gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterizing Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Nanoparticles (2016)

A key aspect of nanoscience is to control the assembly of complex materials from a "bottom-up" approach. The self-assembly and self-organization of small ligands at the surface of nanoparticles represent a possible starting route for the preparation of (bio)nanomaterials with precise (bio)physical and (bio)chemical properties. However, surface characterization and elucidation of the structure-properties relationship, essential to envisioning such control, remain challenging and are often poorly investigated. This Topical Review aims to discuss different levels of surface characterization, giving an overview of the experimental and computational approaches that are used to provide insights into the self-assembled monolayer with molecular details. The methods and strategies discussed focus on the characterization of self-assembled monolayers at the gold nanoparticle surface, but most of them could also be applied to other types of nanoparticles.
Prolyl-hydroxylase 3: evolving roles for an ancient signaling protein (2013)

The ability of cells to sense oxygen is a highly evolved process that facilitates adaptations to the local oxygen environment and is critical to energy homeostasis. In vertebrates, this process is largely controlled by three intracellular prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHD 1-3). These related enzymes share the ability to hydroxylate the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF), and therefore control the transcription of genes involved in metabolism and vascular recruitment. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that proline-4-hydroxylation controls much more than HIF signaling, with PHD3 emerging as an exceptionally unique and functionally diverse PHD isoform. In fact, PHD3-mediated hydroxylation has recently been purported to function in such diverse roles as sympathetic neuronal and muscle development, sepsis, glycolytic metabolism, and cell fate. PHD3 expression is also highly distinct from that of the other PHD enzymes, and varies considerably between different cell types and oxygen concentrations. This review will examine the evolution of oxygen sensing by the HIF-family of PHD enzymes, with a specific focus on complex nature of PHD3 expression and function in mammalian cells.
Wheat Variety Test (1979)

Crop History: Planted: December 27, 1978. Seeding Rate: 110 lbs /acre. Previous Crop: Cotton. Herbicide: Buctril at the rate of 2 pints per acre (0.5 lbs /acre active ingredient) was applied on February 22, 1979. Insecticide: Thimet 15G, at the rate of 6.5 lbs /acre (.98 lbs /acre of active ingredient) was applied on March 8, 1979 for control of aphids. Irrigation: 3.4 acre feet per acre of Colorado River water were applied in eight irrigations. Fertilizer: Source Lbs /acre Time of Application Lbs. N/A NH3 100 Prior to Planting 83 NH3 60 March 3, 1979 50 NH3 50 March 20, 1979 40 Total 173 Harvested: June 8, 1979 Plot Size: 24 x 356 feet Agri -File Field Crops 254.112
Characteristics of antiplasticized thermosets: Effects of network architecture and additive chemistry on mechanical fortification (2004)

Abstract A new class of molecular additives is investigated for epoxy‐based crosslinked polymers. These additives are shown to increase modulus and yield stress in the cured networks. In order to elucidate the mechanisms for reinforcement of epoxy thermosets, the effects of additive chemistry and network architecture are considered. Both model and commercial epoxy networks are studied, thereby probing the effect of molecular weight between crosslinks, M c , on reinforcement. Additionally, the family of phosphates being studied ranges in molecular weight, solubility parameter and density. These parameters are demonstrated to strongly influence the degree of reinforcement and correlate with the ability of the additive to reduce mobility of the polymer network. Mechanisms of reinforcement are discussed. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2125–2133, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Nano/Micro-Structured ZnO Rods Synthesized by Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition with Perpendicular Configuration (2021)

Under a one-step process, catalyst-free growth of one-dimensional (1D) ZnO hierarchical nanostructures was performed on ZnO-seeded Si substrate by thermal chemical vapor deposition with a perpendicular setup. The morphological and crystallographic properties of the nano/micro-structured ZnO rods were investigated with varying growth temperature and growth time. X-ray diffraction patterns of 1D ZnO double-structured rods showed the hexagonal wurtzite structure. The morphology and crystal structure of the ZnO double-structured rods were sensitive to the growth temperature and growth time. From Raman scattering and photoluminescence spectra, the orientation and size effects of the ZnO double-structured rods were discussed in relation to growth temperatures and growth times.
Learning fuzzy inference systems using an adaptive membership function scheme (1996)

An adaptive membership function scheme for general additive fuzzy systems is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme can adapt a proper membership function for any nonlinear input-output mapping, based upon a minimum number of rules and an initial approximate membership function. This parameter adjustment procedure is performed by computing the error between the actual and the desired decision surface. Using the proposed adaptive scheme for fuzzy system, the number of rules can be minimized. Nonlinear function approximation and truck backer-upper control system are employed to demonstrate the viability of the proposed method.
Green Molecular Transformations Mediated by Vitamin B12 Related Metal Complexes as Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Effects of growth potential and growth path on tenderness of beef longissimus muscle from bulls and steers1 (2002)

The influence of growth potential or growth path on the tenderness of the longissimus muscle was investigated using 117 Angus and Angus-cross bulls and steers raised on pasture over two successive years. Growth rate for a period of 100 d from a weight of about 200 kg was used to identify the faster-growing two-thirds of cattle within the gender groups, half of which were grown fast to a slaughter weight of 530 kg at 16 to 18 mo of age (the Fast group), whereas the other half were restricted in growth (the Restricted group) so they attained a similar final weight as the slower-growing third (the Slow group) at about 26 mo of age. The Restricted group was included to determine whether the tougher meat expected from the Slow group relative to the Fast group (based on previous results) was due to the greater age of the Slow group or to their slower early growth rate. Beef from the Fast group was tenderer than that from both the Slow and Restricted groups based on sensory panels (P < 0.05) and objective measures (P < 0.05), indicating that the early growth-rate potential was less important than the differences in age or the patterns of growth for the Slow and Restricted groups. Improved tenderness for the Fast group was associated with more intramuscular fat (P < 0.05) and higher myofibrillar fragmentation indexes (P < 0.05). Patterns of tenderness differences between treatment groups were similar for bulls and steers, but beef from bulls was tougher (P < 0.001) than that from steers. The more tender beef from steers was associated with a slightly lower ultimate pH (P < 0.001), higher myofibrillar fragmentation indexes (P < 0.001), and more intramuscular fat (P < 0.001). Ultimate pH affected beef tenderness (P < 0.01), but adjustments to a constant pH did not decrease differences between treatment and gender groups. The higher growth rates (P < 0.01) and leaner carcasses (P < 0.01) of bulls compared with steers were consistent with other studies. Increases in age of 8 to 10 mo may be associated with less tender beef for cattle finished on pasture, and beef from bulls is likely to be less tender than that from steers.
Ethnic differences in the prevalence of the homozygous deleted genotype of glutathione S-transferase theta (1995)

In humans the glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes encode four classes of proteins (GST) important in the detoxification of reactive electrophiles. Recently, a gene deletion polymorphism was discovered within the GST class theta locus that leads to a functional deficiency in GST theta activity within circulating red blood cells. In this study we have examined the ethnic distribution of this polymorphism using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genotyping method. Five different ethnic groups were studied: North American Caucasians, African-Americans, Mexican-Americans, Chinese and Koreans. The prevalence of the null genotype was highest among Chinese (64.4%), followed by Koreans (60.2%), African-Americans (21.8%) and Caucasians (20.4%), whereas the prevalence was lowest among Mexican-Americans (9.7%). Interestingly, the prevalence of the deleted genotype in Caucasians differed significantly when 257 individuals drawn from a nation wide organization were compared with 185 people from the New England area (23.7 versus 15.7%, P < 0.05, chi 2 test). These results indicate that there are major differences in the prevalence of this trait attributable to ethnicity and that ethnic origin even among Caucasians should be considered in studies of gene-environment interaction involving this polymorphism.
Survey of Vulnerability Methodological Needs (1991)

Abstract : Several different models are currently in use for the analysis of the vulnerability of armored fighting vehicle (AFV) to direct fire weapons. However, recent reports have declared that the suite of models is insufficient, especially in the low-detail-quick turn-around regime. In the task described in this report, dozens of users were interviewed. Spanning the field of applications from AFV and warhead design to theater-level modeling, these users reported their perceptions of the state of vulnerability modeling. These perceptions, without rebuttal, are faithfully reported here. Significantly, no need was voiced for a new model.
[Activated prothrombin complex preparations for the treatment of anticoagulant hemophilia. Preparation--method of operation--supply possibility]. (1990)

The mechanism of the bypass activity of prothrombin complex preparatives for treatment of haemophiliacs with circulating anticoagulants remains unclear up to now. The following parameters had been tested with preparatives produced in a different manner (absorption by DEAE-Sephadex A 50, Molselekt A 50, tricalcium phosphate or aluminium hydroxide): Coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X and XII, activated factors VIIa and Xa as well as the FEIB activity. The bypass activity is strongly correlated to the factor VIIa content of the preparatives, however. These results agree with the statements by HEDNER and KISIEL, which had used a factor VII a concentrate for treatment of haemophilia complicated by circulating anticoagulants with success. According to farther investigations factor VII is correlated with the lipid content of the starting plasma. This knowledge is important for optimizing the production procedure of prothrombin complex preparatives with bypassing activity.
Field-theoretic simulations in the Gibbs ensemble (2010)

Calculating phase diagrams and measuring the properties of multiple phases in equilibrium is one of the most common applications of field-theoretic simulations. Such a simulation often attempts to simulate two phases in equilibrium with each other in the same simulation box. This is a computationally demanding approach because it is necessary to perform a large enough simulation so that the interface between the two phases does not affect the estimate of the bulk properties of the phases of interest. In this paper, we describe an efficient method for performing field-theoretic simulations in the Gibbs ensemble, a familiar construct in particle-based simulations where two phases in equilibrium with each other are simulated in separate simulation boxes. Chemical and mechanical equilibrium is maintained by allowing the simulation boxes to swap both chemical species and volume. By fixing the total number of each chemical species and the total volume, the Gibbs ensemble allows for the efficient simulation of two bulk phases at equilibrium in the canonical ensemble. After providing the theoretical framework for field-theoretic simulations in the Gibbs ensemble, we demonstrate the method on two two-dimensional model polymer test systems in both the mean-field limit (self-consistent field theory) and in the fluctuating field theory.
Pharmacogenomics and pharmacoproteomics in the evaluation and management of short stature (2007)

It has long been recognized that growth failure encompasses a diverse spectrum of underlying pathophysiological processes, a characteristic that has significantly impacted both the diagnosis and management of growth disorders. This problem is exacerbated by inherent difficulty in distinguishing the borders between the 'normal range' for stature and defined abnormal growth. Evaluation of GH secretion has proven problematic, both diagnostically and prognostically, except in cases of unequivocal GH deficiency. Measurement of serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and ALS have proven useful in the assessment of GH responsiveness and have contributed to the concept of primary and secondary 'IGF deficiency'. Nevertheless, there is great need for biochemical and/or molecular biomarkers that could: i) predict short- and long-term responsiveness to various therapeutic modalities, such as GH and IGF-I, and ii) predict potential risk for adverse effects of therapy. Candidate proteins and genes identified to date, and worthy of further evaluation, include IGF-I, IGF-I receptor, GH receptor and its variants (such as exon 3-deleted GHR), STAT5b and short stature homeobox. Proteomic analysis of serum samples pre- and post-treatment and correlation with clinical responsiveness should provide additional candidate biomarkers. Molecular studies to consider include: i) sequencing and mutation analysis of known genetic components of the GH-IGF axis; ii) evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms of candidate genes; and iii) identification of new candidate genes. It is proposed that the major target population to study is that of children currently labeled as idiopathic short stature (ISS). These children can be divided into those with: i) primary IGFD, where the focus should be on genes related to GHR, GHR signaling, and IGF-I gene expression, or ii) no IGFD (i.e. 'true ISS'), where the focus should be on genes related to IGFR, IGF signaling and epiphyseal growth.
Charge Transfer through Terthiophene End-Capped Poly(arylene ethynylene)s (2004)

Two poly(arylene ethynylene)s (PAEs) that are end-capped with α-terthiophene (T3) groups were prepared and structurally characterized by proton NMR, GPC, and optical spectroscopy. One of the polymers (T3PPE13) features a backbone structure that alternates phenylene ethynylene and bis(alkoxy)phenylene ethynylene repeat units. The second T3 end-capped polymer (T3PBpE12) features an alternating structure with biphenylene ethynylene and bis(alkoxy)phenylene ethynylene repeats. The absorption spectra of the T3 end-capped polymers are almost the same as those of the corresponding “parent polymers” (PPE164 and PBpE21, respectively) that lack the T3 end-groups. By contrast, whereas the fluorescence spectra of the parent polymers is dominated by a blue fluorescence with λmax = 425 nm, the emission spectra of the end-capped polymers contains a significant contribution of a green fluorescence (λ = 500−550 nm). This signals that the singlet exciton is efficiently trapped by the T3 end groups. Pulse radiolysis studies were carried out on all of the poly(arylene ethynylene)s in an effort to characterize the spectra and dynamics of the cation and anion radicals of the polymers. Pulse radiolytically generated solvent holes, and solvated electrons were transferred to the PAEs at nearly diffusion controlled rates. The absorption spectra of the anion radicals of the PAEs were similar and featured two strong absorption bands, one in the visible (λ = 600 nm) and the second in the near-IR (λ = 1600−2000 nm). The cation radicals of the T3 end-capped polymers also feature two absorption bands, one in the visible and the second in the near-IR. However, the spectra of the cation radicals of the T3 end-capped polymers show important differences. Specifically, the cation radical spectra of T3BpE12 and PBpE21 are identical, which reveals that the hole is not trapped by the T3 end-cap in the biphenylene polymer. By contrast, the cation radical absorption spectra of T3PPE13 (λmax = 640 and 1350 nm) and PPE164 (λmax = 600 and 1950 nm) are distinctly different. This difference suggests that the hole is localized on the T3 end-group in T3PPE13. Bimolecular hole-transfer experiments using bithiophene (T2, = 1.21 V), terthiophene (T3, = 0.91 V), and quaterthiophene (T4, = 0.76 V) with PPE164 and PBpE21 allowed the determination of the oxidation potentials for the PAEs. The values are PPE164, = 0.91 V; PBpE21, = 0.85 V (all potentials vs SCE). The lower oxidation potential of the biphenylene based PAE explains why the hole is not trapped by the T3 end-groups in T3BpE12. The dynamics of intrachain hole transfer in T3PPE13 are much faster than the rate of hole transfer from the solvent, and on the basis of this result, the lower limit for intrachain hole transfer is determined to be kHT ≥ 1 × 108 s-1.
Correcting handwriting baseline skew using direct methods on the weighted least squares (1999)

An approach to correct the baseline handwritten word skew in the image of bank check dates is presented in this article. The main goal of such approach is to reduce the use of empirical thresholds. The weighted least squares approach is used on the pseudo-convex hull obtained from the mathematical morphology. Key-words: Handwritten words, Pseudo-convex hull, Weighted least squares. Resumo: Neste artigo apresenta-se uma abordagem para corrigir a inclinacao da linha de base de palavras manuscritas em imagens de datas de cheques bancarios. A principal meta nessa abordagem e reduzir o uso de limiares empiricos. Para isso e usada a abordagem dos minimos quadrados ponderados sobre o envelope pseudo convexo obtido a partir da morfologia matematica. Palavras-chave: Palavras manuscritas, Envelope pseudo convexo, Minimos quadrados ponderados.
Reactive Ion Etching of RuO2 Films: The Role of Additive Gases in O2 Discharge (1997)

In a previous work, we had reported that the etch rate of RuO2 thin films in an oxygen discharge exhibits an anomalously strong increase (≈︂1625 Å/min) when a small amount of additive gas such as CF3CFH2 (2.5% by mole fraction) is introduced. Furthermore, the etch rate was suppressed by a large factor when the mole fraction of CF3CFH2 gas in the feed was increased. In this work, we have explored the underlying mechanism for this behavior. Several gases, such as CF3CFH2 (HCFC-134), N2, and SF6, were added to the oxygen discharge to investigate the etch mechanism. Atomic oxygen was found to be the dominant active species reacting with RuO2 films to form volatile RuO4 products. In low concentrations, additive gases in the oxygen discharge were found to increase the generation rate of O atoms, thereby enhancing the etch rate. This was confirmed through loading effect studies; the etch rate was found to decrease with increasing sample area. HCFC-134 gas had the strongest effect in increasing the generation rate (G), and accordingly, addition of small amount of CF3CFH2 in oxygen discharge yielded the highest etch rate. The decrease in etch rate with increasing mole fraction of CF3CFH2 in the feed (〉5%) was attributed to the reaction of F atoms with RuO2 to form surface residue layers that occupied surface reaction sites thus impeding the reaction between O and RuO2. The formation of the surface residue layer was validated through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies.
Vaccine-induced immune cell interaction with different version of the Cooperia oncophora ASP (2019)

Vaccine-induced immune
The synthesis of functional star copolymers as an illustration of the importance of controlling polymer structures in the design of new materials (2003)

Abstract Several different methods for the synthesis of star copolymers employing atom transfer radical polymerization are presented. They include core‐first and arm‐first methods, and a combination of both to prepare mikto‐arm stars. Stars with a well‐defined number of arms were prepared by using a core with a precise number of functional groups, and ill‐defined stars were prepared from hyperbranched cores. In addition, end‐functional stars were prepared by either displacing end‐functional halogens or through radical addition with unreactive functional alkenes. Another approach to end‐functional stars employs functional initiators and the subsequent coupling of the end‐functional arms with difunctional vinyl monomers. Star‐like backbones were also used to grow star‐like macromolecular brushes that were visualized by AFM. The polydispersities of individual arms and entire stars followed Schulz–Flory statistics. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Structural Basis of Stereospecificity in the Bacterial Enzymatic Cleavage of β-Aryl Ether Bonds in Lignin (2015)

Lignin is a combinatorial polymer comprising monoaromatic units that are linked via covalent bonds. Although lignin is a potential source of valuable aromatic chemicals, its recalcitrance to chemical or biological digestion presents major obstacles to both the production of second-generation biofuels and the generation of valuable coproducts from lignin's monoaromatic units. Degradation of lignin has been relatively well characterized in fungi, but it is less well understood in bacteria. A catabolic pathway for the enzymatic breakdown of aromatic oligomers linked via β-aryl ether bonds typically found in lignin has been reported in the bacterium Sphingobium sp. SYK-6. Here, we present x-ray crystal structures and biochemical characterization of the glutathione-dependent β-etherases, LigE and LigF, from this pathway. The crystal structures show that both enzymes belong to the canonical two-domain fold and glutathione binding site architecture of the glutathione S-transferase family. Mutagenesis of the conserved active site serine in both LigE and LigF shows that, whereas the enzymatic activity is reduced, this amino acid side chain is not absolutely essential for catalysis. The results include descriptions of cofactor binding sites, substrate binding sites, and catalytic mechanisms. Because β-aryl ether bonds account for 50-70% of all interunit linkages in lignin, understanding the mechanism of enzymatic β-aryl ether cleavage has significant potential for informing ongoing studies on the valorization of lignin.