gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Attention Based Method For Motion Detection And Estimation (2019)

The demand for automated motion detection and object tracking systems has promoted considerable research activity in the field of computer vision. A novel approach to motion detection and estimation based on visual attention is proposed in the paper. Two different thresholding techniques are applied and comparisons are made with Black's motion estimation technique based on the measure of overall derived tracking angle. The method is illustrated on various video data and results show that the new method can extract both motion and shape information.
X-Ray Optics for Synchrotron Radiation (1992)

This paper presents the main optical devices used to prepare a beam from X-ray synchrotron source: monochromators, flat or curved in order to intercept a larger angular divergence at the sample, mirrors and, finally, optics for polarized X-ray experiments. Since X-ray optics is based either on total reflection or on diffraction by perfect crystals, the basic fundamental results of X-ray dynamical theory, which are necessary to understand the reasons why one device should be chosen rather than the other, are also presented.
Wetting agents: Can increase water infiltration or retard it, depending on soil conditions and water contact angle (1961)

Wetting agents are being marketed as means of increasing water infiltration of soil. At present no recommendation either for or against their use in irrigation water can be made that will cover every soil condition. However, certain effects of wetting agents on water entry are known, and these indicate conditions under which wetting agents are most likely to be beneficial.
Interbilayer transfer of phospholipid-anchored macromolecules via monomer diffusion (1993)

A series of conjugates has been prepared by linking various hydrophilic macromolecules [poly-(ethylene glycols), polylysine, aminodextrans, or apotransferrin] to synthetic phosphatidylethanolamines via linker moieties incorporating a fluorescent bimane group. Using a fluorescence energy transfer-based assay, the rate of transfer of these species between phospholipid vesicles has been monitored as a function of the nature and size of the coupled macromolecule and of the acyl chain composition of the lipid anchor. Conjugates in which the phospholipid anchor is linked to a small hydrophilic terminal residue (e.g., ethanolamine or ethylenediamine) transfer between large unilamellar vesicles of egg phosphatidylcholine with half-times ranging from tens of minutes (for dimyristoyl lipid conjugates) to a few tens of hours (for dipalmitoyl and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl lipid conjugates), in agreement with previous results for unlabeled phospholipids. Conjugation of these same lipid anchors to larger hydrophilic molecules markedly accelerates their rates of intermembrane transfer, by factors ranging from 5-7-fold (for conjugates with apotransferrin and aminodextrans of molecular weight 10,000-70,000) to over 25-fold [for conjugates with poly(ethylene glycol)-5000]. In all cases the observed transfer appears to reflect the diffusion of lipid monomers through the aqueous phase. Our results suggest that substantial intermembrane transfer can occur, on a time scale of several hours or less, for hydrophilic macromolecules conjugated to diacyl(/alkyl) lipids with 14- to 18-carbon chains unless portions of the conjugate other than the lipid anchor also interact strongly with the membrane.
Investigation of GaAs/(Al,Ga)As multiple quantum wells by photoreflectance (1987)

Room-temperature photoreflectance has been used to investigate a series of GaAs/(Al,Ga)As multiple quantum-well structures. In addition to the allowed (as high as n=5) and symmetry forbidden transitions, we have observed transitions involving the so-called ‘‘unconfined’’ states, which have received less attention so far. We have examined these transitions more carefully by studying a low barrier multiple quantum-well structure and observed transitions as far as 200 meV beyond the barrier gap. By using a simple two-band tight-binding model, the energies and matrix elements for these unconfined transitions were calculated and shown to agree with the experimental values determined by fitting the photoreflectance spectra to the theoretical line-shape expression.
Metallic Architectures from 3D‐Printed Powder‐Based Liquid Inks (2015)

A new method for complex metallic architecture fabrication is presented, through synthesis and 3D‐printing of a new class of 3D‐inks into green‐body structures followed by thermochemical transformation into sintered metallic counterparts. Small and large volumes of metal‐oxide, metal, and metal compound 3D‐printable inks are synthesized through simple mixing of solvent, powder, and the biomedical elastomer, polylactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA). These inks can be 3D‐printed under ambient conditions via simple extrusion at speeds upwards of 150 mm s –1 into millimeter‐ and centimeter‐scale thin, thick, high aspect ratio, hollow and enclosed, and multi‐material architectures. The resulting 3D‐printed green‐bodies can be handled immediately, are remarkably robust, and may be further manipulated prior to metallic transformation. Green‐bodies are transformed into metallic counterparts without warping or cracking through reduction and sintering in a H 2 atmosphere at elevated temperatures. It is shown that primary metal and binary alloy structures can be created from inks comprised of single and mixed oxide powders, and the versatility of the process is illustrated through its extension to more than two dozen additional metal‐based materials. A potential application of this new system is briefly demonstrated through cyclic reduction and oxidation of 3D‐printed iron oxide constructs, which remain intact through numerous redox cycles.
Autophagy and Herpesvirus: A collaboration Contributing to Alzheimer's Disease (2022)

Since the 1960s viral pathogenesis researchers have considered herpesviruses as an underlying factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We reported molecular interactions between herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and the amyloid precursor protein (APP), the parent of amyloid plaques pathognomonic for AD (Sapute-Krishnan et al., 2003 and 2006; Chen et al., 2011, Bearer and Wu, 2019). Furthermore, others report biochemical interactions between HSV-1 and autophagy. Using several brain banks for specimens of four brain regions in post-mortems of individuals with and without cognitive impairment prior to death. Readhead et al. 2018 found molecular-genetic evidence linking activity of 6 different human herpesviruses to AD, including HSV-1, HSV-2, HHN6, HHN7, VZV and CMV to AD. Of these, HHN6, a common virus causing a minor childhood illness thought to be a nuisance, emerged as most significant. Using a quantitative trait loci approach, a network of candidate AD-associated genes were found that correlated with viral load and activity. These ontology networks did not specifically consider autophagy genes. Our hypothesis is that viral replication and egress highjacks cellular membrane systems and thereby alters autophagic function. Those individuals carrying genetic variations that protect against this dynamic will be less vulnerable to cognitive impairment despite viral load, or viral load will be diminished. Here we first prepared lists of autophagy genes (ATG), including 180 we uniquely identified through machine learning, as well as lists from publications (Mitzushima, 2019) and websites (Autophagy Gene List, Tanpaku.org). We applied software developed by Readhead et al. 2018, available through Synapse.com, to expression and sequence data from post-mortem brains obtained from publications and public sites hosted by Alzheimer's Center brain banks. We first determined ATG expression levels correlating with either non-AD (<1 plaque per section, Braak<3, and no dementia, or pre-clinical AD, defined as Braak III-IV with no cognitive impairment. Virtually all ATG were down-regulated in pre-clinical compared to non-AD controls. Next we searched the list of quantitative trait loci (QTL) that correlated with increased viral load and activity for ATG genes from 300+ brains in the Nun's Study brain bank (ROSMAP) and the Mount Sinai Brain Bank (MSBB). Lastly, we correlated those ATG-associated QTL with expression levels of these genes in control and preclinical AD (Liang et al. 2007, 2008 and 2010). We found that decreased ATG expression due to single nucleotide polymorphisms correlate with viral load and AD. This study suggests autophagy is a novel mechanism linking herpesvirus to AD, which may aid in finding new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Since HHV6 is a common infection of childhood, infecting nearly 100% of humans, identifying genetic vulnerabilities to persistence and progression will be critically important for prevention of adult AD.
Grating compensation of third-order fiber dispersion (1992)

Subpicosecond optical pulses propagating in single-mode fibers are severely distorted by third-order dispersion even at the fiber's zero-dispersion wavelength ( lambda /sub 0/). Using cross-correlation techniques, the authors measured the broadening of a 100-fs pulse to more than 5 ps after passing through 400 m of fiber near lambda /sub 0/. The measured asymmetric and oscillatory pulse shape is in agreement with calculations. A grating and telescope apparatus was configured to simultaneously equalize both third- and second-order dispersion for wavelengths slightly longer than lambda /sub 0/. Nearly complete compensation has been demonstrated for fiber lengths of 400 m and 3 km of dispersion-shifted fiber at wavelengths of 1560-1580 nm. For the longer fibers, fourth-order dispersion due to the grating becomes important.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Dynamics of neutralizing antibodies against Bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a dairy herd from Santa Fe Province, Argentina (2020)

<i>Bovine respiratory syncytial virus</i> (BRSV) is one of the most relevant agents responsible for respiratory disease in cattle from both dairy and beef farms. BRSV is spread by horizontal contact causing a constant presence of seropositive animals that favors viral circulation throughout the year. Moreover, reinfections with BRSV are frequent between animals regardless of their age as BRSV does not confer long-lasting protective immunity. Several studies have demonstrated the circulation of BRSV in cattle from different regions of the world; however, little is known about the dynamics of BRSV infection in cows before and after they begin lactation. The aim of this work was to study the dynamics of BRSV neutralizing antibodies from birth up to 36 months of age in a closed dairy herd of Argentina specifically around the lactation period. Passive maternal antibodies against BRSV started to decrease monthly and became almost undetectable at 8 months of age. We detected two potential infection points at months 11 and 27 after birth, in which 30% and 45% of the animals showed seroconversion, respectively. Specifically, an increase in the proportion of seropositive cows after the start of lactation suggests that they became reinfected around the time they began lactating. We demonstrate the importance of understanding BRSV dynamics in a closed dairy herd to review the vaccination schedule of the animals to achieve protection against BRSV infection.
The Function of Fish Cytokines (2016)

What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the induced effects of cytokine recombinant proteins, or have used loss- and gain-of-function experiments in zebrafish. Such studies begin to tell us about the role of these molecules in the regulation of fish immune responses and whether they are similar or divergent to the well-characterised functions of mammalian cytokines. This knowledge will aid our ability to determine and modulate the pathways leading to protective immunity, to improve fish health in aquaculture.
Chemokines modulate glycan binding and the immunoregulatory activity of galectins (2021)

Galectins are versatile glycan-binding proteins involved in immunomodulation. Evidence suggests that galectins can control the immunoregulatory function of cytokines and chemokines through direct binding. Here, we report on an inverse mechanism in which chemokines control the immunomodulatory functions of galectins. We show the existence of several specific galectin-chemokine binding pairs, including galectin-1/CXCL4. NMR analyses show that CXCL4 binding induces changes in the galectin-1 carbohydrate binding site. Consequently, CXCL4 alters the glycan-binding affinity and specificity of galectin-1. Regarding immunomodulation, CXCL4 significantly increases the apoptotic activity of galectin-1 on activated CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, while no effect is observed in CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells. The opposite is found for another galectin-chemokine pair, i.e., galectin-9/CCL5. This heterodimer significantly reduces the galectin-9 induced apoptosis of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells and not of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. Collectively, the current study describes an immunomodulatory mechanism in which specific galectin-chemokine interactions control the glycan-binding activity and immunoregulatory function of galectins.
SME Focus 2(1) (2001)

Changing course: an interview with IFC's Assaad Jabre. SME Department online. MeetVietnam.com: E-marketplace to increase business for Vietnamese SMEs, by John Mckenzie. New facility seeks innovative projects. On the ground: microfinance in Cambodia, by John Brinsden; SEED in Kosovo, by Christopher Miller; new equity funds in South Africa, by John James. Partner profile: FUNDES Internacional. Meet the team.
Clinical trial of the Braden Scale on an acute care medical unit. (1992)

Pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients represent a significant challenge to the health professionals who care for these patients. This challenge extends to the health care system as a whole because of the staggering costs associated with pressure ulcer resolution. Although the relative benefits of various treatment methods have long been debated, intervention before ulcer formation clearly stands as the most efficacious approach to this problem. The Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk, a recently developed paper tool, was evaluated in our acute care medical unit for its ability to predict pressure ulcer occurrence. The sensitivity of the Braden Scale in this evaluation was much lower than that reported in other published studies. The Braden Scale was less effective than the nurse judgment prediction method, the current prevailing prediction method at this institution. The gravity of these results, however, is unclear because of the questionable incidence of ulcers in this study, which may be artificially high due to permissive criteria used in the identification of stage 1 ulcers. We determined that the lack of unequivocally defined criteria for the identification of stage 1 ulcers may contribute to variance between studies. We also found that intervention measures were used only 27% of the time after the identification of patients at risk.
Complex ambiguity-free Fourier domain optical coherence tomography through transverse scanning (2007)

We introduce a simple and cheap method for phase-shifting Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) that does not need additional devices and can easily be implemented. A small beam offset at the fast beam-scanning mirror introduces a causal phase shift, which can be used for B-scan-based complex image reconstruction. We derive the conditions for optimal conjugate suppression and demonstrate the method on human skin in vivo for spectrometer-based FDOCT operating at 1300 nm employing a handheld scanner.
The Immune System and Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome (2022)

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome often responds to immunosuppressive treatment. Nevertheless, this syndrome-and the drugs used to treat it-remain important causes of patient morbidity. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by minimal change disease or FSGS, diseases that primarily affect the podocytes. In spite of decades of research, the underlying causes of both diseases remain incompletely understood. There is, however, a large body of observational and experimental data linking the immune system with both minimal change disease and FSGS, including associations with systemic infections and hematologic malignancies. Perhaps most compellingly, many different immunomodulatory drugs are effective for treating idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, including biologic agents that have well-defined immune targets. In fact, the unexpected efficacy of targeted therapeutic agents has provided important new insights into the pathogenesis of these diseases. Given the large number of drugs that are available to deplete or block specific cells and molecules within the immune system, a better understanding of the immunologic causes of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome may lead to better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Comparison of current spreading in stripe contact semiconductor lasers (1986)

The current profile at the active layer of an oxide stripe semiconductor laser is compared with those where there is an additional current channelling layer. For 3 µm and 10 µm stripe widths, it is found that a current channelling layer of 1 µm thick marginally improves the current within the stripe width by between 2% to 6%, but, more importantly, it eliminates the dip in the current profile at the centre of the stripe for the larger stripe width. For much larger stripe widths, such as at 20 µm, the current channelling layer needs to be correspondingly thicker to be effective in removing the dip in the current profile at the centre of the stripe.
Building a Learning Database for the Neural Network Retrieval of Sea Surface Salinity from SMOS Brightness Temperatures (2016)

This article deals with an important aspect of the neural network retrieval of sea surface salinity (SSS) from SMOS brightness temperatures (TBs). The neural network retrieval method is an empirical approach that offers the possibility of being independent from any theoretical emissivity model, during the in-flight phase. A Previous study [1] has proven that this approach is applicable to all pixels on ocean, by designing a set of neural networks with different inputs. The present study focuses on the choice of the learning database and demonstrates that a judicious distribution of the geophysical parameters allows to markedly reduce the systematic regional biases of the retrieved SSS, which are due to the high noise on the TBs. An equalization of the distribution of the geophysical parameters, followed by a new technique for boosting the learning process, makes the regional biases almost disappear for latitudes between 40°S and 40°N, while the global standard deviation remains between 0.6 psu (at the center of the of the swath) and 1 psu (at the edges).
Elements of Autonomous Shuttle Car Operation in Underground Coal Mines (2019)

The last few decades, the mining industry has turned to autonomous systems in its efforts to modernize and advance its methods and techniques. Automation in such complex working environments can play a critical role in improving worker safety and mine productivity. Moreover, as the global demand for minerals continues to increase, such technologies will enable access to deeper and more difficult orebodies. The research in this paper seeks to demonstrate the feasibility of autonomous machinery in the underground coal mining production cycle. By introducing autonomous shuttle cars, the operator can be removed from dusty, noisy, and potentially dangerous conditions and be placed in a relatively safe location while supervising the machine instead of operating it. This paper presents preliminary results for autonomous navigation of shuttle cars in the underground coal mining cycle. A lab scale prototype equipped with several exteroceptive and proprioceptive sensors has been developed and is being tested in a mock mine plan, simulating several navigation scenarios within a room and pillar section.
Expression of Galpha14 in sweet-transducing taste cells of the posterior tongue (2008)

Galpha14 is co-expressed with the sweet taste receptor in posterior tongue, although not in anterior tongue. Thus, sweet taste transduction may rely on different downstream transduction elements in posterior and anterior taste fields.
Flight-Tested Hardware Options Currently Available to Support Fruit Fly Science Missions on ISS (2015)

The Fruit Fly Lab team at Ames Research Center has developed and flown several versions of hardware to ISS that have been utilized to conduct research using the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. These sets of hardware vary in complexity and capabilities and can be matched to experiments based on specific aims objectives and considerations for cost, updownmass, and crew time requirements. The team has multiple investigators slated to utilize this hardware on near-term missions to ISS, and is expecting more from future calls for proposals.
Specificity, duration and mechanism of idiotype suppression induced by neonatal injection of monoclonal anti‐idiotope antibodies into mice (1984)

Monoclonal antibodies detecting idiotopes on the germ line-encoded anti-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) antibody B1-8 were injected at various doses into newborn mice and the expression of B1-8 idiotopes was measured in anti-NP responses in later life. Suppression was long lasting, and a 100-fold increase in the dose of anti-idiotope delayed recovery from suppression by 5-6 weeks. Upon injection of a single anti-idiotope, suppression was observed for all B1-8 idiotopes to various degrees. Certain idiotopically defined antibody phenotypes were much more efficiently suppressed, and later recovered from suppression, than others. This specificity pattern was observed at the level of both B and T cells from the manipulated animals, as demonstrated in cell transfer experiments in which such cells were mixed with normal T and B cells. In these experiments, there was evidence for suppression mediated by regulatory T (and possibly also B) cells. Whereas the B cells from the manipulated animals were idiotypically unresponsive in a T cell-dependent adoptive primary response, the frequency of lipopolysaccharide-reactive B cells expressing the target idiotype was only slightly reduced in these animals as compared to control mice. Together with data on the elimination of anti-idiotope antibody from the neonatally injected animals these results are interpreted in the following way: idiotype suppression is induced through the reaction of anti-idiotope with idiotopes expressed on the surface of newly generated B cells, at microgram concentrations of anti-idiotope. When the concentration of anti-idiotope fall below that level, recovery from suppression sets in. Two types of suppression are induced. The first, namely, direct blockade of B cell maturation, is short-lived. The second involves the induction of regulatory cells, perhaps through idiotope-bearing antibody V regions complexed by anti-idiotope. This type of suppression is long-lived and its specificity depends upon the distribution of the target idiotope in the antibody repertoire and/or peculiarities of the T cell receptor repertoire. It impinges on the selection of the B cell repertoire in the animal as expressed in T cell-dependent (and possibly other) responses and is thus hardly seen at the level of lipopolysaccharide-reactive (immature) cells. Idiotype suppression by regulatory cells may be perpetuated by antigen interacting with idiotypic antibodies on the B cell surface and may therefore play a role in establishing tolerance not only for the expressed antibody repertoire, but for self antigens in general.