gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of nonthermal illumination-enhanced diffusion in silicon (2003)

Continued scaling of ultrashallow junctions in transistor devices raises the possibility that new physical effects connected with intense lamp illumination during rapid thermal annealing (RTA) need to be incorporated into models for transient enhanced diffusion (TED). Identification of such effects is difficult in conventional RTA geometries because lamps provide both heating and photostimulation, and because the interpretation of conventional dopant diffusion experiments is impeded by complex dopant-defect interactions and the presence of built-in electric fields in typical test structures. In this paper we present strong experimental evidence of nonthermal illumination-enhanced diffusion in unimplanted silicon.
Rheology and microstructure of non-Brownian suspensions in the liquid and crystal coexistence region: strain stiffening in large amplitude oscillatory shear (2015)

Concentrated hard-sphere suspensions in the liquid and crystal coexistence region show a unique nonlinear behavior under a large amplitude oscillatory shear flow, the so-called strain stiffening, in which the viscosity or modulus suddenly starts to increase near a critical strain amplitude. Even though this phenomenon has been widely reported in experiments, its key mechanism has never been investigated in a systematic way. To have a good understanding of this behavior, a numerical simulation was performed using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Strain stiffening was clearly observed at large strain amplitudes, and the critical strain amplitude showed an angular frequency dependency. The distortion of the shear stress appeared near the critical strain amplitude, and the nonlinear behavior was quantified by the Fourier transformation (FT) and the stress decomposition methods. Above the critical strain amplitude, an increase in the global bond order parameter Ψ(6) was observed at the flow reversal. The maximum of Ψ(6) and the maximum shear stress occurred at the same strain. These results show how strongly the ordered structure of the particles is related to the stress distortion. The ordered particles maintained a bond number of "two" with alignment with the compressive axis, and they were distributed over a narrow range of angular distribution (110°-130°). In addition, the ordered structure was formed near the lowest shear rate region (the flow reversal). The characteristics of the ordered structure were remarkably different from those of the hydroclusters which are regarded as the origin of shear thickening. It is clear that strain stiffening and shear thickening originate from different mechanisms. Our results clearly demonstrate how the ordering of the particles induces strain stiffening in the liquid and crystal coexistence region.
Transacylierungen I. N‐Acyl‐Verbindungen stickstoffhaltiger Heterocyclen (1956)

Abstract Durch die Synthese des N ‐Acetyl‐triazols und des N ‐Acetyl‐tetrazols sowie weiterer N ‐Acyl‐imidazole wurde die Gruppe der reaktionsfähigen N ‐Acyl‐Verbindungen erweitert. Die Kinetik der neutralen, sauren und basischen Hydrolyse sowie der Aminolyse dieser Verbindungen wurde mit Hilfe spektroskopischer und konduktometrischer Messungen untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß die neutrale Hydrolyse der reaktionsfähigen N ‐Acyl‐Verbindungen über eine monomolekulare Dissoziation in ein Carboxyl‐Kation RCO⊕ und eine heterocyclisches Anion verläuft, während die Umsetzung mit den stärker nucleophilen Aminen und den Hydroxyl‐Ionen nach dem bimolekularen S N 2‐Typ erfolgt. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten, bei den genannten Verbindungen um mehrere Zehnerpotenzen größer als bei gewöhnlichen Säureamiden, nehmen vom N ‐Acetyl‐imidazol über das N ‐Acetyl‐triazol zum N ‐Acetyl‐tetrazol zu, wie auch auf Grund theoretischer überlegungen zu erwarten ist. Transacylierungen innerhalb der heterocyclischen Reihe sind nur in der Richtung des „Aktivitätsgefälles”︁ möglich. So werden Triazol, Imidazol und Pyrrol durch N ‐Acetyl‐tetrazol mit zunehmender Geschwindigkeit acetyliert, während die umgekehrten Reaktionen nicht möglich sind. Die IR‐spektroskopische Untersuchung der heterocyclischen N ‐Acetyl‐Verbindungen ergab, daß die Carbonylfrequenzen mit steigender Reaktionsfähigkeit der Acetylgruppe vom N ‐Acetylpyrrol über N ‐Acetyl‐imidazol und N ‐Acetyl‐triazol zum N ‐Acetyl‐tetrazol von 1732 cm −1 auf 1779 cm −1 zunehmen. Die Bedeutung dieses Befundes für die Formulierung des Reaktionsablaufs wird diskutiert.
Design and packaging of antennas for wireless systems (2002)

Mobile RF systems may consist of single or multiple links between stationary base units, and mobile remote units. The stationary base and mobile remote antennas are almost always mounted on the chassis which contains the radio and/or other electronics. The remote tends to be compact in size, and aside from form factor constraints for the remote antenna, one of the key specifications is that it radiate omnidirectionally in the horizontal plane, so that a stable communication link can be established with a base unit in any direction. An omnidirectional pattern may or may not be a requirement for the base antenna, depending on how base station "cells" are structured. EMC and EMI considerations require that packaging for the remote and base have adequate shielding, for inner electronics and prevent radiation leakage outside the chassis. Consequently the chassis are coated with a conductive paint, and/or conductive shields are present. The external packaging can cause "shadowing", in which the radiation pattern to becomes directive or has deep nulls, or call "detune" the antenna, in which the impedance seen at the antenna input terminals is altered, or can significantly effect antenna gain. Simultaneously meeting antenna and package goals presents an interesting challenge from an antenna and package design point of view. In this paper, antenna design is discussed with a focus on the impact of packaging on radiation characteristics, and physical design of antennas in order to best meet specifications.
The Resistance to the Flow of Water along a Capillary Soda-Glass Tube at Low Rates of Shear (1911)

In 1905 Prof. W. Duff concluded that the viscosity of water at low rates of shear increases when the water is allowed to stand in a capillary glass tube. He employed Poisenille's method. Later, L. E. Gurney, by a method involving the use of a rotating cylinder, found that there is no increase in the viscosity of water which has stood in contact with powdered glass for a week.
Light / Dark Preference in Danio rerio: Effects of Light Exposure Duration and Day Period (2014)

The animals have anatomical and physiological structures influenced by luminosity. In fish, the pineal gland cells contain photoreceptors and the suprachiasmatic nucleus seems to be involved in biological rhythm just like in other vertebrates. This work aims to describe the role of luminosity and day periods in Danio rerio's Light/Dark preference. For this purpose 160 naive adult undetermined sex Zebrafish were divided into 5 groups of 32 subjects and kept in isolated aquaria with light control. Afterwards, each fish was tested in the Light/Dark aquaria, with water column of 5 centimeters.
Classification of event-related potential waveforms with parallel principal component neural networks (2002)

A new artificial neural network (ANN) architecture for classification of event-related potential (ERP) waveforms is proposed. The new architecture is called the parallel principal component neural network (PPCNN). The use of PPCNN is discussed in terms of classification of ERP data obtained from chronic schizophrenic patients and from normal volunteers.
Clinical and Molecular Characteristics of Invasive and Noninvasive Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Caused by Group A Streptococcus (2011)

The severity of skin and soft tissue infections caused by group A Streptococcus (GAS) is variable, and there are only a limited number of studies evaluating the characteristics of these infections in the literature. From May 2005 to November 2007, 73 patients with skin and soft tissue infections caused by group A Streptococcus were included in this study. Among these patients, 34 (46.6%) had invasive diseases. Diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, and hypertension were the most common underlying disorders. The overall mortality rate was 6.8%, and the elderly were predisposed to invasive infections (P < 0.001). Neutrophil percentages of ≥80, serum creatinine levels of ≥2 mg/dl, and high serum C-reactive protein levels were noted more frequently in patients with invasive infections than in patients with noninvasive infections, as were bacteremia and a high mortality rate. Of the 73 isolates, 93.2%, 97.3%, and 37% exhibited susceptibility to erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline, respectively. The five most prevalent emm types were emm106 (24.7%), emm11 (12.3%), emm102 (9.6%), emm4 (8.2%), and emm12 (8.2%). Compared to other types, the emm106 type was significantly more likely to be associated with invasive diseases (P = 0.012). Dendrogram analysis showed a unique SmaI-digested pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern of the emm106 type that was particularly prone to cause invasive skin and soft tissue infections (P < 0.001). The results of this study suggest that isolates with the emm106 gene may be an emerging group A Streptococcus strain that causes invasive skin and soft tissue infections. Further surveillance study to understand the significance of this invasive strain is critical.
Ultra-low power biopotential interfaces and their application in wearable and implantable systems (2007)

With the advent of ultra-low power sensor interfaces, long-term ambulatory monitoring using wearable devices and more energy-autonomous implants are becoming a reality. This paper will present suitable architectures and circuits, and will present several application case examples.
Heat Curing of Soy Protein Films at Atmospheric and Sub‐atmospheric Conditions (2002)

ABSTRACT: The effect of heat curing at atmospheric or subatmospheric conditions on selected properties (moisture content, water vapor permeability (WVP), color, tensile strength (TS), elongation (E), and total soluble matter (TSM) content) of cast soy protein isolate films was investigated. Films were heat cured at 85 °C for 6, 12, 18, or 24 h at absolute pressures of 101.3, 81.32, or 61.32 kPa. Heat‐cured films had increased (P &lt; 0.05) TS and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) WVP and E compared to control, unheated films. Heat treatment under vacuum reduced the WVP of films faster than heat curing at atmospheric pressure. High TS values, low E values, and low TSM values were also reached within short heating time under vacuum. However, vacuum treatment increased the size and number of cavities in cured films as evidenced by scanning electron micrographs.
Design of low power buffer using driver-array for on-chip IPs interconnection (2003)

A novel design method of low power buffer is presented. The design flow uses driver-array to optimize the equivalent multi-stage buffer and inserts an additional inverter to keep the same fan-out of the logic signal. It avoids the sightless determination when design interconnection buffers and achieves 4.96%, 42.15% and 22.30% savings of delay, area and power consumption, respectively.
RespiCellTM: An Innovative Dissolution Apparatus for Inhaled Products (2021)

To overcome some of the shortfalls of the types of dissolution testing currently used for pulmonary products, a new custom-built dissolution apparatus has been developed. For inhalation products, the main in vitro characterisation required by pharmacopoeias is the deposition of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in an impactor to estimate the dose delivered to the target site, i.e., the lung. Hence, the collection of the respirable dose (<5 µm) also appears to be an essential requirement for the study of the dissolution rate of particles, because it results as being a relevant parameter for the pharmacological action of the powder. In this sense, dissolution studies could become a complementary test to the routine testing of inhaled formulation delivered dose and aerodynamic performance, providing a set of data significant for product quality, efficacy and/or equivalence. In order to achieve the above-mentioned objectives, an innovative dissolution apparatus (RespiCell™) suitable for the dissolution of the respirable fraction of API deposited on the filter of a fast screening impactor (FSI) (but also of the entire formulation if desirable) was designed at the University of Parma and tested. The purpose of the present work was to use the RespiCell dissolution apparatus to compare and discriminate the dissolution behaviour after aerosolisation of various APIs characterised by different physico-chemical properties (hydrophilic/lipophilic) and formulation strategies (excipients, mixing technology).
The Effects of Thermal History on Nucleation of Tetragonal Lysozyme Crystals, or Hot Protein and Cold Nucleation (2000)

Chicken egg white lysozyme has a well characterized thermally driven phase transition. Between pH 4.2 and 5.2, the transition temperature, as defined by the point where the tetragonal and orthorhombic solubilities are equal, is a function of the pH, salt (precipitant) type and concentration, and most likely of the buffer concentration as well. This phase transition can be carried out with protein solution alone, prior to addition of precipitant solution. Warming a lysozyme solution above the phase transition point, then cooling it back below this point, has been shown to affect the subsequent nucleation rate, as determined by the numbers and size of crystals formed, but not the growth rate for the tetragonal crystal form . We have now measured the kinetics of this process and investigated its reversibility. The transition effects are progressive with temperature, having a half time of about 1 hour at 37C at pH 4.8. After holding a lysozyme solution at 37C (prior to addition of precipitant) for 16 hours, then cooling it back to 4C no return to the pre-warmed nucleation kinetics are observed after at least 4 weeks. Orthorhombic lysozyme crystals apparently do not undergo the flow-induced growth cessation of tetragonal lysozyme crystals. Putting the protein in the orthorhombic form does not affect the averaged face growth kinetics, only nucleation, for tetragonal crystals. This differential behaviour may be exploited to elucidate how and where flow affects the lysozyme crystal growth process. The presentation will focus on the results of these and ongoing studies in this area.
Aging of the nigrostriatal system in the squirrel monkey (2004)

Increasing incidence of Parkinson's disease with advancing age suggests that age-related processes predispose the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system to neurodegeneration. Several hypotheses concerning the effects of aging on nigrostriatal neurons were assessed in this study using a non-human primate model. First, we examined the possibility that the total number of dopaminergic neurons decline in the substantia nigra as a function of age. Stereological counting based on both tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-ir) and neuromelanin (NM) content revealed no difference in cell number between young, middle-aged and old squirrel monkeys. We then determined whether advancing age changed the relative proportion of neurons characterized by 1) TH-ir in the absence of NM, 2) the presence of both TH-ir and NM, or 3) NM without TH-ir. Indeed, a progressive age-related depletion of TH only cells was paralleled by an increase in NM only neurons. The possibility that these changes could underlie a functional impairment of the nigrostriatal system was supported by striatal dopamine measurements showing a decrease in older monkeys. Finally, we tested the hypotheses that aging may enhance cell vulnerability to injury and that different dopaminergic subpopulations display varying degrees of susceptibility. When monkeys were exposed to the neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, cell loss was markedly more pronounced in older animals, and the ranking of vulnerability was TH only < TH/NM < NM only cells. The data indicate that, even in the absence of an overall neuronal loss, changes in the characteristics of dopaminergic cells reflect functional deficits and increased vulnerability to injury with age. NM content appears to be an important marker of these age-related effects.
Introduction: A Short History of Virology (2014)

Viral infections have been recorded unknowingly from the beginning of recorded history. The ancient Greeks and Romans described plagues of unknown origin. In general, infections were blamed on sins and punishment, balances of “vital humors” or on “miasma,” (rotten smells). In the sixteenth century, Girolamo Fracastoro suggested that infectious agents might spread disease, as did Agostino Bassi, studying diseases of silkworms. The development of the microscope by Hook and Van Leeuwenhoek in the seventeenth century led to the discovery of a new living world inhabited by very small creatures. Edward Jenner in England demonstrated that smallpox, a dreaded disease, could be prevented by inoculation with an organism that caused pockmarks on cows and dairymaids; this was the beginning of the concept of vaccination. Louis Pasteur proved that fermentation only occurred in the presence of air and was due to microorganisms. Pasteur and Pierre Roux, a colleague, as well as Jacob Henle and Robert Koch, proved that germs caused bacterial diseases such as anthrax and tuberculosis; Pasteur and Roux developed a vaccine against rabies by passaging the infectious material through rabbits. By the end of the nineteenth century it had been established that most infectious diseases were the result of germs. In parallel with this research, plant scientists had isolated material that passed through a low pore filter that was infectious to tobacco plants. This was called a “virus,” from the Latin for poison. Viruses were also found to be associated with leukemia and other cancers of chickens. The twentieth century saw the discovery of bacteriophage, viruses that attack bacteria, and the use of such bacteriophage to launch studies of molecular biology, and DNA and RNA structure.
Increased exposure to dietary amines and nitrate in a population at high risk of oesophageal and gastric cancer in Kashmir (India) (1992)

Analytical data on aliphatic amines and nitrate from the most commonly used fresh and sun-dried vegetables, red chillies and a widely consumed beverage, salted tea, are presented from a high risk area for oesophageal and gastric cancer in Kashmir. Exposure estimates for the adult population show that high consumption of boiled Brassica vegetables leads to a high nitrate intake of 237 mg/day. The frequent consumption of hot salted tea is shown to result in exceptionally high exposure to methylamine (1200 micrograms/day), ethylamine (14,320 micrograms/day), dimethylamine (150 micrograms/day) and diethylamine (400 micrograms/day). The indiscriminate use of red chillies in the area leads to exposure to dimethylamine (280 micrograms/day), pyrrolidine (517 micrograms/day) and methylbenzylamine (40 micrograms/day). This is to our knowledge the first report where a chronic exposure to methylbenzylamine has been shown in a population at high risk of oesophageal cancer.
Hot-electron relaxation in semiconductor quantum wires: Bulk-LO-phonon emission (1992)

We calculate, within the electron-temperature model, the rate of energy loss due to bulk-LO-phonon emission from a hot-electron gas to a cold lattice in quasi-one-dimensional GaAs quantum-wire structures. Our theory includes the known important physical mechanisms, such as degeneracy, dynamical screening, quantum confinement, and the hot-phonon bottleneck effect. In the experimentally interesting electron-temperature range of 50--200 K, we find the hot-phonon effect to be quantitatively the most significant physical mechanism determining hot-electron energy relaxation. The typical intrasubband relaxation time is of the order of a picosecond, quite comparable to that found in two-dimensional quantum-well structures.
Highly stereoselective total syntheses of (+)-pachydictyol A and (-)-dictyolene, novel marine diterpenes from brown seaweeds of the family dictyotaceae (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHighly stereoselective total syntheses of (+)-pachydictyol A and (-)-dictyolene, novel marine diterpenes from brown seaweeds of the family dictyotaceaeAndrew E. GreeneCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 16, 5337–5343Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1980https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00536a036RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views538Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (977 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Solid Electrolyte Interphases: Insight into the Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation in Bis(fluorosulfonyl)Imide Based Ionic Liquid Electrolytes (Adv. Funct. Mater. 23/2021) (2021)

In article number 2008708, Charl J. Jafta, Xiao-Guang Sun, Craig Bridges, and co-workers use high surface area mesoporous hard carbons to demonstrate that surface passivation for the bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide anion (FSI−) occurs via chemical reactions at the open cell voltage, and through electrochemical reactions at cell voltages near 2 V. The research provides insight into the design of anions for stable inorganic salt passivation of electrode interfaces in next generation batteries.
Efficient Fourier Single-Pixel Imaging with Gaussian Random Sampling (2021)

Fourier single-pixel imaging (FSI) is a branch of single-pixel imaging techniques. It allows any image to be reconstructed by acquiring its Fourier spectrum by using a single-pixel detector. FSI uses Fourier basis patterns for structured illumination or structured detection to acquire the Fourier spectrum of image. However, the spatial resolution of the reconstructed image mainly depends on the number of Fourier coefficients sampled. The reconstruction of a high-resolution image typically requires a number of Fourier coefficients to be sampled. Consequently, a large number of single-pixel measurements lead to a long data acquisition time, resulting in imaging of a dynamic scene challenging. Here we propose a new sampling strategy for FSI. It allows FSI to reconstruct a clear and sharp image with a reduced number of measurements. The key to the proposed sampling strategy is to perform a density-varying sampling in the Fourier space and, more importantly, the density with respect to the importance of Fourier coefficients is subject to a one-dimensional Gaussian function. The final image is reconstructed from the undersampled Fourier spectrum through compressive sensing. We experimentally demonstrate the proposed method is able to reconstruct a sharp and clear image of 256 × 256 pixels with a sampling ratio of 10%. The proposed method enables fast single-pixel imaging and provides a new approach for efficient spatial information acquisition.