gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic Car Plate Reading System Based on Colour Image Processing (2005)

A car plate reading system can be divided into the following steps: preprocessing, plate region extraction, plate region thresholding, character segmentation, character recognition and post-processing. For plate region extraction, a combination of the colour and shape information of plate is used and a satisfactory extraction result is achieved. For plate region thresholding, first a channel is selected, then the threshold is computed and finally the region is thresholded. For character segmentation, the character is segmented along vertical, horizontal and vertical directions and the sloping angle is also computed. For a seriously sloped plate, rotation(anti-slope) is needed. For character recognition, the minimum Euclidian distance is used. And for those confusing characters such as ‘8’ ‘B’ and‘0’‘D’, a special processing is necessary. And finally, for post-processing, validity is checked by machine and manually. The experimental results indicate that our automatic car plate reading system based on colour image processing is quite quick and accurate.
Outer membrane complex proteins ofChlamydia pneumoniae (1993)

The protein composition of the outer membrane complex (OMC) of Chlamydia pneumoniae strain AR-39 was analyzed by metabolic labeling with [35S]methionine and [35S]cysteine. Cysteine-rich proteins with molecular masses of 98, 60 doublet, 39.5 (MOMP) and 15.5 kDa were found in the OMC of C. pneumoniae. The cysteine-rich proteins of the OMCs of the three Chlamydia species showed specific reaction patterns by immunoassay and autoradiography to rabbit or turkey immune sera. Recognition of the MOMP and 60-kDa proteins of the three species was cross-reactive. However, the C. pneumoniae 98-kDa protein was recognized by anti-C. pneumoniae (AR-39) and anti-C. psittaci (TT3) immune sera. None of the immune sera recognized the 12-kDa cysteine-rich complex.
New Mechanism of Hepatic Fibrogenesis: Hepatitis C Virus Infection Induces Transforming Growth Factor β1 Production through Glucose-Regulated Protein 94 (2015)

Hepatic fibrosis is a critical step in liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C virus infection. It is already known that immune cells, including Kupffer cells, mediate liver fibrosis. Recently, several papers have suggested that HCV-infected hepatocytes also significantly produce TGF-β1. Here, we provide the first examination of TGF-β1 levels in the hepatocytes of HCV patients. Using an HCV culture system, we showed that HCV infection increases TGF-β1 production in hepatocytes. Furthermore, we confirmed that the amount of TGF-β1 secreted by HCV-infected hepatocytes was sufficient to activate primary hepatic stellate cells. To understand the molecular basis of TGF-β1 production in HCV-infected hepatocytes, we used HCV replicons and various stable cell lines. Finally, we elucidated that HCV E2 triggered TGF-β1 secretion via GRP94 mediated NF-κB activation. This study contributes to the understanding of liver fibrosis by HCV and suggests a new potential target (GRP94) for blocking liver cirrhosis in HCV patients.
Systems Biology in the Context of Big Data and Networks (2014)

Science is going through two rapidly changing phenomena: one is the increasing capabilities of the computers and software tools from terabytes to petabytes and beyond, and the other is the advancement in high-throughput molecular biology producing piles of data related to genomes, transcriptomes, proteomes, metabolomes, interactomes, and so on. Biology has become a data intensive science and as a consequence biology and computer science have become complementary to each other bridged by other branches of science such as statistics, mathematics, physics, and chemistry. The combination of versatile knowledge has caused the advent of big-data biology, network biology, and other new branches of biology. Network biology for instance facilitates the system-level understanding of the cell or cellular components and subprocesses. It is often also referred to as systems biology. The purpose of this field is to understand organisms or cells as a whole at various levels of functions and mechanisms. Systems biology is now facing the challenges of analyzing big molecular biological data and huge biological networks. This review gives an overview of the progress in big-data biology, and data handling and also introduces some applications of networks and multivariate analysis in systems biology.
Analysis of the mechanism for reversion of a disrupted gene. (1988)

A positive selection system for intrachromosomal recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been developed. This was achieved by integration of a plasmid containing an internal fragment of the HIS3 gene into its chromosomal location. This resulted in two copies of the HIS3 gene one with a terminal deletion at the 3' end and the other with a terminal deletion at the 5' end. Reversion of the gene disruption could be brought about by plasmid excision, unequal sister chromatid exchange or sister chromatid conversion. The purpose of this study was to define the mechanisms involved in reversion of the gene disruption. The frequency of plasmid excision could be determined by placing a yeast sequence bearing an origin of replication onto the plasmid that was subsequently integrated into the yeast genome. Unequal sister chromatid exchange and conversion could be distinguished by determining the nature of the reciprocal product by Southern blotting. The results indicate that reversion might occur mainly by conversion between sister chromatids. This is because the frequency of plasmid excision was about two orders of magnitude lower than the overall frequency of reversion and no reciprocal product indicative of sister chromatid exchange was found. The findings of this presentation suggest that conversion might be an important mechanism for recombination of sister chromatids and possibly for repair of damaged DNA in S or G2.
Supplemental Tables 1-3 from Breast Hormone Concentrations in Random Fine-Needle Aspirates of Healthy Women Associate with Cytological Atypia and Gene Methylation (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Table S1. Correlations between parameters that influence the quality of the rFNA sample (119 women) Table S2. Correlation between Breast and serum hormone concentrations. Table S3. Cytology according to menopausal status and menstrual cycle.&lt;/p&gt;
Equivalent Refractive Index of the Human Lens upon Accommodative Response (2008)

Gullstrand suggested that there would be an increase in the equivalent refractive index with accommodation; the intra-capsulary mechanism of accommodation. However, we found that the equivalent refractive index of the lens does not change with accommodation when the accommodative lag is taken into account. Furthermore, it appeared to be possible to simulate the accommodative process of a subject with a two-compartment model with constant refractive indices.
Creating an Online Dictionary of Abbreviations from MEDLINE (2002)

We have developed an algorithm to identify abbreviations from text. We are making this available as a public abbreviation server at \url[http://abbreviation.stanford.edu/].
Comparing State- and Operation-Based Change Tracking on Models (2010)

In recent years, models are increasingly used throughout the entire lifecycle in software development projects. In effect, the need for collaborating on these models emerged, requiring change tracking and versioning. However, many researchers have shown that existing methods and tools for Version Control (VC) do not work well on graph-like models, such as UML, SysML or domain-specific modeling languages. To alleviate this, alternative techniques and methods have been proposed which can be classified into state-based and operation-based approaches. Existing research shows advantages of operation-based over state-based approaches in selected use cases, such as conflict detection or merging. However, there are only few results available on the advantages of operation-based approaches in the most common use case of a VC system: review and understand change. In this paper, we present and discuss both approaches and their use cases. Moreover, we present the results of an empirical study to compare a state-based with an operation-based approach for the use case of reviewing and understanding change. For this study, we have mined an operation-based model repository and interviewed users to assess their understanding of randomly selected changes. Our results indicate that users better understand complex changes in the operation-based representation.
Open cavities using photonic crystals with negative refraction (2006)

Photonic crystals (PhCs) exhibiting negative refraction have attracted much attention in recent years, with a vast majority of this research focusing on subwavelength imaging. Although the possibility of an open cavity using such a PhC is mentioned in Notomi's pioneering work, fewer researchers have addressed this issue except one study of an open cavity using three 60-degree PhC wedges of the hexagonal lattice. This paper reports our study of several different open cavity configurations in hexagonal and square lattices. To form an open cavity using PhC with negative refraction, there are many parameters to optimize, such as the lattice type, lattice period, the diameter of the hole or rod, materials, and the geometrical configurations. We first propose several configurations for open cavities in general, including two square slabs, two or more prism slabs, and one slab with two reflectors; Then we demonstrate some results obtained from photonic crystals with square and hexagonal lattices, simulated by the use of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. It is shown that resonance can occur at the first band and higher bands. The Q-factor obtained is about 280 to 400, which can be improved by optimizing the surface terminations of the photonic crystal prisms.
Laser ablation isotope ratio mass spectrometry for enhanced sensitivity and spatial resolution in stable isotope analysis (2011)

Stable isotope analysis permits the tracking of physical, chemical, and biological reactions and source materials at a wide variety of spatial scales. We present a laser ablation isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LA-IRMS) method that enables δ(13)C measurement of solid samples at 50 µm spatial resolution. The method does not require sample pre-treatment to physically separate spatial zones. We use laser ablation of solid samples followed by quantitative combustion of the ablated particulates to convert sample carbon into CO(2). Cryofocusing of the resulting CO(2) coupled with modulation in the carrier flow rate permits coherent peak introduction into an isotope ratio mass spectrometer, with only 65 ng carbon required per measurement. We conclusively demonstrate that the measured CO(2) is produced by combustion of laser-ablated aerosols from the sample surface. We measured δ(13)C for a series of solid compounds using laser ablation and traditional solid sample analysis techniques. Both techniques produced consistent isotopic results but the laser ablation method required over two orders of magnitude less sample. We demonstrated that LA-IRMS sensitivity coupled with its 50 µm spatial resolution could be used to measure δ(13) C values along a length of hair, making multiple sample measurements over distances corresponding to a single day's growth. This method will be highly valuable in cases where the δ(13)C analysis of small samples over prescribed spatial distances is required. Suitable applications include forensic analysis of hair samples, investigations of tightly woven microbial systems, and cases of surface analysis where there is a sharp delineation between different components of a sample.
Superomniphobic Surfaces for Military Applications: Nano- and Micro-Fabrication Methods. Chapter 2: Investigation of Wear for Superhydrophobic Surfaces and Development of New Coatings (2011)

Abstract : The results of wearing superhydrophobic surfaces and its effect on roughness parameters, surface properties and wetting behaviour are described in this report. An abrasive wear device has been set up to allow consistency, reproducibility and precise control over the amount of wear desired. Based on the results obtained, relationships in the trends observed with the different roughness parameters and wetting behaviour have been established. In some cases the relationships are strong while in other cases, the relationships are weak and unable to capture the different transitions in wetting. It has also been determined that different roughness scales present on a surface wear differently and require separate attention. This knowledge is partly applied in the development of a versatile superhydrophobic coating that can be used on smooth and rough materials ranging from glass and aluminum, to polyester/nylon, cardboard and wood.
Ensuring Stable Circuit Conditions of Direct Cycle Helium Gas Turbine System (1974)

The choice of compressor characteristics of turbogroups is of decisive importance for the stable behavior of circuits during transients. It is shown how compressor surge at dangerous speeds during rapid shutdown can be suppressed by combining a compressor having a steep characteristic and low reaction with a compressor having a flat characteristic and high reaction. This combination is also well suited with respect to loss of load and startup. In addition, very favourable properties are obtained during positive load steps executed for the purpose of frequency support. Beside providing a machine design with inherent safety, a control system must be supplied which is not only redundant but exhibits inherent safety from malfunction and failures which could endanger the power plant. Because of the importance of these problems, the design and operation of such a control system are presented in this paper.
Genome‐wide association study identifies energy metabolism genes for resistance to ketosis in Chinese Holstein cattle (2019)

Ketosis (KET) is one common metabolic disorder that occurs mainly in early lactation and affects the dairy industry with significant economic losses. Cows with ketosis have lower milk yield and reproductive performance and greater risk of other periparturient diseases. As a metabolic disease, the pathogenesis of KET is multifactorial. To better understand the genetic background of KET, a genome-wide association study was performed using the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip. Single-step genomic BLUP methodology was used to incorporate genomic data into a threshold-liability model. Results of the GWAS are reported as the proportion of variance explained by 20-SNP windows. Six genomic regions on Bos taurus autosomes 10, 13, 14 and 25 showed association with KET. Most interestingly, several candidate genes, including previously reported genes (BMP4, HNF4A and APOBR) and newly identified genes (SOCS4, GCH1, ATG14, RGS6, CYP7A1 and MAPK3), are involved in insulin metabolism or lipid metabolism, implicating the contribution of energy-metabolism-associated genes to the genetic basis of KET. Our results provide new information about the underlying biology and molecular mechanisms associated with KET. Future studies that combine genomic variation analysis and functional gene information may help elucidate the biology of KET.
Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation for Two-Way Multiple Relay OFDM System (2013)

Relay-assisted cooperative network coding systems are widely investigated as an effective framework to improve the system performance in IMT-Advanced system. On the other hand, green communication issues have been paid much attention due to the large energy consumption in wireless network. In this paper, an energy-efficient resource allocation scheme is proposed for two-way relay-assisted OFDM system with physical network coding. Considering subcarrier-pairing, subcarrier assignment to relay node and power allocation, the resource allocation scheme is formulated to minimize the total power consumption with the individual required QoS, which can further the system performance. The optimization problem is effectively solved by the dual approach and the computational complexity is analyzed. In order to reduce the computational complexity, two suboptimal algorithms are also proposed. Simulations are provided to demonstrate our theoretical analysis and the performance of the proposed optimal iterative algorithm.
Ueber longitudinale Schwingungen und Klangfiguren in cylindrischen Flüssigkeitssäulen (1874)

Mitschwingung zu versetzen und durch Lycopodium oder andere leichte l'ulver, welche in die Rijhre gebracht wurden, die stehenden Wellen der Luft sichtbar zu
A computationally efficient method for modeling neural spiking activity with point processes nonparametrically (2007)

Point process models have been shown to be useful in characterizing neural spiking activity (NSA) as a function of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Most point process models of NSA are parametric as they are often efficiently computable. However, if the actual point process does not lie in the assumed parametric class of functions, misleading inferences can arise. Nonparametric methods are attractive due to fewer assumptions, but computation grows with the size of the data. We propose a computationally efficient method for nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation when the conditional intensity function, which characterizes the point process in its entirety, is assumed to be a Lipschitz continuous function but otherwise arbitrary. We show that by exploiting much structure, the problem becomes efficiently solvable and we compare our nonparametric estimation method to the most commonly used parametric approaches on goldfish retinal ganglion neural data. In this example, our nonparametric method gives a superior absolute goodness-of-fit measure than all parametric approaches analyzed.
A case report of the osteosarcoma arising in elderly person. (1984)

The Osteosarcoma arising in elderly persons is very rare. In Kumamoto university medical school we have had 32 cases of osteosarcoma in the past 15 years. The age of the two cases in this group was older than 60 years of age.We reported a 66-year-old female who had a osteosarcoma at the distal end of the right femur. The histological findings were those of typical osteosarcoma and showed numerous proliferation of bizarr cells and osteoid formation.
Breathlessness and transfer factor for the lung in chronic obstructive lung disease. (1975)

The breath-holding CO transfer factor and transfer coefficient were correlated with the severity of dyspnea in 37 patients with moderate or severe obstructive lung disease FEV 1.0 less than 1.5 1) No correlation was evident when the whole group was considered. When the patients were subdivided into "bronchitics", "intermediate" and "emphysematous" a correlation between dyspnea severity and gas transfer appeared for the latter subgroup; this correlation was statistically significant for the transfer coefficient.
Inhibition of Three Pathogens on Bologna and Summer Sausage Using Antimicrobial Edible Films (2002)

ABSTRACT Whey protein isolate (WPI) films (pH 5.2) containing 0.5 to 1.0% p‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and/or sorbic acid (SA) were assessed for antimicrobial and mechanical properties while in contact with sliced bologna and summer sausage that were inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104. WPI films containing SA or PABA decreased L. monocytogenes, E. coli , and S. Typhimurium populations by 3.4 to 4.1,3.1 to 3.6, and 3.1 to 4.1 logs, respectively, on both products after 21 d at 4 °C. Background flora was inhibited compared with controls. Film tensile strength decreased while % elongation remained unchanged following 72 h of product contact.
Need, Want, Can Afford (2014)

We present the first study of broadband services in their broader context, evaluating the impact of service characteristics (such as capacity, latency and loss), their broadband pricing and user demand. We explore these relationships, beyond correlation, with the application of natural experiments. Most efforts on broadband service characterization have so far focused on performance and availability, yet we lack a clear understanding of how such services are being utilized and how their use is impacted by the particulars of the market. By analyzing over 23-months of data collected from 53,000 end hosts and residential gateways in 160 countries, along with a global survey of retail broadband plans, we empirically study the relationship between broadband service characteristics, pricing and demand. We show a strong correlation between capacity and demand, even though subscribers rarely fully utilize their links, but note a law of diminishing returns with relatively smaller increases in demand at higher capacities. Despite the fourfold increase in global IP traffic, we find that user demand on the network over a three year period remained constant for a given bandwidth capacity. We exploit natural experiments to examine the causality between these factors. The reported findings represent an important step towards understanding how user behavior, and the market features that shape it, affect broadband networks and the Internet at large.
Fracture mechanism of liquid‐crystalline epoxy resin systems with different phase structures (2004)

Abstract A liquid‐crystalline epoxy resin was cured at two different temperatures. The phases of the cured systems clearly showed isotropic and nematic polydomain structures, which depended on the curing temperature. The fracture toughness of the systems was measured, and the fracture mechanism was investigated with polarized IR measurements. The nematic polydomain structure system showed considerably higher fracture toughness than the isotropic structure. Moreover, both systems exhibited a reorientation of the network chains near the fracture surface during the fracture process, and the region of the network reorientation in the nematic polydomain structure system was larger than that in the isotropic structure system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4044–4052, 2004
Highly Selective and Sensitive Amperometric Biosensing of Glucose at Ruthenium-Dispersed Carbon Paste Enzyme Electrodes (1993)

Abstract The selectivity and sensitivity of glucose measurements at carbon-paste based amperometric biosensors are greatly enhanced through the use of ruthenium-dispersed graphite particles. The improved performance is attributed to the substantial lowering of the overvoltage for the reduction of the hydrogen peroxide product. Hence, cathodic measurements of glucose can be caried out at an optimal potential range (-0.15 to +0.20 V). Contributions from easily oxidizable substances (e.g. acetaminophen, ascorbic and uric acids) are eliminated, without the need for mediators or membrane barriers. The electrocatalytic action of the ruthenium sites results also in a substantially improved sensitivity. A fast flow injection operation is illustrated.
Metalloriboswitches: RNA-based inorganic ion sensors that regulate genes (2017)

Divalent ions fulfill essential cellular roles and are required for virulence by certain bacteria. Free intracellular Mg<sup>2+</sup> can approach 5 mm, but at this level Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, or Co<sup>2+</sup> can be growth-inhibitory, and magnesium fluoride is toxic. To maintain ion homeostasis, many bacteria have evolved ion sensors embedded in the 5'-leader sequences of mRNAs encoding ion uptake or efflux channels. Here, we review current insights into these "metalloriboswitches," emphasizing ion-specific binding by structured RNA aptamers and associated conformational changes in downstream signal sequences. This riboswitch-effector interplay produces a layer of gene regulatory feedback that has elicited interest as an antibacterial target.