gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selection bias in the reported performances of AD classification pipelines (2016)

The last decade has seen a great proliferation of supervised learning pipelines for individual diagnosis and prognosis in Alzheimer's disease. As more pipelines are developed and evaluated in the search for greater performance, only those results that are relatively impressive will be selected for publication. We present an empirical study to evaluate the potential for optimistic bias in classification performance results as a result of this selection. This is achieved using a novel, resampling-based experiment design that effectively simulates the optimisation of pipeline specifications by individuals or collectives of researchers using cross validation with limited data. Our findings indicate that bias can plausibly account for an appreciable fraction (often greater than half) of the apparent performance improvement associated with the pipeline optimisation, particularly in small samples. We discuss the consistency of our findings with patterns observed in the literature and consider strategies for bias reduction and mitigation.
The Application of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes on Vegetable Insulating Oil Modification (2019)

Vegetable insulating oils, as promising substitutes for mineral insulating oils, have gained a lot of researches on their modification. Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (POSS), a hybrid organic-inorganic nanoparticle, is of great prospect in vegetable insulating oil modification based on its remarkable dispersion property in organic liquids. In this research, the test material of vegetable oil (FR3, to be specified) was mixed with OctaMethyl-POSS (OM-POSS) in several different concentrations 0, 0.001, 0.004, 0.007 and 0.01 wt.% to make modified dielectric nanofluids. The AC breakdown strength and dielectric properties (relative permittivity, electrical conductivity and dissipation factor) of POSS-based oils were investigated. The experimental results showed that the AC breakdown strength of POSS-based nanofluids increased in a proper concentration range, while the permittivity, conductivity and dissipation factor of tested samples exhibited a reduction with proper POSS concentrations, where the model of interfacial zone was applied to explain the mechanism.
Laser spectroscopy for breath analysis: towards clinical implementation (2018)

Detection and analysis of volatile compounds in exhaled breath represents an attractive tool for monitoring the metabolic status of a patient and disease diagnosis, since it is non-invasive and fast. Numerous studies have already demonstrated the benefit of breath analysis in clinical settings/applications and encouraged multidisciplinary research to reveal new insights regarding the origins, pathways, and pathophysiological roles of breath components. Many breath analysis methods are currently available to help explore these directions, ranging from mass spectrometry to laser-based spectroscopy and sensor arrays. This review presents an update of the current status of optical methods, using near and mid-infrared sources, for clinical breath gas analysis over the last decade and describes recent technological developments and their applications. The review includes: tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, cavity ring-down spectroscopy, integrated cavity output spectroscopy, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy, and optical frequency comb spectroscopy. A SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) is presented that describes the laser-based techniques within the clinical framework of breath research and their appealing features for clinical use.
Endovascular Mechanical Thrombectomy for the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke Due to Arterial Dissection (2012)

Arterial dissections account for 2% of strokes in all age groups, and up to 25% in patients aged 45 years or younger. The safety of endovascular intervention in this patient population is not well characterized. We identified all patients in the Merci registry - a prospective, multi-center post-market database enrolling patients treated with the Merci Retriever thrombectomy device - with arterial dissection as the most likely stroke etiology. Stroke presentation and procedural details were obtained prospectively; data regarding procedural complications, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and the use of stenting of the dissected artery were obtained retrospectively. Of 980 patients in the registry, ten were identified with arterial dissection (8/10 ICA; 2/10 vertebrobasilar). The median age was 48 years with a baseline NIH stroke scale score of 16 and median time to treatment of 4.9 h. The procedure resulted in thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia (TICI) scores of 2a or better in eight out of ten and TICI 2b or better in six out of ten patients. Stenting of the dissection was performed in four of nine (44%). The single complication (1/9; 11%) - extension of a dissected carotid artery - was treated effectively with stenting. No symptomatic ICH or stroke in a previously unaffected territory occurred. A favorable functional outcome was observed in eight out of ten patients. Despite severe strokes on presentation, high rates of recanalization (8/10) and favorable functional outcomes (8/10) were observed. These results suggest that mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute stroke resulting from arterial dissection is feasible, safe, and may be associated with favorable functional outcomes.
Fluorescent in situ hybridisation assay as a species‐specific identifier of the northern Pacific seastar, Asterias amurensis (2007)

Abstract A fluorescent in situ hybridisation assay has been developed to detect a high profile marine pest in ships’ ballast water, namely the northern Pacific seastar, Asterias amurensis . This organism has not been detected in New Zealand waters, but is seen as a high risk to marine values, including economic resources, should it become established. The fluorescein‐labelled species‐specific probe construct, coded AM2F, scored positive against A. amurensis larvae. The probe was tested for cross‐reactivity against larvae of the starfish Patiriella mortenseni, Coscinasterias muricata , and Sclerasterias mollis . The signal given by the probe against these species was either absent or extremely weak, indicating minimal or no cross‐reactivity The assay detects at the organism level and, because the method involves microscopy, it has potential for enumerating detected species. Additionally, by meeting several criteria for viability assessment (i.e., degree of body wall and organelle integrity as well as fluorescence), the assay can provide indicative counts of viable larvae.
A four coordinate parent imidevia a titanium nitridyl (2011)

Treatment of d(1) [(nacnac)TiCl(Ntol(2))] with NaN(3) results in NaCl formation and N(2) ejection to yield the first four coordinate, parent imide [(nacnac)Ti=NH(Ntol(2))] (nacnac(-)=[ArNC(CH(3))](2)CH, Ar = 2,6-iPr(2)C(6)H(3), tol = 4-CH(3)C(6)H(4)).
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) protects Syrian hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 (2021)

We investigated ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 in Syrian hamsters. We previously showed protection against SARS-CoV-2 disease and pneumonia in hamsters vaccinated with a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Here, we observe a 9.5-fold reduction of virus neutralizing antibody titer in vaccinated hamster sera against B.1.351 compared to B.1.1.7. Vaccinated hamsters challenged with B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 do not lose weight compared to control animals. In contrast to control animals, the lungs of vaccinated animals do not show any gross lesions. Minimal to no viral subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) and no infectious virus can be detected in lungs of vaccinated animals. Histopathological evaluation shows extensive pulmonary pathology caused by B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 replication in the control animals, but none in the vaccinated animals. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against clinical disease caused by B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 VOCs.
Wet Chemical Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials for Solar Cell Applications (2015)

During long term space missions, it is necessary to have a reliable source of energy. Solar cells are an easy and reliable way to convert energy from the sun to electrical energy. NASA has used solar cells manufactured on Earth as an energy source for many of its missions. In order to develop technologies that will enable high efficiency solar cells, we are synthesizing nanostructured materials. A range of nanostructured materials, such as titanium dioxide nanowires, nickel nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, and silver nanoparticles/nanowires, are synthesized. In this work, we are reporting on the synthesis of these nanomaterials and the electron microscopic characterizations. Nanomaterials were synthesized using well-known protocols, such as the polyol process for silver nanowires and the hydrothermal method to produce titanium dioxide nanowires. The nanomaterials were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at NASA Ames and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) from the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource at SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory. This study will bring understanding on the chemical structure and morphology of these nanomaterials that will potentially be used for high efficiency solar cells.
Isolation of a photosystem II reaction center consisting of D-1 and D-2 polypeptides and cytochrome b -559 (1987)

A photosystem II reaction center complex consisting of D-1 and D-2 polypeptides and cytochrome b-559 was isolated from spinach grana thylakoids, treated with 4% (wt/vol) Triton X-100, by ion-exchange chromatography using DEAE-Toyopearl 650S. The isolated complex appears to contain five chlorophyll a, two pheophytin a, one beta-carotene, and one or two cytochrome b-559 heme(s) (molar ratio) and exhibits a reversible absorbance change attributable to the photochemical accumulation of reduced pheophytin typical for the intermediary electron acceptor of photosystem II reaction center. These results strongly suggest that the site of primary charge separation in photosystem II is located on the heterodimer composed of D-1 and D-2 subunits.
Trademark Detection Using SIFT Features Matching (2015)

A large amount of investment every year made on sports. The major portion of which placement on billboards position in an around the field. Sponsors need to verify their brand has the level of visibility they accept to justify advertising budget. The current method of manual annotation is extremely tedious. In this work automatic annotation of trademark and logo is proposed. Detection is performed by matching set of feature descriptor for each trademark against the set of feature detected in each frame of video. The Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm proposed by Lowe [1] is an approach for extracting distinctive invariant features from image an improvement of the original SIFT algorithm providing more reliable feature matching for the purpose of trademark detection. For this image matching algorithm is designed. Further the system provides varies kind of statistics. Trademark duration visibility is calculated. Experimental results are provided along with analysis. Result shows that our proposed technique is efficient and effectively detects trademarks.
LAVT: Language-Aware Vision Transformer for Referring Image Segmentation (2021)

Referring image segmentation is a fundamental vision-language task that aims to segment out an object referred to by a natural language expression from an image. One of the key challenges behind this task is leveraging the referring expression for highlighting relevant positions in the image. A paradigm for tackling this problem is to leverage a powerful vision-language ("cross-modal") decoder to fuse features independently extracted from a vision encoder and a language encoder. Recent methods have made remarkable advancements in this paradigm by exploiting Transformers as cross-modal decoders, concurrent to the Transformer's overwhelming success in many other vision-language tasks. Adopting a different approach in this work, we show that significantly better cross-modal alignments can be achieved through the early fusion of linguistic and visual features in intermediate layers of a vision Transformer encoder network. By conducting cross-modal feature fusion in the visual feature encoding stage, we can leverage the well-proven correlation modeling power of a Transformer encoder for excavating helpful multi-modal context. This way, accurate segmentation results are readily harvested with a light-weight mask predictor. Without bells and whistles, our method surpasses the previous state-of-the-art methods on RefCOCO, RefCOCO+, and G-Ref by large margins.
High‐Resolution Multi‐isotope Imaging Mass Spectrometry Enables Visualisation of Stem Cell Division and Metabolism (2012)

MIMS visualises metabolism: A recent publication by Steinhauser and co-workers presents a novel application of multi-isotope mass spectrometry (MIMS) to visualise physiological metabolism in live mammalian organisms, and validate the "immortal strand hypothesis" of asymmetric chromosomal division of stem cells in the small intestine.
Connectionist probability estimation in the DECIPHER speech recognition system (1992)

The authors have previously demonstrated that feedforward networks can be used to estimate local output probabilities in hidden Markov model (HMM) speech recognition systems (Renals et al., 1991). These connectionist techniques are integrated into the DECIPHER system, with experiments being performed using the speaker-independent DARPA RM database. The results indicate that: connectionist probability estimation can improve performance of a context-independent maximum-likelihood-trained HMM system; performance of the connectionist system is close to what can be achieved using (context-dependent) HMM systems of much higher complexity; and mixing connectionist and maximum-likelihood estimates can improve the performance of the state-of-the-art context-independent HMM system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A two-qubit conditional quantum gate with single spins (2004)

A quantum logical NOT and a conditional two-qubit gate (CROT), are implemented with single spins in a solid. As quantum bits a single electron spin and a single 13C nuclear spin of a single nitrogen vacancy defect center in diamond are used. The quantum state of the electron spin can be read out optically. Owing to long decoherence and relaxation times the systems meets the requirements of hardware for quantum computation. Density matrix tomography of the CROT gate shows that the achieved performance of the two bit conditional quantum gate is promising. The gate fidelity achieved in our experiments is up to 0.9, good enough to be used in quantum algorithms. Further on, the system may allow for solid-state room temperature quantum computation
Long‐term musical training induces white matter plasticity in emotion and language networks (2022)

Numerous studies have reported that long-term musical training can affect brain functionality and induce structural alterations in the brain. Singing is a form of vocal musical expression with an unparalleled capacity for communicating emotion; however, there has been relatively little research on neuroplasticity at the network level in vocalists (i.e., noninstrumental musicians). Our objective in this study was to elucidate changes in the neural network architecture following long-term training in the musical arts. We employed a framework based on graph theory to depict the connectivity and efficiency of structural networks in the brain, based on diffusion-weighted images obtained from 35 vocalists, 27 pianists, and 33 nonmusicians. Our results revealed that musical training (both voice and piano) could enhance connectivity among emotion-related regions of the brain, such as the amygdala. We also discovered that voice training reshaped the architecture of experience-dependent networks, such as those involved in vocal motor control, sensory feedback, and language processing. It appears that vocal-related changes in areas such as the insula, paracentral lobule, supramarginal gyrus, and putamen are associated with functional segregation, multisensory integration, and enhanced network interconnectivity. These results suggest that long-term musical training can strengthen or prune white matter connectivity networks in an experience-dependent manner.
A randomized comparison of manual versus mechanical thrombus removal in primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the treatment of ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (TREAT‐MI) (2011)

Despite shorter procedural times, better lesion crossing, and fewer complications, both surrogate endpoints as well as 3-year clinical follow-up were similar with the use of the Export catheter as compared to the X-sizer system.
Multicamera People Tracking with a Probabilistic Occupancy Map (2007)

Given two to four synchronized video streams taken at eye level and from different angles, we show that we can effectively combine a generative model with dynamic programming to accurately follow up to six individuals across thousands of frames in spite of significant occlusions and lighting changes. In addition, we also derive metrically accurate trajectories for each one of them. Our contribution is twofold. First, we demonstrate that our generative model can effectively handle occlusions in each time frame independently, even when the only data available comes from the output of a simple background subtraction algorithm and when the number of individuals is unknown a priori. Second, we show that multi-person tracking can be reliably achieved by processing individual trajectories separately over long sequences, provided that a reasonable heuristic is used to rank these individuals and avoid confusing them with one another.
A robust two-color-field driven hollow-core fiber compressor (2018)

We present a robust two-color-field driven hollow-core-fiber compressor. The ~1mJ HCF output covers 300 nm to 950 nm supporting sub-cycle transform-limited pulses with ~2.1fs duration. The spectral phase is characterized with two-dimensional spectral shearing interferometry.
The definition of cross polarization (1973)

There are at least three different definitions of cross polarization used in the literature. The alternative definitions are discussed with respect to several applications, and the definition which corresponds to one standard measurement practice is proposed as the best choice.
Genetic Analysis of the Interleukin-18 System Highlights the Role of the Interleukin-18 Gene in Cardiovascular Disease (2005)

Variations of the IL18 gene consistently influence circulating levels of IL-18 and clinical outcome in patients with coronary artery disease, which supports the hypothesis of a causal role of IL-18 in atherosclerosis and its complications.
Combined waste resources as compound fertiliser to spring cereals (2014)

There is increasing awareness of the need for efficient nutrient recycling in food production.Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to contribute to the development of alternative compound fertilisers with balanced nutrient ratios for cereal production.We compared the (1) fertilisation effects and (2) effects on soil chemistry of four organic nitrogen (N)-and phosphorous (P)-rich waste-based products (WBPs), applied with or without potassium (K)-rich bottom wood ash (BWA).WBPs and BWA were applied at two rates (80 kg N ha 1 + 35 kg K ha -1 and 160 kg N ha -1 + 70 kg K ha -1 ) to spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) in year one and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) in year two, and the effects were compared with those of commercial mineral and organic compound fertilisers.The K fertilisation effects of BWA were masked by the soil's ability to provide plantavailable K during both years of the experiment.Plant-available N was, therefore, the growth-limiting factor for barley in year one, when there were no differences in grain yield between treatments with and without K-rich BWA.The mineral fertiliser equivalent of WBPs was 64-118% for N uptake in barley grain, but can be expected to be lower under field conditions.During year two, wheat yield was determined by the plant availability of P and N. Meat-rich meat and bone meal caused P deficiency at the lower application rate as a result of alkaline soil conditions, whereas the P in BWA appeared to be almost as plant-available as soluble mineral P.
Postoperative blood loss and transfusion associated with use of Hextend in cardiac surgery patients at a blood conservation center (2008)

Although HEX was associated with transfusion in univariate analysis and with CTD in uni- and multivariate analysis, the former was no longer significant when adjusted for other predictors of transfusion in our selected patient population at a blood conservation center. The clinical significance of the observed increase in CTD remains undetermined. To minimize transfusion and bleeding in these patients, it is recommended that HEX be used in amounts of not more than 20 mL per kg together with point-of-care coagulation tests and other blood conservation strategies.
Managing data quality in the health care industry: Some critical issues (2000)

Data quality analysis in health care is a large and ongoing problem. Because the scope oj health care information systems is extremely broad and because most such systems have either a direct or indirect impact on the provision of health care, their quality is a topic of critical importance for information management professionals. Of vital concern is the data flow from the point of patient service delivery to an end point of decision support and analysis of the data derived from the encounter. The historical use of these data, their current uses and how industry dynamics have created a need for improved l^ata quality provides the context for a discussion of health care data quality. We address the definition of health care data, assessing data quality, and the need for ejfective data quality management. Next, the paper reviews some popular methods employed in the health care industry. We then propose an integrated framework to improve data quality in health care, and finally summarize the conclusions of this study.
Inhibition of stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCR4 axis for the cure of BCR-ABL positive chronic myeloid leukemia (2009)

Ph-chromosome positive (Ph-positive) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) represents the first human cancer in which molecularly targeted therapy with tyrosine-kinaseinhibitors (TKIs) hasled toa dramatic clinical response, changing the history of a very malignant disease. The BCR-ABL in all instances inhibitor imatinib mesylate indeed represents a major therapeutic advance over the previously available therapy for CML, with 98% of patients obtaining complete hematologic response (CHR), 87% of patients achieving a complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) and an overall survival of 86% after 7 years of follow-up, with less than 50% of the observed deaths due to CML [1]. In a minority of patients, imatinib therapy can also lead to an apparent eradication of the Ph-positive clone, as it has been reported that in approximately 50% of the patients who discontinue their treatment after 2 years of complete molecular remission (CMR), the persistence of nested PCRnegative status may continue without molecular relapse after quite a long period of follow-up [2]. However, this therapeutic goal still represents a clinical challenge for most of the patients, as the majorityofthemdonotachieveCMRandrelapseafter imatinib discontinuation [3]. It has been suggested that CML relapses occur because imatinib eliminates proliferating cells that constitute the bulk of the leukemia cells, but fails to eliminate more immature progenitors and BCR/ABL-positive leukemia stem