gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Collapse of Water-Stress Emboli in the Tracheids of Thuja occidentalis L (1994)

We report the kinetics of embolus formation and collapse in the tracheids of Thuja occidentalis L. stem segments. Radial wood sections were trimmed to 4 mm long paralleling the tracheids by 1 mm wide and 0.1 mm thick. They were observed under a dissecting microscope at 128x while sections were dehydrated and rehydrated. During dehydration, cavitations resulted in the formation of emboli in tracheids, but we concluded that the cavitated tracheids did not immediately fill with air at atmospheric pressure. This conclusion was based on the time required for the emboli to collapse after the rewetting of the dehydrated segment. By hypothesis, the time for the emboli to collapse should be proportional to the amount of air in the emboli. The time for all the emboli to collapse was a linear function of the dehydration time for times up to 15 min. For dehydrations greater than 80 min, the time for collapse after rewetting was constant, and we concluded that the tracheids have saturated with air by 80 min of dehydration. The kinetics of embolus formation is discussed in terms of the air-seeding hypothesis for cavitation, and collapse is discussed in terms of the physics of gas dissolution and diffusion. Embolus formation and dissolution in intact herbaceous and woody plants should follow the same physical laws.
Effect of Application of Liquid Swine Manure on Soil Organic Carbon and Enzyme Activities in Two Contrasting Saskatchewan Soils (2014)

&lt;p&gt;Repeated application of animal manure to agricultural fields as a source of plant nutrients has led to questions concerning the impact of this practice on soil organic carbon (C) and biochemical properties, specifically the activity of soil enzymes. There are also some environmental concerns of using livestock manure. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of repeated applications of liquid swine manure (LSM) on total organic C (TOC), light fraction organic C (LFOC) and on the activity of the soil enzymes (arylsulfatase, alkaline phosphatase and urease) in two contrasting soil-climatic zones and cropping systems in Saskatchewan. Liquid hog manure was applied annually at 37,000 L ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and 74,000 L ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;rates for three years at Melfort (Mollic Cryoboralf) and for four years at Plenty (Typic Boroll) in Saskatchewan, Canada. Soil samples were collected to a depth of 0-15 cm in the spring of 2003 and analyzed for TOC, LFOC and enzyme activities. Annual application (37,000 L ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and larger application made every two years (74,000 L ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) of LSM at Melfort increased LFOC, which was attributed to stimulation of plant growth and thus residue inputs, from the nutrients contained within the manure. Applications of LSM at 37,000 L ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and 74,000 L ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; at the Plenty site increased both TOC and LFOC concentration when compared to the control. Soil at the Plenty site is a Typic Boroll of heavy clay texture, which aids in protecting soil organic matter (SOM) from decomposition by soil microorganisms. Melfort was the only site that responded to LSM applications in terms of increased enzyme activity, which may be a result of a shorter application history. The Melfort site also had significantly higher LFOC in the manure treatments compared to the other site and LFOC has been linked to enzyme activity. The results of this study indicate that it may take a long period of time for addition of LSM to produce measurable changes in TOC and LFOC, as the effect from LSM is mainly from the stimulation of plant growth rather than from direct additions of C, and the nutrients contained in the LSM may potentially enhance microbial decomposition. In soils that receive repeated applications of LSM, nutrient loading may contribute to reduced enzyme activity after a period of time.&lt;/p&gt;
Explaining Dataset Changes for Semantic Data Versioning with Explain-Da-V (Technical Report) (2023)

In multi-user environments in which data science and analysis is collaborative, multiple versions of the same datasets are generated. While managing and storing data versions has received some attention in the research literature, the semantic nature of such changes has remained under-explored. In this work, we introduce \texttt{Explain-Da-V}, a framework aiming to explain changes between two given dataset versions. \texttt{Explain-Da-V} generates \emph{explanations} that use \emph{data transformations} to explain changes. We further introduce a set of measures that evaluate the validity, generalizability, and explainability of these explanations. We empirically show, using an adapted existing benchmark and a newly created benchmark, that \texttt{Explain-Da-V} generates better explanations than existing data transformation synthesis methods.
Fiducial Markers for Distribution of Drug and Excipient on Tablet Surfaces by Multimodal Desorption Electrospray Ionization–Mass Spectrometry (DESI–MS) Imaging (2013)

Fiducial markers are necessary for the accurate overlay of images obtained by different methods from small areas of a sample. Thus far, fiducial markers have been used for biological sample analysis by mass spectrometry imaging. In this work, spatial distributions of excipient and active drug substance at the surfaces of drug tablets produced under different pressures are observed by multimodal desorption electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) imaging with two novel fiducial marker systems being used to achieve accurate overlay of ion and optical images. DESI-MS ion images in the negative and positive ion modes as well as ion and optical images obtained from circa 3 mm2 areas have been precisely superimposed, allowing observing the particulate composition of the tablet's ingredients, a feature that is remarkably conserved in spite of the pressure used to produce the tablet. This approach can be applied broadly for product development, quality control, and counterfeit detection. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Analytical Letters for the following free supplemental resource(s): Experimental details and supplementary Figures (S1-S4).]
Three Component Velocity and Acceleration Measurement Using FLEET (2014)

The femtosecond laser electronic excitation and tagging (FLEET) method has been used to measure three components of velocity and acceleration for the first time. A jet of pure N2 issuing into atmospheric pressure air was probed by the FLEET system. The femtosecond laser was focused down to a point to create a small measurement volume in the flow. The long-lived lifetime of this fluorescence was used to measure the location of the tagged particles at different times. Simultaneous images of the flow were taken from two orthogonal views using a mirror assembly and a single intensified CCD camera, allowing two components of velocity to be measured in each view. These different velocity components were combined to determine three orthogonal velocity components. The differences between subsequent velocity components could be used to measure the acceleration. Velocity accuracy and precision were roughly estimated to be +/-4 m/s and +/-10 m/s respectively. These errors were small compared to the approx. 100 m/s velocity of the subsonic jet studied.
Optimizing Non-Contact Doping and Electrical Defect Metrology for Production of SiC Epitaxial Wafers (2023)

The recently introduced corona charge non-contact capacitance-voltage technique, CnCV, is analyzed considering the production needs of epitaxial SiC wafers. The interfering mechanism of charge dissipation on fresh epitaxial 4H-SiC is identified as surface diffusion and is effectively eliminated by optimized ultraviolet pretreatment (UVPT). It is shown that optimized UVPT increases the CnCV dopant measurement voltage range and the depth of profiling. Concurrent UVPT and measurement provides a practical solution for improving throughput for multiple wafers. Electrical defect mapping shows that UVPT reduces the effective defect size. This will be helpful to avoid defects in patterns used for CnCV dopant measurements.
An NH Moiety Is Not Required for Anion Binding to Amides in Aqueous Solution (2015)

Herein, we use a combination of thermodynamic and spectroscopic measurements to investigate the interactions of Hofmeister anions with a thermoresponsive polymer, poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) (PDEA). This amide-based polymer does not contain an NH moiety in its chemical structure and, thus, can serve as a model to test if anions bind to amides in the absence of an NH site. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PDEA was measured as a function of the concentration for 11 sodium salts in aqueous solutions, and followed a direct Hofmeister series for the ability of anions to precipitate the polymer. More strongly hydrated anions (CO32–, SO42–, S2O32–, H2PO4–, F–, and Cl–) linearly decreased the LCST of the polymer with increasing the salt concentration. Weakly hydrated anions (SCN–, ClO4–, I–, NO3–, and Br–) increased the LCST at lower salt concentrations but salted the polymer out at higher salt concentrations. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to probe the mechanism of the salting-in effect and showed apparent binding between weakly hydrated anions (SCN– and I–) and the α protons of the polymer backbone. Additional experiments performed by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) spectroscopy found little change in the amide I band upon the addition of salt, which is consistent with very limited, if any, interactions between the salt ions and the carbonyl moiety of the amide. These results support a molecular mechanism for ion-specific effects on proteins and model amides that does not specifically require an NH group to interact with the anions for the salting-in effect to occur.
Towards characterizing the pressure profiles of medical compression hosiery: an investigation of current measurement devices and techniques (2014)

Medical compression hosiery is prescribed according to the pressure it applies to a limb. There are many devices available for measuring this pressure, but differences in the design of the systems used, measurement locations, protocols, and operators result in different pressures being measured for the same garment. This article explores the construction of these compression-measuring devices and the sensing involved in order to highlight the potential causes of these discrepancies. The Tension–Elongation profiles of six compression hosiery samples were then measured, and a method of verifying the point pressure measurements from current techniques was proposed and tested. The results of this analysis show that there was an average discrepancy of 1–5 mmHg between point pressure measurements and those predicted from the Tension–Elongation profiles. With respect to on-body measurements, this technique predicted a maximum change in pressure of 3 mmHg for the samples tested.
Heteroepitaxy of Corundum-Structured α-Ga2O3 Thin Films on α-Al2O3 Substrates by Ultrasonic Mist Chemical Vapor Deposition (2008)

Ga2O3 thin films of the α-phase, that is, the corundum structure (in the trigonal system), have been epitaxially obtained on sapphire (α-Al2O3) substrates, in contrast to the strong tendency of Ga2O3 to assume a heterogeneous crystal structure, that is, the β-gallia structure (in the monoclinic system) on sapphire. This result is advantageous for high-quality films and is due to the growth by mist chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at low temperatures of 430–470 °C. The α-Ga2O3 films have narrow full-widths at half maximum (FWHMs) in their X-ray diffraction rocking curves, for example, about 60 arcsec. The root mean square (RMS) roughness of the surface was as small as 1 nm. The optical band gap energy obtained was 5.3 eV, and the films were almost completely transparent in the near-ultraviolet and visible regions. The epitaxial growth of α-Ga2O3 films on sapphire is beneficial for the fabrication of oxide optical and electronic devices.
La demanda ejecutiva: contenido y documentos que han de acompañarla (2009)

El presente analisis ofrece una vision sintetica y breve, a la par que completa, del contenido de la demanda que promueve el proceso de ejecucion civil, haciendo especial hincapie en la fundamentacion factica y juridica de la misma —tanto en los supuestos mas simples como en otros mas complejos—, en los elementos temporales que afectan al despacho de la ejecucion —singularmente en el plazo de cinco anos que establece el art. 518 de la LEC de 2000, transcurrido el cual ha de entenderse caducada la accion ejecutiva, a proposito del cual se hacen ocho consideraciones de gran interes—, en la posibilidad de que en ella se acumulen varias acciones y, como complemento de cuanto antecede, en la eventualidad de que se reunan en un solo procedimiento varios procesos de ejecucion pendientes, distinguiendo a este respecto los dos supuestos que la ley contempla. Lo anterior se completa con el estudio de los documentos que han de acompanar a dicho escrito de demanda, diferenciando a este proposito los que son necesarios o imprescindibles para que la ejecucion sea despachada de aquellos otros que tan solo son utiles o convenientes, y de las consecuencias que conlleva la falta de aportacion de alguno de los que obligatoriamente han de aportarse.
Dual-electrode bimorph pmut arrays for handheld therapeutic medical devices (2016)

A CMOS-compatible, aluminum nitride (AlN) based, dual-electrode bimorph piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (pMUT) array has been developed. Under an input 5V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ac</sub> driving voltage, a high acoustic intensity of 30-70mW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> up to 2.5mm deep into tissues can be generated for therapeutic medical applications. The low driving voltage is readily applicable for battery-powered low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) medical devices for fracture and tissue healing applications. The fabrication also introduces a novel method using PECVD SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> as the barrier layer between AlN films to increase the breakdown voltage and manufacturing yield. Results on a prototype array have shown the highest intensity per voltage squared, per number of pMUTs squared, per piezoelectric constant squared (i.e. I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sub> =I/(VNd <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">31</sub> ) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) among all reported pMUT arrays.
Automated classification of pen strokes in van Gogh's drawings (2016)

In his letter of June 3, 1883, Vincent Van Gogh wrote “drawing is at the root of everything.” Though much less well known than his paintings, Vincent used a large number of different kinds of strokes, hatchings, and dots to convey his unique vision in pen and ink. This paper presents a first attempt to automatically catalog the various kinds of pen strokes used throughout Vincent's career. The output of the process may be pictured in two ways: one which segments the sketch into regions dominated by a single style of stroke, and one which identifies and separates every occurrence of every stroke throughout the drawing. The ability to carry out such classifications will be of use to scholars of Van Gogh, to students learning the art of drawing, and may be useful in the automated translation from photograph to computer-drawing. Successful classification of pen and ink strokes may point towards ways of approaching the more difficult problem of identifying brush strokes in paintings. High resolution images used for this analysis are available at the website of the Van Gogh museum.
Molecular characterization of mitocalcin, a novel mitochondrial Ca2+‐binding protein with EF‐hand and coiled‐coil domains (2005)

Here we have identified and characterized a novel mitochondrial Ca2+-binding protein, mitocalcin. Western blot analysis demonstrated that mitocalcin was widely expressed in mouse tissues. The expression in brain was increased during post-natal to adult development. Further analyses were carried out in newly established neural cell lines. The protein was expressed specifically in neurons but not in glial cells. Double-labeling studies revealed that mitocalcin was colocalized with mitochondria in neurons differentiated from 2Y-3t cells. In addition, mitocalcin was enriched in the mitochondrial fraction purified from the cells. Immunohistochemical studies on mouse cerebellum revealed that the expression pattern of mitocalcin in glomeruli of the internal granular and molecular layers was well overlapped by the distribution pattern of mitochondria. Immunogold electron microscopy showed that mitocalcin was associated with mitochondrial inner membrane. Overexpression of mitocalcin in 2Y-3t cells resulted in neurite extension. Inhibition of the expression in 2Y-3t cells caused suppression of neurite outgrowth and then cell death. These findings suggest that mitocalcin may play roles in neuronal differentiation and function through the control of mitochondrial function.
Maternal anxiety and infants' hippocampal development: timing matters (2013)

Exposure to maternal anxiety predicts offspring brain development. However, because children's brains are commonly assessed years after birth, the timing of such maternal influences in humans is unclear. This study aimed to examine the consequences of antenatal and postnatal exposure to maternal anxiety upon early infant development of the hippocampus, a key structure for stress regulation. A total of 175 neonates underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at birth and among them 35 had repeated scans at 6 months of age. Maternal anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) at week 26 of pregnancy and 3 months after delivery. Regression analyses showed that antenatal maternal anxiety did not influence bilateral hippocampal volume at birth. However, children of mothers reporting increased anxiety during pregnancy showed slower growth of both the left and right hippocampus over the first 6 months of life. This effect of antenatal maternal anxiety upon right hippocampal growth became statistically stronger when controlling for postnatal maternal anxiety. Furthermore, a strong positive association between postnatal maternal anxiety and right hippocampal growth was detected, whereas a strong negative association between postnatal maternal anxiety and the left hippocampal volume at 6 months of life was found. Hence, the postnatal growth of bilateral hippocampi shows distinct responses to postnatal maternal anxiety. The size of the left hippocampus during early development is likely to reflect the influence of the exposure to perinatal maternal anxiety, whereas right hippocampal growth is constrained by antenatal maternal anxiety, but enhanced in response to increased postnatal maternal anxiety.
Enhanced Electrosynthetic Hydrogen Evolution by Hydrogenases Embedded in a Redox‐Active Hydrogel (2020)

Molecular hydrogen is a major high-energy carrier for future energy technologies, if produced from renewable electrical energy. Hydrogenase enzymes offer a pathway for bioelectrochemically producing hydrogen that is advantageous over traditional platforms for hydrogen production because of low overpotentials and ambient operating temperature and pressure. However, electron delivery from the electrode surface to the enzyme's active site is often rate-limiting. Here, it is shown that three different hydrogenases from Clostridium pasteurianum and Methanococcus maripaludis, when immobilized at a cathode in a cobaltocene-functionalized polyallylamine (Cc-PAA) redox polymer, mediate rapid and efficient hydrogen evolution. Furthermore, it is shown that Cc-PAA-mediated hydrogenases can operate at high faradaic efficiency (80-100 %) and low apparent overpotential (-0.578 to -0.593 V vs. SHE). Specific activities of these hydrogenases in the electrosynthetic Cc-PAA assay were comparable to their respective activities in traditional methyl viologen assays, indicating that Cc-PAA mediates electron transfer at high rates, to most of the embedded enzymes.
Very fast ellipse detection for embedded vision applications (2012)

Real-time ellipse detection is an important yet challenging task, since the estimation of the five parameters of an ellipse requires heavy computation. This task is even more challenging when the processing must be done on a mobile device with limited computational power. The typical trade-off between accuracy, efficiency and limited resources of embedded vision programming must be accounted. In this paper we present a novel strategy for edge point selection, which allows to drastically reduce the number of edge points to be evaluated for parameters estimation, making embedded mobile vision applications feasible. Extensive results show the increased efficiency of the proposed method over state-of-the-art ellipse detectors, in synthetic and challenging real images, and in a live mobile application.
Current State and Prospects for the Development of X-Ray Lithography (2023)

The paper presents a brief overview of the critical technologies required to create a modern lithography facility with an operating wavelength in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) range. The principles of construction, current state, main problems, and prospects for the development of projection lithography at a wavelength of 13.5 nm are described. The principles of maskless X-ray lithography (MXRL) and the project of MXRL (demonstrator of technologies) developed by the authors are reported. MXRL solves the key problem of projection lithography, which consists in a strong dependence of the cost of the lithographic process on production volumes. On the basis of the MXLR demonstrator of technologies developed by the authors, analysis of the area of critical technologies and world-class experimental groundwork currently existing in Russia in the field of EUV radiation sources, the creation and metrology of high-precision aspherical substrates and multilayer X-ray mirrors, thin films for the suppression of long-wavelength radiation and the protection of optical elements from contamination by products of erosion of the tin-plasma source of EUV radiation, and decomposition of the photoresist under the influence of powerful EUV radiation are carried out. An experimental EUV lithograph created for the first time in Russia and an experimental model of a micro-electro-mechanical system of micromirrors reflecting EUV radiation and having no world analogues is reported.
Fluency in Writing (2001)

This study explores the relation between fluency in writing and linguistic experience and provides information about the processes involved in written text composition. The authors conducted a think-aloud protocol study with native speakers of English who were learning French or German. Analysis reveals that as the writer's experience with the language increases, fluency (as measured by words written per minute) increases, the average length of strings of words proposed between pauses or revision episodes increases, the number of revision episodes decreases, and more of the words that are proposed as candidate text get accepted. To account for these results, the authors propose a model of written language production and hypothesize that the effect of linguistic experience on written fluency is mediated primarily by two internal processes called the translator and the reviser.