gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nya regler för en effektivare vinterväghållning: en förstudie (2013)

Current winter maintenance costs are approximately 2 billion SEK per annum, but good monitoring tools to ensure that this money is distributed and used effectively are lacking. The purpose of this study was to develop a basis for new regulations for when action is required to maintain good winter road standards and how payment to the entrepreneurs should be regulated to provide a more efficient winter road maintenance. The Swedish Road Weather Information System (RWIS) was introduced as an aid for winter road maintenance in the late 1970s. The service expanded during the next two decades and today comprises of around 800 stations situated around the Swedish state road network. Measurements include air and road surface temperature, wind direction and speed, and precipitation type and amount. Many of the stations are also equipped with cameras that can be used to assess road surface conditions. Together with weather forecasts, information from RWIS stations is used as the main basis for decision making regarding the need for winter road maintenance. The first step in system improvement is to fully understand how the current system operates. This report summarises the broad outlines of how reporting, regulatory frameworks, and reimbursement models work for winter road maintenance. There are a number of relatively new techniques that could be used to optimise winter road maintenance. These new techniques could help produce a more efficient winter road maintenance programme that reduces the cost to society. The technological developments have moved forward in recent years in a number of areas such as the motor vehicle industry and also in non-contact sensors for measuring friction and road surface temperature. This technology can be used in conjunction with RWIS to give a clear indication of when and where maintenance action is required. This could also provide an opportunity to design a decision support system that could assist road maintenance contractors.
Estimating surface normals in noisy point cloud data (2003)

In this paper we describe and analyze a method based on local least square fitting for estimating the normals at all sample points of a point cloud data (PCD) set, in the presence of noise. We study the effects of neighborhood size, curvature, sampling density, and noise on the normal estimation when the PCD is sampled from a smooth curve in R2 or a smooth surface in R3 and noise is added. The analysis allows us to find the optimal neighborhood size using other local information from the PCD. Experimental results are also provided.
Effect of Baffle Width on Beam Patterns of Planar Arrays (1967)

Beam patterns of close-packed arrays of rectangular pistons mounted in a rigid planar baffle are investigated for various array and baffle widths. Computed results are obtained from a model in which the array is positioned in a ribbon- or striplike baffle, i.e., the baffle has finite width but is infinite in height and infinitesimal in thickness. The array is steered by element phasing to direct a beam in given directions in the plane perpendicular to the infinite dimension of the baffle. Beam patterns are computed in this plane. For each array considered, the finite-baffle beam pattern is compared with that for the same array in an infinite baffle. The computed results demonstrate that the beam pattern of an array steered to broadside is not strongly dependent on the baffle width. However, as the array steering approaches endfire, the baffle width has an increasing effect on the directivity of the array.
Multi-kilowatt Single-mode Ytterbium-doped Large-core Fiber Laser (2009)

We have demonstrated a highly efficient cladding-pumped ytterbium-doped fiber laser, generating <TEX>$&gt;$</TEX>2.1 kW of continuous-wave output power at 1.1 μm with 74% slope efficiency with respect to launched pump power. The beam quality factor (<TEX>$M^2$</TEX>) was better than 1.2. The maximum output power was only limited by available pump power, showing no evidence of roll-over even at the highest output power. We present data on how the beam quality depends on the fiber parameter, based on our current and past fiber laser developments. We also discuss the ultimate power-capability of our fiber in terms of thermal management, Raman nonlinear scattering, and material damage, and estimate it to 10 kW.
Design of solvents for optimal reaction rate constants (2007)

Abstract A hybrid experimental/computer‐aided methodology for the design of solvents for reactions is presented. It is based on the use of a few reaction rate measurements to build a reaction model, followed by the formulation and solution of an optimal computer‐aided molecular design problem (CAMD) in which the reaction rate under given conditions is maximized. In order to verify the suitability of the solvent candidates identified in the CAMD step, and to assess the reliability of the model used, feedback can be introduced. When the reliability of the model is found to be insufficient, experimental rate data for the candidate solvents are obtained and added to the original data set to create an updated reaction model, which can be used to find new candidate solvents. Since very few measurements are used to build the reaction model, we perform a sensitivity analysis on the model to assess the impact of uncertainty. Using this information to generate scenarios, we then solve a stochastic optimization problem, which aims to determine the solvents that give the best average performance. The final output consists of a list of candidate solvents which can be targeted for experimentation. This methodology is illustrated, step by step, through application to a solvolysis reaction. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Preparation, Gram-Negative Antibacterial Activity, and Hydrolytic Stability of Novel Siderophore-Conjugated Monocarbam Diols (2011)

A novel series of monocarbam compounds exhibiting promising antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant Gram-negative microorganisms is reported, along with the synthesis of one such molecule MC-1 (1). Also reported are structure-activity relationships associated with the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of 1 and related analogues in addition to the hydrolytic stability of such compounds and possible implications thereof.
Baseline articular contact stress levels predict incident symptomatic knee osteoarthritis development in the MOST cohort (2009)

We studied whether contact stress estimates from knee magnetic resonance images (MRI) predict the development of incident symptomatic tibiofemoral osteoarthritis (OA) 15 months later in an at-risk cohort. This nested case-control study was conducted within a cohort of 3,026 adults, age 50 to 79 years. Thirty cases with incident symptomatic tibiofemoral OA by their 15 month follow-up visit were randomly selected and matched with 30 control subjects. Symptomatic tibiofemoral OA was defined as daily knee pain/stiffness and Kellgren-Lawrence Grade > or =2 on weight bearing, fixed-flexion radiographs. Tibiofemoral geometry was segmented on baseline knee MRI, and contact stresses were estimated using discrete element analysis. Linear mixed models for repeated measures were used to examine the association between articular contact stress and case/control status. No significant intergroup differences were found for age, sex, BMI, weight, height, or limb alignment. However, the maximum articular contact stress was 0.54 +/- 0.77 MPa (mean +/- SD) higher in incident OA cases compared to that in control knees (p = 0.0007). The interaction between case-control status and contact stress was significant above 3.20 MPa (p < 0.0001). The presence of differences in estimated contact stress 15 months prior to incidence suggests a biomechanical mechanism for symptomatic tibiofemoral OA and supports the ability to identify risk by subject-specific biomechanical modeling.
Water jet guided Nd:YAG laser coagulation--its application in the field of gastroenterology. (1993)

With the water jet guided laser, a comparatively new transmission system has become available, with the aid of which the laser beam is conducted from the end of the transmission fibre of the conventional light guide system to the target tissue via a water jet. The extra costs of this modality are low. The technique is easy to apply, and is associated with a number of technical advantages, such as absence of smoke and carbonisation, reduction in organ distension, etc. The water jet guided laser brings about volume coagulation in the deeper layers of the wall, with concomitant oedema and hyperaemia in the periphery. In a randomised, prospective controlled study, 89 patients with gastroduodenal ulcers bearing a visible vessel were treated with the Nd:YAG laser (wavelength 1.064 nm), 43 with the non-contact, and 46 with the water jet guided modality. In the water jet group a smaller number of bleedings were induced (p < 0.05) and fewer failures, emergency operations and deaths occurred. The technical advantages of the method, together with the results of treatment in 20 tumour patients with adenomas (n = 6) and adenocarcinomas in the colorectum (n = 14) with readily achievable tumour debulking (n = 13) or complete eradication (n = 7), suggest that the use of the water jet guided laser might also be appropriate for the treatment of tumours.
[Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of substituted fluorobenzyl benzylidenethiazolidinediones and imidazolidinediones]. (1992)

The synthesis of six benzylidene thiazolidine-diones and three benzylidene imidazolidine-diones is described. In order to investigate their antimicrobial activity, they are evaluated against micro-organism such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus feacalis, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Neurospora crassa.
Hormonal interference with pheromone systems in parasitic acarines, especially ixodid ticks. Annual technical report No. 4, 1 May 1983-30 April 1984 (1984)

The most important result of recent project research was the demonstration of the juvenoid JH III by radioimmunoassay. This assay revealed an estimated 78 pg/tick in the hemolymph of partially fed Hyalomma dromedarii females, and an estimated 3 pg/tick in the hemolymph of partially fed D. variabilis. Other studies, especially digestion of tritium labelled JH III, provided additional evidence suggesting the presence of this hormone in adult ticks. The implications of these findings for our understanding of sex pheromone regulation in ticks is discussed. Other studies described in this report deal with the source of ecdysteroid in teh camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii, the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, and the soft tick, Ornithodoros parkeri. Studies done at ODU, using radioimmunoassay high performance liquid chromatography, and autoradiography, provide new evidence implicating the tick synganglion - lateral nerve plexus as an important site of ecdysteroid activity in the ixodid ticks. Other studies with ecdysteriods suggest that metabolism of ecdysone or 20-hydroxyecdysone (or both) to inactive metabolites, possibly including polar conjugates. If confirmed, these findings indicate the presence of only a single active ecdysteriod hormone in ticks, 20-hydroxyecdysone.
Quem governa quando o Estado não governa? (2015)

Uma abordagem sobre governo e governança nas cidades Nesta entrevista, Patrick Le Galès defende que boa parte da confusão intelectual sobre governança vem de uma definição imprecisa do que é governo. Também defende a pesquisa comparada entre cidades, que contribui para a apreensão de padrões gerais e a caracterização mais precisa do que é específico a cada contexto, além de favorecer a compreensão sobre quem e o que é governado e ampliar a percepção do que não é governado.
Evaluating Point-Prediction Uncertainties in Neural Networks for Drug Discovery (2022)

Neural Network (NN) models provide potential to speed up the drug discovery process and reduce its failure rates. The success of NN models require uncertainty quantification (UQ) as drug discovery explores chemical space beyond the training data distribution. Standard NN models do not provide uncertainty information. Methods that combine Bayesian models with NN models address this issue, but are difficult to implement and more expensive to train. Some methods require changing the NN architecture or training procedure, limiting the selection of NN models. Moreover, predictive uncertainty can come from different sources. It is important to have the ability to separately model different types of predictive uncertainty, as the model can take assorted actions depending on the source of uncertainty. In this paper, we examine UQ methods that estimate different sources of predictive uncertainty for NN models aiming at drug discovery. We use our prior knowledge on chemical compounds to design the experiments. By utilizing a visualization method we create non-overlapping and chemically diverse partitions from a collection of chemical compounds. These partitions are used as training and test set splits to explore NN model uncertainty. We demonstrate how the uncertainties estimated by the selected methods describe different sources of uncertainty under different partitions and featurization schemes and the relationship to prediction error.
Thermal Stability Studies of Li‐Ion Cells and Components (1999)

Thermal stability of fully charged 550 mAh prismatic Li‐ion cells (Sn‐doped carbon) and their components are investigated. Accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) is used to determine the onset temperature of exothermic chemical reactions that force the cell into thermal runaway. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis are used to determine the thermal stability of the cell's positive electrode (PE) and negative electrode (NE) materials from 35 to 400°C. The cell self‐heating exothermic reactions start at 123°C, and thermal runaway occurs near 167°C. The total exothermic heat generation of the NE and PE materials are 697 and 407 J/g, respectively. Heat generations of the NE and PE materials, washed in diethyl carbonate (DEC) and dried at ≈65°C under vacuum, are significantly lower than unwashed samples. Lithium plating increases the heat generation of the NE material at temperatures near the lithium melting point. Comparison of the heat generation profiles from DSC and ARC tests indicates that thermal runaway of this cell is close to the decomposition temperature range of the unwashed PE material. We conclude that the heat generation from the decomposition of PE material and reaction of that with electrolyte initiates thermal runaway in a Li‐ion cell, under thermally or abusive conditions. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Football Fandom in Egypt (2022)

In this chapter, I survey the football fandom ecosystem in Egypt. I first describe the media environment around the sport and chart out the geographic structure of fan support for teams in the Egyptian Premier League. I then examine how fandom intersects with politics, both as Egyptian leaders have sought to use support around Egyptian football to build legitimacy and Egyptian football fans have often been a significant political force acting independently of the ruling regime. I argue that different groups in Egypt have sought to use the intense interest in Egyptian football to pursue external goals, a dynamic that sometimes generates conflict when these goals are at odds. I conclude by outlining the social organisation of football fandom. I illustrate how the most committed fans are young single men living in urban areas and who are more engaged in religion than the average citizen, and then I describe the role of women and the Coptic Christian minority in Egyptian football.
Inertial Sensing for Human Motion Analysis: Processing, Technologies, and Applications (2014)

Human motion has always attracted significant interest and curiosity. In particular, the last two centuries have seen a fast and great development of innovative techniques and technologies for the scientific analysis of human motion. If initially this was mainly due to the large interest in biomedical fields, a growing number of other leading applications has kept this interest alive until today. These applications emerge, for instance, in sport, entertainment, and industrial contexts.\n\nThe first motion capture systems, appeared along the nineteenth century, were typically based on optical technologies and their development was profoundly interlaced with the contemporary development of photography and cinematography. Since then, many other different technologies have been employed to develop new motion capture systems, such as (but not limited to) inertial, mechanical, magnetic, and acoustic. In particular, inertial motion capture systems, based on the use of inertial sensors (such as the accelerometer, which measures the acceleration, and the gyroscope, which measures angular velocity), are likely to replace the previous ones and become a standard technology. This is mainly favored by the recent great improvement in the large-scale development of accurate inertial sensors ever cheaper.\n\nWhen referring to inertial human motion analysis, several application areas are driving current research and development efforts. A tentative list may include, for instance, the following: clinical and home monitoring and/or rehabilitation; ambient assisted living; computer graphics and computer animation; gaming and virtual reality; sport training; pedestrian navigation; and robotics. Furthermore, human motion analysis often implies a transversal investigation of many aspects of human motion, at different levels of abstraction and at different detail depths. For instance, one may just be interested in recognizing and estimating the pose of a person as well as in identifying the activities and/or the gestures that he/she is performing. Furthermore, one may be just interested in analyzing a restricted part of the body rather than focusing on the full body. \n\nDue to this heterogeneity of topics and intents, this thesis does not focus on a specific application or method, but aims at investigating different aspects of inertial human motion analysis, by specifically discussing the corresponding data processing approaches and the involved technologies. Four research areas have been taken into account which correspond to four types of applications: arm posture recognition; activity classification; evaluation of functional motor tasks; and motion reconstruction. In particular, these applications have been chosen in order to cover topics with different levels of abstraction and different detail depths.
Understanding Indirect Causal Relationships in Node‐Link Graphs (2017)

Abstract To find correlations and cause and effect relationships in multivariate data sets is central in many data analysis problems. A common way of representing causal relations among variables is to use node‐link diagrams, where nodes depict variables and edges show relationships between them. When performing a causal analysis, analysts may be biased by the position of collected evidences, especially when they are at the top of a list. This is of crucial importance since finding a root cause or a derived effect, and searching for causal chains of inferences are essential analytic tasks when investigating causal relationships. In this paper, we examine whether sequential ordering influences understanding of indirect causal relationships and whether it improves readability of multi‐attribute causal diagrams. Moreover, we see how people reason to identify a root cause or a derived effect. The results of our design study show that sequential ordering does not play a crucial role when analyzing causal relationships, but many connections from/to a variable and higher strength/certainty values may influence the process of finding a root cause and a derived effect.
Synthese, Struktur und thermisches Verhalten von Thiophosphorsäuretriamid SP(NH2)3 [1] / Synthesis, Structure, and Thermal Behaviour of Phosphorothionic Triamide SP(ΝΗ2)3 [1] (1989)

Phosphorothionic triamide SP(NH 2 ) 3 is obtained by slow addition of SPCl 3 dissolved in dry CH 2 Cl 2 to a satured solution of NH 3 in CH 2 Cl 2 at —50°C. Ammonium chloride is removed from the resulting precipitate by treatment with HNEt 2 followed by extraction with CH 2 Cl 2 . Coarse crystalline SP(NH 2 ) 3 is obtained after recrystallization from dry methanol. The crystal structure of SP(NH 2 ) 3 has been determined by single crystal X-ray methods (Pbca; a = 922.3(1), b = 953.8(1), c = 1058.4(2) pm, Z = 8). In the crystals the molecules show non-crystallographic point symmetry C 8 . The P—S bond (195.4(1) pm) is slightly longer than in SPCl 3 . From P—N bond lengths of about 166 pm a significant electrostatic strengthening of the P—N single bonds is assumed. Weak intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions (N —H · · · N ≥ 329.5 pm; N — H · · · S ≥ 348.3 pm) are observed. Investigation of thermal properties shows a melting temperature of 115°C for SP(NH 2 ) 3 . According to combined DTA/TG and MS investigations above this temperature the compound decomposes by evolution of H 2 S and NH 3 to yield amorphous phosphorus(V)nitride.
Performance of distributed DC power system using quasi Z-Source Inverter based DC/DC converters (2013)

DC microgrids for power combining and distribution are of interest in many applications due to their high efficiency, relatively low cost of installation and operation, freedom from harmonic and reactive power and stability. The quasi Z-Source Inverter (q-ZSI) is a particularly promising circuit for DC Distributed Power System (DPS) because of its unique buck-boost characteristics, high power handling capability and inbuilt fault tolerance. The buck-boost capability reduces the number of power conversion stages required and provides ride-through capability during voltage sag and swells from the grid. However, the performance of q-ZSI in DC DPS under varying sources and load conditions has not previously been investigated. We present analysis and simulation of 400V DC DPS by placing q-ZSI converters in parallel under widely varying input and output conditions. An automatic master-slave control strategy was used to share the load current among parallel converters. The results verify the benefit of q-ZSI converters in DC DPS and show that DC DPS can have good transient and steady state response and is capable of maintaining stiff DC voltage at the common bus with minimal interaction.