gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role for an episulfonium ion in S-(2-chloroethyl)-DL-cysteine-induced cytotoxicity and its reaction with glutathione (1987)

The cysteine S conjugate of 1,2-dichloroethane, S-(2-chloroethyl)-DL-cysteine (CEC), is hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and mutagenic. To determine the cellular and chemical mechanisms involved in CEC-induced toxicity and to assess the role of an episulfonium ion, the effect of CEC on the viability of isolated rat hepatocytes was studied. CEC addition resulted in both a time- and concentration-dependent loss of cell viability. Depletion of intracellular glutathione concentrations (greater than 70%) and inhibition of microsomal Ca2+ transport and Ca2+-ATPase activity preceded the loss of cell viability, and initiation of lipid peroxidation paralleled the loss of viability. The depletion of glutathione concentrations was partially attributable to a reaction between glutathione and CEC to form S-[2-(DL-cysteinyl)ethyl]glutathione, which was identified by NMR and mass spectrometry. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine, vitamin E, and N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine protected against the loss of cell viability. N,N'-Diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine inhibited CEC-initiated lipid peroxidation but did not protect against cell death at 4 h, indicating that lipid peroxidation was not the cause of cell death. The analogues S-ethyl-L-cysteine, S-(3-chloropropyl)-DL-cysteine, and S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine, which cannot form an episulfonium ion, were not cytotoxic, thus demonstrating a role for an episulfonium ion in the cytotoxicity associated with exposure to CEC and, possibly, 1,2-dichloroethane. These results show that an alteration in Ca2+ homeostasis and the generation of an electrophilic intermediate may be involved in the mechanism of cell death.
HITIQA (2003)

HITIQA is an interactive question answering technology designed to allow intelligence analysts and other users of information systems to pose questions in natural language and obtain relevant answers, or the assistance they require in order to perform their tasks. Our objective in HITIQA is to allow the user to submit exploratory, analytical, non-factual questions, such as "What has been Russia's reaction to U.S. bombing of Kosovo?" The distinguishing property of such questions is that one cannot generally anticipate what might constitute the answer. While certain types of things may be expected (e.g., diplomatic statements), the answer is heavily conditioned by what information is in fact available on the topic. From a practical viewpoint, analytical questions are often underspecified, thus casting a broad net on a space of possible answers. Therefore, clarification dialogue is often needed to negotiate with the user the exact scope and intent of the question.
Fine specificity of alloimmune cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed against H-2K. A study with Kb mutants. (1980)

The fine specificity of alloimmune cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was investigated in CTL responses across the smallest known H-2 differences, those based on mutation at a single H-2 locus. CTL were generated in all possible mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) combinations among seven H-2Kb mutants and the mouse strain of origin, C57BL/6 (B6-H-2b). CTL were also generated in all F1 hybrid responder/homozygous stimulator-cell combinations among four Kb mutants and B6-H-2b. CTL activity was measured in cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) against target cells from all Kb mutants and B6-H-2b. Cross-reactivity against targets other than the MLC stimulator was extensive and led to the distinction of 64 CML target determinants. Two Kb mutants (B6-H-2bm6 and B6.C-H-2bm9) showed identical typing for all 64 CML determinants. CML reactions after MLC between these two haplotypes were mutually negative. The mutants B6-H-2bm3 and B6.C-H-2bm11 showed identical typing for 47 of the 64 determinants. Their close relationship is in agreement with the finding that H-2bm3 anti-H-2bm11 CTL were the only ones that exclusively lysed target cells of stimulator-cell genotype. On the basis of CML typing, the sequence of relatedness of the mutants with H-2b is as follows: bm6/bm9-bm10-bm3-bm1-bm11, bm6/bm9 being the closest to, and bm11 the most distant from H-2b. The extensive cross-reactivity of alloimmune CTL appears to reflect immunogenetic complexity rather than lack of specificity. Comparison with other reports supports the notion that the system of Kb CML determinants, recognized by alloimmune CTL, is at least partially overlapping with the H-2Kb specificity repertoire involved in the associative T cell recognition of virus-infected cells.
Nonlinear Control for Aerial Transportation Systems With Double-Pendulum Swing Effects (2020)

When transporting cargoes or goods by aerial vehicles, the hook's rotation around the suspension point, together with the payload's rotation around the hook, causes the double-pendulum swing effects. However, this phenomenon is always neglected to simplify the control problem. With a more accurate description of the aerial transportation system driven by quadrotors, the analysis and careful consideration of the double-pendulum swing characteristic will improve the control effect. Nevertheless, the control design is difficult due to the increased system degrees of freedom and the more complicated dynamic coupling. To deal with these practical issues, a novel regulation oriented nonlinear antiswing controller is designed for aerial transportation systems with consideration of double-pendulum swing effects. By fabricating a new energy function, the nonlinear controller is proposed with the coupling terms incorporated to enhance the transient performance. Subsequently, in this article, we provide rigorous stability analysis based on Lyapunov theory. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate that the proposed control scheme exhibits better control performance in terms of increased transient response. The proposed method not only gives the analysis for aerial transportation systems with double-pendulum swing effects, but also solves the control problem with such behavior in the three-dimensional space, thus bringing inspiration to the effective control of other similar suspension systems.
Similarity-based Classification: Concepts and Algorithms (2009)

This paper reviews and extends the field of similarity-based classification, presenting new analyses, algorithms, data sets, and a comprehensive set of experimental results for a rich collection of classification problems. Specifically, the generalizability of using similarities as features is analyzed, design goals and methods for weighting nearest-neighbors for similarity-based learning are proposed, and different methods for consistently converting similarities into kernels are compared. Experiments on eight real data sets compare eight approaches and their variants to similarity-based learning.
Omega-an integrated environment for C++ program maintenance (1996)

Proposes several new object-oriented (OO) software-specific techniques that are useful in the maintenance of OO software, especially C++ programs. The proposed techniques include: (1) new OO-specific dependence relations (such as class, message and declaration dependence); (2) algorithms to construct a hierarchical C++ dependence graph (C++DG) to capture these dependences from the source code; (3) several new slicing techniques (such as class, message, constrained and recursive slicing), besides the existing slicing techniques (such as program, variable and condition slicing) for OO programs. Next, the paper discusses the application of the dependence and slicing concepts to other maintenance activities such as ripple effect analysis (REA) and regression testing. Finally, the paper presents the design of an integrated environment, Omega, that implements many of these techniques for C++ program maintenance. Omega has been demonstrated in various industrial sites in the USA and Japan since May 1995.
New antihistaminic N-heterocyclic 4-piperidinamines. 1. Synthesis and antihistaminic activity of N-(4-piperidinyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-amines (1985)

The synthesis of a series N-(4-piperidinyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-amines and the preliminary evaluation of their in vitro and in vivo antihistaminic activity are described. Cyclodesulfurization of (2-aminophenyl)thioureas with mercury(II) oxide resulted in 2-aminobenzimidazole intermediates, which were monoalkylated on the endo-nitrogen atom. After deprotection of the piperidine nitrogen atom with 48% aqueous hydrobromic acid solution, the title compounds were obtained by three different methods, viz. alkylation, reductive amination, or oxirane ring-opening reactions. The in vivo antihistaminic activity was evaluated by the compound 48/80 induced lethality test in rats and histamine-induced lethality test in guinea pigs after oral and/or subcutaneous administration. The duration of action, for a selected number of compounds, was studied in the guinea pig. The phenylethyl derivatives showed the most potent antihistamine properties after oral administration in both animal species.
An investigation of the shipp hexanitrostilbene (HNS) process (1983)

Abstract This report describes the separation, characterization, and analysis of products formed during the Shipp hexanitrostilbene (HNS) process. In this process, trinitrotoluene (TNT), dissolved in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and methanol (MeOH), reacts with commercial bleach (NaOCl) to form HNS. The identified products include: hexanitrostilbene (HNS), hexanitrobibenzyl (HNBiB), trinitrobenzene (TNB), trinitrobenzoic acid (PiCOOH), trinitrobenzaldehyde (PiCHO), trinitrobenzyl chloride (PiCH2Cl), picryl chloride (PiCl), picric acid (PiOH), trinitrobenzyl alcohol (PiCH2OH), 4,6-dinitro [2,1] benzisoxazole (Anil), and trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin) as well as unreacted TNT. An additional study was made of the PiCH2Cl → HNS reaction which was the source of the red tar components. Approximately 5–10% of the red tar fraction could not be identified. Solvent effects on the yield of several of the above cited by-products are also discussed.
How the kinetochore switches off the spindle assembly checkpoint (2015)

The eukaryotic kinetochore senses whether or not it is attached to spindle microtubules. If unattached, it activates the signaling cascade of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC) and delays cell d...
Tumor suppressor gene Rb is required for self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells in mice (2013)

The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene Rb is essential for maintaining the quiescence and for regulating the differentiation of somatic stem cells. Inactivation of Rb in somatic stem cells typically leads to their overexpansion, often followed by increased apoptosis, defective terminal differentiation, and tumor formation. However, Rb's roles in germ-line stem cells have not been explored. We conditionally disrupted the Rb gene in mouse germ cells in vivo and discovered unanticipated consequences for GFRa1-protein-expressing A(single) (GFRa1(+) A(s)) spermatogonia, the major source of male germ-line stem cells. Rb-deficient GFRa1(+) A(s) spermatogonia were present at normal density in testes 5 d after birth, but they lacked the capacity for self-renewal, resulting in germ cell depletion by 2 mo of age. Rb deficiency did not affect the proliferative activity of GFRa1(+) A(s) spermatogonia, but their progeny were exclusively transit-amplifying progenitor spermatogonia and did not include GFRa1(+) A(s) spermatogonia. In addition, Rb deficiency caused prolonged proliferation of progenitor spermatogonia, transiently enlarging this population. Despite these defects, Rb deficiency did not block terminal differentiation into functional sperm; offspring were readily obtained from young males whose germ cell pool was not yet depleted. We conclude that Rb is required for self-renewal of germ-line stem cells, but contrary to its critical roles in somatic stem cells, it is dispensable for their proliferative activity and terminal differentiation. Thus, this study identifies an unexpected function for Rb in maintaining the stem cell pool in the male germ line.
Application of raman spectroscopy to monitor and quantify ethyl esters in soybean oil transesterification (2006)

Abstract Biodiesel (FA esters) has become very attractive as an alternative diesel fuel owing to its environmental benefits. Transesterification is the most usual and important method to make biodiesel from vegetable oils. This article investigates the potential for using Raman spectroscopy to monitor and quantify the transesterification of soybean oil to yield ethyl esters. The differences observed in the Raman spectra of soybean oil after transesterification were a peak at 2932 cm −1 ( ), the displacement of the v C=O band from 1748 to 1739 cm −1 , and the bands at 861 ( v R‐C=O and v C‐C ) and 372 cm −1 ( δ CO‐O‐C ). Uni‐ and multivariate analysis methods were used to build several analytical curves and then applied in known samples, treated as unknowns, to test their ability to predict concentrations. The best results were achieved by Raman/PLS calibration models (where PLS=partial least squares regression) using an internal normalization standard ( v =C‐H band). The correlation coefficient ( R 2 ) values so obtained were 0.9985 for calibration and 0.9977 for validation. Univariate regression analysis between biodiesel concentration and the increasing intensity of band or v C=O displacement showed R 2 values of 0.9983 and 0.9742, respectively. Although spectroscopic methods are less sensitive than chromatographic ones, the data obtained by spectroscopy can be correlated with other techniques, allowing biodiesel yield and quality to be quickly assessed.
Chemical Mapping at the Atomic Level using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (2011)

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Synthesis of Substituted 4‐(3‐Alkyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazol‐5‐ylmethyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazines and 4‐(1H‐Benzimidazol‐2‐ylmethyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazines. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Control of a differentially driven mobile robot using radial basis function based neural networks (2008)

This paper proposes the use of radial basis function neural networks approach to the solution of a mobile robot orientation adjustment using reinforcement learning. In order to control the orientation of the mobile robot, a neural network control system has been constructed and implemented. Neural controller has been charged to enhance the control system by adding some degrees of award. Making use of the potential of neural networks to learn the relationships, the desired reference orientation and the error position of the mobile robot are used in training. The radial basis function based neural networks have been trained via reinforcement learning. The performance of the proposed controller and learning system has been evaluated by using a mobile robot that consists of a two driving wheels mounted on the same axis, and a free wheel on the front for balance.
A high speed data encryption processor for public key cryptography (1989)

A cost-effective public key cryptographic architecture and its implementation in 2-μm double-level-metal CMOS are presented. The latter consists of a 593-bit arithmetic processing element, an 8-bit microcontroller, and an intelligent bus interface unit. The device uses 95000 transistors, has an area of 115000 mil <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> assembled in a 40-pin package, and is capable of an average throughput of 500 kb/s
A 600-V AC voltage amplifier for power measurements (2014)

A voltage amplifier comprised of three, cascaded, -10:1 gain sections has been developed to extend the voltage range of primary electric power calibrations from 120 V to 600 V over the 50 Hz to 400 Hz frequency range. The gain and phase errors of each amplifier section are continuously measured and corrected in-situ using a permuting impedance measurement technique. The amplifier design approach, measurement principles, and initial performance results are presented.
Cardiac extracellular matrix proteomics: Challenges, techniques, and clinical implications (2015)

Extracellular matrix (ECM) has emerged as a dynamic tissue component, providing not only structural support, but also functionally participating in a wide range of signaling events during development, injury, and disease remodeling. Investigation of dynamic changes in cardiac ECM proteome is challenging due to the relative insolubility of ECM proteins, which results from their macromolecular nature, extensive post-translational modification (PTM), and tendency to form protein complexes. Finally, the relative abundance of cellular and mitochondrial proteins in cardiac tissue further complicates cardiac ECM proteomic approaches. Recent developments of various techniques to enrich and analyze ECM proteins are playing a major role in overcoming these challenges. Application of cardiac ECM proteomics in disease tissues can further provide spatial and temporal information relevant to disease diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and engineering of therapeutic candidates for cardiac repair and regeneration.
The Barts Health NHS Trust COVID-19 cohort: characteristics, outcomes and risk scoring of patients in East London (2021)

<b>BACKGROUND:</b> Barts Health National Health Service Trust (BHNHST) serves a diverse population of 2.5 million people in London, UK. We undertook a health services assessment of factors used to evaluate the risk of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.<b>METHODS:</b> Patients with confirmed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results admitted between 1 March and 1 August 2020 were included, alongwith clinician-diagnosed suspected cases. Prognostic factors from the 4C Mortality score and 4C Deterioration scores were extracted from electronic health records and logistic regression was used to quantify the strength of association with 28-day mortality and clinical deterioration using national death registry linkage.<b>RESULTS:</b> Of 2783 patients, 1621 had a confirmed diagnosis, of whom 61% were male and 54% were from Black and Minority Ethnic groups; 26% died within 28 days of admission. Mortality was strongly associated with older age. The 4C mortality score had good stratification of risk with a calibration slope of 1.14 (95% CI 1.01-1.27). It may have under-estimated mortality risk in those with a high respiratory rate or requiring oxygen.<b>CONCLUSION:</b> Patients in this diverse patient cohort had similar mortality associated with prognostic factors to the 4C score derivation sample, but survival might be poorer in those with respiratory failure.
Effect of extracellular vesicles of human adipose tissue on insulin signaling in liver and muscle cells (2014)

Human AT-EVs can stimulate or inhibit insulin signaling in hepatocytes- possibly depending on their adipokine content- and may thereby contribute to systemic IR.
Review of the basic methods for characterizing integrated-optic waveguides (1995)

Abstract This article presents a short review of the various methods of characterizing integrated-optic waveguides. It is intended to acquaint researchers, particularly beginners in this field, with the principles of some of the widely used techniques of characterizing one-dimensional (planar) and two-dimensional (such as channel or rib) waueguides.
Ischemic Preconditioning of Rat Livers from Non-Heart-Beating Donors Decreases Parenchymal Cell Killing and Increases Graft Survival after Transplantation (2012)

A critical shortage of donors exists for liver transplantation, which non-heart-beating cadaver donors could help ease. This study evaluated ischemic preconditioning to improve graft viability after non-heart-beating liver donation in rats. Ischemic preconditioning was performed by clamping the portal vein and hepatic artery for 10 min followed by unclamping for 5 min. Subsequently, the aorta was cross-clamped for up to 120 min. After 2 h of storage, livers were either transplanted or perfused with warm buffer containing trypan blue. Aortic clamping for 60 and 120 min prior to liver harvest markedly decreased 30-day graft survival from 100% without aortic clamping to 50% and 0%, respectively, which ischemic preconditioning restored to 100 and 50%. After 60 min of aortic clamping, loss of viability of parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells was 22.6 and 5.6%, respectively, which preconditioning decreased to 3.0 and 1.5%. Cold storage after aortic clamping further increased parenchymal and non-parenchymal cell killing to 40.4 and 10.1%, respectively, which ischemic preconditioning decreased to 12.4 and 1.8%. In conclusion, ischemic preconditioning markedly decreased cell killing after subsequent sustained warm ischemia. Most importantly, ischemic preconditioning restored 100% graft survival of livers harvested from non-heart-beating donors after 60 min of aortic clamping.
Robustness of spatial average equalization: A statistical reverberation model approach (2004)

Traditionally, multiple listener room equalization is performed to improve sound quality at all listeners, during audio playback, in a multiple listener environment (e.g., movie theaters, automobiles, etc.). A typical way of doing multiple listener equalization is through spatial averaging, where the room responses are averaged spatially between positions and an inverse equalization filter is found from the spatially averaged result. However, the equalization performance, will be affected if there is a mismatch between the position of the microphones (which are used for measuring the room responses for designing the equalization filter) and the actual center of listener head position (during playback). In this paper, we will present results on the effects of microphone-listener mismatch on spatial average equalization performance. The results indicate that, for the analyzed rectangular configuration, the region of effective equalization depends on (i) the distance of a listener from the source, (ii) the amount of mismatch between the responses, and (iii) the frequency of the audio signal. We also present some convergence analysis to interpret the results.
New Observations of the Optical Spectrum of SiO + and the Prediction of Its Rotational Spectrum (1993)

The (0, 0) and (1, 0) bands of the B<SUP>2</SUP>Σ<SUP>+</SUP>-Χ<SUP>2</SUP>Σ<SUP>+</SUP> system of <SUP>28</SUP>Si<SUP>16</SUP>O<SUP>+</SUP> have been observed with very high resolution using the technique of laser-induced fluorescence from a mass-selected fast ion beam. The data yield values of the υ" = 0 rotational and fine-structure constants with an improvement in precision by about an order of magnitude over earlier work. This makes it possible to predict the frequencies of pure rotational transitions within this vibrational level at a level of precision that allows unambiguous comparison with molecular lines observed in interstellar clouds. In particular, the transition (J = 5/2, N = 2) → (J = 3/2, N = 1), which has been considered as the source of the observed U86.2 line at 86,243.45(40) MHz, is predicted to occur at 86,037(6) MHz.