gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum electrodynamics of resonance energy transfer in nanowire systems (2016)

Nonradiative resonance energy transfer (RET) provides the ability to transfer excitation energy between contiguous nanowires (NWs) with high efficiency under certain conditions. Nevertheless, the well-established F\"orster formalism commonly used to represent RET was developed for energy transfer primarily between molecular blocks (i.e., from one molecule, or part of a molecule, to another). Although deviations from F\"orster theory for functional blocks such as NWs have been studied previously, the role of the relative distance, the orientation of transition dipole moment pairs, and the passively interacting matter on electronic energy transfer are to a large extent unknown. Thus, a comprehensive theory that models RET in NWs is required. In this context, analytical insights to give a deeper and more intuitive understanding of the distance and orientation dependence of RET in NWs is presented within the framework of quantum electrodynamics. Additionally, the influence of an included intermediary on the rate of excitation energy transfer is illustrated, embracing indirect energy transfer rate and quantum interference. The results deliver equations that afford new intuitions into the behavior of virtual photons. In particular, results indicate that RET efficiency in a NW system can be explicitly expedited or inhibited by a neighboring mediator, depending on the relative spacing and orientation of NWs.
Entry of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus into L Cells (1971)

Early stages of the entry of vesicular stomatitis (VS) virus into L cells were followed by electron microscopy with the aid of ferritin antibody labeling. Cells which were infected at 0 C and incubated for 10 min at 37 C were reacted first with antiviral-antiferritin hybrid antibody and then with ferritin or fluorescein-labeled apoferritin. Extensive ferritin labeling of the cell surface was detected by both electron and fluorescence microscopy. The labeled regions of the cell surface were continuous with and indistinguishable from the rest of the host cell membrane, suggesting incorporation of viral antigens into the cell surface during viral penetration. Fusion of parental viral membrane with host cell membrane was further demonstrated by examining the localization of (3)H-labeled viral structural proteins in cells infected at 0 C and incubated for short periods at 37 C. Viral nucleoprotein was found in a soluble fraction of the cells which was derived primarily from the cytoplasm, whereas a particulate fraction from the cells was enriched in viral envelope proteins. Cytoplasmic membrane was isolated from these cells, and this membrane contained viral envelope proteins. These results suggest that penetration by VS virus occurs by fusion of the viral and cellular membranes followed by release of nucleo-protein into the cytoplasm.
Novelty Detection via Network Saliency in Visual-based Deep Learning (2019)

Machine-learning driven safety-critical autonomous systems, such as self-driving cars, must be able to detect situations where its trained model is not able to make a trustworthy prediction. Often viewed as a black-box, it is non-obvious to determine when a model will make a safe decision and when it will make an erroneous, perhaps life-threatening one. Prior work on novelty detection deal with highly structured data and do not translate well to dynamic, real-world situations. This paper proposes a multi-step framework for the detection of novel scenarios in vision-based autonomous systems by leveraging information learned by the trained prediction model and a new image similarity metric. We demonstrate the efficacy of this method through experiments on a real-world driving dataset as well as on our in-house indoor racing environment.
Bilayered Self-Oriented Membrane Fouling and Impact of Magnesium on CaCO3 Formation during Consecutive Electrodialysis Treatments (2009)

Fouling of membrane is the major scientific lock for electromembrane process intensification limiting their applications. The fouling evolution on ion-exchange membranes was monitored during three consecutive electrodialysis treatments of a solution containing a high magnesium/calcium ratio. Following these experiments, we proposed a mechanism to explain the change in fouling nature on the CEM from a mix of calcite, brucite, and portlandite after the first ED run to a predominant amorphous Mg(OH)(2) after the third run and the formation of calcite cubic crystal on the AEM, although Mg(2+), an inhibitor of CaCO(3) formation, was present in the solution. It was also demonstrated that the nature and structure of the AEM and CEM foulings formed were self-oriented by the formation of the CEM first layer of fouling appearing during the first run. Our findings have implications for electromembrane process fouling control as well as in the understanding of CaCO(3) crystallization phenomena.
Fluorescent labelling of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus and Beet soil-borne mosaic virus for co- and superinfection experiments in Nicotiana benthamiana (2018)

Infectious full-length clones of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and Beet soil-borne mosaic virus (BSBMV), both genus Benyvirus, were used for fluorescent labelling with the objective to study their interaction in coinfection and superinfection experiments. Fluorescent labelling was achieved by replacing a part of the RNA2 encoded coat protein read-through domain with either GFP or mRFP fluorescent marker proteins. This resulted in a translational fusion comprising the coat and the fluorescent protein. The labelled viruses were infectious and moved systemically in Nicotiana benthamiana, producing wild-type-like symptoms. Virus particles could be observed by electron microscopy, demonstrating that the viral read-through domain is dispensable for particle formation. Coinfection experiments revealed a spatial separation of differentially labelled populations of both identical and different Benyvirus species after N. benthamiana agro-inoculation. Identical observations were obtained when Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) was differentially labelled and used for coinfection. In contrast, coinfections of BSBMV with Potato virus X (PVX) or TRV resulted in many co-infected cells lacking spatial separation. Micro-projectile co-bombardment of N. benthamiana leaves revealed that two differently labelled populations of the same virus co-infected only a few cells before starting to separate. In superinfection experiments with N. benthamiana, BSBMV and BNYVV were unable to establish a secondary infection in plants that were previously infected with BNYVV or BSBMV. Taken together, this is the first work to describe the interaction between two economically important Benyviruses using fluorescence-labelled full-length clones.
Ferroelectricity in thin films: The dielectric response of fiber-textured (BaxSr1−x)Ti1+yO3+z thin films grown by chemical vapor deposition (1999)

We have investigated the dielectric response of a series of {100} fiber-textured (BaxSr1−x)Ti1+yO3+z samples deposited by liquid-source metalorganic chemical vapor deposition onto Pt/SiO2/Si, as a function of the two most commonly varied microstructural parameters: film thickness and Ti nonstoichiometry y. We find that the overall behavior of these samples is adequately described by mean-field, Landau–Ginzburg–Devonshire theory as for bulk ferroelectrics. However, we quantify the impact of three separable factors for these films that greatly alter the dielectric susceptibility as a function of temperature, compared to that found for bulk ceramic samples at the same Ba/Sr ratio of 70/30: (i) Ti nonstoichiometry; (ii) the apparent interface effect; and (iii) the plane equibiaxial stress state resulting from thermal expansion mismatch strains. When these factors are properly taken into consideration, we show that these fine grained thin films behave in a manner entirely consistent with expectations based on bulk behavior. Implications can therefore be drawn concerning the nature of size effects in this ferroelectric system.
Graphical user interface energy characterization for handheld computers (2003)

A significant fraction of the software and resource usage of a modern handheld computer is devoted to its graphical user interface (GUI). Moreover, GUIs are direct users of the display and also determine how users interact with software. Given that displays consume a significant fraction of system energy, it is very important to optimize GUIs for energy consumption. This work presents the first GUI energy characterization methodology. Energy consumption is characterized for three popular GUI platforms (Windows, X Window system, and Qt) from the hardware, software, and application perspectives. Based on this characterization, insights are offered for improving GUI platforms, and designing GUIs in an energy-efficient and aware fashion. Such a characterization also provides a firm basis for further research on GUI energy optimization.
Carbon black filled natural rubber. 1. Structural investigations (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbon black filled natural rubber. 1. Structural investigationsJ. C. Kenny, V. J. McBrierty, Z. Rigbi, and D. C. DouglassCite this: Macromolecules 1991, 24, 2, 436–443Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00002a015https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00002a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views913Altmetric-Citations95LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Inhalable Nanoparticles/Microparticles of an AMPK and Nrf2 Activator for Targeted Pulmonary Drug Delivery as Dry Powder Inhalers (2020)

Metformin is an activator of the AMPK and Nrf2 pathways which are important in the pathology of several complex pulmonary diseases with unmet medical needs. Organic solution advanced spray drying in the absence of water in closed-mode was used to design and develop respirable dry powders. Following comprehensive characterization, the influence of physicochemical properties was correlated with performance as aerosols using inertial impaction and three different human dry powder inhaler (DPI) devices varying in device properties. In vitro cell assays were conducted to test safety in 2D human pulmonary cell lines and in 3D small airway epithelia comprising primary cells at the air-liquid interface (ALI). In addition, in vitro transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was carried out. Metformin remained crystalline following advanced spray drying under these conditions. All SD powders consisted of nanoparticles/microparticles in the solid state. In vitro aerosol dispersion performance showed high aerosolization for all SD metformin powders with all DPI devices tested. High emitted dose for all powders with all three DPI devices was measured. Differences in other aerosol performance parameters and the interplay between the properties of different formulations produced at specific pump rates and the three different DPI devices were correlated with spray drying pump rate and device properties. Safety over a wide metformin dose range was also demonstrated in vitro. Aerosol delivery of metformin nanoparticles/microparticles has the potential to be a new "first-in-class" therapeutic for the treatment of a number of pulmonary diseases including pulmonary vascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension.
1001 SONIC HEDGEHOG REGULATION OF BDNF IN THE CAVERNOUS NERVE (2012)

RESULTS: After a median follow up of 29 months, BCR was seen in 23 cases with 78 corresponding controls without BCR. In univariate analysis, GS of EPE and RE with 1 mm cutoff, were significantly (p0.05) associated with BCR. Majority of BCR cases belonged to FAT (21 cases) and only 1 case of BCR was seen in FC and BOC, respectively. In a multivariable model, only RE remained an independent predictor of BCR (OR8.37, CI: 1.74-40.12). An interaction between GS of EPE and RE was also found predictive with GS6-7 or 8 of EPE and RE within 1 mm (group 1, BCR 11/7614.5%) and GS8 of EPE and RE beyond 1mm (group 2, BCR 12/2548%; OR5.46, CI: 1.98-15.00). The corresponding Kaplan-Meier analyses is shown in the figure . CONCLUSIONS: A combination of a GS8 of the EPE focus and radial extension within 1 mm may identify those patients with EPE at increased risk of BCR. A larger study is required to define more clearly the role of circumferential extension and histologic categories of EPE on BCR.
Impact of a Hospitalwide Increase in Empiric Pediatric Vancomycin Dosing on Initial Trough Concentrations (2011)

An increase in the recommended vancomycin starting dose to 60 mg/kg/day decreased the likelihood of an initial low vancomycin trough level (< 5 μg/ml), with no increase in the proportion of patients with trough levels in a potentially toxic range. The 60-mg/kg/day dose did not consistently achieve a vancomycin trough of 15-20 μg/ml, a goal suggested by some experts for adults. Comparative effectiveness studies are needed to directly evaluate vancomycin dosing regimens and clinical outcomes for children with invasive MRSA infections.
The Seed Coat’s Impact on Crop Performance in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) (2022)

Seed development in angiosperms produces three genetically and developmentally distinct sub-compartments: the embryo, endosperm, and seed coat. The maternally derived seed coat protects the embryo and interacts closely with the external environment especially during germination and seedling establishment. Seed coat is a key contributor to seed composition and an important determinant of nutritional value for humans and livestock. In this review, we examined pea crop productivity through the lens of the seed coat, its contribution to several valued nutritional traits of the pea crop, and its potential as a breeding target. Key discoveries made in advancing the knowledge base for sensing and transmission of external signals, the architecture and chemistry of the pea seed coat, and relevant insights from other important legumes were discussed. Furthermore, for selected seed coat traits, known mechanisms of genetic regulation and efforts to modulate these mechanisms to facilitate composition and productivity improvements in pea were discussed, alongside opportunities to support the continued development and improvement of this underutilized crop. This review describes the most important features of seed coat development in legumes and highlights the key roles played by the seed coat in pea seed development, with a focus on advances made in the genetic and molecular characterization of pea and other legumes and the potential of this key seed tissue for targeted improvement and crop optimization.
Pathogenicity of Fowl Adenovirus Seroype 8B Isolates of Malaysia in Specific Pathogen Free Chickens (2019)

Highly pathogenic Fowl Adenovirus (FAdV) is a causative agent of Inclusion Body Hepatitis (IBH) in poultry. It causes mortality and poor performance of the affected chickens. It was objectives of the study to determine pathogenicity of FAdV serotype 8b isolates of Malaysia in Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) chickens. The virus isolates namely, UPM11134 and UPM11142 were obtained from IBH outbreaks in broiler chicken farms and characterized as FAdV serotype 8b. The liver samples of affected chickens were prepared and inoculated into SPF embryonated chicken eggs via. Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) route. The liver of embryos was subsequently harvested for preparation of virus inoculum. The 36 days old SPF chicks were divided into 3 groups namely groups A-C. Each group was further divided into sacrificed and mortality groups. Chickens in groups A and B were inoculated with UPM11134 and UPM11142 FAdV isolates, respectively, via. intraperitoneal route at day old. All chicken in group C remained uninoculated and acted as the control group. The chicken were monitored for any clinical abnormalities throughout the trial. Gross lesions were recorded on necropsy and samples of liver and gizzard were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for histological examination. The study showed 100 and 91% mortality of SPF chickens in groups A and B, respectively, at day 4 post inoculation (pi). Clinical signs of IBH such as depression, weakness, ruffled feathers and diarrhea were recorded within 12-24 h prior to death. On necropsy, hydropericadium with pale, friable and petechial haemorrhages of liver were recorded. Hepatitis with areas of hepatic necrosis and haemorrhages and presence of numerous basophilic Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies (INIB) in degenerated hepatocytes were recorded in all chickens in groups A and B, whilst INIB were also observed in glandular epithelium of gizzard in group A. All chicks in group C remained normal throughout the trial. It was concluded that Malaysian FAdV serotype 8b isolates are highly pathogenic in SPF chickens and acted as the primary agent of IBH.
Relay Selection and Resource Allocation Schemes for Effective Utilization of Relay Zones in Relay-Based Cellular Networks (2011)

In relay-based cellular networks, total system throughput and cell-edge user throughput are affected by relay selection (RS) and resource allocation (RA) schemes. In this letter, we propose an RS scheme and two RA schemes (optimal and heuristic) for relay-based cellular networks. Via simulation, we show that the proposed RS and RA schemes improve total throughput of relay-based cellular networks while maintaining cell-edge user throughput comparable to existing schemes.
Ultra-Compact 100 GbE Transmitter Optical Sub-Assembly for 40-km SMF Transmission (2012)

The first ultra-compact transmitter optical sub-assembly (TOSA) has been developed for the metro-area 100 Gbit/s Ethernet (100 GbE) system. Four DFB lasers integrated with electro-absorption modulators (EADFB lasers) operated at 25.8 Gbit/s and an optical multiplexer are monolithically integrated on one chip. The chip was assembled in the compact TOSA using a three-dimensional (3D) RF circuit board supported by a spacer. The new structure provides compact and high-density interconnection with low crosstalk between RF signal lines. The TOSA is very small at just 8.0 mm × 35 mm × 6.5 mm including the receptacle and the flexible printed circuit (FPC) and could be installed in next-generation small form 100 GbE transceivers. In addition, an error-free transmission is demonstrated through 40 km of single-mode fiber at 100 Gbit/s with a modulation voltage of 2 V.
Gold(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular [4+2] Cycloadditions of Arylalkynes or 1,3-Enynes with Alkenes:  Scope and Mechanism (2007)

The cyclizations of enynes substituted at the alkyne gives products of formal [4+2] cyclization with Au(I) catalysts. 1,8-Dien-3-ynes cyclize by a 5-exo-dig pathway to form hydrindanes. 1,6-Enynes with an aryl ring at the alkyne give 2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalenes by a 5-exo-dig cyclization followed by a Friedel-Crafts-type ring expansion. A 6-endo-dig cyclization is also observed in some cases as a minor process, although in a few cases, this is the major cyclization pathway. In addition to cationic gold complexes bearing bulky biphenyl phosphines, a gold complex with tris(2,6-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite is exceptionally reactive as a catalyst for this reaction. This cyclization can also be carried out very efficiently with heating under microwave irradiation. DFT calculations support a stepwise mechanism for the cycloaddition by the initial formation of an anti-cyclopropyl gold(I)-carbene, followed by its opening to form a carbocation stabilized by a pi interaction with the aryl ring, which undergoes a Friedel-Crafts-type reaction.
Study of the interfacial structure between Si (100) and thermally grown SiO2 using a ball-and-spoke model (1987)

Structural models of the a-SiO2/(100)Si interface have been constructed using plastic balls and spokes to study the atomic scale structure of the thermally grown a-SiO2/(100)Si interface. Various properties of the models such as distortion energy, composition, and interface undulation have been estimated on the basis of the models. The results of the simulation indicate that the energetically favorable interface is not flat but undulated with (111) facets or has a transition region with partially oxidized Si atoms. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images have also been simulated for the models.
Actions of Melatonin, Its Structural and Functional Analogs in the Central Nervous System and the Significance of Metabolism (2007)

The CNS is both source and target of melatonin. It is released from the pineal to the circulation and, in elevated concentrations, into the third ventricle. Levels by 3 orders of magnitude higher than in the circulation have been found in the CNS. The mammalian circadian pacemaker, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), controls the pineal, but is also major subject to feedback information on darkness, transduced by two G-protein coupled melatonin receptors, MT1 and MT2, which cause suppression of neuronal firing and circadian phase resetting. Two MT1 and MT2 agonists, ramelteon and agomelatine, display sleep-promoting properties. Agomelatine additionally inhibits 5-HT2C receptors, the basis of an antidepressant effect. Melatonin, ramelteon and agomelatine have been tested in clinical trials. Only ramelteon has received approval by the FDA, as a sleeping pill. Bioactive melatonin analogs, N-acetylserotonin, 5-methoxytryptamine, N,Ndimethyl- 5-methoxytryptamine, and 5-methoxytryptophol are produced in the CNS. Interplays between these compounds, including the serotoninergic system, are likely. N-Acetylserotonin is abundant in hippocampus, cerebellum, midbrain, pons and medulla. Neuroprotective actions of melatonin include antiamyloidogenic, antiexcitatory/antiexcitotoxic, antioxidant effects and modulation of mitochondrial metabolism, with consequences for radical formation and aging. The remarkable pleiotropy of melatonin includes other binding sites, such as calmodulin, calreticulin and a nuclear calreticulin homolog, members of the ROR/RZR family, quinone reductase 2 and specific mitochondrial sites. N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5- methoxykynuramine (AFMK) and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK) are major melatonin metabolites in the CNS and also display biological activities. For instance, AMK inhibits neuronal NO synthase already at 10-11 M, and modulates mitochondrial metabolism. By interacting with NO, AMK forms 3-acetamidomethyl-6-methoxycinnolinone (AMMC). Keywords: Agomelatine, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine, N-acetylserotonin, melatonin, 5-methoxyindoles, ramelteon, serotonin