gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Data-Centric Performance Improvement Strategies for Few-Shot Classification of Chemical Sensor Data (2021)

Metal oxide (MOX) sensors offer a low-cost solution to detect volatile organic compound (VOC) mixtures. However, their operation involves time-consuming heating cycles, leading to a slower data collection and data classification process. This work introduces a few-shot learning approach that promotes rapid classification. In this approach, a model trained on several base classes is fine-tuned to recognize a novel class using a small number (n = 5, 25, 50 and 75) of randomly selected novel class measurements/shots. The used dataset comprises MOX sensor measurements of four different juices (apple, orange, currant and multivitamin) and air, collected over 10-minute phases using a pulse heater signal. While high average accuracy of 82.46 is obtained for five-class classification using 75 shots, the model&amp;rsquo;s performance depends on the juice type. One-shot validation showed that not all measurements within a phase are representative, necessitating careful shot selection to achieve high classification accuracy. Error analysis revealed contamination of some measurements by the previously measured juice, a characteristic of MOX sensor data that is often overlooked and equivalent to mislabeling. Three strategies are adopted to overcome this: (E1) and (E2) fine-tuning after dropping initial/final measurements and the first half of each phase, respectively, (E3) pretraining with data from the second half of each phase. Results show that each of the strategies performs best for a specific number of shots. E3 results in the highest performance for five-shot learning (accuracy 63.69), whereas E2 yields the best results for 25-/50-shot learning (accuracies 79/87.1) and E1 predicts best for 75-shot learning (accuracy 88.6). Error analysis also showed that, for all strategies, more than 50% of air misclassifications resulted from contamination, but E1 was affected the least. This work demonstrates how strongly data quality can affect prediction performance, especially for few-shot classification methods, and that a data-centric approach can improve the results.
More signal, less noise: making good use of bright sources and fast detectors (2008)

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Targeted cooling with CVD diamond and micro-channel to meet 3-D IC heat dissipation challenge (2012)

Thermal simulation of a stack consists of three IC layers bonded “face up” is performed. It is shown that by inserting electrically isolated thermal through silicon via (TTSV) having Cu core and CVD diamond as a liner shell that extends across the layers to substrate, significant temperature reduction up to (103K) 62% can be achieved which also reflected through almost 60% reduction in thermal resistivity. Additionally simple microchannel integration with IC 3 layer and allowed fluid flow through the channel show transient temperature reduction. TTSV is also shown to be effective in mitigating severe heat dissipation issue facing 3-D IC bonded “face down” and logic layer stacked on memory substrate.
Efficient Cellulase Production by the Filamentous Fungus Acremonium cellulolyticus (2007)

Cellulase production was investigated in a culture of a strain of Acremonium cellulolyticus. The medium components were optimized for the improvement of cellulase production. The maximum production of cellulolytic enzymes was obtained in a medium containing (grams per liter) 50 Solka Floc, 5 (NH4)2SO4, 24 KH2PO4, 4.7 potassium tartrate hemihydrate, 1.2 MgSO4.7H2O, 1 Tween 80, 4 urea, 0.01 ZnSO4.7H2O, 0.01 MnSO4.6H2O, and 0.01 CuSO4.7H2O, with a pH of 4.0. In the flask culture, 15.5 filter paper units (FPU)/mL of maximum cellulase activity was obtained, 17.42 FPU/mL in a 7-L bioreactor, and 13.08 FPU/mL in a 50-L scale bioreactor for 4-8 d at 30 degrees C. Average production rates were 1.94 FPU/mL.d in flasks, 2.86 FPU/mL.d in the 7-L bioreactor, and 2.56 FPU/mL.d in the 50-L bioreactor. Cellulase production on a small scale was successfully reproduced in the 50-L pilot scale bioreactor. Saccharification activity from A. cellulolyticus was compared with cellulolytic enzymes produced by other strains. The A. cellulolyticus culture broth had a comparable saccharification yield in comparison with those of other Trichoderma enzymes (GC220 or Cellulosin T2) under the same total cellulase activity. Its saccharification yield (percent of released reducing sugar to used dried substrate) was 60%, and its glucose content was 83%.
Process intensification and process control in freeze-drying (2018)

Widespread use of advanced process control allows reduction of costs, by reducing drying time and energy consumption. The “control of the freezing stage” (by forced nucleation) also appears to be beneficial to process intensification, as it can impact the product structure and modify the product resistance to mass transfer. An alternative way to increase the drying rate is the use of organic solvents as they can lead to larger solvent crystals, hence lower product resistance to vapor flow. Atmospheric freeze-drying may be a good alternative to vacuum freeze-drying, as a way of increasing process efficiency. A further improvement can be obtained by combining atmospheric or vacuum freeze-drying with new technologies. A further step towards process intensification is given by continuous plants, as this allows a dramatic increase in throughput and product quality uniformity. Keywords: freeze-drying; process intensification; controlled nucleation; continuous process.
Al-2.79 Moore’S Law (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
Virus-associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome Characterized by Clonal Epstein-Barr Virus Genome (1995)

Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of disorders in which viral infection is associated with a proliferation of hemophagocytic histiocytes throughout the reticuloendothelial system. The authors report the case of a 24-year-old Vietnamese male who developed a hemophagocytic syndrome associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and who died following a rapidly progressive course. A proliferation of reactive-appearing lymphoid cells was associated with an extensive proliferation of erythrophagocytic histiocytes. Immunophenotypically, the lymphoid infiltrate consisted of CD56+ natural killer cells, predominantly CD8+ T-cells and rare B-cells (CD20+). Double-label immunohistochemical studies showed CD3+ T-cells and CD56+ natural killer cells to be distinct cell populations. Combined immunohistochemical-in situ hybridization studies localized EBV to CD43+, CD3-, CD68-, lymphoid-appearing cells, indicating the presence of EBV within natural killer cells. Southern hybridization analysis of EBV genomic termini revealed clonal EBV genome. However, there was no detectable immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor gene rearrangements. The findings indicate that this case of hemophagocytic syndrome represents a clonal proliferation of natural killer cells containing EBV and highlights the importance of the analysis of EBV genomic termini for determination of clonality in EBV-associated proliferations. It is possible that other cases of fulminant EBV-associated hemophagocytic syndromes represent clonal natural killer cell proliferations.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Perinatal or Adult <i>Nf1</i> Inactivation Using Tamoxifen-Inducible <i>PlpCre</i> Each Cause Neurofibroma Formation (2023)

Supplementary Figure 2 from Perinatal or Adult &lt;i&gt;Nf1&lt;/i&gt; Inactivation Using Tamoxifen-Inducible &lt;i&gt;PlpCre&lt;/i&gt; Each Cause Neurofibroma Formation
Review of Rotary Switched Reluctance Machine Design and Parameters Effect Analysis (2020)

The switched reluctance machine (SRM) has gained much interest in industrial applications, wind power systems, and electric vehicles. This happened because its main disadvantages, such as the ripple in the torque, were overcome due to continuous research and its advantages, such as simple and robust construction, ability to operate at high speeds and variable speeds, insensitivity to high temperatures, and fault tolerance, have made the SRM the right machine for many applications. The SRM project is apparently similar to the traditional machine design, but diverges on several points due to the unique features of the SRM. Over the years, several authors have proposed different project methodologies for SRM, each with its own particularities and often contradicting each other. Thus, for a beginner designer, the SRM project is a challenge from choosing the right design methodology to choosing the values of some dimensions, which are often empirical. This chapter aims to offer the beginner designer a detailed review of the main SRM design methodologies. In addition, an effect analysis will provide useful insights on how each design variable affects machine performance. The designer will thus have important data on which to base his choices during the SRM design.
Object Authentication Using RFID Technology: A Multi-tag Approach (2015)

Authentication is an important requirement in various applications to restrict the non-legitimate access to certain resources. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology helps to perform the authentication task. The detection probability of an object during the authentication process can be increased using multiple number of RFID tags in the object. However, many security risks such as eavesdropping, location privacy etc. are involved in this technology. This paper proposes a secure and lightweight authentication scheme assuming the objects are attached with multiple number of RFID tags. Proper analysis has been carried out to evaluate the security of the proposed scheme, including comparison with a few existing schemes in terms of computation, communication and storage requirements.
Abstract 137: The Response of an in vitro Cynomolgus Macaque System to Statin Treatments Mirrors the Human in vitro System and Clinical Outcomes (2014)

Introduction: There is an urgent unmet need to improve the predictive value of animal and in vitro systems for drug development. The purpose of this study was to develop an in vitro vascular system that reflects the in vivo biology of the cynomolgus macaque (cyno). Methods: We co-cultured endothelial (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC) from cyno arteries and exposed them to physiologically relevant hemodynamics. Cyno velocity profiles were obtained from arterial regions prone to atherosclerosis (atheroprone) or healthy regions. Velocity waveforms were applied to the co-culture along with oxidized LDL from cyno or humans, and TNFα, which are pathogenic in humans and mimic advanced inflammatory conditions (AIC). Using RNA sequencing, we quantified the response of the system to 4 different statin treatments (atorvastatin, simvastatin, cerivastatin, rosuvastatin) under AIC. Using computational analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we characterized the response of our system by identifying functional biological themes that were associated with each statin treatment. Results: We found that AIC in the cyno system dramatically increased inflammatory DEGs and decreased vascular health DEGs. Cerivastatin elicited the most DEGs in both the cyno and human vascular system while the response to rosuvastatin did not reach statistical significance for any genes. Statin treatment decreased inflammatory cytokine gene expression, but not adhesion molecule expression under AIC. Except for rosuvastatin, all statins tested significantly increased the expression of genes that promote vascular health, while suppressing the expression of inflammatory genes. Biological themes were regulated by statin treatment in both the human and cyno vascular systems including: cholesterol biosynthesis, thrombosis, ethanol degradation, cell cycle regulation and notch signaling. Finally, we discovered functional themes related to glycogen metabolism, which may be relevant as a potential mechanism driving the risk of hyperglycemia with statin treatment. Conclusions: The cyno vascular system described here mirrors many of the well-known phenotypes of the human vascular system, and should provide a valuable predictive tool for in vivo studies.
Supplementary Figures S1-S12 and Legends from Notch Suppresses Angiogenesis and Progression of Hepatic Metastases (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figures S1-S12 and Legends. Supplementary Figure S1. Combined Inhibition of Notch and VEGF disrupts interaction of pericytes with endothelial cells in primary tumors Supplementary Figure S2. Inhibition of Notch increases liver metastases. Supplementary Figure S3. Inhibition of Notch increases liver metastases as measured by bioluminescence in liver homogenates. Supplementary Figure S4. Notch blockade does not increase metastases to other organs. Supplementary Figure S5. N1D does not affect proliferation, invasion or migration of neuroblastoma cell lines. Supplementary Figure S6. N1KD decreases Hes1 and Hey1 but does not affect proliferation of NGP cells Supplementary Figure S7. Increased vasculature of liver metastases with Notch blockade Supplementary Figure S8. Activation of HSCs in liver metastases with Notch blockade Supplementary Figure S9. SEC expression of ICAM-1 is regulated by Notch Supplementary Figure S10. AdN1D increases expression of liver ICAM-1 but does not increase retention of tumor cells in the liver. Supplementary Figure S11. Notch1 decoy variants increase proliferation of mSEC but not NGP cells Supplementary Figure S12. Jag1 siRNA decreases expression of Jag1 in NGP cells.&lt;/p&gt;
Cell‐free microRNAs as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for lung cancer (2012)

Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, accounting for over 1.37 million deaths annually. The clinical outcome and management of lung cancer patients could be substantially improved by the implementation of non-invasive biomarker assays for the early detection, prognosis as well as prediction and monitoring of treatment response. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of virtually all signaling circuits within a cell and their dysregulation has been shown to play an essential role in the development and progression of cancer. Recently, miRNAs were found to be released into the circulation and to exist there in a remarkably stable form. Furthermore, various cancers were shown to leave specific miRNA fingerprints in the blood of patients suggesting that cell-free miRNAs could serve as non-invasive biomarkers for the detection or monitoring of cancer and putative therapeutic targets. Since that, a considerable effort has been devoted to decode the information carried by circulating miRNAs. In the current review, we give an insight into the mechanisms of miRNA release into the bloodstream, their putative functional significance and systematically review the studies focused on the identification of cell-free miRNAs with the diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive significance in lung cancer and discuss their potential clinical utility.
Quantifying lateral heterogeneities in fluvio‐deltaic sediments using three‐dimensional reflection seismic data: Offshore Gulf of Mexico (1997)

Scale‐invariant statistics and strong anisotropy in rock properties are documented from well log and three‐dimensional seismic data in Pleistocene fluvial and deltaic deposits in the Eugene Island 330 field, Gulf of Mexico. Systematic quantification of lateral lithologic heterogeneity within a stratigraphic framework, using reflection seismic data, reveals that fluvial and deltaic depositional systems exhibit statistical behavior related to stratigraphic fabric. Well log and seismic data profiles show a decay in power spectra with wavenumber, k , according to k −β with β between 1 and 2.3. Vertical and horizontal well log data exhibit power law scaling behavior with β between 1 and 2. Horizontal seismic horizon slices were extracted from within fluvial and deltaic deposits. Seismic data from fluvial and deltaic deposits exhibit distinct differences in variance, and each depositional system reveals directional anisotropy in β. One‐dimensional seismic data profiles from the fluvial deposit reveal anisotropy along depositional strike (β=1.1) and dip (β=2.2). The higher correlation observed in the direction of stratigraphic dip for the fluvial deposit may reflect the depositional fabric associated with channel systems. Correlation parameters (β) obtained in specific depositional environments can potentially be used to quantify rock fabric and provide constraints in the modeling of sedimentary processes.
Effective isolation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells; a new method for detachment of immunomagnetic beads from positively selected CD34+ cells (1992)

Immunomagnetic beads can be used for positive selection of CD34+ cells. To reduce unspecific binding of beads to cells, we have coated various anti-CD34 mAbs directly to paramagnetic beads M450 (Dynal). Use of beads coated with BI-3C5, markedly reduced the percentage of contaminating cells. Moreover, we used an anti-Fab antiserum (DetachAbead, Dynal) for rapid and effective detachment of immunomagnetic beads from the positively selected cells. The final yield was on average 1,3% of bone marrow mononuclear cells (n = 10) and the purity was consistently high (usually >95% CD34+ cells). The isolated cells were phenotypically unaltered after isolation, and showed a normal response in a variety of in vitro assays.
Facile Route to Enzyme Immobilization: Core−Shell Nanoenzyme Particles Consisting of Well-Defined Poly(methyl methacrylate) Cores and Cellulase Shells (2008)

A one-step method for preparing cellulase-immobilized nanoparticles that consist of well-defined poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cores and cellulase shells has been developed. The core-shell nanoparticles are synthesized from a direct graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) from cellulase in an aqueous medium. Particle formation strongly depends on the surface nature of the cellulase (e.g., pH of reaction media) and MMA to cellulase weight ratio. Under optimized conditions, high MMA conversions (>90%) were achieved, and the PMMA-cellulase nanoparticles produced were very stable with narrow size distributions ( Dv/Dn < 1.20). Particle sizes in the range between 80 and 124 nm (volume average diameter) could be tailored by a variation of cellulase concentration. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs revealed that the nanoparticle had a well-defined PMMA core which was evenly coated with cellulase shell. Study of cellulase activity of the PMMA-cellulase nanoparticles indicated that even though activity of immobilized cellulase on the nanoparticles was 41% less than that of the native cellulase after the polymerization, the immobilized cellulase showed improved properties such as broader working pH range and better thermal stability. Other important advantages of this approach include that the PMMA-cellulase nanoparticles could be produced in high concentrations (up to 18% w/w solids content) and the nanoparticles have thick and evenly distributed enzyme shells. Thus, this method may provide a new commercially viable route to the immobilization of thermally stable enzyme to form nanoenzyme particles.
A comparison of nodular defect seed geometeries from different deposition techniques (1995)

A focused ion-beam milling instrument commonly utilized in the semiconductor industry for failure analysis and IC repair, is capable of cross-sectioning nodular defects. Utilizing the instrument`s scanning on beam, high-resolution imaging of the seeds that initiate nodular defect growth is possible. In an attempt to understand the origins of these seeds, HfO{sub 2}/SiO{sub 2} and Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5}/SiO{sub 2} coatings were prepared by a variety of coating vendors and different deposition processes including e-beam, magnetron sputtering, and ion beam sputtering. By studying the shape, depth, and composition of the seed, inferences of its origin can be drawn. The boundaries between the nodule and thin film provide insight into the mechanical stability of the nodule. Significant differences in the seed composition, geometry of nodular growth and mechanical stability of the defects for sputtered versus e-beam coatings are reported. Differences in seed shape were also observed from different coating vendors using e-beam deposition of HfO{sub 2}/SiO{sub 2} coatings.
Dual Sites of Protein Initiation Control the Localization and Myristoylation of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase A (2010)

Methionine sulfoxide reductase A is an essential enzyme in the antioxidant system, which scavenges reactive oxygen species through cyclic oxidation and reduction of methionine and methionine sulfoxide. In mammals, one gene encodes two forms of the reductase, one targeted to the cytosol and the other to mitochondria. The cytosolic form displays faster mobility than the mitochondrial form, suggesting a lower molecular weight for the former. The apparent size difference and targeting to two cellular compartments had been proposed to result from differential splicing of mRNA. We now show that differential targeting is effected by use of two initiation sites, one of which includes a mitochondrial targeting sequence, whereas the other does not. We also demonstrate that the mass of the cytosolic form is not less than that of the mitochondrial form; the faster mobility of cytosolic form is due to its myristoylation. Lipidation of methionine sulfoxide reductase A occurs in the mouse, in transfected tissue culture cells, and even in a cell-free protein synthesis system. The physiologic role of myristoylation of MsrA remains to be elucidated.
Beating Heart Versus Arrested Heart Isolated Tricuspid Valve Surgery (2015)

We analyzed the long-term results of two surgical techniques (beating versus non-beating) for isolated tricuspid valve (TV) surgery.The long-term results of 92 consecutive patients who underwent isolated TV surgery were analyzed. We compared patients with beating heart (BH) surgery (n = 48) with patients undergoing arrested heart (AH) surgery (n = 44).BH surgery was more frequently chosen in urgent/emergent operations (P = 0.029) and in redo-operations (P < 0.001). Preoperatively, the rates of renal insufficiency (P = 0.002) and EuroSCORE (P = 0.019) were higher in the BH group than in the AH group. There were no differences in perioperative outcomes and 30-day mortality between the groups. However, freedom from reoperation was significantly lower in the BH group compared to the AH group (P = 0.039). We observed a trend towards lower survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years in the BH group (77%, 54%, and 41%) compared to those of the AH group (86%, 75%, and 72%, P = 0.062). Multivariate Cox hazard model analysis revealed preoperative heart rhythm (P = 0.014, odds ratio [OR] = 2.296) and EuroSCORE (P = 0.022, OR = 1.049) as independent risk factors for mortality after isolated TV surgery.The superiority of BH surgery over AG surgery was not proven. Surgical intervention should be considered early, since patients with elevated EuroSCORES and arrhythmia have significantly higher mortality rates.