gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Catalytic Oxidative Coupling of Methane (1995)

Abstract One of the great challenges in the field of heterogeneous catalysis is the conversion of methane to more useful chemicals and fuels. A chemical of particular importance is ethene, which can be obtained by the oxidative coupling of methane. In this reaction CH 4 is first oxidatively converted into C 2 H 6 , and then into C 2 H 4 . The fundamental aspects of the problem involve both a heterogeneous component, which includes the activation of CH 4 on a metal oxide surface, and a homogeneous gas‐phase component, which includes free‐radical chemistry. Ethane is produced mainly by the coupling of the surface‐generated CH radicals in the gas phase. The yield of C 2 H 4 and C 2 H 6 is limited by secondary reactions of CH radicals with the surface and by the further oxidation of C 2 H 4 , both on the catalyst surface and in the gas phase. Currently, the best catalysts provide 20% CH 4 conversion with 80% combined C 2 H 4 and C 2 H 6 selectivity in a single pass through the reactor. Less is known about the nature of the active centers than about the reaction mechanism; however, reactive oxygen ions are apparently required for the activation of CH 4 on certain catalysts. There is spectroscopic evidence for surface O − or O ions. In addition to the oxidative coupling of CH 4 , cross‐coupling reactions, such as between methane and toluene to produce styrene, have been investigated. Many of the same catalysts are effective, and the cross‐coupling reaction also appears to involve surface‐generated radicals. Although a technological process has not been developed, extensive research has resulted in a reasonable understanding of the elementary reactions that occur during the oxidative coupling of methane.
PKC inhibition decreases amphetamine-maintained responding under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement. (2020)

Protein kinase C (PKC) is important for the mechanism of action of amphetamine (AMPH). Inhibiting PKC blocks AMPH-stimulated increases in extracellular dopamine levels and AMPH-stimulated locomotor activity. This study examined the effects of PKC inhibition on the reinforcing properties of AMPH. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to respond for infusions of 0.032 mg/kg/infusion AMPH or for sucrose pellets under a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. Number of infusions earned, breakpoints, and session duration were recorded over consecutive sessions. Once AMPH-maintained responding stabilized, rats were treated with 0, 10, or 30 pmol of enzastaurin, a PKCβ-selective inhibitor, or 6 mg/kg 6c, a brain-permeable PKC inhibitor, 18 hr prior to a self-administration session. Pretreatment with 30 pmol enzastaurin or 6 mg/kg 6c decreased the number of AMPH infusions earned and breakpoints without altering sucrose-maintained behaviors. These data suggest that PKC inhibition decreases motivation for AMPH and, therefore, is worth pursuing as a potential treatment for AMPH-use disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Luminescent down‐shifting experiment and modelling with multiple photovoltaic technologies (2014)

Abstract Luminescent down shifting (LDS) is a viable way for improving the short‐wavelength response of many photovoltaic technologies, such as cadmium telluride, copper‐indium‐gallium‐(di)selenide and multi‐crystalline silicon solar cells. In this work, we compare the experimental performance of LDS layers fabricated with six organic dyes—both alone and in mixtures—and two polymers with the theoretical predictions obtained by three different approaches: ray‐tracing simulations and two novel theoretical models. The first model is an analytical description of the LDS process and can reproduce the external quantum efficiency of the solar cell with LDS. The second one is based on a collection of figures of merit that address a desired property of the LDS. The three methods show an excellent agreement with the experimental results in the predicted variation of the short‐circuit current (to within 0.5% in most cases) and help to understand the key factors that influence the performance of LDS, such as the optical coupling, surface roughness and scattering or edge losses. This agreement, regardless of the materials used for LDS and the underlying PV technology, not only supports the validity of the models but also suggests this theoretical formalism as a tool for designing optimised LDS layers in the future. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Performance of uncooled microcantilever thermal detectors (2004)

It has recently been shown that bimaterial microcantilevers can be used as uncooled infrared detectors. Bimaterial microcantilevers deform as their temperature changes due to the absorption of infrared photons. Infrared imaging using uncooled cantilever arrays has already been achieved by a number of groups. In this paper, we examined the performance of microcantilevers as uncooled infrared detectors with optical readout. As in the case of other kinds of uncooled thermal infrared detectors, temperature fluctuation noise and background fluctuation noise are fundamental limits to the performance of microcantilever thermal detectors. Since microcantilevers are mechanical devices, thermo-mechanical noise will also influence their performance. We fabricated a SiNx microcantilever thermal detector with an Al layer in the bimaterial region. For the microcantilever geometry and materials used, the background fluctuation noise equivalent temperature difference, NETDBF, calculated for f/1 optics and a 30 Hz frame rate was found to be 1.26 mK. The NETDTF, limited by temperature fluctuation noise, was calculated to be 7.4 mK while the thermo-mechanical NETDTM was calculated to be 5.3 mK. The sum of all fundamental noise sources, including the intrinsic noise of the “optical lever” readout, results in a total NETD of 9.2 mK. Absence of the readout noise would improve this parameter by only 2%.
Manipulating Stem Number, Tuber Set, and Yield Relationships for Northern‐ and Southern‐Grown Potato Seed Lots (2006)

The ability to predict tuber set and size development for a particular lot of seed potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum L) would facilitate the development of techniques for optimizing tuber grade. Toward this goal, stem number, tuber set, yield, and grade relationships were manipulated and modeled for northern‐ (Alberta, Canada) and southern‐grown (Montana and Washington) Ranger Russet and Russet Burbank seed potatoes. Seed‐tubers with a range in apical dominance were produced by varying the temperature (aging) at the beginning of a 200‐d storage period. Seed source affected stem numbers, tuber set, and size, with southern seed producing more but smaller tubers than northern seed; however, seed source had no effect on total and U.S. No. 1 tuber yields. Tuber set and size distributions were highly correlated with stem numbers, the latter increasing substantially when storage degree days were held constant but temperature was increased. Changes in tuber size distribution with increasing stems occurred with relatively little effect on total, U.S. No. 1, and marketable tuber yields. Therefore, in a long growing season area like the Columbia Basin, adding heat units to seed at the beginning of storage effectively alters tuber size distribution. The differential behavior of these seed sources, along with the ability to predict tuber set and size from mainstem numbers, provides an opportunity to adjust agronomic practices to optimize yield for specific markets.
Vacuum chambers in composite material (1987)

Vacuum chambers and windows required for colliding beam experiments in elementary particle physics research should be as transparent as possible for the secondary particles produced in the collisions. Until now, very thin wall chambers were made of stainless steel, aluminum alloys, titanium, or beryllium. Beryllium was the best for transparency but by far the most expensive. To provide an alternative method with good transparency at low cost, CERN has developed a new generation of chambers, made of composite materials and intended primarily for the proton–antiproton mode of operation of the Super Proton Synchrotron. These chambers consist of very thin metallic pipes for vacuum, reinforced by a carbon fiber structure for mechanical stability and clad with a second metallic layer to give electromagnetic screening. Chamber elements have been made by industry and tested extensively at CERN. These elements are up to 1.8 m in length with circular cross-section diameters of 50 to 150 mm and have 0.5–1.5 mm thick walls of carbon fiber/epoxy composite. The combined metallic layers have only 70–120 μm total thickness which is sufficient to meet the requirements regarding gas desorption in ultrahigh vacuum and electromagnetic shielding of the collider detector arrays from the circulating bunched beam. The chambers are bakable up to 130 °C, have a global leak rate over a typical 10-m section of less than 1×10−10 mbar l/s and an outgassing rate of about 10−12 mbar l/s cm2. They are almost as transparent as Be chambers but cost only about 15% as much. A set of carbon fiber vacuum chambers was glued together to a total length of 13 m and successfully tested.
Gene therapy conversion of striatal astrocytes into GABAergic neurons in mouse models of Huntington’s disease (2020)

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by Huntingtin (Htt) gene mutation resulting in the loss of striatal GABAergic neurons and motor functional deficits. We report here an in vivo cell conversion technology to reprogram striatal astrocytes into GABAergic neurons in both R6/2 and YAC128 HD mouse models through AAV-mediated ectopic expression of NeuroD1 and Dlx2 transcription factors. We found that the astrocyte-to-neuron (AtN) conversion rate reached 80% in the striatum and >50% of the converted neurons were DARPP32<sup>+</sup> medium spiny neurons. The striatal astrocyte-converted neurons showed action potentials and synaptic events, and projected their axons to the targeted globus pallidus and substantia nigra in a time-dependent manner. Behavioral analyses found that NeuroD1 and Dlx2-treated R6/2 mice showed a significant extension of life span and improvement of motor functions. This study demonstrates that in vivo AtN conversion may be a disease-modifying gene therapy to treat HD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Mechanisms underlying the antireflux action of fundoplication. (1993)

The effect of fundoplication on patterns of gastro-oesophageal reflux and the underlying motor mechanisms were investigated in 18 patients with symptomatic reflux. Oesophageal motility and pH were recorded concurrently after a standard meal. Studies were performed preoperatively and from 5 to 27 months after surgery. Fundoplication virtually eliminated reflux in all but three patients. Control of reflux was associated with a 50% fall in the number of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations, a fall in the proportion of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations accompanied by reflux from 47% to 17%, and an increase in the mean residual pressure at the gastro-oesophageal junction during swallow induced lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation from 0.7 mm Hg to 6.0 mm Hg. Basal pressure at the gastro-oesophageal junction rose from 10.9 mm Hg to 14.5 mm Hg, however, there was no correlation between postoperative reflux and basal gastro-oesophageal junction pressure. These findings suggest that the anti-reflux effects of fundoplication result from changes in the mechanical behaviour of the gastro-oesophageal junction that result in incomplete abolition of the high pressure zone during lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation, and reduced triggering of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations.
Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of dexniguldipine after single and repetitive daily 4 h infusions in cancer patients (1994)

Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20251 Hamburg. Germany.
Non-invasive evaluation of segmental pressure drop and resistance in large arteries in humans based on a Poiseuille model of intra-arterial velocity distribution (1990)

The hypertensive state is associated with a clear reduction in large artery segmental resistance and longitudinal pressure drop concomitantly with a decrease in shear conditions at the arterial wall. The mechanisms of reduced resistance and pressure drop are related to decreased wall shear and increased diameter of the artery, both of which reduce the frictional forces at the blood-arterial wall interface.
Electromyographic activity of the abdominal and low back musculature during the generation of isometric and dynamic axial trunk torque: Implications for lumbar mechanics (1991)

This study focused on the electromyographic activity of the trunk musculature, given the well-documented link between occupational twisting and the increased incidence of low back pain. Ten men and 15 women volunteered for this study, in which several aspects of muscle activity were examined. The first aspect assessed the myoelectric relationships during isometric exertions. There was great variability in this relationship between muscles and between subjects. Further, the myoelectric activity levels (normalized to maximal electrical activity) obtained from nontwist activities were not maximal despite maximal efforts to generate axial torque (e.g., rectus abdominis, maximum voluntary contraction; 22% external oblique, 52%; internal oblique, 55%; latissimus dorsi, 74%; upper erector spinae [T9], 61%; lower erector spinae [L3], 33%). In the second aspect of the study, muscle activity was examined during dynamic axial twist trials conducted at a velocity of 30 and 60 degrees/s. The latissimus dorsi and external oblique appeared to be strongly involved in the generation of axial torque throughout the twist range and activity in the upper erector spinae displayed a strong link with axial torque and direction of twist, even though they have no mechanical potential to contribute axial torque, suggesting a stabilization role. The third aspect of the study was comprised of the formulation of a model consisting of a three-dimensional pelvis, rib cage, and lumbar vertebrae and driven from kinematic measures of axial twist and muscle electromyograms. The relatively low levels of normalized myoelectric activity during maximal twisting efforts coupled with large levels of agonist-antagonist cocontraction caused the model to severely underpredict measured torques (e.g., 14 Nm predicted for 91 Nm measured). Such dominant coactivity suggests that stabilization of the joints during twisting is far more important to the lumbar spine than production of large levels of axial torque.
Photoluminescence stability of a cyanoterphenyl chromophore in liquid crystalline polymeric systems (2000)

Polarized photoluminescence as well as birefringence measurements have been performed in different films of side-chain liquid crystal polyacrylates prepared by in situ photopolymerization. The polymeric systems contain a cyanoterphenyl chromophore covalently bound as a side group. The stability of the luminescence has been studied as a function of the composition and crosslinking of the polymer films. Although both the thermal quenching and the optical bleaching of the luminescence depend on the composition of the polymer matrix they seem to be independent of the crosslinking degree. Polymer films showing a stable luminescence with a high dichroic ratio have been obtained in copolymers combining mono and diacrylates having the same mesogenic core, with a low content (10%) of the diacrylate (crosslinking agent).
Angina bullosa haemorrhagica – eine ungewöhnliche Blasenbildung in der Mundhöhle (2023)

Angina bullosa haemorrhagica (ABH; also: bullosa haemorrhagica oralis or "benign hemorrhagic bullous stomatitis") was first defined by Badham in 1967 as recurrent formation of blood blisters on the oropharyngeal mucosa as a result of mechanically traumatic irri- tation. A possible connection with previous damage to the mucosa due to general medical findings such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus or chronic inhalation of corticosteroids has not yet been confirmed.
Elastic Consistency: A General Consistency Model for Distributed Stochastic Gradient Descent (2020)

Machine learning has made tremendous progress in recent years, with models matching or even surpassing humans on a series of specialized tasks. One key element behind the progress of machine learning in recent years has been the ability to train machine learning models in large-scale distributed shared-memory and message-passing environments. Many of these models are trained employing variants of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) based optimization. In this paper, we introduce a general consistency condition covering communication-reduced and asynchronous distributed SGD implementations. Our framework, called elastic consistency enables us to derive convergence bounds for a variety of distributed SGD methods used in practice to train large-scale machine learning models. The proposed framework de-clutters the implementation-specific convergence analysis and provides an abstraction to derive convergence bounds. We utilize the framework to analyze a sparsification scheme for distributed SGD methods in an asynchronous setting for convex and non-convex objectives. We implement the distributed SGD variant to train deep CNN models in an asynchronous shared-memory setting. Empirical results show that error-feedback may not necessarily help in improving the convergence of sparsified asynchronous distributed SGD, which corroborates an insight suggested by our convergence analysis.
Silver Nanocrystal-Modified Silicon Nanowires as Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman and Hyper-Raman Scattering (2006)

Metal catalyzed, CVD-grown silicon nanowires decorated by chemical assembly of closely spaced Ag nanocrystals were modified with the well-known "silver mirror" reaction and investigated as substrates for surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) and hyper-Raman (SEHRS) spectroscopy. Four chromophores were examined: Rhodamine 6G, crystal violet, a cyanine dye, and a cationic donor-acceptor substituted stilbene. After soaking the substrates overnight in 10(-4) M aqueous chromophore solutions, all four chromophores gave good-quality SERS spectra in < or =60 s using <1 microW of 458-nm cw laser power, and SEHRS spectra are obtained in < or =120 s using <1 mW of mode-locked 916-nm laser power. Results from this substrate are compared with those on colloidal silver nanoparticles deposited as a film, as well as surfaces grown by the silver mirror reaction.
Microfluidics for multiplexed MS analysis (2006)

Recent advances of microfluidics systems suitable for multiplexed MS analysis are reviewed with respect to fabrication technologies and applications.
Rapid computation of the amplitude and phase of tightly focused optical fields distorted by scattering particles (2014)

We develop an efficient method for accurately calculating the electric field of tightly focused laser beams in the presence of specific configurations of microscopic scatterers. This Huygens-Fresnel wave-based electric field superposition (HF-WEFS) method computes the amplitude and phase of the scattered electric field in excellent agreement with finite difference time-domain (FDTD) solutions of Maxwell's equations. Our HF-WEFS implementation is 2-4 orders of magnitude faster than the FDTD method and enables systematic investigations of the effects of scatterer size and configuration on the focal field. We demonstrate the power of the new HF-WEFS approach by mapping several metrics of focal field distortion as a function of scatterer position. This analysis shows that the maximum focal field distortion occurs for single scatterers placed below the focal plane with an offset from the optical axis. The HF-WEFS method represents an important first step toward the development of a computational model of laser-scanning microscopy of thick cellular/tissue specimens.
Emergency Medical Services Utilization among Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Observations from the Singapore Myocardial Infarction Registry (2016)

Less than half of STEMI patients utilized EMS and EMS patients had faster receipt of initial reperfusion therapies. Targeted public education to reduce time to treatment may improve the care of STEMI patients.
Performance and Power-Efficient Design of Dense Non-Volatile Cache in CMPs (2018)

In this paper, we present a novel cache design based on Multi-Level Cell Spin-Transfer Torque RAM (MLC STT-RAM) that can dynamically adjust the set capacity and associativity to efficiently use the full potential of MLC STT-RAM technology. We exploit the asymmetric nature of the MLC storage scheme to build cache lines featuring heterogeneous performances, that is, half of the cache lines are read-friendly, while the other half are write-friendly. Furthermore, we propose to opportunistically deactivate cache ways in underutilized sets to convert MLC to Single-Level Cell (SLC) mode, which features overall better performance and lifetime. Our ultimate goal is to build a cache architecture that combines the capacity advantages of MLC and performance/energy advantages of SLC. Our experimental evaluations show an average improvement of 43 percent in total numbers of conflict misses, 27 percent in memory access latency, 12 percent in system performance, and 26 percent in L3 access energy, with a slight degradation in lifetime (about 7 percent) compared to an SLC cache.
Mixture Experiment Approaches: Examples, Discussion, and Recommendations (1994)

A mixture experiment involves varying the proportions of two or more ingredients, called components of the mixture, and studying the changes that occur in the measured properties (responses) of the resulting end products. Other factors that affect the response(s) such as process variables or the total amount of the mixture may also be studied in the experiment. Five approaches for designing mixture experiments and analyzing the data are considered: component proportion, mixture-amount, mixture-process variable, mathematically independent variables, and slack variable. The approaches are illustrated using examples from the literature. The various approaches are discussed and recommendations are made for choosing among the approaches when faced with a mixture experiment problem. A five-component waste grout example for which several mixture experiment approaches are possible is discussed.
A systematic pharmacology-based in vivo study to reveal the effective mechanism of Yupingfeng in asthma treatment (2023)

YPF and its main active compound wogonin may exert some therapeutic effects on asthma inflammation through multiple molecular targets and signaling pathways including PI3K/AKT, IL-17 and TNF-α.