gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Straightforward Synthesis of the Brønsted Acid hfipOSO3H and its Application for the Synthesis of Protic Ionic Liquids (2014)

Abstract The easily accessible hexafluoroisopropoxysulfuric acid ( 1 , hfipOSO 3 H ; hfip=C(H)(CF 3 ) 2 ) was synthesized by the reaction of hexafluoroisopropanol and chlorosulfonic acid on the kilogram scale and isolated in 98 % yield. The calculated gas‐phase acidity (GA) value of 1 is 58 kJ mol −1 lower in Δ G ° than that of sulfuric acid (GA value determined by a CCSD(T)‐MP2 compound method). Considering the gas‐phase dissociation constant as a measure for the intrinsic molecular acid strength, a hfipOSO 3 H molecule is more than ten orders of magnitude more acidic than a H 2 SO 4 molecule. The acid is a liquid at room temperature, distillable at reduced pressure, stable for more than one year in a closed vessel, reactive towards common solvents, and decomposes above 180 °C. It is a versatile compound for further applications, such as the synthesis of ammonium‐ and imidazolium‐based air‐ and moisture‐stable protic ionic liquids (pILs). Among the six synthesized ionic compounds, five are pILs with melting points below 100 °C and three of them are liquids at nearly room temperature. The conductivities and viscosities of two representative ILs were investigated in terms of Walden plots, and the pILs were found to be little associated ILs, comparable to conventional aprotic ILs.
Implications of Rising Prediabetes Prevalence (2013)

Given the burden of type 2 diabetes and its complications, much attention has been given to prevention, beginning with identifying at-risk individuals prior to diagnosis. This has led to the designation of “prediabetes,” which is an intermediate form of dysglycemia on a spectrum ranging from normal to overt diabetes. The American Diabetes Association defines prediabetes as a fasting glucose of 100 to <126 mg/dL (impaired fasting glucose [IFG]), a 2-h plasma glucose of 140 to <200 mg/dL after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (impaired glucose tolerance [IGT]), or HbA1c 5.7% (39 mmol/mol) to <6.5% (48 mmol/mol) (1). Fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL portends an increased risk of diabetes (2,3), cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women (2), and mortality (4). HbA1c levels 5.5% (37 mmol/mol) to <6.5% (48 mmol/mol) are associated with an increased risk of diabetes and CVD compared with levels <5.5% (37 mmol/mol) even after adjustment for fasting glucose and key CVD risk factors (3). Because of these associated risks, surveillance of prediabetes allows better prediction of diabetes trends and of the resources that will be required to treat rising diabetes.

In the current issue of Diabetes Care , Bullard et al. (5) review secular trends in U.S. prediabetes prevalence using National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) data from 1999 to 2010. Prediabetes was defined as HbA1c 5.7% (39 mmol/mol) to <6.5% (48 mmol/mol) or fasting glucose 100 to < 126 mg/dL; oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were not used. Participants completed a household interview followed by physical examination at mobile centers. A total of 19,182 participants ages ≥12 years were included in …
Fast Method for Face Detection Based on the Characteristic of Cascade Classifier (2011)

We propose a fast method of face detection that is based on the characteristics of a cascade classifier that is called a cascade step search (CSS). The proposed method has two features. First is a gradual classification that uses only a few layers of the cascade classifier to estimate the face-likelihood distribution. Second is an efficient search that uses the face likelihood distribution. The search is operated at intervals that are optimally changed according to the likelihood. This reduces the number of sub-windows that must be processed. The face-likelihood on the image window exposes the likelihood near the window and the next scaled one. These features can reduce the costs of classifications in the face detection process. Our experiments on face detection show that the proposed method is about five times faster than the traditional searches and maintains a high detection rate.
Evaluation of Anti-cancer Activity of Stilbene and Methoxydibenzo[b,f] oxepin Derivatives (2018)

Among the newly synthesized stilbene derivatives, we selected two as potent anticancer compounds triggering late apoptosis/necrosis in cancerous cells through sub-G1 phase cell cycle arrest. They changed cyclin expression, induced DNA repair mechanisms, enzymes involved in apoptosis and oxidative stress response. Compounds JJR5 and JJR6 can be a base for structure modification(s) to obtain even more active derivatives.
Nanoparticle-Mediated Photothermal Therapy Limitation in Clinical Applications Regarding Pain Management (2022)

The development of new effective cancer treatment methods has attracted much attention, mainly due to the limited efficacy and considerable side effects of currently used cancer treatment methods such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Photothermal therapy based on the use of plasmonically resonant metallic nanoparticles has emerged as a promising technique to eradicate cancer cells selectively. In this method, plasmonic nanoparticles are first preferentially uptaken by a tumor and then selectively heated by exposure to laser radiation with a specific plasmonic resonant wavelength, to destroy the tumor whilst minimizing damage to adjacent normal tissue. However, several parameters can limit the effectiveness of photothermal therapy, resulting in insufficient heating and potentially leading to cancer recurrence. One of these parameters is the patient's pain sensation during the treatment, if this is performed without use of anesthetic. Pain can restrict the level of applicable laser radiation, cause an interruption to the treatment course and, as such, affect its efficacy, as well as leading to a negative patient experience and consequential general population hesitancy to this type of therapy. Since having a comfortable and painless procedure is one of the important treatment goals in the clinic, along with its high effectiveness, and due to the relatively low number of studies devoted to this specific topic, we have compiled this review. Moreover, non-invasive and painless methods for temperature measurement during photothermal therapy (PTT), such as Raman spectroscopy and nanothermometry, will be discussed in the following. Here, we firstly outline the physical phenomena underlying the photothermal therapy, and then discuss studies devoted to photothermal cancer treatment concerning pain management and pathways for improved efficiency of photothermal therapy whilst minimizing pain experienced by the patient.
Lipid Nanoparticles with Accessible Nickel as a Vaccine Delivery System for Single and Multiple His-tagged HIV Antigens (2009)

Lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) with a small amount of surface-chelated nickel (Ni-NPs) were developed to easily formulate the HIV his-tagged Tat protein, as well as to formulate and co-deliver two HIV antigens (his-p24 and his-Nef) on one particle. Female BALB/c mice were immunized by s.c. injection with his-Tat/Ni-NP formulation (1.5 μg Tat-his/mouse) and control formulations on day 0 and 14. The day 28 anti-Tat specific IgG titer with his-Tat/Ni-NP was significantly greater than that with Alum/his-Tat. Furthermore, splenocytes from his-Tat/Ni-NP immunized mice secreted significantly higher IFN-γ than those from mice immunized with Alum/his-Tat. Although Ni-NPs did not show better adjuvant activity than Tat-coated anionic NPs made with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS/NPs), they were less toxic than SDS/NPs. The initial results indicated that co-immunization of mice using his-p24/his-Nef/Ni-NP induced greater antibody response compared to using Alum/his-p24/his-Nef. Co-delivery of two antigens using Ni-NPs also increased the immunogenicity of individual antigens compared to delivery of a single antigen by Ni-NPs. In conclusion, Ni-NPs are an efficient delivery system for HIV vaccines including both single antigen delivery and multiple antigen co-delivery.
Modulation of the coordination environment enhances the electrocatalytic efficiency of Mo single atoms toward water splitting (2022)

Enhancing the catalytic efficiency through engineering active site environments is demonstrated for Mo single atom catalysts toward catalyzation of the hydrogen evolution reaction.
GIRK currents in VTA dopamine neurons control the sensitivity of mice to cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization (2018)

GABA<sub>B</sub>R-dependent activation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRK or K<sub>IR</sub>3) provides a well-known source of inhibition in the brain, but the details on how this important inhibitory pathway affects neural circuits are lacking. We used sorting nexin 27 (SNX27), an endosomal adaptor protein that associates with GIRK2c and GIRK3 subunits, to probe the role of GIRK channels in reward circuits. A conditional knockout of SNX27 in both substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons leads to markedly smaller GABA<sub>B</sub>R- and dopamine D<sub>2</sub>R-activated GIRK currents, as well as to suprasensitivity to cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Expression of the SNX27-insensitive GIRK2a subunit in SNX27-deficient VTA dopamine neurons restored GIRK currents and GABA<sub>B</sub>R-dependent inhibition of spike firing, while also resetting the mouse's sensitivity to cocaine-dependent sensitization. These results establish a link between slow inhibition mediated by GIRK channels in VTA dopamine neurons and cocaine addiction, revealing a therapeutic target for treating addiction.
ChemInform Abstract: The Reactivity of Thymine and Thymidine 5,6‐Epoxides with Organometallic Reagents — A Route to Thymidine (6‐4) Photoproduct Analogues. (2016)

Abstract The formation of thymine and thymidine 5,6‐epoxides from the corresponding trans‐5,6‐bromohydrins and their in‐situ reaction with a broad range of organometallic reagents is examined.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYCYCLISCHE FLUORAROMATEN 5. MITT. NUCLEOPHILER AUSTAUSCH IN DECAFLUORPHENANTHREN (1971)

Abstract Bei längerem Erhitzen des Phenanthrens (I) mit Na‐methylat/Methanol bzw. mit Dimethylamin in Äthanol erfolgt 2,7‐Disubstitution zu den Derivaten (IIa) bzw. (IIb).
Transcriptional Regulation of the Gene Cluster Encoding Allantoinase and Guanine Deaminase in Klebsiella pneumoniae (2011)

Purines can be used as the sole source of nitrogen by several strains of K. pneumoniae under aerobic conditions. The genes responsible for the assimilation of purine nitrogens are distributed in three separated clusters in the K. pneumoniae genome. Here, we characterize the cluster encompassing genes KPN_01787 to KPN_01791, which is involved in the conversion of allantoin into allantoate and in the deamination of guanine to xanthine. These genes are organized in three transcriptional units, hpxSAB, hpxC, and guaD. Gene hpxS encodes a regulatory protein of the GntR family that mediates regulation of this system by growth on allantoin. Proteins encoded by hpxB and guaD display allantoinase and guanine deaminase activity, respectively. In this cluster, hpxSAB is the most tightly regulated unit. This operon was activated by growth on allantoin as a nitrogen source; however, addition of allantoin to nitrogen excess cultures did not result in hpxSAB induction. Neither guaD nor hpxC was induced by allantoin. Expression of guaD is mainly regulated by nitrogen availability through the action of NtrC. Full induction of hpxSAB by allantoin requires both HpxS and NAC. HpxS may have a dual role, acting as a repressor in the absence of allantoin and as an activator in its presence. HpxS binds to tandem sites, S1 and S2, overlapping the -10 and -35 sequences of the hpxSAB promoter, respectively. The NAC binding site is located between S1 and S2 and partially overlaps S2. In the presence of allantoin, interplay between NAC and HpxS is proposed.
Transition Metal-Catalyzed Formation of Boron−Nitrogen Bonds:  Catalytic Dehydrocoupling of Amine-Borane Adducts to Form Aminoboranes and Borazines (2003)

A mild, catalytic dehydrocoupling route to aminoboranes and borazine derivatives from either primary or secondary amine-borane adducts has been developed using late transition metal complexes as precatalysts. The adduct Me(2)NH.BH(3) thermally eliminates hydrogen at 130 degrees C in the condensed phase to afford [Me(2)N-BH(2)](2) (1). Evidence for an intermolecular process, rather than an intramolecular reaction to form Me(2)N=BH(2) as an intermediate, was forthcoming from "hot tube" experiments where no appreciable dehydrocoupling of gaseous Me(2)NH.BH(3) was detected in the range 150-450 degrees C. The dehydrocoupling of Me(2)NH.BH(3) was found to be catalyzed by 0.5 mol % [Rh(1,5-cod)(mu-Cl)](2) in solution at 25 degrees C to give 1 quantitatively after ca. 8 h. The rate of dehydrocoupling was significantly enhanced if the temperature was raised or if the catalyst loading was increased. The catalytic activity of various other transition metal complexes (Ir, Ru, Pd) for the dehydrocoupling of Me(2)NH.BH(3) was also demonstrated. This new catalytic method was extended to other secondary adducts RR'NH.BH(3) which afforded the dimeric species [(1,4-C(4)H(8))N-BH(2)](2) (2) and [PhCH(2)(Me)N-BH(2)](2) (3) or the monomeric aminoborane (i)Pr(2)N=BH(2) (4) under mild conditions. A new synthetic approach to the linear compounds R(2)NH-BH(2)-NR(2)-BH(3) (5: R = Me; 6: R = 1,4-C(4)H(8)) was developed and subsequent catalytic dehydrocoupling of these species yielded the cyclics 1 and 2. The species 5 and 6 are postulated to be intermediates in the formation of 1 and 2 directly from the catalytic dehydrocoupling of the adducts R(2)NH.BH(3). The catalytic dehydrocoupling of NH(3).BH(3), MeNH(2).BH(3), and PhNH(2).BH(3) at 45 degrees C to give the borazine derivatives [RN-BH](3) (10: R = H; 11: R = Me; 12: R = Ph) was demonstrated. TEM analysis of the contents of the reaction solution for the [Rh(1,5-cod)(mu-Cl)](2) catalyzed dehydrocoupling of Me(2)NH.BH(3) together with Hg poisoning experiments suggested a heterogeneous catalytic process involving Rh(0) colloids.
What do forward looking companies consider in their plans and developments? (1997)

At the turn of the last decade (1980s) Nestle senior management recognised that global competition was increasing with many new contenders entering the market. Regulations, particularly in Europe were changing and the economic performance of many countries would continue to be uncertain. Our principle customers were becoming more demanding and developing their own global and regional strategies. Responding successfully to these pressures demanded new strategies and providing a technology framework as an enabler for business transformation was one of the key components. Integrated operations requires synchronised business and manufacturing which needs to leverage investments in 'office' technologies and sharing common standards for message transactions, master data, bar code, ticketing and scanning. ANA standards, EDI and integration technologies are the glue which now binds customers and suppliers together; achieving this same glue in production operations will help bring about a new vision of manufacturing. The next generation of manufacturing enterprises and their supporting information systems will be very different from the legacies of the past. Nestle UK is quickly learning how to achieve business benefits through the use of a new and modern business information system, its installed computer network infrastructure and integration of business and operational processes. For Nestle UK, the next generation of manufacturing enterprises are now being constructed.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME COMPLEXES OF PLATINUM, PALLADIUM, RHODIUM, AND IRIDIUM FORMED FROM THE BULKY LIGAND (PHENYLETHYNYL)DI‐TERT‐BUTYLPHOSPHINE (1978)

Abstract Der aus Di‐tert.‐butylchlorphosphin und 2‐Phenylethinyl‐Li synthetisierte Titelligand (Ausb. 80%) reagiert bei 2:1‐molarer Umsetzung mit den Nitril‐Komplexen (I) zu den als Konformerengemisch isolierten trans‐Diphosphin‐Komplexen (IIa).
A chip-area-efficient CMOS low-dropout regulator using wide-swing voltage buffer with parabolic adaptive biasing for portable applications (2012)

A chip-area-efficient CMOS low-dropout regulator (LDR) based on a wide-swing voltage buffer is proposed for battery-powered portable applications. By using a low-threshold PMOS with a novel parabolic adaptive biasing technique in the buffer, the voltage overhead is dramatically reduced, allowing a small-sized power transistor that works in the linear region at heavy load to be used while still maintaining a large load range and a tight regulation. The operation principle and the stability issues of using low-ESR output capacitor without any compensation capacitors are discussed. The proposed LDR has been fabricated in a standard 0.13-μm CMOS process, and highvoltage devices are used for the power transistor and in the error amplifier to accommodate for the Li-Ion battery voltage range. With 0.2V dropout voltage and 200 mA maximum load current, the measured load regulation is 85 μV/mA while the occupied active chip area is only 0.045mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
A feature based approach to face recognition (2003)

A feature-based approach to face recognition in which the features are derived from the intensity data without assuming any knowledge of the face structure is presented. The feature extraction model is biologically motivated, and the locations of the features often correspond to salient facial features such as the eyes, nose, etc. Topological graphs are used to represent relations between features, and a simple deterministic graph-matching scheme that exploits the basic structure is used to recognize familiar faces from a database. Each of the stages in the system can be fully implemented in parallel to achieve real-time recognition. Experimental results for a 128*128 image with very little noise are evaluated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The preparation of some dipeptides containing asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamine (1954)

Several methods have been used to synthesize dipeptides of asparagine, glutamine, and aspartic acid. Not all techniques were found to be equally applicable to the synthesis of a particular peptide. The methods examined involved the use of the chloracetyl-, phthalyl-, and carbobenzoxy- residues as protective groups and the use of acid chlorides, mixed carbonic anhydrides, phosphite amides, and isocyanate esters in the coupling reaction.
Learning to Estimate Single-View Volumetric Flow Motions without 3D Supervision (2023)

We address the challenging problem of jointly inferring the 3D flow and volumetric densities moving in a fluid from a monocular input video with a deep neural network. Despite the complexity of this task, we show that it is possible to train the corresponding networks without requiring any 3D ground truth for training. In the absence of ground truth data we can train our model with observations from real-world capture setups instead of relying on synthetic reconstructions. We make this unsupervised training approach possible by first generating an initial prototype volume which is then moved and transported over time without the need for volumetric supervision. Our approach relies purely on image-based losses, an adversarial discriminator network, and regularization. Our method can estimate long-term sequences in a stable manner, while achieving closely matching targets for inputs such as rising smoke plumes.
The Arabidopsis eukaryotic initiation factor (iso)4E is dispensable for plant growth but required for susceptibility to potyviruses (2002)

An Arabidopsis thaliana line bearing a transposon insertion in the gene coding for the isozyme form of the plant-specific cap-binding protein, eukaryotic initiation factor (iso) 4E (eIF (iso) 4E), has been isolated. This mutant line completely lacks both eIF(iso)4E mRNA and protein, but was found to have a phenotype and fertility indistinguishable from wild-type plants under standard laboratory conditions. In contrast, the amount of the related eIF4E protein was found to increase in seedling extracts. Furthermore, polysome analysis shows that the mRNA encoding eIF4E was being translated at increased levels. Given the known interaction between cap-binding proteins and potyviral genome-linked proteins (VPg), this plant line was challenged with two potyviruses, Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) and was found resistant to both, but not to the Nepovirus, Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) and the Cucumovirus, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Together with previous data showing that the VPg-eIF4E interaction is necessary for virus infectivity and upregulates genome amplification, this shows that the eIF4E proteins are specifically recruited for the replication cycle of potyviruses.
Stubble burning: Effects on health & environment, regulations and management practices (2020)

Stubble burning has been reckoned among the major contributors of air pollution especially in South Asia. It is a significant source of gaseous pollutants such as, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and methane (CH4) as well as particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5) causing serious damage to human health and the environment. It was reported that the burning of 63 Mt of crop stubble releases 3.4 Mt of CO, 0.1 Mt of NOx, 91 Mt of CO2, 0.6 Mt of CH4 and 1.2 Mt of PM into the atmosphere. The situation is more austere in India due to the intensive rice-wheat rotation system which generates large amount of stubble. It was estimated that about 352 Mt of stubble is generated each year in India out of which 22% and 34% are contributed by wheat and rice stubble respectively. About 84 Mt (23.86%) of the stubble is burnt on-field each year immediately after harvest. The disastrous haze observed over India during the winter season has been linked to stubble burning as it coincides with the burning periods (October-November). During this time, most Indian cities, especially within the National Capital Region (NCR) experience harsh pollution often reaching the severe levels of the air quality index (AQI). In November 2019, Delhi recorded a peak AQI of 487, Ghaziabad reported an AQI as high as 493, and Greater Noida recorded 480. The health effects of air pollution ranges from skin and eyes irritation to severe neurological, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis, lung capacity loss, emphysema, cancer, etc. It also leads to an increase in mortality rates due to the prolonged exposure to high pollution. The Energy and Resources Institute (2019) reported that in 2012, air pollution had led to about 5 million deaths in South Asia which is around 22% of the total deaths in the region. In addition to its effects on air quality, stubble burning also affects soil fertility (through the destruction of its nutrients), economic development and climate. The crop stubbles (if managed properly) could provide immense economic benefits to the farmers and protect the environment from the severe pollution. Some of the alternative management practices include the incorporation of the stubble into the soil, use of stubble as fuel in power plants, use as raw material for pulp and paper industries, or as biomass for biofuel production. It can also be used to generate compost and biochar, or as blend for the production of cement and bricks. Most of the farmers in North India are not aware of the prolific alternatives for managing stubble and, therefore, consider burning as the best option. This necessitates the need for immense awareness programs to enlighten the farmers about the availability of economically feasible options and the composite effects of stubble burning.