gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RansomWall: A layered defense system against cryptographic ransomware attacks using machine learning (2018)

Recent worldwide cybersecurity attacks caused by Cryptographic Ransomware infected systems across countries and organizations with millions of dollars lost in paying extortion amounts. This form of malicious software takes user files hostage by encrypting them and demands a large ransom payment for providing the decryption key. Signature-based methods employed by Antivirus Software are insufficient to evade Ransomware attacks due to code obfuscation techniques and creation of new polymorphic variants everyday. Generic Malware Attack vectors are also not robust enough for detection as they do not completely track the specific behavioral patterns shown by Cryptographic Ransomware families. This work based on analysis of an extensive dataset of Ran-somware families presents RansomWall, a layered defense system for protection against Cryptographic Ransomware. It follows a Hybrid approach of combined Static and Dynamic analysis to generate a novel compact set of features that characterizes the Ransomware behavior. Presence of a Strong Trap Layer helps in early detection. It uses Machine Learning for unearthing zero-day intrusions. When initial layers of RansomWall tag a process for suspicious Ransomware behavior, files modified by the process are backed up for preserving user data until it is classified as Ransomware or Benign. We implemented RansomWall for Microsoft Windows operating system (the most attacked OS by Cryptographic Ransomware) and evaluated it against 574 samples from 12 Cryptographic Ransomware families in real-world user environments. The testing of RansomWall with various Machine Learning algorithms evaluated to 98.25% detection rate and near-zero false positives with Gradient Tree Boosting Algorithm. It also successfully detected 30 zero-day intrusion samples (having less than 10% detection rate with 60 Security Engines linked to VirusTotal).
Immunofluorescence studies on deoxyribonuclease from mouse teratocarcinoma cells during cell differentiation (1979)

Specific anti-DNase-I IgG have been used to detect deoxyribonuclease in teratocarcinoma cells by an indirect immunofluorescence method. All the cells studied show fluorescence staining. However, the patterns are quite different in embryonal carcinoma cells (amorphous cytoplasmic fluorescence and absence of nuclear staining) as compared to differentiated cell lines (diffuse, bright granular nuclear and fibrillar cytoplasmic fluorescence). It is possible by this method to distinguish different cell types derived from the same origin. Deoxyribonuclease from teratocarcinoma cells can therefore be considered as a marker of cell differentiation in this system.
Knowledge-Based Biomedical Word Sense Disambiguation with Neural Concept Embeddings (2016)

Biomedical word sense disambiguation (WSD) is an important intermediate task in many natural language processing applications such as named entity recognition, syntactic parsing, and relation extraction. In this paper, we employ knowledge-based approaches that also exploit recent advances in neural word/concept embeddings to improve over the state-of-the-art in biomedical WSD using the MSH WSD dataset as the test set. Our methods involve weak supervision - we do not use any hand-labeled examples for WSD to build our prediction models; however, we employ an existing well known named entity recognition and concept mapping program, MetaMap, to obtain our concept vectors. Over the MSH WSD dataset, our linear time (in terms of numbers of senses and words in the test instance) method achieves an accuracy of 92.24% which is an absolute 3% improvement over the best known results obtained via unsupervised or knowledge-based means. A more expensive approach that we developed relies on a nearest neighbor framework and achieves an accuracy of 94.34%. Employing dense vector representations learned from unlabeled free text has been shown to benefit many language processing tasks recently and our efforts show that biomedical WSD is no exception to this trend. For a complex and rapidly evolving domain such as biomedicine, building labeled datasets for larger sets of ambiguous terms may be impractical. Here, we show that weak supervision that leverages recent advances in representation learning can rival supervised approaches in biomedical WSD. However, external knowledge bases (here sense inventories) play a key role in the improvements achieved.
Involvement of focal adhesion kinase in cell adhesion force on different substrate rigidity (2009)

We hypothesize that FAK is the rigidity sensor in response to different rigidity of substrates. In present study, we plate MDCK epithelial cell on glass surface, 1 kPa, and 30 kPa polyacrylamide gels, respectively. The FAK expression for substrate rigidity sensing and adhesion force management was studied by cytodetachment device and fluorescent microscopy. Different expression levels of FAK by gene overexpression (FAK-WT) and knock-out (FRNK) were also used to probe the function of FAK in rigidity sensing. The results indicate that cell spreading area, adhesion force, and work increased with increasing substrate rigidity. Except for cell area and normalized adhesion force, all parameters were significantly different between FAK-WT and FRNK cells. FAK can enhance cell spreading and increase the normalized adhesion force on 30 kPa and 1 kPa gels. The effect of FAK is weaker on stiffer substrate than on softer matrix.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐ANIONS. VIII. DITHIOESTERS AND KETENE MERCAPTALS FROM ALIPHATIC ACIDS S AND ESTERS (1977)

Abstract Die Li‐Salze (I) der entsprechenden α‐lithiierten Carbonsäuren addieren CS 2 unter Bildung der Bis‐Salze (II), die sich über die α‐Carboxyester (III) in die Dithioester (IV) überführen lassen.
Activation state of protein kinase A as measured in permeabilised Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells correlates with PKA-controlled phenotypes in vivo (2003)

Protein kinase A (PKA) activity was measured in situ in permeabilised Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in the absence and the presence of cAMP. Four strains genetically predicted to have differential PKA-dependent phenotypes were used: a wild-type strain and a strain containing a bcy1-14 mutation (with almost constitutively active PKA), and the same strains with overexpression of the wild-type or mutant BCY1 gene, respectively. Cells were grown on galactose or glucose. The measured phenotypic characteristics were: trehalose and glycogen levels and the activity of a reporter gene under control of the NTH1 promoter. The 'endogenous' PKA activity (measured in situ in the absence of cAMP) showed the best correlation with the PKA-dependent phenotypes determined in vivo. We propose that this parameter offers a good estimate for the degree of activation of PKA in vivo.
FK506 Binding Protein Mutational Analysis (1995)

The 12- and 13-kDa FK506 binding proteins (FKBP12 and FKBP13) are cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerases that bind the macrolides FK506 (Tacrolimus) and rapamycin (Sirolimus). The FKBP12.FK506 complex is immunosuppressive, acting as an inhibitor of the protein phosphatase calcineurin. We have examined the role of the key surface residues of FKBP12 and FKBP13 in calcineurin interactions by generating substitutions at these residues by site-directed mutagenesis. All mutants are active catalysts of the prolyl isomerase reaction, and bind FK506 or rapamycin with high affinity. Mutations at FKBP12 residues Asp-37, Arg-42, His-87, and Ile-90 decrease calcineurin affinity of the mutant FKBP12.FK506 complex by as much as 2600-fold in the case of I90K. Replacement of three FKBP13 surface residues (Gln-50, Ala-95, and Lys-98) with the corresponding homologous FKBP12 residues (Arg-42, His-87, and Ile-90) generates an FKBP13 variant that is equivalent to FKBP12 in its affinity for FK506, rapamycin, and calcineurin. These results confirm the role of two loop regions of FKBP12 (residues 40-44 and 84-91) as part of the effector face that interacts with calcineurin.
Towards the Evolution of Publish/Subscribe Internetworking Mechanisms with PSIRP (2013)

Despite its enormous success, the current Internet’s architecture has not evolved in a scalable manner. There are many issues concerning simple services that need complex network systems in order to work. Future Internet Architectures are candidates to solve some of the problems related to the current Internet. This paper describes and evaluates a mechanism to adapt and migrate the current Internet services to future network architectures based on the Publish/Subscribe paradigm. This paper also contributes to a soft transition mechanism for seamless interoperability of the PubSubHubbub protocol to a
Algorithm for the treatment of chronic depression. (2001)

Chronic depression, which is marked by a course of illness lasting 2 years or more, encompasses 4 subtypes of depressive illness: (1) chronic major depressive disorder, (2) dysthymic disorder, (3) dysthymic disorder with major depressive disorder ("double depression"), and (4) major depressive disorder with poor interepisodic recovery (i.e., in incomplete remission). In the 1990s, chronic depression had a reported prevalence rate of 3% to 5% and accounted for 30% to 35% of all cases of depression in the United States. The authors present an algorithm modified from the Texas Medication Algorithm Project for patients with chronic depression. This treatment algorithm recommends a progression of steps or stages in treating chronic depression. The first stage is monotherapy with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, nefazodone, bupropion sustained release, venlafaxine extended release, mirtazapine, or psychotherapy. Later options include combination therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, atypical antipsychotics, and novel treatments. Utilization of a comprehensive treatment algorithm for chronic major depression should encourage efficient, efficacious treatment.
Effects of 3-styrylchromones on metabolic profiles and cell death in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (2015)

4<i>H</i>-1-benzopyran-4-ones (chromones) are important naturally-distributing compounds. As compared with flavones, isoflavones and 2-styrylchromones, there are only few papers of 3-styrylchromones that have been published. We have previously reported that among fifteen 3-styrylchromone derivatives, three new synthetic compounds that have OCH<sub>3</sub> group at the C-6 position of chromone ring, (<i>E</i>)-3-(4-hydroxystyryl)-6-methoxy-4<i>H</i>-chromen-4-one (compound <b>11</b>), (<i>E</i>)-6-methoxy-3-(4-methoxystyryl)-4<i>H</i>-chromen-4-one (compound <b>4</b>), (<i>E</i>)-6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxystyryl)-4<i>H</i>-chromen-4-one (compound <b>6</b>) showed much higher cytotoxicities against four epithelial human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) lines than human normal oral mesenchymal cells. In order to further confirm the tumor specificities of these compounds, we compared their cytotoxicities against both human epithelial malignant and non-malignant cells, and then investigated their effects on fine cell structures and metabolic profiles and cell death in human OSCC cell line HSC-2. Cytotoxicities of compounds <b>4</b>, <b>6</b>, <b>11</b> were assayed with MTT method. Fine cell structures were observed under transmission electron microscope. Cellular metabolites were extracted with methanol and subjected to CE-TOFMS analysis. Compounds <b>4</b>, <b>6</b>, <b>11</b> showed much weaker cytotoxicity against human oral keratinocyte and primary human gingival epithelial cells, as compared with HSC-2, confirming their tumor-specificity, whereas doxorubicin and 5-FU were highly cytotoxic to these normal epithelial cells, giving unexpectedly lower tumor-specificity. The most cytotoxic compound <b>11</b>, induced the mitochondrial vacuolization, autophagy suppression followed by apoptosis induction, and changes in the metabolites involved in amino acid and glycerophospholipid metabolisms. Chemical modification of lead compound <b>11</b> may be a potential choice for designing new type of anticancer drugs.
A MOSFET power amplifier with error correction (1984)

The rapid evolution of power MOSFETs during the last few years has brought them to the point where they are now very attractive for use in audio amplifier power output stages. Important improvements include in­ creased voltage, current, and dissipation ratings, re­ duced on resistance, availability of complementary pairs, and greatly reduced cost. Although a 75-W MOSFET is still more expensive than a 150-W bipolar transistor, the premium is small when considered rel­ ative to total amplifier cost and improved performance. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the level of performance achievable with current technology and to illustrate practical circuit techniques for achieving this performance. Power MOSFETs have several fundamental advan­ tages over bipolar power transistors, most notably speed and freedom from secondary breakdown. The latter provides higher usable power dissipation, improved reliability, and freedom from safe-area limiter circuits, which can misbehave and cause audible degradation . MOSFETs also have some disadvantages in comparison with bipolar transistors. These include higher turn-on voltage drive requirements and smaller transconduct­ ance at low current levels . The former tends to contradict generalizations that have been made to the effect that drive circuits for power MOSFETs are less expensive, at least for the reliable source-follower configuration. The latter results in transconductance droop in the cross­ over region if bias currents are not fairly high. Such transconductance droop can result in crossover distortion.
Recent results in the field of asymmetric synthesis using chiral sulfoxides (1988)

Abstract
Biodegradable drug eluting stents: invasive and non-invasive imaging. (2006)

A biodegradable everolimus-eluting stent, developed by Bioabsorbable Vascular Solutions, Inc., an affiliate of Abbott Laboratories, located in Mountain View, CA, is currently undergoing clinical evaluation. The stent consists of a Polylactic acid (PLA) stent backbone processed for increased radial strength to provide stent integrity and a thin amorphous everolimus/PLA matrix coating (1:1 ratio of Everolimus/PLA matrix) for controlled drug release. Panel (a) shows the stent ex vivo: the stent is transparent apart from 2 radio-opaque markers at both proximal and distal edges. The appearances on optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Panel b) are quite unlike conventional stents; OCT can detect the interface between the stent and other tissues or fluid, but the inside of the strut consists of exactly the same material all the way through so it appears black, giving this a unique box appearance. The stent is radiolucent and invisible on fluoroscopy and multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT). Panels (c) and (d) demonstrate that the radiopaque markers (arrows) are clearly visible on MSCT, although due to a blooming effect the 2 markers appear as one continuous object. Calcification can be seen in the vessel proximal to the stent.
A Third-Generation Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction Technique: Phantom Study of Image Noise, Spatial Resolution, Lesion Detectability, and Dose Reduction Potential (2018)

ASIR-V reduced image noise and improved lesion detection compared with FBP and had potential for radiation dose reduction while preserving low-contrast detectability.
Analysis of Network Coded HARQ for Multiple Unicast Flows (2010)

In this paper, we consider network coded (NCed) Hybrid-ARQ (HARQ) for multiple unicast flows. The main contribution of the paper is the derivation of a throughput expression for NCed HARQ with arbitrary number of users in i.i.d. channels. We apply the result to Rayleigh fading channels for incremental redundancy (IR) and chase combining (CC) based NCed HARQ. We verify the analytical approach with simulations and observe substantial SNR (or energy) improvements over regular ARQ with network coding as well as classical (H)ARQ. The SNR gains in the high and low throughput regimes are mainly due to the network coding and HARQ aspects, respectively. For low SNRs, NCed HARQ with IR surpass the CC performance.
31P saturation transfer and phosphocreatine imaging in the monkey brain. (1991)

31P magnetic resonance imaging with chemical-shift discrimination by selective excitation has been employed to determine the phosphocreatine (PCr) distribution in the brains of three juvenile macaque monkeys. PCr images were also obtained while saturating the resonance of the gamma-phosphate of ATP, which allowed the investigation of the chemical exchange between PCr and the gamma-phosphate of ATP catalyzed by creatine kinase. Superposition of the PCr images over the proton image of the same monkey brain revealed topological variations in the distribution of PCr and creatine kinase activity. PCr images were also obtained with and without visual stimulation. In two out of four experiments, an apparently localized decrease in PCr concentration was noted in visual cortex upon visual stimulation. This result is interpreted in terms of a possible role for the local ADP concentration in stimulating the accompanying metabolic response.
Comparing the sparse iterative method (SIM) with the banded Jacobi and conjugate gradient techniques (2002)

The sparse iterative method (SIM) has been developed by Fourie and Nitch (see IEEE AP-S International Symposium, 1994). This paper demonstrates that the SIM is more general, and executes faster than either the banded Jacobi or conjugate gradient techniques. First, the banded Jacobi solution method was implemented in an object oriented C++ program based on the well known NEC2 program and results were compared to the SIM method for a grid example obtained from the GEMACS documentation of Kadlec and Coffey (1983). Secondly, the SIM was compared to the conjugated gradient method by simulating a generic missile case for which previous results were obtained by Davidson (see PHD thesis, University of Stellenbosch, 1991). The SIM is shown to be computationally faster than both of these methods. The improved speed of the SIM, combined with the very general nature of this solution technique, makes it an attractive choice for the solution of MoM problems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Lung Dose, Distribution, and Clinical Response to Therapeutic Aerosols (1993)

Abstract The response to therapeutic aerosols is considered to be a function of the dose deposited at the target site in the lung. The dose, in turn, is dependent upon the system producing the aerosol, the particle size characteristics of the inhaled aerosol, the mode of inhalation, and the calibre of the airways. The influence of the pattern of deposition of the inhaled dose, i.e., selective delivery to the central vs. small, peripheral airways, on the response is not as well defined. Distribution of therapeutic aerosols in the lung has been measured using a variety of tracer methods; correlations with clinical response have been obtained in a limited number of these same studies. Systems used to provide unit doses of therapeutic aerosols are the metered dose inhaler (MDI), containing drug in a pressurized formulation, and the dry powder inhalers (DPI). Efficiency of delivery is on the order of 5–15% for these systems, even under optimal inhalation conditions. Continuous aerosol is provided by the jet or ultrasonic nebulizer with delivery efficiencies ranging from 1 to 5% for the former and approximately 10% for the latter. The particle size of aerosol from these devices ranges from < 1 μm mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) to 12 μm MMAD. However, the "effect" of particle size, once the inspiratory flow rate is taken into account, can be much greater, shifting the deposition pattern to more proximal airways, as does airway narrowing owing to the presence of lung disease. Increased flow rates and changes in airway geometry can alter both the dose deposited and the response and may necessitate the adjustment of dosing levels to meet the needs of the individual patient. By using a variety of methods, deposition efficiency can be improved and medication "targeted" to the lower respiratory tract to minimize local and systemic side effects. Practically, these methods consist of baffling and the addition of valved spacer devices to the MDI. New formulations and delivery systems are being developed to provide finer, and more respirable aerosols, with sustained action. Knowledge of the lung dose and distribution of inhaled aerosols from these systems is critical for the assessment of their performance in vivo.
Alterations of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor (p16INK4A/MTS1) gene structure and expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemias. (1995)

The cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) inhibitor (p16INK4/MTS1/CDKN2) gene has been recently identified as a putative tumor suppressor gene because of the high frequency of homozygous deletion observed in numerous human tumor cell lines, including leukemias. However, results obtained from uncultured tumor samples have led to discussion of the relevance of these findings. Using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern blot analysis, we have investigated p16INK4A gene at both RNA and genomic levels in various types of leukemias: acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (n = 23); acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) (n = 22) and B cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (CLPD) (n = 33). p16INK4A mRNA expression was not found in only 1/20 AML and 2/23 CLPD samples. Conversely, p16INK4A mRNA was not detected in 5/17 ALL cases, and intensity of PCR products were barely detectable in seven additional cases, possibly related to the contamination by normal cells in some cases. By Southern blotting, a homozygous deletion of p16INK4A gene was found in 6/17 ALL cases (35%) among which 4/6 were negative or weakly positive by RT-PCR assay. None of the five AML and 20 CLL samples studied had p16INK4A deletion. Sequence analysis of p16INK4A exon 2 did not show point mutation in two of these cases lacking mRNA expression. Our data provide further evidence that among hematological malignancies, ALL are the most likely to be associated with p16INK4A inactivation, mainly by homozygous gene deletion. Since most hematological malignancies-except ALL-are infrequently associated with p16INK4A and retinoblastoma (Rb) gene alteration it seems worthwhile to explore cdk4 and cdk6 expression to determine whether or not the disruption of the p16INK4A/Rb/cdk4/cdk6 regulatory loop might play a role in their pathogenesis.