gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Biochar on Soil Temperature under High Soil Surface Temperature in Coal Mined Arid and Semiarid Regions (2020)

High soil surface temperature and loosened soil are major limiting factors of plant productivity in arid and semi-arid coal mining areas of China. Moreover, the extensive and illegitimate burning of crop residues is causing environmental pollution; whereas, these residues could be converted to biochar to benefit soil quality. In this study, the effect of wheat straw biochar (WSB) at rates of 0% (control, CK), 1% (low, LB), 2% (medium, MB) and 4% (high, HB) on soil temperature at different depths (5, 10, 15, and 20 cm) and moisture levels (10 and 20%) was investigated under high soil surface temperature of 50 °C and air humidity of 40%. Our data suggested that soil bulk density was inversely, and soil moisture was directly corelated with soil thermal parameters. Moreover, the increasing rate of WSB addition linearly decreased the soil thermal properties. The maximum decrease in soil bulk density at both moisture levels (10% and 20%) was measured in HB treatment compared to respective CKs. The highest decrease in soil thermal conductivity (59.8% and 24.7%) was found under HB treatment in comparison to respective controls (CK10% and CK20% moisture). The soil volumetric heat capacity was also strongly corelated with soil moisture content (r = 0.91). The WSB treatments displayed differential responses to soil temperature. Under 10% soil moisture, temperature of LB, MB and HB treatments was higher as compared to CK at 5–20 cm depth, and MB treated soil had the smallest increase in temperature. At the 15-cm depth, the MB treatment decreased the temperature by 0.93 °C as compared to the CK20%. Therefore, the effect of WSB on soil temperature was influenced by soil moisture content, soil depth and WSB application rates. It suggested that MB treatment could be a useful farming practice for mitigating soil temperature fluctuation.
Design of a tuned mass damper for high quality factor suspension modes in Advanced LIGO (2017)

We discuss the requirements, design, and performance of a tuned mass damper which we have developed to damp the highest frequency pendulum modes of the quadruple suspensions which support the test masses in the two advanced detectors of the Laser Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Observatory. The design has to meet the requirements on mass, size, and level of damping to avoid unduly compromising the suspension thermal noise performance and to allow retrofitting of the dampers to the suspensions with minimal changes to the existing suspensions. We have produced a design satisfying our requirements which can reduce the quality factor of these modes from ∼500 000 to less than 10 000, reducing the time taken for the modes to damp down from several hours to a few minutes or less.
GSM system engineering (1997)

From the Publisher:
Take a comprehensive look at the land-based infrastructure and networking of the global system for mobile communications with this practical guide. You'll see the complete picture  starting with an introduction to the rapidly growing industry of cellular radio, progressing to the development of the digital cellular radio system, and proceeding to a study of the fundamental issues, including the GSM architecture, protocols, and time and frequency domain representation of GSM. 

You'll find new, detailed information in the technical explanation of the hardware and software configurations and functions of the mobile switching center (MSC), base transceiver station (BTS), operations and maintenance center (OMC), and mobile station (MS) sub-systems. 

GSM System Engineering is the first book in the field to discuss and explore all aspects of the important engineering issues of:

 Mobility management
 Subscriber management
 Security management
 Network maintenance

In addition to this complete overview of the system, you'll learn how to use the information yourself. You'll quickly master the basics of a typical advanced (second generation) cellular system and you'll find a detailed, practical example of an international time-division multiple access (TDMA) system, which will equip you with all the tools you need to perform system engineering on cellular TDMA systems. Through this study of GSM engineering, you'll start to understand why PCS is required, and what the future of the mobile telecommunications industry will hold.

Indispensible for professional engineers working in TDMA systems, GSM System Engineering will alsobe a valuable reference for all engineers in mobile communications, for instructors of courses in TDMA systems and GSM, and for undergraduate and graduate students in cellular radio. 

Includes 200 illustrations and 400 equations.
Ligand Exchange/Scrambling Study of Gold(I)-Phosphine Complexes in the Solid Phase by DESI-MS Analysis (2019)

Only a few analytical techniques are available for the characterization of mechanochemical synthetic reaction products. We demonstrate here that DESI-MS is a powerful technique for this purpose, combining the selectivity of MS-based assays with the simplicity and in situ analysis capability of ambient ionization methods. In this work, we report that auranofin, a gold-based drug, and its precursor triethylphosphine gold(I) chloride undergo a complex array of ligand exchange/scrambling reactions with thiol-containing amino acids in the solid state. The products were readily characterized by DESI-MS analysis from the solid-phase reaction, clearly exhibiting ligand exchange and scrambling, with independent confirmation by solid state <sup>13</sup>C-NMR. The thioglucose and triethylphosphine moieties exchanged with cysteine and its derivatives, whereas the glutathione replaced 2,3,4,6-tetra-o-acetyl-β-1-D-glucopyranose only. It was concluded that ligand exchange and scrambling reactions can be carried out in the solid state, and some of the unique products reported in this study can be conveniently prepared through mechanochemical synthesis in good yields (> 98%), as demonstrated by synthesis of (L-cysteinato-S)-triethylphosphine gold(I) from triethylphosphine gold(I) chloride and L-cysteine.
A micro-organosphere potency assay for adoptive T-cell therapy. (2021)

e15027 Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Metastatic lung cancer patients often relapse or grow refractory to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and checkpoint inhibitors. Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) has been garnering more attention due to longitudinal complete responses. Tumor resections from patients harbor tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) which can be cultured ex vivo and assessed for tumor reactivity before infusion. This generally follows a patient lymphodepletion regimen which allows the transferred T cells an optimal environment to proliferate and survive in the patient. TIL ACT can produce complete responses – rarely ever observed using traditional onco-therapy – in metastatic melanoma patients. However, while TILs specific to the neo-antigens expressed by tumor cells can be expanded ex vivo, this observed specificity is low in the clinic. Researchers have attempted to solve this by priming ex vivo expanded T cells with antigen-presenting cells previously pulsed with peptides representative of the neo-antigen repertoire of the matched tumor, but have rarely observed complete responses, likely due to current biomarkers for T cell activity poorly predicting anti-tumor cytotoxicity. To date there has been no acceptable potency assay for manufactured TILs, a requirement by the FDA for approval to use them in the clinic. Thus, the need to assess potency of ex vivo engineered T-cells against matched tumor cells is evident. Methods: We have developed a novel diagnostic immune-oncology (IO) pipeline, which uses a membrane-microfluidic platform to culture patient-derived tumor micro-organospheres (MOs) in extracellular matrix droplets. MOs can be rapidly established following patient tumor sample acquisition through biopsies or resection, and preserve the stromal cell populations in the original tumor microenvironment, as characterized by both flow cytometry and single-cell RNA-seq. An automated imaging assay was further established to robustly quantify the amount of immune-induced apoptosis of tumor cells in the MOs by patient-matched TILs, which is highly specific and yields minimal background. Results: We find that this method is not only amenable to high-throughput microscopy, but the larger surface-area-to-volume ratio of micro-organospheres also allows greater TIL infiltration and interaction with tumor cells. The resulting highly-sensitive assay requires far fewer input immune and tumor cells to achieve robust, clinical grade sensitivity response, making it the first clinically feasible assay for testing personalized TIL potency. Conclusions: The MO IO technology is currently being used for assessing clinical efficacy of manufactured TIL products for an upcoming ACT trial for non-small cell lung cancer patients. This technology also provides a companion to TIL ACT, CAR T therapy, and other immunotherapies, for which the ability to predict clinical potency is generally lacking.
Application of multiple resistive superconducting fault current limiters for fast fault detection in highly-interconnected distribution systems (2013)

Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) offer several benefits for electrical distribution systems, especially with increasing distributed generation and the requirements for better network reliability and efficiency. This paper examines the use of multiple SFCLs in a protection scheme to locate faulted circuits, using an approach which is radically different from typical proposed applications of fault current limitation, and also which does not require communications. The technique, referred to as “current division discrimination” (CDD), is based upon the intrinsic inverse current-time characteristics of resistive SFCLs, which ensures that only the SFCLs closest to a fault operate. CDD is especially suited to meshed networks and particularly when the network topology may change over time. Meshed networks are expensive and complex to protect using conventional methods. Simulation results with multiple SFCLs, using a thermal-electric superconductor model, confirm that CDD operates as expected. Nevertheless, CDD has limitations, which are examined in this paper. The SFCLs must be appropriately rated for the maximum system fault level, although some variation in actual fault level can be tolerated. For correct coordination between SFCLs, each bus must have at least three circuits that can supply fault current, and the SFCLs should have identical current-time characteristics.
Semantic reliability on the database state machine (2004)

Database replication protocols based on group communication primitives have recently been the subject of a considerable body of research [1, 11, 13, 6, 8, 4]. The reason for this stems from the adequacy of the order and atomicity properties of group communication primitives to implement synchronous replication (i.e., strong consistent) strategies. Unlike database replication schemes based on traditional transactional.
Real-time generation of environmental map and obstacle avoidance using omnidirectional image sensor with conic mirror (2002)

An omnidirectional image sensor COPIS (conic projection image sensor) is proposed for guiding navigation of a mobile robot. It features passive sensing of the omnidirectional environment in real-time using a conic mirror. Because the conic mirror is used, its image is under conic projection; where the azimuth of each point in the scene appears in the image as its direction from the image center. The authors describe COPIS and its application to guide the navigation of a mobile robot. The COPIS system acquires an omnidirectional view around the robot in real-time by using a conic mirror. Under the assumption of constant motion of the robot, locations of objects around the robot can be estimated by detecting their azimuth changes in the omnidirectional image. Using this method, the robot generates an environmental map of an indoor scene while it is moving in the environment. A method to avoid collision against objects by detecting their azimuth changes is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Application of leak-before-break analysis to PWR (pressurized water reactor) piping designed by Combustion Engineering: Final report (1987)

This program was conducted to develop guidelines by which pressurized water reactor piping systems other than main coolant piping can be evaluated in order to justify removal of currently required protective hardware. A survey of piping systems was performed on a generic basis to determine a prioritization for using the Leak-Before-Break (LBB) approach on different pipelines. Criteria pertaining to the LBB approach and to piping support optimization were examined. An evaluation of a sample pipeline was performed to demonstrate the methodologies used and considerations of criteria made to optimize its support system and to justify the elimination of its design basis pipe breaks. This report provides guidelines for using these methods of piping optimization, surveys piping systems for the use of the LBB approach, and presents a summary of the sample evaluation.
Electron Transport through Single Molecules Comprising Aromatic Stacks Enclosed in Self‐Assembled Cages (2011)

Face-to-face communication: Electron transport through single-molecule π stacks was directly measured between gold nanogap electrodes by using STM (see scheme). Self-assembled coordination cages containing π-stacked aromatic molecules are conductive (right), whereas the empty cage is not (left). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Effects of Potassium Hydroxide Impregnation on Wood Pyrolysis (2009)

The pyrolysis of a packed bed of fir wood particles, after impregnation with KOH, is investigated. For a heating temperature of 800 K, maximum variations in the pyrolysis characteristics are observed for KOH concentrations in wood below 1%. Decomposition temperatures become lower (35−70 K), and conversion times are rapidly more than halved. Also, the char, water, and gas yields increase (factors of 1.4, 1.6, and 1.7, respectively) at the expense of liquid-phase organic products. Levoglucosan presents a very steep decay, whereas the diminution in hydroxyacetaldehyde and acid acetic is much slower, and a wide zone of approximately constant values appears for hydroxypropanone. However, small quantities of KOH in wood (about 0.2−0.6%) are apt to increase the yields of furfuryl alcohol up to a factor 15 and some carbohydrates (3-ethyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclopentenone, 3-methyl-2-cyclopentenone, 1-hydroxy-2-butanone) and phenols (phenol, cresols, hydroquinone, guaiacol, isoeugenol-trans, isoeugenol-cis, 4-acetonguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol) up to factors of 2−6. Higher KOH concentrations cause a further increase in the yields of char and CO2 associated with a decay to very small yields of all of the organic compounds. Finally, increasing the heating temperature from 600 to 900 K (KOH concentration in wood of about 0.6%) essentially favors devolatilization and cracking of vapor-phase organic products with conversion times roughly reduced by a factor of 6.
An Unusual Etiology of Gastric Outlet Obstruction (2016)

Gastric polyps are often asymptomatic and an incidental finding on EGD. Hyperplastic polyps result from hyper-regeneration of the gut epithelium in conditions of chronic inflammation such as chronic gastritis, pernicious anemia and H. pylori. The patient is a 57 year-old woman with hypertension, hyperlipidemia and GERD who presented with 2 months of nausea, epigastric pain, early satiety, anorexia, 16 pound weight loss and feeling like she suffocates while she eats. Laboratories were unremarkable. CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis showed a 3.1 cm pedunculated polypoid mass along the posterior-inferior wall of the antrum proximal to the pylorus. EGD revealed a 4 cm pedunculated polyp at the incisura with a thick base that precluded endoscopic resection. Biopsies revealed a hyperplastic polyp and no signs of H. pylori infection. Given the size and endoscopic appearance of the polyp, repeat EGD was performed for biopsies to exclude dysplasia or malignancy. On repeat EGD, the multi-lobulated head of the polyp was found to have prolapsed into the duodenal bulb leading to gastric outlet obstruction (Figure 1). Using an open Roth net, the head of the polyp was delivered back into the stomach (Figure 2). Repeat biopsy revealed hyperplastic polyp and patient was referred to surgery. Exploratory laparotomy with gastric polypectomy and pyloroplasty was completed without complications. Pathology from surgical specimens confirmed hyperplastic polyp without dysplasia (Figure 3). At one year follow-up, symptoms had resolved and EGD showed pyloroplasty with no residual polyp.Figure 1Figure 2Figure 3We present an uncommon case of a symptomatic large gastric polyp in the pre-pyloric stomach leading to intermittent gastric outlet obstruction. Hyperplastic polyps are solitary in about two-thirds of cases. Small lesions are not considered pre-cancerous but a polyp's malignancy potential increases with larger polyp size. This case demonstrates how large gastric polyps can cause intermittently severe symptoms in contrast to the progressive presentations of stenosis or malignancy. Furthermore, we describe a rare etiology of gastric outlet obstruction and an endoscopic technique to reduce the prolapsed head of the polyp from the duodenum to the stomach with the Roth net.
The AERO System: A 3D-Like Approach for Recording Gene Expression Patterns in the Whole Mouse Embryo (2013)

We have recently constructed a web-based database of gene expression in the mouse whole embryo, EMBRYS (http://embrys.jp/embrys/html/MainMenu.html). To allow examination of gene expression patterns to the fullest extent possible, this database provides both photo images and annotation data. However, since embryos develop via an intricate process of morphogenesis, it would be of great value to track embryonic gene expression from a three dimensional perspective. In fact, several methods have been developed to achieve this goal, but highly laborious procedures and specific operational skills are generally required. We utilized a novel microscopic technique that enables the easy capture of rotational, 3D-like images of the whole embryo. In this method, a rotary head equipped with two mirrors that are designed to obtain an image tilted at 45 degrees to the microscope stage captures serial images at 2-degree intervals. By a simple operation, 180 images are automatically collected. These 2D images obtained at multiple angles are then used to reconstruct 3D-like images, termed AERO images. By means of this system, over 800 AERO images of 191 gene expression patterns were captured. These images can be easily rotated on the computer screen using the EMBRYS database so that researchers can view an entire embryo by a virtual viewing on a computer screen in an unbiased or non-predetermined manner. The advantages afforded by this approach make it especially useful for generating data viewed in public databases.
Activation of neurokinin 3 receptor increases Nav1.9 current in enteric neurons (2009)

The intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) of the guinea pig enteric nervous system express Na(v)1.9 sodium channels that produce a persistent TTX-resistant current having a low activation threshold and slow gating kinetics. These neurons receive slow EPSPs induced mainly by the activation of neurokinin 3 receptors (NK3r). Here, we demonstrate that senktide, a specific NK3r agonist, potentiates the Na(v)1.9 current (I(Nav1.9)) in IPANs. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from IPANs in duodenum longitudinal muscle/myenteric plexus preparations, we show that short (1-5 s) and long (up to 1 min) applications of senktide, increase the I(Nav1.9) peak current up to 13-fold. The effect, blocked by a NK3r antagonist SB235375 is transient, lasting approximately 2 min and is due to a negative shift of the activation voltage by approximately 20 mV and of fast inactivation by approximately 10 mV. As a consequence, the window current resulting from the product of the activation and fast inactivation curves is shifted and enlarged. The transient effect of senktide is likely to be due to the fast desensitization of NK3r. Protein kinase C (PKC) activation with phorbol or oleoyl acetylglycerol also increases I(Nav1.9), although persistently, by inducing similar voltage-dependent changes. Current-clamp experiments showed that I(Nav1.9) modulation by senktide lowers action potential threshold and increases excitability. The increase in I(Nav1.9) by NK3r activation is also likely to amplify slow EPSPs generated in the IPANs. These changes in excitability potentially have a profound effect on the entire enteric synaptic circuit and ultimately on gut motility and secretion.
Unaliasing by Fourier-encoding the overlaps using the temporal dimension (UNFOLD), applied to cardiac imaging and fMRI (1999)

In several applications, MRI is used to monitor the time behavior of the signal in an organ of interest; e.g., signal evolution because of physiological motion, activation, or contrast-agent accumulation. Dynamic applications involve acquiring data in a k-t space, which contains both temporal and spatial information. It is shown here that in some dynamic applications, the t axis of k-t space is not densely filled with information. A method is introduced that can transfer information from the k axes to the t axis, allowing a denser, smaller k-t space to be acquired, and leading to significant reductions in the acquisition time of the temporal frames. Results are presented for cardiac-triggered imaging and functional MRI (fMRI), and are compared with data obtained in a conventional way. The temporal resolution was increased by nearly a factor of two in the cardiac-triggered study, and by as much as a factor of eight in the fMRI study. This increase allowed the acquisition of fMRI activation maps, even when the acquisition time for a single full time frame was actually longer than the paradigm cycle period itself. The new method can be used to significantly reduce the acquisition time of the individual temporal frames in certain dynamic studies. This can be used, for example, to increase the temporal or spatial resolution, increase the spatial coverage, decrease the total imaging time, or alter sequence parameters e.g., repetition time (TR) and echo time (TE) and thereby alter contrast. Magn Reson Med 42:813-828, 1999.
New Beginnings - An Interactive Graphic Novel for English Language Learners (2020)

New Beginnings - a creative and interactive Graphic Novel to teach abbreviations for Adult English Language Learners.