gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Partitioned List Decoding of Polar Codes: Analysis and Improvement of Finite Length Performance (2017)

Polar codes represent one of the major recent breakthroughs in coding theory and, because of their attractive features, they have been selected for the incoming 5G standard. As such, a lot of attention has been devoted to the development of decoding algorithms with good error performance and efficient hardware implementation. One of the leading candidates in this regard is represented by successive-cancellation list (SCL) decoding. However, its hardware implementation requires a large amount of memory. Recently, a partitioned SCL (PSCL) decoder has been proposed to significantly reduce the memory consumption [1]. In this paper, we examine the paradigm of PSCL decoding from both theoretical and practical standpoints: (i) by changing the construction of the code, we are able to improve the performance at no additional computational, latency or memory cost, (ii) we present an optimal scheme to allocate cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs), and (iii) we provide an upper bound on the list size that allows MAP performance.
Comparative analysis of missing value imputation methods to improve clustering and interpretation of microarray experiments (2010)

More than 6.000.000 independent simulations have assessed the quality of 12 imputation methods on five very different biological datasets. Important improvements have so been done since our last study. The EM_array approach constitutes one efficient method for restoring the missing expression gene values, with a lower estimation error level. Nonetheless, the presence of MVs even at a low rate is a major factor of gene cluster instability. Our study highlights the need for a systematic assessment of imputation methods and so of dedicated benchmarks. A noticeable point is the specific influence of some biological dataset.
Glycogen and the propensity for atrial fibrillation: intrinsic anatomic differences in glycogen in the left and right atria in the goat heart (2014)

These findings provide a basis for the well-known greater propensity for atrial fibrillation in the left versus the right atrium.
What did first-year students experience during their interprofessional education? A qualitative analysis of e-portfolios (2018)

Interprofessional collaboration is an essential approach to comprehensive patient care. As previous studies have argued, interprofessional education (IPE) must be integrated in a stepwise, systematic manner in undergraduate health profession education programmes. Given this perspective, first-year IPE is a critical opportunity for building the foundation of interprofessional collaborative practice. This study aims to explore the first-year students' learning processes and the longitudinal changes in their perceptions of learning in a year-long IPE programme. Data were collected at a Japanese medical university, in which different pedagogical approaches are adopted in the IPE programme. Some of these approaches include interprofessional problem-based learning, early exposure, and interactive lecture-based teaching. The students are required to submit written reflections as a formative assessment. This study conducted an inductive thematic analysis of 104 written reflections from a series of e-portfolios of 26 first-year students. The themes related to learning outcomes from student perspectives included communication (e.g., active listening and intelligible explanation), teams and teamwork (e.g., mutual engagement and leadership), roles/responsibilities as a group member (e.g., self-directed learning and information literacy), and roles/responsibilities as a health professional (e.g., understanding of the student's own professional and mutual respect in an interprofessional team). The study also indicated three perspectives of students' learning process at different stages of the IPE, i.e., processes by which students became active and responsible learners, emphasised the enhancement of teamwork, and developed their own interprofessional identities. This study revealed the first-year students' learning processes in the year-long IPE programme and clarified the role of the first-year IPE programme within the overall curriculum. The findings suggest that the students' active participation in the IPE programme facilitated their fundamental understanding of communication/teamwork and identity formation as a health professional in interprofessional collaborative practice.
A Split‐Intein‐Based Method for the Efficient Production of Circularized Nanodiscs for Structural Studies of Membrane Proteins (2018)

Phospholipid nanodiscs are a native-like membrane mimetic that is suitable for structural studies of membrane proteins. Although nanodiscs of different sizes exist for various structural applications, their thermal and long-term stability can vary considerably. Covalently circularized nanodiscs are a perfect tool to overcome these limitations. Existing methods for the production of circularized nanodiscs can be time-consuming and technically demanding. Therefore, an easy in vivo approach, in which circularized membrane scaffold proteins (MSPs) can be directly obtained from Escherichia coli culture, is reported herein. Nostoc punctiforme DnaE split-intein fusions with MSPs of various lengths are used and consistently provide circularized nanodiscs in high yields. With this approach, a large variety of circularized nanodiscs, ranging from 7 to 26 nm in diameter, that are suitable for NMR spectroscopy and electron microscopy (EM) applications can be prepared. These nanodiscs are superior to those of the corresponding linear versions in terms of stability and size homogeneity, which affects the quality of NMR spectroscopy data and EM experiments. Due to their long-term stability and homogeneity, the presented small circular nanodiscs are suited for high-resolution NMR spectroscopy studies, as demonstrated with two membrane proteins of 17 or 32 kDa in size. The presented method will provide easy access to circularized nanodiscs for structural studies of membrane proteins and for applications in which a defined and stable nanodisc size is required.
Primary care: Oral disease modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis (2017)

Disease modifying therapies are the main treatment of multiple sclerosis, aimed at reducing the frequency of acute attacks and reducing long-term disability. The advent of oral therapy over the past six years has seen an increased role for pharmacists in the treatment of MS.
Quasiatomic orbitals forab initiotight-binding analysis (2008)

Wave functions obtained from plane-wave density-functional theory (DFT) calculations using norm-conserving pseudopotential, ultrasoft pseudopotential, or projector augmented-wave method are efficiently and robustly transformed into a set of spatially localized nonorthogonal quasiatomic orbitals (QOs) with pseudoangular momentum quantum numbers. We demonstrate that these minimal-basis orbitals can exactly reproduce all the electronic structure information below an energy threshold represented in the form of environment-dependent tight-binding Hamiltonian and overlap matrices. Band structure, density of states, and the Fermi surface are calculated from this real-space tight-binding representation for various extended systems (Si, SiC, Fe, and Mo) and compared with plane-wave DFT results. The Mulliken charge and bond order analyses are performed under QO basis set, which satisfy sum rules. The present work validates the general applicability of Slater and Koster's scheme of linear combinations of atomic orbitals and points to future ab initio tight-binding parametrizations and linear-scaling DFT development.
Perioperative Fully Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery in Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery: An Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial (2022)

In the context of mixed elective surgery, the use of fully closed-loop subcutaneous insulin delivery improves glucose control without a higher risk of hypoglycemia.
Das Informationsverhalten von Streamern und Zuschauern bei Social Live-Streaming Diensten am Fallbeispiel YouNow (2017)

Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren hat eine neue Art von Social Media an Popularität gewonnen, nämlich die Social Live-Streaming Services (SLSSs). Ein besonders bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen beliebter SLSS ist YouNow, der auch im Fokus unserer Fallstudie steht. SLSSs ermöglichen dem Nutzer in Echtzeit zu streamen, mit den Zuschauern zu interagieren und von diesen auf verschiedene Weisen belohnt zu werden. In dieser Studie wurde das Informationsverhalten der Nutzer von SLSSs unter Anwendung sowohl der Lasswell Formel als auch des Nutzen- und Belohnungsansatzes (Uses and Gratification Theory) analysiert. Dabei werden fünf Forschungsfragen beantwortet: Aus welchen Motiven verwenden die Zuschauer und Streamer YouNow? Welches Informationsproduktionsverhalten zeigen die Nutzer? Welche Rechtsverstöße lassen sich während des Streamings beobachten? Welches Multi-Channel-Verhalten weisen Nutzer von YouNow auf? Und, wie bewerten sie die Qualität von YouNow? Um Antworten auf diese Fragen zu erhalten, wurde zum einen eine Online Umfrage (N = 123) durchgeführt und zum anderen Echtzeitübertragungen systematisch beobachtet (N = 2.021).
High-density hyperuniform materials can be transparent (2016)

We show that materials made of scatterers distributed on a stealth hyperuniform point pattern can be transparent at densities for which an uncorrelated disordered material would be opaque due to multiple scattering. The conditions for transparency are analyzed using numerical simulations, and an explicit criterion is found based on a perturbative theory. The broad applicability of the concept offers perspectives for various applications in photonics and more generally in wave physics.
Selenide and selenolate compounds of indium: a comparative study of In–Se bond-forming reactions (1997)

A range of In–Se bond-forming reactions have been investigated, including insertion of selenium into either an In–C or In–S bond, reaction of an indium halide with a magnesium selenolate and via chlorosilane elimination. The reaction of InBu t 3 with Se yielded [Bu t 2 In(µ-SeBu t )] 2 and [Bu t In(µ 3 -Se)] 4 . In contrast, In(CMe 2 Et) 3 and InBu n 3 with Se preferentially formed [(Me 2 EtC)In(µ 3 -Se)] 4 and [Bu n In(µ 3 -Se)] 4 , respectively. The reaction of In(CMe 2 Et) 3 with Te yielded [(Me 2 EtC)In(µ 3 -Te)] 4 ]. The compound [Bu t In(µ 3 -Se)] 4 is also formed from the reaction of [Bu t 2 In(µ-SBu t )] 2 with either Se or SePPh 3 , while both it and [Bu t In(µ-SeBu t )] 2 may be prepared from [Bu t 2 In(µ-Cl)] n and (Bu t Se)MgCl. Similarly, [Bu n 2 In(µ-SeBu t )] 2 may be prepared from [Bu n 2 In(µ-Cl)] 2 . However, the reaction of [(Me 2 EtC) 2 In(µ-Cl)] 2 with (Bu t E)MgCl (E = S, Se or Te) yielded [(Me 2 EtC)In(µ 3 -E) 4 ]. Reaction of [Bu t 2 M(µ-Cl)] n (M = In or Ga) with Se(SiMe 3 ) 2 yielded the silylselenolate compounds [Bu t 2 M(µ-SeSiMe 3 )] 2 . The various In–Se bond-forming reactions are compared. The molecular structures of [Bu t 2 In(µ-EBu t )] 2 (E = S or Se) have been determined by X-ray crystallography.
The use of the biotinyl estradiol-avidin system for the purification of “nontransformed” estrogen receptor by biohormonal affinity chromatography. (1985)

Several biotinyl estradiol derivatives have been prepared by coupling estradiol 7 alpha-carboxylic acid to biotin via different linear linkers. All these compounds exhibit a high affinity for the estrogen receptor as determined by competitive binding assays against [3H]estradiol. These compounds also displaced the dye 4-hydroxyazobenzene-2'-carboxylic acid from the biotin-binding sites of avidin free or immobilized on agarose. It was demonstrated that only the derivatives bearing a long spacer chain (greater than 42 A greater than) between estradiol and biotin were able to bind receptor and avidin simultaneously, suggesting some steric hindrance. The biotin-avidin system has been investigated for the purification of the cytosoluble "nontransformed" estrogen receptor stabilized by sodium molybdate. The method relies on: 1) high biohormonal affinity of receptor for biotinyl estradiol derivative; 2) the specific selection by avidin-agarose column of biotinyl estradiol-receptor complexes; and 3) the biohormonal elution step by an excess of radioactive estradiol. Starting from unfractionated cytosol containing molybdate-stabilized nontransformed 8S estrogen receptor with estradiol 7 alpha-(CH2)10-CO-NH-(CH2)2-O-(CH2)2-O-(CH2)2-NH-CO-(CH2)3-NH-biotin, preliminary experiments using avidin-agarose chromatography and then a specific elution step by exchange with free [3H]estradiol, allowed a 500-1,500-fold purification. Further purification of estrogen receptor was obtained by ion exchange chromatography through a DEAE-Sephacel column and led to a congruent to 20% pure protein, assuming one binding site/65,000-Da unit. The hydrodynamic parameters of the purified receptor were essentially identical to those of molybdate-stabilized nontransformed receptor present in crude cytosol. The advantages of this double biotinyl steroid derivative-avidin chromatographic technique over more conventional affinity procedures are discussed and make it applicable to the purification of minute amounts of steroid receptors in a wide variety of tissues.
Regulation of T cell‐mediated cytotoxic allograft responses. I. Evidence for antigen‐specific suppressor T cells (1976)

Abstract Murine lymph node cells draining a local lymphoid cell allograft (LNd) exhibited weak cytolytic activity when tested immediately after surgical removal, However, upon mere in vitro cultivation, high cytotoxic activity developed. The in vitro generation of cytotoxic activity could be inhibited by treatment of the cells with mitomycin C. Upon transfer into a primary mixed lymphocyte culture, mitomycin C‐treated LNd cells effectively suppressed the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Using the velocity sedimentation technique at 1 × g the suppressor cells could be confined to the blast cells within LNd cells, the sensitized prekiller T cells being nonsuppressive. Results derived from independent experimental approaches suggested that the in vivo sensitized blast suppressor cells exhibited an immunological specific suppression, i.e. they selectively suppressed the in vitro induction of CTL reactive towards those H‐2 transplantation antigens against which the suppressor cells had been immunized. Thus, antigen‐specific suppressor cells (which were Thy‐1.2 positive) appeared to be specifically activated during the in vivo sensitization procedure.
Chemical changes in rubber allergens during vulcanization (2007)

Allergic contact dermatitis to rubber is caused by residues of chemicals used in manufacturing a rubber product. Several different additives are used to achieve a final product of the desired characteristics. Accelerators such as thiurams, dithiocarbamates, and mercaptobenzothiazoles are often among the additives responsible for allergic reactions recognized by dermatologists. The chemistry of the vulcanization process is complicated; as it occurs at an elevated temperature with a mixture of reactive chemicals, the compositions of the initial and final products differ. This paper investigates the changes in composition of common allergens during vulcanization, doing so by chemically analysing various rubber formulations at different stages of the process. Major changes were found in which added chemicals were consumed and new ones produced. An important observation is that thiuram disulfides rarely appear in the final rubber although they may have been used as additives. Instead, thiurams are often converted to dithiocarbamates or to products formed by addition to mercaptobenzothiazole structures, if these have been used together with thiurams as accelerators.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor‐mediated signaling in neuroglia (2012)

Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors, which include eight subtypes that have been classified into three groups (I-III) based upon sequence homology, signal transduction mechanism and pharmacological profile. Although most studied with regard to neuronal function and modulation, mGlu receptors are also expressed by neuroglia-including astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. Activation of mGlu receptors on neuroglia under both physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions mediates numerous actions that are essential for intrinsic glial cell function, as well as for glial-neuronal interactions. Astrocyte mGlu receptors play important physiological roles in regulating neurotransmission and maintaining neuronal homeostasis. However, mGlu receptors on astrocytes and microglia also serve to modulate cell death and neurological function in a variety of pathophysiological conditions such as acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. The latter effects are complex and bi-directional, depending on which mGlu receptor sub-types are activated.
7H‐Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐4‐amines as Potential Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum Calcium‐Dependent Protein Kinases (2022)

A series of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines were designed in silico as potential bumped kinase inhibitors targeting P. falciparum calcium dependent protein kinase 4 (PfCDPK4), with the potential to inhibit PfCDPK1 based on earlier studies of the two kinases. A small series of these compounds were prepared and assessed for inhibitory activity against PfCDPK4 and PfCDPK1 in vitro. Four of the compounds displayed promising inhibitory activity against either PfCDPK4 (IC<sub>50</sub> =0.210-0.530 μM), or PfCDPK1 (IC<sub>50</sub> =0.589 μM). These data will enable optimisation of the molecular model to better predict inhibitory activity against PfCDPK4.
Promoter hypermethylation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) gene p21WAF1/CIP1/SDI1 is rare in various lymphomas and carcinomas (2003)

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p21 can act as a tumor suppressor to inhibit tumor cell growth.[1][1] In contrast to other CDKI genes, p21 is rarely mutated or deleted in tumors.[1][1] Alternative mechanisms of p21 inactivation have been suspected, with p21 hypermethylation demonstrated
Shoulder Hemiarthroplasty for Proximal Humerus Fracture (2021)

There are a variety of treatment options available for proximal humerus fractures, including nonoperative management, open reduction internal fixation with screws, locking plates, intramedullary nailing, or suture fixation, and arthroplasty, including hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder replacements. Fracture characteristics, including the number of fracture parts and involvement of the humeral head and glenoid and the patient's functional status and postoperative goals help dictate the optimal choice. Although the indications for hemiarthroplasty as treatment for severe proximal humerus fractures have narrowed, the authors believe that there is a still a place for this technique in practice.
Sequential fusion (2011)

A classification system such as an Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) system might yield better performance when fused sequentially than in parallel. Most fused systems have parallel architecture, but, the medical community often uses sequential tests due to costs constraints. We define the different types of sequential fusion and investigate their characteristics. We compare parallel fused systems with sequential fused systems. Another goal of this paper is to compare competing sequential fused systems to arrive at an optimal architecture design given the systems at hand. These systems may be legacy systems whose performances are well known. If these systems have known Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves/manifolds then we derive a formula that yields the ROC curve/manifold for the resultant sequentially fused system, thus, enabling one to make these comparisons. This formula is distribution free. We give an example to demonstrate the utility of our method, and show that one can play "what if" scenarios.
The genes of interferons and interferon-related factors: localization and relationships with chromosome aberrations in cancer. (2000)

The paper presents a review of data on the localization of interferons (IFNs) and IFN system genes and their relationship with human diseases, mainly cancer. Genes of interferon system proteins are located at the sites of breakpoints of the structural chromosome aberrations in cancer. Thus, any of them are rearranged or translocated in various tumor types. As the activity of these genes plays a role in cancer development, their rearrangements may be one of the crucial points in the pathogenesis of some cancer types. Besides, they also take part in organism immunity against viral infections. Transfection experiments with IFN system genes have proved the influence of these genes on cancer behavior and may serve as a basis for clinical gene therapy. IFN-alpha and IFN-beta genes are located at 9p21-22, the site of frequent homozygotic deletions in cancer. Their loss sensitizes cells to the growth inhibitory actions of exogenous IFNs. The IFN-gamma gene, a representative of class II genes, is located at 12q24.1. Transfection of class II IFNs genes to cancer cell lines causes cell proliferation arrest and augments the expression of HLA antigens, which may be clinically useful in stimulating the immune destruction of tumor cells. The interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) gene is located at 5q31, the site of common deletions in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and secondary leukemias. The loss of heterozygosity of this gene was found in MDS, which proves that IRF-1 may be a tumor suppressor. A transfection of its gene causes neoplastic transformation arrest. The double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) gene is located at 2p21-22, a region which is frequently rearranged in leukemia. Transfection of a wild type PKR gene reverses neoplastic transformation caused by transfection of a mutated PKR gene, proving that PKR acts as a dominant negative cancer suppressor.
Intraocular measurements of pressure transients induced by excimer laser ablation of the cornea (1997)

Background and Objective The evolution of pressure waves induced by argon-fluoride laser ablation of the cornea in the typical operative conditions of clinical laser keratectomy has been studied experimentally and analyzed. Materials and Methods Freshly enucleated porcine eyes were irradiated at a laser fluence of 180 mJ/cm2 with various spot diameters in the range 1–6.5 mm. Pressure transients were detected by a fast rise time needle hydrophone inserted into the eyeball from the posterior pole and moved along the eye optical axis toward the cornea. Results Pressure peaks as high as 90 bar and of 50 ns pulse duration (FWHM) were measured in the anterior chamber. Observation of the pulse shape evolution during propagation put in evidence the onset of a marked rarefaction phase following the compressional spike, with intense negative peaks (up to −40 bar) located at increasing distances from the corneal surface for increasing spot diameters. Conclusions This behavior was explained by means of simplified models describing pressure pulse generation and diffraction effects occurring during its propagation. Implications to clinical procedures, as possible damages due to tissue stretching and cavitation formation, are also discussed. Lasers Surg. Med. 20:416–425, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.