gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical Holography (1976)

The authors make no attempt to summarize the results available in this area through approximate solutions of various kinds to the 3-D field equations.Nor do they present, for readers prepared to utilize modern computer techniques, finite element, boundary integral, and other numerical techniques for obtaining such solutions.Finally, it seems to the reviewer that there is little added to this book by an "Introductory Chapter" of approximately 40 pages, authored by Sih, on the "strain-energy-density factor" theory of crack growth and its extension to 3-D problems.First, the chapter seems extraneous in the sense that nothing else in the book touches on theories of crack growth.But this theory, while presented with evident enthusiasm, seems to derive from no self-consistent or physically plausible description of the crack growth process.Instead, failure is assumed to occur when a local minimum value of the energy density, at some given radius from the crack tip, reaches a critical value.Why the energy density, and especially, a local minimum of it, should be chosen is unclear enough.But the function does indeed have a local minimum, in general, and it seems disconcerting to take as critical a value of the energy density for which both greater and lesser values occur at other points at the same given radius from the crack tip.
NOTATION OF MOVEMENT (1970)

Abstract : First, the basic principles of a notation of bodily movements as developed by Noa Eshkol and Abraham Wachmann are summarized. The syntactic elements of this notation are then translated into equations of motion in a set of Cartesian coordinate systems each of which is associated with a movable part of the body. Hence, by a cascade of transforms, any desired (and executable) movement is now describable. A computer program has been written which carries out these transformations, thus, any movement prescribed by a sequence of symbols in Eshkol-Wachmann notation can now be represented by the appropriate trajectories which, in this program, are printed out with a CALCOMP plotter as projections into the three principal planes, the XY-plane, the YZ-plane and the ZX-plane. Numerous illustrations exemplify the rich possibilities of an algorithm which translates symbolic commands into effective movements.
Assessment of Foamed – Cement Slurries Using Conventional Cement Evaluation Logs and Improved Interpretation Methods (1999)

Abstract Methods to evaluate conventional cements with logging data may not yield valid results in foamed cements. Logging tools commonly used in cement evaluation are the traditional cement bond log (CBL) tools and the modern ultrasonic scanning tools. CBL tools provide waveform images and acoustic amplitudes that together help describe cement-to-pipe and cement-to-formation bonding. Ultrasonic scanning tools contribute circumferential images and detailed information regarding the cement-to-pipe bond. The major problem in evaluating foamed cements is that their impedance values can be below that of annular fluids, such as mud or water. Thus, a standard interpretation of ultrasonic images and data in foamed cements may provide an incorrect diagnosis of the cement bond and could lead to unnecessary remedial cementing activities. A new interpretation method expands and improves on previously published methods to effectively evaluate foamed cements with the common cement-evaluation tools. This method uses ultrasonic scanning data to provide detailed information regarding the cement-to-pipe bond and allows foamed cement to be distinguished from mud or spacer fluid behind casing. Cement-slurry weight and composition do not affect this technique. The technique does not require additional logging tools or passes and thus does not introduce additional logging or rig expenses. Examples are presented showing that the new method is valid and is effective in both time and cost. These examples will illustrate several new ultrasonic cement-bond curves that were developed as a result of the new method and that, when used in conjunction with CBL amplitude data, improve foamed-cement evaluation. In the examples, the interpretation is focused to answer the basic question, "Should remedial cementing be performed, or should the well be perforated for production?"
Role of IC substrate and ESD protections in noise propagation: Design and modelling of dedicated test chip in 40 nm technology (2015)

This paper presents the design of a silicon test chip specially conceived to study the noise propagation trough the silicon substrate in order to build up a model to be used in simulating EMC performances —both emission (EME) and immunity (EMI)— and to be able to predict early in advance, before silicon fabrication, EME-EMI characteristics. The chip is realized in 40 nm CMOS technology, the one used for the realization of automotive microcontroller. Four versions of the chip are presented and some measurements are shown. This first paper focuses on emissions aspects, even if the schematic architecture and layout has been developed to cover immunity phenomenon too. To understand the role played by the silicon substrate as propagation medium (noise internally generated to outside or to convey the external environment interferences into the silicon circuitries), the ESD pin protections have been removed on two versions of the test chip. The same electrical architecture is also proposed in different layout designs: with and without the Deep N-Well (DNW) implant allowing isolation of p-well substrates, to evaluate the benefit of this process technique. Previous work is discussed, and new hypotheses and emission measurements are shown. This work is focused on the basic version of the test chip, without DNW and ESD protection, to highlight noise propagation due to the substrate only, without intervention of different physical structures.
Technical applications on the KSR 1: high performance and ease of use (2002)

The authors show that the KSR 1 delivers both high performance and ease of use. KSR 1 performance results on standard benchmark suites, including the NAS parallel benchmarks, are presented and compared with those of other computers to demonstrate its high delivered performance. It is then shown, through a simple example, how the KSR 1's ALLCACHE memory architecture allows an incremental approach to parallel programming which makes it easy to use. This incremental approach is demonstrated using a real technical application in the field of computational chemistry.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Highly efficient diode-pumped alkali-vapor amplification with near-extreme-limit gain (2022)

We report high-efficiency optical amplification with near-extreme-limit gain from a diode-pumped Cs vapor cell. We used wavelength-division multiplexing to couple 852 nm pump and 895 nm seed lasers to achieve nearly overlapping spatial modes in the Cs vapor cell. We investigated the amplification factor as a function of the focal length of the lens focusing on the combined pump and seed signals and determined the optimal focal length under our experimental conditions. The small-signal amplification factor from the Cs vapor cell reached >30 dB at 240 mW pump power, and the optimal optical amplification factor per pump power was 4171/W.
Wearable Internet of Things: Concept, architectural components and promises for person-centered healthcare (2014)

The proliferation of mobile devices, ubiquitous internet, and cloud computing has sparked a new era of Internet of Things (IoT), thus allowing researchers to create application-specific solutions based on the interconnection between physical objects and the internet. Recently, wearable devices are rapidly emerging and forming a new segment-“Wearable IoT (WIoT)” due to their capability of sensing, computing and communication. Future generations of WIoT promise to transform the healthcare sector, wherein individuals are seamlessly tracked by wearable sensors for personalized health and wellness information-body vital parameters, physical activity, behaviors, and other critical parameters impacting quality of daily life. This paper presents an effort to conceptualize WIoT in terms of their design, function, and applications. We discuss the building blocks of WIoT-including wearable sensors, internet-connected gateways and cloud and big data support-that are key to its future success in healthcare domain applications. We also present a new system science for WIoT that suggests future directions, encompassing operational and clinical aspects.
An Example Application (2000)

This chapter contains sections titled: The Army War Reserves (AWR) Logistics Problem, AWR Agent Architecture, AWR Agent Implementation
Differential Effects of GABABReceptor Subtypes, γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid, and Baclofen on EEG Activity and Sleep Regulation (2010)

The role of GABA(B) receptors in sleep is still poorly understood. GHB (γ-hydroxybutyric acid) targets these receptors and is the only drug approved to treat the sleep disorder narcolepsy. GABA(B) receptors are obligate dimers comprised of the GABA(B2) subunit and either one of the two GABA(B1) subunit isoforms, GABA(B1a) and GABA(B1b). To better understand the role of GABA(B) receptors in sleep regulation, we performed electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings in mice devoid of functional GABA(B) receptors (1(-/-) and 2(-/-)) or lacking one of the subunit 1 isoforms (1a(-/-) and 1b(-/-)). The distribution of sleep over the day was profoundly altered in 1(-/-) and 2(-/-) mice, suggesting a role for GABA(B) receptors in the circadian organization of sleep. Several other sleep and EEG phenotypes pointed to a more prominent role for GABA(B1a) compared with the GABA(B1b) isoform. Moreover, we found that GABA(B1a) protects against the spontaneous seizure activity observed in 1(-/-) and 2(-/-) mice. We also evaluated the effects of the GHB-prodrug GBL (γ-butyrolactone) and of baclofen (BAC), a high-affinity GABA(B) receptor agonist. Both drugs induced a state distinct from physiological sleep that was not observed in 1(-/-) and 2(-/-) mice. Subsequent sleep was not affected by GBL whereas BAC was followed by a delayed hypersomnia even in 1(-/-) and 2(-/-) mice. The differential effects of GBL and BAC might be attributed to differences in GABA(B)-receptor affinity. These results also indicate that all GBL effects are mediated through GABA(B) receptors, although these receptors do not seem to be involved in mediating the BAC-induced hypersomnia.
Dual Anion–Cation Reversible Insertion in a Bipyridinium–Diamide Triad as the Negative Electrode for Aqueous Batteries (2017)

Abstract Aqueous batteries are an emerging candidate for low‐cost and environmentally friendly grid storage systems. Designing such batteries from inexpensive, abundant, recyclable, and nontoxic organic active materials provides a logical step toward improving both the environmental and economic impact of these systems. Herein the first ever battery material that works with simultaneous uptake and release of both cations and anions is proposed by coupling p‐type (bipyridinium) and n‐type (naphthalene diimide) redox moieties. It represents one of a new family of electrode materials which demonstrates an optimal oxidation potential (−0.47 V vs saturated calomel electrode), extremely fast kinetics, a highly competitive capacity (63 mA h g −1 at 4 C ), and cyclability in both neutral Na + and Mg 2+ electrolytes of molar range concentration. Through a combination of UV–vis spectroelectrochemistry, electrochemical quartz‐crystal microbalance, Operando synchrotron‐X‐ray diffraction, and density functional theory calculations a novel dual cation/anion insertion mechanism was proven and rationalized. Based on these findings, this innovative p/n‐type product may well provide a viable option for use as a negative electrode material, thereby promoting the design of cutting‐edge, low‐cost, rocking‐chair dual‐ion aqueous batteries.
Effects of clodronate (dichloromethylene bisphosphonate) on the development of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. (1994)

The effects of clodronate, a bisphosphonate for the treatment of hypercalcemia, on the progress of atherosclerosis were studied in rabbits fed with a high-cholesterol (1%) diet and treated simultaneously with disodium clodronate 0 (saline), 1, 5, or 25 mg/kg intravenously twice a week for 6, 9, and 12 weeks. In 9 to 12 weeks, plasma total cholesterol increased from 0.8 +/- 0.3 mmol/L (mean +/- SD) in rabbits fed the standard diet to 46 +/- 17 mmol/L in animals subjected to high-cholesterol diet. Clodronate did not influence the cholesterol concentration in plasma. None of the parameters studied were changed by clodronate within 6 weeks after beginning the treatment. In 9 to 12 weeks (n = 7 to 9), plasma total Ca++ concentration was decreased from 3.55 +/- 0.12 mmol/L in the saline group to 3.36 +/- 0.16 mmol/L in the group on the greatest clodronate dose (p < 0.05). Free and esterified cholesterol and total Ca++ concentrations in the wall of thoracic aorta were reduced by the greatest dose of clodronate, compared with the groups treated with saline solution or smaller doses of the drug (p < 0.05). At 12 weeks, the greatest dose of clodronate also reduced the visible and lipid-stained atheromatous areas in the thoracic and abdominal aorta, compared with those in the saline and the other clodronate dose groups (p < 0.05). The results suggest that a high dose of clodronate inhibits the development of diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits.
Transition Metal Inhibition of Titanium Corrosion: Electrochemical Behavior of Titanium in Alkaline Electrolyte (2012)

Abstract not Available.
Several statins increase body and liver fat accumulation in a model of metabolic syndrome. (2013)

Statins are a family of drugs used in hypercholesterolemia. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of statins on body and liver fat accumulation in obese Zucker rats. Seventy Zucker (fa/fa) rats were divided into seven groups. Rats from six statin groups were treated with pravastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin and lovastatin respectively, at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg body weight/day. After 6 weeks, liver and white adipose tissue from intra-abdominal and subcutaneous locations were dissected and weighed. Subcutaneous adipose tissue from rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin and lovastatin treated rats was significantly increased. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity was increased by the administration of fluvastatin and lovastatin, as was glucose-6-P dehydrogenase (G6PDH) by the administration of atorvastatin and lovastatin. No changes were observed in malic enzyme (ME) activity. Furthermore, heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase (HR-LPL) was increased in all groups where the subcutaneous depot was increased, and total LPL increased only in rosuvastatin and fluvastatin-treated groups. With regard to liver, there were no changes in weight but the amount of triacylglycerols was increased in rosuvastatin group, as well as its liver damage was higher. In this group FAS and G6PDH activities were increased and no changes were observed in ME, acyl CoA oxidase (ACO) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a (CPT-1a) activities. All statins, with the exception of simvastatin, worsen insulin resistance. These results show that statins have different effects on body fat accumulation. Moreover, rosuvastatin also shows a prosteatotic effect. These results should be taken into account for statin choice in prescription.
Convex Identification of Minimal Function Bases for Cylinder Pressure by Using Pressure Values as Basis Weights (2017)

Estimating cylinder individual pressures using flywheel angular measurements is difficult, foremost because several input signals must be estimated from one single measurement signal. Since the pressures cannot vary arbitrary, estimation can still be possible, but it leaves little room for robustness. To take most use of data and models, it is suggested here to parameterize pressures using a function basis. For a general physics-based engine model, it is shown how the information content in the angular measurement is limited, implying that only a few parameters per cylinder can be estimated. If small deviations in the combustion are to be identified, a very parameter efficient basis is, therefore, needed. By showing that the basis can be chosen such that its weights are pressures at distinct angles, a convex optimization problem to determine optimal basis functions is derived. The method is applied to extensive cylinder pressure data for a six-cylinder diesel engine in a case study with induced combustion faults. The result is that only three to four free parameters per cylinder are needed to achieve a close fit, and a provided analysis suggests that this may enable the design of robust estimators.
Study on electrical properties of Al/Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Schottky junction and ZnO/CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 heterojunction using admittance spectroscopy (2006)

The electrical properties of Al/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (Al/CIGSe) Schottky junction and ZnO/CdS/CIGSe heterojunction were studied by admittance spectroscopy. Three distinct peaks (peaks α, ζ, and ϵ) were detected from all the CIGSe samples. The activation energies for the traps corresponding to peaks α and ζ were estimated to be approximately 10 meV and 300 meV, respectively. The peak α may be due to the shallow acceptor, and peaks ζ and ϵ may be due to defects in the CIGSe layer. The characteristics of the peak ζ have close correlation with the surface potential of the CIGSe layer. Therefore, the peak ζ may be caused by traps such as grain boundary defects near the surface of the CIGSe layer. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Narrow-band resonance-ionization and fluorescence imaging in a mercury-vapor cell (1998)

Characteristics of a novel type of ultranarrow-band image detector have been experimentally studied. The principle of this new imaging approach is to detect a resonance-ionization and (or) fluorescence-imaging signal formed on a thin planar cell filled with atomic vapor. A planar vapor cell with a thickness of 1.6 mm was used for imaging 253.7-nm radiation by Hg atoms. One- and two-dimensional images were produced and detected with ionization and fluorescence-signal acquisition. The feasibility of atomic-vapor image detectors with a spectral resolution of several megahertz is discussed.
Studies of the Combined Effect of Heat Recirculation and Stretch on Mesoscale Flame Propagation (2005)

*† Flame propagation and extinction in two-dimensionally mesoscale channels are numerically investigated accounting for flame-wall interaction, channel width, fuel concentration, and flow velocity. A new eigenvalue approach is developed to predict the multiple flame regimes and their transitions of mesoscale combustion. The results show that at small channel widths, there is a non-monotonic dependence of flame speed on fuel concentration due to the appearance of multiple flame regimes. With the decrease of fuel concentration, the fast flame first extinguishes and then transits to the slow flame regime. At large channel widths, it is found that the two flame regimes merge together and fast flame can transit to slow flame regime smoothly without extinction. The results also demonstrate that the flow velocity has a significant impact on flame speed. A non-linear dependence of flame speed on flow velocity via the flame-wall interaction and the change of flame geometry is obtained. The present results gave a good explanation to experimental observation.
An Improved Procedure for Prediction of Drag Polars of a Joined Wing Concept Using Physics-Based Response Surface Methodology (2001)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Creation and utilization of accurate drag polars is essential in the aircraft sizing and synthesis process. Existing sizing and synthesis codes are based on historical data and cannot capture the aerodynamics of a non-conventional aircraft at the conceptual design phase. The fidelity of the aerodynamic analysis should be enhanced to increase the designer’s confidence in the results. Hence, there is need for a physics-based approach to generate the drag polars of an aircraft lying outside the conventional realm. The deficiencies of the legacy codes should be removed and replaced with higher fidelity meta-model representations. This is facilitated with response surface methodology (RSM), which is a mathematical and statistical technique that is suited for the modeling and analysis of problems in which the responses, the drag coefficients in this case, are influenced by several variables. The geometric input variables are chosen so that they represent a multitude of configurations. Analytically created Response Surface Equations then replace the empirical aerodynamic relations and historical data found in sizing and synthesis codes, such as Flight Optimization System (FLOPS). The response surface equations obtained can be used in the system level studies and optimization. The approach described here is a statistics based methodology, which combines the use of Design of Experiments and Response Surface Method. Computational aerodynamic codes based on linearized potential flow (HASC) and boundary layer theory (BDAP) are employed to generate the needed parametric relationships. The aforementioned process is demonstrated through the implementation on a joined-wing concept.&lt;/div&gt;
[Oral allergy syndrome and food allergy]. (2005)

To obtain a precise diagnosis of food allergy, it is essential to take a careful and detailed clinical history. This allows for directing further investigations and the patient should receive adequate information. In a research setting, recombinant allergens obtained by biotechnologies permit to reach a precise identification of allergenic proteins, with the hope of treating patients exclusively with the proteins to which they are allergic. In case of light reactions, a strict allergen avoidance is not required, but it is preferable to avoid the consumption of potentially dangerous food in isolated sites and before or during physical effort. In case of severe anaphylactic reactions with potent allergens like hazelnuts, peanuts and sea food, strict information about allergen avoidance and prescription of an emergency kit will be given.