gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuordnung der Finanzmärkte in Europa durch MiFID II/MiFIR (2014)

Die Anpassung der EU-Richtlinie über Märkte für Finanzinstrumente (MiFID II) und die Einführung einer begleitenden Verordnung (MiFIR) im Jahr 2014 werden erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Finanzmärkte in Europa haben und zu einer grundlegenden Neuordnung der Finanzmarktstrukturen führen. Ausgehend von einer Diskussion der Zielerreichung der ursprünglichen Richtlinie (MiFID I) aus dem Jahr 2004 werden im vorliegenden Artikel die Zielsetzungen und Maßnahmen der Neuregelung beleuchtet. Wesentliche Elemente im Hinblick auf Marktstrukturen und den Wertpapierhandel sind die Einführung einer neuen Handelsplatzkategorie, des organisierten Handelssystems („Organised Trading Facility“; OTF), sowie die Ausweitung der bislang für Aktien geltenden Transparenzvorschriften auf weitere Finanzinstrumente. Zudem werden eine Handelsverpflichtung für Aktien und Derivate sowie eine Clearingpflicht für Derivate, die auf geregelten Märkten gehandelt werden, neu eingeführt. Schließlich werden der algorithmische Handel und der Hochfrequenzhandel auf europäischer Ebene reguliert, wobei die Regelungen weitgehend dem 2013 eingeführten deutschen Hochfrequenzhandelsgesetz angelehnt sind. Im Ausblick wird zunächst der weitere Prozess der Regulierung skizziert (insbesondere die sog. Level II-Maßnahmen). Abschließend werden mögliche Auswirkungen von MiFID II und MiFIR auf die Marktstruktur und den Wertpapierhandel aufgezeigt.
Impact of Display Alternatives in the Determination of Bolus Handling: A Study Using High-Resolution Manometry With Impedance (2011)

Jung, Kee Wook MD1,2; Jung, Hwoon-Yong MD2; Romero, Yvonne MD1; Katzka, David MD1; Murray, Joseph A MD1,3 Author Information
Algorithms for Handling the Fill Area Primitive of GKS (1986)

Abstract The fill area primitive of GKS (Graphical Kernel System) 1 is one of the more powerful features which differentiates it from earlier device independent graphics software and systems. Its specification is extremely general in the form of a closed boundary, possibly self‐intersecting, and whose interior can be filled in a variety of styles. However a complete implementation of this primitive is very complex. It is difficult to find a single graphics workstation incorporating this primitive in hardware or firmware. Most GKS implementations will have to include software for simulating the appearance of this primitive on the commonly available displays and hard‐copy graphics devices. Correct and efficient algorithms are necessary for developing this software. Because of the generality many of the existing algorithms are not directly applicable. In this paper we describe: 1. a new algorithm for clipping a fill area polygon, using what we have named as the Bridge Technique. 2. implementation of a plane sweep algorithm, by Nievergelt and Preparata, 2 for solid filling and hatching, particularly applicable to vector devices. 3. extension of the plane sweep algorithm for filling with any given pattern on raster as well as vector devices. The algorithms have been designed to work for all special cases as well. In fact they have been implemented having in mind the fill area set primitive of GKS‐3D extension. 3 All these algorithms have been very successfully implemented in a commercially available GKS implementation, namely indoGKS.
The Serine-Rich N-Terminal Domain of Oat Phytochrome A Helps Regulate Light Responses and Subnuclear Localization of the Photoreceptor (2002)

Phytochrome (phy) A mediates two distinct photobiological responses in plants: the very-low-fluence response (VLFR), which can be saturated by short pulses of very-low-fluence light, and the high-irradiance response (HIR), which requires prolonged irradiation with higher fluences of far-red light (FR). To investigate whether the VLFR and HIR involve different domains within the phyA molecule, transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi) and Arabidopsis seedlings expressing full-length (FL) and various deletion mutants of oat (Avena sativa) phyA were examined for their light sensitivity. Although most mutants were either partially active or inactive, a strong differential effect was observed for the Delta6-12 phyA mutant missing the serine-rich domain between amino acids 6 and 12. Delta6-12 phyA was as active as FL phyA for the VLFR of hypocotyl growth and cotyledon unfolding in Arabidopsis, and was hyperactive in the VLFR of hypocotyl growth and cotyledon unfolding in tobacco, and the VLFR blocking subsequent greening under white light in Arabidopsis. In contrast, Delta6-12 phyA showed a dominant-negative suppression of HIR in both species. In hypocotyl cells of Arabidopsis irradiated with FR phyA:green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Delta6-12 phyA:GFP fusions localized to the nucleus and coalesced into foci. The proportion of nuclei with abundant foci was enhanced by continuous compared with hourly FR provided at equal total fluence in FL phyA:GFP, and by Delta6-12 phyA mutation under hourly FR. We propose that the N-terminal serine-rich domain of phyA is involved in channeling downstream signaling via the VLFR or HIR pathways in different cellular contexts.
Mathematical Modeling of Proliferative Immune Response Initiated by Interactions Between Classical Antigen-Presenting Cells Under Joint Antagonistic IL-2 and IL-4 Signaling (2022)

During an adaptive immune response from pathogen invasion, multiple cytokines are produced by various immune cells interacting jointly at the cellular level to mediate several processes. For example, studies have shown that regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) correlates with interleukin-2 (IL-2) induced lymphocyte proliferation. This motivates the need to better understand and model the mechanisms driving the dynamic interplay of proliferation of lymphocytes with the complex interaction effects of cytokines during an immune response. To address this challenge, we adopt a hybrid computational approach comprising of continuous, discrete and stochastic non-linear model formulations to predict a system-level immune response as a function of multiple dependent signals and interacting agents including cytokines and targeted immune cells. We propose a hybrid ordinary differential equation-based (ODE) multicellular model system with a stochastic component of antigen microscopic states denoted as Multiscale Multicellular Quantitative Evaluator (MMQE) implemented using MATLAB. MMQE combines well-defined immune response network-based rules and ODE models to capture the complex dynamic interactions between the proliferation levels of different types of communicating lymphocyte agents mediated by joint regulation of IL-2 and IL-4 to predict the emergent global behavior of the system during an immune response. We model the activation of the immune system in terms of different activation protocols of helper T cells by the interplay of independent biological agents of classic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and their joint activation which is confounded by the exposure time to external pathogens. MMQE quantifies the dynamics of lymphocyte proliferation during pathogen invasion as bivariate distributions of IL-2 and IL-4 concentration levels. Specifically, by varying activation agents such as dendritic cells (DC), B cells and their joint mechanism of activation, we quantify how lymphocyte activation and differentiation protocols boost the immune response against pathogen invasion mediated by a joint downregulation of IL-4 and upregulation of IL-2. We further compare our in-silico results to <i>in-vivo</i> and <i>in-vitro</i> experimental studies for validation. In general, MMQE combines intracellular and extracellular effects from multiple interacting systems into simpler dynamic behaviors for better interpretability. It can be used to aid engineering of anti-infection drugs or optimizing drug combination therapies against several diseases.
The scope of the workshop is to present the state of the art on fractional systems, both on theoretical and application aspects. The growing research and development on fractional calculus in the areas of mathematics, physics and engineering, both from university and industry, motivates this international event gathering and unifying the whole community. (2008)

T. Atanackovic (Serbia) O. P. Agrawal (USA) D. Baleanu (Turkey) R. Barbosa (Portugal) G. W. Bohannan (USA) R. Caponetto (Italy) W. Chen (China) Y. Q. Chen (USA) K. Diethelm (Germany) A.T. Dinibutun (Turkey) G. E. Draganescu (Romania) R. El-Khazali (UAE) M. Enelund (Sweden) N. J. Ford (UK) R. Gorenfl o (Germany) M. Guglielemi (France) T. T. Hartley (USA) K. Hedrih (Serbia) N. Heymans (Belgium) R. Hilfer (Germany) S. Kempfl e (Germany) A. Kilbas (Belarus) M. Kirane (France) V. Kiryakova (Bulgaria) M. Klimek (Poland) P. Lanusse (France) C. Li (China) C. F. Lorenzo (USA) J. A. T. Machado (Portugal) R. Magin (USA) S. Manabe (Japan) F. Mainardi (Italy) T. McKelvey (Sweden) A. Mehaute (France) P. Melchior (France) S. Momani (Jordan) S. Muslih (Italy) A. Nayfeh (USA) R. Nigmatullin (Russia) K. Oldham (Canada) M. Ortigueira (Portugal) A. Oustaloup (France) H. Ozaktas (Turkey) I. Podlubny (Slovak Republic) E. Rabei (Jordan) J. Sabatier (France) E. Scalas (Italy) N. Shimizu (Japan) F. A. Silva (Portugal) H. M. Srivastava (Canada) W. Tan (China) J. Tar (Hungary) J. Trigessou (France) J. J. Trujillo (Spain) M. Unser (Switzerland) L. Vazquez (Spain) M. Xu (China) G. Zaslavsky (USA) S. Zhang (China) International Program Committee
Instruction scheduling for a tiled dataflow architecture (2006)

This paper explores hierarchical instruction scheduling for a tiled processor. Our results show that at the top level of the hierarchy, a simple profile-driven algorithm effectively minimizes operand latency. After this schedule has been partitioned into large sections, the bottom-level algorithm must more carefully analyze program structure when producing the final schedule.Our analysis reveals that at this bottom level, good scheduling depends upon carefully balancing instruction contention for processing elements and operand latency between producer and consumer instructions. We develop a parameterizable instruction scheduler that more effectively optimizes this trade-off. We use this scheduler to determine the contention-latency sweet spot that generates the best instruction schedule for each application. To avoid this application-specific tuning, we also determine the parameters that produce the best performance across all applications. The result is a contention-latency setting that generates instruction schedules for all applications in our workload that come within 17% of the best schedule for each.
Bidirectional buck-boost converter with variable output voltage (2002)

An increasing number of manufacturing processes rely on ultra-high speed and accuracy of machines. Piezoceramic actuators are being utilized as parts of such machines. So far, only linear and switched-capacitor power supplies have been used for driving piezoceramic actuators in such applications. This paper proposes a switch-mode power supply to reduce cost and increase system efficiency. In the proposed design, the traditional PWM buck-boost topology is modified to accommodate bidirectional operation, and dynamic compensation is applied between the reference and the output to ensure good frequency response and low steady-state error of the variable output voltage. The converter operation is verified by Saber simulations.
Scattering by square and rectangular metallic cylinders: Circular synthetic aperture sonar images and spectral coupling loci. (2011)

Reversible circular synthetic aperture sonar (CSAS) is one approach to displaying and studying the evolution of monostatic sonar data with changes in the orientation of the viewed object. The present investigation concerns the evolution of backscattering by a solid slender square brass cylinder and a rectangular brass cylinder, both objects being examples of a horizontal rectangular parallelepiped elastic waveguide. In both cases, substantial elastic glints are visible in CSAS images for orientations suitable for generating surface guided elastic waves. The square cylinder is also useful for examining the effect of changing the azimuthal orientation relative to the cylinder’s axis and the direction of the horizontal illumination. While rotating the azimuthal angle by 45 deg greatly modifies the magnitude of the backscattering, some of the frequency domain coupling loci (functions of rotation of the cylinder’s axis about a vertical axis) are in common for both orientations. After azimuthal rotation, an apex line of the cylinder is viewed by the transducer instead of the cylinder’s long flat side. This kind of spectral investigation is relevant to characterizing the coupling loci for elastic waveguides lacking the rotational symmetry of a circular cylinder. Additional insight is obtained from the CSAS images. [Work supported by ONR.]
Single‐cell analysis demonstrates how nutrient deprivation creates apoptotic and quiescent cell populations in tumor cylindroids (2008)

Understanding how quiescent and apoptotic populations form in tumors is necessary because these cell types can considerably diminish therapeutic efficacy. Most cancer therapeutics are ineffective against quiescent cells because they target rapidly proliferating cells. Distinguishing apoptosis is important because apoptotic cells are committed to death and do not require treatment. Regrowth of quiescent cell can lead to tumor re-occurrence and metastasis, which are the leading causes of cancer mortality. We hypothesized that cylindroid cultures and acridine orange staining could be used to determine how nutrient diffusion creates apoptotic and quiescent regions in tumors. To test this hypothesis we developed a microscopy technique to measure cellular DNA and RNA content in single cells using thin cylindroids and acridine orange staining. Cell classification was compared to flow cytometry of cells grown in defined monolayer cultures. The presence of apoptosis was confirmed by morphological nuclear analysis. The effect of diffusion was determined by varying incubation time, cylindroid size, and exposing cylindroids to nutrient-deficient media. Four overlapping regions were identified as a function of cylindroid radius: an outer viable/quiescent region; a second quiescent/apoptotic region; a third late-stage apoptotic region; and an inner dead region. In monolayer cultures the absence of glutamine and growth factors induced apoptosis and hypoxia induced quiescence. Treating with nutrient-deficient media suggested that cells became quiescent near the periphery because of glucose and oxygen limitations, and became apoptotic and died further from the edge because of glutamine and growth factor limitations. These results show that cellular microenvironments can be identified in cylindroids using simple acridine orange staining and that single cell fluorescence can be measured in three-dimensional culture. The developed techniques will be useful for developing cancer therapies and determining how cell death and apoptosis are induced in three-dimensional tumor tissue.
Charge accumulation in GaAs/AlGaAs triple barrier resonant tunneling structures (1998)

In this article we present photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy data from three triple barrier resonant tunneling structures. The spectroscopic techniques are used to estimate the charge accumulation in both tunneling quantum wells of the devices as a function of bias. The charging behavior is extremely asymmetrical, with significant charge accumulation only in the quantum well adjacent to the emitter region of the device and not in the quantum well adjacent to the collector region, irrespective of the direction of bias. This asymmetry in the charging behavior is analogous to highly asymmetrical double barrier resonant tunneling structures. However, due to the two quantum wells present in the triple barrier design it provides a more flexible system to study charge density dependent effects. We also present evidence for negatively charged exciton formation in the first quantum well for both directions of applied bias.
A High Performance AC Servo System with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (1986)

A high performance ac servo system with permanent magnet synchronous motor, including a field-weakening control and a high-speed current response control of PWM inverter is proposed. For the field weakening, the d-axis armature current is adequately controlled through a microprocessor. The novel current control scheme of PWM inverter includes the motor neutral point potential stabilization and the switching carrier frequency equalization.
Laboratory Studies on the 1950 Outbreak of Influenza (1950)

During the first 3 months of 1950, a number of outbreaks of influenza wvere reported in military and civilian populations throughout the world.In the United States during this period, 164,352 patients were diagnosed on clinical grounds as having influenza.The results of serological and isolation procedures performed in different labora- tories established that the infecting agent in a number of these out- breaks was influenza A virus, while, in a few instances, influenza B virus appeared to be of etiological significance (1).The present report is concerned primarily with observations on four strains of virus which were isolated from military patients with an influenza-like disease during January 1950 in Georgia and Wyoming.These agents are closely related antigenically to each other but (liffer somewhat from the so-called A prime strains of influenza A. Materials and MethodsClinical Specimens.These were limited to nasal and pharyngeal washings collected shortly after the onset of clinical influenza and to acute phase and convalescent phase sera collected from persons during the first several days and several weeks, respectively, after initial symptoms.Isolation of Virus.Nasal or pharyngeal washings from patients suffering from a disease clinically diagnosed as influenza were mixed with antibiotics and inoculated into the allantoic and amniotic sacs of embryonated eggs; subsequent passages were made by the allantoic route.After two or three transfers, each strain yielded allantoic fluids which had hemagglutinating titers of 1:320 to 1:1280.These fluids were infective for eggs in dilutions of 10-7 or 10-8.
The Electromagnetic framework of 'Nanoarchitectronics' (2019)

'Nanoarchitectronics' (NTX) denotes a new interdisciplinary research area at the crossroad of Electromagnetics and Nanoelectronics. This new technology will develope reconfigurable, adaptive and cognitive structures with unique physical properties, and engineering applications in the whole electromagnetic spectrum. This FET project funded by the European Framework of Research 'Horizon 2020', gathers thirteen universities, research centers and high-tech industries, belonging to eight European countries, combining concepts of multidisciplinary systems in a huge frequency range.
UMA PROPOSTA DE LEGENDAGEM PARA O ESPETÁCULO MIRALU E A LUNETA ENCANTADA (2019)

Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing to the theater field is still little explored in our&#13;\ncountry. Aiming, therefore, to insert the deaf community in the audiovisual media, this work&#13;\nwas written with the general aim of proposing a Deaf and Hard of Hearing Subtitle for the&#13;\nchildren's theater show Miralu e a Luneta Encantada. The specific objective is to observe&#13;\nsome factors that cause the need to apply textual reduction strategies in the elaboration of the&#13;\nmentioned subtitles. The methodology applied for the elaboration of the subtitles was based&#13;\non the research and studies that have been developed by the LEAD group (Legendagem e&#13;\nAudiodescrição) from the Ceará State University (UECE), on the main considerations of&#13;\nAraújo (2004, 2006, 2008, 2012 ), Assis (2016) and Nascimento (2018, 2013), as well as the parameters brought by the Guia para Produções Audiovisuais Acessíveis (ARAÚJO;&#13;\nCHAVES, 2016). The results obtained in this research showed that factors such as the&#13;\nidentification of speakers and the speed of dialogues often lead to the need to reduce the&#13;\nlenght of the subtitles. However, tests are needed to prove the effectiveness of the textual&#13;\nreduction strategies used. We could observe with this work that the forms of reduction and&#13;\ntextual omission are important to produce appropriated subtitles to the reading time of the&#13;\ntarget viewer, thus contributing to the appreciation of audiovisual products as a whole.
Coherence length of high‐βsemiconductor microcavity lasers (2008)

Abstract Detailed experimental and theoretical investigations on coherence properties of high‐ β (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum dot‐based microcavity lasers are presented. Power dependent micro‐photoluminescence measurements on the fundamental mode of the studied micropillar cavities exhibited a smooth transition from spontaneous into stimulated emission with a strong linewidth narrowing around the onset of lasing. This is accompanied by a steep increase in the coherence time of the fundamental mode emission, as derived from first‐order field correlation measurements which revealed a gradual change in the g (1) ( τ ) lineshapes from Gaussian‐like to more exponential. In addition, systematic coherence time measurements on various micropillars demonstrated that devices with smaller spontaneous emission coupling factor β reveal longer coherence time of the lasing emission. All experimental results are fully verified by an enhanced microscopic theory which describes the lasing properties of quantum dot (QD) micropillars. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Titanium(III)‐Catalyzed Redox Umpolung Reaction for the Reductive Cross‐Coupling of Enones with Acrylonitriles (2011)

Titanium does the job: 1,6-Difunctionalized alkyl units, which are traditionally hard to access, have been successfully obtained through a reductive cross-coupling of activated alkenes catalyzed by TiIII. A plausible reaction mechanism that proceeds through redox umpolung of the enone is briefly discussed (see scheme, Cp=cyclopentadiene). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A HMM-based method for anomaly detection (2011)

Intrusion-detection systems (IDSs) are essential tools for the security of computer systems. Anomaly detection, which uses knowledge about normal behaviors and attempts to detect intrusions by noting significant deviations, has been paid more and more attention. In this paper, we introduce a HMM-based method for anomaly detection. The proposed method is composed of two important stages: off-line training stage and on-line testing stage. In the off-line training stage, we train the normal behaviors by hidden Markov models (HMMs). In the on-line testing stage, we make the final decision based on the minimum risk Bayesian decision theory. We deploy the method on an IDS system to evaluate its performance, and the experimental results demonstrate that our method can achieve satisfying results.