gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust Face Recognition in Rotated Eigen Space (2007)

Face recognition is a very complex classification problem due to nuisance variations in different conditions. Most face recognition approaches either assume constant lighting condition or standard facial expressions, thus cannot deal with both kinds of variations simultaneously. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) cannot handle complex pattern variations such as illumination and expression. Adaptive PCA rotates eigenspace to extract more representative features thus improving the performance. In this paper, we present a way to extract various sets of features by different eigenspace rotations and propose a method to fuse these features to generate nonorthogonal mappings for face recognition. The proposed method is tested on the Asian Face Database with 856 images from 107 subjects with 5 lighting conditions and 4 expressions. We register only one normally lit neutral face image and test on the remaining face images with variations. Experiments show a 95% classification accuracy and a 20% reduction in error rate. This illustrates that the fused features can provide significantly improved pattern classification.
Recombinant Human-Milk Bile-Salt-Stimulated Lipase. Functional Properties are Retained in the Absence of Glycosylation and the Unique Proline-Rich Repeats (1995)

Human milk bile-salt-stimulated lipase ensures efficient utilization of milk lipid in breast-fed infants. The N-terminal two-thirds of the peptide chain is highly conserved and shows striking similarities to typical esterases. In contrast, the remaining C-terminal part consists of a unique sequence of 16 proline-rich O-glycosylated repeats of 11 residues each. Recently we could show, using recombinant lipase variants, that neither these repeats nor the single N-linked sugar chain are essential for catalytic efficiency. In the present study, we report on the lack of importance of glycosylation and the unique repeats for other important functional properties, i.e. bile-salt activation, heparin binding, heat stability, stability at low pH and resistance to proteolytic inactivation. Compared to native enzyme, recombinant full-length lipase produced in two mammalian cell lines differed slightly in glycosylation pattern with no effects on the functional properties. Moreover, a variant lacking all repeats and the C-terminal tail following the last repeat exhibited the same functional characteristics as purified native milk enzyme. Thus, the structural basis for all the typical and functionally important properties reside in the N-terminal conserved part, in spite of the fact that none of these properties are shared by typical esterases. We could however, demonstrate that the C-terminal repeats are responsible for the unusual behaviour of the enzyme in size-exclusion chromatography, resulting in a considerably higher than expected apparent molecular mass.
Purification, functional characterization, cloning, and identification of mutants of a seed-specific arabinan hydrolase in Arabidopsis (2006)

This work describes the purification and characterization of an enzyme that exhibits arabinan hydrolase activity in seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana. The enzyme, designated XYL3, had an apparent molecular mass of 80 kDa when purified to homogeneity, and was identified using MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight) as a putative beta-D-xylosidase that belongs to family 3 of glycoside hydrolases encoded by gene At5g09730. XYL3 hydrolysed synthetic substrates such as p-nitrophenyl-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xyloside with similar catalytic efficiency. XYL3 released L-arabinose from (1-->5)-alpha-L-arabinofuranobiose, arabinoxylan, sugar beet arabinan, and debranched arabinan. The enzyme hydrolysed both arabinosyl-substituted side group residues and terminal arabinofuranosyl residues (1-->5)-alpha-linked to the arabinan backbone. This indicates that XYL3 is able to degrade all terminal arabinosyl residues and suggests that it participates in the in-vivo hydrolysis of arabinan. Analysis of gene expression patterns by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, in-situ hybridization and a promoter-GUS fusion demonstrated that AtBX3 was specifically expressed in the seed endosperm at the globular stage of the embryo. Immunolocalization using LM6 anti-arabinan antisera found that arabinan, the XYL3 substrate, was also present in this seed tissue. T-DNA null mutants for AtBX3 were identified. The mutant plants lacked the alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-D-xylosidase activities corresponding to XYL3. Mutants showed reduced seed size and are delayed in seedling germination compared with the wild type.
Preliminary report on deposit models for sand and gravel in the Cache la Poudre River valley (1999)

The stratigraphy, sedimentary features, and physical characteristics of gravel deposits in the Cache la Poudre River valley were studied to establish geologic models for these deposits. Because most of the gravel mined in the valley is beneath the low terraces and floodplain, the quality of these deposits for aggregate was studied in detail at eight sites in a 25.5-mile reach between Fort Collins and Greeley, Colorado. Aggregate quality was determined by field and laboratory measurements on samples collected under a consistent sampling plan.
Research on Resistance Spot Welding Microstructure and Performance of DP780 Dual Phase Steel (2015)

The resistance spot welding of 780 MPa grade dual phase steel with reasonable process parameters was carried out. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld seam and the fracture morphology were analyzed. The results show that the resistance spot welding joint can be divided into five zones: base metal zone, tempering zone, partial-quenched zone,completely quenched zone and nugget zone. The base metal zone is composed of ferrite matrix and mesh martensite; the tempering zone is composed of ferrite and tempering martensite. The partial-quenched zone is composed of ferrite and massive martensite. The fine-grained zone of the completely quenched zone is composed of fine equiaxed martensite and the coarse-grained zone consists of thick lath martensite. The nugget microstructures which were founded to be the columnar crystals, mainly contained thick lath martensite. The tests show that the failure mode of the spot-welded joints are mainly nugget stripping. The softening was investigated along the heat-affected zone in welded joint from the distribution of hardness,mainly due to the emergence of tempering martensite.
Serological study of CoronaVac vaccine and booster doses in Chile: immunogenicity and persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies (2022)

Two doses of CoronaVac induces antibody titers against the SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain which are lower in magnitude than those induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine. However, the response induced by CoronaVac can be greatly potentiated with a heterologous booster scheme with BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 vaccines. Furthermore, the heterologous and homologous booster regimes induce a durable antibody response which does not show signs of decay 3 months after the booster dose.
Photomask Fabrication Technology (2005)

Photomasks are defect-free optical templates -- the printing masters for the fabrication of integrated circuits (ICs). When IC feature sizes fall below the exposure tool’s source wavelength, photomask fabrication becomes difficult: very strict mask critical dimension (CD) and feature placement specifications, intensive capital equipment investment, unique raw materials and applications, and special expertise requirements for photomask fabrication technologists are necessary to fabricate modern microelectronics. Thus the rapid recent growth of the field and the need for this book. This text details the science and technology of industrial photomask production, including fundamental principles, industrial production flows, technological evolution and development, and state of the art technologies. Focusing on industrial applications rather than pure science, the goal of the book is to provide a comprehensive reference for any engineer developing microelectronic manufacturing processes 
Table of contents

Introduction
Data Preparation and Design
Pattern Generation
Pattern Transfer
Photomask Metrology
Defect Control and Finishing
Inspection, Repair, and Cleaning
Resolution Enhancement Techniques
Water Fabrication Issues
Future Developments
Appendices
References
Effects of Operating Pressure Changes on the Characteristics of a Float-Area Type Air Flow Meter (1987)

This paper deals with how to correct the indication of the float-area type flow meter when line pressure changes. Float-area type flow meters are often used for small range flow rate measurements. In this range of measurement, flow rate characteristics of the meter are affected by the pressure drop in the small annular slit between float and tube. According to the analysis, new correction method for float-area type flow mether is introduced. The experimental data are in satisfactory agreement with the calculated results of the flow meter.
Hierarchical variable block size motion estimation technique for motion sequence coding (1994)

Motion-compensated coding, which exploits the temporal redundancies in the moving images, is one of the most popular techniques currently used. Recently, a variable block size (VBS) motion estimation technique has been proposed to improve the performance of the motioncompensated transform coding (MCTC). This technique allows larger blocks to be used when smaller blocks provide little gain, saving the bit rates especially for areas containing more complex motion. However, there have been few efforts to investigate an efficient VBS motion structure for reducing the motion vector coding rates further. Hence, a new VBS motion estimation technique based on a hierarchical structure is proposed that improves the motion vector encoding efficiency and reduces the number of motion vectors to be transmitted as well. Specifically, the gain/cost motion estimation technique with the selective motion prediction is utilized for the topmost level motion vector search, exploiting the redundancies among the neighboring motion vectors. Also, a restricted search with respect to the topmost level motion vector enables more flexible and efficient motion vector encoding for the remaining lower level blocks. Intensive simulation on several moving image sequences show that the MCTC employing the VBS motion estimation provides a performance improvement of 0.7 to 1.0 dB, in terms of peak SNR, compared with the fixed block size motion estimation.
Consistent intensity inhomogeneity correction in water-fat MRI (2014)

CIIC improves the spatiotemporal intensity consistency in regions of a homogenous tissue type.
Migration rate of mud bacteria as a function of magnetic field strength (1980)

Certain marine and freshwater mud bacteria are endowed with a permanent magnetic dipole moment. This moment is attributed to an endogenous chain of tightly coupled, single-domain magnetite crystals. When separated from the mud, these magnetic bacteria swim north, following the earth's magnetic field lines. As at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, the field lines are steeply vertically inclined, the bacteria rapidly return to the bottom substrate where they seem to thrive best. To quantify this migration, we measure the time to traverse the distance between two lines, 1 mm apart, as a function of the ambient magnetic field strength. Using dark-field illumination, we observe single organisms as they migrate in a low-oxygen hemocytometer chamber. We control the ambient magnetic field by regulating the current through a Helmholtz-coil system. At high magnetic field strengths, the bacteria follow a virtually straight path, swimming at rates around 150 µm/sec. At lower field strengths, they take a more random path which reduces their migration rate. Although they swerve moderately at the earth's magnetic field strength (0.5 gauss) , the bacteria still achieve about 80% of their maximum migration rate observed at higher-gauss fields. This suggests that the bacterial dipole moments are well adapted to orientation in the earth's magnetic field. Since the strength of their magnet determines the degree to which the organisms overcome random motion, we can estimate the magnitude of their dipole moment.
Preparation of nanoporous alumina hollow spheres with a highly ordered hole arrangement (2018)

Nanoporous alumina spheres with an ordered hole arrangement were prepared through a two-step anodization of small Al particles. The hole periodicity in the ordered anodic porous alumina could be controlled by adjusting the anodizing conditions. Nanoporous hollow spheres were also obtained by removal of residual Al in an etchant. Additionally, nanoporous spheres loaded with Au nanoparticles on their surfaces were obtained through electrochemical or chemical deposition of Au nanoparticles. The obtained Au/alumina composite hollow spheres were used as a substrate for surface-enhanced Raman scattering measurements.
A general printing approach for scalable growth of perovskite single-crystal films (2018)

Perovskite single-crystal films, which exhibit exceptionally low trap density and nearly perfect translational symmetry, are believed to achieve the highest performance of perovskite-based optoelectronic devices. However, fabrication of these perovskite single-crystal films is quite difficult because of the uncontrollable nucleation caused by the rapid reaction of two perovskite precursors. We report a facile seed printing approach to selectively create millimeter-sized perovskite single-crystal films with controlled thickness and high yield. We show that perovskite single-crystal films can be perfectly transferred to almost arbitrary substrates through the printing process. The as-grown perovskite single-crystal films have excellent crystalline quality and morphology. We further demonstrate that perovskite single-crystal films can be directly printed for scalable fabrication of photodetectors and effective image sensors. This strategy allows high-yield fabrication of large perovskite single-crystal films for functional devices and may extend to other solution-processed materials for wide applications.
Structure of the cell-binding component of the Clostridium difficile binary toxin reveals a di-heptamer macromolecular assembly (2020)

Targeting <i>Clostridium difficile</i> infection is challenging because treatment options are limited, and high recurrence rates are common. One reason for this is that hypervirulent <i>C. difficile</i> strains often have a binary toxin termed the <i>C. difficile</i> toxin, in addition to the enterotoxins TsdA and TsdB. The <i>C. difficile</i> toxin has an enzymatic component, termed CDTa, and a pore-forming or delivery subunit termed CDTb. CDTb was characterized here using a combination of single-particle cryoelectron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, NMR, and other biophysical methods. In the absence of CDTa, 2 di-heptamer structures for activated CDTb (1.0 MDa) were solved at atomic resolution, including a symmetric (<sup>Sym</sup>CDTb; 3.14 Å) and an asymmetric form (<sup>Asym</sup>CDTb; 2.84 Å). Roles played by 2 receptor-binding domains of activated CDTb were of particular interest since the receptor-binding domain 1 lacks sequence homology to any other known toxin, and the receptor-binding domain 2 is completely absent in other well-studied heptameric toxins (i.e., anthrax). For <sup>Asym</sup>CDTb, a Ca<sup>2+</sup> binding site was discovered in the first receptor-binding domain that is important for its stability, and the second receptor-binding domain was found to be critical for host cell toxicity and the di-heptamer fold for both forms of activated CDTb. Together, these studies represent a starting point for developing structure-based drug-design strategies to target the most severe strains of <i>C. difficile</i>.
An in situ Fourier-transform infrared study of the electroreduction of polybithiophene (1993)

In situ FTIR spectra have been acquired for n-doped polybithiophene (PBT) films on Pt as a function of electrode potential. The spectra are qualitatively similar to those of p-doped PBT: they show a broad electronic band in the near IR and enhanced ring vibration (IRAV) modes. The variation of IRAV band intensities with potential (doping level) can be explained using a model in which carrier–carrier interactions increase linearly with carrier density. This model allows correlation of IRAV and electronic band intensities for both p- and n-doped PBT. Optically determined microscopic conductivities for n-doped PBT are similar to those for p-doped PBT. We find evidence for solvent (acetonitrile) in two types of environment within the film, and observe changes in solvent population within the film via transient (un)doping experiments.
Chemoenzymatische Synthese fluoreszierender N‐Ras‐Lipopeptide und ihre Verwendung bei In‐vivo‐Studien zur Membranlokalisierung (1997)

Spezifisch in der Plasmamembran akkumulieren S‐farnesylierte und S‐palmitoylierte N‐Ras‐Lipopeptide 1 (der ausgefüllte Kreis symbolisiert eine fluoreszierende Gruppe), wie durch fluoreszenzmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Fibroblastenzellen gezeigt wurde. Ausschließlich S‐farnesylierte Lipopeptide akkumulieren hingegen nicht in der Plasmamembran. magnified image
Electrical characterization of 180 nm CMOS devices by spreading resistance profiling (2002)

Developing doping technologies for the channel region of CMOS devices for 180 nm technology and beyond requires accurate profiles of electrically active dopants. We have recently improved the accuracy of spreading resistance profiles on sub-80 nm source/drain boron implants. Previous SRP analyses ignored the fact that, in ultra-shallow source/drain structures, the sheet resistance dominates measured spreading resistance values. Because these SRP measurements are made at the edge of a doped layer, this implies that an additional sheet resistance edge correction should be applied to measured spreading resistance data. In this paper, we extend these improved spreading resistance corrections to the analysis of a variety of channel doping technologies. We examine sub-80 nm source/drains made with boron implants and study the implications of the new analysis. We also compare channel doping (V/sub T/) profiles with profiles obtained by a highly repeatable MOS-CV method.
Silver-based surface plasmon waveguide for terahertz quantum cascade lasers (2018)

Terahertz-frequency quantum cascade lasers (THz QCLs) based on ridge waveguides incorporating silver waveguide layers have been investigated theoretically and experimentally, and compared with traditional gold-based devices. The threshold gain associated with silver-, gold- and copper-based devices, and the effects of titanium adhesion layers and top contact layers, in both surface-plasmon and double-metal waveguide geometries, have been analysed. Our simulations show that silver-based waveguides yield lower losses for THz QCLs across all practical operating temperatures and frequencies. Experimentally, QCLs with silver-based surface-plasmon waveguides were found to exhibit higher operating temperatures and higher output powers compared to those with identical but gold-based waveguides. Specifically, for a three-well resonant phonon active region with a scaled oscillator strength of 0.43 and doping density of 6.83 × 10<sup>15</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>, an increase of 5 K in the maximum operating temperature and 40% increase in the output power were demonstrated. These effects were found to be dependent on the active region design, and greater improvements were observed for QCLs with a larger radiative diagonality. Our results indicate that silver-based waveguide structures could potentially enable THz QCLs to operate at high temperatures.
Model Predictive Control of Spacecraft Relative Motion Maneuvers Using the IPA-SQP Approach (2013)

In this paper, a Model Predictive Controller (MPC) based on the Integrated Perturbation Analysis and Sequential Quadratic Programming (IPA-SQP) is designed and analyzed for spacecraft relative motion maneuvering. To evaluate the effectiveness of the IPA-SQP MPC, the results are compared with the linear quadratic MPC algorithm developed in [4, 13–15]. It is shown that the IPA-SQP algorithm can handle directly nonlinear constraints on thrust magnitude without resorting to saturation or polyhedral norm approximations. Spacecraft fuel consumption related metrics are examined for performance evaluation and comparison.
An acoustic surveillance system for critical event detection (2016)

In this paper, a novel acoustic surveillance system, that can be used in critical facilities and infrastructures, border security and public premises is introduced. As an application, an acoustic surveillance system that detects gunshots from recorded acoustic signals, and identifies the originating weapon type is selected. Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients, zero crossing rate, spectral percentile, spectral centroid, spectral spread and spectral flatness are used as features in different classifiers, namely, the Gaussian Mixture Models, k-Nearest Neighbor and Support Vector Machines, and their classification performances are compared. The feature space that is composed of features from four different classes is visually analyzed by using the Principle Component Analysis. For gun type identification, the best classification performance of 80% was achieved using the k-NN classifier.
Reactions of trifluoromethyl bromide and related halides: part 10. Perfluoroalkylation of aromatic compounds induced by sulphur dioxide radical anion precursors (1990)

Perfluoroalkylation of electron-rich aromatic compounds with trifluoromethyl bromide, or long-chain perfluoroalkyl iodides, was performed in the presence of sodium dithionite or zinc–sulphur dioxide. This alkylation occurred at the ortho and para positions relative to the amino or hydroxy substituent. Pyrroles were perfluoroalkylated regioselectively at the 2-position. This alkylation was interpreted as a radical aromatic substitution; the formation of the perfluoroalkyl radical can be induced by a single-electron transfer from sulphur dioxide radical anion to the perfluoroalkyl halide.
Mode of Host Cell Penetration by Bacteriophage φX174 (1971)

Bacteriophage phiX174 is an icosahedral phage which attaches to host cells without the aid of a complex tail assembly. When phiX174 was mixed with cell walls isolated from the bacterial host, the virions attached to the wall fragments and the phage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was released. Attachment was prevented if the cell walls were treated with chloroform. Release of phage DNA, but not viral attachment, was prevented if the cell walls were incubated with lysozyme or if the virions were inactivated with formaldehyde. Treatment of the cell walls with lysozyme released structures which were of uniform size (6.5 by 25 nm). These structures attached phiX174 at the tip of one of its 12 vertices, but the viral DNA was not released. The virions attached to these structures were oriented with their fivefold axis of symmetry normal to the long axis of the structure. No virions were attached to these structures by more than one vertex. Freeze-etch preparations of phiX174 adsorbed to intact bacteria showed that the virions were submerged to one half their diameter into the host cell wall, and the fivefold axis of symmetry was normal to the cell surface. A second cell could not be attached to the outwardly facing vertex of the adsorbed phage and thus the phage could not cross-link two cells. When the virions were labeled with (3)H-leucine, purified, and adsorbed to Escherichia coli cells, about 15% of the radioactivity was recovered as low-molecular-weight material from spheroplasts formed by lysozyme-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Other experiments revealed that about 7% of the total parental virus protein label could be recovered in newly formed progeny virus.