gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recovery of Waste Thermal Energy in U.S. Residential Appliances (2016)

With the United States being the worldâ€™s second largest consumer of primary energy, research into areas of significant consumption can provide large impacts in terms of the global energy consumption. Buildings account for 41% of US total energy consumption with the residential sector making up a majority. Household appliances account for the second largest site energy consumption at 27%, after the HVAC system for the U.S. residential sector. By quantifying the expected energy available in the waste stream for five major appliances; household refrigerator, clothes dryer and washer, dishwasher, and cooking oven, a potential energy source is presented. A cold water cooling stream is applied to the waste stream of each appliance and an estimated amount of energy can be recovered. The household refrigerator is modeled having an increase in cooling capacity of about 12% and a reduction on compressor power consumption of about 26%. A sample operation of the clothes dryer has the exhaust air stream being cooled down to 30.5Â°C (86.9Â°F) or on the other side, is able to heat 19 liter (5 gal) of water up to about 54.5Â°C (130.1Â°F). Large volumes of water are available by the clothes washer, but due to typical operation characteristics, low wash and rinse temperatures, the waste stream was not high in temperature. While the dishwasher provided higher heat source temperatures, 40Â°C (104Â°F), than the clothes washer, 36Â°C (97Â°F), the opposite was true. The volume of waste water drained is very low compared to the clothes washer 11.7 liter (3.1 gal) to 155 liter (41 gal). Thus water temperatures in the storage tank did not reach above 30Â°C (86Â°F) even with low storage volumes. The cooking oven can generate very high water temperatures depending how small of a storage tank is connected. Further work in this area is recommended due to the potential of high water temperatures generated from residential waste energy streams not currently being captured, and thus can offset some site-energy usage.
Amperometric Multi-Enzyme Biosensors: Development and Application, a Short Review (2019)

Abstract—In the last decade, significant progress has been made in the development of enzyme biosensors, which are used in pharmacology, clinical practice, agriculture, food quality control, monitoring of infectious disease pathogens, and the spread of environmental pollution factors. The functioning of the amperometric multi-enzyme biosensors is based on natural recognition mechanisms. For the best efficiency, the design of the biosensor should enable the analyzed substances to freely interact with enzymes involved in catalytic reactions; this requires knowledge of both the properties of the medium under study and the properties of the analyzed substances. To detect, recognize, and evaluate the concentration of substances in the medium it is also necessary to take factors that can suppress or distort the signal into account, which may be due to the interaction of biosensor components with each other and with molecules of the studied medium. These factors can change not only during storage or after repeated use of a biosensor, but also during a single measurement. Significant progress has been achieved in improving the design of biosensors in the process of development of measuring equipment. This review considers the development of the most interesting and promising trends in the development of amperometric multi-enzyme biosensors that have emerged in recent years.
Dietary Reference Intakes based on chronic disease endpoints: outcomes from a case study workshop for omega 3’s EPA and DHA (2021)

Given the focus on developing Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) based on chronic disease risk reduction and recent research for omega-3 long chain PUFA since the last DRI review, the Canadian Nutrition Society convened a panel of stakeholders for a 1-day workshop in late 2019. Attendees discussed the new NASEM guidelines for establishing DRI values based on chronic disease risk endpoints and the strength of current evidence for EPA and DHA as it relates to the new guidelines. <b>Novelty:</b> Summarizes evidence and expert opinions regarding the potential for reviewing DRI values for EPA and DHA and cardiovascular disease risk and early development.
A new orthogonal online digital calibration for time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters (2008)

Modern communication technologies need faster analog-to-digital converters (ADC). To significantly increase the sampling rate of an ADC, time-interleaved ADC (TIADC) is an efficient solution. A M-channels TIADC is composed of M ADCs which operate at interleaved sampling times. Due to the manufacturing process, the main drawback of a TIADC system is that the M ADCs are not exactly the same. This means that offset, gain and time mismatch errors are introduced. As a result, these errors cause distortions in the output sampled signal and introduce unwanted tones and noise, and hence, reduce the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) as well as the signal to noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, we propose a new orthogonal online digital calibration, for timing skew, offset and gain mismatches, based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technique already used in communications. Our calibration is online, this means that errors can be estimated while the ADC is running. Since most of the calibration processes are carried out on the digital outputs, very little change is needed on the analog part of the ADC. Simulations results showed the efficiency of our proposed calibration architecture.
ORGANIC SCINTILLATOR FOR REAL-TIME NEUTRON DOSIMETRY (2017)

We developed a radiation detector based on an organic scintillator for spectrometry and dosimetry of out-of-field secondary neutrons from clinical proton beams. The detector consists of an EJ-299-34 crystalline organic scintillator, coupled by fiber optic cable to a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM). Proof of concept measurements were taken with 137Cs and 252Cf, and corresponding simulations were performed in MCNPX-PoliMi. Despite its small size, the detector is able to discriminate between neutron and gamma-rays via pulse shape discrimination. We simulated the response function of the detector to monoenergetic neutrons in the 100 keV-0 MeV range using MCNPX-PoliMi. The measured unfolded 252Cf neutron spectrum is in good agreement with the theoretical Watt fission spectrum. We determined the ambient dose equivalent by folding the spectrum with the fluence-to-ambient dose conversion coefficient, with a 1.4% deviation from theory. Some preliminary proton beam experiments were preformed at the Bronowice Cyclotron Center patient treatment facility using a clinically relevant proton pencil beam for brain tumor and craino-spinal treatment directed at a child phantom.
Near-infrared light-triggered drug release nanogels for combined photothermal-chemotherapy of cancer (2015)

Near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered drug release systems are promising for drug delivery applications in view of the advantages of NIR light, which include high tissue penetration and low damage. In this report, we developed nanogels (NGs) by supramolecular self-assembly from adamantine (AD)-conjugated copolymer, poly[poly(ethylene glycol)monomethyl ether metharcylate]-co-poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide)-co-poly(N-adamantan-1-yl-2-methacrylamide) (PPEGMA-co-PHPMA-co-PADMA), and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-functionalized poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer based on the host-guest interaction of the AD and β-CD moieties, and they were used to encapsulate indocyanine green (ICG) and doxorubicin (DOX) for combined photothermal-chemotherapy. NGs simultaneously loading ICG and DOX (DINGs) showed significant photothermal effects and stimuli-triggered drug release under NIR laser irradiation by the photothermal-induced relaxation or dissociation of the NGs. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of DINGs under NIR irradiation demonstrated the synergistic effects of hyperthermia, photothermal-triggered drug release, and chemotherapy. In vivo investigation revealed their high accumulation in tumor tissue and significant tumor growth suppression under NIR irradiation. These NIR light-triggered drug release NGs represent efficient and promising anticancer drug vectors for the combined photothermal-chemotherapy of cancer to maximize therapeutic efficacy and minimize side effects.
More "normal" than normal: scaling distributions and complex systems (2004)

One feature of many naturally occurring or engineered complex systems is tremendous variability in event sizes. To account for it, the behavior of these systems is often described using power law relationships or scaling distributions, which tend to be viewed as exotic because of their unusual properties (e.g., infinite moments). An alternate view is based on mathematical, statistical, and data-analytic arguments and suggests that scaling distributions should be viewed as more normal than normal. In support of this latter view that has been advocated by Mandelbrot for the last 40 years, we review in this paper some relevant results from probability theory and illustrate a powerful statistical approach for deciding whether the variability associated with observed event sizes is consistent with an underlying Gaussian-type (finite variance) or scaling-type (infinite variance) distribution. We contrast this approach with traditional model fitting techniques and discuss its implications for future modeling of complex systems.
Preparation of Bicrystal in a Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Superconductor (1990)

A [001]-twist bicrystal was prepared by sintering single crystal sheets of an 80 K Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor Resistivity measurement showed that the transition temperature of the bicrystal agreed with that of the single crystal. However, a large shoulder was observed in the current-voltage measurement suggesting weak coupling of the grain boundary.
Multiple object detection for smart TV shopping video using point to point feature based SURF method (2016)

The paper presents a novel mechanism to enhance the consumer experience of TV shopping. A customer's experience can be enhanced, if he/she could interact with the smart TV to purchase interesting items leading to TV-enabled shopping. For this, a method is proposed which could track and identify the multiple objects in video sequence using surf features. Most of the present multiple object detection methods rely on stable camera location, slow moving objects or same type of objects multiple times. However, in general for TV shopping, this is not the case. For this reason, the system proposed is trained to detect multiple types of objects in a single video. Proposed mechanism will perform well, if the camera is either moving, object movement is fast or the presence of multiple type of objects in a single frame. Also, the experimental results clearly demonstrate the high precision of results leading to low error rate.
Polarization insensitive tunable hitless filter for extended C band (2020)

Controllable loss induced through variable optical attenuators integrated in microring resonators is exploited to implement a novel hitless tuning scheme for silicon photonic WDM filters. The proposed concept is demonstrated in a polarization insensitive architecture operating across the extended C-band.
A DNA Fusion Vaccine Induces Bactericidal Antibodies to a Peptide Epitope from the PorA Porin of Neisseria meningitidis (2007)

An experimental DNA plasmid vaccine was developed based on a well-characterized and protective peptide epitope derived from a bacterial porin protein. For this study, we used the P1.16b serosubtype epitope, located in variable region (VR)2 in loop 4 of the PorA outer membrane (OM) porin from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58. A plasmid that encoded the entire loop (pPorAloop4) was prepared, as well as a fusion plasmid that encoded the loop in tandem with the fragment C (FrC) immunostimulatory sequence from tetanus toxin (pPorAloop4-FrC). The constructs were used for intramuscular immunization without exogenous adjuvant. Murine antisera raised to the pPorAloop4-FrC DNA fusion plasmid reacted significantly with OMs in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and with whole bacteria by immunofluorescence, whereas antisera raised to the pPorAloop4 DNA plasmid and to control plasmid showed little or no reactivity. Significantly, only the pPorALoop4-FrC plasmid induced bactericidal antibodies, demonstrating that the intrinsic immunostimulatory sequence was essential for inducing a protective immune response. The antibodies raised to the P1.16b pPorALoop4-FrC plasmid were serosubtype specific, showing no significant immunofluorescence reactivity or bactericidal activity against other PorA variants. These data provide proof of principle for a DNA fusion plasmid strategy as a novel approach to preparing vaccines based on defined, protective epitopes.
The Autoxidation of Alkenyl Succinimides—Mimics for Polyisobutenyl Succinimide Dispersants (2019)

Short chain alkenyl succinimides (ASIs) were synthesized and used as high purity chemical models to investigate the autoxidative degradation at 170 °C of polyisobutenyl succinimide dispersants (PIBSIs), a significant additive in automotive engine lubricants. Degradation products were characterized by gas chromatography–electron ionization mass spectrometry and quantified by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. The rate of autoxidation of ASIs in a model lubricant, squalane, was also investigated. Although this is a complex molecule containing many possible sites of radical attack, all of the autoxidation products identified result from attack at the double bond or the adjacent allylic hydrogen atoms, which indicates the controlling influence of the double bond in the degradation of alkenyl succinimides, and therefore of commercial polyisobutenyl succinimide dispersants. The observed site-selective cleavage of the ASI structure, and by analogy PIBSI dispersants, would yield products that both reduce dispersancy and promote the formation of insoluble products that could have a detrimental effect on lubricant performance.
Isolation and Characterization of Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes from Rock Phosphate Mines and Their Potential Effect for Sustainable Agriculture (2021)

Continuous application of phosphate (P) mineral to soil renders apatite addition during each crop growing season which is of great concern from a sustainable agriculture viewpoint. Use of efficient phosphate solubilizing microbes (PSB) is one of the most effective ways to solubilize this apatite mineral in the soil. The current study targeted hydroxyapatite mines to explore, isolate and characterize efficient P solubilizers to solubilize apatite in the soil. Efficiency of isolated microbes to solubilize rock phosphate (hydroxyapatite) and tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) as well as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACC) activity were tested. Identification and phylogenetic analysis of bacterial and fungal isolates were carried out by 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequence analyses, respectively. The isolated bacterial strains were identified as Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus firmus, Bacillus safensis, and Bacillus licheniformis whereas fungal isolates were identified as Penicillium sp. and Penicillium oxalicum. Results showed that the impact of identified strains in combination with three phosphate fertilizers sources (compost, rock phosphate and diammonium phosphate (DAP)) was conspicuous on maize crop grown in pot. Both bacterial and fungal strains increased the P uptake by plants as well as recorded with higher available P in post-harvested soil. Penicillium sp. in combination with compost resulted in maximum P-uptake by plants and post-harvest soil P contents, compared to other combinations of P sources and bio-inoculants. Screening and application of efficient P solubilizers can be a better option to utilize the indigenous phosphate reserves of soil as well as organic amendments for sustainable agriculture.
Mutations in the K+/Cl−Cotransporter Genekazachoc(kcc) Increase Seizure Susceptibility inDrosophila (2006)

During a critical period in the developing mammalian brain, there is a major switch in the nature of GABAergic transmission from depolarizing and excitatory, the pattern of the neonatal brain, to hyperpolarizing and inhibitory, the pattern of the mature brain. This switch is believed to play a major role in determining neuronal connectivity via activity-dependent mechanisms. The GABAergic developmental switch may also be particularly vulnerable to dysfunction leading to seizure disorders. The developmental GABA switch is mediated primarily by KCC2, a neuronal K+/Cl- cotransporter that determines the intracellular concentration of Cl- and, hence, the reversal potential for GABA. Here, we report that kazachoc (kcc) mutations that reduce the level of the sole K+/Cl- cotransporter in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster render flies susceptible to epileptic-like seizures. Drosophila kcc protein is widely expressed in brain neuropil, and its level rises with developmental age. Young kcc mutant flies with low kcc levels display behavioral seizures and demonstrate a reduced threshold for seizures induced by electroconvulsive shock. The kcc mutation enhances a series of other Drosophila epilepsy mutations indicating functional interactions leading to seizure disorder. Both genetic and pharmacological experiments suggest that the increased seizure susceptibility of kcc flies occurs via excitatory GABAergic signaling. The kcc mutants provide an excellent model system in which to investigate how modulation of GABAergic signaling influences neuronal excitability and epileptogenesis.
Azeotropic Behavior of a Water + n-Propanol + Cyclohexane Mixture Using Cyclohexane as an Entrainer for Separating the Water + n-Proponal Mixture at 760 mmHg (2003)

In this study, the phase behavior of a water + n-propanol + cyclohexane ternary mixture was experimentally investigated for feasibly using cyclohexane as an entrainer to the azeotropic distillation of a water + n-propanol azeotrope. The experimental results showed that this ternary mixture is partially miscible and exhibits as a heterogeneous azeotrope. The present experimental data include the binary water + n-propanol vapor−liquid equilibrium, the ternary water + n-propanol + cyclohexane vapor−liquid−liquid equilibrium, the heterogeneous azeotropic temperature, the bulk azeotropic liquid composition, and the individual liquid compositions at 760 mmHg. The correlation results of the binary data were satisfactory with the NRTL (AIChE J. 1968, 14, 135) and the UNIQUAC (AIChE J. 1975, 21, 116) models. The correlation result of the azeotropic ternary mixture with the NRTL model is fair, with the worst AARD % (10.69%) for the vapor composition of water and the AARD % values of the rest of the compositions smaller than 5%. The results with the UNIQUAC model show that the UNIQUAC model is not suitable to represent this azeotropic ternary system because of very large AARD % values. With the residual curve map (RCM) and the obtained liquid−liquid equilibrium curve, two conceptual azeotropic distillation schemes using cyclohexane as the entrainer were proposed to separate the azeotropic mixture of water and n-propanol. All of the thermodynamic properties required for constructing the RCM were obtained either from the literature or from the experiments performed in this study and include the boiling temperatures of all three constituent components, the azeotropic data of the constituent binary pairs, and the azeotropic data of the ternary system.
Core–shell nanoparticles: synthesis and applications in catalysis and electrocatalysis (2015)

Core-shell nanoparticles (CSNs) are a class of nanostructured materials that have recently received increased attention owing to their interesting properties and broad range of applications in catalysis, biology, materials chemistry and sensors. By rationally tuning the cores as well as the shells of such materials, a range of core-shell nanoparticles can be produced with tailorable properties that can play important roles in various catalytic processes and offer sustainable solutions to current energy problems. Various synthetic methods for preparing different classes of CSNs, including the Stöber method, solvothermal method, one-pot synthetic method involving surfactants, etc., are briefly mentioned here. The roles of various classes of CSNs are exemplified for both catalytic and electrocatalytic applications, including oxidation, reduction, coupling reactions, etc.
Modeling, animating, and rendering complex scenes using volumetric textures (1998)

Complex repetitive scenes containing forests, foliage, grass, hair, or fur, are challenging for common modeling and rendering tools. The amount of data, the tediousness of modeling and animation tasks, and the cost of realistic rendering have caused such kind of scene to see only limited use even in high-end productions. The author describes how the use of volumetric textures is well suited to such scenes. These primitives can greatly simplify modeling and animation tasks. More importantly, they can be very efficiently rendered using ray tracing with few aliasing artifacts. The main idea, initially introduced by Kajiya and Kay (1989), is to represent a pattern of 3D geometry in a reference volume, that is tiled over an underlying surface much like a regular 2D texture. In our contribution, the mapping is independent of the mesh subdivision, the pattern can contain any kind of shape, and it is prefiltered at different scales as for MIP-mapping. Although the model encoding is volumetric, the rendering method differs greatly from traditional volume rendering. A volumetric texture only exists in the neighborhood of a surface, and the repeated instances (called texels) of the reference volume are spatially deformed. Furthermore, each voxel of the reference volume contains a key feature which controls the reflectance function that represents aggregate intravoxel geometry. This allows for ray tracing of highly complex scenes with very few aliasing artifacts, using a single ray per pixel (for the part of the scene using the volumetric texture representation). The major technical considerations of our method lie in the ray-path determination and in the specification of the reflectance function.
External validation of non-invasive prediction models for identifying ultrasonography-diagnosed fatty liver disease in a Chinese population (2017)

Several prediction models for fatty liver disease (FLD) are available with limited externally validation and less comprehensive evaluation. The aim was to perform external validation and direct comparison of 4 prediction models (the Fatty Liver Index, the Hepatic Steatosis Index, the ZJU index, and the Framingham Steatosis Index) for FLD both in the overall population and the obese subpopulation.This cross-sectional study included 4247 subjects aged 20 to 65 years recruited from the north of Shanxi Province in China. Anthropometric and biochemical features were collected using standard protocols. FLD was diagnosed by liver ultrasonography. We assessed all models in terms of discrimination, calibration, and decision curve analysis.The original models performed well in terms of discrimination for the overall population, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) around 0.85, while AUCs for obese individuals were around 0.68. Nevertheless, the predicted risks did not match well with the observed risks both in the overall population and the obese subpopulation. The FLI 2006 was 1 of the 2 best models in terms of discrimination (AUCs were 0.87 and 0.72 for the overall population and the obese subgroup, respectively) and had the best performance in terms of calibration, and attained the highest net benefit.The FLI 2006 is overall the best tool to identify high risk individuals and has great clinical utility. Nonetheless, it does not perform well enough to quantify the actual risk of FLD, which need to be (re)calibrated for clinical use.