gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dissemination of NDM Metallo-β-Lactamase Genes among Clinical Isolates of Enterobacteriaceae Collected during the SMART Global Surveillance Study from 2008 to 2012 (2014)

The prevalence of carbapenemase enzymes continues to increase. Among the Ambler class B enzymes is the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM). This particular enzyme is capable of hydrolyzing nearly all β-lactam antimicrobial agents and has spread rapidly, becoming a global problem. Therapeutic treatment options for patients infected with isolates which produce this enzyme are difficult to manage, as cross-resistance to other antimicrobial classes is common. The Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART) is a global surveillance study evaluating the antimicrobial susceptibilities of numerous Gram-negative bacterial species recovered from people with intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute methods and a molecular analysis identified 134 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae (nine species) and one Acinetobacter sp. with blaNDM genes. These isolates were collected in nine countries, and >95% of the isolates possessed the NDM-1 variant. The MIC90 values were >4 mg/liter and >8 mg/liter for ertapenem and imipenem, respectively. No tested β-lactam or β-lactamase inhibitor combination had activity against these isolates. Resistance to amikacin (79.9%) and levofloxacin (82.8%) was common. Nearly all the isolates encoded additional enzymes, including AmpC cephalosporinases and extended-spectrum β-lactamases. There is an urgent need for infection control and continued global monitoring of isolates which harbor the NDM enzyme, as evidenced by recent outbreaks.
Telecommunications Policy-Making in the European Union (2006)

Examining the emergence of a European Union telecommunications policy, Joseph Goodman explains how and why the policy developed as it did and why certain reforms in the sector were easier to achieve than others. He provides a history of the key actors in the policy-making process from the first attempts by the national postal, telegraph, and telecommunication administrations to coordinate their telecommunications policies in the 1950s, to the implementation of a comprehensive EU telecommunications regulatory structure in 1998 and the development of a new regulatory structure in 2003.
An analysis of two unusual reflection caustics (1989)

A reflection caustic consisting of an x or a cross surrounded by a circle was observed using two different reflector geometries. Double-glazed insulating windows that have become bowed, and circularly symmetric cookie trays and cake covers possessing two different curvatures at different distances from the symmetry axis, produce similar caustics when plane waves are incident far off-axis. For the case of the insulating windows, it was found that the concavely bowed outer pane produced the x portion of the caustic and the convexly bowed inner pane produced the circle portion. For the case of the circularly symmetric reflectors, the x and circle portions of the caustic were found to be produced by the regions of greater and lesser curvature, respectively. These results were verified by numerical spot diagram calculations for each of the reflector geometries.
SYNTHESIS OF OLIGORIBONUCLEOTIDES USING 4-METHOXYBENZYL GROUP AS A NEW PROTECTING GROUP OF THE 2′-HYDROXYL GROUP OF ADENOSINE (1982)

Abstract 4-Methoxybenzyl group was introduced directly to the 2′-hydroxyl group from the reaction of adenosine with 4-methoxybenzyl bromide in the presence of sodium hydride. The 2′-O-(4-methoxybenzyl)adenosine can be successfully used in the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides via phosphotriester approach. The 4-methoxybenzyl group was removed rapidly from the oligoribonucleotides by triphenylmethyl fluoroborate and the completely deblocked oligoribonucleotides were characterized by emzymatic hydrolysis.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLES. CLXI. SYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF SOME 1,2,4‐THIADIAZOLO(2,3‐A)PYRIMIDINES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS (1977)

Abstract Isothiocyankohlensäureester reagiert mit 2‐Amino‐pyrimidi‐ nen (I) zu den Thioharnstoffen (II), die mit (III) im Gleichgewicht stehen und weiter zu (IV) gespalten werden.
IPv6 Jumbograms (1999)

A "jumbogram" is an IPv6 packet containing a payload longer than 65,535 octets.This document describes the IPv6 Jumbo Payload option, which provides the means of specifying such large payload lengths.It also describes the changes needed to TCP and UDP to make use of jumbograms.Jumbograms are relevant only to IPv6 nodes that may be attached to links with a link MTU greater than 65,575 octets, and need not be implemented or understood by IPv6 nodes that do not support attachment to links with such large MTUs.
Cement lines of secondary osteons in human bone are not mineral‐deficient: New data in a historical perspective (2005)

Using qualitative backscattered electron (BSE) imaging and quantitative energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, some investigators have concluded that cement (reversal) lines located at the periphery of secondary osteons are poorly mineralized viscous interfaces with respect to surrounding bone. This conclusion contradicts historical observations of apparent highly mineralized (or collagen-deficient) cement lines in microradiographs. Such conclusions, however, may stem from unrecognized artifacts that can occur during scanning electron microscopy. These include specimen degradation due to high-energy beams and the sampling of electron interaction volumes that extend beyond target locations during EDX analysis. This study used quantitative BSE imaging and EDX analysis, each with relatively lower-energy beams, to test the hypothesis that cement lines are poorly mineralized. Undemineralized adult human femoral diaphyses (n = 8) and radial diaphyses (n = 5) were sectioned transversely, embedded in polymethyl methacrylate, and imaged in a scanning electron microscope for BSE and EDX analyses. Unembedded samples were also evaluated. Additional thin embedded samples were stained and evaluated with light microscopy and correlated BSE imaging. BSE analyses showed the consistent presence of a bright line (higher atomic number) coincident with the classical location and description of the cement line. This may represent relative hypermineralization or, alternatively, collagen deficiency with respect to surrounding bone. EDX analyses of cement lines showed either higher Ca content or equivalent Ca content when compared to distant osteonal and interstitial bone. These data reject the hypothesis that cement lines of secondary osteons are poorly mineralized.
Run-time deadlock detection in networks-on-chip using coupled transitive closure networks (2011)

Interconnection networks with adaptive routing are susceptible to deadlock, which could lead to performance degradation or system failure. Detecting deadlocks at run-time is challenging because of their highly distributed characteristics. In this paper, we present a deadlock detection method that utilizes run-time Transitive Closure (TC) computation to discover the existence of deadlock-equivalence sets, which imply loops of requests in networks-on-chip (NoC). This detection scheme guarantees the discovery of all true deadlocks without false alarms unlike state-of-the-art approximation and heuristic approaches. A distributed TC-network architecture which couples with the NoC architecture is also presented to realize the detection mechanism efficiently. Our results based on a cycle-accurate simulator demonstrate the effectiveness of the TC-network method. It drastically outperforms timing-based deadlock detection mechanisms by eliminating false detections and thus reducing energy dissipation in various traffic scenarios. For example, timing based methods may produce two orders of magnitude more deadlock alarms than the TC-network method. Moreover, the implementations presented in this paper demonstrate that the hardware overhead of TC-networks is insignificant.
Genetic analysis of land subsidence in Anshan (2010)

陆地沉淀是被研究人员在家和 abroad.In 担心的复杂地质的现象这份报纸，从在 1987 期间铺平的鞍山第二顺序的观察数据- 1994 ，与环境工程地质学和鞍山城市里的陆地沉淀是的地质的条件分析表演的区域结合了仔细与活跃 tectonics ，第四级的阶层和地下水利用有关。
IMPROVED ELECTRON BEAM SIMULATIONS FOR HIGH-POWER GYROTRON BEAM TUNNELS (2004)

We present a new approach for electron beam simulations of a high-power gyrotron beam tunnel with the finite element method. This approach is based on (i) the generation of a dynamic mesh which can be adapted to the shape of the beam, and (ii) the representation of the space charge of the beam through continuous functions. In the trajectory and self-consistent beam simulation codes, which use finite element method for the electric field calculation, such as, the two-dimensional code DAPHNE [1] and the three-dimensional code ARIADNE [2], the adaptation of the mesh to be denser in the region of the electron beam is static, since it is performed at most once before each iteration. In addition, the space charge of the electron beam is represented by delta functions at all intermediate positions of the simulation electrons. These techniques cause some inaccuracies in the electric field calculation in the beam region, and consequently in the calculation of the beam characteristics, i.e. the average value and the dispersion of parallel and transverse velocity, the ratio of velocities α, the radius and the width of the beam, etc. Such inaccuracies are impossible to confront with the use of a denser mesh, due to the increased presence of empty elements (i.e., without space charge) in the beam region, while the use of more simulation electrons is limited by computing time and memory. To confront this difficulty a code is developed which focuses on the improvement of the electric field calculation in the beam region. In particular, a dynamic curvilinear quadrilateral and automatic mesh generator, which can adapt its elements to the beam shape, is incorporated in the code facilities, to separate the elements inside the beam and the elements outside the beam. This results in a more accurate calculation of the strong variation of the electric field at the ends of the beam. On the other hand, the space charge of the beam is determined by continuous functions which are defined by the trajectories of two successive macroelectrons. This technique achieves the exclusion of uncharged elements in beam region irrespectively of the density of the mesh.
Principal-component-analysis eigenvalue spectra from data with symmetry-breaking structure (2004)

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a ubiquitous method of multivariate statistics that focuses on the eigenvalues lambda and eigenvectors of the sample covariance matrix of a data set. We consider p, N-dimensional data vectors xi drawn from a distribution with covariance matrix C. We use the replica method to evaluate the expected eigenvalue distribution rho(lambda) as N--> infinity with p=alphaN for some fixed alpha. In contrast to existing studies we consider the case where C contains a number of symmetry-breaking directions, so that the sample data set contains some definite structure. Explicitly we set C=sigma2I+sigma(2)Sigma(S)(m=1)A(m)B(m)B(T)(m), with A(m)>0 for all m. We find that the bulk of the eigenvalues are distributed as for the case when the elements of xi are independent and identically distributed. With increasing alpha a series of phase transitions are observed, at alpha=A(-2)(m), m=1,2,..., S, each time a single delta function, delta(lambda-lambda(u)(A(m))), separates from the upper edge of the bulk distribution, where lambda(u)(A)=sigma(2)[1+A][1+(alphaA)(-1)]. We confirm the results of the replica analysis by studying the Stieltjes transform of rho(lambda). This suggests that the results obtained from the replica analysis are universal, irrespective of the distribution from which xi is drawn, provided the fourth moment of each element of xi exists.
22π Smaragdyrin Molecular Conjugates with Aromatic Phenylacetylenes and Ferrocenes:  Syntheses, Electrochemical, and Photonic Properties (2006)

Syntheses, spectroscopic, electrochemical, and third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities of a series of 22pi smaragdyrins and their corresponding Rh(I) derivatives bearing phenylacetylene substituents and ferrocene-containing substituents are reported. The synthetic strategy involved a [3 + 2] acid-catalyzed oxidative coupling reaction of the appropriate dipyrromethane and oxatripyrrane. The desired meso substituents, such as phenylacetylenylphenyl and the ferrocenes, were incorporated to the dipyrromethane unit prior to the oxidative coupling reaction. The optical absorption, emission characteristics, and the quantum yield of the smaragdyrin conjugates depends on the nature of the substituent, nature of linker group, and the spacer length. Theoretical studies at the DFT level suggest high delocalization of electrons confined to only four of the five available heterocyclic rings for the free bases. However, upon Rh(I) metalation, the pi-electron delocalization is extended to all the heterocyclic rings. The two-photon absorption cross section (TPA) values sigma(2) measured through the open aperture Z-scan method, increases linearly with enhanced pi-electron delocalization for the smaragdyrins containing phenylacetylene substituents. The meta branching of substituents decreases sigma(2) values. Introduction of Rh(I) to the smaragdyrin cavity enhances the sigma(2) values by about 3-10 orders of magnitude, attributed to the increased aromatic character upon Rh(I) insertion. The calculated molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) and harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) for the free bases and the Rh(I) derivatives justifies such a conclusion. A linear correlation observed for the second oxidation potential of Rh(I) derivatives and corresponding free bases also support the increased aromaticity upon Rh(I) insertion. The electrochemical data for ferrocene-containing smaragdyrins reveal easier ring oxidation by about 50-130 mV and harder ferrocene oxidation by 40-180 mV suggesting electron-donating nature of the ferrocene upon linking with the smaragdyrin system. The TPA cross section value of 88782 GM observed for 5g represents one of the highest values known for a metalloexpanded porphyrin derivative.
Psychophysical test of a tunable retina encoder for retina implants (2003)

The perception-based tuning procedure of a learning retina implant as a visual prosthesis for blind subjects with retinal degeneration was tested in subjects with normal vision. A simulated retina encoder (RE) with 256 tunable spatiotemporal receptive field (RF) filters was stimulated by spatiotemporal visual patterns. RE output impulse rate was fed into an inversion module (IM) to reproduce the corresponding input pattern in real time. Initially, IM was trained to generate an approximation of the inverse of the RE mapping for a given RE state S, so as to yield a close similarity between spatiotemporal RE input and IM output patterns. Subsequently, S was arbitrarily changed thus drastically increasing the difference between desired and perceived pattern. A learning algorithm based on evolution strategies was developed to adjust RE iteratively with human feedback.
Rapid vibrational imaging with sum frequency generation microscopy (2011)

We demonstrate rapid vibrational imaging based on sum frequency generation (SFG) microscopy with a collinear excitation geometry. Using the tunable picosecond pulses from a high-repetition-rate optical parametric oscillator, vibrationally selective imaging of collagen fibers is achieved with submicrometer lateral resolution. We furthermore show simultaneous SFG and second harmonic generation imaging to emphasize the compatibility of the microscope with other nonlinear optical modalities.
Weakly Supervised Person Search with Region Siamese Networks (2021)

Supervised learning is dominant in person search, but it requires elaborate labeling of bounding boxes and identities. Large-scale labeled training data is often difficult to collect, especially for person identities. A natural question is whether a good person search model can be trained without the need of identity supervision. In this paper, we present a weakly supervised setting where only bounding box annotations are available. Based on this new setting, we provide an effective baseline model termed Region Siamese Networks (R-SiamNets). Towards learning useful representations for recognition in the absence of identity labels, we supervise the R-SiamNet with instance-level consistency loss and cluster-level contrastive loss. For instance-level consistency learning, the R-SiamNet is constrained to extract consistent features from each person region with or without out-of-region context. For cluster-level contrastive learning, we enforce the aggregation of closest instances and the separation of dissimilar ones in feature space. Extensive experiments validate the utility of our weakly supervised method. Our model achieves the rank-1 of 87.1% and mAP of 86.0% on CUHK-SYSU benchmark, which surpasses several fully supervised methods, such as OIM and MGTS, by a clear margin. More promising performance can be reached by incorporating extra training data. We hope this work could encourage the future research in this field.
New Phase-Vocoder Techniques are Real-Time Pitch Shifting, Chorusing, Harmonizing, and Other Exotic Audio Modifications (1999)

The phase vocoder is a well-established tool for time-scaling and pitch shifting speech and audio signals. Its theory is now well understood and improvements have been proposed to reduce artifacts commonly encountered when time expanding signals by large factors. In the literature the phase vocoder has been described primarily as a tool for time scaling rather than pitch shifting, the latter usually being achieved by a combination of time scaling and sampling-rate conversion. The authors focus mainly on pitch-scale modifications of speech and audio signals and discuss the drawbacks of the standard time-scaling and resampling technique. Two alternative techniques are presented which reduce the complexity and computational cost significantly while offering dramatically extended capabilities. In particular, the new techniques, which operate solely in the frequency domain, enable chorusing, harmonizing, and nonstandard frequency modifications such as partial stretching (nonlinear frequency saling), frequency inversions, and so on.
Goal-directed diuresis: A case - control study of continuous furosemide infusion in critically ill trauma patients (2015)

Compared to IBI, goal-directed diuresis by CFI is more successful in achieving net negative fluid balance in patients with fluid overload with no detrimental side effects on renal function or patient outcome.
Mixed-Phase Cloud Retrievals Using Doppler Radar Spectra (2003)

The radar Doppler spectrum contains a wealth of information on cloud microphysical properties. Typically, radar-based cloud retrievals use only the zeroth or first moments of the Doppler spectrum – reflectivity and mean Doppler velocity – to derive quantities such as cloud water content and particle characteristic size (e.g., Liou and Sassen 1994; Matrosov et al. 2002). When using only the moments of the Doppler spectrum, important spectral information can be lost, particularly when the spectrum is multi-modal. Multi-modal spectra are possible when a mixture of two or more cloud particle phases, habits, or sizes exist in the same volume (e.g., Gossard et al. 1997). For example, the large difference in size between the liquid droplets and ice crystals in a mixed-phase cloud often causes these two phases to fall at different rates, thus producing a bi-modal spectral signature. Mixed-phase clouds play an important role in global climate and aircraft safety. The identification and partitioning of phases in mixed-phase clouds is difficult yet has powerful implications in terms of the atmospheric and surface radiative balances (e.g., Sun and Shine 1994). In the Arctic, mixed-phase clouds are frequent (~41% of the time) and any changes in Arctic mixed-phase cloud composition and/or fraction are expected to strongly impact the surface energy balance in that region and feedback into global climate. In mid-latitudes, where mixed-phase clouds occur at higher altitudes and are somewhat less frequent than in the Arctic, super-cooled liquid drops are particularly important for aircraft icing hazard conditions (Cober et al. 2001). In general, we have only meager knowledge of mixed-phase cloud structure and formation/persistence mechanisms which has caused these clouds to be poorly represented in cloud and climate models. Here, Doppler spectrum observations from a groundbased radar are used to introduce a technique to identify and quantify both phases in a mixed-phase cloud. A case study on 29 July, 2002 from the NASA Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) is used to illustrate the method. The case of interest occurred from 1500-1530 UTC in a 2 km thick, mixed-phase altostratus layer at about 5 km AGL. ____________________________________________ *Corresponding author address: Matthew D. Shupe, NOAA / Environmental Technology Lab., 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305. E-mail: Matthew.Shupe@noaa.gov 2. MEASUREMENTS
Ultrahigh-Throughput Multiplexing and Sequencing of >500-Base-Pair Amplicon Regions on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 Platform (2019)

Amplification, sequencing, and analysis of the 16S rRNA gene affords characterization of microbial community composition. As this tool has become more popular and amplicon-sequencing applications have grown in the total number of samples, growth in sample multiplexing is becoming necessary while maintaining high sequence quality and sequencing depth. Here, modifications to the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform are described which produce greater multiplexing capabilities and 300-bp paired-end reads of higher quality than those produced by the current Illumina MiSeq platform. To improve the feasibility and flexibility of this method, a 2-step PCR amplification protocol is also described that allows for targeting of different amplicon regions, and enhances amplification success from samples with low bacterial bioburden. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> Amplicon sequencing has become a popular and widespread tool for surveying microbial communities. Lower overall costs associated with high-throughput sequencing have made it a widely adopted approach, especially for projects that necessitate sample multiplexing to eliminate batch effect and reduced time to acquire data. The method for amplicon sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform described here provides improved multiplexing capabilities while simultaneously producing greater quality sequence data and lower per-sample cost relative to those of the Illumina MiSeq platform without sacrificing amplicon length. To make this method more flexible for various amplicon-targeted regions as well as improve amplification from low-biomass samples, we also present and validate a 2-step PCR library preparation method.