gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth of large area few-layer or monolayer MoS2 from controllable MoO3 nanowire nuclei (2014)

Here, we report a novel intermediate state (core–shell MoO3–MoS2 nanowires) in the synthesis of large area few-layer or monolayer MoS2 films on Si/SiO2 substrates coated with 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride (PTCDA) using a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method. In our experiments, water vapor present in the carrier gas (N2) should help enhance the interaction between PTCDA and MoO3. In the intermediate state, the morphology of the nuclei is controlled to be nanowires with 20–180 nm diameters and 30–70 μm lengths. We investigate the formation mechanism of the nucleation-controlled intermediate state and the formation process of monolayer MoS2 using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), photoluminescence (PL), Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. We also describe a method to control the diameter of the nanowires and the stacking of the nanowires into MoS2 nanosheets on the substrate, which is meaningful for producing large area and highly crystalline MoS2 monolayers.
Using a Genetic Algorithm To Suggest Combinatorial Libraries (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUsing a Genetic Algorithm To Suggest Combinatorial LibrariesRobert P. Sheridan and Simon K. KearsleyCite this: J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1995, 35, 2, 310–320Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ci00024a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ci00024a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views291Altmetric-Citations143LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Absorption of an ultrashort laser pulse in very steep plasma density gradients (1989)

The authors present calculations of the absorption of an ultrashort laser pulse in various plasma density profiles, with density scale lengths less than or comparable to the wavelength, for various angles of incidence, and for both s and p polarizations. This simple model is used to infer submicron plasma-density-gradient scale lengths from measurements of the variation of absorption with angle and polarization, for data obtained with plasmas created by 1-ps, 1.06- mu m laser pulses. These experimental results, obtained with a short pulse (1 ps) incident on solid matter, are analyzed between 5*10/sup 12/ W/cm/sup 2/ and 5*10/sup 14/ W/cm/sup 2/. It is found that in this intensity range, where the interaction is with a plasma of finite but very steep density gradient and where prepulse and nonlinear effects are weak or negligible, 3*10/sup -2/<or=L/ lambda <or=0.2.<<ETX>>
Hemoglobin synthesis in somatic cell hybrids: globin gene expression in hybrids between mouse erythroleukemia and human marrow cells or fibroblasts. (1975)

Somatic cell hybrids were generated by fusion of mouse erythroleukemia cells either to mouse L cells (B82), human fibroblasts (W1-18 VA2), or human marrow fractions enriched in erythroblasts. The hybrid cells were examined for globin gene expression by benzidine staining to detect cytoplasmic hemoglobin, and by molecular hybridization of cellular RNA to globin complementary DNA (cDNA) to detect globin messenger RNA (MRNA). The fibroblast (human or mouse) times erythroleukemia cell hybrids grown in monolayer retained most of the chromosomes of each parent. Neither cytoplasmic hemoglobin nor globin mRNA was detected in dimethylsulfoxide-treated fibroblast times erythroleukemia hybrid cells, indicating extinction of hemoglobin synthesis prior to the formation of cytoplasmic mRNA. The human marrow times mouse erythroleukemia hybrid cells grown in suspension culture contained only a few human chromosomes and exhibited low levels of hemoglobin synthesis which were amplified by 2% dimethylsulfoxide. Mouse (but not human) globin mRNA was demonstrated in these hybrid cells. The results suggest that somatic cell hybrids may be useful in searching for genetic factors which regulate activity of the globin genes.
Steroid hormone measurements from different types of assays in relation to body mass index and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: Reanalysis of eighteen prospective studies (2014)

Epidemiological studies have examined breast cancer risk in relation to sex hormone concentrations measured by different methods: "extraction" immunoassays (with prior purification by organic solvent extraction, with or without column chromatography), "direct" immunoassays (no prior extraction or column chromatography), and more recently with mass spectrometry-based assays. We describe the associations of estradiol, estrone and testosterone with both body mass index and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women according to assay method, using data from a collaborative pooled analysis of 18 prospective studies. In general, hormone concentrations were highest in studies that used direct assays and lowest in studies that used mass spectrometry-based assays. Estradiol and estrone were strongly positively associated with body mass index, regardless of the assay method; testosterone was positively associated with body mass index for direct assays, but less clearly for extraction assays, and there were few data for mass spectrometry assays. The correlations of estradiol with body mass index, estrone and testosterone were lower for direct assays than for extraction and mass spectrometry assays, suggesting that the estimates from the direct assays were less precise. For breast cancer risk, all three hormones were strongly positively associated with risk regardless of assay method (except for testosterone by mass spectrometry where there were few data), with no statistically significant differences in the trends, but differences may emerge as new data accumulate. Future epidemiological and clinical research studies should continue to use the most accurate assays that are feasible within the design characteristics of each study.
Yield and nutrient removal of cotton–corn–soybean rotation systems fertilized with poultry litter (2021)

Abstract Exporting excess mineral nutrients from soils that receive repeated poultry litter (PL) applications may be enhanced by rotating crops and fertilizers that increase crop yield. This study determined the magnitude of yield enhancement and mineral nutrient removal at harvest by cotton–corn–soybean rotation systems and by PL‐synthetic fertilizer rotations. Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were grown in rotation for 5 yr with five fertility treatments which included an unfertilized control (UTC), a standard fertilization with synthetic fertilizers yearly, phosphorus‐based poultry litter application every year for 5 yr (P5L), nitrogen‐based poultry litter application for 5 yr (N5L), and nitrogen‐based poultry litter application for 2 yr followed by synthetic nitrogen fertilization for 3 yr (N2L). The results showed that the N2L treatment, an alternative to the P‐based PL management, increased the yield of all three crops and enhanced nutrient mining and removal. All three treatments that involved PL fertilization increased soybean yield by as much as 12% over the Std. Rotation did not affect the yield of any of the three crops, but continuous cotton removed the least amount of nutrients. Rotations that included two soybean crops in the 5 yr removed the most amount of nutrients. The best strategy of managing PL where the three crops are grown in rotation is to fertilize cotton with PL to supply 100% of its N need followed by growing soybean without applying any fertilization in the subsequent 2 or 3 yr.
Studies on Adrenochrome Derivatives. VI. Solubilization of Adrenochrome Monosemicarbazone and its Derivatives. (2).Synthesis and Structure of Sodium 1-Methyl-5-semicarbazono-6-oxo-2, 3, 5, 6-tetrahydroindole 3-Sulfonate (1956)

In order to obtain water-soluble compound of adrenochrome monosemicarbazone (XI), reaction of (XI) and sodium hydrogen sulfite was carried out and a compound fairly well soluble in water was obtained. Its solubility is 15 mg./cc. at 0°, being about 50 times that of (XI). Detailed examinations of this substance indicated it to be sodium 1-methyl-5-semicarbazono-6-oxo-2, 3, 5, 6-tetrahydroindole 3-sulfonate (III). (III) converts to 1-methyl-5-semicarbazono-6-oxo-2, 3, 5, 6-tetrahydroindole 3-sulfonic acid (IV) and forms metal salts with barium, copper, silver, and other metals. Catalytic reduction of (III) affords 1 -methyl-5-semicarbazido-6-hydroxyindole (XII). 1-Methyl-4-hydroxy-6-semicarbazono-7-oxo-1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7-hexahydroquinoline also reacted with sodium hydrogen sulfite to form water-soluble sodium 1-methyl-6-semicarbazono-7-oxo-1, 2, -3, 4, 6, 7-hexahydroquinoline 4-sulfonate (X).
ABO blood group and risk of renal cell cancer. (2012)

371 Background: The genetic determinants of sporadic renal cell cancer (RCC) are largely unknown. Previous studies have suggested associations between the ABO blood group and risk of various cancers, however, its relationship to RCC remains unclear. Methods: We prospectively evaluated the association between the ABO blood group and risk of RCC in two large independent cohorts of women (the Nurses’ Health Study) and men (the Health Professionals Follow-up Study) from 1996 to 2008. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for other risk factors for RCC including obesity, smoking, and hypertension. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: During 12 years of follow-up of 77 242 women and 29 548 men, 163 cases of incident RCC were documented in women and 84 cases in men. After multivariate adjustment, non-O blood group (combined group of A, AB, and B) was associated with a 1.5-fold elevated risk of RCC (95% CI 1.09–2.09) than O blood group in women. In contrast, no significant associations were observed between the ABO blood group and risk of RCC in men. The associations between the ABO blood group and RCC were consistent across strata of known risk factors including obesity, smoking status, and history of hypertension (Pinteraction≥ 0.58) in both cohorts. Conclusions: We show for the first time that non-O blood group is significantly associated with a higher risk of RCC compared with blood group O in women. Further studies that elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying this association are warranted.
Determination of the Nucleotide Binding Site within Clostridium symbiosum Pyruvate Phosphate Dikinase by Photoaffinity Labeling, Site-Directed Mutagenesis, and Structural Analysis (1996)

Clostridium symbiosum pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) catalyzes the interconversion of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), orthophosphate (P(i)), and pyruvate with adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), pyrophosphate (PP(i)), and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). The nucleotide binding site of this enzyme was labeled using the photoaffinity reagent [32P]-8-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate ([32P]-8-azidoATP). Subtilisin cleavage of the [alpha-32P]-8-azidoATP-photolabeled PPDK into domain-sized fragments, prior to SDS-PAGE analysis, allowed us to identify two sites of modification: one between residues 1 and 226 and the other between residues 227 and 334. Saturation of the ATP binding site with adenylyl imidodiphosphate afforded protection against photolabeling. Next, small peptide fragments of [gamma-32P]- 8-azidoATP-photolabeled PPDK were generated by treating the denatured protein with trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin. A pair of overlapping radiolabeled peptide fragments were separated from the two digests, DMQDMEFTIEEGK (positions 318-330 in trypsin-treated PPDK) and RDMQDMEFTIEEGKL (positions 317-331 in alpha-chymotrypsin-treated PPDK), thus locating one of the positions of covalent modification. Next, catalysis by site-directed mutants generated by amino acid replacement of invariant residues of the PPDK N-terminal domain was tested. K163L, D168A, D170A, D175A, K177L, and G248I PPDK mutants retained substantial catalytic activity while G254I, R337L, and E323L PPDK mutants were inhibited. Comparison of the steady-state kinetic constants measured (at pH 6.8, 25 degrees C) for wild-type PPDK (kcat = 36 s-1, AMPK(m) = 7 microM, PP(i)K(m) = 70 microM, PEPK(m) = 27 microM) to those of R337L PPDK (kcat = 2 s-1, AMPK(m) = 85 microM, PP(i)K(m) = 3700 microM, PEPK(m) = 6 microM) and G254I PPDK (kcat = 0.1 s-1, AMPK(m) = 1300 microM, PP(i)K(m) = 1200 microM, PEPK(m) = 12 microM) indicated impaired catalysis of the nucleotide partial reaction (E.ATP.P(i) --> E-PP.AMP.P(i) --> E-P.AMP.PP(i) in these mutants. The single turnover reactions of [32P]PEP to [32P]E-P.pyruvate catalyzed by the PPDK mutants were shown to be comparable to those of wild-type PPDK. In contrast, the formation of [32P]E-PP/[32P]E-P in single turnover reactions of [beta-32P]ATP/P(i) was significantly inhibited. Finally, the location of the adenosine 5'-diphosphate binding site within the nucleotide binding domain of D-alanine-D-alanine ligase, a structural homologue of the PPDK N-terminal domain [Herzberg, O. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 2652-2657] indicates, by analogy, the location of the nucleotide binding site in PPDK. Residues G254, R337, and E323 as well as the site of photoaffinity labeling are located within this region.
Low Band‐Gap Conjugated Polymers with Strong Interchain Aggregation and Very High Hole Mobility Towards Highly Efficient Thick‐Film Polymer Solar Cells (2014)

Absorption spectra of polymer FBT-Th4 (1,4) (M n = 46.4 Kg/mol, E g = 1.62 eV, and HOMO = -5.36 eV) indicate strong interchain aggregation ability. High hole mobilities up to 1.92 cm(2) (V s)(-1) are demonstrated in OFETs fabricated under mild conditions. Inverted solar cells with active layer thicknesses ranging from 100 to 440 nm display PCEs exceeding 6.5%, with the highest efficiency of 7.64% achieved with a 230 nm thick active layer.
The effect of microstructure on the slow crack growth resistance in polyethylene resins (2014)

The slow crack growth (SCG) in high density polyethylene (HDPE) is a phenomenon dominated by crazing. In this work, the crazing was analyzed from a microstructural point of view. PENT (Pennsylvania Edge Notched Tensile) test was chosen to study the evolution of the craze with time for different resins from PE‐80 up to PE‐100 grades. Two different geometries, the standard and an alternative named CDNT (Circumferentially Deep Notched Tensile), were employed. Failure times were correlated with intercrystalline parameters like tie molecules and the molecular weight between entanglements. Experimental results showed good correlations using both direct SCG test (standard PENT and CDNT geometries). Finally, the strain hardening modulus was correlated with PENT failure times. The results disclosed an outstanding correlation for several polyethylene grades from blow molding up to PE‐80, PE‐100, and higher resistant to crack grades. These results permitted an easy‐classifying and ranking method as much to the old polyethylene grades as to the new generation of HDPE resins with a very high SCG resistance. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1018–1023, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Sialosides Containing 7-N- or 7,9-Di-N-acetyl Sialic Acid as Stable O-Acetyl Analogues for Probing Sialic Acid-Binding Proteins (2021)

A novel chemoenzymatic synthon strategy has been developed to construct a comprehensive library of α2-3- and α2-6-linked sialosides containing 7-<i>N</i>- or 7,9-di-<i>N</i>-acetyl sialic acid, the stable analogue of naturally occurring 7-<i>O</i>-acetyl- or 7,9-di-<i>O</i>-acetyl-sialic acid. Diazido and triazido-mannose derivatives that were readily synthesized chemically from inexpensive galactose were shown to be effective chemoenzymatic synthons. Together with bacterial sialoside biosynthetic enzymes with remarkable substrate promiscuity, they were successfully used in one-pot multienzyme (OPME) sialylation systems for highly efficient synthesis of sialosides containing multiple azido groups. Conversion of the azido groups to <i>N</i>-acetyl groups generated the desired sialosides. The hydrophobic and UV-detectable benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) group introduced in the synthetic acceptors of sialyltransferases was used as a removable protecting group for the propylamine aglycon of the target sialosides. The resulting <i>N</i>-acetyl sialosides were novel stable probes for sialic acid-binding proteins such as plant lectin MAL II, which bond strongly to sialyl T antigens with or without an <i>N</i>-acetyl at C7 or at both C7 and C9 in the sialic acid.
Excimer laser annealing of TiO2 nanoparticles for dye sensitized solar cells (2009)

We report a rapid and low temperature process for fabricating composite TiO2 electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) on glass and plastics by in-tandem spray deposition and laser annealing. A homogenized KrF excimer laser beam (248nm) was used to layer-by-layer anneal spray deposited TiO2 nanoparticles. The produced TiO2 film is crack free and contains small particles (30nm) mixed with different fractions of larger particles (100-200nm) controlled by the applied laser fluence. Laser annealed double-layered structure is demonstrated for both doctor-blade deposited and spray-deposited electrodes and performance enhancement can be observed. The enhancement could come from the laser induced optical and electrical properties changes. The highest demonstrated all-laser-annealed cells utilizing Ruthenium dye and liquid electrolyte showed power conversion efficiency of ∼3.8% under simulated illumination of 100mW/cm2.
Measurement of ionized calcium in serum with ion-selective electrodes: a mature technology that can meet the daily service needs. (1986)

This article reviews key advances in ion-selective electrode technology that have made potentiometric measurements of ionized calcium (Ca2+) reliable and precise. Our use of two second-generation Ca2+ analyzers (Radiometer ICA1 and NOVA 8) made possible uninterrupted service as volume increased to 31 640 patient tests in 1985. The lower results on the NOVA 8 were adjusted upwards to match those of the ICA1 to give identical results. Both analyzers were evaluated under working conditions of high volumes and multiple operators to establish downtime, electrode life, and costs. We have classified all Ca2+ analyzers into first-, intermediate-, and second-generation instruments, the better to understand their differences. Results for large numbers of patients' sera were shown to be systematically different when any two analyzers were compared. These differences are the consequence of each manufacturer's unique choices of the following: (a) the matrix of the calcium calibration solutions, (b) the type and configuration of the reference electrode, and (c) the salt-bridge solution. Elimination of each analyzer's biases will require agreement on a reference system that defines the accuracy of Ca2+ measurements on serum, plasma, or whole blood. The sound analytical performance of today's second-generation Ca2+ analyzers has allowed us to exploit the inherent superiority of Ca2+ over total calcium (CaT) measurements in the daily care of patients. We report on the preference of Ca2+ over CaT by physicians at our hospital since the introduction of second-generation Ca2+ analyzers. Therefore, we state unequivocally from our very satisfactory experience over the past five years that Ca2+ is a clinical laboratory test whose time has come!
Tryptophan and cysteine residues of the acetylcholine receptors of Torpedo species. Relation to binding of cholinergic ligands (1975)

Several methods were used to analyze for tryptophan in the acetylcholine (ACh) receptors purified from the electric organs of the electric rays, Torpedo californica and Torpedo marmorata. The best value of tryptophan was 2.4 mol %. When excited at 290 nm, both receptors fluoresced with a maximum at 336, but there was no change in the fluorescence emission spectra upon binding of carbamylcholine, d-tubocurarine, ACh, or decamethonium. The free SH content of the Torpedo receptors varied in different preparations, and was highest in that purified from fresh T. californica using deaerated solutions and dialysis under nitrogen, and lowest in that prepared from the aged lyophilized membranes of T. marmorata. The maximum free SH content was 20 nmol/mg of protein or 0.22 mol %, equal to at most 18% of the total cysteic acid residues. Reaction of either 33% or of all the SH residues with p-chloromercuribenzoate reduced maximum ACh binding to the pure receptor prepared from fresh T. californica by only 23%.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminoacylates and Aminocarbamates of 2‐Substituted‐4‐hydroxymethyl‐1,3‐dioxolanes as Ammonium Salts. A New Series of PAF Antagonists. (1990)

Abstract The title compounds of type (IV) and (VI) show in vitro antagonistic activity on the platelet aggregation induced by PAF.
Hybrid finite-element method for discretising cylindrically symmetric parts in electrotechnical models (2007)

In many technical devices such as transformers and electrical machines, large differences in geometric dimensions are observed. As a consequence, the generation of a 3D computational grid for the whole device leads to unacceptably large numbers of elements or can even fail. In addition to the commonly applied cartesian or cylindrical symmetries of the overall geometry, the model can be subdivided into parts featuring translational or cylindrical symmetries. Such parts are discretised separately, accounting for the local symmetry, and are then combined with the surrounding 3D model. Excitations and boundary conditions of the submodels are not necessarily symmetric but are expected to be smooth in the direction of the symmetry. Then, the field distribution at the interface is well approximated by a set of spectral elements along the dimension of symmetry. Coupling between the model parts is carried out by means of Lagrange multipliers. A single-phase transformer with thin insulation sheets is taken as an example to illustrate the proposed hybrid discretisation. The cross-section of the cylindrically symmetric part containing thin sheets, is represented by a fine 2D finite-element mesh so that all the geometrical details can be resolved, and the rest of the structure is discretised by a 3D mesh. Nevertheless, a fully 3D field distribution is calculated in all model parts. Only a small number of harmonic functions is needed to account for the azimuthal field variation at the cylindrical interface. Hence, the number of unknowns in the numerical model is reduced significantly, while a high level of accuracy is maintained.