gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the Level Set Algorithm for Detecting Object Edges in MR and CT Images (2009)

Specifying the boundary of tissues or an organ is one of the most frequently required tasks for a radiologist. It is a first step for further processing, such as comparing two serial images in time, volume measurements. In the present work, we use genetic algorithms (GA) and where necessary apply a ldquodynamic genetic algorithmrdquo (dGA) procedure, which (we believe) is a unique application, to assess different values for finding an optimal set of parameters that characterize the level set method, a geometric active contour, for use as a boundary detection method. Four quantitative measures are used in calculating geometric differences between the object boundaries, as determined by the level set method, and the desired object boundaries. A semi-automated method is also developed to find the desired boundary for the object. A two-step method requires the user to manipulate the object boundaries obtained by applying an edge detection method based on the Canny filter. By setting the level set method parameters using the output of the GA we obtain accurate boundaries of organs automatically and rapidly.
An SEM and EDS study of the microstructure of nitrate ester plasticized polyether propellants (2010)

To probe the microstructures of nitrate ester plasticized polyether (NEPE) composite propellants and observe the morphology of each constitute in the propellant, the microstructure and elemental constitutes of NEPE propellants were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The ammonium perchlorate (AP) grains had a scraggy surface and were difficult to disperse uniformly. The compatibility between the AP grains and the polymer binder was poor, especially for large grains. The size distribution range of the AP and octogen (HMX) grains in propellants varied from several to several hundreds ?m for the former while for the latter from several to several tens ?m. Contrasting images before and after dissolution the propellant in trichloromethane showed that the degree of crosslinking of the polymer binder was low since non-crosslinked binder on the surface areas was easily removed by the solvent, and that the plasticizer was near the HMX grains and contributed more O to the element analysis of HMX.
The Hereditary Disease Array Group (HDAG) - Microarrays, Models and Mechanisms : A Collaboration Update (2001)

A growing number of dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorders are associated with an expanded polyglutamine-encoding sequence. Alterations in gene expression have been described for several of these diseases. Many animal and cell culture models have been established. In order to generate gene expression profiles of model systems using microarray technology, the Hereditary Disease Array Group (HDAG) was formed. This collaboration helps participants to refine the design, methods, and analyses and to identify potential problem areas. The ultimate goal of HDAG is to elucidate the mechanisms by which expanded polyglutamine tracts contribute to neuropathogenesis. This conference review intends to describe this collaborative effort and highlight some of the issues relating to technical aspects, quality control and bioinformatics as well as therapeutic targets and human samples.
The dynamic mechanism of RASSF5 and MST kinase activation by Ras (2017)

As a tumor suppressor, RASSF5 (NORE1A) activates MST1/2 thereby modulating the Hippo pathway. Structurally, activation involves RASSF5 and MST1/2 swapping their SARAH domains to form a SARAH heterodimer. This exposes the MST1/2 kinase domain which homodimerizes, leading to trans-autophosphorylation. The SARAH-SARAH interaction shifts RASSF5 away from its autoinhibited state and relieves MST1/2 autoinhibition. Separate crystal structures are available for the RA (Ras association) domain and SARAH dimer, where SARAH is a long straight α-helix. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we modeled the RASSF5 RA with a covalently connected SARAH to elucidate the dynamic mechanism of how SARAH mediates between autoinhibition and Ras triggered-activation. Our results show that in inactive RASSF5 the RA domain retains SARAH, yielding a self-associated conformation in which SARAH is in a kinked α-helical motif that increases the binding interface. When RASSF5 binds K-Ras4B-GTP, the equilibrium shifts toward SARAH's interacting with MST. Since the RA/SARAH affinity is relatively low, whereas that of the SARAH heterodimer is in the nM range, we suggest that RASSF5 exerts its tumor suppressor action through competition with other Ras effectors for Ras effector binding site, as well as coincidentally its recruitment to the membrane to help MST activation. Thus, SARAH plays a key role in RASSF5's tumor suppression action by linking the two major pathways in tumor cell proliferation: Ras and the MAPK (tumor cell proliferation-promoting) pathway, and the Hippo (tumor cell proliferation-suppressing) pathway.
Real-world environmental impacts from modern passenger vehicles operating in urban settings (2017)

Real-world testing of a set of modern vehicles show most petrols meet their Euro standards for nitrous oxides (NO$_{x}$), while most diesel vehicles exceed them. However, that some diesel vehicles met their Euro standards implies exceedances are not peculiar to the fuel. Likewise, the compliance of the tested petrol vehicles with the standard does not mean all petrol vehicles do. Engine maps were synthesised which reproduced trip level emissions to within 10% of that gathered under real-world driving conditions. Average velocity alone, such as what is used in COPERT, is a poor predictor of emissions. Stepwise linear models showed NO$_{x}$ emissions could be predicted accurately by incorporating other metrics, such as maximum deceleration and the variance of velocity over the driving cycle. The models were validated on three driving cycles where all vehicles met their Euro standards, save Euro 6 diesel vehicles on the US highway cycle. COPERT overestimated NO$_{x}$ from all vehicles. More work is required to combine driving cycle metrics with vehicle characteristics, such as mass and peak engine torque, to identify the conditions under which vehicles exceed their Euro limits.
Histidine decarboxylase regulates biliary homeostasis via autocrine histamine signaling (2013)

Cholangiocyte homeostasis is regulated by both autocrine/paracrine signaling. In bile duct ligated (BDL) rats large cholangiocyte proliferate, whereas CCl 4 induces large cholangiocyte apoptosis. Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) regulates histamine synthesis. We have shown that: (i) cholangiocytes express HDC and secrete histamine; (ii) histamine stimulates biliary growth; and (ii) HDC inhibition decreases biliary growth. No information exists that HDC/histamine regulates cholangiocyte homeostasis. In vivo , normal and 1 wk BDL rats were treated with saline or histamine (0.5 mg/kg) and given CCl 4 by gavage (0.5 ml/100 gm). Liver blocks and large cholangiocytes were obtained. HDC, PCNA, TUNEL and CK‐19 biliary expression was measured by immunohistochemistry in liver sections and by q PCR and immunoblots in large cholangiocytes. In vitro , control (MSE‐neg) or stable transfected HDC knockdown large cholangiocytes (MSE‐HDC) were treated with CCl 4 (5 mM) in the absence/presence of histamine (10 μM) before evaluating apoptosis and proliferation. After BDL, there was enhanced cholangiocyte proliferation, ductal mass and biliary HDC expression. CCl 4 treatment (i) enhanced biliary apoptosis; and (ii) decreased HDC and serum/biliary histamine levels and biliary proliferation and ductal mass, changes that were prevented by histamine. In MSE‐HDC cells there was reduced biliary growth and enhanced apoptosis compared to Mz‐neg. In MSE‐HDC cells treated with CCl 4 , apoptosis increased compared to MSE‐neg cells treated with CCl 4 . In Mz‐HDC, CCl 4 ‐induced apoptosis and loss of proliferation was prevented by histamine. HDC is a key regulator of cholangiocyte homeostasis and histamine may be a protective factor after toxic injury. Treatment of cholangiopathies characterized by proliferation or loss may be regulated by the modulation of histamine levels.
Continuous Low-Power Ammonia Monitoring Using Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks (2018)

Accurate and continuous ammonia monitoring is important for laboratory animal studies and many other applications. Existing solutions are often expensive, inaccurate, or unsuitable for long-term monitoring. In this work, we propose a new ammonia monitoring approach that is low-power, automatic, accurate, and wireless.
Extremum-Seeking Control of ABS Braking in Road Vehicles With Lateral Force Improvement (2012)

An ABS control algorithm based on extremum seeking is presented in this brief. The optimum slip ratio between the tire patch and the road is searched online without having to estimate road friction conditions. This is achieved by adapting the extremum-seeking algorithm as a self-optimization routine that seeks the peak point of the tire force-slip curve. As an additional novelty, the proposed algorithm incorporates driver steering input into the optimization procedure to determine the operating region of the tires on the “tire force”-“slip ratio” characteristic-curve. The algorithm operates the tires near the peak point of the force-slip curve during straight line braking. When the driver demands lateral motion in addition to braking, the operating regions of the tires are modified automatically, for improving the lateral stability of the vehicle by increasing the tire lateral forces. A validated, full vehicle model is presented and used in a simulation study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Simulation results show the benefits of the proposed ABS controller.
Modulationsverfahren (1996)

Unter Modulation versteht man allgemein die Veränderung eines Trägersignals in Abhängigkeit eines Nachrichtensignals wie z.B. Sprache oder Daten. Damit erreicht man realistische Antennendimensionen und die Möglichkeit, mehrere Teilnehmer auf einen Träger zu multiplexen. Die für die Mobilfunktibertragung geeigneten Trägerfrequenzen liegen dabei im VHF und insbesondere im UHF Bereich. Je nachdem, ob das Nachrichtensignal in analoger oder digitaler Form dem Träger aufinoduliert wird, spricht man von analogen oder digitalen Modulations-verfahren. In modernen zellularen Mobilfunknetzen werden heute jedoch ausschließlich digitale Verfahren eingesetzt. Aus diesem Grund sollen hier die Grundlagen der analogen Modulationsverfahren nur sehr knapp behandelt werden. Weitergehende Informationen zu diesem Thema findet der interessierte Leser z.B. in [KAM96].
T-3-3-1 Obstacle Avoidance for Spatial Hyper-Redundant Manipulators (2002)

Obstacle avoidance for discrete-link spatial hyper-redundant manipulators in known environments is considered. The manipulator is divided into two sections, a proximal section that has not entered the space among obstacles and a distal section among the obstacles. The application of harmonic potential functions is extended to obstacle avoidance for the distal section in three-dimensional space, in order to avoid local minima in cluttered environments. A modified panel method is used to generate the potential of any arbitrary shaped obstacle in three-dimensional space. An alternative backbone curve concept and an efficient fitting method are introduced to control the trajectory of proximal links. The fitting method is recursive and avoids the complications involved with solving large systems of nonlinear algebraic equations. Combination of the three-dimensional safe path derived from the harmonic potential field and the backbone curve concept leads to an elegant kinematic control strategy that guarantees obstacle avoidance for spatial hyper-redundant robotic manipulators.
A Comparison of the Response of HSLA and Dual Phase Sheet Steel in Dynamic Crush (2001)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Continuing pressure to reduce mass and cost of vehicles is driving the development of new high strength steel products with improved combinations of strength and formability. Galvanized, cold rolled dual phase steel products are new alternatives to conventional high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel for strength limited applications in vehicles. These steels have higher tensile strengths than HSLA products with nearly equivalent formability.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper compares the performance of HSLA and dual phase sheet steel products in a series of drop tower tests. Samples were prepared by stamping the steel sheets into typical rail-type parts using a production-intent die process. The parts were sectioned, and subsequently fabricated into hat-shaped assemblies that were then dynamically crushed by a drop weight. The experiments were designed such that the entire energy input by the drop weight was absorbed by the samples.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Results discussed in the paper include comparisons of the forces and total displacements measured during the tests. The results are presented as direct comparisons of energy absorption among the materials, as well as through correlation with mechanical properties. The results lead to the conclusion that dual phase steel absorbs approximately 10% more energy per unit mass than HSLA steel with similar yield strength and formability, and that energy absorption scales with the tensile strength of the sheet product.&lt;/div&gt;
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOPHILIC ATTACK ON CYANOFORMATE INDUCED BY CO‐ORDINATION TO RUTHENIUM AMMINES (1974)

Abstract Die Rutheniumverbindung (I) wird mit Zinkamalgam zu (II) reduziert, aus dem man durch Umsetzung mit dem Nitril (III) und anschließend mit Ammoniumhexa= fluorophosphat den Komplex (IV) erhält.
Personal benzene vapor detection device. Final report (1992)

A badge was developed as a personal vapor detector to record the cumulative exposure of an individual to benzene vapor. The badge consisted of an optical fiber, small sections of which were coated with a membrane specific for the adsorption of benzene vapor. Membranes made of polyethylene and nylon, and filled with zeolite were applied to a silver halide fiber. Following exposure, the fiber was subjected to Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. The coating successfully retained the benzene vapor for several days. A concentration of 100,000 parts per million (ppm) could be detected. Concentrations of dichlorobenzene of 80,000ppm were also detected. Unique absorbance peaks were used to distinguish the two compounds. It was possible to reuse the sensor. However, the desired detectability range of 1 to 100ppm was not met.
CancerGenes: a gene selection resource for cancer genome projects (2006)

The genome sequence framework provided by the human genome project allows us to precisely map human genetic variations in order to study their association with disease and their direct effects on gene function. Since the description of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes several decades ago, both germ-line variations and somatic mutations have been established to be important in cancer-in terms of risk, oncogenesis, prognosis and response to therapy. The Cancer Genome Atlas initiative proposed by the NIH is poised to elucidate the contribution of somatic mutations to cancer development and progression through the re-sequencing of a substantial fraction of the total collection of human genes-in hundreds of individual tumors and spanning several tumor types. We have developed the CancerGenes resource to simplify the process of gene selection and prioritization in large collaborative projects. CancerGenes combines gene lists annotated by experts with information from key public databases. Each gene is annotated with gene name(s), functional description, organism, chromosome number, location, Entrez Gene ID, GO terms, InterPro descriptions, gene structure, protein length, transcript count, and experimentally determined transcript control regions, as well as links to Entrez Gene, COSMIC, and iHOP gene pages and the UCSC and Ensembl genome browsers. The user-friendly interface provides for searching, sorting and intersection of gene lists. Users may view tabulated results through a web browser or may dynamically download them as a spreadsheet table. CancerGenes is available at http://cbio.mskcc.org/cancergenes.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON THE SYNTHESIS OF BISINDOLE ALKALOIDS. THE SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE AND ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION OF 18′‐EPI‐4′‐DEOXO‐EPIVINBLASTINE, 18′‐DECARBOMETHOXY‐18′‐EPI‐4′‐EPIVINBLASTINE AND 18′‐EPI‐3′,4′‐DEHYDROVINBLASTINE (1975)

Abstract Die Synthesen von drei Vinblastinderivaten, z.B. (I), werden beschrieben.
A quantitative study of musical instrument digital interface (midi) over internet protocol (ip) protocols (2005)

The research, which is discussed in this dissertation, consists of the development and testing of a suite of ten Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and reliable Real Time Protocol (RTP) MIDI over IP (MOIP) protocols, and the subsequent implementations of musical duet collaboration systems based on the MOIP protocols. These MOIP protocols were subjected to a quantitative and statistically significant set of experiments using two experimental metrics or performance measurements. The statistical protocol winner of these experiments was used in the duet systems. We implemented the musical duet systems on two different hardware platforms with different and competing operating systems. The general hardware and software architectures of the musical duet collaboration systems were essentially platform independent. The procedural programming language C and the object-oriented programming language Java were utilized. Before a path leading to a modicum of success was found a number of roads to unsuitable protocols were explored and these lanes to nowhere are also discussed extensively in this dissertation.
Synthesis of 2-Oxo-3-phenylimidazolidine-1-carbonyl chloride (1977)

The reaction of phosgene with N-methyl-N-phenylethane-1,2-diamine, with N-phenylethane-1,2-diamine and with 1-phenylimidazolidin-2-one, gives in each case 2-oxo-3-phenylimidazolidine-1-carbonyl chloride. This acid chloride reacts with ammonia to form 1,1'-carbonylbis(3- phenylimidazolidin-2-one).
Cryopreservation of manipulated embryos: tackling the double jeopardy (2008)

The aim of the present review is to provide information to researchers and practitioners concerning the reasons for the altered viability and the medium- and long-term consequences of cryopreservation of manipulated mammalian embryos. Embryo manipulation is defined herein as the act or process of manipulating mammalian embryos, including superovulation, AI, IVM, IVF, in vitro culture, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, embryo biopsy or splitting, somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning, the production of sexed embryos (by sperm sexing), embryo cryopreservation, embryo transfer or the creation of genetically modified (transgenic) embryos. With advances in manipulation technologies, the application of embryo manipulation will become more frequent; the proper prevention and management of the resulting alterations will be crucial in establishing an economically viable animal breeding technology.
Fuzzy Scheduling of Coupled Customers to a Queueing Network with Parallel Servers (1998)

In this paper we consider a queueing network consisting of two parallel servers and threearrival streams generated by independent Poisson sources. Each server has its own queue and receivescustomers from its own arrival stream. A third arrival stream consists of customers which place resourcedemands on both servers, which are handled separately by each server once the request is made. Eachservice time is independent and exponentially distributed. Each customer in the system pays a holdingcost per unit time. The objective is to dynamically determine the optimal scheduling policy to the thirdstream of conupled customers. based on the state of the system, so as to minimize the average cost. Thismodel is new, and has Policy implications for computer or communication networks. A fuzzy approachis presented to solve this problem. Simulation shows that the approach is efficient and promising.
Iodine-122-labeled amphetamine derivative with potential for PET brain blood-flow studies. (1985)

The positron emitter 122I (t1/2 3.6 min) was collected from a xenon-122/iodine-122 (122Xe/122I) generator and incorporated into an amphetamine analog, 2,4-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethyl-5-[122I]iodophenylisopropylamine (5-[122I]-2,4-DNNA). The remote synthesis was achieved in 3 min with a 50% radioincorporation yield and a product radiopurity of greater than 98%. 5-[122I]-2,4-DNNA was injected into a beagle dog and a brain section imaged with positron emission tomography (PET). The uptake and retention of 5-[122I]-2,4-DNNA was compared to that of 82Rb+ in the same animal. Dynamic PET activity data were obtained 0-20 min postinjection of 5-[122I]-2,4-DNNA and showed rapid uptake by brain and good cerebral/extracerebral tissue distinction. A whole-body scan of a dog was also obtained with 5-123I-2,4-DNNA showing uptake in brain, lung, and other body organs. The feasibility of incorporating 122I into an extracted brain perfusion agent for use with PET is demonstrated.
Reasoning about networks (2005)

We discuss the role of geometry and topology in reasoning processes related to wireless and wired communication networks. We focus especially on future research directions on enabling autonomic reasoning taking place within the networks themselves. This work is a part of our ongoing effort to better understand future “cognitive communication systems” that are likely to employ various adaptive techniques, also borrowing from artificial intelligence research community to optimise their behaviour in an automated manner. As the field is very young, we mainly attempt to succinctly review and organize the state-of-the-art, and identify areas in which further research is urgently needed.
Clock partitioning for testability (2002)

An implementation of a design for testability model for sequential circuits is presented. The flip-flops in a sequential circuit are partitioned to reduce the number of cycles and the path lengths in each partition, thereby reducing the complexity of test generation. The implementation includes a Podem-based test generator. Preliminary results using the Contest sequential test generator are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Correction: Hydrophobic Core Variations Provide a Structural Framework for Tyrosine Kinase Evolution and Functional Specialization (2016)

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005885.].
Volume grating preferential-order focusing waveguide coupler (1999)

A volume grating focusing waveguide coupler has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The volume grating is designed to couple a 633-nm wave guided in a single-mode polyimide waveguide preferentially into the air cover. The beam is outcoupled normally to the surface of the waveguide and focused to a line 25 mm above the waveguide. The slanted-fringe volume grating is holographically recorded by the interference of two coherent 364-nm ultraviolet waves focused with a cylindrical lens to produce the chirped grating. The 1-mm-long volume grating coupler exhibits a preferential-coupling ratio of 0.98, a coupling efficiency of 95%, and an almost diffraction-limited focal line with a full width at half-maximum of 10.49mum.
An O-Acetylserine (Thiol) Lyase cDNA from Spinach (1993)

Cys biosynthesis represents the essential step of incorporation of reduced sulfur into an organic compound in microorganisms and plants. OAS-TL (EC 4.2.99.8; also called Cys synthase) catalyzes the formation of L-CYS from free or bound sulfide and O-acetyl-L-Ser. Both the substrate O-acetylserine and the product Cys of this reaction are postulated to be involved in the regulation of sulfur uptake and assimilation (Giovanelli et al.,