gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kryptologie (2001)

Das Bedürfnis der Menschen, Nachrichten so darzustellen, dass sie ausschließlich für den Schreiber und einen bestimmten Leser verständlich sind, ist wohl so alt wie die schriftliche Kommunikation selbst. Im Wandel zur Informationsgesellschaft haben sich die Sicherheitsaspekte jedoch grundlegend verändert. Neben Verfahren zur Wahrung der Vertraulichkeit und Überprüfbarkeit der Integrität treten Forderungen nach Authentizität (von Benutzern und Daten) und letztendlich nach Verbindlichkeit immer mehr in den Vordergrund. Ausgehend von der historischen Entwicklung werden kryptographische Basismechanismen vorgestellt, wie sie in einer modernen Informations- und Kommunikationsgesellschaft erforderlich sind. Bei den Betrachtungen ist es nicht vordergründiges Ziel, spezielle Realisierungen, Protokolle oder Algorithmen detailliert zu betrachten, vielmehr soll das jeweils zugrundeliegende Prinzip dargestellt werden.
Some Observations On Platelet Amino Acid Transport Systems (1981)

We have studied the transport systems for amino acids in platelets. Na+/K+ dependent active transport systems were found to be responsible for the transport of amino acids through the platelet membrane (Km’s being at uM ranges). We have also isolated the binding proteins for amino acids from platelet membranes as the carriers involved in these active transport systems by cold osmotic shock procedure. Each amino acid besides being transported by a specific active transport system may be subject to transport by group amino acid transport systems. Group amino acid transport systems are classified by countertransport experiments as follows: Neutral amino acid group transport systems: IA: glycine, alanine, serine, threonine IB: valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine,threonine IC: cysteine, methionine, proline Basic amino acid group transport systems: lie: lysine IIB: histidine, arginine Acidic amino acid group transport systems: III A: Aspartic acid, glutamic acid Aromatic amino acid group transport systems: IVC: Phenylalanine,tyrosine, histidine, proline.
The Life-Changing Factory (2010)

Evan Nickel's profile demonstrates how even an everyday occurrence such as buy ing lunch can yield unexpected avenues of exploration and analysis.The essay explains how his life and the lives of others have been affected by their ongoing relationships with a person who prepares their food.Consider how you feel when someone care fully prepares food especially for you.Does this essay evoke a similar emotion?Through this essay, the audience gains a close look at Maggie Keller through her medium: sandwich making.What else do we find out about her? Does the ironic nature of the discussion make the analysis too "lite"?Are readers left wanting more?Do we need more "meat"?
Inflammatory Polyarthropathy and Bone Remodeling in HTLV-I Tax-Transgenic Mice (1997)

Transgenic mice carrying the tax gene of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I displayed a high prevalence of arthropathy. The percentage of affected animals increased with age, reaching a peak of 43% at 20 months. Southern analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from tissue samples indicated that disease development was related to tax copy number. Histopathologic evaluation of the ankle joints disclosed deep erosion of the synovial lining, fibrous tissue proliferation together with angiogenesis, mononuclear cell infiltration, and activation of osteoclasts. Radiologic examination confirmed joint involvement and revealed bone architecture modifications. The phenotype exhibited by the affected animals closely resembles that of seronegative arthritis in humans, and may indicate tax protein as a causal agent of arthropathy observed in HTLV-I infected individuals.
Automated distribution fault locating system (1996)

An automated fault locating system (FLS) was designed and implemented for the Colorado River Agency (CRA) 12.5/7.2-kV distribution system. This FLS was integrated into the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system which was installed at a hydropower plant. This FLS offers several benefits to the CRA distribution system. These benefits include reduced outage time, help in locating momentary faults, enhanced safety to the line crews, provide notification of an outage without receiving calls from the consumer, and decreased overtime.
Comparative study of the fluid‐phase proteolytic cleavage of human complement subcomponents C4 and C2 by Cs and Cr2‐Cs2 (1984)

The C3 convertase of the classical pathway of complement is composed of fragments C4b and C2a resulting from cleavage of C4 and C2 by activated C1. The limited proteolysis of these two different substrates by the same protease, C1s, has been studied in the fluid phase using purified proteins. The turnover numbers of C2 and C4 cleavage by C1s were affected to different extents, depending on whether C1s was alone or associated with C1r or with monoclonal antibodies to C1s. The binding of C2 to C4 favours the proteolysis of C2 by C1s, as revealed by the use of I2-treated C2.
Excitonic Laughlin states in ideal topological insulator flat bands and their possible presence in moiré superlattice materials (2020)

We investigate few- and many-body states in half-filled ideal topological insulator flat bands realized by two degenerate Landau levels which experience opposite magnetic fields. This serves as a toy model of flat bands in moir\'e materials in which valleys have Chern numbers $C=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$. We argue that although the spontaneously polarized Ising Chern magnet is a natural ground state for repulsive Coulomb interactions, it can be in reasonable energetic competition with correlated Laughlin states of excitons when short-distance corrections to interactions are included. This is because charge neutral excitons in these bands behave effectively as charged particles in ordinary Landau levels. In particular, the Ising Chern magnet is no longer the ground state once the strength of a short-range intravalley repulsion is about $30%$ larger than the intervalley repulsion. Remarkably, these excitonic Laughlin states feature valley number fractionalization but no charge fractionalization and a quantized charge Hall conductivity identical to the Ising magnet, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{xy}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{e}^{2}/h$, and thus cannot be distinguished from it by ordinary charge transport measurements. The Laughlin state with the highest density of excitons that can be constructed in these bands is an analog of $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/4$ bosonic Laughlin state and has no valley polarization even though it spontaneously breaks time reversal symmetry.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and ADHD (2014)

The literature documents a significant association between mTBI and ADHD. Further clarification of the relationship and direction of effect between mTBI and ADHD and treatment implications could have large clinical, scientific, and public health implications.
Optimal anchors placement strategy for super accurate nodes localization in anisotropic wireless sensor networks (2016)

In this paper, we develop a novel optimal anchors placement strategy tailored for anisotropic WSNs. By resorting to the well-known particle swarm optimization (PSO), we derive the optimal anchors' positions that minimize the average location estimation error (LEE). We show that our placement strategy provides substantial accuracy gains if used instead of the conventional ones and that it is able to reduce not only the average LEE but also the LEE itself and, hence, guarantees high accuracy for any WSN configuration.
Fluids of Particles with Short-Range Repulsion and Weak Long-Range Attractive Interaction. II. The Two-Particle Distribution Function (1970)

In Paper I, we presented an expansion of the pressure and density in grand canonical form and corrections to the Maxwell rule for a system of particles with short-range repulsion and weak long-range attraction. These expansions can be ordered in powers of γ, the inverse range of the attractive potential. It was assumed that the thermodynamic functions and the molecular distribution functions of the reference system, i.e., the system with only the repulsive interaction, are given. In the present paper we have calculated the γ expansion of the pair distribution function, under the same assumption. The result is obtained by functional differentiation of the series for the pressure and presented in the form of a series of diagrams. The dominant order in γ of each diagram is the same as the order of that diagram in the series for the pressure, from which it is derived.
Further Development of Contrast Media (2018)

The development of CM aims at further improvement of tolerance and identification of new diagnostic options by altering pharmacokinetic properties. New technical developments of imaging modalities also influence the use of and need for CM with special properties.
Dynamic Bayesian Network for Accurate Detection of Peptides from Tandem Mass Spectra (2016)

A central problem in mass spectrometry analysis involves identifying, for each observed tandem mass spectrum, the corresponding generating peptide. We present a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) toolkit that addresses this problem by using a machine learning approach. At the heart of this toolkit is a DBN for Rapid Identification (DRIP), which can be trained from collections of high-confidence peptide-spectrum matches (PSMs). DRIP's score function considers fragment ion matches using Gaussians rather than fixed fragment-ion tolerances and also finds the optimal alignment between the theoretical and observed spectrum by considering all possible alignments, up to a threshold that is controlled using a beam-pruning algorithm. This function not only yields state-of-the art database search accuracy but also can be used to generate features that significantly boost the performance of the Percolator postprocessor. The DRIP software is built upon a general purpose DBN toolkit (GMTK), thereby allowing a wide variety of options for user-specific inference tasks as well as facilitating easy modifications to the DRIP model in future work. DRIP is implemented in Python and C++ and is available under Apache license at http://melodi-lab.github.io/dripToolkit .
Outlook for SiC devices in traction converters (2012)

Silicon (Si) IGBTs are widely used in railway traction converters. In the near future, Silicon Carbide (SiC) technology will push the limits of switching devices in the three directions: higher blocking voltage, higher operating temperature and higher switching speed. All in all, these large-gap components should improve the traction chain efficiency and the power-weight ratio. Thus, the topology of the traction converter should be reconsidered from the input stage to the inverter including the DC bus. In this paper, the authors show the prospects for developments in traction voltage source inverters and active front end converters.
Risk Analysis and Management of Petroleum Exploration Ventures (2001)

During the 1990s, many international petroleum companies improved their exploration performance significantly by using principles of risk analysis and portfolio management, in combination with new geotechnologies. While exploration risk cannot be eliminated, it can certainly be reduced substantially, on a portfolio scale. And the widespread adoption of standardized risk analysis methods during the 1990s brought badly needed discipline to petroleum exploration. By the mid-1980s, most well-informed major international petroleum firms that were engaged in exploration recognized that, globally, the average size of new discoveries was diminishing. Not coincidentally, the class of exploratory prospects categorized as "high risk/high-potential" was showing marked signs of underperformance. For major companies, when all such ventures, which averaged around a 10% perceived probability of success, were considered, less than 1% actually discovered profitable oil and gas reserves, and the sizes of these discoveries were generally far smaller than predicted. All in all, such exploration for new giant fields destroyed value, rather than creating it, in the 1980s and early 1990s. Consequently, exploration, as a corporate function, lost credibility. It badly needed to begin delivering on its corporate promises. It needed to become more efficient, and thereby more profitable. To optimize the allocation of exploration capital, concepts of portfolio management began to be considered.
Unsupervised acoustic and language model training with small amounts of labelled data (2009)

We measure the effects of a weak language model, estimated from as little as 100k words of text, on unsupervised acoustic model training and then explore the best method of using word confidences to estimate n-gram counts for unsupervised language model training. Even with 100k words of text and 10 hours of training data, unsupervised acoustic modeling is robust, with 50% of the gain recovered when compared to supervised training. For language model training, multiplying the word confidences together to get a weighted count produces the best reduction in WER by 2% over the baseline language model and 0.5% absolute over using unweighted transcripts. Oracle experiments show that a larger gain is possible, but better confidence estimation techniques are needed to identify correct n-grams.
Ancient lineages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide little plant benefit (2021)

Almost all land plants form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Individual plants usually are colonized by a wide range of phylogenetically diverse AMF species. The impact that different AMF taxa have on plant growth is only partly understood. We screened 44 AMF isolates for their effect on growth promotion and nutrient uptake of leek plants (Allium porrum), including isolates that have not been tested previously. In particular, we aimed to test weather AMF lineages with an ancient evolutionary age differ from relatively recent lineages in their effects on leek plants. The AMF isolates that were tested covered 18 species from all five AMF orders, eight families, and 13 genera. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. A soil-sand mixture was used as substrate for the leek plants. Plant growth response to inoculation with AMF varied from - 19 to 232% and depended on isolate, species, and family identity. Species from the ancient families Archaeosporaceae and Paraglomeraceae tended to be less beneficial, in terms of stimulation plant growth and nutrient uptake, than species of Glomeraceae, Entrophosporaceae, and Diversisporaceae, which are considered phylogenetically more recent than those ancient families. Root colonization levels also depended on AMF family. This study indicates that plant benefit in the symbiosis between plants and AMF is linked to fungal identity and phylogeny and it shows that there are large differences in effectiveness of different AMF.
Automated Test Generation for Trojan Detection using Delay-based Side Channel Analysis (2020)

Side-channel analysis is widely used for hardware Trojan detection in integrated circuits by analyzing various side-channel signatures, such as timing, power and path delay. Existing delay-based side-channel analysis techniques have two major bottlenecks: (i) they are not suitable in detecting Trojans since the delay difference between the golden design and a Trojan inserted design is negligible, and (ii) they are not effective in creating robust delay signatures due to reliance on random and ATPG based test patterns. In this paper, we propose an efficient test generation technique to detect Trojans using delay-based side channel analysis. This paper makes two important contributions. (1) We propose an automated test generation algorithm to produce test patterns that are likely to activate trigger conditions, and change critical paths. Compared to existing approaches where delay difference is solely based on extra gates from a small Trojan, the change of critical paths by our approach will lead to significant difference in path delay. (2) We propose a fast and efficient reordering technique to maximize the delay deviation between the golden design and Trojan inserted design. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art approaches that rely on ATPG or random test patterns for delay-based side-channel analysis.
DOES THE INTENSITY OF NOXIOUS STIMULATION INFLUENCE C-FOS ACTIVATION PATTERNS IN RAT BRAIN? (1998)

S273 INTRODUCTION: Nociceptive stimulation has been shown to induce changes in levels of c-fos in relevant neuronal systems. [1,2] C-fos is part of the AP-1 transcription factor, and may induce expression of other genes important in adaptive responses to pain. However, few studies measuring c-fos activation in response to noxious stimulation have been done in awake animals, and none of these have examined the effect of stimulus intensity on supraspinal c-fos induction. Determining if specific brain regions "code" for noxious stimulus intensity could provide insight into mechanisms underlying nociceptive processing and potential treatment strategies. METHODS: After UCUCA approval, 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats served as either controls, sham handled subjects, or underwent right hindpaw heating to 48, 50, or 55[degree sign]C for 15 seconds, and were sacrificed 30 minutes later. Brains were quickly frozen, sectioned, slide mounted, and subsequently fixed in paraformaldehyde. In situ hybridization histochemistry was then performed using a cRNA probe for c-fos. Slides were then exposed on X-ray film for 5 days. To achieve greater anatomic detail, slides were dipped in photographic emulsion, exposed for one month, and examined microscopically. A series of adjacent Nissl stained sections were used to aid in delineation of anatomical borders. RESULTS: Many brain regions showed c-fos induction by both sham handling and noxious stimulation. Areas specifically activated by nociceptive stimulation greater than 48[degree sign]C included the septohippocampal nucleus (SHi), lateral arcuate nucleus (Arc), and caudal nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). In addition, the dorsal periaqueductal grey (DPG) appeared to increase expression with nociceptive stimulation, but was also activated by sham handling. In these areas, the amount of c-fos expression did not appear to be proportional to stimulus intensity. Rather, c-fos was induced in an "all or none" fashion at stimulation temperatures above 48[degree sign]C. DISCUSSION: These results show that more intense noxious stimuli induce c-fos expression in specific brain areas. The degree of expression did not appear to be proportional to stimulus intensity. The occurrence of specific c-fos induction at temperatures above 48[degree sign]C suggests that C-fiber activation may be necessary for activation to occur. The regions activated appear to be relevant to modulation of noxious stimuli. The arcuate nucleus and NTS are the only two brain regions that produce beta-endorphin. [3] The DPG is associated with fear and motivational responses, while the SHi projects to many limbic areas and is thought to mediate affective responses. Thus, it appears that c-fos activation specific for noxious stimulation does occur. However, the magnitude of c-fos induction does not appear to be proportional to stimulus intensity. Further studies investigating the time course of c-fos induction and the induction of other early response genes could provide further insight into how pain intensity is coded in the brain.
A Signal Processing System for Extraction of Harmonics and Reactive Current of Single-Phase Systems (2004)

A signal processing system for extraction of harmonic and reactive current components is introduced and its performance is evaluated. The extraction system is adopted as part of the control system of a single-phase active power filter (APF) to provide the required signals for harmonic filtering and reactive power compensation. Performance of the overall system is evaluated based on digital time-domain simulation studies. The APF control system including the signal processing algorithms are implemented in Matlab/Simulink Fixed-Point Blockset to accommodate bit-length limitation which is a crucial factor in digital implementation. The power system including the APF, load and the supply system are simulated with the PSCAD/EMTDC software to which the Matlab-based control model is interfaced. The simulation results indicate that the signal processing unit can provide the required signals for APF to perform filtering/compensation within the transient period of 2 to 3 cycles.
Effect of milling on the plastic and the elastic stiffness of lactose particles (2017)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of degree of disorder of a series of α-lactose monohydrate powders, prepared by milling for different time periods, on the plastic and the elastic stiffness of the particles. As references, a series of physical mixtures consisting of original crystalline particles and amorphous particles obtained by spray-drying was used. In addition, the effect of powder pre-storage humidity on the mechanical properties was investigated. For milled particles of a low degree of disorder, a decreased particle size increased the particle plastic stiffness. For milled particles of constant particle size, the plastic stiffness decreased with an increased degree of disorder while the elastic stiffness seemed nearly independent of the degree of disorder. The presence of moisture caused a recrystallisation of milled particles with low degree of disorder which increased their plastic stiffness. For the physical mixtures of crystalline and amorphous particles, similar relationships between plastic stiffness and amorphous content as for the milled powders were obtained. A reasonable explanation is that the nature of the milled particles is represented by a two-state system with crystalline and amorphous domains.
Analgesic Treatment in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Double‐blind Comparison of Ketobemidone + the Spasmolytic A29 (Ketogan®) and Morphine (1988)

The analgesic effect of ketobemidone hydrochloride + the spasmolytic component A29 (Ketogan) and morphine hydrochloride was compared double-blindly in patients with suspect acute myocardial infarction. The test drugs were administered i.v. in an initial dose of 0.5 ml (2.5 mg Ketogan, 5 mg morphine) followed, if necessary, by additional injections of 0.25 ml. Altogether, 309 patients participated in the trial. The total consumption of the test drugs showed that 5 mg Ketogan was equipotent with 10 mg of morphine. Treatment with Ketogan resulted in a significantly higher proportion of patients who were completely free of pain 15 and 30 min after the initial injection: 16% and 15% more, respectively, compared to morphine. Within 2 hours after the initial injection, approximately 15% of the patients in both treatment groups had reported nausea and about 7% had vomited (patients who vomited or were nauseated before treatment were not included in this analysis). The frequency of other side-effects was low, with no differences between the two treatment groups. Morphine caused a greater reduction of the systolic blood pressure than Ketogan. The effect of both drugs on pulse rate and respiration was the same.