gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oculocutaneous albinism (2007)

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a group of inherited disorders of melanin biosynthesis characterized by a generalized reduction in pigmentation of hair, skin and eyes. The prevalence of all forms of albinism varies considerably worldwide and has been estimated at approximately 1/17,000, suggesting that about 1 in 70 people carry a gene for OCA. The clinical spectrum of OCA ranges, with OCA1A being the most severe type with a complete lack of melanin production throughout life, while the milder forms OCA1B, OCA2, OCA3 and OCA4 show some pigment accumulation over time. Clinical manifestations include various degrees of congenital nystagmus, iris hypopigmentation and translucency, reduced pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium, foveal hypoplasia, reduced visual acuity usually (20/60 to 20/400) and refractive errors, color vision impairment and prominent photophobia. Misrouting of the optic nerves is a characteristic finding, resulting in strabismus and reduced stereoscopic vision. The degree of skin and hair hypopigmentation varies with the type of OCA. The incidence of skin cancer may be increased. All four types of OCA are inherited as autosomal recessive disorders. At least four genes are responsible for the different types of the disease (TYR, OCA2, TYRP1 and MATP). Diagnosis is based on clinical findings of hypopigmentation of the skin and hair, in addition to the characteristic ocular symptoms. Due to the clinical overlap between the OCA forms, molecular diagnosis is necessary to establish the gene defect and OCA subtype. Molecular genetic testing of TYR and OCA2 is available on a clinical basis, while, at present, analysis of TYRP1 and MATP is on research basis only. Differential diagnosis includes ocular albinism, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Griscelli syndrome, and Waardenburg syndrome type II. Carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis are possible when the disease causing mutations have been identified in the family. Glasses (possibly bifocals) and dark glasses or photocromic lenses may offer sufficient help for reduced visual activity and photophobia. Correction of strabismus and nystagmus is necessary and sunscreens are recommended. Regular skin checks for early detection of skin cancer should be offered. Persons with OCA have normal lifespan, development, intelligence and fertility.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSELECTIVITY IN THE EPOXIDE HYDRASE CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS OF THE STEREOISOMERIC 4‐TERT‐BUTYL‐1,2‐EPOXYCYCLOHEXANES (1980)

Abstract Aus dem 3‐Tosyloxy‐tert.‐butyl‐cyclohexan (I) entstehen die beiden Olefine (II) und (III).
RNA interference: advances and questions (2002)

In animals and protozoa gene-specific double-stranded RNA triggers the degradation of homologous cellular RNAs, the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi has been shown to represent a novel paradigm in eukaryotic biology and a powerful method for studying gene function. Here we discuss RNAi in terms of its mechanism, its relationship to other post-transcriptional gene silencing phenomena in plants and fungi, its connection to retroposon silencing and possibly to translation, and its biological role. Among the organisms where RNAi has been demonstrated the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei represents the most ancient branch of the eukaryotic lineage. We provide a synopsis of what is currently known about RNAi in T. brucei and outline the recent advances that make RNAi the method of choice to disrupt gene function in these organisms.
Hardware Scheduler Performance on the Plural Many-Core Architecture (2015)

The Plural many-core architecture combines hundreds of simple cores, lock-free shared memory, hardware scheduler and a task-based programming model. The hardware scheduler enables fast scheduling and allocation of fine grain tasks to all cores. Scheduler performance is evaluated based on an architectural simulator and on multiple benchmarks representing a wide variety of inherent parallelism. Several architectural alternatives and scheduler configurations are simulated. It is shown that a scheduler with capacity to schedule and terminate 10 task-instances per cycle, along with a task queue of as little as two slots near each core, is sufficient to utilize 256 cores.
Write-current control and self-powering in a low-power memory cell (1973)

A modification of a previously published dc-stable all-transistor memory cell is described that reduces the write current required for high speed writing. Moreover, it introduces a self-powering mechanism that improves the writing speed up to a factor of 10 at small cell standby currents in the order of 1 /spl mu/A. In addition cell area has been reduced by 40 percent to 9 mil/SUP 2/ by use of a shallower structure and tightened design rules.
The geochemical role of B-10 enriched boric acid in cemented liquid radioactive wastes (2023)

Abstract Boric acid is a significant radioactive waste generated during the operation of nuclear power plants. Cementitious materials have been widely studied for the immobilization of boric acid. The generally used natural boric acid has been replaced by enriched boric acid for geochemical reasons and are expected to have varied behaviors in cementitious matrices. Results showed that simulated enriched/natural boric acid liquid wastes mostly contain boron in $${\mathrm{B}(\mathrm{OH})}_{4}^{-}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>OH</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> and $${{\mathrm{B}}_{5}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}(\mathrm{OH})}_{4}^{-}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>6</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>OH</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> ionic forms, but the mass ratio of these species is higher in enriched boric acid solutions. In function with the concentration of enriched/natural boric acid, the solidified cementitious materials show different mineralogy.
Prognostic Significance of the Albumin-to-globulin Ratio for Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma Treated with Pembrolizumab: A Multicenter Retrospective Study (2021)

Abstract Although the albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR) is a promising biomarker, no study has investigated its prognostic significance for advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC). This study conformed to the REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies (REMARK) criteria. We retrospectively reviewed 176 patients with advanced UC treated with pembrolizumab between 2018 and 2020. We evaluated the associations between pretreatment clinicopathological variables, including the AGR and performance status (PS), with progression-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for univariate and multivariable analyses. The AGR was dichotomized as &lt; 0.95 and ≥ 0.95 based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. After excluding 26 cases with missing data from the total of 176 cases, 109 (73%) patients experienced disease progression, 75 (50%) died from UC, and 6 (4%) died of other causes (median survival = 12 months). Multivariate analyses identified PS ≥ 2 and pretreatment AGR &lt; 0.95 as independent poor prognostic factors for all endpoints. Furthermore, a prognostic risk model incorporating these two variables achieved a relatively high concordance index for all endpoints. This is the first report to evaluate the significance of AGR in advanced UC. Pretreatment AGR &lt; 0.95 may serve as a prognostic marker for advanced UC treated with pembrolizumab.
L-arginine suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of RANTES in glomeruli. (1998)

Endotoxemia leads to the infiltration of inflammatory cells in glomeruli and the tubulointerstitium of the kidney. The ultimate mechanisms for this infiltration, however, are not entirely clear. In this study, the glomerular formation of the chemokine RANTES (regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) was examined in an in vivo model of endotoxemia to evaluate the role the local release of chemokines might play in the regulation of this inflammatory cell infiltrate. Since the beneficial effects of nitric oxide (NO) on immune-mediated tissue injury have been reported, we also examined possible interactions between the chemokine RANTES and the L-arginine/NO pathway. To induce endotoxemia, rats were injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Glomeruli were isolated over a 24-h time period, and RANTES was assessed by Northern blotting, a chemotactic assay, and a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The chemokine release was associated with increased glomerular infiltration of monocytes/macrophages. LPS also stimulated the mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase and increased the release of nitrite into the supernatants of isolated glomeruli. Supplementation of L-arginine intake increased the release of glomerular nitrite and reduced glomerular RANTES expression after the injection of LPS. Inhibition of the L-arginine/NO pathway by the unspecific NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methylester significantly increased glomerular RANTES mRNA expression and the number of infiltrating glomerular macrophages. These data demonstrate that L-arginine suppresses glomerular RANTES formation and suggest that the chemokine-mediated recruitment of glomerular macrophages in LPS-induced endotoxemia can be modulated by the L-arginine/NO pathway.
Stability, robustness, and performance issues in second level adaptation (2014)

A new approach, described as second level adaptation, was introduced in [1] for the control of unknown linear time-invariant plants using multiple identification models. If θ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</inf> ∈ R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> , the unknown parameter vector of an LTI system lies in the convex hull P(t <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> ) of (n+1) vectors θ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</inf> (t <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> ) (initial values of adaptive vectors) in parameter space, it was shown that it lies also in the convex hull of θ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</inf> (t)(i = 1,2,…, n+1), of the adaptive parameters of the identification models. If the representations of the plants and models are in companion form, and all the state variables are accessible, simulation results were presented to demonstrate that the new method would result in much better performance than conventional adaptive control. In this paper, all aspects of second level adaptation are critically reviewed. Following this, an analysis of the stability and robustness of the approach is undertaken, and detailed reasons are provided for the observed improvement in performance. Due to space limitations, most of the results described in the paper pertain to plants in companion form, with all state variables accessible. Towards the end of the paper, an effort is made to indicate how the same concepts can be extended to more general cases. These include plants whose matrices are not in companion form, and systems in which only the input and the output of the plant are accessible. The details of the latter problems will be included in a forthcoming paper [7]. The authors believe that the two papers, together, will make a convincing case for the use of multiple models in adaptive control.
Designing a High-Resolution, LEGO-Based Microscope for an Educational Setting (2021)

ABSTRACT Microscopy is an essential tool in many fields of science. However, because of costs and fragility, the usage of microscopes is limited in classroom settings and nearly absent at home. In this article we present the construction of a microscope made of LEGO ® bricks and low-cost, easily available lenses. We demonstrate that the obtained magnification and resolution are sufficient to resolve micrometer-sized objects and propose a series of experiments that explore various biophysical principles. Finally, a study with students in the age range of 9 to 13 y shows that the understanding of microscopy increases significantly after working with the LEGO microscope.
Latest Advancements to the Industry-Leading EPDA Design Flow for Silicon Photonics: Invited Paper (2019)

Silicon photonics has emerged from research labs and is currently being used in a range of commercial products, with significant growth expected over the next few years. Current and future applications include transceivers for datacoms in datacenters and 5G, as well as a variety of sensors from medical diagnostics to LIDAR. Even longer-term applications such as artificial intelligence and quantum information technologies are in development. This growth is supported by a wide range of foundries who offer silicon photonic processes, as well as an ecosystem of design tools. We present an innovative design flow for electronic photonic design automation (EPDA) which fully supports industrial product development. This flow combines the best-in-class tools for schematic capture, co-simulation and implementation, combined with the leading photonic solvers for custom component optimization, parameter extraction and photonic compact model development. We discuss how it combines the maturity of EDA with requirements unique to photonic design.
X-ray nanotomography of SiO2-coated Pt90Ir10tips with sub-micron conducting apex (2011)

Hard x-ray nanotomography provides an important three-dimensional view of insulator-coated “smart tips” that can be utilized for modern emerging scanning probe techniques. Tips, entirely coated by an insulating SiO2 film except at the very tip apex, are fabricated by means of electron beam physical vapor deposition, focused ion beam milling and ion beam-stimulated oxide growth. Although x-ray tomography studies confirm the structural integrity of the oxide film, transport measurements suggest the presence of defect-induced states in the SiO2 film. The development of insulator-coated tips can facilitate nanoscale analysis with electronic, chemical, and magnetic contrast by synchrotron-based scanning probe microscopy.
Comparison of Advanced Radar Polarimetric Techniques for Operational Attenuation Correction at C Band (2008)

Abstract Rain path attenuation correction is a challenging task for quantitative use of weather radar measurements at frequencies higher than S band. The proportionality relationship between specific attenuation αhh (specific differential attenuation αdp) and specific differential phase Kdp is the basis for simple path-integrated attenuation correction using differential phase Φdp. However, the coefficients of proportionality are known to be dependent upon temperature, on the one hand, and shape and raindrop size distribution, on the other hand. To solve this problem, a Bayesian classification scheme is proposed to empirically find the prevailing rain regime and adapt the Φdp-based method. The proposed approach herein is compared with other polarimetric techniques currently available in the literature. Several episodes observed in the Paris, France, area by the C-band dual-polarized weather radar operating in Trappes (France) are analyzed and results are discussed.
A Framework of Non-Orthogonal Slotted Aloha (NOSA) Protocol for TDMA-Based Random Multiple Access in IoT-Oriented Satellite Networks (2018)

There is an urgent demand for massive machine-type terminals to have access into time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based satellite networks by means of random multiple access (RMA). Several RMA protocols have been proposed by exploiting packet repetitions and interference cancellation to achieve high throughput. In this paper, a framework of non-orthogonal slotted aloha (NOSA) protocol is reported to achieve even higher throughput. With a specifically designed tile-based frame structure, it introduces the intra-tile sparse mapping as a special kind of pre-coded packet repetitions and exploits the joint multi-packet detection to blindly detect superimposed packets. By further employing inter-tile packet repetitions and interference cancellation, the NOSA protocol is able to achieve high throughput with affordable complexity while keeping the same transmission efficiency as and comparable power consumptions to available protocols. Simulation results show that the NOSA prototype has the potential in providing RMA for massive machine-type terminals in practical TDMA-based satellite networks.
ChemInform Abstract: DARSTELLUNG UND STRUKTUREN VON THIOPHOSPHORIMIDEN DER MOLEKULAREN FORMEL P4(NCH3)6S(N) (N=1,2 ODER 3) UND DES TETRASELENOPHOSPHORIMIDS P4(NCH3)6SE4 (1973)

Abstract Durch Reaktion von Tri‐N‐methylphosphorimid mit Schwefel in verschiedenen Molverhältnissen bzw. mit Selen wurden die Titelverbindungen (Ia) bis (Ic) bzw. (Id) dargestellt.
Effect of pentoxifylline on lung inflammation and gas exchange in a sepsis-induced acute lung injury model (2006)

Experimental models of sepsis-induced pulmonary alterations are important for the study of pathogenesis and for potential intervention therapies. The objective of the present study was to characterize lung dysfunction (low PaO2 and high PaCO2, and increased cellular infiltration, protein extravasation, and malondialdehyde (MDA) production assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage) in a sepsis model consisting of intraperitoneal (ip) injection of Escherichia coli and the protective effects of pentoxifylline (PTX). Male Wistar rats (weighing between 270 and 350 g) were injected ip with 10(7) or 10(9) CFU/100 g body weight or saline and samples were collected 2, 6, 12, and 24 h later (N = 5 each group). PaO2, PaCO2 and pH were measured in blood, and cellular influx, protein extravasation and MDA concentration were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage. In a second set of experiments either PTX or saline was administered 1 h prior to E. coli ip injection (N = 5 each group) and the animals were observed for 6 h. Injection of 10(7) or 10(9) CFU/100 g body weight of E. coli induced acidosis, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia. An increased (P < 0.05) cell influx was observed in bronchoalveolar lavage, with a predominance of neutrophils. Total protein and MDA concentrations were also higher (P < 0.05) in the septic groups compared to control. A higher tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P < 0.05) concentration was also found in these animals. Changes in all parameters were more pronounced with the higher bacterial inoculum. PTX administered prior to sepsis reduced (P < 0.05) most functional alterations. These data show that an E. coli ip inoculum is a good model for the induction of lung dysfunction in sepsis, and suitable for studies of therapeutic interventions.
Thermal performance analysis of a syngas-fuelled hybrid solar receiver combustor operated in the MILD combustion regime (2018)

This article examines the overall performance of a hybrid solar receiver combustor when operated under the moderate or intense low oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion mode and contrast it with performance under the solar-only mode. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model, coupled with analytical model data, is utilised to investigate the influence of fuel type (syngas, natural gas and tail gas) on the thermal efficiency, heat transfer mechanisms and heat flux distribution within the cavity. It was found that irrespective of the fuel type, similar thermal performance characteristics can be achieved under the MILD combustion mode and the solar only mode of operation (given a cavity of sufficient length and an appropriate arrangement of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) pipes). Nonetheless, it was found that the type of fuel influences significantly the rate of radiative heat transfer and the ratio of radiative to convective heat transfer rates, and so the configuration must be optimised for each type of fuel. The total heat absorbed by the HTF pipes and the thermal efficiency are predicted to be higher for the fuelled-syngas MILD hybrid solar receiver combustor case than for the CH4-fuelled and a simulated tail gas-fuelled MILD cases (where the tail gas is the by-product from a Fischer–Tropsch process) owing to a greater rate of radiative heat transfer (the latter increases with the H2 concentration in the syngas). Also, the level of dilution of the fuel stream was found to significantly influence the thermal performance of the device. In addition, the calculated distribution of heat flux to the receiver pipes was found to be significantly different under the solar and combustion modes of operation, which needs to be considered in the selection of design strategies and materials.
Computational Analysis of Conserved RNA Secondary Structure in Transcriptomes and Genomes (2014)

Transcriptomics experiments and computational predictions both enable systematic discovery of new functional RNAs. However, many putative noncoding transcripts arise instead from artifacts and biological noise, and current computational prediction methods have high false positive rates. I discuss prospects for improving computational methods for analyzing and identifying functional RNAs, with a focus on detecting signatures of conserved RNA secondary structure. An interesting new front is the application of chemical and enzymatic experiments that probe RNA structure on a transcriptome-wide scale. I review several proposed approaches for incorporating structure probing data into the computational prediction of RNA secondary structure. Using probabilistic inference formalisms, I show how all these approaches can be unified in a well-principled framework, which in turn allows RNA probing data to be easily integrated into a wide range of analyses that depend on RNA secondary structure inference. Such analyses include homology search and genome-wide detection of new structural RNAs.
Temperature-Dependent Luminescent Decay Properties of CdTe Quantum Dot Monolayers: Impact of Concentration on Carrier Trapping (2018)

We have investigated the temperature dependence of the photoluminescence spectra and average photoluminescence decay rate of CdTe quantum dot monolayers of different sizes as a function of concentration in the range 77–296 K. It is shown that a simple three-level analytic model involving bright and dark exciton states can only describe the lower temperature data but is unable to satisfactorily fit the data over the full temperature range. An extended model that includes external trap states is necessary to fit the data above approximately 150 K. Parameters for the model are obtained using both temporal and spectral data. The model indicates that the efficiency of interaction with trap states increases as the QD monolayer concentration increases, which is likely due to an increase in the density of available traps.