gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi‐imager compatible actuation principles in surgical robotics (2005)

Today's most successful surgical robots are perhaps surgeon-driven systems, such as the daVinci (Intuitive Surgical Inc., USA, www.intuitivesurgical.com). These have already enabled surgery that was unattainable with classic instrumentation; however, at their present level of development, they have limited utility. The drawback of these systems is that they are independent self-contained units, and as such, they do not directly take advantage of patient data. The potential of these new surgical tools lies much further ahead. Integration with medical imaging and information are needed for these devices to achieve their true potential. Surgical robots and especially their subclass of image-guided systems require special design, construction and control compared to industrial types, due to the special requirements of the medical and imaging environments. Imager compatibility raises significant engineering challenges for the development of robotic manipulators with respect to imager access, safety, ergonomics, and above all the non-interference with the functionality of the imager. These apply to all known medical imaging types, but are especially challenging for achieving compatibility with the class of MRI systems. Even though a large majority of robotic components may be redesigned to be constructed of MRI compatible materials, for other components such as the motors used in actuation, prescribing MRI compatible materials alone is not sufficient. The electromagnetic motors most commonly used in robotic actuation, for example, are incompatible by principle. As such, alternate actuation principles using "intervention friendly" energy should be adopted and/or devised for these special surgical and radiological interventions. This paper defines the new concept of Multi-Imager Compatibility of surgical manipulators and describes its requirements. Subsequently, the paper gives several recommendations and proposes new actuation principles for this concept. Several implementations have been constructed and tested, and the results are presented here. This is the first paper addressing these issues.
Ephemeral Exit Bridges for Tor (2020)

This paper examines an existential threat to Tor---the increasing frequency at which websites apply discriminatory behavior to users who arrive via the anonymity network. Our main contribution is the introduction of Tor exit bridges. Exit bridges, constructed as short-lived virtual machines on cloud service providers, serve as alternative egress points for Tor and are designed to bypass server-side censorship. Due to the proliferation of managed cloud-based desktop services (e.g., Amazon Workspaces), there is already a surprisingly large fraction of web requests that originate in the cloud. Trivially disrupting exit bridges by blocking requests from the cloud would thus lead to significant collateral damage. Our experiments demonstrate that exit bridges effectively circumvent server-side blocking of Tor with low overhead. Additionally, we perform a cost-analysis of exit bridges and show that even a large-scale deployment can be done at low cost.
Formation of styrene during the Maillard reaction is negligible (2009)

The elucidation of chemical pathways and the identification of intermediates leading to vinylogous compounds such as acrylamide by the Maillard reaction have proven challenging. This study was conducted to assess the formation of styrene from L-phenylalanine, employing binary mixtures of the amino acid heated together with simple C(3)-sugar analogue (1-hydroxyacetone) or methylglyoxal. The formation of the corresponding vinylogous product, i.e. styrene, was measured under different moisture, pH, and temperature conditions. The formation of intermediates over time was monitored by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) together with the target compound styrene. Two intermediates, i.e. 1-phenethylaminopropan-2-one and 2-phenylethylamine, play a role in the formation of styrene, the latter of more importance in high-moisture systems, whilst the former favours the release of styrene in low-moisture systems. The model further showed that Strecker-type reactions are of less importance in the formation of styrene, as the yield from single immediate precursors was maximally 0.03 mol%. The low conversion rate of L-phenylalanine to the vinylogous product and existing data on the occurrence of free L-phenylalanine in food plants suggests that the amounts of styrene expected in foods subjected to thermal treatment are negligible.
Immersive Data Comprehension: Visualizing Uncertainty in Measurable Models (2015)

Recent advances in 3D scanning technologies have opened new possibilities in a broad range of applications including cultural heritage, medicine, civil engineering and urban planning. Virtual Reality systems can provide new tools to professionals that want to understand acquired 3D models. In this paper, we review the concept of data comprehension with an emphasis on visualization and inspection tools on immersive setups. We claim that in most application fields, data comprehension requires model measurements which in turn should be based on the explicit visualization of uncertainty. As 3D digital representations are not faithful, information on their fidelity at local level should be included in the model itself as uncertainty bounds. We propose the concept of Measurable 3D Models as digital models that explicitly encode local uncertainty bounds related to their quality. We claim that professionals and experts can strongly benefit from immersive interaction through new specific, fidelity-aware measurement tools which can facilitate 3D data comprehension. Since noise and processing errors are ubiquitous in acquired datasets, we discuss the estimation, representation and visualization of data uncertainty. We show that, based on typical user requirements in Cultural Heritage and other domains, application-oriented measuring tools in 3D models must consider uncertainty and local error bounds. We also discuss the requirements of immersive interaction tools for the comprehension of huge 3D and nD datasets acquired from real objects.
Outcome of Sigmoid Compared to Ileal Orthotopic Bladder Substitution in Terms of Micturition and Defecation Parameters in an 8-Year Long-Term Follow-Up (2009)

Orthotopic bladder substitution with sigmoid segments has shown equivalent results compared to orthotopic ileal bladder substitution. The sigmoid neobladder is a useful alternative to the ileal neobladder.
Effect of Insulin and Prolactin on Acyltransferase Activities in MAC-T Bovine Mammary Cells (1998)

The enzymatic activities of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and lysophosphatidate acyltransferase were investigated in microsomal fractions prepared from MAC-T cells from bovine mammary gland and from FTO-2B cells from rat liver. In both cell lines, sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase exhibited similar rates of palmitate and oleate incorporation. However, lysophosphatidate acyltransferase activity in MAC-T cells had a 2.8-fold greater rate of palmitate incorporation than of oleate incorporation. In FTO-2B cells, there was a 1.4-fold greater rate of oleate incorporation than of palmitate incorporation. FTO-2B and MAC-T cells displayed acyltransferase activities that were consistent with liver and mammary tissues, respectively. The acyltransferases were examined from FTO-2B and MAC-T cells that were treated with insulin and prolactin. Insulin suppressed both acyltransferase activities in FTO-2B cells, and prolactin had a stimulatory effect; however, these effects were very small. In contrast, insulin and prolactin had a stimulatory effect on both acyltransferase activities in MAC-T cells; prolactin elicited the largest effect. Treatment of MAC-T cells with cycloheximide inhibited the stimulatory effect of prolactin on acyltransferase activities.
FUNGISTATIC PROPERTIES OF THE FATTY ACIDS AND POSSIBLE BIOCHEMICAL SIGNIFICANCE (1939)

SUMMARY The fungistatic properties of the normal saturated fatty acids containing from one to 14 carbon atoms have been studied over a pH range of from pH 2 to pH 8. Many of these acids exhibit remarkable effectiveness in the inhibition of mold growth. This effectiveness varies according to the chain length, the concentration of the acid, and the pH of the media. A branched chain acid, in general, is less effective fungistatically than the corresponding straight chain acid. Unsaturation tends to increase the fungistatic effectiveness of an acid. At neutrality, the acids containing eight to 12 carbon atoms are the most effective for the inhibition of mold growth. This biochemical fact suggested that the nutritional value of these fatty acids be studied in relationship to certain types of disease. The hypothesis has been advanced that the shorter chain fatty acids may be important in the human dietary.
Reducing DRAM row activations with eager read/write clustering (2013)

This article describes and evaluates a new approach to optimizing DRAM performance and energy consumption that is based on eagerly writing dirty cache lines to DRAM. Under this approach, many dirty cache lines are written to DRAM before they are evicted. In particular, dirty cache lines that have not been recently accessed are eagerly written to DRAM when the corresponding row has been activated by an ordinary, noneager access, such as a read. This approach enables clustering of reads and writes that target the same row, resulting in a significant reduction in row activations. Specifically, for a variety of applications, it reduces the number of DRAM row activations by an average of 42% and a maximum of 82%. Moreover, the results from a full-system simulator show compelling performance improvements and energy consumption reductions. Out of 23 applications, 6 have overall performance improvements between 10% and 20%, and 3 have improvements in excess of 20%. Furthermore, 12 consume between 10% and 20% less DRAM energy, and 7 have energy consumption reductions in excess of 20%.
Dual-Energy CT for Evaluation of Intra- and Extracapsular Silicone Implant Rupture (2016)

Silicone implants are commonly used for both breast augmentation and breast reconstruction. With aging of the implant, the silicone envelope may become weak or may rupture. The technique of choice for evaluation of implant integrity is breast MRI; however this may be contraindicated in some patients or the cost may be prohibitive. Dual-energy CT allows determination of density and atomic number of tissue and can provide material composition information. We present a case of extracapsular implant rupture with MRI and dual-energy CT imaging and surgical correlation.
Effect of ultrasound on the heat conduction in metals (1978)

The objective of this investigation was to study the influence of ultrasound having a frequency of 20 kHz upon the heat conduction of three metals: steel, aluminum, and magnesium. The variables used in this study included: ultrasonic intensity and temperature. The temperature measurements were taken along the length of the rod with a radiation thermometer. A continuous heat transfer system, computer modeling program was used to determine the change in the heat conductivity coefficient due to the introduction of ultrasound into the metal. It was found that insonation of the metals increased the thermal conductivity from 2.25 to 3.55 times. For iron, the higher temperatures used decreased the influence of ultrasound. Aluminum showed the greatest temperature difference between the nodes and antinodes in the metal bar during insonation, a higher temperature being produced at the antinode.
Patient selection for lumbar arthroplasty and arthrodesis: the effect of revision surgery in a controlled, multicenter, randomized study (2008)

The 7.1% of patients who underwent a secondary stabilization procedure had poor clinical improvement. This finding may indicate that if the alternative treatment had been the initial treatment, these patients would not have benefited, and further implies a 7.1% rate of imprecision in preoperative evaluation.
Generation and Analysis of High-Gain Orbital Angular Momentum Vortex Wave Using Circular Array and Parasitic EBG with oblique incidence (2017)

This paper presents an effective method for high-gain orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex wave generation based on the integration of a circular antenna array (CAA) with a parasitic electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure, which is referred to as the EP-CAA. The resonant height of the EBG structure at different oblique incidences is analyzed parametrically based on the defect mode transmission mechanism to achieve reasonable predictions of a consistent 3-dB gain bandwidth with optimal gain enhancement for different OAM modes. The effective radiation aperture of the EP-CAA at oblique incidence is proposed for analytical calculation of the aperture efficiency of the OAM beams (OAM-AE). A Wilkinson power divider (W-PD) is designed to extend the operating bandwidth of the EP-CAA, and the proposed W-PD arrangement is applicable for feasible OAM modes. Fabricated prototypes of the EP-CAA carrying four OAM modes operating at 10 GHz are measured to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis, the maximum realized gain for different OAM modes are confirmed to be enhanced by at least 6 dB in 5% 3-dB gain bandwidth. The divergence angles of different OAM modes can be effectively concentrated using the proposed EP-CAA.
The Pathogenesis of Melanoma Induced by Ultraviolet Radiation (1999)

Skin cancers, predominantly basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas, have accounted for an estimated 40 percent of all cancers in the United States in recent years, and their frequency has been increasing.1,2 The frequency of malignant melanoma, by far the most common fatal skin cancer, has also increased, by a factor of approximately 15 in the past 60 years.35 In 1997, more than 40,000 new cases of malignant melanoma were diagnosed in the United States, and more than 7200 patients with the disease died.1 Moreover, malignant melanoma is one of the most common cancers in young adults.6 Efforts to educate . . .
Electromyographic hyperactivation of skeletal muscles by time-modulated mechanical stimulation (2007)

Current skeletal muscle conditioning is typically performed by application of a steady force (load). However, as confirmed by whole-body-vibration applications, the involvement of neuromuscular reflex due to load variations plays an important role in muscular conditioning. Therefore, in this paper we present a prototype for muscular conditioning where the loading force, which is generated by an electromagnetic actuator, is modulated over time during the exercise. The force modulation is controlled by a dedicated control unit implemented on a personal computer. The determination of the transfer function of the mechanical transmission to the user confirms that the force modulation is efficiently transferred up to 40 Hz. A preliminary validation involved the electromyographic analysis of the muscle activation. A 29 Hz sinusoidal force modulation around different baseline loads was applied to both biceps and triceps of 12 subjects. Force modulation resulted in the hyperactivation of the muscle electrical activity, which was estimated as the root mean square of the electromyogram, for all baseline loads ranging from 20 to 100 % of the maximal voluntary contraction. These promising results confirm the important role of reflex for optimal muscle training and motivate further research to realize a dynamic load control based, for instance, on electromyographic features.
Extensive skin necrosis following total hip arthroplasty performed through the direct anterior approach (2023)

We address the possible risk factors, discuss the use of epinephrine in PAI and explore possible treatment options for such a complication.
The Theoretical Background of the Multiple Pressure Tube Anemometer (1949)

A recent investigation has resulted in the development of a multiple pressure tube anemometer, which measures both wind speed and direction without moving parts exposed to the wind. From the expression for the air flow past a quadric surface, it is shown that, by the use of one system of suitably spaced impact holes, it is possible to measure the rectangular components of wind velocity in one quadrant. Another arrangement of holes is presented that takes advantage of the breakdown in flow pattern past 90° to measure wind components in all quadrants without ambiguity. The components of wind velocity so measured are combined in an electromechanical system which provides indications of speed and direction. Finally, the experimental instrument embodying these principles is evaluated and performance data taken from it are presented.
Stacked Half-Pie menus (2009)

Hierarchical menus can be found in many of today's software applications. However, these menus are often optimized for mouse or keyboard interaction and their suitability for touch screen-based interactive tabletops is questionable. On touch based interfaces, screen occlusion by the user, menu item size and the usage of intuitive navigation paradigms are essential aspects that need to be considered. In this paper we present our approach: "Stacked Half-Pie menus" that allow visualization of an unlimited number of hierarchical menu items as well as interactive navigation and selection of these items by touch. Our evaluation shows a fairly high usability of touchable half-pie menus, making them an interesting alternative to other established menu types on interactive tabletops.
Acute basophilic leukemia (2001)

Acute basophilic leukemia has recently been included into a revised classification of acute leukemias proposed by the WHO panel. Due to the rarity of the disease, consistent diagnostic criteria are lacking. We report on two cases of acute basophilic leukemia that occurred in our department during the last 10 yr. We focus on their clinical, morphological and cytogenetic presentation. Both patients were >60 yr of age, and presented in good clinical condition with alterations to their full blood count. None had cutaneous symptoms such as erythema or urticaria. Cytogenetic analyses in the first patient showed a normal karyotype, while the second displayed a translocation t(2;6); (q23?4;p22?3), as well as a del (12)(p11). Earlier observations have linked bone marrow basophilia either to a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 12 (p11-13), to translocations involving the long arm of chomosome 6 at 6q23 or to the translocation t(6,9); (p23;q34). However, other translocations involving chromosome 6p23 have not been described before. Treatment of our patients consisted of supportive treatment in the one with normal karyotype and aggressive chemotherapy in the other patient. Both patients died within one year after diagnosis due to progressive or recurrent leukemia.
Artery–vein segmentation in fundus images using a fully convolutional network (2019)

Epidemiological studies demonstrate that dimensions of retinal vessels change with ocular diseases, coronary heart disease and stroke. Different metrics have been described to quantify these changes in fundus images, with arteriolar and venular calibers among the most widely used. The analysis often includes a manual procedure during which a trained grader differentiates between arterioles and venules. This step can be time-consuming and can introduce variability, especially when large volumes of images need to be analyzed. In light of the recent successes of fully convolutional networks (FCNs) applied to biomedical image segmentation, we assess its potential in the context of retinal artery-vein (A/V) discrimination. To the best of our knowledge, a deep learning (DL) architecture for simultaneous vessel extraction and A/V discrimination has not been previously employed. With the aim of improving the automation of vessel analysis, a novel application of the U-Net semantic segmentation architecture (based on FCNs) on the discrimination of arteries and veins in fundus images is presented. By utilizing DL, results are obtained that exceed accuracies reported in the literature. Our model was trained and tested on the public DRIVE and HRF datasets. For DRIVE, measuring performance on vessels wider than two pixels, the FCN achieved accuracies of 94.42% and 94.11% on arteries and veins, respectively. This represents a decrease in error of 25% over the previous state of the art reported by Xu et al. (2017). Additionally, we introduce the HRF A/V ground truth, on which our model achieves 96.98% accuracy on all discovered centerline pixels. HRF A/V ground truth validated by an ophthalmologist, predicted A/V annotations and evaluation code are available at https://github.com/rubenhx/av-segmentation.
Sidekick-1 Is Upregulated in Glomeruli in HIV-Associated Nephropathy (2004)

Infection of podocytes by HIV-1 induces unique changes in phenotype, which contribute to the pathogenesis of glomerular disease in HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). The host genetic pathways altered by HIV-1 infection that are responsible for these phenotypic changes are largely unknown. For identifying such pathways, representational difference analysis was performed comparing cDNA from HIV-1 transgenic podocytes with nontransgenic controls. In this way, a gene named sidekick-1 (sdk-1) was cloned, a transmembrane protein of the Ig superfamily that is highly upregulated in HIV-1 transgenic podocytes. Sdk-1 and its ortholog, sidekick-2 (sdk-2), were recently shown to guide axonal terminals to specific synapses in developing neurons. Their presence and role in other organs, including the kidney, has not been described. The current study demonstrates developmental expression of both sdk-1 and sdk-2 and a tight spatial and temporal regulation of these genes in kidney. During nephrogenesis, sidekick expression was observed first in ureteric bud and ureteric bud-derived tissues in a pattern similar to other genes known to play important roles in branching morphogenesis. In adult murine renal tissue, sidekick proteins were seen in glomeruli at low levels, and expression of sdk-1 was greatly upregulated in diseased HIV-1 transgenic mouse kidneys. In a human HIVAN kidney biopsy, sidekick expression was increased in glomeruli in a pattern consistent with the mouse model. It is proposed that the dysregulation of sdk-1 protein may play an important role in HIVAN pathogenesis.
A-Si:H//spl mu/c-Si:H tandem solar cell by novel PECVD method (2003)

Using newly developed novel PECVD method (Cat-PECVD method), high quality a-Si:H films and /spl mu/c-Si:H films were successfully formed at high deposition rate of more than 1nm/s with low substrate temperature of less than 250/spl deg/C. Applying these Si films for a-Si:H//spl mu/c-Si:H tandem solar cells, initial cell efficiency of 11.5% was obtained. Owing to a low Si-H/sub 2/ bonding state content and less distorted short range order structure of the a-Si:H film, the light-induced degradation rate of tandem cell was effectively reduced to less than 7%.
Japanese consumer preferences for processed pork (1990)

Results of a consumer survey mailed to 3,000 households provide information on Japanese preferences for processed pork products. The survey addresses consumer attitudes, buying habits, taste and quality preferences, and the influence of advertising, significant others, and social support systems on processed pork consumption. Health, taste, and quality factors are crucial elements in providing the Japanese consumer with appealing products. The Japanese are especially wary of food additives and preservatives, and prefer products that are low in fat content. Meeting Japanese preferences for taste and quality of processed pork products is essential for successful exporting.