gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cholesterol-Depleting Statin Drugs Protect Postmitotically Differentiated Human Neurons against Ethanol- and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Induced Oxidative Stress In Vitro (2006)

The majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals are either alcoholics or prone to alcoholism. Upon ingestion, alcohol is easily distributed into the various compartments of the body, particularly the brain, by crossing through the blood-brain barrier. Both HIV-1 and alcohol induce oxidative stress, which is considered a precursor for cytotoxic responses. Several reports have suggested that statins exert antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory pleiotropic effects, besides their inherent cholesterol-depleting potentials. In our studies, postmitotically differentiated neurons were cocultured with HIV-1-infected monocytes, T cells, or their cellular supernatants in the presence of physiological concentrations of alcohol for 72 h. Parallel cultures were pretreated with statins (atorvastatin and simvastatin) with the appropriate controls, i.e., postmitotically differentiated neurons cocultured with uninfected cells and similar cultures treated with alcohol. The oxidative stress responses in the presence/absence of alcohol in these cultures were determined by the production of the well-characterized oxidative stress markers, 8-isoprostane-F2-alpha, total nitrates as an indicator for various isoforms of nitric oxide synthase activity, and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). An in vitro culture of postmitotically differentiated neurons with HIV-1-infected monocytes or T cells as well as supernatants from these cells enhanced the release of 8-isoprostane-F2-alpha in the conditioned medium six- to sevenfold (monocytes) and four- to fivefold (T cells). It was also observed that coculturing of HIV-1-infected primary monocytes over a time period of 72 h significantly elevated the release of Hsp70 compared with that of uninfected controls. Cellular supernatants of HIV-1-infected monocytes or T cells slightly increased Hsp70 levels compared to neurons cultured with uninfected monocytes or T-cell supernatants (controls). Ethanol (EtOH) presence further elevated Hsp70 in both infected and uninfected cultures. The amount of total nitrates was significantly elevated in the coculture system when both infected cells and EtOH were present. Surprisingly, pretreatment of postmitotic neurons with clinically available inhibitors of HMG-coenzyme A reductase (statins) inhibited HIV-1-induced release of stress/toxicity-associated parameters, i.e., Hsp70, isoprostanes, and total nitrates from HIV-1-infected cells. The results of this study provide new insights into HIV-1 neuropathogenesis aimed at the development of future HIV-1 therapeutics to eradicate viral reservoirs from the brain.
Authenticated Data Structures for Privacy-Preserving Monero Light Clients (2018)

Monero, a leading privacy-oriented cryptocurrency, supports a client/server operating mode that allows lightweight clients to avoid storing the entire blockchain, instead relying on a remote node to provide necessary information about the blockchain. However, a weakness of Monero's current blockchain data structure is that lightweight clients cannot authenticate the responses returned from a remote node. In this paper, we show that malicious responses from a remote node can lead to reduced privacy for the client. We discuss several lightweight mitigations that reduce the attack's effectiveness. To fully eliminate this class of attack, we also show how to augment Monero's blockchain data structure with an additional index that clients can use to authenticate responses from remote nodes. Our proposed solution could be implemented as a hard fork, or alternatively through a "Refereed Delegation" approach without needing any fork. We developed a prototype implementation to demonstrate the feasibility of our proposal.
Planar SIW Leaky Wave Antenna With Electronically Reconfigurable E- and H-Plane Scanning (2019)

This paper reports on a novel technique of switching radiation characteristics electronically between E- and H-planes of planar Substrate Integrated Waveguide Leaky Wave Antennas (SIW-LWAs). The leaky wave mode is achieved through increasing the pitch of bounding metallic via posts on one side of SIW transmission section. The radiation switching is achieved by extending the top and bottom metallic planes to a distance of 1 mm along the leakage side. The extended section acts as a parallel plate section which is conveniently connected or disconnected from the leaking side of SIW through PIN diodes. The `ON' state of PIN diodes extends the metal guides and results in the H-plane leakage whereas `OFF' state of PIN diodes truncates the extended metal earlier and alter the leakage line boundary condition towards E-plane. The whole concept is validated by series of simulations followed by the realization and testing of the SIW-LWA. The measured radiation pattern scans about 54° in the E-plane between 10.0 GHz to 11.7 GHz, and 58° in the H-plane from 9 GHz to 10.6 GHz. The proposed topology is a suitable candidate for remote sensing and airborne applications.
Bioactivation of particles (2023)

Particles are bioactivated by attaching bioactivation peptides to the particle surface. The bioactivation peptides are peptide-based compounds that impart one or more biologically important functions to the particles. Each bioactivation peptide includes a molecular or surface recognition part that binds with the surface of the particle and one or more functional parts. The surface recognition part includes an amino-end and a carboxy-end and is composed of one or more hydrophobic spacers and one or more binding clusters. The functional part(s) is attached to the surface recognition part at the amino-end and/or said carboxy-end.
A needle-free liquid injection system powered by Lorentz-force actuator (2010)

Aiming at overcoming the disadvantages of the common spring-type or compressed gas-type needle-free injection system, a needle-free injection system based on linear Lorentz-force actuator was presented. The mechanics of injection process was investigated. The theoretical model for jet injection pressure, nozzle and ampoule dimension, and the driving force was established. An injection pressure measurement system was set up. The pressure of the nozzle's exit was measured. Results show that the Lorentz-force needle-free injection system generated enough injection pressure to piece into skin. The system has features such as simple structure, double direction movement, and controllable driving force, and overcomes disadvantages of the common needle-free injection system. The present work has laid the foundation of the product development of a novel injection system.
DPSK wavelength multicasting using FWM with three unequally-spaced pumps in a bismuth-oxide highly-nonlinear fiber (2008)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a compact 1-to-5 DPSK wavelength multicasting scheme using FWM with three unequally-spaced pumps in a 2-m-long Bi-HNLF. Power penalties are within 1.9-dB for all the converted signals.
RESERPINE SENSITIVITY OF CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM IN MURINE NEUROBLASTOMA CLONE N1E‐1151 (1975)

Abstract —Neuroblastoma cells of clone NIE‐115, originally obtained from the murine tumor C1300, resemble normal noradrenergic neurons in that they have high levels of tyrosine 3‐monooxygenase (EC 1.14.16.2; l ‐tyrosine, tetrahydropteridine: oxygen oxidoreductase (3‐hydroxylating)) and dopamine β‐monooxygenase (EC 1.14.17.1; 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylethylamine, ascorbate: oxygen oxidoreductase (β‐hydroxylating)) activities, dense core versicles (100–300 nm in dia), long neurites and excitable membranes. These studies show that reserpine, a blocker of vesicular uptake in noradrenergic neurons, inhibits the accumulation and storage of catecholamines, as well as the conversion of dopamine to NE in neuroblastoma cells. Differentiated monolayer cultures took up [ 3 H]dopamine [10 −4 ] at a rate of 37 pmol/min per mg protein. Reserpine [5 × 10 −5 m ] did not affect the initial rate of uptake, but reduced the extent of uptake at saturation by 60%. Chromatographic examination of cell extracts showed that dopamine was converted to NE in control cultures, but not in reserpine treated cultures. Cells labelled with [ 3 H]dopamine for 60 min and then exposed to release buffer without dopamine for an additional 60 min, retained approximately 40% of the label, 10% as dopamine and 30% as NE. Thirty‐five per cent of the radioactivity retained was found, after homogenization and high speed centrifugation, to be associated with a particulate, subcellular fraction. Reserpine, present during release incubations, also reduced the ability of cells to store catecholamines. These results show that N1E‐115 cells synthesize and store NE by reactions similar to those in normal noradrenergic neurons.
Ancillary Service to the Grid Using Intelligent Deferrable Loads (2015)

Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power have a high degree of unpredictability and time-variation, which makes balancing demand and supply challenging. One possible way to address this challenge is to harness the inherent flexibility in demand of many types of loads. Introduced in this paper is a technique for decentralized control for automated demand response that can be used by grid operators as ancillary service for maintaining demand-supply balance. A randomized control architecture is proposed, motivated by the need for decentralized decision making, and the need to avoid synchronization that can lead to large and detrimental spikes in demand. An aggregate model for a large number of loads is then developed by examining the mean field limit. A key innovation is a linear time-invariant (LTI) system approximation of the aggregate nonlinear model, with a scalar signal as the input and a measure of the aggregate demand as the output. This makes the approximation particularly convenient for control design at the grid level.
Electrode ranking of ‘‘place pitch’’ and speech recognition in electrical hearing (1995)

The ability to distinguish electrical stimulation of different electrodes on the basis of "pitch or sharpness" was evaluated with an electrode ranking procedure in 14 individual users of the Nucleus cochlear implant. Prior to the electrode ranking test, absolute thresholds and maximum comfortable loudness levels were measured, and loudness balancing was accomplished across all usable electrodes. Performance on the electrode ranking task was defined in terms of d' per mm of distance between comparison electrodes. Large individual differences were found among cochlear-implant users. In subjects with good to excellent place-pitch sensitivity, the electrode ranking task was limited by a ceiling effect; however, in those with poor to moderate sensitivity d'/mm was relatively constant with spatial separation between electrodes. Place pitch was typically ordered from apical to basal electrodes, i.e., basal electrodes were judged to be higher in pitch than more apical electrodes. However, instances of reversals in place-pitch ordering were seen on some electrodes in some subjects. Instances were also seen of better electrode ranking in the apical half of the electrode array than in the basal half, and vice-versa. Analyses of the electrode ranking functions in terms of d' per stimulus indicated that, in some subjects, perfect performance was reached with as little as 0.75 mm between comparison electrodes, the minimum possible. In other subjects, perfect performance was not reached until the spatial separation between comparison electrodes was over 13 mm, more than three quarters of the entire length of the electrode array. Ten of the subjects also participated in a closed-set recognition task of intervocalic consonants. Although the maximum transmitted information for place of consonant articulation (which is based primarily on spectral speech cues) was only 34%, correlations between place-pitch sensitivity and transmitted speech information were as high as 0.71. This was surprising considering the excellent place-pitch sensitivity exhibited by some of the subjects, and may reflect limitations of the Nucleus speech coding strategy for representing spectrally coded speech information. The two prelingual subjects performed notably poorer on the speech task than the postlingual subjects, even though one of the prelingual subjects demonstrated very good place-pitch sensitivity.
Red Toad, Blue Toad, Hacked Toad? (2022)

Towards the end of 2012, it was announced by AntiSec, a small labeled sub-group of an anonymous hacktivists, that they leaked one million UDIDs of Apple users. AntiSec claimed the data were taken from a laptop that belonged to an agent who works for the authorities. However, it was later found that the trustworthy source of the leak was a small digital publishing company called BlueToad. In this paper, we investigate the motivation and methods of AntiSec by analyzing the data. There are many inconsistencies surrounding how the leak happened. As far as we know, there has never been a confirmed statement on how the data were accessed, but there are multiple theories. This paper examines the three main claims behind the data leak. We found that AntiSec was able to exploit the system through the vulnerability CVE-2012-0507. AntiSec could have used the UDIDs to track and collect Apple Users' private data; instead, they published the data to the public and blamed authorities for data collection. We analyzed the ramifications of AntiSec's decision. While it was never explicitly announced by BlueToad how they remedied the vulnerability, we provide the defense solutions they should have taken. We offer general tips for users to protect themselves from future attacks. We also detail some alternatives to using the UDID and which implementation Apple chose for their UDID replacement.
O[M] 5 Per-cent Annuities (1918)

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An Allan variance real-time processing system for frequency stability measurements of semiconductor lasers (1990)

A real-time frequency stability measurement system for semiconductor lasers was developed. Since the frequency of the input signal is measured successively without clearing the counter, measurements of the Allan variance made with this system are more accurate than those made with conventional instruments. The Allan variance can be measured for integration times tau from 1 mu s to 10000 s, and the number N of measured frequencies averaged over the integration time tau can be arbitrarily selected up to N=707 for each integration time. The highest measurable frequency was 90 MHz. It was demonstrated experimentally that this system can be used for measurements of the frequency stability of semiconductor lasers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Data for "Bi4O4Cu1.7Se2.7Cl0.3: Intergrowth of BiOCuSe and Bi2O2Se Stabilized by the Addition of a Third Anion" (2017)

Paper Abstract: Layered two-anion compounds are of interest for their diverse elec-tronic properties. The modular nature of their layered structures offers opportunities for the construction of complex stackings used to introduce or tune functionality, but the accessible layer combina-tions are limited by the crystal chemistries of the available anions. We present a layered three-anion material, Bi4O4Cu1.7Se2.7Cl0.3, which adopts a new structure type composed of alternately stacked BiOCuSe and Bi2O2Se-like units. This structure is accessed by inclusion of three chemically distinct anions, which are accommo-dated by aliovalently substituted Bi2O2Se0.7Cl0.3 blocks coupled to Cu-deficient Bi2O2Cu1.7Se2 blocks, producing a formal charge modulation along the stacking direction. The hypothetical parent phase Bi4O4Cu2Se3 is unstable with respect to its charge-neutral stoichiometric building blocks. The complex layer stacking confers excellent thermal properties upon Bi4O4Cu1.7Se2.7Cl0.3: a room tem-perature thermal conductivity (κ) of 0.4(1) W/mK was measured on a pellet with preferred crystallite orientation along the stacking axis, with perpendicular measurement indicating it is also highly aniso-tropic. This κ value lies in the ultra-low regime and is smaller than that of both BiOCuSe and Bi2O2Se. Bi4O4Cu1.7Se2.7Cl0.3 behaves like a charge-balanced semiconductor with a narrow band gap. The chemical diversity offered by the additional anion allows the inte-gration of two common structural units in a single phase by the simultaneous and coupled creation of charge-balancing defects in each of the units. 

The raw data for D iffraction, Physical Properties, Reflectance, and XPS data presented here
NASA GOES NANO (2000)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTNASA GOES NANONanoSpace conference highlights agency's high hopes that nanotechnology will make new types of space missions possibleRON DAGANIView Author Information C&EN WashingtonCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2000, 78, 9, 36–42Publication Date (Print):February 28, 2000Publication History Published online12 November 2010Published inissue 28 February 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v078n009.p036https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v078n009.p036newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views15Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Biotechnology,Fluid dynamics,Microelectromechanical systems,Origin of life Get e-Alerts
The role of information diffusion in the evolution of social networks (2013)

Every day millions of users are connected through online social networks, generating a rich trove of data that allows us to study the mechanisms behind human interactions. Triadic closure has been treated as the major mechanism for creating social links: if Alice follows Bob and Bob follows Charlie, Alice will follow Charlie. Here we present an analysis of longitudinal micro-blogging data, revealing a more nuanced view of the strategies employed by users when expanding their social circles. While the network structure affects the spread of information among users, the network is in turn shaped by this communication activity. This suggests a link creation mechanism whereby Alice is more likely to follow Charlie after seeing many messages by Charlie. We characterize users with a set of parameters associated with different link creation strategies, estimated by a Maximum-Likelihood approach. Triadic closure does have a strong effect on link formation, but shortcuts based on traffic are another key factor in interpreting network evolution. However, individual strategies for following other users are highly heterogeneous. Link creation behaviors can be summarized by classifying users in different categories with distinct structural and behavioral characteristics. Users who are popular, active, and influential tend to create traffic-based shortcuts, making the information diffusion process more efficient in the network.
Evaluation of analytical methods for fast and accurate image reconstruction in 3D SPECT (2002)

The authors implemented for the first time analytical methods for image reconstruction in 3D SPECT with uniform attenuation and distance-dependent blurring. The implementation is computationally fast and requires less than 4 minutes to reconstruct a 128/spl times/128/spl times/128 image on a personal computer. The authors conducted quantitative evaluation of the reconstruction methods and revealed that, when the deblurring is considered, these reconstruction methods are highly susceptible to noise. They then developed a Wiener apodizing window function for suppression of the amplification of data noise in the reconstructed images. They also evaluated the performance of the proposed Wiener window function and the frequently used truncation window function with both noiseless and noisy data. The authors' numerical results demonstrated that the proposed Wiener window function generally yields 3D SPECT images from noisy data with visual quality better than and quantitative accuracy comparable to that of the truncation window function.
Absorber Based on a Frequency Selective Surface Built on FR4 Substrate (2022)

A frequency selective surface consisting of a periodic copper pattern, built on a grounded FR4 substrate is introduced. The structure operates as an absorber for waves at 2.46 GHz, up to an incidence angle of 60 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sup> . Variation of the geometrical parameters allows for the modification of the working frequency, as also demonstrated by the parametric studies reported in the paper. Properties of the structure have been assessed by full-wave simulation.
Novel In Vitro Antioxidant and Photoprotection Capacity of Plants from High Altitude Ecosystems of Colombia (2015)

Currently, plants have gained widespread interest as a source of natural sunscreen. Specifically, plants from high altitude ecosystems are exposed to high UVR levels; therefore, they must produce an adaptive chemical response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the photo-protection and antioxidant capacity in vitro of nine plants from high altitude ecosystems in Antioquia, Colombia (Sphagnum meridense, Calamagrostis effusa, Lycopodiella alopecuroides, Morella parvifolia, Baccharis antioquensis, Pentacalia pulchella, Castilleja fissifolia, Hesperomeles ferruginea and Hypericum juniperinum). B. antioquensis and P. pulchella extracts showed the best results over a broad spectrum UVA-UVB with antioxidant capacity in vitro. However, B. antioquensis extracts presented the highest absorption coefficient in UVB-UVA range among plants under study. Furthermore, the gel formulation containing the crude extract of B. antioquensis showed significant values of UVAPF, UVA/UVB ratio, critical wavelength (λc ) and SPF (3, 0.78 380 nm and 4.73 ± 0.26; respectively), indicating interesting photostability and antiradical capacities. All of these properties could be improve in order to satisfy the requirements for broad-spectrum UVB/UVA protection. Finally, P. pulchella and B. antioquensis extracts could be a potential source of a new natural sunscreen compounds with photostable and antiradical properties.