gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Phase Response of a Rough Rectangular Facet for Radar Sounder Simulations of Both Coherent and Incoherent Scattering (2023)

Abstract With radar sounders, coherent backscattering simulations from global planetary digital elevation models (DEMs) typically display a deficit in diffuse clutter, which is mainly due to the implicit assumption that roughness at scales below the resolution of the DEM is absent. Indeed, while polynomial approximations of the phase evolution across the facet allow for fast and mathematically rigorous simulators, the coarse resolution of these planetary DEMs leads to a potentially significant portion of the backscattering response being neglected. In this paper, we derive the analytical phase response of a rough rectangular facet characterized by Gaussian roughness and a Gaussian isotropic correlation function under the linear phase approximation. Formulae for the coherent and incoherent power scattered by such an object are obtained for arbitrary bistatic scattering angles. Validation is done both in isolation and after inclusion in different Stratton‐Chu simulators. In order to illustrate the different uses of such a formulation, we reproduce two lunar radargrams acquired by the Lunar Radar Sounder instrument with a Stratton‐Chu simulator incorporating the proposed rough facet phase integral, and we show that the original radargrams are significantly better‐reproduced than with state‐of‐the‐art methods, at a similar computational cost. We also show how the rough facet integral formulation can be used in isolation to better characterize subglacial water bodies on Earth.
Convergent incremental optimization transfer algorithms: application to tomography (2006)

No convergent ordered subsets (OS) type image reconstruction algorithms for transmission tomography have been proposed to date. In contrast, in emission tomography, there are two known families of convergent OS algorithms: methods that use relaxation parameters, and methods based on the incremental expectation-maximization (EM) approach. This paper generalizes the incremental EM approach by introducing a general framework, "incremental optimization transfer." The proposed algorithms accelerate convergence speeds and ensure global convergence without requiring relaxation parameters. The general optimization transfer framework allows the use of a very broad family of surrogate functions, enabling the development of new algorithms. This paper provides the first convergent OS-type algorithm for (nonconcave) penalized-likelihood (PL) transmission image reconstruction by using separable paraboloidal surrogates (SPS) which yield closed-form maximization steps. We found it is very effective to achieve fast convergence rates by starting with an OS algorithm with a large number of subsets and switching to the new "transmission incremental optimization transfer (TRIOT)" algorithm. Results show that TRIOT is faster in increasing the PL objective than nonincremental ordinary SPS and even OS-SPS yet is convergent.
Tibial metaphyseal shape varies between children according to history of fracture (2013)

Measurement and interpretation of metaphyseal shape in children is difficult. We aim to develop relevant assessment methods using commonly available spiral computed tomography (CT) scanning.
Characterization of Mitochondrial Imidazoline-Guanidinium Receptive Sites (IGRS) in Liver (1992)

Some imidazoline and guanidinium antihypertensive drugs display high affinity for a nonadrenergic membrane protein, the imidazoline-guanidinium receptive site (IGRS), which is insensitive to catecholamine and physically distinct from alpha 2-adrenoceptor. In the present report, we characterized IGRS in human and rabbit liver using [3H]idazoxan as radioligand. By performing subcellular fractionation, we showed a significant increase in [3H]idazoxan binding sites on membrane fractions enriched in cytochrome oxidase activity, a mitochondrial marker. A further enrichment in [3H]idazoxan binding (53-fold with respect to the homogenate) was found in a purified preparation of mitochondrial outer membranes. This localization of IGRS will facilitate the characterization of its functional activity in liver.
Enhancing the thermal stability of the carbon-based perovskite solar cells by using a CsxFA1−xPbBrxI3−x light absorber (2019)

Mixed-cation Cs<italic>x</italic>FA<sub>1–x</sub>PbBr<italic>x</italic>I<sub>3–x</sub> perovskite was used as light absorber for the carbon-based perovskite solar cells, and the as-prepared solar devices showed excellent long-term stability under constant heat (85 °C) and thermal cycling (−30 °C to 85 °C) condition.
A randomised double‐blind evaluation of adenosine as adjunct to sufentanil in spinal labour analgesia (2003)

Adding 500 micro g of adenosine to 10 micro g of sufentanil could not provide any prolongation of labour pain relief.
Nomogram for predicting overall survival (OS) in patients (pts) treated with nab-paclitaxel (nab-P) plus gemcitabine (Gem) or Gem alone for metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC). (2017)

4109 Background: Prognostic nomograms have been developed in various cancers, including ovarian, breast, and gastrointestinal; however, there is limited information on nomograms in MPC. The large, phase 3 MPACT study of nab-P + Gem vs Gem alone for the treatment of MPC provides a robust database for the development of a nomogram to predict OS using baseline patient variables. Methods: A multivariable Cox model was created from MPACT data using factors that were significantly predictive of OS in univariable analysis or considered clinically important (stepwise selection to remain in model). From the Cox model, a nomogram was derived that assigned points equal to the weighted sum of relative significance of each variable. The nomogram was internally validated using bootstrapping, a concordance index (c-index), and calibration plots. Results: Data from all 861 pts were used. Seven of the 34 considered variables were retained in the multivariable analysis (Table; all factors significant at the P &lt; 0.01 level, except for analgesic use [ P = 0.07]). The resulting nomogram was able to distinguish low (n = 216), medium (n = 430), and high (n = 215) risk groups (c-index: 0.69; CI: 0.67-0.71) with median OS values of 12.9, 8.2, and 3.7 months, respectively. Calibration curves showed that the nomogram’s predicted probabilities were mostly consistent with observed probabilities for 6-, 9-, and 12-month OS. Conclusions: Treatment arm, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), albumin level, sum of longest tumor diameters (SLD), and presence of liver metastasis were the key predictors of OS. This nomogram, which will be presented in visual format in the final presentation, may help physicians and pts make informed treatment decisions. Clinical trial information: NCT00844649. [Table: see text]
Sustainability from intercalation compounds (2020)

Fabrice Leroux, Heloise de Oliveira Pastore and Vera Regina L. Constantino introduce this <italic>New Journal of Chemistry</italic> themed issue entitled “Sustainability from intercalation compounds”.
Cold Work Hardening of High‐Strength Austenitic Steels (2008)

Mechanisms of cold work hardening in three austenitic steels containing (mass%) 12Mn and 1.2C (Hadfield steel denoted as C1.2); 21Cr, 23Mn, 2Ni and 0.9N (Böhler steel P‐560 denoted as N0.9); 18Cr, 18Mn, 0.345C, 0.615N (CARNIT steel denoted as CN0.96) were studied using mechanical tension tests and TEM studies of substructure formed in the course of plastic deformation. Hadfield steel C1.2 reveals the smallest yield and ultimate stresses and elongation but the highest cold work hardening. Similar yield and ultimate stresses were obtained for steels N0.9 and CN0.96 with a higher elongation and cold work hardening for the latter. The analysis of TEM results leads to the following conclusions: Cold work hardening of the carbon steel C1.2 is mainly due to intensive twinning with rather thick twins. Localized planar slip is a feature of the substructure in the nitrogen steel N0.9 and carbon+nitrogen steel CN0.96 at strains up to 10 %, whereas twinning is involved in deformation at strains in the range of 10 to 50%. The strain‐induced ∊ martensite is rarely observed in both of these steels at strains above 30 %. The substructure and cold work hardening are discussed in terms of stacking fault energy, short‐range atomic order and binding between interstitial atoms and dislocations.
Eight-Year Atmospheric Corrosion Exposure of Steels in China (1999)

Atmospheric exposures were made of 17 steels at seven sites in China over 8 years. The exposed steels included the most common carbon steels and low-alloy weathering steels. Testing sites covered typical conditions of temperate, subtropical, industrial, marine, rural, humid, and dry environments. Data were regressed, and it was shown that long-term corrosion behavior could be predicted by 4-year exposure data. The environmental factor of humid, hot temperatures was much more important over the long term than the ordinarily acknowledged factors of humidity, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and chloride ion (Cl–) pollution. Apart from the commonly acknowledged effect on corrosion resistance of high phosphorus and copper content, significant effects were observed with variation of copper, phosphorus, and sulfur content in carbon steels and copper-free low-alloy steels in corrosive environments. New ways of developing weathering steels were discussed, and a concept of economic weathering steel was suggested.
10 nm electron beam lithography and sub-50 nm overlay using a modified scanning electron microscope (1993)

Gratings of 10 nm wide metal lines 30 nm apart, and quantum transistor gates with 10 nm wide gaps over 300 nm long between two metal rectangles have been repeatedly achieved on thick GaAs substrates using a modified scanning electron microscope operated at 35 keV and liftoff of Ni/Au. Furthermore, multilevel electron beam lithography with a standard deviation (3σ) of an overlay accuracy (30 deviation) of 50 nm has been achieved using the same modified scanning electron microscope.
Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 differentially activate human mast cells (2003)

In the present report we have analyzed whether human normal cord blood-derived mast cells (CBMC) could interact with bacterial products, especially lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli and peptidoglycan (PGN) from Staphylococcus aureus, known as Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2 agonists, respectively. We found that both LPS and PGN induced significant release of not only tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), but also IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 by human mast cells (MC). We also established that the stimulation of CBMC with LPS or with PGN is mediated through interactions with TLR4 or with TLR2, respectively. Thus, our data indicate that activation of either TLR2 or TLR4 pathway may lead to a pro-Th2 immune response. However, the release of TNF-alpha induced by LPS, conversely to PGN, required the priming of CBMC by IL-4 and the presence of serum components, in particular soluble CD14. Of interest, stimulation by PGN, but not by LPS, induced release of histamine by human MC. Altogether, these findings provide the first evidence that human MC differentially respond towards bacterial components, and that their responses depend on TLR pathways and reveal human specificities in the pattern of cytokine production.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction of Enol Triflates with 1‐Alkynes. (1986)

Abstract Die Alkylierung von Acetylenen (I) mit den Steroid‐Enoltriflaten (II) gelingt in Gegenwart von Bis‐(triphenylphosphin)‐pal1adiumdiacetat, wobei ein Zusatz von Kupfer(I)‐iodid die Reaktion bereits bei Raumtemperatur ermöglicht.
Evidence for F−/SiO− Anion Exchange in the Framework of As‐Synthesized All‐Silica Zeolites (2011)

Nicht alles ändert sich: In frisch hergestellten Zeolith-Gerüsten können die ladungskompensierenden Anionen ausgetauscht werden, wodurch sich sowohl die Dichte der Defektstellen als auch der hydrophobe Charakter des Zeolithen ändern lässt. Die reversible Umwandlung findet ohne Auflösung/Umkristallisation des Zeolithen statt, sodass die Kristalle ihre Größe und Form behalten (siehe Bild). Kein Fluorid kann aus rein silicatischen D4R-Einheiten entfernt werden, für die Fluorid-Ionen eine strukturdirigierende Rolle spielen.
Abstract 4267: Biomimetic anti-angiogenic peptide as therapeutic agent for breast cancer (2011)

Abstract Despite the continuous research in novel therapeutics, globally each year more people succumb to cancer than HIV, TB and malaria combined. Angiogenesis, the development of neovasculature, has been a major focus of cancer research, and it resulted in the development, approval and clinical use of bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody. However, in the case of breast cancer, the results show gains in progression-free survival but not in overall survival. Other agents targeting VEGF receptors are under investigation with the premise that a cocktail of agents could be more effective. Recently, there has been great interest in the development of peptides as therapeutic agents due to their high specificity and low toxicity, which are conducive for the development of new therapeutic cocktails. Identification of pharmacophores (minimal information content) allows for the introduction of non-natural amino acids in the peptide sequence to increase its stability while maintaining or improving its activity, thus creating optimized peptides for clinical applications. We present the application of a 20-mer biomimetic peptide derived from the α5 fibril of collagen IV in which a cysteine is replaced by a non-natural amino acid, i.e., amino-butyric acid, and investigate its mechanism of action as an anti-angiogenic agent in treatment of breast cancer. We demonstrated its activity in suppressing tumor growth in an orthotopic triple negative breast tumor model. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated reduction in vascular permeability and vascular volume. In vitro studies of receptor pulldown and cellular surface proximity staining demonstrate that this peptide interacts specifically with the αVβ1 integrin. This biomimetic stable peptide is a novel non-VEGF targeting agent active as a single agent, or that could be used in combination with chemotherapy or other therapeutic peptide-based cocktails. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4267. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4267
Synthesis, Enzymic Degradation, Lipophilic Properties, and Biological Activity of [D‐Alanine2, t‐butylglycine5]enkephalin Amide (1980)

Abstract L ‐ C α ‐ t ‐Butylglycine (Bug), its amide, methyl ester, and N α ‐ t ‐butoxycarbonyl derivative were prepared by an asymmetric synthesis, and the Hansch side‐chain hydrophobic (lipophilicity) parameter determined. A new enkephalin analogue, H · Tyr‐ D ‐Ala‐Gly‐Phe‐Bug · NH 2 was synthesized which is pharmacologically active in two in vitro assays and strongly resistant against a number of enzymes in vitro .
Demonstration of a Tilted-Pulse-Front Pumped Plane-Parallel Slab Terahertz Source (2018)

THz pulse generation in a nonlinear echelon slab structure is demonstrated. The setup uses a plane-parallel nonlinear optical crystal slab, which ensures a good-quality, symmetric THz beam and enables scalability to high pulse energies.
Solar space heating with air and liquid systems (1980)

Abstract Seasonal and annual performance data are available on only a limited number of the several thousand solar space heating systems now in operation. The emerging information indicates that most of the heat required in buildings can be supplied by solar energy delivered from flat-plate collectors and stored overnight in tanks of water and bins of rock pebbles. Numerous mechanical and operational problems, mainly in liquid collection and storage systems, demand attention. Annual costs of solar heating equipment and its installation usually exceed current values of energy savings, but fuel prices are expected to escalate at rates which often favour solar purchase today. Detailed performance data on several types of solar heating and cooling systems in buildings of identical design are presented, compared and interpreted. Maintenance and repair requirements are noted and contrasted, and forecasts of use in various applications are presented.
Monte Carlo simulation of a 30 nm dual-gate MOSFET: how short can Si go? (1992)

Monte Carlo simulation is used to explore the characteristics of an n-channel MOSFET at the presently perceived limits of scaling. This dual-gated 30 nm gate-length FET is found to have excellent characteristics for use in digital logic, including a transconductance as high as 2300 mS/mm and an estimated ring-oscillator delay of 1.1 ps. The various motivations for this device design are discussed, illuminating the reasons for claiming that it is at the limits of scaling.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
CX3CR1 Is a Receptor for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Cotton Rats (2021)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been reported to use CX3CR1 <i>in vitro</i> as a receptor on cultured primary human airway epithelial cultures. To evaluate CX3CR1 as the receptor for RSV <i>in vivo</i>, we used the cotton rat animal model because of its high permissiveness for RSV infection. Sequencing the cotton rat CX3CR1 gene revealed 91% amino acid similarity to human CX3CR1. Previous work found that RSV binds to CX3CR1 via its attachment glycoprotein (G protein) to infect primary human airway cultures. To determine whether CX3CR1-G protein interaction is necessary for RSV infection, recombinant RSVs containing mutations in the CX3CR1 binding site of the G protein were tested in cotton rats. In contrast to wild-type virus, viral mutants did not grow in the lungs of cotton rats. When RSV was incubated with an antibody blocking the CX3CR1 binding site of G protein and subsequently inoculated intranasally into cotton rats, no virus was found in the lungs 4 days postinfection. In contrast, growth of RSV was not affected after preincubation with heparan sulfate (the receptor for RSV on immortalized cell lines). A reduction in CX3CR1 expression in the cotton rat lung through the use of peptide-conjugated morpholino oligomers led to a 10-fold reduction in RSV titers at day 4 postinfection. In summary, these results indicate that CX3CR1 functions as a receptor for RSV in cotton rats and, in combination with data from human airway epithelial cell cultures, strongly suggest that CX3CR1 is a primary receptor for naturally acquired RSV infection. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> The knowledge about a virus receptor is useful to better understand the uptake of a virus into a cell and potentially develop antivirals directed against either the receptor molecule on the cell or the receptor-binding protein of the virus. Among a number of potential receptor proteins, human CX3CR1 has been demonstrated to act as a receptor for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) on human epithelial cells in tissue culture. Here, we report that the cotton rat CX3CR1, which is similar to the human molecule, acts as a receptor <i>in vivo</i>. This study strengthens the argument that CX3CR1 is a receptor molecule for RSV.
Traumatische bilaterale subtotale Ohrmuschelamputation (2022)

Einleitung Im Jahr 2020 traten 689.656 meldepflichtige Arbeitsunfälle in deutschen Betrieben auf, darunter kam es bei 7,6% der Fälle zu Verletzungen in der Kopfregion. Beidseitige große Weichteilverletzungen der Ohrmuscheln bilden in dieser Gruppe die Ausnahme. Um eine Replantation mit guten Ergebnis zu erwirken, ist eine konsequent getaktete Planung der Versorgung zu empfehlen.
Youth Violence (2000)

As communities react to an influx of drugs and violence, a concomitant erosion in the social controls and norms may result in the normalization, expectation, and even glamorization of violence. Consequently, violent crime rates may not adequately reflect the overall health of a community or the indirect and long-term effects of repeated exposure to violence, particularly in children. Therefore, qualitative changes in the nature of violence may reveal far more about the relative health of a community. Direct exposure to illegal drug markets and the associated violence during critical phases in development may be expected to negatively impact children through at least three possible avenues: maternal, familial, and community. Multidisciplinary analysis and integration of research and opinion from several disciplines provide an opportunity to assess the impact of urban violence and illegal drug markets, while outlining a multifocal response to limiting the potential damage of urban violence on children.
Nutrition and brain development in early life (2014)

Presented here is an overview of the pathway from early nutrient deficiency to long-term brain function, cognition, and productivity, focusing on research from low- and middle-income countries. Animal models have demonstrated the importance of adequate nutrition for the neurodevelopmental processes that occur rapidly during pregnancy and infancy, such as neuron proliferation and myelination. However, several factors influence whether nutrient deficiencies during this period cause permanent cognitive deficits in human populations, including the child's interaction with the environment, the timing and degree of nutrient deficiency, and the possibility of recovery. These factors should be taken into account in the design and interpretation of future research. Certain types of nutritional deficiency clearly impair brain development, including severe acute malnutrition, chronic undernutrition, iron deficiency, and iodine deficiency. While strategies such as salt iodization and micronutrient powders have been shown to improve these conditions, direct evidence of their impact on brain development is scarce. Other strategies also require further research, including supplementation with iron and other micronutrients, essential fatty acids, and fortified food supplements during pregnancy and infancy.
The effect of virtual reality on visual vertigo symptoms in patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction: A pilot study (2012)

Exposure to dynamic VR environments should be considered as a useful adjunct to vestibular rehabilitation programs for patients with peripheral vestibular disorders and VV symptoms.
Optimal tracking control in flexible pointing structures (2002)

A hybrid neural control system incorporated with feedforward and feedback dynamics is advocated for flexible multibody structures. The proposed neural controller is designed to achieve trajectory slewing of structural member as well as vibration suppression for precision pointing capability. The feedforward path corresponds to the steady-state output of the dynamics while the feedback path stabilizes the transient-state of the motion. In the spirit of model reference adaptive control, we utilize adaptive time-delay radial basis function networks as a building block to allow the neural network to function as an indirect closed-loop controller. The horizon-of-one predictive controllers cooperatively regulates the dynamics of the nonlinear structure to follow the prespecified reference signals asymptotically. The proposed control strategy is validated in the experimental facility, called the Planar Articulating Controls Experiment, which consists of a two-link flexible planar structure constrained to move over a granite table. This paper addresses the theoretical foundation of the architecture and demonstrates its applicability via a realistic structural test bed.