gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theoretical model of suppression of electron instability in Hall thrusters by boundary feedback system (2014)

Summary form only given. Plasma instabilities in Hall thruster (HT) deteriorate the performance of the thruster and its compatibility with the electronic equipment of the spacecraft. Therefore, a development of effective methods of suppressing the instabilities is an actual problem. Among the plasma instabilities in HT, large scale electron instability holds one of the main positions. Its arising brings about redistribution of electrical field in the acceleration layer that can increase losses of ions on the walls of the thruster. In Ref (1, 2), the theoretical model of the electron instability, based on Rayleigh mechanism of its arising, was developed. The application of a feedback system is a versatile method of suppressing the large scale plasma instabilities. Two kinds of the feedback system are possible: volume and boundary (surface) ones. At conditions of the HT, the boundary feedback system (BFS) is more preferable. At an application of the BFS, sensors and controlling electrodes are placed on the plasma boundary, which is parallel to the magnetic field, that is, on an anode <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . For the correct choice of the BFS parameters, a theoretical model of the electron instability suppression by the BFS was first developed. It is a subject of the presentation.The theoretical model is built in hydrodynamic approximation with cold magnetized electrons. The perturbations are assumed to be two-dimensional and potential. It is assumed that BFS creates an azimuthal distribution of the potential on the surface of the anode which is function of the electrical field perturbation near the anode. The boundary eigenvalue problem is solved. From the solution, the requirements to the transformation coefficient of the BFS are defined. It is shown that in the frame of made assumptions, the suppression of the electron instability is possible for all lengths of the wave. . For the suppression of the electron instability, the transformation coefficient should lie in the region, limited as a lower value, so an upper value, which depend on the length of wave and the distance from the anode, where the unperturbed drift velocity sharply increases. The physical mechanism of the electron instability suppression is considered.
Mittelständische Unternehmen in der Corona-Krise im Spiegel ihrer Webseiten: Stichprobenkonzeption, Analyse der Inhalte von Webseiten und vergleichende Analysen von Befragungsdaten und Webseiten von kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen in Deutschland (2020)

Abschlussbericht
Adeno-Associated Virus D-Sequence-Mediated Suppression of Expression of a Human Major Histocompatibility Class II Gene: Implications in the Development of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors for Modulating Humoral Immune Response (2020)

A 20-nt long sequence, termed the D-sequence, in the adeno-associated virus (AAV) inverted terminal repeat was observed to share a partial sequence homology with the X-box in the regulatory region of the human leukocyte antigen DRA (HLA-DRA) promoter of the human major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) genes. The D-sequence was also shown to specifically interact with the regulatory factor binding to the X-box (RFX), binding of which to the X-box is a critical step in the MHC-II gene expression, suggesting that D-sequence might compete for RFX transcription factor binding, thereby suppressing expression from the MHC-II promoter. In DNA-mediated transfection experiments, using a reporter gene under the control of the HLA-DRA promoter, D-sequence oligonucleotides were found to inhibit expression of the reporter gene expression in HeLa and 293 cells by ∼93% and 96%, respectively. No inhibition was observed when nonspecific synthetic oligonucleotides were used. D-sequence oligonucleotides had no effect on expression from the cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene promoter. Interferon-γ-mediated activation of MHC-II gene expression was also inhibited by D-sequence oligonucleotides as well as after infection with either the wild-type AAV or transduction with recombinant AAV vectors. These studies suggest that the D-sequence-mediated downregulation of the MHC-II gene expression may be exploited toward the development of novel AAV vectors capable of dampening the host humoral response, which has important implication in the optimal use of these vectors in human gene therapy.
The HLA-DRB1*15 (2013)

Human anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease strongly associates with HLA-DRB1*15:01. The target autoantigen in this disease is the noncollagenous domain of the α3 chain of type IV collagen, α3(IV)NC1, but critical early T cell epitopes presented by this human MHC class II molecule are unknown. Here, by immunizing HLA-DRB1*15:01 transgenic mice with whole recombinant α3(IV)NC1 and with overlapping α3(IV)NC1 peptides, we defined a HLA-DRB1*15:01-restricted α3(IV)NC1 T cell epitope (α3136-146) with four critical residues. This peptide was not immunogenic in HLA-DRB1*01:01 transgenic or C57BL/6 mice. The T cell epitope is naturally processed from α3(IV)NC1. CD4(+) T cell clones, generated from HLA-DRB1*15:01 transgenic mice and specific for α3136-146, transferred disease into naive HLA-DRB1*15:01 transgenic mice, evidenced by the development of necrotizing crescentic GN, albuminuria, renal impairment, and accumulation of CD4(+) T cells and macrophages in glomeruli. Because Fcγ receptors are implicated in disease susceptibility, we crossed HLA transgenic mice onto an FcγRIIb-deficient background. Immunization with either α3136-146 or α3(IV)NC1 induced GN in HLA-DRB1*15:01 transgenic FcγRIIb-deficient mice, but HLA-DRB1*01:01 transgenic FcγRIIb-deficient mice were unaffected. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the HLA-DRB1*15:01-restricted T cell epitope α3136-146 can induce T cell responses and injury in anti-GBM GN.
A Review of Aminothiazoline Chemistry (2017)

Aminothiazoline (ATZ) chemistry was developed starting from a random in vivo screening hit with moderate activity in aphids. A series of compounds was synthesized to increase potency and breadth of spectrum towards other piercing sucking insects. ATZs showed no cross-resistance to chloronicotinyl insecticides (CNIs) and pyrethroids and controlled multi-resistant whitefly species. The main symptoms in aphids were wandering behavior along with fast feeding cessation, the speed of control was slow. As to the mode of action, based on structural similarity of the original screening hit with a known octopaminergic agonist we closer examined the possibility of ATZs signaling through insect octopamine receptors. Although in vitro activity in the micromolar range could be observed with ATZs on some octopamine receptors, there was no clear in vivo-in vitro correlation suggesting a possibly new mode of action for this chemistry. Initial Tox- and Ecotox profiles were very positive, but late stage toxicity testing raised concern that together with a lack of systemicity and limited spectrum prompted us to stop further activity on ATZs.
Force gradient detection under vacuum on the basis of a double pass method (2006)

The feasibility of detecting electrostatic gradients in the linear regime is shown under vacuum by combining intermittent contact atomic force microscopy and a double pass method. To achieve our goal, different flexure mode orders were employed. We show that the sensitivity of the frequency or phase shifts to a given gradient was reduced when the order was increased. This behavior is theoretically explained in quantitative agreement with the experiments. Thus, on the basis of different flexure mode orders, gradient detection can now be extended to other forces plus various environments, i.e., under vacuum or controlled atmosphere.
Semantic Integration Approach to Efficient Business Data Supply Chain: Integration Approach to Interoperable XBRL (2008)

As an open standard for electronic communication of business and financial data, XBRL has the potential of improving the efficiency of the business data supply chain. A number of jurisdictions have developed different XBRL taxonomies as their data standards. Semantic heterogeneity exists in these taxonomies, the corresponding instances, and the internal systems that store the original data. Consequently, there are still substantial difficulties in creating and using XBRL instances that involve multiple taxonomies. To fully realize the potential benefits of XBRL, we have to develop technologies to reconcile semantic heterogeneity and enable interoperability of various parts of the supply chain. In this paper, we analyze the XBRL standard and use examples of different taxonomies to illustrate the interoperability challenge. We also propose a technical solution that incorporates schema matching and context mediation techniques to improve the efficiency of the production and consumption of XBRL data.
MIUS technology evaluation: collection, treatment, and disposal of liquid wastes (1974)

The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is conducting the Modular Integrated Utility System (MIUS) Program, which is devoted to development and demonstration of the technical, economic, and institu tional advantages of integrating the systems for providing all or several of the utility services for a community.The utility services include electric power, heating and cooling, potable water, liquid waste treat ment, and solid waste management.The objective of the MIUS concept is to provide the desired utility services consistent with reduced use of critical natural resources, protection of the environment, and minimized cost.The program goal is to foster, by effective development and demonstration, early implementation of the integrated utility system concept by the organization, private or public, selected by a given
CF4laser oscillator-amplifier measurements: Small signal gain and self absorption (1979)

Some of the fundamental parameters associated with the CF(4) optically pumped laser were measured with the aid of an oscillator-amplifier arrangement. The small signal gain for the strongest P-branch line was determined for pure CF(4) and for CF(4) in the presence of He and CO buffer gases at different pressures. The self-absorption of the laser radiation by CF(4) was determined for various P-, Q-, and R-branch lines at several temperatures. The data were used to determine that the loss mechanism for the laser process is associated with hot-band absorption from the 1 nu(2) level.
Overview of Data-driven Power Flow Linearization (2023)

The accuracy limitation of physics-driven power flow linearization approaches and the widespread deployment of advanced metering infrastructure render data-driven power flow linearization (DPFL) methods a valuable alternative. While DPFL is still an emerging research topic, substantial studies have already been carried out in this area. However, a comprehensive overview and comparison of the available DPFL approaches are missing in the existing literature. This paper intends to close this gap and, therefore, provides a narrative overview of the current DPFL research. Both the challenges (including data-related and power-system-related issues) and methodologies (namely regression-based and tailored approaches) in DPFL studies are surveyed in this paper; numerous future research directions of DPFL analysis are discussed and summarized as well.
A study of laser beam cutting phenomena by using a high-speed photography. (1998)

A high speed photography technique was demonstrated in order to explore transient laser beam cutting phenomena. Dynamic cutting kerf production during a CO2 laser irradiation on soft steel and stainless steel sheets are imaged using a fix velocity cine moving picture camera. Such observation suggested that a detail analysis of the relations between laser induced plume contour and fusion zone should be required for the improved processing quality.
Strain response of stretchable micro-electrodes: Controlling sensitivity with serpentine designs and encapsulation (2014)

The functionality of flexible electronics relies on stable performance of thin film micro-electrodes. This letter investigates the behavior of gold thin films on polyimide, a prevalent combination in flexible devices. The dynamic behavior of gold micro-electrodes has been studied by subjecting them to stress while monitoring their resistance in situ. The shape of the electrodes was systematically varied to examine resistive strain sensitivity, while an additional encapsulation was applied to characterize multilayer behavior. The realized designs show remarkable tolerance to repetitive strain, demonstrating that curvature and encapsulation are excellent approaches for minimizing resistive strain sensitivity to enable durable flexible electronics.
Nacre-inspired integrated nanocomposites with fire retardant properties by graphene oxide and montmorillonite (2015)

Bioinspired ternary rGO–MMT–PVA nanocomposites were successfully fabricated<italic>via</italic>the synergistic toughening effect from building blocks of GO and MMT nanosheets.
The Immunology of Food Allergy (2014)

Food allergies represent an increasingly prevalent human health problem, and therapeutic options remain limited, with avoidance being mainstay, despite its adverse effects on quality of life. A better understanding of the key immunological mechanisms involved in such responses likely will be vital for development of new therapies. This review outlines the current understanding of how the immune system is thought to contribute to prevention or development of food allergies. Drawing from animal studies, as well as clinical data when available, the importance of oral tolerance in sustaining immunological nonresponsiveness to food Ags, our current understanding of why oral tolerance may fail and sensitization may occur, and the knowledge of pathways that may lead to anaphylaxis and food allergy-associated responses are addressed.
Nanostructured sodium calcium tripolyphosphate and its peroxo derivatives are a new generation of bioceramic materials (2011)

Nanostructured sodium calcium tripolyphosphate and its peroxosolvates were synthesized and studied by IR spectroscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and thermogravimetry. Their specific surface areas were measured. The high-porosity structure and antibacterial properties of these materials make them promising for use as bioceramics materials.
Note on an Evaluation of the Reference Method for Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmosphere (Pararosaniline Method) (1973)

(1973). Note on an Evaluation of the Reference Method for Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmosphere (Pararosaniline Method) Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association: Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 525-527.
Solid-state Laser Development for the in Situ Spectroscopic Europa Explorer Instrument (2023)

The in Situ Spectroscopic Europa Explorer (iSEE) instrument is an ultra-compact laser-enabled Raman spectrometer instrument that meets the top-level science requirements for multiple future planetary in situ missions to explore the surface and atmospheric chemistry of planetary bodies across the Solar System. Enceladus, Europa, the Moon, Mars, and Venus are some of the primary targets for future NASA missions to search for extraterrestrial life and potentially habitable environments beyond Earth, further our understanding of the timing and formation of the Solar System, and identify potentially viable economic resources such as water and/or valuable metal assets. We report on the advancement and space flight qualification of a compact, robust, solid-state laser operating at 515 nm that serves as the excitation source for the iSEE investigation.
Compensatory hepatic regeneration after mild, but not fulminant, intraperitoneal sepsis in rats (2001)

Sepsis is the leading cause of death in surgical intensive care units. Although both mild sepsis secondary to cecal ligation and single puncture (CLP) and fulminant, double puncture CLP (2CLP) may provoke hepatocyte death, we hypothesize that regeneration compensates for cell death after CLP but not 2CLP. In male Sprague-Dawley rats, hepatic necrosis, as determined by serum alpha-glutathione S-transferase (alpha-GST) levels, was significantly but equally elevated over time after both CLP and 2CLP. Apoptosis, evaluated using both terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and morphological examination, was minimal after both CLP and 2CLP. Regeneration, assayed by staining tissue for incorporation of exogenously administered bromodeoxyuridine, was present after CLP but not after 2CLP. To further substantiate impaired regeneration, steady-state levels of mRNAs encoding JunB, LRF-1, and cyclin D1 were determined. After 2CLP, the absence of JunB, LRF-1, and cyclin D1 mRNAs confirmed failed activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase-linked proliferative pathway and progression through the cell cycle. Therefore, failed hepatocyte regeneration may be a manifestation of hepatic dysfunction in fulminant sepsis.
On Pairing of Bipolar RRAM Memory With NPN Selector Based on Set/Reset Array Power Considerations (2013)

In this paper, we present a methodology of choosing an NPN selector (1S) for a given memory element (1M) to form a cross point (consisting of the memory element in series with the selector-1S1M) based on the overall array power efficiency requirements. This methodology is based on extensive TCAD simulations that show excellent match with our experimentally demonstrated n+/p/n+ epitaxial Si punch-through diode as selector (NPN selector) for symmetric bipolar resistive RAM. Using a TCAD validated circuit model of the NPN selector, we derive an equivalent circuit model for the cross point. For an exemplary selector design, our model suggests that the power P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">xp</sub> dissipated in the cross point during set operation obeys the relationship P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">xp</sub> ∝ V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">set</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sup> I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">set</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1.25</sup> , even though the power dissipated in the memory element P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">memory</sub> is V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">set</sub> I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">set</sub> . This shows that lowering the set current I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">set</sub> of the memory element leads to a larger reduction in array power than lowering the set voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">set</sub> .
Ketorolac in Acute Headache Management (1991)

Twelve patients presenting to an emergency department in headache crisis were treated with Ketorolac tromethamine 60 mg. intramuscularly. All improved sufficiently to require no further emergent treatment. There was statistically significant improvement on all segments of the short form McGill Pain Questionnaire. This open label trial suggests that Ketorolac Tromethamine may be a useful agent in the treatment of headache crisis, and a controlled study to examine this is warranted.
Caravan, June-July 1960, Number 20 (1960)

Caravan was the second �folkmusic fanzine� created by the novelist Lee (Hoffman) Shaw in the Greenwich Village section of New York City in 1957. Like her original effort called Chooog 2-5, Caravan was originally produced on typewriter and mimeograph (on the cheapest paper imaginable), then distributed FREE FOR THE ASKING at Izzy Young's Folklore Center on MacDougal Street and during Sunday afternoon picking parties in Washington Square. It quickly became the paper of record for the burgeoning folk music revival.
Extreme Relativistic Reflection in the Active Galaxy ESO 033-G002 (2021)

We present the first high signal-to-noise broadband X-ray spectrum of the radio-quiet type-2 Seyfert ESO 033-G002, combining data from $XMM$-$Newton$ and $NuSTAR$. The nuclear X-ray spectrum is complex, showing evidence for both neutral and ionised absorption, as well as reflection from both the accretion disc and more distant material, but our broadband coverage allows us to disentangle all of these different components. The total neutral column during this epoch is $N_{\rm{H}} \sim 5-6 \times 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$, consistent with the optical classification of ESO 033-G002 as a type-2 Seyfert but not so large as to prevent us from robustly determining the properties of the innermost accretion flow. The ionised absorption - dominated by lines from Fe XXV and Fe XXVI - reveals a moderately rapid outflow ($v_{\rm{out}} \sim 5400$ km s$^{-1}$) which has a column comparable to the neutral absorption. We find the disc reflection from the innermost regions to be extreme, with a reflection fraction of $R_{\rm{frac}} \sim 5$. This requires strong gravitational lightbending and, in turn, both an extremely compact corona (within $\sim$2 $R_{\rm{G}}$ of the black hole) and a rapidly rotating black hole ($a^* &gt; 0.96$). Despite this tight size constraint, with a temperature of $kT_{\rm{e}} = 40-70$ keV the X-ray corona in ESO 033-G002 appears similar to other AGN in terms of its placement in the compactness-temperature plane, consistent with sitting close to the limit determined by runaway pair production. Finally, combining X-ray spectroscopy, timing and updated optical spectroscopy, we also estimate the mass of the black hole to be $\log[M_{\rm{BH}} / M_{\odot}] \sim 7.0 - 7.5$.
The Gut Microbiome and Its Potential Role in the Development and Function of Newborn Calf Gastrointestinal Tract (2015)

A diverse microbial population colonizes the sterile mammalian gastrointestinal tract during and after the birth. There is increasing evidence that this complex microbiome plays a crucial role in the development of the mucosal immune system and influences newborn health. Microbial colonization is a complex process influenced by a two-way interaction between host and microbes and a variety of external factors, including maternal microbiota, birth process, diet, and antibiotics. Following this initial colonization, continuous exposure to host-specific microbes is not only essential for development and maturation of the mucosal immune system but also the nutrition and health of the animal. Thus, it is important to understand host-microbiome interactions within the context of individual animal species and specific management practices. Data is now being generated revealing significant associations between the early microbiome, development of the mucosal immune system, and the growth and health of newborn calves. The current review focuses on recent information and discusses the limitation of current data and the potential challenges to better characterizing key host-specific microbial interactions. We also discuss potential strategies that may be used to manipulate the early microbiome to improve production and health during the time when newborn calves are most susceptible to enteric disease.
Selective Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides and Sulfones at Room Temperature Using H2O2 and a Mo(VI) Salt as Catalyst. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.