gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Table Recognition in Heterogeneous Documents Using Machine Learning (2017)

Tables are an easy way to represent information in a structural form. Table recognition is important for the extraction of such information from document images. Usually, modern OCR systems provide textual information coming from tables without recognizing actual table structure. However, recognition of table structure is important to get the contextual meaning of the contents. Table structure recognition in heterogeneous documents is challenging due to a variety of table layouts. It becomes harder where no physical rulings are present in a table. This work proposes a novel learning based methodology for the recognition of table contents in heterogeneous document images. Textual contents of documents are classified as table or non-table elements using a pre-trained neural network model. The output of the neural network is further enhanced by applying a contextual post processing on each element to correct the classifications errors if any. The system is trained using a subset of UNLV and UW3 document images and depicted more than 97% accuracy on a test set in detection of table and non-table elements.
Chapter 18. MALDI Mass Spectometry Imaging for Eye Diseases (2021)

The eye is an elegant organ designed to collect, focus, and transduce light into electrical signals for higher visual processing in the brain to form our sense of sight. To enable this, the eye consists of extremely varied and highly specialized structures that are functionally integrated. Common ocular diseases typically affect single structures within the eye, however these diseases, and treatments for those diseases, can ultimately affect multiple tissues. To optimize ocular disease treatments, it is essential to first understand both the structure and function of different ocular tissues, as well as their level of functional integration. This chapter will first review the impact that matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has had on our understanding of normal ocular tissue structure and function, which has drawn upon the analysis of several different animal models and post-mortem human tissue. In addition, the limited number of human patient studies will be reviewed. Finally, due to its inherent strength as a pharmaceutical mapping tool, the impact that MALDI-MSI has had on our understanding of both on- and off-target effects of pharmaceuticals in the eye will be detailed.
Observation of twist nematic liquid-crystal lines (2003)

We have observed that a single groove made by an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip in a polyimide layer strongly aligns nematic liquid crystals locally and have used this phenomenon for studying twist nematic lines. We have measured the intensity profile of light transmitted across a single line and the azimuthal surface energy as a function of the spatial separation of grooves. From these measurements, we have determined the azimuthal surface anchoring energy of the AFM structured and of the untreated polyimide. We find that the twist coherence length, which determines the width of TN lines, is approximately proportional to the cell thickness, while the surface anchoring energy can change it for a factor of 2 at maximum.
Long-term suppression of recurrent genital herpes with acyclovir. A 5-year benchmark. Acyclovir Study Group (1993)

This study extends the safety and efficacy profile of oral acyclovir in the suppression of genital herpes to 5 years. The majority of the patients were recurrence free on an annual basis during suppressive therapy. Therapy was well tolerated. Acyclovir usage was not associated with serious side effects or cumulative toxicity.
Brain metabolic decreases related to the dose of the ApoE e4 allele in Alzheimer's disease (2004)

The present FDG-PET study showed different metabolic phenotypes related to the ApoE genotype in clinical AD patients, as revealed with voxel based statistical methods. The results suggest a generalised disorder in e4 carriers impairing metabolism globally, in addition to the more localised changes typical of AD patients.
[Distribution and characters of soil dry layer in north Shaanxi Loess Plateau]. (2004)

Based on a whole survey and detailed analysis in artificial Robinnia pseudoscacia forestland, distribution and characters of dry layer in soil were studied in north Shaanxi Loess Platea. The results showed that soil dry layer was distributed universally from south to north in Loess Plateau, which can be classified into four zones according to the dryness: 1) In southern gully zone represented by Ziwu Ridge and Huanglong Moutain in Yijun County, the soil dry layer was gentle, so if the appropriate measures were taken and water-saving facility were available or in water-abundant year, the shortage of soil water could be alleviated; 2) In northern gully zone represented by Fuxian and Huangling County, light soil dry layer occurs and was getting worse and we should pay close attention to this; 3) In the large hill and gully zone, serious dry layer appears, it could be subdivided into south, west and north plots. In south plot represented by Yanan and Yanchang County the dry layer was moderate; in west represented by Wuqi and Ansai County the dry layer was severe; in north represented by Suide and Mizhi County the dry layer was disastrous; 4) In the windy sand zone represented by Shenmu County, since the precipitation decreased drastically and seriously sandy, very grave soil desiccation appeared. Also, soil dryness showed apparent horizontal differences with rainfall and the apparent vertical gradient in small hill area.
The Preparation of Some Derivatives of Chlorofluoroacetic Acid (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of Some Derivatives of Chlorofluoroacetic AcidJohn A. Young and Paul. TarrantCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 7, 2432–2433Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01175a055https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01175a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views303Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A novel zero-current-detector for DCM operation in synchronous converter (2012)

Discontinuous-conduction mode (DCM) operation is usually employed in DC-DC converters for small inductor on printed circuit board (PCB) and high efficiency at light load. However, it is normally difficult for synchronous converter to realize the DCM operation, especially in high frequency applications, which requires a high speed and high precision comparator to detect the zero crossing point at cost of extra power losses. In this paper, a novel zero current detector (ZCD) circuit with an adaptive delay control loop for high frequency synchronous buck converter is presented. Compared to the conventional ZCD, proposed technique is proven to offer 8.5% efficiency enhancement when performed in a buck converter at the switching frequency of 4MHz and showed less sensitivity to the transistor mismatch of the sensor circuit.
Bacterial endophyte communities of three agricultural important grass species differ in their response towards management regimes (2017)

Abstract Endophytic bacteria are critical for plant growth and health. However, compositional and functional responses of bacterial endophyte communities towards agricultural practices are still poorly understood. Hence, we analyzed the influence of fertilizer application and mowing frequency on bacterial endophytes in three agriculturally important grass species. For this purpose, we examined bacterial endophytic communities in aerial plant parts of Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca rubra L., and Lolium perenne L. by pyrotag sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes over two consecutive years. Although management regimes influenced endophyte communities, observed responses were grass species-specific. This might be attributed to several bacteria specifically associated with a single grass species. We further predicted functional profiles from obtained 16S rRNA data. These profiles revealed that predicted abundances of genes involved in plant growth promotion or nitrogen metabolism differed between grass species and between management regimes. Moreover, structural and functional community patterns showed no correlation to each other indicating that plant species-specific selection of endophytes is driven by functional rather than phylogenetic traits. The unique combination of 16S rRNA data and functional profiles provided a holistic picture of compositional and functional responses of bacterial endophytes in agricultural relevant grass species towards management practices.
Contribution of Mucoviscosity-Associated Gene A (magA) to Virulence in ExperimentalKlebsiella pneumoniaeEndophthalmitis (2011)

These results indicate that in the eye, the K1 capsule of invasive K. pneumoniae significantly contributes to the ability of the bacteria to disrupt retinal function, to grow to high density, and to persist despite immune cell recruitment.
Project GIGA-High-Speed Experimental IP/WDM Network (2005)

This paper describes Project GIGA-high-speed Experimental Network, a multiinstitutional, multidisciplinary, national project funded by the Brazilian government. The main goal of Project GIGA is to promote research, development and experimentation of technology at all layers, aiming at generating knowledge, products and services that will make it possible for Brazilian individuals and companies to play a role in the converged telecom sector. The project centres on the high-speed Network Testbed, a platform for experimentation and validation of technology, equipment, protocols, services and applications, whether they be developed in the project or not. The paper explains the objectives, the expected impact and the organisation of the project. It also describes the architecture of the network testbed, the ongoing research and development activities and some of the results obtained.
Preparation, Structure, and Ethylene Polymerization Behavior of Bis(imino)pyridyl Chromium(III) Complexes (2003)

The synthesis, characterization, and ethylene polymerization behavior of a family of chromium(III) complexes of formula [2,6-bis(imino)pyridyl]CrCl3 is reported. The X-ray diffraction studies of two of the new compounds show that the geometry around the chromium atom is octahedral, with the three chlorine ligands in a mer disposition. The distance between the metal and one of the trans-disposed chlorine atoms is significantly longer than the other two Cr−Cl distances. Treatment of the complexes [2,6-bis(imino)pyridyl]CrCl3 with methylaluminoxane (MAO) leads to very active ethylene polymerization catalysts that afford highly linear polyethylene. The substituents at the ortho position of the N-aryl groups of the 2,6-bis(imino)pyridyl ligands modulate both the catalytic activity and the molecular weights of the resulting polyethylene. The most active catalysts are those with two substituents at the ortho position of the N-aryl groups (activities up to 4 × 107 g (mol of Cr)-1 bar-1 h-1 are achieved). Regarding the size of the substituents, the activity and the molecular weights follow an opposite trend. Systems with two small substituents lead to very active systems, but the molecular weight of the polyethylene is lower than when bulkier substituents are present.
Digital in‐line holography on amplitude and phase objects prepared with electron beam lithography (2012)

We report on the fabrication and characterization of amplitude and phase samples consisting of well defined Au or Al features formed on ultrathin silicon nitride membranes. The samples were manufactured using electron beam lithography, metallization and a lift-off technique, which allow precise lateral control and thickness of the metal features. The fabricated specimens were evaluated by conventional microscopy, atomic force microscopy and with the digital in-line holography set-up at the Lund Laser Centre. The latter uses high-order harmonic generation as a light source, and is capable of recovering both the shape and phase shifting properties of the samples. We report on the details of the sample production and on the imaging tests with the holography set-up.
REMARKS ON POTENTIAL VERSUS BARRIER FUNCTION METHODS FOR LINEAR PROGRAMMING (1991)

We will point out some relations between potential and barrier function methods for linear programming. Then, based on the relations, we will show that the classical logarithmic barrier function method for linear programming can be adjusted so that it generates the optimal solution in O(√<n>L) iterations, where n is the number of variables and L is the data length. The method can be seen as a barrier function version of Ye's "An O(n^3L) potential reduction algorithm for linear programming".
Hormonal Therapy of Cryptorchidism (1986)

We conducted a randomized, double-blind study comparing intranasal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1.2 mg per day for 28 days) with parenteral human chorionic gonadotropin (3300 IU per week for four weeks) in the treatment of cryptorchidism in 33 boys one to five years old (29 with unilateral and 4 with bilateral cryptorchidism). Testicular descent into the scrotum occurred in 3 of the 16 patients (19 percent) treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and in 1 of the 17 (6 percent) treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (P = 0.23). The mean luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels were similar in both groups before treatment. During treatment, the testosterone levels were significantly increased in both groups, but higher levels occurred in the group treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (P less than 0.05). In a parallel (but uncontrolled) study of five boys with retractile testes (defined as a nonscrotal testis that could be manipulated into the bottom of the scrotum) who were originally excluded from the main protocol but were treated with the same regimen of human chorionic gonadotropin, descent into the scrotum occurred in all patients. We conclude that hormonal therapy with either gonadotropin-releasing hormone or human chorionic gonadotropin is, in most cases, ineffective in promoting testicular descent of true cryptorchid testes. However, short-term treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin is very effective in producing descent of retractile testes. These results suggest that the wide discrepancies in apparent efficacy in previous trials of hormonal therapy of cryptorchidism may have been due to inclusion in those studies of various proportions of patients with retractile testes.
Intramolecular, Stoichiometric (Li, Mg, Zn) and Catalytic (Ni, Pd, Pt) Metallo‐Ene Reactions in Organic Synthesis [New Synthetic Methods (75)] (1989)

Abstract Metallo‐ene reactions, hardly recognized until very recently, have experienced a breathtaking development when applied in an intramolecular sense. Efficient regio‐ and stereoselective magnesium‐ene cyclizations have served as a cornerstone for numerous syntheses of structurally diverse natural products (e.g., sesquiterpenes of marine or plant origin, alkaloids, fragrances, insect defense compounds, and a fungitoxin). A brilliant example is the synthesis of the elusive odorant (+)‐khusimone which outshines 20 years of work in the field of tricyclovetivane synthesis. Palladium‐, platinum‐, and nickel‐catalyzed versions of the metallo‐ene reaction are in a comparatively early stage of exploration, but, nevertheless, reveal intriguing potential. Hence an almost 100% stereospecific CO→C;Pd‐→ CC chirality transfer permits simple and selective, cis ‐ or trans ‐annelation processes. The mild cyclization conditions are compatible with various functional groups, such as nitrogen moieties, which offer interesting perspectives for the preparation of heterocycles (e.g., alkaloids) difficult to obtain by other methods. Carbon monoxide insertion reactions of the cyclized σ‐metal intermediates were shown to afford annelated cyclopentanones and cyclopentenones with concomitant stereocontrolled formation of four carbon–carbon bonds. These and other observations, highlighted in this article, provide a platform for further extensions and applications of this powerful method in organic synthesis.
Nitrogen-rejection process developed for small fields (1995)

A nitrogen-rejection process for reservoirs producing 1--50 MMscfd with 10--60% inlet nitrogen content has a successful fullscale commercial installation at the Mist field in Columbia County, Oregon. In the Nitech process, developed and installed by BCCK Engineering Inc., Midland, Texas, the product or sales-gas stream can be delivered at a purity of as low as 2% total inert content if required by local pipeline specifications. It employs a single column and cryogenic separation of methane and nitrogen as the basis of operation. The design keeps equipment requirements to a minimum. The major equipment consists of a molecular-sieve gas dehydrator and associated regeneration gas heater, an aluminum plate-fin heat exchanger, and a single patented process column. Mist has proven that the process will provide successful operation over a wide operating range reflecting various operating conditions. BCCK's NRU cost, uninstalled, for a 10-MMscfd gas stream is approximately $0.18/1 Mscf inlet. When costs are also included for installation and compression, the total cost for the installed facility is between $0.30--0.45/1 Mscf inlet of processed gas.
Where Metabolism Meets Senescence: Focus on Endothelial Cells (2019)

Despite the decline in their proliferative potential, senescent cells display a high metabolic activity. Senescent cells have been shown to acquire a more glycolytic state even in presence of high oxygen levels, in a way similar to cancer cells. The diversion of pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis, away from oxidative phosphorylation results in an altered bioenergetic state and may occur as a response to the enhanced oxidative stress caused by the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria. This metabolic shift leads to increased AMP/ATP and ADP/ATP ratios, to the subsequent AMPK activation, and ultimately to p53-mediated growth arrest. Mounting evidences suggest that metabolic reprogramming is critical to direct considerable amounts of energy toward specific activities related to the senescent state, including the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and the modulation of immune responses within senescent cell tissue microenvironment. Interestingly, despite the relative abundance of oxygen in the vascular compartment, healthy endothelial cells (ECs) produce most of their ATP content from the anaerobic conversion of glucose to lactate. Their high glycolytic rate further increases during senescence. Alterations in EC metabolism have been identified in age-related diseases (ARDs) associated with a dysfunctional vasculature, including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In particular, higher production of reactive oxygen species deriving from a variety of enzymatic sources, including uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase and the electron transport chain, causes DNA damage and activates the NAD<sup>+</sup>-consuming enzymes polyADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1). These non-physiological mechanisms drive the impairment of the glycolytic flux and the diversion of glycolytic intermediates into many pathological pathways. Of note, accumulation of senescent ECs has been reported in the context of ARDs. Through their pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory, vasoconstrictor, and prothrombotic activities, they negatively impact on vascular physiology, promoting both the onset and development of ARDs. Here, we review the current knowledge on the cellular senescence-related metabolic changes and their contribution to the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ARDs, with a particular focus on ECs. Moreover, current and potential interventions aimed at modulating EC metabolism, in order to prevent or delay ARD onset, will be discussed.
Major depression and the stress system: A life span perspective (2001)

From a transactional developmental perspective, the authors review findings from studies of animals and humans regarding a proposed relation between stress system abnormalities and major depression. The stress system has evolved to promote successful adaptation across the life span, but disruptions in its functioning may increase the risk of pathological outcomes. Emphasis is placed on the role of prenatal and early postnatal experience in contributing to individual differences in postnatal stress reactivity, which may interact with cognitive and psychosocial vulnerabilities to increase susceptibility to later onset of depression. Findings regarding cognitive, psychosocial, and medical sequelae of depression are also reviewed, with a focus on the possible mediating role of the stress system. The authors highlight the importance of multidisciplinary, longitudinal studies in attempting to gain a deeper understanding of the complex developmental processes involved in the onset and course of depression.
Simultaneous 3D tracking and reconstruction on a mobile phone (2013)

A novel framework for joint monocular 3D tracking and reconstruction is described that can handle untextured objects, occlusions, motion blur, changing background and imperfect lighting, and that can run at frame rate on a mobile phone. The method runs in parallel (i) level set based pose estimation and (ii) continuous max flow based shape optimisation. By avoiding a global computation of distance transforms typically used in level set methods, tracking rates here exceed 100Hz and 20Hz on a desktop and mobile phone, respectively, without needing a GPU. Tracking ambiguities are reduced by augmenting orientation information from the phone's inertial sensor. Reconstruction involves probabilistic integration of the 2D image statistics from keyframes into a 3D volume. Per-voxel posteriors are used instead of the standard likelihoods, giving increased accuracy and robustness. Shape coherency and compactness is then imposed using a total variational approach solved using globally optimal continuous max flow.