gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Risk of prostate cancer mortality in men with a history of prior cancer (2015)

Prostate cancer remains a significant cause of mortality when diagnosed as a subsequent cancer. These results suggest prostate cancer treatment should be seriously considered in patients with prior malignancies, especially those with high-grade or locally advanced prostate cancer.
Semi-Active Vibration Control of High-Speed Elevators Using the LQR Method (2002)

This paper describes semi-active vibration control of high-speed elevators. This control method determines the optimal control force using a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR). But semi-active dampers produce force only in the reverse direction of their piston velocity. We propose a semi-active control method that produces the optimal damping force as much as possible, satisfying the restriction of direction of damping force. We made the analytical model of the elevator and carried out the numerical simulation. Finally, the effect of this control method was confirmed by the simulation results.
Hippocampal Atrophy Is Not a Major Determinant of Regional Hypometabolism in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (1997)

The lack of correlation between the magnitudes of the ratios argues against hippocampal atrophy and cell loss having a central role in the FDG-PET temporal hypometabolism.
Analysis of optical gain and threshold current density of wurtzite InGaN/GaN/AlGaN quantum well lasers (1998)

The valence subband structures, density-of-states, and optical gain of (0001) wurtzite InxGa1−xN/GaN quantum wells (QWs) are studied using a numerical approach. We used the effective-mass parameters of GaN and InN derived using the empirical pseudopotential method. By varying the well width and mole fraction of In in the well material, the effects of quantum confinement and compressive strain are examined. A narrower well width and a higher In mole fraction in the well lead to transverse electric enhancement and transverse magnetic suppression of the optical gain. From the relationship between the optical gain and the radiative current density, we obtain the transparent current density for a single QW to be 200 A/cm2. The InGaN/GaN/AlGaN separate confinement heterostructure multiple QW (MQW) laser structure is then analyzed. It is shown that a suitable combination of well width and number of QWs should be selected in optimizing the threshold current density in such MQW lasers.
A numerical study of planar discharge motion (2014)

Presented paper describes a numerical study of discharge plasma motion. This non-stationary phenomenon with\nsteep gradients and sharp peaks in unknowns is described as a coupled problem of convection-diffusion equation\nwith source term for electron, ion densities and Poisson’s equation for electric potential. The numerical method\nis 2nd order of accuracy in space and time and it uses dynamical adaptation of unstructured triangular mesh.\nResults of numerical studies included size of computational domain, type of boundary conditions and numerical\nconvergence test are presented.
Dissolution kinetics of BTEX and PAHs from creosote pools and smear zones monitored in well controlled large scale laboratory experiments (2020)

A large-scale laboratory experiment was performed in order to determine the long-term dissolution behavior of BTEX and PAHs form creosote in residual phase and from creosote in pools. The pool dissolution experiment allowed to determine transverse vertical dispersivities, which showed good agreement when derived form vertical concentration profiles or from the overall fluxes. The contaminant concentrations during dissolution of the creosote blobs compared well with predictions based on Raoult’s law and the equilibrium retardation of the dissolution front in the smear zone. Typical time scales of BTEX and PAH-dissolution from residual NAPL in the smear zone are in the order of weeks to months. In contrast, the removal of PAHs from the creosote pool takes decades to centuries due to the small transverse dispersivities of less than 0.2 mm.
Distribution of calmodulin and calmodulin‐binding proteins in membranes from bovine epididymal spermatozoa (1985)

Abstract Reproducible concentrations of calmodulin representing approximately 0.1% of the membrane protein were detected in purified plasma membranes from bovine epididymal spermatozoa. When membranes were isolated in the presence of 1 mM EGTA, the amount of calmodulin associated with the plasma membranes was not reduced. Calmodulin‐binding proteins were detected in both purified plasma membranes and in a mixed membrane fraction containing both plasma membranes and cytoplasmic droplet membranes. A calcium‐dependent, calmodulin‐binding protein of apparent molecular weight 123,000 was detected in both fractions. In the presence of 1 mM EDTA, putative calcium‐independent calmodulin‐binding proteins of apparent molecular weights 93,000, 32,000, 18,000, and 15,000 were detected in the plasma membrane fraction. The 15,000 Mr polypeptide was also present in the mixed membrane fraction but the three proteins of higher molecular weight were reduced or absent in this fraction.
Intra- and extracerebral changes of hemoglobin concentrations by analysis of moments of distributions of times of flight of photons (2003)

NIRS signals measured on the adult head contain contributions from the brain and from overlying tissue. It was shown recently that measured distributions of times of flight (DTOF) of photons allow to deduce absorption changes occurring in different layers of the head. This method relies on time-dependent mean partial pathlengths calculated by Monte Carlo simulations for assumed background optical properties of the various tissues. Deconvolution of the measured DTOF is required using the instrumental response function. We propose an alternative method to estimate absorption changes in various tissue layers by analyzing changes of moments of DTOFs (integral, mean time of flight and variance) recorded at various source-detector separations. The sensitivity factors corresponding to integral, mean time of flight and variance were obtained by Monte Carlo simulations for a layered model of the head. From experimentally derived mean time of flight and variance the contributions of the instrumental response function were subtracted. The proposed method was applied to multi-distance time-domain measurements during functional stimulation of the brain of healthy volunteers.
Reaction-diffusion modeling and simulations in positive deep ultraviolet resists (1995)

This article examines the effects of acid diffusion in APEX-E through the quantitative modeling of resist top loss in unexposed samples due to acid diffusion from a top-to-top contact bake with an exposed sample. Top-loss measurements are reported for 90 and 95 °C postexposure bake (PEB) temperatures ranging from 60 to 360 s bake times, resulting in 0.12 and 0.29 μm top loss, respectively, after 360 s PEB times. Results of systematically changing the diffusion constant, the kinetic reaction rates, and the deprotection level for dissolution in a Fickean diffusion model show that this model cannot account for the experimental observations. A better fit of the data and a near linear top-loss dependence with bake time are obtained with a deprotection dependent diffusion model, suggesting nonlinear diffusion mechanisms are important in modeling lithographic performance in positive deep ultraviolet resists.
Cholesterol-dependent enrichment of understudied erythrocytic stages of human Plasmodium parasites (2018)

Abstract Plasmodium protozoan parasites undergo rounds of asexual replication inside human erythrocytes, progressing from ring stage, to trophozoites and schizonts, before egress and reinvasion. Given the discovery of ring-specific artemisinin tolerance and quiescence in Plasmodium falciparum , there is great urgency to better understand ring stage biology. However, the lack of an effective enrichment method has left rings and related parasite stages understudied compared to their late stage counterparts, which can be easily isolated due to their paramagnetic properties. Here, a method for separating all Plasmodium infected erythrocytes from uninfected erythrocytes is presented. This approach takes advantage of streptolysin-O (SLO) to preferentially lyse uninfected erythrocytes as previously shown by Jackson, et al. Following lytic treatment, Percoll gradient centrifugation removes lysed cells, leaving an intact cell population enriched in infected erythrocytes. This SLO - Pe rcoll (SLOPE) method is effective on stages from the entire erythrocytic cycle, including previously inaccessible forms such as circulating rings from malaria-infected patients and artemisinin-induced quiescent parasites. Furthermore, the utility of SLOPE is extended to multiple media formulations used for the propagation of two human Plasmodium species. The alteration of external cholesterol levels modulates SLOPE effectiveness, demonstrating the role of erythrocyte membrane cholesterol in lytic discrimination. Importantly, enrichment does not impact parasite viability, which establishes the non-toxic nature of SLOPE. Targeted metabolomics of SLOPE-enriched ring stage samples confirms the impact on treated samples; parasite-derived metabolites are increased and contaminating host material is reduced compared to non-enriched samples. Importance Malaria is caused by infection with protozoan Plasmodium parasites and is responsible for over 400,000 deaths annually. The availability of effective antimalarial drugs is critical to the reduction of malaria-related mortality, yet widespread resistance highlights the need for the continued study of Plasmodium biology. The SLOPE method is an accessible, scalable, rapid (30-40min), and non-toxic enrichment method that is broadly effective on many erythrocytic stages. This method is ideal for use upstream of a variety of sensitive analyses, which will increase experimental quality in virtually all areas of asexual Plasmodium parasite research. Further, because the consumption of cholesterol is a common characteristic of other intracellular parasites (both bacteria and other protozoa), SLOPE holds potential for extension to other relevant pathogens.
Ein neuer Weg in die Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐ und Bicyclo[3.2.1]octan‐Reihe (1966)

Abstract Natrium‐malonsäurediäthylester und ein cis,trans ‐Isomerengemisch des Ditosylats von 1.3‐Bis‐hydroxymethyl‐cyclohexan liefern beim Kochen in Xylol in 45‐proz. Ausbeute Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐dicarbonsäure‐(3.3)‐diäthylester ( 5a ) neben 10% 1.3‐Bis‐[β.β‐diäthoxycarbonyl‐äthyl]‐cyclohexan ( 6a ) ( cis,trans ‐Gemisch). Bei Verwendung des cis ‐Ditosylats steigt die Ausbeute an 5a auf 60%, diejenige an 6a fällt auf 6%. Zum Strukturbeweis wird 6a in 5 Stufen in 1.3‐Bis‐[2‐carboxy‐äthyl]‐benzol ( 7b ) übergeführt. Aus 5a wird über die Monocarbonsäure 5c und das Brom‐Derivat 5f Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan ( 5g ) dargestellt. — Aus dem Ditosylat des cis ‐1.3‐Bis‐hydroxymethyl‐cyclopentans und Natrium‐malonsäurediäthylester wird auf analogem Weg Bicyclo[3.2.1]octan ( 8g ) erhalten.
Synthesis of fused-ring aza-dipyrromethenes from aromatic nitriles (2018)

Aza-dipyrromethenes are ligands for a number of useful fluorescent dyes and electronic materials. They have high absorption in the red and NIR range. Fused-ring aza-dipyrromethenes cannot be synthesized through the same methods used to make aza-dipyrromethenes, which are common commercial dyes. The current synthesis is limited to treating a phthalonitrile-based electrophile with a Grignard reagent followed by reduction with formamide at high temperature. In this work, we introduce a new fused-ring aza-dipyrromethene synthesis from ortho-lithiated aromatic nitriles. This method allows for a much wider range of functional groups, less complicated starting materials, and yields that are consistent with the highest reported for aza-dipyrromethenes of any kind.
Subthreshold current reference suitable for energy harvesting: 20ppm/C and 0.1%/V at 140nW (2015)

A new CMOS ultra low power, resistor free, current reference is presented which is composed of two current generators, a current scalar, and a current subtraction circuit. Typical reference topologies generally add two current signals with opposing temperature coefficient (TC) polarities to generate a near zero TC reference current (Ir). The proposed circuit generates two currents (Ia and Ib) with the same polarity TCs that are scaled with differing slopes, and subsequently ratioed and subtracted from each other to form an Ir. In each current generator, the amplifier's built-in offset voltages track thermal voltages (VT) that are forced across resistive MOSFETs, contained in self-cascodes (SC), to make Ia and Ib. The magnitudes of Ia and Ib are adjusted semi independently from their TCs via MOSFET's aspect ratios. Also by setting MOSFET aspect ratios, the current scalar and subtraction circuit deducts the adjusted Ia and Ib from one another to form an Ir optimized for near zero TC. All generated currents are independent of MOSFET's threshold voltage (VTH) and primarily a function of MOSFET's mobility (u) and thermal voltage (VT), thus aiding performance to specifications over changes in temperature and fabrication process variations. Simulations, including montecarlo (MC) and worst case (WC), indicates the following specifications are achievable: current consumption (Idd) ~150nA, TC ~20 ppm/C, Voltage Coefficient (VC) ~0.1 %/V, power supply rejection ratio (PSRR)~ −65 db, and power-up time (tsu) ~14 ms. Preliminary die size is about 101 μm per side.
[Separation of spermatozoa using Percoll gradients: value for in vitro fertilization]. (1988)

Male infertility can be successfully treated by In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Embryo Transfer. However in case of oligo asthenospermia it is often difficult to select enough spermatozoa with good motility for the oocytes insemination. To cope with this problem, in 27 IVF cycles, sperm selection was performed by centrifugation on discontinuous Percoll density gradient. This method was demonstrated to be more efficient than swim-up migration to select motile sperm. The cleavage rate (63%) and the pregnancy rate per cycle (22%) were both satisfying. Centrifugation on discontinuous Percoll gradient was also found to be highly efficient for the removal of bacterial contaminants from semen (20 IVF cycles); the cleavage rate (66%) and the pregnancy rate per cycle (35%) were also quite satisfying. It can be concluded that centrifugation on discontinuous Percoll gradient is a useful method for sperm preparation in IVF in case of oligo-asthenospermia and in case of bacterial contamination in semen.
Editorial Comment on “TX-004HR Improves Sexual Function as Measured by the Female Sexual Function Index in Postmenopausal Women with Vulvar and Vaginal Atrophy: The REJOICE Trial” (2016)

There is no consensus on the best oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5I) for patients undergoing penile rehabilitation after surgical nerve injury.To determine the mechanism of PDE5I on cultured neuronal cells and the effectiveness of local drug delivery using nanospheres (NSPs) to sites of nerve injury in a rat model of bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI).The effects of sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil on cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and cell survival after exposure to hypoxia and H2O2 were measured in PC12, SH-SY5Y, and NTERA-2 (NT2) cell cultures. The effects of phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor (PDE4I) and PDE5I on neuronal cell survival were evaluated. Male rats underwent BCNI and were untreated (BCNI), immediately treated with application of empty NSPs (BCNI + NSP), NSPs containing sildenafil (Sild + NSP), or NSPs containing rolipram (Rol + NSP).Viability of neuronal cells was measured. Intracavernous pressure changes after cavernous nerve electrostimulation and expression of neurofilament, nitric oxide synthase, and actin in mid-shaft of penis were analyzed 14 days after injury.Sildenafil and rolipram significantly decreased cell death after exposure to H2O2 and hypoxia in PC12, SH-SY5Y, and NT2 cells. PC12 cells did not express PDE5 and knockdown of PDE4 significantly increased cell viability in PC12, SH-SY5Y, and NT2 cells exposed to hypoxia. The ratio of intracavernous pressure to mean arterial pressure and expression of penile neurofilament, nitric oxide synthase, and actin were significantly higher in the Sild + NSP and Rol + NSP groups than in the BCNI and BCNI + NSP groups. Limitations included analysis in only two PDE families using only a single dose.Sildenafil showed the most profound neuroprotective effect compared with tadalafil and vardenafil. Sildenafil- or rolipram-loaded NSP delivery to the site of nerve injury prevented erectile dysfunction and led to increased neurofilament, nitric oxide synthase, smooth muscle content in rat penile tissue after BCNI.
An efficient Novelty Detector for online fault diagnosis based on Least Squares Support Vector Machines (2008)

A paradigm shift in the standard operating procedures (SOP) is underway in the reliability and health management industry. As the community transitions from traditional preventive maintenance procedures to modern predictive or health-based management systems, areas such as efficient online monitoring and diagnosis schemes based on real-time observations have emerged as key research subjects for engineers. Most diagnostic systems require data from both healthy and faulty conditions in order to properly train their classification algorithms. However, in many situations, normal signals are acquired easily while fault samples are difficult to be gained. In this paper, we present a diagnosis scheme based on the least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM). Our modified LS-SVM algorithm is a one-class novelty detector which can differentiate between a normal and faulty condition based only on the normal samples which are easily available. We diagnose a growing crack fault on a planetary gear plate mounted aboard a UH-60 Blackhawk aircraft using this approach. Comparisons drawn with other contemporary approaches lean favorably towards the viability of the suggested novelty detector.
Medical care expenditures and earnings losses of persons with arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States in 1997: Total and incremental estimates (2004)

In 1997, persons with AORC incurred direct and indirect costs of 269.3 billion dollars, of which 86.2 billion dollars was attributable to these conditions.
Current progress of adhesins as vaccine candidates forMoraxella catarrhalis (2007)

Moraxella catarrhalis is an emerging pathogen and all isolates are now considered beta-lactamase producing. Potential further use of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae means that M. catarrhalis might be thrust further into the limelight. However, a vaccine has not yet been designed. In this review, the progress of M. catarrhalis adhesins as vaccine candidates is discussed with a focus on various candidate antigens that spanned those discovered more than 10 years ago, for example, the ubiquitous surface proteins to newer antigens, such as the Moraxella IgD-binding hemagglutinin.
Exercise Training Causes Sympathoinhibition Through Antioxidant Effect in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla of Hypertensive Rats (2012)

Exercise training normalizes sympathetic outflow in hypertension and chronic heart failure. The aim of this study was to determine whether the exercise training inhibits sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) via reduction of oxidative stress through blocked angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). We divided stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) into SHRSP with exercised training (SHRSP-EX) and control (SHRSP-C). SNA and oxidative stress in the RVLM were significantly lower in SHRSP-EX than in SHRSP-C. These results suggest that exercise training inhibits SNA via reduction of oxidative stress through blocked AT1R in the RVLM of hypertension.
Numerical modeling and design of single photon counter 4H-SiC avalanche photodiodes (2008)

We report device performance investigation of 4H-SiC avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with or without absorbing AlGaN cap layers, as 4H-SiCspsila potential use in single photon counter APDs have drawn interest. Wide bandgap 4H-SiC photodiodes have low dark current levels at high temperatures and under intense radiation compared to silicon, and the 4H-SiC APDs are ldquosolar blindrdquo - transparent to the sunpsilas visible spectrum. Additionally, they offer avalanche multiplications approaching a million, making single photon count possible. However, design and optimization of single photon counter APDs require a thorough understanding of impact ionization and optical absorption at the material level, and steady-state and transient APD operation at the device level. Here we address both of these levels.
To Integrate or Not to Integrate—Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Assessment of CO2 Capture and Conversion to Methyl Formate Using Methanol (2019)

Utilizing CO2 to produce value-added chemicals can save environmental and economic impacts. However, these savings are reduced by the cost of CO2 supply when CO2 has to be captured from dilute sources. To reduce the cost of CO2 supply, the combination of CO2 capture and utilization has been suggested in a single integrated CO2 capture and utilization (ICCU) process. Although integration is intuitively appealing, a rigorous assessment of the savings by integration is missing. In this work, we evaluate if integration indeed increases savings, by comparing a utilization process without integration to a novel ICCU process. In the novel ICCU process, methanol absorbs CO2 from raw natural gas, before the mixture of CO2 and methanol is hydrogenated to methyl formate. We show that the novel ICCU process saves up to 46% of the electricity demand, which results in savings of up to 8 and 7% in the cost and the greenhouse gas emissions of the utilities, respectively. However, these savings are only enabled when raw natural gas with 30 mol % CO2 is employed; with lower CO2 concentrations, integration can even increase the cost and emissions of CCU. From the obtained results, we derive an indicator to assess the savings potential of ICCU processes. Finally, life cycle assessment reveals that CO2-based methyl formate has the potential to reduce both the global warming impact and the depletion of fossil resources compared to methyl formate produced from fossil sources.
1149. The hydrolysis of carboxylic anhydrides. Part VI. Acid hydrolysis of cyclic anhydrides (1965)

C. A. Bunton, J. H. Fendler, N. A. Fuller, S. Perry and J. Rocek, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 6174 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650006174
Brucella intracellular life: from invasion to intracellular replication (2002)

Brucella organisms are pathogens that ultimate goal is to propagate in their preferred niche, the cell. Upon cell contact the bacteria is internalized via receptor molecules by activating small GTPases of the Rho subfamily and by a moderate recruitment of actin filaments. Once inside cells, Brucella localizes in early phagosomes, where it avoids fusion with late endosomes and lysosomes. These early events require the control of Rab small GTPases, and cytokines such as the G-CSF. Then, the bacterium redirects its trafficking to autophagosomes and finally reaches the endoplasmic reticulum, where it extensively replicates. Some of the bacterial molecular determinants involved in the internalization and early events after ingestion are controlled by the BvrS/BvrR two component regulatory system, whereas the intracellular trafficking beyond this early compartments are controlled by the VirB type IV secretion system. Once inside the endoplasmic reticulum, Brucella extensively replicates without restricting basic cellular functions or inducing obvious damage to cells. The integrity of Brucella LPS on the bacterial surface is one of the required factors for Brucella intracellular survival, and therefore for virulence.