gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Changes in apical [K+] produce delayed basal membrane responses of the retinal pigment epithelium in the gecko. (1984)

We describe here a new retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) response, a delayed hyperpolarization of the RPE basal membrane, which is initiated by the light-evoked decrease of [K+]o in the subretinal space. This occurs in addition to an apical hyperpolarization previously described in cat (Steinberg et al., 1970; Schmidt and Steinberg, 1971) and in bullfrog (Oakley et al., 1977; Oakley, 1977). Intracellular and extracellular potentials and measurements of subretinal [K+]o were recorded from an in vitro preparation of neural retina-RPE-choroid from the lizard Gekko gekko in response to light. Extracellularly, the potential across the RPE, the transepithelial potential (TEP), first increased and then decreased during illumination. Whereas the light-evoked decrease in [K+]o predicted the increase in TEP, the subsequent decrease in TEP was greater than predicted by the reaccumulation of [K+]o. Intracellular RPE recordings showed that a delayed hyperpolarization generated at the RPE basal membrane produced the extra TEP decrease. At light offset, the opposite sequence of membrane potential changes occurred. RPE responses to changes in [K+]o were studied directly in the isolated gecko RPE-choroid. Decreasing [K+]o in the apical bathing solution produced first a hyperpolarization of the apical membrane, followed by a delayed hyperpolarization of the basal membrane, a sequence of membrane potential changes identical to those evoked by light. Increasing [K+]o produced the opposite sequence of membrane potential changes. In both preparations, the delayed basal membrane potentials were accompanied by changes in basal membrane conductance. The mechanism by which a change in extracellular [K+] outside the apical membrane leads to a polarization of the basal membrane remains to be determined.
Light Modulator Based on Optically Active Nematic-Chiral Liquid Crystal Structure (1991)

Abstract At the present time liquid crystals have extensive practical applications. The reason for this has been both the appearance of a wide assortment of new liquid crystal materials with the requisite properties and the discovery of new physical effects which depend to a considerable extent on the symmetry and oonfigurational features of liquid crystals. Particularly noteworthy in this respect are liquid crystals with spiral structure [1]. The helical twist of the supermoleoular structure ensures the unique properties of such liquid crystals.
Synthesis and enzymatic hydrolysis of lactic acid-depsipeptide copolymers with functionalized pendant groups (1997)

Since poly(lactic acid) is the biodegradable polyester having low immunogenicity and good biocompatibility, it is utilized as a medical material. However, poly(lactic acid) is a water-insoluble crystalline polymer having no reactive side-chain group. Thus, the use of poly(lactic acid) is limited. To modify the properties of poly(lactic acid) and to introduce the functionalized pendant groups to poly(lactic acid), we synthesized two kinds of lactic acid-depsipeptide copolymers with reactive pendant groups, namely poly[LA-(Glc-Lys)] and poly[LA-(Glc-Asp)]. This was done through ring-opening copolymerizations of L-lactide with the corresponding protected cyclodepsipeptides, cyclo[Glc-Lys(Z)] and cyclo[Glc-Asp(OBzl)], and subsequent deprotection of benzyloxycarbonyl and benzyl groups, respectively. By changing the mole fraction of the corresponding depsipeptide units, the solubility, thermal transition and degradation behavior of the modified poly(lactic acid) could be varied. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Framtidsklimat i Västmanlands län - enligt RCP-scenarier (2015)

Rapporten beskriver dagens och framtidens klimat i Västmanland baserat på observationer och beräkningar utifrån två olika antaganden om atmosfärens innehåll av växthusgaser (begränsade utsläpp RCP4.5 respektive höga utsläpp RCP8.5). Data från internationell klimatforskning har bearbetats för att möjliggöra analyser på lokal skala, inklusive hydrologisk modellering. Resultaten presenteras med kartor och diagram i form av olika klimatindex, dvs. medelvärden, säsongsvariationer och mer extrema förhållanden, baserade på statistiska bearbetningar av data.
More than relevance (2012)

Query recommendation plays a critical role in helping users' search. Most existing approaches on query recommendation aim to recommend relevant queries. However, the ultimate goal of query recommendation is to assist users to reformulate queries so that they can accomplish their search task successfully and quickly. Only considering relevance in query recommendation is apparently not directly toward this goal. In this paper, we argue that it is more important to directly recommend queries with high utility, i.e., queries that can better satisfy users' information needs. For this purpose, we propose a novel generative model, referred to as Query Utility Model (QUM), to capture query utility by simultaneously modeling users' reformulation and click behaviors. The experimental results on a publicly released query log show that, our approach is more effective in helping users find relevant search results and thus satisfying their information needs.
Multimodal image registration with applications to image fusion (2005)

This paper presents an algorithm for accurately aligning two images of the same scene captured simultaneously by sensors operating in different wavebands (e.g. TV and IR). Such a setup is common in image fusion systems where the sensors are physically aligned as closely as possible and yet significant image mis-alignment remains due to differences infield of view, lens distortion and other camera characteristics. Our proposed registration method involves numerically minimising a global objective function defined in terms of local normalized correlation measures. The algorithm is demonstrated on real multimodal imagery and applications to image fusion are considered. In particular, we illustrate that fused image quality is closely related to the degree of registration accuracy achieved. To maintain this accuracy in real systems it is often necessary to continuously update the transform over time. Thus, we extend our registration approach to execute in real time on live imagery, providing optimal fused imagery in the presence of relative sensor motion and parallax effects.
An Alternate Wire Database for Xilinx FPGAs (2004)

This paper presents ADB, an alternate wire database, suitable for routing, tracing, and browsing in Xilinx Virtex, Virtex-E, Virtex-II, and Virtex-II Pro FPGAs. While mainstream design flows and place-and-route tools make good use of available routing resources, they often do so at the cost of comparatively large processing times. An alternative scheme is to modify or generate configuration bitstreams directly, in order to achieve more dynamic designs and to reduce processing times and memory footprints. ADB includes a complete set of compact wire databases for the indicated families, and can generate the necessary bitstream configurations with the help of JBits or an independent bitstream interface. These wire databases can also be used in standalone mode to facilitate routing research in situations where real device data might not normally be available.
Multiscale Analysis of Topographic Surface Roughness in the Midland Valley, Scotland (2010)

Surface roughness is an important geomorphological variable which has been used in the Earth and planetary sciences to infer material properties, current/past processes, and the time elapsed since formation. No single definition exists; however, within the context of geomorphometry, we use surface roughness as an expression of the variability of a topographic surface at a given scale, where the scale of analysis is determined by the size of the landforms or geomorphic features of interest. Six techniques for the calculation of surface roughness were selected for an assessment of the parameter's behavior at different spatial scales and data-set resolutions. Area ratio operated independently of scale, providing consistent results across spatial resolutions. Vector dispersion produced results with increasing roughness and homogenization of terrain at coarser resolutions and larger window sizes. Standard deviation of residual topography highlighted local features and did not detect regional relief. Standard deviation of elevation correctly identified breaks of slope and was good at detecting regional relief. Standard deviation of slope <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$(\hbox{SD}_{\rm slope})$</tex></formula> also correctly identified smooth sloping areas and breaks of slope, providing the best results for geomorphological analysis. Standard deviation of profile curvature identified the breaks of slope, although not as strongly as <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{SD}_{\rm slope}$</tex></formula> , and it is sensitive to noise and spurious data. In general, <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{SD}_{\rm slope}$</tex></formula> offered good performance at a variety of scales, while the simplicity of calculation is perhaps its single greatest benefit.
Bone morphogenetic proteins specify the retinal pigment epithelium in the chick embryo (2007)

In vertebrates, the neuroepithelium of the optic vesicle is initially multipotential, co-expressing a number of transcription factors that are involved in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and neural retina (NR) development. Subsequently, extrinsic signals emanating from the surrounding tissues induce the separation of the optic vesicle into three domains: the optic stalk/nerve, the NR and the RPE. Here, we show that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are sufficient and essential for RPE development in vivo. Bmp4 and Bmp7 are expressed in the surface ectoderm overlying the optic vesicle, the surrounding mesenchyme and/or presumptive RPE during the initial stages of eye development. During the initial stages of chick eye development the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf), important for RPE development, is expressed in the optic primordium that is covered by the BMP-expressing surface ectoderm. Following BMP application, the optic neuroepithelium, including the presumptive optic stalk/nerve and NR domain, develop into RPE as assessed by the expression of Otx2, Mitf, Wnt2b and the pigmented cell marker MMP115. By contrast, interfering with BMP signalling prevents RPE development in the outer layer of the optic cup and induces NR-specific gene expression (e.g. Chx10). Our results show that BMPs are sufficient and essential for RPE development during optic vesicle stages. We propose a model in which the BMP-expressing surface ectoderm initiates RPE specification by inducing Mitf expression in the underlying neuroepithelium of the optic vesicle.
Rim Cracking of the Cross-Linked Longevity Polyethylene Acetabular Liner After Total Hip Arthroplasty (2007)

There was no notable in vivo degradation of the retrieved liners. Important factors related to failure appear to be thin polyethylene at the cup rim, relatively vertical cup alignment, and the material properties of the highly cross-linked polyethylene that are decreased relative to conventional polyethylene. The critical dimension with respect to rim failure in modular liners appears to be the minimum thickness at the equatorial region.
Hydrogen Refueling System Based on Autothermal Cyclic Reforming (2002)

GE Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (GE-EER) is developing a hydrogen generation system designed for vehicle refueling. The hydrogen generation system uses a proprietary reformer to convert fuels to a hydrogen-rich gas that can be easily purified. The Autothermal Cyclic Reforming (ACR) process is a unique technology that can be applied for the production of hydrogen or syngas from many fuels, including natural gas, diesel fuel, coal, and renewable feed-stocks, such as biomass. The system also includes a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) unit to purify the hydrogen, a hydrogen compressor, high-pressure storage tanks, and a dispensing unit to safely deliver the hydrogen from the storage tanks to the hydrogen vehicle. Praxair will develop the PSA unit, the hydrogen compressor and hydrogen storage tanks. HCI will develop the hydrogen dispenser. BP will analyze the refueling station logistics and safety. An optimal process configuration was selected, process flow diagrams were developed, and efficiencies were calculated. A detailed analysis was conducted to compare high-pressure and low-pressure reforming configurations. In collaboration with an ongoing DOE project, Processing Based on ACR for Stationary PEM Fuel Cells, Contract No. DE-FC02-97EE50488, the component design of the fuel processor has been completed and the system is being fabricated. The fabrication is expected to be complete by July 2002. A detailed safety analysis including Personnel Hazard Assessment (PHA), Hazardous Operation (HAZOP) analysis, and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) has been performed. An economic analysis for the hydrogen refueling station is being performed. The installed capital costs for 150 kWt and 500 kWt (thermal) commercial hydrogen generators were estimated from the current cost of the prototype hydrogen generator. The cost of H2 was projected to understand the market position of ACR-based hydrogen generator.
Random Telegraph Signals in Two-Dimensional Array of Si Quantum Dots (2010)

Silicon-quantum-dots (Si-QDs) with an areal density as high as ∼1012cm-2 were self-assembled on thermally-grown SiO2 by low pressure CVD using Si2H6, in which OH-terminated SiO2 surface prior to the Si CVD was exposed to GeH4 to create nucleation sites uniformly. After thermal oxidation of Si-QDs surface, two-dimensional electronic transport through the Si-QDs array was measured with co-planar Al electrodes evaporated on the array surface. Random telegraph signals were clearly observed at constant applied bias conditions in dark condition and under light irradiation at room temperature. The result indicates the charging and discharging of a dot adjacent to the percolation current path in the dots array.
The Sox17‐mCherry fusion mouse line allows visualization of endoderm and vascular endothelial development (2011)

Sox17 is a HMG-box transcription factor that has been shown to play important roles in both cardio-vascular development and endoderm formation. To analyze these processes in greater detail, we have generated a Sox17-mCherry fusion (SCF) protein by gene targeting in ES cells. SCF reporter mice are homozygous viable and faithfully reflect the endogenous Sox17 protein localization. We report that SCF positive cells constitute a subpopulation in the visceral endoderm before gastrulation and time-lapse imaging reveals that SCF monitors the nascent definitive endoderm during epithelialization. After gastrulation, SCF marks the mid- and hindgut endoderm and vascular endothelial network, which can be imaged during establishment in allantois explant cultures. The SCF reporter is downregulated in the endoderm epithelium and upregulated in endothelial cells of the intestine, lung, and pancreas during organogenesis. In summary, the generation of the Sox17-mCherry reporter mouse line allows direct visualization of endoderm and vascular development in culture and the mouse embryo.
TAS-301, a New Synthetic Inhibitor of Neointimal Thickening after Balloon Injury, Inhibits Calcium-Dependent Signal Transduction and Cytoskeletal Reorganization (2001)

We previously demonstrated that a recently synthesized drug, TAS-301 [3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)methylene-2-indolinone], inhibited neointimal thickening after single-balloon injury to the rat common carotid artery by inhibiting both the migration and proliferation processes of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The purpose of this current study was to elucidate the possible mechanism of action for its inhibition of the migration process of VSMCs. We also determined the efficacy of TAS-301 on second neointimal formation 14 days after a double-balloon injury to the rat common carotid artery. Neointimal thickening, 14 days after second balloon injury, was reduced by the oral administration of TAS-301 in a dose-dependent manner. In in vitro assays using rat VSMCs, Western blot analysis showed that TAS-301 inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of both focal adhesion kinase and paxillin. Tyrosine phosphorylation of these proteins depended on the increment of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). The PDGF-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) were also inhibited by TAS-301. Additionally, TAS-301 at 10 micromol/l reduced the extent of F-actin stress fiber depolymerization observed in response to PDGF. These results indicate that TAS-301 reduced the intimal thickening after denudation to a pre-existing lesion to the same extent as it reduced that after a single-balloon injury to the normal artery. Furthermore, the results of our in vitro experiments suggest that antimigratory mechanisms of TAS-301 that contribute to preventing the intimal thickening might be mediated by drug inhibition of Ca2+ -dependent signal molecules and the following cytoskeletal depolymerization.
Numerical analysis of polarization gratings using the finite-difference time-domain method (2007)

We report the first full numerical analysis of polarization gratings (PGs), and study their most general properties and limits by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. In this way, we avoid limiting assumptions on material properties or grating dimensions (e.g., no paraxial approximations) and provide a more complete understanding of PG diffraction behavior. We identify the fundamental delineation between diffraction regimes (thin versus thick) for anisotropic gratings and determine the conditions for $\ensuremath{\approx}100%$ diffraction efficiency in the framework of the coupled-wave $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $Q$ parameters. Diffraction characteristics including the efficiency, spectral response, and polarization sensitivity are investigated for the two primary types of PGs with linear and circular birefringence. The angular response and finite-grating behavior (i.e., pixelation) are also examined. Comparisons with previous analytic approximations, where applicable, show good agreement.
ACCORD Synopsys Scientific Systems Ltd., United Kingdom. Version 2.0 for Windows. £495 (£295 academic price). (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook ReviewNEXTACCORD Synopsys Scientific Systems Ltd., United Kingdom. Version 2.0 for Windows. £495 (£295 academic price).Richard A. GlennonView Author Information Department of Medicinal Chemistry Medical College of Virginia Campus Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia 23298-0580Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 4, 653–654Publication Date (Web):January 22, 1998Publication History Published online22 January 1998Published inissue 1 February 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm970827chttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm970827cbook-reviewACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views31Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Biological databases,Chemical structure,Molecules,Power,Substituents Get e-Alerts
Raman Spectroscopy to Solve Unmet Needs in Histopathology (2017)

Histopathology of cells and tissues is the golden standard for clinical diagnostics. Raman-based methods have been suggested to as a complementary histopathological tool. The most attractive feature of Raman spectroscopy is that inherent molecular vibrations provide a specific fingerprint of specimens in a label-free and nondestructive way. Images can be collected with microscopic resolution that probe the biochemistry and morphology of tissue sections. Multivariate classification models are trained to correlate the Raman spectra and images with the tissue type and disease state. Examples include to grade primary brain tumors, delineate tumor margins and determine the origin of brain metastases. After coupling to fiber optic probes, Raman spectra can also be collected in vivo under real time conditions. Such procedure offers the possibility to assess tissue before taking biopsies or resecting suspicious tissues. Another promising application of Raman spectroscopy is the detection and enumeration of tumor cells that circulate in the blood of cancer patients. The presentation gives an overview about the principles, results and prospects to solve such unmet needs by Raman spectroscopy.
BIOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURES: A SOURCE OF LEXICAL KNOWLEDGE AND AMBIGUITY (2003)

There has been increased work in developing automated systems that involve natural language processing (NLP) to recognize and extract genomic information from the literature. Recognition and identification of biological entities is a critical step in this process. NLP systems generally rely on nomenclatures and ontological specifications as resources for determining the names of the entities, assigning semantic categories that are consistent with the corresponding ontology, and assignment of identifiers that map to well-defined entities within a particular nomenclature. Although nomenclatures and ontologies are valuable for text processing systems, they were developed to aid researchers and are heterogeneous in structure and semantics. A uniform resource that is automatically generated from diverse resources, and that is designed for NLP purposes would be a useful tool for the field, and would further database interoperability. This paper presents work towards this goal. We have automatically created lexical resources from four model organism nomenclature systems (mouse, fly, worm, and yeast), and have studied performance of the resources within an existing NLP system, GENIES. Using nomenclatures is not straightforward because issues concerning ambiguity, synonymy, and name variations are quite challenging. In this paper we focus mainly on ambiguity. We determined that the number of ambiguous gene names within the individual nomenclatures, across the four nomenclatures, and with general English ranged from 0%-10.18%, 1.187%-20.30%, and 0%-2.49% respectively. When actually processing text, we found the rate of ambiguous occurrences (not counting ambiguities stemming from English words) to range from 2.4%-32.9% depending on the organisms considered.