gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surveillance of the 200 Nautical Mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Using High Frequency Surface Wave Radar (HFSWR) (2001)

RÉSUMÉLa Convention des Nations Unies sur la Loi de la Mer (CNULM) accorde la souveraineté sur une zone de 200 milles nautiques (mn) en mer désignée sous l'appellation de Zone économique exclusive (ZEE). En contrepartie, les nations doivent établir et assurer la gestion, l'application de la loi et la protection de l'environnement dans cette nouvelle zone frontière plusieurs fois plus grande que la zone territoriale de 12 milles nautiques (mn). Quels sont les capteurs disponibles pour effectuer le suivi dans cette nouvelle zone frontière? Les radars micro-ondes conventionnels basés au sol (μW) sont limités aux opérations à vue. Même en accroissant leur altitude, leur portée maximale se limite entre 25–30 mn. La ZEE peut être couverte par un certain nombre de radars μW, mais ces derniers ne fournissent qu'un cliché ponctuel des activités à l'intérieur de la ZEE. De même, les satellites actuels n'ont ni la résolution spatiale ni la résolution temporelle pour fournir un niveau acceptable de surveillance en temps réel.Cet article décrit les résultats d'un projet de collaboration à coüt partagé entre le ministère de la Défense nationale du Canada et la compagnie Raytheon Systems Canada Limited pour le développement et la démonstration de la performance du système HFSWR (HF Surface Wave Radar) dans le cadre du suivi des activités dans la limite de 200 mn de la ZEE. Les résultats présentés démontrent l'efficacité du HFSWR pour la surveillance en continu et dans toutes les conditions climatiques des activités de surface dans la zone.Le projet de démonstration comprend le développement d'un réseau de deux HFSWR et d'un centre de contrôle des opérations, la mesure de la performance des systèmes et l'évaluation de l'utilité de l'information produite pour les Forces canadiennes. Le système est opérationnel depuis janvier 1999. Le système a été soumis à une campagne intensive de tests et de vérification des paramètres. Les résultats sommaires sont:a) Aire de couverture: les navires sont repérés tout au long de leur passage dans la zone de couverture (25 mn à 220 mn par azimut de 120 degrés).b) Suivi en continu: les navires sont repérés à partir de leur première détection jusqu'à ce qu'ils sortent la zone de couverture ou qu'ils excèdent la portée maximale de détection.c) Précision du suivi: généralement meilleure que 0,25 mn en portée, 0,25 degrés en azimut et 0,5 nœuds en vitesse.
10.1109/ICCEA.2010.134 (2000)

Recent advances in introspective archetypes and introspective communication have paved the way for write-ahead logging. In fact, few leading analysts would disagree with the construction of extreme programming, which embodies the theoretical principles of cryptoanalysis. Here we propose an analysis of Intelligent E-learning system disproving that forward-error correction can be made virtual, embedded, and amphibious.
Digraph Frequency Effects in Skilled Typing. (1982)

Abstract : These studies use both discontinuous and continuous typing paradigms in investigating digraph frequency effects in skilled typing. Previous studies that controlled for hand use showed no digraph frequency effects. With more rigorous controls we found very reliable digraph frequency effects, suggesting that, with experience, typists develop multi-character response units. Videotape analysis indicated at least one way such response units can potentially coordinate and facilitate performance. (Author)
Blind Symbol-Timing and Frequency-Offset Estimation in OFDM Systems With Real Data Symbols (2004)

In this letter, the problem of blind symbol-timing and frequency-offset estimation in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with real data symbols is considered. Maximum-likelihood (ML) estimators for the parameters of interest have been derived by modeling the OFDM signal as a proper complex Gaussian random process. However, when data symbols belong to a real constellation, the received signal becomes an improper complex random process, and hence, previously mentioned estimators, termed cyclic prefix (CP) estimators, are not ML estimators. In this letter, minimum mean-squared error estimators exploiting the conjugate-symmetry property exhibited by the OFDM signal with real data symbols, termed MSR estimators, that greatly outperform CP estimators in additive noise channels, are derived. Moreover, a modified MSR symbol-timing estimator that can assure satisfactory performance in multipath fading channels is proposed.
Sub-band decomposed multiscale retinex with space varying gain (2008)

In this paper, we propose a novel image enhancement algorithm by improving the standard multiscale retinex (MSR) algorithm. A modified retinex output using a combination of two logarithmic functions enhances the details in highlights as well as the details in shadows. Sub-band decomposition of the modified retinex output makes the individual gain control of spectral bands possible, so that we can enhance image details according to band characteristics. Due to the effective sub-band based gain control, the final enhanced image can be automatically obtained without a user-assisted "canonical" gain/offset control. Experimental results clearly demonstrate that the proposed algorithm effectively distinguishes the details in both highlights and shadows and greatly enhances the overall contrast while maintaining a natural scene.
POLICY INFERENCE USING VAR MODELS (1991)

There has been relatively little systematic investigation of the sensitivity of policy inferences derived from VAR models to changes in the lag structure. We investigate this issue using a simple macro model consisting of output, prices, money and interest rates. Using six different lag length selection criteria that vary the bias‐efficiency tradeoff, we compare the policy inferences derived from the different estimations of our VAR model. The evidence shows that policy recommendations are quite sensitive to changes in the lag structure.
Tackling Hate Speech in Low-resource Languages with Context Experts (2022)

Given Myanmar’s historical and socio-political context, hate speech spread on social media have escalated into offline unrest and violence. This paper presents findings from our remote study on the automatic detection of hate speech online in Myanmar. We argue that effectively addressing this problem will require community-based approaches that combine the knowledge of context experts with machine learning tools that can analyze the vast amount of data produced. To this end, we develop a systematic process to facilitate this collaboration covering key aspects of data collection, annotation, and model validation strategies. We highlight challenges in this area stemming from small and imbalanced datasets, the need to balance non-glamorous data work and stakeholder priorities, and closed data-sharing practices. Stemming from these findings, we discuss avenues for further work in developing and deploying hate speech detection systems for low-resource languages.
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 RNA interference inhibits bone metastasis in breast cancer (2014)

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been found to closely correlate with the incidence, development, treatment and prognosis of breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of CXCR4 on bone metastasis in breast cancer and to explore the mechanisms of this process. CXCR4 small interfering RNA was transfected into the breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231BA-rfp, and the cell proliferation and invasion abilities of the cells were measured using cell counting kit-8 cell proliferation and Transwell assays. A mouse model of breast cancer with bone metastasis was prepared and the bone metastasis was confirmed using micro-positron emission tomography. The associated proteins were detected by western blot analysis and the results showed that CXCR4 RNAi inhibited the cell proliferation and invasion ability of the MDA-MB-231BA-rfp cells. In addition, CXCR4 RNAi inhibited the duration and extent of bone metastasis in the MDA-MB-231BA-rfp cells in the mouse model, while the inhibition of CXCR4 RNAi blocked the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 pathway. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that CXCR4 RNAi inhibits bone metastasis and the cell proliferation and invasion abilities of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the CXCR4/PI3K/AKT/MMP-9 pathway may be important in the bone metastasis of breast cancer.
Stability and performance characteristics of a budesonide powder for inhalation with a novel dry powder inhaler device. (2001)

The design and the functionality of an innovative, multidose dry powder inhaler for the topical administration of drugs to the lung are described. The integrated triple inhalation control system, combined with easy handling, should increase acceptance of the device by patients. In-vitro data on a 200-microgram dose of budesonide powder for inhalation have demonstrated the excellent performance and robustness of this pocket-sized, breath-actuated device. The inhaler was developed for a wide range of drugs, and its patented dispersion system can be used with pelletized pure drugs or powder blends. The multidose dry powder inhaler is already on the market for use with one of the key asthma drugs: budesonide (Budecort 200 Novolizer; Sofotec GmbH & Co. KG, Frankfurt, Germany).
Fertilization in the Fucaceae: investigations on the nature of the chemotactic substance produced by eggs of Fucus serratus and F. vesiculosus (1951)

Abstract Previously described observations on the chemotaxis between gametes of certain Fucaceae have been confirmed, and photomicrographs obtained which illustrate some of the aspects of the natural fertilization process and the capillary technique for detection of chemotaxis. Dilute solutions in sea water of a number of simple organic compounds-hydrocarbons, ethers, esters-have been found to simulate the cell-free preparations from Fucus eggs and cause attraction of the spermatozoa of F. serratus and F. vesiculosus in the same manner. Indications are that the mode of action is primarily physical in nature. Initial attempts to identify the natural volatile chemotactic principle with the aid of the mass spectrometer have afforded inconclusive results which are discussed.
A coil–helix instead of a helix–coil motif can be induced in a chloroplast transit peptide from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1999)

A synthetic peptide MQVTMKSSAVSGQRVGGARVATRSVRRAQLQV corresponding to the 32 amino acid chloroplast transit sequence of the ribulose bisphosphatase carboxylase/oxygenase activase preprotein from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, required for translocation through the envelope of the chloroplast, has been characterized structurally using CD and NMR under the same experimental conditions as used previously for the 32 amino acid presequence of preferredoxin from the same organism [Lancelin, J.-M., Bally, I., Arlaud, G. J., Blackledge, M., Gans, P., Stein, M. & Jacquot, J.-P. (1994) FEBS Lett. 343, 261-266]. The peptide is found to undergo a conformational transition in aqueous 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, characterized by three turns of amphiphilic alpha-helix in the C-terminal region preceded by a disordered coil in the N-terminal region. Compared with the preferredoxin transit peptide, the helical and coiled domains are arranged in the reverse order along the peptide sequence, but the positively charged groups are distributed analogously as well as the hydrophobic residues within the amphiphilic alpha-helix. It is proposed that such coil-helix or helix-coil motifs, occasionally repeated, could be an intrinsic structural feature of chloroplastic transit peptides, adapted to the proper translocase and possibly to each nuclear-encoded chloroplast preproteins. This feature may distinguish chloroplastic transit sequences from the other organelle-targeting peptides in the eukaryotic green alga C. reinhardtii, particularly the mitochondrial transit sequences.
Simultaneous routing and buffering in SOC floorplan design (2004)

An EDA tool to deal with the problems of routing and buffer-insertion in system-on-chip floorplanning simultaneously is developed. This routing and buffering tool mainly consists of a Manhattan routing (MR) algorithm and a maze-based between-buffer routing algorithm. Since the processing speed of its MR is very fast, this tool can be integrated into an iterative floorplanning algorithm to promote the routability of a floorplan solution.
Extrinsic influence of environment on the corrosion behaviour of enamel-coated steel dowel bars (2014)

A new type of enamel coated dowel bars for use as concrete pavements has been recently developed and implemented. A gradual deterioration of such bars can occur due to corrosion occurring at locations of the fine microscopic cracks and other defects in the coating. The results of a study aimed at evaluating and understanding the corrosion resistance of such dowel bars is presented and comparisons made with corresponding epoxy-coated dowel bars. Identical defects were introduced onto the surface of the dowel bars with the two types of coatings. The extrinsic influence of environment and resultant corrosion based on type, location and severity of the defects was carefully examined. Test results reveal the corrosion resistance of enamel-coated dowel bars to be as good as the corrosion resistance of the corresponding epoxy-coated dowel bars. The presence of corrosion products was essentially confined to locations of the defects in the test specimens when the steel was exposed to concrete and subject to induced current to accelerate corrosion thereby demonstrating the enamel coating on the surface of the dowel bars to be effective in isolating the steel from the surrounding concrete and concurrently providing enhanced resistance to corrosion. Also, the enamel-coated dowel bars did not experience peeling of the coating at the interface. The epoxy-coated dowel bars revealed peeling of the epoxy coating from the surface that eventually got stuck to the inner surface of the surrounding concrete. This demonstrated that the enamel-coated dowel bars would perform better under prevailing service conditions in concrete pavements where relative free sliding is both essential and required.
Synthesis and Coordination Ability of a Donor‐Stabilised Bis‐Phosphinidene (2020)

Chelating phosphines have long been a mainstay as efficient directing ligands in transition-metal catalysis. Low-valent derivatives, namely chelating phosphinidenes, are to date unknown, and could lead to chelating complexes containing more than one metal centre due to the intrisic capacity of phosphinidenes to bind two metal fragments at one P-centre. Here we describe the synthesis of the first such chelating bis-phosphinidene ligand, XantP<sub>2</sub> (2), generated by the reduction of a diphosphino xanthene derivative, Xant(PH<sub>2</sub> )<sub>2</sub> (1) with <sup>iPr</sup> NHC (<sup>iPr</sup> NHC=[:C{N(iPr)C(H)}<sub>2</sub> ]). Initial studies have shown that this novel chelating ligand can act as a bidentate ligand towards element dihalides (i.e. FeCl<sub>2</sub> , ZnI<sub>2</sub> , GeCl<sub>2</sub> , SnBr<sub>2</sub> ), forming cationic complexes with the tetryl elements. In contrast, XantP<sub>2</sub> demonstrates an ability to bind multiple metal centres in the reaction with CuCl, leading to a cationic Cu<sub>3</sub> P<sub>3</sub> ring complex, with Cu centres bridged by phosphinidene arms. Density Functional Theory calculations show that 2 indeed holds 4 lone pairs of electrons, shedding further light on the coordination capacity for this novel ligand class through observation of directionality and hybridisation of these electron pairs.
An adaptive and predictive approach for autonomic multirate multicast networks (2011)

Autonomic communications aim at easing the burden of managing complex and dynamic networks, and designing adaptive, self-turning and self-stabilizing networks to provide much needed flexibility and functional scalability. With the ever-increasing number of multicast applications made recently, considerable efforts have been focused on the design of adaptive flow control schemes for autonomic multicast services. The main difficulties in designing an adaptive flow controller for autonomic multicast service are caused by heterogeneous multicast receivers, especially those with large propagation delays, since the feedback arriving at the source is somewhat outdated and can be harmful to the control operations. To tackle the preceding problem, this article describes a novel, adaptive, and autonomic multicast scheme, the so-called Proportional, Integrative, Derivative plus Neural Network (PIDNN) predictive technique, which consists of two components: the Proportional Integrative plus Derivative (PID) controller and the Back Propagation BP Neural Network (BPNN). In this integrated scheme, the PID controllers are located at the next upstream main branch nodes of the multicast receivers, and have explicit rate algorithms to regulate the receiving rates of the receivers; while the BPNN is located at the multicast source, and predicts the available bandwidth of those longer delay receivers to compute the expected rates of the longer delay receivers. The ultimate sending rate of the multicast source is the maximum of the aforesaid receiving rates that can be accommodated by its participating branches. This network-assisted property is different from the existing control schemes, in that the PIDNN controller can release the irresponsiveness of a multicast flow caused by those long propagation delays from the receivers. By using BPNN, this active scheme makes the control more responsive to the receivers with longer propagation delay. Thus the rate adaptation can be performed in a timely manner, for the sender to respond to network congestion quickly. We analyze the theoretical aspects of the proposed algorithm, show how the control mechanism can be used to design a controller to support multirate multicast transmission based on feedback of explicit rates, and verify this matching using simulations. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed PIDNN controller avoids overflow of multicast traffic, and performs better than the existing scheme PNN [Tan et al. 2005] and the multicast schemes based on control theory. Moreover, it also performs well in the sense that it achieves high link utilization, quick response, good scalability, high unitary throughput, intra-session fairness and inter-session fairness.
A Rapid Embryonic Stem Cell–Based Mouse Model for B-cell Lymphomas Driven by Epstein–Barr Virus Protein LMP1 (2015)

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) contributes to oncogenic human B-cell transformation. Mouse B cells conditionally expressing LMP1 are not predisposed to B-cell malignancies, as LMP1-expressing B cells are eliminated by T cells. However, mice with conditional B-cell LMP1 expression and genetic elimination of α/β and γ/δ T cells ("CLT" mice) die early in association with B-cell lymphoproliferation and lymphomagenesis. Generation of CLT mice involves in-breeding multiple independently segregating alleles. Thus, although introduction of additional activating or knockout mutations into the CLT model is desirable for further B-cell expansion and immunosurveillance studies, doing such experiments by germline breeding is time-consuming, expensive, and sometimes unfeasible. To generate a more tractable model, we generated clonal CLT embryonic stem (ES) cells from CLT embryos and injected them into RAG2-deficient blastocysts to generate chimeric mice, which, like germline CLT mice, harbor splenic CLT B cells and lack T cells. CLT chimeric mice generated by this RAG2-deficient blastocyst complementation ("RDBC") approach die rapidly in association with B-cell lymphoproliferation and lymphoma. Because CLT lymphomas routinely express the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) antibody diversifier, we tested potential AID roles by eliminating the AID gene in CLT ES cells and testing them via RDBC. We found that CLT and AID-deficient CLT ES chimeras had indistinguishable phenotypes, showing that AID is not essential for LMP1-induced lymphomagenesis. Beyond expanding accessibility and utility of CLT mice as a cancer immunotherapy model, our studies provide a new approach for facilitating generation of genetically complex mouse cancer models.
Attenuation coefficient and speed of sound in immature and mature rat cartilage: a study in the 30-70 MHz frequency range (2003)

In order to determine the influence of cartilage structural changes on high frequency ultrasound propagation, speed of sound and the frequency variation of attenuation in the 28-70 MHz bandwidth were estimated in immature and mature cartilage of rat patellae. Frozen patellae were cut in the sagittal direction perpendicular to the articular surface and the different layers of the cartilage sections were explored using a 55 MHz backscatter ultrasound microscope. At each scan position, the speed of sound and attenuation coefficient were estimated using substitution method. For immature cartilage, acoustic parameters decreased significantly (p<0.05) from the articular surface to the chondral/bone interface. The parameter mean values averaged over the entire depth of the tissue were significantly lower than those measured in mature cartilage (p<0.05). Correlation with histologic images showed that acoustic parameters are markedly influenced by changes in the collagen fibril density.
Copper(II) Sorption Mechanism on Kaolinite : An EPR and EXAFS Study (2004)

Copper(II) sorbed on kaolinite (KGa-lb) was studied using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The sorbed copper(II) had an isotropic EPR signal with at room temperature. At 77 K, the isotropic signal converted to an axially symmetric anisotropic signal with $g_{\}\;=\;2.40,\;g_{\bot}\;=\;2.08,\;and\;A_{\}\;=\;131\;G$. These EPR results suggest that the sorbed copper(II) forms an outer-sphere surface complex with a tetragonally distorted octahedral structure on the kaolinite. In the sorption measurement, the amount of sorbed copper increased with increasing pH of the solution. However, the intensity of the isotropic EPR line was not directly proportional to the amount of sorbed copper. This discrepancy was resolved by assuming the formation of a surface precipitate at higher pH that is invisible by EPR. The EXAFS data confirmed the existence of the surface precipitate. The best fit for the EXAFS of the sorbed copper showed that each copper on the kaolinite had 6.8 copper neighbors located from it, in addition to the first shell oxygen neighbors, including 4 equatorial O at and 2 axial O at . This work shows that the local environment of the copper sorbed on the kaolinite changes as a function of pH and surface loading, and that the EPR and EXAFS are useful in studying such changes.
Algorithmic and visual analysis of spatiotemporal stops in movement data (2012)

Analyzing the occurrence of stops in transportation systems is an important challenge to better understand traffic congestion problems and find corresponding solutions. We propose an efficient system to analyze stop occurrences. It consists of two major parts: (1) an efficient clustering algorithm to partition the stops into groups based on strongly connected components (2) an interactive visual representation of the results to provide insights to domain experts.