gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Rhodium-Catalyzed Formyl Activation: A Computational Study (2016)

Metal-catalyzed transfer hydroformylation is an important way of cleaving C-C bonds and constructing new double bonds. The newly reported density functional theory (DFT) method, M11-L, has been used to clarify the mechanism of the rhodium-catalyzed transfer hydroformylation reported by Dong et al. DFT calculations depict a deformylation and formylation reaction pathway. The deformylation step involves an oxidative addition to the formyl C-H bond, deprotonation with a counterion, decarbonylation, and β-hydride elimination. After olefin exchange, the formylation step takes place via olefin insertion into the Rh-H bond, carbonyl insertion, and a final protonation with the conjugate acid of the counterion. Theoretical calculations indicate that the alkalinity of the counterion is important for this reaction because both deprotonation and protonation occur during the catalytic cycle. A theoretical study into the formyl acceptor shows that the driving force of the reaction is correlated with the stability of the unsaturated bond in the acceptor. Our computational results suggest that alkynes or ring-strained olefins could be used as formyl acceptors in this reaction.
Incremental power grid verification (2012)

Verification of the on-die power grid is a key step in the design of complex high-performance integrated circuits. For the very large grids in modern designs, incremental verification is highly desirable, because it allows one to skip the verification of a certain section of the grid (internal nodes) and instead, verify only the rest of the grid (external nodes). We propose an efficient approach for incremental verification in the context of vectorless constraints-based grid verification, under dynamic conditions. The traditional difficulty is that the dynamic case requires iterative analysis of both the internal and external sections. This has been previously overcome for simulation purposes, but we provide the first solution for verification, through two key contributions: 1) a bound on the internal nodes' voltages is developed that eliminates the need for iterative analysis, and 2) a multi-port Norton approach is used to construct a reduced macromodel for the internal section. As a result, we demonstrate significant reductions in runtime, with speed-ups in the range of 3-8x, with negligible impact on accuracy.
PAPR reduction techniques for the next generation of mobile broadcasting (2012)

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of three peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques which were proposed for the inclusion in the DVB-NGH (Next Generation Handheld) standard. After a detailed description of the three techniques, a common evaluation framework is defined, and the three techniques are compared both in their PAPR reduction capability and in their end-to-end performance improvement.
Tolerant Kidney Transplant Patients Produce B Cells with Regulatory Properties (2015)

Whereas a B cell-transcriptional profile has been recorded for operationally tolerant kidney graft patients, the role that B cells have in this tolerance has not been reported. In this study, we analyzed the role of B cells from operationally tolerant patients, healthy volunteers, and kidney transplant recipients with stable graft function on T cell suppression. Proliferation, apoptosis, and type I proinflammatory cytokine production by effector CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells were measured after anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulation with or without autologous B cells. We report that B cells inhibit CD4(+)CD25(-) effector T cell response in a dose-dependent manner. This effect required B cells to interact with T-cell targets and was achieved through a granzyme B (GzmB)-dependent pathway. Tolerant recipients harbored a higher number of B cells expressing GzmB and displaying a plasma cell phenotype. Finally, GzmB(+) B-cell number was dependent on IL-21 production, and B cells from tolerant recipients but not from other patients positively regulated both the number of IL-21(+) T cells and IL-21 production, suggesting a feedback loop in tolerant recipients that increases excessive B cell activation and allows regulation to take place. These data provide insights into the characterization of B cell-mediated immunoregulation in clinical tolerance and show a potential regulatory effect of B cells on effector T cells in blood from patients with operationally tolerant kidney grafts.
Persistent caching: an implementation technique for complex objects with object identity (1992)

Many recent complex object database systems support the concepts of object identity and object identifier. Following an object identifier to access the referenced object is called navigation operation and is an essential operation in dealing with complex objects. Navigation operation is a difficult operation to implement efficiently since every navigation operation inherently causes one disk access operation. A scheme to notably accelerate the navigation operation among a sea of complex objects, by increasing the effective number of objects in one disk page is proposed. The main concept of the presented technique is threefold. The first idea is to store a cached value within a complex object that is referencing another complex object. The second is that when the referenced object is to be updated the update propagation is delayed until the time when the cached value is referenced. The third is to utilize a hashed table on main memory to efficiently validate the consistency between the cached values and the original values.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The distributional similarity of sub-parses (2005)

This work explores computing distributional similarity between sub-parses, i. e., fragments of a parse tree, as an extension to general lexical distributional similarity techniques. In the same way that lexical distributional similarity is used to estimate lexical semantic similarity, we propose using distributional similarity between subparses to estimate the semantic similarity of phrases. Such a technique will allow us to identify paraphrases where the component words are not semantically similar. We demonstrate the potential of the method by applying it to a small number of examples and showing that the paraphrases are more similar than the non-paraphrases.
A Dual Role for Melatonin in Medaka Ovulation: Ensuring Prostaglandin Synthesis and Actin Cytoskeleton Rearrangement in Follicular Cells1 (2016)

Understanding the direct effects of melatonin on vertebrate ovulation remains a challenge. The present study provides the first characterization of the role of melatonin in ovulation using the teleost medaka. The melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole inhibited in vitro follicle ovulation. In the preovulatory follicles, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase 1a and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase 2, the enzymes responsible for melatonin synthesis, were expressed in the granulosa cells throughout the 24 h spawning cycle. The granulosa cells of the follicle also expressed the melatonin receptor 1a-a. An in vitro characterization study using medaka OLHNI-2 cells revealed that melatonin and luzindole act as an agonist and an antagonist, respectively, of the melatonin receptor. The intracellular cAMP levels in these cells were reduced after melatonin treatment. The expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 group 4a (Pla2g4a), the enzyme producing arachidonic acid (cyclooxygenase-2 substrate), was inhibited in the granulosa cells in luzindole-treated follicles. Follicular prostaglandin E2 levels and in vitro follicle ovulation were suppressed in follicles isolated at 12 h prior to ovulation and incubated with the Pla2g4a inhibitor AACOCF3. The G-actin:F-actin ratios in follicular cells increased with approaching ovulation, but this increase was suppressed after luzindole treatment. The phosphorylation of moesin, an ezrin-radixin-moesin protein, was inhibited in the follicular cells in luzindole-treated follicles. These results indicate a dual role for melatonin in medaka ovulation: melatonin ensures prostaglandin E2 synthesis throughout the spawning cycle and induces actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in the follicular cells at ovulation.
Laboratory studies of the chemical composition and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and oxidized primary organic aerosol (OPOA) (2011)

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and oxidized primary organic aerosol (OPOA) were produced in laboratory experiments from the oxidation of fourteen precursors representing atmospherically relevant biogenic and anthropogenic sources. The SOA and OPOA particles were generated via controlled exposure of precursors to OH radicals and/or O3 in a Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) flow reactor over timescales equivalent to 1–20 days of atmospheric aging. Aerosol mass spectra of SOA and OPOA were measured with an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). The fraction of AMS signal at m/z = 43 and m/z = 44 (f43, f44), the hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) ratio, and the oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio of the SOA and OPOA were obtained, which are commonly used to characterize the level of oxidation of oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA). The results show that PAM-generated SOA and OPOA can reproduce and extend the observed f44–f43 composition beyond that of ambient OOA as measured by an AMS. Van Krevelen diagrams showing H/C ratio as a function of O/C ratio suggest an oxidation mechanism involving formation of carboxylic acids concurrent with fragmentation of carbon-carbon bonds. Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of PAM-generated SOA and OPOA was measured as a function of OH exposure and characterized as a function of O/C ratio. CCN activity of the SOA and OPOA, which was characterized in the form of the hygroscopicity parameter κorg, ranged from 0.003 to 0.28 over measured O/C ratios ranging from 0.05 to 1.42. This range of κorg and O/C ratio is significantly wider that has been previously obtained. To first order, the κorg-to-O/C relationship is well represented by a linear function of the form κorg = (0.17 ± 0.04) × O/C + 0.04, suggesting that a simple, semi-empirical parameterization of OOA hygroscopicity and oxidation level can be defined for use in chemistry and climate models.
Bestimmung der nutzbaren inneren Oberflächen poröser Adsorbentien (2002)

No translation.
Eye-specific segregation requires neural activity in three-eyed Rana pipiens (1985)

The addition of a third eye primordium to the forebrain region of a Rana pipiens embryo invariably results in the development of a series of periodic, mutually exclusive eye-specific bands in tectal lobes dually innervated by the host and supernumerary fibers. A number of investigators have proposed that such source-specific segregation arises as a compromise between two mechanisms that are normally involved in retinotectal map formation: one which is dependent on cell surface affinities to align the map and produce a rough retinotopy and a second that "fine tunes" the map by stabilizing adjacent terminals from neighboring retinal ganglion cell bodies at the expense of terminals from non-neighboring cells. In this study we have tested the idea that this second "fine-tuning" mechanism is dependent on neural activity by blocking impulse activity in the optic nerves of three-eyed tadpoles. To assess the requirement for activity on the formation of bands, both normal optic nerves of 17 three-eyed tadpoles were crushed intraorbitally. Two weeks after this operation, the supernumerary retinal projection had debanded and spread to cover the entire tectum in a continuous fashion. By 4 weeks, however, the host optic fibers regenerated back to the tecta and began to form segregated stripes with the fibers from the third eye. Six to 7 weeks after the optic nerve crush the periodic pattern of eye-specific segregation characteristic of dually innervated tecta was again pronounced. When activity in all three optic nerves was eliminated with tetrodotoxin (TTX; embedded in a slow release plastic) during the last 3 weeks of this process, the fibers from the two competing eyes failed to segregate and, instead, formed two completely overlapping, continuous projections across the tectal surface. To test for the requirement of activity in the maintenance of segregation, we also subjected three-eyed tadpoles without optic nerve crush to TTX blockade for 2, 3, and 4 weeks. Animals sacrificed at 2 weeks show overlap of the projections in the rostral tectum but distinct interdigitating stripes in other regions of these lobes. After 3 weeks of blockade, segregation of the projections was less distinct in the central tectum as well. After 4 weeks of TTX blockade the terminals from both eyes spread to form continuous overlapping projections throughout the tectum. Examination of well isolated, individual retinal ganglion cell terminal arbors during this period reveals that they occupy a significantly greater area of tectum following the TTX treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Testing closed-source binary device drivers with DDT (2010)

DDT is a system for testing closed-source binary device drivers against undesired behaviors, like race conditions, memory errors, resource leaks, etc. One can metaphorically think of it as a pesticide against device driver bugs. DDT combines virtualization with a specialized form of symbolic execution to thoroughly exercise tested drivers; a set of modular dynamic checkers identify bug conditions and produce detailed, executable traces for every path that leads to a failure. These traces can be used to easily reproduce and understand the bugs, thus both proving their existence and helping debug them. We applied DDT to several closed-source Microsoft-certified Windows device drivers and discovered 14 serious new bugs. DDT is easy to use, as it requires no access to source code and no assistance from users. We therefore envision DDT being useful not only to developers and testers, but also to consumers who want to avoid running buggy drivers in their OS kernels. 1
Analysis of tunable BV<inf>CEO</inf> in horizontal current bipolar transistor with floating field plates (2018)

Open base breakdown voltage (BV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CEO</sub> ) tuning in Double-Emitter Horizontal Current Bipolar Transistor with floating field plates (FFPs) is analyzed by the device simulations. Tuning is obtained by stepping of the FFPs potential which is controlled via capacitive coupling between neighboring FFPs. When coupled, they serve as the field plates for shaping of the electric potential distribution, introducing the additional drift regions in base-collector depletion region. Breakdown mechanisms in case of partial and complete shielding of the collector E-field by the FFPs are identified. In case of partial shielding, the inner electric field peaks are responsible for breakdown, whereas in the case of complete shielding, breakdown occurs at the outermost drift region. In completely shielded device, very high BV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CEO</sub> can be obtained by stacking a large number of FFPs. Devices with BV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CEO</sub> up to 70 V are obtained.
The Methods for Foot Function Index and Foot and Ankle Outcome Score Measurement: A Comparison between Paper-and-Pencil Method and Electronic Method (2017)

Purpose The patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) is used to quantify the subjective state of patients before and after the treatment. The electronic method was recently developed and used for the completion of PROM, in addition to the conventional paper and pencil method. This study identified whether the results of Foot Function Index (FFI) and Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) using the paper and pencil method was different from those using the electronic method. Materials and Methods Between May 2016 and August 2016, 42 patients who were admitted to the Seoul Foot and Ankle Center two days before surgery were included for evaluation. The mean age was 46 years (range, 21~72 years). There were 29 males and 13 females. To use the electronic method, the PADAS software (PADAS, Seoul, Korea) was implemented using a touch pad. The primary trial of FFI and FAOS was performed using either the paper-and-pencil method or the electronic method. At 24 hours after the primary test, a secondary trial of FFI and FAOS was performed using the other method. Then, we identified the reliability of FFI and FAOS between the two methods by calculating the intraclass coefficient. Results Twenty-two patients underwent the first trial using the paper-and-pencil method, and 20 patients underwent the first trial using the electronic method. Of the 42 patients, 8 patients were excluded from this study and only 34 patients were included in this study. The reliability of FFI was excellent with an intraclass coefficient of 0.957, and the reliability of FAOS was also excellent with an intraclass coefficient of 0.840. Conclusion The paper-and-pencil method and the electronic method have the same result for the completion of FFI and FAOS in this study. Therefore, it is commonly considered that the completion of FFI and FAOS using the electronic method can be applied in practice.
FDG-PET Predicts Response to Fractionated Radioimmunotherapy with 90Y-Epratuzumab Anti-CD22 MAB in Patients with NHL. (2005)

Abstract Objective: To evaluate FDG-PET imaging for early prediction of response in patients with NHL treated with fractionated radioimmunotherapy (RIT). Methods: Ten patients from a larger ongoing, multicenter, Phase I/II trial of fractionated RIT (2–3 injections 1-week apart of humanized anti-CD22 antibody, epratuzumab, labeled with 90Y) underwent FDG-PET imaging together with CT scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis at baseline and 6 weeks post-RIT, and then every 3 months until progression. Tumor responses evaluated from CT images were classified using Cheson lymphoma criteria as complete response (CR), unconfirmed CR (CRu), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) or progression of disease (PD). PET images were evaluated for abnormal focal uptake visually, using standard uptake value (SUV) quantitation, and were classified as CR when all tumor foci disappeared, incomplete response (IR) when FDG uptake decreased with persistent foci, or PD when FDG uptake increased or new foci developed. Results: A total of 36 paired imaging studies were obtained post RIT (including 3 patients after retreatment) and evaluated as CR (n=7), CRu (n=14), SD (n=5) or PD (n=10) by CT and CR (n= 13), IR (n= 8) or PD (n=15) by PET. Of the 14 studies evaluated as CRu by CT, 7 were definitively evaluated by PET as CR, 3 as IR, and 4 as PD. Of 22 studies not evaluated as CRu by CT, PET identified PD in one case evaluated as CR by CT and was otherwise concordant with CT (10 PD/PD, 6 CR/CR, 5 SD/IR). Among PET images acquired at 6 weeks post-RIT, the mean time-to-progression (TTP) was 9.6 months for negative PET images (CR) compared to 4.1 months for positive PET findings (IR, PD) (P=0.16). Conclusion: In our study, FDG-PET appeared superior to conventional CT in evaluating response to fractionated RIT. For CT scans frequently evaluated as CRu, PET resolved uncertainty regarding residual disease, and PET images acquired 6 weeks after RIT predicted later relapse.
Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Mesna and Dimesna in Plasma and Urine of Patients Treated with Mesna (1995)

We describe in this report an expedient and accurate liquid chromatographic method for measurement of mesna and dimesna in plasma and urine. The separation of mesna and the internal standard (p-aminobenzoic acid, IS) was achieved on a 10-microns, 8 mm (i.d.) x 10-cm C18-Resolve cartridge in conjunction with radial compression system. An aqueous solution of sodium citrate (0.1 M), tetrabutyl ammonium phosphate (0.001 M), and triethylamine (1:10,000, vol/vol), adjusted to pH 5 with 85% phosphoric acid was used at a flow rate of 2 ml/min as a mobile phase. The compounds were detected in the effluent electrochemically at +450 mV. After an appropriate amount of IS was added, the plasma sample (100 microliters or fraction thereof) was deproteinized with an equal volume of 0.0825 M sulfuric acid containing sodium hexametaphosphate (1.25% wt/vol), whereas urine was diluted 1:50 with water and mixed 1:1 with an aqueous solution of sodium hexametaphosphate (1.25% wt/vol). Dimesna was reduced back to mesna with sodium borohydride before analysis of the total mesna. The peak height ratio (drug/IS) varied linearly with the concentration, and the correlation coefficient was > 0.992 for both mesna and dimesna. The intrarun precision at different concentrations of mesna was equally good and the coefficient of variation was consistently < 4.5%. No interference from endogenous substances or any concomitantly used drug was observed. This assay is currently being used for measurement of mesna and dimesna in plasma of bone marrow recipients who receive high doses of cyclophosphamide.
Enhanced Peripheral Nerve Regeneration by a High Surface Area to Volume Ratio of Nerve Conduits Fabricated from Hydroxyethyl Cellulose/Soy Protein Composite Sponges (2017)

Multichannel nerve guide conduits (MCNGCs) have been widely studied and exhibited outstanding nerve repair function. However, the effect of the geometric structure of MCNGCs on the nerve repair function was still not clear. Herein, we postulated that MCNGCs with different inner surface area-to-volume ratios (ISA/V) of the channels inside the nerve guide conduits (NGCs) would show different nerve repair functions. Therefore, in current work, we constructed a series of hydroxyethyl cellulose/soy protein sponge-based nerve conduit (HSSN) with low, medium, and high ISA/V from hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)/soy protein isolate (SPI) composite sponges, which were abbreviated as HSSN-L, HSSN-M and HSSN-H, respectively. These NGCs were applied to bridge and repair a 10 mm long sciatic nerve defect in a rat model. Finally, the influence of ISA/V on nerve repair function was evaluated by electrophysiological assessment, histological investigation, and in vivo biodegradability testing. The results of electrophysiological assessment and histological investigation showed that the regenerative nerve tissues bridged with HSSN-H and HSSN-M had higher compound muscle action potential amplitude ratio, higher percentage of positive NF200 and S100 staining, larger axon diameter, lower <i>G</i>-ratio, and greater myelination thickness. Furthermore, the regenerative nerve tissues bridged with HSSN-H also showed higher density of regenerated myelinated nerve fibers and more number of myelin sheath layers. On the whole, the repair efficiency of the peripheral nerve in HSSN-H and HSSN-M groups might be better than that in HSSN-L. These results indicated that higher ISA/V based on HEC/SPI composite sponge may result in greater nerve repair functions. The conclusion provided a probable guiding principle for the structural designs of NGCs in the future.
Bimanual phacoemulsification through 2 stab incisions (2002)

The energy necessary to obtain a wound burn during 2-incision bimanual ultrasound-based phacoemulsification with a bare aspiration needle in human cadaver eyes was extremely high. The parameters necessary to create a wound burn in each modality occurred well beyond normal clinical settings and provide evidence that 2-stab ultrasound-based lens extraction can be performed safely with the Sovereign machine.
Supplementary Table S2 from Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Survival in Stage III Colon Cancer: Findings from CALGB/SWOG 80702 (Alliance) (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Table S2. Representativeness of study participants&lt;/p&gt;