gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
62.4: Development of Zigzag Thin‐Film‐Transistor‐Driven OCB for Field‐Sequential‐Color LCDs with High Aperture Ratio (2008)

Abstract For the first time, we have developed a field‐sequential 3.5″ VGA zigzag TFT‐driven OCB prototype that the splay‐to‐bend transition of the OCB LC was initiated by zigzag TFTs to enable a design of 64.5%‐aperture ratio. We also optimize the light transmittance through the OCB LC medium to obtain a total panel transmittance of 15.2 % by a novel driving scheme. The prototype shows a wide color gamut of 125 % NTSC by using scanning LED backlights.
Brownmillerite-type Ca2Fe0.75Co1.25O5 as a robust electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction under neutral conditions (2022)

Brownmillerite-type Ca 2 Fe 0.75 Co 1.25 O 5 showed high activity and remarkable durability for the OER under neutral conditions.
Initial graft size and not the innate immune response limit survival of engrafted neural stem cells (2017)

Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) appears to be a promising regenerative therapy for a variety of neurological disorders. Nevertheless, NSC engraftment is limited by the number of surviving cells. To maximize stem cell-mediated effects, timing of implantation and cell number have to be precisely evaluated. Here, a transgenic murine NSC line was optimized for high expression levels of the imaging reporters Luc2 and copGFP. NSCs of 150 000, 75 000, 15 000 or 1500 cells or Hanks buffered salt solution were implanted into the striatum of nude mice. The survival of NSCs was monitored with in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) over 2 weeks and brain sections were histologically analysed for glial cells of the innate immune system. The longitudinal in vivo BLI data revealed a significantly reduced viability with the highest rate for 150 000 engrafted NSCs. The cell loss was not correlated with the number of Iba-1<sup>+</sup> immune cells nor GFAP<sup>+</sup> astrocytes. Histological quantification of copGFP<sup>+</sup> cells at 14 days postimplantation confirmed the in vivo data with the highest density of copGFP<sup>+</sup> cells in the 150 000-cell graft and the highest survival rate for 1500 cells/graft. In conclusion, regenerative therapies should strictly evaluate the maximal number of stem cells to be transplanted in one location, as the results suggest that there is a critical limit of cells able to survive in the adult brain. Survival is limited by availability of oxygen and nutrients but not the inflammatory response induced by the implantation.
Informatics in Radiology (infoRAD) (2004)

Computer-aided analysis of medical images usually involves the development of custom software applications that interpret, process, and ultimately display medical image data. The interpretation stage involves decoding the image data and presenting them to the application developer for further processing. A toolkit has been created specifically for interpreting medical image data; it thus acts as a platform for development of medical imaging applications. The toolkit, which is referred to as NeatMed, is intended to reduce development time by eliminating the need for the application developer to deal directly with medical image data. NeatMed was implemented by using Java, a programming language with a range of attractive features including ease of use, extensive support material, and portability. NeatMed was developed specifically for use in a research environment. Straightforward to use and well documented, it is intended as an alternative to commercially available medical imaging toolkits. NeatMed currently provides support for the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine and Analyze medical image file formats. Support material including sample source code is available via the Internet; links to related resources are also provided. Most important, NeatMed is freely available and its continuing development is motivated by requests and suggestions from end users.
An enzymatically inactivated hemoglobinase from Necator americanus induces neutralizing antibodies against multiple hookworm species and protects dogs against heterologous hookworm infection (2009)

Hookworms digest hemoglobin from erythrocytes via a proteolytic cascade that begins with the aspartic protease, APR-1. Ac-APR-1 from the dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, protects dogs against hookworm infection via antibodies that neutralize enzymatic activity and interrupt blood-feeding. Toward developing a human hookworm vaccine, we expressed both wild-type (Na-APR-1(wt)) and mutant (Na-APR-1(mut)-mutagenesis of the catalytic aspartic acids) forms of Na-APR-1 from the human hookworm, Necator americanus. Refolded Na-APR-1(wt) was catalytically active, and Na-APR-1(mut) was catalytically inactive but still bound substrates. Vaccination of canines with Na-APR-1(mut) and heterologous challenge with A. caninum resulted in significantly reduced parasite egg burdens (P=0.034) and weight loss (P=0.022). Vaccinated dogs also had less gut pathology, fewer adult worms, and reduced blood loss compared to controls but these did not reach statistical significance. Vaccination with Na-APR-1(mut) induced antibodies that bound the native enzyme in the parasite gut and neutralized enzymatic activity of Na-APR-1(wt) and APR-1 orthologues from three other hookworm species that infect humans. IgG1 against Na-APR-1(mut) was the most prominently detected antibody in sera from people resident in high-transmission areas for N. americanus, indicating that natural boosting may occur in exposed humans. Na-APR-1(mut) is now a lead antigen for the development of an antihematophagy vaccine for human hookworm disease.
AUTOMATIC PARAPHRASING IN ESSAY FORMAT (1964)

This report describes an operating computer program that accepts as input an essay of up to 300 words in length, and yields as output an essay type paraphrase that is a nonredundant summary of the content of the source text. Although no transformations are used, the content of several sentences in the input text may be combined into a sentence in the output. The format of the output essay may be varied by adjustment of program parameters, and the system occasionally inserts subject or object pronouns in its paraphrases to avoid repetitious style.
Atomic Layer Deposition of TiO2 from TiI4 and H2O onto SiO2 Surfaces:  Ab Initio Calculations of the Initial Reaction Mechanisms (2007)

The initial surface reactions involved in the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of TiO2 from TiI4 and H2O onto a SiO2 substrate have been investigated using electronic structure calculations based on cluster models. The detailed atomic growth mechanisms on different types of functionalities on the SiO2 substrate have been proposed. The effects of quantum tunneling and hindered rotations of adsorbates on the rate of surface reactions have been investigated. The effects of tunneling were found to be negligible for all reactions, because typical ALD temperatures range from 150 to 450 degrees C. However, the rotational contributions to the rate constants must be taken into account in certain cases. All of the three surface functionalities investigated exhibit high chemical reactivity toward TiI4 precursors at typical ALD temperatures. The rate constants of the second half-reactions between Ti intermediates and H2O are 5-8 orders of magnitude smaller than the first half-reactions between TiI4 and the surface functionalities. Although the iodine release reaction has been used to explain previous experimental measurements, it is predicted to be unfavorable (kinetically and thermodynamically) and is unlikely to occur at typical ALD temperatures. Substitution of TiI4 with TiCl4 as the metal precursor can increase the binding energies of the absorbates onto the surface due to the high electronegativity of the Cl ligands. However, the activation barriers are not significantly different between these two metal precursors. More importantly, our calculations predict that TiI4 precursors tend to produce TiO2 films with fewer impurities than the TiCl4 precursors.
Photocurrents in Weyl semimetals (2017)

The discovery of topological matter should be an opportunity for revolutionizing electronic devices. Nevertheless, for all their unique properties, to date there are limited feasible devices or applications based on topological materials. The work here recognizes that topological Weyl semimetal materials, through their protected gap closing and spin-orbit locking, could be used to detect low-frequency infrared radiation. Detecting infrared light electrically beyond a ten-micron wavelength is rather difficult with few ready made commercial solutions. The authors find that Weyl semimetals could provide an ideal solution for detecting mid- and far-infrared light even at room temperature. In this work, they describe the conditions of the materials to be effective photodetectors (noncentrosymmetry, doping levels etc.) and provide a detailed analysis of this photovoltaic effect.
Estimation of Spectrum Envelope for Gear Motor Monitoring Using A Laser Doppler Velocimeter (2019)

A new spectrum envelope estimation method for use in rotary machine monitoring is proposed. Aspects including the Internet of things, monitoring, sensing and signal processing have been considered for diagnostics of low-speed rotary machines. In this paper, signal processing in sensing when using a laser Doppler velocimeter for monitoring of low-rotational-speed machines such as gear motors is studied. It is possible to measure the shaft vibration of a rotary machine directly via laser Doppler velocimetry. Therefore, this type of velocimeter is suitable for replacement of the current monitoring methods used in vibration measurement of low-rotational-speed machines. However, the laser Doppler velocimeter shows low sensitivity to the harmonic spectrum structure, which is the most important information required when monitoring a gear structure. The balance of each harmonic spectrum structure can be confirmed using a spectral envelope. Therefore, a signal processing technique that addresses the problem of low sensitivity to harmonic components during spectral envelope estimation is proposed. By focusing on the peak frequency of the spectrum, which is a major technique in the signal processing field, a method for construction of an autocorrelation function and estimation of the spectrum envelope is proposed. The proposed spectral envelope estimation method is verified by an illustration using the gear meshing frequency. The effectiveness of the proposed estimation method is confirmed using a visualization graph.
Inhibition of the Aminopeptidase from Aeromonas proteolytica by l-Leucinephosphonic Acid. Spectroscopic and Crystallographic Characterization of the Transition State of Peptide Hydrolysis (2001)

The nature of the interaction of the transition-state analogue inhibitor L-leucinephosphonic acid (LPA) with the leucine aminopeptidase from Aeromonas proteolytica (AAP) was investigated. LPA was shown to be a competitive inhibitor at pH 8.0 with a K(i) of 6.6 microM. Electronic absorption spectra, recorded at pH 7.5 of [CoCo(AAP)], [CoZn(AAP)], and [ZnCo(AAP)] upon addition of LPA suggest that LPA interacts with both metal ions in the dinuclear active site. EPR studies on the Co(II)-substituted forms of AAP revealed that the environments of the Co(II) ions in both [CoZn(AAP)] and [ZnCo(AAP)] become highly asymmetric and constrained upon the addition of LPA and clearly indicate that LPA interacts with both metal ions. The X-ray crystal structure of AAP complexed with LPA was determined at 2.1 A resolution. The X-ray crystallographic data indicate that LPA interacts with both metal centers in the dinuclear active site of AAP and a single oxygen atom bridge is absent. Thus, LPA binds to the dinuclear active site of AAP as an eta-1,2-mu-phosphonate with one ligand to the second metal ion provided by the N-terminal amine. A structural comparison of the binding of phosphonate-containing transition-state analogues to the mono- and bimetallic peptidases provides insight into the requirement for the second metal ion in bridged bimetallic peptidases. On the basis of the results obtained from the spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic data presented herein along with previously reported mechanistic data for AAP, a new catalytic mechanism for the hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by AAP is proposed.
Enhanced Gravity Tractor Technique for Planetary Defense (2015)

Given sufficient warning time, Earth-impacting asteroids and comets can be deflected with a variety of different slow push/pull techniques. The gravity tractor is one technique that uses the gravitational attraction of a rendezvous spacecraft to the impactor and a low-thrust, high-efficiency propulsion system to provide a gradual velocity change and alter its trajectory. An innovation to this technique, known as the Enhanced Gravity Tractor (EGT), uses mass collected in-situ to augment the mass of the spacecraft, thereby greatly increasing the gravitational force between the objects. The collected material can be a single boulder, multiple boulders, regolith or a combination of different sources. The collected mass would likely range from tens to hundreds of metric tons depending on the size of the impactor and warning time available. Depending on the propulsion system's capability and the mass collected, the EGT approach can reduce the deflection times by a factor of 10 to 50 or more, thus reducing the deflection times of several decades to years or less and overcoming the main criticism of the traditional gravity tractor approach. Additionally, multiple spacecraft can orbit the target in formation to provide the necessary velocity change and further reduce the time needed by the EGT technique to divert hazardous asteroids and comets. The robotic segment of NASA's Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) will collect a multi-ton boulder from the surface of a large Near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) and will provide the first ever demonstration of the EGT technique and validate one method of collecting in-situ mass on an asteroid of hazardous size.
Spike-timing-dependent learning in memristive nanodevices (2008)

The neuromorphic paradigm is attractive for nanoscale computation because of its massive parallelism, potential scalability, and inherent defect-, fault-, and failure-tolerance. We show how to implement timing-based learning laws, such as spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), in simple, memristive nanodevices, such as those constructed from certain metal oxides. Such nano-scale ldquosynapsesrdquo can be combined with CMOS ldquoneuronsrdquo to create neuromorphic hardware several orders of magnitude denser than is possible in conventional CMOS. The key ideas are: (1) to factor out two synaptic state variables to pre- and post-synaptic neurons; and (2) to separate computational communication from learning by time-division multiplexing of pulse-width-modulated signals through synapses. This approach offers the advantages of: better control over power dissipation; fewer constraints on the design of memristive materials used for nanoscale synapses; learning dynamics can be dynamically turned on or off (e.g. by attentional priming mechanisms communicated extra-synaptically); greater control over the precise form and timing of the STDP equations; the ability to implement a variety of other learning laws besides STDP; better circuit diversity since the approach allows different learning laws to be implemented in different areas of a single chip using the same memristive material for all synapses.
Batch filtering of multi-baseline SAR interferograms (2017)

In current Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) applications, small baseline subsets (SBAS) technique is frequently applied by setting both temporal baseline and perpendicular baseline thresholds to select interferograms with less decorrelations. However, in real cases, some high quality interferograms may be discarded and some low quality interferograms may be included based on the former thresholds. On the other hand, with the emergence of Big SAR data era, it is time-consuming and bothersome to determine real high quality interferograms manually or visually. Therefore, this paper proposes a means to determine high quality interferograms based on two thresholds, the one is the coherence of filtered interferograms, and the other is the percentage of high coherence points in interferograms. To this ends, first, robust estimation of coherence matrix of multi-baseline InSAR stack is adopted to restrain some heterogeneous points. Second, coherence matrix for each pixel is decomposed to get dominant phase signal based on the SAR scatterer mechanism. Once the interferograms are determined, phase unwrapping is easily conducted based on the high quality coherent points. Real eight scenes TerraSAR-X data over one land subsidence region is applied to verify of the proposed method.
Autonomous Infrared (IR) Thermography based inspection of glass reinforced plastic (GRP) wind turbine blades (WTBs) (2010)

In this paper, the development of an autonomous, novel and lightweight multi-axis scanning system, deploying insitu Infra Red Thermography (IRT) based Non Destructive Testing (NDT), on glass reinforced plastic (GRP) wind turbine blades (WTBs), is presented. The scanner incorporates an intrinsic multi-degree-of-freedom (DOF) end-effector able to comply and achieve successful adjustment on the complex contours of a WTB, automatically aligning at the same time, the IRT equipment in proper position for inspection. The scanning system has been developed to mimic the dexterity and Non-Destructive inspection operations performed by an expert human operator. For this reason the passive adjustment of the end-effector module has been achieved via the utilisation of a half Stewart platform. Simultaneous motion of a mechanically decoupled IRT equipment carrier is realised, that exhibits two degrees of freedom, enabling accurate self positioning, laterally to the target inspection area of the WTB and automatic retraction to home position upon system withdrawal from the inspection site. The overall philosophy inherent in the system's design and development is the maximisation of the blade area coverage in a single run, at a known sensitivity, with the utilisation of the minimum number of system degrees of freedom (DOFs) and the maximum repeatability as well as positional accuracy possible. The entire system, scanning modules and end-effector, are uniquely adapted to operate in remote locations, i.e. the 100m blades utilised in offshore wind farms, as well as in the factory environment when used in a quality assurance capacity.
Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Induces Cancer Cell Apoptosis via Mitochondrial-Dependent Pathway and Down-Regulating Cellular Bcl-2 Protein Expression (2014)

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) has been reported as a promising agent that might contribute to tumor cell apoptosis and death, yet little is known on its mechanisms. In current study, the effect of PQQ on cell proliferation and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis were examined in 3 solid tumor cell lines (A549, Neuro-2A and HCC-LM3). PQQ treatment at low to medium dosage exhibited potent anti-tumor activity on A549 and Neuro-2A cells, while had comparably minimal impact on the viabilities of 2 human normal cell lines (HRPTEpiC and HUVEC). The apoptosis of the 3 tumor cell lines induced by PQQ were increased in a concentration-dependent manner, which might be attributed to the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), decline in ATP levels and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), in conjunction with down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein expression, up-regulation of activated caspase-3, and disturbed phosphorylated MAPK protein levels. PQQ induced tumor cells apoptosis was significantly alleviated by pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. The present work highlights the potential capability of PQQ as an anti-tumor agent with low toxicity towards normal cells through activating mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis pathways, and warrants its development for cancer therapy.
Influence of initial surface topography on tribological performance of the wheel/rail interface during rolling/sliding conditions (2007)

Influence of initial surface topography on tribological performance of the wheel/rail interface during rolling/sliding conditions
111Indium‐Chloride Bone Marrow Scintigraphy in Aplastic Anaemia (1981)

Bone marrow scintigraphy, using 111Indium-chloride, was performed in 24 patients with acquired aplastic anaemia to investigate: (1) a possible relationship between bone marrow scintigraphy and peripheral blood cell values, (2) a possible relationship between scintigraphy and histology of the bone marrow and (3) the ability to distinguish various aplastic anaemia subtypes with bone marrow scintigraphy. For this purpose a semi-quantitative scoring of scintigraphic results was used. Only a weak correlation was found between the radionuclide studies and blood counts. It appeared that an abnormal 111In-scintigraphic activity in the pelvis was related to an abnormal quality and quantity of haematopoietic tissue. To study a correlation with histological subtype grading, the patients were grouped in 4 categories based on clinical-histological results. Thus it could be demonstrated that the presence of 111In-activity in long bones ('scintigraphic extension') is an important parameter in distinguishing patients who are believed to suffer from a primary stem-cell defect, from patients who may suffer from an auto-aggressive disorder.
Landfill leachate treatment by a photoassisted fenton reaction (1997)

A combination of the classical Fenton reaction (Fe(II)+H2O2) with UV light, the photoassisted Fenton reaction, has been investigated for the treatment of landfill leachate. The investigation has been carried out with an experimental set-up to establish the optimal treatment conditions. The degradation rate of organic pollutants is strongly promoted by the photoassisted Fenton reaction. The degradation rate depends on the amount of H2O2 and Fe(II) added, pH value, and radiation intensity. At a specific energy input of 80 kW m−3 the oxidation rate was increased to six times the rate without radiation (0 kW m−3). At the higher radiation intensity of 160 kW m−3 the degradation rate was about two times faster than at that of 80 kW m−3. Due to the regeneration of the consumed Fe(II) ions through the irradiation, the amount of ferrous salt to be added can be remarkably reduced. The optimum conditions were obtained with 1.0 × 10−3 mol 1−1 Fe(II) added, a pH value of 3, and a molar ratio of COD: H2O2 = 1:1. At a COD volume loading of less than 0.6 kg m−3 h−1, a COD degradation of more than 70% could be obtained with an energy input of 80 kW m−3.
TREND UND MAXIMA VON STICKSTOFFDIOXID-IMMISSIONEN (1996)

Stickstoffoxide haben wegen ihrer Beteiligung an der Bildung des photochemischen Smogs (Sommer-Smog) und wegen nach wie vor hoher Emissionen durch den Kraftfahrzeugverkehr eine besondere lufthygienische Bedeutung. Stickstoffdioxid (NO2) ist als Messobjekt fuer Luftuntersuchungen im Rahmen des Paragraphen 40 des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes vorgesehen. Hier sollen Verkehrsbeschraenkungen schaedliche Umwelteinwirkungen durch Luftverunreinigungen vermindern oder deren Entstehen vermeiden. Die folgenden Darstellungen schildern Auswertungen langjaehriger Messungen der Immissionskonzentration von Stickstoffdioxid, Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) und im Vergleich von Schwefeldioxid (SO2) an einer verkehrsbelasteten Stelle in Berlin-Steglitz. Es werden Trends, zeitliche Verteilungen der Immissionen und Kurzzeitbelastungen fuer diese Schadgase von 1979 bis 1993 dargestellt. (A*)