gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Overcoming the ℓ1 Non-Embeddability Barrier: Algorithms for Product Metrics (2009)

A common approach for solving computational problems over a difficult metric space is to embed the “hard” metric into L1, which admits efficient algorithms and is thus considered an “easy” metric. This approach has proved successful or partially successful for important spaces such as the edit distance, but it also has inherent limitations: it is provably impossible to go below certain approximation for some metrics. We propose a new approach, of embedding the difficult space into richer host spaces, namely iterated products of standard spaces like ℓ1 and ℓ∞. We show that this class is rich since it contains useful metric spaces with only a constant distortion, and, at the same time, it is tractable and admits efficient algorithms. Using this approach, we obtain for example the first nearest neighbor data structure with O(log log d) approximation for edit distance in non-repetitive strings (the Ulam metric). This approximation is exponentially better than the lower bound for embedding into L1. Furthermore, we give constant factor approximation for two other computational problems. Along the way, we answer positively a question posed in [Ajtai, Jayram, Kumar, and Sivakumar, STOC 2002]. One of our algorithms has already found applications for smoothed edit distance over 0–1 strings [Andoni and Krauthgamer, ICALP 2008].
Talus fractures/dislocations (2008)

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0670 Sleep-Related Event Physiologic Timing for Triggering Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia: A Case-crossover Analysis (2019)

Periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS) with arousal and respiratory events are associated with arrhythmogenesis, however, intervals of heightened vulnerability are unclear. We conducted an exploratory investigation to ascertain temporal sleep-related event-nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) associations. Temporal sleep-related event and NSVT associations in 41 Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Sleep Study participants with in-home polysomnography-identified NSVT during sleep were examined via a bidirectional case-crossover design. For each blindly-annotated NSVT event (n=96), we selected a preceding hazard period (HP) and three randomly-chosen 30-second control periods from sleep at ~5-minute intervals from NSVT within the same 30-minute segment and evaluated for PLMS, respiratory events, and arousals. Univariate conditional logistic regression determined odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. Induction time, defined as time between a sleep-related event ending and NSVT initiation, was assessed in 2 ways: (1) varying HP duration 10-150 seconds and (2) timing the 30-second HP start earlier relative to the NSVT event. OR significantly different from 1 defined the induction period. PLMS with arousals (PLMA), arousals, and PLMS-related arousals were associated with NSVT in male participants (79.8±6.0 years, PLMS index of 40.6 [IQR: 21.6, 67.1], apnea-hypopnea index of 17.1 [IQR: 8.6, 26.1]). The HP duration associated with NSVT based on significant OR was 15-70 seconds for PLMA, 140 seconds for arousal, and bimodal for PLMS-related arousals (0-58 and 119-121 seconds). Based on the timing analysis, NSVT was associated with PLMA at 0-51 and 169-219 seconds and PLMS-related arousals at 0-48 and 160-219 seconds. PLMS, non-PLMS-related arousals, respiratory-related arousals, and respiratory events were not significantly associated with NSVT. This exploratory study suggests that PLMA and PLMS-related arousals trigger NSVT, PLMS-related arousals have a bimodal physiologic effect, and NSVT episodes are more strongly associated with PLMA than respiratory events in older men. Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study: U01-AG027810, U01-AG042124, U01-AG042139, U01-AG042140, U01-AG042143, U01-AG042145, U01-AG042168, U01-AR066160, and UL1- TR000128. MrOS Sleep ancillary study: R01-HL071194, R01-HL070848, R01-HL070847, R01-HL070842, R01-HL070841, R01-HL070837, R01-HL070838, R01-HL070839, and R21-HL108226. Dr. May: NHLBI T32-HL007913 and ATS ASPIRE Fellowship.
Composition-Aware Image Aesthetics Assessment (2019)

Automatic image aesthetics assessment is important for a wide variety of applications such as on-line photo suggestion, photo album management and image retrieval. Previous methods have focused on mapping the holistic image content to a high or low aesthetics rating. However, the composition information of an image characterizes the harmony of its visual elements according to the principles of art, and provides richer information for learning aesthetics. In this work, we propose to model the image composition information as the mutual dependency of its local regions, and design a novel architecture to leverage such information to boost the performance of aesthetics assessment. To achieve this, we densely partition an image into local regions and compute aesthetics-preserving features over the regions to characterize the aesthetics properties of image content. With the feature representation of local regions, we build a region composition graph in which each node denotes one region and any two nodes are connected by an edge weighted by the similarity of the region features. We perform reasoning on this graph via graph convolution, in which the activation of each node is determined by its highly correlated neighbors. Our method naturally uncovers the mutual dependency of local regions in the network training procedure, and achieves the state-of-the-art performance on the benchmark visual aesthetics datasets.
Enzymatic Oxygenation of Sulfides with Cytochrome P-450 from Rabbit Liver. Stereochemistry of Sulfoxide Formation (1983)

Abstract Stereochemistry of enzymatic oxygenations of various diaryl, dialkyl and aryl alkyl sulfides to the corresponding sulfoxides with hepatic microsomes obtained from phenobarbital pretreated rabbit was investigated in comparison with those of nonenzymatic oxidations. Relative reactivity of the sulfides in the enzymatic oxygenation, based on the yields of the sulfoxides and the amount of oxygen absorption, depends upon the steric demand of the substituent in the oxygenation of 2-substituted thiochroman derivatives. However, such a trend was not observed in the enzymatic oxygenations of various acyclic sulfides. A substantial asymmetric induction on the sulfur atom was always observed (e.g., 54% e.e. for benzyl t-butyl sulfide). Formation of the sulfoxide with R-configuration predominated over that with S-configuration. The enzymatic oxygenation of all the unsymmetrical sulfides examined proceeded via the same steric course. Diastereomeric ratios of the sulfoxides formed in the enzymatic oxygenations of various racemic sulfides bearing alkyl substituents at α-position are markedly favoured more for the trans isomers than for the cis ones, while the ratio was nearly fifty-fifty in the nonenzymatic oxidations with both MCPBA and NaIO4. These results suggest that the enzymatic oxygenation takes place at the less hindered side of the sulfide. Both enzymatic and nonenzymatic oxidations of rigid six-membered cyclic sulfides, trans-thiadecalins and 4-(p-chlorophenyl)thiane, similarly occurred at the less hindered side to give mainly equatorial sulfoxides. The yields of the four stereoisomeric sulfoxides were nicely determined in the enzymatic oxygenation of racemic 2-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzothiophene to elucidate the steric course of the oxygenation. Dependency of this microsomal oxygenation upon cytochrome P-450 enzyme was proved by several inhibition experiments and also by the identical stereochemical results of the oxygenation of a few selected sulfides to those with a reconstituted system with purified cytochrome P-450 and co-factors.
Can SARS-CoV-2 Virus Use Multiple Receptors to Enter Host Cells? (2021)

The occurrence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVD-19), represents a catastrophic threat to global health. Protruding from the viral surface is a densely glycosylated spike (S) protein, which engages angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to mediate host cell entry. However, studies have reported viral susceptibility in intra- and extrapulmonary immune and non-immune cells lacking ACE2, suggesting that the S protein may exploit additional receptors for infection. Studies have demonstrated interactions between S protein and innate immune system, including C-lectin type receptors (CLR), toll-like receptors (TLR) and neuropilin-1 (NRP1), and the non-immune receptor glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78). Recognition of carbohydrate moieties clustered on the surface of the S protein may drive receptor-dependent internalization, accentuate severe immunopathological inflammation, and allow for systemic spread of infection, independent of ACE2. Furthermore, targeting TLRs, CLRs, and other receptors (Ezrin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4) that do not directly engage SARS-CoV-2 S protein, but may contribute to augmented anti-viral immunity and viral clearance, may represent therapeutic targets against COVID-19.
Bounds on the maximum likelihood decoding error probability of low density parity check codes (2002)

We derive bounds on the error probability of ML decoded LDPC (low density parity check) codes, for any binary-input symmetric-output channel. For appropriately chosen ensembles of LDPC codes, reliable communication is possible up to channel capacity. The lower and upper bounds coincide asymptotically, indicating a polynomially decreasing ensemble averaged error probability. For ensembles with suitably chosen parameters, the error probability of almost all codes is exponentially decreasing. Furthermore, the error exponent can be set arbitrarily close to the standard random coding exponent.
CMOS Chemical and Biochemical Sensors using Nanostructured Materials (2007)

A review of the recent progress in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) biological and chemical optical sensors using nanostructured materials is presented. Fabrication details of a xerogel based glucose sensor and a photonic bandgap based chemical vapor sensor are also demonstrated.
Limited labels for unlimited data: active learning for speaker recognition (2014)

In this paper, we attempt to quantify the amount of labeled data necessary to build a state-of-the-art speaker recognition system. We begin by using i-vectors and the cosine similarity metric to represent an unlabeled set of utterances, then obtain labels from a noiseless oracle in the form of pairwise queries. Finally, we use the resulting speaker clusters to train a PLDA scoring function, which is assessed on the 2010 NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluation. After presenting the initial results of an algorithm that sorts queries based on nearest-neighbor pairs, we develop techniques that further minimize the number of queries needed to obtain state-of-the-art performance. We show the generalizability of our methods in anecdotal fashion by applying our methods to two different distributions of utterances-per-speaker and, ultimately, find that the actual number of pairwise labels needed to obtain state-of-the-art results may be a mere fraction of the queries required to fully label the entire set of utterances. Index Terms: speaker recognition, i-vectors, active learning
One-pot production of butyl butyrate from glucose using a cognate “diamond-shaped” E. coli consortium (2021)

Esters are widely used in plastics, textile fibers, and general petrochemicals. Usually, esters are produced via chemical synthesis or enzymatic processes from the corresponding alcohols and acids. However, the fermentative production of esters from alcohols and/or acids has recently also become feasible. Here we report a cognate microbial consortium capable of producing butyl butyrate. This microbial consortium consists of two engineered butyrate- and butanol-producing E. coli strains with nearly identical genetic background. The pathways for the synthesis of butyrate and butanol from butyryl-CoA in the respective E. coli strains, together with a lipase-catalyzed esterification reaction, created a "diamond-shaped" consortium. The concentration of butyrate and butanol in the fermentation vessel could be altered by adjusting the inoculation ratios of each E. coli strain in the consortium. After optimization, the consortium produced 7.2 g/L butyl butyrate with a yield of 0.12 g/g glucose without the exogenous addition of butanol or butyrate. To our best knowledge, this is the highest titer and yield of butyl butyrate produced by E. coli reported to date. This study thus provides a new way for the biotechnological production of esters.
The effect of silicone hydrogel contact lens composition on dexamethasone release (2014)

The relationship between the delivery of dexamethasone and the composition of silicone hydrogel materials was investigated. Two hydrophilic monomers (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate or N,N-dimethylacrylamide), a siloxy methacrylate-based monomer (1-(Bis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilyl)propoxy-3-metacryloxy-2-propanol, a polysiloxane (monomethacryloxypropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane) and a polymerizable silicone surfactant (Silmer ACR A008-UP) were used to synthesize silicone hydrogels of variable composition. The materials properties, such as surface wettability and equilibrium water content, were highly dependent on polymer composition. All dexamethasone-loaded hydrogels showed uptake that was driven primarily by sorption to the polymer phase. Furthermore, a positive correlation between loading mass and equilibrium water content was established. The duration of drug release from the hydrogels ranged from one to greater than two weeks depending on the monomer composition and relative contribution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers. Higuchi model rate constants for the release showed strong correlation with the equilibrium water content, signifying that the release is likely controlled by aqueous phase diffusion.
Reduction of chromate by bacteria isolated from the cooling water of an electricity generating station (1995)

Chromate-reducing bacteria were isolated from the cooling water of an electricity generating station where reduction of chromate bad caused blockage of pipes by precipitation of chromium(III) oxide. Isolates identified included the genera Alcaligenes, Vibrio, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus arid Coryuebacterium. Isolate VMC-2 with the highest chromate-reducing activity was tentatively identified as Comamonas testosteroni. The concentration of added chromate (K2CrO4, 20/~M) decreased by 95% during 45 rain incubation with whole cells of VMC-2. In comparison, two Fe(III)-reducing isolates, Vibrio metschnikovii and Aeromonas hydrophila, from lake sediments, showed similarly high chromate-reducing activities, and were able to reduce 99% of added chromate (20/zM) in 45 rain. Moderate Cr(VI)-reducers included strains of Bacillus, Vibrio and Corynebacterium. Micrococcus and Staphylococcus did not reduce Cr(VI). Sulfate (0.5 and 1.0 mM) inhibited the reduction of chromate by VMC-2 suggesting competition between the two oxyanions. Chromate-reducing activity was located in the soluble fraction of this isolate. The intermediacy of Cr(V) in the reduction of chromate was confirmed by EPR spectroscopy. The bactericidal activity of hypochlorite towards isolate VMC-2 was determined.
Depth-Dependent Defect Studies Using Coherent Acoustic Phonons (2014)

Abstract : Presented is our scientific progress in two areas of research. The first is coherent acoustic phonon (CAP) spectroscopy of diamond crystals. We showed an ion implantation process significantly modifies the acousto-optical structure of diamond, resulting in a variety of features in the observed CAP spectra. These features were examined as a function of implantation dose and an empirical model was applied to the data, yielding good agreement. We continue this work by exploring the effects of single layer graphene on diamond with the goal of understanding how the relaxation dynamics of graphene is altered by coupling to different diamond interfaces and the effect of diamond on the scattering mechanisms involved and determining the efficiency of different pathways for energy relaxation. The second area of focus is a project assessing the transient strain produced by CAP waves. We have compared the measured CAP spectra to ab initio calculations of the opto-electronic properties of materials. We are also using CAP waves as an active moving interface to induce local changes in electric, acoustic, and optical properties. This is able to generate ultrafast, homogenous, transient localized strains of similar magnitude of other methods, thereby enhancing electronic and optical response of any target material.
Heat Transfer Performance of Fan-Shaped Film Cooling Holes: Part II—Numerical Analysis (2010)

Fan-shaped holes are widely used to provide better cooling performances than cylindrical holes over a large range of different operating conditions. Main advantages of such solution include a reduced amount of cooling air for the same performance, increased part lifetime and fewer required holes. As the overall cooling performance of such holes is strictly related to the adiabatic effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) increase due to the coolant injection, both issues should be investigated. A numerical analysis has been conducted on a laidback fan-shaped film cooling hole onto a flat plate with the aim of investigating the increase of heat transfer. A steady-state RANS analysis was performed at two different blowing ratios (1.25 and 2.5) with imposed heat flux on the heated wall reproducing the same conditions as in the experimental tests presented in the companion paper. Despite no temperature difference was imposed between main gas and coolant flow, adiabatic effectiveness maps were extracted from tracing distribution over the plate. Performances of four different eddy viscosity turbulence models have been tested: the Two-Layer model by Rodi both in the isotropic original formulation and with an anisotropic algebraic correction based on DNS data fitting as firstly proposed by Lakheal, the k–ω SST by Menter and the ν2–f by Durbin. All calculations were conducted with a 3D unstructured pressure-based compressible solver based on the open-source OpenFOAM® CFD platform. A detailed analysis of both the predicted flow field and thermal distribution in the domain was presented. The obtained results were compared with the experimental measurements showed in the companion paper both in terms of wall heat transfer coefficient and adiabatic effectiveness.
EFFECT OF EMULSIFIERS ON THE TEXTURE OF COOKIES (1977)

ABSTRACT The function of emulsifiers in cookies is well reported as a characteristic of spread ratio. It is understandable that these ingredients would also affect other characteristics. Texture, as related to hardness or softness of the cookie, is one of the most readily discernible features for the consumer. Using the American Association of Cereal Chemists method for determining cookie spread ratio, various emulsifiers were evaluated for their effect on the texture of cookies. Optimum levels for each emulsifier were determined. An Instron, model 1132 with the Ottawa Texture Cell, was used in establishing the procedure for measuring cookie texture. The procedure was designed in which the tenderness of samples could be determined and presented graphicly.
Intraoperative microvascular Doppler monitoring of blood flow within a spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: a precious surgical tool (2001)

The authors describe a case of spinal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) treated by a microvascular Doppler-assisted surgical interruption of the arterialized vein. Microvascular Doppler monitoring represents a valid, widely available, noninvasive tool that enables identification, through flow spectrum analysis, of components of this type of vascular malformation. In this case because the location of the fistula was identified prior to opening the dura only minimally invasive surgery was required. Direct recordings of the arterialized draining vein and the nidus of the fistula demonstrated a pathological spectrum caused by the arterial supply and the disturbed venous outflow in which a high-resistance flow pattern and low diastolic flow resembling an arterial-like flow velocity were observed. The fistula was obliterated by interruption of the draining vein, and Doppler measurements provided information on flow velocity changes in the medullary veins from an arterial to a venous pattern. The absence of any residual flow in the AVF confirmed successful hemodynamic treatment. Intraoperative microvascular Doppler recording during surgical closure of spinal AVF is a widely available and reliable monitoring modality that helps to produce excellent clinical results.
Pediatric Pedestrian Injuries and Associated Hospital Resource Utilization in the United States, 2003 (2010)

Pediatric pedestrian injuries contribute substantially to the healthcare resource burden in the United States, accounting for approximately 45,000 days of hospitalization and >USD 290 million in inpatient charges annually.
Genetic Mechanisms of Drug Resistance: A Review (1991)

An overview of our present understanding of mechanisms of resistance against cytotoxic drugs is presented. Most of this understanding has come from studies on tumor cells made resistant in vitro, but there is reason to think that similar mechanisms are responsible for resistance in patients. After a brief overview of biochemical mechanisms of drug resistance, the types of mutations in tumor cells that can alter drug handling are discussed. Three examples of resistance are analysed in more detail: resistance to the folate analogue methotrexate; the multidrug resistance caused by increased levels of P-glycoprotein, which extrudes drugs from the cell; and resistance to alkylating agents.
Quantum Summation with an Application to Integration (2001)

We study summation of sequences and integration in the quantum model of computation. We develop quantum algorithms for computing the mean of sequences which satisfy a p-summability condition and for integration of functions from Lebesgue spaces L_p([0,1]^d) and analyze their convergence rates. We also prove lower bounds which show that the proposed algorithms are, in many cases, optimal within the setting of quantum computing. This extends recent results of Brassard, Hoyer, Mosca, and Tapp (2000) on computing the mean for bounded sequences and complements results of Novak (2001) on integration of functions from Hoelder classes.
A novel evanescent-mode M&#x00F6;bius-coupled resonator oscillators (2013)

A novel evanescent-mode Möbius-coupled resonator oscillator is developed for the applications of synthesized X-band signal sources in RADAR and modern communication systems.
RF Components by Ceramic Additive Technologies: Examples, Fabrication Rules and Optimization Tools (2014)

International audience
The Impact of Usability of Online Library Catalogues on the User Performance (2014)

The rapid evolution of Information Technologies (IT), especially with the coming of the Internet, has existed online library catalogues which have a vital part to play in Educational life. The online library is a type of information retrieval system. It is a library in which collections are stored in digital formats. These formats may be stored locally or entered remotely via computer networks. To assess the success of online library catalogues; usability criteria should be considered to ensure that users can find their way quickly and easily to e-resources. This paper aims to use thinking aloud protocol to evaluate two distinct interfaces of library catalogues to examine how their usability problems significantly impede user performance. The results show that the usability is the main factor affecting users' performance, and it is the best attribute to measure the extent to which the online library catalogues meets the requirements of their users.