gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Long-term observations of aerosol size distributions in semi-clean and polluted savannah in South Africa (2013)

Abstract. This study presents a total of four years of sub-micron aerosol particle size distribution measurements in the southern African savannah, an environment with few previous observations covering a full seasonal cycle and the size range below 100 nm. During the first 19 months, July 2006–January 2008, the measurements were carried out at Botsalano, a semi-clean location, whereas during the latter part, February 2008–May 2010, the measurements were carried out at Marikana (approximately 150 km east of Botsalano), which is a more polluted location with both pyrometallurgical industries and informal settlements nearby. The median total concentration of aerosol particles was more than four times as high at Marikana than at Botsalano. In the size ranges of 12–840 nm, 50–840 nm and 100–840 nm the median concentrations were 1856, 1278 and 698 particles cm−3 at Botsalano and 7805, 3843 and 1634 particles cm−3 at Marikana, respectively. The diurnal variation of the size distribution for Botsalano arose as a result of frequent regional new particle formation. However, for Marikana the diurnal variation was dominated by the morning and evening household burning in the informal settlements, although regional new particle formation was even more frequent than at Botsalano. The effect of the industrial emissions was not discernible in the size distribution at Marikana although it was clear in the sulphur dioxide diurnal pattern, indicating the emissions to be mostly gaseous. Seasonal variation was strongest in the concentration of particles larger than 100 nm, which was clearly elevated at both locations during the dry season from May to September. In the absence of wet removal during the dry season, the concentration of particles larger than 100 nm had a correlation above 0.7 with CO for both locations, which implies incomplete burning to be an important source of aerosol particles during the dry season. However, the sources of burning differ: at Botsalano the rise in concentration originates from regional wild fires, while at Marikana domestic heating in the informal settlements is the main source. Air mass history analysis for Botsalano identified four regional scale source areas in southern Africa and enabled the differentiation between fresh and aged rural background aerosol originating from the clean sector, i.e., western sector with very few large anthropogenic sources. Comparison to size distributions published for other comparable environments in Northern Hemisphere shows southern African savannah to have a unique combination of sources and meteorological parameters. The observed strong link between combustion and seasonal variation is comparable only to the Amazon basin; however, the lack of long-term observations in the Amazonas does not allow a quantitative comparison. All the data presented in the figures, as well as the time series of monthly mean and median size distributions are included in numeric form as a Supplement to provide a reference point for the aerosol modelling community.
Improved Methodology for Quantitative Determination of Serum and Milk Proteins by Single Radial Immunodiffusion (1979)

Single radial immunodiffusion is a simple inexpensive method for quantitating specific proteins in a heterogenous mixture. However, it has been criticized for its lack of accuracy and repeatability; coefficients of variation of 25% have been reported by some workers. We have adopted several refinements to the single radial immunodiffusion techniques which have appeared in the literature and have made several innovations of our own. Also, as an integral part of the technique, we have developed a computer program that determines the best-fitting curve for a given set of standards, applies this curve to the raw ring-diameters, and corrects the data for plate variation and sample dilution. This program has reduced errors greatly in calculating protein concentration since all data handling beyond the recording of the precipitant ring diameter is by computer. It also allows for the storage, retrieval, and analysis of large volumes of data on many different proteins simultaneously. The overall result of this system has been to decrease the coefficients of variation to below 5% for all the milk and serum proteins tested.
Energy harvesting system integrated on wearable contact lens (2015)

An electrically small antenna with a high quality factor is designed to enable wirelessly powered wearable electronics via resonant inductive coupling using smart-phones. This antenna facilitates the use of passive high frequency transponders for glucose monitoring on system-integrated contact lenses. Full wave numerical simulators are used to simulate the system in its preliminary design stage with realistic environmental factors. Several important design elements such as quality factor, coupling coefficient, and insertion loss are computed from the resulting S-parameters; a system demo using proof-of-concept prototype is presented here.
Induction of DNA synthesis in terminally differentiated myotubes by the activation of the src gene of Rous sarcoma virus. (1978)

Mononucleated myogenic cells from 11-day-old chicken embryos were infected with tsLA24 or tsNY68, temperature-sensitive transformation mutants of Rous sarcoma virus. The infected mononucleated myogenic cells were incubated at the nonpermissive temperature (41 degrees C) and allowed to develop into multinucleated myotubes. These myotubes have withdrawn from the cell cycle, and no DNA synthesis was observed as long as the cultures were maintained at the nonpermissive temperature. However, when the incubation temperature of these cultures was lowered to the permissive temperature (36 degrees C) for expression of the src gene, DNA synthesis was induced in multinucleated myotubes. For this induction of DNA synthesis, cells infected with tsLA24 had to be incubated at the permissive temperature for at least 50 hr, while the induction of DNA synthesis in cells infected with tsNY68 required less than 20 hr. Induction of DNA synthesis was observed by autoradiography as well as by measuring incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the macromolecule fraction in these myotube cultures. For the maintenance of capacity to induce DNA synthesis, constant presence of the src gene product is necessary, because when the temperature of these cultures was returned to 41 decrees C, the myotubes lost the capacity to induce DNA synthesis. During the process of DNA induction one biochemical marker of muscle (creatine kinase) remained unchanged.
A novel adaptive vector control system for temperature compensation in induction motors (2002)

A new method for the improvement of temperature variation in induction motor (IM) speed control is presented in this paper. A direct measurement of the rotor temperature is assumed. The compensation of the temperature effect is made not only by adjusting a digital filter flux model coefficients but also by calculating the on-line proportional integral (PI) controller coefficients. These corrections yield matching of the flux model and the induction motor model, consequently the magnitude of the reference rotation and the induction motor model angles are equal so the matching of the command estimated variables and the real variables of the induction motor is obtained. This method uses the direct field-oriented vector control and eliminates its main disadvantage which is the decoupling of flux and torque when a rotor time constant varies. The simulations have shown an improvement mainly in the transient state response.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Skin barrier function in healthy volunteers as assessed by transepidermal water loss and vascular response to hexyl nicotinate: intra- and inter-individual variability (1993)

This study assesses the variability of two non-invasive methods of measuring stratum corneum barrier function in vivo. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and the vascular response to hexyl nicotinate (HN) penetration as determined by laser-Doppler flowmetry, were measured in a group of 21 healthy volunteers. Each time profile of the vascular response to HN penetration was analysed using the following parameters: the baseline cutaneous blood flow, the lag-time between application and initial response (t0), the time between application and maximum response (tmax), the maximum response, and the slope of the curve. TEWL measured on the left volar forearm showed a normal range of 3.9-7.6 g/m2h and a small inter-individual variability [coefficient of variation (CV) 19.4%]. TEWL values at three other forearm sites did not show differences of clinical importance compared with the left volar forearm. The parameters of the vascular response to HN penetration spanned a wider normal range than the TEWL values (CV between 33 and 52%). Repeat measurements after a 1-2 month interval showed highly reproducible individual TEWL values. The mean difference between first and second measurements was only 0.03 g/m2h; the relative difference 0.6%. The intra-individual reproducibility of t0 and tmax. for HN penetration was also high (relative differences of 2.8 and 3.1%, respectively). The other vascular response parameters were less reproducible (relative differences of 6.9-18.6%). We conclude that TEWL and selected parameters of HN penetration, as non-invasive tests of the stratum corneum barrier function, yield reproducible results and are hence useful for investigations assessing the skin barrier function in various disorders.
Microsoft SQL Serverデータベース管理者ガイド (2000)

第１部 ＳＱＬ Ｓｅｒｖｅｒの基礎 第２部 ＳＱＬ Ｓｅｒｖｅｒの導入と構成 第３部 ＳＱＬ Ｓｅｒｖｅｒの管理 第４部 ＳＱＬ Ｓｅｒｖｅｒのセキュリティ 第５部 データ損失に備える 第６部 ＳＱＬ Ｓｅｒｖｅｒの高度な管理
Experiments on micro-milling of KDP crystal with micro ball-end mills (2016)

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4 or KDP) crystal is an optical crystal and it has been widely used as frequency multiplication elements in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research. Milling of the KDP crystal with a micro ball-end is difficult to achieve high-quality machined surface due to the soft-brittle property of the KDP crystal. The cutting force has been measured in the experiment and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm has been used to filter out the noises in the measured cutting force. The influence of the cutting parameters on the peak-valley value of the cutting force and the surface quality has been investigated. Based on the analysis of the P-V thrust force and the surface roughness Ra with respect to the cutting parameters, a relatively moderate feed rate and a large spindle speed are recommended for the micro-milling of KDP crystal.
Reconstitution of the Na+/H+ antiporter: A new method for the determination of H+ efflux from Na+/H+ antiporter-reconstituted vesicles. (1988)

A Na+/H+ antiporter was solubilized with octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside from rat renal brush border membrane and reconstituted in egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The activity of the antiporter was determined by a new method. Reconstitution was performed in a solution containing a pH-sensitive fluorescence dye, fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran), at pH 5.5. The reconstituted vesicles, encapsulating FITC-dextran, were incubated at pH 8.0, and the intravesicular pH (pHi) was determined by monitoring fluorescence change of the dye. An increase in the fluorescence intensity which corresponded to an increase in pHi was observed. The rate of the increase was dependent on the concentration of the extravesicular Na+, and the efflux of H+ in the presence of 150 mM sodium gluconate was suppressed by the addition of amiloride. These results show that the Na+/H+ antiporter was functionally reconstituted and that its activity can be determined simply by the use of FITC-dextran.
Prerequisites for amplicon pyrosequencing of microbial methanol utilizers in the environment (2013)

The commercial availability of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies facilitated the assessment of functional groups of microorganisms in the environment with high coverage, resolution, and reproducibility. Soil methylotrophs were among the first microorganisms in the environment that were assessed with molecular tools, and nowadays, as well with NGS technologies. Studies in the past years re-attracted notice to the pivotal role of methylotrophs in global conversions of methanol, which mainly originates from plants, and is involved in oxidative reactions and ozone formation in the atmosphere. Aerobic methanol utilizers belong to Bacteria, yeasts, Ascomycota, and molds. Numerous bacterial methylotrophs are facultatively aerobic, and also contribute to anaerobic methanol oxidation in the environment, whereas strict anaerobic methanol utilizers belong to methanogens and acetogens. The diversity of enzymes catalyzing the initial oxidation of methanol is considerable, and comprises at least five different enzyme types in aerobes, and one in strict anaerobes. Only the gene of the large subunit of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent methanol dehydrogenase (MDH; mxaF) has been analyzed by environmental pyrosequencing. To enable a comprehensive assessment of methanol utilizers in the environment, new primers targeting genes of the PQQ MDH in Methylibium (mdh2), of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent MDH (mdh), of the methanol oxidoreductase of Actinobacteria (mdo), of the fungal flavin adenine nucleotide-dependent alcohol oxidase (mod1, mod2, and homologs), and of the gene of the large subunit of the methanol:corrinoid methyltransferases (mtaC) in methanogens and acetogens need to be developed. Combined stable isotope probing of nucleic acids or proteins with amplicon-based NGS are straightforward approaches to reveal insights into functions of certain methylotrophic taxa in the global methanol cycle.
Agrobacterium T-strand production in vitro: Sequence-specifi'c cleavage and 5' protection of single-stranded DNA templates by purified VirD2 protein (T-DNA/conjugational DNA transfer/relaxosome/Ti plasmid-encoded virulence proteins/plant transformation) (2016)

Virulence proteins VirDl and VirD2 are sub- units of a relaxosome-like protein complex that mediates con- jugational transfer of a Ti plasmid segment, the T-DNA, from Agrobacterium into higher plants. The VirDl-VirD2 complex binds to 25-bp repeats at the borders of the T-DNA and catalyzes sequence-specific nicking of the conjugative DNA strand (the T-strand) at the third base of these repeats. Nuclear localization signals present in VirD2 target the T-strand to plant cell nuclei. In addition, VirD2 probably plays a role in the high-frequency integration of the T-DNA into the plant genome by illegitimate recombination. Whereas Agrobacterium trans- formation of dicots is very efficient, T-DNA integration in most monocots can barely be detected. To develop an artificial T-DNA delivery system for monocots, a technique for efficient in vitro production of T-strand DNAs was established by using VirDl and VirD2 proteins purified from overexpressing Esch- erichia coli strains. The topoisomerase-like VirD2 enzyme was shown to mediate precise, sequence-specific cleavage of T-DNA border sequences carried by single-stranded DNA templates, even in the absence of VirDl protein. During this reaction, VirD2 remains covalently bound to the 5' end of artificial T-strand DNAs. In contrast, VirD2, alone or in complex with VirDl, fails to nick linear double-stranded DNA templates in vitro.
CERT® Resilience Management Model (CERT®-RMM) V1.1: NIST Special Publication Crosswalk Version 2 (2014)

The CERT® Resilience Management Model (CERT®-RMM) allows organizations to determine how their current practices support their desired levels of process maturity and improvement. This technical note maps CERT-RMM process areas to certain National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) special publications in the 800 series. It aligns the tactical practices suggested in the NIST publications to the process areas that describe management of operational resilience at a process level. This technical note is an extension of the CERT-RMM Code of Practice Crosswalk, Commercial Version (CMU/SEI-2011-TN-012) and an update to the CERT® Resilience Management Model (CERT®-RMM) V1.1: NIST Special Publication Crosswalk Version 1 (CMU/SEI-2011-TN-028).
Binding and functional properties of hexocyclium and sila‐hexocyclium derivatives to muscarinic receptor subtypes (1994)

1. We have compared the binding properties of several hexocyclium and sila-hexocyclium derivatives to muscarinic M1 receptors (in rat brain, human neuroblastoma (NB-OK 1) cells and calf superior cervical ganglia), rat heart M2 receptors, rat pancreas M3 receptors and M4 receptors in rat striatum, with their functional antimuscarinic properties in rabbit vas deferens (M1/M4-like), guinea-pig atria (M2), and guinea-pig ileum (M3) muscarinic receptors. 2. Sila-substitution (C/Si exchange) of hexocyclium (-->sila-hexocyclium) and demethyl-hexocyclium (-->demethyl-sila-hexocyclium) did not significantly affect their affinities for muscarinic receptors. By contrast, sila-substitution of o-methoxy-hexocyclium increased its affinity 2 to 3 fold for all the muscarinic receptor subtypes studied. 3. The p-fluoro- and p-chloro-derivatives of sila-hexocyclium had lower affinities than the parent compound at the four receptor subtypes, in binding and pharmacological studies. 4. In binding studies, o-methoxy-sila-hexocyclium (M1 = M4 > or = M3 > or = M2) had a much lower affinity than sila-hexocyclium for the four receptor subtypes, and discriminated the receptor subtypes more poorly than sila-hexocyclium (M1 = M3 > M4 > M2). This is in marked contrast with the very clear selectivity of o-methoxy-sila-hexocyclium for the prejunctional M1/M4-like heteroreceptors in rabbit vas deferens. 5. The tertiary amines demethyl-hexocyclium, demethyl-sila-hexocyclium and demethyl-o-methoxy-sila-hexocyclium had 10 to 30 fold lower affinities than the corresponding quaternary ammonium derivatives.
Abstract #LB-272: A novel dose-dependent regulation of matrix adhesion by Notch that controls outgrowth of hyperproliferative structures (2009)

A role for Notch signaling in human breast cancer has been suggested not only by the development of adeno-carcinomas in the mouse mammary gland following pathway activation but also by the accumulation of the constitutively active Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and/or the loss of Numb expression, a negative regulator of the Notch pathway, in a large proportion of human breast carcinomas. We have examined the effects of NICD and oncogenic mutant variants of full-length Notch in non-transformed MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells. NICD induces colony formation in soft agar and hyperproliferative acinar structures in reconstituted basement membrane gels, however only a small percentage of the NICD expressing cells display these activities. Interestingly, we found that a large percentage of NICD-expressing cells undergo a dramatic reduction in cell-matrix adhesion resulting from a suppression of expression of multiple matrix adhesion molecules. This leads to detachment of cells in monolayer culture and cell-in-cell invasion (entosis). The loss of matrix adhesion suppresses formation of acinar structures and soft agar colony formation through constitutive cell-in-cell invasion. Cells undergoing this phenomenon displayed higher levels of NICD activity than the hyperproliferative cells, and oncogenic full-length Notch variants, which express lower levels of NICD, form hyperproliferative structures much more efficiently and fail to lose matrix attachment. These results suggest that Notch induces a de-adhesion program at elevated doses which suppresses formation of hyperproliferative structures. This aspect of Notch activity may be relevant to tumorigenic transformation and could also represent a critical aspect of its function in normal development by allowed release of progenitor cells from their natural niches during differentiation. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr LB-272.
Chronic TREM2 activation exacerbates Aβ-associated tau seeding and spreading (2022)

Variants in the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) gene are associated with increased risk for late-onset AD. Genetic loss of or decreased TREM2 function impairs the microglial response to amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, resulting in more diffuse Aβ plaques and increased peri-plaque neuritic dystrophy and AD-tau seeding. Thus, microglia and TREM2 are at a critical intersection of Aβ and tau pathologies in AD. Since genetically decreasing TREM2 function increases Aβ-induced tau seeding, we hypothesized that chronically increasing TREM2 signaling would decrease amyloid-induced tau-seeding and spreading. Using a mouse model of amyloidosis in which AD-tau is injected into the brain to induce Aβ-dependent tau seeding/spreading, we found that chronic administration of an activating TREM2 antibody increases peri-plaque microglial activation but surprisingly increases peri-plaque NP-tau pathology and neuritic dystrophy, without altering Aβ plaque burden. Our data suggest that sustained microglial activation through TREM2 that does not result in strong amyloid removal may exacerbate Aβ-induced tau pathology, which may have important clinical implications.
A combination of a T cell-derived lymphokine differentiation-inducing activity and a physiologic concentration of retinoic acid induces HL-60 to differentiate to cells with functional chemotactic peptide receptors (1986)

The human acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 is induced by retinoic acid (RA) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to differentiate into cells having many of the functional and morphologic characteristics of mature granulocytes. With normal human phagocytic cells there is both superoxide anion (O2-) production and chemotaxis in response to chemoattractants such as N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl- phenylalanine (FMLP). We have now found that although HL-60 cells induced with RA alone produce O2- in response to 12–0-tetradecanoyl- phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) they are deficient in FMLP-stimulated O2- production and chemotaxis. In contrast, HL-60 induced either with DMF or with a combination of 10 nmol/L RA and a T cell-derived lymphokine, differentiation-inducing activity (DIA), produce O2- and exhibit chemotaxis in response to FMLP. The basis for these results appears to be the concentration of cell surface chemotactic peptide receptors. Thus, untreated HL-60 and HL-60 induced with either RA alone or DIA alone do not have measurable levels of FMLP receptors, whereas HL-60 induced with a combination of RA and DIA has 5,400 receptors per cell. HL-60 induced with RA and DIA plus 1 mumol/L dexamethasone have 25,000 receptors per cell and have greater chemotactic activity than HL-60 induced with the combination of RA and DIA. Thus, differentiation of HL- 60 to cells with many properties of normal phagocytes can be induced in vitro by physiologic substances.