gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fatigue reliability of dental ceramic materials – an in vitro study (2018)

Reliability of four groups of ceramic indenter/disc systems was tested using a step-stress accelerated life-testing model. Specimens were fatigued to failure according to three step-stress profiles: light, moderate and aggressive. Group LGC/PFM [heat-pressed leucite glass-ceramic on metal (LGC)/porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM), disc 1.5-mm thickness] exhibited a lowest reliability and mean-time-to-failure (MTTF), and highest failure rate. At 320-N load, Group Y-TZP/Y-TZP [3 mol-% yttria-stabilised tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP)/Y-TZP, disc 0.6-mm thickness] exhibited a significantly longer MTTF than Group LD/LD [heat-pressed lithium disilicate (LD)/LD, disc 1.5-mm thickness] both at 50,000 and 100,000 cycles, at 90% confidence bounds. Y-TZP indenter and disc of 1.2 mm thickness were used as a control and resulted in no fracture at 320-N load and 150,000 cycles. Zirconia specimens at 0.6-mm thickness performed comparably to 1.5-mm LD and better than 1.5-mm layered PFM specimens in terms of reliability (fracture resistance), MTTF and failure rate.
Severe Obesity: A Growing Health Concern A.S.P.E.N. Should Not Ignore (2005)

The definition of malnutrition in the published standards of the American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) is any derangement in the normal nutrition status and includes overnutrition, commonly referred to as obesity. The incidence of obesity is increasing and reaching epidemic proportions in the United States and even worldwide. This has significant financial impact as our society spends billions of dollars on fad diets, commercial weight-loss programs, nutrition and dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter medications, and health clubs. Another approximately dollars 100 billion are spent to treat the medical consequences of obesity. Currently, for those patients with intractable morbid obesity, defined as having a body mass index >40 kg/m2, surgery offers the only option for achieving meaningful and sustainable weight loss. The resultant weight loss dramatically improves health and decreases the cost of health care for these patients. Years of refinement in technology and the introduction of safer and less invasive procedures have dramatically reduced the short-term morbidities and long-term metabolic consequences of these procedures. This address will review the field of weight loss (bariatric) surgery and will offer a compelling request for A.S.P.E.N. to include obesity in its fabric.
Application of Infrared Image Processing in Banknote Identification (2009)

Aiming at the characters of infrared image of banknote,a new method of banknote identification was proposed.Firstly,an appropriate threshold algorithm was designed,which was used to segment the image.Then,the concavo-convex information was revealed by processing the segmented image based on morphology operation.The experimental results show that the method is stable and accurate.This method complements the deficiency of current banknote verifiers that could not detect the anti-counterfeit point of the Intaglio Printing.
Si/SiO2-Templated Formation of Ultraflat Metal Surfaces on Glass, Polymer, and Solder Supports:  Their Use as Substrates for Self-Assembled Monolayers (2007)

This paper describes the use of several methods of template stripping (TS) to produce ultraflat films of silver, gold, palladium, and platinum on both rigid and polymeric mechanical supports: a composite of glass and ultraviolet (UV)-curable adhesive (optical adhesive, OA), solder, a composite of poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) and OA, and bare OA. Silicon supporting its native oxide layer (Si/SiO2) serves as a template for both mechanical template stripping (mTS), in which the metal film is mechanically cleaved from the template, and chemical template stripping (cTS), in which the film-template composite is immersed in a solution of thiols, and the formation of the SAM on the metal film causes the film to separate from the template. Films formed on all supports have lower root-mean-square (rms) roughness (as measured by atomic force microscopy, AFM) than films used as-deposited (AS-DEP) by electron-beam evaporation. Monolayers of n-dodecanethiolate formed by the mTS and cTS methods are effectively indistinguishable by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM); molecularly resolved images could be obtained using both types of surfaces. The metal surfaces, before being cleaved, are completely protected from contact with the atmosphere. This protection allows metal surfaces intended to support SAMs to be prepared in large batch lots, stored, and then used as needed. Template stripping thus eliminates the requirement for evaporation of the film immediately before use and is a significant extension and simplification of the technology of SAMs and other areas of materials science requiring clean metal surfaces.
Potentialités d’une matrice de Butler en technologie guide d’onde à base de Nanotubes de Carbone pour des applications 5G en bande E (2019)

National audience
The effects of clobazam upon critical flicker fusion thresholds: A review (1982)

The effects of the 1, 5-benzodiazepine derivative clobazam upon critical flicker fusion (CFF) values in normal subjects is reviewed. All studies reviewed were double-blind and placebo controlled. Single acute doses of 10 or 20 mg did not lead to significant CFF changes, whereas repeated doses of 20 mg clobazam a day for 4 days produced a significant elevation in CFF thresholds. Possible pharmacokinetic reasons for this CFF elevation after repeated doses are discussed. Equivalent investigations of clobazam at higher dose levels (30 to 60 mg) showed a similar difference in the effects of acute versus repeated doses; single acute doses led to significant CFF decrements, while repeated administrations led to similar clobazam and placebo CFF levels. The patterns of CFF changes with this 1,5-benzodiazepine anxiolytic agent seems to be different from the CFF changes generally reported with the 1,4-benzodiazepine anxiolytic agents (generally CFF reductions), and suggests possible central nervous system alerting affects after repeated administration at the lower dose levels.
A Fast Blind Impulse Detector for Bernoulli-Gaussian Noise in Underspread Channel (2018)

Impulsive noises widely existing in various channels can significantly degrade the performance and reliability of communication systems. The Bernoulli- Gaussian (BG) model is practical to characterize noises in this category. To estimate the BG model parameters from noise measurements, a precise impulse detection is essential. In this paper, we propose a novel blind impulse detector, which is proven to be fast and accurate for BG noise in underspread communication channels.
Photophysical Tuning of Shortwave Infrared Flavylium Heptamethine Dyes via Substituent Placement (2020)

Optical imaging in the shortwave infrared region (SWIR, 1000-2000 nm) provides high-resolution images in complex systems. Here we explore substituent placement on dimethylamino flavylium polymethine dyes, a class of SWIR fluorophores. We find that the position of the substituent significantly affects the λ<sub>max</sub> and fluorescence quantum yield. Quantum-mechanical calculations suggest that steric clashes control the extent of π-conjugation. These insights provide design principles for the development of fluorophores for enhanced SWIR imaging.
A semiconductor gas sensor system for high throughput screening of heterogeneous catalysts for the production of benzene derivatives (2004)

A semiconductor gas sensor system for high throughput screening of heterogeneous catalysts for the production of benzene derivatives, Yamada, Yusuke, Ueda, Atsushi, Shioyama, Hiroshi, Maekawa, Toru, Kanda, Keisen, Suzuki, Kengo, Kobayashi, Tetsuhiko
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS METHODS AND REACTIONS. 94. PALLADIUM‐CATALYZED REDUCTION OF MULTIPLE BONDS WITH MAGNESIUM/METHYL ALCOHOL (1981)

Abstract Die Reaktivität des Systems Mg/Methanol läßt sich durch Zusatz katalytischer Pd‐Mengen derart steigern, daß auch nicht aktivierte Doppel‐ und Dreifachbindungen glatt reduziert werden.
Ion Exchange Equilibria Involving Aluminum in a Kaolinitic Ultisol (1979)

Abstract Cation exchange equilibria in an acid Ultisol profile involving K‐Al, Ca‐Al, K‐Ca, Na‐K, and Na‐Ca exchanges were studied. Selectivity coefficients, surface activity coefficients and free energy changes were computed using the thermodynamic formulations. In exchange equilibria involving Al, the magnitude of selectivity coefficients K c , was affected by pH, surface composition, and hydrolysis of Al. In equilibria not involving Al, good reversibility for K‐Ca, Na‐K and Na‐Ca exchanges was obtained. Potassium was selectively adsorbed in all horizons of the profile. The over‐all selectively sequence follows the order of K&gt;Al&gt;Ca≈Na.
Indoor Robot Positioning Using an Enhanced Trilateration Algorithm (2016)

This paper presents algorithms implemented for positioning a wheeled robot on a production floor inside a factory by means of radio-frequency distance measurement and trilateration techniques. A set of radio-frequency transceivers located on the columns of the factory (anchors) create a grid with several triangular zones capable of measuring the line-of-sight distance between each anchor and the transceiver installed in the wheeled robot. After measuring only three of these distances (radii), an enhanced trilateration algorithm is applied to obtain X and Y coordinates in a Cartesian plane, i.e., the position of the robot on the factory floor. The embedded systems developed for the anchors and the robot are robust enough to establish communication, select the closest anchors for measuring radii, and identify in which of the grid zones the robot is located.
Metal sensing and regulation of adaptive responses to manganese limitation by MtsR is critical for group A streptococcus virulence (2019)

Pathogenic bacteria encounter host-imposed manganese (Mn) limitation during infection. Herein we report that in the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, the adaptive response to Mn limitation is controlled by a DtxR family metalloregulator, MtsR. Genes upregulated by MtsR during Mn limitation include Mn (mtsABC) and Fe acquisition systems (sia operon), and a metal-independent DNA synthesis enzyme (nrdFEI.2). To elucidate the mechanism of metal sensing and gene regulation by MtsR, we determined the crystal structure of MtsR. MtsR employs two Mn-sensing sites to monitor metal availability, and metal occupancy at each site influences MtsR regulatory activity. The site 1 acts as the primary Mn sensing site, and loss of metal at site 1 causes robust upregulation of mtsABC. The vacant site 2 causes partial induction of mtsABC, indicating that site 2 functions as secondary Mn sensing site. Furthermore, we show that the C-terminal FeoA domains of adjacent dimers participate in the oligomerization of MtsR on DNA, and multimerization is critical for MtsR regulatory activity. Finally, the mtsR mutant strains defective in metal sensing and oligomerization are attenuated for virulence in a mouse model of invasive infection, indicating that Mn sensing and gene regulation by MtsR are critical processes during S. pyogenes infection.
Electrical Properties of Very Thin Al2O3 Films Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering Enhanced with an Inductively Coupled rf Plasma (1998)

Very thin Al2O3 films of 10-nm thickness, which are required as insulation gap layers for future magnetic recording storage devices, were prepared by means of a newly developed magnetron sputtering system based on a process that we have termed “magnetron sputtering enhanced with an inductively coupled rf plasma.” The break-down voltage of the Al2O3 films prepared by reactive sputtering was >5 MV/cm. However, the leakage current of the films was 10-5−10-6 A/mm2. The leakage current of the films was reduced to 1/3−1/50 of its original values by changing the deposition method from simple reactive sputtering to plasma oxidation of the Al film followed by reactive sputtering (double-layer Al2O3 film).
Grafts of Dopamine Neurons Can Send Neurites to the Striatum Under GDNF Inducement in a Nonhuman Primate (2009)

BMI
Progress toward traceable nanoscale optical critical dimension metrology for semiconductors (2007)

Non-imaging optical critical dimension (OCD) techniques have rapidly become a preferred method for measuring nanoscale features in semiconductors. OCD relies upon the measurement of an optical reflectance signature from a grating target as a function of angle, wavelength and/or polarization. By comparing the signature with theoretical simulations, parameters of the grating lines such as critical dimension (CD) linewidth, sidewall angle, and line height can be obtained. Although the method is sensitive and highly repeatable, there are many issues to be addressed before OCD can be considered a traceable metrology. We report on progress towards accurate, traceable measurement, modeling, and analysis of OCD signatures collected on the NIST goniometric optical scatter instrument (GOSI), focusing on recent results from grating targets fabricated using the single-crystal critical dimension reference materials (SCCDRM) process. While we demonstrate good correlation between linewidth extracted from OCD and that measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we also find systematic deviations between the experimentally obtained optical signatures and best fit theoretical signatures that limit our ability to determine uncertainty in OCD linewidth. We then use the SCCDRM line profile model and a &chi;<sup>2</sup> goodness-of-fit analysis on simulated signatures to demonstrate the theoretical confidence limits for the grating line parameters in the case of normally distributed noise. This analysis shows that for the current SCCDRM implementation, line height and oxide layer undercut are highly correlated parameters, and that the 3-&sigma; confidence limits in extracted linewidth depend on the target pitch. Prospects for traceable OCD metrology will be discussed.
Overcoming Jahn–Teller distortion of oxysulfide spinel materials for lithium secondary batteries (1999)

A new sulfur-doped spinel material, LiAl0.24Mn1.76O3.98S0.02 with submicron dimensions and well developed octahedron morphology is synthesized by a sol–gel method using glycolic acid as a chelating agent. LiAl0.24Mn1.76O3.98S0.02 electrodes cycled in various voltage regions were characterized by means of charge–discharge experiments and XRD to investigate their structural integrity. The material overcomes Jahn–Teller distortion in all voltage operating regions. Our synthesized material shows excellent cyclability and delivers capacities of 215 mA h g–1 over the 3 and 4 V regions (4.3–2.4 V).
Figure S8 from Pharmacologic Properties and Preclinical Activity of Sasanlimab, A High-affinity Engineered Anti-Human PD-1 Antibody (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 8 shows the solution binding affinity of sasanlimab to human and cynomolgus monkey PD-1 using the KinExA&lt;/p&gt;
The improvement of photolithographic fidelity of two-dimensional structures through double exposure method (2007)

With the semiconductor fabrication groundrule approaching the 32 nm node, double exposure or patterning method with 1.35 NA immersion seems to be the primary candidate due to its relative easiness to implement when compared to the other two competitors, the high refractive index immersion and the 13.4 nm extremely ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. However, the splitting of one mask into two is not a trivial task. In this paper, we would like to discuss about the best splitting method for several typical 2D structures, such as the isolated opposing line (or space) end shortening, T-like structures with narrow gaps, etc. From our recent experimental studies, we have found that, for line and space photolithography, the optimized illumination condition has a sigma value very close to 0.5. When compared to the single exposure processes, which will typically use more annular condition, a sigma of 0.5 can generate worse process windows for isolated features. This will put more pressure on the precision of the already challenging optical proximity correction (OPC) because the doubly exposed patterns and singly exposed patterns follow two different models. In our study, we find that the extra degrees of freedom in the double exposure method can be utilized to repair some intrinsic printing deficiency, such as, line end shortening. In this paper, we will analyze each typical 2D structure and, for each splitting method of the typical 2D features we study, we will discuss its capabilities in realizing good process windows, the MEF, and OPC correction easiness.
Die Aufklärung (1926)

Die Jahrhunderte, in denen sich das Mittelalter zur Aeuzeit wandelt, sind ein Zeitalter der Gntdeckungen; nicht nur in dem Sinne, daß in ihnen der geographische und damit naturwissenschaftliche Gesichtskreis des Abendländers durch die Kenntnis ungeheuer ausgedehnter kontinentaler und ozeanischer Jlächen bedeutend vergrößert, sondern vor allem auch dadurch, daß die astronomischen Sntdeckungen eines Kopernikus (gest. 1543) und Kepler (gest. 1630) das gesamte Weltbild entscheidend umgestaltet wird. Nicht mehr steht die Grde, wie nach der Ansicht des mittelalterlichen Menschen, im Mittelpunkt des Weltalls, sondern sie ist zu einem verschwindend unbe-deutenden und untergeordneten Seile des Weltganzen geworden, so sehr sich auch die Sinne und das Gefühl des Menschen gegen diese Auffassung sträuben. Gine Prüfung und Umgestaltung der gesamten Weltanschaung ist die notwendige Solge dieser neuen Weltkenntnis, und die alte Jrage nach Wahrheit und Säuschung in der Srkenntnis des Menschen taucht von neuem auf. Was ist menschliche Grkenntnis, und welches sind ihre Grenzen? Darauf hofft ein Zranzose, der zur Zeit des Dreißigjährigen Krieges in Holland lebte, Rene Descartes, eine Anteort geben zu können. Zn seinen „Meditaiones“(= nachdenkliche Betrachtungen) glaubt er, daß man am besten zur Wachrheit vordringe, indem man zunächsr an allem zweifle, was man nicht „klar und deutlich“erkennen könne, also an dem, was Gltern und Jehrer gelehrt haben, was die Sinne wehrnehmen, ja sogar an Gott. Au reins bleibt dann übrig, so meint er, woran man nicht zweifeln kann, nämlich: daß man zweifelt. Durch das Dorhandensein dieses Zweifels, also einer Derstandestätigkeit, ist aber auch das Dorhandensein des Zweifelnden gesichert: Cogito, ergo sum — ich denke, also bin ich. Auf dieser Grundlage baut nun Descartes eine neue Weltanschauung auf. Aber sie ist nicht frei von Jrrtümern und bald veraltet. Das von seiner Jehre geblieben ist, das ist seine Art zu philosophieren, seine Methode. Diese Richtung geistiger Gätigkeit, die die menschliche Grkenntnis reinigt von aller überlieferten Autorität und von der Srüglichkeit der sinnlichen Wachrnehmungen, die kritisch alles Unbewiesene zerstört und darauf mit logischer Beweiskraft das Wahre aufbaut, die nur durch menschliches Denken das Dunkel menschlichen Grkennens aufklärt — diese Richtung zeigt sich von nun ab im Kern bei allen größeren Denkern der auf Descartes folgenden Zeit und ist die Wurzel geworden jener Geistesströmung, die man die Aufklärung nennt.
Modeling of direct tunneling current through gate dielectric stacks (2002)

The direct tunneling current has been calculated for the first time from an inverted p-substrate through different gate dielectrics by numerically solving Schrodinger's equation and allowing for wave function penetration into the gate dielectric stack. The numerical solution adopts a first-order perturbation approach to calculate the lifetime of the quasi-bound states. This approach has been verified to be valid even for extremely thin dielectrics (0.5 nm). The WKB solution agrees well with the tunneling currents predicted by this technique. For the same effective oxide thickness (EOT), the direct tunneling current decreases with increasing dielectric constant, as expected. However, in order to take full advantage of using high-k dielectrics as gate insulators, the interfacial oxide must be eliminated. We also present for the first time the C-V curves obtained assuming that the wave function penetrates into the oxide.
Epac, in Synergy with cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase (PKA), Is Required for cAMP-mediated Mitogenesis (2007)

cAMP stimulates proliferation in many cell types. For many years, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) represented the only known cAMP effector. PKA, however, does not fully mimic the action of cAMP, indicating the existence of a PKA-independent component. Since cAMP-mediated activation of the G-protein Rap1 and its phosphorylation by PKA are strictly required for the effects of cAMP on mitogenesis, we hypothesized that the Rap1 activator Epac might represent the PKA-independent factor. Here we report that Epac acts synergistically with PKA in cAMP-mediated mitogenesis. We have generated a new dominant negative Epac mutant that revealed that activation of Epac is required for thyroid-stimulating hormone or cAMP stimulation of DNA synthesis. We demonstrate that Epac's action on cAMP-mediated activation of Rap1 and cAMP-mediated mitogenesis depends on the subcellular localization of Epac via its DEP domain. Disruption of the DEP-dependent subcellular targeting of Epac abolished cAMP-Epac-mediated Rap1 activation and thyroid-stimulating hormone-mediated cell proliferation, indicating that an Epac-Rap-PKA signaling unit is critical for the mitogenic action of cAMP.
Domain Partitioning Technology for Embedded Multicore Processors (2009)

Today's embedded systems require both real-time control functions and IT functions. Integrating multiple operating systems on a multicore processor is one way to meet these requirements. However, in this approach, one operating system's failure can bring down the other operating systems. To address this issue, the authors propose a multidomain embedded system architecture with a physical partitioning controller.
Regression Analysis of Technical Parameters Affecting Nuclear Power Plant Performances (2012)

Since the 80’s many studies have been conducted in order to explicate good and bad performances of commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs), but yet no defined correlation has been found out to be totally representative of plant operational experience.&#13;\nIn early works, data availability and the number of operating power stations were both limited; therefore, results showed that specific technical characteristics of NPPs were supposed to be the main causal factors for successful plant operation. Although these aspects keep on assuming a significant role, later studies and observations showed that other factors concerning management and organization of the plant could instead be predominant comparing utilities operational and economic results. Utility quality, in a word, can be used to summarize all the managerial and operational aspects that seem to be effective in determining plant performance.&#13;\nIn this paper operational data of a consistent sample of commercial nuclear power stations, out of the total 433 operating NPPs, are analyzed, mainly focusing on the last decade operational experience. The sample consists of PWR and BWR technology, operated by utilities located in different countries, including U.S., Japan, France, Germany and Finland.&#13;\nMultivariate regression is performed using Unit Capability Factor (UCF) as the dependent variable; this factor reflects indeed the effectiveness of plant programs and practices in maximizing the available electrical generation and consequently provides an overall indication of how well plants are operated and maintained. Aspects that may not be real causal factors but which can have a consistent impact on the UCF, as technology design, supplier, size and age, are included in the analysis as independent variables.