gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of solubility parameters of single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes using a finite-length model (2013)

Carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersions have been prepared using a variety of surface modification methods; however, these methods frequently have a negative effect on the intrinsic properties of CNTs or need to remove the surface modifiers. The Flory-Huggins theory suggests that such problems can be alleviated or eliminated, if ideally, when the solubility parameters of CNTs and a given medium are very similar or equal to each other. Since the earlier reported solubility parameters of CNTs were determined by indirect methods and varied in wide ranges, we suggested herein a possible way of directly determining the solubility parameter of various types of CNTs by using a finite-length model, and reported the determined solubility parameters of pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and pristine double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs). Through the validity test of the suggested model it was found that a 2 nm finite-length of CNTs can represent the longer CNTs for the study of the solubility parameters. In addition, the pristine DWCNTs were found to have higher solubility parameters than the pristine SWCNTs, and within the given type of CNTs, the solubility parameters varied inversely with the diameter of the CNTs. Based on the obtained results, it was expected that the solubility parameters for pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) should be similar to or slightly higher than the values for DWCNTs.
Pyroelectric Sensor for Temperature Monitoring of Biological Fluids in Microchannel Devices (2014)

In a lab-on-a-chip application, the measurement of local temperature variation often involves the detection of very low-level signals in a noisy microscale environment. A polymer pyroelectric transducer represents an efficient solution in terms of speed, sensitivity, and scale of integration, especially when prompt and accurate temperature monitoring is desired. This paper presents a ferroelectric polymer sensor to be used for the measurement of temperature variations in a microfluidic system. The pyroelectric sensor is based on a thin polyvinylidene fluoride sheet, which also provides a seal for the microchannels. The analytical model of the pyroelectric response of the sensor, coupled with the microchannel device, is in a good agreement with experimental data. Experiments confirm that the operating temperature range is suitable for most applications in which fast temperature monitoring is desired in order to avoid degradation of the biological samples.
Semi–Empirical Correlation of NOx Emissions From Combustion Turbines With Water/Steam Injection (1995)

Inert (water or steam) injection is commonly used to reduce NOx emissions in stationary gas turbine combustors, both lean premixed when oil–fired and conventional. Thus, having an accurate phenomenological model to predict these reductions could be useful in both design and implementation for low emissions. In this work, the semi–empirical characteristic time model (CTM), which has been validated for thermal NOx emissions from conventional, diffusion flame combustors, is modified to account for inert injection effects. Measured NOx data from two heavy–duty, utility combustion turbines operating on natural gas and fuel oil #2, both dry and with water or steam injection, are correlated. Inert injection is modeled as thermal, and two limiting cases are proposed which successfully bound the measured data. An empirically selected effective inert injection flame temperature was substituted for the stoichiometric flame temperature used to estimate the thermal NO formation rate in the CTM. This procedure correlated all of the measured data from both combustors for both fuels with a standard deviation of 1.02 g NO2/kg fuel. The high standard deviation results from systematic trends in the dry data for one combustor which propagate through the lower NOx values of the inert injection data. Removing these trends empirically improves the combined correlation to a standard deviation of 0.28 g/kg (approximately 3.2 ppmvd at 15% O2).
Performance of Commercial and Research Grade SiC Whiskers in a Borosilicate Glass Matrix (2008)

Dry blending of the whiskers and glass powder yielded composites of satisfactory, but not optimum, homogeneity. The whiskers inhibited composite densification, but this could be remedied by modifying the hot-pressing conditions. All types of whiskers produced improvements in the flexural strength of the composites, with the highest value achieved with the smallest diameter whiskers. The composites displayed a 4- to 5-fold increase in fracture toughness compared to that displayed by the unreinforced glass, but definitive trends could not be related to the whisker size characteristics.
Design criteria and performance of space-frequency bit-interleaved coded modulations in frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels (2003)

In this paper, we investigate design criteria and the performance of the space-frequency bit-interleaved coded modulation (SF-BICM) systems in frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. To determine the key parameters that affect the performance of SF-BICM, we derive the pairwise error probability (PEP) in terms of the determinant of the matrix corresponding to any two codewords. We prove that the bit-interleavers do the function of distributing the nonzero bits uniformly such that two or more nonzero bits are seldom distributed into the symbols that are transmitted in the same frequency bin. This implies that the bit-interleavers transform an SF-BICM system into an equivalent 1-antenna system. Based on this, we present design criteria of SF-BICM systems that maximizes the diversity order and the coding gain. Then, we analyze the performance of SF-BICM for the case of 2-transmit antennas and 2-multipaths by deriving a frame error rate (FER) bound. The derived bound is accurate and requires only the distance spectrum of the constituent codes of SF-BICM. Numerical results reveal that the bound is tight enough to estimate the performance of SF-BICM very accurately.
Comparison of Outcomes following Autologous Breast Reconstruction Using the DIEP and Pedicled TRAM Flaps: A 12-Year Clinical Retrospective Study and Literature Review (2015)

Therapeutic, III.
Development of an implantable wireless ECoG 128ch recording device for clinical brain machine interface (2013)

Brain Machine Interface (BMI) is a system that assumes user's intention by analyzing user's brain activities and control devices with the assumed intention. It is considered as one of prospective tools to enhance paralyzed patients' quality of life. In our group, we especially focus on ECoG (electro-corti-gram)-BMI, which requires surgery to place electrodes on the cortex. We try to implant all the devices within the patient's head and abdomen and to transmit the data and power wirelessly. Our device consists of 5 parts: (1) High-density multi-electrodes with a 3D shaped sheet fitting to the individual brain surface to effectively record the ECoG signals; (2) A small circuit board with two integrated circuit chips functioning 128 [ch] analogue amplifiers and A/D converters for ECoG signals; (3) A Wifi data communication & control circuit with the target PC; (4) A non-contact power supply transmitting electrical power minimum 400[mW] to the device 20[mm] away. We developed those devices, integrated them, and, investigated the performance.
Switching Redox-Active Sites by Valence Tautomerism in Prussian Blue Analogues AxMny[Fe(CN)6]·nH2O (A: K, Rb): Robust Frameworks for Reversible Li Storage (2010)

The discovery of a new electrode material that provides a reversible Li ion insertion/extraction reaction is of primary importance for Li ion batteries. In this report, electrochemical Li ion insertion/extraction in valence tautomeric Prussian blue analogues AxMny[Fe(CN)6] (A: K, Rb) was investigated. Ex situ X-ray diffraction experiments revealed that the K salt without the valence tautomerism exhibits the Li ion insertion/extraction with a redox process of an Fe ion, while the Rb salt with the valence tautomerism exhibits that with a redox process of a Mn ion. Regardless of the redox-active metal ions, highly reversible Li ion storage was achieved. The electronic structure changes during the Li ion insertion/extraction are confirmed by XPS experiments.
Addressing the trained novice/expert performance gap in complex dynamic systems: a case-based intelligent tutoring system (2002)

Training operators for complex dynamic systems is an essential, but costly, endeavor. New operators need to learn declarative and procedural knowledge, and operational skill in order to safely and effectively perform functions required in complex work domains, e.g., nuclear power generation or aviation. Economic pressures, however, necessitate the adoption of training approaches and programs that produce competent performance in limited time. These approaches often lead to gaps between the level of performance of the newly trained operator (the trained novice) and the expert operator. This paper discusses the genesis of this gap and some of its effects on operation. A design for a case-based intelligent tutoring system is proposed for addressing this performance gap.
Effectiveness of Heat and Mass Transfer Processes in a Packed Bed Liquid Desiccant Dehumidifier/Regenerator (2000)

Seasonal performance simulations of liquid desiccant cooling systems provide valuable information for developing cost-competitive and energy efficient alternatives to conventional air conditioning techniques. To ensure reliable simulation results, component models must be based on and verified by experimental data. This paper presents closed-form performance correlations for the effectiveness of heat and mass transfer processes in a packed bed dehumidifier/regenerator. The physical phenomena relevant to the heat and mass transfer in these devices has been used to develop a novel set of correlations based on the relevant nondimensional parameters. A large body of previously reported experimental data, including results recently obtained by the present authors, was used in deriving the correlations. The key improvements offered by these newly developed correlations include the applicability for both dehumidification and regeneration, inclusion of proper nondimensional parameters such as wettability, and extension in range of validity. The number of different studies used makes these correlations valid for broad ranges of conditions encountered in packed bed liquid desiccant dehumidifiers and regenerators.
Femtosecond-pulse-driven, 10-Hz, 41.8-nm laser in Xe IX (1994)

In this paper, we report the observation of exponential gain at 41.81 nm on the 4d 9 5d 1 S 0 - 4d 9 5p 1 P 1 transition in Xe IX, as proposed in reference 1. A 10-Hz, circularly-polarized 800-nm laser pulse with energy of ~70 mJ and duration of ~ 40 fs is longitudinally focused to a peak intensity of &gt; 3 ×10 16 W/cm 2 over a length of 8.4 mm in a differentially pumped cell containing 12 torr of Xe gas. Laser amplification was observed with an estimated gain coefficient of 13 cm -1 and a total gain of exp(11).
acPad: Enhancing channel utilization for 802.11ac using packet padding (2017)

Multi-User Multiple Input Multiple Output (MU-MIMO) enables a multi-antenna access point (AP) to serve multiple users simultaneously, and has been adopted as the IEEE 802.11ac standard. While several PHY-MAC designs have recently been proposed to improve the throughput performance of a MU-MIMO WLAN, they, however, usually assume that all the concurrent streams are of roughly equal length. In reality, users usually have frames with heterogeneous lengths even after aggregation, leading to different lengths of transmission time. Hence, the concurrent transmission opportunities might not always be fully utilized when some streams finish earlier than the others in a transmission opportunity (TXOP). To resolve this inefficiency, this paper presents acPad, a PHY-MAC design that adds additional frames to fill up the idle channel time and better utilize the spatial multiplexing gain. Our acPad identifies proper users as the padding so as to improve the padding gain, while preventing this padding from harming all the ongoing streams. Our evaluation via large-scale trace-driven simulations demonstrates that acPad improves the throughput by up to 2.83×, or by 1.36× on average, as compared to the conventional 802.11ac.
Skewed associativity enhances performance predictability (1995)

Performance tuning becomes harder as computer technology advances. One of the factors is the increasing complexity of memory hierarchies. Most modern machines now use at least one level of cache memory. To reduce execution stalls, cache misses must be very low. Software techniques used to improve locality have been developped for numerical codes, such as loop blocking and copying. Unfortunately, the behavior of direct mapped and set associative caches is still erratic when large numerical data is accessed. Execution time can vary drasticly for the same loop kernel depending on uncontrolled factors such as array leading size. The only software method available to improve execution time stability is the copying of frequently used data, which is costly in execution time. Users are not usually cache organisation experts. They are not aware of such phenomena, and have no control over it.In this paper, we show that the recently proposed four-way skewed associative cache yields very stable execution times and good average miss ratios on blocked algorithms. As a result, execution time is faster and much more predictable than with conventional caches. As a result of its better comportment, it is possible to use larger blocks sizes with blocked algorithms, which will furthermore reduces blocking overhead costs.
The Metabolic Signature of CLL: Enhanced Glucose Metabolism in A Subset of High-Risk CLL Patients (2012)

Abstract Abstract 1785 Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common hematopoietic malignancies in adults, remains incurable, and new approaches to treatment are needed. Previous research has defined certain molecular characteristics of CLL (e.g., cytogenetic abnormalities, dysregulated signaling pathways, and alterations of apoptotic proteins) that improve our understanding of this disease and provide prognostic information. In addition to these molecular signatures, it is now clear from multiple settings that changes in cellular metabolism can impact the survival and promote the growth and proliferation of malignant cells. Unlike many cancers, however, CLL cells can have a very low rate of proliferation. Because targeting cancer metabolism may attack a fundamental feature of cancer biology, we sought to characterize the metabolic program of CLL in hopes of establishing new prognostic markers and identifying novel treatment targets. We evaluated the glycolytic and lipid metabolism profiles of B-CLL cells from low- and high-risk CLL patients. Methods: We collected blood from CLL patients seen at the Duke Center for CLL and enrolled in IRB-approved protocols at the Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers. CLL lymphocytes were isolated using negative selection yielding greater than 95% purity of CLL lymphocytes. Standard prognostic testing was done as we have described before. Glut1 expression was detected by immunoblot. Glycolytic rate and lipid oxidation rate was measured by using 3H-labled glucose or palmitic acid respectively as described in the literature. Cell viability was measured by propidium iodide exclusion assay. Results: CLL cells exhibited higher expression of the major glucose transporter Glut1 compared to naïve B cells purified from healthy donors (n=20 for CLL and n=3 for normal). CLL cells from a subset of high-risk patients (unmutated IGVH; total n=6) had higher glycolytic rate compared to those from low-risk (mutated IGVH; total n=11) patients. In contrast, no significant change in lipid oxidation was observed between high-risk (IGVH unmutated; n=2) to low-risk (IGVH mutated; n=4) patients. CLL cells were also sensitive to glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG), with 2-DOG (5uM) mediating cytotoxicity in vitro. Conclusion: We establish for the first time that purified, malignant CLL cells overexpress the glucose transporter Glut1, and that the glycolysis inhibitor 2-DOG is cytotoxic for CLL cells in vitro. In addition, our results demonstrate that cells from high-risk CLL patients have enhanced glucose metabolism relative to leukemia cells from low-risk patients. Therefore, glucose metabolism in these malignant B cells may represent a novel prognostic marker and a novel therapeutic target in this incurable disease. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Flexible schemes for application-level fault tolerance (2002)

It is pointed out that the design of fault-tolerance provisions in the application level is normally necessary, but difficult and error-prone due to its ad-hoc nature. Structuring schemes have been proposed to reduce the difficulty of this task, but they appear too restrictive for the building of large, heterogeneous applications. The redundant structures that can be used in the individual components of a system depend on their requirements or inherent characteristics; it would be useful to combine components using different basic schemes. As an example, the authors propose a solution for interfacing components using conversations for backward recovery with components using atomic transactions. Constraints for the designers of the components to be interfaced and requirements on the virtual machine supporting their execution are defined. Ways a classification of components could be organized to allow the formulation of more general solutions are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Crosstalk in a fibre access network demonstrator carrying television and interactive digital services (1994)

An optical access network is being constructed as part of the RACE programme to demonstrate the feasibility of providing both interactive broadband and television distribution services over a single, shared fibre to a residential subscriber. The interactive and distributive services will be transmitted in the 1.3 μm and 1.5 μm optical windows, respectively, of the fibre. To prevent crosstalk between the two services a wavelength division demultiplexer which gives adequate isolation between the two optical carriers must be provided at the subscriber receiver. Performance deterioration due to mutual crosstalk is calculated and measurement results presented. Theory and measurement show that the deterioration of the interactive signal caused by the distributive signal sets the most demanding isolation requirement. For an interactive signal penalty of 0.5 dB the isolation has to be 40 dB, which is at the limit of the performance achieved by commercially available wavelength division demultiplexers.
The nanoaquarium: A nanofluidic platform for in situ transmission electron microscopy in liquid media (2011)

There are many scientifically interesting and technologically relevant nanoscale phenomena that take place in liquid media. Examples include aggregation and assembly of nanoparticles; colloidal crystal formation; liquid phase growth of structures such as nanowires; electrochemical deposition and etching for fabrication processes and battery applications; interfacial phenomena; boiling and cavitation; and biological interactions. Understanding of these fields would benefit greatly from real-time, in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging with nanoscale resolution. Most liquids cannot be imaged by traditional TEM due to evaporation in the high vacuum environment and the requirement that samples be very thin. Liquid-cell in situ TEM has emerged as an exciting new experimental technique that hermetically seals a thin slice of liquid between two electron transparent membranes to enable TEM imaging of liquid-based processes. This work presents details of the fabrication of a custom-made liquid-cell in situ TEM device, dubbed the nanoaquarium. The nanoaquarium’s highlights include an exceptionally thin sample cross section (10s to 100s of nm); wafer scale processing that enables high-yield mass production; robust hermetic sealing that provides leak-free operation without use of glue, epoxy, or any polymers; compatibility with lab-on-chip technology; and on-chip integrated electrodes for sensing and actuation. The fabrication process is described, with an emphasis on direct wafer bonding. Experimental results involving direct observation of colloid aggregation using an aqueous solution of gold nanoparticles are presented. Quantitative analysis of the growth process agrees with prior results and theory, indicating that the experimental technique does not radically alter the observed phenomenon. For the first time, in situ observations of nanoparticles at a contact line and in an evaporating thin film of liquid are reported, with applications for techniques such as dip-coating and drop-casting, commonly used for depositing nanoparticles on a surface via convective-capillary assembly. Theoretical analysis suggests that the observed particle motion and aggregation are caused by gradients in surface tension and disjoining pressure in the thin liquid film.
Compliance to Therapy in Patients on a Maintenance Dose of Sulfasalazine (1982)

In patients with inflammatory bowel disease using a maintenance dose of sulfasalazine (SASP), compliance to therapy was studied by measuring serum sulfapyridine (SP) levels. Serum SP levels were determined in 51 patients both during hospitalization and at outpatient follow-up 1-6 months later. In 21 patients (41.2%) the serum SP level was considerably lower at outpatient follow-up than the serum level before discharge. In 21 (12%) of 175 outpatients taking a maintenance dose of SASP, SP in serum was not detectable at all at repeated determination during follow-up. These results indicate that a substantial number of patients on maintenance therapy with SASP do not take the prescribed dose. Drug trials in these patients should therefore incorporate methods of detecting defaulters.
Alternative acrylic bone cement formulations for cemented arthroplasties: Present status, key issues, and future prospects (2007)

All the commercially available plain acrylic bone cement brands that are used in cemented arthroplasties are based on poly (methyl methacrylate) and, with a few exceptions, have the same constituents. It is well known that these brands are beset with many drawbacks, such as high maximum exotherm temperature, lack of bioactivity, and volumetric shrinkage upon curing. Furthermore, concerns have been raised about a number of the constituents, such as toxicity of the activator (N,N,dimethyl-p-toluidine) and possible involvement of the radiopacifier (BaSO(4) or ZrO(2) particles) in third-body wear. Thus, over the years, many research efforts have been expended to address these drawbacks, culminating in a large number of alternative formulations, which may be grouped into 16 categories. Although there are a number of reviews of the large literature that now exists on these formulations, each covers only some of the categories and none contains a detailed discussion of the germane issues. The objective of the present work, therefore, was to present a comprehensive and critical review of the whole field. In addition to succinct descriptions of the cements in each category, there are explicative summaries of literature reports, a detailed discussion of several key issues surrounding the potential for use of these cements in cemented arthroplasties, and a presentation of numerous ideas for future studies.