gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Risk assessment of the environmental impact of Norwegian Atlantic salmon farming (2014)

Abstract Norwegian aquaculture has grown from its pioneering days in the 1970s to be a major industry. It is primarily based on culturing Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout and has the potential to influence the surrounding environment and wild populations. To evaluate these potential hazards, the Institute of Marine Research initiated a risk assessment of Norwegian salmon farming in 2011. This assessment has been repeated annually since. Here, we describe the background, methods and limitations of the risk assessment for the following hazards: genetic introgression of farmed salmon in wild populations, regulatory effects of salmon lice and viral diseases on wild salmonid populations, local and regional impact of nutrients and organic load. The main findings are as follows: (i) 21 of the 34 wild salmon populations investigated indicated moderate-to-high risk for genetic introgression from farmed escaped salmon. (ii) of 109 stations investigated along the Norwegian coast for salmon lice infection, 27 indicated moderate-to-high likelihood of mortality for salmon smolts while 67 stations indicated moderate-to-high mortality of wild sea trout. (iii) Viral disease outbreaks (pancreas disease, infectious pancreatic necrosis, heart and skeletal muscle inflammation, and cardiomyopathy syndrome) in Norwegian salmon farming suggest extensive release of viruses in many areas. However, screening of wild salmonids revealed low to very low prevalence of the causal viruses. (iv) From ∼500 yearly investigations of local organic loading under fish farms, only 2% of them displayed unacceptable conditions in 2013. The risk of eutrophication and organic load beyond the production area of the farm is considered low. Despite several limitations, especially limited monitoring data, this work represents one of the world’s first risk assessment of aquaculture. This has provided the Norwegian government with the basis upon which to take decisions for further development of the Norwegian aquaculture industry.
High Power Continuous Wave Blue InAlGaN Laser Diodes Made by Plasma Assisted MBE (2006)

Room temperature, continuous wave operation of InGaN multi-quantum wells laser diodes made by rf plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy at 411 nm wavelength is demonstrated. The threshold current density and voltage were 4.2 kA/cm 2 and 5.3 V, respectively. High optical power output of 60 mW was achieved. The lifetime of these laser diodes exceeds 5 h with 2 mW of optical output power. The laser diodes are fabricated on low dislocation density bulk GaN substrates, at growth conditions which resembles liquid phase epitaxy. We demonstrate that relatively low growth temperatures (600-700 C) pose no intrinsic limitations for fabrication of nitride optoelectronic components by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy.
Genome-Wide Association Study Using Extreme Truncate Selection Identifies Novel Genes Affecting Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk (2011)

Osteoporotic fracture is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a major predisposing factor to fracture and is known to be highly heritable. Site-, gender-, and age-specific genetic effects on BMD are thought to be significant, but have largely not been considered in the design of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of BMD to date. We report here a GWAS using a novel study design focusing on women of a specific age (postmenopausal women, age 55-85 years), with either extreme high or low hip BMD (age- and gender-adjusted BMD z-scores of +1.5 to +4.0, n = 1055, or -4.0 to -1.5, n = 900), with replication in cohorts of women drawn from the general population (n = 20,898). The study replicates 21 of 26 known BMD-associated genes. Additionally, we report suggestive association of a further six new genetic associations in or around the genes CLCN7, GALNT3, IBSP, LTBP3, RSPO3, and SOX4, with replication in two independent datasets. A novel mouse model with a loss-of-function mutation in GALNT3 is also reported, which has high bone mass, supporting the involvement of this gene in BMD determination. In addition to identifying further genes associated with BMD, this study confirms the efficiency of extreme-truncate selection designs for quantitative trait association studies.
Deuteron implantation into hexagonal silicon carbide: defects and deuterium behaviour (2002)

Results of the comprehensive study of deuterium-implanted hexagonal SiC (4H and 6H) using optical absorption and infrared measurements, elastic recoil detection analysis, thermal desorption and positron annihilation spectroscopies are reported. It is shown that implanted deuterium mainly forms bonds with lattice atoms. The amount of deuterium in the form of interstitial molecules and in vacancies is considerably smaller. Ion implantations with fluences exceeding 1015 D+/cm−2 create point defects in concentrations sufficiently high for complete positron trapping. Recrystallisation of the amorphised SiC does not remove the positron traps.
Wetting behavior at the free surface of a liquid gallium-bismuth alloy:\n An X-ray reflectivity study close to the bulk monotectic point (2004)

We present x-ray reflectivity measurements from the free surface of a liquid\ngallium-bismuth alloy (Ga-Bi) in the temperature range close to the bulk\nmonotectic temperature $T_{mono} = 222$C. Our measurements indicate a\ncontinuous formation of a thick wetting film at the free surface of the binary\nsystem driven by the first order transition in the bulk at the monotectic\npoint. We show that the behavior observed is that of a complete wetting at a\ntetra point of solid-liquid-liquid-vapor coexistance.\n
Substituent effects on Ni–S bond dissociation energies and kinetic stability of nickel arylthiolate complexes supported by a bis(phosphinite)-based pincer ligand (2012)

Pincer complexes of the type [2,6-(R(2)PO)(2)C(6)H(3)]NiSC(6)H(4)Z (R = Ph and i-Pr; Z = p-OCH(3), p-CH(3), H, p-Cl, and p-CF(3)) have been synthesized from [2,6-(R(2)PO)(2)C(6)H(3)]NiCl and sodium arylthiolate. X-ray structure determinations of these thiolate complexes have shown a somewhat constant Ni-S bond length (approx. 2.20 Å) but an almost unpredictable orientation of the thiolate ligand. Equilibrium constants for various thiolate exchange (between a nickel thiolate complex and a free thiol, or between two different nickel thiolate complexes) reactions have been measured. Evidently, the thiolate ligand with an electron-withdrawing substituent prefers to bond with "[2,6-(Ph(2)PO)(2)C(6)H(3)]Ni" rather than "[2,6-(i-Pr(2)PO)(2)C(6)H(3)]Ni", and bonds least favourably with hydrogen. The reactions of the thiolate complexes with halogenated compounds such as PhCH(2)Br, CH(3)I, CCl(4), and Ph(3)CCl have been examined and several mechanistic pathways have been explored.
Binaural effects of tinnitus following monaural exposure to a pure tone (1983)

Exposure of the subject's left ear with tinnitus to a steady tone 2000 Hz, 107 dB SPL, for 10 min resulted in a permanent tinnitus in both cars with similar pitch of approximately 10 000 Hz and loudness of 50–55 dB SPL. The subject was astonished to find that he had incurred tinnitus in the nonstimulated, previously quiet ear. The left ear of this subject was exposed to a steady 125 Hz pure tone at 123 dB SPL for 35 min. In the stimulated left ear: immediately after stimulation, tinnitus was heard as 13 110 Hz. Fifteen minutes after stimulation, tinnitus pitch changed to 12 780 Hz, 20 min later, 11 100 Hz, 30 min later, 10 550 Hz, 50 min later to original pitch 10 000 Hz and stayed steady many months to date. In the nonstimulated right ear; immediately after cessation of stimulation, tinnitus was heard as a pitch 700 Hz. Thereafter, tinnitus pitch gradually increased in pitch to 1000 Hz for 1 h, 1000 Hz to 4000 Hz for 48 h and 4000 Hz to near 10 000 Hz in 6 days; the tinnitus never returned to previous pitch 10 000 Hz until 7 days after stimulation. Distinct difference in recovery pattern between two cars was compared with previous experiments of 250 Hz and 500 Hz monaural stimulation.
Total Synthesis of Epoxyquinonoid Natural Products (2007)

Abstract Asymmetric total synthesis of epoxyquinonoid natural products, such as epoxyquinols A, B, and C, epoxytwinol A, and EI-1941-1, -2, and -3, are described. In the first-generation synthesis of epoxyquinols, the HfCl4-mediated diastereoselective Diels–Alder reaction of furan with a chiral acrylate ester was developed. In the second-generation synthesis, a chromatography-free preparation of an iodolactone by using acryloyl chloride as the dienophile in the Diels–Alder reaction of furan, and the lipase-mediated kinetic resolution of a cyclohexenol derivative were developed. This second-generation synthesis is suitable for large-scale preparation. A biomimetic cascade reaction involving oxidation, 6π-electrocyclization, then Diels–Alder dimerization, is the key reaction in the formation of epoxyquinols A–C. Epoxytwinol A was synthesized by the cascade reaction composed of oxidation, 6π-electrocyclization, and formal [4+4] cycloaddition. A 2H-pyran, generated by oxidation/6π-electrocyclization, acts as a good diene, reacting with several dienophiles to afford polycyclic compounds in one step. The asymmetric total synthesis of EI-1941s was accomplished, starting from a chiral epoxy iodoquinone, a key intermediate in the total synthesis of epoxyquinols. They were diastereoselectively synthesized via an intramolecular carboxypalladation in a 6-endo cyclization mode, followed by β-hydride elimination, as the key steps.
Breast cancer arising within fibroadenoma: collective analysis of case reports in the literature and hints on treatment policy (2014)

Most BcaFad patients could be managed by BCS. Adjuvant radiotherapy could be performed, but was not mandatory. Chemotherapy should be considered as a treatment option in the presence of lymph node metastasis.
Development of an Innovative Combustion Process: Spark-Assisted Compression Ignition (2017)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In the competition for the powertrain of the future the internal combustion engine faces tough challenges. Reduced environmental impact, higher mileage, lower cost and new technologies are required in order to maintain its global position both in public and private mobility.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;For a long time, researchers have been investigating the so called Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) that promises a higher efficiency due to a rapid combustion - i.e. closer to the ideal thermodynamic Otto cycle - and therefore more work and lower exhaust gas temperatures. Consequently, a rich mixture to cool down the turbocharger under high load may no longer be needed. As the combustion does not have a distinguished flame front it is able to burn very lean mixtures, with the potential of reducing HC and CO emissions. However, until recently, HCCI was considered to be reasonably applicable only at part load operating conditions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The 3D-CFD engine development tool QuickSim, which has been developed at the FKFS in cooperation with the IVK/University of Stuttgart, is able to simulate the entire flow path of the engine, including both flame propagation and HCCI combustion. In a recent project with the German Aerospace Center (DLR) it was possible to calibrate the parameters of the auto-ignition HCCI model using a highly variable free piston linear generator.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper addresses the potential of virtual engine development in the creation of a new combustion process for series engines. The described process is called Spark-Assisted Compression Ignition (SACI). It utilizes a pre-chamber spark plug to initialize and control the following auto-ignition. This prevents accidental combustion and also ensures an auto-ignition that is less dependent on the environment and transient conditions, while maintaining the efficiency and emission advantages of a conventional HCCI combustion (auto-ignition of the air-fuel mixture merely regulated by local thermodynamic variables in the combustion chamber).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Fabrication of High-Concentration Aqueous Graphene Suspensions Dispersed by Sodium Lignosulfonate and Its Mechanism (2015)

Stable aqueous graphene suspensions (AGSs) with high concentration and little defect were prepared through exfoliating from graphite by sonication with the aid of sodium lignosulfonate (SL). The concentration of AGS (CG) dispersed by the modified SL can reach up to 13.5 g/L at an initial graphite concentration of 200 g/L, which is substantially higher than those reported previously. Four SL fractions with different molecular weight (Mw) and sulfonic acid group prepared by ultrafiltration of a commercial SL were applied to evaluate the dispersing mechanism and the effects of SL molecular structure on the AGS. The maximum concentration of AGS dispersed by the SL fractions increased with the decline of Mw and the ion strength of SL solutions and with the increase of sulfonic acid group. The CG can be further improved through improving the hydrophobicity of SL by either covalent or noncovalent modification. It was found that the CG was proportional to the zeta potentials, which suggested that electrostatic repulsion played a crucial role in the dispersion process of AGS. Meanwhile, the obtained high-concentration AGS dispersed by SL is nontoxic, which facilitates it as a promising material for application in the biomedical field.
A large-scale, longitudinal study of user profiles in world of warcraft (2013)

We present a survey of usage of the popular Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game, World of Warcraft. Players within this game often self-organize into communities with similar interests and/or styles of play. By mining publicly available data, we collected a dataset consisting of the complete player history for approximately six million characters, with partial data for another six million characters. The paper provides a thorough description of the distributed approach used to collect this massive community data set, and then focuses on an analysis of player achievement data in particular, exposing trends in play from this highly successful game. From this data, we present several findings regarding player profiles. We correlate achievements with motivations based upon a previously-defined motivation model, and then classify players based on the categories of achievements that they pursued. Experiments show players who fall within each of these buckets can play differently, and that as players progress through game content, their play style evolves as well.
Run Colleges and Universities with Morality (2009)

Run colleges and universities with morality is the school-running thought in social society and also the inevitable demand for cultivating talents at present. In new century and in face of new historical tasks, university should carry out the policy of “run colleges and universities with morality” in way of enhancing moral cultivation of cadres, teachers and students, strengthening moral education carrier and environment construction etc, in order to further promote the development of universities.
Flexible Enforcement of Multi-factor Authentication with SSH via Linux-PAM for Federated Identity Users (2017)

A computational science project with restricted-access data was awarded an allocation by XSEDE in 2016 to use the Bridges supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC). As a condition of the license agreement for access to the data, multi-factor authentication (MFA) with XSEDE's Duo MFA service is required for users of this project to login to Bridges via SSH, in addition to filesystem access controls. Since not all Bridges users are required to authenticate to Bridges in this manner, a solution was implemented via Linux-PAM to require XSEDE Duo MFA for SSH login access by specific users, as identified by their local account name or membership in a local group. This paper describes the implementation on Bridges and its extensibility to other systems and environments with similar needs.
Dendritic Cells Activated by IFN-γ/STAT1 Express IL-31 Receptor and Release Proinflammatory Mediators upon IL-31 Treatment (2012)

IL-31 is a T cell-derived cytokine that signals via a heterodimeric receptor composed of IL-31Rα and oncostatin M receptor β. Although several studies have aimed to investigate IL-31-mediated effects, the biological functions of this cytokine are currently not well understood. IL-31 expression correlates with the expression of IL-4 and IL-13 and is associated with atopic dermatitis in humans, indicating that IL-31 is involved in Th2-mediated skin inflammation. Because dendritic cells are the main activators of Th cell responses, we posed the question of whether dendritic cells express the IL-31R complex and govern immune responses triggered by IL-31. In the current study, we report that primary human CD1c(+) as well as monocyte-derived dendritic cells significantly upregulate the IL-31Rα receptor chain upon stimulation with IFN-γ. EMSAs, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and small interfering RNA-based silencing assays revealed that STAT1 is the main transcription factor involved in IFN-γ-dependent IL-31Rα expression. Subsequent IL-31 stimulation resulted in a dose-dependent release of proinflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL5, and CCL22. Because these cytokines are crucially involved in skin inflammation, we hypothesize that IL-31-specific activation of dendritic cells may be part of a positive feedback loop driving the progression of inflammatory skin diseases.
Present State of CBRN Decontamination Methodologies (Stand van Zaken CBRN- Ontsmettingsmethodieken) (2007)

Decontamination is defined as the removal and/or neutralization of chemical, biological, radiological and/or nuclear (CBRN) contamination. In this report, the present state of the art of decontamination technologies is discussed, divided into physical, chemical, enzymatic and energetic decontamination. Advantages and disadvantages of the available methods are given, as well as the applicability towards CBRN agents and tox4c industrial chemicals (TICs) and the commercial status. The report will be yearly updated (from 2006-2009) with the latest developments.
PKC-β activation inhibits IL-18-binding protein causing endothelial dysfunction and diabetic atherosclerosis (2015)

Our study unrevealed a new mechanism by which PKC-β activation promotes EC dysfunction caused by the de-regulation of the IL-18/IL-18BP pathway, leading to increased VCAM-1 expression, monocyte/macrophage adhesion, and accelerated atherosclerotic plaque formation in diabetes.
Algebraic properties of space-time block codes in intersymbol interference multiple-access channels (2003)

In this paper, we study the multiple-access channel where users employ space-time block codes (STBC). The problem is formulated in the context of an intersymbol interference (ISI) multiple-access channel which occurs for transmission over frequency-selective channels. The algebraic structure of the STBC is utilized to design joint interference suppression, equalization, and decoding schemes. Each of the K users transmits using M/sub t/=2 transmit antennas and a time-reversed STBC suitable for frequency-selective channels. We first show that a diversity order of 2M/sub r/(/spl nu/+1) is achievable at full transmission rate for each user, when we have M/sub r/ receive antennas, channel memory of /spl nu/, and an optimal multiuser maximum-likelihood (ML) decoder is used. Due to the decoding complexity of the ML detector we study the algebraic structure of linear multiuser detectors which utilize the properties of the STBC. We do this both in the transform (D-domain) formulation and when we impose finite block-length constraints (matrix formulation). The receiver is designed to utilize the algebraic structure of the codes in order to preserve the block quaternionic structure of the equivalent channel for each user. We also explore some algebraic properties of D-domain quaternionic matrices and of quaternionic circulant block matrices that arise in this study.
ROAD DESIGN AND ROAD SAFETY. (1936)

Keywords ROADS, DESIGN, SAFETY, ACCIDENTS, ANALYSIS, INTERSECTIONS, SURFACES, BYPASSES, STREETS, LIGHTING, VEHICLES, CARS, DEATHS, STATISTICS, SPEED, INFLUENCE, WIDTH, CARRIAGEWAYS, DUAL CARRIAGEWAYS, JUNCTIONS, TRAFFIC, PEDESTRIANS, ROUNDABOUTS, REMEDIAL, MEASURES, CYCLISTS UK... Show All
Single-dose Live Oral Cholera Vaccine CVD 103-HgR Protects Against Human Experimental Infection WithVibrio choleraeO1 El Tor (2016)

NCT01895855.
Some observations regarding the behavior of boron subphthalocyanines in polar aprotic solvents (2014)

In this paper, we describe some observations from the attempted reaction of Br - BsubPc with phenol in DMF and DMAc. During these efforts, we found that Br - BsubPc reacts with the respective solvents to produce axially substituted formate- BsubPc and acetate- BsubPc . When no phenol is present the reaction proceeds to completion in a relatively short period of time. However, when phenol was present in DMF the reaction produced a mixture of formate- BsubPc , phenoxy- BsubPc , and HO - BsubPc . Similar results were found for the less-reactive Cl - BsubPc and MsO - BsubPc . Aside from these observations, it was found that simple heating in wet acetone of Br - BsubPc quantitatively produced HO - BsubPc after a facile workup. This method of producing HO - BsubPc removes the high temperatures, long reaction times, and harmful chemicals required in other synthetic methods. These results are relevant to anyone considering the reaction of BsubPcs in polar aprotic solvents.
Chameleon (2020)

This paper presents Chameleon, a cloud network providing both predictable latency and high utilization, typically two conflicting goals, especially in multi-tenant datacenters. Chameleon exploits routing flexibilities available in modern communication networks to dynamically adapt toward the demand, and uses network calculus principles along individual paths. More specifically, Chameleon employs source routing on the "queue-level topology", a network abstraction that accounts for the current states of the network queues and, hence, the different delays of different paths. Chameleon is based on a simple greedy algorithm and can be deployed at the edge; it does not require any modifications of network devices. We implement and evaluate Chameleon in simulations and a real testbed. Compared to state-of-the-art, we find that Chameleon can admit and embed significantly, i.e., up to 15 times more flows, improving network utilization while meeting strict latency guarantees.
Rapid, accurate determination of multidrug resistance in M. tuberculosis isolates and sputum using a biochip system. (2009)

The biochip system provides a simple, rapid, reliable and accurate clinical assay for the parallel detection of M. tuberculosis and prevalent MDR-TB in a 6 h procedure, using either culture isolates or sputum samples for diagnosis.
Lung sarcoidosis in children: update on disease expression and management (2015)

In the included children, mostly of Afro-Caribbean and Sub-Saharan origin, sarcoidosis seems severe, with multi-organic involvement and foreground general symptoms. Common prognosis factors are not suitable in paediatric patients, and a young age at diagnosis does not seem to be associated with a poorer prognosis. The study is ongoing to provide further information on the very-long-term follow-up of paediatric sarcoidosis.
Video coding techniques for digital cinema (2005)

We survey the status quo of the digital cinema (DC) and focus on the compression part of the DC system. To make the system practical and economic, various video coding techniques have been applied to compress DC data for archive and distribution purposes. Based on the analysis and comparison of the state-of-the-art techniques, we point out three aspects of the AVS video standard to be adjusted to meet the special needs of DC data.