gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In situ thickness determination of multilayered structures using single wavelength ellipsometry and reverse engineering (2010)

An in situ monitoring setup and process control loop were developed and integrated into a magnetron sputtering coater equipped with a Sentech SE 401 single wavelength ellipsometer, including the engineering of software for in situ process control to enhance production accuracy. By using that software, the system allows direct monitoring of the layer thickness on a moving substrate. It is shown that it is possible to determine the complex index of refraction from the distribution of measurements depending on the layer thickness. A strategy has been developed for in situ reverse thickness engineering of the top layers to compensate measurement errors.
Synthesis of $Li_xNi_(0.85)Co_(0.15)O_2$ by the PVA-procursor Method and the Effect of Air Flow During the Pyrolysis (1999)

Polycrystalline powder of LixNi0.85Co0.15O2 was synthesized by pyrolyzing a powder precursor obtained by the PVA-precursor method. Coin cells of lithium-ion rechargeable battery were assembled, whose the cathodes were fabricated from the crystalline powders of LixNi0.85Co0.15O2 synthesized by the method. The effect of synthetic variation on the property of the cell was tested by carrying out 100 consecutive cycles of charge-dis-charge on the cells. The property of the cell was largely influenced by the pyrolysis conditions applied for the synthesis of the LixNi0.85Co0.15O2. Depending on whether the pyrolysis was carried out in standing air or in the flow of dry air, the discharge capacity and cycle-reversibility of the cell varied in large extent. When the powder precursor was pyrolyzed in standing air, a minor phase of lithium carbonate was remained in the LixNi0.85Co0.15O2. The carbon containing powder precursor had to be pyrolyzed in the flow of dry air to eliminate the minor phase. In the flow of dry air, the lithium carbonate in the precursor was eliminated over 500-700。C without any prominent heat event. By controlling the flow of air over the precursor during its pyrolysis, particle size could also be altered. The effect of flowing dry air, during first step pyrolysis or during second step heat treatment, on the property of the cell was discussed.
Synthesis and Real-Time Magnetic Manipulation of a Biaxial Superparamagnetic Colloid (2005)

Superparamagnetic colloidal plates were synthesized from tetrabutylammonium stabilized Ca(2)Nb(3)O(10) nanosheets and oleic acid-stabilized Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles. Modification with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane produces amine-terminated Ca(2)Nb(3)O(10) with an amine concentration of 0.43 +/- 0.06 groups per Ca(2)Nb(3)O(10) unit as follows from spectroscopic quantification with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid as a dye. Treatment of the modified sheets in THF/ethanol with 5.3 nm oleic acid-stabilized magnetite nanoparticles yields pseudo-2D assemblies that consist of 2 nm thick nanosheets decorated on both sides with a dense collection (9.3 +/- 0.5 x 10(3) particles per square micrometer per side) of magnetite particles. In noncoordinating or weakly coordinating solvents, these composite particles further aggregate into stacked aggregates with a mean edge length of 1.6 +/- 0.7 microm and a thickness of 79 +/- 30 nm. The colloidal plates were characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, and infrared and UV/vis spectroscopy. SQUID measurements show that films of the aligned particles are superparamagnetic at room temperature. The magnetic hysteresis that is observed at 5 K reveals that the plates have a magnetic anisotropy with the easy axis in the plane of the plates and the hard axis perpendicular to it. Calculations show that the magnetic anisotropy is a direct consequence of the two-dimensional distribution of the magnetic nanoparticles on the sheets. Optical microscopy reveals that when suspended in ethanol or THF, the colloidal plates can be rotated in real time with a variable external magnetic field (200 Oe). Magnetic alignment of the particles in suspensions also produces asymmetric light scattering patterns and magnetic birefringence. These effects and the observed magneto-orientational properties make the biaxial colloids interesting as components in displays and as magnetic actuators.
Growth and transport properties of FeSe/FeTe superlattice thin films (2017)

Superlattice thin films composed of iron chalcogenides, FeSe and FeTe, were grown via pulsed laser deposition. The X-ray diffraction patterns show clear satellite peaks demonstrating periodic stacking structures of FeSe and FeTe. The FeTe layers have the a-axis lengths identical to those of the FeSe layers, indicating that the FeTe layers are coherently strained to the underlying FeSe. The superlattice films show superconducting transition temperatures higher than FeSe, and more importantly the superconductivity emerged in several-unit-cell-thick layers. Our results demonstrate that the strained superlattice technique is a useful tool to control superconducting properties of Fe(Se,Te) thin films.
How drug companies manipulate prescribing behavior (2018)

The Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology is the quarterly journal of the Colombian Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation -SCARE- that leads the development of Anesthesiology within the highest quality and safety standards, and has as its purpose to spread and publish the knowledge of the region and of the world associated with the specialty and related areas, such as perioperative medicine, intensive care, pain medicine, and palliative care. La Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología es la publicación trimestral de la Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación -SCARE- que lidera el desarrollo de la anestesiología dentro de los más altos estándares de calidad y seguridad y tiene como objetivo divulgar y publicar los conocimientos de la región y del mundo relacionados con la especialidad y las áreas afines como la medicina perioperatoria, el cuidado intensivo, la medicina del dolor y el cuidado paliativo.
Machine Vision Based Oyster Meat Grading and Sorting Machine (1995)

A grading and sorting machine for raw oyster meat was developed. The machine consisted of a vision system which acquired oyster meat images; a conveyor which moved the oyster meats under the vision system and past the sorting stations; a micro-computer which analyzed the images to determine meat size, assigned grades to the meats, and directed a slave micro-controller to orchestrate sorting; and sorting stations where meats were ejected into containers. The machine sorted meats into 3 categories with an accuracy of 88% at a rate of every 1 to 2 seconds.
Structure-Based Screening As Applied to Human FABP4:  A Highly Efficient Alternative to HTS for Hit Generation (2002)

The time-limiting step in HTS often is the development of an appropriate assay. In addition, hits from HTS fairly often turn out to be false positives and generally display unfavorable properties for further development. Here we describe an alternative process for hit generation, applied to the human adipocyte fatty acid binding protein FABP4. A small molecular ligand for FABP4 that blocks the binding of endogenous ligands may be developed into a drug for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Using NMR spectroscopy, we screened FABP4 for low-affinity binders in a diversity library consisting of small soluble scaffolds, which yielded 52 initial hits in total. The potencies of these hits were ranked, and crystal structures of FABP4 complexes for two of the hits were obtained. The structural data were subsequently used to direct similarity searches for available analogues, as well as chemical synthesis of 12 novel analogues. In this way, a series of three selective FABP4 ligands with attractive pharmacochemical profiles and potencies of 10 microM or better was obtained.
Preface to the first edition (2006)

Doctors, nurses, paramedical workers and medical scientists need to communicate their ideas effectively. Writers in the field of medicine tend to use unfamiliar words in tortuous constructions, particularly when writing reports for submission to learned journals. Research can often be judged only by its final written report. A meticulous study can be let down by poor writing, which may lead a reviewer to wonder if lack of attention to detail in the writing indicates lack of attention to detail in the research. Certain usually superfluous words and phrases occur again and again in medical papers. Once able to recognize these, writers should be able to delete them or to find more appropriate constructions, guided by the suggestions made in this book.
Some Observations of Mode Localizations in Flexibly Coupled Two Rotors (2005)

Mode localizations in a weakly coupled two-span rotor system are theoretically and experimentally discussed. One rotor has a slight unbalance and the other one is well-assembled. First, the equations governing the whirling motions of the coupled rotors are expressed due to nonlinearity in each span and the weakness of the coupling. The averaged equations are obtained by the method of multiple scales and it is shown that the nonlinear normal modes are bifurcated from the linear normal modes. It results from this bifurcation that the number of nonlinear normal modes exceeds the equivalent degree of freedom of the two-span rotor system, i.e., 2-degree under the assumption that the trajectory of the whirling motion is circle. Also, it is theoretically clarified that whirling motion caused by the unbalance in the rotor is localized in the rotor with unbalance or in one without unbalance depending on the rotational speed. Furthermore, these mode localizations are experimentally confirmed.
Design and Construction of Hexgonal Ring-type Transducers for Ultrasonic Hyperthermia (1989)

In the clinical application of ultrasonic hyperthermia, selective heating of tumor is essential and thus precise control of ultrasonic intensity in both tumor and normal tissue is needed. In this paper, a hexagonal array transducer for ultrasonic hyperthermia is designed and manufactured of which focal point and focal region can be ocntrolled by the digital phase control circuit proposed by authors. Profiles of the focussed ultrasound beam in water and those of temperature in phantom were determined. The experimental and computed results are in good agreement.
AggieAir: Towards Low-cost Cooperative Multispectral Remote Sensing Using Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (2009)

Abdominal aortic aneurysm affects 5-10 % of men and 1,3% of women (Cosworth & Leng, 2007). Current treatment of aortic aneurysm is going through rapid changes. The first successful open repair with a homograft was performed in 1951 Initially, the aneurysm wall was completely removed which could lead to major complications. Creech modified the technique and combined repair with a graft with aneurysmorhapphy which simplified the technique and improved results
Secondary Kinetic Isotope Effects in Oxidative Addition of Benzyl Bromide to Dimethylplatinum(II) Complexes (2013)

The secondary α-deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIEs), (kH/kD)α, have been determined, at different temperatures and in solvents having different polarities, for reaction of PhCH2Br/PhCD2Br with the dimethylplatinum(II) complexes [PtMe2(NN)], in which the bidentate NN ligand is bpy (=2,2′-bipyridine) or bu2bpy (=4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine). The values obtained for the secondary α-deuterium KIEs in acetone solution are close to 1 and may be normal or inverse, but much larger values are found for the reactions in benzene. An explanation is presented on the basis of solvent dependence of the degree of looseness of the transition state in the SN2 mechanism.
Albumin is a major serum survival factor for renal tubular cells and macrophages through scavenging of ROS (1999)

We have previously shown that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), an abundant serum lipid that binds with high affinity to albumin, is a potent survival factor for mouse proximal tubular cells and peritoneal macrophages. We show here that BSA also has potent survival activity independent of bound lipids. Delipidated BSA (dBSA) protected cells from apoptosis induced by FCS withdrawal at concentrations as low as 1% of that in FCS. dBSA did not activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, implying that its survival activity occurs via a mechanism distinct from that for most cytokines. On the basis of the following evidence, we propose that dBSA inhibits apoptosis by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS): 1) FCS withdrawal leads to ROS accumulation that is inhibitable by dBSA; 2) during protection from apoptosis, sulfhydryl and hydroxyl groups of dBSA are oxidized; and 3) chemical blockage of free sulfhydryl groups or preoxidation of dBSA with H(2)O(2) removes its survival activity. Moreover, dBSA confers almost complete protection from cell death in a well-established model of oxidative injury (xanthine/xanthine oxidase). These results implicate albumin as a major serum survival factor. Inhibition of apoptosis by albumin occurs through at least two distinct mechanisms: carriage of LPA and scavenging of ROS.
Lithium Polysulfidophosphates: A Family of Lithium‐Conducting Sulfur‐Rich Compounds for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries (2013)

Sulfur-rich lithium polysulfidophosphates (LPSPs) act as an enabler for long-lasting and efficient lithium-sulfur batteries. LPSPs have ionic conductivities of 3.0×10(-5) S cm(-1) at 25 °C, which is 8 orders of magnitude higher than that of Li2S. The high lithium ion conductivity imparts excellent cycling performance, and the batteries are configured in an all-solid state, which promises safe cycling with metallic lithium anodes.
2D layered perovskite containing functionalised benzothieno-benzothiophene molecules: formation, degradation, optical properties and photoconductivity (2020)

Using a solvent vapour annealing method, the crystallinity and photoconductivity of a 2D perovskite containing functionalized benzothieno[3,2-<italic>b</italic>]benzothiophene cations was enhanced.
Growth of II-VI compound semiconductors by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy and its application to optical devices. (1990)

In spite of a long history of the research and development activity concerning wide-gap compound semiconductors such as ZnSe and ZnS, useful devices have not yet appeared. In this article, we describe recent results of our study on ZnSe/ZnS strained layer superlattices. We first overview the current stage of understanding, then search for different applications of these materials other than the conventional p-n junction devices. Topics include MOCVD growth of the material, its application to optical waveguides and optical modulators, and a proposal of second harmonic generation devices.
<title>Biological pigments as fluorescent labels for cytometry</title> (1990)

The use of protein-based biological pigments in combination with low molecular weight organic dye molecules allows the simultaneous detection of up to six independent components of a cell surface by antibody dependent fluorescence (immunofluorescence) excited with a single 488nm laser line. This paper describes the state of the art in multi-color immunofluorescence with 488nm Ar-ion laser excitation. It provides the data to design systems for specialized applications.
Existence of a Rhamnogalacturonan II-like Region in Bioactive Pectins from Medicinal Herbs (1994)

Unusual component sugars such as 2-methylfucose (2-Me-Fuc), 2-methylxylose (2-Me-Xyl), apiose (Api), and aceric acid (AceA) are contained in the bioactive pectins from Bupleurum falcatum, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Angelica acutiloba, but not in the other bioactive pectic heteroglycans and arabinogalactans from Chinese and Japanese herbs tested. Each pectin was digested with endo-alpha-(1-->4)-polygalacturonase, and gave two enzyme-resistant fractions, PG-1 (rhamnogalacturonan core with neutral sugar side-chains) and PG-2, and an oligogalacturonide fraction (PG-3) by gel filtration on Bio-gel P-30. The PG-2 fractions commonly consisted of unusual sugars such as 2-Me-Fuc, 2-Me-Xyl, Api, AceA, 3-deoxy-D-lyxo-heptulosaric acid (Dha), and 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (Kdo) in addition to Rha, Fuc, Ara, Xyl, Man, Gal, Glc, GalA, and GlcA. Lithium degradation of each PG-2 gave a pentosyl-->6-deoxyhexosyl-->6-deoxyhexosyl-->pentitol fragment as a major oligosaccharide in addition to some neutral di- to trisaccharide alditols. Methylation analysis of the lithium degradation products from each PG-2 also indicated that these oligosaccharide alditols mainly consisted of terminal Rha, Araf, Fuc, Xyl, and Gal, 4-linked Rha, 3-linked Fuc, and 3'-linked Api. HPLC analysis showed that PG-2 had molecular heterogeneity. These results indicate that the bioactive pectins from medicinal herbs commonly consist of the minor KDO-containing region which resembles the rhamnogalacturonan II in plant cell walls.
Reaction Condition Screening by Using Electrochemical Microreactor: Application to Anodic Phenol-arene C,C Cross-Coupling Reaction in High Acceptor Number Media (2013)

The anodic phenol-arene C,C cross-coupling reaction was achieved in inexpensive and sustainable media such as methanol, acetic acid, and formic acid by using an electrochemical microreactor which can provide a better performance to screen reaction conditions than in standard beaker-type electrolysis cells. Especially, formic acid as a reaction medium showed good performance. The total amount of cross-coupling product and homo-coupling products as a by-product was clearly increased as the solvent acceptor number increased. To control the selective oxidation of phenol, addition of methanol was effective.
Responses of chemically active and naturally fractured shale under time‐dependent mechanical loading and ionic solution exposure (2017)

Summary In this paper, the analytical dual‐porosity dual‐permeability poromechanics solution for saturated cylinders is extended to account for electrokinetic effects and material transverse isotropy, which simulate the responses of chemically active naturally fractured shale under time‐dependent mechanical loading and ionic solution exposure. The solution addresses the stresses, fracture pore pressure, matrix pore pressure, fluid fluxes, ion concentration evolution, and displacements due to the applied stress, pore pressure, and solute concentration difference between the sample and the circulation fluid. The presented solution will not only help validate numerical simulations but also assist in calibrating and interpreting laboratory results on dual‐porosity dual‐permeability shale. It is recommended that the analytical solutions of radial and axial displacements be used to match the corresponding laboratory‐recorded data to determine shale dual permeability and chemo‐electrical parameters including membrane coefficient, ions diffusion coefficients, and electro‐osmotic permeability.
Convex Constrained Iterative Learning Control Using Projection: Application to a Smart Power Switch (2017)

This brief presents the application of convex constrained iterative learning control (ILC) using projection to the systematic slew rate control of smart power switches. Criteria for the monotonic and global convergence of the input and output iteration are presented for general first-order ILC laws with projection. Convergence of the ILC-based slew rate control for a smart power switch is analyzed and experimental results are shown.
Compressive Behavior of Rectangle Short Steel Columns Strengthened with Carbon Fiber Sheets (2017)

In recent years, a repair method for corroded steel members by bonding carbon fiber sheets with resin has been applied. However, studies about its behavior under large deformation, such as buckling deformations, are insufficient yet. This paper presents the compressive behavior of rectangle short steel columns strengthened by carbon fiber sheets under axial compression. Some carbon fiber sheets were bonded on the outside of the short steel columns designed in a way that local buckling occurred first. Results showed that the buckling strength of the short steel columns was improved by the carbon fiber sheets.
A Novel Image Fusion Method of Multi-Spectral and SAR Images for Land Cover Classification (2020)

The fusion of multi-spectral and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images could retain the advantages of each data, hence benefiting accurate land cover classification. However, some current image fusion methods face the challenge of producing unexpected noise. To overcome the aforementioned problem, this paper proposes a novel fusion method based on weighted median filter and Gram–Schmidt transform. In the proposed method, Sentinel-2A images and GF-3 images are respectively subjected to different preprocessing processes. Since weighted median filter does not strongly blur edges while filtering, it is applied to Sentinel-2A images for reducing noise. The processed Sentinel images are then transformed by Gram–Schmidt with GF-3 images. Two popular methods, principal component analysis method and traditional Gram–Schmidt transform, are used as the comparison methods in the experiment. In addition, random forest, a powerful ensemble model, is adopted as the land cover classifier due to its fast training speed and excellent classification performance. The overall accuracy, Kappa coefficient and classification map of the random forest are used as the evaluation criteria of the fusion method. Experiments conducted on five datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in both objective metrics and visual impressions. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method can improve the overall accuracy by up to 5% compared to using the original Sentinel-2A and has the potential to improve the satellite-based land cover classification accuracy.
Ca2+ion transport through patch‐clamped cells exposed to magnetic fields (1995)

The total current of Ca2+ ions through patch-clamped cell membranes was measured while exposing clonal insulin-producing beta-cells (RINm5F) to a combination of DC and AC magnetic fields at so-called cyclotron resonance conditions. Previous experimental evidence supports the theory that a resonant interaction between magnetic fields and organisms can exist. This experiment was designed to test one possible site of interaction: channels in the cell membrane. The transport of Ca2+ ions through the protein channels of the plasma membrane did not show any resonant behavior in the frequency range studied.
Photonic band gaps in periodic dielectric structures: The scalar-wave approximation (1992)

Using a plane-wave expansion method we have computed the band structure for a scalar wave propagating in periodic lattices of dielectric spheres (dielectric constant ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\mathit{a}}$) in a uniform dielectric background (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\mathit{b}}$). All of the lattices studied (simple cubic, bcc, fcc, and diamond) do possess a full band gap. The optimal values of the filling ratio f of spheres and of the relative dielectric contrast for the existence of a gap are obtained. The minimum value of the relative dielectric contrast for creating a gap is also obtained. These results are applicable to the problem of classical-wave propagation in composite media and relevant to the problem of classical-wave localization.