gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Division of Labor in Biofilms: the Ecology of Cell Differentiation (2015)

One of the most remarkable features of the evolutionary process is its capacity to construct. In billions of years a primordial soup of organic compounds evolved to the theater of life extant today. This ability to construct is best illustrated by a number of transitions that have occurred during the natural history of our planet, such as the evolution of the first prebiotic cells, eukaryotes, multicellularity, and eusociality (1,2). These transitions all bear a number of striking similarities (2). First, construction evolves through cooperation (3–6). That is, new organizational layers come about through the cooperative interaction of biological units that previously functioned independently. For example, organelles evolved from microbes that engaged in mutualistic interactions through endosymbiosis, and multicellularity evolved from cells that cooperate by sticking together, either via incomplete cell division or through aggregation (7). In addition to cooperation, a second aspect characterizes major evolutionary transitions: the division of labor (8,9). A precise definition of the division of labor will be given below, but one can loosely speak of division of labor when individuals—during their cooperative interactions—specialize in performing different “tasks.” Perhaps the most striking example comes from multicellular development. Multicellular organisms consist of many specialized cell types (e.g., muscle cells, neurons, epithelia, etc.). Despite being genetically identical, these cells have differentiated and thereby organized themselves in different physiological and morphological structures (e.g., organs) that together make up the individual.
Quantifying the clinical virulence of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemase Klebsiella pneumoniae with a Galleria mellonellamodel and a pilot study to translate to patient outcomes (2014)

KPC(+) status was associated with decreased virulence in GM. Opposite findings were observed in patients. This pilot study demonstrates that measured virulence from GM may differ from human estimates of virulence.
Computation method of Sampling Bases for the State Functional Spaces with Input Signals Composed of Spline Functions (2004)

A continuous-time signal in the real world must be approximated within a discrete-time signal space for processing in digital devices in many actual engineering applications. One of the effective discrete approximation methods is to employ signals composed of the spline functions. In order to use such signals effectively, however, the sampling bases of such signal spaces play an important role in signal processing. On the other hand, recently, it becomes commonplace to use digital controllers in control engineering field. Therefore, it is important to assume input signals be composed of piecewise polynomials in the state functional spaces. The existence of sampling bases in the state functional spaces had been shown in previous research conducted by the authors. Therefore, in this paper, a computation method of sampling bases in the state functional spaces by using spline functions of general degrees is proposed. Furthermore, the sampling bases composed by spline functions of 2nd and 3rd degrees are concretely calculated as practical examples.
Monitoring of resistance of insecticides in house fly (Musca domestica) populations in hungary (1994)

Abstract Samples of 24 house fly (Musca domestica L.) populations were collected from animal farms in Hungary in 1990 and kept in the laboratory to determine their susceptibility to different types of insecticide: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactone and insect growth regulators. The adulticides were tested with topical bioassay in all 24 populations, the larvicides were studied with treated larval medium in 16 populations. The data were expressed as LD 50 and LC 50 values (ng fly −1 and mg kg −1 larval medium respectively). The percentages of populations which had resistance ratios &gt; 10 at LD 50 or LC 50 were: 63% to DDT, 50% to methoxychlor, 13% to lindane, 83% to malathion, 63% to trichlorfon, 4% to propetamphos, 96% to dioxacarb, 46% to propoxur, 4% to methomyl, 13% to pyrethrum, 96% to bioresmethrin, 63% to permethrin, 58% to cypermethrin, 79% to SK‐80, 79% to deltamethrin, 38% to invermectin, 0% to diflubenzuron, 0% to cyromazine. Correlation analysis showed a high degree of positive correlation among the adulticides except for ivermectin, bioresmethrin and SK‐80. No cross‐resistance was found between the larvicides and the conventional adulticides. Differences of insecticide resistance levels among the populations surveyed were studied by principal component and factor analysis. A fairly good relationship between resistance status and control practices used on farms was revealed. The populations originating from those farms where the application of adulticides had been frequent or regular and where high resistance was shown to most chemicals could be separated from the others.
Discrete multiporphyrin pseudorotaxane assemblies from di- and tetravalent porphyrin building blocks (2015)

Two pairs of divalent and tetravalent porphyrin building blocks carrying the complementary supramolecular crown ether/secondary ammonium ion binding motif have been synthesized and their derived pseudorotaxanes have been studied by a combination of NMR spectroscopy in solution and ESI mass spectrometry in the gas phase. By simple mixing of the components the formation of discrete dimeric and trimeric (metallo)porphyrin complexes predominates, in accordance to binding stoichiometry, while the amount of alternative structures can be neglected. Our results illustrate the power of multivalency to program the multicomponent self-assembly of specific entities into discrete functional nanostructures.
Ultra-broadband silicon photonics devices based on subwavelength metamaterials -INVITED (2020)

Subwavelength structured waveguides provide tailorable optical properties that can be leveraged to overcome bandwidth limitations in a wide range of photonic devices. In this invited talk, we present an overview of recent developments on subwavelength engineered building blocks, including phase shifters, mode multiplexers, polarization beam splitters and zero-birefringence waveguides.
In vivo graft performance of an improved bone substitute composed of poor crystalline hydroxyapatite based biphasic calcium phosphate (2011)

The ability to promote new bone formation of poor crystalline hydroxyapatite (PC-HA) based biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bone substitutes were investigated. Various ratios of porous PC-HA/β-TCP (70/30, 60/40, and 0/100) grafts were fabricated. SEM and XRD measurements were performed to study the morphology and crystalline structure. Cylindrical artificial bone defects (3 × 6 mm(2)) were produced in alveolar bone at premolars extraction site and then filled with sterilized bone grafts. Commercial MBCP and unfilled empty defect served as control groups. At 8 weeks postoperation, samples were harvested from each artificial defect site for histological analysis. New bone formation of all the PC-HA/β-TCP groups was significantly greater than that of the empty control group (p<0.05), but without statistical difference from that of MBCP group. The degree of uniformity of new bone formation within defect region for PC-HA/β-TCP (60/40) was higher than that for MBCP. The PC-HA/β-TCP grafts showed enhanced bone regenerations with a more even dispersion of new bone formation than the other materials without causing inflammation, suggesting that these materials may be an alternative choice for bone void fillers in dental applications.
Use of Reporter Genes to Study the Activity of Promoters in Ovarian Granulosa Cells (2009)

Use of reporter genes provides a convenient way to study the activity and regulation of promoters and examine the rate and control of gene transcription. Many reporter genes and transfection methods can be efficiently used for this purpose. To investigate gene regulation and signaling pathway interactions during ovarian follicle development, we have examined promoter activities of several key follicle-regulating genes in the mouse ovary. In this chapter, we describe use of luciferase and beta-galactosidase genes as reporters and a cationic liposome mediated cell transfection method for studying regulation of activin subunit- and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-promoter activities. We have demonstrated that estrogen suppresses activin subunit gene promoter activity while activin increases ERalpha promoter activity and increases functional ER activity, suggesting a reciprocal regulation between activin and estrogen signaling in the ovary. We also discuss more broadly some key considerations in the use of reporter genes and cell-based transfection assays in endocrine research.
Abstract 18767: Association of Protein-Coding Genetic Variants with Coronary Arterial Calcification in 21,000 Individuals of European and African Ancestries (2014)

Introduction: Coronary arterial calcification (CAC) is a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic individuals, and is a heritable risk factor that correlates with the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) development. Genotyping protein-coding regions of the genome with an array is a scalable approach to potentially discover causal low-frequency and rare protein-coding mutations with large phenotypic effects. Methods: Using the Illumina HumanExome BeadChip, we genotyped 247,870 variants (of which 231,539 are in exons) in each of 17,953 participants of European ancestry and 3,078 participants of African ancestry without clinical CAD from the Diabetes Heart Study, Framingham Heart Study, Family Heart Study, Cardiovascular Health Study, Rotterdam Study, Age Gene/Environment Susceptibility Study, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, Dutch &amp; Belgian Lung Cancer Screening Trial, Young Finns Study, Gene Study of Atherosclerosis Risk in Families, High Risk Plaque Bioimage Study, Old Order Amish Study, and Jackson Heart Study. We tested whether protein-coding variants, individually or aggregated within a gene, were associated with CAC, both as a continuous and binary variable. Results: We first robustly replicated prior CAC genomic non-coding association signals at 9p21 (p=9.85 x 10-29) and PHACTR1 (p=4.10 x 10-23) identified in GWAS based on HapMap imputation. A rare nonsynonymous variant in APOB (rs5742904) was associated with increased CAC (p=1.01 x 10-10) although this signal was driven by the Old Order Amish where it is a known founder mutation. The nonsynonymous APOE rs7412 variant (maf=0.078), the APOE epsilon2 allele, was associated with reduced CAC (p=2.61 x 10-9). Additionally, there was evidence of association for the nonsynonymous SSTR3 rs4988466 variant (maf=0.046) (p=7.77 x 10-8). SSTR3 is involved in cell proliferation, among other functions. Gene-based burden approaches did not yield statistically significant associations. Conclusions: We discovered nonsynonymous coding variants in APOB, APOE, and SSTR3 associated with CAC in a meta-analysis approach of 21,000 individuals using an exon-enriched genotyping array.
Interactive Flight Control System Development and Validation with Real-Time Simulation (2012)

Distributed systems, particularly heterogeneous systems, have been historically hard to validate [1]. Even at small scales—and despite significant efforts at planning, modeling, and integrating new and existing systems into a functional system-of-systems—end users often experience unforeseen (and often undesirable) emergent behavior on the target infrastructure. Some types of unexpected emergent 420behaviors include unwanted synchronization of distributed processes, deadlock and starvation, and race conditions in large-scale integrations or deployments [2].
Nucleic Acid Similarities Among Pseudomonas pseudomallei, Pseudomonas multivorans , and Actinobacillus mallei (1970)

Annealing experiments on membrane filters were carried out with deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) from selected strains of the nomen-species of Pseudomonas, Actinobacillus, Chromobacterium, and Micrococcus, with the use of DNA of Pseudomonas pseudomallei and Actinobacillus mallei as reference materials. Under the usual conditions employed in these experiments, the results were not quantitatively reproducible. Incorporation of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) into the incubation medium greatly increased differences in comparative binding. DNA binding in agar matrices was examined in the presence and absence of DMSO at various incubation temperatures. It was found that the greatest specificity, stability, and total binding for DNA containing high amounts of guanine and cytosine occurred in the presence of DMSO. Under the most stringent annealing conditions permitted in agar, DNA species from P. pseudomallei and A. mallei in the presence of DMSO demonstrated interspecific relative bindings of 76 to 86% when compared to the homologous reactions. The thermal elution midpoints (E(m)) of these duplexed interspecific DNA species were quite close to the homologous E(m) values. The relative bindings of P. multivorans DNA types to either reference DNA ranged between 6 to 27%, and the E(m) values were 4 to 7 C less than those for the homologous reactions.
Discovery of APD371: Identification of a Highly Potent and Selective CB2Agonist for the Treatment of Chronic Pain (2017)

The discovery of a novel, selective and fully efficacious CB<sub>2</sub> agonist with satisfactory pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutical properties is described. Compound <b>6</b> was efficacious in a rat model of osteoarthritis pain following oral administration and, in contrast to morphine, maintained its analgesic effect throughout a 5-day subchronic treatment paradigm. These data were consistent with our hypothesis that full agonist efficacy is required for efficient internalization and recycling of the CB<sub>2</sub> receptor to avoid tachyphylaxis. Based on its overall favorable preclinical profile, <b>6</b> (APD371) was selected for further development for the treatment of pain.
Selective Insertion of Sulfur Dioxide Reduction Intermediates on Graphene Oxide (2014)

Graphite microparticles (d50 6.20 μm) were oxidized by strong acids, and the resultant graphite oxide was thermally exfoliated to graphene oxide sheets (MPGO, C/O 1.53). Graphene oxide was treated with nonthermal plasma under a SO2 atmosphere at room temperature. The XPS spectrum showed that SO2 was inserted only as the oxidized intermediate at 168.7 eV in the S 2p region. Short thermal shocks at 600 and 400 °C, under an Ar atmosphere, produced reduced sulfur and carbon dioxide as shown by the XPS spectrum and TGA analysis coupled to FTIR. MPGO was also submitted to thermal reaction with SO2 at 630 °C, and the XPS spectrum in the S 2p region at 164.0 eV showed that this time only the nonoxidized episulfide intermediate was inserted. Plasma and thermal treatment produced a partial reduction of MPGO. The sequence of thermal reaction followed by plasma treatment inserted both sulfur intermediates. Because oxidized and nonoxidized intermediates have different reactivities, this selective insertion would allow the addition of selective types of organic fragments to the surface of graphene oxide.
A similarity solution for two‐phase water, air, and heat flow near a linear heat source in a porous medium (1992)

Placement of a heat source in a partially saturated geologic medium causes strongly coupled thermal and hydrologic behavior. To study this problem, a recently developed semianalytical solution for two‐phase flow of water and heat in a porous medium has been extended to include an air component and to incorporate several physical effects that broaden its range of applicability. The problem considered is the placement of a constant‐strength linear heat source in an infinite homogeneous medium with uniform initial conditions. Under these conditions the governing partial differential equations in radial distance r and time t reduce to ordinary differential equations through the introduction of a similarity variable η = r/t 1/2 . The resulting equations are coupled and nonlinear, necessitating a numerical integration. The similarity solution developed here is used to investigate various physical phenomena related to partially saturated flow in low‐permeability rock, such as vapor pressure lowering, pore level phase change effects, and an effective continuum representation of fractured/porous media. Application to several illustrative problems arising in the context of high‐level nuclear waste disposal at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, indicates that fluid flow, phase changes, and latent heat transfer may have a significant impact on conditions at the repository.
Association between solar radiation and ocular squamous cell carcinoma in cattle (1991)

The association between ocular squamous cell tumors and various measures of solar radiation was evaluated for 2,775 contemporaneous Hereford cattle. The animals were from 34 herds located in 21 states in the United States and in one Canadian province. Examinations and photographs were made of the eyes of all cows and heifers in a herd; 33 herds were examined between June and August 1957 and 1 herd was examined in 1958. Solar radiation was measured by altitude and mean annual hours of sunshine applying to an individual herd, and global radiation, a cloudiness index, and elevation of nearby National Weather Service stations. All measures of solar radiation provided evidence of a significant association between increasing risks of developing cancer eye and increasing levels of radiation; adjustments were made for possible confounding effects of age and corneoscleral pigmentation. Associations were evident whether affliction was defined as the occurrence of any type of tumor (ie, plaque, papilloma, or carcinoma), or as the occurrence of only papilloma or carcinoma. Average ages of affected cattle also tended to be lower at high radiation levels than at low levels, further supporting the hypothesis that solar radiation has an important role in the development of this disease. In view of the heritability of eye pigmentation and its inhibitory effect on lesions, cancer eye may be controlled by selective breeding for increased pigmentation in and around the eye to afford protection against the harmful effects of incident UV radiation.
Fabrication of Biobased Polyelectrolyte Capsules and Their Application for Glucose-Triggered Insulin Delivery (2016)

To enhance the glucose sensitivity and self-regulated release of insulin, biobased capsules with glucose-responsive and competitive properties were fabricated based on poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) and chitosan oligosaccharide (CS) polyelectrolytes. First, poly(γ-glutamic acid)-g-3-aminophenylboronic acid) (γ-PGA-g-APBA) and galactosylated chitosan oligosaccharide (GC) were synthesized by grafting APBA and lactobionic acid (LA) to γ-PGA and CS, respectively. The (γ-PGA-g-APBA/GC)5 capsules were then prepared by layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly of γ-PGA-g-APBA and GC via electrostatic interaction. The size and morphology of the particles and capsules were investigated by DLS, SEM, and TEM. The size of the (γ-PGA-g-APBA/GC)5 capsules increased with increasing glucose concentration due to the swelling of the capsules. The capsules could be dissociated at high glucose concentration due to the breaking of the cross-linking bonds between APBA and LA by the competitive reaction of APBA with glucose. The encapsulated insulin was able to undergo self-regulated release from the capsules depending on the glucose level and APBA composition. The amount of insulin release increased with incubation in higher glucose concentration and decreased with higher APBA composition. Moreover, the on-off regulation of insulin release from the (γ-PGA-g-APBA/GC)5 capsules could be triggered with a synchronizing and variation of the external glucose concentration, whereas the capsules without the LA functional groups did not show the on-off regulated release. Furthermore, the (γ-PGA-g-APBA/GC)5 capsules are biocompatible. These (γ-PGA-g-APBA/GC)5 with good stability, glucose response, and controlled insulin delivery are expected to be used for future applications to glucose-triggered insulin delivery.
THE REACTION OF ALKYLAMINES WITH CHLOROHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. II.1 2-AMINO-4-CHLORO-6-METHYLPYRIMIDINE (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE REACTION OF ALKYLAMINES WITH CHLOROHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. II.1 2-AMINO-4-CHLORO-6-METHYLPYRIMIDINEALLISON MAGGIOLO and ARTHUR P. PHILLIPSCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1951, 16, 3, 376–382Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01143a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01143a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views176Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Kernel Based Algorithms for Mining Huge Data Sets: Supervised, Semi-supervised, and Unsupervised Learning (Studies in Computational Intelligence) (2006)

Women's perceptions of their recovery from childbirth were investigated by open-ended interviews of 96 mothers of health, full-term infants 6 months after delivery. Data included factors affecting physical, mental, and emotional recovery; sources of help and hindrance; ideas of what each women would do differently after the delivery of another child; and overall evaluation of how the months after delivery compared with expectations. Content analysis of the data revealed that 25% of the women did not feel physically recovered from childbirth at 6 months postpartum. Husbands and other family members were major sources of help. Prolonged labor and cesarean delivery were the major hindrances to recovery. More household and child-care help was desired after delivery of another child. Almost half of the women found the first 6 months after delivery more difficult than anticipated. The findings suggest that pregnant women need more information about lifestyle adjustments after childbirth.
SOFT GELS WITH ORDERED IRON PARTICLES: FABRICATION AND ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL RESPONSE (2002)

For a number of years we and others have investigated electrorheological (ER) gel systems comprising low-modulus elastomers mixed with various particles. Unlike ER fluids, the particles in gels do not change relative positions, thus creating model systems that can be used to check equilibrium theories of ER response. To make such materials, a magnetic field was used to align iron particles during the cure of a liquid silicone prepolymer in a sheet mold. Particle chains were made with as little as 0.5% particles, and aligned at angles from 0 to 45° to the normal. The gap between the particles was controlled by swelling the crosslinked material with additional prepolymer. The dependence of the ER effect on particle structuring in these materials was investigated experimentally using rheometry and dielectrometry. Also investigated were the properties of these materials as transducers and actuators.