gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinicopathological Characteristics of Esophageal Squamous Papillomas in Japanese Patients-With Comparison of Findings from Western Countries (2006)

To clarify the characteristics of esophageal squamous papillomas (ESPs) in the Japanese population, we investigated 38 ESPs of 35 Japanese patients from a file with 17,387 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies in our university hospital. ESPs accounted for 0.20% of the total number of endoscopies and comprised 21 females and 14 males with an average age of 59.2 years. More than half of the ESPs (52.6%) were located in the middle esophagus. The ratio of human papilloma virus (HPV) positive ESPs was 10.5% and all were located in the middle esophagus of female patients only. HPV-positive ESP cases were younger (46.8 years) than HPV-negative cases (60.8 years). Based on comparison with the reports from western countries, we attribute the low prevalence in the lower esophagus to the relatively fewer occurrences of severe reflux esophagitis (RE) due to chronic gastritis with low gastric acid secretion among Japanese patients.
Abstract 4984: Association of PTEN and p16 mutational status with MITF expression may provide a novel context for a phenotype switch in melanoma (2011)

Abstract For the last decade, array-based genomic screening has significantly advanced our understanding of genes involved in cancer development and progression. Moreover, genes identified in those screenings have subsequently been the focus of drug development efforts, ultimately leading to clinical trials. However, the efficient translation of cancer genomics results into the development of more effective therapeutics has been limited in part by the need for robust, high-throughput, functional validation of genes and pathways of interest in well-defined model systems. In order to identify new therapeutic targets in melanoma genomes, we have applied high-throughput RNA interference (RNAi) screening to well-characterized melanoma cell lines. We characterized a panel of 65 melanoma cell lines for genome-wide copy number changes and gene expression, as well as the mutation status of known melanoma genes (BRAF, HRAS, NRAS, KRAS, PTEN, CDKN2A, and TP53). From this panel, 18 cell lines were screened against some 1,250 genes (696 kinases, 550 supplemental; 4 siRNAs per gene) to identify modifiers of melanoma cell survival. A striking finding from our data is that MITF expression appears to be a determinant of invasive context and, furthermore, is associated with changes in both p16 and PTEN status. In the cell lines we examined, high MITF expression correlated with wild-type PTEN status, whereas PTEN was deleted or mutated in 30-35% of cell lines having low MITF expression. Similarly, p16 was unaltered in 40-45% of the cell lines that had high MITF expression but remained unaltered in only 20-25% of low MITF-expressing cell lines. The loss of p16 and PTEN are correlated with an aggressive phenotype in melanoma, and we confirmed by Western analysis that in cell lines with high MITF, p16 is present, but in cell lines with low MITF, p16 expression is absent. In agreement with the current literature, no association could be found with BRAF mutational status. Moreover, these data confirm that MITF is associated with the switch in phenotype from a proliferative to an invasive state in melanoma in a BRAF-independent manner, which in turn is associated with an increase in WNT5A expression, a change we previously have suggested is a critical determinant of melanoma metastasis. Results to be presented, aligned with new studies of sequence variants of MITF (Brown et al., unpublished), may help define a novel context for invasive potential of the important disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4984. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4984
Using prior knowledge in artificial neural network classification with a minimal training set (1995)

Abstract Prior knowledge of class occurrence can be used in conventional statistical classifications to increase classification accuracy significantly. These classifications, however, require typically a large training set for their correct use. When small training sets are available therefore an alternative classification technique is required and one increasingly popular alternative is the use of artificial neural network techniques. Whilst many comparative studies have shown artificial neural network classifications to be more accurate than those derived from conventional statistical classifiers the difference in accuracy can be more than made-up if prior knowledge was incorporated in the statistical classification. To make the full use of artificial neural networks therefore approaches for the incorporation of prior knowledge must be developed. This paper proposes one approach which may be used and illustrates its use in the classification of agricultural crops from synthetic aperture radar data with a minimal training set. The results show that whilst the artificial neural network could accurately learn the training data the classification of an independent testing set was poor, an accuracy of only 27.0 per cent was derived for a seven class classification. Incorporating prior knowledge, however, significantly increased classification accuracy to 58.4 per cent. This latter result was comparable, in terms of accuracy and the pattern of class allocation, to a classification of the same data set by a discrimination analysis with prior knowledge.
Demonstration of a noble all optical D‐type flip flop system for high speed data processing (2017)

ABSTRACT In this article, we demonstrate a novel all optical D‐type flip flop (D‐FF) system for high speed data processing. The Cross Gain Modulation (XGM) response of four Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOAs) has been exploited to create optical logics for D‐FF. The system validity has been experimentally demonstrated by using the optical bit sequences operating at 10 Gbps. The proposed system can be extended in data rate and also be used as a basic architecture for the photonic integrated circuit. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:1042–1045, 2017
Wideband Antennas on Silicon (2018)

In modern sensor and communication systems, there is an increasing demand for the monolithic integration of the antennas with the radiofrequency to avoid external transmission line connections or sophisticated packaging, thus reducing manufacturing cost and improving system performances. Microstrip antennas are used in a broad range of applications from communication systems to biomedical systems, primarily due to their simplicity, conformability, and low manufacturing cost. Several methods have been used to overcome performance problem, including drilling a well-designed cavity underneath the antenna, and etching few holes underneath the antenna to disturb the formation of substrate modes. This chapter focuses on two categories of micromachined antennas, that is, micromachined cavity and micromachined holes' perforation, and their design methodologies. Micromachining of silicon is a process where the semiconductor substrate is mechanically altered, either by removing parts of the substrate or by adding layers and structures to the top of the wafer. The chapter introduces the development of surface micro-machined monopoles for W-Band applications.
Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of a Gallium-Doped Zinc Oxide Electrode Decorated with Densely Gathered Palladium Nanoparticles (2015)

A novel method for chemically preparing densely gathered palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) on a gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO) electrode is reported. We found that PdCl42– could be captured directly on a bare GZO electrode surface simply by immersing a piece of GZO in an aqueous solution of K2PdCl4, resulting in a GZO electrode color change from transparent to yellow. The subsequent reduction of the composite electrode in an aqueous solution of NaBH4 produced a further color change to blackish-violet even after the PdCl42–-captured GZO had been washed and dried. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of Pd as PdCl42– and Pd0 on the GZO before and after reduction with NaBH4, respectively. The surface images collected using field emission scanning electronic microscopy revealed that the PdNPs were densely gathered and connected to one another. Although bare GZO electrodes have not been used extensively in voltammetric analysis, the present modification using densely gathered PdNPs shows promise as a new approach to constructing Pd-functionalized electrodes as confirmed by measuring voltammetric responses. The simple capture of metal complex precursors and nanostructuring followed by a simple reduction reaction on GZO is promising as a new and efficient fabrication method that conserves precious starting materials.
Effect of Donor Strains and Age of the Recipient in the Use of Microencapsulated Hepatocytes to Control Hyperbilirubinemia in the Gunn Rat (1995)

Hepatocytes of certain rat strains are spontaneously accepted when they are implanted in the peritoneal cavity. Therefore to evaluate if microcapsules are able to immunoisolate the hepatocytes, it is necessary to find the strain of rat whose free hepatocytes are rejected. Hepatocytes were collected from Buffalo rats and were implanted intraperitoneally in one year old Gunn rats. During the first two weeks both groups of Gunn rats which received free and encapsulated hepatocytes showed a reduction in the bilirubin level relative to the control. After 15 days, the bilirubin levels increased in the group which received free hepatocytes. This suggests that an acute rejection had taken place. Bilirubin continued to stay high until the end of the experiment and there was no difference between this group and the control. As the animal ages, there is a significant accumulation of bilirubin in the tissues which affects the net reduction of serum bilirubin since once bilirubin is conjugated by the transplanted hepatocytes and eliminated, some of the bilirubin deposited in the tissues diffuses into the blood preventing a major drop in serum bilirubin levels. The findings that UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) activity of Buffalo rat hepatocytes is the same as the UDPGT activity of Wistar rat hepatocytes, imply that the age of the animal is a very critical factor in determining how great the depression of serum bilirubin will be after implantation of hepatocytes.
A study of out-of-turn interaction in menu-based, IVR, voicemail systems (2007)

We present the first user study of out-of-turn interaction inmenu-based, interactive voice-response systems. Out-of-turn interaction is atechnique which empowers the user (unable to respond to the current prompt) totake the conversational initiative by supplying information that is currentlyunsolicited, but expected later in the dialog. The technique permits the userto circumvent any flows of navigation hardwired into the design and navigatethe menus in a manner which reflects their model of the task. We conducted alaboratory experiment to measure the effect of the use of out-of-turninteraction on user performance and preference in a menu-based, voice interfaceto voicemail. Specifically, we compared two interfaces with the exact samehierarchical menu design: one with the capability of accepting out-of-turnutterances and one without this feature. The results indicate that out-of-turninteraction significantly reduces task completion time, improves usability, andis preferred to the baseline. This research studies an unexplored dimension ofthe design space for automated telephone services, namely the nature ofuser-addressable input (utterance) supplied (in-turn vs. out-of-turn), incontrast to more traditional dimensions such as input modality (touch-tone vs.text vs. voice) and style of interaction (menu-based vs. natural language).
Response of isolated working hearts to fatty acids and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I inhibition during reduction of coronary flow in acutely and chronically diabetic rats. (1989)

The effects of palmitate on mechanical failure of ischemic hearts were studied in acutely (48-hour) and chronically (6-week) streptozotocin diabetic rats. Coronary flow was reduced by 50% in isolated working hearts perfused at a 15 cm H2O preload and 100 mm Hg afterload by the one-way ball valve model of ischemia. Peak systolic pressure (PSP) and cardiac output (CO) decreased 40% by 4 minutes in control hearts perfused with 11 mM glucose and paced at 280 beats/min, compared with 50% in hearts from acutely diabetic rats. Addition of 1.2 mM palmitate to the perfusate accelerated failure rates, with PSP and CO decreasing 65% and 80% by 4 minutes in control and acutely diabetic rat hearts, respectively. In chronically diabetic rats, mechanical function could not be maintained in palmitate-perfused hearts paced at 280 beats/min, even in the absence of ischemia. If these hearts were paced at 250 beats/min and subjected to ischemia, PSP and CO decreased 90% by 4 minutes, regardless of whether palmitate was added to the perfusate. Under these conditions, PSP decreased less than 10% by 4 minutes in both palmitate- or glucose-perfused control hearts. Etomoxir (10(-9) M), a carnitine palmitoyltransferase I inhibitor, markedly decreased the rate of mechanical failure in both acutely and chronically diabetic rat hearts, in the presence and absence of palmitate. The beneficial effect of Etomoxir on mechanical function did not occur as a result of a decrease in either myocardial long chain acyl-coenzyme A or long chain acylcarnitine levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dynamic Response and Its Frequency Domain Characteristics of Lateritic Soil Subgrade under Traffic Load during Construction (2020)

Field tests were carried out on the compacted lateritic soil subgrade of Laibin‐Mashan expressway in Guangxi Province to obtain the vertical vibration acceleration and dynamic stress amplitude of each test point under different axle loads and different driving speeds. The distribution law of the dynamic response and its frequency domain characteristics obtained by wavelet analysis emerged. The vibration of the subgrade is clearly aggravated by the increase of speed and load. Specifically, the acceleration of vehicle speed from 20 km/h to 40 km/h has a prominent effect on the vibration of subgrade, and the influence of speed on the vibration of subgrade decreases with subgrade depth. The acceleration has the greatest impact on the vibration energy in the third and fourth frequency bands.
A Conditional Lower Bound for Episode Matching. (2021)

Given two strings $S$ and $P$, the Episode Matching problem is to compute the length of the shortest substring of $S$ that contains $P$ as a subsequence. The best known upper bound for this problem is $\tilde O(nm)$ by Das et al. (1997), where $n,m$ are the lengths of $S$ and $P$, respectively. Although the problem is well studied and has many applications in data mining, this bound has never been improved. In this paper we show why this is the case by proving that an $O((nm)^{1-\epsilon})$ algorithm (even for binary strings) would refute the popular Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (SETH). The proof is based on a simple reduction from Orthogonal Vectors.
Magnetic and lattice coupling in single-crystalSrFe2As2: A neutron scattering study (2009)

A detailed elastic neutron scattering study of the structural and magnetic phase transitions in single-crystal ${\text{SrFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ reveals that the orthorhombic (O)-tetragonal (T) and the antiferromagnetic transitions coincide at ${T}_{\text{O}}={T}_{\text{N}}=(201.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25)\text{ }\text{K}$. The observation of coexisting O-T phases over a finite temperature range at the transition and the sudden onset of the O distortion provide strong evidences that the structural transition is first order. The simultaneous appearance and disappearance within 0.5 K upon cooling and within 0.25 K upon warming, respectively, indicate that the magnetic and structural transitions are intimately coupled. We find that the hysteresis in the transition temperature extends over a 1--2 K range. Based on the observation of a remnant orthorhombic phase at temperatures higher than ${T}_{\text{O}}$, we suggest that the T-O transition may be an order-disorder transition.
Host–guest complexation at the electrode/solution interface: the inclusion of an amphiphilic viologen guest by an amphiphilic calix[6]arene host (1994)

A. R. Bernardo, T. Lu, E. Córdova, L. Zhang, G. W. Gokel and A. E. Kaifer, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 529 DOI: 10.1039/C39940000529
Mitigation of Resonance Vibration Effects in Marine Propulsion (2018)

Electric propulsion has become the solution for large marine vessels over conventional combustion engine propulsion. An azimuth thruster is the primary propulsion unit in such electrified ships, and it has become prevalent recently. However, the mechanical failures among bevel gear, coupling, and bearing in the thruster are reported commonly, and it may be attributed to the dynamic mismatch and torsional oscillations between the motor drive and mechanical drivetrain systems. One main advantage of using electric propulsion is its flexible and instant torque control that can reduce the torsional stress in the drivetrain. In this paper, a new speed difference-based active torque compensating method is proposed. A detailed model for the azimuth propulsion system is developed, and a power electronics-based controller is used to manage the excessive drivetrain torque caused by a sudden load change. The proposed controller can change the damping ratio by introducing virtual material damping in the system, which decreases the resonant torque amplitude in the driveline. The resonant torque attenuating effects are validated both by simulation and experiment with a multi-inertia model operating at rapid ventilation.
Iontophoretically Induced Transdermal Delivery of Salbutamol (1988)

Passive and iontophoretically assisted transport of salbutamol from a hydrogel matrix has been studied in vitro across a model membrane and in vivo and in vitro across human stratum corneum.in vitro experiments were conducted in specially designed glass diffusion cells and initial experiments using cellophane membranes showed that the passive release of salbutamol from the hydrogel across the membrane was matrix-controlled and that this transport could be significantly enhanced by the application of an iontophoretic current Passive diffusion of salbutamol from a gel matrix containing the sulphate through stratum corneum membranes, was found to be negligible over a 24 hour period, but significant transport could be induced using current densities in the range 0.04-0.4mA cm-2. The quantity of drug transported increased linearly with time, and was proportional to the current density used.Preliminary in vivo trials in two subjects showed significant electrically assisted systemic delivery of the drug using iontophoretic currents of 0.1 - 0.2mA over a 4 hour period.
Convolutional Neural Network Simplification Based on Feature Maps Selection (2016)

We present a feature maps selection method for convolutional neural network (CNN) which can keep the classifier performance when CNN is used as a feature extractor. This method aims to simplify the last subsampling layer of CNN by cutting the number of feature maps with Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). It is shown that our method can stabilize the classification accuracy and achieve runtime reduction by removing some feature maps of the last subsampling layer which have worst separability. And the result also lay the foundation for further simplification of CNN.
A large-scale study of the evolution of web pages (2003)

How fast does the web change? Does most of the content remain unchanged once it has been authored, or are the documents continuously updated? Do pages change a little or a lot? Is the extent of change correlated to any other property of the page? All of these questions are of interest to those who mine the web, including all the popular search engines, but few studies have been performed to date to answer them.One notable exception is a study by Cho and Garcia-Molina, who crawled a set of 720,000 pages on a daily basis over four months, and counted pages as having changed if their MD5 checksum changed. They found that 40% of all web pages in their set changed within a week, and 23% of those pages that fell into the .com domain changed daily.This paper expands on Cho and Garcia-Molina's study, both in terms of coverage and in terms of sensitivity to change. We crawled a set of 150,836,209 HTML pages once every week, over a span of 11 weeks. For each page, we recorded a checksum of the page, and a feature vector of the words on the page, plus various other data such as the page length, the HTTP status code, etc. Moreover, we pseudo-randomly selected 0.1% of all of our URLs, and saved the full text of each download of the corresponding pages.After completion of the crawl, we analyzed the degree of change of each page, and investigated which factors are correlated with change intensity. We found that the average degree of change varies widely across top-level domains, and that larger pages change more often and more severely than smaller ones.This paper describes the crawl and the data transformations we performed on the logs, and presents some statistical observations on the degree of change of different classes of pages.
Omics in Major Cereals: Applications, Challenges, and Prospects (2021)

Omics technologies, viz., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics, are becoming an integral part of virtually every commercial cereal breeding program because they provide substantial dividends per unit time in both pre-breeding and breeding phases. Continuous advances in cereal-omics promise&amp;mdash;in combination with time efficiency&amp;mdash;the cost benefits. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the established cereal-omics methods in five major cereals, viz., rice, sorghum, maize, barley, and bread wheat. We cover the evolution of technologies in each omics section independently and concentrate on their use to improve economically important agronomic as well as biotic and abiotic stress-related traits. Advancements in the (1) identification, mapping, and sequencing of molecular/structural variants, (2) high-density transcriptomics data to study gene expression patterns, (3) global and targeted proteome profiling to study protein structure and interaction, (4) metabolomic profiling to quantify organ level small-density metabolites and their composition, and (5) high-resolution high-throughput image-based phenomics approaches are surveyed in this review.
On Modeling and Pulse Phase Estimation of X-Ray Pulsars (2010)

Mathematical models are developed to characterize the X-ray pulsar signals, and the pulse phase estimation problem is addressed. The Cramér-Rao lower bound for estimation of the pulse phase is presented. Depending on employing the photon counts or direct use of the measured photon time of arrivals, two different estimation strategies are proposed and analyzed. In the first approach, utilizing the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">epoch folding</i> procedure, the observed pulsar rate function on the detector is retrieved, and the pulse phase is estimated through a nonlinear least-squares fit of the empirical rate function to the known pulsar rate function. It is shown that this estimator is consistent, but not asymptotically efficient. In the second strategy, a maximum likelihood (ML) estimation problem is formulated using the probability density function of the photon time of arrivals. It is shown that the ML estimator is asymptotically efficient. Computational complexity of the proposed estimators is investigated as well. The analytical results are verified numerically via computer simulations.