gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Effective Fracture Toughness of Heterogeneous Materials (2015)

Heterogeneous materials where the scale of the heterogeneities is small compared to the scale of applications are common in nature. These materials are also engineered synthetically with the aim of improving performance. The overall properties of heterogeneous materials can be different from those of its constituents; however, it is challenging to characterize effective fracture toughness of these materials. We present a new method of experimentally determining the effective fracture toughness. The key idea is to impose a steady process at the macroscale while allowing the fracture process to freely explore at the level of microstructure. We apply a time-dependent displacement boundary condition called the surfing boundary condition that corresponds to a steadily propagating macroscopic crack opening displacement. We then measure the full-field displacement using digital image correlation (DIC) method, and use it to obtain the macroscopic energy release rate. In particular, we develop a global approach to extract information from DIC. The effective toughness is obtained at the peak of the energy release rate. Finally, the full field images also provide us insight into the role of the microstructure in determining effective toughness.
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single oral doses of 882C87, a potent, new anti-varicella-zoster virus agent, in healthy volunteers (1995)

882C87 is a nucleoside analog with potent, specific activity against varicella-zoster virus. It is approximately seven times as potent as acyclovir with an in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration of 1 to 2 microM. The tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single doses of 882C87 have been investigated in a series of studies with healthy young and elderly adult volunteers. The young received 50 to 1,600 mg, and the elderly received 50 and 100 mg. Concentrations of 882C87 and its main metabolite, the pyrimidine base 5-(1-propynyl)uracil (5PU), in plasma and urine were assayed by an automated sequential trace enrichment of dialysate-high-performance liquid chromatography procedure, and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from the data. Concentrations of 882C87 in plasma increased proportionally for doses of up to 400 mg, but after higher doses the increase was less than dose proportional. In young adults, after 200, 400, and 1,600 mg, the maximum concentrations of the drug in plasma were 9.0, 16.3, and 34.7 microM, respectively, and the areas under the concentration-time curve (AUC) from 0 h to infinity were 166.6, 333.7, and 822.9 microM.h, respectively. Elimination half-life was 11.3 to 13.0 h after 50 to 400 mg, increasing to 15.3 h after 1,600 mg, associated with a small decrease in renal clearance. In healthy elderly volunteers concentrations of 882C87 in plasma after 50 and 100 mg were similar to those in young adults after twice the dose; apparent clearance and renal clearance were significantly reduced, and half-life was significantly longer at 15 h. Administration of 882C87 with food produced a small, nonsignificant reduction in mean AUC from 0 h to infinity, but in subjects with a low fasting AUC there was an increase after food and in subjects with a high fasting AUC there was a decrease. Concentrations of 5PU in plasma were one-third to one-half those of 882C87 and, in most subjects, were not dose proportional. There was a lag of at least 5 h after dosing with 882C87 before 5PU was detectable in plasma.
Microscopic Evidence for Long-Range Magnetic Ordering in the Γ8Ground Quartet Systems SmTr2Al20(Tr: Ti, V, Cr) (2012)

We report on muon spin relaxation (µSR) studies of Sm Tr 2 Al 20 ( Tr : Ti, V, Cr) with a cubic Γ 8 crystalline-electric-field ground state. A coherent muon spin precession was observed below the phase transition temperature in a zero applied field for each compound, manifesting long-range magnetic ordering from a microscopic point of view. The muon spin precession frequency distribution is qualitatively different among the three compounds, indicating differences in the magnetic structure and/or the muon stopping site.
Repair of 130-Year Old Masonry Bridge using High-Performance Cement Grout (2002)

The restoration of a masonry bridge pier built in 1887 was carried out using cement-based grout. Erosion of the pointing mortar of the pier core outer surface and cracks and voids in the pier core were encountered. This paper presents the methodology used to develop high-performance cement grouts for injection of deteriorated joints and cracks in the stone pier and describes the repair and monitoring operations. Portland and microfine cement-based grouts were optimized in the laboratory. An epoxy resin grout was used as a benchmark to compare the performance of the cement-based grouts. The effectiveness of the grout injection was assessed with core samples testing and nondestructive testing using the sonic tomography method to compare the quality of the medium before and after grouting. High penetrability of the grout was achieved for the high-performance mixtures. The use of high-early-strength cement with some silica fume replacement resulted in a relatively economical mixture exhibiting high performance. The results of this pilot study were later recommended for the rehabilitation of similar masonry piers.
Data-driven time-frequency and time-scale detectors (1997)

In many practical signal detection problems, the detectors have to be designed from training data. Due to limited training data, which is usually the case, it is imperative to exploit some inherent signal structure for reliable detector design. The signals of interest in a variety of applications manifest such structure in the form of nuisance parameters. However, data-driven design of detectors by exploiting nuisance parameters is virtually impossible in general due to two major difficulties: identifying the appropriate nuisance parameters, and estimating the corresponding detector statistics. We address this problem by using recent results that relate joint signal representations (JSRs), such as time-frequency and time-scale representations, to quadratic detectors for a wide variety of nuisance parameters. We propose a general data-driven framework that: (1) identifies the appropriate nuisance parameters from an arbitrarily chosen finite set, and (2) estimates the second-order statistics that characterize the corresponding JSR-based detectors. Simulation results demonstrate that for limited training data, exploiting the structure of nuisance parameters via our framework can deliver substantial gains in performance as compared to empirical detectors which ignore such structure.
A Critical Appraisal of the American College of Surgeons Medically Necessary, Time Sensitive Procedures (MeNTS) Scoring System, Urology Consensus Recommendations and Individual Surgeon Case Prioritization for Resumption of Elective Urological Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020)

Questionnaire based, expert opinion based and individual surgeon based approaches to case prioritization result in significantly different case prioritization. Questionnaire based surgical prioritization did not meaningfully stratify urological cases, and consensus/expert opinion based surgical prioritization and individual surgeon based surgical prioritization frequently disagreed. The strengths and weaknesses of each of these systems should be considered in future disaster planning scenarios.
Epidemiology of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Patients without HIV Infection, New York City (2008)

We reviewed medical records of patients without known HIV and with positive cultures for nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolated during 2000-2003 from 1 large hospital in New York, New York. Overall, 505 patients had positive NTM cultures; 119 (24%) met the criteria for NTM disease. The difference between demographic characteristics of case-patients in our study (66% female, 61% white, and 59% > 60 years of age) and those of the base population as determined by regional census data was statistically significant. Estimated incidences for positive cultures, all disease, and respiratory tract disease were 17.7, 2.7, and 2.0 per 100,000 persons, respectively. More patients with rapidly growing mycobacteria (61%), Mycobacterium kansasii (70%), or M. marinum (100%) met criteria for disease than did patients with M. avium complex (MAC) (27%, (p < 0.01). NTM disease in patients without HIV is increasing. Laboratory-based surveillance may be useful for detecting non-MAC and non-respiratory tract disease.
Induced Master Motion in Force-Reflecting Teleoperation (2006)

Telerobotic systems have persistently struggled to provide users with realistic force feedback; high-frequency contact transients convey important information about the remote environment but are typically attenuated to avoid the contact instability they incite. This undesirable behavior can be traced to high-frequency induced master motion, movement of the master device that is caused by force feedback rather than user intention. Such motion is interpreted as a position command to the slave, closing an internal control loop that is unstable under high gain. This paper examines the phenomenon of induced master motion in position-force teleoperation, presenting a new approach for achieving stable, high-gain force reflection using model-based cancellation. Requirements for the model of the induced motion dynamics and methods for its characterization are described, focusing on successive isolation of inertial and connecting elements. The sixth-order nonlinear model obtained for a one-degree-of-freedom user-master system is validated and then tested in a cancellation controller. Canceling high-frequency induced master motion during teleoperation is shown to improve the stability of impacts, allowing significantly higher force reflection levels and a more authentic user experience.
In Vivo Simultaneous Imaging of Plasma Membrane and Lipid Droplets in Hepatic Steatosis using Red-Emissive Two-Photon Probes (2022)

The plasma membrane, which is a phosphoglyceride bilayer at the outer edge of the cell, plays diverse and important roles in biological systems. Visualization of the plasma membrane in live samples is important for various applications in biological functions. We developed an amphiphilic two-photon (TP) fluorescent probe (<b>THQ-Mem</b>) to selectively monitor the plasma membrane in live samples. This probe exhibited red emission (620-700 nm), large TP absorption cross sections (δ<sub>max</sub> > 790 GM), and high selectivity to the plasma membrane. In cultured cells and <i>in vivo</i> hepatic tissue imaging, <b>THQ-Mem</b> showed bright TP-excited fluorescence (TPEF) and remarkable selectivity for the plasma membrane. Furthermore, simultaneous <i>in vivo</i> imaging with <b>THQ-Mem</b> and a TP lipid droplet probe could serve as an efficient tool to monitor morphological and physiological changes in the plasma membrane and lipid droplets.
Immunochemical Evidence against the Involvement of Cysteine Conjugate β-lyase in Compound A Nephrotoxicity in Rats (1999)

The results of this study are consistent with the idea that a mechanism other than the renal cysteine conjugate beta-lyase pathway of metabolic activation is responsible for the nephrotoxicity of compound A and its glutathione and mercapturate conjugates in male Wistar rats.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Chloro‐Nitrene Complexes of Tungsten: WCl4(NCl) and (CH3CN‐WCl4(NCl)). (1988)

Abstract The IR spectrum of the title compound (III) indicates the formation of dimeric units via chloro bridges.
Metabolic Profiling Reveals Aggravated Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet-Fed Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Lacking Ron Receptor Signaling (2020)

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents the progressive sub-disease of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease that causes chronic liver injury initiated and sustained by steatosis and necroinflammation. The Ron receptor is a tyrosine kinase of the Met proto-oncogene family that potentially has a beneficial role in adipose and liver-specific inflammatory responses, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. Since its discovery two decades ago, the Ron receptor has been extensively investigated for its differential roles on inflammation and cancer. Previously, we showed that Ron expression on tissue-resident macrophages limits inflammatory macrophage activation and promotes a repair phenotype, which can retard the progression of NASH in a diet-induced mouse model. However, the metabolic consequences of Ron activation have not previously been investigated. Here, we explored the effects of Ron receptor activation on major metabolic pathways that underlie the development and progression of NASH. Mice lacking apolipoprotein E (ApoE KO) and double knockout (DKO) mice that lack ApoE and Ron were maintained on a high-fat high-cholesterol diet for 18 weeks. We observed that, in DKO mice, the loss of ligand-dependent Ron signaling aggravated key pathological features in steatohepatitis, including steatosis, inflammation, oxidation stress, and hepatocyte damage. Transcriptional programs positively regulating fatty acid (FA) synthesis and uptake were upregulated in the absence of Ron receptor signaling, whereas lipid disposal pathways were downregulated. Consistent with the deregulation of lipid metabolism pathways, the DKO animals exhibited increased accumulation of FAs in the liver and decreased level of bile acids. Altogether, ligand-dependent Ron receptor activation provides protection from the deregulation of major metabolic pathways that initiate and aggravate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Improving Survival from Cardiac Arrest: What Can and Should be Done in 2008 (2009)

The American Heart Association estimates that ∼163,221 out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrests occur annually in the United States with a median reported survival-to-discharge rate of 6.4%. However, there are wide variations in both the incidence of cardiac arrest (200%) and survival rates (500%) [Nichol G et al. JAMA 2008]. Although analyses are ongoing to identify potential reasons for these inconsistencies, and the variability in incidence may be associated with regional variances in clinical risk factors, economic disadvantage, population density, primary/secondary prevention strategies, and, possibly, incomplete episode capture.
Mode of action studies of the acaricidal agent, epingaione (1997)

Summary Activity directed isolation studies of the ethanol extract of Bontia daphnoides L (Myoporaceae) leaves and stems led to the isolation of epingaione, a sesquiterpene furan. This compound was previously described by Chinnock et al. (1987) from the same plant. The compound showed growth regulatory activities on gravid adult female Boophilus microplus Canestrini (the southern cattle tick). The dose required for inhibiting the hatching of B. microplus eggs by 50% (Fid50)was 0.4±0.06 mg/g of the tick body weight. The Fid50 dose inhibited the sequestration of protein into eggs oviposited by 80%. These eggs were non-agglutinated and wrinkled. Histological examination of ovarian sections from the treated ticks revealed significant degeneration of funicle cells and reduction in yolk content.
MegaPath-Nano: Accurate Compositional Analysis and Drug-level Antimicrobial Resistance Detection Software for Oxford Nanopore Long-read Metagenomics (2020)

Accurate and sensitive taxonomic profiling is essential for any metagenomic analysis to reveal microbial community structure and for potential functional prediction. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) detection is also a critical task in the clinical diagnosis of infection and antimicrobial therapy. By incorporating Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing, users benefit from the high-confidence alignment of long reads for taxonomic classification, even among bacteria with similar genomes. Portable ONT devices, such as VolTRAX with MinION, allow short turnaround time for detection and can be used in a lightweight laboratory setting. However, error-prone ONT sequencing reads are still challenging for existing software for accurate taxonomic classification of microbes and detection of AMR down to the drug level. In this paper, we present MegaPath-Nano, the successor to NGS-based MegaPath. It is a high-precision compositional analysis software with drug-level AMR detection for ONT metagenomic sequencing data. MegaPath-Nano performs 1) thorough multi-level filtering against decoy and human reads while removing noisy alignments, 2) alignment-based taxonomic classification with RefSeq down to strain-level, with an alignment-reassignment algorithm to tackle the challenge of non-unique alignments, based on global alignment distribution, and 3) comprehensive downstream drug-level AMR detection, integrating five AMR databases. In our benchmarks using the Zymo metagenomic dataset, MegaPath-Nano performed better than other existing software for taxonomic classification. We also sequenced five real patient isolates using MinION to benchmark its performance of AMR detection. MegaPath-Nano was the most accurate and provided the most comprehensive output at both the drug and class level of AMR prediction against other state-of-the-art software. MegaPath-Nano is open-source and available at https://github.com/HKU-BAL/MegaPath-Nano.
Inhibitions of sugar transport produced by ligands binding at opposite sides of the membrane. Evidence for simultaneous occupation of the carrier by maltose and cytochalasin B (1991)

This study examines inhibitions of human erythrocyte D-glucose uptake at ice temperature produced by maltose and cytochalasin B. Maltose inhibits sugar uptake by binding at or close to the sugar influx site. Maltose is thus a competitive inhibitor of sugar uptake. Cytochalasin B inhibits sugar transport by binding at or close to the sugar efflux site and thus acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor of sugar uptake. When maltose is present in the uptake medium, Ki(app) for cytochalasin B inhibition of sugar uptake increases in a hyperbolic manner with increasing maltose. When cytochalasin B is present in the uptake medium, Ki(app) for maltose inhibition of sugar uptake increases in a hyperbolic manner with increasing cytochalasin B. High concentrations of cytochalasin B do not reverse the competitive inhibition of D-glucose uptake by maltose. These data demonstrate that maltose and cytochalasin B binding sites coexist within the glucose transporter. These results are inconsistent with the simple, alternating conformer carrier model in which maltose and cytochalasin B binding sites correspond to sugar influx and sugar efflux sites, respectively. The data are also incompatible with a modified alternating conformer carrier model in which the cytochalasin B binding site overlaps with but does not correspond to the sugar efflux site. We show that a glucose transport mechanism in which sugar influx and sugar efflux sites exist simultaneously is consistent with these observations.
Monolithically integrated optical modulator based on polycrystalline Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 thin films (2006)

Good-quality polycrystalline Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 (BST0.7) thin films were deposited on fused silica substrates and Si substrates having a thick amorphous SiO2 layer at a relatively low temperature of 550°C by spin-coating metal organic solutions. The thin films were highly transparent to light in the ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelength regions. The optical propagation loss for a 5-μm-wide and 300-nm-thick polycrystalline waveguide based on BST0.7 was about 17dB∕cm at a wavelength of 632.8nm. An electro-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer modulator based on the polycrystalline BST0.7 thin film was monolithically integrated on a Si substrate with standard lithography and wet etching. Optical modulation was successfully demonstrated. The estimated electro-optic coefficient (6.7pm∕V) is the highest reported so far for this kind of film deposited on a fused silica substrate or a Si substrate with an amorphous SiO2 layer.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Susceptors (2013)

Abstract Review: 220 refs.
Guidelines for Development and Evaluation of Usage Data Analytics Tools for Human-Machine Interactions with Industrial Manufacturing Systems (2018)

We present the lessons learned during the development and evaluation process for UX-sensors, a visual data analytics tool for inspecting logged usage data from flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). Based on the experiences during a collaborative development process with practitioners from one FMS supplier company, we propose guidelines to support other developers of visual data analytics tools for usage data logging in context of complex industrial systems. For instance, involving stakeholders with different roles can help to identify user requirements and generate valuable development ideas. Tool developers should confirm early access to real usage data from customers' systems and familiarize themselves with the log data structure. We argue that combining expert evaluations with field study methods can provide a more diverse set of usability issues to address. For future research, we encourage studies on insights emerging from usage data analytics and their impact on the viewpoints of the supplier and customer.
Antifungal action of the oxathiolone‐fused chalcone derivative (2010)

AMG-148, an oxathiolone-fused chalcone derivative, exhibited in vitro antifungal activity against several strains of human pathogenic yeast, with minimum inhibitory concentration values within the range of 1-16 μg ml(-1) and a fungicidal effect was observed at higher concentrations. Presence of major drug-effluxing membrane proteins Cdr1p, Cdr2p or Mdr1p, did not affect substantially the fungistatic activity of this compound against clinical Candida albicans strains. Studies on the mode of action revealed that AMG-148 inhibited chitin and β(1→3)glucan biosynthesis and was in vitro an inhibitor of β(1→3)glucan synthase. Inhibition of chitin biosynthesis was responsible for fungistatic activity, while the fungicidal effect was a consequence of disturbance of β(1→3)glucan synthase function. The chalcone derivative may be a useful lead compound for the development of novel antifungal agents.
[Stress proteins in the cells of Porphyra purpurea (Rhodophyta) thallus]. (2014)

Heat shock proteins have been revealed for the first time by the methods of Western blotting using alkaline phosphatase and ECL in the cells of Porphyra purpurea from Kattegat area of the Baltic Sea in normal and experimental stress conditions. It was demonstrated with application of monoclonal anti-Hsp70 antibodies that a slight band about 70 kDa is present constitutively at the film; additionally the polypeptide of about 40 kDa ("Hsp40") has been detected. After heat shock at 28 degrees C during 1 hr significant "expenditure" of Hsp70 was observed, as well as the pronounced induction of "Hsp40"; the induction was expressed especially strongly in 24 hr after the stress application.
Chemical and Structural Changes of Raw Phosphate during Heat Treatment (2004)

In the wet phosphoric acid production using calcined phosphate particles, physical structure and chemical composition of used material have an impact on the reaction speed.
Optical scintillation measurements in a desert environment II: retroreflector links (2011)

The NRL Transportable Atmospheric Testing Suite (TATS) system was used to measure time resolved scintillation over a variety of different ranges at China Lake in December 2010. In this paper an analysis of scintillation effects on retro-reflector links is presented. Scintillation index, power spectral density and probability distribution functions are deduced from the measured irradiance fluctuations. Effects of aperture averaging using multiple retro-reflectors is examined as well as the contribution to the irradiance fluctuations due to enhanced backscatter.