gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Non-planarity of 2-t-Butyl-3,7,7-trimethyltropilidene (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Non-planarity of 2-t-Butyl-3,7,7-trimethyltropilideneKenneth. Conrow, Merlin E. H. Howden, and Donald. DavisCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 13, 1929–1933Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00896a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00896a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views43Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Naphthalimide-Fused Subphthalocyanines: Electron-Deficient Materials Prepared by Cascade Annulation (2023)

Imide-fused porphyrinoids are becoming key components in the area of molecular materials. Herein we report the synthesis of naphthalimide (NMI)-annulated subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) designed as an NIR-absorbing n-type organic semiconductor. Two different synthetic pathways could be applied for the preparation of NMI-fused SubPcs. The first consists of a [3 + 2] annulation between SubPc boronic ester and dibromo-NMI. This annulation, which involves the first CH activation reaction of a SubPc derivative reported so far, is totally regioselective to the β-position. Density functional theory (DFT) indicated that such position is favored both kinetically and thermodynamically. On the other hand, the second method relies on a cyclotrimerization of NMI-fused phthalonitrile. Electrochemical measurements and DFT calculations revealed that these NMI-fused SubPcs have low-lying LUMO energy levels suitable for electron charge transport. The N-alkyl substituted derivative (NMI-SubPc 2) was successfully applied as an nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) in combination with donor polymer PM6 in bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs) with a highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.0%. This value is comparable to the record PCE of SubPc derivatives in BHJ-OSCs. Our results open a new vista in the preparation of π-extended contracted porphyrinoids and substantiate the potential of this new class of strong-absorbing electron-acceptor materials for applications in optoelectronic devices.
Advances in the understanding and future therapy of COPD (2002)

Summary Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an enormous public health problem, which currently causes about 5% of all deaths worldwide. The main feature of COPD is a progressive loss of lung function as a result of structural changes in the airways and lung parenchyma. It is predominantly a disease of smokers, although only about 15% of smokers are thought to develop severe enough disease to be symptomatic. The reasons why some smokers are more susceptible to the disease than others are not clear, and are the subject of extensive research. Characteristically, inflammation is central to the pathophysiology of COPD, and it is clear that the inflammation of COPD differs from that seen in asthma. The most important treatment for COPD is smoking cessation, as other current treatments do not alter the course of the disease. Recent research into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has provided potential new avenues for the development of rationally designed drugs, which may improve the outlook for patients with this debilitating condition. It is likely that different therapeutic approaches will be needed in different patients, because of the heterogeneity of the disease.
Counterfactual Fairness Filter for Fair-Delay Multi-Robot Navigation (2023)

Multi-robot navigation is the task of finding trajectories for a team of robotic agents to reach their destinations as quickly as possible without collisions. In this work, we introduce a new problem: fair-delay multi-robot navigation, which aims not only to enable such efficient, safe travels but also to equalize the travel delays among agents in terms of actual trajectories as compared to the best possible trajectories. The learning of a navigation policy to achieve this objective requires resolving a nontrivial credit assignment problem with robotic agents having continuous action spaces. Hence, we developed a new algorithm called Navigation with Counterfactual Fairness Filter (NCF2). With NCF2, each agent performs counterfactual inference on whether it can advance toward its goal or should stay still to let other agents go. Doing so allows us to effectively address the aforementioned credit assignment problem and improve fairness regarding travel delays while maintaining high efficiency and safety. Our extensive experimental results in several challenging multi-robot navigation environments demonstrate the greater effectiveness of NCF2 as compared to state-of-the-art fairness-aware multi-agent reinforcement learning methods. Our demo videos and code are available on the project webpage: https://omron-sinicx.github.io/ncf2/
The Mitochondrial Porin, VDAC, Has Retained the Ability to Be Assembled in the Bacterial Outer Membrane (2009)

Beta-barrel proteins are present in the outer membranes (OMs) of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Their assembly requires a machinery of which the central component, called Omp85 (BamA) in bacteria and Tob55 (Sam50) in mitochondria, is evolutionarily conserved. An open question is whether the signals in beta-barrel OM proteins required for assembly via this multicomponent machinery are also conserved. To address this question, we have expressed in Escherichia coli the mitochondrial porin voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) from Neurospora crassa fused to a bacterial signal sequence for transport across the bacterial inner membrane. The protein was assembled in the bacterial OM where it formed pores. Assembly of VDAC was dependent on its beta-signal, which is required for assembly in the mitochondrial OM, and on the bacterial Omp85 assembly machinery. These results demonstrate that the basic mechanism of beta-barrel assembly in the OMs of bacteria and mitochondria is conserved.
Unipolar Logic Gates Based on Spatial Wave-Function Switched FETs (2014)

The spatial wave-function switched field-effect transistor (SWSFET) has two or three low bandgap quantum well channels that can conduct carrier flow from source to drain of the SWSFET. Because of this property, SWSFETs are useful to implement different multivalued logic with reduced device count. In this paper, we introduce the circuit model of a SWSFET and the design of a unipolar inverter where only one kind of charge carrier contributes to the current flow. We also simulate two input unipolar logic gates such as NAND and NOR and demonstrate their universal property to implement other unipolar logic gates. We also simulate NOR gate and full adder circuits based on unipolar logic gates.
Ammonia dynamics during and after prolonged emersion in the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller) (Bivalvia: Corbiculacea) (1991)

Hemolymph ammonia content during emersion and ammonia fluxes on reimmersion were examined in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea (Müller). Hemolymph ammonia levels remained at pre-emersion levels over a 5-day emersion period at 25 °C, but thereafter levels increased prior to death. On resubmergence after 3 days emersion, the initial rates of ammonia excretion were low and took 15 h to reach maximum levels. Duration of emergence did not affect postemergence ammonia excretion rates in individuals emersed for less than 3–4 days. These results indicate a lack of ammonia accumulation in aerially exposed specimens. Rather, C. fluminea appeared to suppress protein catabolism during emergence and avoided ammonia accumulation. Death on emergence occurred coincidentally with an increase in ammonia accumulation. After reimmersion, the delay in development of ammonia efflux maxima may represent metabolic "switching" from catabolism dominated by nonprotein energy stores to one partially supported by protein. Suppression of protein catabolism in air is an adaptation to the prolonged and unpredictable emergence not previously reported for any freshwater species.
BISHARE: Exploring Bidirectional Interactions Between Smartphones and Head-Mounted Augmented Reality (2020)

In pursuit of a future where HMD devices can be used in tandem with smartphones and other smart devices, we present BISHARE, a design space of cross-device interactions between smartphones and ARHMDs. Our design space is unique in that it is bidirectional in nature, as it examines how both the HMD can be used to enhance smartphone tasks, and how the smartphone can be used to enhance HMD tasks. We then present an interactive prototype that enables cross-device interactions across the proposed design space. A 12-participant user study demonstrates the promise of the design space and provides insights, observations, and guidance for the future.
Ultraviolet-stimulated thymidine incorporation in xeroderma pigmentosum lymphocytes. (1971)

Abstract Autoradiographic and liquid scintillation counting techniques were utilized to measure the ultraviolet (UV)-stimulated incorporation of radioactive thymidine during repair replication of the UV-damaged deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of irradiated peripheral blood lymphocytes from 4 patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XDP) and from normal donors. Lymphocytes from 3 of the 4 patients had a markedly decreased rate of incorporation soon after irradiation in comparison with the rate obtained with normal donors' lymphocytes. However, the duration of incorporation into these 3 patients' lymphocytes was prolonged, so that XDP lymphocytes appear eventually to incorporate as much total thymidine as normal lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from the fourth patient had a rate and duration of thymidine incorporation after irradiation similar to normal lymphocytes. This patient, therefore, may have a different genetic and biochemical defect from the other XDP patients.
An approximation for the Xu-White velocity model (2002)

Abstract In 1995, S. Xu and R. E. White described a method for estimating compressional and shear-wave velocities of shaley sandstones from porosity and shale content. Their model was able to predict the effect of increasing clay content on compressional-wave velocity observed in laboratory measurements. A key step in the Xu-White method estimates dry rock bulk and shear moduli for the sand/shale mixture. This step is performed numerically by applying the differential effective medium method to the Kuster-Toksöz equations for ellipsoidal pores. This step is computationally intensive. Using reasonable assumptions about dry rock elastic properties, this step can be replaced with a set of approximations for dry rock bulk and shear moduli. Numerical experiments show an extremely close match between velocities obtained with these approximations and velocities computed with the differential effective medium method. These approximations simplify the application of the Xu-White method, and make the method computationally more efficient. They also provide insight into the Xu-White method. For example, these approximations show how the Xu-White model is related to the critical porosity model.
Floating gate circuits in MOSIS (1990)

Abstract : The MOSIS foundry offers a two-poly CMOS process that can be used as a floating gate technology, albeit not with the same performance as commercial EEPROM foundries. This report characterizes the structures and programming techniques necessary to build floating gate structures and associated high-voltage addressing circuitry on the low-noise analog process available through MOSIS. Techniques that are used include Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, channel hot-electron injection, and avalanche injection. The dielectric materials between the floating gate and both the control gate and substrate are characterized. Unconventional lightly doped drain FET devices and additional circuit techniques for handling the high-voltage programming signals are presented. (Author)
Discovery and Development of FK506 (Tacrolimus), A Potent Immunosuppressant of Microbial Origin (1995)

A little over a decade has passed since the discovery of the potent immunosuppressant FK506 (tacrolimus). In April 1983, Fujisawa expanded the research arm of the company by setting up new research laboratories at Tsukuba science city, Japan’s comprehensive research complex for business and industry. Fujisawa then began a year of screening for new immunosuppressants at the Tsukuba laboratories, which introduced us to the field of immunosuppressive drugs.
A Parallel Approach to HRTF Approximation and Interpolation Based on a Parametric Filter Model (2017)

Spatial audio-rendering techniques using head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) are currently used in many different contexts such as immersive teleconferencing systems, gaming, or 3-D audio reproduction. Since all these applications usually involve real-time constraints, efficient processing structures for HRTF modeling and interpolation are necessary for providing real-time binaural audio solutions. This letter presents a parametric parallel model that allows us to perform HRTF filtering and interpolation efficiently from an input HRTF dataset. The resulting model, which is an adaptation from a recently proposed modeling technique, not only reduces the size of HRTF datasets significantly, but also allows for simplified interpolation and real-time computation over parallel processors. In order to discuss the suitability of this new model, an implementation over a graphic processing unit is presented.
Fabrication of an array of silicon microscales for the monitoring of chemical processes (2012)

We present the fabrication and demonstration of a two-dimensional array of scales micromachined in silicon. Each scale consists of a platform suspended by a spring. The mass present on the platform of each scale is measured from a distance by a camera, which is imaging the fringe pattern that arises from optical interference in an air gap under each scale. A diffractive lens at the bottom of the gap separates the fringe signal from unwanted reflections and directs the fringe signal towards the camera. When a mass deflects a scale platform downwards, the gap narrows at the scale centre and the fringe pattern gets tighter. Operation at temperatures as high as 700 °C was demonstrated, which makes the presented device useful for the monitoring of high-temperature chemical processes.
Preterm EEG: A Multimodal Neurophysiological Protocol (2012)

Since its introduction in early 1950s, electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely used in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) for assessment and monitoring of brain function in preterm and term babies. Most common indications are the diagnosis of epileptic seizures, assessment of brain maturity, and recovery from hypoxic-ischemic events. EEG recording techniques and the understanding of neonatal EEG signals have dramatically improved, but these advances have been slow to penetrate through the clinical traditions. The aim of this presentation is to bring theory and practice of advanced EEG recording available for neonatal units. In the theoretical part, we will present animations to illustrate how a preterm brain gives rise to spontaneous and evoked EEG activities, both of which are unique to this developmental phase, as well as crucial for a proper brain maturation. Recent animal work has shown that the structural brain development is clearly reflected in early EEG activity. Most important structures in this regard are the growing long range connections and the transient cortical structure, subplate. Sensory stimuli in a preterm baby will generate responses that are seen at a single trial level, and they have underpinnings in the subplate-cortex interaction. This brings neonatal EEG readily into a multimodal study, where EEG is not only recording cortical function, but it also tests subplate function via different sensory modalities. Finally, introduction of clinically suitable dense array EEG caps, as well as amplifiers capable of recording low frequencies, have disclosed multitude of brain activities that have as yet been overlooked. In the practical part of this video, we show how a multimodal, dense array EEG study is performed in neonatal intensive care unit from a preterm baby in the incubator. The video demonstrates preparation of the baby and incubator, application of the EEG cap, and performance of the sensory stimulations.
(1S*,2S*)-(+)-2-Amino-1-[4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl]propane-1,3-diol (2005)

The title compound, C10H15NO2S, commonly referred to as (1S*,2S*)-(+)-thio­micamine, forms mol­ecular sheets parallel to the a and b axes. Within these sheets, the mol­ecules are connected by strong O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. The methyl­sulfanyl groups protrude from this network and are interwoven between adjacent sheets.
Plasma polymerized membranes and gas permeability. I (1984)

Abstract Gas permeability of composite membrane prepared by plasma polymerization of various organic compounds was studied. In the membrane, a pinhole‐free polymeric thin film was formed on a porous substrate. This film below 0.2 μm in thickness had sufficient mechanical strength for gas separation. The composite membranes were recognized to have high permeability and high permselectivity. Especially, the membranes prepared from hexamethyldisiloxane showed high permeation rate for oxygen, and those prepared from 1‐hexene or cyclohexane showed high permselectivity between oxygen and nitrogen. chemical structure of plasma‐polymerized film prepared from hexamethyldisiloxane was similar to that of dimethylpolysiloxane with a crosslinking of the polymer. The high permeability and high permselectivity of this film is considered to be due to its structure as mentioned above.
A Method for the Analysis of Free Carbenes Present after NHC‐Organocatalyzed Transformations (2017)

In N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based organocatalysis, usually, the free carbene is generated in situ by treatment of the azolium salt with a base. Described herein is a method for the analysis of the NHC present in the reaction flask after the NHC‐organocatalyzed reaction. For this, the reaction mixture was treated with elemental sulfur after the reaction and the thus‐formed thiourea/thione derivative was isolated. Common NHC‐catalyzed transformations such as benzoin reactions, Stetter reactions, homoenolate annulation reactions, and reactions proceeding via the α,β‐unsaturated acylazolium intermediate have been studied. The results indicate that after the reactions, 28–84 % of the initial carbenes exist in the free form.
Umsetzungen α‐metallierter Isocyanide mit einigen 1,3‐Dipolen (1980)

Abstract Die α‐metallierten Isocyanide 1a ‐ c, f reagieren mit den Alkylidenaminoxiden (Nitronen) 4 zu 2‐Imidazolidinonen des Typs 8. Als entscheidende Zwischenstufe wird ein 6‐metalliertes 2,3‐Dihydro‐4 H ‐1,2,5‐oxadiazin vom Typ 5 postuliert. — Benzonitriloxid ( 17 ) ergibt mit 1a und 1b analog die 4‐Imidazolin‐2‐one 18 , mit 1e das 3‐Imidazolin‐2‐on 19 . — Phenylazid ( 20 ) setzt sich mit zwei Äquivalenten 1b zum 5‐Benzylidenamino‐4 H ,5 H ‐1,2,3‐triazolin 24 um. Der Reaktions‐verlauf wird diskutiert.
Performance Characteristics of Colistimethate Sodium Solutions (Colistin) Delivered by Jet Nebulizers compared to the eFlow ® SCF Electronic Nebulizer (2004)

0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0 20,0 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0 20,0 Neb time (min) Colistin (mg) LC STAR 150 mg / 4ml, cum. (mg < 5 µm) LC PLUS 150 mg / 4ml, cum. (mg < 5 µm) LC STAR 150 mg / 2ml cum. (mg < 5 µm) eFlow SCF 60 mg / 2ml cum. (mg < 5 µm) eFlow SCF 75 mg / 4ml cum. (mg < 5 µm)
Guanabenz Treatment Accelerates Disease in a Mutant SOD1 Mouse Model of ALS (2015)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons. The mechanisms leading to motor neuron degeneration in ALS are unclear. However, there is evidence for involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in ALS, notably in mutant SOD1 mediated models of ALS. Stress induced phosphorylation of the eIF2 alpha subunit by eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 Perk activates the UPR. Guanabenz is a centrally acting alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist shown to interact with a regulatory subunit of the protein phosphatase, Pp1/Gadd34, and selectively disrupt the dephosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eif2alpha). Here we demonstrate that guanabenz is protective in fibroblasts expressing G93A mutant SOD1 when they are exposed to tunicamycin mediated ER stress. However, in contrast to other reports, guanabenz treatment accelerated ALS-like disease progression in a strain of mutant SOD1 transgenic ALS mice. This study highlights challenges of pharmacological interventions of cellular stress responses in whole animal models of ALS.
Definite influence of location and climatic conditions on the fatty acid composition of sunflower seed oil (1990)

Percentages of linoleic, oleic and stearic acids present significant differences between growing areas, whereas palmitic acid content remains practically constant, or at least presents no significant relation to the growing area. Nevertheless, palmitic acid appears to follow a pattern that relates its content to the total content of the other three major fatty acids. Seeds grown in the northern part of Spain presented a higher linoleic content than seeds grown in the South, which is in agreement with the general theory found in prior studies. Although there is an inverse correlation between oleic and linoleic content, we have found that the total content of both is neither constant nor independent of temperature, and increases when temperature and oleic acid increase. However, stearic content increases when the combination of linoleic and oleic acid decreases, suggesting a total constant value for the combination of these three acids. The average temperature of the are during development of the seed and the local climatic conditions have the greatest influence over fatty acid composition, while the seed variety presents limited influence.