gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental Data from ntp-monitoring and Uncertainty Estimation in Nationwide Network (2014)

Using network-time-protocol, NTP, to synchronize electronics has its limitations. Even if the NTP-server is a Stratum 1 operated by a responsible agent and connected to a reliable source, the asymmetries in the network and the influence by data traffic congestions limit the accuracy to the order of 10 ms or worse. The large uncertainty of a single request can be compensated by repetition, but to be useful the local oscillator must be more stable than the occurrence of congestions in the network. Even then, there is a remaining doubt on the accuracy of the time received by the client. In principle the time achieved from an NTP-server is to be seen as unreliable for legal purposes, if no feedback estimates of the uncertainties are acquired of the transmission.
Experimental data present how this limitation has improved, at least statistically, through the continuous upgrade of data bandwidth in one of Sweden’s back-bone networks. Even though data over Internet also increases, it appears that the detrimental effects of the network on NTP accuracy have decreased. Since 2011, SP have monitored a number of NTP-servers operated by TeliaSonera and logged the response compared to the realization of the national timescale in Sweden (UTC(SP)). All NTP-servers used in this evaluation are commercial, off-the-shelf products with stratum 1 synchronization. The reference NTP-server and NTP-logger are located in SP premises in Boras, with a virtual private network connection to all servers, and thus sharing the bandwidth of the network between server and client. The NTP-logger is customized and includes equipment for independent measurements of the round-trip-delay. The uncertainty of each server, as achieved when polled from Boras, is calculated. The results present how the precision improves with an order of magnitude during the last three years by evaluating maximum daily variations. The improvements during the years have decreased the uncertainty and enhanced the accuracy to stable levels in ms to sub-ms range.
This paper will further study and present the performance of the NTP-monitoring, with reported offset and uncertainty. It serves as an empirical reference on network improvements enabling better performance of NTP-synchronization.
On the relative roles of dynamics and chemistry governing the abundance and diurnal variation of low latitude thermospheric nitric oxide (2018)

Abstract. We use data from two NASA satellites, the Thermosphere Ionosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) and the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellites in conjunction with model simulations from the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME-GCM) to elucidate the key dynamical and chemical factors governing the abundance and diurnal variation of nitric oxide (NO) at near solar minimum conditions and low latitudes. This analysis was enabled by the recent orbital precession of the AIM satellite which caused the solar occultation pattern measured by the Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE) to migrate down to low and mid latitudes for specific periods of time. We use a month of NO data collected in January 2017 to compare with two versions of the TIME-GCM, one driven solely by climatological tides and analysis-derived planetary waves at the lower boundary and free running at all other altitudes, while the other is constrained by a high-altitude analysis from the Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM) up to the mesopause. We also compare SOFIE data with a NO climatology from the Nitric Oxide Empirical Model (NOEM). Both SOFIE and NOEM yield peak NO abundances of around 4 × 107 cm−3; however, the SOFIE profile peaks about 6–8 km lower than NOEM. We show that this difference is likely a local time effect; SOFIE being a dawn measurement and NOEM representing late morning/near noon. The constrained version of TIME-GCM exhibits a low altitude dawn peak while the model that is forced solely at the lower boundary and free running above does not. We attribute this difference due to a phase change in the semi-diurnal tide in the NAVGEM-constrained model causing descent of high NO mixing ratio air near dawn. This phase difference between the two models arises due to differences in the mesospheric zonal mean zonal winds. Regarding the absolute NO abundance, all versions of the TIME-GCM overestimate this. Tuning the model to yield calculated atomic oxygen in agreement with TIMED data helps, but is insufficient. Further, the TIME-GCM underestimates the electron density [e-] as compared with the International Reference Ionosphere empirical model. This suggests a potential conflict with the requirements of NO modeling and [e-] modeling since one solution typically used to increase model [e-] is to increase the solar soft X ray flux which would, in this case, worsen the NO model/data discrepancy.
Distributed H2 H filter design for discrete-time switched systems (2019)

This paper addresses an infinite horizon distributed H2/ H∞ filtering for discrete-time systems under conditions of bounded power and white stochastic signals. The filter algorithm is designed by computing a pair of gains namely the estimator and the coupling. Herein, we implement a filter to estimate unknown parameters such that the closed-loop multi-sensor accomplishes the desired performances of the proposed H2 and H∞ schemes over a finite horizon. A switched strategy is implemented to switch between the states once the operation conditions have changed due to disturbances. It is shown that the stability of the overall filtering-error system with H2/ H∞ performance can be established if a piecewise-quadratic Lyapunov function is properly constructed. A simulation example is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
PP66 Self-rated health in the CARDIA Study: a recursive partitioning approach to contextualising health determinants (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> Health is affected by the joint impact of lifestyle factors, living environment, and social contexts. Lower socio-economic position may associate with exposure to several hazardous risks and susceptibility to poor health; higher socio-economic position may afford better protection from ill-health via resources acting as buffering factors. This study aimed to investigate associations in the study population between several health determinants and self-rated health (SRH - a measure of global health status, and independent predictor of mortality), and conduct an exploratory analysis of the relative importance of determinants in income-based groups, using classification trees. <h3>Methods</h3> Using cross-sectional data from year 15 of the American CARDIA longitudinal study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults), the sample of 3649 men and women (mean 40.2 years) was split into 5 income-based groups. Factors associated with SRH in each group were analysed using classification trees; parametric multivariate regression is limited in capturing complex combinations of multilevel factors in a simple model. SRH responses were categorised as ‘good’/ ‘poor’. Predictor variables represented health determinants based on the ecological model of health: age, sex, hereditary factors; individual lifestyle factors / medical history; social / community influences; living / working conditions. <h3>Results</h3> Income and SRH were positively associated (p &lt; 0.05): proportion of ‘good’ SRH increased from 37.5% (n = 217): &lt; $25,000; to 77.1% (n = 615): $100,000+. Data suggested a socio-economic gradient for lifestyle and social factors, and living / working conditions. Ranking of health determinants (normalised importance) in relation to SRH differed for each income-based group. Physical activity and chronic burden from serious personal ill-health were associated with SRH for all income groups; other determinants varied. In lower income groups, additional indicators of chronic burden were associated with SRH. Social support, control over life, optimism, and resources for paying for basics, medical care and health insurance were greater (%) in higher income groups. <h3>Conclusion</h3> SRH does not simply reflect disease. Classification trees are a useful tool in contextualising risk factors, highlighting population subgroups with relatively homogenous risks of an outcome, and identifying the relative importance of associated risk and protective factors for further inquiry. Ranking of predictor variables were not identical for each income-based group, suggesting a potential contribution of these different factors to the socio-economic gradient in SRH. Findings imply that as well as differences in the intensity of public health action across the socio-economic gradient, differences in the <i>type</i> of interventions to improve SRH may also be important.
Digital Radio Receiver for an UHF-RFID System with an Undersampling Digitalization Scheme (2011)

This paper describes a digital radio receiver for UHF-RFID systems based on an undersampling scheme for the signal digitalization. The original UHF signal is transferred into a digital intermediate frequency by means of undersampling. The sampled signal is transfered to an FPGA where it is decimated by a CIC filter, and demodulated using a digital I-Q demodulator. The baseband signal is obtained after the low-pass filtering. The details of the system are presented as well as some measurements.
Shear Capacity of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete I-Girders with Orthogonal Welded Wire Reinforcement (2009)

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Superconducting magnetic energy storage for BPA transmission line stabilization (1983)

The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) operates the electrical transmission system that joins the Pacific Northwest with southern California. A 30 MJ (8.4 kWh) Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) unit with a 10 MW converter is being installed at the Tacoma Substation to provide system damping for low frequency oscillations of 0.35 Hz. The integrated system status is described and reviewed. Components included in the system are the superconducting coil, seismically mounted in an epoxy fiberglass nonconducting dewar; a helium refrigerator; a heat rejection subsystem; a high pressure gas recovery subsystem; a liquid nitrogen trailer; the converter with power transformers and switchgear; and a computer system for remote microwave link operation of the SMES unit.
Regulation of gene expression by hypoxia (2008)

Hypoxia induces profound changes in the cellular gene expression profile. The discovery of a major transcription factor family activated by hypoxia, HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor), and the factors that contribute to HIF regulation have greatly enhanced our knowledge of the molecular aspects of the hypoxic response. However, in addition to HIF, other transcription factors and cellular pathways are activated by exposure to reduced oxygen. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge of how additional hypoxia-responsive transcription factors integrate with HIF and how other cellular pathways such as chromatin remodelling, translation regulation and microRNA induction, contribute to the co-ordinated cellular response observed following hypoxic stress.
Parametric studies of a small-scale chemical oxygen-iodine laser/jet generator system: recent achievements (1998)

Recent results of parametric studies of an efficient supersonic chemical oxygen-iodine laser are presented. The laser is energized by a jet type singlet oxygen generator, operated without primary buffer gas and applies simple nozzle geometry and transonic mixing of iodine and oxygen. Output power of 190 W with chemical efficiency of 18% was obtained in a 5 cm gain length for Cl<SUB>2</SUB> flow rate of 11.8 mmole/s. The power is studied as a function of the distance between the optical axis and the supersonic nozzle exit plane, the molar flow rates of various reagents, the BHP and gas pressures in the generator, the type of the secondary buffer gas (N<SUB>2</SUB> or He) and the stagnation temperature of the gas. It is found that the power under the present operation conditions is almost unaffected by water vapor in the medium. The role of buffer gas under different conditions is discussed.
Delayed stress fiber formation mediates pulmonary myofibroblast differentiation in response to TGF-β (2011)

Myofibroblast differentiation induced by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and characterized by de novo expression of smooth muscle (SM)-specific proteins is a key process in wound healing and in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. We have previously shown that TGF-β-induced expression and activation of serum response factor (SRF) is required for this process. In this study, we examined the signaling mechanism for SRF activation by TGF-β as it relates to pulmonary myofibroblast differentiation. TGF-β stimulated a profound, but delayed (18-24 h), activation of Rho kinase and formation of actin stress fibers, which paralleled SM α-actin expression. The translational inhibitor cycloheximide blocked these processes without affecting Smad-dependent gene transcription. Inhibition of Rho kinase by Y-27632 or depolymerization of actin by latrunculin B resulted in inhibition TGF-β-induced SRF activation and SM α-actin expression, having no effect on Smad signaling. Conversely, stabilization of actin stress fibers by jasplakinolide was sufficient to drive these processes in the absence of TGF-β. TGF-β promoted a delayed nuclear accumulation of the SRF coactivator megakaryoblastic leukemia-1 (MKL1)/myocardin-related transcription factor-A, which was inhibited by latrunculin B. Furthermore, TGF-β also induced MKL1 expression, which was inhibited by latrunculin B, by SRF inhibitor CCG-1423, or by SRF knockdown. Together, these data suggest a triphasic model for myofibroblast differentiation in response to TGF-β that involves 1) initial Smad-dependent expression of intermediate signaling molecules driving Rho activation and stress fiber formation, 2) nuclear accumulation of MKL1 and activation of SRF as a result of actin polymerization, and 3) SRF-dependent expression of MKL1, driving further myofibroblast differentiation.
Estimation of wastewater process parameters using neural networks (1996)

The use of on-line process analyzers for continuous measurement of wastewater components is often accompanied by unpredictable breakdown or necessary maintenance work at the analyzers, leading to fault time in the measurements. In this paper a new method is presented, allowing the approximate calculation or estimation of those process parameters which are temporarily not available. The calculation is based on auxiliary parameters; the results can be used for process control. Therefore, besides the output of the process analyzers, easily and directly measurable auxiliary parameters are determined. The correlations between these auxiliary parameters and the process parameters actually of interest (COD, NH4, etc.) are detected and used for the estimation of the process parameters in case of a breakdown. Information processing is executed by a neural network, enabling the detection of non-linear static or dynamic correlations, based only on information given by the measured values. The network is trained by data recorded before the breakdown of an on-line analyzer. By this, an optimal adaptation to the current wastewater composition is possible. This method was tested on a municipal wastewater treatment plant near Siegen (Germany). The results obtained are presented in this paper.
A Deep Learning Approach To Detect Driver Drowsiness (2021)

In the current times, we can see drastic changes in how humans manage their time. The natural sleep cycle of human beings is therefore been disturbed. Due to a lack of sleep and irregular sleep cycles, humans tend to feel drowsy at any time of the day. With these poor work-life timings, people can find it difficult to carry out the activities like driving which requires a healthy and properly functioning state of mind and body. Drowsiness is one of the major causes of road accidents in today's time. According to the Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), tired drivers who drowse off while driving are responsible for about 40% of road accidents. Several misfortunes can be avoided if the driver is alerted in time. This paper explains the working on making a complete drowsiness detection system which works by analyzing driver's state of eyes to further deduce the drowsiness state of the driver and alert the driver before any serious threat to road safety.
An Investigation into the Dissolution Properties of Celecoxib Melt Extrudates: Understanding the Role of Polymer Type and Concentration in Stabilizing Supersaturated Drug Concentrations (2011)

In this study, the dissolution properties of celecoxib (CX) solid dispersions manufactured from Eudragit 4155F and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were evaluated. Hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology was used to prepare amorphous solid dispersions of drug/polymer binary systems at different mass ratios. The drug concentrations achieved from the dissolution of PVP and Eudragit 4155F solid dispersions in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 (PBS 7.4) were significantly greater than the equilibrium solubility of CX (1.58 μg/mL). The degree of supersaturation increased significantly as the polymer concentration within the solid dispersion increased. The maximum drug concentration achieved by PVP solid dispersions did not significantly exceed the apparent solubility of amorphous CX. The predominant mechanism for achieving supersaturated CX concentrations in PBS 7.4 was attributed to stabilization of amorphous CX during dissolution. Conversely, Eudragit 4155F solid dispersions showed significantly greater supersaturated drug solutions particularly at high polymer concentrations. For example, at a drug/polymer ratio of 1:9, a concentration of 100 μg/mL was achieved after 60 min that was stable (no evidence of drug recrystallization) for up to 72 h. This clearly identifies the potential of Eudragit 4155F to act as a solubilizing agent for CX. These findings were in good agreement with the results from solubility performed using PBS 7.4 in which Eudragit 4155F had been predissolved. In these tests, Eudragit 4155F significantly increased the equilibrium solubility of CX. Solution (1)H NMR spectra were used to identify drug/polymer interactions. Deshielding of CX aromatic protons (H-1a and H-1b) containing the sulfonamide group occurred as a result of dissolution of Eudragit 4155F solid dispersions, whereas deshielding of H-1a protons and shielding of H-1b protons occurred as a result of the dissolution of PVP solid dispersions. In principle, it is reasonable to suggest that the different drug/polymer interactions observed give rise to the variation in dissolution observed for the two polymer/drug systems.
Fluorescence Probes for ALKBH2 Allow the Measurement of DNA Alkylation Repair and Drug Resistance Responses (2018)

Abstract The DNA repair enzyme ALKBH2 is implicated in both tumorigenesis as well as resistance to chemotherapy in certain cancers. It is currently under study as a potential diagnostic marker and has been proposed as a therapeutic target. To date, however, there exist no direct methods for measuring the repair activity of ALKBH2 in vitro or in biological samples. Herein, we report a highly specific, fluorogenic probe design based on an oligonucleotide scaffold that reports directly on ALKBH2 activity both in vitro and in cell lysates. Importantly, the probe enables the monitoring of cellular regulation of ALKBH2 activity in response to treatment with the chemotherapy drug temozolomide through a simple fluorescence assay, which has only previously been observed through indirect means such as qPCR and western blots. Furthermore, the probe provides a viable high‐throughput assay for drug discovery.
Ca2+-dependent high-affinity complex formation between calmodulin and melittin (1983)

The amphiphatic polypeptide melittin migrates as an equimolar complex with bovine brain calmodulin when monitored by gel disc electrophoresis or gel filtration in the presence of Ca2+, even in 4M-urea. The complex disassociates in the presence of EDTA and urea. The affinity is of the same order as that of calmodulin for its target enzymes, and more than 1000-fold higher than that of calmodulin for basic peptide hormones or hydrophobic drugs. The activation of brain phosphodiesterase by calmodulin is inhibited by melittin. The kinetics of inhibition suggest competition between the enzyme and melittin for calmodulin. The calmodulin-melittin interaction may constitute a model for that existing between calmodulin and its target enzymes.
Revenue Management with Limited Demand Information (2008)

In this paper, we consider the classical multifare, single-resource (leg) problem in revenue management for the case where demand information is limited. Our approach employs a competitive analysis, which guarantees a certain performance level under all possible demand scenarios. The only information required about the demand for each fare class is lower and upper bounds. We consider both competitive ratio and absolute regret performance criteria. For both performance criteria, we derive the best possible static policies, which employ booking limits that remain constant throughout the booking horizon. The optimal policies have the form of nested booking limits. Dynamic policies, which employ booking limits that may be adjusted at any time based on the history of bookings, are also obtained. We provide extensive computational experiments and compare our methods to existing ones. The results of the experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of these new robust methods.
Test results of a ceramic-based carbon monoxide sensor in the automotive exhaust manifold (1996)

A prototype CO sensor based on the anatase phase of TiO{sub 2} was fabricated and tested in a Ford V6 engine. Fuel combustion was programmed to be near stoichiometric conditions, and emissions were monitored with an FT-IR analytical instrument. The sensor, positioned near the oxygen sensor in the exhaust manifold, was successfully tested for 50 cycles of revving and idling, and was observed to respond quickly and reproducibly. The sensor response was correlated to the CO concentration at specific engine temperatures and was found to vary systematically with increasing concentrations. The results are promising and the sensor shows potentials to monitor the efficiency of the catalytic converter.
Flurbiprofen treatment of human periodontitis: effect on alveolar bone height and metabolism (1988)

The effect of the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, flurbiprofen, in reducing periodontal disease activity was assessed in 15 patients with periodontitis. Eight patients received 50 mg flurbiprofen b.i.d. for 2 months, and 7 patients received placebo in this double‐blind study. Alveolar bone height was determined using standardized radiography and alveolar bone metabolism was assessed using 99m‐Tc‐uptake prior to dosing and 2 months later. Radiopharmaceutical uptake was significantly reduced in the alveolar bone of teeth undergoing active bone loss at the start of the study in patients receiving flurbiprofen (p&lt;.04), whereas no significant change was observed in the placebo‐treated patients. There was significantly less bone loss during the 2‐month study period in the flurbiprofen‐treated patients when compared to the placebo‐treated patients (p&lt; .02). These results indicate that flurbiprofen administration may affect bone metabolism and reduce bone loss in patients with periodontitis.