gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The association of benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate (1992)

There are a number of similarities between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and cancer. Both display a parallel increase in prevalence with patient age according to autopsy studies (86.2% and 43.6%, respectively, by the ninth decade), although cancer lags by 15-20 years. Both require androgens for growth and development, and both respond to antiandrogen treatment regimens. Most cancers arise in prostates with concomitant BPH (83.3%), and cancer is found incidentally in a significant number of transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) specimens (10%). The clinical incidence of cancer arising in patients with surgically treated BPH is approximately 3%. BPH may be related to a subset of prostate cancer which arises in the transition zone, perhaps in association with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH). It is important to exclude cancer in patients presenting with symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction presumably due to BPH. For such patients, we recommend digital rectal examination (DRE) and, at least in high-risk patients, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) determination. Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) should be employed in patients with elevated PSA levels to determine the volume of the prostate, the relative contribution of BPH to volume, and the PSA density (ratio of PSA level to volume). Biopsy should be obtained from any area suspicious for cancer. Early detection and treatment of cancer when it is localized offers the greatest chance for cure.
<title>Intelligent Image Digitizing Subsystems</title> (1983)

An image scanner/digitizer has been developed which utilizes solid state array sensors to achieve high-speed, high-resolution scanning of black and white images. The internal 68000 microprocessor-controlled unit is desk-top sized, easy to interface, and simple to operate. It incorporates the following features: o Flat bed input platen o Two selectable input scan widths o Cursor cropping of scanned area to minimize digital data storage requirements o Eight bit per pixel digitization of imagery o One bit per pixel digitization of line art o Reflected or transmitted white light scanning o Automatic pre-scan sensor calibration The scanner provides high fidelity digitization of imagery for a variety of applications, including CAD/CAM and medical image enhancement. It is currently being used to input line graphics and photographs to an all-electronic image assembly subsystem. Proprietary software provides a powerful, user-friendly menu of the image processing and page layout functions required for electronic page composition. Simple operator interactions with a data tablet invoke and control the operations of: o Contrast/brightness enhancements o Image placement and rotation o Software-interpolated image sizing o Outlining o Cropping and stripping o Edge enhancement o Small area modifications o Graphic creation and modification o Application of spot colors from a user-defined color palette
Integrated action of pheromone signals in promoting courtship behavior in male mice (2014)

The mammalian vomeronasal organ encodes pheromone information about gender, reproductive status, genetic background and individual differences. It remains unknown how pheromone information interacts to trigger innate behaviors. In this study, we identify vomeronasal receptors responsible for detecting female pheromones. A sub-group of V1re clade members recognizes gender-identifying cues in female urine. Multiple members of the V1rj clade are cognate receptors for urinary estrus signals, as well as for sulfated estrogen (SE) compounds. In both cases, the same cue activates multiple homologous receptors, suggesting redundancy in encoding female pheromone cues. Neither gender-specific cues nor SEs alone are sufficient to promote courtship behavior in male mice, whereas robust courtship behavior can be induced when the two cues are applied together. Thus, integrated action of different female cues is required in pheromone-triggered mating behavior. These results suggest a gating mechanism in the vomeronasal circuit in promoting specific innate behavior.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03025.001.
Field Emission from Self-Catalyzed GaAs Nanowires (2017)

We report observations of field emission from self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires grown on Si (111). The measurements were taken inside a scanning electron microscope chamber with a nano-controlled tungsten tip functioning as anode. Experimental data were analyzed in the framework of the Fowler-Nordheim theory. We demonstrate stable current up to 10<sup>-7</sup> A emitted from the tip of single nanowire, with a field enhancement factor β of up to 112 at anode-cathode distance <i>d</i> = 350 nm. A linear dependence of β on the anode-cathode distance was found. We also show that the presence of a Ga catalyst droplet suppresses the emission of current from the nanowire tip. This allowed for the detection of field emission from the nanowire sidewalls, which occurred with a reduced field enhancement factor and stability. This study further extends GaAs technology to vacuum electronics applications.
Visual and technical aspects of type (1993)

Visual and Technical Aspects of Type gives an introduction to the rules of font design and describes how fonts and their metrics are managed by computers. It is the first book that contains contributions from both type creators and computer scientists. The aim is to provide insights into the production and rendering of digital type and to make traditional type design rules accessible to a wider audience. The first part contains an overview of the evolution of letterforms in their historical and cultural context. The second part is devoted to technical aspects of type; topics covered include character metrics, outline font rasterization techniques, and algorithms for various tasks. Finally, articles by Hans Meier and Fernand Baudin provide an interesting view of the progress of typefaces and page layout, and insight into future developments. This unique book will appeal to graphics designers, computer scientists, typographers and desktop publishers who wish to know more about computer typography.
Кальций-зависимый механизм антиагрегантного действия соединения РУ-891 (2014)

Исследовано влияние нового конденсированного производного бензимидазола РУ-891, проявляющего антиагрегантную активность in vitro и in vivo , на уровень внутриклеточного кальция в тромбоцитах кролика. Выявленная способность соединения РУ-891 снижать прирост внутриклеточного кальция в тромбоцитах, индуцированный тромбином, превосходящая препараты сравнения не связана с действием данного вещества на потенциал зависимые кальциевые каналы.
Synthesis and characterization of TiO2–Ge nanocomposites (2008)

Thin films of TiO2–Ge nanocomposites were deposited by rf magnetron sputtering from a composite target prepared by pressing a mixture of TiO2 and Ge powders with a ratio 2:1. Thin films were deposited at various rf powers and temperatures and characterized by using x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The analyses showed that the film composition changes with the target rf power and substrate temperature with rf power being a bigger contributor to the change. TEM analyses of films revealed that segregated Ge nanograins were formed and were dispersed within the TiO2 matrix. The average grain size of Ge nanograins was between 9 and 15nm.
Electrospray Deposition as a Method To Fabricate Functionally Active Protein Films (1999)

Electrospray ionization is a routine method in MS analysis of proteins and other biopolymers. Deposition of the electrospray products onto a conductive electrode is suggested here as a means to manufacture functionally active protein films. Recovery of the specific hydrolytic activity of the electrosprayed alkaline phosphatase (AP) was used as a probe for preservation of protein intactness in the electrospray deposition (ESD). It was shown that protein inactivation upon ESD is highly dependent on voltage and current used. Humidity and the presence of protective substances in solution also affect the process. Complete preservation of the enzyme activity was observed when the ESD was performed at low current and humidity in the presence of disaccharides.
Rank-Two Beamformed Secure Multicasting for Wireless Information and Power Transfer (2014)

In this letter, we investigate secure multicasting for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) in the presence of multiple energy receivers who have potential to eavesdrop on the messages of information receivers. Under both, signal-interference-noise ratio (SINR) and harvested energy constraints, we propose a novel secure multicast design to minimize the total power by using the techniques of rank-two beamformed Alamouti coding and semidefinite relaxation (SDR). The sufficient conditions are derived under which the proposed secure multicast design is optimal. We also present the corresponding rank-two Gaussian randomization procedure to obtain a suboptimal solution when SDR is not tight. Simulation results are then provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed design in power saving.
Quantitative Photoelectrochemical Detection of Biotin Conjugated CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots on the Avidin Immobilized ITO Electrodes (2009)

Abstract Photocurrent generation from CdSe/ZnS (core/shell) quantum dots (QDs) in a photoelectrochemical cell was proposed to perform a bioaffinity biosensor in this study. The photocurrent of QDs is reversible and methylene blue as an electron transfer mediator causes a four‐fold increase in the photocurrent. We further present quantitative photoelectrochemical detection of biotin conjugated QDs on the avidin immobilized ITO electrodes. A linear calibration graph was obtained in the range of 4 and 18 nM of biotin conjugated QDs with a coefficient of determination of 0.997. Results imply that QDs can be successfully used as photoelectroactive labels for the photoelectrochemical biosensor systems.
Results of single-agent and combination chemotherapy for advanced soft tissue sarcomas. Implications for decision making in the clinic. (1995)

Cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the principal modality of treating advanced or unresectable sarcomas of soft tissue. Certain drugs, such as doxorubicin and ifosfamide, are able to induce clinically useful antitumor effects as single agents, and combination chemotherapy regimens have been tested based upon these results. This article summarizes the results of single agent and combination chemotherapy trials for soft tissue sarcomas.
Simultaneous Test Procedure Approach to Alternate Fuels Residue Analysis (1987)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Multivariate statistical procedure has been used to compare various alternate fuels based on the residue formation on selected engine parts.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The results from the Multivariate Analysis of Variance procedure which does the simultaneous comparison of the chosen response variables are presented. The assumptions for this test procedure are given. Problems which could affect the validity of the statistical procedures for the endurance test are discussed.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Data from a 200-hour EHA laboratory screening endurance test is used to illustrate the statistical methods.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Results from the statistical analysis of the experimental data were in close agreement with the engineering interpretation of the observed differences between fuels. Critical engineering interpretation of the statistical results is still required due to the high sensitivity of the statistical analysis.&lt;/div&gt;
Can Neural Machine Translation be Improved with User Feedback? (2018)

Julia Kreutzer, Shahram Khadivi, Evgeny Matusov, Stefan Riezler. Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers). 2018.
The Powder Metallurgy of Uranium (1956)

Uranium powder can readily be prepared by hydriding solid uranium and by the decomposition of the hydride. The powder particles are of –325 mesh size. This powder compacts to density varying between 12 and 14 gm/cc. Sintering subsequent to compacting results in a material of high strength characterized by a slight porosity and coarse grain structure. Hot pressing uranium powder in the alpha temperature range at pressures of approximately 10 to 15 tsi results in a material of perfect density and a small grain structure. Hot compacting uranium powder is a process perfectly feasible for production.
Arbitraje, medidas cautelares y Reglamento Bruselas I (2011)

La calificacion del art. 31 del Reglamento Bruselas I como norma de remision o como norma de competencia judicial internacional es, a los efectos de la dispensa cautelar que puedan otorgar los Jueces espanoles en apoyo de un arbitraje, de importancia relativa. Esto es asi porque las normas procesales de fuente interna preven expresamente esta posibilidad. No obstante, si la medida cautelar esta incluida por razon de la materia en el ambito de aplicacion del Reglamento, su adopcion �e hipotetico exequatur� dependera de su compatibilidad con los criterios de aplicacion previstos en la jurisprudencia del TJUE al respecto.
OFDM: From the Idea to Implementation (2005)

Abstract. OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) is one of the key digital communication technologies of the current decade. The first part of this paper presents the fundamentals of OFDM and its benefits in the presence of multipath propagation in a tutorial-like fashion. The second part details on some of the most important aspects of OFDM transceiver implementation: concept of receiver channel filtering and A/D conversion, radio impairment compensation (I/Q mismatch), and OFDM demodulator (FFT) design.
Multiple Microcomputer Control Algorithm. (1979)

The design, analysis and performance evaluation of the architecture of a mutiprocessor is presented. The architecture is a hierarchically structured, functionally distributed, multiple microcomputer system. Its operating system is a multi-level structure implemented in an optimal combination of hardware, firmware, and software. This architecture is suited to any application, such as process control or real-time system simulation, in which the basic computational tasks do not change in time. Control functions are distributed among the microcomputer; however, the scheduling and execution of these tasks is governed at each microcomputer level by a local, real-time operating system. This local operating system is implemented primarily in firmware to minimize overhead. However, the control structure is designed to be independent of implementation so that a variety of microcomputers can be utilized together. Moreover, it is possible to add to each local processor an additional subprocessor which implements the operating system.
Revision Strategies in Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty (2008)

Adherence to stringent indications and meticulous surgical technique may reduce the number ofrevision procedures. Further, the use of barriers to adhesion formation during the primary arthroplasty may also reduce risk to the retroperitoneal structures during revision approaches.
X-ray Structure Analysis and the Intervalent Electron Transfer in Organic Mixed-Valence Crystals with Bridged Aromatic Cation Radicals (2002)

X-ray crystallography identifies the aromatic donor group D = 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl to be a suitable redox center for the construction of organic mixed-valence crystals owing to its large structural change attendant upon 1e oxidation to the cation-radical (D*(+)). The combination of cyclic voltammetry, dynamic ESR line broadening, and electronic (NIR) spectroscopy allows the intervalence electron transfer between the redox centers in the mixed-valence system D-br-D*(+) [where br can be an aliphatic trimethylene or an aromatic (poly)phenylene bridge] to be probed quantitatively. Independent measures of the electronic coupling matrix element (H) for D/D*(+) electron exchange via Mulliken-Hush theory accord with the X-ray crystallographic data-both sufficient to consistently identify the various D-br-D*(+) according to the Robin-Day classification. Thus, the directly coupled biaryl D-D*(+) is a completely delocalized cation in class III with the charge distributed equally over both redox centers. The trimethylene- and biphenylene-bridged cations D(CH(2))(3)D*(+) and D(ph)(2)D*(+) with highly localized charge distributions are prototypical class II systems involving moderately coupled redox centers with H approximately equal to 400 cm(-1). The borderline region between class II/III is occupied by the phenylene-bridged cation D(ph)D*(+); and the X-ray, CV, and NIR analyses yield ambivalent H values (which we believe to be) largely a result of an unusually asymmetric (20/80) charge distribution that is polarized between the D/D*(+) redox centers.
Deep Infiltration of Emissive Polymers into Mesoporous Silicon Microcavities: Nanoscale Confinement and Advanced Vapor Sensing (2013)

We present the study of a nanohybrid composite with superior sensing performance consisting of an emissive sensory polymer infiltrated into a mesoporous Si one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal with a microcavity (MC). It was found that the critical condition for deep polymer infiltration is the presence of an initial low porosity layer (porosity of 45%) in contrast to shallow infiltration governed by an initial high porosity layer (porosity of 58%). This results in a narrow fluorescence peak (due to deep infiltration) or a spectral “hole” in the fluorescence band (shallow infiltration). Such a unique effect is in agreement with the model based on capillary filling and confirmed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) data analyzing the profile of polymer infiltration along the MC depth. In the case of deep infiltration, the characteristic filling length exceeds 2 μm, allowing the polymer to impregnate the MC layer. The infiltrated polymer is spatially confined and exists as quasi- isolated chains without pore clogging as can be concluded from the “blue” spectral shift of up to 10 nm as compared with a nonspatially confined film. Polymer isolation over a large surface area along with sufficient pore openings makes this porous Si (PSi) MC/polymer nanohybrid an ideal material for gas sensing applications. This is due to the high sensitivity in conjunction with a strong fluorescence signal which is not possible with solid polymer films or bare PSi. These results are confirmed by direct observation of higher sensitivity, enhanced specificity, and partial recovery of the optical signal for the nanohybrid composite upon exposure to trinitrotoluene vapors as compared with a conventional polymer film deposited on a flat substrate.
Coupling light from an organic light emitting diode (OLED) into a single-mode waveguide: Toward monolithically integrated optical sensors (2009)

Evanescent coupling is used to couple light from a polymer light emitting diode (PLED) into a planar single-mode waveguide. The PLED is monolithically integrated on top of the waveguide in a stacked configuration. Due to the waveguide’s proximity, the emission zone of the PLED and the waveguide modes overlap substantially, so that the PLED can directly excite the modes. An additional spacer layer between PLED and waveguide is shown to improve the coupling efficiency by about a factor of 5. For iridium-based diodes PLED-to-waveguide coupling efficiencies of as high as 3.2% have been obtained.
Fungal endophytes fromAcer ginnalaMaxim: isolation, identification and their yield of gallic acid (2009)

Endophytic fungi isolated from A. ginnala may be used as potential producers of gallic acid and other compounds with biological activities, or functioned as elicitors to produce natural compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: A Stable η2‐H2 Complex of Cobalt. Role of the H‐H Interaction in Hydrogen Transfer from Metal to Alkene. (1989)

Abstract The η2‐H2 Co complex (III) is obtained by protonation of the hydride (I) according to the scheme.
Characteristics of the Reciprocating Carnot Magnetic Refrigerator for He Liquefaction (1987)

Recently, we developed the reciprocating Carnot magnetic refrigerator for He liquefaction in the temperature-range from ∼15 K to 4.2 K, using the Gd 3 Ga 5 O 12 (GGG) single crystal as the refrigerant. However, from the characteristics of the magneto-caloric effect of GGG, its refrigeration range was ristricted below ∼10 K as far as using the magnetic field of ∼4 T. In the present paper we have developed the new single crystal, Dy 3 Al 5 O 12 (DAG), as the refrigerant and also improved the refrigeration system. As the results, we have succeeded to liquefy the He gas from ∼20 K. The apparatus, its operating cycle and refrigeration efficiency will be shown.
A new configuration of CCD imager with a very low smear level (1981)

In this paper a new configuration of CCD image sensor is proposed to improve smear. This new sensor introduces a storage region, with a selective gate and drain section, between the imaging region and a readout register. The configuration and operating principles of the new device are described. Preliminary experimental results with a 402(H) × 502(V) element image sensor are also reported. The introduction of the storage region is confirmed to be strikingly efficient in lowering the smear level.
Characterization of photoacoustic tomography system with dual illumination (2011)

In this study, we characterized a newly developed imaging system, "dual illumination mode photoacoustic tomography (PAT) system". The PAT system can simultaneously or separately illuminate biological tissues from a forward and backward direction toward an array transducer. The shape of the custom-made transducer is rectangular, which allows direct illumination of tissue surfaces in front of the array transducer through a holding plate from the backward direction. The transducer frequency was designed at 1 MHz by considering the trade-off relationship between ultrasound attenuation and image resolution. A Ti:Sa laser optically pumped with a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, having a tunable wavelength of 700 to 900 nm, was chosen for deep light penetration in tissues. The laser light was sufficiently expanded and homogenized to keep the level of laser-pulse fluence on the sample surface under the ANSI safety limit. System performance was tested with phantoms. The results of our study showed that the system visualized all the absorbers embedded in a 50-mm-thick tissue-mimicking phantom with a lateral resolution of 2&#126;3 mm.
Construction of a ColD cda Promoter-Based SOS-Green Fluorescent Protein Whole-Cell Biosensor with Higher Sensitivity toward Genotoxic Compounds than Constructs Based on recA , umuDC , or sulA Promoters (2005)

ABSTRACT Four different green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based whole-cell biosensors were created based on the DNA damage inducible SOS response of Escherichia coli in order to evaluate the sensitivity of individual SOS promoters toward genotoxic substances. Treatment with the known carcinogen N -methyl- N′ -nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) revealed that the promoter for the ColD plasmid-borne cda gene had responses 12, 5, and 3 times greater than the recA , sulA , and umuDC promoters, respectively, and also considerably higher sensitivity. Furthermore, we showed that when the SOS-GFP construct was introduced into an E. coli host deficient in the tolC gene, the minimal detection limits toward mitomycin C, MNNG, nalidixic acid, and formaldehyde were lowered to 9.1 nM, 0.16 μM, 1.1 μM, and 141 μM, respectively, which were two to six times lower than those in the wild-type strain. This study thus presents a new SOS-GFP whole-cell biosensor which is not only able to detect minute levels of genotoxins but, due to its use of the green fluorescent protein, also a reporter system which should be applicable in high-throughput screening assays as well as a wide variety of in situ detection studies.