gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive In-Building and Microcellular Wireless Communication System Design Tool (1997)

Indoor wireless communication systems are becoming increasingly prevalent in work environments. The need to quickly and efficiently provide in-building and microcellular coverage without sacrificing quality is critical to cellular and emerging personal communication system (PCS) operators. Traditionally, indoor wireless communication system design has been carried out by human experts relying on experience to determine a satisfactory system configuration. This thesis describes the algorithms and technical considerations implemented in a comprehensive propagation planning tool, SMT Plus, which has been designed to predict the coverage regions of both in-building and microcellular wireless communication systems. The goal of SMT Plus is to provide both wireless service providers and equipment manufacturers with an efficient, easy-to-use coverage prediction tool for use in the design of any indoor or campus-wide wireless system. Using site-specific building information combined with on-site signal strength measurements, the tool provides system planners with a highly accurate model of the propagation environment among a group of buildings. SMT Plus provides a comprehensive solution to the planning and installation of wireless communication systems in and around buildings.
How to train your robot with deep reinforcement learning: lessons we have learned (2021)

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a promising approach for autonomously acquiring complex behaviors from low-level sensor observations. Although a large portion of deep RL research has focused on applications in video games and simulated control, which does not connect with the constraints of learning in real environments, deep RL has also demonstrated promise in enabling physical robots to learn complex skills in the real world. At the same time, real-world robotics provides an appealing domain for evaluating such algorithms, as it connects directly to how humans learn: as an embodied agent in the real world. Learning to perceive and move in the real world presents numerous challenges, some of which are easier to address than others, and some of which are often not considered in RL research that focuses only on simulated domains. In this review article, we present a number of case studies involving robotic deep RL. Building off of these case studies, we discuss commonly perceived challenges in deep RL and how they have been addressed in these works. We also provide an overview of other outstanding challenges, many of which are unique to the real-world robotics setting and are not often the focus of mainstream RL research. Our goal is to provide a resource both for roboticists and machine learning researchers who are interested in furthering the progress of deep RL in the real world.
The Mre11p/Rad50p/Xrs2p Complex and the Tel1p Function in a Single Pathway for Telomere Maintenance in Yeast (2000)

The Mre11p/Rad50p/Xrs2p complex is involved in the repair of double-strand DNA breaks, nonhomologous end joining, and telomere length regulation. TEL1 is primarily involved in telomere length regulation. By an epistasis analysis, we conclude that Tel1p and the Mre11p/Rad50p/Xrs2p complex function in a single pathway of telomere length regulation.
Alternative polymer supports for organic chemistry (1999)

The use of polymers other than divinylbenzene crosslinked polystyrene as supports in organic chemistry is discussed. Insoluble polymer alternatives to DVB crosslinked polystyrene discussed include porous polyethylene supports, polymer-supported functional colloids, micron and submicron-sized particles and hollow spheres and one-dimensional supports. Soluble polymers including polyethylene, poly(alkene oxide)s, polyacrylamides, and fluorinated acrylates are discussed along with thermomorphic strategies where liquid-liquid separation of a biphasic systems is used as a way to effect polymer recovery in systems that are monophasic on heating.
Color imaging with an integrated compound imaging system (2003)

Color-imaging methods with an integrated compound imaging system called TOMBO (Thin observation module by bound optics) are presented. The TOMBO is a compact optoelectronic imaging system for image capturing based on compound-eye imaging and post digital processing. First, a general description of the TOMBO system is given, and then two configurations for color imaging are described. Experimental comparison of these configurations is made by use of an experimental TOMBO system. The characteristics and the performance on the proposed methods are briefly discussed.
Volumetric and quantitative imaging of retinal blood flow in rats with optical microangiography (2011)

In this paper, we present methods for 3D visualization and quantitative measurements of retinal blood flow in rats by the use of optical microangiography imaging technique (OMAG). We use ultrahigh sensitive OMAG to provide high-quality 3D RBF perfusion maps in the rat eye, from which the Doppler angle, as well as the diameters of blood vessels, are evaluated. Estimation of flow velocity (i.e. axial flow velocity) is achieved by the use of Doppler OMAG, which has its origins in phase-resolved Doppler optical coherence tomography. The measurements of the Doppler angle, vessel size, and the axial velocity lead to the quantitative assessment of the absolute flow velocity and the blood flow rate in selected retinal vessels. We demonstrate the feasibility of OMAG to provide 3D microangiograms and quantitative assessment of retinal blood flow in a rat model subjected to raised intra-ocular pressure (IOP). We show that OMAG is capable of monitoring the longitudinal response of absolute blood velocity and flow rate of retinal blood vessels to increased IOP in the rat, demonstrating its usefulness for ophthalmological research.
Extra-Small Gold Nanospheres Decorated With a Thiol Functionalized Biodegradable and Biocompatible Linear Polyamidoamine as Nanovectors of Anticancer Molecules (2020)

Gold nanoparticles are elective candidate for cancer therapy. Current efforts are devoted to developing innovative methods for their synthesis. Besides, understanding their interaction with cells have become increasingly important for their clinical application. This work aims to describe a simple approach for the synthesis of extra-small gold nanoparticles for breast cancer therapy. In brief, a biocompatible and biodegradable polyamidoamine (named AGMA1-SH), bearing 20%, on a molar basis, thiol-functionalized repeat units, is employed to stabilize and coat extra-small gold nanospheres of different sizes (2.5, 3.5, and 5 nm in gold core), and to generate a nanoplatform for the link with Trastuzumab monoclonal antibody for HER2-positive breast cancer targeting. Dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, circular dichroism, protein quantification assays are used for the characterization. The targeting properties of the nanosystems are explored to achieve enhanced and selective uptake of AGMA1-SH-gold nanoparticles by <i>in vitro</i> studies against HER-2 overexpressing cells, SKBR-3 and compared to HER-2 low expressing cells, MCF-7, and normal fibroblast cell line, NIH-3T3. <i>In vitro</i> physicochemical characterization demonstrates that gold nanoparticles modified with AGMA1-SH are more stable in aqueous solution than the unmodified ones. Additionally, the greater gold nanoparticles size (5-nm) is associated with a higher stability and conjugation efficiency with Trastuzumab, which retains its folding and anticancer activity after the conjugation. In particular, the larger Trastuzumab functionalized nanoparticles displays the highest efficacy (via the pro-apoptotic protein increase, anti-apoptotic components decrease, survival-proliferation pathways downregulation) and internalization (via the activation of the classical clathrin-mediated endocytosis) in HER-2 overexpressing SKBR-3 cells, without eliciting significant effects on the other cell lines. The use of biocompatible AGMA1-SH for producing covalently stabilized gold nanoparticles to achieve selective targeting, cytotoxicity and uptake is completely novel, offering an important advancement for developing new anticancer conjugated-gold nanoparticles.
Effects of Si Addition on the Microstructure and Tensile Property of Al-xMg Alloys with Al<sub>2</sub>Ca during Heat Treatment (x: 5 and 7 Mass%) (2016)

Effects of Si addition on the microstructure, fluidity and tensile property of Al-5/7mass%Mg alloys with Mg+Al 2 Ca master alloy as Mg raw material were investigated in this study. With 7 mass%Si addition, the fluidity was remarkably improved in both Al-5Mg and Al-7Mg alloys. With increasing the Si content, the amount of the eutectic phases was increased in the microstructures. As a result of the tensile test, there was a drastic reduction in elongation with increasing Si content. Al-5Mg-7Si alloy showed a significant improvement of strength after solution heat treatment and artificial aging.
Hole spin relaxation in quantum dots (2004)

We present results for relaxation of the spin of a hole in a cylindrical quantum dot due to acoustic phonon assisted spin flips at low temperatures with an applied magnetic field. The hole dispersion is calculated by numerical diagonalization of the Luttinger Hamiltonian and applying perturbation theory with respect to the magnetic field, and the hole-phonon coupling is described by the Bir-Pikus Hamiltonian. We find that the decoherence time for hole spins for dots $\ensuremath{\lesssim}20\mathrm{nm}$ is on the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}\mathrm{s}.$ This is several orders smaller than the decoherence time due to phonon assisted processes for electron spins in similar dots and is comparable to the total decoherence time of an electron spin in a quantum dot, which is controlled by the hyperfine interaction with nuclei. We obtain the dependence of the relaxation rate of the hole spin on dot size and hole mass.
Restoration of Inactivation in Mutants of Shaker Potassium Channels by a Peptide Derived from ShB (1990)

Site-directed mutagenesis experiments have suggested a model for the inactivation mechanism of Shaker potassium channels from Drosophila melanogaster. In this model, the first 20 amino acids form a cytoplasmic domain that interacts with the open channel to cause inactivation. The model was tested by the internal application of a synthetic peptide, with the sequence of the first 20 residues of the ShB alternatively spliced variant, to noninactivating mutant channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The peptide restored inactivation in a concentration-dependent manner. Like normal inactivation, peptide-induced inactivation was not noticeably voltage-dependent. Trypsin-treated peptide and peptides with sequences derived from the first 20 residues of noninactivating mutants did not restore inactivation. These results support the proposal that inactivation occurs by a cytoplasmic domain that occludes the ion-conducting pore of the channel.
AlGaN/GaN HEMT Degradation: An Electro-Thermo-Mechanical Simulation (2013)

We present fully self-consistent simulation results based on an electro-thermo-mechanical model of a typical AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure. The mechanical stress state is analyzed under different dc operating conditions in view of possible dislocation formation and movement by comparing simulated elastic energy densities and resolved shear stresses with theoretically predicted values. In particular, we find nonzero resolved shear stress on all wurtzite slip systems, with relevant values especially at high dc power. This could allow formation and movement of dislocations, leading to device degradation.
Dual-Gradients Localization Framework for Weakly Supervised Object Localization (2020)

Weakly Supervised Object Localization (WSOL) aims to learn object locations in a given image while only using image-level annotations. For highlighting the whole object regions instead of the discriminative parts, previous works often attempt to train classification model for both classification and localization tasks. However, it is hard to achieve a good tradeoff between the two tasks, if only classification labels are employed for training on a single classification model. In addition, all of recent works just perform localization based on the last convolutional layer of classification model, ignoring the localization ability of other layers. In this work, we propose an offline framework to achieve precise localization on any convolutional layer of a classification model by exploiting two kinds of gradients, called Dual-Gradients Localization (DGL) framework. DGL framework is developed based on two branches: 1) Pixel-level Class Selection, leveraging gradients of the target class to identify the correlation ratio of pixels to the target class within any convolutional feature maps, and 2) Class-aware Enhanced Maps, utilizing gradients of classification loss function to mine entire target object regions, which would not damage classification performance. Extensive experiments on public ILSVRC and CUB-200-2011 datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed DGL framework. Especially, our DGL obtains a new state-of-the-art Top-1 localization error of 43.55% on the ILSVRC benchmark.
Pharmacology and Therapeutic Applications of A1 Adenosine Receptor Ligands (2003)

Adenosine's diverse physiological functions are mediated by four subtypes of receptors (A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3)). The A(1) adenosine receptor pharmacology and therapeutic application of ligands for this receptor are the subjects of this review. A(1) receptors are present on the surface of cells in organs throughout the body. Actions mediated by A(1) receptors include slowing of heart rate and AV nodal conduction, reduction of atrial contractility, attenuation of the stimulatory actions of catecholamines on beta-adrenergic receptors, reduction of lipolysis in adipose tissue, reduction of urine formation, and inhibition of neuronal activity. Although adenosine analogs with high efficacy, affinity, and selectivity for the A(1) receptor are available, the ubiquitous distribution and wide range of physiological actions mediated by A(1) receptors are obstacles to development of therapeutic agents that activate these receptors. However, it may be possible to exploit the high A(1) "receptor reserve" for some actions of adenosine by use of weak (partial) agonists to target these actions while avoiding others for which receptor reserve is low. The presence of high receptor reserves for the anti-arrhythmic and anti-lipolytic actions of adenosine suggests that partial A(1) agonists could be used as anti-arrhythmic and anti-lipolytic agents. In addition, allosteric enhancers of the binding of adenosine to A(1) receptors could be used therapeutically to potentiate desirable effects of endogenous adenosine. Antagonists of the A(1) receptor can increase urine formation, and because they do not decrease renal blood flow, are particularly useful to maintain glomerular filtration in patients having edema secondary to reduced cardiac function.
[BRM in the treatment of cancer]. (1988)

Biological response modifiers can be divided into 2 groups; 1) immunomodulator (IM) or immunostimulator (IS) and 2) cytokines. Several IM or IS have been used clinically for the treatment of various cancers in combination with various chemotherapeutic agents. They are effective for prolonging the survival time or remission duration of cancer patients. However, no direct effect on cancer of the IM.IS has been proven. Cytokines such as interferons (IFNs) or interleukin-2 (IL-2) are effective against renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, multiple myeloma and other tumors even when they are used singly. IM.IS exert their anti-cancer effects through a combination of NK cell and macrophage activation or production of IFNs and ILs. Therefore, each effect is not strong enough to show a direct anticancer effect. Cytokines which are produced by recombinant techniques can be used in large doses and have been shown to have direct effects on certain types of cancers. The future approach is to devise the best combination between cytokines, cytokines and IM.IS, and cytokines and chemotherapeutic agents.
Cytokine Production by Skin-Derived Mast Cells: Endogenous Proteases Are Responsible for Degradation of Cytokines (2005)

The current study characterizes the cytokine protein (ELISA) and mRNA (gene array and RT-PCR) profiles of skin-derived mast cells cultured under serum-free conditions when activated by cross-linking of Fc epsilonRI. Prior to mast cell activation, mRNA only for TNF-alpha was detected, while after activation mRNA for IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-alpha, and GM-CSF substantially increased, and for IL-4 it minimally increased. However, at the protein level certain recombinant cytokines, as measured by ELISAs, were degraded by proteases released by these skin-derived mast cells. IL-6 and IL-13 were most susceptible, followed by IL-5 and TNF-alpha; GM-CSF was completely resistant. These observations also held for the endogenous cytokines produced by activated mast cells. By using protease inhibitors, chymase and cathepsin G, not tryptase, were identified in the mast cell releasates as the likely culprits that digest these cytokines. Their cytokine-degrading capabilities were confirmed with purified chymase and cathepsin G. Soy bean trypsin inhibitor, when added to mast cell releasates, prevented the degradation of exogenously added cytokines and, when added to mast cells prior to their activation, prevented degradation of susceptible endogenous cytokines without affecting either degranulation or GM-CSF production. Consequently, substantial levels of IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-alpha, and GM-CSF were detected 24-48 h after mast cells had been activated, while none were detected 15 min after activation, by which time preformed granule mediators had been released. IL-4 was not detected at any time point. Thus, unless cytokines are protected from degradation by endogenous proteases, cytokine production by human mast cells with chymase and cathepsin G cells may be grossly underestimated.
Modeling and numerical simulation of a piano. (2011)

A complete model of a piano is built, in order to account for the acoustical behavior of the instrument from excitation to sound. A nonlinear hammer strikes the strings. The precursor at the bridge can be explained by the presence of a longitudinal vibration in the string, which is nonlinearly coupled to the transversal vibration using the geometrically exact model. A nonstandard condition must be written for the bridge model, in order to transmit transversal and longitudinal vibrations of the strings to the soundboard. A Reissner Mindlin plate model is used for the soundboard, which radiates in the air. The coupling must be reciprocal so that a global energy is preserved. A numerical discretization is proposed for the whole system. A first difficulty is due to the nonlinearity of both strings and hammer. Another one arises from the different couplings of the system: hammer/string, string/soundboard, and soundboard/air. An innovating, energy preserving scheme is built for the nonlinear system of string equations, and an energy technique is adopted for the whole problem to ensure numerical stability. The resulting complete numerical scheme conserves a discrete and consistent global energy. Numerical results are presented and compared to measurements.
A new tool to assess mechanical and dielectric properties of tissues (2009)

In this paper a new tool to assess viscoelastic and dielectric properties of biological samples is presented. Shear horizontal polarized surface acoustic waves (SH-SAW) are used to detect the viscoelastic properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) expelled by adhering fibroblast cell cultures. Therefore a one-port SAW resonator, with a fundamental mode of 85 MHz was developed. Its electrode structure can be used simultaneously to detect the dielectric behavior of the whole system by impedance spectroscopy (IS) while the frequency ranges from kHz to MHz. The applicability of the combination of both methods appearing as new tool is exemplary shown by cell adhesion experiments performed with L929 and NIH-3T3 fibroblasts.
Comparison of Machine Learning Methods in Stochastic Skin Optical Model Inversion (2020)

In this study, we compare six different machine learning methods in the inversion of a stochastic model for light propagation in layered media, and use the inverse models to estimate four parameters of the skin from the simulated data: melanin concentration, hemoglobin volume fraction, and thicknesses of epidermis and dermis. The aim of this study is to determine the best methods for stochastic model inversion in order to improve current methods in skin related cancer diagnostics and in the future develop a non-invasive way to measure the physical parameters of the skin based partially on the results of the study. Of the compared methods, which are convolutional neural network, multi-layer perceptron, lasso, stochastic gradient descent, and linear support vector machine regressors, we find the convolutional neural network to be the most accurate in the inversion task.
Hemodynamic effects of interpleural analgesia in pigs (1990)

Six anesthetized pigs received bupivacaine 2 mg/kg with epinephrine 2 micrograms/kg interpleurally while six saline injected animals served as controls. The animals were monitored hemodynamically for 120 min after injection. There were no significant changes in hemodynamic variables in the control group. In the group receiving bupivacaine with epihephrine there was a pattern of increase in mean arterial blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance and mean pulmonary arterial blood pressure after 60 min of observation. There were no other significant changes in pulmonary or systemic hemodynamics or gas exchange as evaluated by blood gases or whole body oxygen consumption. It is speculated that the increased systemic vascular resistance was an effect of the epinephrine added to the anesthetic. Interpleural analgesia may be a safe pain-relieving method even in slightly hypovolemic individuals.
Two Distinct States of Escherichia coli Cells That Overexpress Recombinant Heterogeneous β-Galactosidase (2012)

The mechanism by which inclusion bodies form is still not well understood, partly because the dynamic processes of the inclusion body formation and its solubilization have hardly been investigated at an individual cell level, and so the important detailed information has not been acquired for the mechanism. In this study, we investigated the in vivo folding and aggregation of Aspergillus phoenicis β-D-galactosidase fused to a red fluorescence protein in individual Escherichia coli cells. The folding status and expression level of the recombinant β-D-galactosidase at an individual cell level was analyzed by flow cytometry in combination with transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting. We found that individual E. coli cells fell into two distinct states, one containing only inclusion bodies accompanied with low galactosidase activity and the other containing the recombinant soluble galactosidase accompanied with high galactosidase activity. The majority of the E. coli cells in the later state possessed no inclusion bodies. The two states of the cells were shifted to a cell state with high enzyme activity by culturing the cells in isopropyl 1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside-free medium after an initial protein expression induction in isopropyl 1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside-containing medium. This shift of the cell population status took place without the level change of the β-D-galactosidase protein in individual cells, indicating that the factor(s) besides the crowdedness of the recombinant protein play a major role in the cell state transition. These results shed new light on the mechanism of inclusion body formation and will facilitate the development of new strategies in improving recombinant protein quality.