gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The costs and benefits of pair programming (2001)

Pair or collaborative programming is where two programmers develop software side by side at one computer. Using interviews and controlled experiments, the authors investigated the costs and benefits of pair programming. They found that for a development-time cost of about 15%, pair programming improves design quality, reduces defects, reduces staffing risk, enhances technical skills, improves team communications and is considered more enjoyable at statistically significant levels.
Adaptive method for SNR estimation in speech signal (1996)

Some laringeal pathologies are characterised by the irregularities existing in the acoustic signal. This type of irregularity tends to be described by the signal/noise ratio (SNR). The authors present a new method to detect the SNR in voice signals based on the optimal filter. The results indicate that this method can be used to establish a differential diagnosis in acoustic systems of voice evaluation.
Evaluation of a cut-off value for sperm motility after different hours of incubation to select the suitable reproductive technology (IVF or ICSI). (1999)

The predictive power of sperm motility after 48 h for fertilization outcome provides support in the decision-making process within the assisted reproduction setting. If less than 20% of sperm are motile after 48 h micromanipulatory techniques should be considered.
Enzymatic techniques for PEGylation of biopharmaceuticals (2009)

Modification of therapeutic proteins and peptides by polyethylene glycol conjugation is a well known method to improve the pharmacological properties of such drugs. Here we describe an alternative way of PEGylation from classic chemical methods, taking advantage of enzymes able to specifically modify some amino acid side chains, in particular glycosyltransferases and transglutaminases. A few examples are here described, in particular granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, which has been successfully PEGylated by enzymatic methods leading to a new long-lasting compound presently under evaluation in clinical studies.
The role of wood decay fungi in the carbon and nitrogen dynamics of the forest floor (2006)

The mycelium of woodland fungi can act both as a reservoir and as a distribution system for nutrients, owing to its physiological and developmental adaptations to life at the interface between organic and mineral soil horizons. The mobility of accumulated nitrogen and phosphorus within the mycelial networks of cord-forming wood decay fungi and ectomycorrhiza enables fungi to play key roles as wood decomposers and root symbionts. The dynamics of nitrogen movement have been less investigated than phosphorus owing to lack of a suitable tracer. We have developed a new technique for tracing nitrogen translocation in real time, using 14C as a marker for nitrogen by incorporating it into a non-decomposed amino acid that tracks the mycelial free amino acid pool. Its movement can be imaged by counting photon emissions from a scintillant screen in contact with the mycelial system. This method allows real-time imaging at high temporal and spatial resolution, for periods of weeks and areas up to 1 m2, in microcosms that mimic the mineral/organic soil interface of the forest floor. The results reveal a hitherto unsuspected dynamism and responsiveness in amino acid flows through mycelial networks of cord-forming, wood-decomposing basidiomycetes. We interpret these in the light of current understanding of the pivotal role of fungi in boreal and temperate forest floor nutrient cycling, and attempt to formulate key questions to investigate the effects of mycelial nitrogen translocation on forest floor decomposition and nitrogen absorption.
Les cycles mitotiques dans le point végétatif de l' Hookeria lucens (Hedw.) Sm. (Mousse pleurocarpe, Hookeriale) (1976)

The duration at 14−19°C of the mitotic cycle of the cells in the shoot apex of the moss Hookeria lucens was studied using continuous labelling with tritiated thymidine. Cells in young leaves, and in axial and lateral derivatives of the cells cut off from the apical cell, have cycles respectively of 48, 59 and 90 h. The cycle of the apical initial itself is estimated to be not less than 105 h. The duration of mitosis was 2·6−2·9 h and was not significantly different from one apical region to another. It was shown that the mitotic index could be regarded as representative of the rate of cell division in Hookeria. These results were compared with those obtained with Polytrichum formosum.
CMOS compatible through wafer interconnects for medical imaging detectors (2007)

Modern medical imaging systems like computed tomography (CT) require advanced technologies for the imaging sensor and processing electronics as well as for the packaging technologies to build an integrated sensor-system. As the size of the overall detector increased within the last years, new solutions for the realization of these large area detectors are required especially for advanced systems with integrated detector electronics. As the pixel size is about 1.1 times 1.4 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> the overall size of the detector, with about 60,000 pixels, is in the range of 76,000 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Several advanced concepts - realized in standard CMOS technology - for active pixel arrays with charge-integration, high dynamic range current amplifier and in-pixel sigma-delta-modulator have been investigated. For the usage in large area detectors new packaging concepts have to be developed as a four-side-buttable (tile) structure can only be realized with a backside connection of the chip. In our development the through wafer interconnects (TWI) do not necessarily show up in the front side as metal signal layers could be used for signal routing on top of the TWI. From CT application the geometric and the electric specifications for the TWI have been derived. The optical sensitive front-side of the chip that is attached to a scintillator crystal is not influenced by the processing of the TWI. The basic idea for the CMOS-compatible TWI technology is the design of interconnecting conductive trench geometries in the wafer prior to the CMOS processing.
Applications of the magneto-optical Kerr effect to studies of stratified magnetic media. (1988)

Three applications of Smith's model of magneto-optical effects in stratified magnetic media are presented. Each application involves the incident-angle dependence of magneto-optical effects which Smith's model treats explicitly. In addition. the three applications address current issues in magnetic and magneto-optical recording. The first problem considered is that of nonmagnetic surface layers which form on magnetic recording heads. The second is a theoretical treatment of effects which arise in magneto-optical recording when high numerical-aperture optical systems are combined with media exhibiting interference-enhanced optical properties. The final application is a novel technique for determining the entire dielectric tensor of materials used for magneto-optical recording. The incident-angle dependence of the longitudinal Kerr effect is employed to study nonmagnetic surface layers which form on ferrite recording heads. Calculations based on the Smith model show a correlation between the inert-layer thickness and the incident-angle dependence of the longitudinal Kerr effect. Experimental results confirm the shift in the angular position of the signal peak. in agreement with the theory for finite inert-layer thickness. An unambiguous determination of the inert-layer thickness for ferrite materials is prevented because of a periodic dependence of the peak angle on the inert-layer thickness. Jones-matrix algebra is used with the Smith model to quantitatively determine the effects of obliquely-incident rays on the reflectance and magneto-optical readout signals for various magneto-optical media structures. The most antireflective structure is found to be very sensitive to incident-angle effects. Structures with moderate reflectance (>10%). however. are not significantly affected by incident-angle effects. Finally. a technique for the determination of the optical and magneto-optical constants from multiple incident-angle measurements of reflectance and Kerr rotation is presented. The experimental system employs a Helium-Neon laser and a rotating differential detection system. The technique is used to investigate the optical properties of a series of Cu/Co multilayers and a comparison with a model based on the bulk optical. constants of Cu and Co is made. Anomalous behavior is observed for multilayers with very thin periods.
Soot Aggregate Restructuring Due to Coatings of Secondary Organic Aerosol Derived from Aromatic Precursors (2014)

Restructuring of monodisperse soot aggregates due to coatings of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) derived from hydroxyl radical-initiated oxidation of toluene, p-xylene, ethylbenzene, and benzene was investigated in a series of photo-oxidation (smog) chamber experiments. Soot aggregates were generated by combustion of ethylene using a McKenna burner, treated by denuding, size-selected by a differential mobility analyzer, and injected into a smog chamber, where they were exposed to low vapor pressure products of aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation, which formed SOA coatings. Aggregate restructuring began once a threshold coating mass was reached, and the degree of the subsequent restructuring increased with mass growth factor. Although significantly compacted, fully processed aggregates were not spherical, with a mass-mobility exponent of 2.78, so additional SOA was required to fill indentations between collapsed branches of the restructured aggregates before the dynamic shape factor of coated particles approached 1. Trends in diameter growth factor, effective density, and dynamic shape factor with increasing mass growth factor indicate distinct stages in soot aggregate processing by SOA coatings. The final degree and coating mass dependence of soot restructuring were found to be the same for SOA coatings from all four aromatic precursors, indicating that the surface tensions of the SOA coatings are similar.
Energetics of C−Cl, C−Br, and C−I Bonds in Haloacetic Acids: Enthalpies of Formation of XCH2COOH (X=Cl, Br, I) Compounds and the Carboxymethyl Radical (2001)

The standard molar enthalpies of formation of chloro-, bromo-, and iodoacetic acids in the crystalline state, at 298.15 K, were determined as ΔfH(C2H3O2Cl, cr α)=−(509.74±0.49) kJ mol−1, ΔfH(C2H3O2Br, cr I)=−(466.98±1.08) kJ mol−1, and ΔfH (C2H3O2I, cr)=−(415.44±1.53) kJ mol−1, respectively, by rotating-bomb combustion calorimetry. Vapor pressure versus temperature measurements by the Knudsen effusion method led to ΔsubH(C2H3O2Cl)=(82.19±0.92) kJ mol−1, ΔsubH(C2H3O2Br)=(83.50±2.95) kJ mol−1, and ΔsubH(C2H3O2I)=(86.47±1.02) kJ mol−1, at 298.15 K. From the obtained ΔfH(cr) and ΔsubH values it was possible to derive ΔfH(C2H3O2Cl, g)=−(427.55±1.04) kJ mol−1, ΔfH(C2H3O2Br, g)=−(383.48±3.14) kJ mol−1, and ΔfH(C2H3O2I, g)=−(328.97±1.84) kJ mol−1. These data, taken with a published value of the enthalpy of formation of acetic acid, and the enthalpy of formation of the carboxymethyl radical, ΔfH(CH2COOH, g)=−(238±2) kJ mol−1, obtained from density functional theory calculations, led to DH(H−CH2COOH)=(412.8±3.2) kJ mol−1, DH(Cl−CH2COOH)=(310.9±2.2) kJ mol−1, DH(Br−CH2COOH)=(257.4±3.7) kJ mol−1, and DH(I−CH2COOH)=(197.8±2.7) kJ mol−1. A discussion of the C−X bonding energetics in XCH2COOH, CH3X, C2H5X, C2H3X, and C6H5X (X=H, Cl, Br, I) compounds is presented.
Efficacy of Human-Simulated Exposures of Tomopenem (Formerly CS-023) in a Murine Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection (2011)

Tomopenem (formerly CS-023) is a novel carbapenem with improved activity against diverse hospital pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and has a half-life about twice longer than the half-lives of other carbapenems such as imipenem and meropenem. Our objective in this study was to estimate the efficacy of tomopenem in humans by human-simulated exposures in a neutropenic murine thigh infection model against 9 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa with MICs of 4 to 32 μg/ml and 9 clinical isolates of MRSA with MICs of 4 to 16 μg/ml. Human-simulated dosing regimens in neutropenic mice were designed to approximate the cumulative percentage of a 24-h period that the free drug concentration exceeds the MIC under steady-state pharmacokinetic conditions (f%T(MIC)) observed with tomopenem at 750 and 1,500 mg given as a 0.5-h infusion three times a day (TID) in humans. As reported previously, there was no difference between the target values of P. aeruginosa and MRSA required for efficacy (K. Sugihara et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54:5298-5302, 2010). Tomopenem at 750 mg showed bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects against 10 of 11 strains of P. aeruginosa and MRSA with MICs of ≤ 8 μg/ml (f%T(MIC) ≥ 41), and tomopenem at 1,500 mg showed bactericidal effects against 16 of 17 strains of P. aeruginosa and MRSA with MICs of ≤ 16 μg/ml (f%T(MIC) ≥ 43). Meropenem at 1,000 mg TID was tested for comparison purposes and showed bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects against 3 of 4 strains of P. aeruginosa with MICs of ≤ 4 μg/ml (f%T(MIC) ≥ 33). From these results, tomopenem is expected to be effective with an f%T(MIC) of over 40 against P. aeruginosa and MRSA strains with MICs of ≤ 8 μg/ml at doses of 750 mg TID and strains with MICs of ≤ 16 μg/ml at doses of 1,500 mg TID.
7-substituierte Purine und ihre Aufspaltung zu 4,5-Diaminopyrimidinen (Säureamid-Reaktionen ; 34) (1964)

Aus Alkyl(Aryl)amino-acetonitrilen und Formamidinacetal erhält man in einer Stufe 7-substituierte Purine (30-60% d. Th.), die sich mit Alkali in hoher Ausbeute (83-95% d. Th.) zu 4-Amino-5alkyl(aryl)amino-pytrimidinen aufspalten lassen.
Timing-driven test point insertion for full-scan and partial-scan BIST (2002)

We propose timing-driven test point insertion methods for a full-scan based BIST scheme and for a partial-scan based BIST scheme, where the global flip-flop cycles have been broken by the scan flip-flops. The objective is to minimize the performance as well as the area impact due to the insertion of test points while achieving a high fault coverage under the pseudo-random BIST scheme. The gradient-based method is used and extended to estimate the random-pattern testability improvement factors for the test point candidates of either full-scan based or partial-scan based BIST. We also propose a symbolic computation technique to compute testability for circuits under the partial-scan based BIST scheme. Experimental results show that the performance degradation of test point insertion could be unacceptably high if the cost function used for test point selection does not include the performance penalty. Using our timing-driven algorithm, zero performance degradation and a high fault coverage can always be achieved using a small number of test points.
Temperature rise in tissue ablation using multi-frequency ultrasound (2013)

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is becoming an increasingly important noninvasive surgical tool, despite the challenges in temperature rise control and unwanted heating problems. In this study, experiments and simulations on tissue ablation effectiveness were performed using multi-frequency HIFU with frequency differences of more than 500 kHz (center frequencies are 950 kHz, 1.5 MHz, and 3.3 MHz). In the experiments, the temperature was recorded as chicken breast tissue was heated by single-frequency, dual-frequency, and tri-frequency HIFU configurations at controlled acoustic power and exposure time. 5% to 10% temperature rise differences were observed between single- and multi-frequency modes, indicating that multi-frequency HIFU is more effective at producing faster temperature rises. Cavitation detection tests were conducted to compare the cavitation pressure fields between single- and multi-frequency ultrasound. Moreover, simulations on single-frequency and multi-frequency acoustic fields as well as bio-heating-induced temperature fields were performed. With the comparison between experimental and simulation results, we believe that the more effective tissue ablation using multi-frequency ultrasound is likely attributed to the enhanced cavitation, a promising result for HIFU applications.
Stand-Alone Tsunami Alarm Equipment (2016)

Abstract. One of the quickest means of tsunami evacuation is transfer to higher ground soon after strong and long ground-shaking. Strong ground motion means that the source area of the event is close to the current location, and long ground-shaking or large displacement means that the magnitude is large. We investigated the possibility to apply this to tsunami hazard alarm using single-site ground motion observation. Information from the mass media may not be available sometimes due to power failure. Thus, a device that indicates risk of a tsunami without referring to data elsewhere would be helpful to those should evacuate. Since the sensitivity of a low-cost MEMS accelerometer is sufficient for this purpose, tsunami alarms equipment for home use may be easily realized. Several observation values (e.g., strong-motion duration, peak ground displacement) were investigated as candidates. It was found that a suitable value for a single-site tsunami alarm is long-period peak displacement or the product of strong-motion duration and peak displacement. It was possible to detect an earthquake with a magnitude greater than 7.8 with a 0.8 threat score. Application of this method to recent major earthquakes indicated that such equipment could effectively alert people to the possibility of tsunami.
Simulation of endovascular interventions of cerebral aneurysms: techniques and evaluation (2005)

Computer simulations of blood flow past endovascular devices such as coils and stents is important to design better devices as well as for personalizing and optimizing endovascular procedures used to treat cerebral aneurysms. However, the main difficulty lies in the generation of suitable computational grids inside the blood vessels and around the surface of these devices. In this paper, a hybrid method that combines body fitted grids for the vessel walls and adaptive embedded grids for the devices is presented. This approach tremendously simplifies the simulation of blood flows past endovascular devices. The methodology is evaluated with a simple flow past a circular cylinder and illustrated with several idealized aneurysm stenting models and a subject-specific model of aneurysm coiling. These examples demonstrate that the methodology can be used in a wide variety of interesting applications with different levels of geometrical complexity with only a modest increase in effort. This paves the way for using these techniques to evaluate different terapeutic options during the planning phase of endovascular interventions.
Optical spatial solitons in nonlocal nonlinear medium (2002)

We study one-dimensional bright and dark solitons in nonlocal Kerr media. We find analytical solutions in case of weak nonlocality and show that these solitons are stable in propagation, but their collisions are in general inelastic.
Two isoleucyl tRNAs that decode ‘synonymous’ codons divergently regulate breast cancer progression (2021)

The human genome contains 61 codons that encode for the 20 amino acids. The synonymous codons of a given amino acid are decoded by a set of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) called isoacceptors. We report the surprising observation that two isoacceptor tRNAs that decode synonymous codons are modulated in opposing directions during breast cancer progression. Specifically, tRNA Ile UAU is upregulated, whereas tRNA Ile GAU is repressed as breast cancer cells attained enhanced metastatic capacity. Functional studies revealed that tRNA Ile UAU promoted and tRNA Ile GAU suppressed metastatic colonization. The expression of these tRNAs mediated opposing effects on codon-dependent translation of growth promoting genes. Consistent with this, multiple mitotic gene sets in the human genome are significantly enriched in the codon cognate to the growth-promoting tRNA Ile UAU and significantly depleted of the codon cognate to the growth-suppressive tRNA Ile GAU . Our findings uncover a specific isoacceptor tRNA pair that act in opposition—divergently regulating genes that contribute to growth and a disease phenotype. The degeneracy of the genetic code can thus be biologically exploited by human cancer cells via tRNA isoacceptor shifts that facilitate the transition towards a growth-promoting state.
Comparison of Two PCR Assays for Trichomonas vaginalis (2019)

PCR is known to be the most sensitive method for diagnosing Trichomonas vaginalis infections. This study aimed to compare the sensitivity of a PCR assay for trichomoniasis (HY-PCR) developed in Hanyang University with the use of a Seeplex Ace Detection Kit®, using urine collected from four Korean men with prostatic disease. Overall, HY-PCR was more sensitive than the Seeplex Kit. The use of Chelex 100 is recommended for DNA isolation in order to increase the sensitivity of the PCR test.
Nanostructured Optical Waveguides for Thin‐Film Characterization (2011)

In this review, we summarize some of our efforts in parallel with other research groups' studies in designing, assembling, and structurally and functionally characterizing nanostructured materials using optical waveguide spectroscopy (OWS). We focus on the study of porous nanostructures: (i) cylindrical thin films (ii) mesoporous thin films, and (iii) nanorod arrays as optical waveguides for high sensitivity biosensing. We discuss the waveguiding properties of these thin films in the visible wavelengths and theoretical description of nanostructured hybrid optical waveguides by effective medium theory (EMT). We demonstrate how high sensitivity can be achieved by modifying pore walls with small functional groups (i.e. silanes) as well as polypeptide brushes. When using also mesoporous semiconducting materials (TiO2) hybrid architectures, simultaneous measurement of OWS and electrochemistry can be possible with very interesting photophysical properties that can be useful also for solar-cell applications. Other strategies for using the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) layers as a template mold include the growth of metal or polymeric nanorod arrays from different functional monomers that after the dissolution of the template are still able to guide light. This opens up novel concepts for integrated optics platforms with nanostructured materials.