gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>In-plane electronic speckle pattern shearing interferometry: a theoretical analysis supported with experimental results</title> (1994)

An analysis of the out-of-plane shearing interferometer has been performed which shows that production of in-plane strain partial derivatives, which are not affected by out-of-plane displacement function components, is possible. The in-plane data is represented as substraction correlation fringes and can be formed using two designs of interferometer. One interferometer employs a single diverging illumination beam and is applicable to object plane stress and plane strain loading conditions, while the second design uses two illumination wavefronts and is suitable for the analysis of tri-axial strain conditions. These interferometers are tested and compared using a compact tension crack specimen and the results are correlated with Finite Element software predictions of strain distributions across modeled specimens.
Academy can intensify advocacy role by supporting health agenda (1986)

What is the Health Policy Agenda for the American People? Who decided what principles should be used? What is in it for children? How did it come about? These questions seemed to be encompassed in the complaint of one benefits manager from a large Fortune 500 company who was upset about the continued rise in medical care costs. His opinion is business would love to get out of the attempt to control medical costs and turn it over to the doctors because businessmen can9t make real headway with that crazy medical industry. In crazy marketplace, it is difficult, indeed, to get a handle on costs or anything else.
The simulation of Sky Background IR image (2012)

In order to make the sky background radiation spectrum distribution generate the infrared detector focal plane power distribution image,it needs to analyze the factors of the sky background radiation and establishe an accurate energy transfer model of the background radiation to the detector optical system focal plane of the radiation energy.In this paper,it calculates the sky background radiation spectral distribution under the different weather conditions by MODTRAN software,and establishes an energy transfer model of the background radiation to the detector optical system focal plane of the radiation energy,and gives out of the calculation method of the focal plane of the sky background radiation power,using the sky background radiation power distribution to generate their infrared images.Finally,we compile the simulation software to generate images of different weather and sky background.And compared with sky background image which IR imaging instrument take,the trends have a higher consistency.
A transfer function for the prediction of gas hydrate inventories in marine sediments (2010)

Abstract. A simple prognostic tool for gas hydrate (GH) quantification in marine sediments is presented based on a diagenetic transport-reaction model approach. One of the most crucial factors for the application of diagenetic models is the accurate formulation of microbial degradation rates of particulate organic carbon (POC) and the coupled biogenic CH4 formation. Wallmann et al. (2006) suggested a kinetic formulation considering the ageing effects of POC and accumulation of reaction products (CH4, CO2) in the pore water. This model is applied to data sets of several ODP sites in order to test its general validity. Based on a thorough parameter analysis considering a wide range of environmental conditions, the POC accumulation rate (POCar in g/cm2/yr) and the thickness of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ in m) were identified as the most important and independent controls for biogenic GH formation. Hence, depth-integrated GH inventories in marine sediments (GHI in g of CH4 per cm2 seafloor area) can be estimated as: GHI = a · POCar · GHSZb · exp (−GHSZc/POCar/d) + e with a = 0.00214, b = 1.234, c = −3.339, d = 0.3148, e = −10.265. Several tests indicate that the transfer function gives a realistic approximation of the minimum potential GH inventory of low gas flux (LGF) systems. The overall advantage of the presented function is its simplicity compared to complex numerical models: only two easily accessible parameters are needed.
Special Features of the Polymerization of Heterocyclic Monomers (2017)

Objective: The short review summarizes old and more recent findings highlighting special features of polymerizations of heterocyclic monomers, which usually are not observed in processes leading to low molar mass products. These features include: Influence of the initial monomer concentration on its equilibrium concentration, role of monomer in determination of the relative reactivity of “free” ions and ion-pairs in propagation, formation of products composed of linear and cyclic macromolecules, and influence of stereospecificity of each propagation step on microstructure of the final polymer. Discussion: In polymerization of heterocyclic monomers elementary reactions responsible for synthesis of polymers are, in principle, the same as those in “classical” chemistry of heterocyclic small molecules. However, these two classes of processes are distinct, because in the majority of polymerization systems the same heteroorganic groups are present in substrates (monomers) and reaction products (linear polymers). Results: In result, the active polymerization centers react not only with monomers but also with polymers. Moreover, in polymerization processes the monomer always constitutes a significant part of the liquid medium and influences its physicochemical properties. Keywords: Heterocyclic monomers, cyclic ethers, cyclic esters, cyclic siloxanes, ring-opening polymerization, chain transfer, macrocyclization, free ions, ion pairs.
Optimizing tape‐burnishing/wiping process of magnetic recording media through Taguchi method (2008)

Abstract For the ever‐increasing recording density in hard disk drives, ultra‐low gliding height media are required. It is an immense challenge for the tape‐burnishing/wiping process of media to reduce the asperities effectively and efficiently while no scratches occur. The purpose of this paper is to characterize and then optimize the tape‐burnishing/wiping process as so to minimize the asperities without leaving any scratches on the media surface. A Taguchi experiment design method is adopted to analyze the data and acquire an optimal level combination of process parameters. The resulting optimal combination is practically implemented in tape‐burnishing/wiping the several magnetic recording media, which reveals that the average pass ratio of 5 nm glide avalanche testing increases nearly doubly to a level of 96%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Multi-Granularity Noise for Curvilinear Grid LIC (1998)

A major problem of the existing curvilinear grid Line Integral Convolution (LIC) algorithm is that the resulting LIC textures may be distorted after being mapped onto the parametric surfaces, since a curvilinear grid usually consists of cells of different sizes. This paper proposes a way for solving the problem through using multi-granularity noise as the input image for LIC. A stochastic sampling technique called Poisson ellipse sampling is employed to resample the computational space of a curvilinear grid into a set of randomly distributed points. From this set of points, we are able to reconstruct a noise image with its local noise granularity being adapted to the physical space cell size of the grid.
Atom-by-atom simulations of graphene growth by decomposition of SiC (0001): Impact of the substrate steps (2013)

The atomic-scale carbon rearrangement into graphene by the thermal decomposition of SiC (0001) was simulated by the density-functional tight-binding technique. By decomposing the terrace of the SiC (0001) surface, the carbon chains formed a three-dimensional structure, because the carbon atoms are released by losing their original contacts to silicon atom. On the other hand, in the step model, the silicon atoms at the step-edge act as trapping sites for the released carbon atoms, and the carbon network effectively nucleated and expanded. After nucleation at the step, graphene can grow by the further decomposition together with retreat of the step.
Estimation of the Light Output Power and Efficiency of a XeCl Dielectric Barrier Discharge Exciplex Lamp Using One-Dimensional Drift–Diffusion Model for Various Voltage Waveforms (2012)

A XeCl dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) excilamp applied by pulsed and sinusoidal voltage waveforms is simulated using a 1-D drift-diffusion model. In both waveforms, the light output power depends not only on the gas mixture composition but also on the electrical parameters of each voltage waveform such as the frequency, the duty cycle, etc. At the same amplitude of the applied voltage and frequency, the light ultraviolet output efficiency of a pulsed voltage is higher than that of a sine voltage. These results obtained in this paper permit us to find out an appropriate power supply for a DBD excilamp.
The Treatment of the Restless Legs Syndrome with Clonazepam: A Prospective Controlled Study (1986)

The effect of clonazepam on the restless legs syndrome was studied in a group of 6 patients. Following a drug-free period, 3 patients received clonazepam for 4 weeks followed by placebo for 4 weeks thereafter and 3 patients received the same medication and for the same length of time but in reverse order. The effectiveness of the medication was evaluated by means of a self-rating system in which patients assigned a score daily to the degree of discomfort experienced in the previous 24 hours. Three patients improved on clonazepam but 2 of these also improved on placebo. Clonazepam was not shown to be significantly more effective than placebo in the treatment of RLS.
Positive feedback control of Rayleigh-Bénard convection (2003)

We consider the problem of active feedback control of Rayleigh-Bénard convection via shadowgraphic measurement. Our theoretical studies show, that when the feedback control is positive, i.e. is tuned to advance the onset of convection, there is a critical threshold beyond which the system becomes linearly ill-posed so that short-scale disturbances are greatly amplified. Experimental observation suggests that finite size effects become important and we develop a theory to explain these contributions. As an efficient modelling tool for studying the dynamics of such a controlled pattern forming system, we use a Galerkin approximation to derive a dimension reduced model.
Two-Echelon Distribution Systems with Vehicle Routing Costs and Central Inventories (1993)

We consider distribution systems with a single depot and many retailers each of which faces external demands for a single item that occurs at a specific deterministic demand rate. All stock enters the systems through the depot where it can be stored and then picked up and distributed to the retailers by a fleet of vehicles, combining deliveries into efficient routes. We extend earlier methods for obtaining low complexity lower bounds and heuristics for systems without central stock. We show under mild probabilistic assumptions that the generated solutions and bounds come asymptotically within a few percentage points of optimality (within the considered class of strategies). A numerical study exhibits the performance of these heuristics and bounds for problems of moderate size.
Somatic mutations of the β‐TrCP gene in gastric cancer (2007)

Beta-TrCP is a component of the ubiquitin ligase complex targeting beta-catenin for proteasomal degradation, and is a negative regulator of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. To determine whether genetic alterations of the beta-TrCP gene are involved in the development or progression of gastric cancer, we analyzed its somatic mutations in 95 gastric cancers by single-strand conformational polymorphism and sequencing. We found five missense mutations (5.3%): A99V, H342Y, H425Y, C206Y, and G260E. Tissue carrying mutations showed moderate to strong cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining of beta-catenin by immunohistochemistry. Thus, somatic mutations of the beta-TrCP gene may contribute to the development of gastric cancer through beta-catenin stabilization.
Status of preclinical safety assessment for immunomodulatory biopharmaceuticals (2000)

Scientists from academia, industry, FDA, European and Japanese regulatory groups met to discuss key considerations that are central to the safe and expeditious development of novel biologic agents that are thought to act by modulation of the host immune system. In the presentations and case studies, particular attention was given to the current clinical experience with immunosuppressant agents. Many new biologic agents (such as humanized monoclonal antibodies) have been developed to interact in a highly specific manner with their target. However, their pharmacologic properties may be more complex than originally appreciated, impacting on clinical trial designs. The goal of preclinical safety assessment should be to provide some assurance that patients will be protected from any unacceptable risks by defining "safe" and "active" doses. For immunomodulatory molecules, particular attention is paid to defining potential for increased risks of lymphoproliferative disorders, opportunistic infections, and immune impairment. To address these issues, a wide variety of preclinical studies, mainly in non-human primates, have been performed for the purpose of assessing the potential risk of drug-induced, human immunotoxicity. Case studies presented at this symposium showed the feasibility of assessing humoral and cell-mediated aspects of the immune system, using antigen and neoantigen challenges, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric (FACS) methods. In some cases, homologous forms of the biologic agent and "humanized" transgenic models have been used to assess potential clinical risks. These data have been useful in providing some assurance that severe adverse effects would not be induced in patients. Despite these limitations, it is important that industry sponsors provide information to regulatory authorities, the clinical investigator, and patients that provides the best feasible basis for risk assessment, safe clinical trial design, informed consent, and eventually, appropriate labeling. It is recognized that existing preclinical models often have significant limitations. Consequently, the sponsor's and regulatory authority's experienced judgement has determined whether or not the purported benefits of the novel therapeutic agent are balanced by the potential short- and long-term risks. In this field of development, preclinical models often need to reflect recent technology innovations; therefore, these models are not always "validated" in a conventional sense. Experience to date suggests that improved methods and approaches are needed as these agents are developed for use in lower or moderate risk patient populations. Consequently, there is an increased need for an industry/regulatory partnership in order to achieve progress in these risk assessment areas.
A low-voltage, low quiescent current, low drop-out regulator (1998)

The demand for low-voltage, low drop-out (LDO) regulators is increasing because of the growing demand for portable electronics, i.e., cellular phones, pagers, laptops, etc. LDO's are used coherently with dc-dc converters as well as standalone parts. In power supply systems, they are typically cascaded onto switching regulators to suppress noise and provide a low noise output. The need for low voltage is innate to portable low power devices and corroborated by lower breakdown voltages resulting from reductions in feature size. Low quiescent current in a battery-operated system is an intrinsic performance parameter because it partially determines battery life. This paper discusses some techniques that enable the practical realizations of low quiescent current LDO's at low voltages and in existing technologies. The proposed circuit exploits the frequency response dependence on load-current to minimize quiescent current flow. Moreover, the output current capabilities of MOS power transistors are enhanced and drop-out voltages are decreased for a given device size. Other applications, like dc-dc converters, can also reap the benefits of these enhanced MOS devices. An LDO prototype incorporating the aforementioned techniques was fabricated. The circuit was operable down to input voltages of 1 V with a zero-load quiescent current flow of 23 /spl mu/A. Moreover, the regulator provided 18 and 50 mA of output current at input voltages of 1 and 1.2 V, respectively.
IL-10 Plays a Pivotal Role in Tamoxifen-Induced Spasmolytic Polypeptide-Expressing Metaplasia in Gastric Mucosa (2017)

IL-10 may play a pivotal role in the tamoxifen-induced acute development of gastric SPEM.
Contributions of the [NiFe]- and [FeFe]-hydrogenase to H2production inShewanella oneidensisMR-1 as revealed by isotope ratio analysis of evolved H2 (2013)

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 encodes both a [NiFe]- and an [FeFe]-hydrogenase. While the output of these proteins has been characterized in mutant strains expressing only one of the enzymes, the contribution of each to H2 synthesis in the wild-type organism is not clear. Here, we use stable isotope analysis of H2 in the culture headspace, along with transcription data and measurements of the concentrations of gases in the headspace, to characterize H2 production in the wild-type strain. After most of the O2 in the headspace had been consumed, H2 was produced and then consumed by the bidirectional [NiFe]-hydrogenase. Once the cultures were completely anaerobic, a new burst of H2 synthesis catalyzed by both enzymes took place. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that at this point in the culture cycle, a pool of electrons is shunted toward both hydrogenases in the wild-type organisms, but that in the absence of one of the hydrogenases, the flux is redirected to the available enzyme. To our knowledge, this is the first use of natural-abundance stable isotope analysis of a metabolic product to elucidate substrate flux through two alternative enzymes in the same cellular system.
Similarity between trans fat and saturated fat in the modification of rat mammary carcinogenesis. (1984)

Commercial hydrogenation of vegetable oils results in the introduction of trans fatty acids. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of feeding a fat which contained approximately 38% trans isomers (designated trans fat) on the induction of mammary tumors by dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in rats. The corresponding control fat (designated cis fat), which had a similar fatty acid composition, consisted of only cis isomers. Since both the trans and cis fats were rather saturated, a comparison was also made between these 2 types of fat and corn oil, which contains about 60% linoleic acid (C18:2). Each fat was present in the diet at 2 levels, 5 and 20% by weight. Although rats fed the 20% trans fat or cis fat diets had a slightly higher tumor incidence and yield than did those on the corresponding 5% fat control diets, the difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, rats fed the 20% corn oil diet developed a much greater number of tumors than did rats fed a diet containing only 5% corn oil. Further analysis of the data showed that diets containing either trans fat or cis fat were much less effective than were the corn oil diets in promoting the development of mammary neoplasia at either the 5 or 20% level. Our results thus suggest that trans fat behaves very much like a saturated fat in the modification of mammary tumorigenesis. A determination of the fatty acid content of the mammary fat pad indicated that its composition generally reflected the dietary fatty acid intake, with the incorporation of trans isomers into the mammary tissue found to be dependent on the quantity of trans fat in the diet.
Unemployment and Substance Use: A Review of the Literature (1990-2010) (2011)

The current article summarizes the results of a comprehensive review of the international research published between 1990 and 2010. The research was focused on the prevalence of substance use/disorders among the unemployed and employed, the impact of substance abuse on unemployment and vice versa, the effect of unemployment on alcohol/ drug addiction treatment and smoking cessation, and the relationship between business cycle, unemployment rate and substance use. Over hundred-thirty relevant studies were identified investigating these issues. The main results are as follows: (1) Risky alcohol consumption (associated with hazardous, binge, and heavy drinking) is more prevalent among the unemployed. They are also more likely to be smokers, to use illicit and prescription drugs, and to have alcohol and drug disorders (abuse, dependence). (2) Problematic substance use increases the likelihood of unemployment and decreases the chance of finding and holding down a job. (3) Unemployment is a significant risk factor for substance use and the subsequent development of substance use disorders. However, the current research provides only limited information about which individuals are more likely to be affected. (4) Unemployment increases the risk of relapse after alcohol and drug addiction treatment. (5) The exact nature of the relationship between unemployment and the probability of smoking cessation remains unclear due to the mixed results observed in the literature review. (6) Drinking and smoking patterns appear to be procyclical. We see a decrease in both when the economy declines and the unemployment rate increases. In contrast, a countercyclical trend was observed amongst adolescent drug users. However, these studies do not provide any convincing or additional information about substance use amongst the unemployed. This paper discusses the merits, limitations and problems of the research, proposes numerous future research questions, and outlines important implications for policy makers and practitioners, especially with regard to prevention and vocational promotion and rehabilitation.
Dystroglycan Function Requires Xylosyl- and Glucuronyltransferase Activities of LARGE (2012)

Posttranslational modification of alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG) by the like-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (LARGE) is required for it to function as an extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor. Mutations in the LARGE gene have been identified in congenital muscular dystrophy patients with brain abnormalities. However, the precise function of LARGE remains unclear. Here we found that LARGE could act as a bifunctional glycosyltransferase, with both xylosyltransferase and glucuronyltransferase activities, which produced repeating units of [-3-xylose-α1,3-glucuronic acid-β1-]. This modification allowed α-DG to bind laminin-G domain-containing ECM ligands.
Teaching Clouds (2012)

In this chapter, the authors discuss the scope, content, and technical challenges offered up in the construction and delivery of a 10 week long Cloud Computing module that combines discussions of the principles and key characteristics of Cloud Computing with a series of practical exercises and an implementation-based coursework. The authors present an overview of the core of this module, which starts from the Software, Platform, and Infrastructure (SPI) model and builds from this around SOAP and REST, Hadoop, related paradigms such as Grids and Peer-to-Peer (P2P) computing, and the all-important Service Level Agreement (SLA). The chapter further describes the practical exercises undertaken in lab-based sessions, and the nature of the assessment. It concludes with a brief discussion of the lessons learned to date through this delivery.