gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Problems with COBOL--Some Empirical Evidence (1981)

This study investigated programming activity in COBOL. Attempts were made to identify problem areas so that improvemenls can be made in COBOL compilers and in the manner in which COBOL is taught. Identification of problem areas was achieved through examining program changes made by student programmers during the development of four dille rent COBOL programs. The data, which was collected from a COBOL course at Purdue University, consisted of all versions of all programs submitted for compilation by each student. Thus. the daLa represented a complete history of each subject's program development process begiruting with the initial version compiled and ending with Lhe final version submitted for grading. All program changes made between two successive versions were classified into four categories: COBOL-related, algorithmic, cosmetic and reportgeneration-related. This classification scheme indicates that a significant number of changes are related to report generation which suggests a need for support in this area. Secondly, all COBOL-related changes were delineated into 104 error categories. This delineation suggests thal there are several problem areas in COBOL. Finally, the four categories of program changes were observed with respect to various points in the program development process. Most COBOL-related changes occur before the midpoint of the program development process whereas most cosmetic changes occur late in the process.
Cell division ring, a new cell division protein and vertical inheritance of a bacterial organelle in anammox planctomycetes (2009)

Anammox bacteria are members of the phylum Planctomycetes that oxidize ammonium anaerobically and produce a significant part of the atmosphere's dinitrogen gas. They contain a unique bacterial organelle, the anammoxosome, which is the locus of anammox catabolism. While studying anammox cell and anammoxosome division with transmission electron microscopy including electron tomography, we observed a cell division ring in the outermost compartment of dividing anammox cells. In most Bacteria, GTP hydrolysis drives the tubulin-analogue FtsZ to assemble into a ring-like structure at the cell division site where it functions as a scaffold for the molecular machinery that performs cell division. However, the genome of the anammox bacterium 'Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis' does not encode ftsZ. Genomic analysis of open reading frames with potential GTPase activity indicated a possible novel cell division ring gene: kustd1438, which was unrelated to ftsZ. Immunogold localization specifically localized kustd1438 to the cell division ring. Genomic analyses of other members of the phyla Planctomycetes and Chlamydiae revealed no putative functional homologues of kustd1438, suggesting that it is specific to anammox bacteria. Electron tomography also revealed that the bacterial organelle was elongated along with the rest of the cell and divided equally among daughter cells during the cell division process.
Drug-eluting balloon angioplasty for in-stent restenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (2013)

In-stent restenosis is the bane of coronary angioplasty, and drug-eluting balloon angioplasty is a promising treatment option in this situation. It reduces the risk for MACE compared with plain balloon angioplasty or implantation of a Taxus Liberte drug-eluting stent.
3-D finite-element analysis of eddy-current evaluation of curved plates (2002)

The eddy current method allows thickness evaluation of conductive plates. However, EC measurements are sensitive to multiple parameters such as the sensor liftoff and the plate curvature. In this paper, the plate curvature effect is studied using a three-dimensional finite-element method, and it is shown that the curvature effect cannot be corrected by a conventional liftoff effect correction. Consequently the curvature effect has to be specifically corrected in the measurement inversion. A correction method using bifrequency measurements is implemented.
Molecular Basis of Salt Sensitivity in Human Hypertension (2001)

We analyzed the association between salt sensitivity in essential hypertension and 8 genetic polymorphisms in 6 genes of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system. Seventy-one patients with essential hypertension were classified as salt sensitive or salt resistant by means of the 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) change to high salt intake. The polymorphisms evaluated correspond to the following genes: ACE (I/D), angiotensinogen (M235T), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (A1166C), 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11betaHSD2) (G534A), aldosterone synthase (C-344T and Intron 2 conversion), and the mineralocorticoid receptor (G3514C and A4582C); all were determined using standard polymerase chain reaction methods. Thirty-five patients (49%) were classified as salt sensitive. We analyzed the BP response to high salt intake among genotypes and found a significant association for ACE I/D and 11betaHSD2 G534A polymorphisms. Patients homozygous for the insertion allele of the ACE gene (II) had a significantly higher BP increase with high salt intake than did patients homozygous for the deletion allele (DD). Heterozygous patients (ID) exhibited an intermediate response. The prevalence of salt-sensitive hypertension was also significantly higher (P=0.003) in II (68%) and DI patients (59%) compared with DD hypertensives (19%). With respect to 11betaHSD2 G534A, patients with the GG genotype had a significantly higher systolic BP increase with high salt intake than did GA patients. In addition, plasma renin activity suppression in response to high salt was significantly greater in GA patients than in GG patients. The prevalence of salt-sensitive hypertension was 14.3% in GA patients and 50.8% in GG patients (P=0.067). In conclusion, the I allele of ACE I/D polymorphism is significantly associated to salt-sensitive hypertension. The BP response to high salt intake was different among genotypes of ACE I/D and 11betaHSD G534A, suggesting that these polymorphisms may be potentially useful genetic markers of salt sensitivity.
Herpes simplex virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize immediate-early protein ICP27 (1991)

The identity of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) antigens that serve as targets for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and their ability to induce protective immunity remain uncertain. In this article, we report the identification of the immediate-early protein ICP27 as a CTL antigen in H-2d mice but not in H-2k or H-2b mice. Calculation of the frequencies of H-2d-restricted virus-specific CTL demonstrated that approximately one-fourth of the total HSV-1-specific response was directed against ICP27. To define the location of this CTL epitope, four truncated derivatives of the ICP27 gene which place the epitope in a 217-amino-acid region (amino acids 189 to 406) near the central portion of the protein were constructed. Mice immunized with ICP27 were able both to induce HSV-1-specific CTL and to survive a lethal intraperitoneal challenge with virulent HSV-1. However, neither appreciable antibody nor delayed-type hypersensitivity responses were induced in immunized mice, and they were also unable to clear a local epithelial virus challenge. It appears that ICP27, although capable of inducing several aspects of the immune response, is by itself unable to provide complete immunity.
Complete genome sequence of Micromonospora L5, a plant-growth regulating actinomycete, orginally isolated from Casuarina equisetifolia root nodules (2013)

Abstract not provided
Fault detection and diagnosis for spacecraft using principal component analysis and support vector machines (2012)

Development of intelligent fault detection and diagnosis technologies for spacecraft is one of important issues in the space engineering. In this paper, we present a new fault detection and diagnosis approach for spacecraft based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Support Vector Machines (SVM). Firstly, PCA is used to extract features from input data and reduce the input data to low dimensional feature vectors. Then the method use a binary SVM to detect whether there is a fault or not. If the fault is detected, a multi-class SVM is used to identify fault type. The experimental results show that the method is efficient and practical for fault detection and diagnosis of spacecraft system.
Efficiency of generalized simulated annealing (2000)

We have explored the evolution of the efficiency of generalized simulated annealing (GSA) through a comparative study with classical simulated annealing (CSA) and fast simulated annealing (FSA). Our calculations on the Thomson model and nickel clusters show that the relative efficiency of GSA compared to CSA and FSA increases with the number of variables of the objective function. Thus, relative to CSA and FSA, the more complex the system, the more efficient is the GSA method.
Metabolic risk factors for heart disease in women: effect of physical activity (1996)

Women with high levels of physical fitness experience an decreased risk of coronary heart disease. This may be due to favourable changes in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and/or improved glucose/insulin dynamics. Better weight regulation due to physical activity probably contributes.
Influence of the Metallic Components on the Electrical Response of the Sensors (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction General points Case study: tin dioxide Case study: beta-alumina Conclusion Bibliography
Neighbour Area Based Rearrangement Pixel Granularity Template Matching For Lossy Screen Content Video (2018)

Screen Content (SC) videos/images coding is becoming more and more important to the wide usage scenarios. The differences between SC video and traditional camera-captured (CC) video is obvious, such as, more repeating patterns, complex texture consist of characters, graphics and animations. Those new features require different coding scheme to achieve better performance. We propose a two-level Hash-Based rearrangement pixel granularity template matching method to lossy SC intra mode pictures. Firstly, we adopt a pixel rearrangement procedure by using pixel-size (1x1) template matching to handle repeating patterns in SC video and overcome the prediction error spreading. Secondly, a two-level hash-based 9-adjacent-area local template searching algorithm is designed for accelerating template matching procedure and handle complex texture of SC images. Thirdly, a Least Recently Used (LRU) template updating strategy is adopted to effectively reduce the number of template candidates to be searched. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves about 3.76dB increasing and 16.54% bits saving, comparing with the Full Frame linear searching Pixel Granularity & Rearrangement (FFPGR) template matching method.
Functional Polymorphisms in PRODH Are Associated with Risk and Protection for Schizophrenia and Fronto-Striatal Structure and Function (2008)

PRODH, encoding proline oxidase (POX), has been associated with schizophrenia through linkage, association, and the 22q11 deletion syndrome (Velo-Cardio-Facial syndrome). Here, we show in a family-based sample that functional polymorphisms in PRODH are associated with schizophrenia, with protective and risk alleles having opposite effects on POX activity. Using a multimodal imaging genetics approach, we demonstrate that haplotypes constructed from these risk and protective functional polymorphisms have dissociable correlations with structure, function, and connectivity of striatum and prefrontal cortex, impacting critical circuitry implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Specifically, the schizophrenia risk haplotype was associated with decreased striatal volume and increased striatal-frontal functional connectivity, while the protective haplotype was associated with decreased striatal-frontal functional connectivity. Our findings suggest a role for functional genetic variation in POX on neostriatal-frontal circuits mediating risk and protection for schizophrenia.
INTEGRATING ETHICS INTO ENGINEERING DESIGN OF CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (2004)

Increasingly stringent and pervasive government regulations are a fact of life in our society. There are regulations covering business, manufacturing, finance, safety, the environment, education, research, law, medicine, and government itself. The increasingly stringent application of OSHA standards in the construction industry is based on the concern for human life. Equality, life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness, security, civic duty, justice, honor, rule of law, privacy, and private property; these are the widely held values in our society, these are the values we must live by to avoid regulation, and these are the values that should serve as a basis for ethics instruction. There is a lack of focus in the construction field regarding the integration of social impact awareness and ethical behavior into professional practice. The challenge engineering educators face is to develop strategies that will raise the awareness of students regarding ethical issues related to construction at the same time that they are developing their technical expertise. Education has a special opportunity to train people to live and work in accord with societal values. Construction Courses in the department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Pennsylvania State University focus on the planning, organization, monitoring and control of the construction projects. The emphasis of these courses is on engineering design of construction process. The student gains the knowledge necessary to apply engineering principles in analyzing economical approaches to construction project. There is currently a scarcity of information relating to an ethical code for construction professionals. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the various disciplines that might be available for input and resources available for research and for use in developing course material and classroom presentation. Problem solving in ethics is the skill most needed by students, and most difficult to teach. The approach under consideration at the construction program is to use interactive videodisc and invited guest lectures from construction industry. The course will explore ethical theories, concepts of critical thinking, and major ethical issues related to construction industry. The Leonhard Center for the Enhancement of Engineering Education and Rock Ethics Institute are helping in development of this new program for the teaching and study of applied professional ethics as it relates to the construction education.
FATE OF THE SYNERGISTIC ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM ASCORBIC ACID, LECITHIN, AND TOCOPHEROL IN MAYONNAISE: PARTITION OF ASCORBIC ACID (1996)

ABSTRACT The distribution of ascorbic acid between the lipid and aqueous phase was investigated in mayonnaises enriched with fish oil containing a synergistic antioxidant mixture of ascorbic acid, lecithin and γ‐tocopherol, i.e., the A/L/T system (Löliger and Saucy 1989). The ascorbic acid was found to be located in the aqueous phase indicating that the A/L/T system broke down in mayonnaises. Based on the hypothesis that synergistic antioxidant action between ascorbic acid, lecithin and tocopherol requires that the three components are in close assembly, the results offer an explanation as to why the A/L/T system does not function antioxidatively in mayonnaises.
High-Temperature Photocatalytic Ethylene Oxidation over TiO2 (2011)

Photocatalytic oxidation of ethylene was conducted in a novel two-dimensional packed bed reactor at higher temperatures (60 °C < T < 520 °C) than previously reported. Degussa P25 TiO2 was used as a photocatalyst; samples of this TiO2 were heat treated to different temperatures to obtain different phase compositions, surface areas, and surface hydroxyl concentrations. Maximum photocatalytic ethylene oxidation rates were observed between 100 and 200 °C. Further, oxidation rates greater than 75% of the maximum oxidation rate were observed over a large temperature range: 60 °C < T < 300 °C. At higher temperatures (T > 300 °C), decreasing oxidation rates were attributed to the nonradiative, multiphonon recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. Regression analysis of a nonlinear, multiphonon recombination model and a simplified chemical rate law were used to determine apparent reaction rate law parameters for the photocatalytic oxidation of ethylene and recombination parameters for the TiO2 photocatalyst. Insights for the development and operation of novel high-temperature photocatalysts are also discussed.
Time Course of Corticospinal Excitability and Autonomic Function Interplay during and Following Monopolar tDCS (2014)

While polarity-specific after-effects of monopolar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on corticospinal excitability are well-documented, modulation of vital parameters due to current spread through the brainstem is still a matter of debate, raising potential concerns about its use through the general public, as well as for neurorehabilitation purposes. We monitored online and after-effects of monopolar tDCS (primary motor cortex) in 10 healthy subjects by adopting a neuronavigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)/tDCS combined protocol. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) together with vital parameters [e.g., blood pressure, heart-rate variability (HRV), and sympathovagal balance] were recorded and monitored before, during, and after anodal, cathodal, or sham tDCS. Ten MEPs, every 2.5-min time windows, were recorded from the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI), while 5-min epochs were used to record vital parameters. The protocol included 15 min of pre-tDCS and of online tDCS (anodal, cathodal, or sham). After-effects were recorded for 30 min. We showed a polarity-independent stabilization of cortical excitability level, a polarity-specific after-effect for cathodal and anodal stimulation, and an absence of persistent excitability changes during online stimulation. No significant effects on vital parameters emerged both during and after tDCS, while a linear increase in systolic/diastolic blood pressure and HRV was observed during each tDCS condition, as a possible unspecific response to experimental demands. Taken together, current findings provide new insights on the safety of monopolar tDCS, promoting its application both in research and clinical settings.
Mechanosensation and transduction in osteocytes (2006)

There may be no single mechanoreceptor in osteocytes, but instead a combination of events that has to be triggered for mechanosensation and transduction of signal to occur. Possibilities include shear stress along dendritic processes and/or the cell body, cell deformation in response to strain, and primary cilia. These events could occur independently or simultaneously to activate mechanotransduction. Signal initiators include calcium channel activation and ATP, nitric oxide, and prostaglandin release. Means of signal transfer include gap junctions and hemichannels, and the release of signaling molecules into the bone fluid. Questions remain regarding the magnitude of strain necessary to induce an osteocyte response, how the response propagates within the osteocyte network, and the timing involved in the initiation of bone resorption and/or formation on the bone surface. Mechanical loading in the form of shear stress is clearly involved not only in mechanosensation and transduction, but also in osteocyte viability. It remains to be determined if mechanical loading can also affect mineral homeostasis and mineralization, which are newly recognized functions of osteocytes.
Study of weld zone of flash butt welded C45–HS 6–5–2 bimetallic tools (1997)

Particularly large diameter drills which are widely used in industry are produced from two different steels. Drill shanks are made of carbon steels, whereas drill bodies are made of high speed steels. Flash butt welding is usually used for joining of these types of bimetallic tools in many countries. In this work, flash butt welded C45–HS 6–5–2 dissimilar steel joints were made. The weld zone of the weldments was examined using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and wavelength dispersive X-ray analysis. Diffusion phenomena in the weld zone of the joints are also explained.
La religion, levier de modernisation politique ? Les fondements confessionnels de la démocratie-chrétienne allemande (2021)

Les partis democrates-chretiens representent aussi un objet central pour l’etude de
l’histoire des partis politiques europeens et pour la theorie des clivages politiques.
L’apparition des partis democrates-chretiens en Europe de l’Ouest a marque une
transformation reelle apres la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Mais ni la Democrazia Cristiania
italienne, le Parti democrate-chretien suisse (PDC), le CDA neerlandais (Christen-
Democratisch Appel) ni le MRP francais (Mouvement republicain populaire) n’ont eu une
capacite a se maintenir au pouvoir aussi longtemps que les democrates-chretiens allemands.
La CDU/CSU (christlich demokratische Union, christlich-soziale Union) represente1 un en
effet des partis les particulierement institutionnalises et puissants du paysage politique
europeen. Cinq chanceliers allemands ont appartenu a la CDU/CSU depuis 1945 (Adenauer,
Erhard, Kiesinger, Kohl, Merkel) et les democrates-chretiens ont ete ma force dominante au
sein du gouvernement federal depuis 1949. Leur influence sur la politique etrangere de la
RFA par leur attachement a la fois a l’alliance americaine et a la construction europeenne,
leur souplesse ideologique au plan interne leur a permis de s’allier avec tous les partis au
niveau des Lander ou federal – sauf avec l’extreme droite et l’extreme gauche. La puissance
et la stabilite de la CDU/CSU ressort d’autant plus si on les compare a d’autres partis
conservateurs europeens. On peut en effet affirmer que ni les differents partis gaullistes et
post-gaullistes en France ni les Tories au Royaume-Uni ni les republicains americains n’ont
connu un niveau d’institutionnalisation partisane, des succes electoraux et une continuite au
pouvoir comparables depuis 1945 comparable a celui de la CDU/CSU.
Energy-Efficient Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis: A Case Study (1996)

The energy required to walk using a newly designed knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO). has been evaluated. The new KAFO locks the knee during stance and allows free-knee motion during the swing phase of gait. The energy required for gait on level ground and on a slope with a 5-percent incline was evaluated inapostpolio subject. Comparisons were made between the standard locked-knee KAFO and the free-knee (unlocked) configuration. The oxygen consumption rate (ml/kg/ min) and energy cost (ml/kg/m) were significantly lower during free-knee gait. The results of the study show that a KAFO design that allows free-knee motion during swing is effective in lowering the energy required for walking.