gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A mathematical model of the Skype VoIP congestion control algorithm (2008)

The Internet is changing from being only an efficient platform for data delivery to become also a platform for audio/video applications. The stability of the traditional Internet is due to the TCP congestion control algorithm. However, the TCP congestion control is not optimal for VoIP applications because of its retransmission mechanism and additive increase multiplicative decrease sliding window control. As a consequence, VoIP applications often employ proprietary and hidden congestion control algorithms executed over the UDP protocol. In this paper we focus on Skype audio, which is the most known and used VoIP application, in order to derive a mathematical model of its congestion control algorithm and evaluate properties such as efficiency in network utilization while avoiding congestion, which is particularly detrimental for VoIP traffic. To the purpose, the controller input/output variables are first identified and then their dynamic relation is described in the form of a hybrid automaton. Main findings are: (1) Skype does not implement a delay based control; (2) the loss ratio is the main input that affects the sending rate; (3) the sending rate matches the available bandwidth with a finite error.
Induction of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis to eliminate drug-tolerant human retinoblastoma cells (2022)

Carboplatin is the most used first-line drug for the treatment of human retinoblastoma (RB), a rare form of cancer in infancy and childhood. However, the clinical application of carboplatin is restricted due to the emergence of acquired multi-drug resistance (MDR) after long-term treatment. Here, we report a new strategy to eliminate MDR RB cells by inducing autophagy-dependent ferroptosis. Compared with parent cells, carboplatin-resistant human RB cells have higher autophagy activity, which drives the formation of MDR to other chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., etoposide and vincristine). In addition to confirming the traditional strategy of inhibiting autophagy to overcome MDR, we also establish an approach of inducing selective ferritinophagy to eliminate drug-resistant cells. We evaluate the effectiveness and safety of 4-octyl itaconate, a cell-permeable derivative of the metabolite itaconate, in inducing ferritinophagy-dependent ferroptosis in the treatment of MDR RB cells in vitro and in xenograft mouse models. These findings may provide essential clues for initiating clinical trials that target autophagy-dependent ferroptosis to kill drug-tolerant persistent cells during RB therapy.
EpilogueThe Scandal of the Refugee: Some peflections on the "Inter" ofInternational Relations (1998)

The refugee is a scandal for philosophy in that the refugee recalls the radical instability of meaning and the incalculability of the human. The refugee is a scandal for politics also, however, in that the advent of the refugee is always a reproach to the formation of the political order subjectivity which necessarily gives rise to the refugee. The scandal is intensified for any politics of identity which presupposes that the goal of politics is the realization of sovereign identity. The principal argument, then, is that what I will call the scandal of the refugee illuminates both the fundamental ontological determinations of international politics and the character of political action, because the refugee is both a function of the intentional political destruction of the ontological horizons of people's always already heterogeneous worlds, and effects an equally fundamental deconstruction of the ontological horizons which constitute the equally heterogeneous worlds into which, as refugees, these people are precipitated. It is precisely on this concrete and corporeal site that both the ontological horizons and the allied political decision-making of modern politics are thrown into stark relief and profoundly called into question. For it is precisely here that the very actions of modern politics both create and address the incidence of its own massive and self-generated, political abjection. If that is one of the principal ends of international relations, one is forced to ask, what does it take as its beginning? If, in other words, the vernacular political architecture of modern international power commonly produces 1:115 forcibly displaced people globally, one is inclined to ask about the foundations upon which that architecture is itself based.
Comparative Safety of Periablation Anticoagulation Strategies for Atrial Fibrillation: Data from a Large Multicenter Study (2014)

When comparing the use of uninterrupted warfarin, dabigatran, and warfarin with heparin bridging in patients undergoing catheter ablation of AF, dabigatran was not associated with increased risk, major complications were more common in the uninterrupted warfarin group, and after adjustment, warfarin with bridging increased total complications.
Cover Feature: Solid‐State Electrolyte Materials for Sodium Batteries: Towards Practical Applications (ChemElectroChem 13/2020) (2020)

The Cover Feature illustrates that optimization on all length scales is necessary for the successful development of all-solid-state-batteries. The image shows important stages in the development of solid electrolytes: the nano-sized powder, the micron-sized dense microstructure of a membrane, the millimeter and centimeter-sized sheets of solid electrolytes and their integration into batteries. Maintaining the high ionic conductivity of the available sodium ion conductors, from the powder to the cell and from the lab to the factory, is a big challenge towards practical application. More information can be found in the Review by Q. Ma and F. Tietz.
Chemical Synthesis of Lipid A for the Elucidation of Structure-Activity Relationships (1983)

A synthetic route was established for the preparation of an O,N-polyacyl glucosamine β(1-6)disaccharide 1,4′-diphosphate which corresponds to the proposed structure of Salmonella-type lipid A. Many structural analogs were prepared in order to elucidate the true structural requirements for the biological activities of lipid A.
OctaRing (2016)

In this paper, we introduce OctaRing, an octagon-shaped finger ring device that facilitates pressure-sensitive multi- touch gestures. To explore the feasibility of its prototype, we conducted an experiment and investigated users' sensorimotor skills in exerting different levels of pressure on the ring with more than one finger. The results of the experiment indicate that users are comfortable with the two-finger touch configuration with two levels of pressure. Based on this result, future work will explore novel gestures involving a finger ring device.
Study of the Effects of Basic Di‐ and Tri‐phenyl Derivatives on Malignant Cell Proliferation: An Example of the Application of Correspondence Factor Analysis to Structure‐Activity Relationships (SAR) (1994)

Abstract The descriptive multivariate method known as Correspondence Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to establish correlations between the structures of three chemical classes of compounds (triphenyl‐acrylonitriles (TPEs), diphenylethylenes (DPEs), and diphenylalkyls) substituted in the para position by either hydroxy or basic groups and their responses in a battery of three biochemical tests, namely the induction of the proliferation of the MCF 7 human breast cancer cell‐line, the estrogen‐irreversible inhibition of MCF 7 cell proliferation (herein denoted cytotoxicity), and binding to the estrogen receptor (ER). The power of CFA was illustrated by performing several analyses: (a) Construction of factorial maps that described only the specificity of the response of the TPE population in the tests or both the specificity and amplitude of the response; (b) Use of the factorial maps as mathematical models for the introduction of new variables. These variables were either further biochemical tests (cytotoxicity under different conditions, inhibition of the activation of protein kinase C) on which the TPE population had been screened or further compounds (DPEs and diphenylalkyls). Relationships among the different tests were thus assessed as well as affiliations of the new compounds with TPEs. The analyses revealed the importance of the presence and configuration of hydroxy groups in ER binding and cell proliferation, but also the ability of non‐hydroxylated compounds to induce cell growth independently of their relative affinity for ER. Cytotoxicity could be related to the presence of basic groups but also to resonance of conjugated bis‐ para ‐hydroxy diphenyl derivatives. Overall, the analyses stressed the complexity of the relationships between growth‐promoting and growth‐inhibitory potential of the test‐compound populations and suggested the involvement of multiple mechanisms of action.
Intermolecular forces between low generation PAMAM dendrimer condensed DNA helices: role of cation architecture (2013)

In recent years, dendriplexes, complexes of cationic dendrimers with DNA, have become attractive DNA delivery vehicles due to their well-defined chemistries. To better understand the nature of the forces condensing dendriplexes, we studied low generation poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer-DNA complexes and compared them to comparably charged linear arginine peptides. Using osmotic stress coupled with X-ray scattering, we have investigated the effect of molecular chain architecture on DNA-DNA intermolecular forces that determine the net attraction and equilibrium interhelical distance within these polycation condensed DNA arrays. In order to compact DNA, linear cations are believed to bind in DNA grooves and to interact with the phosphate backbone of apposing helices. We have previously shown a length dependent attraction resulting in higher packaging densities with increasing charge for linear cations. Hyperbranched polycations, such as polycationic dendrimers, presumably would not be able to bind to DNA and correlate their charges in the same manner as linear cations. We show that attractive and repulsive force amplitudes in PAMAM-DNA assemblies display significantly different trends than comparably charged linear arginines resulting in lower DNA packaging densities with increasing PAMAM generation. The salt and pH dependencies of packaging in PAMAM dendrimer-DNA and linear arginine-DNA complexes were also investigated. Significant differences in the force curve behaviour and salt and pH sensitivities suggest that different binding modes may be present in DNA condensed by dendrimers when compared to linear polycations.
Toward growth of wafer-scale single-crystal hexagonal boron nitride sheets (2021)

Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has a two-dimensional planar structure without dangling bonds and is considered an insulator material that can overcome the limitations of SiO 2 and HfO 2 , which typically exhibit large densities of dangling bonds and charged impurities at the interface. However, most of the reported hBN films prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are polycrystalline with grain boundaries. The grain boundaries of a polycrystalline hBN cause current leakage and gas permeability. A recent notable study reports the growth of wafer-scale single-crystal hBN monolayer, which could mitigate the aforementioned problems caused by polycrystalline hBN films. In this perspective, we discuss the recent progress in the research on single-crystal hBN and the direction to be taken for single-crystal hBN in future. The progress is closely related to the development of a singlecrystal substrate and large area of monolayer single-crystal was grown on Cu (111). In terms of the hBN growth, the next step would be to grow multilayer single-crystal hBN, which is expected to expand the scope of applications.
Fertility of Rat Epididymal Sperm after Chemically and Surgically Induced Sympathectomy1 (1998)

Guanethidine, a chemical that selectively blocks sympathetic noradrenergic neurons, was used to investigate the role of sympathetic innervation in the fertility of rat epididymal sperm, using both natural mating and in utero insemination protocols. This animal model correlates, at least in part, with spinal cord injury (SCI) in men. Adult male rats were treated daily by i.p. injections, for 21 or 42 days, with 0 or 6.25 mg/kg guanethidine. To compare the effects of guanethidine-induced sympathectomy with those following surgically induced sympathectomy, the inferior mesenteric ganglion and the proximal hypogastric nerves were removed in another group of rats. Both chemically and surgically induced sympathectomy increased the weight of the epididymis and seminal vesicles/coagulating glands as well as the number and the transit time of cauda epididymal sperm. Neither serum testosterone levels nor LH was affected by treatment with guanethidine. Using natural mating, no litters were produced by guanethidine-treated rats. Chemically denervated rats failed to produce copulatory plugs or ejaculate into the uterus. However, distal cauda epididymal sperm from chemically or surgically denervated rats displayed normal fertilization ability (80%) using in utero inseminations. In addition, the sperm of denervated rats did not show abnormal sperm chromatin structure using an assay that detects DNA damage. We conclude that sympathectomy delays the transit of sperm through the cauda epididymidis and produces ejaculatory dysfunction but does not compromise sperm quality in the distal cauda epididymidis. Moreover, these data provide compelling evidence that there is no association between the prolonged transit time of sperm within the epididymis, i.e., pre-ejaculatory sperm aging, and the fertility of those sperm, which has important implications for artificial insemination using sperm from men with SCI.
Flavor Chemistry of Peppermint Oil (Mentha piperita L.) (2001)

The flavoring of foods and oral care products with mint is economically of growing importance. The flavorings consist mainly of blends of peppermint (Mentha piperita), spearmint (Mentha spicata), and cornmint oils (Mentha arvensis), along with menthol and other flavor materials. In addition, more and more nature-identical (synthetic) mint oil compositions are used. The most valuable oil is Mentha piperita which is mainly grown in the United States but also in smaller amounts in France, Italy, China, and India, in various varieties. The five primary American mint oil producing regions are the Midwest Range (Indiana, Wisconsin, and Michigan), Willamette (West Oregon), Madras (East Oregon), Kennewick (Washington) and Idaho. In our study a Willamette peppermint oil was extensively investigated by GC, GC-MS and GC-olfactometry for its flavor chemistry. The isolation and identification of so far unknown trace components was achieved by micro-preparative chromatographic methods and subsequent application of 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Some new flavor compounds could be identified which have not been described in peppermint oil or even in natural products before.
Combined Treatment of SO/sub 2/ and High Resistivity Fly Ash Using a Pulse Energized Electron Reactor (1984)

The combined removal of SO/sub 2/ and high resistivity fly ash has been demonstrated in a pulse energized electron reactor (PEER). The PEER system which was originally developed for the removal of SO/sub 2/ utilizes a positive pulse streamer corona discharge in a non-uniform field geometry. In performance tests on SO/sub 2/, more than 90% was removed with an advantageously small power requirement. Combined treatment performance was demonstrated by introducing high resistivity fly ash into the test gas and the PEER is significantly more efficient than a conventional electrostatic precipitator operated with a dc voltage. Observations show that the PEER agglomerates the fly ash and further that the SO/sub 2/ removal efficiency is improved by the presence of fly ash. The electrode configuration and performance results make retrofit consideration attractive.
TGF-β induces the expression of SAP30L, a novel nuclear protein (2003)

By reason of its nuclear localization and close homology to SAP30 we believe that SAP30L might have a role in recruiting the Sin3-histone deacetylase complex to specific corepressor complexes in response to TGF-beta, leading to the silencing of proliferation-driving genes in the differentiating intestinal epithelial cells.
UFT/oral calcium folinate plus radiation in pancreatic cancer. (1999)

A phase I, single-center, open-label, dose-escalation study (University of Alabama [UAB] 9614) has been undertaken to evaluate the feasibility and safety of uracil and tegafur (in a molar ratio of 4:1 [UFT]) plus oral calcium folinate (Orzel) plus radiotherapy in patients with pancreatic cancer. A total of 11 patients with a median age of 59 years have been treated for 35 days with 150 mg/m2/day of UFT and 90 mg/day of oral calcium folinate, divided into three daily doses. Radiotherapy began on day 1, to a total dose of 45 Gy at 1.8 Gy per day (for approximately 5 weeks). Dose escalation of UFT will be performed until the maximum tolerated dose is defined. Overall, therapy has been well tolerated and the maximum tolerated dose has not yet been reached.
Concurrent Error Detection in Asynchronous Burst-Mode Controllers (2005)

We discuss the problem of concurrent error detection (CED) in a popular class of asynchronous controllers, namely burst-mode machines. We first outline the particularities of these clock-less circuits, including the use of redundancy to ensure hazard-free operation, and we explain how they limit the applicability and effectiveness of traditional CED methods, such as duplication. We then demonstrate how duplication can be enhanced to resolve these limitations through additional hardware for comparison synchronization and detection of error-induced hazards, which jeopardize the interaction of the circuit with its environment. Finally, we propose a transition-triggered CED method which employs a transition prediction junction to eliminate the need for hazard detection circuitry and hazard-free implementation of the duplicate. As indicated by experimental results, the proposed method reduces significantly the cost of CED, with an average of 22% in hardware savings.
Iron-Catalyzed Hydroamination and Hydroetherification of Unactivated Alkenes (2019)

The hydrofunctionalization of alkenes, explored for over 100 years, offers the potential for a direct, atom-economical approach to value-added products. While thermodynamically favored, the kinetic barrier to such processes necessitates the use of catalysts to control selectivity and reactivity. Modern variants typically rely on noble metals that require different ligands for each class of hydrofunctionalization, thereby limiting generality. This Letter describes a general iron-based system that catalyzes the hydroamination and hydroetherification of simple unactivated olefins.
Malware Detection with Malware Images using Deep Learning Techniques (2019)

Driven by economic benefits, the number of malware attacks is increasing significantly on a daily basis. Malware Detection Systems (MDS) is the first line of defense against malicious attacks, thus it is important for malware detection systems to accurately and efficiently detect malware. Traditional MDS typically utilizes traditional machine learning algorithms that require feature selection and extraction, which are time-consuming and error-prone. Conventional deep learning based approaches typically use Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) which can be vulnerable to redundant API injection. Thus, we investigate the effectiveness of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) against redundant API injection. We designed a malware detection system that transforms malware files into image representations and classifies the image representation with CNN. The CNN is implemented with spatial pyramid pooling layers (SPP) to deal with varying size input. We evaluate the effectiveness of SPP and image color space (greyscale/RGB) by measuring the performance of our system on both unaltered data and adversarial data with redundant API injected. Results show that naive SPP implementation is impractical due to memory constraints and greyscale imaging is effective against redundant API injection.
Angular dependence of the microwave-generation threshold in a nanoscale spin-torque oscillator (2007)

It is shown that in a spin-torque microwave oscillator based on a magnetic nanocontact, the nature of the microwave spin wave mode generated at the threshold critically depends on the angle between the external bias magnetic field and the plane of the free layer. When the external bias field is rotating from normal to in-plane orientation, an abrupt transition from a propagating cylindrical wave with the frequency higher than the frequency of the linear ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) to a self-localized standing nonlinear spin wave ``bullet'' with the frequency lower than the FMR frequency takes place at a certain intermediate angle ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{cr}}$. This transition manifests itself as an abrupt jump (of the order of several gigahertz) in the generated microwave frequency. This mechanism of mode switching might explain abrupt jumps of the generated microwave frequency observed in recent experiments on spin-torque oscillators.
Integration of a 4×8 antenna array with a reconfigurable 2-bit phase shifter using RF MEMS switches on multilayer organic substrates (2007)

In this paper, liquid crystal polymer (LCP) is used as the substrate, which enables the fabrication of a flexible, low cost, and light weight antenna. Using LCP, an attempt to expand from the previous works has been accomplished by constructing a 4times8 antenna array made of two 4times4 sections being fed with a reconfigurable 2-bit phase shifter. Each reconfigurable phase shifter is enabled by eight RF MEMS switches and the two 2-bit phase shifter together, allow a 6deg phase shift in the final design.
Calibration of optical fiber Laser source (2014)

The Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL) has set up facilities to provide calibration for optical fiber laser sources. The measurements of wavelength, output power level and output power stability of an optical fiber laser source fitted with FC/APC connectors are detailed. The wavelength is directly measured by the laboratory wavelength meter. The measurement uncertainty obtainable by this calibration method is better than 1 picometer (pm). The output power level is the summation of the measured power by the laboratory Electrically Calibrated Pyroelectric Radiometer (ECPR) and the insertion loss between the source and the ECPR with measurement uncertainty better than 0.5 dB. The output power stability is measured in accordance with the international standard ISO 11554. The output power stability is evaluated by measuring fluctuation of the measured emission intensity. The laboratory ECPR has 0.001mW power reading resolution which is sufficient to quantify stability as small as 0.015 dB.
On the Direct Kinematics of Spherical Three-Degree-of-Freedom Parallel Manipulators with a Coplanar Platform (1994)

This paper presents a polynomial solution to the direct kinematic problem of a class of spherical three-degree-of-freedom parallel manipulators. This class is defined as the set of manipulators for which the axes of the three revolute joints attached to the gripper link are coplanar and symmetrically arranged. It is shown that, for these manipulators, the direct kinematic problem admits a maximum of 8 real solutions. A polynomial of degree 8 is obtained here to support this result and cases for which all the roots of the polynomial lead to real configurations are presented. Finally, the spherical parallel manipulator with collinear actuators, which received some attention in the literature, is also treated and is shown to lead to a minimal polynomial of the same degree. Examples of the application of the method to manipulators of each category are given and solved.