gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acetylcholine Receptor Subunit mRNA Changes in Burns are Different from Those Seen After Denervation: The 1993 Lindberg Award (1993)

Neuromuscular dysfunction of burn trauma is evidenced as muscle weakness and altered sensitivity to neuromuscular relaxants. A biochemical characteristic of the neuromuscular dysfunction is the proliferation and spread of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) throughout the skeletal muscle membrane. Depending on whether the neuromuscular dysfunction is presynaptic, synaptic, or postsynaptic in origin, the transcripts that induce the proliferation of AChR differ. This study, by quantitation of mRNA transcripts of AChR in muscle, attempts to characterize the cause of the neuromuscular dysfunction of burn trauma. Examination of the levels of mRNA encoding alpha, beta, epsilon, gamma, and delta subunits of AChR with northern blot analysis indicate significant (p < 0.03) elevations of beta-subunit mRNA with a trend for increased levels of alpha and delta transcripts. An increase of gamma-subunit mRNA, typical of presynaptic or nerve-mediated neuromuscular dysfunction, was not observed after burns. That neuronal (presynaptic) factors do not cause the neuromuscular dysfunction was confirmed by the lack of elevation of transcripts of myoD and myogenin, which also increase in "denervation states." These findings indicate that the neuromuscular dysfunction of burn trauma is most likely related to synaptic or postsynaptic factors. Further characterization of the cause of the synaptic and postsynaptic neuromuscular changes in burns will have implications for the choice of therapeutic agents to rectify the neuromuscular dysfunction.
Evaluating Promotional Activities in an Online Two-Sided Market of User-Generated Content (2012)

We measure the value of promotional activities and referrals by content creators to an online platform of user-generated content. To do so, we develop a modeling approach that explains individual-level choices of visiting the platform, creating, and purchasing content as a function of consumer characteristics and marketing activities, allowing for the possibility of interdependence of decisions within and across users. Empirically, we apply our model to Hewlett-Packard's (HP) print-on-demand service of user-created magazines, named MagCloud. We use two distinct data sets to show the applicability of our approach: an aggregate-level data set from Google Analytics, which is a widely available source of data to managers, and an individual-level data set from HP. Our results compare content creator activities, which include referrals and word-of-mouth efforts, with firm-based actions, such as price promotions and public relations. We show that price promotions have strong effects but are limited to the purchase decisions, whereas content creator referrals and public relations efforts have broader effects that impact all consumer decisions at the platform. We provide recommendations as to the level of a firm's investments when “free” promotional activities by content creators exist. These free marketing campaigns are likely to have a substantial presence in most online services of user-generated content.
Flux vector formulation for photon propagation in the biological tissue (2007)

We present a generalized delta-Eddington phase function to simplify the radiative transfer equation to an integral equation with respect to the photon flux vector. The solution of the integral equation is highly accurate to model the photon propagation in the biological tissue over a broad range of optical parameters, especially in the visible light spectrum where the diffusion approximation breaks down. The methodology is validated in the Monte Carlo simulation and can be applied in various optical imaging applications.
4(5)‐vinylimidazole by dehydrobromination of 1‐triphenylmethyl‐4‐(2‐bromoethyl)imidazole (1988)

Abstract 1‐Triphenylmethyl‐4‐(2‐bromoethyl)imidazole undergoes elimination upon basic treatment providing an easy approach to 4(5)‐vinylimidazole whereas the N ‐unsubstituted analogue leads only to substitution products.
Membrane Binding of Antimicrobial Peptides Is Modulated by Lipid Charge Modification (2021)

Peptide interactions with lipid bilayers play a key role in a range of biological processes and depend on electrostatic interactions between charged amino acids and lipid headgroups. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) initiate the killing of bacteria by binding to and destabilizing their membranes. The multiple peptide resistance factor (MprF) provides a defense mechanism for bacteria against a broad range of AMPs. MprF reduces the negative charge of bacterial membranes through enzymatic conversion of the anionic lipid phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) to either zwitterionic alanyl-phosphatidyl glycerol (Ala-PG) or cationic lysyl-phosphatidyl glycerol (Lys-PG). The resulting change in the membrane charge is suggested to reduce the binding of AMPs to membranes, thus impeding downstream AMP activity. Using coarse-grained molecular dynamics to investigate the effects of these modified lipids on AMP binding to model membranes, we show that AMPs have substantially reduced affinity for model membranes containing Ala-PG or Lys-PG. More than 5000 simulations in total are used to define the relationship between lipid bilayer composition, peptide sequence (using five different membrane-active peptides), and peptide binding to membranes. The degree of interaction of a peptide with a membrane correlates with the membrane surface charge density. Free energy profile (potential of mean force) calculations reveal that the lipid modifications due to MprF alter the energy barrier to peptide helix penetration of the bilayer. These results will offer a guide to the design of novel peptides, which addresses the issue of resistance via MprF-mediated membrane modification.
Exposing invisible timing-based traffic watermarks with BACKLIT (2011)

Traffic watermarking is an important element in many network security and privacy applications, such as tracing botnet C&C communications and deanonymizing peer-to-peer VoIP calls. The state-of-the-art traffic watermarking schemes are usually based on packet timing information and they are notoriously difficult to detect. In this paper, we show for the first time that even the most sophisticated timing-based watermarking schemes (e.g., RAINBOW and SWIRL) are not invisible by proposing a new detection system called BACKLIT. BACKLIT is designed according to the observation that any practical timing-based traffic watermark will cause noticeable alterations in the intrinsic timing features typical of TCP flows. We propose five metrics that are sufficient for detecting four state-of-the-art traffic watermarks for bulk transfer and interactive traffic. BACKLIT can be easily deployed in stepping stones and anonymity networks (e.g., Tor), because it does not rely on strong assumptions and can be realized in an active or passive mode. We have conducted extensive experiments to evaluate BACKLIT's detection performance using the PlanetLab platform. The results show that BACKLIT can detect watermarked network flows with high accuracy and few false positives.
Low-latency streaming of pre-encoded video using channel-adaptive bitstream assembly (2003)

Today's Internet video streaming systems employ buffering and retransmission to guarantee the correct reception of each packet. This leads to high latency in media delivery. In this paper, we present an efficient low-latency Internet video streaming system that does not require retransmission of lost packets. We pre-store multiple representations of certain frames on the server such that a representation using a more reliable reference frame will be selected and sent during transmission. The potential mismatch error during bitstream assembly at transmission is avoided by using a novel layered coding structure with coding restrictions. The optimal picture type is determined within a rate-distortion framework during pre-encoding and transmission, adapting to the channel, so that the expected end-to-end distortion is minimized under the given rate constraint. The expected distortion is calculated based on an accurate binary tree modeling with the effects of channel loss and error concealment taken into account. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides significant performance gains over a simple INTRA-insertion scheme. The increased error-resilience eliminates the need for retransmission, which allows to reduce the latency of streaming from 10-15 seconds to a few hundred milliseconds, with good video quality maintained.
[Intimal fibrosis of cerebellar arteries--a contribution to the pathogenesis of neurovascular syndromes]. (1983)

Cross-compression of cranial nerves at the brain stem by an arterial loop appears to be responsible for several dysfunction syndromes like trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. The pathogenesis of these syndromes still remains obscure; some authors call atherosclerosis of the cross-compressing vessel a local pathogenetic factor. Histological examination of the lower cerebellar arteries, obtained at autopsies of humans without cranial nerve dysfunction, was carried out. There was no evidence of significant atherosclerotic changes of distant cerebellar arteries even in places predisposing to intimal thickening by haemodynamic reasons. The adventitia and arachnoidea contributed 30% to the vessel wall and may be the substrate of the reported local vessel thickening in neurovascular compression syndromes.
Modeling airway probability (2013)

We present a probability model for lung airways in computed tomography (CT) images. Lung airways are tubular structures that display specific features, such as low intensity and proximity to vessels and bronchial walls. From these features, the posterior probability for the airway feature space was computed using a Bayesian model based on 20 CT images from subjects with different degrees of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The likelihood probability was modeled using both a Gaussian distribution and a nonparametric kernel density estimation method. After exhaustive feature selection, good specificity and sensitivity were achieved in a cross-validation study for both the Gaussian (0.83, 0.87) and the nonparametric method (0.79, 0.89). The model generalizes well when trained using images from a late stage COPD group. This probability model may facilitate airway extraction and quantitative assessment of lung diseases, which is useful in many clinical and research settings.
Multiple metal carbon bonds. 35. A general route to tri-tert-butoxytungsten alkylidyne complexes. Scission of acetylenes by ditungsten hexa-tert-butoxide (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMultiple metal carbon bonds. 35. A general route to tri-tert-butoxytungsten alkylidyne complexes. Scission of acetylenes by ditungsten hexa-tert-butoxideMark L. Listemann and Richard R. SchrockCite this: Organometallics 1985, 4, 1, 74–83Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00120a014https://doi.org/10.1021/om00120a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1350Altmetric-Citations242LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Principles of Calcium Signaling (2007)

A three-day International Symposium entitled "Principles of Calcium Signaling" organized by James N. Weiss, Yale E. Goldman, Stéphane Hatem, Lars Cleemann and Nikolai M. Soldatov in honor of the research contributions of Professor Martin Morad was held at the Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine. Support for this meeting was provided in part by GlaxoSmithKline, Leica Microsystems, Nikon Corp., St. Jude Medical, Inc., UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Dr. Donald S. Orkand, Bob Hillis Family and OML, and Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory. The symposium featured sessions on Cardiac physiology, Ion channels and Calcium signaling.
Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate. (1983)

Cochlear hair cells (HCs) are mechanosensory receptors that transduce sound into electrical signals. HC damage in nonmammalian vertebrates induces surrounding supporting cells (SCs) to divide, transdifferentiate and replace lost HCs; however, such spontaneous HC regeneration does not occur in the mammalian cochlea. Here, we acutely ablate the retinoblastoma protein (Rb), a crucial cell cycle regulator, in two subtypes of postmitotic SCs (pillar and Deiters9 cells) using an inducible Cre line, <i>Prox1-CreER<sup>T2</sup></i>. Inactivation of Rb in these SCs results in cell cycle reentry of both pillar and Deiters9 cells, and completion of cell division with an increase in cell number of pillar cells. Interestingly, nuclei of <i>Rb</i><sup>−/−</sup> mitotic pillar and Deiters9 cells migrate toward the HC layer and divide near the epithelial surface in a manner similar to the SCs in the regenerating avian auditory epithelium. In contrast to postmitotic <i>Rb</i><sup>−/−</sup> HCs which abort cell division, postmitotic <i>Rb</i><sup>−/−</sup> pillar cells can proliferate, maintain their SC fate and survive for more than a week. However, no newly formed HCs are detected and SC death followed by HC loss occurs. Our studies accomplish a crucial step toward functional HC regeneration in the mammalian cochlea <i>in vivo</i>, demonstrating the critical role of Rb in maintaining quiescence of postmitotic pillar and Deiters9 cells and highlighting the heterogeneity between these two cell types. Therefore, the combination of transient Rb inactivation and further manipulation of transcription factors (i.e., Atoh1 activation) in SCs may represent an effective therapeutic avenue for HC regeneration in the mammalian cochlea.
Discordant temporal development of bacterial phyla and the emergence of core in the fecal microbiota of young children (2020)

The colonization pattern of intestinal microbiota during childhood may impact health later in life, but children older than 1 year are poorly studied. We followed healthy children aged 1–4 years (n=28) for up to 12 months, during which a synbiotic intervention and occasional antibiotics intake occurred, and compared them with adults from the same region. Microbiota was quantified with the HITChip phylogenetic microarray and analyzed with linear mixed effects model and other statistical approaches. Synbiotic administration increased the stability of Actinobacteria and antibiotics decreased Clostridium cluster XIVa abundance. Bacterial diversity did not increase in 1- to 5-year-old children and remained significantly lower than in adults. Actinobacteria, Bacilli and Clostridium cluster IV retained child-like abundances, whereas some other groups were converting to adult-like profiles. Microbiota stability increased, with Bacteroidetes being the main contributor. The common core of microbiota in children increased with age from 18 to 25 highly abundant genus-level taxa, including several butyrate-producing organisms, and developed toward an adult-like composition. In conclusion, intestinal microbiota is not established before 5 years of age and diversity, core microbiota and different taxa are still developing toward adult-type configuration. Discordant development patterns of bacterial phyla may reflect physiological development steps in children.
Inhibition of microRNA‐214 ameliorates hepatic fibrosis and tumor incidence in platelet‐derived growth factor C transgenic mice (2015)

Differentially regulated microRNA (miRNA) are associated with hepatic fibrosis; however, their potential usefulness for blocking hepatic fibrosis has not been exploited fully. We examined the expression of miRNA in the liver of a transgenic mouse model in which platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C) is overexpressed (Pdgf-c Tg), resulting in hepatic fibrosis and steatosis and the eventual development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Robust induction of miR-214 correlated with fibrogenesis in the liver of Pdgf-c Tg mice, atherogenic high-fat diet-induced NASH mice, and patients with chronic hepatitis B or C. Pdgf-c Tg mice were injected with locked nucleic acid (LNA)-antimiR-214 via the tail vein using Invivofectamine 2.0 and the degree of hepatic fibrosis and tumor incidence were evaluated. Pdgf-c Tg mice treated with LNA-antimiR-214 showed a marked reduction in fibrosis and tumor incidence compared with saline or LNA-miR-control-injected control mice. In vitro, LNA-antimiR-214 significantly ameliorated TGF-β1-induced pro-fibrotic gene expression in Lx-2 cells. MiR-214 targets a negative regulator of EGFR signaling, Mig-6. Mimic-miR-214 decreased the expression of Mig-6 and increased the levels of EGF-mediated p-EGFR (Y1173 and Y845) and p-Met (Tyr1234/1235) in Huh-7 cells. Conversely, LNA-antimiR-214 repressed the expression of these genes. In conclusion, miR-214 appears to participate in the development of hepatic fibrosis by modulating the EGFR and TGF-β signaling pathways. LNA-antimiR-214 is a potential therapy for the prevention of hepatic fibrosis.
Theory of the Generation of Intense Hypersound by Lasers (1966)

Brillouin scattering, or the scattering of light by sound waves, can become a stimulated process under the sufficiently intense excitation now possible with laser sources. This effect can be viewed as a parametric interaction of light and sound. Thus, amplification and generation of intense hypersonic waves are possible. The kinematics and the dynamics of this process will be studied, starting first with some elementary energy considerations and later with coupled wave equations.
New Assay Method for Fatty Acid Desaturase with Gas Chromatography (1989)

脂肪組織における脂肪酸不飽和化酵素(EC 1.14.99.5)の活性を非ラジオアイソトープ的に測定するため,ガスクロマトグラフィーを用いる方法を開発した.反応は1mlの基質溶液(50mMリン酸カリウム,0.1%アルブミン,0.5mMNADH,30μMノナデカン酸-CoA)にミクロソーム約100μg(蛋白質量)を入れて37°Cで5分間行ない,生成したノナデセン酸(19:1)をガスクロマトグラフィーによって測定した.生成した19:1はミクロソームの全脂肪酸の約0.5%と少量であったが,内部標準(2-ハイドロキシオクタデカン酸)とともにメチルエステル化した脂肪酸の抽出液を約50μlに濃縮し,その1μlをキャピラリーカラムにスプリットレス注入することにより,定量することができた.この方法を用い,ハンプシャー種,ランドレース種,デュロック種の皮下脂肪層の不飽和化酵素活性を測定した.得られた酵素活性はステアリン酸-CoA (18:0-CoA)を基質として測定した文献値よりもやや低い値を示した.しかし,本方法は定量性があり,粗酵素系で酵素活性の比較試験を行なう場合には,適している方法であると考えられた.
Radioiodinated Benzyloxybenzene Derivatives: A Class of Flexible Ligands Target to β-Amyloid Plaques in Alzheimer’s Brains (2014)

Benzyloxybenzene, as a novel flexible scaffold without rigid planarity, was synthesized and evaluated as ligand toward Aβ plaques. The binding site calculated for these flexible ligands was the hydrophobic Val18_Phe20 channel on the flat surface of Aβ fiber. Structure-activity relationship analysis generated a common trend that binding affinities declined significantly from para-substituted ligands to ortho-substituted ones, which was also quantitatively illustrated by 3D-QSAR modeling. Autoradiography in vitro further confirmed the high affinities of radioiodinated ligands [125I]4, [125I]24, and [125I]22 (Ki=24.3, 49.4, and 17.6 nM, respectively). In biodistribution, [125I]4 exhibited high initial uptake and rapid washout property in the brain with brain2 min/brain60 min ratio of 16.3. The excellent in vitro and in vivo biostability of [125I]4 enhanced its potential for clinical application in SPECT imaging of Aβ plaques. This approach could also allow the design of a new generation of Aβ targeting ligands without rigid and planar framework.
Electro-polymerisation and characterisation of PEDOT in Lewis basic, neutral and acidic EMImCl-AlCl3 ionic liquid (2018)

This work studied the electro-polymerisation of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and its electrochemical behavior in Lewis acidic, neutral and basic chloroaluminate ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride aluminum chloride (EMImCl-AlCl3) by cyclic voltammetry. It was found that the electro-polymerisation on vitreous carbon only occurs in Lewis neutral EMImCl-AlCl3 as a dark blue-violet film whereas the electro-polymerisation in a Lewis acidic or basic compositions is not possible due to the interactions between the conductive polymer and the ionic liquid as well as the potential stability limits of the electrolyte. PEDOT films synthesised in Lewis neutral ionic liquid were tested in monomer-free Lewis acidic, basic and neutral EMImCl-AlCl3 and show different doping and de-doping behavior for chloride ionic species. The PEDOT films in a Lewis neutral composition showed higher doping levels due to the higher potential stability window, up to 2.6 V vs. Al|Al(III) than in a Lewis acidic and basic solutions. Furthermore, it was shown that the doping and de-doping levels are predefined during the electro-polymerisation of PEDOT. The anion doping and de-doping reaction reached 97% reversibility in the neutral composition, which suggests that PEDOT is a suitable electrode material to store charged species in this media and could be used in rechargeable energy storage devices.
Dispersion and surface functionalization of oxide nanoparticles for transparent photocatalytic and UV-protecting coatings and sunscreens (2013)

This review describes recent efforts on the synthesis, dispersion and surface functionalization of the three dominating oxide nanoparticles used for photocatalytic, UV-blocking and sunscreen applications: titania, zinc oxide, and ceria. The gas phase and liquid phase synthesis is described briefly and examples are given of how weakly aggregated photocatalytic or UV-absorbing oxide nanoparticles with different composition, morphology and size can be generated. The principles of deagglomeration are reviewed and the specific challenges for nanoparticles highlighted. The stabilization of oxide nanoparticles in both aqueous and non-aqueous media requires a good understanding of the magnitude of the interparticle forces and the surface chemistry of the materials. Quantitative estimates of the Hamaker constants in various media and measurements of the isoelectric points for the different oxide nanoparticles are presented together with an overview of different additives used to prepare stable dispersions. The structural and chemical requirements and the various routes to produce transparent photocatalytic and nanoparticle-based UV-protecting coatings, and UV-blocking sunscreens are described and discussed.