gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 3D virtual shopping mall that has the intelligent virtual purchasing guider and cooperative purchasing functionalities (2004)

This work represents a multiuser interactive virtual purchasing environment realized by technologies such as multiagent, VRML, Java3D, XML and the computer network. In this environment, there is a symbol with mood for every customer, which can communicate freely with symbol of other customers, commodities in the shopping mall and the intelligent agent. In the meantime, a virtual purchasing guider is designed to communicate with different symbols of customers in different manners. This virtual guider is able to patrol in this virtual 3D environment along the path planned by itself. Customers may have dynamic communication with other purchasers through the virtual guider or operate interactively on all kinds of commodities. This system simulates the whole purchasing process including window-shopping, choosing and paying for the items. Such comprehensive simulation is an e-business system that makes the customers feel like they are personally on the scene.
Laser plasma x-ray contact microscopy of living specimens using a chemically amplified epoxy resist (1998)

We report on the use of an epoxy based chemically amplified resist, to produce x-ray images of living biological specimens, exposed with laser plasma generated soft x rays, in the water window (2.3–4.4 nm). The photoresist response was at least two orders of magnitude “faster” than polymethyl methacrylate, the standard resist used so far in soft x-ray contact microscopy. Atomic force and scanning electron microscopy of the biological specimen images, recorded in the resist, clearly showed the flagella of the motile green alga, chlamydomonas, suggesting a lateral resolution better than 150 nm. The resist was also capable of providing height features, as small as 20 nm, in atomic force microscope depth profiles and discriminating the flagella intersection areas.
Expression of the Opa1 Mitochondrial Protein in Retinal Ganglion Cells: Its Downregulation Causes Aggregation of the Mitochondrial Network (2005)

Results suggest that the level of expression and the mRNA isoforms do not underlie the vulnerability of RGCs to OPA1 mutations. However, aggregation of the mitochondrial network induced by the downregulation of Opa1 appears more frequent in RGCs than in control CGCs.
Cultural Study and llludin S Production of Medicinal Mushroom Omphalotus olearius (DC.Fr.) Fay. (Agaricales s.l.) from Israel (1999)

The morphological and cultural characteristics of vegetative mycelium of 11 investigated strains of Omphalotus olearius (DC.:Fr.) Fay. (Omphalotaceae, Agaricales s.l.) were studied. The hyphae were found to have numerous clamps and formations of arthroconidia and crystals. The growth rate of mycelium (to 7.5 mm/day) on the surface varied depending on media composition. Production of orange-red pigment and the high activity of gelatinase, urease, cellulase, and β-glucosidase was observed in pure cultures. Optimum temperature was developed for growth appeared to be 28 °C, with an initial pH of complex media between 4.0 and 4.5. A methodical scheme for obtaining standard liquid inoculum useful for physiological and biochemical investigations of O. olearius. Illudin S content in liquid broth under submerged cultivation for all strains was determined. Depending on the strain, the content of illudin S was between 0.81 and 3.1 mg/ml. Strains 162, 167 and 169 have been selected for optimization of illudin S production.
Study on the FCC Process of a Novel Riser−Downer Coupling Reactor (III): Industrial Trial and CFD Modeling (2008)

Industrial trials detailed in a riser−downer coupling reactor proposed for the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process are presented in this paper. The trials are based on the fundamental research of hydrodynamics, mixing behaviors, and laboratory-scale hot experiments described in our previous investigations. Compared with the riser reactor with the same feeds and catalyst, the LPG and propylene yield increased by 8.15 and 4.30 wt %, respectively. The gasoline octane number likewise reached 94.8 with 28 wt % olefin content. However, dry gas is significantly suppressed, and the coke has little change in yield even with the increased catalyst to oil ratio. With some gasoline recycling, the LPG and propylene yield increased by 11.45 and 5.06 wt %, respectively, and the olefin content in gasoline significantly decreased to 22 wt %; the high octane number (95.4) is maintained. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with a 6-lump kinetic model is also applied to simulate the FCC process for the industrial trials. The yield of propylene and butylene and the temperature profile along the axis direction demonstrated consistency between the simulation results and the experimental data.
An Iterative Refinement Technique for Side Information Generation in DVC (2007)

Distributed video coding (DVC) is an increasingly popular approach among the researchers in video coding during past few years due to its attractive and promising features. In DVC, the majority of the computational complexity has been shifted from encoder to the decoder in comparison to its conventional counterparts, including MPEG and H.26 x enabling a dramatically low cost encoder implementation. Side information generation, carried out at the decoder, is a major function in the DVC coding algorithm and plays a key-role in determining the performance of the codec. In this paper, a novel iterative refinement technique is proposed for the side information generation process. Simulation results of the proposed technique depict a consistent improvement in performance in comparison to the state-of-the-art in pixel domain DVC.
Reinvestigation on the Buildup Mechanism of Alternate Multilayers Consisting of Poly(l-glutamic acid) and Poly(l-, d-, and dl-lysines) (2008)

The buildup mechanism of polypeptide multilayers prepared by the layer-by-layer deposition of a polyanion (poly(L-glutamic acid) (PGA)) and polycations (poly(L-lysine) (PLL), poly(D-lysine) (PDL), and copoly(DL-lysine)(PDLL)) was reinvestigated by using in situ ATR-IR spectroscopy. A difference spectral technique applied to analyze the spectra indicated that the deposition of both the PGA and PLL (PDL) layers accompanies the formation of secondary structures consisting mainly of the antiparallel pleated sheet (the beta-sheet) structure, and that the formation of the beta-sheet structure cannot always be explained in terms of polyanion/polycation complex formation or charge compensation between the polyanion and polycations, although it has been considered as a major process in the multilayer buildup process. Instead, the present paper proposes the following mechanism. During the deposition of the polyelectrolyte, a small amount of the beta-sheet structures are produced at the interface as a result of charge compensation between a polyelectrolyte and an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte in the multilayer. The beta-sheets act as nuclei from which further propagation of the structure takes place at the solution/multilayer interfaces. The driving force of the buildup process in the new mechanism is a kinetically favorable insolubilization of each polyelectrolyte in solution at the interfaces.
The Role of β-Cyclodextrin in the Textile Industry—Review (2020)

β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) is an oligosaccharide composed of seven units of D-(+)-glucopyranose joined by α-1,4 bonds, which is obtained from starch. Its singular trunk conical shape organization, with a well-defined cavity, provides an adequate environment for several types of molecules to be included. Complexation changes the properties of the guest molecules and can increase their stability and bioavailability, protecting against degradation, and reducing their volatility. Thanks to its versatility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, β-CD is widespread in many research and industrial applications. In this review, we summarize the role of β-CD and its derivatives in the textile industry. First, we present some general physicochemical characteristics, followed by its application in the areas of dyeing, finishing, and wastewater treatment. The review covers the role of β-CD as an auxiliary agent in dyeing, and as a matrix for dye adsorption until chemical modifications are applied as a finishing agent. Finally, new perspectives about its use in textiles, such as in smart materials for microbial control, are presented.
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy In The Ultraviolet Range (1989)

Since we first reported on Fourier transform spectroscopy in the ultraviolet range at the Vienna FTS conference, there has been a number of instrumental development leading to improved performance in terms of signal to noise ration and resolution. Further details will be given in the poster together with some example gas phase electronic-vibrational spectra (e.g., benzene).
Crack widths in reinforced cement-based structures (2026)

The theoretical approaches used for the evaluation of crack width in reinforced concrete (RC) structures, are generally based on the hypothesis of parallel crack surfaces. In this way, crack width measured on the concrete cover should be equal to that on the bar surface. The results of several experimental analyses do not justify this assumption. Therefore, to better define the effective crack profile of RC structures, a new model, able to analyze the whole structural response of reinforced concrete ties, is here presented. In the proposed approach, all the physical phenomena involved in the cracking process are taken into account. A good agreement between numerical results and experimental data is found both in case of steel rebar and ordinary Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites (R/FRCC), and in case of steel rebar and High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites (R/HPFRCC).
Intermittent free diffusion in the presence of sparse obstacles: mean obstacle encounter time (2016)

Particle diffusion in the presence of sparse obstacles may be considered as a sequence of relatively long intervals, during which the particle diffuses in regions free of obstacles, separated by relatively short intervals during which the particle suffers multiple collisions with an obstacle. The present paper focuses on the mean duration of the short intervals, called mean encounter time, assuming that the obstacles are identical spheres. Based on scaling arguments, one can deduce that this time is proportional to the ratio of the square of the obstacle radius and the particle diffusivity. We derive an expression for the mean encounter time, which shows that the proportionality coefficient is 1/6.
Cranial Expansion With Distraction Osteogenesis for Multiple-Suture Synostosis in School-Aged Children (2009)

Multiple-suture synostosis is a rare condition among patients with craniosynostosis. Their cranial shapes demonstrate various types depending on the fused sutures, and it tends to be less consistent in comparison to single-suture synostosis. The details regarding surgical intervention for multiple-suture synostosis have rarely been documented. This report presents 4 patients with nonsyndromic multiple-suture synostosis who were incidentally diagnosed as school-aged children. The age at the time of the surgery ranged from 7 to 11 years. All of the patients demonstrated digital printings on radiographs and an increased intracranial pressure. They underwent cranial expansion using the technique of distraction osteogenesis. In 3 patients, a pi osteotomy was performed; however, the osteotomized bone was not detached from the underlying dura. Four distraction devices were applied. In one patient, an occipital osteotomy was performed, and 2 distraction devices were applied. Distraction was completed in all patients, and the results of surgery were satisfactory. Large bony gaps are generally created by the conventional course of skull expansion. In older children, the bone defects are optimally treated by bone grafts. To harvest bone grafts, it is preferable to split the cranial bone. In this series, however, the calvarial bones were so thin that they could not be split. Therefore, the technique of distraction osteogenesis was used. Cranial distraction is a reliable and less invasive modality. In addition, it can allow for skull expansion without bone grafting in school-aged children.
Endoscopic skull base surgery: a comprehensive comparison with open transcranial approaches (2012)

Little data exists comparing endoscopic endonasal approaches to pathology of the anterior skull base with more traditional transcranial and transsphenoidal microscopic approaches. In order to more fully characterize the role of endoscopy in the management of pathology of the anterior cranial base, we conducted a systematic review of case series and case reports documenting surgical and clinical outcomes. We found that for craniopharyngiomas, clival chordomas, esthesioneuroblastomas and giant pituitary adenomas, the endonasal endoscopic approach can result in equivalent or higher rates of gross total resection than open approaches. For meningiomas, however, open transcranial approaches are still able to achieve higher rates of total resection. CSF leak rates are higher for patients undergoing endoscopic surgery for meningiomas and craniopharyngiomas, but not for chordomas, esthesioneuroblastomas or giant pituitary adenomas. In certain patients, the endonasal endoscopic approach may be a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of a wide variety of skull base pathology, particularly those with small midline tumours.
The prevention of glomerulosclerosis in rats using traditional Chinese medicine, Sairei‐to (2000)

SUMMARY: The effects of Sairei‐to on chronic irreversible lesions were examined by the administration of drugs after the initiation of irreversible renal lesions by uninephrectomy and anti‐thy‐1 antibody injection. Twenty‐one female Wistar rats were divided into three groups. Group 1 was treated with phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) as a control and groups 2 and 3 were treated with Sairei‐to 400 mg/kg bodyweight per day on a daily basis beginning on day 1 (group 2) and day 7 (group 3) to day 42 after the intravenous administration of 500 μg anti‐thy‐1 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) into uninephrectomized rats, respectively. Statistically significant effects of Sairei‐to on proteinuria were observed on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 in group 2 and on day 21 in group 3 as compared with the PBS controls. On day 42, light microscopy showed that Sairei‐to ameliorated morphological lesions (Matrix score: 133.7 ± 50.35 for group 1 vs 40.0 ± 24.0 for group 2, P &lt; 0.05). The weight of the kidneys in groups given Sairei‐to was also lower than that in the PBS control. In addition, immunofluorescent findings showed that Sairei‐to suppressed the expression of transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β), alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and collagen type I in glomeruli and decreased the number of ED1‐ and OX8‐positive cells in tubulo‐interstitium as well as in glomeruli. In conclusion, Sairei‐to blocked the progression of renal lesions in this model even when it was administered after the initiation of the disease. In addition, earlier treatment more effectively prevented the progression of the renal lesions.
Development of Olanzapine Nano-Emulsion for Enhanced Brain Delivery (2012)

The main objective of the present research work was to design, optimize and characterize olanzapine loaded nano-emulsion for improved brain transport of the drug. Olanzapine nano-emulsion was formulated using the ultrasonication method. The formulation variables (oil and surfactant) and process variables (ultrasonication time) were optimized by Response surface methodology using the Box-Behnken statistical method. Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were measured by photon correlation spectroscopy using a Malvern zeta sizer. Morphology of emulsion droplets was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Release study was performed and drug release was estimated by HPLC method. Stability studies were performed at 4oC-25oC for a period of three months. The optimized nano-emulsion obtained showed a uniform size distribution with an average size in the range of 65.1 nm to 74.21 nm and surface charge in the range of –18.9 mv to – 25.23 mv. The Transmission electron microscopy studies on olanzapine nano-emulsion revealed a spherical morphology of globules. An average of 91.91% of drug was released from the optimized formulation over a period of 24 hours. The particle size analysis after three months showed no significant change implying that the nano-emulsion was quite stable when stored at room temperature. Stable olanzapine nano-emulsion was formulated. The novel nanoformulation was found to be a potential vehicle for delivery of olanzapine to the brain.
Verification and Validation Approaches for Model-Based Software Engineering (2019)

Model-based Software Engineering (MBSwE) and the use of automatic code generation has become popular for safety-critical aerospace applications. For these applications, verification and validation (V&V) is of utmost importance. With models as another layer of artifacts, however, V&V can become more complex in general, as V&V tasks can be carried out at the model level or at the code level. In this short paper, we present a V&V architecture specifically designed for MBSwE, which reflects the interrelationships between the different levels, tasks and tools, and which aims to provide a clear picture on the V&V approaches for MBSwE. We illustrate the architecture with a detailed analysis of two NASA missions and discuss their approaches to model use and understanding, automatic code generation, V&V, and model synchronization.
Construction of visible responsive broadband absorber utilizing strong coupling between plasmon and nanocavity modes and its application to light energy conversions (2018)

Nanoparticles colloidal solutions of metals such as gold (Au) and silver (Ag) show very intense color due to localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). LSPRs which are collective oscillations of conduction electrons give rise to the enhancement of electromagnetic field in the vicinity of nanoparticles and are expected as a light harvesting optical antenna for light energy conversion devices based on their spectrum tunability. We have successfully developed the plasmon-induced energy conversions such as water splitting and ammonia synthesis systems as well as solid-state plasmonic solar cells based on the principle of plasmon-induced hot electron transfer from gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) to the semiconductor electrode. 1−5
Lck inhibitors as a therapeutic approach to autoimmune disease and transplant rejection. (2001)

T-cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. These include diseases with large commercial markets and also with significant unmet medical needs, such as rheumatoid arthritis and asthma in addition to those with smaller markets such as organ transplantation, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis. The use of currently available immunomodulatory agents is often limited by the appearance of dose-limiting side effects that result from the actions of these agents on non-lymphoid tissues. LSTRA cell kinase (lck), one of eight known members of the human src family of non-transmembrane protein tyrosine kinases, has a pivotal role in T-cell signaling. Lck expression is restricted to lymphoid cells, so an lck-selective inhibitor would be expected to have a significantly improved safety profile for the treatment of T-cell-driven diseases.
[Postoperative therapy by means of acute parenteral alimentation (APA) with high doses of insulin and glucose after open heart surgery (author's transl)]. (1981)

Immediately after open heart operations (extracorporeal circulation) 22 patients were investigated in 2 groups at the intensive care unit. Whereas the control group received Ringer lactate as postoperative infusion (RL-group), the 2nd group was given 50% glucose (0.5 g/kg/h) and insulin (250 U/1,000 cc) (GI-group). In case of need (blood glucose level) additional insulin up to 200 U/h, maximum 800 U/10 h, was supplied. On the 1st postoperative day 500 ml 10% crystalline amino acid solution was added. Before the start of postoperative infusion therapy postoperative serum insulin levels were low in spite of considerably elevated blood glucose levels (glucose utilisation disorder, insulin suppression). In contrast with the RL-group there was in the GI-group a significant decrease of FFA-serum level and cAMP serum level which developed during the infusion. Urine output and urinary glucose excretion was nearly equal in both groups. Urinary potassium excretion in the GI-group remained significantly one third lower than that of the RL-group, in spite of the potassium supply to the GI-group being nearly twice and serum potassium level approximately equal. Urinary sodium excretion of GI-group on the other hand was approximately 15% higher than that of RL-group. In relation to preoperative values postoperative urinary N-excretion of the GI-group was unchanged, whereas in RL-group the postoperative N-excretion was significantly 30% increased; in postoperative alpha-amino-N-excretion there was only a small difference between the groups, which indicates an insulin-modifiable increase in protein breakdown rather than a decreased protein synthesis. According to the obviously improved situation in energetic considerations, cell membrane potential restoration and N-balance resp. protein synthesis in the insulin treated group, the question is discussed whether this therapy (APA) which shifts metabolism to an anabolic state, is of a certain value as a therapeutic measure in the postshock phase.
Secession crises, human welfare and conflict resolution (2003)

Violent and persistent inter-group conflict often results from antagonisms that arise between minority groups and central governments over the oppressive treatment of the minority group and over efforts by the minority group to secede from the parent state. The legal principles that have guided international involvement in these secession crises, namely self-determination of peoples and territorial integrity of the state, have not been effective or consistent inducements for resolution or prevention of the outbreak of conflict. This paper considers how international recognition of secessionist claims could be made dependent on whether the relevant minority group or central government lays out the most convincing plans for enhancing the welfare of the population, avoiding exclusionary policies, and promoting inter-group cooperation and stability rather than inter-group conflict and disorder. The authors urge policy makers to develop judgment criteria that reflect knowledge of these concerns to induce conditions more favourable for stability and peace.