gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FDTD analysis of planar and cylindrical antenna-array configurations for 3D breast tumor localization using confocal microwave imaging (2002)

Breast cancer screening using the confocal microwave imaging (CMI) technique proposed by S.C. Hagness et al. (see IEEE Trans. Biomed Eng., vol.45, p.1470-9, 1998) involves illuminating the breast with an ultra-wideband pulse from a number of physical antenna locations and collecting the backscattered signals. Using a simple, robust image reconstruction technique that achieves a synthetic focusing of the backscatter, the clutter generated by breast tissue heterogeneity can be suppressed, permitting the detection and localization of strong scatterers (malignant lesions) in the breast. Two possible antenna-array configurations have been proposed for CMI. In the planar configuration, the woman to be scanned lies on her back and resistively loaded bow tie antennas are placed at the surface of the naturally flattened breast. In the cylindrical configuration, the woman lies on her stomach with the breast naturally extending through a hole in the examination table and encircled by an array of resistively loaded dipole antennas. We compare the planar and cylindrical antenna-array systems using similar breast models and image reconstruction algorithms. Backscatter data are simulated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method.
Basic Equations of Fluid Dynamics (2023)

In this chapter, the basic equations of fluid dynamics are derived and their physical significances are discussed in depth and in examples. Both integral and differential forms of the continuity equation, momentum equation, and energy equation are derived. In addition, Bernoulli’s equation, angular momentum equation, enthalpy equation and entropy equation are also introduced. Finally, several analytical solutions of these governing equations are shown, and the mathematical properties of the equations are discussed. Besides the fundamental equations, some important concepts are explained in this chapter, such as the shaft work in integral energy equation and its origin in differential equations, the viscous dissipation term in the differential energy equation and its relation with stress and deformation, and the method to increase total enthalpy of a fluid isentropically.
The effect of autoclave sterilization on the cutting characteristics of extracted teeth (2002)

Use of autoclaved teeth for preclinical laboratory exercises has been hindered by the perception that high-pressure steam affects their physical properties. The purpose of this study was to determine whether: 1) tooth hardness was affected by autoclaving and 2) faculty evaluators could determine these changes. 32 teeth were selected from those to be used for preclinical laboratories. 16 teeth were autoclaved at 260/spl deg/F at 20 psi for 20 minutes, Teeth were randomly mounted in blocks and 4 faculty evaluators prepared two surface cavities in 14 randomly selected teeth (3 cavity preparations were made in each tooth). Before commencement of the study, each evaluator completed a bias questionnaire concerning their beliefs about the effects of autoclaving on the teeth. Changes in hardness of the teeth were determined by a Vickers' hardness test and by differential thermal analysis. Mean hardness parameters were compared by factorial analysis of variance and Sheffe's comparisons. Evaluation scores were compared by Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Mean hardness of enamel was not different between groups; however, dentin hardness was significantly lower in autoclaved teeth (p<0.05). Although autoclaved dentin was softer than control dentin, evaluators could not accurately determine a clinical difference. In addition, their beliefs were related to the hardness and brittleness scores in a negative direction, suggesting that when evaluators believed that autoclaved teeth would be softer and more brittle than controls their final determinations were influenced by that bias.
A Thrust Minimizing Control for Ship by Using Its Characteristics under Disturbances (2012)

The Dynamic Positioning System(DPS) of a ship is evaluated by the capability to keep the position against the external disturbances as an important performacne index. Captains or DPS operaters usually decide the suitable heading direction while watching the thrust vectors producing to keep the position. In this paper, we present a DPS with an auto-turning function which automate such operations needed for experiences. The design strategy of the controller is derived by the stability in the sense of Lyapunov and L2-gain performance analysis.
Effects of Stress on Fracture Properties of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs (2007)

Abstract This paper analyzes the effect of stress on the rock properties fracture and matrix compressibilities, fracture and matrix porosities, and permeability in naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs). In NFRs, fluids are stored inside the matrix pore space and inside the fractures of the rock. The reservoir characterization parameter indicating the volumetric fraction of fluids deposited inside the fractures is the storage capacity ratio, which is function of the fracture and matrix porosity, and fracture and matrix total compressibilities. Due to the difficulty to obtain these values, in reservoir engineering computations such as pressure transient analysis and reservoir simulation, among others, it is generally assumed that the matrix and the fracture total compressibilities are equal. This induces a big uncertainty in the estimation of the storage capacity ratio and leads to a wrong estimation of the volume of fluids inside the fractured rock. Changes in pore pressure due to production or injection of fluids affect the effective reservoir in-situ stress. The mechanical behavior of the fractured rock and its effects on the rock properties permeability, porosity and compressibility in the matrix and fracture frames are analyzed using the elastic properties bulk modulus and normal compliance of the fracture. These properties can be obtained from petrophysical core analysis or multi-component seismic interpretation, and linked to pressure transient analysis through the storage capacity ratio equation. A step-by-step procedure of the analysis is presented and illustrated with an example for quantifying the effects of changes in effective stress on the fracture and matrix compressibilities.
Age related disorders in the Bible (1998)

Judaism referred to illness as a symbol of evil that must be eradicated. Jewish texts such as the Bible and the Talmud are thus a rich source of descriptions of diseases and their proposed cures. The aim of the present study is to describe age-related disorders in the Bible with a special emphasis on psychogeriatric syndromes. A computer-assisted search of the Bible (Old Testament) using the index words: elders, aging, ancient, gray, old age and old was carried out. Appropriate references were scanned and categorized. The elderly are allocated a special place in biblical society. Physical changes and sensory impairments related to aging are extensively described. In addition, sexual functioning, apathy, lack of initiative, stroke and decline in cognitive abilities are also noted in biblical texts in relation to old age. Age-related disorders, both physical and neuropsychological were recognized in the Bible and humane and social interventions recommended.
Upscaling primary production estimates: regional and global scale estimates of microphytobenthos production (2006)

Large-scale assessment of microphytobenthic production is a desirable goal for ecosystem modeling and prediction efforts. Several problems confound our ability to extrapolate from published measures to regional and global scale estimates, however. There are no adopted standards for measurement of microphytobenthic biomass and production. Most measurements have been obtained in relatively shallow habitats in temperate habitats, with few measurements from deeper, polar or tropical locations, and large regions of the world lack any measurements. Variability in published estimates of biomass and production, as well as estimates of photo-physiological parameters, is uncomfortably large and limits utility of mean values of any of these. Newer techniques for large scale estimation of biomass and production hold promise, but require ground-truthing with robust in situ measurements. Ultimately, the diverse nature of microphytobenthic assemblages themselves may account for much of the observed variability, and require a more synthetic understanding of the ecology of these organisms before we can generate large-scale estimates of their biomass and production with confidence.
Reverberant Elastography for the Elastic Characterization of Anisotropic\n Tissues (2020)

We derive closed-form solutions for reverberant elastography in anisotropic\nelastic media by adapting the framework used in electromagnetic theory to treat\ntransverse isotropic materials. Different sample-setup geometries are analyzed,\nhighlighting their relevance for both optical coherence elastography (OCE) and\nultrasound elastography (USE). Numerical simulations using finite elements are\nused to validate the proposed solutions in practical cases. OCE experiments are\nconducted in ex vivo chicken muscle samples for the characterization of\nin-plane and out-of-plane shear modulus assuming a transverse isotropic elastic\nmodel. Additionally, we obtained a generalized geometry-independent solution\nfor the isotropic media case, thus unifying previous results for reverberant\nelastography.\n
Traumatic brain injury: future assessment tools and treatment prospects (2008)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is widespread and leads to death and disability in millions of individuals around the world each year. Overall incidence and prevalence of TBI are likely to increase in absolute terms in the future. Tackling the problem of treating TBI successfully will require improvements in the understanding of normal cerebral anatomy, physiology, and function throughout the lifespan, as well as the pathological and recuperative responses that result from trauma. New treatment approaches and combinations will need to be targeted to the heterogeneous needs of TBI populations. This article explores and evaluates the research evidence in areas that will likely lead to a reduction in TBI-related morbidity and improved outcomes. These include emerging assessment instruments and techniques in areas of structural/chemical and functional neuroimaging and neuropsychology, advances in the realms of cell-based therapies and genetics, promising cognitive rehabilitation techniques including cognitive remediation and the use of electronic technologies including assistive devices and virtual reality, and the emerging field of complementary and alternative medicine.
Design for passivity in the Z-domain for LCL grid-connected converters (2016)

This paper develops a design methodology aimed to shape passive the admittance of the LCL grid-connected voltage source converters (VSCs). A novel aspect of this work is the assessment of the range of frequencies for control design: due to discrete and PWM operation, the effectiveness of the control action is more and more reduced as frequency increases; in practice, system delays and non-linear effects tend to impair the passivity properties and also its experimental validation. However, as shown in this paper, those effects can be minimized by including the LCL filter as a part of an outer VSC admittance: this assumption is supported by the fact that high frequency disturbances (generated in the point of connection) are absorbed by the LCL capacitor branch, and hence, are not able to create a positive feedback in the VSC (i.e., the active component). By taking advantage of this remark, the inner VSC admittance can be shaped by a reduced order filter in the Z-domain, which mainly depends on the proportional and active damping (controller) gains. The design hypotheses and the control design methodology are verified by PLECS switching-mode simulations.
Maternal Antibodies to HIV‐1 Envelope Domains: No Correlation with HIV‐1 Vertical Transmission in Patients from Argentina (2000)

The role of the maternal antibody response in relation to vertical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission was investigated in HIV-1-infected mothers from Argentina. Sera from 23 transmitting and 18 nontransmitting HIV-1-infected mothers were tested for the presence of antibodies to V3 loop gp120 peptides representing both Argentinian sequences and several well-characterized viral isolates from different geographic areas. Argentinian sera from transmitting mothers had significantly higher capacity to react with four of 14 V3 loop peptides tested than sera from nontransmitting mothers. Frequency of reactivity against the other peptides did not differ between the two maternal groups. Furthermore, no differences in antibody affinity were found between transmitting and nontransmitting mothers. Sera were also tested against overlapping peptides covering a neutralizing epitope of the HIV-1 MN gp41 (amino acids 648-677). Statistical analysis indicated that no correlation between anti-gp41 antibodies and vertical transmission exists. Although we used V3 loop peptides based on local HIV-1 sequences, our data showed that maternal antibodies to these peptides, as well as to gp41 peptides, are not correlated with protection against HIV-1 vertical transmission.
A generalized strategy for synthesizing crystalline bismuth-containing nanomaterials (2020)

Bismuth oxide and its derivatives are promising materials that have applications varying from catalysis to energy-storage devices. Most of these applications benefit from the creation of crystalline nanostructures. Herein, we present a simple and fast polymer-assisted precipitation method to synthesize various crystalline bismuth oxide nanomaterials, including bismuth oxide (Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) microrods, bismuth-transition metal mixed oxide (Bi<sub>x</sub>M<sub>y</sub>O<sub>z</sub>, M = V, Cr, Mo, or W) nanoparticles/rods, and bismuth oxyhalide (BiOX, X = Cl, Br, or I) nanoplates. All these materials are semiconductors with bandgaps in the range of 1.76-3.43 eV. This strategy can also be used to fabricate nanostructured composites (e.g., bismuth vanadate nanoparticles on BiOX nanosheets), copper oxide nanoparticles, and potentially other metal oxide nanomaterials.
Overview of the Spiralog file system (1996)

this paper, we first discuss the evolution of file systems and the requirements for many of the basic designs in the Spiralog file system. Next we describe the overall architecture of the Spiralog file system, identifying its major components and outlining their designs. Then we discuss the project&amp;apos;s results: what worked well and what did not work so well. Finally, we present some conclusions and ideas for future work. Some of the major components, i.e., the backup and restore facility, the LFS server, and OpenVMS integration, are described in greater detail in companion
Biomimetic Materials And Design (2002)

solo rescatable en su modesto rol de operador de dispositivos de representación digital, o en la ambiciosa expresión del diseño de experiencias.
Experimental Evaluation of the Free Piston Engine - Linear Alternator (FPLA) (2015)

This report describes the experimental evaluation of a prototype free piston engine - linear alternator (FPLA) system developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The opposed piston design wa developed to investigate its potential for use in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The system is mechanically simple with two - stroke uniflow scavenging for gas exchange and timed port fuel injection for fuel delivery, i.e. no complex valving. Electrical power is extracted from piston motion through linear alternators wh ich also provide a means for passive piston synchronization through electromagnetic coupling. In an HEV application, this electrical power would be used to charge the batteries. The engine - alternator system was designed, assembled and operated over a 2 - year period at Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, CA. This report primarily contains a description of the as - built system, modifications to the system to enable better performance, and experimental results from start - up, motoring, and hydrogen combus tion tests.
Investigating the Molecular Basis of Major Depressive Disorder Etiology (2008)

Genes play a major role in behavioral adaptation to challenging environmental stimuli, but the complexity of their contribution remains unclear. There is growing evidence linking disease phenotypes with genes on the one hand, and the genesis of stress-related disorders like major depression, as a result of exposure to stressful environmental pathogens on the other. Here we illustrate the convergent role of monoaminergic genes in regulating the underlying biological mechanisms of stress and the emotions. By reviewing data that support a role of monoaminergic and other related genes in environmental adaptation, we conclude by advocating the use of convergent approaches in examining the genetic modulation of disease phenotypes.
Mortality and morbidity attributable to inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy in patients admitted to the ICU with sepsis: a matched cohort study (2007)

Inadequate antimicrobial therapy at admission to the ICU with sepsis is associated with excess mortality and increases LOS.
Synthesis of N-Hydroxy α-Amino Acids from α-Hydroxy Acids with High Enantiomeric Purity (1995)

An efficient synthesis of N-alkoxycarbonyl-O-alkoxycarbonyl and N-hydroxy α-amino acids has been developed utilizing a Mitsunobu reaction and N-alkoxycarbonyl-O-alkoxycarbonyl hydroxylamines as nucleophiles. The method also gives access to D- or L-α-amino acids by reductive cleavage of the N-hydroxy derivatives.
Formation process of kaolinite from amorphous calcium silicate and aluminum chloride (1993)

The formation process of kaolinite in the hydrothermal reaction of an amorphous calcium silicate with aluminum chloride was studied by XRD, IR, DTA-TG, TEM, and high-resolution solid state 29 Si-MAS/NMR. The amorphous calcium silicate prepared from diatomite and calcium hydroxide was hydrothermally treated with an aluminum chloride solution in a Teflon pressure vessel at 220°C for a reaction period varying from 1 to 144 h. As the first step of the reaction, the Q 2 state component of the starting material changed into an intermediate amorphous with the Q 3 state. The degree of silica-polycondensation of this state is identical to that of the intermedicate phased observed in the kaolinitization from the amorphous mixture of silica and alumina
Spatial Reasoning About Mechanical Behaviors (2001)

Abstract We describe an approach that uses causal reasoning and geometric reasoning to construct explanations for the purposes of the geometric features on the parts of a mechanical device. To identify the purpose of a feature, the device is simulated with and without the feature. The simulations are then translated into a “causal-process” representation, which allows qualitatively important differences to be identified. These differences reveal behaviors that the feature causes to occur and those it prevents from occurring. The focus of this paper is geometric reasoning techniques that reveal causal relationships between the caused and prevented behaviors. For example, these techniques can determine if a particular caused behavior is responsible for preventing a particular prevented behavior.
一个深圳“低级”白领的一天 (2005)

在这个白领泛滥甚至是被当作嘲笑对象的年代,我终于混得了白领的资格。我来深圳一年半了,也许是本命年没有穿红色内裤的原因,事业一直颇为不顺,直到今年2月,才算是找到了一个自己比较满意、工资也还算可以的工作。说可以,其实也就是三千多块钱,比起多数深圳白领,简直就不值一提。所以,我其实只能算是个低级白领了。我在一个城中村跟人合租了一套两室一厅的农民房。虽然看起来不是很大,手机信号也因为楼房太密集而弱了点,其他还是很不错的。晚上睡觉躺在我那50
Delayed ventricular septal rupture complicating acute inferior wall myocardial infarction (2013)

Ventricular septal rupture after myocardial infarction should be suspected in the presence of new physical findings and hemodynamic compromise regardless of revascularization therapy.
Overview of a distributed parallel architecture for speech understanding (1982)

The complexity of the speech understanding task requires extensive computation. To improve the processing speed, methods are explored by which tasks involved in speech understanding can be structured for execution on a parallel processing system. An architecture is described in which a speech understanding system is decomposed into a series of distributed processing computation stations. 24 references.
Determination of simple correlated wave functions for few-electron systems using a Jastrow factor (2006)

Compact Jastrow-Slater-type correlated wave functions for three- and four-electron atoms and ions (Li, ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{2+}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{3+}$, Be, ${\mathrm{B}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{C}}^{2+}$) are proposed. The Jastrow factor we employed consists of one-body and two-body functions including only two variational parameters in total. We found that a one-body Jastrow function with one variational parameter, which is responsible for the screening effect around the nucleus, is effective for reproducing good total energies of the three- and four-electron atomic systems if hydrogenoid orbitals are adopted in the Slater determinant. On the other hand, a determinant composed of Hartree-Fock orbitals multiplied by the same Jastrow factor was found to give rather worse results than that composed of hydrogenoid orbitals. This result clearly indicates that analytic hydrogenoid orbitals coupled with the one-body Jastrow function are useful for describing simple wave functions and understanding the physical properties of these systems.
The effect of source temporal coherence on light scintillations in weak turbulence (1979)

It is shown that, in turbulence, the irradiance scintillations of a partially-coherent light source decrease as the source bandwidth is increased. Explicit results are given for the cases when the turbulence is weak and very strong.
Glycolysis and glucose transporter 1 as markers of response to hormonal therapy in breast cancer (2003)

Estrogen plays a key role in the development and progression of breast cancer; hence, antiestrogens, such as tamoxifen, have a marked impact on the treatment and outcome of breast cancer patients. Estrogen-induced growth requires continuous replenishment of energy, predominantly generated by glycolysis. Previous work from this laboratory demonstrated estrogen induction and tamoxifen inhibition of glycolysis in MCF7 human breast cancer cells in vitro (Furman et al., J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1992;43:189-95). We present here studies of estrogen vs. tamoxifen regulation of glycolysis in orthotopic MCF7 human breast cancer xenografts in vivo. In addition we investigated mediation of this metabolic regulation through glucose transporter 1, in the same cells, in vitro, as well as in 2 other hormone-responsive human breast cancer cells. Tumor response and glycolysis were monitored noninvasively by means of magnetic resonance imaging and 13C spectroscopy, respectively. During estrogen-stimulated tumor growth (from approximately 0.5 to approximately 1.3 cm3 in 10 days), the rate of glucose metabolism through glycolysis in vivo was high at 40 +/- 4 micromole/g/min. However, treatment for 10 days with tamoxifen induced growth arrest and a concomitant decrease of 2-fold in the rate of glycolysis. In congruence, glucose transporter 1 expression was stimulated by estrogen, reaching after 72 hr a 2- to 3-fold higher level of expression relative to that in tamoxifen-treated cells. Thus, estrogen-induced changes in glycolysis appeared to be mediated via its regulation of glucose transporter 1 expression. The in vivo monitoring of glycolysis may serve as a tool to expose hormonal regulation of glucose transporter 1 expression in breast cancer tumors, as well as to assess response to hormonal therapy.