gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flood & Loot: A Systemic Attack On The Lightning Network (2020)

The Lightning Network promises to alleviate Bitcoin's known scalability problems. The operation of such second layer approaches relies on the ability of participants to turn to the blockchain to claim funds at any time, which is assumed to happen rarely. One of the risks that was identified early on is that of a wide systemic attack on the protocol, in which an attacker triggers the closure of many Lightning channels at once. The resulting high volume of transactions in the blockchain will not allow for the proper settlement of all debts, and attackers may get away with stealing some funds. This paper explores the details of such an attack and evaluates its cost and overall impact on Bitcoin and the Lightning Network. Specifically, we show that an attacker is able to simultaneously cause victim nodes to overload the Bitcoin blockchain with requests and to steal funds that were locked in channels. We go on to examine the interaction of Lightning nodes with the fee estimation mechanism and show that the attacker can continuously lower the fee of transactions that will later be used by the victim in its attempts to recover funds - eventually reaching a state in which only low fractions of the block are available for lightning transactions. Our attack is made easier even further as the Lightning protocol allows the attacker to increase the fee offered by his own transactions. We continue to empirically show that the vast majority of nodes agree to channel opening requests from unknown sources and are therefore susceptible to this attack. We highlight differences between various implementations of the Lightning Network protocol and review the susceptibility of each one to the attack. Finally, we propose mitigation strategies to lower the systemic attack risk of the network.
β 2 -Adrenoceptor agonists as novel, safe and potentially effective therapies for Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (2015)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic and progressive neuromuscular disease for which no cure exists and better treatment options are desperately needed. We hypothesize that currently approved β2-adrenoceptor agonists may effectively treat the symptoms and possibly slow the progression of ALS. Although β2-agonists are primarily used to treat asthma, pharmacologic data from animal models of neuromuscular diseases suggest that these agents may have pharmacologic effects of benefit in treating ALS. These include inhibiting protein degradation, stimulating protein synthesis, inducing neurotrophic factor synthesis and release, positively modulating microglial and systemic immune function, maintaining the structural and functional integrity of motor endplates, and improving energy metabolism. Moreover, stimulation of β2-adrenoceptors can activate a range of downstream signaling events in many different cell types that could account for the diverse array of effects of these agents. The evidence supporting the possible therapeutic benefits of β2-agonists is briefly reviewed, followed by a more detailed review of clinical trials testing the efficacy of β-agonists in a variety of human neuromuscular maladies. The weight of evidence of the potential benefits from treating these diseases supports the hypothesis that β2-agonists may be efficacious in ALS. Finally, ways to monitor and manage the side effects that may arise with chronic administration of β2-agonists are evaluated. In sum, effective, safe and orally-active β2-agonists may provide a novel and convenient means to reduce the symptoms of ALS and possibly delay disease progression, affording a unique opportunity to repurpose these approved drugs for treating ALS, and rapidly transforming the management of this serious, unmet medical need.
Interruption of rubella virus transmission in Australia may require vaccination of adult males: evidence from a Victorian sero-survey (2004)

Prior to the introduction of rubella vaccine to Australia in 1970 rubella was primarily a disease of primary school aged children. Vaccination programs have subsequently altered rubella age and sex susceptibility. Between July 2001 and June 2002, 85 per cent of the 32 laboratory-confirmed cases of rubella ascertained from enhanced surveillance in Victoria were males aged 20-42 years. This study aimed to determine rubella susceptibility by age group and sex in Victoria and to examine the implications of susceptibility for the interruption of circulating rubella virus. Rubella immunoglobulin G concentrations were determined for 934 residual diagnostic sera stored at the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory using a standard commercial enzyme immunoassay. Susceptibility was analysed by age groups defined by previous and current Australian rubella immunisation schedules. Among all subjects aged 1-55 years, males were more susceptible to rubella infection than females (10.2% vs 2.6%, p < 0.0001). Although this sex difference occurred in all age groups, it was unlikely to be explained by sampling variation in sera from subjects aged 23-44 years, for whom rubella vaccine had been recommended only for girls aged 10-14 years and rubella susceptible women post-partum. Australia's past rubella immunisation policies have resulted in a susceptible cohort of adult males. If rubella virus transmission is to be interrupted in Australia, consideration needs to be given to a rubella vaccination program targeting men aged 17-44 years. A campaign, targeting both men and women in a similar age group has recently been successful in Costa Rica.
One-pot Three-step Solution Phase Syntheses of Thiohydantoins using Microwave Heating (2001)

An efficient one-pot three-step solution phase protocol suitable for library syntheses of thiohydantoins was developed. The reactions included are in the following order, Negishi or Suzuki C-C coupling reactions, reductive amination and finally a cyclisation reaction. Protocols using a solid supported reagent and protocols suitable for combinatorial chemistry were developed, all including microwave heating.
Anthropomorphic Face Robot having Soft Mouth Mechanism with Embedded Artificial Facial Muscles (2019)

Emotional facial expressions are powerful communication tools for humans. To utilize these facial expressions in human-robot interactions and social robotics, we developed an anthropomorphic face robot with a soft mouth mechanism. Realistic face deformation and amplified facial expression in cartoon characters requires a large range of motion in soft materials. To solve this problem, we developed a soft mouth mechanism for face robots with embedded artificial facial muscles. We measured the motions associated with human facial expressions with an optical motion capture system. We used a tiny artificial muscle actuator with a large range of motion. The face robot consists of soft actuators, a silicone mouth, and a dummy skull. We successfully generated eight basic facial expressions including lip puckering and dynamic mouth opening. Experimental results showed that the displacement achieved using the proposed soft mouth mechanism exceeded that observed in humans for several facial expressions and markers. This face robot with artificial facial muscles can enhance the development of communication robots in the field of animatronics
Position based human behavior abnormality detection in Intelligent space (2020)

In recent years, the various research on IoT(Internet of Things) has been actively conducted. Intelligent space is a comprehensive spatial system which includes IoT. One of the functions in Intelligent space is memory recollection which is composed of detecting and tracking of people and recording the activities of the people in the space. In this paper, based on the recorded activities of people, abnormality of people’s behavior is defined and the abnormality detecting algorithm is proposed.
Surgery for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Endocarditis—A Single-Center Series (2019)

Objectives: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is increasingly being used for the treatment of aortic valve stenosis. Overall, the total number of patients with an aortic valve prosthesis increases and so does the incidence of prosthetic endocarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) following TAVR is a rare but more frequently occurring complication. In many cases, surgery remains the only treatment option for IE. We report on seven patients with IE after previous TAVR treated by surgical TAVR explantation and open valve replacement.
Butylated Hydroxytoluene Protects Chickens Exposed to Newcastle Disease Virus (1977)

Dietary butylated hydroxytoluene, an antioxidant widely used in food and feed processing, prevents mortality of chickens exposed to virulent Newcastle disease virus and prevents the serological response of chickens exposed to avirulent Newcastle disease virus. This chemoprophylactic effect is evident when chickens are fed diets containing concentrations of butylated hydroxytoluene normally used for antioxidant purposes (100 to 200 parts per million of total diet).
GALVANIC CELLS WITH FUSED-SALT ELECTROLYTES. (1967)

of coalescence is expected from the high lithium vacancy concentration and chemical diffusion coefficient in ..beta..-Li-Al. There is a clear correlation between coalescence and charging of the electrode. Variation of current density and electrolyte composition alone did not, within the range of the experiments, prevent coalescence.
Recovery of biosurfactants by ultrafiltration (1990)

Ultrafiltration was used in a one-step method to purify and concentrate biosurfactants--surfactin and rhamnolipids--from culture supernatant fluids. The ability of surfactant molecules to form micelles at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration allows these aggregates to be retained by relatively high molecular weight cut-off membranes. Lower molecular weight impurities such as salts, free amino acids, peptides and small proteins are easily removed. Various molecular weight cut-off membranes were examined for the retention of surfactin and rhamnolipids (mol. wts 1036 and 802 respectively). Amicon XM 50 was the superior membrane for retention of surfactin and a 160-fold purification was rapidly achieved. The YM 10 membrane was the most appropriate for rhamnolipid recovery. Ultrafiltration can play an important role in biosurfactant purification as large volumes of media can be processed rapidly at extremely low cost.
An effective manipulator trajectory planning with obstacles using virtual potential field method (2007)

This paper presents a new approach for trajectory planning of manipulator robots based on Virtual Potential Field (VPF) in presence of static obstacles. In this method, a series of via points between starting point and goal point is obtained by traverse end-effector of manipulator in affected by different VPF while avoiding obstacles in the Cartesian space. An optimum trajectory is generated by using pattern search algorithm which determines strength of potential fields to minimize the value of desired objective function. Cubic splines are used to generate a smooth trajectory through path points in joint space that are obtained by inverse kinematics solution of corresponding points in the task space. The effectiveness of this method is shown by simulation studies.
Soybean meal apparent digestibility for Litopenaeus vannamei, including a critique of methodology (2000)

Most trials conducted to examine the apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients in aningredient or a diet use arbitrary levels of inclusion of the ingredients and indigestible marker. The suitabilityof the levels typically used has not been critically examined, however, and it is not known whether inclusionlevels affect the results obtained. This trial was undertaken to ascertain the apparent digestibility coefficientsfor dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy of dehulled, solvent extracted, toasted soybean meal (SBM) bycombining a control diet (containing 23.7% SBM) with SBM at two levels (15 and 30 %; diets contained23.7, 34.9 and 46,3% SBM) and two levels of chromic oxide (0.5 and 1.0 %) in the Pacific white shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei. Four replicate groups of shrimp were fed by hand three times daily and the feces werecollected by siphoning from the tank onto a fine mesh screen. The first fecal strands were discarded to reducethe effects of coprophagy and intake of material other than feed. To minimize leaching of nutrients, freshfecal strands were collected as soon as they were observed. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) fordry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were calculated for the diets and these data were used to derive theapparent digestibility coefficients for the SBM at the two levels of substitution.The dietary inclusion levels of the chromic oxide and SBM acted together to significantly (p<0.05) affect theADCs obtained for SBM. Over all the treatments, the calculated ADC for SBM dry matter varied from 61.2 to84.7%; for crude protein from 89.5 to 102.2%; and, for energy from 78.7 to 100.1%. The ADCs weregenerally higher among the diets that contained chromic oxide at 1.0 % than at 0.5 %, but the magnitude ofthe difference was different for the two levels of SBM substitution.
Real-time implementations of Hough Transform on SIMD architecture (2008)

Implementation of the Hough Transform (HT) for line detection requires massive computation, large memory space and high bandwidth. Without parallel processing on a proper platform, it can be hardly implemented in real-time, especially with high accuracy on high-resolution images. This paper proposes several efficient methods for implementation of HT on SIMD (Single-Instruction, Multiple-Data) architecture. All lines in an image/frame can be detected in real time with the proposed voting method, the novel Hough Space (HS) structures, and the efficient image “rotation” mechanism. With suggested refinement and tracking approach, we can capture and follow the target lines with very high accuracy. Analysis and comparison are elaborated with real-time implementation on our Wireless Smart Camera (WiCa) platform, which is a powerful image/video processing platform developed by NXP Semiconductors. Moreover, two different applications, lane detection and gesture control, are also developed on this platform.
Crohn's disease adherent-invasive Escherichia coli colonize and induce strong gut inflammation in transgenic mice expressing human CEACAM (2009)

Abnormal expression of CEACAM6 is observed at the apical surface of the ileal epithelium in Crohn's disease (CD) patients, and CD ileal lesions are colonized by pathogenic adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC). We investigated the ability of AIEC reference strain LF82 to colonize the intestinal mucosa and to induce inflammation in CEABAC10 transgenic mice expressing human CEACAMs. AIEC LF82 virulent bacteria, but not nonpathogenic E. coli K-12, were able to persist in the gut of CEABAC10 transgenic mice and to induce severe colitis with reduced survival rate, marked weight loss, increased rectal bleeding, presence of erosive lesions, mucosal inflammation, and increased proinflammatory cytokine expression. The colitis depended on type 1 pili expression by AIEC bacteria and on intestinal CEACAM expression because no sign of colitis was observed in transgenic mice infected with type 1 pili-negative LF82-Delta fimH isogenic mutant or in wild-type mice infected with AIEC LF82 bacteria. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that in CD patients having an abnormal intestinal expression of CEACAM6, AIEC bacteria via type 1 pili expression can colonize the intestinal mucosa and induce gut inflammation. Thus, targeting AIEC adhesion to gut mucosa represents a new strategy for clinicians to prevent and/or to treat ileal CD.
Properties of a YBCO/insulator/YBCO trilayer and its application to a multilayer Josephson junction (1996)

We have examined the properties of a trilayer high-temperature superconductor (HTS)/insulator/HTS structure and incorporated this structure with multilayer Josephson ramp edge junctions to form a SQUID with a ground plane. The lower and upper (YBCO) films in the trilayer structure showed zero-resistance temperatures of 89 K and 85 K respectively. A directly coupled ground-planed SQUID using ramp edge Josephson junctions with a normal barrier layer (PBCO) showed a voltage modulation of at 9 K and operated up to 50 K.
La posmodernidad: intento de aproximación desde la historia del pensamiento (2012)

Traditionally, History is divided into four periods that succeeded one after another all along the temporal plot: Antiquity, Middle Ages, Modern period and Contemporary period. However, from another point of view, we can distinguish between pre-modern, then modern, and thirdly post-modern thought. Focusing on the latter one, several questions emerge. How can postmodernism be defined? Can such a paradigm be understood in chronological terms? Has this moment really come? And if that is the case, does it have an expiration date? The aim of the present paper is to define postmodernism from an historic point of view, and to study, in three parts, the possible stages of its emergence, its main outstanding features, and the question of its limits.
Abstract MP01: Physical Activity and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Is the Relation Influenced by Level of Global Cardiovascular Risk? (2015)

Background: The inverse association between physical activity and CVD is well-established and has been shown in persons with and without single CVD risk factors. Nonetheless, it is unknown if physical activity is equally beneficial for prevention of CVD among women with varying levels of global cardiovascular risk. Thus, the purpose of this analysis was to determine whether level of cardiovascular risk, as assessed by the Reynolds Risk Score, modifies the association between physical activity and CVD. Methods and Results: We conducted a prospective analysis among 27,636 women initially healthy women in the Women’s Health Study, followed from 1992 to 2012. Leisure-time physical activity was reported at study entry and updated during follow-up. Participants were divided into 10-year risk groups of Conclusions: In this large prospective cohort of women, global level of cardiovascular risk did not modify the inverse association between physical activity and CVD risk. Thus, women with low as well as high cardiovascular risk can benefit from regular exercise.
Simultaneous detection of multiple charged particles using a borosilicate nanopore-based sensor (2016)

Nanopore sensing has been widely researched owing to its single molecule sensitivity. In this work, we have demonstrated the potential application of a relatively low-cost single borosilicate nanopore-based sensor for simultaneous detection of multiple charged particles with various diameters.
Impact of High-Level Controller Actions on Local Active End-Nodes in a Distribution Grid (2021)

Power utility grid is going through a challenging transformation. Growing number of power electronic active end-nodes are connected to the grid to enable large-scale integration of electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and distributed energy resources (DERs), which increase the importance for high-level controllers to maintain physical limits of an electrical network. In addition, each connected end-node has its own controller embedded into it. These various controllers make the power grid operation complex and further challenging. We aim to understand the operation of these high-level controller actions and their impact on the distribution grid. Therefore, in this study, we analyze the local end-node voltage relationship with total feeder power consumption in the presence of four high-level voltage regulating devices. To serve this purpose, an IEEE 37-bus test system is modified with on-load tap changer (OLTC), voltage regulator (VR), shunt capacitor bank, and volt-var controlled PV smart inverter. We ran four different dynamic simulation cases: (i) without any high-level controller, (ii) with only OLTC and VR, (iii) with only shunt capacitor bank, and (iv) with only volt-var controller. Then, we investigated local active end-node voltage variation and how it is related to substation power consumption. This work will help to understand grid dynamics in estimating global information from local measurements to develop distributed controllers more effectively.
On some fundamentals of igneous petrology (2013)

The age-old process of crystal fractionation leading to the diversity of the igneous rocks and Earth itself is an exceedingly well-understood chemical process in magmatism and physical chemistry. But the broader physical aspects of this and related processes have proven elusive on many fronts, especially in its relation to the spatial variations in rock composition, texture, and macroscopic features like layering. Magmatic systems, be they volcanic, dikes, sills, or plutons, are generally analyzed with a problem at hand and an end result in mind. The processes invoked to solve these problems, which are most often purely chemical, are often unique to each problem with few if any general principles emerging that are central to understanding the wider perspective of magmatic processes and problems. An attempt is made at the outset to provide a list of inviolate Magmatic First Principles that are relevant to analyzing most magmatic problems. These involve: initial conditions; critical crystallinity; solidification fronts; transport and emplacement fluxes; phenocrysts, xenocrysts, primocrysts; crystal size; layering and crystal sorting; thermal convection; magmatic processes are physical. Along with these principles, two reference magmatic systems are suggested where the initial conditions and outcome are unequivocal: the Sudbury impact melt sheet and the Hawaiian lava lakes. Sudbury formed in ~5 min by superheated magma crystallized to a near uniform sequence, while the tiny lava lakes, formed of crystal-laden slurries, form a highly differentiated layered sequence. The major difference is in the initial conditions of formation, especially the nature of the input materials. The challenge is to construct and analyze magmatic systems (i.e., magma chambers, sills, dikes, and lavas) using these reference end members and the suggested principles. The Hawaiian 500,000 year volcanic record exhibits what can be expected as input materials, namely a highly varied output of magma of an overall composition reflecting the abundance of entrained olivine primocrysts. The provenance of these crystals is varied, and within any single sample, the population may be highly heterogeneous in composition from crystal to crystal, yet the overall pattern of chemical fractionation is exceedingly regular and well defined. If similar inputs go to form large intrusions, these systems will undoubtedly be dominated by crystal-rich slurries, which provide a vast set of physical processes promoting exotic layering and, at the same time, given the effects of annealing and continued crystal growth, a final chemical record adhering to all the time-honored effects of crystal fractionation. The long assumed initial condition of instantaneously emplaced crystal-free magmas cannot reasonably produce the observed rock records.
A New Buck-boost Type Battery Equalizer (2009)

A new technique based on buck-boost topology is proposed to equalize a series-connected battery stack in this paper. The proposed scheme transfers the energy from fully charged battery cell to the weakest charged battery using buck-boost operation. This operation maintains batteries at the same charge and voltage level. Unlike previous battery equalizing schemes, the new battery equalizer uses only one magnetic component, resulting low cost and small size. Experiment results are provided to verify the operation of the proposed battery equalizer.