gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mid- and far-infrared spectroscopy of nucleobases: molar extinction coefficients, integrated molar absorptivity, and temperature dependence of the main bands (2023)

ABSTRACT The nucleobases, namely the purines adenine and guanine and the pyrimidines cytosine, thymine, and uracil, are the key monomers of the information polymers DNA and RNA. All the nucleobases were recently detected in the analysis of certain meteorites known as carbonaceous chondrites. The concentration of the nucleobases found in meteorites is smaller than the concentration of amino acids. However, the nucleobases were successfully synthesized abiotically by ultraviolet irradiation of interstellar ice analogues at 10 K. Consequently, it is possible that the purines and pyrimidines may be present in the interstellar medium or in other space environments and may be detectable by the new orbiting telescopes that indeed are able to cover not only the mid-infrared spectral range but also the far-infrared. This work supplies the reference spectra of the five nucleobases used by the terrestrial biochemistry in the mid-infrared and in the far-infrared with the purpose to facilitate the search and identification of these astrobiological and astrochemical relevant molecules in space. The mid-infrared spectra of all nucleobases were recorded at three different temperatures from −180 °C to nearly ambient temperature and at +250 °C. Furthermore, the molar extinction coefficients (ε) of all mid- and far-infrared bands were determined, as well as the integrated molar absorptivities (ψ). With the reported infrared spectra together with the ε and ψ values, it will be possible to identify qualitatively the nucleobases and estimate their relative abundance in space.
Meal Skipping Patterns and Nutrient Intakes of Rural Southern Elderly (1996)

Dietary practices, a 24-hr food recall, self-reported health status, perceived well-being, and socioeconomic data were collected from 2890 rural elders selected from 11 southern states by a stratified randomization method based on income and population. Overall nutrient intakes were low, especially energy and calcium, and 16.3% of respondents consumed fewer than three meals daily. Though meal skippers snacked more frequently, their nutrient intakes were significantly lower than those of three-meal eaters. Meal skippers were more likely to be smokers, younger elders, females, those who ate alone and those with less education, higher BMI, and lower self-rated quality of well-being, especially economic and social well-being.
ABREAST: A new global registry of adjuvant strategies in patients with early stage breast cancer (2005)

576 Background: There are substantial global variations in BC incidence, diagnosis, treatment, and survival. Prospective data on pt and tumor characteristics, treatment practices, factors impacting treatment decisions, and outcomes are lacking. We report results of a pilot study in 3 countries and the launch of an international registry to provide these data for the pt cohort with early stage BC. Methods: An international panel of experts convened to develop a prospective global BC registry, ABREAST. This was designed to achieve a random sample of pts representative of each country or region and within each participating center. International participation was solicited. A unique case report form (CRF) was designed and tested in a pilot study. Female or male pts with early stage BC were eligible. After obtaining written informed consent, CRFs were completed locally via chart review. Data from the CRFs were assessed for internal consistency, and investigators were asked about the ease of completing the forms. Results: Pilot Study: Contents of the CRF included: pt demographics, BC risk factors, co-morbidities, detection and diagnostic methods, tumor biomarker status, T and N stage, physician’s assessment of 5 year (yr) recurrence, local and systemic therapeutic plan, and outcomes. Thirty-four pts were enrolled in 3 institutions in Mexico, Turkey, and Poland. The CRFs were completed in the first cohort, revised, and validated in a second cohort. Data quality was very good; investigators and research coordinators reported ease in completing the CRFs. ABREAST launch: 36,000 pts will be enrolled over 3 yrs in >60 countries. Accrual began 8 Dec 2004. Data will be collected at entry, 1 yr, and 5 yrs; CRFs will be sent via DataFax to a central data management facility using anonymous identifiers. International Scientific and Steering Committees maintain oversight of this project. Data will be analyzed based on an investigator-driven concept proposal mechanism. Conclusions: The pilot study showed that detailed data on early BC across multiple domains can be accurately collected using a simple tool in diverse countries. Thus, ABREAST was launched globally using these validated CRFs. Accrual status will be updated. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration sanofi-aventis
Ramp facies and sequence stratigraphic models in an epeiric sea: the Upper Ordovician mixed carbonate-siliciclastic Glenwood and Platteville Formations, Wisconsin, USA (1998)

Abstract Variability in lithofacies and depositional environments of the Upper Ordovician mixed carbonate-siliciclastic Glenwood and Platteville Formations in Wisconsin are studied and analysed within a sequence framework. Two depositional sequences are identified in these strata. Sequence boundaries correspond to identified and interpreted exposure surfaces with or without angular discordance. These surfaces mark an abrupt upward increase in shale, and correspond to widespread discontinuity surfaces interpreted to represent time-stratigraphic breaks. Sequences show a base with either sandstones or shales grading upward into carbonate lithologies devoid of terrigenous clastic deposits. Cycles are the smallest stratigraphic packages of regional significance (tens to hundreds of kilometres) and correspond to interpreted upward-shallowing successions. Cycle attributes change from sequence to sequence. Depositional environments are interpreted similarly to many ancient carbonate ramps. Sequence S1 contains diverse facies indicating deposition in wide palaeowater depth ranges from tidal-flat to deep subtidal outer ramp environments. Rapid lateral facies change with irregular spatial distribution observed in sequence S1 is interpreted to be related to the high ramp gradient and irregular antecedent topography during deposition of sequence S1. Facies succession in sequence S2 shows upward changes from storm-dominated mid-ramp to low-energy inner ramp environments without intervening high-energy shallow-water shoal belts. This differs from most storm-dominated carbonate ramp facies models in the geological record, in which storm bed rich mid-ramp deposits show transition to inner ramp successions that contain shoreface barrier sediments such as ooid-skeletal grainstone and boundstone. This model is interpreted as a consequence of infrequency of significant wave activity, in which incoming oceanic waves lost their energy very gradually over a wide area. Without inherited topography, the broad epeiric sea modified circulation and the overall result is a decrease in energy landward. A low wave-energy, microtidal, storm-dominated ramp model is postulated for such successions.
Atomic Layer Deposition and Photocatalytic Properties of Titanium Dioxide Thin Films (2010)

Photocatalytic TiO2 thin films can be highly useful in many environments and applications. They can be used as self-cleaning coatings on top of glass, tiles and steel to reduce the amount of fouling on these surfaces. Photocatalytic TiO2 surfaces have antimicrobial properties making them potentially useful in hospitals, bathrooms and many other places where microbes may cause problems. TiO2 photocatalysts can also be used to clean contaminated water and air. Photocatalytic oxidation and reduction reactions proceed on TiO2 surfaces under irradiation of UV light meaning that sunlight and even normal indoor lighting can be utilized. In order to improve the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 materials even further, various modification methods have been explored. Doping with elements such as nitrogen, sulfur and fluorine, and preparation of different kinds of composites are typical approaches that have been employed. Photocatalytic TiO2 nanotubes and other nanostructures are gaining interest as well. \n\nAtomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is a chemical gas phase thin film deposition method with strong roots in Finland. This unique modification of the common Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method is based on alternate supply of precursor vapors to the substrate which forces the film growth reactions to proceed only on the surface in a highly controlled manner. ALD gives easy and accurate film thickness control, excellent large area uniformity and unparalleled conformality on complex shaped substrates. These characteristics have recently led to several breakthroughs in microelectronics, nanotechnology and many other areas. \n\nIn this work, the utilization of ALD to prepare photocatalytic TiO2 thin films was studied in detail. Undoped as well as nitrogen, sulfur and fluorine doped TiO2 thin films were prepared and thoroughly characterized. ALD prepared undoped TiO2 films were shown to exhibit good photocatalytic activities. Of the studied dopants, sulfur and fluorine were identified as much better choices than nitrogen. Nanostructured TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared through template directed deposition on various complex shaped substrates by exploiting the good qualities of ALD. A clear enhancement in the photocatalytic activity was achieved with these nanostructures. \n\nSeveral new ALD processes were also developed in this work. TiO2 processes based on two new titanium precursors, Ti(OMe)4 and TiF4, were shown to exhibit saturative ALD-type of growth when water was used as the other precursor. In addition, TiS2 thin films were prepared for the first time by ALD using TiCl4 and H2S as precursors. Ti1-xNbxOy and Ti1-xTaxOy transparent conducting oxide films were prepared successfully by ALD and post-deposition annealing. Highly unusual, explosive crystallization behaviour occurred in these mixed oxides which resulted in anatase crystals with lateral dimensions over 1000 times the film thickness.
Mental chronometry using latency-resolved functional MRI (1998)

Vascular responses to neural activity are exploited as the basis of a number of brain imaging techniques. The vascular response is thought to be too slow to resolve the temporal sequence of events involved in cognitive tasks, and hence, imaging studies of mental chronometry have relied on techniques such as the evoked potential. Using rapid functional MRI (fMRI) of single trials of two simple behavioral tasks, we demonstrate that while the microvascular response to the onset of neural activity is delayed consistently by several seconds, the relative timing between the onset of the fMRI responses in different brain areas appears preserved. We examined a number of parameters that characterize the fMRI response and determined that its onset time is best defined by the inflection point from the resting baseline. We have found that fMRI onset latencies determined in this manner correlate well with independently measurable parameters of the tasks such as reaction time or stimulus presentation time and can be used to determine the origin of processing delays during cognitive or perceptual tasks with a temporal accuracy of tens of milliseconds and spatial resolution of millimeters.
Decision support tools for trading in deregulated energy systems (2001)

Summary form only given. In a competitive environment, trading of electric energy is conducted through bilateral and spot markets. Players representing the supply side and demand side compete based on the market rules. The scope of traditional energy management systems do not incorporate trading functions in today's market environment. To meet the needs, the University of Washington has worked on a number of important decision support tools related to trading decision making in the market environment. Some decision making applications are: optimization techniques to determine the contract amount and price; risk assessment in the presence of uncertainties; pricing of flexible contracts; volatility of prices; and analysis of strategic behaviors in the transmission grids. This panel discussion provides an overview of the highlights. However, more emphasis is placed on the first two topics.
Experience with two faulty composite insulators detection methods in Hydro-Quebec (1997)

Studies by Hydro-Quebec to develop more sophisticated testing methods for polymer insulators on its power transmission and distribution system were described. One of the most serious problems regarding the use of composite insulators is the maintenance problem of not being able to detect defective units in service. In the early years, visual inspection from the tower was the only method used for composite insulator monitoring. This was not considered to be sufficient because internal defects could not be detected. Two new defect detection methods have been developed and tested, i.e. electric field mapping and the infrared detection method. A case history demonstrating the use of both these methods in detecting an insulator problem was described. 4 refs., 8 figs
Pseudo-Immersive Real-Time Display of 3D Scenes on Mobile Devices (2011)

The display of complex 3D scenes in real-time on mobile devices is difficult due to the insufficient data throughput and a relatively weak graphics performance. Hence, we propose a client-server system, where the processing of the complex scene is performed on a server and the resulting data is streamed to the mobile device. In order to cope with low transmission bit rates, the server sends new data only with a frame rate of about 2 Hz. However, instead of sending plain frame buffers, the server decomposes the scene geometry represented by the current view's depth profile into a small set of textured polygons. This processing does not require the knowledge of objects or structures in the scene, i.e. the output of Time-of-flight cameras can be handled as well. The 2.5D representation of the current frame allows the mobile device to render plausibly distorted views of the scene at high frame rates as long as the viewing position does not change too much before the next frame arrives from the server. In order to further augment the visual experience, we use the mobile device's built-in camera or gyroscope to detect the spatial relation between the user's face and the device, so that the camera view can be adapted accordingly. This produces a pseudo-immersive visual effect. Besides designing the overall system with a render-server, 3D display client, and real-time face/pose detection, our main technical contribution is a highly efficient algorithm that decomposes a frame buffer with per-pixel depth and normal information into a small set of planar regions which can be textured with the current frame. This representation is simple enough for real time display on today's mobile devices.
A 100-element MODFET grid amplifier (2002)

A 100-element quasi-optical amplifier is presented. The active devices are custom-fabricated modulation-doped field-effect transistors (MODFETs). Common-mode oscillations were suppressed using resistors in the input gate leads. The grid has 9 dB of gain at 10.1 GHz. The 3-dB bandwidth is 1.2 GHz. We present a model for the gain of the grid versus frequency and compare measurement with theory.
Soy protein and serum lipids (1996)

Evidence exists indicating that substitution of soy for animal protein reduces both total ahd LDL-cholesterol concentrations in humans. There are a number of biologically active compounds associated with soy protein; however, the precise mechanism and the component(s) of soy responsible have not been fully established. Some studies suggest that, when soy protein is fed, cholesterol absorption or bile acid reabsorption, or both, is impaired. This is observed in some animal species such as rabbits and rats but not in humans, nor when amino acids replace intact soy protein. Other workers have proposed that changes in endocrine status are responsible, however, this again has not been observed in humans. Increases in LDL receptor activity in both animals and humans have been reported after ingestion of soy protein or various extracts of soy, or both. Furthermore, the soybean isoflavone genistein may inhibit lesion and thrombus formation via inhibition of second messengers.
Monitoring denaturation behaviour and comparative stability of DNA triple helices using oligonucleotide-gold nanoparticle conjugates (2004)

Gold nanoparticle labels, combined with UV-visible optical absorption spectroscopic methods, are employed to probe the temperature-dependent solution properties of DNA triple helices. By using oligonucleotide-nanoparticle conjugates to characterize triplex denaturation, for the first time triplex to duplex melting transitions may be sensitively monitored, with minimal signal interference from duplex to single strand melting, for both parallel and antiparallel triple helices. Further, the comparative sequence-dependent stability of DNA triple helices may also be examined using this approach. Specifically, triplex to duplex melting transitions for triplexes formed using oligonucleotides that incorporate 8-aminoguanine derivatives were successfully monitored and stabilization of both parallel and antiparallel triplexes following 8-aminoguanine substitutions is demonstrated.
Possible loci for bipolar disorder on chromosome 5 near the dopamine transporter locus and on chromosome 22 (1996)

S: 1996 World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics: III. LINKAGE AND CANDIDATE LOCI FOR THE PSYCHOSES: EMPHASIS ON BIPOLAR DISORDER: PDF Only
Abstract P2-11-09: Association of 21-gene recurrence score with overall survival in phase 3 TAILORx trial (2023)

Abstract Background: The 21-gene recurrence score (RS) assay is a prognostic measurement originally established for distant recurrence in estrogen receptor-positive and node-negative breast cancer. Retrospective studies and the Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment (TAILORx; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00310180) validated its significance besides testing chemotherapy benefit in patients with midrange RS (11-25). However, unclarity remains as to whether RS has comparable prognostic value for overall survival (OS) in the TAILORx trial population. Methods: Association between the recurrence scores (midrange or high-range 26-100 vs. low-range 0-10) and OS was evaluated in all eligible patients with clinicopathological and treatment information by multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model including RS, tumor size, tumor grades, chemotherapy, endocrine regimens, surgery type, progesterone receptor and demographics. We also evaluated the association between RS and invasive disease-free survival (DFS), recurrence-free interval (RFI) or distant recurrence-free interval (dRFI) by multivariable Cox analysis. Results: Median follow-up was 95.5 (range 0.1 to 138.6) months for OS, 89.6 months (range 0 to 134.8) for DFS, 87.7 (range 0 to 134.8) months for RFI or 87.6 (range 0-134.8) months for dRFI. Compared with low score group, midrange and high-range scores were associated with RFI and dRFI, respectively (P≤0.01 each). However, midrange score was neither associated with OS (adjusted HR 1.15; 95% CI 0.87-1.52; P=0.33) nor associated with DFS (HR 1.16; 95% CI 0.97-1.38; P=0.11). High-range score was associated with DFS (HR 1.58; 95% CI 1.21-2.06; P&amp;lt; 0.01) and had a trend towards association with OS (HR 1.44; 95% CI 0.95-2.19; P=0.08). Conclusions: The data indicate that the recurrence scores provide independent prognosis for breast cancer recurrence at both distant and locoregional sites and for distant recurrence, respectively. High-range score is prognostic of disease-free survival, with the midrange score showing marginal association. Midrange and high-range recurrence scores do not provide independent prognostic information for overall survival in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-negative breast cancer in the TAILORx trial population. Citation Format: Sherry X. Yang, John Yu, Molin Wang. Association of 21-gene recurrence score with overall survival in phase 3 TAILORx trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-11-09.
Internal and basal ice changes near the grounding line derived from radio-echo sounding (1996)

Abstract Evidence of changing basal and internal ice properties near the grounding line was derived from airborne radio-echo-sounder observations of the ice sheet around the Sør Rondane Mountains, Antarctica. From the trailing figure of the bottom-echo signal, the roughness of the ice bottom near the grounding line was inferred. Results show that the specular components of scattering begin to appear on the ice-shelf side of the grounding line. Furthermore, double-trip echoes were observed with a strong scattering in the shelf area, and their boundary of occurrence was very close to the grounding line. This is evidence of interaction between ice and sea water at the bottom of the ice shelf. We also examined the occurrence of internal layered echoes. In most of the area around the mountains, internal echoes were observed continously, but they were not found at or close to the ice shelf. The boundary between the appearance and disappearance of internal-layer echoes is distinct, and occurs 20–30 km inland from the grounding line. These results suggest that some major change may occur in the internal ice on the inland side of the grounding line.
Detection at high prevalence of newlavirus (protoparvovirus) in the carcasses of red foxes (2022)

Wildlife conservation also relies on the study of animal virome. We identified the DNA of a novel fox protoparvovirus, newlavirus, with high (71%) prevalence in the carcasses of red foxes. On genome sequencing, high genetic diversity and possible recombination was observed, suggesting complex evolutionary dynamics in wildlife.
Author response: Photoreceptor disc incisures form as an adaptive mechanism ensuring the completion of disc enclosure (2023)

Maturation of light-sensitive 'disc' membranes in vertebrate photoreceptors requires a precise balance between their content of the visual pigment rhodopsin forming the disc body and tetraspanin proteins forming the disc rim.
Smart Phones, a Powerful Tool in the Chemistry Classroom (2011)

Cell phones, especially “smart phones”, seem to have become ubiquitous. Actually, it is misleading to call many of these devices phones, as they are actually a portable and powerful computer that can be very valuable in the chemistry classroom. Currently, there are three major ways in which smart phones can be used for education. Smart phones include a Web browser, which gives access to the wealth of material on the World Wide Web (WWW); inexpensive applications (commonly called apps) expand this usefulness even further; and two-dimensional barcode labels can be used to create “smart objects”. Taken together, these capabilities are creating a world of mobile computing that may have an impact on society, including chemical education, that may be even greater than the changes brought about by the personal computer.