gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning a Deep Convolution Network with Turing Test Adversaries for\n Microscopy Image Super Resolution (2019)

Adversarially trained deep neural networks have significantly improved\nperformance of single image super resolution, by hallucinating photorealistic\nlocal textures, thereby greatly reducing the perception difference between a\nreal high resolution image and its super resolved (SR) counterpart. However,\napplication to medical imaging requires preservation of diagnostically relevant\nfeatures while refraining from introducing any diagnostically confusing\nartifacts. We propose using a deep convolutional super resolution network\n(SRNet) trained for (i) minimising reconstruction loss between the real and SR\nimages, and (ii) maximally confusing learned relativistic visual Turing test\n(rVTT) networks to discriminate between (a) pair of real and SR images (T1) and\n(b) pair of patches in real and SR selected from region of interest (T2). The\nadversarial loss of T1 and T2 while backpropagated through SRNet helps it learn\nto reconstruct pathorealism in the regions of interest such as white blood\ncells (WBC) in peripheral blood smears or epithelial cells in histopathology of\ncancerous biopsy tissues, which are experimentally demonstrated here.\nExperiments performed for measuring signal distortion loss using peak signal to\nnoise ratio (pSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) with variation of SR scale\nfactors, impact of rVTT adversarial losses, and impact on reporting using SR on\na commercially available artificial intelligence (AI) digital pathology system\nsubstantiate our claims.\n
NITRIC OXIDE FORMATION AS PREDICTIVE PARAMETER FOR ACUTE GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE AFTER HUMAN ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION (1995)

Due to the accumulation of evidence concerning a putative role of nitric oxide (NO) in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), we performed follow-up measurements of the stable end-products of NO, nitrite/nitrate (NO2-/NO3-) in plasma of patients undergoing allogeneic (n = 16) and autologous (n = 6, as a control) bone marrow transplantation. NO2-/NO3- concentrations were set in relation to the clinical course and to serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 75 (sT-NFrec 75) and neopterin, both of which are known to be sensitive indicators of cellular immune activation phenomena involving macrophages in vivo, and endogenous interleukin (IL)-10, a major T helper cell type 2 (TH-2)-derived cytokine and potent inhibitor of macrophage activation and NO formation. A significant rise of NO2-/NO3- levels was observed in patients with GVHD and preceded the onset of clinical symptoms by up to 3 days. In contrast to indicators of macrophage activation, i.e., neopterin and sT-NFrec75, NO2-/NO3- concentrations were not significantly altered from baseline levels during infectious complications, as NO2-/NO3- concentrations did not fluctuate in patients after autologous engraftment. During episodes of acute GVHD, NO2-/NO3- concentrations showed a strong positive correlation with levels of plasma neopterin and sTNFrec 75, but were also significantly related to IL-10. In non-GVHD patients, a negative correlation between IL-10 and NO2-/NO3- concentrations was evident. Therefore, NO2-/NO3- determination may be a valuable early indicator of the initiation of human GVHD. Our results provide some further insights concerning cytokine-related metabolic changes in the course of human GVHD in vivo which may prove useful in the development of new therapeutic approaches for this disease.
Multielement Concentration for Trace Elements (1981)

I. INTRODUCTION In order to avoid misunderstanding, it is necessary to give clear definitions about the three terms used in the title: "multielement", "trace element", and "concentration".
Coupled computational fluid and multi-body dynamics suspension boat modeling (2017)

Multiphysics modeling, code development, and validation by full-scale experiments is presented for hydrodynamic/suspension-dynamic interactions of a novel ocean vehicle, the Wave Adaptive Modular Vessel (WAM-V). The boat is a pontoon catamaran with hinged engine pods and elevated payload supported by suspension and articulation systems. Computational fluid dynamics models specific to WAM-V are developed which include hinged pod dynamics, water-jet propulsion modeling, and immersed boundary method for flow in the gap between pontoon and pod. Multi-body dynamics modeling for the suspension and upper-structure dynamic is developed in MATLAB Simulink. Coupled equations of motion are developed and solved iteratively through either one-way or two-way coupling methods to converge on flow-field, pontoon motions, pod motions, waterjet forces, and suspension motions. Validation experiments include cylinder drop with suspended mass and 33-feet WAM-V sea-trials in calm water and waves. Computational results show that two-way coupling is necessary to capture the physics of the interactions. The experimental trends are predicted well and errors are mostly comparable to those for rigid boats, however, in some cases the errors are larger, which is expected due to the complexity of the current studies. Ride quality analyses show that WAM-V suspension is effective in reducing payload vertical accelerations in waves by 73% compared to the same boat with rigid upper-structure.
Analysis of outrigger numbers and locations in outrigger braced structures using a multiobjective genetic algorithm (2017)

Summary Due to its advantages, the outrigger braced system has been employed in high‐rise structures for the last 3 decades. It is evident that the numbers and locations of outriggers in this system have a crucial impact on the performance of high‐rise buildings. In this paper, a multiobjective genetic algorithm (MGA) is applied to an existing mathematical model of outrigger braced structures and a practical project to achieve Pareto optimal solutions, which treat the top drift and core base moment of a high‐rise building as 2 trade‐off objective functions. MATLAB was employed to explore a multiobjective automatic optimization procedure for the optimal design of outrigger numbers and locations under wind load. In this research, various schemes for the preliminary stages of design can be obtained using MGA. This allows designers and clients easily to compare the performance of structural systems with different numbers of outriggers in different locations. In addition, design results based on MGA offer many other benefits, such as diversity, flexible options for designers, and active client participation.
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor therapy for hematologic malignancies (2013)

In general, the antitumor efficacy of CDK inhibitor monotherapy is modest, and rational combinations are being explored, including those involving other targeted agents. While selective CDK4/6 inhibition might be effective against certain malignancies, broad-spectrum CDK inhibition will likely be required for most cancers.
Influence of preservation method on histopathological lesions of kidney allografts. (2009)

Kidneys preserved by cold storage are more frequently affected by chronic rejection and interstitial fibrosis.
Polyimide Matrices For Carbon–Carbon Composites With Turbostratic Structure (2011)

Founded in 1683 in Leiden, the Netherlands, Brill is a leading international academic publisher in the Humanities, Social Sciences, International Law, and Biology. With offices in the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, the USA and Asia, Brill today publishes more than 360 journals and 2,000 new books and reference works each year as well as a large number of databases and primary source research collections.
Epilepsie-onderzoek: from bed to bench and back to bed? (2022)

De hoeksteen van epilepsiebehandeling is het gebruik van anticonvulsieve medicijnen. Echter, niet iedere patiënt wordt aanvalsvrii met de bestaande medicijnen. Hierdoor is onderzoek naar anticonvulsieve medicijnen met unieke werkingsmechanismen nog steeds noodzakelijk. Er zijn verscheidene strategieën mogelijk bij de zoektocht naar dergelijke middelen, waarbij translatie en back-translatie kunnen bijdragen aan nieuwere, innovatieve anticonvulsieve medicijnen voor patiënten met epilepsie wereldwijd.
Qualification and reliability of thermoelectric coolers for use in laser modules (2002)

Reviews extensive data on both environmental testing and life testing (greater than one-million device hours of biased aging) of thermoelectric coolers (TECs) and discusses the dominant failure modes possible during a typical 20-year lifetime. Results indicate that the proper procurement, packaging, and screening of TECs can provide failure rates much less than the 1300 FITs quoted by Bellcore. The overall reliability of standard 18 couple TECs installed in the Astrotec Laser Module are found to be 359 FITs at 10 years, assuming a 40 degrees C T/sub HOT/ and a 20 degrees C Delta T. The random failure rate is 140 FITs at 60% confidence limit based on laboratory aging data alone.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Pharmacologic eigenvalues: beating the rap on bone marrow failure (2010)

Patients suffering from sustained acute or chronic illness often have decreased white blood cell and platelet counts as well as anemia, and bone marrow studies routinely show only decreased numbers of blood precursor cells. While much has been recently learned about the cause of isolated anemia, the pathogenesis of true bone marrow failure (i.e., low bone marrow cellularity and low counts in multiple blood lineages) has remained elusive. In this issue of the JCI, Chen et al. present evidence that overactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in HSCs is found in two mouse models of bone marrow failure, and they show that treatment with rapamycin significantly normalizes the low blood counts.
Effect of Increased β-Glucosidase Activity on Virulence of Erwinia amylovora (1987)

Plant tissues often contain beta-glucosides that can be enzymatically hydrolyzed to produce toxic aglycones. It has been suggested that the low beta-glucosidase activity found in Erwinia amylovora contributes to bacterial virulence by allowing the bacteria to infect plants that contain beta-glucosides without inducing the formation of toxic aglycones. To test this suggestion, we created strains of E. amylovora which had high beta-glucosidase activities and studied the ability of these strains to cause fire blight disease in pears (Pyrus communis). We isolated spontaneous mutants that were able to utilize beta-glucosides as the sole carbon source and showed that one class had about 10 times as much beta-glucosidase activity as the wild-type strain. In addition, we constructed several plasmids that carry the Escherichia coli bgl operon under the control of a transposon Tn5 promoter that is expressed in E. amylovora. These plasmids were introduced in E. amylovora by transformation. Pathogenesis studies in immature Bartlett pear fruits, etiolated sprouts, and young shoots showed that a 100-fold increase in beta-glucosidase activity does not interfere with normal development of fire blight disease in these model systems.
Ultrasonic Nondestructive Approach on Fiber Orientation Inspection in CFRP Composite Laminates (2007)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Designing New Analogs for Streamlining the Structure of Cytotoxic Lamellarin Natural Products (2015)

Despite the therapeutic potential of marine-derived lamellarin natural products, their preclinical development has been hampered by their lipophilic nature, causing very poor aqueous solubility. In order to develop more drug-like analogs, their structure was streamlined in this study from both the cytotoxic activity and lipophilicity standpoints. First, a modified total synthetic route was successfully devised to construct a library of 59 systematically designed lamellarin analogs, which were then subjected to cytotoxicity and log P determinations. Along with the 25 first-generation lamellarins previously synthesized in our laboratory, the structure-activity and structure-lipophilicity relationships were extensively evaluated. Our results clearly indicated the additional structural requirements around the lamellarin skeleton which, when combined with those reported previously, can provide invaluable guidance for further modifications to increase the aqueous solubility of these compounds.
Elasticity and flow properties of actin gels (1990)

Actin gels formed by polymerizing monomeric actin have been studied by use of small amplitude oscillatory deformations and steady shear flow. The length of actin filaments within the gel was varied by copolymerization in the presence of the filament-capping protein gelsolin. The results for short filaments are in qualitative agreement with a model for semi-dilute solutions of inter-penetrating rods. Long filaments give rise to additional motions, believed to be flexing of rods. Steady shear viscosities, at high shear rates, are independent of initial filament length. Results are explained as due to breaking of filaments in shear flows.
OSPRay - A CPU Ray Tracing Framework for Scientific Visualization (2016)

Scientific data is continually increasing in complexity, variety and size, making efficient visualization and specifically rendering an ongoing challenge. Traditional rasterization-based visualization approaches encounter performance and quality limitations, particularly in HPC environments without dedicated rendering hardware. In this paper, we present OSPRay, a turn-key CPU ray tracing framework oriented towards production-use scientific visualization which can utilize varying SIMD widths and multiple device backends found across diverse HPC resources. This framework provides a high-quality, efficient CPU-based solution for typical visualization workloads, which has already been integrated into several prevalent visualization packages. We show that this system delivers the performance, high-level API simplicity, and modular device support needed to provide a compelling new rendering framework for implementing efficient scientific visualization workflows.
Active Tunable Absorption Enhancement with Graphene Nanodisk Arrays (2013)

If not for its inherently weak optical absorption at visible and infrared wavelengths, graphene would show exceptional promise for optoelectronic applications. Here we show that by nanopatterning a graphene layer into an array of closely packed graphene nanodisks, its absorption efficiency can be increased from less than 3% to 30% in the infrared region of the spectrum. We examine the dependence of the enhanced absorption on nanodisk size and interparticle spacing. By incorporating graphene nanodisk arrays into an active device, we demonstrate that this enhanced absorption efficiency is voltage-tunable, indicating strong potential for nanopatterned graphene as an active medium for infrared electro-optic devices.
All-optical logic gates based on two-dimensional low-refractive-index nonlinear photonic crystal slabs (2011)

This article demonstrates theoretical design of ultracompact all-optical AND, NAND, OR, and NOR gates with two-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal slabs. Compound Ag-polymer film with a low refractive index and large third-order nonlinearity is adopted as our nonlinear material and photonic crystal cavities with a relatively high quality factor of about 2000 is designed on this polymer slab. Numerical simulations show that all-optical logic gates with low pump-power in the order of tens of MW/cm2 can be achieved. These design results may provide very useful schemes and approaches for the realization of all-optical logic gates with low-cost, low-pump-power, high-contrast and ultrafast response-time.
Toward Unified Control of a Powered Prosthetic Leg: A Simulation Study (2017)

This brief presents a novel control strategy for a powered knee-ankle prosthesis that unifies the entire gait cycle, eliminating the need to switch between controllers during different periods of gait. A reduced-order Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT) is used to define virtual constraints that continuously parameterize periodic joint patterns as functions of a mechanical phasing variable. In order to leverage the provable stability properties of Hybrid Zero Dynamics (HZD), hybrid-invariant Bézier polynomials are converted into unified DFT virtual constraints for various walking speeds. Simulations of an amputee biped model show that the unified prosthesis controller approximates the behavior of the original HZD design under ideal scenarios and has advantages over the HZD design when hybrid invariance is violated by mismatches with the human controller. Two implementations of the unified virtual constraints, a feedback linearizing controller and a more practical joint impedance controller, produce similar results in simulation.
Securing Power System State Estimation (2016)

In power system, state estimation is the basis of protecting and controlling the power grid. However, attackers can interfere the normal state estimating processes by strategically altering certain measurements through false data injection (FDI) attack. To address this problem, a typical solution is deploying a large amount of phasor measurement units (PMUs) at substations with necessary protection. However, the high expenses has limited the large-scale deployment of PMUs in reality. In this paper we present a methodology to ensure the power system state estimation through assessing risks and further providing protection schemes considering constrains of the grid operator. Firstly, we propose a risk assessment model composed of quantifying the importance-level of substations and computing the attack cost under a given security strategy. Furthermore, based on the model we introduce an optimal countermeasure synthesis approach which maximizes the attack cost and protects the most important substations. Simulations on standard IEEE test cases demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of our framework. Our results indicate that protecting a small number of strategically chosen substations can significantly enhance the system security towards FDI attacks.
Compressed Communication for Distributed Deep Learning: Survey and Quantitative Evaluation (2020)

Powerful computer clusters are used nowadays to train complex deep neural networks (DNN) on large datasets. Distributed training workloads increasingly become communication bound. For this reason, many lossy compression techniques have been proposed to reduce the volume of transferred data. Unfortunately, it is difficult to argue about the behavior of compression methods, because existing work relies on inconsistent evaluation testbeds and largely ignores the performance impact of practical system configurations.&#13;\n&#13;\nIn this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of the most influential compressed communication methods for DNN training, together with an intuitive classification (i.e., quantization, sparsification, hybrid and low-rank). We also propose a unified framework and API that allows for consistent and easy implementation of compressed communication on popular machine learning toolkits. We instantiate our API on TensorFlow and PyTorch, and implement 16 such methods. Finally, we present a thorough quantitative evaluation with a variety of DNNs (convolutional and recurrent), datasets and system configurations. We show that the DNN architecture affects the relative performance among methods. Interestingly, depending on the underlying communication library and computational cost of compression/decompression, we demonstrate that some methods may be impractical.
Carbon capture with polyethylenimine hydrogel beads (PEI HBs) (2018)

A new class of CO<sub>2</sub> sorbents, namely polyethylenimine hydrogel beads (PEI HBs), has been developed <italic>via</italic> a simple one-step crosslinking reaction of PEI using epichlorohydrin (EPC).
Transcriptional Activation of the Ovine Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-β Gene by Gonadotropin- Releasing Hormone Involves Multiple Signal Transduction Pathways (2002)

GnRH regulates gonadotrope cells through GnRH receptor activation of the PKC-, MAPK-, and calcium-activated signaling cascades. Due to the paucity of homologous model systems expressing FSHbeta, little is known about the specific mechanisms involved in transcriptional regulation of this gene by GnRH. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the gonadotrope-derived LbetaT2 cell line expresses FSHbeta mRNA. In the present study we characterized the mechanisms involved in GnRH regulation of the FSHbeta promoter using this cell model. Using transfection assays, we show that GnRH regulation of the ovine FSHbeta promoter involves at least two elements, present between -4152/-2878 and -2550/-1089 bp, in association with one or several elements within the proximal region of the promoter. Surprisingly, the two activating protein-1 sites previously shown to be involved in the FSHbeta response to GnRH in heterologous cells do not play a role in GnRH responsiveness in the gonadotrope cell model. Here we demonstrate that calcium influx itself is not sufficient to confer the response, but it is necessary for both 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and GnRH induction of the FSHbeta gene. Moreover, we show that GnRH regulation of FSHbeta gene expression is mediated by PKC and establish the presence of multiple PKC isozymes in LbetaT2 cells. Interestingly, GnRH and TPA induce activity of the FSHbeta promoter through different, although possibly overlapping, pools of PKC isoforms. This is further supported by the use of a MAPK inhibitor, which abolishes the induction of FSHbeta by GnRH, but not by TPA. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that calcium, PKC, and MAPK signaling systems are all involved in the induction of FSHbeta gene expression by GnRH in the LbetaT2 mouse gonadotrope cell model.