gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Applicability of Enzymes in Cellulose Ether Analysis (2009)

Abstract Summary: Six methyl cellulose (MC) samples, one with a DS of 1.32 and five with a DS between 1.83 and 1.88, were degraded with five different enzymes or enzyme preparations containing endoglucanases. The main goal was to investigate whether enzymes could be used for determination of heterogeneity of the substituent distribution along the cellulose chain. To obtain information about the heterogeneity it was necessary to gather information on how the enzymes affect hydrolysis. Monomer composition and methyl distribution in the polymer chain were analyzed after total or partial random hydrolysis and appropriate derivatization by GC and MS, respectively, and used as reference data for the evaluation of the enzymatic hydrolysis. Size exclusion chromatography with multi angle light scattering and refractive index detection (SEC‐MALLS/RI) was used to estimate molar mass distribution of the MCs before and after hydrolysis. Electrospray and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (ESI and MALDI) in combination with various MS analyzers were compared with respect to quantification of the degradation products directly and after perdeuteromethylation. Methyl group distribution in the oligomeric fractions and the average DS/DP were calculated from ESI mass spectra. With help of the reference analysis, patterns could be corrected for the unspecific contribution of end groups. By labelling and ESI‐MS n , our knowledge about the tolerance of the enzyme's sub‐sites with respect to the number of methyl groups could be improved. A novel standard addition method in combination with electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI‐IT MS) was used to determine the amount of formed oligomers.
Use of Beta-Blocking Agents with Group Therapy in a Smoking Withdrawal Clinic (1984)

A controlled trial was carried out into the relative efficacy of two beta-blocking agents (oxprenolol and metoprolol) as adjuncts to group therapy in a smoking withdrawal clinic. There was no evidence to indicate that these were of specific value in assisting smoking withdrawal.
Reliability of lightning resistant overhead power distribution lines (2002)

An assessment of the 32 year historical reliability of the 13.8 kV electrical distribution system at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee has yielded several conclusions useful In the planning of Industrial power Systems. The system configuration at ORNL has essentially remained unchanged in the last 32 years which allows a meaningful comparison of reliability trends for the plant`s eight overhead distribution lines, two of which were built in the 1960`s with lightning resistant construction techniques. Meticulous records indicating the cause, duration, and location of 135 electric outages in the plant`s distribution system have allowed a reliability assessment to be performed. The assessment clearly shows how differences in voltage construction class, length, age, and maximum elevation above a reference elevation influence the reliability of overhead power distribution lines. Comparisons are also made between the ORNL historical data and predicted failure rates from ANSI and IEEE industry surveys.
Support to the Warfighting Functions (2020)

This chapter links Army spectrum management operation (SMO) to the warfighting functions. It describes how SMO supports and enables commander's efforts as they exercise mission command. SMO enables movement and maneuver by maintaining freedom of action within the electromagnetic spectrum. It supports intelligence through the provision of spectrum situational understanding and the ability to gain a greater understanding of the electromagnetic operational environment. SMO provides crucial support to the fires warfighting function through the ability to discriminate friendly forces from adversary targets, increased spectrum awareness, and direct support to electronic warfare (EW). It enhances mission command in light of other spectrum dependent activities (such as jamming and passage of intelligence) through effective spectrum management. SMO supports the protection warfighting function through the conduct of frequency deconfliction, interference mitigation, and support to EW defensive actions.
Optimal Convergence Rates for the Strong Solutions to the Compressible MHD Equations with Potential Force (2019)

In this paper, the large‐time behavior of solutions to the Cauchy problem for the 3D compressible MHD equations is considered with the effect of external force. We construct the global unique solution with the small initial data near the stationary profile. The optimal L p − L 2 (1 ≤ p ≤ 2) time decay rates of the solution to the system are built in multifrequency decompositions.
The radon transform, inverse problems, and tomography : American Mathematical Society short course, January 3-4, 2005, Atlanta, Georgia (2006)

An introduction to X-ray tomography and radon transforms by E. T. Quinto Development of algorithms in computerized tomography by A. K. Louis Fan-beam tomography and sampling theory by A. Faridani Generalized transforms of radon type and their applications by P. Kuchment Inverse problems in pipeline inspection by P. Massopust Robust interferometric imaging in random media by L. Borcea.
ChemInform Abstract: CONTROLLED CRYSTALLIZATION OF AMORPHOUS SILICON NITRIDE BY TITANIUM AND CHLORINE ADDITIVES (1984)

Abstract Durch HF‐Zerstäubung hergestellte dünne Filme von amorphem Si 3 N 4 zeigten bei Ti‐Dotierung eine Ausscheidung von TiN oberhalb 1100°C, die die Umwandlung zu β‐Si 3 N 4 begünstigte.
Assessment of protamine‐induced thrombosis of tumor vessels for cancer therapy using dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (2002)

Since the role of angiogenesis in cancer development has been recognized, the study of anti-angiogenic or anti-vascular therapeutic agents has become increasingly important for cancer treatment. Selective thrombosis is one approach towards this goal. Since many types of carcinoma accumulate large numbers of degranulating mast cells which will release heparin, intravenously injected protamine may bind to heparin, neutralize its anti-coagulant effect and induce thrombosis. In this work we studied the formation of thrombosis by using dynamic contrast enhanced MRI. The enhancement kinetics of the contrast medium measured before and after protamine treatment were compared to assess the thrombotic effect. The underlying concept was that if the vessels became clotted, the subsequently injected contrast medium could not be delivered into the tissue to cause enhancement. In addition to the tissue-specific changes, protamine may also induce systemic effect in the host. The therapy-induced changes measured in tumors were compared to changes in normal tissues: liver, kidney, and especially the muscle adjacent to tumor. The results showed that protamine induced pronounced changes in the tumor. However, the degree of change measured by MRI was not associated with the results of semiquantitative assessment of thrombosis assessed by histology, perhaps due to the heterogeneous nature of the tumor and the difficulty in sampling sufficient regions histologically. The protamine-induced temporal effects were also studied. We demonstrated that protamine could induce selective thrombosis in tumors, and that the effect could last for several hours. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI can serve as a suitable means to investigate the mechanism of this novel approach to induce selective thrombosis for anti-vascular cancer therapy.
Well number dependence of highly strained GaIn(N)As MQW structures by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (2002)

Highly strained GaInAs/GaAs MQWs (SQW, DQW, TQW) were grown by MOCVD and highly strained GaInNAs/GaAs lasers (SQW, TQW) grown by MOCVD were fabricated to evaluate their characteristics difference by well number. A low threshold current density of 541 A/cm/sup 2/ and a lasing wavelength of 1.276 /spl mu/m were obtained in a 2070 /spl mu/m-cavity length SQW laser. A threshold current density of 1.46 k A/cm/sup 2/ and a lasing wavelength of 1.296 /spl mu/m were obtained in a 1140 /spl mu/m-cavity length TQW laser under pulse operation at room temperature.
Pressurized circulating fluid bed gasification reactor (1994)

Preliminary experiments were run on a circulating fluidized bed gasification reactor. Firstly, fluidization basics were studied on a plexiglass CFB reactor operating at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Secondly, the experiencies from the plexiglass CFB tests were implemented on the pressurized high temperature CFB reactor. With the focus on the cirulation rate of bed material, the fluidization was studied at both high temperatures and high pressures. Finally, we point out factors, critical for keeping up a high circulation of bed material. A high circulation rate will smooth out any temperature differences in the riser, generating a uniform temperature profile
Intra‐particle oxygen diffusion limitation in solid‐state fermentation (2001)

Oxygen limitation in solid-state fermentation (SSF) has been the topic of modeling studies, but thus far, there has been no experimental elucidation on oxygen-transfer limitation at the particle level. Therefore, intra-particle oxygen transfer was experimentally studied in cultures of Rhizopus oligosporus grown on the surface of solid, nutritionally defined, glucose and starch media. The fungal mat consisted of two layers--an upper layer with sparse aerial hyphae and gas-filled interstitial pores, and a dense bottom layer with liquid-filled pores. During the course of cultivation ethanol was detected in the medium indicating that oxygen was depleted in part of the fungal mat. Direct measurement of the oxygen concentrations in the fungal mat during cultivation, using oxygen microelectrodes, showed no oxygen depletion in the upper aerial layer, but revealed development of steep oxygen concentration gradients in the wet bottom layer. Initially, the fungal mat was fully oxygenated, but after 36.5 hours oxygen was undetectable at 100 microm below the gas-liquid interface. This was consistent with the calculated oxygen penetration depth using a reaction-diffusion model. Comparison of the overall oxygen consumption rate from the gas phase to the oxygen flux at the gas-liquid interface showed that oxygen consumption of the microorganisms occurred mainly in the wet part of the fungal mat. The contribution of the aerial hyphae to overall oxygen consumption was negligible. It can be concluded that optimal oxygen transfer in SSF depends on the available interfacial gas-liquid surface area and the thickness of the wet fungal layer. It is suggested that the moisture content of the matrix affects both parameters and, therefore, plays an important role in optimizing oxygen transfer in SSF cultures.
P473Safety and efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants compared to vitamin K antagonists in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: A meta-analysis (2020)

Abstract Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are commonly associated. Co-treatment with multiple anti-thrombotic agents can increase the risk of bleeding. Purpose We sought to evaluate patient-centered outcomes in patients with AF on double therapy with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) compared to patients with standard triple therapy, [a vitamin K antagonist (VKA) plus dual antiplatelet therapy]. Methods We performed an extensive systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials reporting outcomes of patients receiving double therapy with DOACs compared to triple therapy with VKAs in patients with AF undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Patient-centered outcomes were the International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) major or clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNB), all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and stroke. Results Four randomized controlled trials (9602 patients) met our inclusion criteria. Compared to VKAs, DOACs were associated with significantly lower ISTH major bleeding/ CRNB (RR - 0.75, 95% CI: 0.67-0.82, p &amp;lt; 0.00001, I2 = 11%). There were no statistically significant differences in the efficacy outcomes, including myocardial infarction (RR- 0.99, 95% CI :0.79-1.25, p = 0.96, I2 = 0%), stent thrombosis (RR - 0.97, 95% CI: 0.6-1.55, p = 0.89, I2 = 0%), ischemic stroke (RR - 0.76, 95% CI: 0.5-1.15, p = 0.19, I2 = 0%), all-cause mortality (RR - 1.06, 95% CI: 0.85-1.31, p = 0.61, I2 = 0%) and MACE (RR - 1.06, 95% CI: 0.91-1.22, p = 0.97, I2 = 0%). Conclusion Compared with triple therapy with VKAS, double therapy with DOACs is associated with a reduced risk of bleeding and is as effective in patients with AF undergoing PCI. Abstract Figure.
A Novel, Unusually Efficacious Duocarmycin Carbamate Prodrug That Releases No Residual Byproduct (2012)

A unique heterocyclic carbamate prodrug of seco-CBI-indole(2) that releases no residual byproduct is reported as a new member of a class of hydrolyzable prodrugs of the duocarmycin and CC-1065 family of natural products. The prodrug was designed to be activated by hydrolysis of a carbamate releasing the free drug without the cleavage release of a traceable extraneous group. Unlike prior carbamate prodrugs examined that are rapidly cleaved in vivo, the cyclic carbamate was found to be exceptionally stable to hydrolysis under both chemical and biological conditions providing a slow, sustained release of the exceptionally potent free drug. An in vivo evaluation of the prodrug found that its efficacy exceeded that of the parent drug, that its therapeutic window of efficacy versus toxicity is much larger than the parent drug, and that its slow free drug release permitted the safe and efficacious use of doses 150-fold higher than the parent compound.
Isotope shift in calcium by two-photon spectroscopy (1982)

Isotope shifts between the stable isotopes of calcium have been measured in the transition 4s2 1S0-4s5s 1S0 by the method of two-photon laser spectroscopy. The relative positions of the isotopes are (in MHz): 40Ca, 0.00(27); 42Ca, 606.33(7); 43Ca, 906.32(5); 44Ca, 1169.99(4); 46Ca, 1704.33(70); 48Ca, 2193.49(5).
C1q Enables Influenza HA Stem Binding Antibodies to Block Viral Attachment and Broadens the Antibody Escape Repertoire (2023)

Abstract Broadly neutralizing, anti-hemagglutinin stem antibodies (Abs) are a promising universal influenza vaccine target. While anti-stem Abs are not believed to block viral attachment, we show that C1q confers attachment inhibition and boosts fusion and neuraminidase inhibition, greatly enhancing virus neutralization activity in vitro and in mice challenged with influenza virus via the respiratory route. These effects reflect increased steric interference and not increased Ab avidity. Remarkably, C1q greatly expands the anti-stem Ab viral escape repertoire to include residues throughout the hemagglutinin. Some substitutions cause antigenic alterations in the globular region or modulate HA receptor avidity. We also show that C1q enhances the neutralization activity of non-RBD anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Abs, an effect dependent on Spike density on the virion surface. Together, our findings show that first, Ab function must be considered in a physiological context and second, inferring the exact selection pressure for Ab-driven viral evolution is risky business, at best.
A multivalent polyomavirus vaccine elicits durable neutralizing antibody responses in macaques (2023)

In 2019, there were about 100,000 kidney transplants globally, with more than a quarter of them performed in the United States. Unfortunately, some engrafted organs are lost to polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PyVAN) caused by BK and JC viruses (BKPyV and JCPyV). Both viruses cause brain disease and possibly bladder cancer in immunosuppressed individuals. Transplant patients are routinely monitored for BKPyV viremia, which is an accepted hallmark of nascent nephropathy. If viremia is detected, a reduction in immunosuppressive therapy is standard care, but the intervention comes with increased risk of immune rejection of the engrafted organ. Recent reports have suggested that transplant recipients with high levels of polyomavirus-neutralizing antibodies are protected against PyVAN. Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines, similar to approved human papillomavirus vaccines, have an excellent safety record and are known to induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies and long-lasting protection from infection. In this study, we demonstrate that VLPs representing BKPyV genotypes I, II, and IV, as well as JCPyV genotype 2 produced in insect cells elicit robust antibody titers. In rhesus macaques, all monkeys developed neutralizing antibody titers above a previously proposed protective threshold of 10,000. A second inoculation, administered 19 weeks after priming, boosted titers to a plateau of ≥ 25,000 that was maintained for almost two years. No vaccine-related adverse events were observed in any macaques. A multivalent BK/JC VLP immunogen did not show inferiority compared to the single-genotype VLP immunogens. Considering these encouraging results, we believe a clinical trial administering the multivalent VLP vaccine in patients waiting to receive a kidney transplant is warranted to evaluate its ability to reduce or eliminate PyVAN.
Pyrrolidine derivatives as inhibitors of platelet aggregation induced by platelet activating factor. (1989)

Newly synthesized pyrrolidine derivatives inhibited rabbit platelet aggregation induced by platelet activating factor.
Tophaceous calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease of the temporomandibular joint. (2008)

Tophaceous pseudogout is a rare manifestation of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition disease that particularly affects the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). We describe a case of tophaceous pseudogout and review the literature. Thirty-four cases of chronic CPPD deposition disease affecting the TMJ are described. Symptoms usually included pain and swelling. Most patients required surgery because of extensive crystal deposits, usually localized to the joint and adjacent structures but occasionally invasive. For many patients, malignancy was the preoperative diagnosis. Although patients with acute pseudogout of the TMJ may have involvement of other joints, tophaceous pseudogout was predominantly isolated to the TMJ.
Fiber optic sensor systems for ultrasonic NDE: state-of-the-art and future potential (2003)

A review is presented of the principles of both intrinsic and extrinsic fiber optic sensing systems and some of their applications to nondestructive evaluation (NDE), with special emphasis on current research demonstrating applications of fiber optics to ultrasonic NDE. Single- and multimode flexible optical-fiber elements, individually or in a variety of arrays, provide useful tools for many NDE applications ranging from directed photothermal excitation to remote sensing. Optical-fiber components have several important advantages. They are dielectric devices and thus are largely insensitive to electromagnetic interference. They can be readily adapted for use in harsh environments, and their dimensions and geometrical flexibility support compact, readily adaptable designs and facilitate access to remote or otherwise inaccessible locations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and the risk of skin cancer (2012)

The current results indicated that NSAID use may decrease the risk of SCC and MM.
Oligodendrocyte differentiation alters tRNA modifications and codon optimality-mediated mRNA decay (2022)

Oligodendrocytes are specialized cells that confer neuronal myelination in the central nervous system. Leukodystrophies associated with oligodendrocyte deficits and hypomyelination are known to result when a number of tRNA metabolism genes are mutated. Thus, for unknown reasons, oligodendrocytes may be hypersensitive to perturbations in tRNA biology. In this study, we survey the tRNA transcriptome in the murine oligodendrocyte cell lineage and find that specific tRNAs are hypomodified in oligodendrocytes within or near the anticodon compared to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). This hypomodified state may be the result of differential expression of key modification enzymes during oligodendrocyte differentiation. Moreover, we observe a concomitant relationship between tRNA hypomodification and tRNA decoding potential; observing oligodendrocyte specific alterations in codon optimality-mediated mRNA decay and ribosome transit. Our results reveal that oligodendrocytes naturally maintain a delicate, hypersensitized tRNA/mRNA axis. We suggest this axis is a potential mediator of pathology in leukodystrophies and white matter disease when further insult to tRNA metabolism is introduced.
B cells drive lymphocyte activation and expansion in mice with the CD45 wedge mutation and Fas deficiency (2008)

CD45 and Fas regulate tyrosine phosphorylation and apoptotic signaling pathways, respectively. Mutation of an inhibitory wedge motif in CD45 (E613R) results in hyperresponsive thymocytes and B cells on the C57BL/6 background, but no overt autoimmunity, whereas Fas deletion results in a mild autoimmune disease on the same genetic background. In this study, we show that these two mutations cooperate in mice, causing early lethality, autoantibody production, and substantial lymphoproliferation. In double-mutant mice, this phenotype was dependent on both T and B cells. T cell activation required signaling in response to endogenous or commensal antigens, demonstrated by the introduction of a transgenic T cell receptor. Genetic deletion of B cells also prevented T cell activation. Similarly, T cells were necessary for B cell autoantibody production. However, B cells appeared to be intrinsically activated even in the absence of T cells, suggesting that they may drive the phenotype of these mice. These results reveal a requirement for careful control of B cell signaling and cell death in preventing inappropriate lymphocyte activation and autoimmunity.
Giant hydronephrosis due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction: A rare case report, and a review of the literature (2016)

The hydronephrotic kidney, resulting from a ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), presents commonly as a clinical condition, with the presence of usually no more than 1-2 liters in the collecting system, but a very small number of cases of giant hydronephroses (GHs) has been reported in adults. A GH is defined as the adult renal pelvis containing >1 liter of urine, or at least 1.5% of the body weight. In the majority of cases, the range of the hydronephrotic kidney remains restricted to the renal area. However, the patient described in the present case report had a range for the hydronephrotic kidney which occupied almost the entire abdominal cavity (~24 l), and cases such as these are rarely presented; therefore the aim of the present case study was to document a clear case of GH resulting from UPJO, also accompanied by a review of the current literature.