gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Graphite and Carbon at Low Temperatures (1944)

Thermal and electrical conductivities of graphite and carbon were measured at various temperatures in the range between −191°C and 100°C. Thermal conductivity of graphite was found to increase at an increasing rate as the temperature was lowered and two values were always found for Acheson graphite, a longitudinal and transverse conductivity, the latter being about ½ the former. This effect has not been reported for artificial graphite although Wooster reported an anisotropy in natural graphite with respect to thermal conductivity, the values along the axis being about four times that at right angles. X-ray patterns give no evidence of crystalline alignment in Acheson graphite and the explanation of this anisotropy has not been found. The electrical conductivity of graphite increases with rise of temperature as contrasted with the decrease of the thermal conductivity with temperature rise. Thus the Wiedmann-Franz law does not hold, nor is the Lorentz number a constant. Carbon shows no anisotropy. The thermal and electrical conductivities both increase with temperature rise, the thermal conductivity linear, in the temperature range −191° to 100°C.
Local quasiparticle lifetimes in ad-wave superconductor (2008)

Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) measurements find that the surface of Bi-2212 is characterized by nanoscale sized regions, ``gap patches,'' which have different magnitudes for the $d$-wave energy gap ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}(\mathbf{r})$. Recent studies have shown that the tunneling conductance can be fitted using a BCS-type density of states for a $d$-wave superconductor with a local quasiparticle scattering rate. The fit is made with a scattering rate which varies linearly with energy and has a slope $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\mathbf{r})$ that is positively correlated with the local value of the gap. We consider first the question of what is actually measured in such an experiment. To this end, we revisit a model of quasiparticle scattering by impurities and spin fluctuations which was previously used to describe the lifetimes of nodal quasiparticles measured by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES). We argue that the broadening of the local density of states is determined, except in the case of localized impurity bound states, by the imaginary part of the self-energy of the system averaged over a small region. The size of this region is set by a mean free path which depends on the energy. At low energies, this region is found to be significantly larger than a gap ``patch,'' so that the density of states measured by STS is homogeneous in this energy range. At higher energies where the mean free path is comparable with the patch size, the density of states is inhomogeneous. We show that a local self-energy in the impurity-plus-spin fluctuation model, while not strictly linear, yields a local density of states nearly identical to the full theory, and we argue that it is consistent with the STS data as well as the phenomenological linear scattering rate extracted from experiment. We also explore the qualitative consequences of this phenomenology for the spectral widths observed in ARPES and predict the existence of Fermi arcs in the superconducting state.
Synthesis and properties of Pt/TiN catalyst for low-temperature air purification from carbon monoxide (2021)

Catalysts of carbon monoxide oxidation were synthesized by deposition of platinum on titanium nitride (TiN). Two substrates with an average particle size of 18 and 36 nm were obtained by hydrogen reduction of titanium tetrachloride in a stream of microwave plasma of nitrogen. The surface of the catalysts was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The data obtained by us in the present work indicate the presence of oxynitride as a transition layer between nitride and oxide. It was found that the CO oxidation rate on the 9–15 wt. % Pt loaded TiN catalysts is 120 times higher than that on the platinum black with a specific surface of 30 m2⋅g–1. Increase in the reaction rate of CO oxidation on Pt/TiN catalysts as compared to platinum black can be associated with both an increase in the concentration of CO molecules adsorbed and a decrease in the activation energy of the reaction. Catalysts are promising for use in catalytic air purification systems.
Photoexcitation dynamics in regioregular and regiorandom polythiophene films (2001)

Using a variety of optical probes techniques we studied the photoexcitation dynamics in thin films of poly-3-hexyl thiophene with regioregular order that forms lamellae structures with increased interchain interaction, as well as regiorandom order that keeps a chainlike morphology. In regiorandom films we found that intrachain excitons with correlated induced absorption and stimulated emission bands are the primary excitations; they give rise to a moderately strong photoluminescence band. In regioregular films, on the contrary, we found that the primary excitations are excitons with a much larger interchain component; this results in lack of stimulated emission, vanishing intersystem crossing, and very weak photoluminescence band. In regioregular films we also measured photogenerated geminate polaron pairs with ultrafast dynamics that are precursor to long-lived polaron excitations.
Creative Claim Drafting: Claim Drafting Strategies, Specification Preparation, and Prosecution Tactics, 3 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 34 (2003) (2003)

Patent prosecution is becoming more complex with every new rule, statute, and court decision. Rather than approaching the changes with a glass-is-half-empty view, the author explains why this development is a boon to the importance of skilled patent prosecutors. The author reviews the latest developments that have given added scrutiny to the patent drafting process and provides nine tips to assist patent prosecution in the current environment.
DNA-Level diversity and relatedness of Helicobacter pylori strains in Shantytown families in Peru and transmission in a developing-country setting (2010)

Background: The efficiency of transmission of a pathogen within families compared with that between unrelated persons can affect both the strategies needed to control or eradicate infection and how the pathogen evolves. In industrialized countries, most cases of transmission of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori seems to be from mother to child. An alternative model, potentially applicable among the very poor in developing countries, where infection is more common and the sanitary infrastructure is often deficient, invokes frequent transmission among unrelated persons, often via environmental sources Methods: In the present study, we compared the genotypes of H. pylori from members of shantytown households in Peru to better understand the transmission of H. pylori in developingcountry settings. H. pylori cultures and/or DNAs were obtained with informed consent by the string test (a minimally invasive alternative to endoscopy) from at least one child and one parent from each of 62 families. Results: The random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints of 57 of 81 (70%) child-mother strain pairs did not match, nor did the diagnostic gene sequences (>1% DNA sequence difference), independent of the child's age (range, 1 to 39 years). Most strains from siblings or other paired family members were also unrelated. Conclusion: These results suggest that H.pylori infections are often community acquired in the society studied. Transmission between unrelated persons should facilitate the formation of novel recombinant genotypes by interstrain DNA transfer and selection for genotypes that are well suited for individual hosts. It also implies that the effective prevention of H. pylori infection and associated gastroduodenal disease will require anti-H. pylori measures to be applied communitywide. Abstracts for SupplementInternational Journal of Infectious DiseasesVol. 14Preview Full-Text PDF Open Archive
Influence of surface and interface roughness on X-ray and extreme ultraviolet reflectance: A comparative numerical study (2021)

The influence of surface and interface roughness on X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) reflectometry is becoming increasingly important as layer thicknesses decrease to a few nanometers in next-generation nanodevices and multilayer optics. Here we simulate two different approaches for numerically modeling roughness, the Névot–Croce factor and the graded-interface method, in the Parratt formalism of calculating the complex reflectance of multilayer systems. The simulations were carried out at wavelengths relevant to widely used metrology techniques, including 0.154 nm for X-ray reflectometry and 13.5 nm for EUV lithography. A large discrepancy is observed between the two approaches in several situations: when the roughness is large with respect to the wavelength, for interfaces with large changes in refractive index across the boundary, as well as around reflectance peaks due to interference effects. Caution is thus required when using either approach to model roughness in these situations.
Near-optimal linear-time codes for unique decoding and new list-decodable codes over smaller alphabets (2002)

We present an explicit construction of linear-time encodable and decodable codes of rate r which can correct a fraction (1 —rε)/2 of errors over an alphabet of constant size depending only on ε, for every 0 < r < 1 and arbitrarily small ε> 0. The error-correction performance of these codes is optimal as seen by the Singleton bound (these are "near-MDS" codes). Such near-MDS linear-time codes were known for the decoding from erasures [2]; our construction generalizes this to handle errors as well. Concatenating these codes with good, constant-sized binary codes gives a construction of linear-time binary codes which meet the so-called "Zyablov bound". In a nutshell, our results match the performance of the previously known explicit constructions of codes that had polynomial time encoding and decoding, but in addition have linear time encoding and decoding algorithms.We also obtain some results for list decoding targeted at the situation when the fraction of errors is very large, namely (1—ε) for an arbitrarily small constant ε > 0. The previously known constructions of such codes of good rate over constant-sized alphabets either used algebraic-geometric codes and thus suffered from complicated constructions and slow decoding, or as in the recent work of the authors [9], had fast encoding/decoding, but suffered from an alphabet size that was exponential in 1/ε. We present two constructions of such codes with rate close to Ω(ε2) over an alphabet of size quasi-polynomial in 1/ε. One of the constructions, at the expense of a slight worsening of the rate, can achieve an alphabet size which is polynomial in 1/ε. It also yields constructions of codes for list decoding from erasures which achieve new trade-offs. In particular, we construct codes of rate close to the optimal Ω(ε) rate which can be efficiently list decoded from a fraction (1—ε) of erasures.
Supercrystals of CdSe Quantum Dots with High Charge Mobility and Efficient Electron Transfer to TiO2 (2010)

Thermal annealing of thin films of CdSe/CdS core/shell quantum dots induces superordering of the nanocrystals and a significant reduction of the interparticle spacing. This results in a drastic enhancement of the quantum yield for charge carrier photogeneration and the charge carrier mobility. The mobile electrons have a mobility as high as 0.1 cm(2)/(V x s), which represents an increase of 4 orders of magnitude over non-annealed QD films and exceeds existing literature data on the electron mobility in CdSe quantum dot films. The lifetime of mobile electrons is longer than that of the exciton. A fraction of the mobile electrons gets trapped at levels below the conduction band of the CdSe nanocrystals. These electrons slowly diffuse over 50-300 nm on longer times up to 20 micros and undergo transfer to a TiO2 substrate. The yield for electron injection in TiO2 from both mobile and trapped electrons is found to be >16%.
A Comparative Study (2017)

A majority of blogs and websites utilize the five-star rating system with one being the lowest and five being the highest in rating the quality of experience or service in tourist spots. Customers leave reviews and suggestions in an effort to create an impact on the rating of the landmark as well as to help future customers. However, people usually skim through the reviews and base the quality of service on the star rating. This paper proposes that using Sentiment Analysis to evaluate the actual reviews will be a more standardized means of determining the quality of the establishment in comparison to user generated ratings. We conducted testing by choosing establishments in Cebu at random and collating reviews about the chosen places. These gathered reviews were then classified using Sentiment Analysis employing different methods and then compared. Future researchers may use or build upon the findings of this paper to improve ranking systems or replace the five-star rating system altogether.
Failure of a Dengue 1 Sub-Unit Vaccine to Protect Mice against a Lethal Dengue Virus Infection (1988)

Mice immunized with DEN-1 pre-matrix protein produced antibody which reacted with dengue virus infected cells and intact virions but failed to neutralize virus in vitro or in vivo. Newborn mice passively immunized with anti-DEN-1 pre-matrix antibody also failed to survive intracerebral infection with 100 LD50 of any dengue virus serotype.
Reduction of the tuning time of 1.5-μm three-section DBR lasers by controlling the transient currents (2002)

A dynamical simulation model for three-section DBR laser is extended to analyse the thermal effect under continuous tuning. A new method to compensate the thermal drifts is implemented, and we have simulated a nonintrusive wavelength tuning, with and without mode jumping.
Anisotropic strain relaxation in buried CoSi2 layers formed by mesotaxy (1990)

The lattice mismatch in and out of the orientation direction was measured in layers of CoSi2 grown by high dose implantation and annealing. A comparison of (111), (100), and (110) orientations showed that the lateral mismatches were similar but the perpendicular mismatch increased monotonically through the series. The differences in the degree of relaxation of the three orientations provide a possible explanation for the observed anisotropy in the electrical properties.
CORONAVIRAL ENTERITIS IN AN OSTRICH (STRUTHIO CAMELUS) CHICK (1992)

Coronaviral particles were identified in intestinal contents and epithelial cells of the lower small intestine of a dead 18-day-old ostrich (Struthio camelus) chick. This ostrich chick was one of two with a 1-wk history of anorexia, lethargy, weakness, and diarrhea. Histologic changes included villous atrophy, necrotic cells in crypts, and occasional crypt collapse in the lower small intestine. Other lesions were dilation of the proventriculus, nutritional osteodystrophy of the prox imal tibiotarsal bones, and degenerative myopathy of the pectoral muscles. clinical signs of this disease (bluecomb) in clude inappetence, weight loss, and diar rhea. Outbreaks of coronaviral enteritis have occurred in all ages of turkeys; mortality is higher in poults <6 wk of age.'3 Experi mental turkey coronaviral infection is char acterized by depressed rate of weight gain, reduced feed consumption, and diarrhea.9 The incubation period averages 2-3 days. This paper describes a case of coronaviral enteritis in an ostrich (Struthio camelus) chick.
Flux, energy, and particle lifetime measurements for well formed field reversed configurations (1986)

Experimental flux, energy and particle lifetimes are reported for a wide range of plasma conditions (Ti = 100–800 eV, rs = 3.5–7 cm) in the slow risetime TRX-2 field reversed theta pinch. The lifetimes exhibit a scaling with the parameter rs/ρi01/2 to an exponent of between 2.7 and 3.6. This favourable scaling, especially for the flux lifetime, implies an average plasma resistivity which scales as the drift parameter vE/vi to some power greater than unity. For present small devices, typical flux diffusion coefficients are about 4 m2·s−1 and, based on the above scaling, would decrease rapidly in larger devices with smaller pressure gradient scalelengths. The above scaling is obtained only for well formed FRCs with low levels of formation turbulence, and it remains to be seen if this low turbulence level can be maintained in larger, less kinetic, FRCs.
Using Smartphones as a Tool to Capture Road Traffic Attributes (2013)

Road network management under critical conditions is achievable by adopting technologies that trace vehicles and capture unsafety events to provide users with real time traffic information. Most common approaches used to acquire vehicle tracking data are based on video image processing algorithms and satellite navigation systems. However, many studies are increasingly focused on the emerging smartphone technologies for tracking vehicles. The aim of this study is to present a procedure for acquiring vehicle tracking data from smartphone sensors, supporting managers of transportation systems to take effective decisions on their networks, especially in conjunction with special events and/or critical road safety issues.
Broadband efficient second harmonic generation in media with a short-range order (2007)

The authors demonstrate broadband efficient quasiphase matched second harmonic generation (SHG) in nonlinear LiNbO3 crystals. The distribution of ferroelectric domains in a short-range order provides the possibility for broadband second harmonic generation in the visible range. This process is similar to the broadband SHG in random media, but it results in much higher conversion efficiency. The unique distribution of reciprocal vectors provided by the structural short-range order plays an important role in the enhancement. The achieved broadband SHG with high conversion efficiency will aid in the development of optics integration and multiple-channel devices.
Additive-Manufacturing-Enabled Air-Filled Substrate Integrated Waveguide Microwave Components (2018)

A 3D-printed air-filled substrate integrated waveguide topology is proposed to mitigate the problems limiting the performance of dielectric-filled substrate integrated waveguide based components while maintaining its most interesting features. The proposed topology is showcased through the design of a 3D-printed coaxial-to-AFSIW transition and a power divider/combiner. Measurement results validate the excellent performance in terms of impedance matching and bandwidth.
Strategies for Targeted Delivery to the Peripheral Nerve (2018)

Delivery of compounds to the peripheral nervous system has the potential to be used as a treatment for a broad range of conditions and applications, including neuropathic pain, regional anesthesia, traumatic nerve injury, and inherited and inflammatory neuropathies. However, efficient delivery of therapeutic doses can be difficult to achieve due to peripheral neuroanatomy and the restrictiveness of the blood-nerve barrier. Depending on the underlying integrity of the blood-nerve barrier in the application at hand, several strategies can be employed to navigate the peripheral nerve architecture and facilitate targeted delivery to the peripheral nerve. This review describes different applications where targeted delivery to the peripheral nervous system is desired, the challenges that the blood-nerve barrier poses in each application, and bioengineering strategies that can facilitate delivery in each application.
Discrete-time robot visual feedback in 3D positioning tasks with depth adaptation (2001)

An adaptive visual feedback scheme is designed to perform 3D positioning tasks. The dynamic camera-object interaction model is derived in discrete time, since the visual sampling time is not negligible at the current state of technology. Active contours are used to track the 2D projection of the visible object's surface in the image plane. Uniform asymptotic stability of the image reference set-point is proved using the Lyapunov direct method, and a 3D estimation procedure, based on prediction errors, is used to cope with the unknown depth of the object. Experimental results with a 6-DOF robot manipulator in eye-in-hand configuration validate the theoretical framework in real conditions.
Silicon Dioxide-Encapsulated High-Voltage AlGaN/GaN HFETs for Power-Switching Applications (2007)

In this letter, new approach in achieving high breakdown voltages in AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) by suppressing surface flashover using solid encapsulation material is presented. Surface flashover in III-Nitride-based HFETs limits the operating voltages at levels well below breakdown voltages of GaN. This premature gate-drain breakdown can be suppressed by immersing devices in high-dielectric-strength liquids (e.g., Fluorinert); however, such a technique is not practical. In this letter, AlGaN/GaN HFETs encapsulated with PECVD-deposited SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> films demonstrated breakdown voltage of 900 V, very similar to that of devices immersed in Fluorinert liquid. Simultaneously, low dynamic ON-resistance of 2.43 mOmega ldr cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> has been achieved, making the developed AlGaN/GaN HFETs practical high-voltage high-power switches for power-electronics applications.
Prediction of pregnancy viability in bovine in vitro-produced embryos and recipient plasma with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (2014)

We analyzed embryo culture medium (CM) and recipient blood plasma using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) metabolomics to predict pregnancy outcome. Individually cultured, in vitro-produced (IVP) blastocysts were transferred to recipients as fresh and vitrified-warmed. Spent CM and plasma samples were evaluated using FTIR. The discrimination capability of the classifiers was assessed for accuracy, sensitivity (pregnancy), specificity (nonpregnancy), and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC). Within all IVP fresh embryos (birth rate=52%), high AUC were obtained at birth, especially with expanded blastocysts (CM: 0.80±0.053; plasma: 0.89±0.034). The AUC of vitrified IVP embryos (birth rate = 31%) were 0.607±0.038 (CM, expanded blastocysts) and 0.672±0.023 (plasma, all stages). Recipient plasma generally predicted pregnancy outcome better than did embryo CM. Embryos and recipients with improved pregnancy viability were identified, which could increase the economic benefit to the breeding industry.