gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐(4‐Acetyl‐2‐nitrophenyl)ethyl: A New Base‐Labile Carboxyl Protecting Group. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Estrategia probabilistica de cálculo del umbral en el glaucoma (1995)

La estrategia oscilatoria clasica (saltos de 4 dB. Hasta inversion de la respuesta, y posteriores saltos de 2 o 1 dB.) es ineficiente para deducir un umbral fluctuante, puesto que en una nueva exploracion esta inversion podria producirse en otro lugar de la escala. En consecuencia, se propone una nueva estrategia en la que los cambios de intensidad se ajustan a las frecuencias previsibles del umbral en esta enfermedad. Esta estrategia permite realizar tres estimaciones del umbral en 4 puntos en un minuto. Con el perimetro Hipocampus se analizaron los cuatro puntos criticos que estudia el programa DELPHI, en 100 ojos normales y 1.013 ojos de pacientes hipertensos oculares y glaucomatosos. El umbral medio «M» del segundo grupo resulto inferior al primero en 9.3 dB. Los pacientes con sensibilidad inferior a la media «M» en el punto nasal superior tenian una sensibilidad aun mas reducida (en 5.7 dB. Por termino medio) en los tres puntos restantes, etc... La estrategia que proponemos parte del umbral medio glaucomatoso y aprovecha la respuesta obtenida en cada punto para simplificar la busqueda del umbral en los restantes.
Caspase-3-dependent Cleavage of Bcl-2 Promotes Release of Cytochrome c (1999)

Caspases are cysteine proteases that mediate apoptosis by proteolysis of specific substrates. Although many caspase substrates have been identified, for most substrates the physiologic caspase(s) required for cleavage is unknown. The Bcl-2 protein, which inhibits apoptosis, is cleaved at Asp-34 by caspases during apoptosis and by recombinant caspase-3 in vitro. In the present study, we show that endogenous caspase-3 is a physiologic caspase for Bcl-2. Apoptotic extracts from 293 cells cleave Bcl-2 but not Bax, even though Bax is cleaved to an 18-kDa fragment in SK-NSH cells treated with ionizing radiation. In contrast to Bcl-2, cleavage of Bax was only partially blocked by caspase inhibitors. Inhibitor profiles indicate that Bax may be cleaved by more than one type of noncaspase protease. Immunodepletion of caspase-3 from 293 extracts abolished cleavage of Bcl-2 and caspase-7, whereas immunodepletion of caspase-7 had no effect on Bcl-2 cleavage. Furthermore, MCF-7 cells, which lack caspase-3 expression, do not cleave Bcl-2 following staurosporine-induced cell death. However, transient transfection of caspase-3 into MCF-7 cells restores Bcl-2 cleavage after staurosporine treatment. These results demonstrate that in these models of apoptosis, specific cleavage of Bcl-2 requires activation of caspase-3. When the pro-apoptotic caspase cleavage fragment of Bcl-2 is transfected into baby hamster kidney cells, it localizes to mitochondria and causes the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Therefore, caspase-3-dependent cleavage of Bcl-2 appears to promote further caspase activation as part of a positive feedback loop for executing the cell.
A multi-dimensional quality comparison of synthetic data generators (Preprint) (2021)

<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> Synthetic datasets are gradually emerging as solutions for fast and inclusive health data sharing. Multiple synthetic data generators have been introduced in the last decade fueled by advancement in machine learning, yet their utility is not well understood. Few recent papers tried to compare the utility of synthetic data generators, each focused on different evaluation metrics and presented conclusions targeted at specific analysis. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> This work aims to understand the overall utility (referred to as quality) of four recent synthetic data generators by identifying multiple criteria for high-utility for synthetic data. </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> We investigate commonly used utility metrics for masked data evaluation and classify them into criteria/categories depending on the function they attempt to preserve: attribute fidelity, bivariate fidelity, population fidelity, and application fidelity. Then we chose a representative metric from each of the identified categories based on popularity and consistency. The set of metrics together, referred to as quality criteria, are used to evaluate the overall utility of four recent synthetic data generators across 19 datasets of different sizes and feature counts. Moreover, correlations between the identified metrics are investigated in an attempt to streamline synthetic data utility. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> Our results indicate that a non-parametric machine learning synthetic data generator (Synthpop) provides the best utility values across all quality criteria along with the highest stability. It displays the best overall accuracy in supervised machine learning and often agrees with real dataset on the learning model with the highest accuracy. On another front, our results suggest no strong correlation between the different metrics, which implies that all categories/dimensions are required when evaluating the overall utility of synthetic data. </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> The paper used four quality criteria to inform on the synthesizer with the best overall utility. The results are promising with small decreases in accuracy observed from the winning synthesizer when tested with real datasets (in comparison with models trained on real data). Further research into one (overall) quality measure would greatly help data holders in optimizing the utility of the released dataset. </sec>
Cyclopropenylidene (1984)

The Simplest cyclic conjugated carbene is the title compound 2a ↔ 2b, generated by pyrolysis of the polycycle 1. Compound 2 is stable in an argon matrix at 10 K and has a singlet ground state. The “atomatic ylide structure” 2b makes a major contribution to the mesomerism.
Update on prevention of folic acid‐preventable spina bifida and anencephaly (2008)

The pace of preventing these serious birth defects can be accelerated if more countries require fortification of both wheat and maize flour and if regulators set fortification levels high enough to increase a woman's daily average consumption of folic acid to 400 mcg.
C–F Bond Cleavage Reactions with Beryllium, Magnesium, Gallium, Hafnium, and Thorium Halides (2020)

The work describes unexpected stoichiometric C–F bond cleavage reactions of beryllium, magnesium, gallium, hafnium and thorium halides with α,α,α ‐trifluorotoluene. The reaction of BeBr 2 / GaBr 3 or MgBr 2 / GaBr 3 mixtures as well as neat GaI 3 with α,α,α ‐trifluorotoluene in the presence of (OSi 2 Me 4 ) 2 ( I ) yields the carbenium ion containing compounds [Ph‐C(O 2 Si 2 Me 4 )][GaX 4 ] (X = Br: 1 , X = I/F: 2 ). Both compounds were successfully characterized and a defluorination type reaction under incorporation of a siloxy unit was observed. Compound 1 was also characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The conversion of α,α,α ‐trifluorotoluene with BeI 2 , HfI 4 or ThI 4 turned out to be a halodefluorination‐type reaction with formation of α,α,α ‐triiodotoluene ( 3 ). An adequate NMR spectroscopic and the X‐ray crystallographic characterization of 3 were performed for the first time.
Electroless Nickel-PTFE Composite Coatings (1983)

SummaryThe scope of electroless nickel has been increased by codepositing materials such as silicon carbides, ceramics, diamonds and fluoropolymers. This is achieved by taking advantage of different but often complementary properties of nickel-phosphorus alloy and the particles. The paper describes an electroless nickel process for the deposition of a nickel-phosphorus-polytetrafluoroethylene composite deposit. The process makes use of a unique dispersion system to enable and keep the submicron PTFE particles in suspension. The paper reviews the deposit characteristics and discusses some of the applications in production use.
Modeling Coiled Tubing Drag Forces - Small Factors Have a Big Impact (2004)

A significant limitation in the application of coiled tubing technology is the ability of the coiled tubing to push. Push may be required to move a heavy bottom hole assembly (BHA) along a highly deviated or horizontal well. Push may simply be required to push against the drag forces induced by the coiled tubing's own weight, as it is run into a well. Either way, it is often important to know how far coiled tubing can be pushed into a well, or what weight/length of BHA can be pushed to a certain depth. Accurate modeling is required to avoid a costly mis-run with coiled tubing that fails to get to the necessary depth.Recent projects carried out offshore Brunei illustrate how critical accurate force modeling is and how small well factors can greatly affect the depth that coiled tubing can reach. This paper will also demonstrate how difficult it is to infer down hole drag conditions from surface readings unless the coiled tubing is nearing its point of maximum reach.
Exhaled breath analyses in bronchial thermoplasty for severe asthma (2021)

<b>Introduction:</b> Bronchial thermoplasty (BT) is a treatment available for severe asthma, but its exact working mechanism and responder profile remains largely unclear. Comprehensive analysis of exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), a measure for non-invasive monitoring of chronic airway diseases, might identify responders. <b>Aim:</b> To compare exhaled VOCs of responders and non-responders to BT by GC-MS. <b>Methods:</b> Samples of breath from severe asthma patients were collected at baseline on thermal desorption tubes and analysed by GC-MS. Statistical tests on the resulting dataset consisted of: <b>1)</b> Selection of univariate GC-MS fragments by Mann-Whitney analysis (p&lt;0.05) plus computation of area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROCC&gt;=0.7), <b>2)</b> Multivariate Principal Component Analysis (PCA), <b>3)</b> Merging of Principal Components 1 &amp; 2 and extraction of discriminant score (DS) via Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), <b>4)</b> Evaluation of DS via AUROCC calculation. <b>Results:</b> Complete data were available for 14 patients (6 non-responder, 8 responders, based on asthma control questionnaires), [mean(± SD); age 57(±27) years, 27% male, Pre-BD FEV1% 82.1(±36)]. 17 out of 528 GC-MS fragments endured univariate testing and were combined during the multivariate modelling steps. Diagnostic accuracy testing of the extracted DS resulted in an AUROCC of 0.83 (95%CI: 0.59-1.00). <b>Conclusion:</b> This explorative analysis revealed distinctive patterns of exhaled VOCs in responders and non-responders to BT with high diagnostic accuracy for BT response. <b>Implication:</b> Identification of GC-MS revealed patterns which might contribute to unravelling the mechanism&nbsp;of action and patient seletion for BT.
Front Cover, Volume 41, Issue 1 (2019)

Front Cover: The cover image is based on the Research Article TBX6 missense variants expand the mutational spectrum in a non-Mendelian inheritance disease by Weisheng Chen et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.23907. Cover image © Nan Wu Images.
German Outbreak ofEscherichia coliO104:H4 Associated with Sprouts (2011)

Our investigations identified sprouts as the most likely outbreak vehicle, underlining the need to take into account food items that may be overlooked during subjects' recall of consumption.
Golgi Retention Mechanism of β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase (1995)

Recent studies on proteins residing in the Golgi complex revealed that the membrane-spanning domain of these proteins are largely responsible for their retention in the Golgi complex. We show here that beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (GT) forms homodimers and large oligomers in vivo, and the formation of the homodimers is dependent on cysteine and histidine residues within the transmembrane domain. Double mutations of these residues, Cys29-->Ser and His32-->Leu, abolish homodimerization and simultaneously reduce the Golgi retention. Co-immunoprecipitation of GT and various GT chimeras with anti-GT and anti-reporter molecule antibodies revealed that large aggregates of GT are associated with alpha- and beta-tubulins and also with other cellular proteins. This association between tubulins and GT suggests a supportive role of the cytoskeleton in the Golgi retention mechanism.
TED Polish-to-English translation system for the IWSLT 2012. (2012)

This paper presents efforts in preparation of the Polish-toEnglish SMT system for the TED lectures domain that is to be evaluated during the IWSLT 2012 Conference. Our attempts cover systems which use stems and morphological information on Polish words (using two different tools) and stems and POS.
Translated Documents and Hague Service Convention Requirements (1993)

Part I of this Note discusses translation requirement permitted under the Hague Convention, the provisions of the Convention governing service abroad, and when translation requirements apply to service abroad. Part II addresses complications arising from U.S. courts' strict interpretation of the requirements and their failure to consult the laws of the addressee state. Part III suggests practical methods which courts and attorneys can implement to avoid these complications. In general, both U.S. courts and attorneys must defer to foreign legal standards when applying Article 5. Because courts sometimes fail to consult foreign law, they have read national translation requirements more narrowly than necessary under the Convention, essentially creating standards unrelated the requirements of the receiving state. Attorneys and courts should not read Article 5 as a simple and strict translation requirement. Rather, they should view it as a more complex instrument which recognizes both the international community's need for uniform service procedures, and each signatory State's need to comply with its internal laws.
Creating Online Graduate Engineering Degrees at the University of New Mexico (2020)

This paper describes the motivation, strategies, and implementation details that lead to the creation of online graduate-level degree programs in the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering at the University of New Mexico. It also presents some of the benefits as well as the challenges encountered when designing and implementing these programs. The paper concludes with a discussion of lessons learned and the future directions of the program.
Efficient Synthesis of Heteroatom (N or S)‐Doped Graphene Based on Ultrathin Graphene Oxide‐Porous Silica Sheets for Oxygen Reduction Reactions (2012)

Abstract Heteroatom (N or S)‐doped graphene with high surface area is successfully synthesized via thermal reaction between graphene oxide and guest gases (NH 3 or H 2 S) on the basis of ultrathin graphene oxide‐porous silica sheets at high temperatures. It is found that both N and S‐doping can occur at annealing temperatures from 500 to 1000 °C to form the different binding configurations at the edges or on the planes of the graphene, such as pyridinic‐N, pyrrolic‐N, and graphitic‐N for N‐doped graphene, thiophene‐like S, and oxidized S for S‐doped graphene. Moreover, the resulting N and S‐doped graphene sheets exhibit good electrocatalytic activity, long durability, and high selectivity when they are employed as metal‐free catalysts for oxygen reduction reactions. This approach may provide an efficient platform for the synthesis of a series of heteroatom‐doped graphenes for different applications.
CD4 T cells remain the major source of HIV-1 during end stage disease (1999)

In contrast with previously published data, CD4 T cells appear to remain the major source of HIV-1 production in end-stage disease.
Anomaly Detection Through Adaptive Background Class Extraction From Dynamic Hyperspectral Data (2006)

We propose a computationally efficient methodology to determine the background classes and anomalies in a moving sequence of hyperspectral data. A target material may be considered as an anomaly in an image that has a spectral signature different from the spectral signatures of the background objects. In order to detect such anomalies in an image, the classes associated with the background have to be known. The method is based on the assumption that anomaly pixels are relatively rare in comparison with the abundance of the background class pixels. It consists of robust clustering of subsets of the image pixels. The resulting clusters may be considered as representatives of the background classes in the image. The clusters are obtained using a self-organising map (SOM) clustered using the local minima of the U-matrix (distance matrix). In a first stage the classes are built using a randomly chosen small percentage of the image pixels. Subsequently, the background classes are updated in a process where existing classes are reinforced or deleted from the feature space, new classes are formed and anomalies are detected. Experiments are conducted using realistic hyperspectral data where the use of the method for real-time on-fly target detection is demonstrated
ChemInform Abstract: Metallocene Bis(aza‐crown ether) Ligands and Related Compounds. Their Syntheses, Coordination Chemistry, and Electrochemical Properties. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
RDEC: Integrating Regularization into Deep Embedded Clustering for Imbalanced Datasets (2018)

Clustering is a fundamental machine learning task and can be used in many applications. With the development of deep neural networks (DNNs), combining techniques from DNNs with clustering has become a new research direction and achieved some success. However, few studies have focused on the imbalanced-data problem which commonly occurs in real-world applications. In this paper, we propose a clustering method, regularized deep embedding clustering (RDEC), that integrates virtual adversarial training (VAT), a network regularization technique, with a clustering method called deep embedding clustering (DEC). DEC optimizes cluster assignments by pushing data more densely around centroids in latent space, but it is sometimes sensitive to the initial location of centroids, especially in the case of imbalanced data, where the minor class has less chance to be assigned a good centroid. RDEC introduces regularization using VAT to ensure the model's robustness to local perturbations of data. VAT pushes data that are similar in the original space closer together in the latent space, bunching together data from minor classes and thereby facilitating cluster identification by RDEC. Combining the advantages of DEC and VAT, RDEC attains state-of-the-art performance on both balanced and imbalanced benchmark/real-world datasets. For example, accuracies are as high as 98.41% on MNIST dataset and 85.45% on a highly imbalanced dataset derived from the MNIST, which is nearly 8% higher than the current best result.
Association of age with the level of response in the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube assay for children with active tuberculosis. (2011)

QuantiFERON-TB data from 50 children with tuberculosis were analysed to evaluate age related effects. Significantly higher IFN-? responses to TB-specific antigens were associated with younger age, but no difference was found with Mitogen responses. Extrapolating IGRA responses to a Mitogen does not reflect those induced by an antigen-specific stimulus. QFT-IT responses to TB-specific antigens are not compromised with young age.
A Systematic Methodology for Analyzing Security Threats to Interprocess Communication in a Distributed System (1983)

It is observed that a direct mapping exists between a distributed system's physical configuration and the security threats that can be mounted against interprocess communication in that system. A systematic methodology is presented which implements that mapping for a large class of distributed systems. The methodology includes a model of threats to interprocess communication as well as a model of distributed system security configurations. This methodology is useful in situations where certain major characteristics of the distributed system physical configuration will remain stable over a long time.
Electronic Metal–Support Interactions in the Activation of CO Oxidation over a Cu/TiO2 Aerogel Catalyst (2020)

Carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation is not only an important industrial reaction but also a useful model system for investigations into reaction dynamics involving new catalyst designs. In this work, we use CO oxidation to probe the metal−support interactions between Cu nanoparticles and a TiO2 aerogel support. We utilized a packed-bed reactor to demonstrate the activity of a Cu/TiO2 aerogel catalyst for CO oxidation at temperatures above 463 K. In situ infrared spectroscopic methods revealed that the reaction proceeds primarily by a Cu-assisted Mars-van-Krevelen type mechanism. Results indicate that Ti4+ sites are reduced by CO to generate Ti3+ sites adjacent to oxygen vacancies. Lattice oxygen extraction appears to be accompanied by interfacial charge transfer from lower work function copper nanoparticles to the TiO2 support, as evidenced by variable-temperature infrared spectroscopic studies of adsorbed CO. The charge transfer is evidenced by differences in the nature of CO bound to Ti4+ sites within aerogels in the presence and absence of Cu. The Cu particles on the TiO2 support lower the vibrational frequency for CO bound to Ti4+ sites by 3 cm–1 and increase the binding enthalpy by 7 kJ/mol. Infrared spectroscopic probes of oxidation state cycling during catalysis contribute toward the development of an overall CO oxidation reaction mechanism on the Cu/TiO2 aerogel.
Effect of Sulfate Groups from Sulfuric Acid Hydrolysis on the Thermal Degradation Behavior of Bacterial Cellulose (2004)

When used as fillers in polymer composites, the thermostability of cellulose crystals is important. Sulfate groups, introduced during hydrolysis with sulfuric acid, are suspected to diminish the thermostability. To elucidate the relationship between the hydrolysis conditions, the number of sulfate groups introduced, and the thermal degradation behavior of cellulose crystals, bacterial cellulose was hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid under different hydrolysis conditions. The number of sulfate groups in the crystals was determined by potentiometric titration. The thermal degradation behavior was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The sulfate group content increased with acid concentration, acid-to-cellulose ratio, and hydrolysis time. Even at low levels, the sulfate groups caused a significant decrease in degradation temperatures and an increase in char fraction confirming that the sulfate groups act as flame retardants. Profile analysis of the derivative thermogravimetric curves indicated thermal separation of the degradation reactions by the sulfate groups into low- and high-temperature processes. The Broido method was used to determine activation energies for the degradation processes. The activation energies were lower at larger amounts of sulfate groups suggesting a catalytic effect on the degradation reactions. For high thermostability in the crystals, low acid concentrations, small acid-to-cellulose ratios, and short hydrolysis times should be used.