gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extensions to the Taguchi Method of Product Design (1991)

Abstract The Taguchi method of product design is an experimental approximation to minimizing the expected value of target variance for certain classes of problems. Taguchi’s method is extended to designs which involve variables each of which has a range of values all of which must be satisfied (necessity), and designs which involve variables each of which has a range of values any of which might be used (possibility). Tuning parameters, as a part of the design process, are also introduced into Taguchi’s method. The method is also extended to solve design problems with constraints, invoking the methods of constrained optimization. Finally, the Taguchi method uses a factorial method to search the design space, with a confined definition of an optimal solution. This is compared with other methods of searching the design space and their definition of an optimal solution.
Activating Transcription Factor 2 (ATF2) Down-regulates Hepatitis B Virus X Promoter Activity by the Competition for the Activating Protein 1 Binding Site and the Formation of the ATF2-Jun Heterodimer (1997)

The hepatitis B viral X promoter is known to be positively autoregulated by its own HBx protein, which also interacts with many cellular regulatory proteins. We investigated the effect of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) on the activity of the X promoter. Cotransfection of the ATF2 expression vector with a X promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase plasmid repressed the X promoter activity in HepG2 cells. HBx activated activating protein 1 (AP-1)-mediated transcription through the hepatitis B virus E element by 35-fold, while its activation activity was inhibited in the presence of ATF2, suggesting that ATF2 inhibited the autoactivation of X promoter by HBx and basal transcription mediated by AP-1. Since the binding sites of AP-1 and ATF2 in the hepatitis B virus E element overlap, the repression of X promoter activity by ATF2 is exerted by the competition for the AP-1 binding site and the formation of the ATF2-Jun heterodimer as in the case of the consensus AP-1 element. However, the small X promoter had a ATF2 binding site and was activated by ATF2. These results suggest that the syntheses of X proteins are differentially regulated by ATF2.
Gravity wave spectra in the lower stratosphere diagnosed from project loon balloon trajectories (2017)

Project Loon has been launching super-pressure balloons since January 2013 to provide worldwide Internet coverage. These balloons typically fly between 18-21 km and provide measurements of winds and pressure fluctuations in the lower stratosphere. We divide 1,560 Loon flights into 3,405 two-day segments for gravity wave analysis. We derive the kinetic energy spectrum from the horizontal balloon motion and estimate the temperature perturbation spectrum (proportional to the potential energy spectrum) from the pressure variations. We fit the temperature (and kinetic energy) data to the functional form <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup><mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mspace></mml:mspace> <mml:mspace></mml:mspace> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> where ω is the wave frequency, <i>ω</i> <sub><i>o</i></sub> is daily frequency, <i>T'</i> <sub><i>o</i></sub> is the base temperature amplitude and α is the slope. Both the kinetic energy and temperature spectra show -1.9±0.2 power-law dependence in the intrinsic frequency window 3 - 50 cycles/day. The temperature spectrum slope is weakly anti-correlated with the base temperature amplitude. We also find that the wave base temperature distribution is highly skewed. The average tropical modal temperature is 0.77 K. The highest amplitude waves occur over the mountainous regions, the tropics, and the high southern latitudes. Temperature amplitudes show little height variation over our 18-21 km domain. Our results are consistent with other limited super-pressure balloon analyses. The modal temperature is higher than the temperature currently used in Lagrangian model gravity wave parameterizations.
A Chiral Rhodium Complex for Rapid Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Imines with High Enantioselectivity (1999)

[formula: see text] A chiral rhodium complex, (R)-Cp*RhCl[(1S,2S)-p-TsNCH(C6H5)CH(C6H5)NH2] (1a, (S,S)-Cp*RhClTsDPEN), generated from [Cp*RhCl2]2 and (1S,2S)-N-p-toluenesulfonyl-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine [(S,S)-TsDPEN], and its enantiomer 1b were found to provide superior catalysts for the rapid, high-yielding, asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of some heterocyclic imines, using an HCO2H-Et3N azeotrope as the hydrogen source.
Development of a Space Manufacturing Facility for In-situ Fabrication of Large Space Structures (2006)

This paper will outline a proposed space-based manufacturing facility, briefly consider the economic hurdles to such an approach, discuss the current state-of-the-art and outline the next phase of technology development required to make space-based manufacturing a reality.
A Study on the Knowledge of Immigrant Housewives on Infant Weaning (2011)

As the public is already aware, baby food has a significant effect on a baby's physical and mental health. It is also very important because choice of baby food forms proper eating habits, which will affect health in the future. In particular, recognition of appropriate baby food by the mother or the primary care provider is even more important. Although many studies have been conducted on this matter for domestic housewives, no studies have been conducted on married immigrant housewives whose numbers are increasing every year. A survey was conducted on the recognition and current situation of baby food preparation by mothers living in Gangwon Province with children 6 to 36-months-old. The purpose of the study was to research the level of understanding of baby food by immigrant housewives given that they were raised in different environments with different eating habits and child raising norms. And additional purpose was to provide proper educational material and direction for choosing appropriate baby food. The results showed significant differences depending on the nationality and age of the mother. Moreover, the results showed an insufficient understanding of baby food but a high desire for education, as mothers did not receive enough support from society. Therefore, necessary education should be provided systematically after mothers fully learn to communicate in Korean. These mothers need continuous attention and support, so they can settle in this country as wives, daughters-in-law, and mothers. Moreover, the needed professional education should be provided so that the mothers can learn traditional Korean eating habits and understand differences in the culture and environment between countries. As the selection of baby food forms the basis of future eating habits and the foundation for good health, proper education should be available to establish healthy intercultural families.
Controlled tissue emulsification produced by high intensity focused ultrasound shock waves and millisecond boiling (2011)

In high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) applications, tissue may be thermally necrosed by heating, emulsified by cavitation, or, as was recently discovered, emulsified using repetitive millisecond boiling caused by shock wave heating. Here, this last approach was further investigated. Experiments were performed in transparent gels and ex vivo bovine heart tissue using 1, 2, and 3 MHz focused transducers and different pulsing schemes in which the pressure, duty factor, and pulse duration were varied. A previously developed derating procedure to determine in situ shock amplitudes and the time-to-boil was refined. Treatments were monitored using B-mode ultrasound. Both inertial cavitation and boiling were observed during exposures, but emulsification occurred only when shocks and boiling were present. Emulsified lesions without thermal denaturation were produced with shock amplitudes sufficient to induce boiling in less than 20 ms, duty factors of less than 0.02, and pulse lengths shorter than 30 ms. Higher duty factors or longer pulses produced varying degrees of thermal denaturation combined with mechanical emulsification. Larger lesions were obtained using lower ultrasound frequencies. The results show that shock wave heating and millisecond boiling is an effective and reliable way to emulsify tissue while monitoring the treatment with ultrasound.
Antéhypophyse : des modèles murins à la pathologie humaine (1999)

L’hypophyse anterieure derive de l’ectoderme oral. Son ontogenie associe la morphogenese de la glande et le developpement de ses 6 types de cellules productrices d’hormones differentes. Les phenomenes responsables de l’un et l’autre processus sont etroitement lies aussi bien dans l’espace (connexions anatomiques de l’ebauche hypophysaire avec les tissus voisins, gradients moleculaires et cellulaires intrahypophysaires) que dans le temps (production de certains facteurs selon une horloge developpementale precise). Des progres recents, accomplis en grande partie grâce a des modeles murins, permettent de dissequer certains de ces phenomenes. Leur connaissance n’est pas un exercice reserve aux specialistes de l’embryologie et de sa regulation moleculaire. Elle apporte aux endocrinologues la comprehension des deficits hypophysaires congenitaux. En pratique clinique, on reunit sous cette appellation les deficits hormonaux multiples, associes ou non a des malformations (tige, hypophyse, infundibulum, diencephale) detectees par la neuro-imagerie de la region.
Comparison of the Microbicidal activity of monochloramine and iodine (2015)

The microbicidal activity of active halogen compounds increases not only with their reactivity, but also with higher lipophilicity and lower bulk, as shown recently. In this study, iodine showed a higher microbicidal activity than monochloramine and a 1000-fold higher lipophilicity. Therefore, the lipophilicity of a disinfectant may be more important than the bulk for bactericidal activity. These facts should be considered upon the design of new antiseptics and their clinical application.
Bioavailability and interactions with other micronutrients of three dietary iron sources in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, smolts (1997)

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., with mean initial weight of 60 g were fed a diet based on cod muscle meal supplemented with elemental iron, iron sulphate or haem-bound iron in concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1500 mg iron kg−1 for 8 weeks. No significant differences in growth or mortality were found, except in fish fed 1500 mg haem iron kg−1, which showed reduced growth. In fish fed diets supplemented with elemental iron below 1500 mg iron kg−1, blood haemoglobin and hepatic iron concentration decreased compared with fish fed the unsupplemented diet. Fish fed diets supplemented with iron sulphate showed increased blood haemoglobin and hepatic iron concentrations between 25 and 100 mg iron kg−1. Fish fed diets supplemented with haem-bound iron showed increased hepatic iron at all dietary iron levels, while blood haemoglobin concentration decreased in the group fed 1500 mg haem iron kg−1. The bioavailability of haem iron relative to sulphate iron was calculated by the slope ratio method to be 239% and 148% using blood haemoglobin and hepatic iron, respectively. Relative bioavailability of elemental iron was zero when dietary supplementation levels were between 25 and 500 mg iron kg−1, while a small part was utilized when 1500 mg elemental iron kg−1 was supplemented. Additions of 500 and 1500 mg haem-bound iron kg−1 resulted in a complete loss of ascorbic acid in these diets. When these groups were discounted, no significant relationship between hepatic iron and hepatic ascorbic acid was found. There was no significant effect of dietary iron on whole-body manganese concentration and only a weak effect on whole-body zinc concentration. No significant correlations between dietary iron and hepatic copper concentration were found in any of the dietary treatments. This study also showed that the level of inorganic iron supplementation may be reduced by inclusion of 20 g blood meal kg−1 in the diet.
B Cell Clonal Expansion and Somatic Hypermutation of Ig Variable Heavy Chain Genes in the Synovial Membrane of Patients with Osteoarthritis (2007)

Inflammatory mediators have been explored as possible factors in the initiation and/or progression of osteoarthritis (OA). This study shows that synovial infiltration by B lymphocytes is present in almost half of the knee OA cases. The degree of B lymphocyte infiltration is associated with more pronounced synovial inflammation and with the presence of plasma cells and lymphoid follicles in more severe cases. To examine whether these B cells are merely bystanders or could be involved in the pathogenesis of OA, we analyzed the Ig H chain variable region (V(H)) genes of B cells recovered from the synovial membrane of five OA patients with marked B cell infiltration. Sequence analysis of CDR3 regions of rearranged VDJ genes revealed clonal or oligoclonal B cell expansions in all cases. Expanded B cell clones in four of five OA patients showed clustered somatic mutations, occurring mainly in the CDRs and with a high replacement-to-silent ratio (>2.9), indicating that these cells are postgerminal center B cells that had been positively selected through their Ag receptor. These data demonstrate the presence in inflamed knee OA synovium of clonally expanded, Ag-driven B cells that may contribute to the development or progression of the disease.
THE GALACTIC CENSUS OF HIGH- AND MEDIUM-MASS PROTOSTARS. III. 12CO MAPS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DENSE CLUMP ENVELOPES AND THEIR EMBEDDING GMCs (2016)

ABSTRACT We report the second complete molecular line data release from the Census of High- and Medium-mass Protostars (CHaMP), a large-scale, unbiased, uniform mapping survey at sub-parsec resolution, of millimeter-wave line emission from 303 massive, dense molecular clumps in the Milky Way. This release is for all 12 CO J = 1 0 emission associated with the dense gas, the first from Phase II of the survey, which includes 12 CO, 13 CO, and C 18 O. The observed clump emission traced by both 12 CO and HCO + (from Phase I) shows very similar morphology, indicating that, for dense molecular clouds and complexes of all sizes, parsec-scale clumps contain Ξ ∼ 75% of the mass, while only 25% of the mass lies in extended (≳10 pc) or “low density” components in these same areas. The mass fraction of all gas above a density of 10 9 m −3 is ≳ 50%. This suggests that parsec-scale clumps may be the basic building blocks of the molecular interstellar medium, rather than the standard GMC concept. Using 12 CO emission, we derive physical properties of these clumps in their entirety, and compare them to properties from HCO + , tracing their denser interiors. We compare the standard X -factor converting to with alternative conversions, and show that only the latter give whole-clump properties that are physically consistent with those of their interiors. We infer that the clump population is systematically closer to virial equilibrium than when considering only their interiors, with perhaps half being long-lived (10s of Myr), pressure-confined entities that only terminally engage in vigorous massive star formation, supporting other evidence along these lines that was previously published.
The neurobiological bases of obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome (2004)

Advances in neuroscience triggered genetic and immunological research studies, allowing new perspectives on the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome patients.
Phosphinines and Diphosphaferrocenes: Recent Advances (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Assessment and Sustainable Design of Appropriate Water Treatment Technologies through Green Chemistry and Engineering (2011)

Doing the right things wrong: Can we appropriately and successfully address sustainability challenges if our designs are not in themselves sustainable?
Sociotelic Support Environments ForSoftware Quality Management (1970)

This paper discusses some social and teleological aspects of research and development in software quality management. The term 'sociotelic' simply signals concern with both the social and teleological (purpose-related) aspects of a situation. The paper begins with some introductory description of sociotelic support environments for software development i.e. development environments characterised by the use of computerised repositories which associate software with contextual data indicative of the social circumstances and purposes pertaining to their evolution. Reference is made here to the author's own Action Research into teleological information systems currently in progress at Glasgow Caledonian University. It then proceeds to discussion of the facilitative role of sociotelic support environments in relation to two topics of current interest to software developers. The first of these, the use of ethnographic methods, is currently being developed as a means of taking software development thinking well beyond purely technical considerations. Transactions on Information and Communications Technologies vol 11, © 1995 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3517 400 Software Quality Management The second topic, Lehman's search for improved understanding of feedback mechanisms may be seen as an ambitious venture seeking to introduce a form of neo-classical cybernetic thinking to areas previously regarded as inhospitable to such an approach.
Design and Development of pH-Sensitive Peptides for Cancer Diagnostics (2015)

The design and development of pH-sensitive peptides for cancer diagnostics provides an opportunity to study and address fundamental questions of in vivo bio-distribution of pH-sensitive peptides, as well as developing new targeting imaging and therapeutic agents for acidic diseased tissue such as cancer, infections, ischemia, stroke and others. The main goal of the work presented here is to investigate the following problems: - Targeting of highly metastatic mammary tumors and spontaneous breast tumors in transgenic mice with fluorescently labeled pHLIPs® (pH (Low) Insertion Peptides) pHLIP variants; - Direct imaging of pHLIP insertion and cargo translocation in vivo; - Targeting of mammary tumors using cyclic pH-sensitive peptides; - Biodistribution of different pHLIP variants conjugated with various fluorescent dyes with the main purpose to identify the best pHLIP-based constructs for clinical applications. It has been shown that extracellular acidity is associated with tumor progression. Elevated glycolysis and acidosis promote the appearance of aggressive malignant cells with enhanced multidrug resistance. The most effective pH-sensitive tumor targeting agents should sense pH at the surface of cancer cells, where it is expected to be the lowest. Thus, targeting tumor acidity might represent a novel approach for the prediction of tumor aggressiveness and delivery of therapeutic agents to tumor cells with the greatest metastatic potential. pHLIP belongs to the class of pH-sensitive agents capable of delivering imaging and/or therapeutic agents to cancer cells within tumors. Also, cyclic pH-sensitive peptides containing a number of Trp and Glu residues can be developed for imaging of acidity in tumors. pHLIP insertion is associated with the protonation of Asp/Glu residues in the transmembrane sequence and its inserting end. Carboxyl group protonation leads to an increase in the hydrophobicity that further triggers transmembrane formation and insertion of the peptide across a lipid bilayer pHLIP insertion is predominantly uni-directional. In contrast to cell-penetrating peptides, pHLIP remains in the cellular membrane after insertion, translocating one end across the bilayer and comes out in the cytoplasm, while leaving the other end in the extracellular space. Therefore, pHLIP possesses dual delivery capabilities: it can translocate cell-impermeable cargo molecules into the cell cytoplasm or it can tether cargo molecules to the cell surface. Also, the process of peptide folding into a membrane ensures a much higher co-operativity of the transition compared to the pH-diffusion across a membrane. A family of novel pHLIP variants were introduced and demonstrated that tumor targeting, blood clearance and biodistribution of this
Effects of animation, user-controlled interactions, and multiple static views in understanding 3D structures (2009)

Visualizations of 3D spatial structures use various techniques such as user controlled interactions or 2D projection views to convey the structure to users. Researchers have shown that motion cues can help assimilate the structure of 3D spatial data, particularly for discerning occluded parts of the objects. However, motion cues or smooth animations also have costs - they increase the viewing time. What remains unclear is whether any one particular viewing time. What remains unclear is whether any one particular viewing modality allows users to understand and operate on the 3D structure as effectively as a combination of 2D and 3D static views. To assess the effectiveness of understanding 3D structures, we carried out three experiments. In all three experiments we evaluated the effectiveness of perceiving 3D structures with either self controlled interactions, animated transitions, and 2D+3D static views. In the first experiment, subjects were given a task to estimate the relative distances of objects in a 3D scene. In the second experiment, subjects made judgements to discern and identify the existence of differences between 3D objects. In the third experiment, participants were required to reconstruct a 3D spatial structure based on the 3D models presented to them. Results of the three experiments reveal that participants were more accurate and performed the spatial tasks faster with smooth animations and self-controlled interactions than with 2D+3D static views. Our results overall suggest that the costs involved in interacting or animating a 3D spatial structure are significantly outweighed by the perceptual benefits derived from viewing and interacting in these modes of presentation.