gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metabolic engineering of Vitamin E production in tobacco chloroplast (2012)

Tocochromanols, also known as vitamin E, are comprised of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Both compounds are composed of a phytyl-derived side chain and a chromanol head group derived from homogentisic acid. The four different forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols (α-, β-, γand δ-) are named based on methyl group positions on the head group. Vitamin E has a great importance in human diet. As an essential micronutrient, vitamin E has a variety of health-promoting effects, and recently it has been found to be able to function as a pharmaceutical against cancer and agingrelated disease. In plants, it works mainly as a lipophilic antioxidant protecting polyunsaturated fatty acid from lipid peroxidation in oxidative stress [1, 2]. The tocochromanol biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated in Arabidopsis and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Enzymes involved in vitamin E biosynthesis pathway include homogentisic acid phytyl transferase, (HPT), 2-methyl-6-phytyl-benzoquinol methyl transferase (MPBQMT), tocopherol cyclase (TC) and γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT). Single enzymes from the pathway have been overexpressed to boost tocochromanol synthesis. Among them, HPT has been shown to be the rate limiting factor while the other enzymes only change the ratio between different vitamin E subspecies when they are overexpressed [1, 2]. Chloroplast transformation, as a recently developed important biotechnology, has many advantages as an expression system: high-level production of foreign proteins; precise genetic engineering of recipient chloroplast genomes; absence of epigenetic effects and gene silencing mechanisms; more importantly, very low risk in transgene containment [3]. In this study, we inserted the three key enzymes of tocochromanol biosynthesis (HPT, TC and γ-TMT) as an operon into the tobacco chloroplast genome [3] and showed that this greatly improves the vitamin E content. We compared the ultrastructure of leaves from the wild type (WT) and the transformant which overexpresses the operon in Nicotiana tabacum L. We aimed to use the transformed tobacco plants to test whether the overproduced tocochromanols affect the ultrastructure of chloroplasts and correlate with better resistance against oxidative stress. We analysed plastid morphology, the relationship between cell and chloroplast size and the regulation of plastid size, structure and number in different plants tissues. We found significant differences in the cellular ultrastructure of leaf mesophyll tissue between the wild type (Figure 1, a-b) and the tocochromanol-over-accumulating transformants (Figure 1, c-g). Differences were found in the structure of plastids and mitochondria, in the accumulation of starch and phenolic compounds, and in formation of multivesicular bodies, plasmalemmasomes and lomasomes. A detailed ultrastructural analysis of cellular membrane structures and, especially, organization of the thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast will be presented and discussed in relation to elevated oxidative stress tolerance in the tocochromanol-overproducing plants.
Polymorphism of human fetal haemoglobin studied by isoelectric focusing (1980)

Human fetal haemoglobin (Hb F, o?ys) is a mixture of different molecular species. Two of them differ in position 136 of the 7 chain which is occupied either by glycine (G-r chain) or by alanine (*r chain) [l]. These chains are the products of two closely linked genes present in all normal individuals [ 1,2]. A variant of Hb F, Hb F Sardinia (ars$s 75 Ile + Thr) [3] is of unusual high frequency in various populations at birth [4,5]. Very recent results of peptide analysis suggested that the 775 Thr chain is a variant produced by the A7 locus [6,7] and corresponds to a genetic polymorphism. The study of this polymorphism is made difficult by the complexity of the methodology involved in peptide analysis [ 1,4,5]. In contrast, we report that isoelectric focusing (IEF) on acrylamide slabs using a shallow gradient of laboratory made ampholytes (pH 6.5-7.8) allows to separate Hb F 775 Thr from Hb F 775 Ile. It is a reliable and a simple method for the study of such polymorphism. We provide a direct evidence that the 775 Thr chain variant is produced by the A7 locus.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Polymerized Ionic Liquids: Mechanism of Ion Transport with Different Anions (2020)

All-atom molecular dynamics simulations were undertaken to study the ion-transport mechanism in poly(ethyl vinyl imidazolium) with different anions: Br–, BF4–, PF6–, and Tf2N–. Specifically, ion association was analyzed along with the statistics of hopping events at a relatively short time scale, which was defined from the instant the breaking and forming occurred of the ion association. Of some significance was the observation that BF4– and PF6– exhibited more hopping events than either Tf2N– or Br–. Higher temperature promoted more interchain hopping than intrachain hopping for all the polyatomic anions. At a longer time scale, the diffusivity, dynamic heterogeneity, and stringlike cooperative motion were examined. The dynamic heterogeneity decreased with the size of the counterion. Tf2N– had a unique curve shape of the self-part of the van Hove function and a shorter length of stringlike motion. It was confirmed that only a small fraction of the counterions were mobile, and most of the hopping events did not lead to the effective transport. The diffusivity had universal correlation to both the structural relaxation time and the average lifetime of ion association for all the simulated chemistries. For each anion, the linear correlation was more possible between the diffusivity and the inverse of the structural relaxation time.
Hypoxia and Resistance to Hydrogen Peroxide Confer Resistance to Tumor Necrosis Factor in Murine L929 Cells (1992)

The mechanism whereby tumor necrosis factor (TNF) kills mammalian cells is not well understood, although oxidative damage has been suggested by several investigators. Further, it is not known why cells vary in their responsiveness to TNF. We show that the cytotoxic effect of TNF toward TNF-sensitive L929 cells is blocked under hypoxic conditions, suggesting a critical role of molecular oxygen and reactive oxygen species. To test whether cellular resistance to reactive oxygen species could provide resistance to TNF, we derived a variant strain from L929 cells by chronic exposure to an oxidizing agent, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These cells exhibit marked resistance to TNF as well as to H2O2. This cross-protection provides additional evidence that mechanisms of resistance to oxidative damage are causally related to TNF-induced cell death. Scatchard analysis of TNF binding did not reveal significant differences between the H2O2-resistant line and the wild-type L929 line. On the other hand, analyses of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione levels in cells of the wild-type and the H2O2-resistant lines revealed several potentially important differences. Before exposure to TNF, the H2O2-resistant variants have elevated catalase activity, decreased activity of total glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and similar superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Exposure to TNF led to alteration in CuZnSOD activity, and much more so in the variants than in the wild-type L929 cells. However, no significant change in MnSOD activities in cells of either cell line was observed. Total GST activity was not altered appreciably by TNF in either cell line, but Western analysis showed that the level of alpha GST isozyme was increased and mu GST isozyme decreased in the H2O2-resistant variants. Furthermore, alterations in total glutathione content were observed in both the control and the variant cells.
Power Scaling Laws for Radio Receiver Front Ends (2021)

In this paper, we combine practically verified results from circuit theory with communication-theoretic laws. As a result, we obtain closed-form theoretical expressions linking fundamental system design and environment parameters with the power consumption of analog front ends (AFEs) for communication receivers. This collection of scaling laws and bounds is meant to serve as a theoretical reference for practical low power AFE design. We show how AFE power consumption scales with bandwidth, <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SNDR</i> , and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SIR</i> . We build our analysis based on two well established power consumption studies and show that although they have different design approaches, they lead to the same scaling laws. The obtained scaling laws are subsequently used to derive relations between AFE power consumption and several other important communication system parameters, namely, digital modulation constellation size, symbol error probability, error control coding gain, and coding rate. Such relations, in turn, can be used when deciding which system design strategies to adopt for low-power applications. For instance, we show how AFE power scales with environment parameters if the performance is kept constant and we use these results to illustrate that adapting to fading fluctuations can theoretically reduce AFE power consumption by at least 20x.
IERI. Application Procedures for Evaluation of Veiling Reflections in Terms of ESI: I. General Principles (1973)

(1973). IERI. Application Procedures for Evaluation of Veiling Reflections in Terms of ESI: I. General Principles. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 230-253.
Epitaxial (Ba,Sr)TiO/sub 3/ capacitors with extremely high dielectric constant for DRAM applications (2002)

A novel dielectric capacitor cell was developed using a (Ba,Sr)TiO/sub 3/ heteroepitaxial technique on SrRuO/sub 3/ electrodes. An extremely high dielectric constant was observed in 20-nm thick (Ba,Sr)TiO/sub 3/ capacitors, which correspond to the effective SiO/sub 2/ thickness of 0.084 nm. The leakage current of these capacitors was found to low and their superior reliability compared to conventional polycrystalline capacitors was confirmed.
Magnetic field dependence of the small angle scattering in amorphous DyCu (1985)

The previously reported small angle neutron scattering (SANS) from the spin glass amorphous DyCu (TF =17 K) was examined in applied fields up to 15 kOe. Application of the field caused a decrease of the total SANS intensity and a decrease of the correlation length derived from the Lorentzian line shapes to ∼6 Å from the zero field value of 13.5 Å. Field-cooling and relaxation effects were also observed in the SANS intensity and are compared with similar phenomena in magnetization measurements.
Gorilla genome structural variation reveals evolutionary parallelisms with chimpanzee (2011)

Structural variation has played an important role in the evolutionary restructuring of human and great ape genomes. Recent analyses have suggested that the genomes of chimpanzee and human have been particularly enriched for this form of genetic variation. Here, we set out to assess the extent of structural variation in the gorilla lineage by generating 10-fold genomic sequence coverage from a western lowland gorilla and integrating these data into a physical and cytogenetic framework of structural variation. We discovered and validated over 7665 structural changes within the gorilla lineage, including sequence resolution of inversions, deletions, duplications, and mobile element insertions. A comparison with human and other ape genomes shows that the gorilla genome has been subjected to the highest rate of segmental duplication. We show that both the gorilla and chimpanzee genomes have experienced independent yet convergent patterns of structural mutation that have not occurred in humans, including the formation of subtelomeric heterochromatic caps, the hyperexpansion of segmental duplications, and bursts of retroviral integrations. Our analysis suggests that the chimpanzee and gorilla genomes are structurally more derived than either orangutan or human genomes.
Light-Controllable Surface Plasmon Resonance Absorption of Gold Nanoparticles Covered with Photochromic Diarylethene Polymers (2009)

Various sizes of gold nanoparticles covered with photochromic diarylethene polymers (Au-poly(DE)s) were prepared by Brust's method, citrate reduction, or a seeding growth method. The diarylethene polymers on the particles exhibited reversible photochromism upon alternating irradiation with ultraviolet and visible light, both in solution and in the solid state. Au-poly(DE) of larger size, prepared by the seeding growth method, showed a significant shift in the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band photoreversibly as a result of photochromic reaction of the diarylethene polymers around the gold nanoparticles. This change is due to a change in the refractive index of the photochromic chromophore and is remarkably enhanced in the solid state. However, the smaller sized Au-poly(DE) prepared by Brust's method hardly showed any such spectral shift. These results are qualitatively reproduced by a theoretical simulation, which indicates that the sensitivity of the LSPR band strongly depends on the particle size of the gold nanoparticle. The Au-poly(DE)s can be potentially used as new types of plasmonic materials with a light-controllable LSPR band.
А. Н. Беляев, С. А. Козлов, С. А. Беляев, С. В. Костин, О. А. Кузнецова ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ И КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ К ВНУТРИПОРТАЛЬНЫМ ИНФУЗИЯМ В ХИРУРГИЧЕСКОЙ ПРАКТИКЕ (2015)

Background. The aim of this study is to study the anatomico-topographical corelations of the portal and umbilical veins for substantiation of intraportal infusions application in patients with mechanical jaundice. Materials and methods. There were investigated 30 hepatoduodenal complexes of corpses. There were used: 1) anatomic preparation of ligamentum teres and v.
Predicting the Data Retention Lifetime of a Lithium Carbon Mono-Fluoride Battery Connected to a Zeropower RAM (1985)

Accelerated temperature testing of lithium carbon mono-fluoride batteries has identified two mechanisms which limit the useful lifetime for battery back-up. One mechanism, electrolyte evaporation, has a relatively high thermal activation energy and will limit the current producing capability of the battery. The other mechanism, lithium consumption, has a low thermal activation energy. The current drain required to retain data in the RAM has also been characterized. With this data, a model will be presented which could be used to predict the useful lifetime of this system.
Heat dissipation in the quasiballistic regime studied using the Boltzmann equation in the spatial frequency domain (2018)

Quasiballistic heat conduction, in which some phonons propagate ballistically over a thermal gradient, has recently become of intense interest. Most works report that the thermal resistance associated with nanoscale heat sources is far larger than predicted by Fourier's law; however, recent experiments show that in certain cases the difference is negligible despite the heaters being far smaller than phonon mean-free paths. In this work, we examine how thermal resistance depends on the heater geometry using analytical solutions of the Boltzmann equation. We show that the spatial frequencies of the heater pattern play the key role in setting the thermal resistance rather than any single geometric parameter, and that for many geometries the thermal resistance in the quasiballistic regime is no different than the Fourier prediction. We also demonstrate that the spectral distribution of the heat source also plays a major role in the resulting transport, unlike in the diffusion regime. Our work provides an intuitive link between the heater geometry, spectral heating distribution, and the effective thermal resistance in the quasiballistic regime, a finding that could impact strategies for thermal management in electronics and other applications.
ChemInform Abstract: Gas‐Phase Pyrolysis in Organic Synthesis: A Route for Synthesis of Cyanamides. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
MRI for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia and viability (2003)

Assessment of myocardial ischemia and viability plays a crucial role in the clinical management of patients with coronary artery disease. Recently, cardiovascular MRI has emerged as an important noninvasive diagnostic modality in the assessment of coronary artery disease. MRI is able to evaluate both myocardial perfusion as well as myocardial contractile reserve. Because of its superior spatial resolution, integration of qualitative and quantitative methodology, and excellent reproducibility, MRI has advantages over conventional noninvasive modalities currently used in the evaluation of myocardial ischemia and viability, and may well emerge as the premier noninvasive technique in the assessment of patients with coronary artery disease. The authors review the rapidly expanding recent literature that has now established cardiovascular MRI (including dobutamine cine MRI and vasodilator perfusion MRI techniques) as an ideal choice in the evaluation of myocardial ischemia and delayed contrast-enhanced MRI and low-dose dobutamine cine MRI for evaluation of viability. Comparisons with more established techniques such as dobutamine stress echocardiography, single photon emission computed tomography perfusion imaging, and positron emission tomography are reviewed.
Focusing of Phonons in Crystalline Solids due to Elastic Anisotropy (1971)

Large differences (up to a factor of 100) have been observed in the intensity of phonons of different polarizations propagating ballistically in LiF, KCl, and ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. These observations were made by means of heat-pulse experiments carried out on single crystals, in the temperature range 1.5-3.5 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The results are explained in terms of phonon focusing due to the fact that in elastically anisotropic crystals the phonon phase and group velocities are, in general, not collinear. Calculations of the focusing effect, to determine the relative intensities of phonons of each polarization in many crystal directions, have been carried out for a number of solids. The results of these calculations are in good agreement with the experimental results obtained in this study, as well as with those obtained by other investigators on Si, Ge, and NaF.
Prehospital antiplatelet use and functional status on admission of patients with non-haemorrhagic moyamoya disease: a nationwide retrospective cohort study (J-ASPECT study) (2016)

Prehospital antiplatelet use was significantly associated with good functional status on hospital admission among patients with non-haemorrhagic moyamoya disease in Japan. Our results suggest that prehospital antiplatelet use should be considered when evaluating outcomes of patients with non-haemorrhagic moyamoya disease.
Research on combination of model-based and image-based modeling techniques (2005)

Techniques of converting 2D plans or survey data to CAD models (model-based modeling) are very labor intensive, and methods for rendering such models are generally not photo-realistic. The photogrammetric modeling technique (image-based modeling) is an interactive tool that allows the user to build a geometric model of an object based on a set of photographs. This paper adopts an approach of combination of model-based modeling and image-based modeling, make the modeling process more effective and accurate.
Selection of Long-Term Reference Frames in Dual-Frame Video Coding Using Simulated Annealing (2008)

In dual-frame video coding, both encoder and decoder store a short-term reference (STR) and a long-term reference (LTR) frame for motion compensation. In past work, LTR frames at regular intervals were assigned higher quality than the other frames to improve overall video quality. In this letter, we present a method of LTR frame selection using simulated annealing, and we show that PSNR is improved compared to the case of evenly spaced LTR frames. To reduce delay and computational complexity, we consider a constraint on the size of the look-ahead window.
Microsensor Analysis of Oxygen in the Rhizosphere of the Aquatic Macrophyte Littorella uniflora (L.) Ascherson (1994)

Oxygen released by the roots of submerged plants may oxidize organic compounds from the roots and reduced substances continuously supplied by diffusion from the surrounding anoxic hydrosoil. We provide here the first visualization of this gradient environment obtained by microsensor analysis of oxygen in the rhizosphere of the freshwater plant Littorella uniflora (L.) Ascherson. The plants were rooted in an agar medium, in which amorphous FeS provided the main oxygen sink. The oxygen concentration at the root surface ranged from 20 to 450 [mu]M (atmospheric saturation = 280 [mu]M) between darkness and saturating light, and the oxic shell surrounding the roots varied from about 0.5 to 5 mm in thickness. The oxygen flux from the roots was a saturating function of the incident light intensity on the leaves, and the oxygen released was consumed mainly at the fluctuating oxic/anoxic interface. The oxic zones around individual roots are under dynamic control by light, root morphology, root density, and sediment reducing capacity, and, therefore, oxygen concentrations should be subject to substantial diurnal fluctuations in dense Littorella populations in nutrient-poor sediments.
Main components of full-waveform inversion for reservoir characterization (2016)

Building a 3D reservoir model, which has become a key part of reservoir management, is a challenging task. Classic seismic inversion techniques, both deterministic and stochastic, have attempted to reduce the uncertainty in reservoir modelling. However, these inversion methods are typically based just on amplitude and make a number of critical simplifying assumptions, such as that migrated data are accurate and can be modelled by 1D convolution (using reflection coefficients computed from the Zoeppritz equation or its linear approximations). Migration algorithms themselves may suffer from inadequate amplitude and multiple-scattering treatments. Full-waveform inversion (FWI), specifically designed for the direct estimation of the reservoir parameters, is proposed here as an alternative method for seismic reservoir characterization. This is clearly an ambitious goal, and it is not our intention to claim we have already achieved it. Instead, we intend to introduce the main components of such reservoir-oriented inversion and discuss a strategy for elastic, anisotropic FWI constrained by rockphysics models and facies types. Among the many challenges, we focus mostly on understanding the physics and describing some elements of an efficient forward-modelling engine. In particular, we show how analysing the radiation patterns helps to optimise the parameterisation and could reduce the null space.