gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultra-Short-Pulse Laser Filaments for Float Glass Cutting: Influence of Laser Parameters on Micro Cracks Formation (2022)

Utilizing ultra-short-pulse laser filamentation of glass is one of the latest developed techniques to cut glass. In comparison with other techniques the superior benefits are a small heat-affected zone, a quasi-non-gap cut, and the possibility to free from cut. However, despite the large interest in the laser/glass interaction for various laser sources and pulse durations, the process of cleaving and the underlying mechanisms are fairly undescribed. In this study, we utilized a Nd:YAG laser with an average power of 100 W, a center wavelength of 1,064 nm, and a pulse duration of 12 ps via a specially designed optic to generate laser filamentation in soda-lime- and borosilicate glass with varying Pitch and Burst parameters. The filaments and cut edge are analyzed with scanning electron- and laser scanning microscopy to study the topological phenomena and roughness. Photoelastic measurements were done to assess the stress distribution within the glass and show cumulative interactions at the filament extremity. From the observations made, phenomenological models are proposed to describe the initial micro crack formation considering the shock wave and thermal influence caused by the laser pulses. Two types of micro cracks are identified, with radial cracks passing through the filament and bypass cracks that form around the laser-affected zone. Models are elaborated for both glass types to evaluate the influence of a parameter change on the micro crack formation and the cleaving guidance. The different behavior between soda-lime- and borosilicate glass, with their distinct physical properties, helps to interpret the influence of laser parameters on the micro crack formation and the cleaving guidance.
Expanded porphyrins and aromaticity (2011)

meso-Aryl-substituted expanded porphyrins that are porphyrin homologues consisting of more than five pyrrolic units are a nice platform to realize diverse aromatic and antiaromatic species as well as stable radical species. They are also an ideal series to realize topologically twisted molecules with distinct Möbius aromaticity and antiaromaticity.
Cognitive Load Measurement as a Means to Advance Cognitive Load Theory (2003)

In this article, we discuss cognitive load measurement techniques with regard to their contribution to cognitive load theory (clt). Clt is concerned with the design of instructional methods that efficiently use people's limited cognitive processing capacity to apply acquired knowledge and skills to new situations (i.e., transfer). Clt is based on a cognitive architecture that consists of a limited working memory with partly independent processing units for visual and auditory information, which interacts with an unlimited long-term memory. These structures and functions of human cognitive architecture have been used to design a variety of novel efficient instructional methods. The associated research has shown that measures of cognitive load can reveal important information for clt that is not necessarily reflected by traditional performance-based measures. Particularly, the combination of performance and cognitive load measures has been identified to constitute a reliable estimate of the mental efficiency of instructional methods. The discussion of previously used cognitive load measurement techniques and their role in the advancement of clt is followed by a discussion of aspects of clt that may benefit by measurement of cognitive load. Within the cognitive load framework, we also discuss some promising new techniques.
Fuel-Air Ratio and Distribution from Exhaust Gas Composition (1968)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Charts have been developed that, from the composition of gasoline-engine exhaust, indicate quickly and easily:&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt; &lt;ol class="list nostyle"&gt; &lt;li class="list-item"&gt; &lt;span class="li-label"&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Fuel-air ratio of the mixture inducted into the engine.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li class="list-item"&gt; &lt;span class="li-label"&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Uniformity of mixture distribution and completeness of combustion.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li class="list-item"&gt; &lt;span class="li-label"&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Internal consistency of the set of exhaust-composition measurements.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Calculation of fuel-air ratio from exhaust composition is common, but the charts have advantages in some applications and less sensitivity to error in CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; determinations.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Determination of mixture uniformity from total exhaust composition appears to be new. The charts provide a worthwhile check on instrument accuracy, which is not an integral part of other F/A techniques.&lt;/div&gt;
MITIGATING THE SHAPED CHARGE JET IMPACT THREAT IN MAIN CHARGE FILL AMMUNITION (2007)

In the 1980s, in response to major ammunition losses caused by accident and hostile action, the Department of Defense initiated a program to reduce the vulnerability of ammunition items to external stimuli. This effort, labeled the Insensitive Munitions (IM) Program, eventually focused on seven external stimuli (threats); Sympathetic Detonation, Slow Cook off, Fast Cook-off, and Bullet Impact, Fragment Impact, Shaped Charge Jet Impact and Shaped Charge Jet Spall. Of these threats, the one that has been extremely difficult to mitigate has been the shaped charge jet impact. Recently, a new explosive has been developed which shows promise of reducing the violence of response to this threat. This material has been designated PAX-35. Initial tests of PAX-35 have demonstrated an excellent IM response while retaining the fragmentation performance of existing explosive formulations. The response of PAX-35 when subjected to shaped charge jet impact in an actual munition configuration, in conjunction with its subscale performance characteristics, is considered credible evidence to suggest that explosives can be used to render munitions totally IM compliant while meeting the performance criteria for fragmentation.
Novel Stereoscopic Optical System for Objectively Measuring Above-Surface Scar Volume—First-Time Quantification of Responses to Various Treatment Modalities (2017)

The new stereoscopic optical system is a valid, accurate, and practical objective method for assessing scar volume and for monitoring treatment response. It is more sensitive and accurate than semiquantitative objective scales. Further studies with a higher number of patients and scars are required to increase the measurement validity of the system.
Statistical Issues in Analysis of Diagnostic Imaging Experiments with Multiple Observations per Patient (2001)

Many diagnostic imaging experiments are characterized by the presence of several observations for each patient studied. Evaluation of metastases with different imaging modalities in patients with cancer or examination of multiple artery segments in patients with heart abnormalities are some examples of such studies. Data obtained from multiple observations per patient are cluster correlated and should not be analyzed by using standard statistical methods because of correlations within a subject. In this article, positron emission tomographic studies are used as a framework to review statistical methods for the analysis of clustered data. Some simple statistical methods that account for correlation within a subject and that can be applied to conventional and well-known statistical methods, such as the chi(2) and t tests, are introduced. One of these methods is illustrated by using a brief analysis of data from a positron emission tomographic study, which demonstrates how resulting conclusions may be incorrect if appropriate techniques are not applied. Alternative methods that can handle multiple observations and dependency within a subject for diagnostic imaging studies are discussed.
Deletion of the four C-terminal residues of PepC converts an aminopeptidase into an oligopeptidase (1999)

The aminopeptidase PepC is a cysteine peptidase isolated from lactic acid bacteria. Its structural and enzymatic properties closely resembles those of the bleomycin hydrolases, a group of cytoplasmic enzymes isolated from eukaryotes. Previous biochemical and structural data have shown that the C-terminal end of PepC partially occupies the active site cleft. In this work the substrate specificity of PepC was engineered by deletion of the four C-terminal residues. The mutant PepCDelta432-435 cleaved peptide substrates as an oligopeptidase while the aminopeptidase specificity was totally abolished. The substrate size dependency indicated that PepCDelta432-435 possesses an extended binding site able to accommodate four residues of the substrate on both sides of the cleaved bond. The activity of PepCDelta432-435 towards tryptic fragments of casein revealed a preference for peptides with hydrophobic amino acids at positions P2 and P3 and for Gly, Asn and Gln at position P1. PepCDelta432-435 was shown to be highly sensitive to the thiol peptidase inhibitors leupeptin or E64 which are inefficient towards the wild-type PepC. In conclusion, deletion of the four C-terminal residues in PepC produces a new enzyme with properties resembling those of an endopeptidase from the papain family.
Relativistic density-functional studies of naked and ligated gold clusters (1994)

Electronic structure investigations on a broad range of gold compounds, including naked and ligated gold clusters, are reviewed. The calculations have been carried out with a recently introduced relativistic variant of the linear combination of Gaussian-type orbitals density-functional (LCGTO–DF) method which affords all-electron investigations for very large systems. The accuracy of the method will be evaluated for the gold dimer. Then the electronic structure of the naked cluster Au55 is studied, both in Ih and Oh symmetry. Nonrelativistic and relativistic results obtained by the present method are compared to those of the much simpler jellium model. Since triphenylphosphine is among the most common ligands in gold chemistry a series of mononuclear gold phosphine compounds MeAuPR3 with increasingly complex ligands PR3 (R = H, CH3, C5H6) is discussed. The calculations reveal the success and the limitations of simpler phosphines often employed as model ligands in theoretical studies. Some aspects of the phosphine gold interaction in these simpler compounds carry over to the main group element centered gold clusters. Thereby one arrives at a rationalization of the particularly high stability of the carbon-centered octahedral cluster cation [(R3PAu)6C]2+ as compared to the neighboring isoelectronic boron and nitrogen-centered clusters. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Advanced Coating Systems for Future Shroudless Turbines (2013)

Shroudless turbine designs offer the advantages of weight reduction and lower mechanical loads on the one hand but bear challenges as high gap sensitivity and high temperatures of the static parts on the other hand. In the last years, a lot of work was carried out in order to develop a sealing system for a shroudless design consisting of an abrasive blade tip coating and an abradable segment coating addressing all the requirements defined. Aside from being abradable, the segment coatings have to be mechanically stable, withstand high thermo-mechanical loadings and have to work for thicknesses larger than 1 mm. Due to the limited temperature capability of the currently used segment coating material yttria-stabilised zirconia, which combines advantageously a suitable thermal conductivity with a high thermal expansion coefficient, new ceramic materials for the segment coating had to be developed. A very promising sealing system combines an abrasive blade tip coating with an yttria-stabilised zirconia / magnesia alumina spinel double-layer abradable coating system with a 3D interface structure between the bond coat and the ceramic coatings. The present work gives an overview of the development and the performance of this sealing system.
Defect in long-term activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by insulin in vivo: studies in insulin-resistant hHTg rats. (1999)

Long-term activation of PI 3-kinase activity by insulin in vivo involves IRS-1 in white adipose tissue, but not in skeletal muscle which implies tissue specificity. The impairment in the PI 3-kinase activation by insulin in hHTg rats may participate in insulin resistance of these animals.
Synthesis of specifically labelled L‐phenylalanines using phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity (1987)

Abstract Specifically labelled L‐phenylalanines have been prepared using a variety of classical synthetic methods in combination with phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity of the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides ATCC 10788 or Rhodotorula glutinis IFO 0559, respectively. Thus, L‐[2‐ 2 H]phenyl‐[2‐ 2 H]alanine ( 5 ) was formed from (E)‐[2,2′‐ 2 H 2 ]cinnamic acid and ammonia in 46% yield, whereas L‐phenyl‐[2‐ 13 C, 15 N]alanine ( 9 ) was obtained from (E)‐[2‐ 13 C]cinnamic acid in 45% overall yield using an 8.3‐fold excess of 15 NH 4 Cl and repeating the reaction after recovery of unchanged labelled material. Generally, labelled cinnamic acids were recovered in pure form from the reaction mixture, with a loss of 6‐8%. Likewise, unchanged 15 NH 3 was reisolated as 15 NH 4 Cl after steam distillation with overall losses of less than 4%. Labelled cinnamic acids were prepared by Knoevenagel condensations between appropriately labelled benzaldehydes and malonic acids. [2‐ 2 H]Benzaldehyde was obtained from 2‐bromotoluene by decomposition of the corresponding Grignard reagent with 2 H 2 O and subsequent oxidation. Since simple molecules, most of them commercially available in labelled form or otherwise easily accessible, may serve as starting material, and due to its defined stereochemistry, the reaction catalyzed by PAL opens a short and attractive route to specifically labelled L‐phenylalanines.
What becomes a window most: Perceptual tuning of virtual windows (1997)

Viewing a scene through an optical window provides observers with numerous visual properties. In order to create a 'virtual window' that is perceptually compelling, it must be determined which properties are most critical to preserve. We have examined several properties, both static and dynamic, and will discuss which have the greatest impact on apparent realism (and user performance).
The Containment Set Approach to Upsets in Digital Systems (1982)

Fault analysis of digital systems is highly dependent upon the fault model employed. Much previous work utilizes fault models known to contain inaccuracies in order to permit mathematically tractable analysis. In this correspondence a new approach is taken which combines faults, hardware, and software together into one overall model. This new model is shown to be useful for the consideration of intermittent/transient faults. It supports a new method, based on the novel concept of a containment set, for realizing transient fault tolerance without massive redundancy. It also allows for a new approach to system fault tolerance evaluation and validation which uses a transition matrix which is defined in terms of the containment set.
Structure-function relations in phosphorylcholine-binding mouse myeloma proteins. (1977)

The binding site interactions between the phosphorylcholine (phosphocholine)-binding mouse myeloma proteins TEPC 15, W3207, McPC 603, MOPC 167, and MOPC 511 and the isotopically substituted hapten phosphoryl[methyl-13C]choline have been investigated using 13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Each protein exhibits a unique NMR pattern, but extensive similarities in chemical shift parameters upon binding of hapten to immunoglobulin suggest a significant degree of conservation of important hapten-binding site interactions. Moreover, independent binding studies, in conjunction with the NMR data, allow construction of a simple model of the binding sites of these antibodies, analyzed in terms of the relative strength of interaction between hapten and two main subsites. The NMR evidence supports the view that the heavy chains of these proteins dominate in interacting with bound phosphorylcholine; the various subspecificities of these proteins for phosphorylcholine analogues can be accounted for by amino acid changes in the hypervariable regions of the heavy chains.
Tracking the Remodeling of SNOMED CT's Bacterial Infectious Diseases. (2016)

SNOMED CT's content undergoes many changes from one release to the next. Over the last year SNOMED CT's Bacterial infectious disease subhierarchy has undergone significant editing to bring consistent modeling to its concepts. In this paper we analyze the stated and inferred structural modifications that affected the Bacterial infectious disease subhierarchy between the Jan 2015 and Jan 2016 SNOMED CT releases using a two-phased approach. First, we introduce a methodology for creating a human readable list of changes. Next, we utilize partial-area taxonomies, which are compact summaries of SNOMED CT's content and structure, to identify the "big picture" changes that occurred in the subhierarchy. We illustrate how partial-area taxonomies can be used to help identify groups of concepts that were affected by these editing operations and the nature of these changes. Modeling issues identified using our two-phase methodology are discussed.
De los frisos gráficos a los frisos musicales (1994)

Molecular inorganic catalysts (MICs) tend to have solvent-exposed metal centers that lack substrate specificity and are easily inhibited by biological nucleophiles. Unfortunately, these limitations exclude many MICs from being considered for <i>in vivo</i> applications. To overcome this challenge, a strategy to spatially confine MICs using Lewis acid-driven self-assembly is presented. It was shown that in the presence of external cations (<i>e.g.</i>, Li<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, or Cs<sup>+</sup>) or phosphate buffered saline, diiridium macrocycles spontaneously formed supramolecular iridium-cation species, which were characterized by X-ray crystallography and dynamic light scattering. These nanoassemblies selectively reduced sterically unhindered C[double bond, length as m-dash]O groups <i>via</i> transfer hydrogenation and tolerated up to 1 mM of glutathione. In contrast, when non-coordinating tetraalkylammonium cations were used, the diiridium catalysts were unable to form higher-ordered structures and discriminate between different aldehyde substrates. This work suggests that <i>in situ</i> coordination self-assembly could be a versatile approach to enable or enhance the integration of MICs with biological hosts.
Simultaneous real-time flow dynamics in the azygos vein and descending aorta during physiological stress (2014)

Aim of this study was to measure blood flow in the descending aorta (AD) and azygos vein (Az) using Mueller maneuver (MM) as physiological stress test in real-time cardiac magnetic resonance imaging technique (RT-CMR) using a further development of established fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence with high temporal and spatial resolution.
Biochemical Characterization of Bifunctional 3-Deoxy-β-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic Acid (β-Kdo) Transferase KpsC from Escherichia coli Involved in Capsule Biosynthesis (2016)

3-Deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) is an essential component of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, where it provides the linkage between lipid and carbohydrate moieties. In all known LPS structures, Kdo residues possess α-anomeric configurations, and the corresponding inverting α-Kdo transferases are well characterized. Recently, it has been shown that a large group of capsular polysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria, produced by ATP-binding cassette transporter-dependent pathways, are also attached to a lipid anchor through a conserved Kdo oligosaccharide. In the study reported here, the structure of this Kdo linker was determined by NMR spectroscopy, revealing alternating β-(2→4)- and β-(2→7)-linked Kdo residues. KpsC contains two retaining β-Kdo glycosyltransferase domains belonging to family GT99 that are responsible for polymerizing the β-Kdo linker on its glycolipid acceptor. Full-length Escherichia coli KpsC was expressed and purified, together with the isolated N-terminal domain and a mutant protein (KpsC D160A) containing a catalytically inactivated N-terminal domain. The Kdo transferase activities of these proteins were determined in vitro using synthetic acceptors, and the reaction products were characterized using TLC, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. The N- and C-terminal domains were found to catalyze formation of β-(2→4) and β-(2→7) linkages, respectively. Based on phylogenetic analyses, we propose the linkage specificities of the glycosyltransferase domains are conserved in KpsC homologs from other bacterial species.
Blind Separation using Absolute Moments Based Adaptive Estimating Function (2001)

In South-East Hungary, demographic parameters, especially being a member of a minority, and objective health status are highly important determinants of self-rated health. Several of the parameters studied in our survey indicated no effect or no special differences within the population of the region as concerns of self-rated health; certain other factors, however, proved to be special features for the studied ethnic minority, justifying the launching of target group-oriented health intervention programmes.
Germline Mutations in Predisposition Genes in Pediatric Cancer (2015)

Germline mutations in cancer-predisposing genes were identified in 8.5% of the children and adolescents with cancer. Family history did not predict the presence of an underlying predisposition syndrome in most patients. (Funded by the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities and the National Cancer Institute.).
A Nonlinear State Estimator-Based Decentralized Secondary Voltage Control Scheme for Autonomous Microgrids (2017)

This study proposes a fully decentralized secondary voltage control scheme which employs the state estimation method in autonomous microgrids. Based on a large-signal dynamic model of a microgrid, a linear parameter varying based state estimator that is localized in each distributed generation (DG) unit serves as an alternative communication role and obtains the dynamics of the other DG units independently. A linear matrix inequality formulation for pole placement condition is derived for the state estimator design. A decentralized secondary voltage controller is, thus, able to achieve accurate reactive power sharing and average voltage restoration without any additional communication links. Our approach offers superior reliability, flexibility, and economic efficiency because of the irrelevance of communications to its performance, which is essential when conventional centralized or distributed methods are likely to yield towards poor performance or even instability under communication latency or data drop-out conditions. Simulation results that verify the effectiveness of the proposed methodology are provided.