gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ligand Density and Linker Length are Critical Factors for Multivalent Nanoparticle–Receptor Interactions (2018)

Although there are a large number of studies available for the evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of targeted polymeric nanoparticles, little is known about the critical attributes that can further influence their uptake into target cells. In this study, varying cRGD ligand densities (0-100% surface functionalization) were combined with different poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer lengths (2/3.5/5 kDa), and the specific receptor binding of targeted core-shell structured poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid)/poly(lactic acid)-PEG nanoparticles was evaluated using α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub> integrin-overexpressing U87MG glioblastoma cells. Nanoparticles with 100% surface functionalization and short PEG2k linkers displayed a high propensity to form colloidal clusters, allowing for the cooperative binding to integrin receptors on the cellular membrane. In contrast, the high flexibility of longer PEG chains enhanced the chance of ligand entanglement and shrouding, decreasing the number of ligand-receptor binding events. As a result, the combination of short PEG2k linkers and a high cRGD surface modification synergistically increased the uptake of nanoparticles into target cells. Even though to date, the nanoparticle size and its degree of functionalization are considered to be the major determinants for controlling the uptake efficiency of targeted colloids, these results strongly suggest that the role of the linker length should be carefully taken into consideration for the design of targeted drug delivery formulations to maximize the therapeutic efficacy and minimize adverse side effects.
Genomewide Association Studies — Illuminating Biologic Pathways (2009)

Human geneticists seek to understand the inherited basis of human biology and disease, aiming either to gain insights that could eventually improve treatment or to produce useful diagnostic or predictive tests. As recently as 2004, few genetic variants were known to reproducibly influence common polygenic diseases (including cancer, coronary artery disease, and diabetes) or quantitative phenotypes (including lipid levels and blood pressure). This relative ignorance limited potential insights into the pathophysiology of common diseases.The completion of the human genome sequence in 2005 and the provision of an initial catalogue of human genetic variation and a haplotype map (known as . . .
Small facility for linear variable filter characterization (2017)

The use of Linear Variable Filters (LVFs) has already been proposed as an alternative to other dispersion elements for imaging spectroscopy. The major advantage of these filters is their compactness. Basically, one filter put in front of an array detector allows recording a hyper spectral image in push-broom mode, which is a relatively inexpensive and compact design.
The Role of Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptors Type 1 in Rats With Visceral Hypersensitivity Induced by Chronic Restraint Stress (2010)

Our results suggest there is a key contribution of peripheral CB1Rs involved in the maintenance of visceral hyperalgesia after repeated restraint stress, providing a novel mechanism for development of peripheral visceral sensitization.
Cryogenic Mechanical Alloying of Poly (ether ether ketone) - Polycarbonate Composite Powders for Selective Laser Sintering (1999)

Mechanical alloying is a solid state processing technique traditionally used in the metallurgical industry to extend solubility limits in alloy systems. Mechanical alloying can also be used to blend polymer systems at ambient or cryogenic temperatures. In this work, cryogenic mechanical alloying was employed to create composite powders of Poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) - Polycarbonate (PC) for use in selective laser sintering applications. The microstructural development of the PEEK-PC system that occurs during laser sintering and the effects of this microstructure on mechanical properties of the laser sintered parts was investigated.
Factors That Control the Rate of Exopolysaccharide Production by Agrobacterium radiobacter NCIB 11883 (1987)

SUMMARY: Under carbon limitation the efficiency of aerobic energy conservation of Agrobacterium radiobacter was independent of the carbon source. Under nitrogen limitation the chemical composition of the exopolysaccharide produced was independent of carbon source; however, the rate of production was highest on glucose and decreased on other substrates in the order glucose, succinate, gluconate, xylose, sorbitol, glycerol and ethanol. When the observed yields of exopolysaccharide from glucose, gluconate and xylose were corrected for cell production they came very close to the theoretical values; however, the yields of exopolysaccharide decreased sharply when the carbon source was either more reduced or oxidized than glucose. Although the rate of exopolysaccharide production on glucose was greater than that on gluconate or xylose, the rate of ATP utilization for polymer synthesis was similar and accounted for most of the respiratory activity occurring in excess of that required for cell biosynthesis. The proportion of respiratory activity that is dissociated from polymer synthesis increased sharply with carbon sources that are significantly more reduced or oxidized than glucose. A mutant of A. radiobacter that was unable to synthesize exopolysaccharide had the same efficiency of growth as the parent strain. Under nitrogen-limited growth the respiratory activity in excess of growth requirements was similar to the polymer-producing strain, supporting the view that the rate of ATP turnover was similar in both strains. This suggests that the rate of ATP turnover rather than exopolysaccharide synthesis is physiologically important. It is proposed that the rate of ATP turnover in excess of that required for growth under nitrogen limitation (N-limited qo 2 × ATP/O quotient) is controlled to a level that is governed by the oxidation/reduction state and the Y ATP of the given substrate.
Performance ofBlockSpreading MLMO-CDMA Systems forHeavyMulti-path Environment (2005)

InCDMA systems using blockspreading tech- niques, wherea data-block modulates a spreading sequence toproduce a transmitting symbol, a userinherent orthogonal carrier-frequency modulating system isproposed. Thismethod contributes toaccommodating -asmanyusers astheprocessing gainL andtoreducing theguardsequence overhead. Applying aMIMO configuration without using coding andmultiple con- stellation onPSKmodulation tothis system, especially using N pieces ofreceive antennas isconsidered. Thisblockspreading system iscapable ofaccommodating asmanyusers perorthog- onalcarrier asN,byusing amethodofconcatenating theN symbols received atN antennas. Thismeansthattheaggregate datarateperchipincreases N inthemaximum.Further itis shownthatafairly gooderror rateperformance isachieved by selecting thepractical aggregate dataratetobeabout80%of themaximumrate.
A Novel Synthesis of Hemispherands (1992)

A novel, flexible synthesis of hemispherands {2,5,8-trioxa[9](3,3″) m-terphenylophanes 5a-d} with different central aromatic groups is described. The key step comprises the introduction of the central aromatic ring in the last step of the synthesis via a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction using palladium tetrakis(triplienylphosphine) as a catalyst and sodium or potassium cations serving as a template ion in the macrocyclization.
Using forces (1996)

A force is a push or a pull. Forces can make objects move or alter their shape. Some forces are easy to recognise - you may pull on a door to open it or push it closed behind you. We constantly use forces to move ourselves around and to move other objects. Some forces, however, are less easy to understand. If you let go of a bag it falls to the floor. The pull of the Earth on an object is called the force of gravity. Two magnets attract one another if opposite poles are brought together. Magnetic forces are acting here. Electric forces can cause attraction between a plastic comb and your hair.
Degrees of freedom and interference mitigation for MIMO interfering broadcast channels (2011)

We provide lower and upper bounds on the degree of freedom of B multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) interfering broadcast channels where each base station equipped with M antennas supports its corresponding K users each equipped with M antennas. It is observed that both bounds coincide using interference alignment with symbol extension when B >; max(M, K M)/min(M, K M) = K. Iterative interference leakage minimization algorithm is proposed for MIMO interfering broadcast channels, and the numerical results show that interference leakage minimization is not the tightest approximation to the notion of degree of freedom. Alternatively, we present two linear transceiver optimization algorithms with (1) Minimum weighted SINR maximization, and (2) Weighted sum rate maximization using weighted sum-MSE. These algorithms are designed based on the iterative joint optimization of transmit and receive beamforming vectors. Numerical results show that the proposed schemes exhibit the linear sum rate scaling with respect to SNR and performs better than interference leakage minimization algorithm.
Variable Philadelphia breakpoints and potential lineage restriction of bcr rearrangement in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1988)

Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome breakpoints in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are of two kinds: those within the breakpoint cluster region (bcr+), as in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and those outside it (bcr-). These encode different c-abl messenger RNAs (mRNAs), p210 and p190, respectively. It has been suggested that one class of Ph+ ALL (bcr+) may be a variant of CML arising in a multipotent stem cell, the other (bcr-) de novo ALL initiated in a lymphoid-committed progenitor. Thirty-two cases of ALL (12 Ph1+, ten chromosomally normal, and ten non-mitotic cases) were investigated for bcr involvement. Breakpoints were found within five Ph1+ and in one normal case. There was no difference in clinical features, common ALL antigen (CALLA) positivity, cytogenetics, or response to treatment between the 6 bcr+ and 7 Ph1+ bcr- patients. Myeloid antigen expression was found in 2 bcr+ cases. Bcr rearrangement appeared to be restricted to the lymphoblastic component of marrow or blood in at least four bcr+ cases. In one case, separated myeloid and lymphoid cell fractions were both bcr+. Potential heterogeneity of the Ph1+ target cell, as seen in this study, may be more important in determining disease outcome than the precise location of the Ph breakpoint.
Biomarkers as predictors of sudden cardiac death in coronary artery disease patients with preserved left ventricular function (ARTEMIS study) (2018)

Elevated sST2 and hs-TnT predict the occurrence of SCD among patients with CAD and preserved left ventricular function. The association between sST2, hs-TnT and SCD may be explained by an ongoing myocardial apoptosis followed by fibrosis leading to vulnerability to malignant arrhythmias.
Lactam Amide Spinning (2020)

The amide rotation of cis-trans lactams is fundamentally important, but has rarely been studied, with the exception of reports on peptide-based lactams. Here, we find a consistent relationship between the trans/cis ratio of the lactam amide and the trans/cis-amide rotation rate upon elongation of the stapling side chain of two 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane bicyclic units linked via a non-planar amide bond. That is, as the chain length increases, the spinning rate from trans-to cis-lactam amide decreases, resulting in an increase in the trans ratio. This chain length dependence of lactam amide isomerization and our simulation studies support the idea that the current lactam amide can rotate 360 degrees due to the occurrence of nitrogen pyramidalization of lactam. The direction of tilting of the pyramidalization of nitrogen atoms in the bicyclic system is synchronous with the direction of the semicircular rotation of the amide.
Influence of resist blur on ultimate resolution of <inline-formula><math altimg="none" display="inline" overflow="scroll"><mrow><mi>ArF</mi></mrow></math></inline-formula> immersion lithography (2006)

The chemical amplification provides high sensitivity of resists for deep-uv and extreme-uv (EUV) lithography. On the other hand, the chemical amplification involves photoacid diffusion that causes contrast degradation of the latent image or, in other words, resist blur. We study the influence of the resist blur in high-numerical aperture ArF immersion lithography by using an interferometric exposure tool. The contrast ratio between the resist latent image and the original aerial image was measured for half pitches from 45 to 80 nm. Acid diffusion length for a high-resolution ArF resist was determined as 11 nm in sigma (26 nm in full width at half maximum) assuming a Gaussian blur kernel. The results revealed that the influence of the resist blur is a significant issue for the 45-nm half-pitch node. The reduction of acid diffusion length is highly desirable. Given the tradeoff between the resist resolution and sensitivity, increasing illumination intensity in exposure tools can be an effective means to overcome the challenge of the resist blur. We also demonstrate resist imaging of 30-nm line-and-space pattern with a high-index fluid. While our focus is on ArF immersion lithography, our findings are also relevant to EUV lithography.
Integration of document detection and information extraction (1996)

We have conducted a number of experiments to evaluate various modes of building an integrated detection/extraction system. The experiments were performed using SMART system as baseline. The goal was to determine if advanced information extraction methods can improve recall and precision of document detection. We identified the following two modes of integration: I. Extraction to Detection:broad
The Cybercultures Reader (2000)

The Cybercultures Reader brings together key writings covering the whole spectrum of cyberspace and related new technologies to explore the ways in which new technologies are reshaping cultural forms and practices at the turn of the century. The reader is divided into thematic sections focussing on key issues such as subcultures in cyberspace, posthumanism and cyberbodies, and pop-cultural depictions of human-machine interaction. Key features include: each section features an introduction locating the essays in their theoretical and technological context; editor's introduction and accompanying user's guide; extensive bibliography Issues include: theoretical approaches to cyberculture; representations in fiction and on film; the development of distinct cyber-subcultures; feminist and queer approaches within cyberculture.
Exploring the Learning Difficulty of Data Theory and Measure (2022)

As learning difficulty is crucial for machine learning (e.g., difficulty-based weighting learning strategies), previous literature has proposed a number of learning difficulty measures. However, no comprehensive investigation for learning difficulty is available to date, resulting in that nearly all existing measures are heuristically defined without a rigorous theoretical foundation. In addition, there is no formal definition of easy and hard samples even though they are crucial in many studies. This study attempts to conduct a pilot theoretical study for learning difficulty of samples. First, a theoretical definition of learning difficulty is proposed on the basis of the bias-variance trade-off theory on generalization error. Theoretical definitions of easy and hard samples are established on the basis of the proposed definition. A practical measure of learning difficulty is given as well inspired by the formal definition. Second, the properties for learning difficulty-based weighting strategies are explored. Subsequently, several classical weighting methods in machine learning can be well explained on account of explored properties. Third, the proposed measure is evaluated to verify its reasonability and superiority in terms of several main difficulty factors. The comparison in these experiments indicates that the proposed measure significantly outperforms the other measures throughout the experiments.
Arginine deiminase system and acid adaptation of oral streptococci (1995)

Streptococcus rattus FA-1 and Streptococcus sanguis NCTC 10904 underwent phenotypic acid adaptation in batch cultures toward the end of sugar-fueled growth after the culture pH had dropped to triggering values. The bacteria could be derepressed or induced for arginine deiminase independently of acid adaptation, and arginolysis afforded protection against acid killing over and above that of acid adaptation.
SIM: new, versatile polymers for electronic industries (2003)

SIM, a new class of soluble, fully imidized polyimidesiloxanes, is discussed. The electronic-grade SIM materials feature an advantageous combination of high tensile strength, T/sub g/(>200 degrees C), thermal stability, flame and chemical resistance with low water absorption, dielectric constant <3.0, and modulus. Various SIM materials are tailor-made for applications such as interlayer dielectrics in multilevel interconnections and for passivation of ICs, encapsulant, adhesives for die attachment and polyimides used in flexible circuit board, and halogen-free jackets for wires and cables. Their performance is compared with that of various commercial polyimides, silicone gels, epoxies, and other high-performance engineering plastics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Insulin Resistance in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes and Its Relationship to Cardiovascular Function (2009)

T1D youth demonstrated IR, impaired functional exercise capacity and cardiovascular dysfunction. The phenotype of IR in T1D youth was unique, suggesting a pathophysiology that is different from T2D, yet may adversely affect long-term cardiovascular outcomes.
Poly(methyl methacrylate-block-vinyl-m-triphenylamine): synthesis by RAFT polymerization and melt-state self-assembly (2013)

Block copolymers (BCP)s containing electro-active hole-transport components such as triphenylamine-based polymers are attractive for organic electronic applications in which well-defined nanoscale structures are desirable. In this work, we synthesized poly(methyl methacrylate-block-vinyl-m-triphenylamine) (PMMA-b-PVmTPA) BCPs via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and subsequently explored their melt-state self-assembly in the PMMA-rich phase regime. A library of diblock copolymers was generated by chain-extending several different poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) macroinitiators with vinyl-m-triphenylamine monomer (VmTPA). These PMMA-b-PVmTPA diblock copolymers self-assembled into a variety of well-defined nanostructures over the studied compositional range (PVmTPA volume fractions [fPVmTPA] from 0.25 to 0.33), forming hexagonally packed cylinders (HEX) at fPVmTPA of 0.27 and below, network-like hexagonally perforated lamellae (HPL) at an intermediate fPVmTPA = 0.29, and lamellae (LAM) at fPVmTPA of 0.30 and above, as determined by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. Additionally, we found a thermally reversible order-order transition (OOT) from HPL to HEX upon heating, indicating that the HPL morphology likely was stable at lower temperatures for this system. Finally, we present an experimental phase diagram based on the assigned nanostructures as a function of PMMA-b-PVmTPA molecular weight and fPVmTPA. These results provide valuable guidance for targeting desirable morphologies in functional nanomaterials that incorporate the TPA functional group.
Control of RNA with quinone methide reversible acylating reagents (2021)

Caging RNA by polyacylation (cloaking) has been developed recently as a simple and rapid method to control the function of RNAs. Previous approaches for chemical reversal of acylation (uncloaking) made use of azide reduction followed by amine cyclization, requiring ∼2-4 h for the completion of cyclization. In new studies aimed at improving reversal rates and yields, we have designed novel acylating reagents that utilize quinone methide (QM) elimination for reversal. The QM de-acylation reactions were tested with two bioorthogonally cleavable motifs, azide and vinyl ether, and their acylation and reversal efficiencies were assessed with NMR and mass spectrometry on model small-molecule substrates as well as on RNAs. Successful reversal both with phosphines and strained alkenes was documented. Among the compounds tested, the azido-QM compound A-3 displayed excellent de-acylation efficiency, with <i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub> for de-acylation of less than an hour using a phosphine trigger. To test its function in RNA caging, A-3 was successfully applied to control EGFP mRNA translation <i>in vitro</i> and in HeLa cells. We expect that this molecular caging strategy can serve as a valuable tool for biological investigation and control of RNAs both <i>in vitro</i> and in cells.
A rapid method for the isolation of circular DNA using an aqueous two-phase partition system (1978)

A method of isolating circular plasmid DNA from cleared lysates of E. coli is described. Purification is achieved by virtue of the rapid re-annealing kinetics or supercoiled DNA. After a brief denaturation step, double stranded plasmid DNA is separated from denatured chromosomal DNA and RNA in a two-phase partition system using dextran and polyethylene glycol. The method is much more rapid than the conventional dye-centrifugation technique and plasmid DNA of comparable purity and yield is obtained.
Mechanisms of Hyaluronan-Induced Up-Regulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 Expression by Murine Kidney Tubular Epithelial Cells: Hyaluronan Triggers Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression Through a Mechanism Involving Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB and Activating Protein-1 (1998)

Abstract The matrix constituent hyaluronan (HA) markedly accumulates in inflammatory lesions. To gain insight into the biologic significance of this phenomenon we tested the hypothesis that HA could regulate cell adhesion molecule expression in epithelial cells. Using a clonal line of mouse cortical tubular (MCT) cells we found that fragmented intermediate m.w., but not high m.w., HA markedly increased ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 steady state mRNA and cell surface expression. Up-regulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA by HA was preceded by a marked increase in NF-κB and activating protein-1 DNA binding activity in MCT cells. Transcript levels for the NF-κB inhibitor IκBα and for the activating protein-1 constituents c-jun and c-fos also increased in response to HA stimulation of tubular cells. Inhibition of NF-κB with the serine protease inhibitor N-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone blocked the HA-mediated expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in MCT cells. In conclusion, HA displays proinflammatory effects by directly stimulating the expression of the cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in mouse kidney epithelial cells. HA could thereby play an important role in leukocyte adhesion in inflammatory renal diseases.
Analysis of Slotted E-shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna for Ku Band Applications (2021)

In this article, a slotted E-shaped microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is analyzed and proposed that spans the almost whole Ku band frequency range, (13.9 to 18.8) GHz in HFSS and (14.036–17.88) GHz in CST, of satellite communication. The dielectric substrate material Rogers RT/duroid 5880 type with 2.2 dielectric constant and tangent loss of 0.0009 has been utilized. Both length and width of the dielectric substrate are 30 mm. Initially, the suggested antenna’s performance has been examined by using HFSS software. The same model is redesigned and tested by using CST to verify the proposed antenna’s performance. Based on the findings of two different software tools, the designed slotted E-shaped MPA can be deemed a suitable model for Ku-band satellite communication.