gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Is Inappropriate Pulse Timing Responsible for Poor Binaural Hearing with Cochlear Implants? (2023)

Abstract Cochlear implants (CIs) have restored enough of a sense of hearing to around one million severely hearing impaired patients to enable speech understanding in quiet. However, several aspects of hearing with CIs remain very poor. This includes a severely limited ability of CI patients to make use of interaural time difference (ITD) cues for spatial hearing and noise reduction. A major cause for this poor ITD sensitivity could be that current clinical devices fail to deliver ITD information in a manner that is accessible to the auditory pathway. CI processors measure the envelopes of incoming sounds and then stimulate the auditory nerve with electrical pulse trains which are amplitude modulated to reflect incoming sound envelopes. The timing of the pulses generated by the devices is largely or entirely independent of the incoming sounds. Consequently, bilateral CIs (biCIs) provide veridical envelope (ENV) ITDs but largely or entirely replace the “fine structure” ITDs that naturally occur in sounds with completely arbitrary electrical pulse timing (PT) ITDs. To assess the extent to which this matters, we devised experiments that measured the sensitivity of deafened rats to precisely and independently controlled PT and ENV ITDs for a variety of different CI pulse rates and envelope shapes. We observed that PT ITDs completely dominate ITD perception, while the sensitivity to ENV ITDs was almost negligible in comparison. This strongly suggests that the confusing yet powerful PT ITDs that contemporary clinical devices deliver to biCI patients may be a major cause of poor binaural hearing outcomes with biCIs. Significance Statement CIs deliver spectro-temporal envelopes, including speech formants, to severely deaf patients, but they do little to cater to the brain’s ability to process temporal sound features with sub-millisecond precision. CIs “sample” sound envelope signals rapidly and accurately, and thus provide information which should make it possible in principle for CI listeners to detect envelope ITDs in a similar way to normal listeners. However, here we demonstrate through behavioral experiments on CI implanted rats trained to detect sub-millisecond ITDs that pulse timing ITDs completely dominate binaural hearing. This provides the strongest confirmation to date that the arbitrary pulse timing widely used in current clinical CIs is a critical obstacle to good binaural hearing through prosthetic devices.
Supplementary Table 3 from The Octamer Binding Transcription Factor Oct-1 Is a Stress Sensor (2023)

Supplementary Table 3 from The Octamer Binding Transcription Factor Oct-1 Is a Stress Sensor
Engineering Peptides to Catalyze and Control Stabilization of Gas Hydrates: Learning From Nature (2020)

Clathrate hydrates are nonstoichiometric crystalline inclusion compounds. Water acts as a "host lattice" and traps small guest molecules in stable cavities. One example, methane hydrates, are especially prevalent <i>in situ</i> at the seafloor. Although microorganism-produced proteins and polypeptides, including marine methylotroph porin proteins, can accelerate methane hydrate formation under conditions simulating their natural occurrence at the seafloor, the role that particular peptide sequences play in biocatalytic hydrate kinetics enhancement is unclear, especially the underlying molecular-level mechanisms. Here, we reveal the peptide-focused regulation of microorganisms' role in managing marine hydrates via an approximation mechanism of enzymatic catalysis accelerating hydrate formation. Aside from control of hydrate kinetics <i>per se</i>, we speculate that this peptide-centric mechanistic understanding could lead to a re-evaluation of the extent and geological importance of bioregulation of methane turnover in the biosphere.
Autonomic pathways responsible for bradycardia on facial immersion (1979)

The autonomic pathways mediating the bradycardia response to facial immersion (FI) have not been fully elaborated in man. By means of parasympathetic and sympathetic blockade we studied the heart rate response to FI in nine highly trained young swimmers, at rest and during dynamic cycle exercise. With no blockade, heart rate at rest declined with FI 36 +/- 18%. Under beta-blockade with propranolol or alpha-blockade with phentolamine FI produced a similar decrement. Atropine reduced the response. During exercise FI produced 48 +/- 9% decline without blockade. The response was similar with beta-blockade, but was completely abolished with atropine. Systolic blood pressure responses to FI measured by cuff in three subjects were small and bore no relation to the heart rate response. The results are compatible with parasympathetic efferent mediation of the heart rate response to FI. They are incompatible with a role for sympathetic mediation except as a complex interaction between parasympathetic and sympathetic influences. Hypertension and other sympathetic responses to FI do not play a role in production of bradycardia, but are apparently incidental effects. The heart rate decrement produced by FI increases with greater steady-state heart rate.
Supplementary Data from Novel Oligoamine Analogues Inhibit Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 and Induce Reexpression of Epigenetically Silenced Genes (2023)

Supplementary Data from Novel Oligoamine Analogues Inhibit Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 and Induce Reexpression of Epigenetically Silenced Genes
Matlab-Aided Design of the Discrete Vertical Speedometer (2005)

The study described in this paper deals with an issue of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and also with sensors integration within UAV system. The specific sensor is a low-cost barometric altimeter and its usage as a vertical speedometer. The whole study is based on UAV system knowledge and consequential Matlab simulation
Generation of Aluminum Nanoparticles Using an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Torch (2004)

Nanoparticles of aluminum metal were generated by passing an aerosol of micrometer-scale (mean 50 μm) particles in argon through an atmospheric pressure plasma torch operated at less than 1000 W. A designed experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of plasma gas flow rate, aerosol gas flow rate, and applied power on the shape, size, and size distribution of the final particles. The size and shape of the metal particles were dramatically impacted by the operating parameters employed. At relatively low powers or at high powers and short residence times, virtually all the particles are spherical. Under other conditions, the particles had spherical heads, and virtually all had tails, some quite long. The particle size distributions also were influenced by the operating conditions. Under most conditions the size distributions were log-normal, consistent with growth by agglomeration. However, under some conditions, the population of particles above or below the mode was far too great to be consistent with a log-normal distribution. For example, the particle distributions tend to show an unusual concentration of very small particles at relatively short residence times and low aluminum feed rates. The distributions tend to show an unusual concentration of large particles at relatively long residence times and high aluminum feed rates. On the basis of the data collected, some simple models of the mechanism of nanoparticle formation were postulated which should be of value in future studies of the process.
Oxygen consumption by vascular wall in skeletal muscle arterioles under physiological conditions (2008)

To examine the large drop of partial oxygen pressure (PO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) in arterioles, the O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> consumption rates of arteriolar walls were determined under physiological conditions. A phosphorescence quenching technique was used to quantify the intra- and perivascular PO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> values in rat cremaster arterioles. Using the measured PO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> values, and a theoretical model, the O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> consumption rates of the arteriolar walls were then estimated. We found that the O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> consumption rate of arterioles was 100 times greater than that seen in in vitro experiments, and the O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> consumption rate under normal conditions was significantly higher than that during vasodilation. Furthermore, the O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> consumption rate was the highest in the upstream arterioles. These findings suggest that the high O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> consumption rates of arteriolar walls depend on the workload of the smooth muscle.
Blocking microglial activation of reactive astrocytes is neuroprotective in models of Alzheimer’s disease (2021)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of age-related dementia. Increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation mediated by microglia and astrocytes contributes to disease progression and severity in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. During AD progression, resident microglia undergo proinflammatory activation, resulting in an increased capacity to convert resting astrocytes to reactive astrocytes. Therefore, microglia are a major therapeutic target for AD and blocking microglia-astrocyte activation could limit neurodegeneration in AD. Here we report that NLY01, an engineered exedin-4, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, selectively blocks β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced activation of microglia through GLP-1R activation and inhibits the formation of reactive astrocytes as well as preserves neurons in AD models. In two transgenic AD mouse models (5xFAD and 3xTg-AD), repeated subcutaneous administration of NLY01 blocked microglia-mediated reactive astrocyte conversion and preserved neuronal viability, resulting in improved spatial learning and memory. Our study indicates that the GLP-1 pathway plays a critical role in microglia-reactive astrocyte associated neuroinflammation in AD and the effects of NLY01 are primarily mediated through a direct action on Aβ-induced GLP-1R<sup>+</sup> microglia, contributing to the inhibition of astrocyte reactivity. These results show that targeting upregulated GLP-1R in microglia is a viable therapy for AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Interpretation of in situ test results from the CANLEX sites (2000)

One of the primary objectives of the Canadian Liquefaction Experiment (CANLEX) project was to evaluate in situ testing techniques and existing interpretation methods as part of the overall goal to focus and coordinate Canadian geotechnical expertise on the topic of soil liquefaction. Six sites were selected by the CANLEX project in an attempt to characterize various deposits of loose sandy soil. The sites consisted of a variety of soil deposits, including hydraulically placed sand deposits associated with the oil sands industry, natural sand deposits in the Fraser River Delta, and hydraulically placed sand deposits associated with the hard-rock mining industry. At each site, a target zone was selected and various in situ tests were performed. These included standard penetration tests, cone penetration tests, seismic downhole cone penetration tests (giving shear wave velocity measurements), geophysical (gamma-gamma) logging, and pressuremeter testing. This paper describes the techniques used in the in situ testing program at each site and presents a summary and interpretation of the results.Key words: CANLEX, in situ testing, shear wave velocity, geophysical logging, pressuremeter.
Tau and neurodegenerative disease: genetics and pathogenetic mechanisms (2001)

Neurodegenerative disease is often accompanied by abnormal tau aggregates in the form of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and other intracellular structures. Diseases where tau pathology is found include Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [1], Down syndrome, frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism-chromosome 17 type (FTDP-17), progressive supra-nuclear palsy (PSP) [2], Gerstmann-Straussler Scheinker disease [3], Pick’s disease[4], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism dementia complex of Guam [5], Niemann-Pick type-C disease [6] and to a lesser degree in normal aging. In some disorders such as AD, Down syndrome and some forms of FTDP-17, tau aggregates are exclusively found in neuronal cell bodies as NFTs and as “ghost” tangles, the presumed remains of a dead neuron. In other disorders, such as in some forms of FTDP-17, tau aggregates are also in glial cells. The abnormal tau in these aggregates is highly phosphorylated.
Integrating rigorous coupled wave analysis and Monte Carlo ray tracing for OLED device modeling (2015)

Rigorous coupled wave analysis and Monte Carlo ray tracing techniques are combined together for modeling the optical performance of OLED. The simulated and the measured results have shown agreement with each other.
Outcomes of Kahook Dual Blade Goniotomy for Uveitis Associated Open Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension (2022)

This larger case series shows that some patients with uveitis-associated ocular hypertension or glaucoma with an open angle may have success with KDB goniotomy.
NOMA-Aided Cell-Free Massive MIMO with Underlay Spectrum-Sharing (2020)

We investigate the feasibility of employing non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA) in cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) operating with underlay spectrum-sharing. In our proposed system model, multiple clusters of NOMA-enabled secondary users (SUs) are concurrently served by geographically distributed secondary access-points (S-APs) via conjugate beamforming. The uplink channels are estimated locally at each S-AP via pilots sent by SUs. A set of orthogonal pilots is shared among the secondary and primary clusters to strike a balance between the throughput and training overhead, while enabling massive connectivity in primary and secondary systems. We derive the achievable rates of the secondary system by capturing the adverse effects of inter/intra-cluster interference, primary/secondary pilot contamination, imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) and partial channel state information (CSI). We propose a transmit power allocation policy for the secondary system to mitigate the detrimental impact of near-far effects by virtue of max-min fairness criterion. Through an achievable rate analysis, we reveal that although the number of concurrently served users can be substantially boosted by employing the proposed system model, the achievable rates are adversely affected due to detection uncertainties with imperfect SIC and statistical CSI at NOMA-enabled SUs.
Abstract 736: Increased Cell Death in Regions of Elevated Aortic Wall Shear Stress in Bicuspid Valve Aortopathy (2019)

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a common congenital malformation associated with aortopathy and potential rupture. Identifying those patients at greatest risk for dissection is difficult at present. Abnormal hemodynamics in the ascending aorta creates regions of increased wall shear stress (WSS) which causes extracellular matrix dysregulation and may affect cell death. Dying cells release fragmented DNA into the blood and levels of aorta-specific cell-free DNA (cfDNA), identified by the presence of tissue-specific differentially methylated regions (DMRs), could be leveraged as a biomarker. Our objective was to determine if a relationship between elevated WSS and apoptosis in the ascending aorta existed and identify aorta-specific DMRs in the cfDNA of BAV patients. We hypothesized that areas of increased WSS would demonstrate increased cell death that would correlate with increases in aorta-specific cfDNA from patient blood. BAV patients undergoing 4D-flow cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and surgery for ascending aorta dilation (range 36-63 mm) were recruited. Blood was collected from 23 patients at the time of CMR and used for the isolation of plasma cfDNA. Aortic wall samples (n = 30) corresponding to regions of high and low WSS were collected at surgery from 15 patients and stained for cell death using the TUNEL assay. Publicly-available methylomes and Metilene were used to identify aorta-specific DMRs in silico . Regions of elevated WSS were seen in all individuals regardless of absolute aortic dimension. These regions of elevated WSS by CMR showed significantly greater cell death when compared to the region of normal WSS in the ascending aorta (0.14 ± 0.05 vs. 0.08 ± 0.06, p=0.00006). Levels of cell death did not correlate with maximal aortic diameter. Twenty-three aorta-specific DMRs were identified. Of the four that were tested, three were found to be hypomethylated in genomic DNA from the aorta compared to 14 other tissues. Levels of aorta-specific cfDNA based on our DMRs did not correlate with maximal aortic diameter. Increased regional cell death corresponding to elevated WSS may implicate abnormal hemodynamic flow in the progression of aortopathy and provides a biological rationale for the use of cfDNA as a biomarker for aortopathy.
Measuring anisotropy in underwater inertial metamaterials (2019)

The acoustic behavior of acoustic metafluids, designed and fabricated for underwater applications has been studied experimentally. Unit cells consist of elastic elements coupled via compliant layers to produce negligible shear modulus and anisotropic dynamic effective density and phase speed in orthogonal directions. Finite element simulations were used to design a unit cell that exhibits subsonic phase speeds in one direction and supersonic speeds in the orthogonal direction. Numerous samples were constructed to experimentally validate these predictions. Various combinations of materials were employed to enhance anisotropy, simplify construction, and reduce unwanted effects. Uniformly-spaced samples were tested from 0.05-10 kHz in a one-dimensional, resonator tube filled with degassed water. An electrodynamic shaker excited the system with frequency-modulated chirps. The system response was recorded using a hydrophone positioned near the top of the tube, and the resonance frequencies were used to infer the phase speeds for each mode. To extract material properties from these measurements, an effective medium model was used to represent the material-water mixture and an exact analytical dispersion relation was used to correct for elastic waveguide dispersion. Extracted material properties indicated anisotropy was achieved, and were found to be in good agreement with the as-designed properties. [Work supported by ONR.]
Toward development of optimum specimen designs and modeling of in-plane uniaxial compression testing of aluminum alloy 2024 and AISI 1008 steel sheet material (2018)

Tension-compression testing is commonly conducted to understand and predict springback during a stamping process. However, large strains are generally difficult to achieve during the in-plane compression portion of the test. Proper specimen design and control of frictional forces are necessary for obtaining large strains. This paper describes extensive finite element analyses (FEA) and optimization studies (Phase 1) that were conducted to calibrate the model test assembly for three different buckling modes obtained in uniaxial compression tests of aluminum alloy 2024 and American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 1008 steel specimens. In addition to obtaining these three buckling modes correctly, calibrated FEA model predicted forces matched measured forces reasonably well. Also, a good agreement between computed and measured stress-strain data was demonstrated for one compression experiment. In the Phase 2 optimization study, optimum specimen geometries will be developed by using these verified, optimum FEA model test assemblies in three types of compression buckling experiments.
311. Some oxo- and oxochloro-cyclopentadienylmolybdenum complexes (1964)

M. Cousins and M. L. H. Green, J. Chem. Soc., 1964, 1567 DOI: 10.1039/JR9640001567
On The Organization Of Human T Cell Receptor Loci (2015)

The human T cell repertoire is generated by the rearrangement of variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) segments on the T cell receptor (TCR) loci. To determine whether the structural ordering of these gene segments on the TCR loci contributes to the observed clonal frequencies, the TCR loci were examined for self-similarity and periodicity in terms of gene segment organization. Logarithmic transformation of numeric sequence order demonstrated that the V and J gene segments for both T cell receptor alpha (TRA) and beta (TRB) loci were arranged in a self-similar manner when the spacing between adjacent segments was considered as a function of the size of the neighboring gene segment. The ratio of genomic distance between either the J (in TRA) or D (in TRB) segments and successive V segments on these loci declined logarithmically. Accounting for the gene segments occurring on helical DNA molecules, in a logarithmic distribution, sine and cosine functions of the log transformed angular coordinates of the start and stop nucleotides of successive TCR gene segments showed an ordered progression across the locus, supporting a log-periodic organization. T cell clonal frequencies, based on V and J segment usage, from three normal stem cell donors plotted against the respective segment locations on TRB locus demonstrated a periodic variation. We hypothesize that this quasi-periodic variation in T cell clonal repertoire may be influenced by the location of the gene segments on the logarithmically scaled TCR loci. Interactions between the two strands of DNA in the double helix may influence the probability of gene segment usage by means of either constructive or destructive interference resulting from the superposition of the two helices, impacting probability of DNA recombination.
ABCG5/G8 deficiency results in reduced intestinal cholesterol and fatty acid transport (2012)

Adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette (ABC) half transporters G5 and G8 are critical in protecting the body from the accumulation of dietary phytosterols, which is associated with an elevated risk of coronary heart disease. Expressed in the liver and intestines, they are proposed to promote phytosterol excretion and to limit phytosterol absorption. However, the role of G5/G8 in cholesterol and fatty acid (FA) absorption is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of G5/G8 deficiency on intestinal lipid transport in chow‐fed mice. We employed the conscious lymph fistula model to examine radiolabeled dietary cholesterol and FA transport into the lymph using wild‐type (WT) and G5/G8 knockout (KO) mice. Since it has been thought that G5/G8 promote sterol excretion, we were surprised to find that G5/G8 KO mice displayed a ~53% reduction in dietary cholesterol transport into the lymph compared to WT controls. In addition, G5/G8 KO mice also displayed a ~45% reduction in FA transport into the lymph. This reduction in cholesterol and FA transport was also accompanied by an accumulation of cholesterol and FAs in the intestinal lumen, suggesting that the loss of G5/G8 inhibit transport across the enterocyte. We conclude that G5/G8 deficiency results in reduced intestinal cholesterol and FA absorption in mice, and therefore may play a previously unknown role in intestinal lipid absorption. Grant Funding Source : University of Cincinnati