gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reliability Aspects of Lead-Free Solders in Electronic Assemblies (2004)

The implementation of lead (Pb)-free technology in microelectronics very much depends on the reliability of interconnections, in addition to other aspects. Thus, the focus of this chapter is on the reliability of lead-free interconnections in electronic assemblies. In the ensuing sections, some reliability fundamentals and reliability requirements are reviewed ﬁrst. Reliability or long-term product performance under thermal and/or mechanical loading conditions depends on a number of factors. Some of the signiﬁcant factors include the composition and physical properties of the interconnection alloy, printed wiring board (PWB) surface ﬁnish, and component lead termination ﬁnish. As the size of package-to-board interconnections becomes ever smaller due to electronic miniaturization and implementation of technologies such as direct chip attachment, additional complexities that aﬀect reliability come into play. Variations introduced in the assembly process can also aﬀect the ultimate product reliability. Reliability-conscious organizations address the issues by utilizing a combination of accelerated testing and modeling methods. Modeling and simulation provide an evaluation of potential reliability and the opportunity to optimize a package design through iterated evaluation of subsequent model validations with input from accelerated test condition ﬁndings. Tests are carried out until a suﬃcient number of failures occur in order to identify diﬀerent failure mechanisms that may be operating and to obtain statistically signiﬁcant failure distributions. The test methods selected must mimic actual loads that a product is anticipated to experience in the ﬁeld, especially in regard to portable consumer products such as cellular phones, personal digital assistants, camcorders, etc. A multitude of thin-walled microvias with a variety of copper thickness, interconnections with extremely small solder volumes, board warpage, and poorly shaped solder joints all become concerns for product reliability. The test methods include cyclical bending, mechanical drop and shock, and vibration caused during product transportation. This chapter provides an overview of these various aspects.
A Method for FLIR Target Tracking Based on Distance Updating (2008)

This paper deals with the problem that how to use the distance information of millimeter wave (MMW) radar in the target-tracking of forward looking infrared (FLIR) image sequences. Many conventional image based trackers use timing updating to update template, but how to confirm an appropriate updating period is a difficult problem. However, the presence of noise and image magnification as the camera approaches the target may cause a tracked template to drift. In a MMW/FLIR dual-mode seeking guidance system, MMW radar can provide the precise distance between the missile and the target. The distance information can be used to direct how to update template. Firstly, a distance updating strategy is confirmed after image blowup's influence on pertinence is analyzed. Secondly, magnified template is used to direct template updating after images are magnified by distance information. Lastly, an adaptive template updating algorithm using distance information is presented. Results acquired for real FLIR images obtained from an aircraft are presented. Experiments results show that the higher tracking accuracy and the stronger stability are obtained in the algorithm proposed than those in other methods.
Determining accurate and reliable motion fields for motion-compensated interpolation (1995)

How to obtain accurate and reliable motion fields is a key problem for motion-compensated (MC) interpolation in video coding. An improved pel-based motion estimation algorithm with smoothness constraints is presented. In order to cope with various moving objects and their complex motion, a hierarchical motion estimation algorithm is discussed. The experimental results show that the motion fields obtained are quite smooth and approximate to real motion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and age are strong indicators for atherosclerosis in morbid obesity (2014)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and age may be independent risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis in obese individuals. Obese men and women with steatosis aged over 43·5 and 47·5 years, respectively, should be screened for carotid atherosclerosis. However, further evidence is necessary before suggesting an intervention based on current findings.
A cell based super low power CMOS crystal oscillator with 'on chip' tuning capacitors (2002)

The author presents a cell based, super low power CMOS crystal oscillator with no external components. this oscillator provides a typical dynamic current of 200 nano amps at 3.0 volts battery. The oscillator tuning is accomplished by programming the 'on chips' variable input capacitors. It is totally nonvolatile with over ten years of operation from a single 3.0 volt lithium battery. It has been fabricated in both 3 mu , p- well and 1.5 mu , n-well technologies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Early Detection of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Downy Mildew (Peronospora) and Diurnal Variations Using Thermal Imaging (2022)

Agricultural industry is facing a serious threat from plant diseases that cause production and economic losses. Early information on disease development can improve disease control using suitable management strategies. This study sought to detect downy mildew (<i>Peronospora</i>) on grapevine (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>) leaves at early stages of development using thermal imaging technology and to determine the best time during the day for image acquisition. In controlled experiments, 1587 thermal images of grapevines grown in a greenhouse were acquired around midday, before inoculation, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days after an inoculation. In addition, images of healthy and infected leaves were acquired at seven different times during the day between 7:00 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. Leaves were segmented using the active contour algorithm. Twelve features were derived from the leaf mask and from meteorological measurements. Stepwise logistic regression revealed five significant features used in five classification models. Performance was evaluated using K-folds cross-validation. The support vector machine model produced the best classification accuracy of 81.6%, F1 score of 77.5% and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.874. Acquiring images in the morning between 10:40 a.m. and 11:30 a.m. resulted in 80.7% accuracy, 80.5% F1 score, and 0.895 AUC.
Stroke Rehabilitation Care in Italy (2009)

Franceschini M, Paolucci S, Perrero L, Polverelli M, Zampolini M, Giustini A: Stroke Rehabilitation Care in Italy.
Stimulation of A1 adenosine receptors mimics the electroencephalographic effects of sleep deprivation (1995)

N6-Cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), an A1 adenosine receptor agonist, increased EEG slow-wave activity in nonREM sleep when administered either systemically (0.1-3 mg/kg) or intracerebroventricularly (3.5-10 micrograms) in the rat. The power spectrum of EEG changes (as calculated by Fourier analysis) matched that produced by total sleep deprivation in the rat. The effects of CPA on the nonREM-sleep EEG were dose-dependent. These findings suggest that adenosine is an endogenous mediator of sleep-deprivation induced increases in EEG slow-wave activity, and therefore that increased adenosine release is a concomitant of accumulation of sleep need and may be involved in homeostatic feedback control of sleep expression.
The Effects of Fuel Evaporation on the Octane Number of Methanol-Gasoline Blended Fuels (1994)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A procedure is described to estimate the influence of end-gas temperature on Octane Number. Blending methanol with gasoline is known to cause a disproportionate increase in Research Octane Number, and this is found to correlate well with the evaporative cooling characteristics of these blends. The Motor Octane Number test eliminates evaporative effects, and the difference between the two test methods is evaluated in terms of evaporative cooling. It is concluded that the high heat of vaporization of methanol is largely responsible for the excellent RON performance of methanol-gasoline blended fuels.&lt;/div&gt;
A new phase noise reduction technique for MMIC oscillators (2003)

A novel technique for reducing oscillator phase noise has been demonstrated. The technique utilizes a pair of limiting diodes to keep the metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor operating in a linear region. An X-band monolithic microwave integrated circuit oscillator was designed, fabricated, and tested to demonstrate the concept. A reduction of 15 dB in phase noise at 5 kHz from the carrier was measured. The technique is ideal for GaAs monolithic implementation, and can also be applied to silicon bipolar-based oscillators for phase-noise reduction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Brain-specific Proteins Decline in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Humans with Huntington Disease (2008)

We integrated five sets of proteomics data profiling the constituents of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) derived from Huntington disease (HD)-affected and -unaffected individuals with genomics data profiling various human and mouse tissues, including the human HD brain. Based on an integrated analysis, we found that brain-specific proteins are 1.8 times more likely to be observed in CSF than in plasma, that brain-specific proteins tend to decrease in HD CSF compared with unaffected CSF, and that 81% of brain-specific proteins have quantitative changes concordant with transcriptional changes identified in different regions of HD brain. The proteins found to increase in HD CSF tend to be liver-associated. These protein changes are consistent with neurodegeneration, microgliosis, and astrocytosis known to occur in HD. We also discuss concordance between laboratories and find that ratios of individual proteins can vary greatly, but the overall trends with respect to brain or liver specificity were consistent. Concordance is highest between the two laboratories observing the largest numbers of proteins.
Study on wavelength cross-connect realized with wavelength selective switches (2006)

A novel structure for wavelength cross-connect (WXC) is proposed using the wavelength selective switch (WSS) devices. A 4/spl times/4 WXC node is realized and tested. The key technologies for the WSS based WXC node are also discussed.
[SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES]. (2016)

An update on the development and trials of synthetic peptide vaccines is reviewed. The review considers the successful examples of specific protection as a result of immunization with synthetic peptides using various protocols. The importance of conformation for the immunogenicity of the peptide is pointed out. An alternative strategy of the protection of the organism against the infection using synthetic peptides is suggested.
Pd decoration of on-chip grown ZnO nanorods for ethanol detection (2016)

We have decorated on - chip grown ZnO nanorods (NRs) with Pd particles by sputtering for better ethanol detection . Size of the sputtered Pd particles determines response of the ZnO NRs to ethanol . ZnO - Pd 2 nm sample is about twice to three times more sensitive to ethanol compared with ZnO - Pd 4 nm and ZnO - Pd 8 nm samples depending on temperature and concentration of ethanol . ZnO - Pd 2 nm response s and recover s also very fast , e specially at 450 °C . Bigger Pd particles will worsen and even terminate sensing performance of the sensor to ethanol , as seen with 4 nm and 8 nm Pd.
Improvement of critical current density of MgB 2 bulk superconductor processed by Spark Plasma Sintering (2020)

Abstract Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) is a promising rapid consolidation technique that allows a better understanding and optimization of the sintering kinetics and therefore makes it possible to obtain MgB 2 bulk superconductor with tailored microstructures consisting of grains with either spherical or elongated morphology. In this contribution, the role of the precursor powders on the superconducting properties of MgB 2 is investigated. Three sets of bulk MgB 2 material were processed from: (i) a commercially available MgB 2 powder; (ii) a mixture of Mg metal and amorphous B using a single‐step solid‐state reaction process and (iii) a mixture of amorphous boron coated with carbon and Mg metal. The samples were prepared in the same SPS processing conditions. The microstructure of the samples was investigated by X‐ray diffraction, SEM and TEM and correlated to their superconducting properties. The critical current density of the best sample at 20K was J c = 500 kA/cm 2 in self‐field, which is one of the highest critical current density reported for MgB 2 bulk superconductors.
Value-Added Humic Acid Derived from Lignite Using Novel Solid-Phase Activation Process with Pd/CeO2 Nanocatalyst: A Physiochemical Study (2017)

Soil, air, and water pollution caused by lignite is considered a serious environmental problem. Activation methods thus have been developed to extract humic acid from lignite to support the agricultural production as the soil amendment or fertilizer synergist. The traditional activation methods of humic acid from lignite, however, are not environmentally friendly. As the first study, this work developed a novel solid-phase activation method with a Pd/CeO2 nanocatalyst for lignite-derived humic acid. This study analyzed the morphology and structures of the as-synthesized Pd/CeO2 nanocatalyst with various characterization tools. The mechanisms of the Pd/CeO2 nanocatalyst for lignite activation were determined. The Pd/CeO2 catalyst effectively promoted the production of water-soluble humic acids from lignite via KOH solid-phase activation at room temperature. It increased the amount of small molecular active groups and the corresponding small molecules of humic acid. The existence of a strong synergistic effect at the interface sites between Pd/CeO2 nanoparticles and lignite was one of the key factors for the outstanding catalytic performance. In conclusion, this study has great application perspectives for reducing lignite pollution and increasing humic acid utilization by crops, which can improve the sustainability of the environment and agricultural systems.
Quantifying the impact of runoff events on microbiological contaminant concentrations entering surface drinking source waters (2005)

Concentrations of microbiological contaminants in streams increase during rainfall-induced higher flow 'event' periods as compared to 'baseflow' conditions. If the stream feeds a drinking water reservoir, such periods of heightened pathogen loads may pose a challenge to the water treatment plant and subsequently a health concern to water consumers downstream. In order to manage this risk, it is desirable to first quantify the differences in surface water quality between baseflow and event conditions. The Event Mean Concentration (EMC) is a flow-weighted average concentration of a contaminant over the duration of a single event, proposed here as a standard parameter for quantifying the net effect of events on microbial water quality. Application of the EMC concept was assessed using flow and quality data for several events from an urbanised catchment. Expected mean EMCs were significantly larger than expected mean baseflow concentrations (p-value< or =0.012) for three microbial agents - Escherichia coil (13,000 [n = 7] v. 610 [n = 16] mpn/100 ml), Cryptosporidium (234 [n = 6] v. 51 [n = 16] oocysts/10 litres) and Campylobacter (48 [n = 5] v. 2.1 [n = 16] mpn/100ml). These parameter estimates were complemented by estimating data variability and uncertainty in the form of second-order random variables. As such the results are in a format appropriate for potential use as components in probabilistic risk assessments evaluating the effect runoff events have on drinking water quality.
Microgel Translocation through Pores under Confinement (2010)

Tight fit: Hydrogel microparticles can conform to and pass through pores up to 10 times smaller than the particle diameter (see picture). Network flexibility of this extent is unprecedented in the context of pore passage. Microgels even show such compressibility and prepenetration at size ratios and pressure differentials comparable to physiological renal filtration conditions, making them of potential interest in drug-delivery applications.
Development of selective lateral photoelectrochemical etching of InGaN/GaN for lift-off applications (2001)

The authors have developed a wet band gap-selective photoelectrochemical etching process to produce deep undercuts (∼500 μm) into InGaN/GaN heterostructures. These undercuts were used in a lift-off process which successfully transferred device-scale (100 μm diameter, 5 μm thick) disks from their underlying sapphire substrates to another substrate. Experiments were conducted using a lamp-and-filter arrangement, employing n-type and p-type GaN pieces as filters. Polishing was conducted to smooth the resulting substrate-transferred GaN disks.
Endoscopic closure of esophageal intrathoracic leaks: stent versus endoscopic vacuum-assisted closure, a retrospective analysis (2013)

EVAC is an effective endoscopic treatment option for intrathoracic leaks and showed higher effectiveness than stent placement in our cohort.
6.25 Gb/s POF Link Using GaN μLED Arrays and Optically Generated Pulse Amplitude Modulation (2015)

Optically-generated PAM schemes using μLED arrays are implemented for high-speed POF links for the first time. 6.25Gb/s PAM-16 transmission is demonstrated using 4 μLEDs, exhibiting 3.8dB greater power-margin than a link with a single μLED.
Development of new emitting amorphous molecular materials for organic light-emitting diodes (2004)

Molecular design concepts, synthesis, and properties of a few novel classes of emitting amorphous molecular materials with desired bipolar character are described. They include &#945;,&#969;-bis{4-[bis(4-methylphenyl)amino]- phenyl}oligothiophene (BMA-nT), &#960;-electron systems end-capped with 4-[bis(9,9-dimethylfluoren-2-yl)amino]-phenyl group (BFA), and &#945;-{4-[bis(9,9-dimethyl-fluoren-2-yl)amino]phenyl}-&#969;-(dimesitylboryl)oligothiophene (FlAMB-nT) families. Fabrication and performance of organic light-emitting diodes using these emitting materials are discussed.
Bioimage Analysis and Cell Motility (2021)

Bioimage analysis (BIA) has historically helped study <i>how</i> and <i>why</i> cells move; biological experiments evolved in intimate feedback with the most classical image processing techniques because they contribute objectivity and reproducibility to an eminently qualitative science. Cell segmentation, tracking, and morphology descriptors are all discussed here. Using ameboid motility as a case study, these methods help us illustrate how proper quantification can augment biological data, for example, by choosing mathematical representations that amplify initially subtle differences, by statistically uncovering general laws or by integrating physical insight. More recently, the non-invasive nature of quantitative imaging is fertilizing two blooming fields: mechanobiology, where many biophysical measurements remain inaccessible, and microenvironments, where the quest for physiological relevance has exploded data size. From relief to remedy, this trend indicates that BIA is to become a main vector of biological discovery as human visual analysis struggles against ever more complex data.
Surface reactions of metal clusters I: The fast flow cluster reactor (1985)

A new fast flow device for the study of metal cluster reactions in the gas phase is described and characterized. The new device utilizes metal clusters made by laser vaporization of an appropriate metal target mounted in the throat of a supersonic nozzle which exhausts into a fast-flow reaction tube. Reactants are injected into the flowing helium–metal cluster mixture at a point in the flow tube where shock waves have reheated the gas to roughly 320 K. Turbulence in the wake of these shock waves produces efficient mixing of the reactants. Measurement of the flow properties of this reaction tube indicate a residence time of 150–200 μs with an average density of helium buffer gas equivalent to 50–100 Torr at room temperature. Subsequent free expansion of this reaction mixture into a large vacuum chamber produces a supersonic beam with extensive cooling of the various constituents in the mixture (pyrazine was measured to be rotationally cooled to 10 K). The new cluster reaction device is, therefore, an excellent source for future studies of the jet-cooled metal cluster reaction products themselves.
The Volatility of Stock Market Prices (1987)

If the volatility of stock market prices is to be understood in terms of the efficient markets hypothesis, then there should be evidence that true investment value changes through time sufficiently to justify the price changes. Three indicators of change in true investment value of the aggregate stock market in the United States from 1871 to 1986 are considered: changes in dividends, in real interest rates, and in a direct measure of intertemporal marginal rates of substitution. Although there are some ambiguities in interpreting the evidence, dividend changes appear to contribute very little toward justifying the observed historical volatility of stock prices. The other indicators contribute some, but still most of the volatility of stock market prices appears unexplained.
Satellite RNA for the control of plant diseases caused by cucumber mosaic virus (1987)

SUMMARY Two virus‐protecting strains, S 51 and S 52 , were obtained for the control of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) by local lesion selection after adding satellite RNA to the RNA genome of CMV. Both were found to protect pepper plants against a virulent strain of CMV under greenhouse and field conditions. Results from 14 localities in China indicated that the use of protective strains decreased the disease index by 21.6% to 82.8% and increased fruit yields by 10.8% to 55.6%. The host reactions and safety of S 51 and S 52 were tested, and the effects of the strains on plant growth were also investigated. Possible mechanisms of control of CMV‐caused plant diseases by mild strains are discussed.
Human rhinovirus infection causes different DNA methylation changes in nasal epithelial cells from healthy and asthmatic subjects (2014)

We describe for the first time that Human rhinovirus infection causes DNA methylation changes in airway epithelial cells that differ between asthmatic and healthy subjects. These epigenetic differences may possibly explain the mechanism by which respiratory viruses cause asthma exacerbations.
Measuring Precision Wideband Stellar Spectra using a Dispersed Interferometer (2013)

We demonstrate an interferometric method for increasing a dispersive spectrograph’s resolution by large factors beyond classical limits at full simultaneous bandwidth, on the Triplespec near-infrared spectrograph on Mt. Palomar’s 200 inch telescope.