gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review Body size, energy metabolism and lifespan (2005)

Bigger animals live longer. The scaling exponent for the relationship between lifespan and body mass is between 0.15 and 0.3. Bigger animals also expend more energy, and the scaling exponent for the relationship of resting metabolic rate (RMR) to body mass lies somewhere between 0.66 and 0.8. Mass-specific RMR therefore scales with a corresponding exponent between ‐0.2 and ‐0.33. Because the exponents for mass-specific RMR are close to the exponents for lifespan, but have opposite signs, their product (the mass-specific expenditure of energy per lifespan) is independent of body mass (exponent between ‐0.08 and 0.08). This means that across species a gram of tissue on average expends about the same amount of energy before it dies regardless of whether that tissue is located in a shrew, a cow, an elephant or a whale. This fact led to the notion that ageing and lifespan are processes regulated by energy metabolism rates and that elevating metabolism will be associated with premature mortality ‐ the rate of living theory.
Innovative sensing techniques for monitoring and measuring selected dioxins, furans, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in stack gas (1992)

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined the need to develop in-situ continuous or semi-continuous emissions monitoring (CEM) techniques for assessing dioxin, furan, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators and other sources. The species have a potential public health risk because of their low associated exposure limits. The paper discusses 12 innovative optical sensing techniques, which were evaluated for application to continuous monitoring approaches. The ability of each of the techniques to function as a CEM system is discussed. Two techniques that appear to have the most potential for successful application are Ultraviolet (UV) Direct Measurement and Fluorescence Measurement. Vapor phase UV spectral data for selected dioxins, furans, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are being generated to determine limits of detection and assess applicability of the techniques.
A Functional Receptor for B-Cell–Activating Factor Is Expressed on Human Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemias (2010)

B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) arises by transformation of a progenitor (pre-B) cell. Cure rates in adults remain low and treatment is complicated by support provided by the microenvironment to the leukemic cells, indicating an urgent need to better understand the factors that promote their survival. B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) and its receptor BAFF-R are important for survival and growth of mature normal and malignant B cells but are not expressed on pre-B cells. Unexpectedly, all cells in the primary Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive and Ph-negative ALL samples tested were positive for high BAFF-R cell surface expression. BAFF-R was fully competent to bind BAFF, and stimulation of the receptor activated both the classic and the noncanonical NF-kappaB pathways. Recombinant BAFF supported survival of the ALL cells in the absence of stroma, and it significantly attenuated the rate of apoptosis caused by exposure to nilotinib, a drug used therapeutically to treat Ph-positive ALLs. Surprisingly, BAFF mRNA and protein were also expressed in the same cells but BAFF was not shed into the medium. Our report is the first showing universal expression of BAFF-R by pre-B ALL cells and opens the possibility of blocking its function as an adjuvant therapeutic strategy.
Translation of Biologically Active Messenger RNA from Human Placenta in Xenopus Oocytes (1979)

Polysomal RNA was extracted from human term placenta and total poly(A)-containing RNA purified by affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose. Poly(A)-containing RNA constituted approximately 1.2% of the total polysomal RNA and 8% of this purified preparation was able to anneal with [3H]poly(U). When injected into Xenopus oocytes, this poly(A)-rich RNA directed the synthesis of a polypeptide which is immunoprecipitable with a specific antiserum to human placental lactogen. The identity of authentic human placental lactogen and the immunoreactive polypeptide synthesized in the oocytes is suggested by their identical behaviour in dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis and by the formation of identical cyanogen bromide peptides. No precursor of human placental lactogen can be detected in the oocytes. The messenger RNA for human placental lactogen is very stable in oocytes; it is translated efficiently for a period of at least 7 days.
Replantation and Revascularisation Surgery in Children (1980)

Salvage of any amputated, or devascularised, digit or extremity in a child should be seriously considered and carefully planned. Bone shortening should be minimised. Replanted and revascularised digits and extremities do grow and often demonstrate minimal retardation when well revascularised and minimally traumatised. Even in more extensive injuries progressive growth is observed. Replanting of single digits is worth while in children. Vein grafting should be seriously considered when replanting any avulsed digit. The return of excellent sensation and good function in amputated parts in children makes these procedures rewarding and beneficial.
Cost minimisation study of transdermal glyceryl trinitrate in reducing failures of peripheral intravenous infusion. (1989)

We confirm the importance of short response times, and they should be reduced further when more staff are available. About half of the patients received some resuscitation from bystanders despite a shortage of formal training of the public.
Proazaphosphatrane (2007)

[120666-13-9] C9H24N4P (MW 216.26) (a strong non-ionic base used for various deprotonation2-16 and nucleophilic reactions17-29) Alternate Name: 2,8,9-trimethyl-2,5,8,9-tetraaza-1-phosphabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane. Solubility: soluble in both polar solvents such as THF, diethyl ether, pyridine, and DMF and in non-polar solvents such as benzene, toluene, pentane, and hexane. Dissolves in and deprotonates acetonitrile, DMSO, and alcohols to varying extents. Form Supplied in: low melting solid; commercially available. Preparative Methods: prepared by the deprotonation of the azaphosphatrane salt [HP(MeNCH2CH2)3N+]Cl- with potassium t-butoxide in THF followed by extraction with pentane. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air and moisture sensitive. Store and handle under inert atmosphere (argon or nitrogen), preferably in a glove box for consistent and reproducible results.
Examination of PACAP38-like immunoreactivity in different milk and infant formula samples (2013)

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with special importance in reproductive and developmental processes. PACAP is found in two bioactive forms: PACAP27 and PACAP38. Recently, we have described that PACAP38 is present in high levels in the milk of human and ruminant animals. Breastfeeding is of utmost importance in proper nutrition of the newborn, but artificial nursing with infant formulas is necessary when breastfeeding is not available. Composition of the breast milk varies during the whole period of nursing and it shows differences at the beginning (foremilk) and the end of an actual suckling (hindmilk). The aim of this study was to investigate PACAP38-like immunoreactivity (PACAP38-LI) in different milk and infant formula samples by radioimmunoassay and to prove the presence of PACAP38 in the infant formula by mass spectrometry. We found similar PACAP38-LI in human mature foremilk and hindmilk samples, in the fresh and pasteurized cow milk and also in formulas. However, we found significantly higher PACAP38-LI in the hypoantigenic formula undergoing extensive hydrolysis compared to the non-hypoantigenic ones. Our results suggest that PACAP38 is relatively stable in the milk and it can withstand the manufacturing processes.
Régulation de l'activité de Fas ligand : rôle des rafts membranaires et clivage (2006)

Fas ligand (FasL) peut induire une signalisation de mort ou de survie/proliferation dans les cellules exprimant Fas, et une signalisation reverse peu definie a present. Fas etant exprime de facon ubiquitaire et constitutive en surface des cellules, l’exposition de FasL a Fas et son activite doivent etre etroitement regulees. Une fois adresse a la membrane plasmique, FasL peut etre clive, liberant l’ectodomaine de FasL dans le milieu extracellulaire. FasL soluble etant generalement moins toxique que FasL membranaire, il a ete propose que le clivage constitue un moyen de reguler negativement son activite cytotoxique. Au cours de ma these, j’ai etudie d’autres moyens mis en œuvre par la cellule pour moduler ce signal. Nous avons tout d’abord examine le role que pouvaient jouer les rafts, des structures membranaires enrichies en sphingolipides et cholesterol, dans l’activite cytotoxique de FasL. En collaboration avec l’equipe de M. Zornig (Frankfurt, Allemagne), nous avons montre qu’une proportion de FasL est constitutivement associee aux rafts membranaires et que cette localisation est necessaire pour induire efficacement un signal de mort. Nous avons ensuite montre que FasL pouvait subir deux clivages consecutifs. Un premier clivage par ADAM10 genere deux types de fragments, FasL soluble libere en extracellulaire, et un fragment membranaire N-ter nomme APL (Adam10-processed Fas ligand). APL est ensuite clive par SPPL2a, liberant le domaine cytoplasmique de FasL (ou SPA, SPPL2A-processed APL) dans le cytoplasme. Des resultats preliminaires suggerent que SPA migre dans le noyau ou il pourrait moduler la transcription de certains genes. Le clivage pourrait ainsi etre implique dans une signalisation reverse de FasL.
Synthesis, Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Epitaxial La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 Films (2008)

Abstract not Available.
Effect of supplemental ultraviolet radiation on the concentration of phytonutrients in green and red leaf lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) cultivars (2005)

Eight cultivars each of red and green leaf lettuce were raised in a greenhouse with supplemental UV radiation, either UV-A (wavelengths greater than ca. 315 nm) or UV-A+UV-B (wavelengths greater than ca. 290 nm; 6.4 kJ m<sup>-2</sup> daily biologically effective UV-B), or no supplemental UV (controls). Several phytonutrients were analyzed in leaf flours to identify lines with large differences in composition and response to UV-B. Red leaf lettuce had higher levels of phenolic acid esters, flavonols and anthocyanins than green lines. Both green and red lines exposed to UV-B for 9 days showed 2-3-fold increases in flavonoids compared to controls, but only 45% increases in phenolic acid esters, suggesting these compounds may be regulated by different mechanisms. There were large differences between cultivars in levels of phenolic compounds under control conditions and also large differences in UV-B effects. Among red varieties, cv. Galactic was notable for high levels of phenolics and a large response to UV-B. Among green varieties, cvs. Black-Seeded Simpson and Simpson Elite had large increases in phenolics with UV-B exposure. Photosynthetic pigments were also analyzed. Green leaf lettuce had high levels of pheophytin, a chlorophyll degradation product. Total chlorophylls (including pheophytin) were much lower in green compared to red varieties. Lutein, a carotenoid, was similar for green and red lines. Total chlorophylls and lutein increased 2-fold under supplemental UV-B in green lines but decreased slightly under UV-B in red lines. Lettuce appears to be a valuable crop to use to study phytochemical-environment interactions.
On-Surface Synthesis and Determination of the Open-Shell Singlet Ground State of Tridecacene (2023)

The character of the electronic structure of acenes has been the subject of the longstanding discussion. However, convincing experimental evidence of their open-shell character has so far been missing. Here, we present on surface synthesis of tridecacene molecule by thermal annealing of octahydrotridecacene on Au(111) surface. We characterized the electronic structure of the tridecacene by scanning probe microscopy, which reveals presence of the inelastic signal at 126 meV. We attribute the inelastic signal to the spin excitation from the singlet biradical ground state to triplet excited state. To rationalize the experimental findings we carried out many-body ab-initio calculations as well as model Hamiltonian to take into account the effect of metallic substrate. Moreover, we provide a detailed analysis how the dynamical electron correlation and virtual charge fluctuation between molecule and metallic surface reduces the singlet-triplet band gap. Therefore, this work provides first experimental confirmation of the magnetic character of tridecacene.
Production of Fine Particles from Melts of Metals or Highly Viscous Fluids by ultrasonic standing wave atomization (1996)

Abstract Ultrasonic standing wave atomization (USWA) is a new process capable of atomizing both high surface energy liquids and highly viscous liquids. Atomization is achieved through acoustic forces acting upon a liquid jet which is guided into the central pressure node of a standing wave field. Spherical metal powders with minimum mass median diameters of less than 15 μm have been produced from metal melts with surface tensions of about 0.5 N/m. Organic liquids with viscosities between 1 and 10 Pas have been atomized, yielding mass median diameters from 20 to 330 μm. The influence of different operating parameters on the mass median diameter of metal melts and highly viscous liquids was evaluated. Parameters which were varied were ambient gas pressure, vibration amplitude of the transducers, mass flow rate, density of liquid, viscosity of the liquid, surface tension and the outlet diameter. The powders and sprays were analyzed with laser diffraction particle sizers. The physical background of the atomization process is discussed and an equation for the prediction of the mass median diameter is derived.
Cover Picture: Preparation, Structural Determination, and Characterization of Electronic Properties of Bis‐silylated and Bis‐germylated Lu3N@Ih‐C80 (Chem. Eur. J. 46/2015) (2015)

Exohedral derivatization of Lu3N@Ih-C80 was successfully conducted by the photoreactions with disilirane and digermirane. The single-crystal X-ray structural analyses firmly established the 1,4-bis-silylated and bis-germylated structures, which represent rare examples of the crystallographic studies of functionalized Lu3N@Ih-C80. The electrochemical and theoretical studies revealed that the redox properties of the bis-silylated and bis-germylated derivatives were remarkably altered compared to those of the parent Lu3N@Ih-C80. For more details see the Full Paper on page 16411 ff. by M. Kako, M. M. Olmstead, A. L. Balch, S. Nagase, T. Akasaka et al. Exohedral derivatization of Lu3N@Ih-C80 was successfully conducted by the photoreactions with disilirane and digermirane. The single-crystal X-ray structural analyses firmly established the 1,4-bis-silylated and bis-germylated structures, which represent rare examples of the crystallographic studies of functionalized Lu3N@Ih-C80. The electrochemical and theoretical studies revealed that the redox properties of the bis-silylated and bis-germylated derivatives were remarkably altered compared to those of the parent Lu3N@Ih-C80. For more details see the Full Paper on page 16411 ff. by M. Kako, M. M. Olmstead, A. L. Balch, S. Nagase, T. Akasaka et al.
THE EFFECT OF CRUDE SOURCE AND ADDITIVES ON THE LONG-TERM OVEN AGING OF PAVING ASPHALTS (1981)

There has long been a need for a lab test that simulates the hardening paving asphalts experience under field conditions. A main problem with the development of such a lab test is access to suitable field data. Such data would involve hardening rates of asphalts of known source and composition under specific climatic conditions. In 1974, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) initiated a program to determine hardening rates of 3 California asphalts at 4 geographically dispersed exposure sites. Along with this work, various lab oven tests were explored which would correspond in severity to the more severe field exposure conditions. In cooperation with Caltrans, the authors have also investigated long-term oven conditions, and have evaluated paving asphalts from a variety of crude sources. The effects of various additives have also been explored. This paper summarizes the results of this research.
The aggregation of amphiphilic (L)-proline-porphyrin derivatives in ethanol-water mixtures promoted by chiral anionic surfactants (2017)

The use of chiral surfactants results in a powerful tool to form chiral assemblies of (L)proline-functionalized porphyrin derivatives in EtOH/H[Formula: see text]O exploiting hydrophobic effect. The formation of chiral heteroaggregated species strictly depends both on the configuration of the chiral center of the surfactant and on its concentration, opening the possibility to tune the supramolecular asymmetry of the final structures.
TrustDavis: a non-exploitable online reputation system (2005)

We present TrustDavis, an online reputation system that provides insurance against trade fraud by leveraging existing relationships between players, such as the ones present in social networks. Using TrustDavis and a simple strategy, an honest player can set an upper bound on the losses caused by any malicious collusion of players. In addition, TrustDavis incents participants to accurately rate each other, resists participants' pseudonym changes, and is inherently distributed.
Nearshore Tests of the Tidal Compensation System for Point-Absorbing Wave Energy Converters (2015)

The power production of the linear generator wave energy converter developed at Uppsala University is affected by variations of mean sea level. The reason is that these variations change the distance between the point absorber located on the surface and the linear generator located on the seabed. This shifts the average position of the translator with respect to the center of the stator, thereby reducing the generator output power. A device mounted on the point absorber that compensates for tides of small range by regulating the length of the connection line between the buoy at the surface and the linear generator has been constructed and tested. This paper describes the electro-mechanical, measurement, communication and control systems installed on the buoy and shows the results obtained before its connection to the generator. The adjustment of the line was achieved through a linear actuator, which shortens the line during low tides and vice versa. The motor that drives the mechanical device was activated remotely via SMS. The measurement system that was mounted on the buoy consisted of current and voltage sensors, accelerometers, strain gauges and inductive and laser sensors. The data collected were transferred via Internet to a Dropbox server. As described within the paper, after the calibration of the sensors, the buoy was assembled and tested in the waters of Lysekil harbor, a few kilometers from the Uppsala University research site. Moreover, the performance of the sensors, the motion of the mechanical device, the power consumption, the current control strategy and the communication system are discussed.
Finite Elements and Fast Iterative Solvers: with Applications in Incompressible Fluid Dynamics. By H. C. ELMAN, D. J. SILVESTER & A. J. WATHEN. Oxford University Press, 2005. 413 pp. ISBN 019 852867 1, £70.00 (hardback) or ISBN 019 852868-X, £35.00 (paperback) (2006)

Finite Elements and Fast Iterative Solvers: with Applications in Incompressible Fluid Dynamics. By H. C. ELMAN, D. J. SILVESTER &amp; A. J. WATHEN. Oxford University Press, 2005. 413 pp. ISBN 019 852867 1, £70.00 (hardback) or ISBN 019 852868-X, £35.00 (paperback) - Volume 557
Resilience of Wireless Ad Hoc Federated Learning against Model Poisoning Attacks (2022)

Wireless ad hoc federated learning (WAFL) is a fully decentralized collaborative machine learning framework organized by opportunistically encountered mobile nodes. Compared to conventional federated learning, WAFL performs model training by weakly synchronizing the model parameters with others, and this shows great resilience to a poisoned model injected by an attacker. In this paper, we provide our theoretical analysis of the WAFL's resilience against model poisoning attacks, by formulating the force balance between the poisoned model and the legitimate model. According to our experiments, we confirmed that the nodes directly encountered the attacker has been somehow compromised to the poisoned model but other nodes have shown great resilience. More importantly, after the attacker has left the network, all the nodes have finally found stronger model parameters combined with the poisoned model. Most of the attack-experienced cases achieved higher accuracy than the no-attack-experienced cases.
Properties of New York/New Jersey Harbor Sediments (2006)

Sediments found in waterways around the world may contain toxic compounds of anthropogenic origin that can harm the environment and human health. As a result, it is often necessary to remove them and find disposal methods that are environmentally and economically acceptable. Here, we report on results obtained in an experimental program to characterize the nature of the sediment contamination. The objective was to gain a better understanding of the properties of the sediments to develop better methods for understanding the fate and transport of the contaminants and for improving methods for their removal from the sediments. Our investigations made use of X-ray facilities at the Brookhaven National Synchrotron Light Source and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility at Grenoble, France. The experiments included: measurements of the microstructure of the sediments using computed microtomography, X-ray absorption, and fluorescence microscopy with resolutions as low as 0.2 micrometers to obtain information on the relationships of organic and mineral components of the sediments and on the distribution of contaminants on the surfaces of the sediment grains, investigation of functional groups of chemical compounds using X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and electron probe measurements were made to ascertain the morphology of the sediment surfaces and the distribution of metals on individual sediment grains.
INFLUENCE OF GENERATION TEMPERATURE ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIOXIDATIVE, AND ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF WOOD SMOKE (1980)

ABSTRACT Smoke was generated at temperatures ranging from 350–500°C. To determine the optimum temperature for smoke generation, smoke condensates were subjected to chemical analyses and investigations of their antioxidative and antimicrobial effects. The 150°C increase in generation temperature did not significantly alter the composition of the smoke condensates beyond reducing the concentration of active components by about 35%. Taking the effect on concentration into account, the antioxidative effect increased only very slightly with generation temperature; the antimicrobial effect of the smoke condensates appeared not to be influenced. Since the higher generation temperatures yielded more smoke at a higher rate, the optimum temperature is about 400°C.
Minimum differences in height detectable in electron stereomicroscopy (1962)

Measurements were carried out to test the validity of Heidenreich and Matheson's relation for the vertical resolution attainable in electron stereomicroscopy. Relative elevations much smaller than this relation would allow were readily detected. Considerations are advanced which indicate that if certain considerations are satisfied, the minimum detectable difference in height may approach and perhaps better the lateral resolution of the microscope.