gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Collimation of the relativistic jet in the quasar 3C 273 (2021)

The collimation of relativistic jets launched from the vicinity of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at the centers of active galactic nuclei (AGN) is one of the key questions to understand the nature of AGN jets. However, little is known about the detailed jet structure for AGN like quasars since very high angular resolutions are required to resolve these objects. We present very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of the archetypical quasar 3C 273 at 86 GHz, performed with the Global Millimeter VLBI Array, for the first time including the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. Our observations achieve a high angular resolution down to $\sim$60 ${\rm μ}$as, resolving the innermost part of the jet ever on scales of $\sim 10^5$ Schwarzschild radii. Our observations, including close-in-time High Sensitivity Array observations of 3C 273 at 15, 22, and 43 GHz, suggest that the inner jet collimates parabolically, while the outer jet expands conically, similar to jets from other nearby low luminosity AGN. We discovered the jet collimation break around $10^{7}$ Schwarzschild radii, providing the first compelling evidence for structural transition in a quasar jet. The location of the collimation break for 3C 273 is farther downstream the sphere of gravitational influence (SGI) from the central SMBH. With the results for other AGN jets, our results show that the end of the collimation zone in AGN jets is governed not only by the SGI of the SMBH but also by the more diverse properties of the central nuclei.
Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of random chromosomal rearrangements activating the drug resistance gene,MDR1/P-glycoprotein, in drug-selected cell lines and patients with drug refractory ALL (1998)

Drug resistance, both primary and acquired, is a major obstacle to advances in cancer chemotherapy. In vitro, multidrug resistance can be mediated by P-glycoprotein (PGY1), a cell surface phosphoglycoprotein that acts to efflux natural products from cells. PGY1 is encoded by the MDR1 gene located at 7q21.1. Overexpression of MDR1 has been demonstrated in many cancers, both in patient tumors and in cell lines selected with a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. Recent studies in drug-selected cell lines and patients samples have identified hybrid mRNAs comprised of an active, but apparently random, gene fused 5' to MDR1. This observation indicates that random chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations and inversions, leading to "capture" of MDR1 by constitutively expressed genes may be a mechanism for activation of this gene following drug exposure. In this study, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using whole chromosome paints (WCP) and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-derived probes showed structural rearrangements involving 7q in metaphase and interphase cells, and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) revealed high levels of amplification at chromosomal breakpoints. In an adriamycin-selected resistant colon cancer line (S48-3s/Adr), WCP4/WCP7 revealed t(4;7)(q31;q21) and BAC-derived probes demonstrated that the breakpoint lay between MDR1 and sequences 500-1000 KB telomeric to it. Similarly, in a subline isolated following exposure to actinomycin D (S48-3s/ActD), a hybrid MDR1 gene composed of heme oxygenase-2 sequences (at 16p13) fused to MDR1 was identified and a rearrangement confirmed with WCP7 and a subtelomeric 16p probe. Likewise, in a paclitaxel-selected MCF-7 subline where CASP sequences (at 7q22) were shown to be fused to MDR1, WCP7 showed an elongated chromosome 7 with a homogeneously staining regions (hsr); BAC-derived probes demonstrated that the hsr was composed of highly amplified MDR1 and CASP sequences. In all three selected cell lines, CGH demonstrated amplification at breakpoints involving MDR1 (at 7q21) and genes fused to MDR1 at 4q31, 7q22, and 16p13.3. Finally, in samples obtained from two patients with drug refractory ALL, BAC-derived probes applied to archived marrow cells demonstrated that a breakpoint occurred between MDR1 and sequences 500-1000 KB telomeric to MDR1, consistent with a random chromosomal rearrangement. These results support the proposal that random chromosomal rearrangement leading to capture and activation of MDR1 is a mechanism of acquired drug resistance.
S-Adenosylmethionine Synthetase Is Required for Cell Growth, Maintenance of G0 Phase, and Termination of Quiescence in Fission Yeast (2018)

S-adenosylmethionine is an important compound, because it serves as the methyl donor in most methyl transfer reactions, including methylation of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. However, cellular defects in the genetic disruption of S-adenosylmethionine synthesis are not well understood. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of fission yeast S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (Sam1). Levels of S-adenosylmethionine and methylated histone H3 were greatly diminished in sam1 mutants. sam1 mutants stopped proliferating in vegetative culture and arrested specifically in G2 phase without cell elongation. Furthermore, sam1 mutants lost viability during nitrogen starvation-induced G0 phase quiescence. After release from the G0 state, sam1 mutants could neither increase in cell size nor re-initiate DNA replication in the rich medium. Sam1 is thus required for cell growth and proliferation, and maintenance of and exit from quiescence. sam1 mutants lead to broad cellular and drug response defects, as expected, since S. pombe contains more than 90 S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases.
Clocktree RLC extraction with efficient inductance modeling (2000)

In this paper, we present an efficient yet accurate inductance extraction methodology and also apply it to clocktree RLC extraction. We first show that without loss of accuracy, the inductance extraction problem of n traces with or without ground planes can be reduced to a number of one-trace and two-trace subproblems. We then solve one-trace and two-trace subproblems via a table-based approach. We finally validate the linear cascading assumption that enables us to apply our inductance extraction approach to clocktree RLC extraction and optimization.
Power Requirements of Swimming: Do New Methods Resolve Old Questions? (2002)

A recurring question in the study of fish biomechanics and energetics is the mechanical power required for tail-swimming at the high speeds seen among aquatic vertebrates. The quest for answers has been driven by conceptual advances in fluid dynamics, starting with ideas on the boundary layer and drag initiated by Prandtl, and in measurement techniques starting with force balances focussing on drag and thrust. Drag (=thrust) from measurements on physical models, carcasses, kinematics as inputs to hydromechanical models, and physiological power sources vary from less than that expected for an equivalent rigid reference to over an order of magnitude greater. Estimates of drag and thrust using recent advances largely made possible by increased computing power have not resolved the discrepancy. Sources of drag and thrust are not separable in axial undulatory self propulsion, are open to interpretation and Froude efficiency is zero. Wakes are not easily interpreted, especially for thrust evaluation. We suggest the best measures of swimming performance are velocity and power consumption for which 2D inviscid simulations can give realistic predictions. Steady swimming power is several times that required for towing an equivalent flat plate at the same speed.
Improvements to Zirconia Thick-Film Oxygen Sensors (2013)

Thick-film zirconia gas sensors are normally screen-printed onto a planar substrate. A sandwich of electrode-electrolyte-electrode is fired at a temperature sufficient to instigate sintering of the zirconia electrolyte. The resulting porous zirconia film acts as both the electrolyte and as the diffusion barrier through which oxygen diffuses. The high sintering temperature results in de-activation of the electrodes so that sensors must be operated at around 800 ?C for measurements in the percentage range of oxygen concentration. This work shows that the use of cobalt oxide as a sintering aid allows reduction of the sensor operating temperature by 100?200 ?C with clear benefits. Furthermore, an interesting and new technique is presented for the investigation of the influence of dopants and of the through-porosity of ionically-conducting materials.
Catalysis by Phospholipase C δ1 Requires That Ca2+ Bind to the Catalytic Domain, but Not the C2 Domain (1998)

The hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) is absolutely dependent on Ca2+. The PH domain truncated catalytic core of rat phospholipase C delta1 (PLC-delta1) has Ca2+ binding sites in its catalytic and C2 domains, and potential Ca2+ binding sites in two EF-hands. A catalytically inactive PLC-delta1 catalytic core bound with low affinity to PIP2-containing vesicles in the presence of Ca2+. A mutant PLC-delta1 has been engineered which lacks the C2 domain Ca2+ binding site and the surrounding loops known as the jaws. Isothermal calorimetric titration showed four Ca2+ ions bind to the wild-type PLC-delta1 catalytic core in solution but only one binds to the C2 domain jaws deletion mutant. The activity and Ca2+ dependence of wild-type and mutant phospholipase Cs were determined using substrate incorporated in detergent micelles and in large unilamellar vesicles. The activities of wild-type and mutant were identical to each other in both assay systems. Wild-type and the C2 jaws deletion mutant of PLC have Hill coefficients of 1.12-1.16 with respect to [Ca2+]. We conclude that a single Ca2+ bound to the catalytic domain is entirely responsible for the Ca2+ dependence of the basal activity of PLC-delta1.
The Antinociceptive Potencies and Interactions of Endogenous Ligands During Continuous Intrathecal Administration: Adenosine, Agmatine, and Endomorphin-1 (2004)

Adenosine and agmatine have little antinociceptive efficacy during continuous intrathecal administration, as shown by the inflammatory pain test in rats, but both potentiate the effect of endomorphin-1. These data suggest that the combination of these endogenous ligands might represent novel targets for the therapeutic modulation of pain; however, the systematic examination of side effects is essential.
Transparent conducting thin films by co‐sputtering of ZnO‐ITO targets (2010)

Abstract Transparent and conductive Zn‐In‐Sn‐O (ZITO) amorphous thin films have been deposited at room temperature by the rf magnetron co‐sputtering of ITO and ZnO targets. Co‐sputtering gives the possibility to deposit multicomponent oxide thin films with different compositions by varying the power to one of the targets. In order to make ZITO films with different Zn content, a constant rf power of 50 W was used for the ITO target, where as the rf power to ZnO target was varied from 25 W to 150 W. The as deposited films showed an increase in Zn content ratio from 17 to 67% as the power to ZnO target was increased from 25 to 150 W. The structural, electrical and optical properties of the as deposited films are reported. The films showed an average transmittance over 80% in the visible wavelength range. The electrical resistivity and optical band gap of the ZITO films were found to depend on the Zn content in the film. The ZITO films deposited at room temperature with lower Zn content ratios showed better optical transmission and electrical properties compared to ITO film. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
ChemInform Abstract: REDOX‐UNTERSUCHUNGEN AN JODBORANEN 13. MITT. UMLAGERUNG VON ARYLSELENO‐DIJODBORANEN (1972)

Abstract Arylseleno‐dihalogenborane, gebildet aus B‐trihalogeniden und Arylse1enolen, Tris‐[phenylseleno]‐boran oder Diphenyldiselen, zeigen nur eine geringe thermische Stabilität. So lagern sich die Jodborane (Ia) unabhängig vom p‐Substituenten der Phenylgruppe zu den Triselenadiborolanen (II) (Ausbeute 60‐90%) und den Dijodboranen (III) (70‐82%) um, während bei der Synthese der Chlorborane (Ib) aus B‐trichlorid und Arylselanolen ein vollständiger Ligandenaustausch unter Bildung der Selenoborane (IV) (70‐85%) stattfindet.
2-(7,8-Diphenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxalin-2-yl)phenol methanol disolvate (2008)

The title compound, C(27)H(18)N(4)O·2CH(4)O, is a unsymmetrically substituted quinoxaline. An intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond involving the hydr-oxy and imino groups generates an S(6) ring motif. Inter-molecular C-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds form an R(2) (1)(7) ring motif involving a methanol O atom and two H atoms of the imidazole and benzene rings, respectively. The latter links neighbouring mol-ecules into one-dimensional extended chains along the a axis. The two benzene rings are inclined towards each other, as indicated by the dihedral angle of 52.13 (10)°. The phenol ring is almost coplanar with the basic quinoxaline unit, making a dihedral angle of 2.43 (6)°. The short distances between the centroids of the five- and six-membered rings prove the existence of π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances = 3.5234 (9)-3.7885 (10) Å]. The crystal structure is stabilized by intra-molecular O-H⋯N, inter-molecular O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O (× 2) hydrogen bonds and weak inter-molecular C-H⋯π and π-π inter-actions.
Nucleic acid aptamers for biosensors and bio-analytical applications (2009)

Oligonucleotides were once considered only functional as molecules for the storage of genetic information. However, the discovery of RNAzymes, and later, DNAzymes, unravelled the innate potential of oligonucleotides in many other biological applications. In the last two decades, these applications have been further expanded through the introduction of Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) which has generated, by repeated rounds of in vitro selection, a type of molecular probe termed aptamers. Aptamers are oligonucleic acid (or peptide) molecules that can bind to various molecular targets and are viewed as complements to antibodies. Aptamers have found applications in many areas, such as bio-technology, medicine, pharmacology, microbiology, and analytical chemistry, including chromatographic separation and biosensors. In this review, we focus on the use of aptamers in the development of biosensors. Coupled with their ability to bind a variety of targets, the robust nature of oligonucleotides, in terms of synthesis, storage, and wide range of temperature stability and chemical manipulation, makes them highly suitable for biosensor design and engineering. Among the many design strategies, we discuss three general paradigms that have appeared most frequently in the literature: structure-switching, enzyme-based, and aptazyme-based designs.
Soil carbon dynamics in saline and sodic soils: a review (2009)

Abstract Soil salinity (high levels of water‐soluble salt) and sodicity (high levels of exchangeable sodium), called collectively salt‐affected soils, affect approximately 932 million ha of land globally. Saline and sodic landscapes are subjected to modified hydrologic processes which can impact upon soil chemistry, carbon and nutrient cycling, and organic matter decomposition. The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is the largest terrestrial carbon pool, with the level of SOC an important measure of a soil’s health. Because the SOC pool is dependent on inputs from vegetation, the effects of salinity and sodicity on plant health adversely impacts upon SOC stocks in salt‐affected areas, generally leading to less SOC. Saline and sodic soils are subjected to a number of opposing processes which affect the soil microbial biomass and microbial activity, changing CO 2 fluxes and the nature and delivery of nutrients to vegetation. Sodic soils compound SOC loss by increasing dispersion of aggregates, which increases SOC mineralisation, and increasing bulk density which restricts access to substrate for mineralisation. Saline conditions can increase the decomposability of soil organic matter but also restrict access to substrates due to flocculation of aggregates as a result of high concentrations of soluble salts. Saline and sodic soils usually contain carbonates, which complicates the carbon (C) dynamics. This paper reviews soil processes that commonly occur in saline and sodic soils, and their effect on C stocks and fluxes to identify the key issues involved in the decomposition of soil organic matter and soil aggregation processes which need to be addressed to fully understand C dynamics in salt‐affected soils.
Introduction to Gallium Nitride Properties and Applications (2020)

This chapter is a general introduction to the properties and applications of gallium nitride (GaN) and related materials. In the first part, after an historical background on the relevant milestones of nitrides research, the most important structural and electrical properties of the materials will be described. A special emphasis will be given to InGaN quantum wells and AlGaN/GaN heterostructures, which are important systems for light-emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes (LDs), and high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). In the second part, the main applications of nitride materials for both optoelectronic devices and power- and high-frequency electronics will be described, mentioning the most critical issues of GaN-based technologies, which will then be illustrated in detail in the rest of the book.
p53 protein overexpression associates with growth patterns rather than with metastasizing in operable breast cancer. (1995)

We have analyzed p53 protein expression in 121 primary breast cancer biopsies by immunohistochemistry using the monoclonal antibody DO-1 and polyclonal serum CM-1. p53 protein overexpression has correlated in our study with mitotic activity (p=0.001), nuclear atypia (p=0.002), less favorable histological type of tumor and in a lesser extent with tumor size. The inverse, but highly significant, correlation (p=0.007) has been observed with lymph node involvement. There was also a trend for higher p53 positivity among DNA aneuploid tumors as compared with DNA diploid cases, but this was not significant. Our study suggests that p53, at least in some patients, may not be directly involved in the process of metastatic progression in breast cancer. Preliminary data would suggest that the detection of p53 protein overexpression could be a useful additional prognostic parameter in breast cancer.
Short-Term Dynamic Voltage Stability Status Estimation Using Multilayer Neural Networks (2023)

The power grid stability is significantly impacted by the exponentially growing electrical demand and the complex electrical systems modernization projects. This intensifies the urgent need and yet challenging Dynamic Security Assessment (DSA) to withstand high-probability severe contingencies. This paper proposes an effective machine-learning solution for Short-Term Voltage Stability (STVS) detection and classification. This work also addresses fault detection and classification into line faults or bus faults under different operating conditions as a supplementary warning system to boost power system protection and resiliency with fast remedial actions. The proposed approach combines three necessary steps for high accuracy: feature subset selection, hyperparameter optimization, and critical bus identification. The efficiency of the proposed forecasting model is assessed using the IEEE New England 39-bus test case with the CLOD composite model. The generated N-1 contingency test cases data from dynamic Power System Simulator/Engineering (PSS/E) time domain simulations for fault-induced voltage events include the measured post-disturbance voltage magnitude, angle, frequency, and active and reactive power trajectories of the system buses. Numerical results from the proposed classifier confirm a high classification accuracy of 94.24% in identifying the post-disturbance stability state. The proposed method will be outperforming traditional shallow learning-based approaches. Further, the robustness of classifiers is demonstrated by evaluating the computational time, accuracy, precision, recall, and F-measure.
Preoperative Imaging for DIEA Perforator Flaps: A Comparative Study of Computed Tomographic Angiography and Doppler Ultrasound (2008)

Computed tomographic angiography is a valuable imaging modality for the preoperative assessment of the donor-site vascular supply for TRAM and DIEA perforator flaps.
Primary CNS Tumors and Leptomeningeal, Disseminated and/or Multicentric Disease in Children Treated in Phase II Studies with Antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 (2016)

&lt;p class="cco-body"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;It is estimated that as many as 30% of patients with primary CNS tumors have leptomeningeal, disseminated, and/or multicentric disease (LDM). These patients respond poorly to conventional therapy. Fifty-seven children with LDM (median age of 7.1 years) were treated in multiple prospective phase II clinical studies of high- and low-grade primary CNS tumors with Antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 (ANP). Their inclusion in this analysis was based on MRI imaging. Patients with glioblastoma were excluded. The patients received ANP therapy 6 times daily; A10: 8.77 g/kg/d; AS2-1: 0.35 g/kg/d. The response to ANP was monitored by MRIs every 8 weeks. Patients evaluable for efficacy (&lt;em&gt;N &lt;/em&gt;= 40) received 12 or more weeks of ANP or developed progressive disease (PD) before 12 weeks. 10 patients (17.5%) achieved an objective response (OR) with 4 (7%) achieving a complete response (CR) and 6 (10.5%) had a partial response (PR). Stable disease (SD) was maintained in 7 patients (12.3%) and PD developed in 23 patients (40.4%). Survival analysis of the 57 children showed 2- and 5-year overall survival (OS) were both 28% while 10- and 15-year OS were both 26%. One of the patients achieving an OR had atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) while nine had low-grade gliomas (LGGs). Grade 3 and 4 toxicities included hypokalemia (14.0%); fatigue, anemia, hypernatremia and leukopenia (3.5% each); diarrhea, hypertension, joint pain, thrombocytopenia, and somnolence (1.8% each). These findings suggest the need for a single-arm, phase II study of ANP in children with LDM.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
Novel Nanosized Adsorbing Composite Cathode Materials for the Next Generational Lithium Battery (2007)

新奇碳硫 nano 合成的材料被加热 sublimed 综合硫；在某些条件下面的高表面区域活性镁(HSAAC ) 。物理；新奇碳硫的化学表演 nano 合成被扫描电子显微镜学(SEM ) 描绘， Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (赌注) ；X 光检查衍射(XRD ) 。电气化学的表演 nano 合成被费用分泌物特征描绘，循环伏安法；电气化学的迫切光谱学(EIS ) 。试验性的结果显示 nano 合成的材料的电气化学的能力比传统的包含 S 合成材料的优异。碳硫成为 nano 合成的材料的阴极显示出一个好周期能力；一个高特定的费用分泌物能力。HSAAC 在吸附 sublimed 硫显示出一个重要角色；在阴极以内的 polysulfides；是为硫阴极的一个优秀电的售票员；阻止锂硫电池的梭行为。
Dispersion visualization of model fluids in a transparent Couette flow cell (2001)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Frej Mighri, Michel A. Huneault; Dispersion visualization of model fluids in a transparent Couette flow cell. J. Rheol. 1 May 2001; 45 (3): 783–797. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.1357823 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe Society of RheologyJournal of Rheology Search Advanced Search |Citation Search