gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bias in test statistics when restrictions in randomization are caused by factors (1997)

It is fairly common in the conduct of an experiment to randomize, either completely or partially (within a block), the allocation of treatments to experimental units. The act of randomization is easy to envision in experiments that require an equal chance for every experimental unit, independent of other units, to receive any treatment. How does one randomize, however, factorial experiments that involve factors having more than one level? The practice in industry has been to obtain at random the sequence of allocating treatment combinations to experimental units. The analyses then proceed assuming the design to be properly randomized. Using only a random run order, however, does not render a randomized experiment as conceived by Fisher. A factor that requires the same level for successive runs may not be independently reset from run-to-run. An experiment therefore becomes a (unbalanced) split-plot experiment due to the restriction imposed on randomization of not resetting factor levels for every run. We make a distinction, not made explicitly in the literature, between designs that use a random run order and those that randomize (completely). Independent error terms are not obtained when data have been collected from a random run order. We quantify the bias in results for designs that use a random run order but assume complete randomization. Data generated from a laboratory experiment on crude oils, analyzed first by Hader and Grandage (1956), and later by Daniel and Wood (1971), illustrate the effect of not recognizing the restrictions on randomization. Some recommendations are made for designing experiments when it is not practical to reset factor levels.
Filgrastim (r-metHuG-CSF) in the 21st Century: SD/01 (2001)

SD/01, a sustained-duration molecule, has been developed by adding a poly [ethylene glycol] molecule to the filgrastim molecule. The pegylation does not change the properties of filgrastim, except that the plasma clearance is decreased and plasma half-life is increased. Increasing the duration of the biological effects of filgrastim may offer certain groups of patients better benefits. Early clinical studies have been encouraging with no serious toxicities noted.
Reduced Gravity Testing of the Nanoparticle Field Extraction Thruster (2008)

he C-9 NanoBLUE team is a group of students within the University of Michigan’s Student Space Systems Fabrication Laboratory (S3FL) seeking hands-on undergraduate research experience. The focus of the project is the reduced gravity (microgravity) test and validation of the concept for the Nanoparticle Field Extraction Thruster (NanoFET), an electric propulsion system being developed at the University of Michigan. These microgravity tests were done as part of the NASA Reduced Gravity Student Flight Opportunities Program at NASA Johnson Space Center. Over the course of the 2007-2008 time period, the team followed S3FL’s educational methods and built upon the design and results of the previous year’s C-9 NanoBLUE team to provide useful flight data. The Student Space Systems Fabrication Laboratory is a student-run laboratory where members learn from and teach each other along with faculty and industry support. The overall goal of this organization is to provide undergraduate students the opportunity to gain hands-on research and engineering experience through real-world projects related to space systems. This goal is accomplished via the design-build-test-fly philosophy employed by each team. Each project consists of team members who take part in the application, team leads who direct tasks and coordinate the overall project, and Executive Committee members who oversee progress and assess results produced by the team. Each of these positions consists only of students within the organization. Newer members start off as team members on a project where they can work their way up to lead and mentorship positions once they demonstrate the requisite technical and leadership skills. From a lead position, a member can eventually move up to the Executive Committee where he/she can assist various teams and direct activities throughout the lab. With this structure, students who participate are able to gain valuable experience in different aspects of the aerospace industry. 1
Robust sliding mode observer for automatic steering of vehicles (2002)

This paper deals with the observer design problem for automatic steering of vehicles which have uncertain parameters. The lateral motion of the vehicles is considered, and the variation of cornering stiffness coefficients is treated as model perturbations. A sliding mode observer is derived, which is robust against the model perturbations, such that the observation errors converge to zero asymptotically in finite time. Simulation results show that the designed observer is satisfactory.
The Process of Conceptualizing and Creating the Engineering Faculty Impact Collaborative to Support Faculty Development and Mentorship (2020)

This is a work in progress paper that describes an effort to
The cytochrome bd quinol oxidase in Escherichia coli has an extremely high oxygen affinity and two oxygen-binding haems: implications for regulation of activity in vivo by oxygen inhibition (1996)

Cytochrome bd is a respiratory oxidase in Escherichia coli and many other bacteria. It contains cytochromes b558, b595 and d as redox centres, and is thus unrelated to the haem-copper super-family of terminal oxidases. The apparent affinities (Km) for oxygen uptake by respiring cells and membranes from a mutant lacking the alternative oxidase cytochrome bo' were determined by deoxygenation of oxyleghaemoglobin as a sensitive reporter of dissolved oxygen concentration. Respiration rates were maximal at oxygen concentrations of 25-50 nM, but the kinetics were complex and indicative of substrate (i.e. oxygen) inhibition. Km values were in the range 3-8 nM (the lowest recorded for a respiratory oxidase), and Ki values between 0.5 and 1.8 microM were obtained. Low temperature photodissociation of anoxic, CO-ligated membranes confirmed the absence of cytochrome bo' and revealed a high-spin b-type cytochrome identified as cytochrome b595 of the cytochrome bd complex. Photodissociation in the presence of oxygen revealed binding of a ligand (presumably oxygen) to cytochrome b595 at a rate much greater than that of CO binding, and formation of the oxygenated form of cytochrome d. The results confirm that both high-spin haems in the cytochrome bd complex bind CO and demonstrate that oxygen can also react with both haems. Substrate inhibition of oxidase activity, in addition to transcriptional regulation of oxidase synthesis, may play a crucial role in the regulation of partitioning of electron flux between the cytochrome bd- and bo'-terminated respiratory pathways.
The Plant Microbiome at Work (2014)

Plants host distinct microbial communities on and inside their tissues designated the plant microbiota. Microbial community profiling enabled the description of the phylogenetic structure of the plant microbiota to an unprecedented depth, whereas functional insights are largely derived from experiments using individual microorganisms. The binary interplay between isolated members of the plant microbiota and host plants ranges from mutualistic to commensalistic and pathogenic relationships. However, how entire microbial communities capable of executing both growth-promoting and growth-compromising activities interfere with plant fitness remains largely unknown. Ultimately, unravelling the net result of microbial activities encoded in the extended plant genome-the plant microbiome-will be key to understanding and exploiting the full yield potential of a crop plant. In this perspective, we summarize first achievements of plant-microbiome research, we discuss future research directions, and we provide ideas for the translation of basic science to application to capitalize on the plant microbiome at work.
The Impact of the BCS Theory on Condensed Matter Physics (2007)

The feasibility of optical systems for short wavelength radiations ranging from the near uv to soft x rays is supported by theoretical and experimental arguments. The major problem of absorption of these radiations by materials has been overcome in the near and middle uv by using the lens properties of a Fresnel zone plate generated on a thin self-supporting film. In typical experiments with narrow field objects, it is shown that the zone plate behaves like a diffraction-limited lens, the gain in resolution is noticeable as the wavelength decreases, the use of the third-order focus improves the resolution of the system, and under certain conditions the depth of field can be increased without loss of resolution. The chromatic aberrations of the zone plate are not restrictive for a large number of applications.
The Role of Spleen Stiffness in Determining the Severity and Bleeding Risk of Esophageal Varices in Cirrhotic Patients (2015)

Esophageal varix and its hemorrhage are serious complications of liver cirrhosis. Recent studies have focused on noninvasive prediction of esophageal varices. We attempted to evaluate the association of liver and spleen stiffness (LS and SS) as measured by acoustic radiation force impulse imaging, with the presence and severity of esophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. We measured LS and SS, along with endoscopic examination of esophageal varices for a total of 125 cirrhotic patients at a single referral hospital in this prospective observational study. The diagnostic utility of noninvasive methods for identifying varices and their bleeding risk was compared, including LS, SS, spleen length, Child-Pugh score, and various serum fibrosis indices. Esophageal varices were present in 77 patients (61.6%). SS was significantly higher in patients with varices than in those without varices (3.58 ± 0.47 vs 3.02 ± 0.49; P < 0.001). A tendency toward increasing SS levels was observed with increasing severity of varices (no varix, 3.02 ± 0.49; F1, 3.39 ± 0.51; F2, 3.60 ± 0.42; F3, 3.85 ± 0.37; P < 0.001). SS was significantly higher in patients who experienced variceal hemorrhage than in those who did not (3.80 ± 0.36 vs 3.20 ± 0.51; P = 0.002). An optimal cut-off value of SS for high-risk varices (≥ F2) or variceal hemorrhage was 3.40 m/s. SS was significantly correlated with the presence, severity, and bleeding risk of esophageal varices. Prompt endoscopic evaluation of variceal status and prophylactic measures based on the SS may be warranted for cirrhotic patients.
Highly durable fuel cell electrodes based on ionomers dispersed in glycerol (2014)

A major, unprecedented improvement in the durability of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is obtained by tuning the properties of the interface between the catalyst and the ionomer by choosing the appropriate dispersing medium. While a fuel cell cathode prepared from aqueous dispersion showed 90 mV loss at 0.8 A cm(-2) after 30,000 potential cycles (0.6-1.0 V), a fuel cell cathode prepared from glycerol dispersion exhibited only 20 mV loss after 70,000 cycles. This minimum performance loss occurs even though there was an over 80% reduction of electrochemical surface area of the Pt catalyst. These findings indicate that a proper understanding and control of the catalyst-water-ionomer (three-phase) interfaces is even more important for maintaining fuel cell durability in typical electrodes than catalyst agglomeration, and this opens up a novel path for tailoring the functional properties of electrified interfaces.
All Digital Linear Voltage Regulator for Super- to Near-Threshold Operation (2011)

In this paper, an all digital push-pull linear voltage regulator is proposed that consists of a digital error detector, a voltage divider, a mode indicator, a pull device, and grouped push devices. The digital regulator is suitable for super- to near-threshold region operation by providing a variable output voltage that ranges from 0.5 to 1 V in steps of 0.1 V. The maximum load current is 100 mA for every output level. The current efficiency is 99.8% with only 164.5 μ A quiescent current on UMC 65-nm standard CMOS technology. A response time constraint is developed to provide a design guideline for (all) the digital control system. It describes the correlation between required speed of the digital control system, the output performance and the size of the decoupling capacitor. A time interleaving control technique is then proposed to have a tradeoff between output performance, quiescent current, and the size of decoupling capacitor.
Healthcare resource utilization in patients treated with empagliflozin in East Asia (2021)

Empagliflozin treatment was associated with lower inpatient care needs and other healthcare resource utilization than DPP-4 inhibitors in routine clinical practice in East Asia in this study.
Enhancing End-to-End Multi-channel Speech Separation via Spatial Feature Learning (2020)

Hand-crafted spatial features (e.g., inter-channel phase difference, IPD) play a fundamental role in recent deep learning based multi-channel speech separation (MCSS) methods. However, these manually designed spatial features are hard to incorporate into the end-to-end optimized MCSS framework. In this work, we propose an integrated architecture for learning spatial features directly from the multi-channel speech waveforms within an end-to-end speech separation framework. In this architecture, time-domain filters spanning signal channels are trained to perform adaptive spatial filtering. These filters are implemented by a 2d convolution (conv2d) layer and their parameters are optimized using a speech separation objective function in a purely data-driven fashion. Furthermore, inspired by the IPD formulation, we design a conv2d kernel to compute the inter-channel convolution differences (ICDs), which are expected to provide the spatial cues that help to distinguish the directional sources. Evaluation results on simulated multi-channel reverberant WSJ0 2-mix dataset demonstrate that our proposed ICD based MCSS model improves the overall signal-to-distortion ratio by 10.4% over the IPD based MCSS model.
Surgical Outcomes Following Transmastoid Approach for Repair of Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence (2016)

Background: Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS) is characterized by a variety of symptoms resulting from an absence of bone overlying the superior semicircular canal. Since the syndrome was first described by Minor in 1998, the surgical management of SCDS has continued to evolve with several techniques described including resurfacing, plugging, or a combination of these two methods. Although repair of superior semicircular canal dehiscence was first described using a middle cranial fossa extradural approach, the ability to perform superior semicircular canal dehiscence repair as an outpatient procedure utilizing transmastoid technique while obviating the need for middle fossa craniotomy and its associated risks has clear advantages. In spite of significant progression in the techniques employed, the optimal surgical approach for the management of SCDS has yet to be determined. Therefore, we aim to review our institutional experience with the surgical management of SCDS and examine audiometric and vestibular outcomes, symptom control rates, complication rates, and length of hospital stay.
Predicting controlled-source electromagnetic responses from seismic velocities (2014)

Abstract We created a workflow to predict controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) responses from seismic velocities and compared the predicted responses with CSEM data. The first step was to calculate a resistivity model from seismic velocities in a Bayesian framework to account for the uncertainties. The second step was to estimate the electric anisotropy and improve the resistivity model for the depths at which there was no well control. The last step was to use this updated resistivity model to forward-model CSEM responses and compare the result with CSEM data. The comparison with real data revealed that the measured CSEM responses were generally within plus and minus one standard deviation of the predicted responses. This workflow was able to predict CSEM responses, which can prove very useful for feasibility studies before acquisition and interpretation after acquisition of CSEM data.
Long-term follow-up of three patients with chronic non-malignant pain treated with continuous intrathecal infusion of salmon calcitonin (1990)

The literature on the spread and vaporisation of cryogenic liquids on water is reviewed and a new model proposed. The model incorporates the features o
Performance of Coaxial Plasma Gun with Various Propellants (1964)

An experimental study of a single-shot coaxial plasma gun is described. A parametric survey of the gun over the operating range is given for each of three propellants: argon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. An optimum delay time (with respect to exhaust puff energy) is described for each propellant between gas injection and bank-voltage application. Bank voltage and mass per shot were varied using the optimum delay time. Gun efficiency, system efficiency, and magnetic-front velocity in the gun were determined.
Direct measurements of blood cells density and velocity in retinal micro vessels (2006)

Adaptive Optics assisted eye fundus imaging now provides high resolution images of the very contents of the retinal tissue. Impressive images of the mosaic of the photoreceptors have obtained by several groups and the best reported images even show the circulatory activity in capillars. Nevertheless, the natural eye movements, such as drifts or micro-saccades, generally prevent from an accurate registration of the field of view. Moreover, images obtained through scanning techniques also suffer from field distorsion. These two effects make it difficult to unambiguously extract blood cell density and velocity information. We report how Adaptive Optics assisted flood imaging of the retina, associated with an original a posteriori image registration and data analysis now permits evaluating and mapping the flow activity in the retinal micro-vessels. Examples where capillars as thin as a few micrometers are revealed only by their circulatory activity will be given. Larger field of view along the retinal vascular network will also be produced. Thanks to this high resolution functional mapping, we'll demonstrate how blood cells direct observation can be enhanced and how quantitative parameters such as velocity or density can be derived. Velocity maps of the macular vascular network at the eye's diffraction limit will finally be produced.
MRI and implanted medical devices: basic interactions with an emphasis on heating (2005)

There are three principal magnetic fields in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that may interact with medical implants. The static field will induce force and torque on ferromagnetic objects. The pulsed gradients are of audio frequency and the implant may concentrate the induced currents, with a potential for nerve stimulation or electrical inference. The currents induced in the body by the radio frequency (RF) field may also be concentrated by an implant, resulting in potentially dangerous heating of surrounding tissues. This paper presents basic information about MRI interactions with implants with an emphasis on RF-induced heating of leads used for deep brain stimulation (DBS). The temperature rise at the electrodes was measured in vitro as a function of the overall length of a DBS lead at an RF frequency of 64 MHz. The maximal temperature rise occurred for an overall length of 41 cm. The method of moments was used to calculate the current induced in the lead. From the induced currents, the RF power deposition near the electrodes was calculated and the heat equation was used to model the temperature rise. The calculated temperature rises as a function of lead length were in good agreement with the measured values.
Mesures et rétroactions psychophysiologiques en immersion virtuelle (2006)

This paper presents a new paradigm in sexual and perceptual motor psychophysiology. This paradigm is based on the integration of an immersive vault, sexual plethysmography, eye tracking and a device of mediated biofeedback.
Mechanisms of toxic smoke inhalation and burn injury: Role of neutral endopeptidase and vascular leakage in mice (2009)

The effects of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) in acute inflammation in the lung were studied using a newly developed murine model of smoke and burn (SB) injury. C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with an i.v. dose of a specific NEP antagonist CGS-24592 (10 mg/Kg) 1 h prior to SB injury (n = 5-8/group). Mice were anesthetized with i.p. ketamine/xylazine, intubated, and exposed to cooled cotton smoke (2 x 30 s). After s.c. injection of 1 ml 0.9% saline, each received a 40% total body surface area (TBSA) flame burn. Buprenorphene (2 mg/kg) was given i.p. and resuscitated by saline. Evans Blue dye (EB) was injected i.v. 15 min before sacrifice. Lung wet/dry weight ratio was measured. After vascular perfusion, lungs were analyzed for their levels of EB dye and myeloperoxidase (MPO). In mice pretreated with CGS-24592 followed by SB injury the EB levels were significantly higher (61%, p = 0.043) than those with SB injury alone. There was a significant increase (144%, p = 0.035) in EB dye in animals with SB injury alone as compared to shams. In mice pretreated with CGS-24592 prior to SB injury wet/dry weight ratios were significantly (27%, p = 0.042) higher compared to animals with SB injury alone. CGS-24592 pretreatment also caused a significant increase in MPO (29%, p = 0.026) as compared to mice with SB injury alone. In conclusion the current study indicates that specific NEP inhibitor CGS 24592 exacerbates the SB-induced lung injury and inflammation in mice.
Sol–Gel Synthesis of CaTiO3:Pr3+ Red Phosphors: Tailoring the Synthetic Parameters for Luminescent and Afterglow Applications (2017)

Two sol-gel synthetic routes for the preparation of CaTiO<sub>3</sub>:Pr<sup>3+</sup> red emitting phosphors were compared, with the aim of producing nanostructured materials with tailored luminescence/afterglow properties. The effect of the synthetic parameters, such as the addition of a stabilizer and calcination temperature, on the structural, morphological, and optical properties was investigated. The desired perovskite phase was obtained at a calcination temperature of 800 °C or higher. Although the use of acetic acid as the chelating agent leads to micrometric particles with heterogeneous composition, the presence of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) results in smaller, less aggregated particles as well as in a high phase purity. At the highest HPC content, surface Ca-rich impurities were detected, although no segregated Ca-rich phases were detectable by X-ray powder diffraction analyses. Luminescence properties were found to be positively related to the phase purity of the oxide, with the highest quantum yields at temperatures equal to or higher than 1000 °C. On the contrary, persistent luminescence properties were highest at intermediate calcination temperatures and for samples synthesized with acetic acid. Overall, a notable role of oxygen vacancies resulting from local Ca excess was observed, acting as trap levels promoting longer relaxation pathways. Thanks to the small-sized particles and best steady-state luminescent properties due to a substantial decrease of lattice defects, the HPC synthesis is a promising strategy for light-emitting diode applications. On the other hand, the acetic acid synthesis promoted a higher defect density, which is required for an efficient yield of light emission in the long time range and is thus more suitable for afterglow applications.