gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effects of System Grounding, Bus Insulation, and Probability On Arc Flash Hazard Reduction—Part 2: Testing (2014)

This paper provides a follow-up to the paper The Effects of System Grounding, Bus Insulation and Probability on Arc Flash Hazard Reduction-The Missing Links. In that paper, system grounding and bus insulation were considered a means of reducing the probability of an arc flash incident by approximately two orders of magnitude. In September 2013, additional testing was conducted on a low-voltage motor control center (LVMCC) with the expectation that engineering enhancements such as insulated vertical bus, high resistance grounding, and other techniques could be implemented to further reduce the probability of an arc flash incident. The testing performed was with faults initiated in locations typically found in operating petrochemical facilities, in LVMCCs, with the starter unit door open. This paper discusses the findings of testing on real-world electrical equipment in an effort to further understand and minimize the probability of an arc flash incident. This paper reviews the physics of the arcing fault and how ignition wire, geometry, and the number of anode/cathode pairs all contribute to arcing fault energy and personnel exposure.
p53 enables metabolic fitness and self-renewal of nephron progenitor cells (2015)

Contrary to its classic role in restraining cell proliferation, we demonstrate here a divergent function of p53 in the maintenance of self-renewal of the nephron progenitor pool in the embryonic mouse kidney. Nephron endowment is regulated by progenitor availability and differentiation potential. Conditional deletion of p53 in nephron progenitor cells (Six2Cre+;p53fl/fl) induces progressive depletion of Cited1+/Six2+ self-renewing progenitors and loss of cap mesenchyme (CM) integrity. The Six2(p53-null) CM is disorganized, with interspersed stromal cells and an absence of a distinct CM-epithelia and CM-stroma interface. Impaired cell adhesion and epithelialization are indicated by decreased E-cadherin and NCAM expression and by ineffective differentiation in response to Wnt induction. The Six2Cre+;p53fl/fl cap has 30% fewer Six2(GFP+) cells. Apoptotic index is unchanged, whereas proliferation index is significantly reduced in accordance with cell cycle analysis showing disproportionately fewer Six2Cre+;p53fl/fl cells in the S and G2/M phases compared with Six2Cre+;p53+/+ cells. Mutant kidneys are hypoplastic with fewer generations of nascent nephrons. A significant increase in mean arterial pressure is observed in early adulthood in both germline and conditional Six2(p53-null) mice, linking p53-mediated defects in kidney development to hypertension. RNA-Seq analyses of FACS-isolated wild-type and Six2(GFP+) CM cells revealed that the top downregulated genes in Six2Cre+;p53fl/fl CM belong to glucose metabolism and adhesion and/or migration pathways. Mutant cells exhibit a ∼50% decrease in ATP levels and a 30% decrease in levels of reactive oxygen species, indicating energy metabolism dysfunction. In summary, our data indicate a novel role for p53 in enabling the metabolic fitness and self-renewal of nephron progenitors.
Security applications of terahertz technology (2003)

Recent events have accelerated the quest for ever more effective security screening to detect an increasing variety of threats. Many techniques employing different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum from radio up to X- and gammaray are in use. Terahertz radiation, which lies between microwave and infrared, is the last part to be exploited for want, until recently, of suitable sources and detectors. This paper describes practical techniques for Terahertz imaging and spectroscopy which are now being applied to a variety of applications. We describe a number of proof-of-principle experiments which show that Terahertz imaging has the ability to use very low levels of this non-ionising radiation to detect hidden objects in clothing and common packing materials and envelopes. Moreover, certain hidden substances such as plastic explosives and other chemical and biological agents may be detected from their characteristic Terahertz spectra. The results of these experiments, coupled with availability of practical Terahertz systems which operate outside the laboratory environment, demonstrate the potential for Terahertz technology in security screening and counterterrorism.
Galectin-8 Promotes Cytoskeletal Rearrangement in Trabecular Meshwork Cells through Activation of Rho Signaling (2012)

The above findings present a novel function for Gal8 in activating Rho signaling in TM cells. This function may allow Gal8 to participate in the regulation of aqueous outflow.
Studies related to the insect control potential of thujone derivatives (2010)

Treatment of cedar leaf oil with aqueous potassium permanganate resulted in the oxidative ring opening of thujone (VI), the major component of the leaf oil, to yield the crystalline α-thujaketonic acid (VII). This material because of its availability and interesting structure represented an attractive starting material for the synthesis of some novel analogs of possible insect controlling agents. Therefore, to achieve this goal the functionalization of the ketonic carbonyl of α-thujaketonic acid was studied. Treatment of the sodium salt of α-thujaketonic acid in dimethyl sulfoxide with the phosphorane produced from either methyltriphenylphosphoniurn bromide or isopropyl-triphenylphosphoniurn iodide yielded the methylene and isopropylidene derivatives of α-thujaketonic acid (XIII, XIV). These two compounds represented two novel analogs of chrysanthemic acid, a naturally occurring material of which numerous derivatives are known which possess insecticidal activity. With the establishment of the conditions for the Wittig reaction of α-thujaketonic acid with a phosphonium salt, two routes for the synthesis of phosphonium salts which when coupled to α- or β-thujaketonic acid (XI, XII) would lead to insect hormone analogs, were studied. Thus, Horner reaction of 2-butanone with trimethylphos- phonoacetate resulted in the preparation of cis and trans methyl 3-methyl-2-pentenoates (XX, XXI), which were separated by means of spinning band distillation. In the first sequence studied the separate isomers were elaborated via standard means to yield the cis and trans 7-methyl-6-nonene-3-ols (XXVI and XXXII) which possessed the desired carbon skeleton. However, upon conversion of the trans secondary alcohol (XXXII) to the iodide (XXXIII), and treatment of this iodide with triphenylphosphine, none of the desired trans 7-methyl-6-nonene-3-triphenyl-phosphonium iodide (XIX) was isolated. Therefore, the study of an alternate route for the synthesis of the desired cis and trans 7-methyl-6-nonene-3-triphenylphosphonium iodides (XVIII and XIX) was undertaken. Elaboration of cis methyl 3-methyl-2-pentenoate to cis 5-methyl-4-heptenetriphenylphosphonium iodide (XLVI) was achieved by standard means. Treatment of this phosphonium salt with n-butyllithium and ethyl iodide then yielded the desired cis 7-methyl-6-nonene-3-triphenylphosphonium iodide (XVIII).
Regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I expression by orphan receptor Nurr1 in cell culture andin vivo (2007)

Nurr1 is an orphan nuclear transcription factor essential for the terminal differentiation of dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral midbrain (VM). To identify the Nurr1-target genes, we carried out microarray and quantitative real-time PCR analyses of Nurr1 null and wild-type mice in VM at embryonic day (E) 12.5 and shortly after birth (P0). In addition to the absence of mRNAs of DA synthesizing enzymes, the guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) was also substantially reduced in the VM of Nurr1-null mice. GTPCH is the first enzyme in the synthesis pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an essential cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase in DA synthesis. In the mouse, Nurr1 and GTPCH mRNA were first detected at E10.5, and GTPCH transcription paralleled that of Nurr1. Small interfering RNA targeted against Nurr1 decreases GTPCH expression in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts in cell culture. Cotransfection of Nurr1 and the GTPCH-luciferase (luc) reporter increased the luc activity by about threefold in N2A cells. Additional analysis using 5'-deletions and mutants revealed that Nurr1 activates GTPCH transcription indirectly through the proximal promoter region, in the absence of the nerve growth factor-induced clone B (NGFI-B) responsive element-like sites, similarly, as recently reported for DA transporter regulation by Nurr1.
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Ste20/Germinal Center Kinase-related Kinase, Polyploidy-associated Protein Kinase (2003)

A novel protein kinase, polyploidy-associated protein kinase (PAPK), was isolated using a subtraction cDNA library approach from a mouse erythroleukemia cell line that had been induced to polyploidy after serum withdrawal. PAPK shares homology with members of the Ste20/germinal center kinase family of protein kinases and is ubiquitously expressed as two spliced forms, PAPK-A and PAPK-B, that encode for proteins of 418 and 189 amino acids, respectively. The expression of endogenous PAPK-A protein increased after growth factor withdrawal in murine hematopoietic and fibroblast cells. When tested in an in vitro kinase assay, PAPK-A was activated in response to the stress-inducing agent hydrogen peroxide and slightly by fetal calf serum. Biochemical characterization of the PAPK-A-initiated pathway revealed that this novel kinase does not affect MAP kinase activity but can stimulate both c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) and ERK6/p38 gamma. The kinase activity of PAPK appears to be required for the activation of ERK6/p38 gamma but not JNK1. When an inducible construct of PAPK-A was expressed in stably transfected NIH3T3 cells, the cells exhibited distinct cytoskeletal changes and became resistant to apoptotic cell death induced by serum withdrawal, effects of PAPK that require its kinase activity. These data suggest that PAPK is a new member of the Ste20/germinal center kinase family that modulates cytoskeletal organization and cell survival.
Reactivity of co-ordinated ligands. Part XV. Formation of complexes containing Group V donor atoms and metal–carbon σ-bonds (1973)

The reactions of various palladium(II) and platinum(II) species with a number of ligands which may function as electron pair donors while simultaneously forming metal–carbon σ-bonds have been examined. Compounds containing metal–carbon σ-bonds have been obtained for NN-2-trimethylbenzylamine, N-benzylpiperid-4-one, 1-phenyl-NN-dimethylcyclohexylamine, triphenylmethylamine, N-methyltriphenylmethylamine, benzophenone phenylhydrazone, and benzo[h]quinoline. Various substitution and displacement reactions of some similar derivatives have also been examined.
Immunomodulation by gastrointestinal carbon black nanoparticle exposure in ovalbumin T cell receptor transgenic mice (2016)

Humans could become exposed to carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) in consumer products or an occupational setting. In rodent models, acute respiratory, subcutaneous, and direct immune cell exposure to CBNPs has been shown to enhance allergic sensitization to co-administered ovalbumin (OVA) protein from chicken egg. However, little is known about the effects of ingested CBNPs on immunological responses and oral tolerance to food antigens. We hypothesized that ingestion of CBNPs would enhance the development of food allergy to OVA. Allergy prone DO11.10 mice were orally exposed to CBNPs every second day for 2 weeks (total dose 10.8 (LOW) or 108 μg (HI)), with and without (±) co-administered OVA. Systemic immune parameters were measured at necropsy. Exposure to OVA resulted in significant increases in serum anti-OVA IgG1, anti-OVA IgM, and anti-OVA IgA antibodies relative to vehicle control. Immunophenotyping revealed a reduction in the number of OVA-specific CD4<sup>+ </sup>T helper cells upon OVA ± CBNP<sup>HI</sup> treatment in the spleen. Yet, secretion of the allergy-associated Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-9, and IL-13 was greater in OVA<sub>323-339</sub> peptide-pulsed splenocytes from OVA + CBNP<sup>HI</sup>-treated mice compared with control. Transcriptome analysis at necropsy of splenocytes from OVA + CBNP<sup>HI</sup> dose mice compared with OVA mice revealed increases in the allergy associated genes Il4 and Stat6 and decreases in Csf3r and Retnlg. Although oral exposure to high-dose CBNPs did not impact OVA-specific antibody production relative to OVA, we did observe increased expression of genes and cytokines associated with allergy in peripheral splenocytes. This work suggests that CBNP gastrointestinal exposure may potentiate allergy pathways.
Distinct Patterns of Cerebral Cortical Thinning in Schizophrenia: A Neuroimaging Data-Driven Approach (2016)

Schizophrenia is an etiologically and clinically heterogeneous disorder. Although neuroimaging studies have revealed brain alterations in schizophrenia, most studies have assumed that the disorder is a single entity, neglecting the diversity of alterations observed in the disorder. The current study sought to explore the distinct patterns of altered cortical thickness in patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals using a data-driven approach. Unsupervised clustering using self-organizing maps followed by a K-means algorithm was applied to regional cortical thickness data in 108 schizophrenia patients and 121 healthy controls. After clustering, the clinical characteristics and cortical thickness patterns of each cluster were assessed. Unsupervised clustering revealed that a 6-cluster solution was the most appropriate in this sample. There was substantial overlap between the patterns of cortical thickness in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls, although the distributions of the patients and controls differed across the clusters. The patterns of altered cortical thickness in schizophrenia exhibited cluster-specific features; patients within a cluster exhibited the most extensive cortical thinning, particularly in the medial prefrontal and temporal regions, while those in other clusters exhibited reduced cortical thickness in the medial frontal region or temporal lobe. Furthermore, in the schizophrenia group, extensive cortical thinning was correlated with a higher dosage of antipsychotic medication, while preserved cortical thickness appeared to be linked to less negative symptoms. This data-driven neuroimaging approach revealed distinct patterns of cortical thinning in schizophrenia, possibly reflecting the etiological heterogeneity of the disorder.
Assembling of the interfacial layer affects the physical and oxidative stability of faba bean protein-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions with chitosan (2019)

This study investigated how different ways of assembling of faba bean protein isolate (FBPI) and chitosan (CH) affected the oil-in-water emulsion stability. Emulsions were prepared either by a soluble FBPI-CH complex to make EMC, or by FBPI first and then added non-interactive CH to make EMN, or by FBPI first and then added a secondary layer of CH via electrostatic attraction to make EML. A control emulsion EMFB was prepared by only FBPI. All emulsions contained 5% (w/v) oil and 0.5% (w/v) FBPI. EMC/EML/EMN contained 0.05% (w/v) CH. The emulsion stability was monitored at 37 °C for 7 days. EML not only showed better physical stability as indicated by the changes in droplet size, Turbiscan stability index, and microstructure (by confocal microscopy), but also exhibited superior oxidative stability as indicated by lipid oxidation products (less conjugated dienes and secondary oxidation products) and protein oxidation biomarkers (less tryptophan loss and carbonyls formation). This might be attributed to that CH enhanced formation of a layer-by-layer (LBL) interfacial structure, which increased the interfacial layer thickness/compactness and maintained the interfacial protein adsorption. In contrast, EMC demonstrated worse stability, albeit with thicker interfacial layer due to CH. This could be explained by the lower surface hydrophobicity and surface charge of soluble FBPI-CH complex. The free aqueous CH also impaired physical stability and promoted oxidation, as shown in EMN. In conclusion, CH improves the oxidative and physical stability of FBPI-containing emulsion when added as a LBL model.
Transcriptional Down-regulation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors by Nerve Growth Factor Treatment of PC12 Cells (1998)

Treatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor leads to a decrease in the number of epidermal growth factor receptors on the cell membrane. The mRNA for the epidermal growth factor receptor decreases in a comparable fashion. This decrease appears due to a decrease in the transcription of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene because first, there is no difference in the stability of the epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA, second, newly transcribed epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA is decreased in nerve growth factor-differentiated cells, and third, constructs containing the promoter region of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene are transcribed much less readily in nerve growth factor-differentiated cells than in untreated cells. The decreases in mRNA are not seen in the p140(trk)-deficient variant PC12nnr5 cells nor in cells containing either dominant-negative Ras or dominant-negative Src. Treatment with nerve growth factor also increases the cellular content of GCF2, a putative transcription factor inhibitory for the transcription of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene. The increase in GCF2, like the decrease in the epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA, is not seen in PC12nnr5 cells nor in cells expressing either dominant-negative Ras or dominant-negative Src. The results suggest that nerve growth factor-induced down-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor is under transcriptional control, is p140(trk)-, Ras-, and Src-dependent, and may involve transcriptional repression by GCF2.
Properties of Engineered Polyurethanes from Oil Palm Feedstocks and Biomass Residues (2011)

Polyurethane (PU) composites were prepared utilizing palm kernel oil-based (PKO) polyurethane as the matrix and oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (EFB) as the filler. The bio-composites were prepared both by molding for 20 minutes at ambient condition and hot-pressing at 35 °C for 9 minute with a load pressure of 760 MPa. The former was carried out by initially determining type of surface modification of EFB required. Treatment with 5% sodium hydroxide, silane and isocyanate was carried out with 5% loading percentage into the PU matrix and labeled as ATPU, STPU and MPU respectively. The untreated EFB was used as control (UTPU). STPU has the highest compressive strength (410 kPa) followed by ATPU (399 kPa), unfilled PU (327 kPa), UTPU (293 kPa) and MPU (286 kPa). Minor shrinkage and expansion were observed on STPU (+0.23 % at +70 °C; -0.25% at -15 °C) and UTPU (+0.71% at +70 °C and -0.1% at -15 °C). The loading percentage of EFB into the PU was then studied at varying ratio of 25:75, 30:70 and 35:65. The hot-pressed bio -composites were then analysed. FTIR spectroscopy analysis was carried out to identify changes in chemical bonding. Mechanical characterizations carried out were shore impact and flexural tests and dynamic mechanical analysis. PU-EFB with 35:65 blending ratio of PU matrix to EFB fibers produced impact strength of 4018 J/m2, flexural strength and modulus of 10.6 MPa and 1404 MPa respectively. The SEM micrographs of these bio-composites produced support data for the mechanical properties. Interfacial adhesion between PU as the matrix and EFB played a major role in the mechanical strength and dimnsional stability of the bio­composites. The production of oil palm fiberboard via a new innovative method has been successfully developed utilizing oil palm fiber from oil palm residues (empty fruit bunches) and feedstock (palm kernel oil). This eco­friendly technology is not only reducing environmental pollution when disposing off the bulk of biomass from the oil palm industry, it also enables the production of value-added products such as mulching mats, floor and wall tiles, smart paper, cushion, mattress and fiber boards.
The genera of Arundinoideae (Gramineae) in the southeastern United States (1990)

Perennial or annual, small to very large herbaceous plants of wetlands, woodlands, and lowland and montane grasslands [semideserts].
Soft X-ray Projection Lithography Technology* (1991)

Recent analyses of critical system issues in Soft X-ray Projection Lithography are discussed. An overall system design provides detailed requirements (specifications) for x-ray mirror reflectivity, source power and parameters, resist sensitivity, etc. A cost analysis for SXPL systems leads to important requirements for x-ray mirror technology. An analysis of power loading limitations on precision SXPL imaging optics has important implications for source power and x-ray mirror reflectivity requirements.
Uveitis in association with multiple sclerosis. (1972)

Rucker (I944) was first to describe sheathing of retinal veins in patients with multiple sclerosis. This was supported by later observers (Treusch and Rucker, 1944; Haar, I953; Scott, I96I), but the incidence was found to vary from IO to 23 per cent. It was initially thought that this periphlebitis was not associated with other ocular conditions, and might indicate a possible pathological basis for multiple sclerosis, with areas of periphlebitis scattered throughout the central nervous system. Later reports, however, demonstrated an association between this retinal vein sheathing and a posterior uveitis in similar patients (Archambeau, Hollenhorst, and Rucker, I965), and more recently an association has been demonstrated between multiple sclerosis and the clinical entity of peripheral uveitis (pars planitis) (Breger and Leopold, I966; Giles, I970), which may include sheathing of
Precoding for Orthogonal Space–Time Block-Coded OFDM Downlink: Mean or Covariance Feedback? (2009)

This paper presents linear and nonlinear precoding design for error-rate improvement in orthogonal space-time block-coded (OSTBC) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division-multiplexed (OFDM) downlink, where both the conditional mean of the channel gain matrix and the channel gain covariance matrix may be available at the transmitter. The conditional means of the channel matrix are derived for a general transmit-antenna-correlated frequency-selective fading MIMO channel with estimation errors and feedback delay. Mean-feedback linear precoding and nonlinear Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) are developed to maximize the signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR). The intuition that when the mean feedback becomes accurate the mean-feedback precoding outperforms covariance precoding is confirmed. Dual-mode precoding is also proposed, in which the novel mean-feedback precoding or covariance precoding is adaptively chosen at the receiver. The precoding-mode switching metric is the maximized SNR, which is an indicator of the error rate. The receiver calculates its metric, selects the mode that achieves a higher SNR, and decides whether mean feedback is necessary. Our proposed precoders (both mean feedback and adaptive) significantly reduce the system error rate. Nonlinear precoding is shown to outperform linear precoding. Adaptive precoding outperforms both mean-feedback precoding and covariance precoding if individually applied in OSTBC OFDM.
Bandwidth Extension for Speech (2004)

This chapter contains sections titled: Applications From a Speech Production Model to the Bandwidth Extension Algorithm Extension of the Excitation Signal Estimation of the Wideband Spectral Envelope Feature Selection Codebook Mapping Linear Mapping Gaussian Mixture Model Hidden Markov Model Discussion
Leadership and the research university (1985)

Abstract A focus on enhancing the quality of programs enabled the University of Michigan to take the initiative in dealing with financial adversity.