gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sulfur Oxides Removal – Heterogeneous (2002)

Abstract This article describes the significant progress made in recent years in the development and fundamental understanding of catalysts for the reduction of sulfur dioxide by CO, synthesis gas, or methane. The direct catalytic reduction of SO 2 to elemental sulfur offers several advantages to power plants and industrial boilers using heavy fossil fuels, the main one being a simple process flowsheet for exhaust gas desulfurization with incorporated sulfur recovery. The environmental benefit is the recovery of sulfur in an innocuous form, which can be safely disposed of. Combined SO 2 /NO x removal can also be envisioned with such catalysts with ensuing overall system efficiency gains. Several high activity and high selectivity catalysts are presently available for SO 2 reduction by CO or syngas (CO + H 2 ), while under development are also catalysts for the reduction of sulfur dioxide with natural gas. These catalysts and the particulars of the associated SO 2 reduction processes are described in the article. Emphasis is given to catalysts based on cerium oxide which show promise for SO 2 reduction by either CO or methane, over a wide temperature window and in the presence of water and NO x . Mechanistic explanations are offered for the observed activity and selectivity of several of these catalyst compositions.
Near-side azimuthal and pseudorapidity correlations using neutral strange baryons and mesons ind+Au, Cu + Cu, and Au + Au collisions atsNN=200GeV (2016)

We present measurements of the near side of triggered di-hadron correlations using neutral strange baryons $(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\overline{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}})$ and mesons $({K}_{S}^{0})$ at intermediate transverse momentum $(3 &lt; {p}_{T} &lt;6 \mathrm{GeV}/c)$ to look for possible flavor and baryon-meson dependence. This study is performed in $d+\mathrm{Au}$, Cu+Cu, and Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=200$ GeV measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC. The near-side di-hadron correlation contains two structures, a peak which is narrow in azimuth and pseudorapidity consistent with correlations from jet fragmentation, and a correlation in azimuth which is broad in pseudorapidity. The particle composition of the jet-like correlation is determined using identified associated particles. The dependence of the conditional yield of the jet-like correlation on the trigger particle momentum, associated particle momentum, and centrality for correlations with unidentified trigger particles are presented. The neutral strange particle composition in jet-like correlations with unidentified charged particle triggers is not well described by PYTHIA. However, the yield of unidentified particles in jet-like correlations with neutral strange particle triggers is described reasonably well by the same model.
The Role of Mechanical Stresses in Angiogenesis (2005)

Angiogenesis is the formation of new capillary blood vessels from preexisting vessels. It is involved in many normal and diseased conditions, as well as in the application of tissue-engineered products. There has been extensive effort made to develop strategies for controlling pathological angiogenesis and for promoting vascularization in biomedical engineering applications. Central to advancing these strategies is a mechanistic understanding of the angiogenic process. Angiogenesis is tightly regulated by local tissue environmental factors, including soluble molecules, extracellular matrices, cell-cell interactions, and diverse mechanical forces. Great advances have been made in identifying the biochemical factors and intracellular signaling pathways that mediate the control of angiogenesis. This review focuses on work that explores the biophysical aspect of angiogenesis regulation. Specifically, we discuss the role of cell-generated forces, counterforces from the extracellular matrix, and mechanical forces associated with blood flow and extravascular tissue activity in the regulation of angiogenesis. Because angiogenesis occurs in a mechanically dynamic environment, future investigations should aim at understanding how cells integrate chemical and mechanical signals so that a rational approach to controlling angiogenesis will become possible. In this regard, computational models that incorporate multiple epigenetic factors to predict capillary patterning will be useful.
[Significance of contrast radiography in the assessment of the state of the muscles and differential diagnosis of extensor contractures of the knee joint]. (1990)

On the basis of analysis of the roentgen contrast examination of femoral muscles of the patients with extension contractures of knee joint, roentgen systematics of the muscle changes at given pathology is presented and the criteria of differential diagnosis of contractures of different types are proposed. 55 patients (125 examinations) with extension contractures of knee joint (arthrogenic, immobilizing, due to myofascio-tenodesis) of different etiology were subjected to roentgen contrast myography. As a consequence, this offered a means of objective evaluation of the muscle state and enabled one to discover the changes of muscles, specific for contractures in general as well as for each type in particular. The table of roentgenologic signs has been compiled which permits to make differential diagnosis, determine the tactics of treatment, select the type of surgical intervention on the basis of the muscle condition.
Modeling and experiments of self-reflectivity under femtosecond ablation conditions (2015)

We present a numerical model that describes the propagation of a single femtosecond laser pulse in a medium of which the optical properties dynamically change within the duration of the pulse. We use a finite-difference timedomain method to solve the Maxwell's equations coupled to equations describing the changes in the material properties. We use the model to simulate the self-reflectivity of strongly focused femtosecond laser pulses on silicon and gold under laser ablation conditions. We compare the simulations to experimental results and find excellent agreement.
MiR-22 as a metabolic silencer and liver tumor suppressor (2020)

With obesity rate consistently increasing, a strong relationship between obesity and fatty liver disease has been discovered. More than 90% of bariatric surgery patients also have non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLDs). NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which are the hepatic manifestations of metabolic syndrome, can lead to liver carcinogenesis. Unfortunately, there is no effective medicine that can be used to treat NASH or liver cancer. Thus, it is critically important to understand the mechanism underlying the development of these diseases. Extensive evidence suggests that microRNA 22 (<i>miR-22</i>) can be a diagnostic marker for liver diseases as well as a treatment target. This review paper focuses on the roles of <i>miR-22</i> in metabolism, steatosis, and liver carcinogenesis. Literature search is limited based on the publications included in the PubMed database in the recent 10 years.
Carborane‐Based Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (2013)

CA inhibitors: Human carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Various carborane cages are shown to act as active-site-directed inhibitors, and substitution with a sulfamide group and other substituents leads to compounds with high selectivity towards the cancer-specific isozyme IX. Crystal structures of the carboranes in the active site provide information that can be applied to the structure-based design of specific inhibitors.
COMMENTS ON CORRELATION BETWEEN ELECTROLUMINESCENCE AND ELECTRON EMISSION OF THIN METAL-OXIDE-METAL SANDWICHES (1968)

It is shown experimentally that only at ``larger'' field strengths is the electron current from cold-cathode Al–Al2O3–Au structures dominated by photoelectron emission released in the top layer through electroluminescence radiation within the oxide.
Deletion of immune evasion genes provides an effective vaccine design for tumor-associated herpesviruses (2020)

Abstract Vaccines based on live attenuated viruses often induce broad, multifaceted immune responses. However, they also usually sacrifice immunogenicity for attenuation. It is particularly difficult to elicit an effective vaccine for herpesviruses due to an armament of immune evasion genes and a latent phase. Here, to overcome the limitation of attenuation, we developed a rational herpesvirus vaccine in which viral immune evasion genes were deleted to enhance immunogenicity while also attaining safety. To test this vaccine strategy, we utilized murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) as a proof-of-concept model for the cancer-associated human γ-herpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. We engineered a recombinant MHV-68 virus by targeted inactivation of viral antagonists of type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway and deletion of the latency locus responsible for persistent infection. This recombinant virus is highly attenuated with no measurable capacity for replication, latency, or persistence in immunocompetent hosts. It stimulates robust innate immunity, differentiates virus-specific memory T cells, and elicits neutralizing antibodies. A single vaccination affords durable protection that blocks the establishment of latency following challenge with the wild type MHV-68 for at least six months post-vaccination. These results provide a novel approach to effective vaccination against cancer-associated herpesviruses through the elimination of latency and key immune evasion mechanisms from the pathogen.
Seven‐Membered Rings (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Differential Growth in Writing Quality of Students in Fifth Grade from Diverse Backgrounds (2021)

Purpose The primary aims of this study were to: (a) to describe average change in the writing quality of fifth grade students from the fall and spring of the school year, (b) examine relations between linguistic features and writing quality rating, and (c) test for differential growth between groups of students who differ in linguistic and ability backgrounds.Method Participants included 1,396 students in fifth grade. Writing quality was assessed using a 10 point rating rubric. Three microstructural measures were included: number of different words (NDW), academic word use, and use of advanced connectives.Results Significant increases in writing quality were evidenced from fall to spring. Quality ratings were significantly related to linguistic features including lexical diversity, use of academic words and advanced connectives. Additionally, results from a two-level hierarchical linear model with students nested within classrooms indicated that there was a significant interaction between free/reduced lunch eligibility and initial performance in predicting the change in quality from fall to spring. After taking initial writing quality into account, English proficiency and the presence of language-based exceptionalities were significant predictors of students’ gains in writing quality across the school year.Conclusions and implications Quality ratings are sensitive to change across a school year. Findings highlight differentiated writing growth based on linguistic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Findings point to the need for causal research examining mechanisms to improve students’ overall writing quality outcomes.
High-temperature modeling and characterization of 6H silicon carbide metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (2005)

We expand upon previous work [S. K. Powell, N. Goldsman, J. M. McGarrity, J. Bernstein, C. J. Scozzie, and A. Lelis, J. Appl. Phys. 92, 4053 (2002)] by applying the device model to 6H silicon carbide metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors operating at high temperatures. We compare the model predictions with the device measurements from room temperature to 200 °C and find agreement.
Stereospecific Synthesis of 2-Substituted Ether Phospholipids (1989)

A new stereospecific synthesis of biologically active 2-substituted ether phospholipids is reported. The synthesis is based upon 1) using D-α,β-isopropylideneglycerol-γ-tosylate to provide the chiral center, 2) introducing the sn-2-thio function by nucleophilic sulfur displacement of the p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl-activated secondary glycerol function, and 3) elaborating the sn-3-phosphorylcholine moiety either by the β-bromoethyl phosphodichloridate-trimethylamine sequence, or via phosphorylation using 2-chloro -2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane followed by nucleophilic ring opening of the phosphotriester with trimethylamine. Through the use of intermediates that became available from the sequence new sn-2-thioacyl and sn-2-thiomethyl ether phospholipids were prepared. The synthetic compounds include chromogenic substrates of phospholipase A2 enzymes, a highly potent antihypertensive ether phospholipid and a structural analogue of antitumor active alkylphosphoglycerides. The synthetic methods developed have a great deal of flexibility providing convenient routes to a wide range of structurally variable ether phospholipids for physicochemical and enzymological studies.
Analysis of Print Gloss with a Calibrated Microgoniophotometer (2007)

A procedure for the calibration of a micro&#x2013;goniophotometer is described that enables the analysis of gloss data in terms of the underlying optical properties of the glossy material. Calibration studies are described and calibration procedures are presented, along with a discussion of accuracy and precision characteristics of the current instrument. Examples of analytical applications are described in which the utility of the calibrated device is demonstrated. These examples demonstrate analytical protocols capable of distinguishing between the effects of two key optical constants (n and &#x3BA;) and the angular distribution of surface facets. In addition, by calibrating the device in separate red, green, and blue bands of light, measurements can provide information relevant to chromatic changes in optical constants and the effects of sublayer specular contributions to gloss. This work is intended provide a tool for imaging scientists concerned with the effects of material properties on the gloss of printed materials. Future work will address the instrumental measurement of appearance attributes of gloss.
Synthesis of Tetraborylethenes and 1,1,1′,1′-Tetra- and Hexaborylethanes; Electronic Interactions in Tetraborylethenes and 1,1,1′,1′-Tetraborylethanes, and HF-SCF Calculations (1999)

The catechol-substituted diboranes(4) 1 react with the catechol-substituted diborylacetylenes 2, in the presence of [Pt(PPh3)2(C2H4)] or [Pt(PPh3)4], to give tetra- and hexaborylethane derivatives. When [Pt(cod)2] is used as catalyst, the tetraborylethene 5a is formed exclusively. Catalytic hydrogenation of 5a affords the 1,1,1′,1′-tetraborylethane 4a, which has been studied by an X-ray structure analysis. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analyses for the RHF/3–21G optimized geometries of 4a and 5a reveal intramolecular stabilization of the boron pz orbital. This covers B–O, B–B, and agostic interactions. The photoelectron spectrum of 5a is reported
Publisher's Note: Investigating ultraflexible freestanding graphene by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy [Phys. Rev. B 96, 085433 (2017)] (2017)

Received 6 September 2017DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.96.119903©2017 American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Physical SystemsGrapheneCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics
ShipIR model validation using NATO SIMVEX experiment results (2003)

An infrared field trial has been conducted by a NATO science panel on IR ship signatures, TG-16. This trial was planned, designed and executed for the expressed purpose of the validation of predictive IR ship signature simulations. The details of the trial were dictated by a thoughtful validation methodology, which exploits the concept of "experimental precision." Two governmental defense laboratories, the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment and the US Naval Research Laboratory have used this trial data to perform a validation analysis on the ShipIR IR signature code. This analysis quantifies prediction accuracy of the current versions of the code and identifies specific portions of the code that need to be upgraded to improve prediction accuracy.
Posterior Pharyngeal Wall Follicles as Early Diagnostic Marker for Seasonal and Novel Influenza (2011)

Background Rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential for containing the novel influenza A/H1N1 pandemic. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is an accurate diagnostic method, but it is not routinely available worldwide. We herein evaluated the usefulness of pharyngeal “influenza follicles” in diagnosing seasonal influenza and influenza A/2009 (H1N1) pdm. Methods Between August 3 and October 29, 2009, we evaluated 87 patients with influenza-like symptoms. Twenty-three had influenza follicles (22 on initial evaluation; 1 on follow-up) while 64 did not. Considering these two groups, we then compared the positive cases using rapid diagnostic testing (confirmed by PCR). In addition, 419 cases of seasonal influenza diagnosed between 2003 and 2009 were examined for the presence of influenza follicles based on Miyamoto's 2007 definition9, and new exclusion criteria were developed. Results Among the 23 patients with influenza follicles, 21 were diagnosed with novel influenza. Of these, follicles were present on initial evaluation in 20 and on follow-up in 1. None of the 64 patients without influenza follicles were diagnosed with influenza (sensitivity 100%, specificity 97%). Among the 419 patients diagnosed with seasonal influenza between 2003 and 2009, influenza follicles occurred in all type A/H3N2, A/H1N1, and B cases (sensitivity 95.46%, specificity 98.42%). Thus, follicles were considered a specific sign of influenza. Conclusion Influenza follicles occur in both seasonal and novel influenza. This identification method has higher diagnostic sensitivity and specificity than rapid diagnostic testing and is a promising clinical tool for diagnosing influenza when PCR is unavailable, or in pandemic situations.
Simulation-based testability analysis and fault diagnosis (2002)

In the past, system-level testability analysis and fault diagnosis have been largely based an either structure or manual cause-effect analysis (e.g. qualitative models, dependency models, multi-signal models, signed directed graphs). This process is time-consuming. This paper proposes a general methodology for automatically extracting multi-signal diagnostic inference models of systems via fault-simulation of design descriptions. Specifically it addresses the problem of generating inference models of digital/analog circuits and complex functional blocks (e.g. servo mechanisms, process control systems, flight control systems) for system-level testability analysis and fault diagnosis. The proposed method: (1) ensures a detailed failure-modes and effects analysis of systems, (2) automatically defines tests with well-defined stimuli, observations and test limits, (3) creates an efficient and intuitive test strategy by using test precedences and test levels, and (4) eases the process of inference model verification.
Phase‐Sensitive Constant Temperature Anemometry (2011)

Abstract Hot‐film measurements in bubbly flows provide time series that contain information about the liquid and the gas phase. Signal classification is required to disentangle the corresponding segments. The classification algorithms are prone to detection bias, which makes hot‐film measurements in two‐phase flows very difficult. We present a new phase‐sensitive hot‐film probe that provides velocity data and optical phase classification in a single device. We report a proof of concept of this method and demonstrate its accuracy and robustness. Furthermore, we discuss its application to turbulent bubbly flows. magnified image
Nitrogen Oxides Emissions, Chemistry, Deposition, and Export Over the Northeast United States During the WINTER Aircraft Campaign (2018)

Abstract We examine the distribution and fate of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) in the lower troposphere over the Northeast United States (NE US) using aircraft observations from the Wintertime INvestigation of Transport, Emissions, and Reactivity (WINTER) campaign in February–March 2015, as well as the GEOS‐Chem chemical transport model and concurrent ground‐based observations. We find that the National Emission Inventory from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is consistent with WINTER observations of total reactive nitrogen ( T NO y ) to within 10% on average, in contrast to the significant overestimate reported in past studies under warmer conditions. Updates to the dry deposition scheme and dinitrogen pentoxide (N 2 O 5 ) reactive uptake probability, ɣ(N 2 O 5 ), result in an improved simulation of gas‐phase nitric acid (HNO 3 ) and submicron particulate nitrate (pNO 3 − ), reducing the longstanding factor of 2–3 overestimate in wintertime HNO 3 + pNO 3 − to a 50% positive bias. We find a NO x lifetime against chemical loss and deposition of 22 hr in the lower troposphere over the NE US. Chemical loss of NO x is dominated by N 2 O 5 hydrolysis (58% of loss) and reaction with OH (33%), while 7% of NO x leads to the production of organic nitrates. Wet and dry deposition account for 55% and 45% of T NO y deposition over land, respectively. We estimate that 42% of the NO x emitted is exported from the NE US boundary layer during winter, mostly in the form of HNO 3 + pNO 3 − (40%) and NO x (38%).