gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atomic Layer Etching: What Can We Learn from Atomic Layer Deposition? (2015)

Current trends in semiconductor device manufacturing impose extremely stringent requirements on nanoscale processing techniques, both in terms of accurately controlling material properties and in terms of precisely controlling nanometer dimensions. To take nanostructuring by dry etching to the next level, there is a fast growing interest in so-called atomic layer etching processes, which are considered the etching counterpart of atomic layer deposition processes. In this article, past research efforts are reviewed and the key defining characteristics of atomic layer etching are identified, such as cyclic step-wise processing, self-limiting surface chemistry, and repeated removal of atomic layers (not necessarily a full monolayer) of the material. Subsequently, further parallels are drawn with the more mature and mainstream technology of atomic layer deposition from which lessons and concepts are extracted that can be beneficial for advancing the field of atomic layer etching.
Insights into Monocyte-Driven Osteoclastogenesis and Its Link with Hematopoiesis: Regulatory Roles of PECAM-1 (CD31) and SHP-1 (2010)

Osteoclasts are derived from hematopoietic cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage. Osteoclastogenesis is orchestrated by the migration of monocytic osteoclast progenitor cells in close proximity to bone surfaces destined for resorption. Although the overall roles of monocyte migratory behavior in osteoclastogenesis remain enigmatic, impaired monocyte migration can lead to either decreased or increased osteoclastogenesis, which appears contingent upon the roles of migration in either fusion events required for osteoclast formation or terminal differentiation of osteoclasts. The cell adhesion molecule PECAM-1 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1), in concert with the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 (Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1) and tyrosine kinase Syk-1 (spleen tyrosine kinase 1), functions as a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis. Both PECAM-1 (CD31) and SHP-1 knockout mice exhibit not only increased osteoclastogenesis but also abnormal hematopoiesis, which is suggestive of the intricate interplay between hematopoiesis and osteoclastogenesis. Interestingly, the most pronounced effect of PECAM-1 deficiency on hematopoiesis is reflected by excessive megakaryocytopoiesis. Emerging data have suggested the role of megakaryocytes in bone remodeling. Megakaryocytopoiesis-osteoclastogenesis interactions are discussed herein, reconciling the discrepancies shown by different studies in this area. PECAM-1 and non-receptor tyrosine phosphatase polymorphisms have been revealed in a spectrum of diseases. The complex regulatory roles of PECAM-1 and SHP-1 in vivo suggest the potential utilization of polymorphisms of these genes for diagnostic purposes.
Mind Uploading and Resurrection of Human Consciousness. Place for Science? (2008)

Brain trauma often affects memories, perceptions and many other cognitive functions which all together form human mind. Modern medicine tries to provide technologies which can heal damaged brain and recover stream of consciousness. In this paper, I performed simulation experiment to analyze hypothetical process of mind recovery through uploading to an artificial environment. Neuroprosthesis, brain-computer interface or brain transplant might be the candidates for such migration. A term- “Mind uploading” was introduced to define process where core vital functions migrate from the human brain to an artificial environment. To simulate the process, I suggest a topological approach which is based on a formalism of information geometry. Geometrical formalism let me simulate a simple toy mind as geometrical structures. Also, it gives powerful geometrical and topological methods for analysis of the information flows in arbitrary complex system. The approach leads me to insight of using holographic analogy for the mind migration to an artificial environment. The concept of holography is well known in optics where localized 3D shape can be recorded and later reconstructed by 2D dimensional hologram. I am using that analogy to represents the toy mind functions as a geometrical shape on information manifold. Distributed holographic representation can be created for such shape. Then holographic reconstruction process provides an algorithm to reconstruct original system. Thus the migration from original to an artificial environment and back can be seen as a holography on information manifold. Interactions between brain and an artificial environment are modeled as an entropy flow which is defined as a geometrical flow on information manifold. Such flow is an analogy of holography recording for the toy mind. The opposite process of holography reconstruction is modeled by none-local Hamiltonians defined on information manifold. The simulated process illustrate a way to restore stream of consciousness which is lost due to brain damage, degeneration or decay. At the same, the simulation demonstrated that certain physical limitations will constraint such migration.
Radio-ulnar joint supinates around ball release during baseball fastball pitching (2016)

This study was conducted to determine whether a supination phase of the forearm exists around ball release (BRL), and, if present, to determine whether this supination is explained by a reaction force or by the body configuration required for this task. A 16-camera motion analysis system with a sampling frequency of 1,000 Hz recorded 20 healthy male semi-professional pitchers pitching from an indoor pitching mound. A short supination phase around BRL was confirmed for all participants in the current study. Correlation analyses revealed that the supination angle at BRL had significant relationships with several measurements of shoulder movement kinematics. Mechanical work analysis of the forearm's longitudinal axis revealed several variations in joint power curve and various patterns of mechanical work among the participants, suggesting that a reaction force originating from accelerating a ball might not be the main cause of supination. The raw data also were down-sampled to a sampling frequency of 250 Hz, to match previous studies and to investigate the discrepancy among previous studies concerning the existence of the supination phase. The experience of participants and methodological differences, such as the definition of BRL and the time-normalisation technique, influenced whether the supination phase was observed.
Automatic Creation and Tuning of Context Free Grammars for Interactive Voice Response Systems (2006)

In this paper, we focus on the design of an AUTOCFGPROCESSOR procedure to automatically create and tune context free grammars (CFGs) for directed dialog speech applications without the use of any domain specific text corpora. A reranking mechanism is used to post-process the large vocabulary continuous speech recognizer (LVCSR) n-best lists with additional phonetic and higher level linguistic knowledge for transcribing the user utterances with improved word error rate (WER). We also depict the classification of LVCSR transcriptions into semantic categories and the use of a statistical filtering mechanism on the valid LVCSR-transcriptions for the CFG creation and tuning tasks. We also illustrate the importance of the additional improvements gained by using semantic classification strength in a feedback loop to the transcription mechanism.
Laser Beam Relaying with Phase-Conjugate Diffractive Optical Elements (1996)

In many high power optical systems, it is necessary to relay a beam from one component to another or from the laser output to the target Simple Gaussian beams can be easily relayed with conventional optics; however more complex profiles, such as a flat-top laser mode, require an afocal imaging system to reproduce the mode profile and phase front. Fig. 1a shows a conventional afocal system. For high Fresnel number applications, the intermediate focal point can result in undesirable concentration of light and subsequent air breakdown.
Protein folding stress potentiates NLRP1 and CARD8 inflammasome activation (2023)

NLRP1 and CARD8 are related pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect intracellular danger signals and form inflammasomes. Both undergo autoproteolysis, generating N-terminal (NT) and C-terminal (CT) fragments. The proteasome-mediated degradation of the NT releases the CT from autoinhibition, but the stimuli that trigger NT degradation have not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that several distinct agents that interfere with protein folding, including aminopeptidase inhibitors, chaperone inhibitors, and inducers of the unfolded protein response, accelerate NT degradation. However, these agents alone do not trigger inflammasome formation because the released CT fragments are physically sequestered by the serine dipeptidase DPP9. We show that DPP9-binding ligands must also be present to disrupt these complexes and allow the CT fragments to oligomerize into inflammasomes. Overall, these results indicate that NLRP1 and CARD8 detect a specific perturbation that induces both protein folding stress and DPP9 ligand accumulation.
Modeling-in-context: user design of complementary objects with a single photo (2010)

The products that we use everyday are typically designed and produced for mass consumption. However, it is difficult for such products to satisfy the needs of individual users. We present a framework that allows the end-user to participate in the entire process of designing their own objects, from the initial concept stage to the production of a new real-world object that fits well with the existing complementary objects. We advocate using a single photo as a rough guide for the user to sketch a new customized object that does not exist in the photo. Our system provides a 2D interface for sketching the outline of the new object and annotating certain geometric properties of it directly on the photo. We introduce a Modified Lipson optimization method for generating the 3D shape. We design a variety of real-world everyday objects that are complementary to the existing objects and environment in the photo. We show that novice users can learn and create new objects with our system within minutes.
A high-power fiber optic laser Doppler velocimeter (1984)

A fibre optic Doppler difference type laser velocimeter for use with high optical powers has been devised and constructed. The system provides a flexible monomode optical fibre link between the argon ion laser used and the launching optical system, which illuminates the measurement volume. A multimode optical fibre links the receiving optical system and the photodetector. Optical powers of up to 500 mW were delivered to the measurement volume.
Life time prediction of thin walled heat exchanger tubes fabricated from FeCrAl-based alloys (1996)

FeCrAl-based ODS alloys are potentially suitable construction materials for highly stressed components operating at high temperatures in aggressive environments. However, at temperatures above around 1,100 C the life time of thin walled components can be limited by oxidation/corrosion. A model is presented which allows the prediction of the oxidation limited component life as a function of wall thickness, alloy composition and temperature. Oxidation results of new alloys with increased component life compared with commercial ODS materials are presented.
Cover Feature: Bidentate Disilicate Framework for Bis‐Grafted Surface Species (Chem. Eur. J. 47/2021) (2021)

Synthesizing the “wanted” bald eagle killer: Aetokthonotoxin (AETX), a pentabrominated 1,2’-biindole alkaloid has been indicted to elicit vacuolar myelinopathy, a neurologic disease causing the death of birds of prey, such as the bald eagle in the USA. In order to assess further biological activity studies, synthesis of this neurotoxin is decidedly needed. Here, we describe its first total synthesis: by fusing advanced indole intermediates in a Somei-type Michael reaction in only five steps overall. More information can be found in the Full Paper by M. G. Ricardo, B. Westermann, et al. (DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101848).
3D motion estimation for depth image coding in 3D video coding (2009)

In this paper, a new solution is introduced for the efficient compression of 3D video based on color and depth maps. While standard video codecs are designed for coding monoscopic videos, their application to depth maps is found to be suboptimal. With regard to the special properties of the depth maps, we propose an extension to conventional video coding in order to take advantage of object motion in the depth direction. Instead of performing a 2D motion search, as is common in conventional video codecs, we propose the use of a 3D motion search that is able to better exploit the temporal correlations of 3D content. In this new framework, the motion of blocks in depth maps are described using 3D motion vectors (x, y, z), representing the horizontal, vertical, and depth directions respectively. This leads to more accurate motion prediction and a smaller residual. The experimental results show that the proposed technique delivers an improvement in motion compensation, which leads to gains in compression efficiency.
Line-shape changes due to optical pumping of Na in buffer gas (1981)

We have observed a collapse of the Na hyperfine doublet into a single peak due to laser-induced optical pumping when the product of laser power and buffer gas pressure exceeds \ensuremath{\sim}0.1 mW Torr. The complex line shapes observed under these conditions have been quantitatively explained by a model which describes the laser-induced change in the population of the ground-state hyperfine levels and also includes pressure broadening and diffusion of atoms out of the laser beam. The line-shape distortion can occur at laser intensities ${10}^{3}$ below that required for radiative saturation, and must be considered in experiments involving the line shape or the population of the hyperfine levels.
Diffractive optics for compact flat panel displays. Final report (1997)

Three years ago LLNL developed a practical method to dramatically reduce the chromatic aberration in single element diffractive imaging lenses. High efficiency, achromatic imaging lenses have been fabricated for human vision correction. This LDRD supported research in applying our new methods to develop a unique, diffraction-based optical interface with solid state, microelectronic imaging devices. Advances in microelectronics have led to smaller, more efficient components for optical systems. There have, however, been no equivalent advances in the imaging optics associated with these devices. The goal of this project was to replace the bulky, refractive optics in typical head-mounted displays with micro-thin diffractive optics to directly image flat-panel displays into the eye. To visualize the system think of the lenses of someone`s eyeglasses becoming flat-panel displays. To realize this embodiment, we needed to solve the problems of large chromatic aberrations and low efficiency that are associated with diffraction. We have developed a graceful tradeoff between chromatic aberrations and the diffractive optic thickness. It turns out that by doubling the thickness of a micro-thin diffractive lens we obtain nearly a two-times improvement in chromatic performance. Since the human eye will tolerate one diopter of chromatic aberration, we are able to achieve an achromatic image with a diffractive lens that is only 20 microns thick, versus 3 mm thickness for the comparable refractive lens. Molds for the diffractive lenses are diamond turned with sub-micron accuracy; the final lenses are cast from these molds using various polymers. We thus retain both the micro- thin nature of the diffractive optics and the achromatic image quality of refractive optics. During the first year of funding we successfully extended our earlier technology from 1 cm diameter optics required for vision applications up to the 5 cm diameter optics required for this application. 3 refs., 6 figs.
11β-Hydroxylation of Cortexolone (Reichstein Compound S) to Hydrocortisone by Curvularia lunata Entrapped in Photo-Cross-Linked Resin Gels (1983)

Spores of Curvularia lunata were immobilized by entrapment with photo-cross-linkable resin prepolymers and incubated to form mycelium in potato dextrose broth containing cortexolone (Reichstein compound S) as an inducer of steroid 11beta-hydroxylase. In a buffer system containing 2.5% dimethyl sulfoxide, this immobilized mycelium hydroxylated cortexolone to hydrocortisone. The activity of this mycelium was comparable to the activity of free mycelium. Dimethyl sulfoxide did not inhibit hydroxylase activity at the concentration used and was effective in dissolving the product. Of the various photo-cross-linkable resin prepolymers examined, use of ENT-4000, whose main chain was polyethylene glycol 4000 (chain length, approximately 40 nm), resulted in maximum hydroxylation activity of the entrapped mycelium. The chain length of prepolymers affected markedly mycelial growth in the gels and, subsequently, the activity of the entrapped mycelium. The immobilized hydroxylation system was more stable than the system in free mycelium and could be reactivated by incubation of the entrapped mycelium in potato dextrose broth containing cortexolone. The system was tested 50 times during 100 days of operation and was found to carry out the desired transformation with overall yields of 60%.
Achromatic and chromatic liquid crystal polymer films at near-infrared wavelengths (Conference Presentation) (2017)

Certain wavelengths bands, especially Y, J, H, and K, have become the main measurement pathway for many of the world’s largest telescopes. Additionally, the study of stellar light within of near-infrared (NIR) bands has become the staple in the field of direct imaging. Because of this, there is a growing necessity for customized broadband optics in the near infrared to meet the needs of the astronomers and allow for more precise measurements. We report on complex birefringent films developed for NIR operation, useful to implement wave-plates, vector apodizing phase plates, and polarization gratings. The combination of multi-twist retarders (MTRs) with both direct-write laser scanning or holographic lithography, and allows us to fabricate arbitrary phase patterns via a geometric phase effect and achromatic, super-achromatic, and highly chromatic (dual-band) spectra from 0.5 to 5 microns. MTRs are complex birefringent films with an optic axis variation along 1D/2D/3D. They consist of two or more chiral liquid crystal (LC) layers on a single substrate and with a single photo-alignment layer. Importantly, subsequent LC layers are aligned directly by prior layers, allowing simple fabrication, achieving automatic layer registration, and resulting in a monolithic film with a continuously varying optic axis. MTRs can be used for a wide range of remote optical sensing, both earth- and space-based. Here, we will review our current and prior MTR films being used for NIR astronomical observation, and discuss the realistic opportunities and limitations ahead for improved precision and design-complexity for retardation and wavefront(phase).
On the topological characterization of robot singularity loci. a catastrophe-theoretic approach (2011)

Two-dimensional slices of robot singularity loci contain, in general, cusps. This kind of points are important because their presence indicates the possibility of planning assembly-changing motions that do not meet any singularity. The critical points where the number of cusps changes, as the slice is swept, permit one to decompose a singularity locus into domains where the obtained slices share common topological properties. In this paper, it is shown how Catastrophe Theory provides a solid framework to classify these critical points up to certain types of equivalence giving precise local models to describe them. It is also shown how only three possible types of these critical points exist for generic robots. The presented results are exemplified on a serial 3R robot.
Beta-globin locus activation regions: conservation of organization, structure, and function. (1990)

The human beta-globin locus activation region (LAR) comprises four erythroid-specific DNase I hypersensitive sites (I-IV) thought to be largely responsible for activating the beta-globin domain and facilitating high-level erythroid-specific globin gene expression. We identified the goat beta-globin LAR, determined 10.2 kilobases of its sequence, and demonstrated its function in transgenic mice. The human and goat LARs share 6.5 kilobases of homologous sequences that are as highly conserved as the epsilon-globin gene promoters. Furthermore, the overall spatial organization of the two LARs has been conserved. These results suggest that the functionally relevant regions of the LAR are large and that in addition to their primary structure, the spatial relationship of the conserved elements is important for LAR function.
The Effect of Being Aerobically Active vs. Inactive on Cutaneous Vascular Conductance during Local Heat Stress in an Older Population (2017)

<b>Objective:</b> To test the hypothesis that long- term aerobically trained elderly individuals have a greater amount of bioavailable nitric oxide (NO) and have a larger cutaneous vasodilation during local heat stress compared to their inactive elderly counterparts. <b>Methods:</b> Eight aerobically trained and 8 inactive older men (>60 years old) participated in this study. NO bioavailability in blood and intradermal dialysate were measured with an ozone based chemiluminescence NO analyzer. Cutaneous vasodilator response to local heating was obtained using laser Doppler velocimetry. <b>Results:</b> Whole blood NO were similar in older- trained and inactive subjects (0.75 ± 0.56 and 0.38 ± 0.32 μM, respectively; Mann-Whitney, <i>p</i> = 0.153), as was intradermal dialysate NO before (7.82 ± 6.32 and 4.18 ± 1.89 μM, respectively) and after local heating (7.16 ± 6.27 and 5.88 ± 3.97 μM, respectively, <i>p</i> = 0.354). The cutaneous vasodilator response of the older- inactive group was smaller than the older- trained group [Group-Time interaction, <i>F</i><sub>(24, 264)</sub> = 12.0, <i>p</i> < 0.0001]. When compared to a young group the peak vasodilator response of the older- trained subjects was similar. However, the time to initial dilation was 3.1 and 2.2 times longer (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in older- inactive and older- trained subjects, respectively, compared to young subjects. <b>Conclusions:</b> Our data support the hypothesis that the age-related reductions in cutaneous vasodilation can possibly be restored by maintaining an aerobic training regimen (at least 3 years). However, some residual effects of aging remain, specifically a delayed cutaneous vasodilator response to local heating is still present in active older adults. We found no evidence for an increase in systemic or local NO-bioavailability with an extended commitment to aerobic fitness.
Chlamydia psittaci infection and associated infertility in sheep. (1993)

Nineteen ewes were injected subcutaneously with the agent of enzootic ovine abortion, Chlamydia psittaci serovar 1, at 50 days gestation. Placental and fetal tissues were examined at 15 days postinfection and thereafter at ten day intervals. Placental infection was detected at 15 days postinfection. Only postinoculation sera collected from postinfected ewes contained antibodies reactive to C. psittaci. Five (26%) chlamydial infected ewes experienced inapparent fetal loss before day 105 of gestation. This finding is significant since C. psittaci infection in sheep is commonly associated with abortion and not infertility.