gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Artifacts from Ancient Rome (2014)

<JATS1:p>When Roman objects and artifacts are properly analyzed, they serve as valuable primary sources for learning about ancient history. This book provides the guidance and relevant historical context students need to see relics as evidence of long-past events and society.</JATS1:p> <JATS1:p>Artifacts from Ancient Rome is a unique social history that explores major aspects of daily life in a long-ago era via images of physical objects and historical information about these items. This book also affords “hands-on training” on how to approach primary sources.</JATS1:p> <JATS1:p>The author—a historian also trained as an archaeologist—begins by explaining the concept of using artifacts to understand and “see” the past and providing a primer for effectively analyzing artifacts. Entries on the artifacts follow, with each containing an introduction, a description of the artifact, an explanation of its significance, and a list of further sources of information. Readers of the book will not only gain a composite impression of daily life in ancient Rome through the study of artifacts from domestic life, religion, war, transportation, entertainment, and more, but will also learn how to best understand and analyze primary sources for learning.</JATS1:p>
Critical area computation for missing material defects in VLSI circuits (2001)

We address the problem of computing critical area for missing material defects in a circuit layout. The extraction of critical area is the main computational problem in very large scale integration yield prediction. Missing material defects cause open circuits and are classified into breaks and via blocks. Our approach is based on the L/sub /spl infin// medial axis of polygons and the weighted L/sub /spl infin// Voronoi diagram of segments. We also introduce the min-max Voronoi diagram of rectangles, a combinatorial structure of independent interest. The critical area problem for breaks and via blocks is reduced to variations of weighted L/sub /spl infin// Voronoi diagram of segments. Plane sweep algorithms to compute the appropriate Voronoi diagrams for each case are presented. As a result, the critical area for breaks and via blocks on a single layer can be computed accurately in one pass of the layout. The time complexity is O(n log n) in the case of breaks and O((n+K)log n) in the case of via blocks, where n is the size of the input and K is upper-bounded by the number of interacting vias (in practice K is small). The critical area computation assumes square defects and reflects all possible defect sizes following the D(r)=r/sub 0//sup 2//r/sup 3/ defect size distribution. The method is presented for rectilinear layouts.
Postoperative Rehabilitation Strategies Used by Adults With Cochlear Implants: A Pilot Study (2016)

Postoperative patient-driven rehabilitation strategies are highly variable but appear to relate to outcomes. Larger-scale extensions of this pilot study are needed.
DNA origami cryptography for secure communication (2019)

Biomolecular cryptography exploiting specific biomolecular interactions for data encryption represents a unique approach for information security. However, constructing protocols based on biomolecular reactions to guarantee confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA) of information remains a challenge. Here we develop DNA origami cryptography (DOC) that exploits folding of a M13 viral scaffold into nanometer-scale self-assembled braille-like patterns for secure communication, which can create a key with a size of over 700 bits. The intrinsic nanoscale addressability of DNA origami additionally allows for protein binding-based steganography, which further protects message confidentiality in DOC. The integrity of a transmitted message can be ensured by establishing specific linkages between several DNA origamis carrying parts of the message. The versatility of DOC is further demonstrated by transmitting various data formats including text, musical notes and images, supporting its great potential for meeting the rapidly increasing CIA demands of next-generation cryptography.
Nerve fibres in peritoneal endometriosis (2006)

Peritoneal endometriotic lesions were innervated by sensory Adelta, sensory C, cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibres. These nerve fibres may play an important role in the mechanisms of pain generation in this condition.
The Toll-like receptor 4 (Asp299Gly) polymorphism is a risk factor for Gram-negative and haematogenous osteomyelitis (2006)

Osteomyelitis is a bone infection caused mostly by Staphylococcus aureus but also by Gram-negative bacteria. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), after recognizing microbial products, induce a signal in neutrophils, leading to NF-kappaB activation and transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. Polymorphisms in TLR2 (Arg753Gln) and TLR4 (Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile) genes are associated with bacterial infections, we therefore studied these polymorphisms in osteomyelitis patients. Homozygotes for the TLR4 (Asp299Gly) polymorphism were significantly more frequent among the 80 osteomyelitis patients than in the 155 healthy controls (3/80, 3.8%versus 0/155, 0%; P = 0.038). Carriers of one or two G alleles of this tlr4 polymorphism were more likely to have Gram-negative, haematogenous and/or chronic osteomyelitis than those without this mutation (P < 0.031). Patients with the TLR4 (Thr399Ile) mutant, which cosegregates with the TLR4 (Asp299Gly), were also carriers of this second polymorphism. No differences for the TLR2 (Arg753Gln) genotypes were found between patients and controls. Neutrophils of patients homozygous for the TLR4 (Asp299Gly) polymorphism showed lower LPS-induced apoptosis reduction, phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB, and lower IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels (P < 0.05). We report here for the first time an association between this TLR4 polymorphism and susceptibility to Gram-negative bacteria and haematogenous osteomyelitis.
Preparation of Higher‐Order Zeolite Materials by Using Dextran Templating (2004)

Templatgestützte Prozesse unter Beteiligung von Polysaccharid, Dextran und Zeolithkristallen oder -nanopartikeln dienen zum Aufbau eines ausgefeilten porösen Gerüsts aus verknüpften Filamenten aus NaY-Zeolith/Silicat-Nanopartikeln sowie makroskopischen Fasern aus kristallographisch ausgerichteten Silicalitnanokristallen (siehe Bild; Balkenlänge: 5 μm).
Pathogen safety and characterisation of a highly purified human alpha 1 -proteinase inhibitor preparation (2017)

Alpha<sub>1</sub>-proteinase inhibitor (A<sub>1</sub>PI) deficiency is a genetic condition predisposing to emphysema. Respreeza/Zemaira, a therapeutic preparation of A<sub>1</sub>PI, is prepared from human plasma. This article describes the purity and stability of Respreeza/Zemaira and the capacity of virus and prion reduction steps incorporated into its manufacturing process. Purity and stability of Respreeza/Zemaira were analysed using established methods. To test pathogen clearance capacity, high levels of test viruses/prions were spiked into aliquots of production intermediates and clearance studies were performed for selected manufacturing steps, under production and robustness conditions, using validated scale-down models. Respreeza/Zemaira had a purity of 99% A<sub>1</sub>PI and consisted of 96% monomers. It remained stable after storage for 3 years at 25 °C. Specific activity was 0.895 mg active A<sub>1</sub>PI/mg protein. Pasteurisation inactivated enveloped viruses and the non-enveloped hepatitis A virus. 20 N/20 N virus filtration was highly effective and robust at removing all tested viruses, including parvoviruses, to below the limit of detection. Cold ethanol fractionation provided substantial reduction of prions. The manufacturing process of Respreeza/Zemaira ensures the production of a stable and pure product. Taking into consideration the donor selection process, the testing of donations, and the highly effective virus and prion reduction, Respreeza/Zemaira has a high safety margin.
Giant anelastic responses in (BaZrO 3 -ZnO)-BaTiO 3 composite materials (2011)

Composite materials containing particulate BaTiO3 inclusion have been fabricated with BaZrO3-ZnO as the matrix. Giant anelastic responses (abrupt increase in modulus and damping vs. temperature) have been observed after 75 °C aging 24 h in these composites in the temperature region far below the Curie point of BaTiO3. Anomalies disappeared after 185 °C aging 4 h. Such responses are attributed to the constraining negative-stiffness effect of the inclusion. An oxygen vacancy mechanism has been discussed which is considered to be responsible for the negative-stiffness effect. The present work is novel in terms of the idea of manipulation of negative stiffness in ferroelastic inclusions to achieve the desired composite properties.
Eine Semipinakol‐Umlagerung – katalysiert durch ein Enzymsystem mit difunktioneller FAD‐abhängiger Monooxygenase (2012)

Doppelt Aua: Die Biosynthese von Aurachinen umfasst eine ungewöhnliche Farnesylwanderung. In-vitro-Analysen des Enzymsystems zufolge katalysiert AuaG eine Sequenz aus Epoxidierung und Semipinakol-Umlagerung (siehe Schema); dann wird von der Ketoreduktase AuaH die Rearomatisierung katalysiert. AuaGH erweist sich somit als Enzymsystem mit dualer Funktion für die Durchführung von Semipinakol-Umlagerungen.
Synthesis of biologically interesting oligosaccharides containing residues with manno-configuration and acid-catalyzed opening of 4,6-orthoesters of pyranosides (1990)

Synthesis of biologically interesting oligosaccharides containing residues with manno-configuration and acid-catalyzed opening of 4,6-orthoesters of pyranosides
Analysis of Stress-Driven Grain Boundary Diffusion. Part II: Degeneracy (2004)

The stress-driven grain boundary diffusion problem is a continuum model of mass transport phenomena in microelectronic circuits due to high current densities (electromigration) and gradients in normal stress along grain boundaries. The model involves coupling many different equations and phenomena, and difficulties such as nonlocality, complex geometry, and singularities in the stress tensor have left open such mathematical questions as existence of solutions and compatibility of boundary conditions. In this paper and its companion, we address these issues and establish a firm mathematical foundation for this problem. We study the properties of a type of Dirichlet-to-Neumann map that involves solving the Lamé equations with interesting interface boundary conditions. We identify a new class of degenerate grain boundary networks that lead to unsuppressed linear growth modes that are suggestive of continental drift in plate tectonics. We use techniques from semigroup theory to prove that the problem is well posed and that the stress field relaxes to a steady state distribution which may or may not completely balance the electromigration force. In the latter (degenerate) case, the displacements continue to grow without bound along stress-free modes.
Poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) solution behavior in supercritical CO2, CHF3, and CHClF2 (2001)

Abstract Cloud point and solution density data between 20 and 100°C and pressures to 3000 bar are presented for poly(lactide) (PLA) and poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA x , where the molar concentration of glycolide in the backbone x ranges from 0 to 50 mol %) in supercritical CO 2 , CHClF 2 , and CHF 3 . PLA dissolves in CO 2 at pressures near 1400 bar, in CHF 3 at pressures of 500 to 750 bar, and in CHClF 2 at pressures of 20–100 bar. As glycolide (GA) is added to the backbone of PLGA, the cloud point pressure increases by 50 bar/(mol GA) in CO 2 , 25 bar/(mol GA) in CHF 3 , and by only 2.5 bar/(mol GA) in CHClF 2 . PLGA 50 does not dissolve in CO 2 to pressures of 3000 bar whereas it is readily soluble in CHClF 2 at pressures as low as 100 bar at 50°C. In comparison, the increases in cloud point pressure with increasing weight average molecular weight ( M w ) are only approximately 2.3 bar/(1000 M w ) for PLGA copolymers in CO 2 . The solution densities with all three SCF solvents range from 1.1 to 1.5 g/cm 3 and they vary only by a small amount over the 80°C range used to obtain cloud point data. More than likely, the ability of the acidic hydrogen in CHF 3 and CHClF 2 to complex with the ester linkage in PLGA makes these better solvents than CO 2 especially since any change in favorable energetic interactions is magnified due to the liquid‐like densities exhibited by these SCF solvents. © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1155–1161, 2001
R-mask: a new concept and its application for small-volume production (2004)

We have developed a resist-shade mask (R-mask) technology applicable for small-volume production. The R-mask uses a novel resist as a shading material instead of chromium (Cr), and it exhibits sufficient durability against KrF exposure for ASIC and pilot line applications. Because the R-mask does not require a Cr etching process, it can reduce mask costs and improve critical dimension (CD) uniformity. A defect inspection technique for R-masks has also been investigated, and no defects were observed on a wafer for several R-masks used for device fabrication. The part of the R-mask making contact in exposure tools was carefully designed to not retain resist material so as to avoid particle contamination. We applied several R-masks to form wiring layers for 0.25-um and 0.18-um logic devices and confirmed that there were no differences in process margin and product yield between the R-masks and conventional Cr masks. We have also developed the partial R-mask, which consists of both conventional Cr mask and R-mask areas. The partial R-mask is very effective for customizing semiconductor chips. The R-mask area is applied only to customized circuit areas or certain wiring patterns to adjust circuit characteristics, whereas the common circuit area is delineated by the Cr pattern. The R-mask can be also used to customize attenuated phase-shifting masks, and to make unnecessary hole patterns opaque in prepared hole arrays. The R-mask is a very promising technology for reducing mask costs and improving the turn-around time (TAT) of masks, because of its simple manufacturing process and reworkable capability.
Purification and characterization of avian liver mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate decarboxylase (1982)

Mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate decarboxylase [ATP:5-diphosphomevalonate carboxy-lyase (dehydrating), EC 4.1.1.33] has been purified 5800 times from chicken liver and obtained in a stable and highly purified form. The protein is a dimer of molecular weight 85400 +/- 1941, and its subunits were not resolved by gel electrophoresis in denaturing conditions. The purified enzyme does not require the presence of SH-containing reagents for either activity or stability. The enzyme shows a high specificity for adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and requires for activity a divalent metal cation, Mg2+ being most effective. The optimum pH for the enzyme ranges from 4.0 to 6.5. Inhibitory effects for the enzyme activity were detected by citrate, phthalate, and phosphate. The isoelectric point, as determined by column chromatofocusing, is 4.8. The kinetics are hyperbolic for both substrates, showing a sequential mechanism; true Km values of 0.0141 mM and 0.504 mM have been obtained for mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate and ATP, respectively.
Counterpulsation: Historical Background, Technical Improvements, Hemodynamic and Metabolic Effects (1994)

The intraaortic balloon counterpulsation is performed today on the same principles that were described in its first experimental use in 1962. Experimental studies have shown significant increase of the mean aortic diastolic pressure, the diastolic pressure-time index, endocardial viability ratio, cardiac output, ejection fraction, coronary cerebral and renal blood flow, lactate utilization and myocardial oxygen supply and significant decrease of the systolic aortic pressure, left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure, left-ventricular work, tension time index, myocardial oxygen consumption and lactate production. In similar studies, intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) decreases the size of myocardial infarction. New IABP driving systems, small size sheaths and balloon catheters for percutaneous insertion made the use of the IABP easier and safer. The paraaortic counterpulsation device is suitable for chronic mechanical assistance. It is more effective than the IABP and shows excellent biocompatibility in chronic experiments. Its clinical application in 3 patients showed excellent biocompatibility and promising hemodynamic effects. In conclusion, the salutary hemodynamic effects of the IABP have been shown in several experimental studies. The technical improvements and the development and use of new devices suggest that we still need to learn more about the usefulness of the counterpulsation technique.
Microfluidic device for capillary electrochromatography‐mass spectrometry (2003)

A novel microfabricated device that integrates a monolithic polymeric separation channel, an injector, and an interface for electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry detection (ESI-MS) was devised. Microfluidic propulsion was accomplished using electrically driven fluid flows. The methacrylate-based monolithic separation medium was prepared by photopolymerization and had a positively derivatized surface to ensure electroosmotic flow (EOF) generation for separation of analytes in a capillary electrochromatography (CEC) format. The injector operation was optimized to perform under conditions of nonuniform EOF within the microfluidic channels. The ESI interface allowed hours of stable operation at the flow rates generated by the monolithic column. The dimensions of one processing line were sufficiently small to enable the integration of 4-8 channel multiplexed structures on a single substrate. Standard protein digests were utilized to evaluate the performance of this microfluidic chip. Low- or sub-fmol amounts were injected and detected with this arrangement.
THE EFFECT OF SMARTPHONE APPS AND TECHNOLOGY COMPATIBILITY ON DIABETES CONTROL IN DIABETIC PATIENTS USING INSULIN (2021)

Objective: This study was done to determine the need for technological systems in diabetes patients using insulin in Turkey, and to investigate the relationship between diabetes control and their smartphone apps. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional type of study was carried out with 506 diabetic patients using insulin who were followed up at the Diabetes Outpatient Clinics within the Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University Istanbul Medical Faculty, between March and September 2017. The data were obtained with a face-to-face interview of the physician using the data collection form. Results: The mean age of the participants was 54.23±15.23 (18-89) years. The investigation of distribution in accordance with age showed that 71 patients (14%) were in the 18-34 age group, 302 (59.7%) in the 35-64 age group, and 133 (26.3%) were aged 65 years and above. The rate of those with Type 1 diabetes was 22.9% (n=116) and the rate of those with Type 2 diabetes was 77.1% (n=390). Four-hundred and sixty-four (92.5%) of the patients stated that a patient follow-up system specific to our country would be useful in increasing the quality of life for diabetic patients. Three-hundred and twenty-one (63.4%) of the patients stated they have been using applications on - technological and telecommunication devices, and 185 patients (36.6%) stated they did not use the applications. In the model that examined the factors affecting the use of smartphone applications (Nagelkerke R2=44.6%, sensitivity=82.9% specificity=69.2%), it showed that higher education students’ rate of using smartphone applications was 14.7 times higher than those with lower education; and those with an income level between 2 and 4 times above minimum wage were found to be 2.5 times higher than those with an income level of or below minimum wage. Conclusion: It is anticipated that a system specific to our country will be needed for diabetic patients using insulin and that educated young patients with middle income will be highly interested in this system.
Neoadjuvant intratumoral cytokine‐loaded microspheres are superior to postoperative autologous cellular vaccines in generating systemic anti‐tumor immunity (2006)

Intratumoral IL-12 and TNF-alpha loaded PLAM leads to both local eradication of tumor and the induction of specific anti-tumor T-cells in the lymph nodes and spleens, resulting in memory immune response. Neoadjuvant treatment was significantly superior to postoperative autologous cellular vaccines using IL-12 and TNF-alpha PLAM.
Epidermal Homeostasis: The Role of the Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Systems (2003)

GH and IGF-I and -II were first identified by their endocrine activity. Specifically, IGF-I was found to mediate the linear growth-promoting actions of GH. It is now evident that these two growth factor systems also exert widespread activity throughout the body and that their actions are not always interconnected. The literature highlights the importance of the GH and IGF systems in normal skin homeostasis, including dermal/epidermal cross-talk. GH activity, sometimes mediated via IGF-I, is primarily evident in the dermis, particularly affecting collagen synthesis. In contrast, IGF action is an important feature of the dermal and epidermal compartments, predominantly enhancing cell proliferation, survival, and migration. The locally expressed IGF binding proteins play significant and complex roles, primarily via modulation of IGF actions. Disturbances in GH and IGF signaling pathways are implicated in the pathophysiology of several skin perturbations, particularly those exhibiting epidermal hyperplasia (e.g., psoriasis, carcinomas). Additionally, many studies emphasize the potential use of both growth factors in the treatment of skin wounds; for example, burn patients. This overview concerns the role and mechanisms of action of the GH and IGF systems in skin and maintenance of epidermal integrity in both health and disease.
The Development of Tool Compensation Software for 5-axis CNC System (2010)

The Five-axis CNC Machine are widely used with machining accuracy more and more higher. However, the tool compensation in Five-axis linkage CNC Machining can't be solved effectively with the aids of the existing solution methods. In this paper, a new tool compensation algorithm module is proposed on the basis of the existing tool compensation theory, which is verified by computer simulation.
Modulation of mouse complement receptors 1 and 2 suppresses antibody responses in vivo (1991)

A mAb, 7G6, that binds to mouse CR1 and CR2 and down-modulates their expression on splenic B cells in vivo, was used to determine whether a decrease in CR1 and CR2 expression affects antibody responses to different T-dependent and T-independent Ag. Injection of mice with the mAb 7G6 prior to immunization with FITC haptenated Salmonella typhimurium (SH5771), Salmonella montevideo (SH5770), SRBC, or Ficoll dramatically decreased subsequent antibody responses to FITC. Although both IgM and IgG primary antibody responses were affected similarly, the antibody levels were most inhibited during early phases of the response. In contrast, down-modulation of the CR did not affect memory antibody responses, because injection of mice with 7G6 before a second immunization with FITC-SH5771 had no effect on subsequent anti-FITC antibody production. Moreover, polyclonal in vivo activation of the mouse immune system by anti-mouse IgD antibodies was not affected by previous administration of 7G6, because anti-IgD-induced increases in Ia expression and serum IgG1 levels were not affected. Taken together, these observations suggest that CR1 and CR2 may play an important role in enhancing primary antibody responses to many T-dependent and T-independent Ag and may contribute to a host's response to naturally occurring antigens such as bacteria.