gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aureocins 4185, Bacteriocins Produced by Staphylococcus aureus 4185: Potential Application in Food Preservation (2010)

In the present study, the bacteriocins produced by Staphylococcus aureus 4185, a strain isolated from bovine mastitis, were purified and partially characterized. After purification by ammonium sulfate precipitation, cation-exchange chromatography, and five runs of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), antimicrobial activity was recovered with 40% and 80% isopropanol, suggesting that more than one antimicrobial peptide, named aureocins 4185, is produced by S. aureus 4185. Mass spectrometry analyses revealed three peptides eluted with 40% isopropanol: peptide A (2,305.3 +/-1.5 Da), peptide B (2,327.3 +/-1.5 Da), and peptide C (3,005.5 +/-1.5 Da), and two peptides eluted with 80% isopropanol: peptide D (6,413.5 +/-1.5 Da) and peptide E (12,834.5 +/-1.5 Da). Although five peptides have been detected, only four small peptide sequences were obtained by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF)/TOF mass spectrometry analyses: SLLEQFTGK (eluted with 40% isopropanol), ALLYDER, NNTSHNLPLGWFNVK, and NNLAQGTFNATK (eluted with 80% isopropanol). The sequences SLLEQFTGK and ALLYDER revealed identity with hypothetical peptides with unknown function. The sequences NNTSHNLPLGWFNVK and NNLAQGTFNATK showed similarity to a segment of a precursor of staphylococcal autolysins. The antimicrobial activity detected in the supernatant of strain 4185 proved to be resistant to heat treatment at 65°C; however, treatment at 80°C abolished completely its antimicrobial properties. The concentrated supernatant containing aureocins 4185 exhibited a strong bacteriolytic activity toward Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698. Additionally, aureocins 4185 exhibited antagonistic activity against important foodborne pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, thus showing a potential application in food preservation.
The stability of suspensions prepared extemporaneously from solid dosage forms (1976)

In hospital practice it is sometimes necessary to prepare suspensions from solid dosage forms. A list of those in common use is presented. Whilst the manufacturer of the solid dosage form will usually supply a formula for preparing a suspension, stability data are not normally available. An investigation was therefore made into the stability of two such suspensions, propranolol hydrochloride (Inderal) and ampicillin (Penbritin). With propranolol hydrochloride suspension the preservative was inactivated and there was evidence of an increased rate of degradation, partly dependent on pH. The ampicillin suspension, at an unadjusted acid pH, was not satisfactory. Alternative formulae, with a shelf life of at least two weeks, are suggested.
Inhibitory effect of an ethanol extract mixture of Aralia elata leaf, Chaenomeles sinensis fruit and Glycyrrhizae radix on Aβ (25–35)-induced memory impairment (2021)

The young shoots of Aralia elata, Chaenomeles sinensis fruit and Glycyrrhizae radix are edible and traditionally used as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. The present study was performed to investigate the protective effect of an ethanol extract mixture of these three medicinal plants (ACG) against amyloid β protein (Aβ) (25–35)-induced memory impairment in an ICR mouse model. Memory impairment was induced by intracerebroventricular microinjection of 15 nmol Aβ (25–35) and assessed using the passive avoidance test and the Morris water maze test. The step-through latency in the passive avoidance test was decreased and the latency to reach the hidden platform in the Morris water maze test was increased in mice treated with Aβ (25–35), indicating memory impairment. This memory impairment induced by Aβ (25–35) was significantly prevented by chronic treatment with ACG (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg, p.o., 8 days). In memory impaired mice brain, cholinesterase activity and concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, a lipid peroxidation marker, were increased and glutathione level was decreased. These biochemical changes in Aβ (25–35)-treated mice were reversed by chronic administration of ACG. The present results suggest that antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities of ACG might be responsible for the inhibition of Aβ (25–35)-induced memory impairment and that ACG preparation may have a therapeutic role in preventing the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
Downregulation of the Nuclear Factor (Erythroid‐Derived 2)‐Like 2 (NRF2) Antioxidant Defense System Contributes to Endothelial Dysfunction and Microvascular Rarefaction with Elevated Dietary Salt Intake (2016)

A high salt diet leads to vascular oxidant stress, endothelial dysfunction, and microvascular rarefaction, which can be ameliorated by chronic infusion of a low dose of angiotensin II (ANG II) or angiotensin (1–7) [ANG(1–7]. The present study investigated the role of the NRF2 antioxidant defense system in mediating the protective effect of ANG II and ANG (1–7) to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction and microvascular rarefaction occurring with elevated dietary salt intake. In these experiments, short term (3 days) high salt diet (4% NaCl) eliminated endothelium‐dependent dilation to acetylcholine (ACh) in isolated middle cerebral arteries (MCA) and reduced microvessel density (assessed with rhodamine‐labeled GS1 lectin) in the cremaster muscle of Sprague‐Dawley (S‐D) parental strain rats. The NRF2 inducers Protandim and sulforaphane restored ACh‐induced dilation of MCA and increased microvessel density in S‐D rats fed HS diet for 2 weeks. Deletion mutation of the Nrf2 gene utilizing TALEN technology eliminated the protective effect of ANG II infusion and significantly reduced the protective effect of ANG (1–7) infusion to restore ACh‐induced dilation of the MCA. The Nrf2 ( − / − ) mutation also eliminated the ability of ANG II and ANG (1–7) to prevent microvascular rarefaction in HS fed rats. Protandim restored endothelium dependent dilation to ACh in MCA of HS fed wild type controls, but not MCA of HS‐fed Nrf2 ( − / − ) mutant rats. These findings indicate that down regulation of NRF2‐mediated antioxidant defenses due to salt‐induced suppression of the renin‐angiotensin system leads to vascular oxidant stress, endothelial dysfunction, and microvascular rarefaction; and suggest that dietary upregulation of the NRF2 antioxidant system may be a valuable therapeutic approach to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction with HS diet and in low renin forms of salt‐sensitive hypertension. Support or Funding Information NIH #R‐01 HL65289‐12; #R56 HL65289‐13A1, and #R21 OD018309‐01
Development and Evaluation of Nanoscale Sorbents for Mercury Capture from Warm Fuel Gas (2005)

as compared to their bulk counterparts, which is a result of high surface area, pore volume, and nanocrystalline structure. These metal oxides/sulfides will be evaluated for their mercury-sorption potential in an experimental setup equipped with state-of-the-art analyzers. Initial screening tests will be carried out in N{sub 2} atmosphere, and two selected sorbents will be evaluated in simulated fuel gas containing H{sub 2}, H{sub 2}S, Hg and other gases. The focus will be on development of sorbents suitable for higher temperature (420-640 K) applications. In this Task, several formulations of binary metal oxide-based sorbents were prepared and evaluated for capture of mercury (Hg) in simulated fuel gas (SFG) atmosphere at temperatures in the range 423-533 K. The binary metal oxides with high surface area were found to be more effective, confirming the role of sorbent surface in mercury capture. These binary sorbents were found to be effective in capturing Hg at 473 and 533 K, with Hg capture decreasing at higher temperature. Based on the desorption studies, physical adsorption was found to be the dominant capture mechanism with lower temperatures favoring capture of Hg.
Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Selenophene (2014)

An efficient and convenient method was developed for the regioselective formation of 2-aryl- or 2,5-diarylselenophenes via a palladium-catalyzed direct arylation. This protocol is suitable for a wide range of aryl halides containing different functional groups. The 2-arylated substrates can undergo an additional regioselective direct arylation event furnishing symmetrical or unsymmetrical 2,5-diaryl selenophenes in good yield. Competition experiments and the role of the acid additive are in agreement with a concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD) pathway.
Dimeric aza-BODIPY and Dichloro-aza-BODIPY: A DFT Study (2021)

Density functional theory (DFT) computations were performed to unveil the electronic structures and the Kohn-Sham Molecular Orbitals (MOs) of the dimeric aza-BODIPY molecule and its chlorinated form. The optimized conformation of dimers is well in alignment with the one provided in the literature. The HOMO LUMO gap of dichloro-derivative is smaller than that of the dimeric aza-BODIPY molecule by 35.0 meV. The predicted HOMO energies of -6.40 and -6.60 eV point out the good stabilities of both compounds. They were reported to demonstrate bathochromic shifts of 40 and 57 nm compared to their monomers substituted by H and Cl, respectively. The intriguing photophysical behaviors of these molecules were investigated by conducting the Tamm-Dancoff density functional theory (TDA-DFT) calculations. The max values emerge from the HOMO-1 -&amp;gt; LUMO+1 (83-86%) transitions, whereas the low energy transitions arise from HOMO -&amp;gt; LUMO (89%). Therefrom predicted ELUMO-&amp;gt;HOMO of the dimeric aza-BODIPY and dichloro-derivative are 1.89 and 1.87 eV, respectively, which are matching well with the reported literature values.
Changes in Amino Acid Neurotransmitters and Cerebral Blood Flow in the Ischemic Penumbral Region following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in the Rat: Correlation with Histopathology (1993)

We simultaneously measured neurotransmitter amino acids by the microdialysis technique and cortical CBF by laser-Doppler flowmetry in the ischemic penumbral cortex of rats subjected to 2-h normothermic (36.5-37.5 degrees C) transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) clip-occlusion. Brains were perfusion-fixed 3 days later and infarct volume measured. CBF (% of preischemic values) fell to 32 +/- 2% (mean +/- SD) during ischemia and rose to 157 +/- 68% during recirculation. Extracellular glutamate levels increased from a baseline value of 7 +/- 3 microM to a peak value of 180 +/- 247 microM 20-30 min following onset of ischemia but subsequently returned to near baseline levels after 70 min of ischemia despite ongoing MCA occlusion. The threshold CBF for moderate glutamate release was 48%. Massive glutamate release was seen during the first 60 min of MCA occlusion in the two animals showing the largest infarcts and occurred at CBF values < or = 20% of control levels. Mean CBF during ischemia exhibited an inverse relationship with infarct volume, and the magnitude of glutamate release during ischemia was positively correlated with infarct volume. Extracellular gamma-aminobutyrate and glycine changes were similar to those of glutamate but showed no significant correlation with infarct volume. These results suggest that (a) accumulation of extracellular glutamate is an important determinant of injury in the setting of reversible MCA occlusion and (b) reuptake systems for neurotransmitter amino acids may be functional in the penumbra during transient focal ischemia.
An optimization calculation method: the positioning of passenger's mobility based on augmented reality (2014)

There is extensive research on passengers mobility estimated position. Among these approaches, Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) is one of the most frequent methods that exponentially increase the computational complexity. To overcome this problem, we propose a method based on augmented reality that reduces the computational complexity by using less computing power. With this method, each target image is characterized by three dimensions: position, content and size. The passenger is equipped with a smartphone that captures images, processes and compares them with a database to overlay the virtual 3D elements with the real world.
Generating Cyber-Physical System Risk Overlays for Attack and Fault Trees using Systems Theory (2022)

We describe a formalized systems theoretic method for creating cyber-physical system (CPS) risk overlays that augment existing tree-based models used in CPS risk and threat analysis processes. This top-down approach objectively scopes the system's threat surface for some risk scenario consequence by analyzing its underlying control attributes and communication flows between relevant internal hardware and software sub-components. The resulting analysis should assist with the qualitative selection of causal events when utilizing attack and fault tree models, which have traditionally conducted this event selection using subjective and bottom-up methods. Objectively scoping the tree-based model analysis using a proven systems theoretic approach should also improve defensive and safety planning during the system development life cycle. We provide a control system case study using attack-defense trees and show how this approach may also be reduced to attack trees, fault trees, and attack-fault trees.
Application of thermochromic liquid crystal mixtures for transient heat transfer measurements (2013)

An approach to use mixtures of thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs) in transient heat transfer experiments is presented. Multiple TLC indications in a single experiment increase measuring accuracy for experiments where the range of indication times would be too wide when using only a single TLC-type or by providing additional measurement information [Talib et al. (2004)]. For this study, five types of narrowband TLCs with indication temperatures between 30 °C and 50 °C have been used. TLC-mixtures and single TLCs were calibrated simultaneously and repeatedly to investigate possible aging effects. For comparison purposes a single-jet impingement plate test setup has been used. Transient experiments were then conducted for a generic turbine blade internal cooling channel configuration with a 180°-turn and ribbed walls. A technique to filter and process the signals of the green-channel and to match the intensity peaks to the respective sort of TLCs is presented in relation to Poser et al. (2009) and the results with respect to heat transfer coefficient evaluations for the cooling configuration are given. The results indicate the possibility to detect via the TLC-indications regions of unsteady heat transfer in complex flow situations
Capturing distribution grid-integrated solar variability and uncertainty using microgrids (2017)

The variable nature of the solar generation and the inherent uncertainty in solar generation forecasts are two challenging issues for utility grids, especially as the distribution grid integrated solar generation proliferates. This paper offers to utilize microgrids as local solutions for mitigating these negative drawbacks and helping the utility grid in hosting a higher penetration of solar generation. A microgrid optimal scheduling model based on robust optimization is developed to capture solar generation variability and uncertainty. Numerical simulations on a test feeder indicate the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Information Delivery Systems:An Exploration of Web Pull and Push Technologies (1999)

The Web is alive with news stories, pictures, music, and videos. How will organizations, managers, and other users find out what content is available, then locate it, analyze it, and make it meaningful? In this tutorial, we identify and classify eight types of information delivery systems (IDS) that we refer to as alpha, beta, gamma and delta and push technologies. For pull technologies we explain "surfing the Web", search engines, spiders and bots, personal agents, and finally evolutionary agents. For push technologies we explain Webcasting, channels and subscriptions, and data mining methods for determining preferences and filtering topics. We also examine the role of the evolutionary agents in push technologies. Throughout the paper, we provide examples of current pull and push technologies in each of the categories for pull and push. We include both personal and corporate applications. We then examine the managerial and social implications of higher-level IDS and suggest what is in store for users of information delivery systems in the future.
Phantom Battery Pack for Destructive Testing of Li-Ion Batteries (2016)

The objective of this study is to find a structural alternative to jellyroll in order to safely conduct experimental crash testing of lithium-ion battery packs in academic laboratory environment. A procedure for lateral impact experiments has been developed and conducted on cylindrical cells and phantom cells using a flat rigid drop cart in a custom-built impact test apparatus. The main component of a cylindrical cell, jellyroll, is a layered spiral structure which consists of thin layers of electrodes and separator material. We investigate various phantom materials — candidates to replace the layered jellyroll with a homogeneous anisotropic material. During our experimentation with various phantom cells, material properties and internal geometries of additively manufactured components such as in-fill pattern, density and voids were adjusted in order to develop accurate deformation response. The deformation of the phantom cell was characterized and compared after impact testing with the actual lithium-ion cells. The experimental results were also compared with explicit simulations (LS-DYNA). This work shows progress toward an accurate and safe experimental procedure for structural impact testing on the entire battery pack consisting of thousands of volatile cells. Understanding battery and battery pack structural response can influence design and improve safety of electric vehicles.
Tests of attentional flexibility in listening to polyrhythmic patterns. (1995)

Four experiments examined attentional flexibility in listening to polyrhythmic patterns. Musically trained and untrained listeners detected changes in timing of 1 tone (the lower tone) in a 3:2 polyrhythm in which high and low tones varied in frequency separation. Experiment 1 encouraged integrative attending; all listeners performed significantly poorer in conditions with wide as opposed to narrow frequency separations. Experiment 2, which encouraged selective attending to low tones, reversed these results: Performance was poorer in the narrow frequency conditions. In neither experiment did skill interact with frequency separation. Experiments 3 and 4 extended these findings to moderate frequency separations. Over all experiments, musically trained listeners exhibited an enhanced ability to detect timing variations, but not flexibility of perceptual organization as it applies to detection of timing changes. Instead, pattern structure (e.g., frequency and time relation) decisively influenced perception for both levels of skill.
Effect of Hot‐Pressing Temperature on the Thermal Diffusivity/Conductivity of SiC/AlN Composites (1983)

Data are presented for the thermal diffusivity/conductivity of hot‐pressed mixtures of SiC and AlN. Results indicate that hot‐pressing at higher temperatures, which permits solid‐solution formation, results in significantly lower thermal diffusivity/conductivity than is obtained by hot‐pressing at lower temperatures, at which discrete phases exist.
Inhibition of Human α-, β- and γ-Thrombin by mono-, bis-, tris- and tetra-Benzamidine Structures: Thermodynamic Study (1992)

The inhibitory effect of mono-, bis-, tris- and tetra-benzamidine structures (benzamidine, DAPP, TAPB and TAPP, respectively) on the catalytic properties of human alpha-, beta- and gamma-thrombin (alpha-, beta- and gamma-thrombin, respectively) was investigated (between pH 2.0 and 7.0, I = 0.1 M; T = 37.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C). The affinity of DAPP, TAPB and TAPP for alpha- and beta-thrombin is higher than that found for benzamidine association around neutrality, converging in the acidic pH limb; in contrast, benzamidine, DAPP, TAPB and TAPP show the same value of the association inhibition constant (Ki; M-1) for gamma-thrombin over the whole pH range explored. On lowering the pH from 5.5 to 3.0, the decrease in affinity for benzamidine binding to alpha-, beta- and gamma-thrombin, as well as for DAPP, TAPB and TAPP association to gamma-thrombin reflects the acidic-pK shift, upon inhibitor binding of a single ionizing group. On the other hand, values of Ki for DAPP, TAPB and TAPP binding to alpha- and beta-thrombin appear to be modulated by the acidic-pK shift, upon inhibitor association, of two equivalent proton-binding residues over the same pH range. By considering molecular models of the serine proteinase:inhibitor complexes, the observed binding behaviour of benzamidine, DAPP, TAPB and TAPP to alpha-, beta- and gamma-thrombin has been related to the inferred stereochemistry of the enzyme:inhibitor contact region(s).
Extraction Methods Affect the Structure of Goji (Lycium barbarum) Polysaccharides (2020)

Polysaccharides are considered to be the most important active substances in Goji. However, the structure of polysaccharides varies according to the extraction methods applied, and the solution used to prepare Goji polysaccharides (LBPs) were limited. Thus, it is important to clarify the connection between extraction methods and structure of Goji polysaccharide. In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. Meanwhile, in order to explore the limitations of single extraction, sequential extraction methods were applied. Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and <sup>1</sup>H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. A kind of acidic heteropolysaccharide was obtained by hot water extraction. SEC-MALLS and AFM confirmed large-size polymers with branched morphologies in alkali-extracted polysaccharides. Our results provide new insight into the extraction of Goji polysaccharides, which differ from the hot water extraction used by traditional Chinese medicine.
Effects of Coadsorption on the Conductance of Molecular Wires (2002)

We use density-functional theory to calculate the effects of coadsorption near the molecule/electrode junction on the conductance of a molecular wire. We find significant changes in both the density of states of the molecular wire and its conductance; electrostatic effects as well as short-ranged interactions are found to be responsible. It is clear that successful implementation of molecular electronics will require the control of such interactions.