gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Displacement Reactions of Neopentyl-type Sulfonate Esters1 (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDisplacement Reactions of Neopentyl-type Sulfonate Esters1James M. Sugihara, Donald L. Schmidt, Vincent D. Calbi, and Samuel M. DorrenceCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 5, 1406–1409Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01040a518https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01040a518research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views219Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Electron Affinity of Single-Crystalline Chemical-Vapor-Deposited Diamond Studied by Ultraviolet Synchrotron Radiation (1994)

We have investigated the electron affinity of (111) and (100) single crystalline surfaces of chemical-vapor-deposited diamond with additional treatments. For specimens exposed to hydrogen plasma (H treatment), the electron affinities are found to be negative from photoyield spectra using ultraviolet synchrotron radiation light, because the threshold energies of photoyield from these specimens are located at an energy of h ?&lt; 5.5 eV, which is the indirect band-gap energy of diamond. The threshold energies of photoyield from surfaces annealed in oxygen atmosphere at 500?C are higher than those from H-treated surfaces. This can be explained in terms of an increase of work function of the oxygen-adsorbed surfaces.
Electron-beam initiated polymerization of acrylate compositions, 2. Simulation of thermal effects in thin films (2000)

The thermal effects taking place during the electron beam-induced polymerization of acrylate type formulations were numerically simulated on the basis of the general heat equation applied to a one-dimensional system. The nature, the dimensions and the environment of the polymerizing medium were defined for representing the actual conditions of kinetic experiments performed with a 175 kV laboratory accelerator and FTIR monitoring. The modeled system was constituted of a polymerizable composition coated onto a NaCl plate, initially at 20°C in gaseous nitrogen at the same constant temperature, with or without a PET film covering the reactive layer. Polymerization profiles describing the progress of the reaction as a function of dose were modeled on a phenomenological basis from actual data obtained by discontinuous FTIR monitoring of typical epoxy acrylate or polyurethane acrylate compositions. The influence of the reactive layer thickness (10/100 μm), dose rate (10–110 kGy·s–1), maximum polymerization heat (200–400 J·g–1) on the temperature-time variations was examined for continuous irradiation. In spite of the relatively small thickness of the reactive layer, significant temperature rise is simulated when heat production is large and fast compared to energy dissipation at the reactive layer boundaries. The obtained data substantiate the fact that upon fractionated EB-treatment with small dose increments (down to 0.6 kGy per pass) at low dose rate (down to 10 kGy·s–1) the heat release can be considered weak and without noticeable influence on the conversion data processed for a detailed kinetic analysis. For example, a maximal temperature rise of 6°C was calculated for a fractionated irradiation of 2 kGy increments at 19 kGy·s–1 applied to a polymerizable formulation releasing a maximum enthalpy of 300 J·g–1.
Sustainable mobility management at the University of Milan-Bicocca (2019)

Since it was founded in 1998, the University of Milano-Bicocca has been working to make its structures environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable. This objective has been pursued by creating BASE (Bicocca Ambiente Società Economia – Bicocca Environment Society Economy), a centre that promotes interaction between research and training and that stimulates sustainability within the University and outside it. The university's action on sustainability has been programmed as part of the Bicocca Sustainability Plan, a framework that sets out the objectives and the action to be taken around the core topics of settings, infrastructure, energy and climate change, waste, water, transport, education, and research. This report focuses on the measures that relate to mobility and describes the action that is being taken in favour of more sustainable forms of mobility, specifically on mobility management, study, and research, and on the results that have been obtained in the use of public transport and the adoption of active mobility. The attention Milano-Bicocca is giving to the economic and social aspects of sustainable mobility is documented by describing its agreements with transport operators, and its policies for improving student access to the Uni
Robust Bayesian estimation of kinetics for the polymorphic transformation of L‐glutamic acid crystals (2008)

Abstract Polymorphism, in which there exist different crystal forms for the same chemical compound, is an important phenomenon in pharmaceutical manufacturing. In this article, a kinetic model for the crystallization of L ‐glutamic acid polymorphs is developed from experimental data. This model appears to be the first to include all of the transformation kinetic parameters including dependence on the temperature. The kinetic parameters are estimated by Bayesian inference from batch data collected from two in situ measurements: ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy is used to infer the solute concentration, and FBRM that provides crystal size information. Probability distributions of the estimated parameters in addition to their point estimates are obtained by Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation. The kinetic model can be used to better understand the effects of operating conditions on crystal quality, and the probability distributions can be used to assess the accuracy of model predictions and incorporated into robust control strategies for polymorphic crystallization. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
A lectin-resistant mouse lymphoma cell line is deficient in glucosidase II, a glycoprotein-processing enzyme. (1982)

Glycosylation of asparagine residues of glycoproteins occurs by the transfer of a glucose3mannose9N-acetylglucosamine2 (Glc3Man9GlcNAc2) oligosaccharide from a lipid carrier to the nascent protein. Normally, this transfer is quickly followed by the stepwise removal of the glucose residues which are arranged in the sequence: Glc1 leads to 2Glc1 leads to 3Glc1 leads to 3Man. We now report studies which demonstrate that a lectin-resistant mutant of the BW5147 mouse lymphoma cell line is deficient in the enzyme which removes the two inner glucose residues. This cell line (PHAR2.7) was selected for resistance to the cytotoxic effects of Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinating lectin (Trowbridge, I. S., Hyman, R., Ferson, T., and Mazauskas, C. (1978) Eur. J. Immunol. 8, 716-723). Glycopeptides prepared from cells equilibrium-labeled with either [2-3H]mannose or [6-3H]galactose were characterized using lectin affinity chromatography, treatment with specific endo- and exoglycosidases, sizing by paper chromatography, and methylation analysis. Approximately 50% of the radioactivity in [3H]mannose-labeled glycopeptides from the mutant cells is present as glucosylated high mannose-type oligosaccharides whereas parent cell glycopeptides labeled under similar conditions lack detectable amounts of these species. Using [3H]galactose labeling, the major glucosylated oligosaccharides were identified as Glc2Man9GlcNAc2 and Glc2Man8GlcNAc2. In vitro enzyme assays demonstrated that the mutant cells cannot remove either of the two inner 1 leads to 3-linked glucose residues. Removal of the outer 1 leads to 3-linked glucose is normal. We conclude from these data that the PHAR2.7 cell line is deficient in glucosidase II, the enzyme which removes the two inner glucose residues from the oligosaccharides of newly glycosylated proteins.
Pedigree reconstruction for triploid apple cultivars using single nucleotide polymorphism array data (2022)

Societal Impact Statement Many economically, culturally, and historically important apple cultivars are triploids, which have three copies of each chromosome instead of the more typical two copies in diploids. Despite their prevalence and importance, there have been conflicting reports regarding their origin and their ability to beget diploids. New genetic analysis methodologies outlined in this study have clarified the genetic origin of triploid apple cultivars and suggest that triploidy has been a dead end in historic apple pedigrees. The specific results of this study have resolved the pedigrees of many cultivars, including the famous English cultivar Cox's Orange Pippin and the oldest known US cultivar Roxbury Russet. Summary In apple ( Malus × domestica ), most cultivars are diploid, though a sizeable number are triploids, which tend to be stronger growing, more robust, and bear larger fruit. However, triploidy is also associated with strongly reduced fertility. Some recorded pedigrees for historical apple cultivars include triploids as parents of diploids, despite this reputation of poor fertility. This information, coupled with some initiatives using triploids in breeding efforts, result in confusion about how possible or common it is for triploids to be parents of diploid offspring. To date, no studies have systematically evaluated and identified pedigrees of triploid apple cultivars to resolve these contradictions. Here, we describe a method to make triploid genotype calls using Illumina Infinium single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array data through a novel Python script: ploidyClassifier. SNP data for 219 unique triploids was compared alongside 2498 unique diploid apple accessions to conduct pedigree reconstruction. Unreduced gamete‐donating parents were identified for over half of the triploid accessions. From those, reduced gamete‐donating parents were identified for nearly half. Full or partial pedigrees for many classic triploids were uncovered, including that of the oldest known American cultivar, ‘Roxbury Russet’. All tested pedigrees from literature that listed triploids as parents of diploids were deemed false, including that of the well‐known ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’, whose previously unreported second parent was also identified here as ‘Rosemary Russet’. These results together suggest that historic triploids are mostly or solely the product of diploid parentage and that triploidy has been a dead end in historic apple pedigrees.
A robust transport protocol for run-time fault detection (2002)

Run-time fault detection in communication protocols is essential to detect faults that cannot be detected during the testing phase. We propose a signature-based method to detect run-time faults. A polynomial using the state and event information as coefficients is used to transform a sequence of states and events into a number (signature). The static signature corresponding to the correct execution of the protocol is compared with the run-time signature. This technique is more reliable, faster, and efficient compared to existing techniques. The states and events are assigned values such that multiple paths leading to the same state result in a unique signature. This reduces the number of comparisons required to verify the correct execution of the protocol. In this paper, we present eXTP4, an extended transport layer protocol that facilitate run-time fault detection.
An Original Definition of the Profile of Compliant Foil Journal Gas Bearings: Static and Dynamic Analysis (2004)

This article deals with a numerical analysis of the static and dynamic performance of a compliant journal gas bearing. The common approach found in foil bearing literature consists in calculating the carrying capacity for a given shaft position. In this study the external load is fixed (magnitude and direction) and the related shaft position is investigated. Nevertheless, a rigid profile, able to support high imposed loads, is no longer valid if one considers that the bearing becomes compliant. An original calculation method of the initial profile considering rigid surfaces is proposed to overcome this problem. The prediction of nonlinear dynamic behavior, i.e., stability and response to external excitation, is investigated. Finally, a viscous damping model is introduced into the dynamic model in order to obtain the amount of structural damping necessary to increase the stability of the compliant journal gas bearing.
<title>Effect of temperature on the absorption coefficient of water for Ho:YAG laser light</title> (1994)

The dynamics of the water absorption peak around 1.94 micrometers was examined. This peak is important for the absorption of holmium and thulium laser radiation. To examine the effect of temperature on the absorption coefficient, the transmission of light through water of 22, 49 and 70 degree(s)C was measured from 1850 -2150 nm with a spectrophotometer. It was found that the absorption peak at 1.94 micrometers (at 22 degree(s)C) shifts to shorter wavelengths with increasing temperatures, to 1.92 micrometers at 70 degree(s)C. It was also seen that the absorption peak increases slightly with increasing temperature. It is shown in this paper that the dynamics of the absorption coefficient has a significant influence on the expected zone of damage and ablation parameters in the 2 micrometers wavelength range.
Study of the Direct Bonding Method : Etching Effect of Various Acids on the Human Enamel Surface (1976)

The efficiency of direct bonding technique in orthodontics depends strongly upon adequacy of pretreatment of the enamel surface. For the purpose of defining the optimal conditions for such treatment, various acids including phosphoric acid and eight different organic acids (pyruvic, maleic, malonic, tartaric, citric, acetic, lactic and formic acid) were examined for their actions on the enamel surface of human tooth. Their effects were monitored by scanning electron microscopic observation of the treated enamel surface as functions of acid concentration as well as treatment time. Phosphoric acid was shown to etch mainly interprismatic matrix, thus leaving horseshoe-shaped depressions of the surface. Enough surface roughness to give adequate bond strength, as judged by scanning electron microscopy, was produced by treating with this acid for 1 or 1.5 min at 5 M or 3 M concentration, respectively. Under these conditions, the extent of enamel dissolution was 10μm. In sharp contrast to phosphoric acid, the organic acids tested preferentially dissolved prismatic cores to leave minor holes on the surface. The conditions of treatment with these acids to give enough surface roughness were : pyruvic acid (2M), 1.5 min ; maleic acid (1M), 1.5 min ; malonic acid (1M), 2.5 min ; tartaric acid (1M), 3 min ; citric acid (1M), 3 min. The extent of enamel dissolution was 2&acd;3μm under these conditions, irrespective of the kind of acid used. Acetic, lactic and formic acid on the other hand, were found to be far less effective in gaining appropriate surface architecture. Measurement of tensile strength has revealed that the surfaces prepared under conditions described above, when tested with thermosetting acrylic resin, actually provide sufficient grip for usual clinical purposes (4&acd;6kg/3×3mm^2 or higher). Form these results, it is concluded that such organic acids as pyruvic, maleic, malonic, tartaric and citric acid are superior to phosphoric acid as etching agent in the sense that they require less dissolution of the enamel in obtaining adequate surface roughness for bonding, and the author suggests the following etching scheme to be of clinical choice, considering shortness of the treatment time as well ; 2M pyruvic acid or 1M maleic acid for 1.5 min.
Comparison of Sensory Acceptance and Fluid Replacement between Two Different Sports Drinks (2006)

Research is inconclusive regarding purported benefits of the addition of protein to a sports drink consumed during exercise. The impact of the addition of protein on beverage acceptability and voluntary fluid replacement is a key consideration. If palatability is compromised, fluid replacement could be reduced. PURPOSE: To determine if differences exist in sensory acceptance measures and drinking response between a 6% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CHO) and a 6.6% carbohydrate-electrolyte plus 1.6% protein solution (CHO-P) during 90 minutes of moderate exercise in the heat. METHODS: Sixty-two (40 males; 22 females) endurance athletes completed two trials consisting of 45-minute run on the treadmill and 45-minute ride on a stationary bike at 80% HRmax. Beverages were administered in a didactic manner, such that subjects were offered CHO and water or CHO-P and water, and were allowed to drink ad-libitum during the exercise period. Beverage treatments were randomly assigned and counterbalanced. Sensory acceptance measures were evaluated PRE, MID, and POST exercise using a 9-point hedonic scale questionnaire. Unbeknown to the subjects, fluid bottles were weighed pre- and post-exercise to determine amount consumed by each subject. Sweat loss was calculated via change in body weight and corrected for fluid intake and urine output. ANOVA was used to test for differences between CHO and CHO-P with the alpha level set at 0.05. RESULTS: There was no difference in sweat rates between the two trials (CHO =1.15 ± 0.38L/h; CHO-P = 1.14 ± 0.37 L/h). Mean consumption during exercise was 1.0 ± 0.466L for CHO and 0.765 ± 0.419L for CHO-P (p<0.01), replacing 58 ± 23.6% and 43 ± 19% respectively (p=0.00). Mean water consumption on the CHO trial was 0.528 ± 0.369L and 0.626 ± 0.472L on the CHO-P trial with more total (sports drink ± water) fluid consumption occurring in the CHO trial (1.53 ± 0.6L vs. 1.39 ± 0.5L; p<0.05). CHO had higher sensory acceptance scores at all evaluation time-points (mean score = 7.0 vs. 5.3;p=0.00). CONCLUSION: The addition of protein to a sports drink appeared to adversely affect the palatability of the beverage and significantly reduced voluntary fluid intake.
Lewis pairing and frustration of group 13/15 elements geometrically enforced by (ace)naphthalene, biphenylene and (thio)xanthene backbones (2021)

The synthesis, structure, and reactivity of mixed group 13/group 15 compounds (E<sup>13</sup> = B, Al, Ga, In, Tl; E<sup>15</sup> = N, P, Sb, Bi) featuring a rigid (ace)naphthalene or (thio)xanthene backbone are discussed in this review. The backbone may either enforce or prevent E<sup>15</sup>→E<sup>13</sup> interactions, resulting in Lewis pairing or frustration. The formation of strong E<sup>15</sup>→E<sup>13</sup> interactions is possible upon peri-substitution of (ace)naphthalenes. This gives the opportunity to access and study highly reactive species, as exemplified by P-stabilised borenium salts and boryl radicals. In turn, rigid expanded spacers such as biphenylenes, (thio)xanthenes and dibenzofurans impose long distances and geometrically prevent E<sup>15</sup>→E<sup>13</sup> interactions. Such P-B derivatives display ambiphilic coordination properties and frustrated Lewis pair behaviour towards small molecules, their preorganised structure favouring reversible interaction/activation. Throughout the review, the importance of the scaffold in enforcing or preventing E<sup>15</sup>→E<sup>13</sup> interactions is highlighted and discussed based on experimental data and theoretical calculations.
Light scattering and infrared-transmission spike in multidomain birefringent solids (KCN and NaCN) (1980)

KCN and NaCN single crystals, in their low-temperature multidomain structure, are used as model cases for the study of light scattering in polycrystalline birefringent solids. The light-scattering properties, measured over a wide ir range can be fitted to Raman's model, based on the phase shifts of the light in birefringent domains of different orientation, yielding an estimate on the domain sizes. A narrow transmission window in the light-scattering spectrum is observed in the near ir, where the otherwise opaque and light-depolarizing crystal is nearly perfectly transparent and nondepolarizing. This effect can be quantitatively understood as a matching between birefringence from electronic and vibrational excitation, producing an effective optically isotropic behavior of the molecular system at a particular wavelength. Consequences of this birefringence-matching effect for other molecular systems and experimental techniques are discussed.
Bacteriophage taxonomy (2011)

Ten families and eight genera have been approved by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) and include at least 230 species. A new basic phage group has been found in Archaebacteria. Over 2700 phages are tailed; about 130 are cubic, filamentous or pleomorphic. Their distribution provides insights into phage origin.
Hard and tough electrodeposited aluminum-manganese alloys with tailored nanostructures (2010)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2010.
Thermally induced crystallization in NbO2 thin films (2016)

Niobium dioxide can exhibit negative differential resistance (NDR) in metal-insulator-metal (MIM) devices, which has recently attracted significant interest for its potential applications as a highly non-linear selector element in emerging nonvolatile memory (NVM) and as a locally-active element in neuromorphic circuits. In order to further understand the processing of this material system, we studied the effect of thermal annealing on a 15 nm thick NbO<sub>2</sub> thin film sandwiched inside a nanoscale MIM device and compared it with 180 nm thick blanket NbO<sub>x</sub> (x = 2 and 2.5) films deposited on a silicon dioxide surface as references. A systematic transmission electron microscope (TEM) study revealed a similar structural transition from amorphous to a distorted rutile structure in both cases, with a transition temperature of 700 °C for the NbO<sub>2</sub> inside the MIM device and a slightly higher transition temperature of 750 °C for the reference NbO<sub>2</sub> film. Quantitative composition analysis from electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) showed the stoichiometry of the nominal 15 nm NbO<sub>2</sub> layer in the as-fabricated MIM device deviated from the target 1:2 ratio because of an interaction with the electrode materials, which was more prominent at elevated annealing temperature.
Stability of [Asu1,7]-eel calcitonin and eel calcitonin in vitro and in vivo. (1977)

Stability of [Asu1,7]-eel calcitonin was compared with that of eel calcitonin by the radioimmunoassay method. [Asu1,7]-Eel calcitonin cross-reacted with anti-eel calcitonin antisera. [Asu1,7]-Eel calcitonin was as stable as eel calcitonin in rabbit liver or rabbit kidney extracts when incubated at 37 degrees C. Disappearance curves from the plasma of [Asu1,7]-eel calcitonin and eel calcitonin following iv injection in rabbits were quite similar.