gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inside a Shell—Organometallic Catalysis Inside Encapsulin Nanoreactors (2021)

Abstract Compartmentalization of chemical reactions inside cells are a fundamental requirement for life. Encapsulins are self‐assembling protein‐based nanocompartments from the prokaryotic repertoire that present a highly attractive platform for intracellular compartmentalization of chemical reactions by design. Using single‐molecule Förster resonance energy transfer and 3D‐MINFLUX analysis, we analyze fluorescently labeled encapsulins on a single‐molecule basis. Furthermore, by equipping these capsules with a synthetic ruthenium catalyst via covalent attachment to a non‐native host protein, we are able to perform in vitro catalysis and go on to show that engineered encapsulins can be used as hosts for transition metal catalysis inside living cells in confined space.
Measurement of ballistic phonon conduction near hotspots in silicon (2001)

The Fourier law for lattice heat conduction fails when the source of heat is small compared to the phonon mean free path. We provide experimental evidence for this effect using heating and electrical-resistance thermometry along a doped region in a suspended silicon membrane. The data are consistent with a closed-form two-fluid phonon conduction model, which accounts for the severe departure from equilibrium at the hotspot. The temperature rise exceeds predictions based on the Fourier law by 60% when the phonon mean free path is a factor of 30 larger than the resistor thickness. This work is improving the constitutive modeling of heat flow in deep-submicron transistors.
Characterization and localization of galanin receptors in human entorhinal cortex (1998)

The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) has a widespread distribution throughout the human cortex. The entorhinal cortex (ENT) plays a crucial role in the transfer of cortico-cortical information related to memory and displays severe degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, very little is known about the pharmacology of the GAL receptor (GALR) in normal human ENT. Therefore, we pharmacologically visualized their distribution and characterized GALRs using in vitro receptor autoradiography and radioligand binding assays. Autoradiograms revealed intense GALR labeling, mainly in the substantia innominata, hypothalamus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and within layers 2 and 4 of the ENT. Kinetic experiments showed that saturation of GALR sites by [125I]GAL (human) (hGAL) occurred within 2 h and that this binding readily reversed in the presence of a GTP analog, but not in the presence of excess unlabeled hGAL. Analysis of [125I]hGAL binding data from saturation experiments gave KD values of 98.6+/-21.6 pM, Bmax values of 52.9+/-32.4 fmol/mg protein and identified a high and low affinity state of the GALR. The presence of 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (GppNHp) or NaCl reduced the agonist labeling of hGALR in ENT membranes.
An ultrathin spiral phase plate for generation of OAM radio waves (2016)

Recently, orbital angular momentum (OAM) has attracted much attention in radio frequencies due to the unique properties that radio waves carrying different OAMs are inherently orthogonal. Consequently, OAM-based multiplexing has potentials to increase the capacity of communication system. Here, a novel ultrathin slot-based planar-spiral phase plate (planar-SPP) is designed for generating the OAM radio waves. The proposed planar-SPP is designed using the concept of transmit array antenna with the ability to individually control the transmission phase of each element to generate the radio beams carrying OAMs with a specific topological charge. The unit cell used here consists of two identical components placed on top of each other. Each component is composed of two closely-placed thin dielectric layers, in which the outer layers are etched with annular ring slots and the inner layer is placed with a uniplanar compact photonic bandgap (UC-PBG) element. The UC-PBG element functions as an additional resonator and coupler to reduce the requirement of an extra layer. The proposed four-layer unit cell is compact with a total thickness of λ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> /15 at the frequency of 10 GHz, which achieves a full transmission-phase range of 360° and transmission magnitude equal to or better than −1 dB. Besides, the phase error is less than 5° when the oblique incidence angle is less than 40°. Such a unit cell of superior performance ensures the proposed planar-SPP to have high efficiency. The simulated far-field radiation patterns and near-field phase distributions clearly show the generation of OAM-carrying radio waves, which verifies the feasibility of the proposed design. The planar-SPP has advantages of high efficiency and low profile, having potential applications in the radio communication systems.
Bioactive Peptides from Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) Prevent the Early Stages of Atherosclerosis in Western Diet-Fed ApoE–/– Mice (2022)

We have previously reported the <i>in vitro</i> hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of Alcalase-generated lupin protein hydrolysate (LPH). Given that lipoprotein deposition, oxidative stress, and inflammation are the main components of atherogenesis, we characterized the LPH composition, in silico identified LPH-peptides with activities related to atherosclerosis, and evaluated the <i>in vivo</i> LPH effects on atherosclerosis risk factors in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. After 15 min of Alcalase hydrolysis, peptides smaller than 8 kDa were obtained, and 259 peptides out of 278 peptides found showed biological activities related to atherosclerosis risk factors. Furthermore, LPH administration for 12 weeks reduced the plasma lipids, as well as the cardiovascular and atherogenic risk indexes. LPH also increased the total antioxidant capacity, decreased endothelial permeability, inflammatory response, and atherogenic markers. Therefore, this study describes for the first time that LPH prevents the early stages of atherosclerosis.
Fusarium diversity from the Golden Gate Highlands National Park (2023)

Members from the genus <i>Fusarium</i> can infect a broad range of plants and threaten agricultural and horticultural production. Studies on the diversity of <i>Fusarium</i> occurring in natural ecosystems have received less attention than the better known phytopathogenic members of the genus. This study identified <i>Fusarium</i> species from soils with low anthropogenic disturbance found in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park (GGHNP), a part of the Drakensberg system in South Africa. Selective techniques were implemented to obtain 257 individual isolates from the selected soil samples for which the <i>translation elongation factor 1</i>α (<i>tef-1</i>α) gene region was sequenced and compared against the <i>Fusarium</i> MLST and <i>FUSARIUM</i>-ID databases. Phylogenetic analyses, based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, were used to determine species diversity in relation to reference isolates. Species level identifications were made within three of the seven species complexes and identified <i>F. brachygibbosum</i>, <i>F. sporotrichioides</i>, <i>F. andiyazi</i>, and <i>F. gaditjirri</i> based on the <i>FUSARIUM</i>-ID database, with <i>F. transvaalense</i> and <i>F. lyarnte</i> identified against the <i>Fusarium</i> MLST database. This indicated highly diverse populations of <i>Fusarium</i> from soils with low anthropogenic disturbance from the Afromontane grassland region found in mountain ranges.
Characteristics of Insulin Receptors and Insulin Action in Human Myelogenous Leukemia Cell Line K-562 (1985)

Specific binding sites for insulin have been identified and characterized for the human erythroleukemia cell line K-562. The binding of [125I]-insulin to the cells increased as a function of time, reaching a maximum at 20 min when incubation was performed at 37 degrees C. The binding of [125I]-insulin was dose-dependently inhibited by insulin or proinsulin. Scatchard plot of the binding data was curvilinear, and the number of insulin receptors was approximately 39,000. Insulin at concentrations of 0.05-10.0 ng/ml stimulated CO2 production and DNA and protein synthesis in K-562 cells in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that the insulin binding sites are functionally important in mediating these biochemical events induced by insulin. Maximal insulin responses were elicited at concentrations of less than 5 ng/ml, when (at most) 10% of the insulin receptors were occupied. After binding to the cells, [125I]-insulin was degraded in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. As reported for other types of cells, unlabeled insulin also downregulated insulin receptors in K-562 cells. When the cells were incubated with 1 X 10(-7) M unlabeled insulin for 24 h, the number of insulin receptors decreased by 50% without a change of affinity. K-562 cells may be useful in studying the role of insulin receptors in cell functions induced by insulin.
FeNi and Ti underlayers for vertical recording on rigid disks (1988)

FeNi and Ti underlayers on CoCr disks are studied. It is confirmed that the structure of FeNi thin films is derived from pure Ni cfc structure. Soft magnetic films can be achieved when sputtering conditions are optimized for an Fe2ONi80 target. Sputtering conditions were also studied for Ti layers. It was found that Ti thin films crystallize in the hcp structure. An
Coronary plaque quantification and fractional flow reserve by coronary computed tomography angiography identify ischaemia-causing lesions (2016)

Stenosis severity, plaque characteristics, and FFRCT predict lesion-specific ischaemia. Plaque assessment and FFRCT provide improved discrimination of ischaemia compared with stenosis assessment alone.
In situ stabilized carbon nanofiber (CNF) reinforced epoxy nanocomposites (2010)

Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) suspended epoxy resin nanocomposites and the corresponding polymer nanocomposites are fabricated. The surface of CNFs is introduced a functional amine terminated groups via silanization, which in situ react with epoxy monomers. This in situ reaction favors the CNFs dispersion and improves the interfacial interaction between CNFs and monomers. Effects of particle loading, surface treatment and operating temperatures of rheological tests on the complex viscosity, storage modulus and loss modulus are systematically studied. Unique rheological phenomena “a decreased viscosity with a better dispersion” are observed and explained in terms of the improved filler dispersion quality. Meanwhile, significant increase in the tensile property and storage modulus is observed and related to the better dispersion and the introduced strong interfacial interaction as revealed by SEM imaging. Finally, electrical conductivity is investigated and an unusual deficiency of surface treatment to improve the electrical conductivity is explained by an insulating coating layer.
Nudged-elastic band used to find reaction coordinates based on the free energy (2014)

Transition paths characterize chemical reaction mechanisms. In this paper, we present a new method to find mean reaction paths based on the free energy. A nudged elastic band (NEB) is optimized using gradients and Hessians of the free energy, which are obtained from umbrella integration. The transition state can be refined by a Newton-Raphson search starting from the highest point of the NEB path. All optimizations are done using Cartesian coordinates. Independent molecular dynamics (MD) runs are performed at each image used to discretize the path. This makes the method intrinsically parallel. In contrast to other free energy methods, the algorithm does not become more expensive when including more degrees of freedom in the active space. The method is applied to the alanine-dipeptide as a test case and compared to pathways that have been derived from metadynamics and forward flux sampling.
Three-dimensional Hall magnetic reconnection (2002)

New numerical results of three-dimensional magnetic reconnection in the Hall limit (L&amp;lt;c/ωpi where c/ωpi is the ion inertial length) are presented. The reconnection process is initiated with a magnetic field perturbation localized along the current channel in a reversed field plasma configuration. The perturbation induces a magnetic wave structure that propagates opposite to the current, and leads to the asymmetric thinning of the plasma layer, strong plasma flows in the direction of the current, and rapid magnetic reconnection. The propagating wave structure is a Hall phenomenon associated with magnetic field curvature. The reconnection rate is independent of a (weak) guide field and the boundary conditions (i.e., periodic or outflowing).
False positive cases in thyroid cytopathology – the experience of a single laboratory and a systematic review (2021)

Thyroid nodules with FP cytology were larger than nodules with TP cytology. Most studies manage to adhere to the recommended FP rates, or values close to them, with some outliers. Nevertheless, the mean FP rate values are very close to the value recommended by The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC). The FP rate value depends on how one defines true negative cases, which can be either histologically proven benign cases, via a benign clinical course, or by assuming that cytologically benign cases remain as such.
Economic assessment of solar electricity production from organic-based photovoltaic modules in a domestic environment (2011)

The primary driver for development of organic photovoltaic (OPV) technologies is the prospect of very low cost module manufacture leading to affordable solar electricity. This paper presents an economic assessment of OPV based on an existing pre-industrial manufacturing process and the associated detailed material inventory. Using life cycle costing techniques, the life cycle investment cost for a 1kWp, grid-connected OPV system is calculated, taking into account the materials, direct process energy, labour, balance of system components, design and maintenance costs. Assuming values for the performance ratio of the PV system, insolation level, inflation and interest rates, the levelised electricity cost (LEC) is calculated. Under an average solar irradiance of 1700 kWh/m2/year, typical of southern Europe, a LEC of between 0.19 €/kWh and 0.50 €/kWh was calculated for a 1kWp system, based on modules containing 7% efficient cells and assuming a 5 year module lifetime. The OPV module is found to make up the majority of the system cost while the material costs constitute the largest contribution to the cost of the OPV module. The influence of OPV module lifetime is studied using sensitivity. This paper demonstrates that competitive solar electricity from OPV is within reach if efficiencies of ca. 7% already demonstrated in lab scale devices can be achieved in large area modules and if lifetimes of at least 5 years can be achieved.
A dynamically reconfigurable token-based optical backplane (2002)

We present a 2D token-based dynamically reconfigurable smart pixel array (DRSPA) for intelligent optical backplanes. The DRSPA has the ability to reconfigure both the location and the size of the backplane optical communication channels (between 8, 16, 24, and 32 bits), dynamically enhancing the backplane throughput under light backplane load. This functionality is realized through the use of a 2D token, a 4 clock cycle backplane header, and a distributed control environment.
Effect of Testosterone on Maturational Gonadotropin Subunit Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels in the Goldfish Pituitary1 (1996)

In this study, we investigated the effects of testosterone and a nonaromatizable androgen, 11 beta-hydroxyandrosterone, on maturational gonadotropin (GtH-II) subunit gene expression in the goldfish pituitary. While testosterone treatment at physiological doses resulted in stimulation of GtH-II-alpha and -beta subunit mRNA production, time-course and dose-response studies performed on sexually immature goldfish of mixed sex, using a wider dose range exceeding physiological levels, demonstrated a biphasic response to in vivo androgen treatment. Time-related treatment with testosterone and 11 beta-hydroxyandrosterone (20 micrograms/fish) resulted in an initial inhibition of GtH-II subunit mRNA production (12-24 h) followed by stimulation at 72-96 h. In dose-response studies, treatment for 24 h with testosterone resulted in a significant stimulation at the low physiological doses of 0.2 and 2 micrograms/fish. At the supraphysiological level of 20 micrograms/fish, testosterone treatment resulted in no stimulation or in decreased GtH-II subunit mRNA levels compared to the control values. Similarly, treatment with 11 beta-hydroxyandrosterone resulted in a significant stimulation of GtH-II subunit mRNA levels at low physiological concentrations (0.2 microgram/ fish) and an inhibition, or no stimulation, at higher concentrations (2-20 micrograms/fish). In sexually mature goldfish of mixed sex, the biphasic effect of testosterone was not observed in vivo, and treatment with this steroid resulted in stimulation of GtH-II subunit mRNA production in a dose-related manner. To investigate the direct action of testosterone, studies were carried out using isolated goldfish pituitary fragments from goldfish of mixed sex in vitro. Treatment with testosterone at various concentrations was found to stimulate GtH-II subunit mRNA production in pituitary glands obtained from both sexually immature and sexually mature goldfish. Overall, the present study demonstrates a stimulatory effect of testosterone on GtH-II subunit mRNA levels in goldfish. The observed stimulation of basal GtH-II subunit mRNA production by testosterone occurs, in part, through a direct action at the level of the pituitary in both sexually immature and mature goldfish.
Polymorphic metabolism of the carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene in human liver microsomes (1985)

Two distinct phenotypes, slow and fast metabolizers, were observed for both metabolic activation and detoxification of the model chemical carcinogen, 2-acetylaminofluorene, in human liver microsomes from 28 individuals. We observed that individuals who were fast activators of the carcinogen were in most cases also fast detoxifiers of the chemical. However, different phenotype patterns exist suggesting that fast activators of a toxin need not also be phenotyped as fast detoxifiers. Studies in this area may help understand whether certain individuals are predisposed to a higher rate of chemically-induced cancers.
The Internet in India and China (2002)

This article compares the diffusion of the Internet in China and India. Using a six-dimension framework for characterizing the state of the Internet in a nation, we observe that, while both nations have made significant progress since our last comparison (in 1999), China enjoys a substantial lead over India. We also examine determinants of Internet diffusion. We find that the Chinese Internet has benefited from economic and trade reform begun in the late 1980s, a strong government commitment to the Internet, complementary human and capital resources, etc. The two nations have very different governments and policies, leading to differing approaches to the introduction of telecommunication competition and infrastructure development. China has pursued a strategy of competition among government-owned organizations while India has set policy via recommendations of publicly visible task forces. It remains to be seen whether India's relatively transparent and market driven approach to Internet policy (and access) will prove effective in the long run. India and China have approximately 40 percent of the world population, and most of their inhabitants live in rural villages that lack basic telephone service. If the Internet is to succeed in raising the level of human development and curtailing migration to teeming urban centers, it must succeed in India and China. What we learn there may enable us to provide communication and information to the world's 1.5 million unconnected villages.
On the role of Eph signalling in thymus histogenesis; EphB2/B3 and the organizing of the thymic epithelial network (2009)

In the current study, we extend our own previous results on the thymocyte phenotype of EphB2 and/or EphB3 deficient mice by analyzing the phenotype and the histological organization of their thymic epithelial stroma. All studied adult EphB-deficient thymi showed profound alterations with respect to the wild-type (WT) ones. Each mutant exhibited a specific phenotype, but also showed common features including occurrence of K5+K8+MTS10+ immature medullary epithelial cells, numerous K5-K8-MTS20+ cells and K5+K8+ cells in the thymic cortex and cortical and medullary K5-K8- areas devoid of epithelial cell markers. In addition, comparative analysis of WT and EphB-deficient embryonic and newborn thymi demonstrated that the observed adult phenotype was a consequence of the gradual accumulation of early phenotypic and morphological defects, becoming more severe at the end of embryonic life and in newborn animals. Together, these results confirm a role for EphB2 and EphB3 in thymus morphogenesis. The obtained data are discussed from the point of view of the recognized role played by these two Ephs in the homeostasis of other epithelia and their possible relationships with molecules known to be involved in thymic epithelial cell development.
Oxidative Automotive Emission Control Catalysts—Selected Factors Affecting Catalyst Activity (1975)

Certain factors are analyzed to determine their effects on automotive catalyst activity. At operating gas velocities, spherical catalysts were more active than monolithic catalysts at comparable catalyst volumes and metals loadings. Palladium was the most active catalyst metal. Platinum in a mixed platinum-palladium catalyst stabilizes against the effects of lead poisoning. An optimum activity particulate catalyst would contain about 0.05 wt % total metals on a gamma-alumina base with a platinum content of 0.03-0.04 wt % and a palladium content of 0.01-0.02 wt %. A somewhat thick shell of metals located near the outer surface of the particle provides better catalyst activity them a shell type distribution of metals.
An investigation of melt rheology and thermal stability of poly(lactic acid)/ poly(butylene succinate) nanocomposites (2009)

Abstract A systematic investigation of the rheological and thermal properties of nanocomposites prepared with poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and organically modified layered silicate was carried out. PLA/PBS/Cloisite 30BX (organically modified MMT) clay nanocomposites were prepared by using simple melt extrusion process. Composition of PLA and PBS polymers were fixed at a ratio of 80 to 20 by wt % for all the nanocomposites. Rheological investigations showed that high clay (&gt; 3 wt %) contents strongly improved the viscoelastic behavior of the nanocomposites. Percolation threshold region was attained between 3 and 5 wt % of clay loadings. With the addition of clay content for these nanocomposites, liquid‐like behavior of PLA/PBS blend gradually changed to solid‐like behavior as shown by dynamic rheology. Steady shear showed that shear viscosity for the nanocomposites decreased with increasing shear rates, exhibiting shear‐thinning non‐Newtonian behavior. At higher clay concentrations, pseudo‐plastic behavior was dominant, whereas pure blend showed almost Newtonian behavior. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that both initial degradation temperature (at a 2% weight loss) and activation energy of thermal decomposition nanocomposite containing 3 wt % of C30BX were superior to those of other nanocomposites as well as to those of PLA/PBS blend. Nanocomposite having 1 wt % of C30BX did not achieve expected level of thermal stability due to the thermal instability of the surfactant present in the organoclay. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009