gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of A Boron Oxide Layer on Hydrogen Production by Boron Hydrolysis (2011)

Hydrolysis of boron is investigated as a part of a boron/boron oxide solar, water-splitting, thermochemical cycle.Boron was hydrolysed and boron oxide was gasified with steam in a tubular reactor.The influence of the reactor temperature and time on hydrogen conversion was measured at furnace set point temperatures of 873, 973 and 1073 K.The hydrogen production rate was measured by inline gas chromatography.The products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction.The average hydrogen production efficiency of 92% was obtained for both 973 and 1073 K.The formation of a boric acid layer on the reactor walls was attributed to the gasification of the boron oxide.The X-ray analysis shows 100% conversion of the boron to boron oxide and boric acid.
CE 2004: Computer engineering: curriculum guidelines for undergraduate degree programmes in computer engineering (2004)

Computer engineering as an academic field encompasses the broad areas of computer science and electrical engineering. Computer engineering is defined in this report as follows. Computer engineering is a discipline that embodies the science and technology of design, construction, implementation, and maintenance of software and hardware components of modern computing systems and computer-controlled equipment. Computer engineering has traditionally been viewed as a combination of both computer science (CS) and electrical engineering (EE). Hence, this unique combination prepares students for careers that deal with computer systems from design through implementation. Computing systems are components of a wide range of products such as fuel injection systems in vehicles, medical devices such as x-ray machines, communication devices such as cell phones, and household devices such as alarm systems and washing machines. Designing computing systems and computing components of products, developing and testing their prototypes, and implementing them to market are examples of what computer engineers would do.
‘Firing Sequence’ as a Tool for the Analysis of Petri Nets (2018)

In this paper, a new tool is known as the `firing sequence' is introduced for the analysis of Petri nets. Firing sequence is proposed as a supplement to the well-known `reachability tree.' Firing sequence is implemented in the General-purpose Petri net Simulator (GPenSIM). For analyzing Petri nets, this paper proposes performing the analysis with the reachability tree as a starting point. If the reachability tree indicates any deadlocks, then firing sequence can be used to verify the possibility of getting into the deadlock state. By using the firing sequence, the firing conditions (the external variables) can also be taken into account, which is not possible with the reachability tree. Also, the firing sequence incorporates firing times of the transitions, thus provides the time perspective in the analysis, which is also not possible in the reachability tree analysis.
Measures of intra-host DENV2 diversity in human and mosquito hosts. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;(A)&lt;/b&gt; Number of SNVs; &lt;b&gt;(B)&lt;/b&gt; Sum of SNV frequencies; &lt;b&gt;(C)&lt;/b&gt; Average SNV frequency; &lt;b&gt;(D)&lt;/b&gt; Standard error of the mean SNV frequency; all calculated on a per sample basis. Abd, abdomen; SG, salivary gland.&lt;/p&gt;
Random matrices and Laplacian growth (2015)

This article reviews the theory of random matrices with eigenvalues distributed in the complex plane and more general ‘beta ensembles’ (logarithmic gases in 2D). It first considers two ensembles of random matrices with complex eigenvalues: ensemble <italic>C</italic> of general complex matrices and ensemble <italic>N</italic> of normal matrices. In particular, it describes the Dyson gas picture for ensembles of matrices with general complex eigenvalues distributed on the plane. It then presents some general exact relations for correlation functions valid for any values of <italic>N</italic> and β before analysing the distribution and correlations of the eigenvalues in the large <italic>N</italic> limit. Using the technique of boundary value problems in two dimensions and elements of the potential theory, the article demonstrates that the finite-time blow-up (a cusp–like singularity) of the Laplacian growth with zero surface tension is a critical point of the normal and complex matrix models.
Two sides of a coin: a Zika virus mutation selected in pregnant rhesus macaques promotes fetal infection in mice but at a cost of reduced fitness in nonpregnant macaques and diminished transmissibility by vectors (2020)

ABSTRACT Although fetal death is now understood to be a severe outcome of congenital Zika syndrome, the role of viral genetics is still unclear. We sequenced Zika virus (ZIKV) from a rhesus macaque fetus that died after inoculation and identified a single intra-host mutation, M1404I, in the ZIKV polyprotein, located in NS2B. Targeted sequencing flanking position 1404 in 9 additional macaque mothers and their fetuses identified M1404I at sub-consensus frequency in the majority (5 of 9, 56%) of animals and some of their fetuses. Despite its repeated presence in pregnant macaques, M1404I occurs rarely in humans since 2015. Since the primary ZIKV transmission cycle is human-mosquito-human, mutations in one host must be retained in the alternate host to be perpetuated. We hypothesized that ZIKV I1404 increases fitness in non-pregnant macaques and pregnant mice but is less efficiently transmitted by vectors, explaining its low frequency in humans during outbreaks. By examining competitive fitness relative to M1404, we observed that I1404 produced lower viremias in non-pregnant macaques and was a weaker competitor in tissues. In pregnant wildtype mice ZIKV I1404 increased the magnitude and rate of placental infection and conferred fetal infection, contrasting with M1404, which was not detected in fetuses. Although infection and dissemination rates were not different, Ae. aegypti transmitted ZIKV I1404 more poorly than M1404. Our data highlight the complexity of arbovirus mutation-fitness dynamics, and suggest that intrahost ZIKV mutations capable of augmenting fitness in pregnant vertebrates may not necessarily spread efficiently via mosquitoes during epidemics. IMPORTANCE Although Zika virus infection of pregnant women can result in congenital Zika syndrome, the factors that cause the syndrome in some but not all infected mothers are still unclear. We identified a mutation that was present in some ZIKV genomes in experimentally inoculated pregnant rhesus macaques and their fetuses. Although we did not find an association between the presence of the mutation and fetal death, we performed additional studies with it in non-pregnant macaques, pregnant mice, and mosquitoes. We observed that the mutation increased the ability of the virus to infect mouse fetuses but decreased its capacity to produce high levels of virus in the blood of non-pregnant macaques and to be transmitted by mosquitoes. This study shows that mutations in mosquito-borne viruses like ZIKV that increase fitness in pregnant vertebrates may not spread in outbreaks when they compromise transmission via mosquitoes and fitness in non-pregnant hosts.
Perforated Bimodal Interferometric Biosensor for Affinity Sensing (2019)

Abstract A compact photonic sensor using a perforated waveguide (PW) that functions as a bimodal interferometer (BiMI) is developed for affinity sensing. A 2D array of holes is formed on the bimodal region of the waveguide. The PW is designed to allow 1.31 µm wavelength light to transmit, harnessing the strong optical intensity distribution inside the holes to enhance the sensitivity of the sensor. Numerical simulations show that the PW‐BiMI outperforms a nonperforated BiMI in surface sensitivity by 7.6 times. A molecularly imprinted polymer for human serum albumin (HSA) is synthesized and coated on the PW‐BiMI. The sensitivity and detection limit for HSA achieved using a 100 µm long sensor are 154 nm µ m −1 and 20.4 µg mL −1 , respectively. Compared with a BiMI of equivalent length, the PW‐BiMI sensor would have a 22 times larger surface sensitivity, and the detection limit would be decreased to 31%. The PW‐BiMI sensor has potential for application in label‐free biosensing with a small volume of solution.
Hormonal Responses of Sleep Deprived Males and Females Exposed to 12??C for 180-min (2004)

0903 The body's ability to maintain normal body temperature is an intricate combination of physiological mechanisms. Furthermore, this response to cold exposure may differ between genders. Therefore, when sleep deprivation is combined with the stressor of prolonged cold exposure, the individual's ability to maintain homeostasis may be compromised. The capability to maintain body temperature is regulated by the hormonal response to cold exposure. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of sleep deprivation on the hormonal responses of males and females exposed to 12°C for 180-min. METHODS: Subjects underwent two cold air trials (CAT) (12°C air for 180 min): one following a normal night of sleep (i.e., 6–8 hrs) (CON) and one following 33 hrs of sleep deprivation (SDEP). A venous blood sample was taken at baseline and then at the 90-min and 180-min cold exposure time points. Repeated Measures ANOVA was used to determine significance between SDEP vs. CON between gender and across time for norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), cortisol (CORT), Insulin (INS), and thyroid hormones (T3 &T4). RESULTS: No main effect (p ≥ 0.05) for time, trial, or gender or interaction was demonstrated for INS, T3, T4, EPI, or CORT. A main effect for time (p < 0.001) for NE was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of significant changes in the hormonal responses to cold exposure combined with sleep deprivation may have been due to an ability of the individual to continue to respond despite the environmental stressor. Therefore, based on these data it appears that SDEP combined with protracted cold exposure was not a great enough of a stressor to cause a differentiated response in the hormonal parameters.
Fundamentals of Low-NOx Gas Turbine Adiabatic Combustor (2005)

The present work is concerned with the thermodynamic, chemical and geometric parameters of gas turbine combustor operating in the flameless oxidation combustion regime. A methodology for calculating the thermodynamic parameters was developed for adiabatic combustion with recirculation. This enables to find the oxygen concentration, temperatures and other principal combustion products at different operational combustion conditions and to obtain geometrical relationships of the combustor. Based on shock-tube tests and comparison with CHEMKIN code simulations, a methodology to estimate the heat density generation at the recirculation zone was elaborated. These results have enabled preliminary design of the combustor and two sector models (60 degrees each) were produced. The combustor sectors were tested and demonstrated very stable combustion operation over a wide range of equivalence ratios with low NOx emission.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF ARYLSULFONYLALKYL ARENESULFONATES WITH HYDROXIDE ION. NUCLEOPHILIC DISPLACEMENT AT SULFONATE SULFUR (1977)

Abstract Die Hydrolyse der Arylsulfonylalkylsulfonate (I) wird hinsichtlich Kinetik und Reaktionsprodukt untersucht.
Aminothiols: synthesis and effect on chicken brain aminopeptidases. (1988)

An amino acid derivative, leucinethiol, was reported to be a strong inhibitor of aminopeptidase activity. In order to obtain selective inhibitors of various brain aminopeptidases, we tested the inhibition by amino acid analogs of brain aminopeptidase activity. In particular, we synthesized the trifluoroacetyl derivatives of phenylalaninol, tyrosinol, and leucinol; leucinethiol; and phenylalaninethiol and measured their effect on soluble puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase S1 and SII purified in our laboratory. Two of the compounds, L-bis (1-thio-2-amino-4-methylpentane) dihydrochloride (TAMP) and L-bis (1-thio-2-amino-3-phenylpropane) dihydrochloride (TAPP), caused significant inhibition.
Continual Learning Through Synaptic Intelligence (2017)

While deep learning has led to remarkable advances across diverse applications, it struggles in domains where the data distribution changes over the course of learning. In stark contrast, biological neural networks continually adapt to changing domains, possibly by leveraging complex molecular machinery to solve many tasks simultaneously. In this study, we introduce intelligent synapses that bring some of this biological complexity into artificial neural networks. Each synapse accumulates task relevant information over time, and exploits this information to rapidly store new memories without forgetting old ones. We evaluate our approach on continual learning of classification tasks, and show that it dramatically reduces forgetting while maintaining computational efficiency.
A requirement for early neonatal exposure to vitamin D for iNKT cells (134.26) (2009)

Abstract CD1d-reactive invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique subset of lymphocytes, which play important roles in immune regulation. We have shown that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is required for the development of iNKT cells. Here we determined the effect of the vitamin D ligand (calcitriol) on iNKT cells. Like the VDR KO mice fewer iNKT cells were identified in the calcitriol deficient mice. However, ligand deficiency did not affect the function of the remaining iNKT cells. In addition, calcitirol deficiency did not affect the development of iNKT cells in the thymus, while VDR KO iNKT cells were blocked at the CD44+/NK1.1- stage of development. The 1alpha-hydroxylase (encoded by cyp27B1) is an enzyme required for production of calcitriol. Cyp27B1 KO mice are calcitriol deficient because they cannot convert vitamin D to the active form. Cyp27B1 ko/+ breeders were fed vitamin D deficient diets. At three weeks of age WT and Cyp27B1 KO littermates were weaned and fed diets that contain vitamin D for the next 5 weeks. Analysis of iNKT cells from these mice showed that both the WT and Cyp27B1 KO littermates had very few iNKT cells. In fact the percentage of iNKT cells in the liver of vitamin D deficient mice littermates were very low 1.2-1.8% and lower than in the VDR KO mice (6%). Early exposure to calcitriol in utero is required for iNKT cell development and iNKT cells failed to recover in either WT or Cyp27B1 KO littermates that were calcitriol sufficient from the age of 5-8 wks. The data show that there are differences in the role of the VDR and the vitamin D ligand on iNKT cells. In addition, the data suggest a critical role for calcitriol early either during neonatal development or the first 3 weeks post-birth in inducing iNKT cells.
The Preparation of 6-Trifluoromethylisatin (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of 6-TrifluoromethylisatinLeon SimetCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 12, 3580–3581Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01047a522https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01047a522research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views154Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Strategic Vision on PV Research Infrastructure in Europe (2014)

The European FP7 project “SOPHIA” has worked on a Strategic Research Infrastructure Agenda, presenting a listing of existing Research Infrastructure (RI) across the consortium of this project , current trends in access and use of PV RI as well as recommendations for future PV RI, upgrading the capability of EU PV RI. This agenda is targeted at those who make decisions on the allocation of research budgets. It might be taken up by ESFRI (European Strategy Forum on RI) in the next update of its roadmap, by presenting a view to set a whole range of multi-purpose RI, addressing the whole PV value chain form the lab to the fab all along the Technological Readiness Level (TRL) scale. It should further enable flexible cooperation and optimal use by European user communities.
Behaviour of post-tensioned timber columns under bi-directional seismic loading (2014)

Moment-resisting frames made of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) in combination with unbonded post-tensioning have recently been proposed for multi-storey timber buildings. Prefabricated and post-tensioned timber frames can be designed to have enhanced re-centering and energy dissipation after seismic loading. The unbonded post-tensioning provides re-centering capacity while energy is dissipated through the addition of special dissipating devices which also act as external reinforcing. As part of a research program on multi-storey timber structures, this paper describes experimental and analytical studies to investigate the behaviour of post-tensioned LVL columns under uni-and bi-directional seismic loading. The results show excellent seismic performance, characterized by negligible damage of the structural members and small residual deformations, even under the combined effect of loading in two directions. Energy is dissipated mostly through yielding of external mild steel dissipaters connecting the column and the foundation, which can be easily removed and replaced after an earthquake. Since post-tensioning can be economically performed on site, the system can be easily implemented for either column-to-foundation connections in multi-storey timber buildings as well as for pier-to-foundation and/or pier-to-deck connections in timber bridges.
Glycerol: a successful alternative to dexamethasone for patients receiving brain irradiation for metastatic disease. (1978)

Thirty-three patients with metastatic brain neoplasms of various types received glycerol instead of corticosteroids during periods of brain irradiation. In the 25 symptomatic patients, responses from this treatment were seen in those patients whose primary symptom was vomiting (ten of 12 patients), headache (nine of ten), papilledema (five of nine), paralysis (six of eight), confusion (six of seven), and dysphasia (four of six). Glycerol was well tolerated; it did not induce immunosuppression when administered in combination with radiotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy. Further investigation is indicated to compare its efficacy with that of dexamethasone.
Deep Voice 3: 2000-Speaker Neural Text-to-Speech (2017)

We present Deep Voice 3, a fully-convolutional attention-based neural text-to-speech (TTS) system. Deep Voice 3 matches state-of-the-art neural speech synthesis systems in naturalness while training ten times faster. We scale Deep Voice 3 to data set sizes unprecedented for TTS, training on more than eight hundred hours of audio from over two thousand speakers. In addition, we identify common error modes of attention-based speech synthesis networks, demonstrate how to mitigate them, and compare several different waveform synthesis methods. We also describe how to scale inference to ten million queries per day on one single-GPU server.
Synthesis of new sulfoximines for asymmetric synthesis and pseudopeptides (2006)

Sulfoximines have attracted attention due to their applicability as chiral auxiliaries, ligands in asymmetric catalysis, and building blocks in pseudopeptides. A number of approaches have been investigated for their synthesis, which allows the preparation of various derivatives in a relatively straightforward manner. In order to extend the research in this area, it is essential to develop methods, which make a wide variety of enantiomerically pure sulfoximine derivatives accessible. This thesis is mainly centered on the search of new synthetic methodologies and the improvement of existing ones in order to prepare a variety of sulfoximine compounds conveniently. The strategies for these intentions involve: (i) aryl substitution on sulfoximines by palladium-catalyzed cross coupling, (ii) a-functionalization of sulfoximines by palladium-catalyzed C-arylation, (iii) copper-mediated N-arylation of sulfoximines and (iv) silver-catalyzed or metal-free iminations of sulfoxides to afford sulfoximines.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Logistic Regression Parameters under Two-phase, Outcome-dependent Sampling (1997)

Summary Outcome-dependent sampling increases the efficiency of studies of rare outcomes, examples being case—control studies in epidemiology and choice–based sampling in econometrics. Two-phase or double sampling is a standard technique for drawing efficient stratified samples. We develop maximum likelihood estimation of logistic regression coefficients for a hybrid two-phase, outcome–dependent sampling design. An algorithm is given for determining the estimates by repeated fitting of ordinary logistic regression models. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency loss associated with alternative pseudolikelihood and weighted likelihood methods for certain data configurations. These results provide an efficient solution to the measurement error problem with validation sampling based on a discrete surrogate.
Discovering semantic relations from the web and organizing them with PATTY (2013)

PATTY is a system for automatically distilling relational patterns from the Web, for example, the pattern "X covered Y" between a singer and someone else's song. We have extracted a large collection of such patterns and organized them in a taxonomic manner, similar in style to the WordNet thesaurus but capturing relations (binary predicates) instead of concepts and classes (unary predicates). The patterns are organized by semantic types and synonyms, and they form a hierarchy based on subsumptions. For example, "X covered Y" is subsumed by "X sang Y", which in turn is subsumed by "X performed Y" (where X can be any musician, not just a singer). In this paper we give an overview of the PATTY system and the resulting collections of relational patterns. We discuss the four main components of PATTY's architecture and a variety of use cases, including the paraphrasing of relations, and semantic search over subjectpredicate- object triples. This kind of search can handle entities, relations, semantic types, noun phrases, and relational phrases.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of βγ‐Unsaturated Esters and Lactones. Application to Pyrenophorol Synthesis. (1987)

Abstract The α‐bromo unsaturated esters (II), prepared by reacting the silyl ketene acetals (I) with dibromocarbene, produce the βγ‐unsaturated esters (IV) on treatment with the dialkyl phosphonate (III) and a base such as triethylamine.