gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
H− radio frequency source development at the Spallation Neutron Source (2012)

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) now routinely operates nearly 1 MW of beam power on target with a highly persistent ∼38 mA peak current in the linac and an availability of ∼90%. H(-) beam pulses (∼1 ms, 60 Hz) are produced by a Cs-enhanced, multicusp ion source closely coupled with an electrostatic low energy beam transport (LEBT), which focuses the 65 kV beam into a radio frequency quadrupole accelerator. The source plasma is generated by RF excitation (2 MHz, ∼60 kW) of a copper antenna that has been encased with a thickness of ∼0.7 mm of porcelain enamel and immersed into the plasma chamber. The ion source and LEBT normally have a combined availability of ∼99%. Recent increases in duty-factor and RF power have made antenna failures a leading cause of downtime. This report first identifies the physical mechanism of antenna failure from a statistical inspection of ∼75 antennas which ran at the SNS, scanning electron microscopy studies of antenna surface, and cross sectional cuts and analysis of calorimetric heating measurements. Failure mitigation efforts are then described which include modifying the antenna geometry and our acceptance∕installation criteria. Progress and status of the development of the SNS external antenna source, a long-term solution to the internal antenna problem, are then discussed. Currently, this source is capable of delivering comparable beam currents to the baseline source to the SNS and, an earlier version, has briefly demonstrated unanalyzed currents up to ∼100 mA (1 ms, 60 Hz) on the test stand. In particular, this paper discusses plasma ignition (dc and RF plasma guns), antenna reliability, magnet overheating, and insufficient beam persistence.
Spherical gradient-index sphere lens (1986)

The sphere lens with a spherical gradient-index (GRIN) was prepared for the first time by two modified suspension polymerization techniques. The index change of the 0.05–3.0-mm diam GRIN sphere was 0.02–0.04, and the index profile was almost quadratic. The optimum condition minimizing the spherical aberration of the GRIN sphere embedded in a certain substrate was confirmed. Furthermore, 1-D and 2-D GRIN sphere lens arrays were fabricated.
On Efficient Data Transport with Mobile Carriers (2011)

In this paper, we consider a network of stationary nodes that rely on mobile nodes to transport data between them. We assume the mobile nodes can control their mobility pattern to respond to traffic loads, as well as satisfy some other secondary objectives, such as surveillance requirements. We study this problem in the framework of cost minimization, where we derive a dual iterative algorithm that results in optimal mobility pattern for minimizing network wide cost. We then implement our proposed algorithm and evaluate its performance on a testbed.
Three-dimensional self-organization of crystalline gold nanoparticles in amorphous alumina (2006)

Multilayered heterostructures containing gold nanoparticles embedded in amorphous alumina matrices were deposited on silicon (001) substrates using pulsed laser deposition. The three-dimensional ordering of gold nanoparticles within these multilayered heterostructures was investigated using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and image Fourier transformation. Self-organization of gold nanoparticles along the vertical direction was observed in films grown at 20 and at 320°C. Self-organization occurred by means of two different growth modes; both vertically correlated growth (top-on-top) and anticorrelated growth (top-on-middle) mechanisms were observed. The results of these studies suggest that the driving force for vertical ordering in this material is related to the long-range elastic interactions among the nanoparticles within the growing films.
Broad-band SiGe MMICs for phased-array radar applications (2003)

This paper reports the performances of several broad-band monolithic SiGe monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) suitable for phased-array radar applications. The amplitude and phase control MMIC designs are based on an optimized SiGe p-i-n diode offered by the IBM 5HP SiGe foundry process. Utilizing this diode, several control circuitries including a broad-band (1-20-GHz) monolithic single-pole double-throw switch, a five-port transfer switch, a 6-bit phase shifter, and a 5-bit attenuator, all operating over 7-11 GHz, are designed. Also, the design and performance of an SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor variable-gain cascode amplifier that combines the functionality of an amplifier and an attenuator into one MMIC is described.
The Caulobacter crescentus FlbD protein acts at ftr sequence elements both to activate and to repress transcription of cell cycle-regulated flagellar genes. (1994)

The flagellar genes (fla genes) in Caulobacter crescentus are organized into a regulatory hierarchy of four levels, I-IV, in which transcription of the class III and class IV genes late in the cell cycle from sigma 54-dependent promoters depends on expression of the class II genes above them. Timing of fla gene expression has been attributed to sequential activation and repression by specific transcription factors. Here we report that purified FlbD activates transcription in vitro from the sigma 54-dependent class III flbG promoter and repress transcription from the class II fliF promoter by binding to ftr (flagellar transcription regulator) sequence elements required for their transcriptional regulation in vivo. The FlbD protein makes symmetrical base-specific contacts at three highly conserved guanine nucleotides in each half site of ftr1 and ftr1* at flbG and the single ftr4 site at fliF. The dual function of FlbD in activation of class III genes and repression of the class II fliF promoter is consistent with a central role of FlbD as a switch protein mediating the transition from level II to level III fla gene expression.
Synthesis of the (+)‐C26–C40 Domain of the Azaspiracids by a Novel Double Intramolecular Hetero‐Michael Addition Strategy (2001)

Eine stereokontrollierte Synthese der C26-C40-Domäne der in Schalentieren vorkommenden Azaspiracid-Toxine, die das schwer zugängliche FGHI-Ringsystem enthält, gelang durch Anwendung neuartiger Methoden für die Synthese von Sauerstoffheterocyclen (siehe Schema). Boc=tert-Butoxycarbonyl, TBS=tert-Butyldimethylsilyl.
Fatigue as a residual symptom of depression. (2011)

FUNDING: There was no funding for the development and writing of this article.



FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES: Dr. Targum has served as a consultant to, received grant/research support/honoraria from, owns stock options in, or owns copyrights to the following companies: Acadia, Affectis, Alkermes inc., Amgen, AstraZeneca, BioMarin, BrainCells Inc., CeNeRx, Cephalon, Cypress, CTNI MGH, Dynogen, EnVivo Pharmaceuticals, Euthymics, Forest Research, Functional Neuromodulation inc, Eli Lilly and Company, Johnson … Johnson PRD, INC Research, Methylation Sciences Inc., Memory Pharmaceuticals, Naurex Inc, NeoSync, Neurophage, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Novartis Bioventures, Nupathe, Prana Biotechnology Ltd., Sunovion, Targacept, TauRx, Transcept, Wyeth labs.

Dr. Fava has served as a consultant to, received grant/research support/honoraria from, owns stock options in, or owns copyrights to the following companies: Abbott Laboratories; Adamed, Co.; Affectis Pharmaceuticals AG; Alkermes inc., Amarin Pharma Inc.; Aspect Medical Systems; AstraZeneca; Auspex Pharmaceuticals; Bayer AG; Best Practice Project Management, Inc.; BioMarin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Biovail Corporation; BrainCells Inc; Bristol-Myers Squibb; CeNeRx BioPharma, Inc; Cephalon, Inc.; Clinical Trials Solutions, LLC; CNS Response, Inc.; Compellis Pharmaceuticals; Cypress Pharmaceutical, Inc.; DOV Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eisai Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; EPIX Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Euthymics Bioscience, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; Fabre-Kramer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; GlaxoSmithKline; Gruenthal GmbH; Janssen Pharmaceutica; Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC.; Knoll Pharmaceuticals Corp.; Labopharm Inc.; Lorex Pharmaceuticals; Lundbeck Inc.; MedAvante, Inc.; Merck & Co., Inc.; Methylation Sciences; Neuronetics, Inc.; Novartis AG; Nutrition 21; Organon Pharmaceuticals; PamLab, LLC.; Pfizer Inc.; Pharmavite LLC.; Precision Human Biolaboratory; Prexa Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; PsychoGenics; Psylin Neurosciences, Inc.; Ridge Diagnostics, Inc.; Roche; RCT Logic, LLC; Sanofi-Aventis US LLC.; Sepracor Inc.; Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Somaxon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Somerset Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited; Tetragenex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; TransForm Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Transcept Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; and Wyeth Pharmaceutical.
Effect of Pressure and Thermal Cycling on Long-Term Oxidation in Supercritical CO2 (2019)

Abstract Concentrating solar power (CSP) plant designers are interested in supercritical CO2 (sCO2) for the power block to achieve &amp;gt;50% electrical efficiency at &amp;gt;700°C. The goal of this project was to develop a long-term (&amp;gt;100 kh) lifetime model for sCO2 compatibility using 10-15 kh laboratory exposures. Alloys N06625, N07740 and N07208 were evaluated in long-term exposures at 750°C using 500-h cycles in laboratory air, 1 bar industrial grade CO2 and 300 bar supercritical CO2, and using 10-h cycles in 1 bar CO2 and O2. Mass change data and quantification of the oxide scale thickness and depth of internal attack after 1,000-10,000 h exposures indicate that these materials are compatible with the sCO2 environment at 750°C. Thermal cycling to simulate the solar duty cycle did not result in scale spallation after 15 kh and comparison of the 1 and 300 bar results did not show a significant effect of pressure on the reaction and no significant internal carburization was observed under these conditions.
Safety Aspects of Iron in Food (2001)

During the last decades efforts regarding dietary iron supply focused mostly on the prevention of deficiencies, especially during growth and pregnancy. Correspondingly, homeostatic mechanisms increase intestinal iron absorption in iron deficiency, but its downregulation at high intake levels seems insufficient to prevent accumulation of high iron stores at high intake. There is no regulated iron excretion in overload. Excess of pharmaceutical iron may cause toxicity and therapeutic doses may cause gastrointestinal side effects. Chronic iron excess, e.g. in primary and secondary hemochromatosis, may lead to hepatic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus and cardiac failure. Chronic intake of 50-100 mg Fe/day of highly bioavailable iron with home-brewed beer in sub-Saharan Africans lead to cirrhosis and diabetes. Applying a safety factor of 2 would lead to an upper safe level of 25-50 mg Fe/day for this endpoint of conventional iron toxicity. However, beyond this kind of damage iron is known to catalyze the generation of hydroxyl radicals from superoxide anions and to increase oxidative stress which, in turn, increases free iron concentration. This self-amplifying process may cause damage to lipid membranes and proteins, which relates radical generation and organ damage after ischemia-reperfusion events to available free iron in clinical and experimental settings. Correspondingly, epidemiological studies as well as observations in heterozygotes for hereditary hemochromatosis suggest that the risk of atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction is related to body iron stores, though there is conflicting epidemiological evidence as well. The most recent and best controlled studies, however, support the hypothesis that iron stores are related to cardiovascular risk. Iron-amplified oxidative stress may also increase DNA damage, oxidative activation of precancerogens and support tumor cell growth. This is supported by experimental, clinical and epidemiological observations. Due to these mechanisms high iron stores may present a health hazard. Though this has not been finally proven, available evidence strongly recommends not to increase iron intake beyond physiological requirements. To avoid iron deficiency symptoms, on the other hand, care must be taken to meet recommended daily intake.
A Mean-Field Theory for Learning the Schönberg Measure of Radial Basis Functions (2020)

We develop and analyze a projected particle Langevin optimization method to learn the distribution in the Schönberg integral representation of the radial basis functions from training samples. More specifically, we characterize a distributionally robust optimization method with respect to the Wasserstein distance to optimize the distribution in the Schönberg integral representation. To provide theoretical performance guarantees, we analyze the scaling limits of a projected particle online (stochastic) optimization method in the mean-field regime. In particular, we prove that in the scaling limits, the empirical measure of the Langevin particles converges to the law of a reflected Itô diffusion-drift process. Moreover, the drift is also a function of the law of the underlying process. Using Itô lemma for semi-martingales and Grisanov's change of measure for the Wiener processes, we then derive a Mckean-Vlasov type partial differential equation (PDE) with Robin boundary conditions that describes the evolution of the empirical measure of the projected Langevin particles in the mean-field regime. In addition, we establish the existence and uniqueness of the steady-state solutions of the derived PDE in the weak sense. We apply our learning approach to train radial kernels in the kernel locally sensitive hash (LSH) functions, where the training data-set is generated via a $k$-mean clustering method on a small subset of data-base. We subsequently apply our kernel LSH with a trained kernel for image retrieval task on MNIST data-set, and demonstrate the efficacy of our kernel learning approach. We also apply our kernel learning approach in conjunction with the kernel support vector machines (SVMs) for classification of benchmark data-sets.
High-Resolution Imaging within Tissue by Fiber Microendoscopy (2008)

A simple and robust fiber bundle microendoscope can be used for high-resolution contact imaging within living tissue. Combining this technique with molecular imaging strategies enables monitoring of biological systems over time at the subcellular level.
Segregation of Amphiphilic Polymer-Coated Nanoparticles to Bicontinuous Oil/Water Microemulsion Phases (2017)

Polymer-coated nanoparticles are interfacially active and have been shown to stabilize macroscopic emulsions of oil and water, also known as Pickering emulsions. However, prior work has not explored the phase behavior of amphiphilic nanoparticles in the presence of bicontinuous microemulsions. Here, we show that properly designed amphiphilic polymer-coated nanoparticles spontaneously and preferentially segregate to the bicontinuous microemulsion phases of oil, water, and surfactant. Mixtures of hydrophilic and hydrophobic chains are covalently grafted onto the surface of oxidized carbon black nanoparticles. By sulfating hydrophilic chains, the polymer-coated nanoparticles are stable in the aqueous phase at salinities up to 15 wt % NaCl. These amphiphilic, negatively charged polymer-coated nanoparticles segregate to the bicontinuous microemulsion phases. We analyzed the equilibrium phase behavior of the nanoparticles, measured the interfacial tension, and quantified the domain spacing in the presence of nanoparticles. This work shows a novel route to the design of polymer-coated nanoparticles which are stable at high salinities and preferentially segregate to bicontinuous microemulsion phases.
Water-Soluble Polycationic Dendrimers with a Phosphoramidothioate Backbone: Preliminary Studies of Cytotoxicity and Oligonucleotide/Plasmid Delivery in Human Cell Culture (2003)

A series of water-soluble polycationic dendrimers with a phosphoramidothioate backbone (P-dendrimers) was studied in human cell culture. Preliminary studies have shown that P-dendrimers of series 1 and 2, possessing N,N-diethyl-ethylenediamine hydrochloride functions at the surface, show rather moderate cytotoxicity toward HeLa, HEK 293, and HUVEC cells in a standard MTT assay in serum-containing medium, generally lower than lipofectin. The experiments of cellular uptake have shown the necessity for the presence of serum for transfection with P-dendrimers of series 1 and 2. These compounds efficiently delivered fluorescein-labeled oligodeoxyribonucleotide into HeLa cells in serum-containing medium, but they failed to do so in HUVEC cell culture. The dendrimers were found to be successful mediators of transfection of the HeLa cells with a DNA plasmid containing the functional gene of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP).
4'-Fluorouridine is an oral antiviral that blocks respiratory syncytial virus and SARS-CoV-2 replication. (2022)

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical need for broad-spectrum therapeutics against respiratory viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major threat to pediatric patients and older adults. We describe 4′-fluorouridine (4′-FlU, EIDD-2749), a ribonucleoside analog that inhibits RSV, related RNA viruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with high selectivity index in cells and human airway epithelia organoids. Polymerase inhibition within in vitro RNA-dependent RNA polymerase assays established for RSV and SARS-CoV-2 revealed transcriptional stalling after incorporation. Once-daily oral treatment was highly efficacious at 5 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) in RSV-infected mice or 20 mg/kg in ferrets infected with different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, initiated 24 or 12 hours after infection, respectively. These properties define 4′-FlU as a broad-spectrum candidate for the treatment of RSV, SARS-CoV-2, and related RNA virus infections.
Rodent Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (2019)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a continuous diseases spectrum associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. Simple hepatic steatosis may progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), even fibrosis and cirrhosis, and finally hepatocellular carcinoma. In recent years, NAFLD has become a public health concern with increasing prevalence. However, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis remain incompletely understood, and few effective therapeutic approaches are available. Summary and Key Messages: A myriad of different rodent models has been developed to elucidate pathophysiology of NAFLD/NASH and guide therapeutic strategy. To date, no single rodent model can display the whole disease spectrum and metabolic features associated with human NASH, but can imitate particular characteristics. In this paper, we review the most commonly used dietary, genetic, and chemical rodent models for NAFLD referring to their advantages and disadvantages. Also, we illustrate the status of latest treatment strategy using various NAFLD rodent models. We hope to provide critical guidance for researchers to select appropriate animal models.
Simulating Oil Entrapment in Clastic Sequences (1997)

Rationale for simulating oil migration and entrapment in clastic sequences: the continuum of processes in the real world representing space and time spatial boundaries decoupling processes spatial resolution simplifying processes scale dependency. Overview of migration and accumulation: source rocks expulsion from source rocks secondary migraton migration rates and efficiency oil migration pathways migration under hydrodynamic conditions segregation and change during migration and entrapment closing statement. Generating clastic sequences: types of numerical sedimentary simulators geostatistical simulators geometric simulators diffusion simulators sedimentary process simulators comparison of numerical sedimentary simulators utilizing process simulators spectrum of process simulators calibrating and controlling process simulators boundary and initial conditions initial topography fluid and sediment discharge rates eustatic sea level changes uplift and subsidence depositional environments fluvial environments deltaic environments oceanic environments submarine slope failure and turbidity currents recording sequenes generated by process simulators cell height cellualer storage by age reduction in number of cells integrating depositional and burial hisotry limitations in sedimentary process simulation mathematical representation (Part contents).
Analysis of stripline-fed slot-coupled patch antennas with vias for parallel-plate mode suppression (1998)

The paper presents an analysis of slot-coupled stripline-fed patch antennas with vias around the slot to minimize the power launched into the parallel-plate mode. A moment-method scattering formulation is invoked to include the effect of vias on the impedance characteristics of the antenna. Coupling between the stripline feed and the ground-plane slot is obtained by invoking reciprocity. Two design examples were fabricated and the measured input impedances verify the accuracy of the analysis. Vias considerably modify the impedance and resonant characteristics of a patch antenna. The radiation efficiency of patch antennas with and without vias is studied and proper location of the vias is shown to drastically reduce power in the parallel-plate mode.
A Perspective on Distributed Computer Systems (1984)

Distributed computer systems have been the subject of a vast amount of research. Many prototype distributed computer systems have been built at university, industrial, commercial, and government research laboratories, and production systems of all sizes and types have proliferated. It is impossible to survey all distributed computing system research. Instead, this paper identifies six fundamental distributed computer system research issues, points out open research problems in these areas, and describes how these six issues and solutions to problems associated with them transect the communications subnet, the distributed operating system, and the distributed database areas. It is intended that this perspective on distributed computer system research serve as a form of survey, but more importantly to illustrate and encourage a better integration and exchange of ideas from various subareas of distributed computer system research.
Empirical investigation of the low temperature energy function of the Restricted Boltzmann Machine using a 1000 qubit D-Wave 2X (2016)

D-Wave 2X with more than 1000 qubits was applied to the relatively rugged energy landscape of trained Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs). The D-Wave machine has a Chimera interconnect architecture. A native RBM restricted to the Chimera graph was found difficult to train for large number of RBM units. To overcome this difficulty, a RBM embedding that combined qubits in order to significantly increase the connectivity between hidden and visible units of the RBM was investigated. The results for the lowest-energy and some of the higher-energy states found by D-Wave 2X were compared with those of the classical simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. In many cases, the D-Wave machine successfully found the same RBM lowest energy state as that found by SA. In the relatively simple cases of training patterns investigated in this work, the lowest energy state also corresponded to one of the training patterns. Sometimes the D-Wave machine returned a state corresponding to one of the higher energy states found by SA. The inherently non-perfect embedding of the RBM into the Chimera lattice used in this work (i.e., multiple qubits combined into a single RBM unit were not guaranteed to have perfectly aligned qubits) and the existence of small bias fields in the D-Wave hardware were found to be responsible for the discrepancy in the D-Wave and the SA results. In some but not all of the investigated cases, introduction of a small bias field into the energy function or optimization of the chain-strength parameter in the D-Wave embedding successfully addressed difficulties of the particular RBM embedding.