gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of ultrasonically-activatable nanoparticles using low boiling point perfluorocarbons (2020)

Recently, an interest has developed in designing in biomaterials for medical ultrasonics that can provide the acoustic activity of microbubbles, but with improved stability in vivo and a smaller size distribution for extravascular interrogation. One proposed alternative is the phase-change contrast agent. Phase-change contrast agents (PCCAs) consist of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) that are initially in liquid form, but can then be vaporized with acoustic energy. Crucial parameters for PCCAs include their sensitivity to acoustic energy, their size distribution, and their stability, and this manuscript provides insight into the custom design of PCCAs for balancing these parameters. Specifically, the relationship between size, thermal stability and sensitivity to ultrasound as a function of PFC boiling point and ambient temperature is illustrated. Emulsion stability and sensitivity can be ‘tuned’ by mixing PFCs in the gaseous state prior to condensation. Novel observations illustrate that stable droplets can be generated from PFCs with extremely low boiling points, such as octafluoropropane (b.p. −36.7°C), which can be vaporized with acoustic parameters lower than previously observed. Results demonstrate the potential for low boiling point PFCs as a useful new class of compounds for activatable agents, which can be tailored to the desired application.
[Skip metastasis to the mediastinal lymph nodes in non-small cell lung cancer]. (2001)

These results suggest that patients with skip mediastinal lymph node metastases represent a unique subgroup of N2 disease.
Ionic Liquid-Assisted Synthesis of Mesoporous Silk Fibroin/Silica Hybrids for Biomedical Applications (2018)

New mesoporous silk fibroin (SF)/silica hybrids were processed via a one-pot soft and energy-efficient sol-gel chemistry and self-assembly from a silica precursor, an acidic or basic catalyst, and the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, acting as both solvent and mesoporosity-inducer. The as-prepared materials were obtained as slightly transparent-opaque, amorphous monoliths, easily transformed into powders, and stable up to ca. 300 °C. Structural data suggest the formation of a hexagonal mesostructure with low range order and apparent surface areas, pore volumes, and pore radii of 205-263 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>, 0.16-0.19 cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>, and 1.2-1.6 nm, respectively. In all samples, the dominating conformation of the SF chains is the β-sheet. Cytotoxicity/bioactivity resazurin assays and fluorescence microscopy demonstrate the high viability of MC3T3 pre-osteoblasts to indirect (≥99 ± 9%) and direct (78 ± 2 to 99 ± 13%) contact with the SF/silica materials. Considering their properties and further improvements, these systems are promising candidates to be explored in bone tissue engineering. They also offer excellent prospects as electrolytes for solid-state electrochemical devices, in particular for fuel cells.
A four-year nationwide molecular epidemiological study in Estonia: risk factors for tuberculosis transmission (2014)

Recent TB transmission in Estonia is high and is particularly associated with MDR- and XDR-TB and the Beijing lineage.
Evidence for Martian electrostatic charging and abrasive wheel wear from the Wheel Abrasion Experiment on the Pathfinder Sojourner rover (1999)

The Wheel Abrasion Experiment (WAE) on the Mars Pathfinder rover was designed to find out how abrasive the Martian dust would be on strips of pure metals attached to one of the wheels. A specially modified wheel, with 15 thin film samples (five each of three different metals), specularly reflected sunlight to a photovoltaic sensor. When the wheel was rotated to present the different sample surfaces to the sensor, the resulting signal was interpreted in terms of dust adhesion and abrasive wear. Many data sequences were obtained. Ground tests of similar wheels in a simulated Martian environment showed that static charging levels of 100–300 V could be expected. To prevent the possibility of Paschen discharge in the low‐pressure Martian atmosphere, charge dissipation points were added to the Sojourner rover and were shown in ground tests to keep charging levels at 80 V or less. Nevertheless, significant dust accumulations on Sojourner's wheels may be interpreted as evidence for electrostatic charging. Simple considerations of the expected maximum level of charging and electrostatic dust adhesion lead to an estimate for the size of the adhering dust grains. From the WAE data, it is hypothesized that the photoelectric effect is the most important mechanism for slow discharge in Martian daylight. Sensor signals obtained late in the Pathfinder mission show that significant wheel wear was seen on the metal wheel strips, with the most wear on the thinnest aluminum samples and the least on the thickest nickel and platinum samples. An estimate is made of the reflectance of the adhering Martian dust. The depth of dig of the WAE wheel shows that the dust is in some places very loose and in others tightly packed. Finally, comparison of the WAE results with ground test results makes possible a comparison of the Martian soil with mineral grain types and sizes found on Earth and show that the Martian dust is fine‐grained and of limited hardness.
Teaching Game Theory to Improve Adversarial Thinking in Cybersecurity Students (2017)

The ability to anticipate the strategic actions of hackers, including where, when, and how they might attack, and their tactics for evading detection, is a valuable skill for cybersecurity. Therefore, developing the strategic reasoning abilities of cybersecurity students is an important cybersecurity education learning objective. This paper proposes that basic game theory concepts should be taught to cybersecurity students in order to improve their strategic reasoning abilities. It details a pretest-posttest educational experiment that demonstrates that 2 h of basic game theory instruction results in a statistically significant improvement in students' abilities to anticipate the strategic actions of others. It also provides details of the game theory curriculum to help other cybersecurity educators replicate these results. Additionally, this paper suggests that another benefit of teaching game theory in a cybersecurity course is that it may fundamentally alter the way students view the practice of cybersecurity, helping to sensitize them to the human adversary element inherent in cybersecurity in addition to technology-focused best practices. This could result in a more naturally strategic-minded, and therefore better equipped, cybersecurity workforce.
A Simple And Low Cost Two-Antennas Concept For The Tracking Of A Sounding Rocket Trajectory Using GPS (2000)

This paper presents results from theoretical inivestigations and experiments concerning the development of GPS antennas concepts in the context of the application of GPS on sounding rockets. The results are based on research activieties, which has been undertaken at the German Space Operations Center (DLR), the National Institute of Space Research of Brazil (INPE) and the Aerospace Technical Center of Brazil (CTA/IAE). The objective of the research aesearch activities form INPE and CTA/IAE were to obtain detailed performance characteristics and design aspects for various possible antennas concepts directly linked to applications on Brazilian sounding rockets. The Germans DLR antenna experiment were performed in order to test a simple and low cost antenna concept, which was proposed by the Brazilian partners for a German GPS flight experiment on-board a Brazilian sounding rocket. This flight experiment was planned for the end of the year 2000 with the objective to track the trajectory of the sounding rocket based on GPS. Originally it was also planned to conduct this experiment on the Brazilian sounding rocket SV-40, but now the launcher is a VS30/Orion and the launch inm spring 2001. The results of the DLR antennas experiment are based on only two of the shelf GPS antennas will be presented. Results for this GPS antennas concept and the related performance characteristics like satellite visibility will be discussed in detail. Further on, the observed problems will also be covered by the discussion.
A 22 kW-85 kHz Three-phase Wireless Power Transfer System with 12 coils (2019)

The following topics are dealt with: invertors; switching convertors; power grids; power convertors; voltage control; electric current control; DC-DC power convertors; rotors; machine control; finite element analysis.
European headache federation guideline on the use of monoclonal antibodies acting on the calcitonin gene related peptide or its receptor for migraine prevention (2019)

AbstractFollowing publication of the original article [1], the authors notified us of some misreported data due to the publication of the EVOLVE-2 trial (Cephalalgia. 2018;38:1442-1454), which substantially changed the level of evidence of galcanezumab for the prevention of episodic migraine. All changes are marked in bold and with red in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Please note that the final recommendations remain unchanged.
Self‐Assembled Peptide Amphiphile Micelles Containing a Cytotoxic T‐Cell Epitope Promote a Protective Immune Response In Vivo (2012)

A model cytotoxic T-cell epitope is linked to a synthetic lipid tail, forming a peptide amphiphile that self-assembles into cylindrical micelles. The micelles are capable of inducing a cytotoxic T-cell response in mice that slows the growth of tumors expressing the tumor antigen.
Characterization of a chitinase gene encoded by virus-sensitive Chlorella strains and expressed during virus infection (2007)

A chitinase gene (hChti-1) was found and characterized in a few strains of Chlorella species that are sensitive to Chlorella viruses. A cDNA clone of hChti-1 obtained from Chlorella strain NC64A contained a 401 aa [1206 bp] open reading frame, whose amino acid sequence was most similar to that of family 18 catalytic domain I of dual-structured chitinase vChti-1 encoded by Chlorella virus CVK2. The expression of hChti-1 was induced by virus infection and functional chitinase protein was produced. Since the hChti-1 gene was strictly limited to virus-sensitive strains, its occurrence seems to be involved in the virus infection mechanism. This is the first report of chitinase encoded and produced by unicellular algae.
Synthesis and Characterization of Al- and SnO2-Doped ZnO Thermoelectric Thin Films (2021)

The effect of SnO2 addition (0, 1, 2, 4 wt.%) on thermoelectric properties of c-axis oriented Al-doped ZnO thin films (AZO) fabricated by pulsed laser deposition on silica and Al2O3 substrates was investigated. The best thermoelectric performance was obtained on the AZO + 2% SnO2 thin film grown on silica, with a power factor (PF) of 211.8 μW/m·K2 at 573 K and a room-temperature (300 K) thermal conductivity of 8.56 W/m·K. PF was of the same order of magnitude as the value reported for typical AZO bulk material at the same measurement conditions (340 μW/m·K2) while thermal conductivity κ was reduced about four times.
Edge‐Bridging and Face‐Bridging Hydrogen Atoms in Trinuclear Rhenium Carbonyl Hydrides (2011)

Abstract The structures of the trinuclear rhenium carbonyl hydrides H 3 Re 3 (CO) n ( n = 12, 11, 10, 9) have been investigated by density functional theory (DFT). The only structure found for H 3 Re 3 (CO) 12 is the experimentally known structure with each approximately 3.3 Å edge of a singly bonded Re 3 triangle bridged by a hydrogen atom and all terminal carbonyl groups. The two lowest energy H 3 Re 3 (CO) 11 structures lie within 0.5 kcal/mol in energy and are derived from this H 3 Re 3 (CO) 12 structure by loss of a carbonyl group with retention of the central Re 3 (μ‐H) 3 core. A higher energy H 3 Re 3 (CO) 11 structure, closely related to the experimental structure for the isoelectronic dianion H 3 Re 3 (CO) 10 2– , is also found in which one of the Re=Re edges of double bond length (2.79 Å) is bridged by two hydrogen atoms. Loss of a carbonyl group from this H 3 Re 3 (CO) 11 structure with concurrent conversion of one of the edge‐bridging hydrogen atoms to a face‐bridging hydrogen atom gives the lowest energy H 3 Re 3 (CO) 10 structure. Further loss of a carbonyl group from this (μ 3 ‐H)(μ‐H) 2 Re 3 (CO) 10 structure with concurrent conversion of a second edge‐bridging hydrogen atom to a face‐bridging hydrogen atom leads to the lowest energy H 3 Re 3 (CO) 9 structure. This (μ 3 ‐H) 2 (μ‐H)Re 3 (CO) 9 structure with a central Re 3 (μ 3 ‐H) 2 trigonal bipyramid appears to be a very favorable structure since it not only is the lowest energy H 3 Re 3 (CO) 9 structure but lies more than 22 kcal/mol below the next lowest energy H 3 Re 3 (CO) 9 structure.
How Fibroblasts and Giant Cells Encapsulate Implants: Considerations in Design of Glucose Sensors (1982)

Implanted sensors ideally should measure glucose in an extracellular fluid that closely reflects changing concentrations of glucose in plasma; yet fibroblasts, fibrocytes, collagen, and giant cells provide adherent, impermeable, avascular barriers when they encapsulate irregularly-surfaced implants. Thus, sensor design should seek to provide a surface configuration that is without anchoring points for encapsulating cells, a consideration not unlike those posed in developing a nonthrombogenic surface. Examples of well-characterized host responses to various surface configurations are provided to illustrate how surface design features can avoid evoking a barrier of collagen as the host response to the sensor.
Fabrication of Seamless Roller Mold for Continuous Roller Imprinting of Microlens Array Films (2012)

This paper describes an innovative approach for fabricating a seamless roller mold based on cylindrical photolithography, isotropic chemical etching, and electropolishing. Hexagonally arrayed concave microstructures with a near-semispherical profile are directly and seamlessly fabricated on a metal roller. The fabricated roller mold is then used for continuous roller imprinting of microlens array (MLA) on a thin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. The fabricated ball-shape microlenses have a footprint diameter of 54 and a sag height of 20.5 and are hexagonally close packed with a filling ratio larger than 91%. This MLA/PET optical film can serve as a brightness enhancement film in flat panel backlighting, and its optical performance is experimentally verified. A 30% increase in the forward on-axis luminance is observed.
An Endorectal Ultrasound Probe Comanipulator With Hybrid Actuation Combining Brakes and Motors (2014)

A robotic device, aimed at assisting a urologist in positioning an endorectal ultrasound probe to perform prostate biopsies, is presented. The proposed system is a comanipulator that holds the probe simultaneously with the urologist. This robot supports two modes of operation: the free mode, where the entire movement control is left to the urologist when he/she positions the probe with respect to the prostate thanks to the feedback provided by the ultrasound images; the locked mode, where the robot's role is to precisely maintain the targeted biopsy site at a given location, while the urologist can insert a needle through a guide mounted on the probe and proceed to biopsy. The device combines three brakes and three motors. This allows both transparent comanipulation in the free mode with six degrees of freedom liberated and stabilization of the probe in the locked mode. At the control level, a main challenge in the locked mode raises from antagonistic constraints: the needle placement shall be precise in spite of unknown external forces due to the contact between the probe and the rectum; the robot apparent impedance shall be low due to security constraints. This is solved by an inner low stiffness controller and an outer slow integration for canceling steady-state errors. Both in vitro and in cadavero experimental results show the efficiency of the system in the two modes of operation.
High-Power Nanostructured LiMn2-xNixO4 High-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode Materials:  Electrochemical Impact of Electronic Conductivity and Morphology (2006)

The direct relationship between the electronic conductivity of the nanostructured spinel LiMn2-xNixO4 and its lattice parameter is reported. Within the 8.167−8.183 Å range studied, there was a systematic 2.5 orders of magnitude difference between the highest electronic conductivity (cation disordered Fd3m spinel) to lowest conductivity (ordered P4332 spinel). The underlying reason behind the higher conductivity of the former was the presence of Mn3+ (nonexistent in ordered) and Mn4+ sites. The impact of the observed electronic conductivity on electrochemical performance is discussed with respect to morphological impact on ion diffusion and power delivery in various electrode formulations.
Multiple Functions of Yeast Mitochondrial Transcription Factor Mtf1p during Initiation (2009)

Transcription of the yeast mitochondrial genome is carried out by an RNA polymerase (Rpo41p) that is related to single subunit bacteriophage RNA polymerases but requires an additional factor (Mtf1p) for initiation. In this work we show that Mtf1p is involved in multiple roles during initiation including discrimination of upstream base pairs in the promoter, initial melting of three to four base pairs around the site of transcript initiation, and suppression of nonspecific initiation. It, thus, appears that Mtf1p is functionally analogous to initiation factors of multisubunit RNA polymerases, such as sigma. Photocross-linking experiments reveal close proximity between Mtf1p and the promoter DNA and show that the C-terminal domain makes contacts with the template strand in the vicinity of the start site. Interestingly, Mtf1p is related to a class of RNA methyltransferases, suggesting an early evolutionary link between RNA synthesis and processing.
Figure S3 from CD19/CD20 Bispecific Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) in Naive/Memory T Cells for the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Patient 009 exhibited elevated cytokine, C-reactive protein, and ferritin levels prior to and after CART19/20 cell infusion. (A) Serum levels of various cytokines measured by Luminex multiplex assay. (B) C-reactive protein (CRP) levels for Patient 009 (left-most) and all patients (second from left). Peak and median CRP levels are shown in box-and-whisker plots. (C) Ferritin levels for Patient 009 (left-most) and all patients (second from left). Peak and median ferritin levels are shown in box-and-whisker plots.&lt;/p&gt;
Precise tracking of impulsive acoustic radiation force induced small displacements for shear wave speed estimation (2011)

Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging generates localized small displacements (typically less than 20 microns) in soft tissues and would induce shear waves. The shear wave speed (SWS), which is determined by the tissue elastic properties and can offer quantitative tissue stiffness, can be monitored from the displacement field. Therefore, precise tracking of small displacements is of great importance. At present, small displacements are commonly tracked by phase-shift estimation, such as Kasai's 1-D autocorrelation phase-shift method and Loupas' 2-D autocorrelation phase-shift algorithm. The goal of this study is to introduce a novel phase-shift based algorithm being able to track the small displacements (even smaller than sample distance) in a more precise and quick way. This new phase-shift algorithm was developed based on Hilbert Transform (HT) approach using adaptive gradient of the phase angle to track the information of phase-shifts. A comparison was performed among the introduced HT phase-shift method, Kasai's algorithm and Loupas' approach to check the performance, and the errors of estimated displacement were given for each different specified shift values between two successively ultrasound signals. The SWS was estimated by means of the lateral time to peak (LTTP) time-of-flight (TOF) method from the calculated ARFI displacement field.
Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Rats Using Ni-Free Ti-Based Shape Memory Alloy Wire (2007)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance and the usefulness of a newly developed Ni-free Ti-based shape memory alloy (SMA) wire in orthodontic tooth movement by comparing with a nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) alloy wire. A Titanium-niobium-aluminum (Ti-24Nb-3Al) SMA wire, which was considered to be biocompatible because it contained no nickel, was newly developed and mechanical property of this new alloy was improved by severe cold rolling reduction. Twenty-one male Wistar-strain rats (age; 6 weeks) were used in the animal experiment. A Ti-Nb-Al alloy wire and an orthodontic superelastic wire (Ni-Ti alloy wire) were set in the oral cavities of rats, and orthodontic palatal movement of maxillary first molars was performed with an initial load of 15 gf. The amount of tooth movement was measured and periodontal structures were histologically examined. The Ti-Nb-Al alloy wire was effective for palatal tooth movement without any adverse reaction in rats. There was no significant difference in the amount of tooth movement between the Ti-Nb-Al group and the Ni-Ti group. Histological observation of the periodontal tissues revealed no differences between the two groups. These results indicate that Ti-Nb-Al alloy wire has excellent mechanical properties suitable for orthodontic tooth movement, suggesting that Ti-Nb-Al wire may be used as a practical nickel-free shape memory and superelastic alloy wire for orthodontic treatment as a substitute for Ni-Ti alloy wire.
Urdamycin L: A Novel Metabolic Shunt Product that Provides Evidence for the Role of the urdM Gene in the Urdamycin A Biosynthetic Pathway of Streptomyces fradiae TÜ 2717 (2003)

Sixes and sevens: The isolation and structure elucidation of urdamycin L, a novel shunt product from the Sreptomyces fradiae TÜ 2717 urdM− mutant, gives new insight into the mechanism of 12b-hydroxylation during urdamycin biosynthesis (see scheme). The lactone structure of urdamycin L suggests an initial Baeyer–Villiger oxygenation followed by a rearrangement of the seven-membered lactone ring to a six-membered carbocycle, a step that is probably base assisted.
Self-consistent determination of the transition state for protein folding: Application to a fibronectin type III domain (2003)

We present a general approach in which theory and experiments are combined in an iterative manner to provide a detailed description of the transition state ensemble (TSE) for folding. The method is illustrated by applying it to TNfn3, a fibronectin type III domain protein. In the first iteration, a coarse-grained determination of the TSE is carried out by using a limited set of experimental phi values as constraints in a molecular dynamics sampling simulation. The resulting model of the TSE is used to determine the additional residues whose phi value measurement would provide the most information for refining the TSE. Successive iterations with an increasing number of phi value measurements are carried out until no further changes in the properties of the TSE are detected or there are no additional residues whose phi values can be measured. In the study of TNfn3 three iterations were necessary to achieve self-consistency. A retrospective application of the method can be used to determine the accuracy of the TSE results and to find "key residues" for folding, i.e., those that are most important for the formation of the TSE. The approach reported here is an efficient method for finding the structures that make up the TSEs for protein folding. Its use will improve future efforts for their experimental determination and refinement.