gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulation of low cycle fatigue performance of steel H piles via finite element approach (2016)

Integral bridges are jointless bridges where the superstructure is connected monolithically with the abutments. Due to seasonal temperature changes the abutments are pushed against the approach fill and then pulled away, causing lateral displacements at the top of the piles that support the abutments as shown in Fig. 1. This may result in the reduction of their service life due to low-cycle fatigue effects. Although bridge engineers (Dicleli, 2000, French et al. 2004) have already predicted that low cycle fatigue may occur in the steel H piles of integral bridges due to thermal effects, only a few research studies and experimental test results have been found on this topic in the literature. Figure 1 Pile displacement due to thermal changes, (a) Thermal Expansion, (b) Thermal contraction. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315207681/cd556cd4-4dcf-4efe-8e29-56fc67b8bfbd/content/fig273_1.tif"/> The main design resource for civil engineers, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official, explains the importance of the fatigue issue in structures only, but does not provide any guidelines for fatigue design and its consideration in the steel pile of integral bridges. As the length of integral bridges increases, the temperature-induced lateral cyclic displacements in the steel H-piles at the abutments become larger as well. As a result, the piles may experience cyclic plastic deformations. This may result in the reduction of their service life due to low-cycle fatigue effects. Thus, it is necessary to exactly understand the behaviour of piles under cyclic lateral loads and determine the most likely locations for crack initiation and propagation. However, in many cases these piles are covered with soil and it is very difficult to find the cracks in those locations. Thus, experimental measurements are often too expensive and time-consuming especially when integral bridge components (abutment, pile, etc.) are subjected to long arbitrary multi-axial cyclic loading histories in service life. To avoid the huge cost and testing time required for conducting experimental tests, researchers often use some forms of FE analysis to carry out their research. FE analysis predictions have been widely used for evaluating the different models used for low cycle fatigue performance. In this study, analytical and experimental studies are conducted to investigate the effect of thermal induced cyclic displacements/strains on the low cycle fatigue performance of steel H-piles at the abutments of integral bridges. Furthermore, the aim is also to make a correlation and calibration between finite element models and experimental test results of the thermal induced cyclic displacements/strains on the low cycle fatigue performance of steel H-piles at the abutments of integral bridges.
Tofacitinib for Induction Therapy in Patients with Active Ulcerative Colitis in Two Phase 3 Clinical Trials: Results by Local and Central Endoscopic Assessments (2016)

Introduction: Tofacitinib is an oral, small molecule JAK inhibitor that is being investigated for ulcerative colitis (UC). Two Phase 3 randomized placebo-controlled studies (OCTAVE Induction 1 and 2: NCT01465763, NCT01458951) demonstrated efficacy of tofacitinib 10 mg twice daily (BID) vs placebo as induction therapy for patients (pts) with moderately to severely active UC.1 Here, we describe clinical efficacy endpoints assessed by local endoscopy readings along with the previously reported results assessed by central readings. Methods: Pts in both studies were randomized (4:1) to receive tofacitinib 10 mg BID or placebo for up to 9 weeks (wks). Pts were ≥18 years old with moderately to severely active UC (baseline Mayo score ≥6, rectal bleeding subscore ≥1 and endoscopic subscore ≥2). Pt eligibility was assessed based on central endoscopic reading. Pts had previous failure or intolerance to treatment with ≥1 of corticosteroids, thiopurines, or tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. The following efficacy endpoints were assessed at Wk 8: remission (primary endpoint; Mayo score ≤2, no subscore >1 and rectal bleeding subscore of 0), mucosal healing (Mayo endoscopic subscore ≤1) and clinical response (decrease from baseline Mayo score of ≥3 points and ≥30%, plus decrease in rectal bleeding subscore ≥1 or absolute subscore ≤1). Clinical outcomes were measured using both local (ie site) and central endoscopic readings at baseline and Wk 8.Table 1: Summary of efficacy endpoints at Wk 8 determined by local and central readingResults: At Wk 8, significantly more pts receiving tofacitinib 10 mg BID achieved remission in both studies vs placebo as demonstrated by both central and local endoscopic readings (Table). Similar results were observed with mucosal healing and clinical response at Wk 8. The observed rates as well as the magnitude of treatment differences based on local endoscopic reading were generally higher than those assessed by central reading. There was good agreement between locally and centrally read endoscopic subscores (kappa = 0.63 (95% CI 0.58, 0.67) and 0.62 (95% CI 0.57, 0.67) in OCTAVE Induction 1 and 2, respectively). Conclusion: In pts with moderately to severely active UC, who were qualified for both studies on central reading, treatment effects observed with local endoscopic readings were similar or slightly higher, and consistent with central readings. Both methods demonstrated the significant effect of tofacitinib vs placebo for induction therapy. Funded by Pfizer Inc. 1. Sandborn WJ et al. J Crohns Colitis 2016;10(S1):S15.
Technology of Controlled Nuclear Fusion (Report on the 2nd Topical Meeting, Richland, 1976) (1977)

The main purpose of this second topical meeting, which was organized by the American Nuclear Society and its Richland Section and co-sponsored by the US Energy Research and Development Administration and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), was to review and assess controlled nuclear fusion technological developments in the past two and a half years since the first topical meeting in San Diego in 1974. A total of 360 persons attended the second topical meeting of the ANS Controlled Nuclear Fusion Division, whose primary interest lies in the technology and engineering associated with fusion applications, mostly for power production. As regards attendance, the breakdown by organizational affiliation was as follows: US National laboratories 43%; industrial companies 33%; universities 10%; organisations outside the USA 6%; US government 4%; students 2% and utility companies 2%. At the first topical meeting in San Diego, where total attendance was somewhat higher, 27% of those attending were from industry and 20% from universities. The increase in interest by the private industrial sector in this second meeting is surely a healthy sign and presumably is a result of the increased design work that has taken place in the past couple of years.
Inhaled CO2 vs. Hypercapnia Obtained by Low Tidal Volume or Instrumental Dead Space in Unilateral Pulmonary Artery Ligation: Any Difference for Lung Protection? (2022)

In a model of UPAL, inhaled CO<sub>2</sub> but not hypercapnia grants bilateral lung protection. Mechanisms of protection include reduced overdistension of the non-ligated and increased perfusion of the ligated lung.
Controlling Hydrate Slurry Transportability by Optimizing Anti-Agglomerant Usage in High Water Cut Systems (2011)

Abstract For mature fields with high increasing water cut, gas hydrate is a serious problem because hydrate inhibition with thermodynamic inhibitors, such as methanol and glycols, often become economically and logistically unpractical. The potential of transporting hydrate particles using anti-agglomerant (AA) in high water cuts systems could be an attractive alternative to the traditional approaches. AAs have long been considered for improving transportability of hydrate slurry flow in pipelines. Although many pilot tests and a few field tests have been conducted, the economics of AA injection have rarely been favourable. Most AA studies focused on the injection of AAs at concentrations higher than 1% to create transportable hydrate slurry. The operational cost of such a process can be only favourable if water cut is very low and oil prices are high. From the economic point of view, it would be more profitable to decrease as much as possible the AA concentration, in particular in high water cut systems. Low AA concentration restriction is expected to benefit not only the economical viability of the oil and gas production but also minimize the potential environmental impact of the AAs. In this communication, systematic experiments were conducted to determine the effect of AA on apparent viscosity of water/oil/hydrate mixture at different AA concentrations ranging from 0.15 to 2% (w/w) of aqueous phase. The water cut in the emulsion was varied from 60% to 80%. Hydrate formation was controlled, by injecting gas, until apparent viscosity of hydrate slurry increased sharply at a certain hydrate volume fraction. The results based on the systems and AA tested show that rheology of hydrate slurry strongly depends on the AA concentration, type of emulsion before hydrate formation and the nature of the liquid hydrocarbon phase. It was also concluded that hydrate transportability depends on the amount of hydrates in the system (not the water cut as generally believed). Therefore, for high water-cut systems where gas is the limiting reactant, it is possible to form transportable hydrate slurries at much lower AA concentrations. This could result in economical application of AA in high water cut systems. Introduction Hydrates are ice-like solids that could form whenever water molecules come into contact with a hydrate forming compound (usually present in gas or live oil phases) at suitable combinations of temperature and pressure (Sloan and Koh, 2008). These solids may form in production equipment and/or pipelines and may form a blockage, obstructing the production facilities. Preventing gas hydrate blockage is a major challenge for flow assurance in oil and gas production and transportation.
Subthreshold behavior of dual-bit nonvolatile memories with very small regions of trapped charge (2006)

We propose an analytical approach to investigate the electrostatic impact of very small charged regions in the gate dielectric of dual-bit nonvolatile memory cells based on discrete trapping sites, such as SONOS, NROM, or nanocrystal memories. Our model is based on the analytical solution of the Poisson equation for the surface potential in a fresh memory cell in subthreshold conditions. Then, we evaluate the effect of a small pocket of trapped charge on the surface potential using the superposition principle. Our proposed model is particularly accurate for small charged regions, down to the effective charged length L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> sime10 nm and for charge density up to Qsime10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13 </sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> . In addition, the proposed model represents a complementary approach to a previously developed model which was suitable for larger charged regions. Relevant consequences of the asymmetric charging of the storage layer on the electrical characteristics of discrete-trap memories are thoroughly analyzed. An analytical expression for the subthreshold slope factor S, the threshold voltage Vth, and a method for extracting an "effective" distribution of charges from the transfer characteristics are derived
Anticonvulsant Profile and Teratogenicity of N‐methyl‐tetramethylcyclopropyl Carboxamide: A New Antiepileptic Drug (2002)

The results obtained in this study show that M-TMCD is a broad-spectrum anticonvulsant drug that does not induce NTDs and support additional studies to evaluate its full therapeutic potential.
Consensus analysis with large and multiple communication delays using spectral delay space concept (2011)

In this study, we consider the consensus problem for a group of second-order agents interacting under a fixed, undirected communication topology. Communication lines are affected by two rationally independent delays. The first delay is assumed to be in the position information channels, whereas the second delay is in the velocity information exchange. The delays are assumed to be large and uniform throughout the entire network. The stability analysis of such systems becomes quickly intractable as the number of agents increases and the delays enlarge. To resolve this dilemma, we first reduce the complexity of the problem dramatically, by decomposing the characteristic equation of the system into a set of second-order factors. Then, we assess the stability of the resulting subsystems exactly and exhaustively in the domain of the time delays using the cluster treatment of characteristic roots (CTCR) paradigm. CTCR requires the determination of all the potential stability switching loci in the domain of the delays. For this, a surrogate domain, called the ‘spectral delay space (SDS)’, is used. The result is a computationally efficient stability analysis of the given dynamics within the domain of the delays. Illustrative cases are provided to verify the analytical conclusions. On these examples, we also study the consensus speeds through eigenvalue analysis.
Instability dynamics in three-dimensional fracture: An atomistic simulation (1997)

We are simulating the dynamical failure of three-dimensional notched solids under tension at the atomistic level using classical molecular dynamics and system sizes from 10 to more than 100 millions atoms. We find that a rare-gas solid (e.g. xenon) may begin cleaving brittley at failure. When the crack velocity approaches one third of the Rayleigh sound speed, the crack tip begins to roughen on the atomic scale. This is immediately followed by a “dynamic brittle-to-ductile” transition where plasticity becomes dominant through the prolific emission of loop dislocations and the arrest of the crack motion. The atomic roughening is consistent with the onset of the brittle fracture instability suggested by experiment and seen in our earlier two-dimensional fracture simulations of rare-gas films, lending support to the notion that this instability is a general feature of the rapid brittle fracture process.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF STABLE AMINOTHIOPHENES (1975)

Abstract Aus dem 3,3′‐Dinitrobithjenyl (I) entsteht bei der Hydrierung das Nitramin (II),‐ das Diamin (III) und ein Azoxy‐Derivat, in Acetanhydrid entsteht das geschützte Amin (IV).
Vlsi and Parallel Computation (1990)

Chapter 1 Charles Seitz (Cal Tech) Concurrent Computation and Programming 1.1 Introduction to Concurrency 1.2 Multicomputers 1.3 Concurrent Programming 1.4 Application Programming Chapter 2 Ernst Mayr (Stanford University) Theoretical Aspects of Parallel Computation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Fundamental Parallel Algorithms 2.3 The Dynamic Tree Expression Problem 2.4 NP-Complete Algorithms 2.5 Parallel Approximation Algorithms Chapter 3 William Dally (MIT) Heavily Wired Bits of VLSI 3.1 Wire-Efficient Communication Networks for Multicomputers 3.2 Analysis of Multicomputer Communication Networks 3.3 Design of Communication Controllers 3.4 Message-Driven Processor Chapter 4 Lennart Johnsson (Yale, Thinking Machines) Optimal Communication in Distributed and Shared Memory Models on Network Architectures 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Communication Requirements in Scientific Computation 4.3 The Value of Locality in Computation 4.4 Networks 4.5 Boolean Cubes 4.6 Communication Primitives on Boolean Cubes 4.7 Lattices 4.8 Butterfly Network Emulation 4.9 Tree Embeddings 4.10 Pyramid Embeddings 4.11 Permutations 4.12 Emulation with Wafer Scale Integration 4.13 Shared Memory Chapter 5 Yaser Abu-Mostafa & David Schweitzer (both of Cal Tech) Neural Networks 5.1 Networks and Neurons 5.2 Feedback Networks 5.3 Choosing the Stable States 5.4 Feedforward Networks 5.5 Back Error Propagation 5.6 Collective Computation 5.7 Nearest Neighbor Search 5.8 Traveling Salesman Problem 5.9 Limitations Chapter 6 Richard Lyon (Apple Computer) VLSI and Machines that Hear 6.1 VLSI Complexity and Area Cost 6.2 RAMs and Circuits 6.3 Analog Parallel Computation in Hearing Chapter 7 Bryan Ackland (A T & T) Knowledge Based VLSI Design Synthesis 7.1 Synaps--Objectives and Techniques 7.2 Cadre--Custom Layout Synthesis 7.3 Future Directions
Towards an Analytical Framework for Evaluating Student Learning in Computer Science Courses (2014)

This poster presents an overview of ongoing work in the Computer Science Department to assess the learning oc-curring in multiple undergraduate courses in an analytical manner which will facilitate semester-to-semester and in-stitution-to-institution comparisons. It describes the types of assessments created (which are course-specific based on ACM model content areas identified as covered by the instructor), their use, data analysis and the conclu-sions which can be drawn. Limited initial data is also pre-sented. Analytical Framework Most educational assessment work is complicated by the need to be able to control for the impact of the experiment in some way. The need for student choice, combined with year-to-year (or even semester-to-semester) student capabilities differences and other confounding factors makes conducting a valid educational experiment problematic. Some have responded by creating elaborate multi-school controlled experiments, while others have opted to report on their own work and leave the potential extrapolation of this
Antivenom reactions and complement depletion in snake bite (1987)

(1987). Antivenom reactions and complement depletion in snake bite. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology: Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 73-75.
Model-Driven Impact Analysis of Software Product Lines (2011)

Software assets, which are developed and maintained at various stages, have different abstraction levels. The structural mismatch of the abstraction levels makes it difficult for developers to understand the consequences of changes. Furthermore, assessing change impact is even more challenging in software product lines because core assets are interrelated to support domain and application engineering. Model-driven engineering helps software engineers in many ways by lifting the abstraction level of software development. The higher level of abstraction provided by models can serve as a backbone to analyze and design core assets and architectures for software product lines. This chapter introduces model-driven impact analysis that is based on the synergy of three separate techniques: (1) domain-specific modeling, (2) constraint-based analysis, and (3) software testing. The techniques are used to establish traceability relations between software artifacts, assess the tradeoff of design alternatives quantitatively, and conduct change impact analysis.
Increased platelet activation in patients with stable and acute exacerbation of COPD (2011)

Patients with stable COPD have increased circulating platelet-monocyte aggregates compared with well-matched controls. Platelet activation is further increased in patients with COPD during an acute exacerbation. These findings identify a novel mechanism to explain the increased cardiovascular risk in COPD and suggest platelet inhibition as a plausible therapeutic target.
Potentiometric Determination of Water Using Spent Imidazole-Buffered Karl Fischer Reagents (1998)

A new approach to the use of the Karl Fischer (KF) reagent is presented. The method is based on direct potentiometry (zero current) using spent KF reagents and a platinum wire as indicating electrode. A large number of imidazole-buffered methanolic reagents were investigated; the most promising one was based on a 3:1 mixture of chloroform:methanol containing 2 M imidazole/0.2 M sulfur dioxide/0.1−0.2 M iodide/0.5 M trichloroacetic acid. For this reagent, the slope of the calibration curve, −log [H2O] versus the redox potential, was found to be strictly linear in the interval 10-3−1 M water, with a typical regression coefficient of 0.9999. For calibrations carried out in the interval 10-3−1 M, the standard deviation of the slope values, for three additions of water for each calibration curve, obtained at eight different occasions (i.e., n = 24), using two different types of cells, was 1.5 mV, with a mean slope value of 37.5 mV. A lower working range, 10-4−10-3 M water, could also be used for analytical purposes, although the slope of the calibration curve in this interval was only about 30 mV/decade. The response time, i.e., the time required to reach the drift level, was, for this reagent, relatively short (2−20 s). The most rapid response was obtained for larger concentrations of water. The drift in the potential readings was typically about 0.1 mV min-1 for the reagent mixture described above. Since the method operates at extremely low iodine concentrations, 10-8−10-13 M, the possibilities of achieving discrimination between the water reaction and some iodine-consuming interferences such as sodium tetraborate, cyclohexanone and a penicillin were investigated. A procedure is described which shows that the large positive error caused by sodium tetraborate under normal KF-conditions could be almost completely eliminated by means of a simple graphic evaluation of the potentiometric response curve obtained in the interval 10-3 M to 10-2 M of water.