gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Étude de la réactivité électrochimique du MnO2 dans KOH 1 M par voltampérométrie et impédance électrochimique (2007)

Le bioxyde de manganèse MnO2 attire de plus en plus l'intérêt des chercheurs en raison de ses dimensions nanométriques. Sa réactivité électrochimique dépend généralement de sa structure cristalline qui varie avec la méthode et les conditions de sa synthèse. Nous allons présenter les résultats de l'étude de l'effet du type d'oxydant sur la réactivité du MnO2 synthétisé par la méthode hydrothermale : les clichés obtenus par microscopie électronique montrent que les MnO2 obtenus sont de forme sphérique avec les aiguilles bien cristallisées de dimension nanométrique. La réactivité des produits synthétisés est caractérisée par voltamétrie cyclique et impédancemétrie avec la microélectrode à cavité. Le MnO2 synthétisé par l'oxydant Na2S2O8 présente une réactivité plus grande dans KOH 1 M que celle du MnO2 obtenu avec l'oxydant (NHS2O8. Ceci réside dans la différence de leurs variétés cristallographiques selon les diffractions aux rayons X. En effet, le MnO2 le plus réactif qui est utilisé comme pôle positif des batteries est du type gamma formé dans la matrice de la ramsdellite.
Template-based personalized singing voice synthesis (2012)

In this paper, a template-based personalized singing voice synthesis method is proposed. It generates singing voices by means of conversion from the narrated lyrics of a song with the use of template recordings. The template voices are parallel speaking and singing voices recorded from professional singers, which are used to derive the transformation models for acoustic feature conversion. When converting a new instance of speech, its acoustic features are modified to approximate those of the actual singing voice based on the transformation models. Since the pitch contour of the synthesized singing is derived from an actual singing voice, it is more natural than modifying a step contour to implement pitch fluctuations such as overshoot and vibrato. It has been shown from the subjective tests that nearly natural singing quality with the preservation of the timbre can be achieved with the help of our method.
Observations of boundary layer, mixed-phase and multi-layer Arctic clouds with different lidar systems during ASTAR 2007 (2009)

Abstract. During the Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol, Clouds and Radiation (ASTAR), which was conducted in Svalbard in March and April 2007, tropospheric Arctic clouds were observed with two ground-based backscatter lidar systems (micro pulse lidar and Raman lidar) and with an airborne elastic lidar. An increase in low-level (cloud tops below 2.5 km) cloud cover from 51% to 65% was observed above Ny-Ålesund during the time of the ASTAR campaign. Four different case studies of lidar cloud observations are analyzed: With the ground-based Raman lidar, a pre-condensation layer was observed at an altitude of 2 km. The layer consisted of small droplets with a high number concentration (around 300 cm−3) at low temperatures (−30°C). Observations of a boundary layer mixed-phase cloud by airborne lidar were evaluated with the measurements of concurrent airborne in situ and spectral solar radiation sensors. Two detailed observations of multiply layered clouds in the free troposphere are presented. The first case was composed of various ice layers with different optical properties detected with the Raman lidar, the other case showed a mixed-phase double layer and was observed by airborne lidar. The analysis of these four cases confirmed that lidar data provide information of the whole range from subvisible to optically thick clouds. Despite the attenuation of the laser signal in optically thick clouds and multiple scattering effects, information on the geometrical boundaries of liquid water clouds were obtained. Furthermore, the dominating phase of the clouds' particles in the layer closest to the lidar system could be retrieved.
Dominio público: Multimedia eficaz (2007)

Si utilizas iPhoto para almacenar tus fotografias, sabras que cuando aumenta el numero de imagenes, lo que sucede con facilidad cuando se usan camaras digitales, el principal problema consiste en catalogar tus fotografias para localizarlas posteriormente con facilidad.
High Voltage Pulsed Power Supply Using IGBT Stacks (2007)

High voltage pulsed power supply using IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) stacks and pulse transformer for plasma source ion implantation is proposed. To increase voltage rating, twelve IGBTs are used in series at each IGBT stack and a step-up pulse transformer is utilized. To increase the current rating, the proposed system makes use of synchronized three pulse generator modules composed of diodes, capacitors and IGBT stacks. The proposed pulsed power supply uses semiconductor switches as main switches. Hence, the system is compact, and has semi-infinite lifetime. In addition, it has high flexibility in parameters such as voltage magnitude (10-60 kV), pulse repetition rate (PRR) (10-2000 pps), and pulse width (2-5 muS).
Performance of Cu and Cu‐Zn alloy in the Arabian Gulf environment (2009)

Abstract Corrosion performance of copper and brass coupons during 15 month exposure in atmosphere, underground and splash zone conditions was undertaken at Khaleej Mardumah test site located in the industrial/coastal city of Jubail along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia. The environmental indicators such as soil, groundwater, seawater, and air particulate samples were assessed. The exposed corrosion coupons were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) to identify the corrosion products and study their surface morphology. Corrosion rate was determined by weight loss method. The experimental results indicated that a high degree of variation in temperature and humidity in this region combined with high chloride and sulfate concentrations was primarily responsible for the corrosion of copper and brass at Khaleej Mardumah test site. Underground environment was the most corrosive to both copper and brass coupons studied, followed by splash zone. Corrosion rates were found to range from 4.29 to 10.84 µm/y for copper and from 2.47 to 29.31 µm/y for brass. Corrosion rates of copper and brass obtained in this study are also compared with those reported for other locations worldwide.
Chapter 7. Synthesis and Characterization of Thermoplastic Agro-polymers (2011)

Agro-polymers are produced by directly converting polymers from animal or plant matter into useful materials such as thermoplastics and thermosets. This chapter discusses the synthesis and characterisation of agro-polymers that exhibit thermoplastic properties. Synthesis of thermoplastic melts from biological macromolecules such as starch and protein normally requires water as a plasticiser. In the case of starch, water facilitates gelatinization of starch granules prior to thermoplastic processing, while for proteins the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins need to be disrupted and this is called denaturing. Additional plasticisers are used to improve processing for both materials by lowering the glass transition temperature and softening point. In the absence of plasticisers these are high relative to the degradation temperature, prohibiting processing. Water sensitivity is the most important characteristic of both thermoplastic starch and thermoplastic protein, caused by the many hydrophilic groups in their constituent monomers. Their mechanical and thermal properties are highly water dependent and change due to uptake or loss of moisture at different atmospheric moisture contents. This effect can be mitigated to a limited extent by choosing alternate plasticisers. Thermoplastic processing tends to increase the ordered beta sheet content of proteins, although this is not always the case. Thermoplastic starch has an amorphous structure immediately after processing but is known to retrograde. This is a time dependent recrystallisation which causes embrittlement. Agro-polymers’ mechanical properties are generally characterised as relatively poor when compared to synthetic engineering plastics. Regardless, these may be sufficient depending on their intended use in non-structural applications.
Electrical characteristics of single and doubly connected Ni silicide nanowire grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (2007)

Ni silicide nanowires were grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition at 350°C. Transmission electron microscope analysis showed that Ni silicide nanowire has a single crystalline Ni3Si2 structure. The nanowire alignment was controlled by dielectrophoretic method and two nanowires were placed onto Pt electrodes under an ac biasing of 10Vp-p at 100kHz. The electric characteristics of the nanowire were obtained from double connection and single connection of 5.07 and 10.44kΩ, respectively. The resistivity values were obtained to be 183 and 208μΩcm, showing a uniform performance of the connection.
Crystal Chemistry and Phase Transitions in Substituted Pollucites along the CsAlSi 2 O 6 ‐CsTiSi 2 O 6.5 Join: A Powder Synchrotron X‐ray Diffractometry Study (2002)

The crystal structures for a suite of substituted pollucites with the compositions CsTi x Al 1– x Si 2 O 6+0.5 x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, have been determined from Rietveld analysis of powder synchrotron XRD data. Our results indicate that the pollucite end member (CsAlSi 2 O 6 ) has a tetragonal structure (space group I 4 1 / a ), whereas all other compositions are cubic (space group Ia 3 d ). The increased symmetry for the titanium‐substituted structures is presumably due to the incorporation of additional O 2− anions (needed for compensating the charge imbalance between Ti 4+ and Al 3+ ), which effectively holds open the expanded cubic framework. In situ cooling experiments of the substituted phase CsTi 0.1 Al 0.9 Si 2 O 6.05 reveal a displacive transformation to the tetragonal structure at ∼230 K. This transformation is tricritical in nature and is analogous to the tetragonal‐to‐cubic transition in pollucite on heating.
Mixed lymphocyte reaction and graft survival in forty cadaveric renal transplants. (1977)

The value of the MLR in predicting graft outcome was evaluated in forty cadaveric grafts. The MLR was assessed by the one and two way stimulation index (SI), the relative response (RR), and the stabilized relative response (SRR). Graft function was assessed by function at 3 and 6 months after transplantation, and a rejection grading based on the number and severity of rejection episodes during the first 3 months after transplantation. No correlation was found between the MLR and graft outcome in these patients.
<title>Effects of low-energy laser biostimulation on rheological properties of blood</title> (1993)

The study was performed to establish the influence of low energy red ((lambda) equals 633 nm) laser radiation on some rheological parameters of blood irradiated in vivo as well as in vitro.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Role of Multiscale Roughness in the Lotus Effect: Is It Essential for Super-Hydrophobicity? (2012)

The role of multiscale (hierarchical) roughness in optimizing the structure of nonwettable (superhydrophobic) solid surfaces was theoretically studied for 2D systems of a drop on three different types of surface topographies with up to four roughness scales. The surface models considered here were sinusoidal, flat-top pillars, and triadic Koch curves. Three criteria were used to compare between the various topographies and roughness scales. The first is the transition contact angle (CA) between the Wenzel (W) and Cassie-Baxter (CB) wetting states, above which the CB state is the thermodynamically stable one. The second is the solid-liquid (wetted) interfacial area, as an indicator for the ease of roll-off of a drop from the superhydrophobic surfaces. The third is the protrusion height that reflects the mechanical stability of the surface against breakage. The results indicate that multiscale roughness per se is not essential for superhydrophobicity; however, it mainly decreases the necessary protrusion height. Thus, multiscale roughness is beneficial for the Lotus effect mostly with regard to mechanical stability. The sinusoidal topography with three levels of roughness scales is best for nonwettability out of the topographies studied here. This observation may partially explain why Nature chose rounded-top protrusions, such as those on the Lotus leaf. The least useful topography is the flat-top pillars with three roughness scales. In the case of the triadic Koch topography, four roughness scales are required to have nonwettable surface.
High Volume and Fast Turnaround Automated Inline TEM Sample Preparation for Manufacturing Process Monitoring (2010)

Abstract This paper introduces a high volume and fast turnaround TEM sample preparation method and requirements for a 300 mm inline DualBeam (FIB/SEM) system with “hands-off” full automation. It requires a factory automation system, robust automated recipes, and an ex-situ TEM lamella liftout system. It describes the recipe structure and TEM lamella lift out procedures. The focus is on fully automated TEM sample preparation for process monitoring in manufacturing line. Two successful examples are described to demonstrate the benefit of this method. The first one is TEM sample for CA profile at M1 level. The second is TEM sample for poly crystalline (PC) line profile at post-etch.
Chemical and explosive detection with long-wave infrared laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (2016)

Conventional laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) mostly uses silicon-based detectors and measures the atomic emission in the UV-Vis-NIR (UVN) region of the spectrum. It can be used to detect the elements in the sample under test, such as the presence of lead in the solder for electronics during RoHS compliance verification. This wavelength region, however, does not provide sufficient information on the bonding between the elements, because the molecular vibration modes emit at longer wavelength region. Measuring long-wave infrared spectrum (LWIR) in a LIBS setup can instead reveal molecular composition of the sample, which is the information sought in applications including chemical and explosive detection and identification. This paper will present the work and results from the collaboration of several institutions to develop the methods of LWIR LIBS for chemical/explosive/pharmaceutical material detection/identification, such as DMMP and RDX, as fast as using a single excitation laser pulse. In our latest LIBS setup, both UVN and LWIR spectra can be collected at the same time, allowing more accurate detection and identification of materials.
A 160 ps pulse generation by stimulated Brillouin scattering-phase conjugation mirror at 1064 nm wavelength (2009)

A stimulated Brillouin scattering-phase conjugation mirror (SBS-PCM) in various liquids, gases and solids is a useful tool for improving the beam quality of high-peak-power laser systems. A SBS compressor enhances the peak intensity of pulses while maintaining their high energy, and compresses the laser pulse duration within 1 ns. This method is very simple and can be used to achieve high brightness. In order to obtain pico-second pulse, mode locking with regenerative amplifier is used. This scheme generally requires complicated optical configuration. A SBS pulse compressor is similar to SBS-PCM, but consists of a long SBS cell (or two long SBS-cells).
Quantitative evaluation of six multi-spectral, multi-resolution image merger routines (1992)

Currently, most image merger routines are judged on the enhanced appearance of the hybrid imagery that they create. Little or no quantitative analysis is given which represents a technique's ability to preserve the radiometry of the hybrid imagery. For this reason, a quantitative analysis of six multi-resolution, multitemporal, multi-sensor, multispectral image merger routines was performed. These techniques were designed to incorporate the high resolution spatial information of a panchromatic image with the spectral information of a low resolution multispectral image. The panchromatic imagery came from the French satellite Systeme Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) and the multispectral imagery came from the NASA Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). This study served as a quantitative test of three commonly used merger techniques (intensity-hue-saturation (IHS) transformation method, principal component method, and high-pass filter technique) and three merger techniques developed by the Digital Image Processing and Remote Sensing (DIRS) laboratory at RIT (ratio method, extended regression method, and global regression method). These routines were judged on the basis of their radiometric integrity and their dependent and independent classification accuracies. Statistical analysis of these metrics showed that the DIRS global coefficient routine provided the best enhancements of the multispectral imagery for the scenes and testing metrics selected.
The Promise of a CMV Vaccine (2009)

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an important cause of neurological (particularly auditory) impairment in newborns, and the Institute of Medicine has ranked development of a vaccine to prevent congenital CMV infection as a top priority. Women who care for young children (primarily infants and toddlers) have higher risk for CMV acquisition than those who do not. …
Coherent Electron Zitterbewegung (2016)

Zitterbewegung is a striking consequence of relativistic quantum mechanics which predicts that free Dirac electrons exhibit a rapid trembling motion even in the absence of external forces. The trembling motion of an electron results from the interference between the positive and the negative-energy solutions of the Dirac equation, separated by one MeV, leading to oscillations at extremely high frequencies which are out of reach experimentally. Recently, it was shown theoretically that electrons in III-V semiconductors are governed by similar equations in the presence of spin-orbit coupling. The small energy splittings up to meV result in Zitterbewegung at much smaller frequencies which should be experimentally accessible as an AC current. Here, we demonstrate the Zitterbewegung of electrons in a solid. We show that coherent electron Zitterbewegung can be triggered by initializing an ensemble of electrons in the same spin states in strained n-InGaAs and is probed as an AC current at GHz frequencies. Its amplitude is shown to increase linearly with both the spin-orbit coupling strength and the Larmor frequency of the external magnetic field. The latter dependence is the hallmark of the dynamical generation mechanism of the oscillatory motion of the Zitterbewegung. Our results demonstrate that relativistic quantum mechanics can be studied in a rather simple solid state system at moderate temperatures. Furthermore, the large amplitude of the AC current at high precession frequencies enables ultra-fast spin sensitive electric read-out in solids.
Convergecast with Unbounded Number of Channels (2017)

We consider a problem of minimum length scheduling for the conflict-free aggregation convergecast in wireless networks in a case when each element of a network uses its own frequency channel. This problem is equivalent to the well-known NP-hard problem of telephone broadcasting since only the conflicts between the children of the same parent are taken into account. We propose a new integer programming formulation and compare it with the known one by running the CPLEX software package. Based on the results of a numerical experiment, we concluded that our formulation is more preferable in practice to solve the considered problem by CPLEX than the known one. We also propose a novel heuristic algorithm, which is based on a genetic algorithm and a local search metaheuristic. The simulation results demonstrate the high quality of the proposed algorithm compared to the best known approaches.
Early espacement of wheatfield white cypress pine regeneration: The effect on secondary regeneration, limb size, and stand merchantability (1990)

Summary To avoid the extended period of low productivity associated with stagnating stands of white cypress pine, two replicated spacing trials were established in heavily stocked “wheatfield” regeneration that occurred over extensive areas of central-western N.S.W. following several favourable seasons in the mid-1950s. As with many long-term trials, the original designs were altered, limiting the analysis. However, the timespan of measurement and the spread of treatments allowed a number of growth comparisons, with implications for the future management of this forest type. Stands that had remained unthinned or were only lightly thinned to about one to two metre spacing by age 14 years are unlikely to attain a merchantable level in under 100 years. A low-cost mechanical swathe removal treatment, applied at age three years to reduce competition, produced no growth response. By contrast, stands which were manually thinned by age 14 years to a spacing of about five to six metres and where there was no subsequent secondary regeneration, were predicted to become merchantable in under 40 years. This is about 30 years earlier than for similarly heavily stocked stands that regenerated around the turn of the century but which were generally older when thinned, and spaced less widely. Where widely-spaced thinning was followed by a continuation of favourable seasons, large numbers of secondary regeneration sometimes appeared. Up to 37 000 trees ha−1 less than five centimetres dbhob were recorded at age 33 years. As a result, the growth of the larger trees was severely restricted, extending the estimated time to achieve merchantability to 100 years or more, for spacings wider than three metres. Thus in areas of this type, suitably fast growth of the large trees and containment of secondary regeneration is difficult to achieve by spacing. In such cases, wide spacing of primary regeneration and removal of secondary regeneration appears crucial to the successful management of this species. At spacings of about 5 m or more, lower limbs of individual trees survived longer and were larger. They would thus be expected to produce timber with larger knots. However, tree spacings below 4 m did not exhibit this effect. Wide spacings up to 6 m were not shown to affect tree taper.
The ozonization of sodium lignosulfonate in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (2007)

The kinetics of ozonization of sodium lignosulfate (LS) in the presence of H2O2 was studied. The effective rate constants for the oxidation of LS and the total ozone consumption were determined. The k eff = 30 ± 8 M−1 s−1 value was found to be independent of the concentration of H2O2. The total ozone consumption decreased as the concentration of H2O2 increased from 1.0 × 10−4 to 1.0 × 10−3 M because of the participation of the radicals generated in the O3 + H2O2 reaction in LS transformations. The kinetic and UV and IR spectroscopy data allowed the conclusion to be drawn that the destruction of the LS aromatic system in the LS + O3 + H2O2 reaction was caused by the interaction of LS with O3, whereas radicals generated in this system contributed to deeper destruction of LS in the interaction of aliphatic LS macromolecule fragments with low-molecular-weight polymer oxidation products. The depth of polymer oxidation could be changed by varying the content of hydrogen peroxide in the system for LS ozonization.
New approaches to the synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics (1986)

J. Knight, P. J. Parsons and R. Southgate, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1986, 78 DOI: 10.1039/C39860000078