gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Consideration of Lower Allowable Impact Temperature for DOP-26 Iridium Alloy Fueled Clads (2005)

The current DOE General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) was developed specifically for a SiGe Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) which was to be launched on a Space Shuttle. In such a launch, if the final stage of the deployed spacecraft failed to ignite, the spacecraft and RTG would reenter the atmosphere after about three months in a Shuttle parking orbit. The indium alloy clad containing the radioisotope fuel would have then been at about 1300° C for the entire time on orbit. This would lead to some grain growth in the clad material, which would tend to decrease its ductility. Due to these constraints, it was concluded by the heat source community that safety considerations would require that the clads be maintained at a temperature of at least 930° C through impact. The safety testing for the GPHS RTG programs was therefore conducted with these conditions as guides. Within this set of guidelines, the heat source was shown to be able to safely handle all credible launch and reentry accident events in these missions. Currently proposed missions plan to use different power conversion systems and launch scenarios that are able to utilize much lower operating temperatures. Imposing the high operating and impact temperatures required by the SiGe RTG onto these new systems would lead to unnecessary added design complexity and probably a less robust system. If the heat source is operated so that the iridium alloy clads are generally maintained at less than 1000° C, essentially no grain growth would be experienced over normal mission lifetimes, and the clads would stay more ductile and able to safely withstand the resulting lower impact temperatures. Therefore DOE has embarked on a study to determine the lowest safe operating and impact temperatures for the GPHS. This paper presents the historical background and some preliminary results of this study.
Preserving plantar flexion strength after surgical treatment for contracture of the triceps surae: A computer simulation study (1995)

Contractures of the triceps surae commonly are treated by surgical lengthening of the gastrocnemius aponeurosis or the Achilles tendon. Although these procedures generally relieve contractures, patients sometimes are left with dramatically decreased plantar flexion strength (i.e., decreased capacity to generate plantar flexion moment). The purpose of this study was to examine the trade-off between restoring range of motion and maintaining plantar flexion strength after surgical treatment for contracture of the triceps surae. A computer model representing the normal moment-generating characteristics of the triceps surae was altered to represent two conditions: isolated contracture of the gastrocnemius and contracture of both the gastrocnemius and the soleus. The effects of lengthening the gastrocnemius aponeurosis and the Achilles tendon were simulated for each condition. The simulations showed that nearly normal moment-generating characteristics could be restored when isolated gastrocnemius contracture was treated with lengthening of the gastrocnemius aponeurosis. However, when isolated gastrocnemius contracture was treated with lengthening of the Achilles tendon, the moment-generating capacity of the plantar flexors decreased greatly. This suggests that lengthening of the Achilles tendon should be avoided in persons with isolated gastrocnemius contracture. Our simulations also suggest that neither lengthening of the gastrocnemius aponeurosis nor lengthening of the Achilles tendon by itself is an effective treatment for combined contracture of the gastrocnemius and soleus. Lengthening the gastrocnemius aponeurosis did not decrease the excessive passive moment developed by the contracted soleus. Lengthening the Achilles tendon restored the normal passive range of motion but substantially decreased the active force-generating capacity of the muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pränatale Diagnose eines Tumors im Bereich der Glabella ohne Kommunikation nach intrazerebral mit kompliziertem postnatalen Verlauf (2015)

Angeborene pränasale Tumore sind sehr selten, hierunter am Häufigsten (Epi-)Dermoide. Entscheidend für die pränatale Beratung ist der sichere Ausschluss einer Kommunikation mit intrakraniellen Strukturen des ZNS. Zudem muss zur Entbindungsplanung eine genaue pränataldiagnostische Beurteilung der oberen Luftwege erfolgen, um im Falle einer Kompression ein EXIT („ex-utero intrapartum-treatment“)-Verfahren planen zu können.
21‐2: Invited Paper: Platinum(II) Based Near‐Infrared Phosphors for Efficient Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Peak Wavelength Beyond 800 nm (2021)

Near‐infrared (NIR) organic light emitting diodes (OLED has evolved to become the futuristic lighting technology due to its enormous potentials ranging from security identification and therapeutics. In this presentation, we elaborate the design and preparation of a series of Pt(II) based emitters, to which the exceedingly strong intermolecular Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt interaction fostered the metal‐metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer transition characteristics upon excitation in thin films and, thereby, gave efficient electroluminescence with peak wavelength around 800 nm and beyond. Consequently, NIR OLEDs based on these Pt(II) complexes were fabricated using direct vacuum deposition in forming the nondoped emissive layer. Moreover, the relevant device efficiencies are significantly better than all NIR OLEDs ever documented in literature.
Conversation support for business process integration (2003)

Business process integration and automation (BPIA) has emerged as an important aspect of the enterprise computing landscape. Intra-enterprise application integration (EAI) as well as the inter enterprise integration (B2B) are increasingly being performed in the context of business processes. The integration scenarios typically involve distributed systems that are autonomous to some degree. From the BPIA perspective, the autonomy refers to the fact that the systems being integrated have their own process choreography engines and execute internal business processes that are private to them. In the case of B2B integration, the systems being integrated are fully autonomous, while various levels of autonomy exist in systems partaking in EAI. We present a new paradigm for business process integration. Our approach is based on a conversation model that enables autonomous, distributed BPM (Business Process Management) modules to integrate and collaborate. Our conversation model supports the exchange of multiple correlated messages with arbitrary sequencing constraints and covers the formatting of messages that are to be sent as well as the parsing of the messages that have been received. The crux of our conversation model is the notion of a conversation policy, which is a machine-readable specification of a pattern of message exchange in a conversation. Our model supports nesting and composition of conversation policies to provide a dynamic, adaptable, incremental, open-ended, and extensible mechanism for business process integration. We discuss the current implementation of this conversation model and early experience in applying the model to solve customer problems. The implementation utilizes distributed object technology.
A design methodology of chip-to-chip wireless power transmission system (2007)

A design methodology to transmit power using a chip-to-chip wireless interface is proposed. The proposed power transmission system is based on magnetic coupling, and the power transmission of 5mW/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> was verified. The transmission efficiency trade-off with the transmitted power is also discussed.
Chloride-Mediated Alkene Activation Drives Enantioselective Thiourea and Hydrogen Chloride Co-Catalyzed Prins Cyclizations (2022)

The mechanism of chiral hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) co-catalyzed Prins cyclizations was analyzed through a combination of experimental and computational methods and revealed to involve an unexpected and previously unrecognized mode of alkene activation. Kinetic and spectroscopic studies support the participation of a catalytically active HCl·HBD complex that displays reduced Brønsted acidity relative to HCl alone. Nevertheless, rate acceleration relative to the HCl-catalyzed background reaction as well as high levels of enantioselectivity are achieved. This inverse Brønsted correlation is ascribed to chloride-mediated substrate activation in the rate-limiting and enantiodetermining cyclization transition state. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, distortion-interaction analysis, and quasiclassical dynamics simulations support a stepwise mechanism in which rate acceleration and enantioselectivity are achieved through the precise positioning of the chloride anion within the active site of the chiral thiourea to enhance the nucleophilicity of the alkene and provide transition-state stabilization through local electric field effects. This mode of selective catalysis through anion positioning likely has general implications for the design of enantioselective Brønsted acid-catalyzed reactions involving π-nucleophiles.
The measuring and growing of advanced gas turbines (1980)

Advances in the gas turbine technology level and the corresponding advances in measurement instruments and technique are reviewed for each of the past decades, starting with the forties. The review provides a picture of the gradual development from the earlier, relatively simple systems, to the present sophisticated machines. A look in the future indicates that continued advances in gas turbine technology will be needed, used, and supported and that substantial changes are underway as to how these advances will be achieved. Some projections of the type of advances and in technology and measurements to be expected in the decade of the eighties are presented.
Opportunities and Challenges of LoRa 2.4 GHz (2023)

Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are increasingly used in our daily life. Among these technologies, LoRa is widely used for low power IoT data collection in wide areas. LoRa typically operates in sub-GHz bands which are region-specific, and thus has limited world-wide applications. The version of LoRa developed for the 2.4 GHz ISM band has spurred recent interest in the scientific community, as it enables the use of worldwide frequency channels. However, it requires the coexistence with numerous concurrent technologies within this 2.4 GHz band, and an evolution of the MAC and networking protocols for utilizing LoRaWAN connectivity. In this article, we make the first experimental comparison between LoRa sub-GHz and LoRa 2.4 GHz in both indoor and outdoor scenarios. We show that LoRa 2.4 GHz can have a communication range of more than 2 km outdoor, and it can achieve a packet delivery rate of at least 0.98 for a distance of up to 39 meters indoor with the presence of obstacles. We also make an extensive discussion on the researches challenges that need to be addressed in order to fully take advantage of this new technology.
A SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF THE FIELDS OF 28 STRONG GRAVITATIONAL LENSES: THE GROUP CATALOG (2016)

ABSTRACT With a large, unique spectroscopic survey in the fields of 28 galaxy-scale strong gravitational lenses, we identify groups of galaxies in the 26 adequately sampled fields. Using a group-finding algorithm, we find 210 groups with at least 5 member galaxies; the median number of members is 8. Our sample spans redshifts of 0.04 ≤ z grp ≤ 0.76 with a median of 0.31, including 174 groups with 0.1 &lt; z grp &lt; 0.6. The groups have radial velocity dispersions of 60 ≤ σ grp ≤ 1200 km s −1 with a median of 350 km s −1 . We also discover a supergroup in field B0712+472 at z = 0.29 that consists of three main groups. We recover groups similar to ∼85% of those previously reported in these fields within our redshift range of sensitivity and find 187 new groups with at least five members. The properties of our group catalog, specifically, (1) the distribution of σ grp , (2) the fraction of all sample galaxies that are group members, and (3) the fraction of groups with significant substructure, are consistent with those for other catalogs. The distribution of group virial masses agrees well with theoretical expectations. Of the lens galaxies, 12 of 26 (46%) (B1422+231, B1600+434, B2114+022, FBQS J0951+2635, HE0435-1223, HST J14113+5211, MG0751+2716, MGJ1654+1346, PG 1115+080, Q ER 0047-2808, RXJ1131-1231, and WFI J2033-4723) are members of groups with at least five galaxies, and one more (B0712+472) belongs to an additional, visually identified group candidate. There are groups not associated with the lens that still are likely to affect the lens model; in six of 25 (24%) fields (excluding the supergroup), there is at least one massive ( σ grp ≥ 500 km s −1 ) group or group candidate projected within 2′ of the lens.
Use of Thin Layer Chromatography and Phosphorimetry for Rapid Quantitative Determination of Biphenyl in Oranges (1965)

Abstract Biphenyl, a widely used fungicide in citrus fruits, is quantitatively determined by initial extraction of the orange juice and pulp or peel, thin layer chromatographic separation of the biphenyl, and phosphorimetric measurement of the separated biphenyl. The ether extraction is quantitative and reproducible, and it requires less time than the lengthy steam distillations previously used. By the ether extraction method, the relative average deviation is only ± 0.2 ppm for orange juice and pulp containing 3.8–8.9 ppm biphenyl, and only ± 2 ppm for orange peel containing 39–65 ppm biphenyl. Thin layer chromatography quantitatively separates biphenyl from the orange essential oils, waxes, and other ether extractives in 15 minutes. Phosphorimetry provides an extremely sensitive and accurate final step in the analysis. Because the limit of detection of biphenyl by phosphorimetry is very low (4 × 10-3 µg biphenyl/ml solvent), an analysis can be carried out easily and accurately on an orange sample containing as little as 5 µg of biphenyl. The total time for the analysis of the biphenyl content in fovir different samples with four replicate determinations for each sample is approximately 2 hours.
Direct Growth of Graphene/Hexagonal Boron Nitride Stacked Layers (2011)

Graphene (G) and atomic layers of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) are complementary two-dimensional materials, structurally very similar but with vastly different electronic properties. Recent studies indicate that h-BN atomic layers would be excellent dielectric layers to complement graphene electronics. Graphene on h-BN has been realized via peeling of layers from bulk material to create G/h-BN stacks. Considering that both these layers can be independently grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of their precursors on metal substrates, it is feasible that these can be sequentially grown on substrates to create the G/h-BN stacked layers useful for applications. Here we demonstrate the direct CVD growth of h-BN on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and on mechanically exfoliated graphene, as well as the large area growth of G/h-BN stacks, consisting of few layers of graphene and h-BN, via a two-step CVD process. The G/h-BN film is uniform and continuous and could be transferred onto different substrates for further characterization and device fabrication.
A unified analysis of CDF-based distributed scheduling in a heterogeneous multicell (2012)

This paper analyzes the performance of distributed scheduling policies in a generic heterogeneous multicell downlink. Our focus is on the utilization of the cumulative distribution function (CDF)-based scheduling policy to guarantee scheduling fairness and simultaneously obtain multiuser diversity gain. Under the standard Rayleigh fading assumption on both the desired signal and the intercell interference, we derive the CDF of the selected user's signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), and utilize the obtained CDF to develop a unified analysis of average system performance utilizing a general performance measure. The closed form results are specialized to three performance metrics: rate, probability of error, and moment of the SINR. The corresponding results for the round robin policy and the greedy policy are also provided for comparison and completeness.
Glycoprotein G is a virulence factor in infectious laryngotracheitis virus (2006)

Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV; Gallid herpesvirus 1) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes acute respiratory disease in chickens. The role of glycoprotein G (gG) in vitro has been investigated in a number of alphaherpesviruses, but the relevance of gG in vivo in the pathogenicity of ILTV or in other alphaherpesviruses is unknown. In this study, gG-deficient mutants of ILTV were generated and inoculated into specific-pathogen-free chickens to assess the role of gG in pathogenicity. In chickens, gG-deficient ILTV reached a similar titre to wild-type (wt) ILTV but was significantly attenuated with respect to induction of clinical signs, effect on weight gain and bird mortality. In addition, an increased tracheal mucosal thickness, reflecting increased inflammatory cell infiltration at the site of infection, was detected in birds inoculated with gG-deficient ILTV compared with birds inoculated with wt ILTV. The reinsertion of gG into gG-deficient ILTV restored the in vivo phenotype of the mutant to that of wt ILTV. Quantitative PCR analysis of the expression of the genes adjacent to gG demonstrated that they were not affected by the deletion of gG and investigations in vitro confirmed that the phenotype of gG-deficient ILTV was consistent with unaltered expression of these adjacent genes. This is the first reported study to demonstrate definitively that gG is a virulence factor in ILTV and that deletion of gG from this alphaherpesvirus genome causes marked attenuation of the virus in its natural host.
MIDAS, the Mobile Intrusion Detection and Assessment System (1990)

MIDAS is a semiautomated passive detection and assessment security system that can be quickly deployed to provide wide-area coverage for a mobile military asset. Designed to be mounted on top of an unguyed telescoping mast, its specially packaged set of 32 infrared sensors spin 360 degrees every two seconds. The unit produces a low resolution infrared image by sampling each sensor more than 16,000 times in a single 360-degree rotation. Drawing from image processing techniques, MIDAS detects vehicular and pedestrian intruders and produces an alarm when an intrusion is detected. Multiple intruders are tracked. MIDAS automatically directs either an assessment camera or a FLIR to one of the tracks. The alerted operator assesses the intruder and initiates a response. Once the operator assesses an intruder, the system continues to track it without generating new alarms. Because the system will track multiple targets and because the assessment system is a separate pan and tilt unit, the detection and tracking system cannot be blind-sided while the operator is assessing a diversionary intrusion. 4 figs.
Microelectrochemical Approach to Induce Local Cell Adhesion and Growth on Substrates (2003)

The nature of an albumin-coated substrate that blocks protein adsorption and cell adhesion was rapidly switched to cell-adhesive by exposure to an oxidizing agent such as HBrO. This finding has enabled cellular pattern drawing even on a single-cell level by closely scanning a microelectrode above the substrate and electrochemically producing the agent at the tip of the electrode. The present microelectrochemical cell patterning is applicable even for a previously cell-patterned substrate and for a grooved substrate. These unique technical features will have impacts on a variety of cell-based studies that require the analysis of heterotypic cell-cell interactions and cellular arrangement on an uneven surface such as semiconductor devices.
The Higher Regional Court of Munich holds that the arbitration clause used by the International Skating Union referring all challenges to the Court of Arbitration of Sport was in breach of German competition law (Pechstein) (2015)

I. The Facts In 2009 Ms. Claudia Pechstein, a successful German speed skater, was banned by the International Skating Union (ISU) from all skating competitions for two years. Ms. Pechstein had…
The broad spectrum of autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease: molecular bases, clinical features and long-term follow-up in 31 patients. (2006)

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorders, including autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) and Dianzani autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease (DALD), are inherited defects of the Fas apoptotic pathway characterized by lymphoid accumulation and autoimmune manifestations. We report the molecular, clinical, immunologic features and the long-term progress of 31 patients. Four carried Fas gene mutations and one also displayed a caspase 10 polymorphism that probably contributed to the phenotype. Seven patients developed antibody deficiency and their clinical pictures overlapped those of subjects with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). We postulate the existence of a disorder that involves the Fas pathway and displays the characteristics of both autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease and CVID.
How to Reconstruct 3D Coronary Arterial Tree from Two Arbitrary Views (2009)

Coronary heart disease has become one of the main threats of human health. And coronary angiography is taken as the ldquogold standardrdquo for the assessment of coronary artery disease. But sometimes, the images are difficult to interpret visually because of the crossing and overlapping of the vessels in the angiogram. Three-dimensional (3D) representation of coronary arterial tree topology facilitates calculation of hemodynamic measurements to study myocardial infarction and stenosis. So, clinician can reduce the radiation dose, imaging scan time and duration of human expose to contrast agent during acquisition of angiograms. In this paper, the algorithm for 3D reconstruction of arterial tree from two arbitrary views is presented. The program can be divided into five major steps: vessel segmentation, feature-points recognition, vessel skeleton matching, vessel diameter measurement, and three-dimensional reconstruction. By the help of progress of computer, the algorithm of 3D reconstruction can be calculated faster and faster. It has been possible to realize the real-time display during the surgery.
Texas. An informal biography. By Owen P. White. (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1945. pp. ix, 268. $3.50.) (1946)

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Oxo-type organophosphate-resistant acetylcholinesterase from organophosphate-unsusceptible Culex tritaeniorhynchus. (1988)

A highly resistant strain of Culex tritaeniorhynchus was employed to clarify the mechanisms of the acquired resistance of mosquitoes to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides by an enzymological approach. Carboxylesterase (CE) activity was higher in the abdomen than in the head and thorax, and was higher in every part of the body of the resistant strain as compared with the susceptible strain. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was high in the head, and was higher in every part of the body in the susceptible strain as compared with the resistant strain.Greater inhibition of CE by oxo-type organophosphorus insecticides was observed in the susceptible strain (11-, 8.2- and 22.3-fold greater inhibitions by fenitrooxon, malaoxon and dichlorvos, respectively) than in the resistant strain. Much stronger inhibition of AChE was observed in the susceptible strain (1227-, 76.5- and 183-fold inhibitions by fenitrooxon, malaoxon and dichlorvos, respectively) than in the resistant strain. These results suggest that both AChE and CE are involved in the development of the acquired resistance to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, and that the former enzyme plays the major role.