gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Allogeneic transplantation of normal epidermal cells and squamous cell carcinomas in SENCAR mice. (1986)

A method used in our laboratory for the transplantation of single cell suspensions of epidermis and skin carcinomas is described. Silicone chambers were placed into a subcutaneous granulation tissue formed by the implantation of a glass disk. The skin was closed on top of the chamber by using Michael autoclips. Cells were injected 24 to 48 hr later through the skin using a syringe and needle. The neoformation of epithelia with adnexa was observed when newborn epidermal cells were injected. When a fresh cell suspension of squamous cell carcinoma was used, a typical differentiated carcinoma was formed within 2 to 4 weeks. However, after 4 weeks, some of the grafts showed mild signs of rejection. The technique described is a useful system to transplant squamous cell carcinomas and can also be used as a rapid assay for malignancy.
Saturation transfer difference NMR studies of protein-ligand interactions (2011)

The mycolyl–arabinogalactan–peptidoglycan complex coats the surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a structure composed of galactofuranosyl (Galf) residues attached via alternating β-(1→6) and β-(1→5) linkages synthesized by bifunctional galactofuranosyltransferases, GlfT1 and GlfT2. We have used Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy to examine the active site architecture of GlfT2 using trisaccharide acceptor substrates, β-D-Galf-(1→6)-β-D-Galf-(1→5)-β-D-Galf-O(CH2)7CH3 and β-D-Galf-(1→5)-β-D-Galf-(1→6)-β-D-Galf-O(CH2)7CH3. The STD NMR epitope maps demonstrated a greater enhancement toward the “reducing” ends of both trisaccharides, and that UDP-galactofuranose (UDP-Galf) made more intimate contacts through its nucleotide moiety. This observation is consistent with the greater flexibility required within the active site of the reaction between the growing polymer acceptor and the UDP-Galf donor. Competition STD NMR titration experiments with the trisaccharide acceptor substrates demonstrated that they bind competitively at the same site, suggesting that GlfT2 has one active site pocket capable of catalyzing both β-(1→5) and β-(1→6)-galactofuranosyl transfer reactions. STD NMR spectroscopy was also used to probe the bioactive conformation of the carbohydrate mimic MDWNMHAA of the O-polysaccharide of the Shigella flexneri Y bacterium when bound to its complementary antibody, mAb SYA/J6. The dynamic ligand epitope was mapped with the CORCEMA-ST (COmplete Relaxation and Conformational Exchange Matrix Analysis of Saturation Transfer) program that calculates STD-NMR intensities. Comparison of these predicted STD enhancements with experimental data was used to select a representative binding mode. The bound conformation was further refined with a simulated annealing refinement protocol known as STD-NMR Intensity-restrained CORCEMA Optimization (SICO) to give a more accurate representation of the bound peptide epitope. X-ray crystallographic data of MDWNMHAA when bound to mAb SYA/J6 indicated the immobilization of water molecules in the combining site. Water Ligand Observed via Gradient Spectroscopy (WaterLOGSY) was used in conjunction with STD NMR spectroscopy to provide insight into the presence of water molecules that exist at the interstitial sites between the peptide and the antibody. Molecular dynamics calculations have also provided a more accurate picture of the possibilities for bound-ligand conformations, and water molecules involved in providing complementarity between the peptide and SYA-J6.
Properties improvement of P.Z.T. ceramics with multiple substituents (1981)

The purpose of this paper is to define an elementary principle of multiple substitutions in the A site: the average cubic radius of the substituted ions is kept unchanged in order to avoid disturbance of the initial solid solution. Substitution of barym for lead is carried out on an initial composition Pb0.90Sr0.12(Zr0.56Ti0.44Sb0.02)O3(0.233). Measurements indicate a peak value of the planar coupling factor kp and of the figure of merit d233/ε between 4 and 5% Ba.
Similarity (2012)

Abstract Humans and other animals perceive and act on the basis of similarities among things because similarities are usually informative. Similar things usually behave similarly, and because we can grasp these similarities, we can organize and predict the things in our world. Four major classes of models have been proposed for how humans assess similarities. In geometric models, entities are represented by their positions in a multidimensional space, and similarity is based on the proximity of entities in this space. In featural models, entities are described by their features, and the similarity of entities is an increasing function of their shared features and/or a decreasing function of their unique features. In alignment-based models, the similarity between two structured entities is calculated by placing the elements of their structures into correspondence. In transformational models, the similarity between two entities is conceptualized as the number of transformations required to transform one entity into the other. We discuss issues related to the flexibility and constraints of similarity, and how similarity grounds other cognitive processes.
1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions with Azomethine Ylides Catalysed by Ag(I). Synthesis of Substituted Prolines (2000)

The study of the stereochemistry of substituted prolines, synthesised by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between azomethine ylides and alkenes employing substoichiometric amounts of Ag(I) is reported here
Surface optical phonon and A1(LO) in ZnO submicron crystals probed by Raman scattering: Effects of morphology and dielectric coating (2009)

The authors studied the surface optical phonon and A1(LO) in ZnO submicron crystals as well as ZnO single crystals with submicron surface structures by employing ultraviolet Raman scattering. The small variation in Raman frequency of A1(LO), when the growth condition is changed, is mainly caused by the crystal imperfection via two mechanisms: one is the frequency lowering by native defects and the other is the frequency increasing due to the tilt of c-axis of ZnO crystals away from the surface normal direction that leads to the mixing of A1(LO) and E1(LO). The evolution of Raman features, before and after dielectric coatings, in conjunction with the photoluminescence, provides clear-cut evidence for the observation of a surface optical phonon. The frequency of the observed surface mode is lowered by the existence of surface states, and the surface states can be effectively reduced by the dielectric coatings.
Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of bis(trimethylsilyl)amides of the alkaline-earth metals magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and spectroscopic properties of bis(trimethylsilyl)amides of the alkaline-earth metals magnesium, calcium, strontium, and bariumMatthias WesterhausenCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1991, 30, 1, 96–101Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00001a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00001a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4260Altmetric-Citations299LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Redirecting by injector (2002)

Describes the Object Infrastructure Framework (OIF), a system that seeks to simplify the creation of distributed applications by injecting behavior on the communication paths between components. We touch on some of the "ilities" (security, reliability, QoS and manageability) and services that can be achieved with injector technology, and then focus on the uses of redirecting injectors - injectors that take requests directed at a particular server and generate requests directed at others. We close by noting that OIF is an aspect-oriented programming system, and comparing OIF to related work.
AlGaInP red-emitting light emitting diode under extremely high pulsed pumping (2016)

Efficiency of commercial 620 nm AlGaInP Golden Dragon-cased high-power LEDs has been studied under extremely high pump current density up to 4.5 kA/cm<sup>2</sup> and pulse duration from microsecond down to sub-nanosecond range. To understand the nature of LED efficiency decrease with current, pulse width variation is used. Analysis of the pulse-duration dependence of the LED efficiency and emission spectrum suggests the active region overheating to be the major factor controlling the LED efficiency reduction at CW and sub-microsecond pumping. The overheating can be effectively avoided by the use of sub-nanosecond current pulses. A direct correlation between the onset of the efficiency decrease and LED overheating is demonstrated.
The Endothelium and Cardiovascular Disease -- A Complex Relation (1994)

Cardiovascular disease accounts for considerable mortality and morbidity in Western countries. Most of the common forms of cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, are caused by functional and structural changes in the blood-vessel wall. These changes include abnormal vasoconstriction, enhanced interaction of blood cells with the vessel wall, activation of coagulation mechanisms, and migration and proliferation of vascular smooth-muscle cells13. Depending on the stage and location of the disease, one or more of these factors predominate. These vascular abnormalities have an important role in the pathogenesis of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke, and vascular forms of renal failure.A . . .
Reverse Engineering Imperceptible Backdoor Attacks on Deep Neural Networks for Detection and Training Set Cleansing (2020)

Backdoor data poisoning is an emerging form of adversarial attack usually against deep neural network image classifiers. The attacker poisons the training set with a relatively small set of images from one (or several) source class(es), embedded with a backdoor pattern and labeled to a target class. For a successful attack, during operation, the trained classifier will: 1) misclassify a test image from the source class(es) to the target class whenever the same backdoor pattern is present; 2) maintain a high classification accuracy for backdoor-free test images. In this paper, we make a break-through in defending backdoor attacks with imperceptible backdoor patterns (e.g. watermarks) before/during the training phase. This is a challenging problem because it is a priori unknown which subset (if any) of the training set has been poisoned. We propose an optimization-based reverse-engineering defense, that jointly: 1) detects whether the training set is poisoned; 2) if so, identifies the target class and the training images with the backdoor pattern embedded; and 3) additionally, reversely engineers an estimate of the backdoor pattern used by the attacker. In benchmark experiments on CIFAR-10, for a large variety of attacks, our defense achieves a new state-of-the-art by reducing the attack success rate to no more than 4.9% after removing detected suspicious training images.
Spatial resolution limit for focused ion-beam lithography from secondary-electron energy measurements (1988)

The energy distributions of secondary electrons emitted from silicon and other metals when bombarded by gallium, indium, or gold ions have been measured. With these data, a semiempirical theory then enables the effective range of the secondary electrons in a resist layer to be estimated. Typical values lie in the range 0.5–10 nm, and are in agreement with the measured spatial resolution limit for focused-ion-beam lithography.
Investigation around the Oxadiazole Core in the Discovery of a New Chemotype of Potent and Selective FXR Antagonists (2019)

Recent findings have shown that Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) antagonists might be useful in the treatment of cholestasis and related metabolic disorders. In this paper, we report the discovery of a new chemotype of FXR antagonists featured by a 3,5-disubstituted oxadiazole core. In total, 35 new derivatives were designed and synthesized, and notably, compounds <b>3f</b> and <b>13</b>, containing a piperidine ring, displayed the best antagonistic activity against FXR with promising cellular potency (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.58 ± 0.27 and 0.127 ± 0.02 μM, respectively). The excellent pharmacokinetic properties make compound <b>3f</b> the most promising lead identified in this study.
P3‐037: Correlates of plasma lipoprotein phopsholipase A2 (Lp‐PLA2) activity in Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively healthy elderly (2010)

Lipoprotein phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a circulating enzyme with pro-inflammatory and oxidative activities associated with risk of cardiovascular disease and ischemic stroke. High Lp-PLA2 activity was a risk factor for dementia in the Rotterdam study. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship of plasma Lp-PLA2 activity with cognitive diagnoses [Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and healthy controls], cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of AD, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Subjects with mild AD (n = 78), other dementias of degenerative and/or vascular origin (n = 27), and MCI (n = 65), were recruited from the Memory Clinic at the University of Basel Hospital, Switzerland; cognitively healthy controls (n = 66) were recruited from the community. Subjects underwent standardized neurological, neuropsychological, imaging, blood, and CSF evaluation. Plasma Lp-PLA2 activity was assessed by colorimetric activity method (Quest Diagnostics). APOE-∊4 carriage rate, CSF total-tau, and CSF phospho-tau(181P) were higher in AD than controls, whereas CSF Aβ42 was lower in AD than controls; MCI subjects were intermediate between AD and controls in these measures. There was no significant difference in Lp-PLA2 activity between AD [197.1 (38.4) nmol/min/mL] and controls [195.4 (41.9)]. Lp-PLA2 levels trended higher in MCI [204.9 (42.0)]; marginal statistical significance for MCI relative to controls depended on the extent of multivariable adjustments for age, statin use, gender, and LDL (p = 0.18 unadjusted, p = 0.04 fully adjusted). Female sex (p = .048) and statin use (p < 0.001) were independently associated with lower Lp-PLA2 activity in the linear regression models adjusted for age and diagnosis (AD, MCI, control). In the overall study sample (n = 236), Lp-PLA2 activity was moderately correlated with LDL (r = 0.53, p < .001) and inversely correlated with HDL (r = -0.34, p < 0.001); the magnitude of correlations were similar within AD, MCI, and control diagnosis groups. Lp-PLA2 did not correlate with CSF biomarkers within diagnoses, apart from a marginally significant inverse association with CSF Aβ42 in MCI (r = -0.25, p = 0.04). AD subjects with APOE-∊4 had higher Lp-PLA2 activity [207.9 (41.2)] than AD subjects lacking APOE-∊4 [181.6 (26.0), p = 0.003]. The effect was attenuated (p = 0.09) after adjustment for LDL. APOE-∊4, gender, statin use, LDL, and HDL are the main correlates of Lp-PLA2 activity in AD, MCI and cognitively healthy elderly.
ARC 2014 Over-Clocking KLT Designs on FPGAs under Process, Voltage, and Temperature Variation (2015)

Karhunen-Loeve Transformation is a widely used algorithm in signal processing that often implemented with high-throughput requisites. This work presents a novel methodology to optimise KLT designs on FPGAs that outperform typical design methodologies, through a prior characterisation of the arithmetic units in the datapath of the circuit under various operating conditions. Limited by the ever-increasing process variation, the delay models available in synthesis tools are no longer suitable for extreme performance optimisation of designs, and as they are generic, they need to consider the worst-case performance for a given fabrication process. Hence, they heavily penalise the maximum possible achieved performance of a design by leaving safety margin. This work presents a novel unified optimisation framework which contemplates a prior characterisation of the embedded multipliers on the target FPGA device under process, voltage, and temperature variation. The proposed framework allows a design space exploration leading to designs without any latency overheads that achieve high throughput while producing less errors than typical methodologies, operating with the same throughput. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methodology outperforms the typical implementation in three real-life design strategies: high performance, low power, and temperature variation; and it produced circuit designs that performed up to 18dB better when over-clocked.
Active electro-optical systems (1993)

This eight-volume set is an authoritative collection presenting state-of-the-art information on infrared and electro-optical systems. The handbook has been completely revised and updated, featuring 45 chapters written by 80 experts in IR/EO technology.
MetaSockets: design and operation of runtime reconfigurable communication services (2006)

Abstract This paper describes the internal architecture and operation of an adaptable communication component called the MetaSocket. MetaSockets are created using Adaptive Java, a reflective extension to Java that enables a component's internal architecture and behavior to be adapted at runtime in response to external stimuli. This paper describes how adaptive behavior is implemented in MetaSockets, as well as how MetaSockets interact with other adaptive components, such as decision makers and event mediators. Results of experiments on a mobile computing testbed demonstrate how MetaSockets respond to dynamic wireless channel conditions in order to improve the quality of interactive audio streams delivered to iPAQ handheld computers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Effects of a unique application of electrical stimulation on tenderness, color, and quality attributes of the beef longissimus muscle. (2000)

This study evaluated effects of four uniquely applied beef carcass electrical stimulation (ES) treatments on USDA grade factors, muscle color, subprimal purge loss, cooked steak weight loss, and cooked steak tenderness. One side of each (n = 284) beef carcass was subjected to ES using one of four treatments (medium voltage for medium duration, MVMD; medium voltage for long duration, MVLD; high voltage for medium duration, HVMD; or high voltage for long duration, HVLD) and was compared to its corresponding non-ES control side. Electrical stimulation of beef sides was applied focusing on middle meats while preventing severe contraction of the round and chuck. From matched (ES and control) sides of 120 carcasses (10 each of Select, low Choice, and upper two-thirds of Choice in each of the four ES treatments), longissimus steaks (2.5 cm thick) were cooked and used for Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) analysis. Mean marbling scores (n = 284) for stimulated sides did not differ (P = .923) from those for control sides within ES treatment classes. Mean values for CIE L*, a*, and b* of lean color (n = 284) were higher (P < .05) for MVMD, MVLD, HVMD, and HVLD treated sides than for the respective control sides. When WBS values for steaks were adjusted to an equal visual degree of doneness, WBS values (n = 120) were lower (P < .05) for ES treated sides than for control sides for all four types of ES application treatments. Treatment responses were not influenced by USDA Quality Grade group. For those carcasses for which the control sides had WBS values greater than 4.5 kg, matching sides treated with MVMD, MVLD, HVMD, or HVLD had WBS values less than 4.5 kg 50, 88, 60, and 75% of the time, respectively. Mean cooked steak weight loss (n = 120), adjusted to an equal visual degree of doneness, and mean purge loss (n = 24) did not differ with ES treatment.
The Quantification of Cerebral Infarction following Focal Ischemia in the Rat: Influence of Strain, Arterial Pressure, Blood Glucose Concentration, and Age (1988)

Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats. The volumetric assessment of infarcted tissue, 2 days following occlusion, was calculated from the examination of eight preselected coronal sections. Five differing rat strains were examined. A small and variable infarcted volume was seen in Wistar-Kyoto rats; Sprague-Dawley rats had a relatively large, but still variable, infarcted volume. Of the normotensive rat strains, the most reproducible volume of infarcted tissue was seen in Fischer-344 rats; also the absolute value of the infarcted volume did not vary from one series to another in this strain. Chronic arterial hypertension, studied in both normal and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, was associated with significantly larger infarction volumes. Age does not change the volume of necrosis: Fischer-344 rats were studied at 3, 9, and 20 months of age, and no significant differences were noted between these ages. Experimental diabetes was induced by the administration of streptozotocin 3 days prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Severe hyperglycemia (greater than 400 mg/dl) was associated with a considerably increased volume of infarction. The variability of the resultant lesion is high in the most commonly studied strains, but our results suggest that, for studies in normotensive rats, the use of the Fischer-344 strain produces a standardized and repeatable infarction that may be significantly modified by experimental interventions. Age is not a factor that affects the occlusion-induced infarction; in contrast, both chronic arterial hypertension and experimental diabetes aggravate the histological consequences of middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. We conclude that quantitative histological evaluation of infarct size allows a meaningful assessment of the gravity of focal cerebral ischemia.
Structure in human consciousness: A fractal approach to the topology of the self perceiving an outer world in an inner space (1998)

In human consciousness a world of separated objects is perceived by an inner observer who is experienced as an undivided feeling of one-self. A topological correlation of the self to the world, however, entails a paradoxical situation by either merging all separated objects into one or splitting the self into as many subselves as there are objects perceived. This study introduces a model suggesting that the self is generated in a neural network by algorithmic compression of spatial and temporal information into a fractal structure. A correlation of an inner observer to parts of a fractal structure inevitably entails a correlation to the whole, thereby preserving the undividedness of the self. Molecular mechanisms for the generation of a fractal structure in a neural network and the possibility of experimental investigation will be discussed.