gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal affine image normalization approach for optical character recognition (2021)

Optical character recognition (OCR) in images captured from arbitrary angles requires preliminary normalization, i.e. a geometric transformation resulting in an image as if it was captured at an angle suitable for OCR. In most cases, a surface containing characters can be considered flat, and a pinhole model can be adopted for a camera. Thus, in theory, the normalization should be projective. Usually, the camera optical axis is approximately perpendicular to the document surface, so the projective normalization can be replaced with an affine one without a significant loss of accuracy. An affine image transformation is performed significantly faster than a projective normalization, which is important for OCR on mobile devices. In this work, we propose a fast approach for image normalization. It utilizes an affine normalization instead of a projective one if there is no significant loss of accuracy. The approach is based on a proposed criterion for the normalization accuracy: root mean square (RMS) coordinate discrepancies over the region of interest (ROI). The problem of optimal affine normalization according to this criterion is considered. We have established that this unconstrained optimization is quadratic and can be reduced to a problem of fractional quadratic functions integration over the ROI. The latter was solved analytically in the case of OCR where the ROI consists of rectangles. The proposed approach is generalized for various cases when instead of the affine transform its special cases are used: scaling, translation, shearing, and their superposition, allowing the image normalization procedure to be further accelerated.
INFLUENCE OF THE NATURE OF SUGAR RESIDUES ON THE INTERACTIONS OF SYMETRIC SUGAR- BASED BOLAFORMS WITH MODEL MEMBRANES (2013)

Glycolipid surfactants constitute a class of natural compound having interest in biological field such as antifungal, antiviral and plant-elicitor and for pharmaceutical formulation as well as for food and cosmetic field. Their action may be modulated through their interactions with plasma membranes of target cells and more particularly by their interactions with membrane lipid molecules. Among glycolipid surfactants, bolaforms constitute an important class; they are composed of two hydrophilic heads connected by a hydrophobic carbon segment.Their interest lies mainly in the development of the efficient and low cost lipid-based drug delivery systems. In this context, our work was focused on two sugar-based bolaforms. They are composed by two identical hydrophilic head constituted by xylose ( BolaX) or rhamnose ( BolaR), connected by an ether link to a hydrocarbon segment with an insaturation. The interactions of  BolaX and BolaR with model phopsholipid and phospholipid/sterol model membranes (Langmuir monolayers at the air-water interface and multilamellar vesicles) were investigated with biophysical and in silico approaches. Our results indicate that both bolaforms interact with model membranes at the level of hydrocarbon chain and, at the phosphate and the carbonyl group of phospholipids. The presence of sterol in the system has an influence on insertion of bolaforms and change slightly the nature of the interactions. The insertion of BolaR within a phospholipid bilayer was deeper than that of  BolaX and its interactions with phospholipids were energetically more favorable, suggesting an important role of the nature of sugar residue.
Age-related immune clearance of hepatitis B virus infection requires the establishment of gut microbiota (2015)

A unique feature of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in humans is that viral clearance heavily depends on the age of exposure. However, the reason for this remains unclear. Here we show that gut microbiota contribute to the age dependence of HBV immunity in a hydrodynamic transfection mouse model. Although adult (12-wk-old) C3H/HeN mice cleared HBV within 6 wk postinjection (wpi), their young (6-wk-old) counterparts remained HBV-positive at 26 wpi. Sterilization of gut microbiota from 6 to 12 wk of age using antibiotics prevented adult mice from rapidly clearing HBV. Young mice with the Toll-like-receptor (TLR) 4 mutation (C3H/HeJ) exhibited rapid HBV clearance. The results suggest that an immuno-tolerating pathway to HBV prevailed in young mice, before the establishment of gut bacteria, through a TLR4-dependent pathway and that the maturation of gut microbiota in adult mice stimulated liver immunity, resulting in rapid HBV clearance.
Strategies and Techniques for Multi-Component Drug Design from Medicinal Herbs and Traditional Chinese Medicine (2012)

Many common diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer are caused or exacerbated by disparate physiological, pathological, environmental, and lifestyle factors. However, the chief aim of current drug discovery approaches is to search for single-entity drugs that interact with well-defined molecular targets (a single receptor or enzyme). The concept of multi-target drugs or multi-component therapy is gaining increased attention with the discovery that many diseases (like hypertension) are best treated by multi-drug or multi-target therapies. Traditional medicines, such as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Indian Ayurveda, have been re-evaluated and are becoming important resources for the discovery of bioactive molecules with therapeutic effects and for designing multi-targets drugs. This article provides an overview of new strategies and techniques to design therapeutic regimes that comprise more than one active ingredient to produce synergistic effects by simultaneously interacting with multiple molecular targets. Advances in phytochemistry, high throughput screening, DNA sequencing, systems biology, and bioinformatics can reveal the chemical composition and molecular mechanisms of TCM and together provide a new template for the early stages of drug discovery. Meanwhile, clinical knowledge of TCM provides a promising framework for multi-component drug design. A renaissance of multi-component drug discovery inspired by traditional medicine is possible.
A Quad-Band Branched Monopole Antenna with Filters Suppressing Higher-Order Modes (2020)

A novel quad-band branched monopole antenna with filters is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of a mast, two branch-elements for low-band, and two branch-elements for high-band. Lumped-element filters are loaded at the roots of the low-band elements to suppress higher-mode currents at the high-band. It is clarified by simulations that desirable VSWR characteristic can be achieved at all bands of interest if band-pass filters with an appropriate Q-factor are loaded.
The future of academic innovation in the field of medical devices: is innovation still possible in orthopedics? (2016)

Academic research is essential to bring disruptive innovation on medical devices market because the risk-taking is too high for companies and their investors. Performing clinical trials is essential to technical files but no one wants to accept responsibility for implanted off-label devices. The paper explains the academic process for innovation. We see that academic research depends, at the end, on the motivation of companies to develop a product. The key to innovation stands in the early collaboration between the surgeons, the research teams and the companies in a project. Innovation is a good idea supported by the expertise of the right people at the right moment. In orthopaedics, we need, more than ever, to stay focused on the patient benefits.
Reaction of Mercaptoacetate and Halides Containing Activated Methylenes with Thiocarbamoylimidates: A Novel Approach to the Synthesis of Aminothiazole Derivatives (1998)

Abstract The reaction of N-thiocarbamoylimidates 1 with methyl thioglycolate leads to the formation of 4-arylamino-5-methoxycarbonylthiazoles 2. The condensation of the same imidates 1 on ethyl bromoacetate, benzyl bromide and chloroacetonitrile provides the corresponding 2-arylaminothiazoles 4.
The building blocks: Artificial intelligence, software engineering, computer architecture, and very large-scale integration will play major roles: Artificial intelligence (1983)

Major areas of artificial intelligence (AI) research as it impacts on next-generation computing are explored in five short, related articles. The first article provides an overview of the background and current goals of AI. The remaining four discuss, in turn: The codification of human knowledge for machine reading; helping computers understand natural languages; continuous speech recognition; and computer vision with imperfect inputs.
Systemic Administration of Tripeptidyl Peptidase I in a Mouse Model of Late Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis: Effect of Glycan Modification (2012)

Late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) is a recessive genetic disease of childhood caused by deficiencies in the lysosomal protease tripeptidyl peptidase I (TPP1). Disease is characterized by progressive and extensive neuronal death. One hurdle towards development of enzyme replacement therapy is delivery of TPP1 to the brain. In this study, we evaluated the effect of modifying N-linked glycans on recombinant human TPP1 on its pharmacokinetic properties after administration via tail vein injection to a mouse model of LINCL. Unmodified TPP1 exhibited a dose-dependent serum half-life of 12 min (0.12 mg) to 45 min (2 mg). Deglycosylation or modification using sodium metaperiodate oxidation and reduction with sodium borohydride increased the circulatory half-life but did not improve targeting to the brain compared to unmodified TPP1. Analysis of liver, brain, spleen, kidney and lung demonstrated that for all preparations, >95% of the recovered activity was in the liver. Interestingly, administration of a single 2 mg dose (80 mg/kg) of unmodified TPP1 resulted in ∼10% of wild-type activity in brain. This suggests that systemic administration of unmodified recombinant enzyme merits further exploration as a potential therapy for LINCL.
Supplementary Table 2 from Overcoming the Response Plateau in Multiple Myeloma: A Novel Bortezomib-Based Strategy for Secondary Induction and High-Yield CD34+ Stem Cell Mobilization (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 72K, Most common all-grade and grade ≥3 AEs during DoVeD induction and bortezomib-based stem cell mobilization.&lt;/p&gt;
SURGICAL ALLEVIATION OF PARKINSONISM (1956)

• The complete incapacitation seen in severe cases of Parkinsonism is illustrated by five case histories. In one instance the tremor, rigidity, and deformity were such that the patient could not even sit unsupported and had been 100% helpless for 25 years. Surgical occlusion of the anterior choroidal artery was attempted in 50 such patients, and in 30 there was alleviation of both tremor and rigidity in the contralateral extremity. In some cases the patients have not only become ambulatory and capable of self-care but have also resumed employment. Chemical destruction of a region in the globus pallidus was attempted in a second series of 50 patients. The technique includes meticulous orientation of a cannula by means of pneumoencephalography, verification of the site by injecting procaine to observe effects in the contralateral extremity, and final injection of alcohol to destroy the active focus. Good lasting results were obtained in 32 cases. Analysis of complications and failures will improve the methods of selecting patients and lessen the risks of operation. It is demonstrated that the tremor, rigidity, and deformity can be relieved, without loss of motor power, in long-standing, far-advanced cases.
Computer analysis of small-signal stability of power systems including network dynamics (1995)

The paper describes a comprehensive approach for computer formulation of power system linearised state equations that also include those of the transmission network. Based on this formulation, an eigen analysis package for investigation of high-frequency (above 5 Hz) dynamics has been developed. The salient feature of formulation is that it allows modular addition and variation of component models, without rearrangement of the overall state space formulation. The package provides a flexible tool for systematic analyses of small-signal stability impacts of novel devices, e.g. power electronic apparatus and their controllers. The paper also presents an application of the state space formulation and the eigen analysis package for a multi-SVC system.
Low-temperature fabrication of high-mobility poly-Si TFTs for large-area LCDs (1989)

A low-temperature process developed for fabrication of high-mobility polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors (poly-Si TFTs) is discussed. Its main feature is the use of a sputter-deposited Si film followed by laser irradiation and a sputter-deposited gate SiO/sub 2/ film. The poly-Si TFTs have a mobility of 350-cm/sup 2//V-s. They have been successfully applied to peripheral circuits for large-area liquid-crystal displays (LCDs).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Top-Down Systems Biology Approach for the Identification of Targets for Fungal Strain and Process Development (2014)

This chapter discusses approaches to select targets for improvement of production processes, with a special focus on the application of functional genomics technologies as an unbiased approach towards target selection. The development of a fungal production process starts with the selection of a strain that produces the compound of interest or with the construction of such a strain. Often only the obvious targets for metabolic engineering are addressed. In this chapter such a systems biology approach, based on the information gathered with functional genomics technologies and in combination with multivariate data analysis tools, is discussed as a method to achieve unbiased selection and ranking of targets for both strain improvement and bioprocess optimization. Besides classical approaches for strain development, such as screening for protease mutants and targeted disruption of known protease genes, a top-down systems biology approach was applied to further elucidate the proteolytic system and its regulation in A. niger. The ultimate goal is to identify new targets for further improvement of the fungal cell factory for heterologous protein production. The available selection methods for relevant targets for fungal strain and process development, or for that matter any microbial production process, have been very successful in numerous cases. Recently introduced functional genomics technologies in combination with multivariate data analysis (MVDA) tools enable an open and comprehensive top-down systems biology approach towards target selection. Due to its unbiased nature, a successful top-down systems biology approach will provide a new boost in the ongoing cycle of bioprocess optimization.
One‐Step Immobilization of Protein‐Encapsulated Core/Shell Particles onto Nanofibers (2010)

Abstract A novel method is described to functionalize nanofibers to form a nanocomposite with core/shell particles in order to control protein release. The nanocomposite is produced by electrically neutralizing negatively charged poly(lactic acid) nanofibers with positively charged poly[(lactic acid)‐ co ‐(glycolic acid)] particles via a one‐step electrohydrodynamic jetting process. The protein‐encapsulated core/shell particles exhibited no significant initial burst release or denaturation. The protein release profile was controlled by porosity and protein/polymer interactions. The method may be promising to engineer intelligent scaffolds that can fulfill the needs of biomimetic materials. magnified image
Non-Negative Patch Alignment Framework (2011)

In this paper, we present a non-negative patch alignment framework (NPAF) to unify popular non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) related dimension reduction algorithms. It offers a new viewpoint to better understand the common property of different NMF algorithms. Although multiplicative update rule (MUR) can solve NPAF and is easy to implement, it converges slowly. Thus, we propose a fast gradient descent (FGD) to overcome the aforementioned problem. FGD uses the Newton method to search the optimal step size, and thus converges faster than MUR. Experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets confirm the efficiency of FGD compared with MUR for optimizing NPAF. Based on NPAF, we develop non-negative discriminative locality alignment (NDLA). Experiments on face image and handwritten datasets suggest the effectiveness of NDLA in classification tasks and its robustness to image occlusions, compared with representative NMF-related dimension reduction algorithms.
Agglomeration of Pyrite in Aqueous Suspension (1978)

The agglomeration of pyrite from aqueous suspensions by use of coal tar as a bridging liquid has been studied. It is necessary to treat the pyrite with a potassium amyl xanthate (KAmX) aqueous solution prior to the agglomeration in order to make the surface of the pyrite hydrophobic.Main results obtained are summarized as follows.1) Finely-divided pyrite, which was pretreated with a KAmX solution (4kg/t), in aquious suspensions can be agglomerated by applying suitable agitation in the presence of a small amount of coal tar (9 weight %).2) The agglomeration efficiency, defined as +10 mesh (1.651mm) agglomerates against the total amount of solids in suspension, is 80%.3) The strength of the dry pellets rises up to 40kg/cm2.4) Pyrite ore can be selectively agglomerated in aqueous suspensions of finely divided pyrite and quartz by applying suitable agitation in the presence of a small amount of coal tar.5) The amount of insolubles in the pellets becomes to 3-7% and the removal of impurities in the pellets rises up to 90%.6) When the amount of quartz content in aqueous suspensions increases, the agglomeration efficiency decreases.
Carbon Nanotube Soldering with Gold Nanoink by the Fountain-Pen Technique (2006)

A novel method for soldering carbon nanotubes on electronic pads is presented. We deposited a gold nanoparticle suspension (nanoink) film on the contact area between the carbon nanotube and metal pad employing the fountain-pen principle. The nanoink is deposited by using capillary tubes that have been pulled into micro pipettes with outer diameters of 2-3 μm. The nanoink pattern was then annealed on a hotplate, so that good conductance of the contact could be achieved. The metal pads were prepared by utilizing the standard microfabrication technology. The carbon nanotubes were deposited across the two metal pads by employing the principle of dielectrophoresis.
The Predominate Goliath: Why Pay-to-Play Daily Fantasy Sports are Games of Skill Under the Dominant Factor Test (2015)

Daily Fantasy Sports (DFS) 3 is one of the fastest growing industries in the United States.DraftKings, Inc., a leading daily fantasy sports platform, recently reported revenue growth of 650% between fiscal years 2013 and 2014 with user entry fees rising by 575% during that same time period. 4 The Boston based company expects to pay out roughly $1 billion in prize money to its users in 2015, or roughly 230% more than the $300 million it paid out this past year. 5 With projections for 2015 revenues ranging between $100 and $150 million, it is no wonder that conglomerates have invested hundreds of millions of dollars into leading companies within the DFS industry. 6 Despite its fast paced growth, support from professional sports leagues, and countless examples of consistently profitable users, the DFS industry is still battling the stigma that it is a form of gambling. 7 Scholars have opined that most federal laws aimed to combat gambling have little to no effect on the legality of the DFS industry and that specific carve-outs providing legal protection to traditional season-long fantasy sports should extend to DFS. 8 However, others have noted that there is currently no blanket immunity under federal or state law for daily fantasy sports and that legality within the industry depends on the rules of a particular game. 9As a whole, the fantasy sports and baseball seasons.He publishes regularly on all things daily fantasy at numerous websites, including RotoGrinders.comand DraftKingsPlaybook.com.3. "DFS" is a widely held acronym for "daily fantasy sports" and will be utilized throughout this Article to refer to the game itself on a satellite level.The term may also be used to identify the entire daily fantasy sports industry subject to context.See id. at 29. 4. Darren Heitner, DraftKings Reports $304 Million of Entry Fees in 2014, FORBES (Jan.22, 2015
HIV Neutralizing Antibodies: Clinical Correlates and Implications for Vaccines (2010)

Neutralizing humoral immunity has been the subject of intense investigation since early in HIV research. While virtually all HIV-positive patients have antibodies capable of binding to HIV Env protein, only a subset of these antibodies, termed neutralizing antibodies (NAb), are able to block viral entry into target cells. NAbs develop later than other immune responses – at least 12 weeks after infection [1, 2] – and initially target only the infecting strain. Over time, in many patients this response broadens to allow recognition of heterologous strains [3, 4]. It is generally thought that NAbs will be a critical component of a successful vaccine-elicited immune response.
Direct pathway for sticking/desorption ofH2on Si(100) (1995)

The energetics of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ interacting with the Si(100) surface is studied by means of ab initio total-energy calculations within the framework of density-functional theory. We find a direct desorption pathway from the monohydride phase that is compatible with experimental activation energies and demonstrate the importance of substrate relaxation for this process. Both the transition state configuration and the barrier height depend crucially on the degree of buckling of the Si dimers on the Si(100) surface. The adsorption barrier height on the clean surface is governed by the buckling via its influence on the surface electronic structure. We discuss the consequences of this coupling for adsorption experiments and the relation between adsorption and desorption.
Aquaporin‐4 orthogonal arrays of particles are the target for neuromyelitis optica autoantibodies (2009)

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) which in autoantibodies produced by patients with NMO (NMO-IgG) recognize a glial water channel protein, Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expressed as two major isoforms, M1- and M23-AQP4, in which the plasma membrane form orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs). AQP4-M23 is the OAP-forming isoform, whereas AQP4-M1 alone is unable to form OAPs. The function of AQP4 organization into OAPs in normal physiology is unknown; however, alteration in OAP assemblies is reported for several CNS pathological states. In this study, we demonstrate that in the CNS, NMO-IgG is able to pull down both M1- and M23-AQP4 but experiments performed using cells selectively transfected with M1- or M23-AQP4 and native tissues show NMO-IgG epitope to be intrinsic in AQP4 assemblies into OAPs. Other OAP-forming water-channel proteins, such as the lens Aquaporin-0 and the insect Aquaporin-cic, were not recognized by NMO-IgG, indicating an epitope characteristic of AQP4-OAPs. Finally, water transport measurements show that NMO-IgG treatment does not significantly affect AQP4 function. In conclusion, our results suggest for the first time that OAP assemblies are required for NMO-IgG to recognize AQP4.