gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cavitation and acoustic emission around laser-heated microparticles (1998)

We studied transient cavitation bubble formation and acoustic emission around individual laser-heated microparticles using subnanosecond time-resolved microscopy. Microcavitation bubbles were observed as early as 0.5 ns after the particles were heated by a 30 ps laser pulse. The bubbles expanded to a few micrometers in size and collapsed on the time scale of 0.1–1 μsec. We discuss microcavitation as the origin of anomalously large photoacoustic effects and nonlinear optical responses observed in laser-heated colloidal suspensions, as well as a mechanism for cellular damage in biologic tissue containing pigment particles.
Innate immunity in aging: impact on macrophage function (2004)

Innate and adaptive immune functions decline with age, leading to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and cancer, and reduced responses to preventive vaccination in the elderly population. Macrophages function as 'pathogen sensors' and play an important role in the initiation of inflammatory responses, elimination of pathogens, manipulation of the adaptive immune response and reparation of damaged tissue. In this paper, we review the literature addressing the impact of aging on the macrophage population.
Extreme Ultraviolet Spectral Streak Camera (2010)

The recent development of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) sources has increased the need for diagnostic tools, and has opened up a previously limited portion of the spectrum. With ultrafast laser systems and spectroscopy moving into shorter timescales and wavelengths, the need for nanosecond scale imaging of EUV is increasing. EUV’s high absorption has limited the number of imaging options due to the many atomic resonances in this spectrum. Currently EUV is imaged with photodiodes and X-ray CCDs. However photodiodes are limited in that they can only resolve intensity with respect to time and X-ray CCDs are limited to temporal resolution in the microsecond range. This work shows a novel approach to imaging EUV light over a nanosecond time scale, by using an EUV scintillator to convert EUV to visible light imaged by a conventional streak camera. A laser produced plasma, using a mass-limited tin based target, provided EUV light which was imaged by a grazing incidence flat field spectrometer onto a Ce:YAG scintillator. The EUV spectrum (5 nm-20 nm) provided by the spectrometer is filter by a zirconium filter and then converted by the scintillator to visible light (550 nm) which can then be imaged with conventional optics. Visible light was imaged by an electron image tube based streak camera. The streak camera converts the visible light image to an electron image using a photocathode, and sweeps the image across a recording medium. The streak camera also provides amplification and gating of the image by the means of a micro channel plate, within the image tube, to compensate for low EUV intensities. The system provides 42 ns streaked images of light with a iii temporal resolution of 440 ps at a repetition rate of 1 Hz. Upon calibration the EUV streak camera developed in this work will be used in future EUV development.
Co-localization of the Mammalian Hemochromatosis Gene Product (HFE) and a Newly Identified Transferrin Receptor (TfR2) in Intestinal Tissue and Cells (2003)

Mutations in the HFE gene and a newly identified second transferrin receptor gene, TfR2, cause hemochromatosis. The cognate proteins, HFE and TfR2, are therefore of key importance in human iron homeostasis. HFE is expressed in small intestinal crypt cells where transferrin-iron entry may determine subsequent iron absorption by mature enterocytes, but the physiological function of TfR2 is unknown. Using specific peptide antisera, we examined the duodenal localization of HFE and TfR2 in humans and mice, with and without HFE deficiency, by confocal microscopy. We also investigated potential interactions of these proteins in human intestinal cells in situ. Duodenal expression of HFE and TfR2 (but not TfR1) in wild-type mice and humans was restricted to crypt cells, in which they co-localized. HFE deficiency disrupted this interaction, altering the cellular distribution of TfR2 in human crypts. In human Caco-2 cells, HFE and TfR2 co-localized to a distinct CD63-negative vesicular compartment showing marked signal enhancement on exposure to iron-saturated transferrin ligand, indicating that HFE preferentially interacts with TfR2 in a specialized early endosomal transport pathway for transferrin-iron. This interaction occurs specifically in small intestinal crypt cells that differentiate to become iron-absorbing enterocytes. Our immunohistochemical findings provide evidence for a novel mechanism for the regulation of iron balance in mammals.
Roles for hydroxyl groups of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in the recognition by its receptor and metabolic enzymes. (1993)

Positional isomers of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3), Ins(1,4,6)P3, and Ins(1,3,6)P3 were examined to explore the roles for hydroxyl groups of Ins(1,4,5)P3, recognized by metabolic enzymes and by the receptor. Ins(1,4,6)P3 and Ins(1,3,6)P3 inhibited the dephosphorylation of [3H] Ins(1,4,5)P3 by the 5-phosphatase present in erythrocyte ghosts. The Ki value for the former compound was slightly lower than that for Ins(1,4,5)P3, while that for the latter compound was higher. In an assay of [3H] Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase catalyzed by rat brain cytosol, Ins(1,4,6)P3 was as potent as Ins(1,4,5)P3 in inhibiting the phosphorylation, whereas Ins(1,3,6)P3 at concentrations up to 30 microM, was without effect. Ins(1,4,6)P3 and Ins(1,3,6)P3 at higher concentrations were effective in inhibiting [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding to purified Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor. It would thus appear that the 2- and 3-hydroxyl groups of Ins(1,4,5)P3 are not primarily involved in recognition by metabolic enzymes, while 6-hydroxyl is slightly or severely involved in recognition by the phosphatase or kinase, respectively. On the other hand, although both 3-OH and 6-OH of Ins(1,4,5)P3 are important in binding by the Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor to evoke the release of Ca2+, the 6-OH seems to be the more important.
Electrical resistivity of sputtered Cu/Cr multilayered thin films (1999)

Parallel (in-plane) electrical resistivities of single-layered Cu and Cr films, and Cu/Cr multilayered thin films sputter deposited on Si substrates were evaluated as a function of layer thicknesses ranging from 2.5 to 150 nm in the temperature range of 4–325 K. The resistivity of the multilayers at a given temperature increased and residual resistivity ratio decreased with decreasing layer thicknesses. At 300 K, the resistivity of a 1 μm thick Cu film was approximately equal to the bulk value, but the resistivity of the Cr film was an order of magnitude higher than that of bulk Cr. The microstructures of the multilayers and the single-layered Cu and Cr thin films were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. For layer thicknesses ranging from 2.5 to 150 nm, the multilayers exhibited sharp, planar interfaces between the two phases. The individual Cu and Cr layers were nanocrystalline with near-equiaxed grains in Cu and columnar grains in Cr. The dependence of electrical resistivity on the layer thickness of multilayers is explained using a model that accounts for interface scattering and thin-film resistivities of polycrystalline Cu and Cr.
Properties of Interconnection on Silicon, Sapphire, and Semi-Insulating Gallium Arsenide Substrates (1982)

Interconnection capacitances and inductances on oxide-passivated silicon, sapphire, and semi-insulating gallium arsenide substrates were calculated and compared. The results showed that, including coupling effects, the capacitances on insulating substrates are lower only at large Iinewidths, but become comparable to values on silicon substrates at linewidths below 2.5 /spl mu/m. The frequency-dependent nature of inductances on silicon substrates was reviewed. The results indicated that, at frequencies where most digital integrated circuits operate, silicon substrates can be treated as a lossless medium. Hence, inductances on silicon substrates can be calculated by the same means as on insulating substrates. The propagation delay of an interconnection resulting from using different substrates was also evaluated. It can be shown that for VLSI development the choice of substrates is not nearly as critical as the problem of series resistance of an interconnection.
A simple protein-energy wasting score for survival prediction of maintenance hemodialysis patients (2015)

The nutritional status of patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is a strong predictor of their survival. We assessed the reliability of a protein-energy wasting (PEW) score as a predictor of the survival of Japanese MHD patients. The study subjects were 254 MHD patients. PEW score was from 0 (worst; group 1) to 4 (best; group 4) and was derived from four body nutrition compartments: serum albumin, body mass index, a normalized serum creatinine value, and protein intake. The main outcome was all-cause mortality. A total of 26 patients died during the follow-up period of 36 months. The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the group whose score was 0–1 had a significant lower survival rate than the groups with higher (2–4) PEW scores (P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, hazard ratios (HRs) were 0.214 (confidence interval (CI) 0.068–0.610, P < 0.005) between group 1 and group 4, 0.176 (0.054–0.510, P < 0.005) between group 2 and group 4, and 0.249 (CI 0.054–0.857) between group 3 and group 4. A new simple PEW score predicts the survival of MHD patients and may help to better identify subgroups of MHD patients with a high mortality rate.
Unidirectional antenna composed of a planar dipole and a shorted patch (2006)

A wideband unidirectional antenna composed of a planar dipole and a shorted patch antenna is presented. The antenna is excited by a E-shaped strip feed line. A wide impedance bandwidth of 43.8% (SWRles1.5) from the frequency of 1.85 to 2.89 GHz is achieved. Stable radiation pattern with low cross-polarization, low backlobe radiation, nearly identical E-and H-plane patterns and an antenna gain of ~8dBi is found across the entire operating bandwidth.
CoSi2/Si1−xGex/Si(001) heterostructures formed through different reaction routes: Silicidation-induced strain relaxation, defect formation, and interlayer diffusion (1995)

The microstructure and microchemistry of CoSi2/Si1−xGex/Si(001) heterostructures, in which the Si1−xGex layers were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) and the silicides formed by different postdeposition reaction paths, were investigated using a combination of high-resolution cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution x-ray diffraction, and secondary-ion-mass spectrometry. In two of the three sample configurations investigated, Co was deposited either (S1) directly on a strained Si1−xGex layer or (S2) on a sacrificial MBE Si overlayer on Si0.9Ge0.1. In the third sample configuration (S3) Si1−xGex was grown on a Si(001) substrate containing a buried ion-implanted CoSi2 layer. Only in sample configuration S2 was it possible to obtain a fully strained nearly defect-free CoSi2/Si0.9Ge0.1 structure. A high density of threading dislocations, corresponding to ≊60% relaxation at the Si0.9Ge0.1/Si interface, was observed in S1 while S3, in addition to the dislocations, exhibited a pronounced faceting at the CoSi2/Si interface.
Toward coupling solid-state qubits using superconducting stripline resonator (2004)

The technique of cavity quantum electrodynamics was proposed for coupling solid-state qubits. We study the prospects of employing superconducting stripline resonators as cavities for this purpose. The strong nonlinearity in these resonators originated by the effect of kinetic inductance may provide new tools for manipulating the state of the system and for measuring the outcome. Based on theoretical analysis and experimental results we show that such nonlinearity can be exploited for achieving strong intermodulation gain as well as quantum squeezing. Moreover, we demonstrate the ability to tune the mode frequencies of the resonator, which is needed for implementing these effects for coupling qubits.
A simplified and computerizable regulatory enzyme model. (1983)

The concept of enzymes as simple biological catalysts has become too limiting and the kinetic behaviour has evidenced that the interaction of an enzyme with its substrate is more complex and can be influenced by various regulatory effectors. The resulting activity should be exactly what is required for the control of the overall flux through the metabolic pathway. A simplified enzyme model which can explain the sigmoidicity and the heterotropic effect involves the introduction of a limited number of kinetic parameters to obtain the best fit from v and s experimental values. This results in a more useful way to evaluate the possible regulatory effects of various substances such as metabolites, hormones and drugs.
Small Maf Compound Mutants Display Central Nervous System Neuronal Degeneration, Aberrant Transcription, and Bach Protein Mislocalization Coincident with Myoclonus and Abnormal Startle Response (2003)

The small Maf proteins form heterodimers with CNC and Bach family proteins to elicit transcriptional responses from Maf recognition elements (MAREs). We previously reported germ line-targeted deficiencies in mafG plus mafK compound mutant mice. The most prominent mutant phenotype was a progressive maf dosage-dependent neuromuscular dysfunction. However, there has been no previous report regarding the effects of altered small-maf gene expression on neurological dysfunction. We show here that MafG and MafK are expressed in discrete central nervous system (CNS) neurons and that mafG::mafK compound mutants display neuronal degeneration coincident with surprisingly selective MARE-dependent transcriptional abnormalities. The CNS morphological changes are concurrent with the onset of a neurological disorder in the mutants, and the behavioral changes are accompanied by reduced glycine receptor subunit accumulation. Bach/small Maf heterodimers, which normally generate transcriptional repressors, were significantly underrepresented in nuclear extracts prepared from maf mutant brains, and Bach proteins fail to accumulate normally in nuclei. Thus compound mafG::mafK mutants develop age- and maf gene dosage-dependent cell-autonomous neuronal deficiencies that lead to profound neurological defects.
Introduction to workshop on spectral control and converters (1995)

This workshop focused on the portion of the TPV system that involves the photovoltaic energy converter and the spectral control element that affects subband‐gap photon energy recovery. The discussion was divided into three major topic areas: status of the technology, status of the infrastructure, and champions of the technology. (AIP)
The reaction of N2O with phenylium ions C6(H,D)5+: An integrated experimental and theoretical mechanistic study (2009)

The reaction of N(2)O (known to be an O atom donor under several conditions) with the phenyl cation is studied by experimental and theoretical methods. Phenyl cation (or phenylium), C(6)H(5)(+), and its perdeuterated derivative C(6)D(5)(+) are produced either by electron impact or by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization of adequate neutral precursors, and product mass spectra are measured in a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. The ions C(5)(H,D)(5)(+), C(6)(H,D)(5)O(+), and C(3)(H,D)(3)(+) are experimentally detected as the most relevant reaction products. In addition, the detection of the adduct (C(6)H(5)N(2)O)(+), which is collisionally stabilized in the scattering cell of the mass spectrometer, is reported here for the first time. The reaction pathways, which could bring about the formation of the mentioned ions, are then explored extensively by density functional theory and, for the more promising pathways, by CASPT2/CASSCF calculations. The two reacting species (1) form initially a phenoxydiazonium adduct, C(6)H(5)ON(2)(+) (2a), by involving the empty in-plane hybrid C orbital of phenylium. The alternative attack to the ring pi system to produce an epoxidic adduct 2c is ruled out on the basis of the energetics. Then, 2a loses N(2) quite easily, thus affording the phenoxyl cation 3. This is only the first of several C(6)H(5)O(+) isomers (4-6 and 8-12), which can stem from 3 upon different cleavages and formations of C-C bond and/or H shifts. As regards the formation of C(5)H(5)(+), among several conceivable pathways, a direct CO extrusion from 3 is discarded, while others appear to be viable to different extents, depending on the initial energy of the system. The easiest CO loss is from 4, with formation of the cyclopentadienyl cation 7. Formation of C(3)H(3)(+) is generally hindered and its detection depends again on the availability of some extra initial energy.
Suspended-core fiber Bragg grating sensor for directional-dependent transverse stress monitoring (2011)

This Letter presents simulation and experimental results of orientation-dependent transverse stress fiber sensors using fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) inscribed in four-hole suspended-core fibers. Resonant peak shifts and splitting of FBGs were studied as functions of the applied transverse load and fiber orientation. Both simulation and experimental results revealed that the response of FBGs in suspended-core fibers is sensitive to both the orientation and magnitude of an applied transverse stress.
SPV-self-powered underwater platform for MCM search and classification sonars (2002)

Based on some aspects of the design concept of an existing self-propelled, hydraulically powered underwater vehicle, the SPV consists of an active-controlled, self-stabilized and self-powered submersible meant to house the sonar sensor base in an advanced position with respect to the surface vessel, maintaining it automatically, and allowing the ship to remain outside the radius damage of the target mine. The very limited signature characteristic of this design provides potential growth to enable the hosted sonar not only to classify, but also to identify targets.
¿Huelgas "racistas" en Gran Bretaña?: peligrosa desviación mediática (2009)

A finales del mes de mayo estallaron huelgas salvajes en el sector energetico del Reino Unido. Los manifestantes denunciaban la contratacion de trabajadores no cualifcados importados de otros paises europeos en detrimiento de trabajadores locales cualificados, infingiendo acuerdos sindicales. Una movilizacion similar se habia producido en febrero. Medios de comunicacion y dirigentes politicos alzaron entonces la voz de alarma ante el nacionalismo y la xenofobia de las protestas. Una interpretacion desmentida por los hechos.
Monoclonal Antibodies for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Transplant Rejection (1984)

Extensive experience with antibodies to lymphocytes for immunosuppression suggested the need for better means of evaluating alterations of peripheral blood lymphocytes during treatment. Improved immunosuppression was also anticipated if more precise control of selected lymphocyte populations could be achieved. The advent of monoclonal antibodies has permitted progress in both of these areas. For evaluation of the immune status of patients, the ratio between the numbers of the subclass of T lymphocytes having helper/inducer properties and those having suppressor/cytotoxic activity (OKT4+/OKT8+ cells) has been explored. Transplant rejection is more common in the presence of normal cell ratios than when ratios are reversed. In the former situation, however, when rejection occurs it is much more readily reversed than in the latter. Monoclonal antibodies have been used to treat transplant rejection in both nonhuman primates and in patients. Patient trials have so far been confined to the use of the pan-T-cell antibody OKT3. This has proved to be the most effective agent available for the reversal of acute cellular rejection in human kidney transplants. The problems of recurrent rejection activity after treatment and of antibody formation to the monoclonal antibody itself are being examined.
Clinical Efficacy of Benralizumab in Patients with Severe, Uncontrolled Eosinophilic Asthma and Nasal Polyposis: Pooled Analysis of the SIROCCO and CALIMA Trials (2019)

Introduction Nasal polyposis (NP) has been associated with an eosinophilic asthma phenotype and may predict benralizumabʼs efficacy.
Pose Guided RGBD Feature Learning for 3D Object Pose Estimation (2017)

In this paper we examine the effects of using object poses as guidance to learning robust features for 3D object pose estimation. Previous works have focused on learning feature embeddings based on metric learning with triplet comparisons and rely only on the qualitative distinction of similar and dissimilar pose labels. In contrast, we consider the exact pose differences between the training samples, and aim to learn embeddings such that the distances in the pose label space are proportional to the distances in the feature space. However, since it is less desirable to force the pose-feature correlation when objects are symmetric, we discuss the use of weights that reflect object symmetry when measuring the pose distances. Furthermore, end-to-end pose regression is investigated and is shown to further boost the discriminative power of feature learning, improving pose recognition accuracies. Experimental results show that the features that are learnt guided by poses, are significantly more discriminative than the ones learned in the traditional way, outperforming state-of-the-art works. Finally, we measure the generalisation capacity of pose guided feature learning in previously unseen scenes containing objects under different occlusion levels, and we show that it adapts well to novel tasks.
Closed-form expressions for modeling diffraction at printed dipole-based FSS (2013)

This paper presents analytical expressions to model the diffraction of plane-waves at planar 2-D distributions of printed dipoles. In contrast to other available analytical or quasi-analytical models, this approach rigorously captures the main underlying physics and dynamic effects of the structure, leading to a very wideband analytical equivalent circuit. The accuracy of this model is verified by full-wave simulations.
MALDI‐TOF MS‐based drug susceptibility testing of pathogens: The example of Candida albicans and fluconazole (2009)

MALDI-TOF MS can be used for the identification of microorganism species. We have extended its application to a novel assay of Candida albicans susceptibility to fluconazole, based on monitoring modifications of the proteome of yeast cells grown in the presence of varying drug concentrations. The method was accurate, and reliable, and showed full agreement with the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute's reference method. This proof-of-concept demonstration highlights the potential for this approach to test other pathogens.