gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Miniemulsion Living Free Radical Polymerization by RAFT (2001)

Various living mechanisms have been used in bulk polymerization to produce via free radical polymerization both controlled polymers, i.e., with low polydispersity, and block copolymers. The common drawback of all these processes is the very low polymerization rate which derives from the decreased concentration of propagating radicals. This problem can be overcome in principle by operating in emulsion polymerization, so as to take advantage of radical segregation to decrease terminations without significantly reducing the polymerization rate with respect to the corresponding nonliving processes. In this work, it has been shown that this result can be achieved only using the RAFT (or degenerative transfer) living mechanism and operating in miniemulsion polymerization. Several experiments are presented where, using different monomers, living conditions are achieved without significant loss in productivity. The obtained results are supported by modeling arguments, which also rationalize previous experimental results reported in the literature using different living mechanisms.
Comparison of the dilute bismide and nitride alloys GaAsBi and GaAsN (2008)

Abstract Dilute III–V alloys containing N or Bi share many features that are common, but some that are distinct. In GaP and GaAs, both the substituent species N and Bi behave as isoelectronic impurity traps and both lead to a giant bandgap bowing phenomenon. The isolated N and Bi impurities generate bound states in GaP but resonant states in GaAs. N impurity pairs have been observed as bound states in GaP and in GaAs whereas Bi impurity pairs have not been observed as bound states in GaP nor in GaAs. Low temperature photoluminescence studies on GaAs 1– x Bi x show undulations in the spectra but these are not associated with Bi–Bi pairs. Theoretical arguments for the differing behaviour of the N and Bi isolated impurities in GaAs as a function of pressure are provided. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Shape Recognition and Position Measurement of an Object Using an Ultrasonic Sensor Array (2012)

Shape recognition of a transparent object is usually difficult to perform by image processing techniques, because the major portion of the light projected onto an object passes through the object. As a result, the object cannot gain the light intensity required for image processing. Ultrasonic sensors are often utilised in situations where such optical sensors cannot be used. Moreover, systems using ultrasonic sensors are simpler and cheaper than systems using other types of sensors. Although the ultrasonic method has such advantages, results from the conventional ultrasonic method do not always have high measuring resolution, due to the wide directional pattern of the sensing. Up to now, the application of the ultrasonic method has been limited compared to the optical method.
Euromet #608 comparison in neutron fields—EUROMET(III)-S1 (2017)

Six laboratories responsible for the calibration of neutron survey meters were able to participate in the EUROMET #608 comparison (EUROMET.RI(III)-S1). This report establishes the degree of equivalence and uncertainty for each laboratory, for various types of neutron fields 241Am/Be, 252Cf, (252Cf+D2O)/Cd and for the reference quantity, H*(10). Main text To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report . Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/ . The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Analyses of Thick Lithium Coatings Deposited by Sputter‐Evaporation and Exposed to Air (2009)

Abstract Lithium coatings on various substrates have numerous applications: Boron neutron capture therapy, neutron activation analysis, super‐conducting tokamak etc. Traditionally these coatings are produced by well‐known techniques such as electrochemistry and evaporation. In this work, we investigated a new method based on sputter‐evaporation, which enables thick coatings (&gt;10 µm) to be built on various substrates within a short timeframe. In order to minimize the process time, evaporation techniques can be used but the coating quality suffers. Moreover, it is well known that the use of DC magnetron sputtering results in the deposition of good quality coatings (smoothness, density, adhesion); however, the deposition rate is low. The rationale of this work is to combine these two techniques, yielding a sputter‐evaporation process that possesses the advantages of each separate technique. Li is placed in a stainless steel crucible (cathode), and heated by the plasma generated by a magnetron discharge. The Li temperature is measured by a thermocouple welded onto the cathode and measured at different plasma power densities. The deposition rate of lithium is measured using a quartz balance and by profilometry, at several temperatures (from 0 to 580 °C). Li samples were depth‐profiled with the resonant nuclear reaction 7 Li(p, γ ) 7 . In addition to the concentration, certain characteristics like the density and the chemical reactivity of layers, are also important. Thus we have studied the evolution of the density with time, estimated by weight and profilometry measurements, and the change in morphology, by cross‐sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM), of samples exposed to air at room temperature. The evolution of the film compounds have also been determined by X‐ray powder diffraction. These physical properties have been investigated for various bias substrates during deposition.
Integrated Vector Management: Controlling Vectors of Malaria and Other Insect Vector Borne Diseases (2011)

Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction Insect vectors Distribution of vectors Mosquitoes Anopheles spp. Aedes spp. Culex spp. Flies Simulium spp. Glossina spp. tsetse flies Phlebotomine sand flies Musca domestica and other synanthropic spp. Other vectors Triatomine bugs Chemical control Hazard and toxicity Toxicity Insecticides WHO recommendations Formulations Packaging and storage Waste disposal Conclusion References 2 Indoor Residual Spraying Equipment for indoor residual spraying Spray volume Insecticides Operator exposure Resident exposure Implementation of indoor residual spraying Village intervention teams Planning programmes Insecticides Equipment required Storage Training Monitoring Environmental assessment Evaluation Economics Conclusion References 3 Space Treatment Requirements for space treatments Equipment for space treatments Portable equipment Mist treatments Vehicle mounted equipment Aerial application Insecticides Planning Assessment of space sprays Monitoring Conclusion References 4 Bed Nets and Treated Clothing Material Mesh size Shape Insecticide Insecticide impregnation Impact of washing nets Distribution of nets Trial data Operational use Treated clothing Impregnated sheeting Conclusion References 5 Larviciding Larvicide application Mosquito control Oils Insecticides Application of mosquito larvicides Knapsack spraying Motorised equipment Aerial application for mosquito control Application of aerial sprays Application of granules Ground application Aerial application Monitoring Black flies Insecticides Aerial application of larvicides for black fly control Boat application Applications in small streams Monitoring Conclusion References 6 Integrated Vector Management Cultural controls House design Drainage and water management schemes Personal protection Impregnated clothing Insecticide treated bed nets Repellents Barrier treatments Implementation of IVM An example of IVM at Copper mines in Zambia Costs Development of new technology Conclusion References 7 Other Insects Flies, Cockroaches and Bed Bugs Flies Refuse dumps Space treatments Mist treatments Cockroaches Traps Sprays Baits Bed bugs Conclusion References 8 Looking Ahead New insecticides? Can insecticides with new modes of action be developed? Insecticide resistance Bio-pesticides Spray technology Electrostatic spraying? Different sprayers? Different nozzles? Using a paint Innovative application technique Genetically modified mosquitoes Attractants Urbanisation Economics Conclusion References Appendix A: Calibration Appendix B: Conversion Tables Index
Associative deficit in recognition memory in a lifespan sample of healthy adults. (2010)

Advanced age is associated with decrements in episodic memory, which are more pronounced in memory for associations than for individual items. The associative deficit hypothesis (ADH) states that age differences in recognition memory reflect difficulty in binding components of a memory episode and retrieving bound units. To date, ADH has received support only in studies of extreme age groups, and the influence of sex, education, and health on age-related associative deficit is unknown. We address those issues using a verbal paired-associate yes-no recognition paradigm on a lifespan sample of 278 healthy, well-educated adults. In accord with the ADH, greater age was associated with lower hit and greater false alarm rates and more liberal response bias on associative recognition tests. Women outperformed men on recognition of items and associations, but among normotensive participants, women outperformed men only on memory for associations and not on item recognition. Thus, although supporting ADH in a large lifespan sample of healthy adults, the findings indicate that the effect may be partially driven by an age-related increase in liberal bias in recognition of associations. Sex differences and health factors may modify the associative deficit regardless of age.
A novel splice variant of human TGF-β type II receptor encodes a soluble protein and its Fc-tagged version prevents liver fibrosis in vivo (2021)

Abstract We describe, for the first time, a new splice variant of the human TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII). The new transcript lacks 149 nucleotides, causing a frameshift with the appearance of an early stop codon, rendering a truncated mature protein of 57 amino acids. The predicted protein, lacking the transmembrane domain and with a distinctive 13 amino acid stretch in the C-terminus, was named TβRII-Soluble Endogenous (TβRII-SE). Binding predictions indicated that the novel 13 amino acid stretch interacts with all three TGF-β cognate ligands and generate a more extensive protein-protein interface than TβRII. TβRII-SE and human IgG1 Fc-domain, were fused in frame in a lentiviral vector (Lv) for further characterization. With this vector, we transduced 293T cells and purified TβRII-SE/Fc by A/G protein chromatography from conditioned medium. Immunoblotting revealed homogeneous bands of approximately 37 kDa (reduced) and 75 kD (non-reduced), indicating that TβRII-SE/Fc is secreted as a disulphide-linked homodimer. Moreover, high affinity binding of TβRII-SE to the three TGF-β isoforms was confirmed by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) analysis. Also, intrahepatic delivery of Lv.TβRII-SE/Fc in a carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis model revealed amelioration of liver injury and fibrosis. Our results indicate that TβRII-SE is a novel member of the TGF-β signaling pathway with distinctive characteristics. This novel protein offers an alternative for the prevention and treatment of pathologies caused by the overproduction of TGF-β ligands.
Analgesic response to single and multiple doses of controlled-release morphine tablets and morphine oral solution in cancer patients (1989)

Immediate-release oral morphine, given every four hours in individually titrated doses, is effective in the control of severe cancer pain. To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of a controlled-release morphine sulfate preparation, MS Contin tablets (MSC, Purdue Frederick, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), after a single dose and under steady-state conditions, the authors compared MSC administered every 12 hours with morphine oral solution (MOS) administered every 4 hours in 17 adult cancer patients with chronic severe pain. In the single-dose evaluation, in which the patients were randomly assigned to receive MSC or MOS, there were no significant differences in analgesic efficacy or requirement for supplemental morphine between the two treatments. With both preparations, pain severity ratings increased toward the end of the 12-hour, single-dose observation period and were higher than the pain scores reported after dose titration. In the steady-state evaluation, which was a randomized crossover comparison, both preparations provided effective pain control with minimal side effects. There was no significant difference between MSC and MOS in overall pain scores or in pain scores analyzed by time of day and day of therapy. In conclusion, that an individualized twice-daily regimen of MSC is as effective as 4-hourly MOS for the control of chronic severe cancer pain. The twice-daily regimen has several advantages: it allows an uninterrupted night's sleep, it is substantially more convenient, and it can be expected to reduce both medication errors and noncompliance.
Qualitative and Quantitative Studies of Protein-DNA Interactions by Gel Mobility-Shift Assay (1991)

The nitrocellulose-filter-binding assay has been widely used to determine equilibrium and rate constants for the binding of proteins to DNA in prokaryotic systems (Riggs et al., 1968, 1970a, 1970b). The electrophoretic separation of protein-DNA complexes on polyacrylamide or agarose gels provides an alternative to the nitrocellulose-filter-binding assay (for review see Hendrickson, 1985; Revzin, 1989). The electrophoretic procedure has the advantage that it can be used with relatively crude nuclear or cellular extracts where more than one protein may bind to the DNA fragment (see later for a discussion of this aspect). The method also allows the study of proteins that interact weakly with DNA. The detection limits of the assay are not known exactly; proteins with a binding constant as high as 10-7 M have been observed (Hendrickson, 1985). Among the first proteins found to alter the mobility of DNA on agarose or polyacrylamide gels were the protein covalently bound to the end of the adenovirus DNA, and the proteins that interact with Bacillus subtilis phage DNA (Sharp et al, 1976; Ito et al., 1976). Later, a nucleic-acid-binding assay utilising gel electrophoresis was used to study the ternary complexes formed by E. coli RNA polymerase, a DNA fragment and a nascent RNA chain (Chelm and Geiduschek, 1979). The basis of the so-called gel retardation or gel mobility-shift assay is the reduction in the movement of a DNA molecule through a non-denaturing gel (such as agarose or polyacrylamide) when it carries bound protein (s). This basic technique, combined with chemical modifications or removal of specific bases in the DNA, has yielded precise information on DNA-protein interactions. Gel retardation is equally well suited to the study of single- or double-stranded, linear or circular DNA, as well as RNA.KeywordsScatchard PlotEstrogen Response ElementDissociation Rate ConstantAssociation Rate ConstantActive Binding ProteinThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
DNA damage responses in progeroid syndromes arise from defective maturation of prelamin A (2006)

The genetic diseases Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) and restrictive dermopathy (RD) arise from accumulation of farnesylated prelamin A because of defects in the lamin A maturation pathway. Both of these diseases exhibit symptoms that can be viewed as accelerated aging. The mechanism by which accumulation of farnesylated prelamin A leads to these accelerated aging phenotypes is not understood. Here we present evidence that in HGPS and RD fibroblasts, DNA damage checkpoints are persistently activated because of the compromise in genomic integrity. Inactivation of checkpoint kinases Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and ATR (ATM- and Rad3-related) in these patient cells can partially overcome their early replication arrest. Treatment of patient cells with a protein farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) did not result in reduction of DNA double-strand breaks and damage checkpoint signaling, although the treatment significantly reversed the aberrant shape of their nuclei. This suggests that DNA damage accumulation and aberrant nuclear morphology are independent phenotypes arising from prelamin A accumulation in these progeroid syndromes. Since DNA damage accumulation is an important contributor to the symptoms of HGPS, our results call into question the possibility of treatment of HGPS with FTIs alone.
Phi29 pRNA vector for efficient escort of hammerhead ribozyme targeting survivin in multiple cancer cells (2007)

Ribozymes are potential therapeutic agents which suppress specific genes in disease-affected cells. Ribozymes have high substrate cleavage efficiency, yet their medical application has been hindered by RNA degradation, aberrant cell trafficking, or misfolding when fused to a carrier. In this study, we constructed a chimeric ribozyme escorted by the motor pRNA of bacteriophage phi29 to achieve proper folding and enhanced stability. A pRNA molecule contains an interlocking loop domain and a 5'/3' helical domain, which fold independently of one another. When a ribozyme is connected to the helical domain, the chimeric pRNA/ribozyme reorganizes into a circularly permuted form, and the 5'/3' ends are relocated and buried in the original 71'/75' positions. Effective silencing of the anti-apoptotic gene survivin by an appropriately designed chimeric ribozyme, as demonstrated at mRNA and protein levels, led to programmed cell death in various human cancer cell lines, including breast, prostate, cervical, nasopharyngeal, and lung, without causing significant non-specific cytotoxicity. Through the interlocking interaction of right and left loops, monomer pRNA/ribozyme chimeras can be incorporated into multi-functional dimer, trimer and hexamer complexes for specific gene delivery. Using the phi29 motor pRNA as an escort may revive the ribozyme's strength in medical application.
Generation of runaway electrons and X rays in an inhomogeneous electric field at high gas pressures (2016)

Abstract Results of experimental studies of the amplitude–temporal characteristics of a runaway electron (RE) beam, as well as breakdown voltage and discharge current with a picosecond time resolution are presented. The maximum pressure, at which a RE beam is detectable, decreases with increasing the voltage rise time. The waveforms of the discharge and RE beam currents are synchronized with those of the voltage pulses. It is shown that the amplitude–temporal characteristics of the RE beam depend on the designs of the gas-filled diode and cathode, as well as the gap length. The mechanism for the generation of REs in atmospheric-pressure gases is analyzed on the basis of the obtained experimental data.
Negative signals from FcεRI engagement attenuate mast cell functions (2007)

Mast cells have long been recognized as the critical tissue-based effector cells in IgE-mediated allergic diseases. Ligation of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI), constitutively expressed on mast cells, promotes cell activation and immediate release and production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Besides these positive signals, FcepsilonRI aggregation has recently been understood to generate negative intracellular signals capable of limiting mast cell functional responses. This review is aimed at providing a summary of the mechanisms through which FcepsilonRI engagement can generate negative signals and regulate mast-cell function. Similar mechanisms are employed by other receptors expressed by immune cells, such as T cell and B cell receptors, pointing to a general concept in negative immunoreceptor signaling.
Anti-inflammatory effect of amurensin H on asthma-like reaction induced by allergen in sensitized mice (2006)

瞄准：为了探索 amurensin 的反煽动性的效果，像气喘的反应上的 H 在敏化的老鼠由变应原导致了。方法：BALB/c 老鼠被卵白蛋白敏化(卵， ip ) 在 d 上 0 并且 d 14 并且在 d 上与 1% 质问了卵 18 ～ 22。老鼠在 cytokine 层次开发了航线嗜曙红血球过多，粘液分泌过盛，和举起。老鼠从 d 每天在 49， 70，或 100 mg/kg 的剂量口头上地是管理 amurensin H 一次 15 到最后一天。Bronchoalveolar 洗室年龄液体(BALF ) 在最后卵挑战以后在 24 h 和 48 h 被收集。肿瘤坏死 factor-alpha (TNF-alpha ) 的层次， interleukin 4 (IL-4 ) ， interleukin 5 (IL-5 ) ，并且 interleukin (IL-13 ) 13 用 ELISA 在 BALF 被测量方法。巨噬细胞，淋巴细胞， neutrophils 和嗜曙红血球的微分房间计数每幻灯片在 200 个房间被执行(一个人每动物滑动) 。6 妈妈厚度的肺织物节为对房间渗入，粘液生产，和织物损坏的评价与梅耶的苏木精和曙红被染色。结果：amurensin H 的口服显著地在全部的房间计数，嗜曙红血球计数，和 TNF- 高山禁止了导致卵的增加哈，在 BALF 的 IL-4， IL-5 和 IL-13 层次。另外，原子量树脂 H 戏剧性地减少了导致卵的肺织物损坏和粘液生产。结论：Amurensin H 可以为过敏航线发炎的处理有治疗学的潜力。
Particle Stability in Dilute Fermented Dairy Drinks: Formation of Fluid Gel and Impact on Rheological Properties (2010)

Fluid gels are known to be very shear-thinning materials with yield stress. In this study, the rheological properties of gellan and gellan-pectin fluid gels in fermented dairy drinks were evaluated using viscometric measurements. Both gellan- and gellan-pectin-containing solutions showed the rheological properties of fluid gels resulting in stabilization of particles; but no evidence of a fluid gel was observed for those with pectin alone and those with no hydrocolloid content. Unlike pectin, gellan gum was capable of creating significant values of yield stress and accordingly stabilized colloidal particles and extrinsic added solid particles in the fermented dairy drink. However, pectin improved the stability in combination with gellan. The origin of fluid gel formation was assumed to be both permanent interactions occurring between gellan and proteins, forming hairy particle gels and transient interactions between the particle gels. The significance of yield stress values for particle stability was demonstrated and two methods, including a noteworthy infinite apparent viscosity method and a conventional Bingham approach, were employed to calculate the values of yield stress. Both the methods showed a good application potential due to their simplicity, reasonable results and also wide availability of the instrument applied.
Remote controlling devices using instant messaging (2005)

This paper shows how instant messaging technology can be used for remote controlling of devices, and outlines some of the issues involved, of which the most important is security. The concept of controlling and monitoring devices using instant messaging dialogue, presence and buddy list features is applied to a home automation context, and the idea and implementation of a prototype system is described. The paper describes how the excellent robustness and prototyping qualities of Erlang/OTP were exploited to quickly build a prototype system. It also shows how a gateway capable of speaking multiple device protocols can provide a single access point to different kinds of devices and services, and how the concept of agents can be used to add a layer of intelligence to the set of devices being controlled or monitored.
REHABILITATION OF FATIGUE LOADED STEEL STRUCTURES BY HIGH FREQUENCY HAMMER PEENING (2010)

This paper reflects the application of high frequency peening in order to increase the fatigue life of welded steel structures. Recent studies demonstrate that high frequency peening can increase the fatigue life of welded joints by 5 to 15 times. Furtheron high frequency peening methods which are accredited by a German institute ( Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , KIT) feature very small scatter in the results. Therefore, the quality control can be achieved by a procedure similar to the quality control system for welding, which is completed by a visual inspection. A developed design concept allows calculating the increased residual fatigue life of the structures by accounting for the locally increased fatigue strength. The present paper reports on an example of a fatigue loaded welded steel bridge which has been repaired by applying high frequency hammer peening in order to extend the remaining service life.