gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Standard and Shorted Anode Non-Punch-Through Emitter Switched Thyristors (1997)

SummaryThis paper is aimed at the analysis of the electrical characteristics of non-punch-through EST structures. The operation mode and the transient process are studied by means of 2D numerical simulations. Standard and shorted anode test structures were fabricated with a conventional IGBT process technology, and their characteristics are compared with those of IGBT and BRT structures. It is shown the improvement of the EST turn-off time when including the shorted anode structure, and the dependence of the maximum controllable current on the device geometrical dimensions.
The 4-S modification of the Roeder knot: How to tie it (1997)

This modification results in a knot comparable in strength to the strongest laparoscopic multiple-throw square knots.
Visualisation of the interaction of a specific monoclonal antibody with the groel-like protein from Bordetella pertussis (1992)

We have characterised a protein from Bordetella pertussis , the whooping cough agent, and found it to be almost identical with the heat shock protein from E.coli , GroEL. These molecules, also termed chaperonins, are oligomeric proteins of approximately MW800.000 comprised of 14 subunits arranged in two rings of 7 subunits each, with a diameter of 15nm. When negatively stained, the GroEL-like molecules, examined in the electron microscope, are seen mainly in the top view clearly displaying the sevenfold symmetry, or as the less common side view with three characteristic electron dense striations separating four stain excluding regions (Fig. 1).
Risk Management of HV Polymeric Cables Based on Partial Discharge Assessment (2006)

Electrical asset managers have to face the issue of balancing the need for cost reduction with the increasing demand of reliability and availability of the overall electrical energy network. The development of diagnostic tools seems to be the most effective practice to support an effective risk assessment, and, thus, condition based maintenance of electrical assets, from both economical and technical points of view. In this paper the results of an advanced, but already assessed, diagnostic approach based on partial discharge measurements and analysis, applied to HV polymeric cable systems, are reported and discussed. Both after laying test experiences and diagnostic assessments of aged cable systems are presented and evaluated showing the significant contribution that effective partial discharge measurement and analysis can bring to electrical asset managers. In particular, the matters of noise rejection, PD detection and identification, and PD source location along the cable route are treated, dealing with on site testing on 400 and 220 kV, XLPE insulated, cable systems
Demonstrating continuous-variable Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering with a finite number of measurements (2015)

Here, we discuss the development of a new inequality in information theory; a Fano inequality suitable for continuous variables. With this inequality, we show how one can demonstrate Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering in the position-momentum statistics of entangled photon pairs from spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). More importantly, we show how with sufficiently strong position and momentum correlations, we can demonstrate continuous-variable EPR steering without having to assume the photo-detectors have access to the entire joint intensity distribution. Moreover, we demonstrate this experimentally with the position and momentum statistics of entangled photon pairs in SPDC.
An In Situ Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Electrochemical CO2 Reduction: Selectivity Dependence on Surface C-Bound and O-Bound Reaction Intermediates (2018)

The CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising avenue to convert greenhouse gases into high-value fuels and chemicals, in addition to being an attractive method for storing intermittent renewable energy. Although polycrystalline Cu surfaces have long been known to be unique in their capabilities of catalyzing the conversion of CO2 to higher-order C1 and C2 fuels, such as hydrocarbons (CH4, C2H4, etc.) and alcohols (CH3OH, C2H5OH), product selectivity remains a challenge. Rational design of more selective catalysts would greatly benefit from a mechanistic understanding of the complex, multiproton, and multielectron conversion of CO2. In this study, we select three metal catalysts (Pt, Au, Cu) and apply in situ surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) and ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), coupled to density-functional theory (DFT) calculations, to get insight into the reaction pathway for the CO2RR. We present a comprehensive reaction mechanism for the CO2RR and show that the preferential reaction pathway can be rationalized in terms of metal–carbon (M–C) and metal–oxygen (M–O) affinity. We show that the final products are determined by the configuration of the initial intermediates, C-bound and O-bound, which can be obtained from CO2 and (H)CO3, respectively. C1 hydrocarbons are produced via OCH3,ad intermediates obtained from O-bound CO3,ad and require a catalyst with relatively high affinity for O-bound intermediates. Additionally, C2 hydrocarbon formation is suggested to result from the C–C coupling between C-bound COad and (H)COad, which requires an optimal affinity for the C-bound species, so that (H)COad can be further reduced without poisoning the catalyst surface. It is suggested that the formation of C1 alcohols (CH3OH) is the most challenging process to optimize, as stabilization of the O-bound species would both accelerate the formation of key intermediates (OCH3,ad) but also simultaneously inhibit their desorption from the catalyst surface. Our findings pave the way toward a design strategy for CO2RR catalysts with improved selectivity, based on the experimental/theoretical reaction mechanisms that have been identified. These results also suggest that designing the electronic structure of the catalyst is not the sole determining factor to achieve highly selective CO2RR catalysis; rather, tuning additional experimental reaction conditions such as electrolyte–intermediate interactions also become critical.
Highly-Sensitive Phase and Frequency Noise Measurement Technique Using Bayesian Filtering (2019)

Spectral purity of laser sources is typically investigated using phase or frequency noise measurements, which require extraction of the optical phase. This is a challenging task if the signal–to–noise–ratio (SNR) of the spectral line or the linewidth–to–noise–ratio (LNR) are not sufficiently high. In this letter, we present a statistically optimal method for optical phase noise measurement that relies on coherent detection and Bayesian filtering. The proposed method offers a record sensitivity, as the optical phase is measured at a signal power of −75 dBm (SNR of −11 dB in 1.1 GHz receiver bandwidth). Practically, this means that the phase noise measurements are, up to a high–degree, not limited by the measurement noise floor. This allows measurements down to −200 dB rad <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Hz and up to 10 GHz, which is useful when measuring the Schawlow–Townes (quantum noise limited) laser linewidth. Finally, the estimated optical phase is highly accurate allowing for quantum limited signal demodulation. The method thus holds the potential to become a reference measurement tool.
An ER-Associated Pathway Defines Endosomal Architecture for Controlled Cargo Transport (2016)

Through a network of progressively maturing vesicles, the endosomal system connects the cell's interior with extracellular space. Intriguingly, this network exhibits a bilateral architecture, comprised of a relatively immobile perinuclear vesicle "cloud" and a highly dynamic peripheral contingent. How this spatiotemporal organization is achieved and what function(s) it curates is unclear. Here, we reveal the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-located ubiquitin ligase Ring finger protein 26 (RNF26) as the global architect of the entire endosomal system, including the trans-Golgi network (TGN). To specify perinuclear vesicle coordinates, catalytically competent RNF26 recruits and ubiquitinates the scaffold p62/sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1), in turn attracting ubiquitin-binding domains (UBDs) of various vesicle adaptors. Consequently, RNF26 restrains fast transport of diverse vesicles through a common molecular mechanism operating at the ER membrane, until the deubiquitinating enzyme USP15 opposes RNF26 activity to allow vesicle release into the cell's periphery. By drawing the endosomal system's architecture, RNF26 orchestrates endosomal maturation and trafficking of cargoes, including signaling receptors, in space and time.
Automatic learning of 3D pose variability in walking performances for gait analysis (2008)

This paper proposes an action specific model which automatically learns the variability of 3D human postures observed in a set of training sequences. First, a Dynamic Programing synchronization algorithm is presented in order to establish a mapping between postures from different walking cycles, so the whole training set can be synchronized to a common time pattern. Then, the model is trained using the public CMU motion capture dataset for the walking action, and a mean walking performance is automatically learnt. Additionally statistics about the observed variability of the postures and motion direction are also computed at each time step. As a result, in this work we have extended a similar action model successfully used for tracking, by providing facilities for gait analysis and gait recognition applications.
Networking with cooperative communications: Holistic design and realistic evaluation (2009)

Cooperative communications fundamentally changes the abstraction of a wireless link and offers significant potential advantages for wireless networks. However, such technologies are evaluated with idealized scenarios where many control costs are assumed to be negligible. Moreover, even if these costs appear small in simple network scenarios, they increase significantly with the size and traffic level of the network, requiring careful evaluation, or even innovative design, of cooperative protocols to ensure their usefulness in realistic networks. This article describes a realistic evaluation of cooperative communications in a networking context. Insights obtained from this evaluation help guide work on cooperative communications toward practical and potentially beneficial protocols.
Stomach: Radial and Linear (2011)

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) examination of the stomach is often performed to evaluate subepithelial lesions, staging of mucosa associated lymphoid tumor (MALT) lymphomas, staging of gastric cancer, and evaluation of thickened gastric folds. In order to perform an accurate EUS examination of the stomach, it is necessary to understand the layered wall structure seen on ultrasound imaging. This chapter discusses techniques to obtain high-quality ultrasound images of the gastric wall and a description of the different layers seen on EUS imaging.
Towards new therapeutic approaches for malignant melanoma (2011)

Recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the initiation and progression of melanoma has created new opportunities for developing novel therapeutic modalities to manage this potentially lethal disease. Although at first glance, melanoma carcinogenesis appears to be a chaotic system, it is indeed, arguably, a deterministic multistep process involving sequential alterations of proto-oncogenes, tumour suppressors and miRNA genes. The scope of this article is to discuss the most recent and significant advances in melanoma molecular therapeutics. It is apparent that using single agents targeting solely individual melanoma pathways might be insufficient for long-term survival. However, the outstanding results on melanoma survival observed with novel selective inhibitors of B-RAF, such as PLX4032 give hope that melanoma can be cured. The fact that melanoma develops acquired resistance to PLX4032 emphasises the importance of simultaneously targeting several pathways. Because the most striking feature of melanoma is its unsurpassed ability to metastasise, it is important to implement newer systems for drug delivery adapted from research on stem cells and nanotechnology.
Only two sex forms but multiple gender variants: How to explain? (2018)

Are <i>sex</i> and <i>gende</i>r interchangeable terms? In classical biology, both are sometimes but not always used on an equal basis for some groups of animals. However, for our own species the <i>Homo sapiens,</i> they are not. A major question is why are there only two types of gametes (sperm- and egg cells), two types of sex steroids, (androgens and estrogens in vertebrates, and two types of ecdysteroids in insects), while the reproduction-related behaviour of the gamete producers displays a much greater variability than just two prominent forms, namely heterosexual males and heterosexual females? It indicates that in addition to a few sex-determining genes ( = the first pillar), other factors play a role. A second possible pillar is the still poorly understood cognitive memory system in which electrical phenomena and its association with the plasma membrane membrane-cytoskeletal complex of cells play a major role (learning, imitation and imprinting). This paper advances a third pillar, that hitherto has been almost completely ignored, namely the cellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>-homeostasis system, more specifically its sex-specific differences. Differential male-female genetics- and hormone-based Ca<sup>2+</sup>-homeostasis with effects on gender-related processes has been named <i>Calcigender</i> before. It will be argued that it follows from the principles of Ca<sup>2+</sup>- physiology and homeostasis that all individuals of a sexually reproducing animal population have a personalized gender behaviour. Thus, subdividing gender-behaviours in hetero-, homo-, bi-, trans- etc. which all result from a differential use of the very same basic physiological principles, is too primitive a system that may yield false sociological interpretations.
A method to analysis and design for long life power converter (2010)

Engineers are always looking for more reliable or longer life power converters. Electrolytic capacitor is the critical component to be considered. Using the powerful calculation tools like Mathcad and Matlab and allowable life model, this paper aims at proposing a method to optimize the circuit design to lower the current ripple through the electrolytic capacitor in order to reach for longer capacitor life. Comparison between two modes of operation and the two converter topologies, Forward and Flyback, are made as well. This work provides a guideline to design power converters for long life application like LED driver.
Preventing Hypothermia: Comparison of Current Devices Used by the U.S. Army with an In Vitro Warmed Crystalloid Fluid Model (2010)

Abstract : Multiple methods are utilized for thermoregulation of combat wounded as they proceed from the point of injury until their arrival in the United States. The purpose of this study was to develop an in vitro torso model constructed with fluid bags and to determine whether this model could be used to differentiate between the heat prevention performance of devices with active chemical or radiant forced-air heating systems compared with passive heat loss prevention devices.
Pulse Active Mean (PAM): A PIN supporting feature extraction algorithm for doubly secure authentication (2011)

This paper presents a new feature extraction technique called Pulse Active Mean (PAM) implemented on Electrocardiograms (ECG) for biometric authentication. A doubly secure ECG authentication framework is proposed which makes use of the important attributes of the PAM algorithm as a personal identification number (PIN). The PIN is used to extract different locations of ECG characteristics generating unique feature vectors. The presence of the correct PIN and ECG signals make the proposed authentication framework doubly secure. The performance of PAM is evaluated by comparing its receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve with traditional temporal and amplitude feature extraction techniques on 100 Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) subjects. The evaluation of the biometric performance when different values of PIN are presented is also investigated. It is shown in this paper that different PIN values generate different feature vector sets while still providing consistent authentication performance.
Biogasification of Walt Disney World biomass waste blend. Final report, January 1982-December 1985 (1986)

The objective of the research is to develop efficient processes for conversion of biomass-waste blends to methane and other resources. To evaluate the technical and economic feasibility, an experimental test unit (ETU) was designed and operated at the Reedy Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The facility integrates a biomethanogenic-conversion process with a wastewater-treatment process employing water hyacinth ponds for secondary and tertiary treatment of sewage. Harvested water hyacinth is subsequently combined with sludge from the primary wastewater clarifier and fed at 1-wet-ton per day to the ETU digester. This results in the production of methane and other useful products. The digester was operated as a non-mixed, solids concentrating digester to encourage higher solids and microorganism retention times. Data collected during six steady-state operating periods confirmed earlier laboratory observations that this digester consistently produces 15 to 25% higher methane yields and conversions when compared to conventional stirred-tank digester. Digester operation was evaluated at different loading rates, solids blend ratios and feed configurations. Results from the program have provided a data base for the design of larger conversion systems.
Adenoid Cystic/Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Prostate (2003)

Adenoid cystic/basal cell carcinoma (ACBCC) of the prostate has been considered to have indolent biologic potential. However, outcome data are scant, with only one documented metastasis and death. We describe clinicopathologic features of ACBCC in 19 patients and document outcome in 15. Patients ranged in age from 43 to 83 years. All but one presented with urinary obstruction. ACBCC was diagnosed by transurethral resection in 15 cases, by needle biopsy in 3 cases, and unexpected in 1 case. Four patients had concurrent acinar adenocarcinoma. Histologically, cribriform or adenoid cystic patterns predominated in 12 cases and basal cell carcinoma pattern in 7. Five cases had prominent perineural invasion. ACBCC was immunoreactive for p63 and cytokeratins 7 and 34 beta E12 but not cytokeratin 20. After diagnosis, 5 patients underwent radical prostatectomy, 2 underwent pelvic exenteration, and the rest had no treatment. ACBCC showed extraprostatic extension in 5 cases and involved the bladder margin in 3. Metastases developed in 4 (21%) patients: liver (2), lung (2), bowel (1), and corpus cavernosum (1). In 15 cases with follow-up (0.3-11.8 years), two patients died of cancer (at 1.5 and 3 years after diagnosis), 3 remain alive with cancer, and 10 have no evidence of cancer. Thus, ACBCC of the prostate is a potentially aggressive neoplasm requiring ablative therapy.
An in-depth theoretical approach to the design of Cu(ii) hybrid-spin magnets (2009)

The importance of strict adherence to proper symmetry and careful examination of various Jahn-Teller isomers was demonstrated on geometrically optimized models of Cu(acac)(2)(3NOPy)(2) and Cu(acac)(2)(4NOPy)(2) complexes. It was shown that qualitatively the results are basis-set-independent. Spin density distribution and natural orbital analysis allowed rationalization of the stable spin states of the complexes. Based on comparison between the characteristics of the free radical-ligand and the complex with Cu(acac)(2), a protocol for molecular design of Cu(II) spin-hybrid systems with desired magnetic properties is suggested.
Molded transparent photopolymers and phase shift optics for fabricating three dimensional nanostructures (2007)

This paper introduces approaches that combine micro/nanomolding, or nanoimprinting, techniques with proximity optical phase mask lithographic methods to form three dimensional (3D) nanostructures in thick, transparent layers of photopolymers. The results demonstrate three strategies of this type, where molded relief structures in these photopolymers represent (i) fine (<1 microm) features that serve as the phase masks for their own exposure, (ii) coarse features (>1 microm) that are used with phase masks to provide access to large structure dimensions, and (iii) fine structures that are used together phase masks to achieve large, multilevel phase modulations. Several examples are provided, together with optical modeling of the fabrication process and the transmission properties of certain of the fabricated structures. These approaches provide capabilities in 3D fabrication that complement those of other techniques, with potential applications in photonics, microfluidics, drug delivery and other areas.
Valvular surgery in Western Australia: a 15‐year review (1988)

Between 1970 and 1984, 1138 patients underwent the insertion of 1300 prosthetic heart valves in Western Australia; 56% received an aortic-valve replacement; 34% received a mitral-valve replacement and 10% had more than one valve replaced. Mechanical valves were used in 93% of patients before 1977, in 20% of patients between 1978 and 1982 and in 70% of patients from 1983 onwards. The 30-day mortality was 18% before 1973 and has been below 6% since 1974. The over-all, 15-year actuarial survival rate was 67%; this was not affected by age, sex, race, valvular position or the type of prosthesis. Both the 30-day mortality and 15-year survival rates were significantly worse in patients who underwent multiple valvular replacements (13% and 54%, respectively) or reoperation (16% and 58%, respectively). The major causes of death were cardiac failure and myocardial infarction (65%); endocarditis (13%); cancer (6%); and thromboembolism and bleeding (6%). The hazard rate for reoperation was low and fairly constant in patients with mechanical valves, but increased markedly after four years in patients with tissue valves. Although our experience so far suggests that survival rates are not affected by the choice of prosthesis, this may not be so in the future, as more patients with tissue valves undergo reoperation and so become exposed to an increased risk of mortality.
Figuring on energy: big oil's coal growth (1984)

The share of coal produced by US oil companies and their affiliates grew from 14.5% in 1974 to 23.4% in 1982 as a result of mergers and investments in western coal development. Concern that this will hinder competition between fuels ignores the varied nature of the 26 companies included in an Energy Information Administration annual report. The companies are involved in domestic and foreign oil and gas production and in oil and gas refining and marketing, in coal, uranium and nuclear, innovative energy, and nonenergy. The author cites six-year percentage breakdowns into profits, tangible assets, and new investment to summarize the shift in emphasis.