gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Processing, properties, and wear resistance of aluminides. [Fe[sub 3]Al; Al[sub 3]Ti] (1993)

Fully dense alloys based on Fe[sub 3]Al were produced by reaction synthesis from low cost elemental powders using hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing or Ceracon process. The reaction proceeds by outward spreading of a transient liquid phase from the initial aluminum particle site and precipitation of the compound phase from the liquid. Combustion synthesized material has a very fine grain size that is resistant to coarsening at high temperature because of a high density of fine oxides from the prior particle boundaries. The fine grain size results in approximately twice the yield strength in the reaction synthesized material compared to hot extruded pre-alloyed powder. Combustion synthesis has also been successfully applied to joining Fe[sub 3]Al and to forming coatings on carbon steel substrates. Combustion synthesis has been shown to be viable for fabricating trialuminides from elemental powder compacts. Al[sub 3]Ti, Al[sub 73]Ti[sub 24]Cr[sub 3] and Al[sub 67]Ti[sub 25]Cr[sub 8] were examined. Fully dense, homogeneous materials exhibiting an equiaxed grain structure were produced by conducting reaction and homogenization under pressure, or in a furnace at ambient pressure and subsequently densifying the porous preform by hot consolidation. The tetragonal DO[sub 22] structure was the primary reaction product for all compositions. Most of the Cr remained undissolved after reaction and a homogenization heat treatment at 1200C or above was used to put the Cr into solution and form the desired L1[sub 2] phase.
Skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling in a murine cancer cachexia model (2013)

Approximately half of all cancer patients present with cachexia, a condition in which disease-associated metabolic changes lead to a severe loss of skeletal muscle mass. Working toward an integrated and mechanistic view of cancer cachexia, we investigated the hypothesis that cancer promotes mitochondrial uncoupling in skeletal muscle. We subjected mice to in vivo phosphorous-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectroscopy and subjected murine skeletal muscle samples to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The mice used in both experiments were Lewis lung carcinoma models of cancer cachexia. A novel 'fragmented mass isotopomer' approach was used in our dynamic analysis of 13C mass isotopomer data. Our 31P NMR and GC/MS results indicated that the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis rate and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux were reduced by 49% and 22%, respectively, in the cancer-bearing mice (p<0.008; t-test vs. controls). The ratio of ATP synthesis rate to the TCA cycle flux (an index of mitochondrial coupling) was reduced by 32% in the cancer-bearing mice (p=0.036; t-test vs. controls). Genomic analysis revealed aberrant expression levels for key regulatory genes and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed ultrastructural abnormalities in the muscle fiber, consistent with the presence of abnormal, giant mitochondria. Taken together, these data suggest that mitochondrial uncoupling occurs in cancer cachexia and thus point to the mitochondria as a potential pharmaceutical target for the treatment of cachexia. These findings may prove relevant to elucidating the mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle wasting observed in other chronic diseases, as well as in aging.
Simu5G: A System-level Simulator for 5G Networks (2020)

This paper presents Simu5G, a new OMNeT++-based system-level simulator of 5G networks. Simu5G is built starting from the SimuLTE simulation library, which models 4G (i.e., LTE/LTE-A) networks, and is compatible with the latter, thus allowing the simulation of 4G-5G coexistence and transition scenarios. We discuss the modelling of the protocol layers, network entities and functions, and validate our abstraction of the physical layer using 3GPP-based scenarios. Moreover, we report profiling results related to Simu5G execu-tion, and we describe how it can be employed to evaluate Radio Access Network configurations, as well as end-to-end scenarios involving communication and computation, e.g., with Multi-access Edge Computing ap-plications.
NSTX/NSTX-U theory, modeling and analysis results (2019)

Abstract not provided.
Geosensors to Support Crop Production: Current Applications and User Requirements (2011)

Sensor technology, which benefits from high temporal measuring resolution, real-time data transfer and high spatial resolution of sensor data that shows in-field variations, has the potential to provide added value for crop production. The present paper explores how sensors and sensor networks have been utilised in the crop production process and what their added-value and the main bottlenecks are from the perspective of users. The focus is on sensor based applications and on requirements that users pose for them. Literature and two use cases were reviewed and applications were classified according to the crop production process: sensing of growth conditions, fertilising, irrigation, plant protection, harvesting and fleet control. The potential of sensor technology was widely acknowledged along the crop production chain. Users of the sensors require easy-to-use and reliable applications that are actionable in crop production at reasonable costs. The challenges are to develop sensor technology, data interoperability and management tools as well as data and measurement services in a way that requirements can be met, and potential benefits and added value can be realized in the farms in terms of higher yields, improved quality of yields, decreased input costs and production risks, and less work time and load.
(Invited) Electroluminescence in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Tunnel Diodes with Nanometer-Thick Silicon (2012)

Electroluminescence in metal-oxide-semiconductor tunnel diodes with a transparent conductive oxide gate and a nanometer-thick silicon layer on silicon-on-insulator substrates has been studied. The electroluminescence spectra from the diodes are peaked at ~1120 nm (~1.11 eV). The peak shifts toward lower energy as the negative gate voltage value increases. The peak shift can be explained by a Stark effect. The peak tail intensity at the short-wavelength side of the peak at ~1120 nm increases as the silicon layer thickness decreases. This may indicate that the increase in the intensity is due to transitions between subbands near the silicon band edges. Small peaks have been observed at ~1050 nm (~1.18 eV) and ~1010 nm (~1.23 eV). The peak wavelengths are independent of the silicon layer thickness. This exhibits that the electroluminescence is due to defect-mediated transitions.
RIS Configuration, Beamformer Design, and Power Control in Single-Cell and Multi-Cell Wireless Networks (2021)

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are recently attracting a wide interest due to their capability of tuning wireless propagation environments in order to increase the system performance of wireless networks. In this paper, a multiuser wireless network assisted by a RIS is studied and resource allocation algorithms are presented for several scenarios. First of all, the problem of channel estimation is considered, and an algorithm that permits separate estimation of the mobile user-to-RIS and RIS-to-base stations components is proposed. Then, for the special case of a single-user system, three possible approaches are shown in order to optimize the Signal-to-Noise Ratio with respect to the beamformer used at the base station and of the RIS phase shifts. Then, for a multiuser system with two cells, assuming channel-matched beamforming, the geometric mean of the downlink Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratios across users is maximized with respect to the base stations transmit powers and RIS phase shifts configurations. In this scenario, the RIS is placed at the cell-edge and some users are jointly served by two base stations to increase the system performance. Numerical results show that the proposed procedures are effective and that the RIS brings substantial performance improvements to wireless system.
Comparing the trustworthiness of signal‐to‐noise ratio and peak signal‐to‐noise ratio in processing noisy partial discharge signals (2013)

In partial discharge (PD) analyses, there is a need to compare the noise level of measured signals in different conditions and/or after applying certain signal processing algorithms (e.g. noise reduction). Moreover, in PD analyses through modelling approaches, whenever noisy signals should be constructed by adding noise with a desired level to the simulated PD signal and/or where de‐noising process is employed, there is a need to evaluate the strength of noise. In all these cases, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is already used as an indicator of noise level, whereas it is shown that SNR can be deceptive and misleading. Instead, this study recommends employing the proposed peak SNR which is more robust than SNR. The results can be extended to the analysis of any non‐periodic transient signal as well.
Comparative Analysis of Invertible DNA in Phage Genomes (1984)

Invertible DNA has been found to be a particular kind of genetic controlling element that is capable of switching genetic information on and off. Two prototypes have been found thus far: the invertible hin function in Salmonella, which controls flagellar phase variation, and the invertible G segment of bacteriophage Mu, which is responsible for alternating host ranges of the phage (Silverman and Simon 1983). The invertible segments differ in their principal arrangements. The inversion in Salmonella moves a transcription signal so that genes outside the invertible element are turned on and off. The inversion function (hin) is part of the invertible DNA. In contrast, the genes that are regulated by inversion of the G segment are inside the invertible DNA, so that two sets of genetic information are alternately expressed via an outside promoter, and the inversion function (gin) is located adjacent to the invertible G segment.
Acetyl-CoA cleavage pathway in a syntrophic propionate oxidizing bacterium growing on fumarate in the absence of methanogens (1993)

A syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacterium was able to grow in the absence of methanogens by fermentation of fumarate to succinate and CO2. The pathway involved in the conversion of fumarate was investigated. During fermentation of unlabelled fumarate cells incorporated [1-13C]acetate, [2-13C]acetate and [1,2-13C]acetate into C2 and C3 of succinate, but not into C1 and C4. This observation, together with the absence of essential enzymes, showed that the citric acid cycle is not used for the oxidation of fumarate to CO2. All the enzymes of the acetyl-CoA cleavage pathway were detected, indicating that this pathway is involved in fumarate oxidation to CO2. During growth on propionate this acetyl-CoA cleavage pathway may have an anaplerotic function.
Magnetic interactions in silica coated nanoporous assemblies of CoFe2O4nanoparticles with cubic magnetic anisotropy (2010)

Magnetic interactions in silica coated spherical nanoporous assemblies of CoFe(2)O(4) nanoparticles have been investigated by low temperature field dependent remanent magnetization (M(DCD) and M(IRM)) and magnetization relaxation measurements. The synthesis procedure leads to the formation of spherical aggregates of about 50-60 nm in diameter composed of hexagonal shaped nanocrystals with shared edges. The negative deviation from the non-interacting case in the Henkel plot indicates the predominance of dipole-dipole interactions favouring the demagnetized state, although the presence of exchange interactions in the porous system cannot be excluded. The activation volume, derived from time dependent magnetization measurements, turns out to be comparable with the particle physical volume, thus indicating, in agreement with static and dynamic irreversible magnetization measurements, that the magnetization reversal actually involves individual crystals.
Herpes simplex virus virion stimulatory protein mRNA leader contains sequence elements which increase both virus-induced transcription and mRNA stability (1987)

To investigate the role of 5' noncoding leader sequence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) mRNA in infected cells, the promoter for the 65,000-dalton virion stimulatory protein (VSP), a beta-gamma polypeptide, was introduced into plasmids bearing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene together with various lengths of adjacent viral leader sequences. Plasmids containing longer lengths of leader sequence gave rise to significantly higher levels of CAT enzyme in transfected cells superinfected with HSV-1. RNase T2 protection assays of CAT mRNA showed that transcription was initiated from an authentic viral cap site in all VSP-CAT constructs and that CAT mRNA levels corresponded to CAT enzyme levels. Use of cis-linked simian virus 40 enhancer sequences demonstrated that the effect was virus specific. Constructs containing 12 and 48 base pairs of the VSP mRNA leader gave HSV infection-induced CAT activities intermediate between those of the leaderless construct and the VSP-(+77)-CAT construct. Actinomycin D chase experiments demonstrated that the longest leader sequences increased hybrid CAT mRNA stability at least twofold in infected cells. Cotransfection experiments with a cosmid bearing four virus-specified transcription factors (ICP4, ICP0, ICP27, and VSP-65K) showed that sequences from -3 to +77, with respect to the viral mRNA cap site, also contained signals responsive to transcriptional activation.
Adapting to crop pest and pathogen risks under a changing climate (2011)

Abstract The need for pest and pathogen management will increase as the intensification of food production proceeds to feed the burgeoning human population. Climate is a significant driver of pest population dynamics, so climate change will require adaptive management strategies to cope with the altered status of pests and pathogens. A hierarchy of analytical tools is required to conduct risk assessments, inform policy and design pest management on scales from regions to landscapes and fields. Such tools include models for predicting potential geographical distributions, seasonal phenology, and population dynamics at a range of spatial and temporal scales. The level of sophistication of such models and databases will be determined by the economic importance of specific species. Many obstacles remain in the way of designing reliable adaptation strategies, and several issues that ensure continuing uncertainty are discussed. Holistic approaches that include nonclimatic drivers of change are needed to address the combination of global change variables. Changed patterns of crop production will determine the pests and pathogens that require greater effort to control. Linked crop‐pest models offer the best opportunities for management of important pests and pathogens. Examples of risk assessments for pests and pathogens are illustrated mostly with cases from Australia, and guidelines for adaptation of pest and pathogen management are reviewed. The plethora of species and strains of pests and pathogens demands a parsimonious approach to risk assessment and adaptation, based on identified needs to inform management. Due to some intractable issues the best approach may often be scenario planning to design systems which will be resilient under any global change. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 220–237 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.102 This article is categorized under: Assessing Impacts of Climate Change &gt; Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change
Optical property enhancement of dye‐PDLC using active reflector structure (2011)

Abstract The enhancement of electro‐optical properties in reflective‐type dye polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) has been achieved by applying an additional white PDLC layer along with dye PDLC layer. This newly modified structure that consists of white PDLC layer and scattering reflector acts as an active reflector. In this practice, an additional arrangement of a polymer barrier layer is made‐up over white PDLC layer, to block the absorption of any solution from dye PDLC. The contrast ratio of this new configuration is almost doubled with low driving voltage and high ON reflectance. Simultaneously, the “off” state has been observed darker than single layer dye PDLC structure. This new configuration can be potentially significant for various display applications such as E‐paper, outdoor billboard, and flexible display. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Pulmonary Embolism after Ligation of the Inferior Vena Cava (1966)

THE rationale for venous ligation in pulmonary embolic disease is based on its assumed ability to prevent subsequent emboli from reaching the lungs. The level of the inferior vena cava is now generally accepted as the site of choice for ligation since anatomically its effectiveness appears assured. Recurrence of pulmonary embolism after this procedure is believed to be rare.1 2 3 This paper reports the findings in 9 patients with apparent pulmonary emboli that followed ligation suggesting that, contrary to current opinion, there is a significant recurrence rate. These patients, who were encountered over a period of two and a half years . . .
Charting the Metabolic Landscape of the Facultative Methylotroph Bacillus methanolicus (2020)

<i>Bacillus methanolicus</i> MGA3 is a thermotolerant and relatively fast-growing methylotroph able to secrete large quantities of glutamate and lysine. These natural characteristics make <i>B. methanolicus</i> a good candidate to become a new industrial chassis organism, especially in a methanol-based economy. Intriguingly, the only substrates known to support <i>B. methanolicus</i> growth as sole sources of carbon and energy are methanol, mannitol, and, to a lesser extent, glucose and arabitol. Because fluxomics provides the most direct readout of the cellular phenotype, we hypothesized that comparing methylotrophic and nonmethylotrophic metabolic states at the flux level would yield new insights into MGA3 metabolism. In this study, we designed and performed a <sup>13</sup>C metabolic flux analysis (<sup>13</sup>C-MFA) of the facultative methylotroph <i>B. methanolicus</i> MGA3 growing on methanol, mannitol, and arabitol to compare the associated metabolic states. On methanol, results showed a greater flux in the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway than in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, thus validating previous findings on the methylotrophy of <i>B. methanolicus</i> New insights related to the utilization of cyclic RuMP versus linear dissimilation pathways and between the RuMP variants were generated. Importantly, we demonstrated that the linear detoxification pathways and the malic enzyme shared with the pentose phosphate pathway have an important role in cofactor regeneration. Finally, we identified, for the first time, the metabolic pathway used to assimilate arabitol. Overall, those data provide a better understanding of this strain under various environmental conditions.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Methanol is inexpensive, is easy to transport, and can be produced both from renewable and from fossil resources without mobilizing arable lands. As such, it is regarded as a potential carbon source to transition toward a greener industrial chemistry. Metabolic engineering of bacteria and yeast able to efficiently consume methanol is expected to provide cell factories that will transform methanol into higher-value chemicals in the so-called methanol economy. Toward that goal, the study of natural methylotrophs such as <i>Bacillus methanolicus</i> is critical to understand the origin of their efficient methylotrophy. This knowledge will then be leveraged to transform such natural strains into new cell factories or to design methylotrophic capability in other strains already used by the industry.
System-Theoretic Requirements Definition for Human Interactions on Future Rotary-Wing Aircraft (2021)

Future rotary-wing aircraft designs are highly complex, optionally manned, and include advanced teaming concepts that create unknown human-automation interaction safety risks. System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) enables analysis of hazards on these complex systems. This paper demonstrates how to apply STPA in future helicopters' early concept development to prevent unacceptable losses. The system is modeled as a hierarchical control structure to capture interactions between components, including human and software controllers. Unsafe control actions are identified from these relationships and are used to systematically derive causal scenarios that arise from both hazardous interactions between system components and component failures. System requirements are then generated to mitigate these scenarios. A subset of the scenarios and requirements that address human factors related concerns are highlighted. Early identification of these problems helps designers (1) refine the concept of operations and control responsibilities and (2) effectively design safety into the system.
Corrosion Phenomena in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resins (2021)

Fiberglass-reinforced plastics (FRP) are comparatively corrosion-resistant materials. The aggressive media can diffuse into the polymer matrix and induce corrosion effects in the glass fiber. Damage to storage tanks with dilute sulfuric acid and to pipes and tanks with solutions of sodium hydrochloride, caustic soda, and humid hydrogen chloride has been reported. Spontaneous cracks also appeared on threaded bolts for high-voltage installations after 10 years exposure to free weathering. Decisive for the chemical resistance of glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting resins are the type of structure and the manufacturing. The substance quantity passing in the time unit through the sectional area of the test specimen to a given point is proportional to the concentration gradient. During recent years it was proved that also with glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting resins, stress cracking and stress cracking corrosion take place, though with different chemicals from those that affect thermoplastics.
Modeling the routing of an autonomous system with C-BGP (2005)

Today, the complexity of ISPs' networks make it difficult to investigate the implications of internal or external changes on the distribution of traffic across their network. In this article we explain the complexity of building models of large ISPs' networks. We describe the various aspects important to understanding the routing inside an AS. We present an open source routing solver, C-BGP, that eases the investigation of changes in the routing or topology of large networks. We illustrate how to build a model of an ISP on a real transit network and apply the model on two "what-if" scenarios. The first scenario studies the impact of chances in the Internet connectivity of a transit network. The second investigates the impact of failures in its internal topology.