gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radiative transfer in nonuniformly refracting layered media: atmosphere–ocean system (1994)

We have applied the discrete-ordinate method to solve the radiative-transfer problem pertaining to a system consisting of two strata with different indices of refraction. The refraction and reflection at the interface are taken into account. The relevant changes (as compared with the standard problem with a constant index of refraction throughout the medium) in formulation and solution of the radiative-transfer equation, including the proper application of interface and boundary conditions, are described. Appropriate quadrature points (streams) and weights are chosen for the interface-continuity relations. Examples of radiative transfer in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system are provided. To take into account the region of total reflection in the ocean, additional angular quadrature points are required, compared with those used in the atmosphere and in the refractive region of the ocean that communicates directly with the atmosphere. To verify the model we have tested for energy conservation. We also discuss the effect of the number of streams assigned to the refractive region and the total reflecting region on the convergence. Our results show that the change in the index of refraction between the two strata significantly affects the radiation field. The radiative-transfer model we present is designed for application to the atmosphere-ocean system, but it can be applied to other systems that need to consider the change in the index of refraction between two strata.
Role of Treg and TH17 Cells of the Gastric Mucosa in Children With Helicobacter pylori Gastritis (2013)

This study suggested that a TH17/Treg balance toward a Treg-biased response favors the persistence of bacteria, causing chronic active gastritis.
Photochemical EZ-Isomerization of α,β-Unsaturated Amides and Thioamides in the Solid State (1996)

Abstract The solid-state EZ-isomerizability of α,β-unsaturated amides, which had low isomerizability in the solid state, was greatly improved by modifying their structure; EZ-isomerizability was attained by replacing the carbonyl group of the amides by a thiocarbonyl group as well as replacing the heterochiral N-substituent of the amides by a homochiral one. Crystallographic analyses have revealed that the isomerizability of α,β-unsaturated amides and thioamides in the solid state partially depends on their molecular conformation in crystal. In addition, it was found that the packing coefficient has a correlation with the isomerizability; a smaller value of the packing coefficient caused an increased formation of (Z)-isomers.
Nonprofit Human Milk Banking in the United States (2013)

Human milk, widely understood to be beneficial for infants, can be lifesaving for preterm neonates, especially in reducing the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Donor human milk (DHM) is an option when mothers are unable to provide milk or have an inadequate supply for their infants. Nonprofit donor human milk banks are established to provide safe, processed human milk from milk donated by healthy lactating mothers who have undergone a rigorous screening process. These milk banks, operating under the auspices of the Human Milk Banking Association of North America, obtain, process, and dispense human milk under strict guidelines set by the association. Increasing the supply of donor human milk to meet a dramatic increase in demand poses a significant challenge for nonprofit milk banks. Efforts to increase supply nationwide include education of providers, use of social media to engage potential donors, and outreach to news media. In parallel, milk banks are establishing regional depots to collect donations, and additional milk banks are being developed. This article describes the current nonprofit milk bank industry in the United States, its challenges, and its future prospects.
Phase behavior and microstructure evolution in aqueous mixtures of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl tri-oxyethylene sulfate (2008)

The phase behavior and microstructural changes in aqueous mixtures of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl tri-oxyethylene sulfate (C 12 E 3 S) are reported. The mixing behavior of the two surfactants is investigated via surface tension measurements and the regular solution approximation yielded a β value of −13, indicating attractive interaction. The difference in the growth behavior of the micelles on the CTAB-rich and C 12 E 3 S-rich sides of the phase diagram is studied using viscosity, quasielastic light scattering, small angle neutron scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM). Branched micelles are formed close to the phase boundary and are more prevalent in CTAB-rich micelles. A shear-induced transition of cylindrical to ribbon-like micelles is observed by cryoTEM in CTAB-rich micelles near the phase boundary. A temperature-induced phase transition is observed for C 12 E 3 S-rich micelles due to the dehydration and/or conformational changes of the hydrophilic oxyethylene part of C 12 E 3 S in the mixed micelles.
Semantic trajectories (2013)

With the large-scale adoption of GPS equipped mobile sensing devices, positional data generated by moving objects (e.g., vehicles, people, animals) are being easily collected. Such data are typically modeled as streams of spatio-temporal (x,y,t) points, called trajectories . In recent years trajectory management research has progressed significantly towards efficient storage and indexing techniques, as well as suitable knowledge discovery. These works focused on the geometric aspect of the raw mobility data. We are now witnessing a growing demand in several application sectors (e.g., from shipment tracking to geo-social networks) on understanding the semantic behavior of moving objects. Semantic behavior refers to the use of semantic abstractions of the raw mobility data, including not only geometric patterns but also knowledge extracted jointly from the mobility data and the underlying geographic and application domains information. The core contribution of this article lies in a semantic model and a computation and annotation platform for developing a semantic approach that progressively transforms the raw mobility data into semantic trajectories enriched with segmentations and annotations. We also analyze a number of experiments we did with semantic trajectories in different domains.
Synthesis of New Cytosine and Thymine Derivatives of Potential Immunomodulatory Activity (1998)

The synthesis and the main chemical and physical properties of some N1alkylated cytosines and thymines are described.
Synthesis, Pairing, and Cellular Uptake Properties of C(6′)-Functionalized Tricyclo-DNA (2012)

Tricyclo-DNA (tc-DNA) is a promising candidate for oligonucleotide-based therapeutic applications exhibiting increased affinity to RNA and increased resistance to nucleases. However, as many other oligonucleotide analogs, tc-DNA does not readily cross cell membranes. We wished to address this issue by preparing a prodrug of tc-DNA containing a metabolically labile group at C(6') that promotes cellular uptake. Two monomeric nucleoside building blocks bearing an ester function at C(6') (tc(ee)-T and tc(hd)-T) were synthesized starting from a known C(6') functionalized bicyclic sugar unit to which the cyclopropane ring was introduced via carbene addition. NIS-mediated nucleosidation of the corresponding glycal with in situ persilylated thymine afforded the β-iodonucleoside exclusively that was dehalogenated via radical reduction. Diversity in the ester function was obtained by hydrolysis and reesterification. The two nucleosides were subsequently incorporated into DNA or tc-DNA by standard phosphoramidite chemistry. The reactivity of the ester function during oligonucleotide deprotection was explored and the corresponding C(6') amide, carboxylic acid, or unchanged ester functions were obtained, depending on the deprotection conditions. Compared to unmodified DNA, these tc-DNA derivatives increased the stability of duplexes investigated with ΔT(m)/mod of +0.4 to +2.0 °C. The only destabilizing residue was tc(hd)-T, most likely due to self-aggregation of the lipophilic side chains in the single stranded oligonucleotide. A decamer containing five tc(hd)-T residues was readily taken up by HeLa and HEK 293T cells without the use of a transfection agent.
Using a genetic algorithm for multitarget tracking (2002)

The author has devised a technique that uses a genetic algorithm (GA) to address the multiscan assignment problem in multitarget tracking. The assignment problem involves taking detections from one or more sensors over multiple time intervals and dividing them into groups or tracks. A unique set of assignments (a hypothesis) can be expressed as a list which allows the space of possible hypotheses to be searched using a GA. In this paper, he describes how a GA can maintain a population of hypotheses and how it continuously updates this population as more scans of data arrive. Simulation results and comparisons with other track-assignment methods are presented.
Design and implementation of DA-based reconfigurable FIR digital filter on FPGA (2015)

An efficient and optimized Distributed Arithmetic (DA)-based method for high-speed reconfigurable design and implementation of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters whose filter coefficients change during execution time is proposed in the paper. Normally, the Look up Tables (LUTs) is required to be implemented in RAM for DA-based implementation of reconfigurable FIR Filter. A Dual Port Distributed RAM-based design is proposed for the FPGA implementation of the reconfigurable FIR filter which supports upto high sampling frequency in terms of MHz. In this paper we are designing reconfigurable DA-Based FIR digital Filter and implemented on SPARTAN3 FPGA by using Xilinx ISE and simulated in ModelSim 6.3f.
Occipital nerve stimulation for intractable chronic cluster headache: new hope for a dreadful disease? (2011)

Chronic cluster headache (CCH) is one of the most painful primary headaches. A small percentage of CCH become intractable (iCCH) and is refractory to the majority of preventing drugs. Various invasive and sometimes destructive procedures have been tempted to help these patients, but none gave satisfactory results for the long term. Hypothalamic deep-brain stimulation (hDBS) has recently raised expectations with an average improvement of 50 to 70%, but is not a riskless procedure. Harmless methods were therefore warranted, and in this perspective occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) trials were undertaken. Up to now, nearly 38 iCCH patients benefited from ONS in the available literature and the technique appears to give results similar to hDBS, having the advantage to have much milder side effects. The mechanism by which ONS is efficient in iCCH remains unknown but preliminary results of neurophysiological and imaging studies suggest ONS is just a symptomatic treatment which does not act on the disease generator. We would however advocate ONS as first choice alternative therapy in iCCH.
Effects of gas mixture on a thermoacoustic refrigerator driven at high amplitudes (1999)

Measurements of a thermoacoustic refrigerator driven at pressure ratios up to 6%, with a He/Ar gas mixture have been reported [M. E. Poese and S. L. Garrett, ‘‘Performance measurements of a thermoacoustic refrigerator driven at high amplitudes,’’ Proc. 16th Intl. Congress Acoust. and 135th meeting Acoust. Soc. Am. 2, 809–810 (1998)] and show a 15% lower heat pumping power at 6% pressure ratio compared to the fourfold increase in heat pumping power expected by doubling the pressure ratio from 3%. To further characterize the high-amplitude performance, measurements with other gas mixtures (He/SF6 and He/Xe) were made. These experiments show that while the He/Xe mixture enables the machine to operate with a larger COPR than with a He/Ar mixture, the nonlinear cooling power degradation is more severe: 10% at a 3% pressure ratio and 20% at 6%. Experiments with a He/SF6 mixture show no significant increase in COPR compared to a He/Ar mixture, only a positive shift of the COPR curve with cooling power of about 1.5 in 15 W. [Work supported by Office of Naval Research, NASA, through the Pennsylvania Space Grant Consortium and the Applied Research Lab through the Enrichment and Foundation Program. The authors thank Scott Diehl for generous help with making these measurements.]
EPITAXIAL SILICON GROWTH BY RAPID THERMAL CVD (1991)

A rapid thermal chemical vapour deposition system has been used for the growth of epitaxial silicon layers on silicon substrates in the temperature range 590°C - 1000°C. Low pressure deposition schedules have been found essential in order to minimise the concentrations of oxygen and carbon in the layers. In-situ pre-cleaning schedules have been established to remove oxide layers from the substrates prior to layer deposition. The application of these deposited epitaxial layers to the production of a buried gate static induction thyristor is described.
Analysis of the carbapenem gene cluster of Erwinia carotovora: definition of the antibiotic biosynthetic genes and evidence for a novel β‐lactam resistance mechanism (1997)

Members of two genera of Gram-negative bacteria, Serratia and Erwinia, produce a beta-lactam antibiotic, 1-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid. We have reported previously the cloning and sequencing of the genes responsible for production of this carbapenem in Erwinia carotovora. These genes are organized as an operon, carA--H, and are controlled by a LuxR-type transcriptional activator, encoded by the linked carR gene. We report in this paper the genetic dissection of this putative operon to determine the function of each of the genes. We demonstrate by mutational analysis that the products of the first five genes of the operon are involved in the synthesis of the carbapenem molecule. Three of these, carABC, are absolutely required. In addition, we provide evidence for the existence of a novel carbapenem resistance mechanism, encoded by the CarF and carG genes. Both products of these overlapping and potentially translationally coupled genes have functional, N-terminal signal peptides. Removal of these genes from the Erwinia chromosome results in a carbapenem-sensitive phenotype. We assume that these novel beta-lactam resistance genes have evolved in concert with the biosynthetic genes to ensure 'self-resistance' in the Erwinia carbapenem producer.
Fire resistance of wood treated with a cationic silica sol (2013)

Wood was treated with the cationic silica sol (CSS) Levasil 200S and dried at various temperatures (room temperature, 40, 60, 80 and 103 °C). A water leaching test revealed fixation of the silica in wood even after drying at room temperature. Maximum cross sectional swelling of the specimens decreased from 15.6 % (untreated control) to 13.0 %, when treated wood was dried at 103 °C; cell wall bulking values were also negative (−2.3 %), indicating a thermal degradation of the cell wall polymers catalyzed by the CSS. Penetration of the CSS into the cell wall did not occur. A simple flammability test revealed increased fire resistance of the treated wood. Mass loss and velocity of mass loss as well as burning time were reduced; glowing of the formed charcoal was completely prevented. The effectiveness increased with increasing weight percent gain of the CSS in the wood. Thermo gravimetric analysis under nitrogen atmosphere displayed only minor reduction in the initial temperature of thermal decomposition for wood treated with CSS as compared to the control. In the presence of oxygen the resulting charcoal showed comparable thermal behaviour to the control. The yield of charcoal after pyrolysis was increased to a minor extent (from 19.9 to 23.0 %), indicating that the release of combustible gases was hardly reduced. The mode of action of enhanced fire resistance due to CSS-treatment is discussed.
Blind inversion in nonlinear space-variant imaging using Cauchy machine (2003)

A Cauchy Machine has been applied to solve nonlinear space-variant blind imaging problem with positivity constraints on the pixel-by-pixel basis. Nonlinearity parameters, de-mixing matrix and source vector are found at the minimum of the thermodynamics free energy H=U-T0S, where U is estimation error energy, T<sub>0</sub> is temperature and S is the entropy. Free energy represents dynamic balance of an open information system with constraints defined by data vector. Solution was found through Lagrange Constraint Neural Network algorithm for computing the unknown source vector, exhaustive search to find unknown nonlinearity parameters and Cauchy Machine for seeking de-mixing matrix at the global minimum of H for each pixel. We demonstrate the algorithm capability to recover images from the synthetic noise free nonlinear mixture of two images. Capability of the Cauchy Machine to find the global minimum of the golf hole type of landscape has hitherto never been demonstrated in higher dimensions with a much less computation complexity than an exhaustive search algorithm.
TStarBots: Defeating the Cheating Level Builtin AI in StarCraft II in the Full Game (2018)

Starcraft II (SC2) is widely considered as the most challenging Real Time Strategy (RTS) game. The underlying challenges include a large observation space, a huge (continuous and infinite) action space, partial observations, simultaneous move for all players, and long horizon delayed rewards for local decisions. To push the frontier of AI research, Deepmind and Blizzard jointly developed the StarCraft II Learning Environment (SC2LE) as a testbench of complex decision making systems. SC2LE provides a few mini games such as MoveToBeacon, CollectMineralShards, and DefeatRoaches, where some AI agents have achieved the performance level of human professional players. However, for full games, the current AI agents are still far from achieving human professional level performance. To bridge this gap, we present two full game AI agents in this paper - the AI agent TStarBot1 is based on deep reinforcement learning over a flat action structure, and the AI agent TStarBot2 is based on hard-coded rules over a hierarchical action structure. Both TStarBot1 and TStarBot2 are able to defeat the built-in AI agents from level 1 to level 10 in a full game (1v1 Zerg-vs-Zerg game on the AbyssalReef map), noting that level 8, level 9, and level 10 are cheating agents with unfair advantages such as full vision on the whole map and resource harvest boosting. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first public work to investigate AI agents that can defeat the built-in AI in the StarCraft II full game.
In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Flower, Leaf, and Stem Extracts of Korean Mint (2019)

Traditionally, <i>Agastache rugosa</i> (Korean mint) has been widely used to treat various infectious diseases. The aims of this study were to: (i) determine the phenylpropanoid content of the plant using high-performance liquid chromatography; (ii) undertake total anthocyanin, flavonoid, and phenolic assays; (iii) and evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the methanol extracts from the stem, leaves, and flowers of Korean mint. The total anthocyanin, flavonoid, and phenolic content assays showed that the flowers had higher phenolic levels than the stem and leaves. The reducing power, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl superoxide radical scavenging abilities, and the hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activities were also evaluated so that the antioxidant activities of the extracts from the different plant parts could be evaluated. The flower extracts revealed higher antioxidant properties than the other parts. The antibacterial properties of the methanol extracts from <i>A</i>. <i>rugosa</i> were analyzed by the disc diffusion method, and the flower extracts had higher antibacterial activities against the six bacterial strains used in the study than the other parts. This study provides information on the synergistic antioxidant and antibacterial properties of phenolics derived from the different parts of Korean mint.
Clinically significant copy number alterations and complex rearrangements of MYB and NFIB in head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma (2012)

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the head and neck is a malignant tumor with poor long-term prognosis. Besides the recently identified MYB-NFIB fusion oncogene generated by a t(6;9) translocation, little is known about other genetic alterations in ACC. Using high-resolution, array-based comparative genomic hybridization, and massively paired-end sequencing, we explored genomic alterations in 40 frozen ACCs. Eighty-six percent of the tumors expressed MYB-NFIB fusion transcripts and 97% overexpressed MYB mRNA, indicating that MYB activation is a hallmark of ACC. Thirty-five recurrent copy number alterations (CNAs) were detected, including losses involving 12q, 6q, 9p, 11q, 14q, 1p, and 5q and gains involving 1q, 9p, and 22q. Grade III tumors had on average a significantly higher number of CNAs/tumor compared to Grade I and II tumors (P = 0.007). Losses of 1p, 6q, and 15q were associated with high-grade tumors, whereas losses of 14q were exclusively seen in Grade I tumors. The t(6;9) rearrangements were associated with a complex pattern of breakpoints, deletions, insertions, inversions, and for 9p also gains. Analyses of fusion-negative ACCs using high-resolution arrays and massively paired-end sequencing revealed that MYB may also be deregulated by other mechanisms in addition to gene fusion. Our studies also identified several down-regulated candidate tumor suppressor genes (CTNNBIP1, CASP9, PRDM2, and SFN) in 1p36.33-p35.3 that may be of clinical significance in high-grade tumors. Further, studies of these and other potential target genes may lead to the identification of novel driver genes in ACC.
Lpar configuration and management: working with ibm eserver (2002)

Learn how to use the new V5R1 dynamic resource movements in LPAR See how to use the new GUI interface for LPAR Use the V5R1 LAN console and virtual LAN facilities Since its introduction with OS/400 V4R4 in 1999, logical partitioning (LPAR) has re-energized server consolidation strategies both for IBM eServer iSeries and AS/400 customers. It continues to take full advantage of the innovative hardware and software technologies that are made available with the iSeries and OS/400 V5R1. Customers that have successfully implemented LPAR with OS/400 V4R4 and V4R5 have also awaited the enhancements to perform resource movement without requiring an Initial Program Load (IPL). OS/400 V5R1 provides this ability. It allows dynamic movement of resources such as CPU, memory, and interactive performance. V5R1 also extends LPAR support to the new iSeries Model 270 SStar processor features, including the ability to partition a uniprocessor to support both OS/400 V5R1 and Linux partitions. OS/400 V5R1 with iSeries provides an environment to optimize IT hardware infrastructure through server consolidation and LPAR. This is made possible with the combined support for High Speed Links (HSL), independent auxiliary storage pools (IASP), Integrated xSeries Adapters, fibre channel support for Enterprise Storage Server (ESS), and high speed disk and LAN adapters. This IBM Redbook is intended to help you with V5R1 LPAR planning and implementing considerations. It looks at various scenarios that implement LPAR. This redbook complements the LPAR information provided in the iSeries Information Center. Plus, it includes additional practical scenarios for implementing LPAR with OS/400 V5R1.