers of prostatic adenocarcinoma (basal cell hyperplasia, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, and tangentially cut high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia [PIN]). We reviewed 146 acinar proliferations in 81 specimens (radical prostatectomy, previously untreated, 41; radical prostatectomy, following androgen-deprivation therapy, 11; transurethral resection, previously untreated, 29). All benign acinar proliferations stained positively for CK5/6, with immunoreactivity restricted to basal cells. Untreated and androgen-deprived prostatic adenocarcinomas were invariably negative. The pattern of staining was continuous in 79% of the atrophy cases (15/19), and all foci stained with CK5/6. Characteristic double-layer staining in basal cell hyperplasia was observed in 93% of cases (13/14), and foci of high-grade PIN had a characteristic “checkerboard” staining with areas of discontinuity. Foci of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia showed continuous staining, including cauterized acini in 53% of cases (8/15), with a fragmented basal cell layer pattern in 47% of cases (7/15). CK5/6 staining of the basal cells in foci of atrophy is sensitive and specific for excluding prostatic adenocarcinoma with and without androgen-deprivation effect.
Random Linear Network Coding For Time Division Duplexing: When To Stop Talking And Start Listening (2009)

A new random linear network coding scheme for reliable communications for time division duplexing channels is proposed. The setup assumes a packet erasure channel and that nodes cannot transmit and receive information simultaneously. The sender transmits coded data packets back-to-back before stopping to wait for the receiver to acknowledge (ACK) the number of degrees of freedom, if any, that are required to decode correctly the information. We provide an analysis of this problem to show that there is an optimal number of coded data packets, in terms of mean completion time, to be sent before stopping to listen. This number depends on the latency, probabilities of packet erasure and ACK erasure, and the number of degrees of freedom that the receiver requires to decode the data. This scheme is optimal in terms of the mean time to complete the transmission of a fixed number of data packets. We show that its performance is very close to that of a full duplex system, while transmitting a different number of coded packets can cause large degradation in performance, especially if latency is high. Also, we study the throughput performance of our scheme and compare it to existing half-duplex go-back-N and selective repeat ARQ schemes. Numerical results, obtained for different latencies, show that our scheme has similar performance to the selective repeat in most cases and considerable performance gain when latency and packet error probability is high.
Evaluation of Critical Slip Surface in Limit Equilibrium Analysis of Slope Stability by Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (2019)

Limit equilibrium methods (LEMs) have been widely used for slope stability analysis in engineering practice. The critical slip surface in LEM, which has the minimum factor of safety (FS), is often assumed as the most likely slip surface and subsequently used as the failure slip surface in the analysis and design of slope stabilization measures, such as soil nails and anchors, for unstable slopes. This assumption has not been validated systematically, probably due to the difficulty in simulating large displacement of soils during landslides. In this study, a new mesh-free, particle-based numerical method in geotechnical engineering called smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is adopted to simulate the entire process of landslides, including the large displacement of soils after a landslide initiates. A series of comparative studies on the stability analysis of cohesive slopes is performed using both LEM and SPH. The comparative studies show that the assumption is reasonable for stable slopes. However, for unstable slopes in which the location of failure slip surface is critically needed for the design of stabilization measures, the LEM critical slip surface differs substantially from the failure slip surface, and the volumes of sliding soil masses are greatly underestimated by the LEM critical slip surfaces. Using the LEM critical slip surface as the failure slip surface in the design leads to the unsafe design of stabilization measures. A new method was proposed to properly locate the failure slip surfaces for unstable slopes when using LEM. It is found that the failure slip surfaces for unstable slopes is not the slip surface with the minimum FS; instead, it is the one with FS = 1.
Effect of Substituents on the Thermal Decomposition of Diazirines:  Experimental and Computational Studies (2003)

The thermal decomposition of phenylchlorodiazirine (1), phenyl-n-butyldiazirine (2), and 2-adamantane-2,3'-[3H]diazirine (3) has been studied in solution in the presence of C(60). The C(60) probe technique indicates that in the decomposition diazirine 1 yielded exclusively phenylchlorocarbene, diazirine 2 yielded mainly a diazo intermediate, and diazirine 3 yielded a mixture of carbene and diazo compound. In the case of diazirine 2, 13% of (E)-1-phenyl-1-pentene resulted from the direct thermal rearrangement of diazirine without the participation of a carbene. As well, the thermal decomposition of these diazirines has been studied theoretically with ab initio and density functional methods. The experimental results are broadly in agreement with the theoretical predictions. The calculations further indicate that the rebound reaction between carbene and molecular nitrogen leading to the formation of a diazo intermediate is an important reaction in the gas-phase decomposition of diazirine.
The Performance of Short Random Linear Fountain Codes under Maximum Likelihood Decoding (2011)

In this paper, two particular instances of LT codes with short message blocklength k and maximum likelihood (ML) decoding are investigated, i.e., random linear fountain (RLF) codes and (nearly) check-concentrated LT codes. Both show an almost equally good performance. The focus of this paper will be on RLF codes, a type of LT codes whose generator matrices are constructed from independent Bernoulli trials and have a binomial check node degree distribution. A new simple expression for an upper bound on the bit erasure probability under ML decoding is derived for RLF codes with density Δ = 0.5, i.e., with check node degree distribution Ω(x) = 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-k</sup> (1+x) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</sup> . It is shown that RLF codes with a minimum density far less than 0.5 are equally well suited to achieve a certain bit erasure probability for a given reception overhead. Furthermore, a characteristic term from a general upper bound on the bit erasure probability under ML decoding is identified that can be used to optimise check node degree distributions. Its implications on the performance of LT codes are qualitatively analysed.
Speech Sound Representation in the Brain (2000)

Biologic processes underlying speech sound perception and learning have been addressed using the mismatch negativity (MMN) evoked response. First is a consideration of how the acoustic properties of the signal affect the neural mechanisms and brain regions engaged. Because the MMN differs depending on the acoustic characteristics of the stimuli used to elicit the response, it has been used to probe mechanisms underlying the neural representation of stimuli along the auditory pathway. Second is a consideration of neurophysiologic correlates of speech sound perception and learning. Detailed is a 'behavioral-neurophysiologic, acoustic-phonetic approach', used to link perception with underlying physiologic processes in humans. The focus here is on children and what has been learned about normal maturation of speech sound perception and its disruption in certain children with learning disorders. The last topic is a consideration of central nervous system changes with perceptual learning. This includes long-term experience with one's native language and short-term auditory training in the laboratory. Limitations and future challenges are discussed.
Epi-Cinchona Based Thiourea Organocatalyst Family as an Efficient Asymmetric Michael Addition Promoter: Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Nitroalkanes to Chalcones and α,β-Unsaturated N-Acylpyrroles (2008)

A small set of easily available epi-cinchona based thiourea organocatalysts have been synthesized and tested in enantioselective Michael addition of nitroalkanes to chalcones. These bifunctional catalyst systems promoted the conjugate additions with high enantioselectivities and chemical yields. The extension of this methodology was further explored to encompass alpha,beta-unsaturated N-acylpyrroles, as a chalcone mimic. Functionally, the N-acylpyrrole moiety in the adduct acts as an ester surrogate; therefore, it can easily be transformed to various valuable and biologically relevant compounds. This approach allowed the concise stereoselective synthesis of (R)-rolipram.
Effective Discussion Through a Computer-Mediated Anchored Forum (2000)

Abstract Computer-mediated discussion forums (such as newsgroups or those in instructional management software environments) are becoming common in higher education. Such forums are interesting because they are not only one of the easiest technologies to add to a class but may also provide an important learning opportunity for students. However, simply making a discussion forum available does not mean that it will be used effectively to enable learning. In this paper, we explore the idea that specific features of a discussion forum may increase the likelihood of effective discussions taking place within the forum. We define effective discussions as those that are sustained and are focused on topics related to class learning goals. We then describe the specifications for an electronic discussion forum-a computer-mediated anchored discussion forum-that we propose makes sustained on-topic discussion more likely. We report on the results of two studies that support this proposal. We end by exploring implications for research into computer-supported discussion tools for learning and their design.
Process tube characterization method for photoresist and process comparison (1994)

The behavior of the focus-exposure window for a half micron process was analyzed across a range of resist thicknesses. The range examined was selected to encompass a minima through maxima region of the I-line swing curve. This analysis is shown for an I-line resist; the undyed version contrasted to the dyed. The process tube characterization method calculates the common corridor exposure latitude for the two resist data sets. The common corridor for a given resist system defines that area in the focus-exposure plane that meets a single process specification for all the resist thicknesses in the selected swing curve range. In this study the undyed resist demonstrates a superior process window at a given resist thickness but is found to be inferior to the dyed resist as determined by the process tube characterization method.
A mouse model of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. (2002)

Pharmacologic inhibition of tear production in mice is accompanied by ocular surface epithelial changes resembling human keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) that are exacerbated by desiccating environmental stress. Cholinergic stimulated tear production appears to be essential for maintaining a healthy ocular surface.
αB-Crystallin genotype has impact on the multiple sclerosis phenotype (2003)

Carriers of the rare allele CRYAB-650*C had an increased likelihood of a noninflammatory, neurodegenerative phenotype characterized by a relatively rapid, primary progressive clinical disease course.
Identification of thermo-mechanical fatigue fracture location by transient thermal analysis for high-temperature operating SiC power module assembled with ZnAl eutectic solder (2018)

Abstract In this paper, we demonstrate that the structural degradation of a silicon carbide (SiC) power module corresponding to thermal cycles can be detected and tracked non-destructively by transient thermal analysis method. The purpose of this evaluation is to analyze the distribution of the thermal resistance in the power module and to identify the structure deterioration part. The power module with SiC-MOSFET were assembled using ZnAl eutectic solder as device under test. The individual thermal resistance of each part such as the SiC-die, the die-attachment, the AMCs, and the baseplate was successfully evaluated by analyzing the structure function graph. A series of thermal cycle test between −40 and 250°C was conducted, and the power modules were evaluated their thermal resistance taken out from thermal cycle test machine at 100, 200, 500 and 1000 cycles. We confirmed the increase in thermal resistance between AMCs and base plate in each thermal cycle. The portion where the thermal resistance increased is in good agreement with the location of the structural defect observed by scanning acoustic tomography (SAT) observation.
Effects of ACNU and radiotherapy on malignant glioma (1986)

A randomized clinical study of irradiation and irradiation combined with ACNU in the treatment of malignant gliomas was performed in order to determine if there was an enhancing therapeutic effect of ACNU given in addition to radiotherapy. An effect was defined as a reduction in tumor size, changes in neurological signs and performance status within 1 month after the completion of radiotherapy, or statistically improved survival times. Seventy-seven patients from 14 neurosurgical clinics were included in this validated study group. Radiotherapy with a total dose of 5000 to 6000 rads, given in 25 to 30 subdoses, was applied to the whole brain and to a generous field surrounding the tumor. Patients who were assigned to receive chemotherapy were given ACNU intravenously once or twice during radiotherapy at a dose of 100 mg/sq m of body surface area. The response rate (more than 50% reduction of the tumor size) was 13.5% in the group treated by radiotherapy alone and 47.5% in the group with radiotherapy and ACNU. The hematological toxicity was more severe in the group treated with radiotherapy and ACNU. Other toxicity was mild and acceptable. The survival rates of patients with astrocytoma grade III and glioblastoma multiforme at 36 months after the surgery were 48.9% and 0% for radiotherapy alone and 59.0% and 16.3% for radiotherapy plus ACNU, respectively. The differences between the survival curves were not significant at the p = 0.05 level. This study has demonstrated that, although the use of ACNU during radiotherapy suppressed malignant gliomas more than radiotherapy alone, the survival time was not extended significantly. It is necessary to continue to search for an effective chemotherapeutic regimen to prolong survival of patients with malignant gliomas.
Choosing your Journal (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Principles and Need Items to Consider in Choosing your Journal
Recent developments in thermal modelling of high-speed dye recording (2003)

Research in optical data storage is mainly driven by the desire for higher data capacity and higher data transfer rates. To accelerate the research progress on dye recording, a basic understanding of the physical principles is inevitable. Thermal modelling is an important tool, since dye recording is based on thermally induced irreversible transformations in a thin recording layer. In addition, we can use thermal modelling to anticipate future needs, like write strategy and recording stack optimisation. For high-speed recording, several issues such as in-track and cross-track thermal interference may limit the data transfer rate and may impose limitations on higher data capacity formats, such as DVD+R and DVR-R. Recent developments in the thermal modelling of dye recording are discussed in this paper. A method is proposed to 'calibrate' the thermal model by using measured transition write powers, determined from DC-write recorder measurements, and the corresponding transition temperatures. Additional transition powers were determined from atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. Furthermore, we present measurements indicating a temperature-dependent absorption of the recording dye and show first modelling results.
The History of Gold Therapy for Tuberculosis (2004)

This is a historical study of the popularization of a medical therapy contrary to pertinent experimental findings. Presumably this circumstance reflects the desperation about tuberculosis: highly prevalent, highly fatal, and lacking any etiologically directed therapy. Gold compounds were introduced, based initially on the reputation of Robert Koch, who had found gold cyanide effective against M. tuberculosis in cultures, but not in experimentally infected animals. Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with these compounds was popularized, particularly by Danish physicians, in the mid-1920s, despite consistently negative experimental results, based on Paul Ehrlich's theories of antimicrobial drug effects. Difficulties in the design of interpretable clinical studies were soon recognized but also generally ignored, thus permitting data to be interpreted as favorable to antituberculous gold therapy. Eventually toxicity was considered to outweigh the alleged therapeutic benefit of all gold compounds. This resulted in their discard shortly before the introduction of streptomycin therapy.
„EEG-basierende Kommunikation” - ein neues Konzept zur rehabilitativen Unterstützung von Patienten mit schwerer motorischer Beeinträchtigung (2003)

This paper describes a paralyzed patient diagnosed with severe infantile cerebral palsy, trained over a period of several months to use an EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI) for verbal communication. The patient learned to "produce" two distinct EEG patterns by mental imagery and to use this skill for BCI-controlled spelling. The EEG feedback training was conducted at a clinic for Assisted Communications, supervised from a distant laboratory with the help of a telemonitoring system. As a function of training sessions significant learning progress was found, resulting in an average accuracy level of 70% correct responses for letter selection. At present, "copy spelling" can be performed with a rate of approximately one letter per minute. The proposed communication device, the "Virtual Keyboard", may improve actual levels of communication ability in completely paralyzed patients. "Telemonitoring-assisted" training facilitates clinical application in a larger number of patients.
Abstract 214: Functional Analysis of the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Using Saturation Mutagenesis Strategies (2018)

Low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) genetic mutations are well-documented to cause familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in patients. These mutations affect a broad range of LDLR functions, including LDL binding and receptor trafficking, and five classes exist to describe their functional consequences. Although over 1,000 LDLR mutants have been identified, an additional 15,000+ LDLR mutants are possible by only a single amino acid substitution in the ~160kDa protein. Since cataloging mutants would undoubtedly be of therapeutic benefit, we are systematically classifying the effect of every single amino acid substitution on LDLR function using saturation mutagenesis. LDLR was knocked out of HEK293 cells using standard CRISPR/Cas9 practices and decreased protein levels were assessed by flow cytometry and immunoblot staining. In order to introduce each individual mutation into the genomic DNA sequence for high-throughput, functional analyses, the PiggyBac transposon system was used to insert a serine-integrase attachment site into a single allele in the LDLR locus, whereby efficient knock in of LDLR mutants from a pooled cDNA library can be achieved. Mutant LDLR libraries containing ~800 single amino acid substitutions were generated using commercial oligo pools and Gibson cloning. Of particular therapeutic interest is the identification of mutations that alter LDL’s ability to bind to the receptor. In our first set of experiments, fluorescently labeled LDL was incubated with cells containing pooled single amino acid substitutions in LDLR, and cells were sorted using flow cytometry. Sorted groups ranging from fluorescent negative to positive were sent for next generation sequencing in order to identify severe vs benign mutants on receptor function. As some of these mutations may decrease LDL binding activity due to inhibited receptor trafficking, we also stained pooled cells with an antibody directed against LDLR, sorted by flow cytometry and analyzed using next generation sequencing with similar strategies. Ultimately, cataloging LDLR genetic mutations should be of great therapeutic benefit, as it will allow better diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering from FH.
COMBINED FREQUENCYAND SPATIALDOMAINS POWER DISTRIBUTION FORMIMO-OFDM TRANSMISSION (2007)

Inthis paper, wepropose toadapt simultaneously thetransmitpowerbothinthespatial andfrequency domains using a heuristic expression ofthebiterror rate(BER)foreachsubcarrier andtransmit antenna. Theproposed methodconsists ofgrouping acertain numberofsubcarriers andperforming local poweradaptation ineachsubcarrier groupandtransmit antenna. Thesubcarrier grouping isperformed insuchaway that equalizes theaverage channel condition ofeachsubcarrier group. Thegrouping andthelocal poweradaptation allow us totakeadvantage ofthechannel variations andtoreduce the computational complexity oftheproposed powerdistribution scheme. Withthesimplicity oftheheuristic BERexpression, wecanobtain aclosed formexpression ofthetransmit powerto beallocated. Simulation results showsignificant performance gain intermofBERcompared totheequal powerdistribution.
The aerobic metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid by Acinetobacter anitratum (1975)

1. The aerobic metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid by a bacterium isolated from garden soil (Acinetobacter anitratum) was investigated. 2. Evidence for the formation of cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate, 2-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate and pimelate when either cell suspensions or cell-free extracts were incubated in the presence of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is presented. 3. Crude cell-free extracts required ATP, CoA, FAD and Mg2+ as cofactors for the production of pimelate from cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, suggesting the existence of an activating reaction with formation of CoA esters, in this system.
Clinicopathological features of gastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: A comparison with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma without a mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma component (2001)

These data suggest that H. pylori infection may be associated with the development of gastric MALT lymphoma, but not DLL, and that MALT lymphoma and DLL may have a different pathogenesis.