gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala, but not the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, block the excitatory effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on the acoustic startle reflex (1992)

Intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was previously found to produce a long-lasting, dose-dependent (0.1-1.0 microgram) increase in the amplitude of the acoustic startle reflex. The present study sought to determine where in the CNS CRF acts to increase startle. Intracisternal infusion of CRF (0.1-1.0 microgram) increased startle with a time course and magnitude similar to that produced by icv CRF, unlike intrathecal infusion, which produced a small, more rapid enhancement of startle. While lesions of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus had no effect on icv CRF-enhanced startle, bilateral lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala significantly attenuated the excitatory effect of icv CRF but had no effect on intrathecal CRF-enhanced startle. Even though lesions of the amygdala blocked icv CRF-enhanced startle, local infusion of CRF into the amygdala did not significantly elevate startle. The present data indicate that the amygdala is part of the neural circuitry required for icv CRF to elevate startle, but does not appear to be the primary receptor area where CRF acts. The involvement of the amygdala in icv CRF-enhanced startle is consistent with the hypothesis that both the amygdala and CRF are critically involved in fear and stress.
Mapping mechanical stress in curved epithelia of designed size and shape (2022)

Abstract The function of organs such as lungs, kidneys and mammary glands relies on the three-dimensional geometry of their epithelium. To adopt shapes such as spheres, tubes and ellipsoids, epithelia generate mechanical stresses that are generally unknown. Here we engineered curved epithelial monolayers of controlled size and shape and mapped their state of stress. We designed pressurized epithelia with circular, rectangular and ellipsoidal footprints. We developed a computational method to map the stress tensor in these epithelia. This method establishes a direct correspondence between epithelial shape and mechanical stress without assumptions of material properties. In epithelia with spherical geometry spanning more than one order of magnitude in radius, we show that stress weakly increases with areal strain in a size-independent manner. In epithelia with rectangular and ellipsoidal cross-section we found pronounced stress anisotropies consistent with the asymmetric distribution of tractions measured at the cell-substrate contact line. In these anisotropic profiles, cell shape tended to align with the direction of maximum principal stress but this alignment was non-universal and depended on epithelial geometry. Besides interrogating the fundamental mechanics of epithelia over a broad range of sizes and shapes, our approach will enable a systematic study of how geometry and stress influence epithelial fate and function in three-dimensions.
Argonaut: A Web Platform for Collaborative Multi-omic Data Visualization and Exploration (2020)

Researchers now generate large multi-omic datasets using increasingly mature mass spectrometry techniques at an astounding pace, facing new challenges of "Big Data" dissemination, visualization, and exploration. Conveniently, web-based data portals accommodate the complexity of multi-omic experiments and the many experts involved. However, developing these tailored companion resources requires programming expertise and knowledge of web server architecture-a substantial burden for most. Here, we describe Argonaut, a simple, code-free, and user-friendly platform for creating customizable, interactive data-hosting websites. Argonaut carries out real-time statistical analyses of the data, which it organizes into easily sharable projects. Collaborating researchers worldwide can explore the results, visualized through popular plots, and modify them to streamline data interpretation. Increasing the pace and ease of access to multi-omic data, Argonaut aims to propel discovery of new biological insights. We showcase the capabilities of this tool using a published multi-omics dataset on the large mitochondrial protease deletion collection.
Chronic Hepatitis C Treatment in Patients with Drug Injection History: Findings of the INTEGRATE Prospective, Observational Study (2017)

Janssen Pharmaceuticals.
Melatonin Does Not Suppress the Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone Response to Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone in Men* (1980)

The effect of an iv melatonin infusion on the pituitary LH response to LHRH was studied in five young men. Melatonin (30 micrograms/min; total dose, 7.2 mg) was infused for a 4-h period, 2 h before and 2 h after a LRH stimulation (single iv 150-microgram dose). Each subject's control response to LRH was obtained previously. During the melatonin infusion, supraphysiological concentrations of melatonin (20 times) were documented using a specific RIA. All five subjects had a LH rise after LRH stimulation, and this response was not affected by the melatonin infusion. These results indicate that an acute constant infusion of a pharmacological amount of melatonin does not suppress LRH-induced LH release from the pituitary in men. In addition, no change in sleepiness and behavior was found.
Nanogratings containing sub-10-nm wide trenches by dimension reduction from sloped polymer profile (2009)

Large area nanograting patterns are useful in many applications but difficult to fabricate. The authors demonstrate a low temperature dimension reduction method, as a cost-effective alternative to high resolution lithography, to define nanogratings as narrow as 8–10nm. In this process, the slope of prepatterned polymer gratings, with pitch of 200nm or larger and width of 100nm or larger, is contrillably changed from the original straight to curved or sloped. Then, shadow metal evaporation is used to coat the sloped polymer profile to define a much narrower opening. This opening is then transferred to underlying material by plasma etching to form sub-10-nm trenches. The width of trenches can be well controlled by both slope of the profile and angle of metal evaporation. Low processing temperature (as low as 55–85°C—depending on polymer) allows this method to be used with a wide variety of materials.
Alkali chloride cluster ion dissociation examined by the kinetic method: Heterolytic bond dissociation energies, effective temperatures, and entropic effects (2002)

Branching ratios have been measured as a function of collision energy for the dissociation of mass-selected chloride-bound salt cluster ions, [Rb-35Cl-Mi]+, where Mi = Na, K, Cs. The extended version of the kinetic method was used to determine the heterolytic bond dissociation energy (HBDE) of Rb-Cl. The measured value of 480.8 +/- 8.5 kJ/mol, obtained under single collision conditions, agrees with the HBDE value (482.0 +/- 8.0 kJ/mol), calculated from a thermochemical cycle. The observed effective temperature of the collisionally activated salt clusters increases with laboratory-frame collision energy under both single- and multiple-collision conditions. Remarkably, the effective temperatures under multiple collision conditions are lower than those recorded under single-collision conditions at the same collision energy, a consequence of the inability of the triatomic ions to store significant amounts of internal energy. Laboratory-frame kinetic energy to internal energy transfer (T-->V) efficiencies range from 3.8 to 13.5%. For a given cluster ion, the T-->V efficiency decreases with increasing collision energy. Many features of the experimental results are accounted for using MassKinetics modeling (Drahos and Vékey, J. Mass Spectrom. 2001, 36, 237).
Oxidation as Key Mechanism for Efficient Interface Passivation in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-Film Solar Cells (2020)

Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS) thin-film solar cells suffer from high recombination losses at the back contact and parasitic absorption in the front-contact layers. Dielectric passivation layers overcome these limitations and enable an efficient control over interface recombination, which becomes increasingly relevant as thin-film solar cells increase in efficiency and become thinner to reduce the consumption of precious resources. We present the optoelectronic and chemical interface properties of oxide-based passivation layers deposited by atomic layer deposition on CIGS. A suitable postdeposition annealing removes detrimental interface defects and leads to restructuring and oxidation of the CIGS surface. The optoelectronic interface properties are very similar for different passivation approaches, demonstrating that an efficient suppression of interface states is possible independent of the metal used in the passivating oxide. If aluminum oxide (${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$) is used as the passivation layer we confirm an additional field-effect passivation due to interface charges, resulting in an efficient interface passivation superior to that of a state-of-the-art cadmium-sulfide (CdS) buffer layer. Based on this chemical interface model we present a full-area rear-interface passivation layer without any contact patterning, resulting in a 1% absolute efficiency gain compared to a standard molybdenum back contact.
Examination of the intracellular ionic environment and of ionophore action by null point measurements employing the fluorescein chromophore. (1983)

Fluorescein and carboxyfluorescein have found recent application as probes of intracellular pH. The present study examines several parameters required for interpretation of the spectral information derived from fluorescein and carboxyfluorescein generated intracellularly from their permeant diacetate derivatives. Coefficients were determined for the pH dependence of the difference absorbance, of the absorbance ratios, and of the fluorescence emission intensity ratios at selected wavelength pairs for carboxyfluorescein in aqueous buffers. The effect of light scattering on the apparent pH reported by carboxyfluorescein in dilute cell suspensions was assessed. An apparent intracellular acidification associated with increasing internal dye concentration was found to result probably from interactions of the intracellular probe with itself. Working within the experimental limitations imposed by these considerations, protocols utilizing either direct measurement of absorbance or fluorescence or determination of the null spectral response observed upon release of internal carboxyfluorescein all indicate that the cytosolic space of bovine epididymal sperm is maintained at pH 6.5-6.6. The monovalent-cation-specific, carboxylic acid ionophores, nigericin and monensin, were utilized to produce transmembrane proton gradients in cells that were allowed to generate intracellular carboxyfluorescein in a preliminary incubation, then resuspended in media buffered at the same pH as the sperm cytosol but of varying cation composition. By interpolation to the null response, the initial internal Na+ and K+ concentrations in bovine sperm were estimated as 14 +/- 2 and 120 +/- 5 mM, respectively. The ability of initial transmembrane gradients of either protons or of monovalent cations to promote equivalent changes in internal pH following ionophore addition to sperm suspensions supports application of a simple model that predicts steady state cation distributions. With the assumption that the cytosolic proton buffer has a pKa near the determined internal pH, these experiments allow the additional calculation that this buffer is present at a concentration of 190 +/- 20 meq/liter in the bovine sperm.
Characterization of endomannosidase inhibitors and evaluation of their effect on N-linked oligosaccharide processing during glycoprotein biosynthesis (1993)

Endo-alpha-D-mannosidase is a Golgi-located processing enzyme that achieves deglucosylation of N-linked carbohydrate units through its unique property of cleaving the oligosaccharide chain internally with the release of glucose-substituted mannose (Glc1-3Man). By chemically modifying the characteristic disaccharide product, Glc alpha 1-->3Man, a number of potent inhibitors of the endomannosidase were obtained, foremost among which were Glc alpha 1-->3(1-deoxy)mannojirimycin (Glc alpha 1-->3DMJ) and Glc alpha 1-->3(1,2-dideoxy)mannose (IC50 = 1.7 and 3.8 microM, respectively), which, while blocking the in vitro action of the enzyme, had negligible effect on other endoplasmic reticulum- and Golgi-processing glycosidases. Although preparation of a large number of Glc alpha 1-->3DMJ derivatives did not yield a more effective endomannosidase inhibitor it provided valuable information relating to the structural requirements for the enzyme-substrate interaction. Glc alpha 1-->3DMJ was found to be active not only on rat liver endomannosidase but also on the enzyme from a number of other sources including mouse lymphoma (BW5147.3), HepG2, baby hamster kidney, and Madin-Darby canine kidney cell lines. When tested in vivo in lymphoma and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells during a castanospermine-imposed glucosidase blockade, Glc alpha 1-->3DMJ interrupted the endomannosidase processing pathway as evident from a concomitant inhibition of complex oligosaccharide formation and Glc3Man release; similarly the capacity of the glucosidase II-deficient mouse lymphoma cell line (PHAR2.7) to synthesize complex oligosaccharides was blocked by Glc alpha 1-->3DMJ. Endomannosidase could not be detected in Chinese hamster ovary cells by in vitro assay and consistent with this these cells produced only glucosylated polymannose N-linked oligosaccharides during glucosidase blockade. It would appear that by acting in conjunction with a glucosidase inhibitor, Glc alpha 1-->3DMJ and related endomannosidase-blocking agents could have the potential of influencing the exit of glycoproteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and interfering with viral replication.
Synthesis of (+)- and (−)-ferruginol via asymmetric cyclization of a polyene (2000)

Stereoselectivity of modified polyenes which have a terminal benzene ring was found to be dependent on the size of substituent on the adjacent asymmetric carbon to the terminal benzene ring of the polyenes. (R)-(+)-2′-Hydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl-2-yl (2R)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5,9-dimethyldeca-4,8-dienoate gave (R)-(+)-2′-hydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl-2-yl (4aS,9R,10aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydro-6-methoxy-1,1,4a-trimethylphenanthene-9-carboxylate stereoselectively by treatment with BF3·Et2O in nitromethane. The products were elaborated to (+)-ferruginol 1. (−)-Ferruginol 2 and (±)-ferruginol 3 were also synthesized via a similar synthetic route.
Cholesterol: A new game player accelerating vasculopathy caused by SARS-CoV-2? (2020)

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a global threat to public health. Functional impairments in multiple organs have been reported in COVID-19, including lungs, heart, kidney, liver, brain, and vascular system. Patients with metabolic-associated preconditions, such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, are susceptible to experiencing severe symptoms. The recent emerging evidence of coagulation disorders in COVID-19 suggests that vasculopathy appears to be an independent risk factor promoting disease severity and mortality of affected patients. We recently found that the decreased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterols (LDL-c) correlate with disease severity in COVID-19 patients, indicating pathological interactions between dyslipidemia and vasculopothy in patients with COVID-19. However, this clinical manifestation has been unintentionally underestimated by physicians and scientific communities. As metabolic-associated morbidities are generally accompanied with endothelial cell (EC) dysfunctions, these pre-existing conditions may make ECs more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 attack. In this mini-review, we summarize the metabolic and vascular manifestations of COVID-19 with an emphasis on the association between changes in LDL-c levels and the development of severe symptoms as well as the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the synergistic effect of LDL-c and SARS-CoV-2 on EC injuries and vasculopathy.
Characterization, numerical analysis, and design of switched reluctance motors (1997)

Material productivity, design preciseness, and time to market are becoming critical in motor manufacturing and can be improved by detailed system design analysis and simulation within manufacturing tolerance. Design by analysis and simulation of switched reluctance motor (SRM) systems and the development method of a new design software are the subjects of this paper, with a focus on the main difficulties. The modeling of geometric, electromagnetic, control, mechanical, and thermal concerns is presented. The electromagnetic approaches include lumped-parameter analysis, finite-element analysis, and boundary-element analysis. The aspects of the study include the following: magnetization curves; controller characterization; system simulation; performance prediction; control system dynamics; vibration modes and frequencies; radial magnetic forces, stresses, and vibrations; and dynamic heat distribution and transfer.
Aggregate versus Excimer Emissions from Poly(2,5-di-n-octyloxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (2007)

Using fractions of poly(2,5-di-n-octyloxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (DO−PPV) of different chain lengths, the interchain interactions in both the solution and the bulk states from ambient to cryogenic temperatures were examined via a combination of steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopic techniques. Results indicated that the emission from these aggregates bears characteristics of quantum mechanical dimerization, not that of the extended conjugation of single chains. The emission spectrum from films is generally consistent with the “aggregate emission” spectrum extracted from aggregated solutions; nevertheless, there indeed exists minor emission at the red end of the spectrum, representing contribution from excimers.
Photochemically Etched Construction Technology Developed for Digital Xenon Feed Systems (2005)

Electric propulsion systems are quickly emerging as attractive options for primary propulsion in low Earth orbit, in geosynchronous orbit, and on interplanetary spacecraft. The driving force behind the acceptance of these systems is the substantial reduction in the propellant mass that can be realized. Unfortunately, system designers are often forced to utilize components designed for chemical propellants in their electric systems. Although functionally acceptable, these relatively large, heavy components are designed for the higher pressures and mass flow rates required by chemical systems. To fully realize the benefits of electric propulsion, researchers must develop components that are optimized for the low flow rates, critical leakage needs, low pressures, and limited budgets of these emerging systems.
A Low Complexity MMSE for OFDM Systems over Frequency-Selective Fading Channels (2012)

Channel estimation is one of the key technologies in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems, which has received more and more consideration. A modified Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) is proposed and simulated by MATLAB over a frequency-selective fading channel. Comparing with the conventional MMSE, this algorithm has the advantage of low complexity. Meanwhile, it shows little attenuation of Mean Square Error (MSE) and Bit Error Rate (BER) performances according to the final simulation results, which is promising for practical applications.
Differential Production of the Phytotoxins Thaxtomin A and Concanamycins A and B by Potato Common Scab-causing Streptomyces spp. (1998)

[in Japanese]
CoolMOS integral diode: a simple analytical reverse recovery model (2003)

Super-junction technology has pushed the silicon limits to new heights. The CoolMOS/spl trade/ device is based on the super-junction technology and provides high on-state conductivity with ultra fast switching speed. However, the dynamic behavior of the intrinsic body diode may limit its usage in converter topologies where the body junction diode conducts. In this paper, we report on the static blocking and reverse recovery charge dynamics of the CoolMOS body junction diode. An explanation of the diode reverse recovery mechanism is provided and a model for its charge dynamics is presented and validated with the measured results.
Increasing network bandwidth on meshes (1994)

In bandwidth limited computers, such as meshes and tori, it is important to achieve high bandwidth across the bisection. Traditional techniques achieve bandwidth in the range of 30–70%. We show how to use barriers, in particular Integrated Network Barriers to achieve high bandwidth utilization which is arbitrarily close to 100%. This technique also provides low latency and fairness to processors. Moreover, it works globally and therefore is not dependent on local approximations of network traffic.
Resistivity size effect due to surface steps on ruthenium thin films computed with a realistic tight-binding model (2021)

A realistic tight-binding model is developed and employed to elucidate the resistivity size effect due to steps on Ru thin films. The resistivity of two different film orientations, (0001) and (11¯00), is computed for transport along the [112¯0] direction both for smooth surfaces and for surfaces with monolayer-high steps. In the case of smooth films, the systems are also studied using solutions to the Boltzmann transport equation. Interestingly, the resistivity of (11¯00) surfaces exhibits a significant size effect even in the absence of surface steps. When monolayer-high steps are spaced ∼10 nm apart, the resistivity is shown to increase due to scattering from the steps. However, only a small increase was found which cannot explain the large effect seen in recent experiments with Ru thin films. This highlights the need for further elucidation of the resistivity size effect. Theoretical analysis suggests that films made from materials with a relatively large ballistic conductance per area like Ru should exhibit a reduced resistivity size effect. This result points to Ru as a promising interconnect material. Finally, because a very efficient algorithm for computing resistivity based on the kernel polynomial method is used, the approach fulfills a need for realistic models that can span length scales directly relevant to experimental results. The calculations described here include films approaching 5 nm in thickness, with in-plane distances up to ∼160 nm and 3.8×105 atomic sites.