gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical properties of silicon nanoparticles: Influence of etching, surface oxidation and surface functionalization (2010)

In this study, we investigated the optical properties of silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs) after surface etching, surface oxidation and surface functionalization process. Surface etching of as-prepared Si-NPs with hydrofluoric acid causes a blue shift in their emission spectrum. We observed that the air oxidation of orange emitting freshly etched Si-NPs transforms them to blue luminescing particles. Surface functionalization of etched Si-NPs was achieved by a liquid phase hydrosilylation. Despite of having similar size, the etched Si-NPs show a shift in their emission spectrum after surface functionalization with organic molecules. It is observed that the magnitude of shift depends on the time of functionalization.
Technical advances improved outcome in patients undergoing surgery of the ascending aorta and/or aortic arch: ten years experience (2008)

Technical advances in the field of thoracic aortic surgery lead to a decrease of mortality and morbidity, especially in the incidence of adverse neurological events, in a large collective of patients. Long-term outcome and quality of life are better, since antegrade cerebral perfusion has been introduced.
Neutral Spine Control Exercises in Rehabilitation After Lumbar Spine Fusion (2013)

Lumbar spine fusion (LSF) has been reported to change the biomechanics of the spine and therefore the rehabilitation after LSF is important. In this study, the effect of selected neutral spine control exercises on activation of trunk muscles after LSF was evaluated. Muscle activity was measured by surface electromyography of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, longissimus, and multifidus muscles during 6 exercises in 22 LSF patients (mean age = 59 years; age range = 25-84 years; 50% women). Muscle activity concurrent with trunk flexion and extension during maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) was used as a reference value. Pain during the effort was assessed with a visual analog scale (VAS). The highest activity in the rectus abdominis muscles was measured during bilateral shoulder extension (51% of MVIC), and in the external oblique, it occurred during unilateral shoulder horizontal adduction (48% of MVIC) and unilateral hip extension (46% of MVIC) exercises. The highest activation of the multifidus and longissimus muscles (60-104%) was measured during bilateral shoulder flexion and modified Roman chair exercises. The mean (SD) self-reported back pain VAS scores during exercises varied from 3 (7) to 16 (26). Neutral spine control exercises activate trunk muscles and cause minimal pain and are therefore feasible exercises for home-based training to improve muscle endurance and postural control after LSF. In addition, the level of muscle activity during bilateral shoulder flexion and modified Roman chair exercises was over 60% of MVIC, justifying their use in training for strength of the trunk extensor muscles.
Development of the calcium oxalate crystal macropattern in pomegranate (Punica granatum, Punicaceae) (2005)

Oxalate crystals are very common in angiosperms, but few descriptions of their macropattern (crystal types, their tissue distribution, and development) exist. Because unusually large prismatic crystals and druses, are known from pomegranate, we traced the development of crystal macropattern in various-aged leaf samples from a living plant and from herbarium specimens using unstained whole mounts (some bleached and cleared), stained leaf samples, and leaf and stem cross sections. Preparations were viewed with bright-field light microscopy and with crossed polarizers. Prismatics appear first in the subapical mid-mesophyll layer of a leaf 650 μm long. Additional prismatics form basipetally in the enlarging lamina. A preemptive wave of small prismatics appears basipetally in the midrib. Druses form secondarily acropetally in petiole and midrib, while existing lamina prismatics enlarge and new ones develop among them in mid-mesophyll. Prismatics produced early expand vertically, and many eventually extend from epidermis to epidermis. Later-formed prismatics attain intermediate sizes. No crystals form along lamina veins, but in older leaves, druses occur in spongy mesophyll, mostly near major vein junctions. In the stem, druses are restricted to phloem fibers. No phloem fibers occur in the leaf trace or midvein; therefore, petiolar and midrib druses are only in parenchyma, not in phloem.
Pumping characterisation of the maxblend impeller for Newtonian and strongly non‐Newtonian fluids (2013)

Abstract This paper examines the pumping mechanisms generated by the Maxblend impeller. Simulation results obtained with the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) are presented for Newtonian fluids ( Re = 2–140) and strongly shear‐thinning fluids ( Re g = 0.1–50) obeying the Carreau–Yasuda model with a very small power index ( n = 0.05). In the Newtonian case, the pumping numbers predicted by the LBM are shown to compare favourably to those obtained with the finite element (FEM) as well as to experimental data based on the decolourisation method. These results indicate a small pumping capacity in the deep laminar regime followed by its sharp increase in the transitional regime, a phenomenon which is explained by examining the flow field simulated with the LBM and the FEM and measured through PIV. In the case of the strongly shear thinning fluids, the impact of the rheology on pumping is investigated. The flow fields and so‐called pumping volumes predicted with the LBM reveal, similarly to the Newtonian case, a change in the structure of the axial and (secondary) radial flow when the Reynolds number is increased. Viscosity contours suggest that this phenomenon is in fact related to the occurrence of zones with very different apparent viscosities, which explains the problematic flow patterns observed experimentally with the PIV.
Epigenetic marks in melanoma (2008)

Melanoma is a highly heterogeneous cancer that comes in different flavors (lentigo maligna melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, acral lentiginous/mucosal melanoma and other less common subtypes including malignant cellular blue nevus, desmoplastic melanoma, nevoid melanoma, and animal-type melanoma) and colors (black/bluish or unpigmented). Pathologists have known for many years that melanoma displays notable changes in the nuclear architecture including thick chromatic rims, presence of mitosis, nuclear grooves, and more. It is now evident from other cancers that such changes reflect not only genomic alterations but also non-genomic changes in both the structure of DNA and the structure of chromatin to which the DNA is bound (nucleosomes). Although aberrant gene expression resulting from DNA methylation has been known for many years, genome alterations resulting from histone modifications became evident in the current decade. In prostate and other cancers, some histone marks have clinical diagnostic and/or prognostic value. Here, we review the current data on epigenetic research in melanoma skin cancers, discuss ways to modify the epigenetic landscape of melanoma for inhibiting its growth, and propose strategies for identifying novel melanoma markers.
Multiperiod Production with Forward and Options Markets (1993)

Production and hedging in both forward and options markets are analyzed for forward-looking firms that maximize expected utility. In the presence of unbiased forward and options prices, it is shown that such firms will use options as hedging instruments. This result contrasts with the conclusions from studies that assume myopic behavior, and occurs because forward looking agents care about the effect of future output prices on profits from future production cycles. Simulations support the theoretical results and show how the introduction of an options market influences the optimal forward position.
Supplementary Methods from Targeting Myeloperoxidase Disrupts Mitochondrial Redox Balance and Overcomes Cytarabine Resistance in Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia (2023)

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Solvent-free esterifications mediated by immobilized lipases: a review from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives (2021)

Esters are a highly relevant class of compounds in the industrial context, and biocatalysis applied to ester syntheses is already a reality for some chemical companies.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrolytic Partial Fluorination of Organic Compound. Part 53. Highly Regioselective Anodic Mono‐ and Difluorination of 4‐Arylthio‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐ones. A Marked Solvent Effect on Fluorinated Product Selectivity. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Parallel and distributed simulation (1999)

This tutorial gives an introduction to parallel and distributed simulation systems. Issues concerning the execution of discrete-event simulations on parallel and distributed computers either to reduce model execution time or to create geographically distributed virtual environments are covered. The emphasis of this tutorial is on the algorithms and techniques that are used in the underlying simulation executive to execute simulations on parallel and distributed computing platforms.
Development of Facile Synthetic Methods of Carbon Nanotubes Using a Domestic Microwave Oven (2010)

Abstract We succeeded in the development of two facile synthetic methods of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by using a domestic microwave oven and a commercially available small microwave furnace from Art Box™. Our handmade apparatus was cheap and the synthesis of the CNTs took only 5 min. Interestingly, we could selectively synthesize the magnetic nickel-containing CNTs and non-magnetic nickel-free CNTs by our two developed methods.
40-Gbit/s cascadable all-optical logic with an ultrafast nonlinear interferometer (1996)

We demonstrate 40-Gbitys all-optical bitwise inversion and wavelength conversion, using an ultrafast nonlinear interferometer. This device uses optically induced gain and index nonlinearities in a semiconductor amplifier to achieve the high-rate switching. The device is cascadable and can be configured to perform a variety of switching functions. As an example, 10-Gbitys results of OR and NOR gating are presented.
Neural networks at work (1993)

The benefits of neural networks and the types of application for which they are suited are outlined. Four representative applications are described in enough detail to show how they work. They are character recognition, function estimation, financial forecasting, and process control. Factors that have slowed the acceptance of neural networks are discussed. Hardware is briefly considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Calculation of magnetic field-induced current densities for humans from EAS countertop activation/deactivation devices that use ferromagnetic cores (2005)

Compliance testing of electronic article surveillance (EAS) devices requires that induced current densities in central nervous system (CNS) tissues, i.e. brain and the spinal cord, be less than the prescribed safety limits. Even though ferromagnetic cores are mostly used for activation/deactivation of embedded magnetic tags, assumed equivalent air-core coils with guessed increased number of ampere turns have always been used to calculate the magnetic fields for the proximal region to which a customer is exposed. We show that at low frequencies up to several kilohertz, duality of electric and magnetic circuits may be exploited such that the shaped high reluctance core is modelled as though it was a higher conductivity electric circuit of the corresponding shape. The proposed procedure is tested by examples of two magnetic cores typical of countertop activation/deactivation devices. The equivalent exposure magnetic fields obtained from the dual electric fields are shown to be in excellent agreement (within +/-5%) with those measured for these ferromagnetic EAS devices. The previously proposed impedance method is then used to calculate the induced current densities for a 1.974 x 1.974 x 2.93 mm resolution anatomic model of a human. For the two considered EAS systems using excitation currents of 5000 A turns at 200 Hz, the maximum 1 cm2 area-averaged induced current densities in the CNS tissues are calculated and found to be less than the ICNIRP safety limits.
Plackett-Luce Regression Mixture Model for Heterogeneous Rankings (2016)

Learning to rank is an important problem in many scenarios, such as information retrieval, natural language processing, recommender systems, etc. The objective is to learn a function that ranks a number of instances based on their features. In the vast majority of the learning to rank literature, there is an implicit assumption that the population of ranking instances are homogeneous, and thus can be modeled by a single central ranking function. In this work, we are concerned with learning to rank for a heterogeneous population, which may consist of a number of sub-populations, each of which may rank objects differently. Because these sub-populations are not known in advance, and are effectively latent, the problem turns into simultaneously learning both a set of ranking functions, as well as the latent assignment of instances to functions. To address this problem in a joint manner, we develop a probabilistic graphical model called Plackett-Luce Regression Mixture or PLRM model, and describe its inference via Expectation-Maximization algorithm. Comprehensive experiments on publicly-available real-life datasets showcase the effectiveness of PLRM, as opposed to a pipelined approach of clustering followed by learning to rank, as well as approaches that assume a single ranking function for a heterogeneous population.
Fixed-point optimization of deep neural networks with adaptive step size retraining (2017)

Fixed-point optimization of deep neural networks plays an important role in hardware based design and low-power implementations. Many deep neural networks show fairly good performance even with 2- or 3-bit precision when quantized weights are fine-tuned by retraining. We propose an improved fixed-point optimization algorithm that estimates the quantization step size dynamically during the retraining. In addition, a gradual quantization scheme is also tested, which sequentially applies fixed-point optimizations from high- to low-precision. The experiments are conducted for feed-forward deep neural networks (FFDNNs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and recurrent neural networks (RNNs).
Trial systems for evaluating a wireless ad-hoc community network (2003)

Two trial systems to evaluate fundamental functions of a wireless ad-hoc community network (WACNet) are presented. As a result of experimentation involving the first trial system, it is shown that the system enables network reconfiguration to improve the total bit rate of the traffic stream. A routing protocol is implemented in the second trial system to achieve hierarchical segmentation including adaptive repeating stations and dynamic topology reconfiguration.
Quantification of the Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine DNA Adduct N-(Deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline in Livers of Rats Using Capillary Liquid Chromatography/Microelectrospray Mass Spectrometry:  A Dose−Response Study (2001)

Capillary liquid chromatography/microelectrospray-mass spectrometry (capillary LC/muESI-MS) was used to quantify DNA adducts of the heterocyclic aromatic amine 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) in livers of male Fischer-344 rats. Animals received a single oral dose of either 0.05, 0.50, 1.0, or 10 mg/kg IQ and were sacrificed 24 h following treatment. The major lesion identified at all doses was N-(deoxyguanosine-8-yl)-2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (dG-C8-IQ). The capillary LC/muESI-MS method provided the means for quantifying 17.5 fmol of dG-C8-IQ (2.0 adducts in 10(8) nucleosides) (S/N 10) in 300 microg of liver DNA with an intra- and interday precision of 3.5 and 6.6% (RSD), respectively. dG-C8-IQ was quantified with a mean intra- and interday accuracy of 105 +/- 26 and 106 +/- 28 (SD) based on back-calculated adduct masses from five standard curves analyzed over a four-week period. This is the first report on development of a capillary LC/muESI-MS method to quantify dG-C8-IQ adducts in liver DNA of rats following dosing with IQ at different levels. Furthermore, the ability to accurately and precisely quantify dG-C8-IQ at a level of 2.0 adducts in 10(8) nucleosides in vivo makes this method well suited for use in future studies relating carcinogen exposure to risk in humans.
Goniophotometric studies of film deterioration processes: I. Introduction and instrumentation (1971)

Abstract The use of reflectance techniques for the study of surface coatings is discussed and the applications of goniophotometry briefly reviewed. The necessary modifications to enable the Brice‐Phoenix light scattering photometer to be used as a high sensitivity goniophotometer are described together with details of the application of the instrument to the study of point films. Results obtained with different types of coatings are presented in order to show typical effects of variation in, for example: pigmentation, application technique and environmental deterioration. The results are discussed in terms of the subjectively assessed “gloss” of the different coatings and the ways in which the features of the goniophotometric curves may be most effectively and compactly described. Goniophotometry is suggested as a potentially valuable and sensitive technique for the quantitative study of the early stages of deterioration of polymer films.
A Beam Profile Monitor for the NSLS VUV Ring Employing Linear Photodiode Arrays (1985)

Among the most important parameters of a storage accelerator are the position and size of the particle beam. In an electron machine, these parameters can be derived from measurements of the emitted synchrotron radiation. We discuss a system which monitors the two-dimensional profile of the synchrotron light in the NSLS VUV ring using commercially available high-resolution linear photosensitive diode arrays. The optical system has been designed to match the size of the image space to the dimensions of the diode sensor area. The scanning rate is automatically adjusted to hold the peaks of the profiles constant over a wide range of beam intensity variations. Video signals from the diode sensors can be readily interfaced to a computer for beam diagnostic purposes. Optics and factors determining the overall resolution of the system are discussed. Preliminary results of beam observations are presented.
TGF-ß Regulates Cathepsin Activation during Normal and Pathogenic Development (2018)

Cysteine cathepsins play roles during development and disease beyond their function in lysosomal protein turnover. Here, we leverage a fluorescent activity-based probe (ABP), BMV109, to track cysteine cathepsins in normal and diseased zebrafish embryos. Using this probe in a model of mucolipidosis II, we show that loss of carbohydrate-dependent lysosomal sorting alters the activity of several cathepsin proteases. The data support a pathogenic mechanism where TGF-ß signals enhance the proteolytic processing of pro-Ctsk by modulating the expression of chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4-S). In MLII, elevated C4-S corresponds with TGF-ß-mediated increases in chst11 expression. Inhibiting chst11 impairs the proteolytic activation of Ctsk and alleviates the MLII phenotypes. These findings uncover a regulatory loop between TGF-ß signaling and Ctsk activation that is altered in the context of lysosomal disease. This work highlights the power of ABPs to identify mechanisms underlying pathogenic development in living animals.
A Robust on-Demand Path-Key Establishment Framework via Random Key Predistribution for Wireless Sensor Networks (2006)

Secure communication is a necessity for some wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. However, the resource constraints of a sensor render existing cryptographic systems for traditional network systems impractical for a WSN. Random key predistribution scheme has been proposed to overcome these limits. In this scheme, a ring of keys is randomly drawn from a large key pool and assigned to a sensor. Nodes sharing common keys can communicate securely using a shared key, while a path-key is established for those nodes that do not share any common keys. This scheme requires moderate memory and processing power, thus it is considered suitable for WSN applications. However, since the shared key is not exclusively owned by the two end entities, the established path-key may be revealed to other nodes just by eavesdropping. Based on the random-key predistribution scheme, we present a framework that utilizes multiple proxies to secure the path-key establishment. Our scheme is resilient against node capture, collusive attack, and random dropping, while only incurring a small amount of overhead. Furthermore, the scheme ensures that, with high probability, all path-keys are exclusively known by the two end nodes involved in the communication along the path.
Experimental Setup: Low Speed Permanent Magnet Generator for Marine Current Power Conversion (2007)

Marine currents, e.g. tidal currents, ocean currents and unregulated water courses are characterized by a fairly steady or regular flow and pose a significant potential for electricity generation. An ongoing research project at Uppsala University is looking into an energy conversion system with a vertical axis turbine and a permanent magnet direct drive generator placed directly in the water flow, i.e. without using a dam. This choice of technology is intended to provide a simple and robust system with low maintenance needs and minimal environmental impact. During 2006 an experimental setup has been built. It consists of a frequency converter, a motor and a gearbox to drive the generator, the generator itself, and a resistive load to consume the generated power. The generator is two meters in diameter and is built on an elevated structure over the motor and gearbox. A stainless steel structure supports the cable wound stator. The permanent NdFeB magnets are fastened in milled grooves in the rotor. The experimental setup will be used for verification of a simulation and optimization program.
Synthesis and application of sialic acid-containing building blocks for glycopeptide libraries. Establishing glycosylation conditions (2000)

Three different sialic acid-containing building blocks (6–8) were synthesized for use in solid-phase glycopeptide libraries. Investigation of the conditions for glycosylation of threonine (Thr) with various sialic acid donors revealed that the best results were obtained by coupling glycosyl xanthate 2 to the acceptors Fmoc-Thr-OH (5) or the α-azido acid analogue of Thr, 4. Among several catalysts employed, phenylsulfanyl triflate (PST) afforded the best yields. Both the N-Fmoc and α-azido analogues of Thr allowed glycosylation with good stereoselectivity in 80% (→ 8) and 84% (→ 6) yield, respectively. Introduction of a phenylthio group in the 3 position of the sialic acid donor 3, to assist the stereoselective outcome of the glycosylation reaction, gave good results; however difficulties in the removal of the phenylthio auxiliary group made this route less attractive.