gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mass Transfer and Particle Motion in a Barrel Plater (1995)

This paper describes a study of mass‐transfer process and particle motion in a plating barrel. The mass‐transfer coefficient was measured with a diffusion‐controlled metal‐dissolution reaction, and the motion of metal particles was examined with a video recording system. Three kinds of particle motion were observed in a horizontal barrel: (i) slumping motion at a low barrel rotational speed of 3 rpm; (ii) falling motion at the barrel rotational speeds of 6 to 13 rpm; and (iii) cascading motion at 15 to 17 rpm. When the barrel was tilted at an angle of 30 to 60° from the horizontal position, the particles in the lower portion of the barrel rotated like a rigid body. There was no relative particle movement in this regime. The falling motion of particles occurred only near the top surface of the particle load. At a barrel tilt angle of 90° (i.e., a vertical barrel), all the particles rotated like a rigid body, and no falling layer was observed. The mass‐transfer rate to the particles increased with increasing barrel rotational speed, and decreased with increasing tilt angle from the horizontal position. When the barrel tilt angle was less than 60°, the mass‐transfer rate decreased with increasing barrel loading. The effect of barrel loading on mass transfer decreased with increasing tilt angle; at a barrel tilt angle of 90° the barrel loading had a negligible effect on the mass‐transfer rate in the barrel. A set of empirical equations was obtained to correlate the Sherwood number to the Reynolds number, Schmidt number, Grashof number, barrel tilt angle, barrel loading, and barrel immersion.
Supracristal ventricular septal defect. (2006)

Ventricular septal defects (VSD) are the most common congenital cardiac malformation. Epidemiologic data report that the prevalence of this anomaly may be as high as 3.3% to 3.8% of live births.1, 2, 3 A VSD can occur in isolation or in association with other cardiac malformations. These congenital malformations are usually detected in childhood, and a substantial number undergo spontaneous closure before adulthood. Anatomic classification distinguishes between ventricular septal defects in accordance with whether they arise above or below the crista supraventricularis. Several classifications of VSDs exist, and there are many synonymous names for the various defects. The major classifications have their basis in anatomic position. Those located below the crista supraventricularis are called subaortic, perimembranous, and muscular defects. Those located above the crista supraventricularis are called supracristal (conus) defects.4

In the United States, the supracristal VSD comprises only 2% to 3% of all ventricular septal defects. This defect is much more common in patients of Eastern Asian descent. Many ventricular septal defects close spontaneously during childhood; however, a substantial portion of the larger defects eventually cause significant aortic insufficiency secondary to prolapse of the aortic valve. When this occurs, surgical repair of the defect and suspension of the aortic valve is indicated.5

Echocardiography is used to evaluate young patients with heart murmurs. Valvular disease, obstructive septal hypertrophy, and septal defects are easily identified through use of spectral and pulsed-wave Doppler techniques. Due to the complex 3-dimensional anatomy of the ventricular septum, several imaging planes must be used in order to correctly classify the VSD. Determining the origin of the VSD jet in relationship to the aortic valve annulus is helpful in distinguishing among the VSD types. If the aortic valve is thought of as the face of a clock (parasternal short- axis view, aortic valve level), the most commonly seen perimembranous VSD will arise from the 10 to 11 o'clock position. The subaortic VSD is seen at the 11 to 1 o'clock position, and the least commonly seen supracristal defect arises at the 1 to 2 o'clock position.

We present images obtained from a 27-year-old Chinese male who was referred for evaluation of a prominent, high-frequency, pansystolic murmur. He had no shortness of breath, chest discomfort, or physical activity limitations. An echocardiogram was obtained, along with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Both techniques (see figures) illustrate the location of this uncommon defect.
Protein Microarrays and Multiplexed Sandwich Immunoassays: What Beats the Beads? (2004)

Protein microarray technology allows the simultaneous determination of a large variety of parameters from a minute amount of sample within a single experiment. Assay systems based on this technology are currently applied for the identification, quantitation and functional analysis of proteins. Protein microarray technology is of major interest for proteomic research in basic and applied biology as well as for diagnostic applications. Miniaturized and parallelized assay systems have reached adequate sensitivity and hence have the potential to replace singleplex analysis systems. However, robustness and automation needs to be demonstrated before this technology will finally prove suitable for high-throughput applications. Miniaturized and parallelized sandwich immunoassays are the most advanced assays formats among the different protein microarray applications. Multiplexed sandwich immunoassays can be used for the identification of biomarkers and the validation of potential target molecules. In this review an overview will be given on the current stage of protein microarray technology with a special focus on miniaturized multiplexed sandwich immunoassays.
Thymidine kinase in epithelial ovarian cancer: Relationship with the other pyrimidine pathway enzymes (2002)

TK is a pyrimidine metabolic pathway enzyme involved in salvage DNA synthesis. What roles TK may play in epithelial ovarian cancer and the relationships between TK and the other pyrimidine pathway enzymes remain unclear. We examined TK1 gene expression by RT-PCR and related it to gene expression of TS, TP and DPD in 69 samples from epithelial ovarian cancer, 8 low-malignant-potential tumors, 16 benign ovarian tumors and 34 normal ovaries. Additionally, cytosolic and serum TK activities were determined by radioenzymatic assay. TK1 gene expression, the ratio of TK1 to TS gene expression, that of TK1 to TP and that of TK1 to DPD were significantly higher in epithelial ovarian cancer than in normal ovaries. In epithelial ovarian cancer, TK1 gene expression correlated with cytosolic and serum TK activities, TS and TP gene expression and the ratio of TP to DPD gene expression. Patients with high-TK1 gene expression had a significantly poorer survival than those with low TK1 gene expression. Combined analysis demonstrated that the relative risk of cancer death for tumors with high TK1, high TS and high TP gene expression was greater than that for tumors with high TK1 gene expression alone. TK1 gene expression together with TS, TP and DPD gene expression may play important roles in influencing the malignant behavior of epithelial ovarian cancer. Combination therapy including TK inhibitor is a possible therapeutic intervention in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.
Improved compensation in flow cytometry by multivariable optimization (2011)

Conventional compensation of flow cytometry (FMC) data of an N-stained sample requires additional data sets, of N single-stained control samples, to estimate the spillover coefficients. Single-stained controls however are the least rigorous controls because any of the multi-stained controls are closer to the N-stained sample. In this article, a new, optimization based, compensation method has been developed that is able to use not only single- but also multi-stained controls to improve estimates of the spillover coefficients. The method is demonstrated on a data set from five-stained dentritic cells (DCs) with five single-stained and eight multi-stained controls. This approach is practical and leads to significant improvements in FCM compensation.
A Multicomponent Complex Is Required for the AAUAAA-Dependent Cross-Linking of a 64-Kilodalton Protein to Polyadenylation Substrates (1990)

A 64-kilodalton (kDa) polypeptide that is cross-linked by UV light specifically to polyadenylation substrate RNAs containing a functional AAUAAA element has been identified previously. Fractionated HeLa nuclear components that can be combined to regenerate efficient and accurate polyadenylation in vitro have now been screened for the presence of the 64-kDa protein. None of the individual components contained an activity which could generate the 64-kDa species upon UV cross-linking in the presence of substrate RNA. It was necessary to mix two components, cleavage stimulation factor and specificity factor, to reconstitute 64-kDa protein-RNA cross-linking. The addition of cleavage factors to this mixture very efficiently reconstituted the AAUAAA-specific 64-kDa protein-RNA interaction. The 64-kDa protein, therefore, is present in highly purified, reconstituted polyadenylation reactions. However, it is necessary to form a multicomponent complex to efficiently cross-link the protein to a substrate RNA.
Hepatic energy metabolism correlated with pathology score in rats chronically fed ethanol (1989)

We repeatedly measured in vivo levels of hepatic phosphorylated metabolites in alcohol-fed rats using non-invasive 31P MRS to evaluate their relation to the severity of the pathologic changes of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Five pairs of Wister rats were pair-fed with a liquid diet plus ethanol or an isocaloric amount of dextrose via an implanted intragastric tube for up to 6 months (mo). For MRS, the rats were sedated, air was provided by a face mask, and the diet was infused to maintain high blood alcohol levels. {sup 31}P MRS spectra were obtained using a CYCLOPS pulse-acquire sequence, 200 scans, and a 2s recycle delay. The inorganic phosphate (Pi)/ATP peak area ratio was found to be consistently higher in the alcohol-fed rats (E) compared to the pair-fed controls (C). The sugar phosphate/ATP ratio tended to be higher in E when compared to C. Cytosolic pH measured by the chemical shift of the Pi peak showed no significant differences between E and C. The monthly liver biopsies from E showed more severe steatosis, necrosis, and fibrosis with time of feeding and the Pi/ATP ratio was positively correlated with the scored histological changes. These results suggest that a low hepatic energetic statemore » is associated with the progression of ALD pathology.« less
The F-Box Gene Family Is Expanded in Herbaceous Annual Plants Relative to Woody Perennial Plants (2008)

F-box proteins are generally responsible for substrate recognition in the Skp1-Cullin-F-box complexes that are involved in protein degradation via the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway. In plants, F-box genes influence a variety of biological processes, such as leaf senescence, branching, self-incompatibility, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The number of F-box genes in Populus (Populus trichocarpa; approximately 320) is less than half that found in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; approximately 660) or Oryza (Oryza sativa; approximately 680), even though the total number of genes in Populus is equivalent to that in Oryza and 1.5 times that in Arabidopsis. We performed comparative genomics analysis between the woody perennial plant Populus and the herbaceous annual plants Arabidopsis and Oryza in order to explicate the functional implications of this large gene family. Our analyses reveal interspecific differences in genomic distribution, orthologous relationship, intron evolution, protein domain structure, and gene expression. The set of F-box genes shared by these species appear to be involved in core biological processes essential for plant growth and development; lineage-specific differences primarily occurred because of an expansion of the F-box genes via tandem duplications in Arabidopsis and Oryza. The number of F-box genes in the newly sequenced woody species Vitis (Vitis vinifera; 156) and Carica (Carica papaya; 139) is similar to that in Populus, supporting the hypothesis that the F-box gene family is expanded in herbaceous annual plants relative to woody perennial plants. This study provides insights into the relationship between the structure and composition of the F-box gene family in herbaceous and woody species and their associated developmental and physiological features.
Manoeuvring Trials with the MUN Explorer AUV: Data Analysis and Observations (2007)

Manoeuvring trials are usually performed to determine the manoeuvring characteristics of a marine vehicle. It is through certain standard manoeuvres we evaluate the robustness, performance and limitations of the vehicle control system. A series of open-water manoeuvring trials were performed using the MUN Explorer AUV in the summer of 2006. The actual purpose of these experiments was to collect a set of experimental data in order to validate a hydrodynamic model of the dynamic performance of the vehicle. This paper presents the results and observations from the analysis of a set of manoeuvring trials data: in particular the results from straightline (acceleration - deceleration) tests and turning circles. It outlines briefly the method by which these tests were conducted and discusses the results and observations made. Apart from providing a data set for validation purposes, the results also indicate the ability of the vehicle to follow a pre-planned mission with precision.
Studies on the Aroma Constituents of Crude Drugs. I. On the Aroma Constituents of Ginseng Radix (1984)

From the basic fraction of the ethereal extract of Ginseng Radix (Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER, Araliaceae), five methoxypyrazine and eight alkylpyrazine derivatives were identified by gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The methoxypyrazine derivatives were likely to be of major significance in the characteristic earthy, green aroma with moldy undertone of Ginseng Radix. One of them was a novel methoxypyrazine derivative, 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxy-5-methylpyrazine (6), and the structures of 3-isopropyl-2-methoxy-5-methylpyrazine (3) and 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxy-5-methylpyrazine (6) were estimated from mass spectra of known methoxypyrazine derivatives, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine (1) and 2-sec-butyl-3-methoxypyrazine (4), and confirmed by their syntheses. 3-sec-Butyl-2-methoxy-5-methylpyrazine (6) was found to possess a characteristic floral, moldy, green aroma with an odor threshold of 2.0 parts per 109 parts of water. The mass spectra of methoxypyrazine derivatives showed similar systematic fragmentations starting from McLafferty rearrangement and γ-cleavage, and the mass spectrometry was found to be a usefull method for structural elucidation and detection of methoxypyrazine derivatives.
Quantum-dot electron occupancy controlled by a charged scanning probe (2002)

A 1D channel, defined in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure, has been used to detect the oscillations in charge as single electrons tunnel into or out of a group of quantum dots about $1\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ from the channel. The quantum dots were formed in the highly doped donor layer of the same device due to intrinsic donor disorder. Electron occupancy of the quantum dots was controlled by the position and bias of a charged probe. High-resolution images of channel conductance revealed sets of concentric oscillations, or halos, each set being centered on a quantum dot. Uneven spacing was observed between the halos implying that the dot electron energy-level spacings were not constant. This is characteristic of a dot occupied by a small number of electrons. Changes in halo spacing at intersections between different sets of halos suggest that there was electrostatic interaction between the quantum dots.
Enhancing Inorganic Carbon Sequestration by Irrigation Management in California (2006)

We conducted a field study to determine if the distribution and amount of soil inorganic carbon was changed by the application of treated effluent for irrigation compared to fresh-water irrigated soils. The main site for the study was in a wastewater utilization area near Bakersfield, Calif., that had received varying amounts of treated effluent for 70 years. At the time, the sampled cotton was growing at the site. A nearby field, irrigated with fresh water, also was sampled for comparison. Significant depletions of carbonate were found in the upper 2m of all irrigated fields, compared to non-irrigated fields. Carbonate did not accumulate in soils with textures as coarse as loamy sand. Differences in carbonate content among fields irrigated with treated effluent and fresh water were a function of both soil texture and water quality. Soils with carbonate contained both natural pedogenic carbonate and carbonate inherited from the parent material. It was not possible to isolate and measure the young pedogenic carbonate that might have resulted from effluent utilization. Total carbonate content and clay-size carbonate was more abundant at sites irrigated with treated effluent than at sites irrigated with fresh water, indicating that effluent had increased carbonate precipitation. Stable isotope analyses of carbon and oxygen indicated that a significant amount of the carbonate found below 2.5 meters depth in the treated-effluent irrigated field was pedogenic. The pedogenic carbonate was a mixture of young and old carbon according to 14C dating of the carbonate. More of the carbonate was “young ” carbonate at shallow depths of the soil compared to deeper in the soil profile. This is additional evidence that treated-effluent irrigation contributes to carbonate precipitation. Treated-effluent irrigation can increase soil inorganic carbon sequestration in arid and semiarid region soils and it should be used as another method for balancing the increase in CO2 in the atmosphere from anthropogenic activity.
Malaria control utilizing Bacillus sphaericus against Anopheles stephensi in Panaji, Goa. (1994)

In a large malaria endemic area in Panaji city, Goa, India, the weekly application of the biolarvicide Bacillus sphaericus (Strain 101, Serotype H 5a 5b) at the rate of 1 g/m2 in the main Anopheles stephensi larval habitats, viz., curing waters, masonry tanks, and sump tanks (under construction), from April to December 1993 resulted in a sharp decline in the habitat positivity (range 0.13-8.0%) as compared with the rest of the Panaji (range 2.2-30.6%) where temephos (Abate) was used as the larvicide. Bacillus sphaericus spraying also led to a significant decline in anopheline densities in positive habitats (range 0-7.3/10 dips) as compared with control habitats (range 0.9-53.0/10 dips). Concurrently, malaria incidence observed in the experimental area (slide positivity rate [SPR] range 2.3-7.8%; monthly parasite index [MPI] range 0.18-1.44) was lower than in the control area (SPR range 14.3-25.5%; MPI range 1.75-6.12).
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISM OF HYDROFORMYLATION, PART II. STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF HYDROCOBALT TETRACARBONYL BY THE REACTION OF OCTACARBONYLDICOBALT AND HYDROGEN (1976)

Abstract Die Reaktion Co 2 (CO) 8 + H 2 =‐′ 2 HCo(CO) 4 war im Untersuchungsbereich (80‐160°C, 50‐100 atm) reversibel und l.Ordnung bezüglich Co 2 (CO) 8 und HCo(CO) 4 .
Zinc‐Catalyzed Esterification of N‐β‐Hydroxyethylamides: Removal of Directing Groups under Mild Conditions (2017)

Amide transformations involving C–N bond cleavage are recognized as difficult reactions owing to the inert nature of amides resulting from resonance. Accordingly, a strong inductive effect and geometrical distortion reasonably decrease the resonance stabilization to attenuate the C–N linkage. Although the conversion of such activated amides has been studied intensively, reaction systems for “unactivated” amides are underdeveloped. We herein report that a zinc(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate [Zn(OTf) 2 ] catalyst achieves the esterification of a wide range of unactivated tertiary amides with the assistance of intramolecular acyl rearrangement. The reaction was applied to the one‐pot removal of various amide‐based directing groups under mild reaction conditions to afford the corresponding esters in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Fast Soluble Carbon‐Free Molecular Water Oxidation Catalyst Based on Abundant Metals. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Reduction of wake-stator interaction noise using passive porosity (2002)

The present study was conducted to assess the potential of Passive Porosity Technology as a mechanism to reduce interaction noise in turbomachinery by reducing the fluctuating forces acting on the vane surfaces. To do so, a typical fan stator airfoil was subjected to the effects of a transversely moving wake; time histories of the primitive aerodynamic variables, obtained from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solutions, were then input into an acoustic prediction code. This procedure was performed on the solid airfoil to obtain a baseline, and on a series of porous configurations in order to isolate those that yield maximum noise reductions without compromising the aerodynamic performance of the stator. It was found that communication between regions of high pressure differential - made possible by the use of passive porosity - is necessary to significantly alter the noise radiation pattern of the stator airfoil. In general, noise reductions were obtained for those configurations incorporating passive porosity in the region between x/c is approximately 0.15 on the suction side of the airfoil and x/c is approximately 0.20 on the pressure side. Reductions in overall radiated noise of approximately 1.0 dB were obtained. The noise benefit increased to about 2.5 dB when the effects of loading noise alone were considered.
Polycystic ovarian disease (1995)

The understanding of the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome has advanced significantly, and improvements have been made in the treatment of the commonly associated symptoms. New data continue to implicate a derangement in insulin secretion and metabolism as a cause of the disease. Therapeutic regimens for those patients unsuccessfully treated by traditional approaches have been further validated, especially for the treatment of infertility. Future therapeutic strategies involving the retrieval of unstimulated, immature oocytes that are fertilized and matured in vitro are a possibility.