gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth kinetics of an athermal martensitic transformation by time-resolved optical diffraction from a Ni63AI37(001) surface (2003)

The vertical and lateral growth process of single martensitic bands on the (001) surface of a Ni 63 Al 37 single crystal was investigated using time-resolved diffraction of He-Ne laser light. Our extended kinephotometric setup provided spatial information through an analysis of the Fraunhofer pattern created by diffraction from the surface relief, while temporal resolution was achieved with a fast-response photodiode. On continuous cooling through the martensitic phase transition at a rate of 10 K/min, discontinuous changes in the diffraction pattern occurred on time scales ranging from 100 microseconds up to some tens of milliseconds. Each change in the pattern corresponded to a burst-like upheaval of the relief by a few hundred nanometers. The bands were fully developed within 150 - 250 ms and reached final heights of about 1.5 μm.
Bond length and reactivity: 1-arylethyl ethers and esters. 6. Structure of 1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl 2-naphthalenesulfonate (1986)

Cristallisation dans le systeme monoclinique, groupe P2 1/n et affinement jusqu'a R=0,053. Conformation repliee de la molecule avec les systemes cycliques presque paralleles l'un l'autre
Matching Error Analysis of GPSPositioning and Digital Maps in Vehicle Guidance and Monitoring (1999)

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eNOS Function and Dysfunction in the Penis (2006)

Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) has an indispensable role in the erectile response. In the penis, eNOS activity and endothelial NO bioavailability are regulated by multiple post-translational molecular mechanisms, such as eNOS phosphorylation, eNOS interaction with regulatory proteins and contractile pathways, and actions of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These mechanisms regulate eNOS-mediated responses under physiologic circumstances and provide various mechanisms whereby endothelial NO availability may be altered in states of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED). In view of the recent advances in the field of eNOS function in the penis and its role in penile erection, the emphasis in this review is placed on the mechanisms regulating eNOS activity and its interaction with the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway in the physiology of penile erection and the pathophysiology of ED.
Therapeutic mesopore construction on 2D Nb2C MXenes for targeted and enhanced chemo-photothermal cancer therapy in NIR-II biowindow (2018)

Two-dimensional (2D) MXenes have emerged as a promising planar theranostic nanoplatform for versatile biomedical applications; but their <i>in vivo</i> behavior and performance has been severely influenced and hindered by a lack of necessary surface chemistry for adequate surface engineering. To solve this critical issue, this work employs versatile sol-gel chemistry for the construction of a unique "therapeutic mesopore" layer onto the surface of 2D niobium carbide (Nb<sub>2</sub>C) MXene. <b>Methods:</b> The <i>in situ</i> self-assembled mesopore-making agent (cetanecyltrimethylammonium chloride, in this case) was kept within the mesopores for efficient chemotherapy. The abundant surface saline chemistry of mesoporous silica-coated Nb<sub>2</sub>C MXene was further adopted for stepwise surface engineering including PEGylation and conjugation with cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic pentapeptide c(RGDyC) for targeted tumor accumulation. <b>Results:</b> 2D Nb<sub>2</sub>C MXenes were chosen based on their photothermal conversion capability (28.6%) in the near infrared (NIR)-II biowindow (1064 nm) for enhanced photothermal hyperthermia. Systematic <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> assessments demonstrate targeted and enhanced chemotherapy and photothermal hyperthermia of cancer (U87 cancer cell line and corresponding tumor xenograft; inhibition efficiency: 92.37%) in the NIR-II biowindow by these mesopore-coated 2D Nb<sub>2</sub>C MXenes. <b>Conclusion:</b> This work not only significantly broadens the biomedical applications of 2D Nb<sub>2</sub>C MXene for enhanced cancer therapy, but also provides an efficient strategy for surface engineering of 2D MXenes to satisfy versatile application requirements.
Joule-heating-supported plasma filamentation and branching during subcritical microwave irradiation (2017)

Breakdown physics induced by a subcritical microwave was numerically reproduced by using a two-dimensional effective diffusion model for plasma transport and combining it with Maxwell’s equations and a neutral gas dynamics equation. A discrete plasma structure was obtained when E0,rms/Ec≧0.69, where E0,rms is the root-mean-square of the incident electric field and Ec is the breakdown threshold, because an overcritical field that exceeded the breakdown threshold was formed in a region away from the bulk plasma by the wave reflection when the plasma reflectivity was increased by joule heating. However, a continuous plasma structure with a branching pattern was formed when E0,rms/Ec<0.69 because the enhanced electric-field region away from the bulk plasma never exceeded the breakdown threshold even when the plasma reflectivity increased. The propagation speed of the plasma front drastically decreased when E0,rms/Ec<0.69 because the plasma propagation was sustained by strong gas expansion, which required more time than wave-reflection and ionization processes.
Inhibition of Serine Proteinases by Squash Inhibitors (1990)

The squash inhibitors of serine proteinases have been discovered as proteins, which inhibit the catalytic activity of bovine trypsin. In this report we show, that three human enzymes of trypsin-like specificity - i.e. plasmin, plasma kallikrein and thrombin - are also inhibited by squash inhibitors. Moreover, rather strong inhibition was demonstrated for human cathepsin G. Lower association constants were found for Streptomyces griseus proteinase B (SGPB) and subtilisin BPN'. No association was detected for bovine chymotrypsin, even at millimolar concentrations of the inhibitors. Porcine pancreatic elastase showed extremely weak inhibition by squash inhibitors. Most of the enzymes examined did not exhibit a clear discrimination between P1 Arg and P1 Lys inhibitors. However, human plasma kallikrein and human thrombin formed much stronger complexes with CMTI I (P1-Arg) than with CPTI II (P1-Lys).
The P25 pathogenicity factor of BNYVV targets the sugar beet 26S proteasome involved in the induction of a hypersensitive resistance response via interaction with an F-box protein (2012)

International audience
Analytical theory of pulsed relativistic electron beams entering a vacuum (2001)

An electron beam with a high-current density, passing from a conductor into a vacuum, generates strong electric fields which significantly influence further propagation of the electrons. An analytical solution for a one-dimensional pulsed electron beam with an arbitrary energy distribution is found which allows one to calculate electric field distributions, electron density distributions and potential distributions in the vacuum region. The analytical solution is fully relativistic and is applicable up to the time at which the interpenetration of electron paths occurs. It may be useful in research with fs lasers relating to generation of relativistic electron beams, ion beams, and the pumping of x-ray lasers.
Correlation and Interpolation Networks for Real-time Expression Analysis/Synthesis (1994)

We describe a framework for real-time tracking of facial expressions that uses neurally-inspired correlation and interpolation methods. A distributed view-based representation is used to characterize facial state, and is computed using a replicated correlation network. The ensemble response of the set of view correlation scores is input to a network based interpolation method, which maps perceptual state to motor control states for a simulated 3-D face model. Activation levels of the motor state correspond to muscle activations in an anatomically derived model. By integrating fast and robust 2-D processing with 3-D models, we obtain a system that is able to quickly track and interpret complex facial motions in real-time. 1 INTRODUCTION An important task for natural and artificial vision systems is the analysis and interpretation of faces. To be useful in interactive systems and in other settings where the information conveyed is of a time critical nature, analysis of facial expression...
VIRTUAL ENDOSCOPY OF DOGS USING MULTI‐DETECTOR ROW CT (2007)

Virtual endoscopy uses CT data to display hollow viscera such as the stomach, duodenum and colon as if by real endoscopic observation. The results are independent of the operator skill because virtual endoscopy does not require direct manipulation of endoscopic equipment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of virtual endoscopy in small animals. Ten beagles were examined by conventional endoscopy and virtual endoscopy using multidetector CT. Virtual images were image-processed at a workstation designed for depicting virtual endoscopy using CT data. Virtual images were visually comparable with conventional endoscopic images, especially in the area of the angular incisure and pylorus. The advantages of virtual endoscopy are observation from any viewing angle, a reduced learning curve for diagnostic interpretation, quantification of lesion size in three dimensions and a potential for reducing anesthesia time. The disadvantages of virtual endoscopy are a lack of color recognition information, an inability to retrieve biopsy samples, limited visualization of the duodenum, artifacts from respiration/peristalsis motion and an inability to observe function. Based on our results, we suggest that conventional endoscopy is still superior to virtual endoscopy in dogs. However, as technology improves, virtual endoscopy may emerge as a suitable alternative or adjunctive diagnostic tool for certain digestive disorders in small animals.
Flywheel energy storage system for electric start and an all-electric ship (2005)

This paper reports on the investigation and development of flywheel technology as energy storage for shipboard zonal power systems. The goal was to determine where energy storage devices could improve operation and/or reduce life-cycle maintenance costs. Applications where energy storage can provide benefits include uninterruptible power to essential loads, "dark" start capability, load leveling, system stability and pulse weapons. A flywheel energy storage system (FESS), with 25 kWh of available energy, is presented as an alternative to the current shipboard electrochemical battery system, highlighting the advantages for and challenges presented by shipboard applications. Flywheel technology overcomes some of the shortcomings of today's energy storage systems by having an extremely high cyclic-life, limited temperature sensitivity, no chemical hazards, charge rate equal to discharge, and reduced weight and space. As gas turbine electric starter development enters into fleet evaluation, FESS may provide dark ship start capability more so than any other systems being investigated. This paper discusses the critical technical challenges of the FESS for shipboard systems, and the steps for future development.
Influence ofN-Methylation on a Cation−π Interaction Produces a Remarkably Stable β-Hairpin Peptide (2005)

The methylation of lysine in histone tails is a common posttranslational modification that functions in histone-regulated chromatin condensation, with binding of methylated lysine occurring in aromatic pockets on chromodomain proteins. We have synthesized a highly stable 12-residue beta-hairpin peptide that exploits the histone-related cation-pi interaction between a methylated lysine residue and a tryptophan residue. Thermodynamic analysis reveals significant entropic stabilization of the peptide due to methylation of the lysine residue. Chemical denaturation of the peptide demonstrates two-state behavior. In comparison to other reported, highly stable designed beta-hairpins, this peptide is the most thermally stable beta-hairpin reported to date. This study provides insight into the role of Lys methylation in histone proteins and more generally in mediating protein-protein interactions.
Minimal residual disease in peripheral blood at day 15identifies a subgroup of childhood B-cell presursor acutelymphoblastic leukemia with superior prognosis. (2011)

Most minimal residual disease-directed treatment interventions
in current treatment protocols for acute lymphoblastic leukemia
are based on bone marrow testing, which is a consequence of
previous studies showing the superiority of bone marrow over
peripheral blood as an investigational material. Those studies
typically did not explore the prognostic impact of peripheral
blood involvement and lacked samples from very early time
points of induction. Design and Methods In this study, we
employed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
analysis to examine minimal residual disease in 398 pairs of
blood and bone marrow follow-up samples taken from 95 children
with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with
the ALL IC-BFM 2002 protocol. Results We confirmed the
previously published poor correlation between minimal residual
disease in blood and marrow at early treatment time points,
with levels in bone marrow being higher than in blood in most
samples (median 7.9-fold, range 0.04-8,293-fold). A greater
involvement of peripheral blood at diagnosis was associated
with a higher white blood cell count at diagnosis (P=0.003) and
with enlargement of the spleen (P=0.0004) and liver (P=0.05).
At day 15, a level of minimal residual disease in blood lower
than 10(-4) was associated with an excellent 5-year
relapse-free survival in 78 investigated patients (100% versus
69 +/- 7%; P=0.0003). Subgroups defined by the level of minimal
residual disease in blood at day 15 (high-risk: >= 10(-2),
intermediate-risk: = 10(-4), standard-risk:
<10(-4)) partially correlated with bone marrow-based
stratification described previously, but the risk groups did
not match completely. No other time point analyses were
predictive of outcome in peripheral blood, except for a weak
association at day 8. Conclusions Minimal residual disease in
peripheral blood at day 15 identified a large group of patients
with an excellent prognosis and added prognostic information to
the risk stratification based on minimal residual disease at
day 33 and week 12.
Materialized Views (2012)

Materialized views are a natural embodiment of the ideas of precomputation and caching in databases. Instead of computing a query from scratch, a system can use results that have already been computed, stored, and kept in sync with database updates. The ability of materialized views to speed up queries benefits most database applications, ranging from traditional querying and reporting to web database caching, online analytical processing, and data mining. By reducing dependency on the availability of base data, materialized views have also laid much of the foundation for information integration and data warehousing systems. The database tradition of declarative querying distinguishes materialized views from generic applications of precomputation and caching in other contexts, and makes materialized views especially interesting, powerful, and challenging at the same time. Study of materialized views has generated a rich research literature and mature commercial implementations, aimed at providing efficient, effective, automated, and general solutions to the selection, use, and maintenance of materialized views. This monograph provides an accessible introduction and reference to materialized views, explains its core ideas, highlights its recent developments, and points out its sometimes subtle connections to other research topics in databases.
Survey of challenges in access to diagnostics and treatment for neuroendocrine tumor (NET) patients (SCAN): Awareness of specialized techniques and latest interventions. (2020)

e16708 Background: SCAN measured global readiness to provide diagnostics and treatments for NET patients in terms of awareness, availability, quality and affordability. This analysis focused on patient and healthcare professional (HCP) awareness of NET diagnostics and treatments. Methods: During Sept-Nov 2019, NET patients and HCPs completed an online survey (available in 14 languages). Results: There were 2795 respondents from 68 countries across 6 continents (2359 patients/carers; 436 HCPs). Primary NETs were most often gastroenteropancreatic NETs (GEP NET; 71% [1408/1983]), particularly small intestinal (35% [690/1983]) or pancreatic (20% [402/1983]). Biopsy was the most well-known diagnostic option in the overall NET patient group (82% [1917/2325]), the GEP NET patient subgroup (83% [1156/1395]) and HCPs (94% [411/435]), followed by CT (all patients: 81% [1874/2325]; GEP NET: 80% [1118/1395]; HCPs: 86% [376/435]). More HCPs were aware of specialized diagnostics, such as 68 Ga-DOTA PET CT (HCP 81% [353/435]) and chromogranin A (CgA; 79% [344/435]), than patients (all: 68% [1574/2325] &amp; 62% [1451/2325], respectively; GEP NET: 69% [962/1395] &amp; 67% [936/1395]). The vast majority of all patients (87% [1983/2275]), GEP NET patients (89% [1215/1363]) and HCPs (91% [392/431]) knew surgery was a treatment option. Somastatin analogues were recognised as a treatment option by 90% of HCPs (387/431), but only 75% of GEP NET patients (1019/1363) and 70% of all NET patients (1599/2275). Nearly a quarter of HCPs (22% [95/431]) and one-third of patients (all: 33% [755/2275]; GEP NET: 30% [409/1363]) had not heard of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). The majority of patients (all: 88% [2007/2273]; GEP NET: 89% [1213/1370]) and HCPs (93% [396/425]) were aware of conventional imaging, such as CT/MRI/ultrasound, being used for ongoing monitoring of NETs. Approximately a third of all NET patients and a quarter of HCPs were unware CgA (patients: 32% [723/2273]; HCPs: 22% [94/425]) or 68 Ga-DOTA PET CT (patients: 29% [670/2273]; HCPs: 24% [102/425]) were ongoing monitoring tools. Similarly, CgA and 68 Ga-DOTA PET CT were not recognized by 27% of GEP NET patients (364/1370 &amp; 371/1370, respectively). Conclusions: Increased awareness of NET diagnostics and treatments, particularly newer, more specialized tools, amongst both HCPs and patients is required to ensure continued advancements and improvements in the global standard of care for NETs.
Ethylene Oligomerization Catalyzed by a Unique Phosphine−Oxazoline Palladium(II) Complex. Propagation and Chain Transfer Mechanisms (2007)

Palladium(II)-catalyzed ethylene oligomerization reactions using a new [(P∧N)Pd(CH3)(NCArF)][SbF6] complex, 2b (P∧N = phosphine−oxazoline, ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3), are described. Analysis of the X-ray crystal structure of the (P∧N)Pd(CH3)Cl precatalyst, 2a, reveals a unique axial Pd···H interaction (2.33 Å) with a ligand Csp3−H bond. Exposure of this complex to ethylene in methylene chloride produces a Schulz−Flory distribution of α-olefins ranging from C4 to C24. Effects of varying ethylene pressure and reaction temperature on oligomerizations are reported. The turnover frequency exhibits saturation behavior as ethylene pressure is increased; carrying out a Lineweaver−Burk analysis provides a barrier of 17.5 kcal/mol for migratory insertion of the palladium alkyl ethylene species. The invariance of the Schulz−Flory constant with added quantities of nitrile suggests that chain transfer occurs through a process best described as chain transfer to monomer. The catalyst resting state is shown to vary as a function of ethylene pressure and nitrile concentration. Oligomerization experiments performed with a related phosphine−oxazoline complex lacking Pd···H−Csp3 axial interaction lead only to ethylene dimerization.
Crisis Communication Patterns in Social Media during Hurricane Sandy (2018)

Hurricane Sandy was one of the deadliest and costliest of hurricanes of the past few decades. Many states experienced significant power outage; however, many people used social media to communicate while having limited or no access to traditional information sources. Using machine learning techniques, this study explored the evolution of various communication patterns and determined user concerns that emerged over the course of Hurricane Sandy. The original data included ∼52M tweets coming from ∼13M users between October 14, 2012 and November 12, 2012. A topic model was run on ∼763K tweets from the top 4,029 most frequent users who tweeted about Sandy at least 100 times. Some 250 well-defined communication patterns based on perplexity were identified. Conversations of the most frequent and relevant users indicate the evolution of numerous storm-phase (warning, response, and recovery) specific topics. People were also concerned about storm location and time, media coverage, and activities of political leaders and celebrities. Also presented is each relevant keyword that contributed to one particular pattern of user concerns. Such keywords would be particularly meaningful in targeted information-spreading and effective crisis communication in similar major disasters. Each of these words can also be helpful for efficient hash-tagging to reach the target audience as needed via social media. The pattern recognition approach of this study can be used in identifying real-time user needs in future crises.