gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Minimisation of the wall shear stress gradients in bypass grafts anastomoses using meshless CFD and genetic algorithms optimisation (2010)

The wall shear stress (WSS) spatial and temporal gradients are two hemodynamics parameters correlated with endothelial damage. Those two gradients become well pronounced in a bypass graft anastomosis geometry where the blood flow patterns are quite disturbed. The WSS gradient minimisation on the host artery floor can be achieved by optimising the anastomosis shape and hence may lead to an improved long-term post-surgical performance of the graft. The anastomosis shape optimisation can be executed via an integrated computational tool comprised of a meshless computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver and a genetic algorithm (GA) shape optimiser. The meshless CFD solver serves to evaluate the WSS gradients and the GA optimiser serves to search for the end-to-side distal anastomosis (ETSDA) optimal shape that best minimises those gradients. We utilise a meshless CFD method to resolve hemodynamics and a GA for the purpose of optimisation. We consider three different anastomotic models: the conventional ETSDA, the Miller Cuff ETSDA and the hood ETSDA. The results reported herein demonstrate that the graft calibre should always be maximised whether a conventional or Miller Cuff ETSDA model is utilised. Also, it was noted that the Miller Cuff height should be minimised. The choice of an optimal anastomotic angle should be optimised to achieve a compromise between the concurrent minimisations of both the spatial WSS gradient and the temporal WSS gradient.
The Role of Small Molecule Additives and Chemical Modification in Protein Crystallization (2011)

An alternative approach to promoting the crystallization of proteins is to enhance intermolecular contacts between macromolecules or to eliminate intermolecular interactions or interactions with solvent that might inhibit crystallization. Site-specific mutations have been employed, as have truncations by genetic or proteolytic means. There are, however, significant problems. Because the structure of the target macromolecule is unknown, there may be no good basis for the design of mutants or truncations. In addition, the approach requires that the protein be produced by recombinant DNA technology, which is frequently not the case. We have attempted to address these issues by initiating experiments based on two ideas. The first is that a wide variety of conventional small molecules might be systematically introduced into mother liquors during crystallization screening. By incorporation into the crystal lattice, the additional intermolecular interactions that the small molecules provide might enhance crystal nucleation and growth. A second approach that we are pursuing is the chemical modification of various amino acid side chains using traditional protein chemistry. We believe that in some cases chemically modified proteins might be induced to crystallize or crystallize better than the native protein.
Restoration of an Object from its Complex Cross Sections (1989)

In this report, we propose a new method of restoring an object from its cross sections having various contour shapes. The three-dimensional image of restored object is represented by its surface which consists of triangular patches. The object surface is smoothed according to requirement. This method reduces the complexity of triangulation algorithm and decrease the quantity of calculations to smooth surfaces.
Structure‐Function Relationships of Endothelins, Sarafotoxins, and Their Receptor Subtypes (1992)

The endothelins (ETs) and sarafotoxins (SRTXs) are two structurally related families of potent vasoactive peptides. Although their physiological functions have yet to be precisely elucidated, it seems likely that the ETs are involved in pathophysiological conditions such as hypertension and heart failure. In this minireview, recent advances in the biochemical characterization of the ET/SRTX system, with special reference to structure-function relationships and ET/SRTX receptor subtypes, are described, as well as the recent cloning and expression of ET receptors.
GIS FOR FLOODPLAIN MAPPING IN DESIGN OF HIGHWAY DRAINAGE FACILITIES (1998)

Since the 1960s, civil engineers have employed a variety of computer models for stream floodplain analysis. HEC-2 and its Windows counterpart, HEC-RAS, have been the principal models used for such analyses. A significant deficiency of these programs is that the location of structures impacted by floodwaters, such as roads, homes, and businesses, cannot be effectively compared to the floodplain location. This report presents straightforward approaches to processing HEC-RAS output to enable two- and three-dimensional floodplain mapping in a geographic information system (GIS). The methodology was applied to a segment of Waller Creek in Austin, Texas. The HEC-RAS stream geometry and flood elevation data were imported into ArcView GIS, in which the cross sections were mapped along a digital representation of the stream. A planimetric view of the floodplain was developed using a digital orthophotograph as a base map. An approach to three-dimensional floodplain visualization through the integration of HEC-RAS stream cross-section data into a digital terrain model of the study area is under development. The results indicate that GIS is an effective environment for floodplain visualization and analysis.
Effective Synthesis of 7-Benzylidenefuro[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one (1991)

The title compound ( 5 ) was synthesized by silica gel assisted cyclization of 2-phenylethynylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (3).I t was also synthesized from 3-cyano-2-phenylethynylpyridine ( 6 ) in good yield by basic cyclization and dehydration processes.Vicinally functionalized ethynylpyridinesl are useful intermediates for bicyclic pyridine s y n t h e s e ~, ~, 3 and we have clarified t h a t various pyrido compounds such as 5-
Current knowledge on alleviating Helicobacter pylori infections through the use of some commonly known natural products: bench to bedside (2014)

<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>, a spiral-shaped Gram-negative bacterium, has been classified as a class I carcinogen by the World Health Organization and recognized as the causative agent for peptic ulcers, duodenal ulcer, gastritis, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas, and gastric cancer. Owing to their alarming rate of drug resistance, eradication of <i>H. pylori</i> remains a global challenge. Triple therapy consisting of a proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin, and either amoxicillin or metronidazole, is generally the recommended standard for the treatment of <i>H. pylori</i> infection. Complementary and alternative medicines have a long history in the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments and various compounds has been tested for anti-<i>H. pylori</i> activity both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>; however, their successful use in human clinical trials is sporadic. Hence, the aim of this review is to analyze the role of some well-known natural products that have been tested in clinical trials in preventing, altering, or treating <i>H. pylori</i> infections. Whereas some <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies in the literature have demonstrated the successful use of a few potential natural products for the treatment of <i>H. pylori</i>-related infections, others indicate a need to consider natural products, with or without triple therapy, as a useful alternative in treating <i>H. pylori</i>-related infections. Thus, the reported mechanisms include killing of <i>H. pylori</i> urease inhibition, induction of bacterial cell damage, and immunomodulatory effect on the host immune system. Furthermore, both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies have demonstrated the successful use of some potential natural products for the treatment of <i>H. pylori</i>-related infections. Nevertheless, the routine prescription of potential complementary and alternative medicines continues to be restrained, and evidence on the safety and efficacy of the active compounds remains a subject of ongoing debate.
Electric‐field‐induced room‐temperature doping in CuInSe2 (1992)

The electric‐field‐induced doping of semiconductors to form permanently‐doped, stable device structures using strong electric fields at room temperature is reported. The figure is a secondary electron image of two gold electrodes contacting the surface of the CuInSe 2 sample. Electric‐field application has resulted in the contact becoming ohmic (superimposed trace) indicating that an internal doping profile has been created. magnified image
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (1989)

Over a 10-year period, we followed up 60 patients (35 men and 25 women) with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Diagnosis was based on previously outlined criteria. Patients were treated in a uniform manner and the overwhelming majority, 56 (94.9%) of 59 treated patients, initially responded to immunosuppressive therapy. The time for initial improvement was 1.9 +/- 3.6 months while the time to reach a clinical plateau was 6.6 +/- 5.4 months. The course was monophasic in 32 patients (53.3%) and relapsing in 28 (46.6%). Despite the initial responsiveness, only 24 (40%) of 60 patients are in partial or complete remission, receiving no medication. Two patients died. We were unable to identify specific clinical or laboratory features at the time of diagnosis that predicted outcome. Our data analysis, along with previous reports, suggests that chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy may be more heterogeneous than previously emphasized. In this light, we have proposed diagnostic criteria that allow for the heterogeneity but at the same time provide for a more consistent approach to better establish the natural history of this condition.
Positioning functional foods in an ecological approach to the prevention of overweight and obesity (2008)

To contribute to the social debate about the role of functional foods in the prevention of overweight and obesity using an ecological model to study the positioning of functional foods and their social implications. Positioning was conceptualized as the relative attention given to functional foods within the range of preventive strategies, and the way in which they address specific causes of overweight. A systematic review was conducted to identify (A) preventive strategies aiming at the individual; (B) technological approaches; and (C) environmental strategies. All strategies were further classified according to the nature of causes they refer to - either individual or environmental. In the prevention of overweight/obesity, an emphasis on strategies designed to change the quality of food products and supplies has developed. Technological strategies particularly relate to functional foods; however, while providing a new dimension to food products, they do not challenge the underlying lifestyles causing overweight. Furthermore, they also stress individual responsibility for overweight/obesity and technological solutions to it. From a societal perspective, the characteristics of functional foods indicate that they can only be expected to play a limited role in overweight/obesity prevention. The ecological approach suggests that other strategies targeting individual and social causes need to be developed and marketed equally well.
Double-stimuli-responsive degradation of hydrogels consisting of oligopeptide-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) and dextran with an interpenetrating polymer network (1997)

Biodegradable hydrogels consisting of oligopeptide-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dextran (Dex) with an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structure were prepared as models of novel biomaterials exhibiting a double-stimuli-response function. The IPN-structured hydrogels were synthesized by sequential cross-linking reaction of N-methacryloyl-glycylglycylglycyl-terminated PEG and Dex. In vitro degradation of the IPN-structured hydrogels was examined using papain and dextranase as model enzymes of hydrolyzing oligopeptide and Dex, respectively. Specific degradation in the presence of papain and dextranase was observed in the IPN-structured hydrogel with a particular composition of oligopeptide-PEG and Dex. This same hydrogel was not degraded by one of the two enzymes. The IPN-structured hydrogels were characterized by water content, thermal mechanical analysis, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and the results were compared with those of co-cross-linked hydrogels consisting of N-methacryloyl-glycylglycylglycyl-terminated PEG and methacryloyl Dex. The results suggest that the IPN-structured hydrogels contain physical chain entanglements between networks as well as chemical cross-linked networks. It is concluded that the double-stimuli-responsive degradation observed in the IPN-structured hydrogel is achieved by controlling the chain entanglements between the two biodegradable polymers. Such degradation property of the IPN-structured hydrogel can be useful as a fail-safe system for guaranteed drug delivery and/or medical micromachines.
Low-Dose Treatment of Cervical Dystonia, Blepharospasm and Facial Hemispasm with Albumin-Diluted Botulinum Toxin Type A under EMG Guidance (2000)

Several studies support the hypothesis that low-dose botulinum toxin treatment may be as beneficial as high-dose regimen. Therefore, we studied 115 patients (aged 27-84; mean 58.0, SD = 12.9 years; 68% females, 32% males) suffering from cervical dystonia (n = 66), blepharospasm (n = 28), and facial hemispasm (n = 21) over a period of 2 years in an open label, non-controlled pilot study. Patients received low-dose treatment with botulinum toxin type A (Dysport((R))). The toxin was diluted in 20 ml of 0.1% albumin solution to arrive at a concentration of 25 MU/ml and injected under EMG control. Patients responded to the treatment about 1 week after injection (mean 7.3 days, SD = 4.6). The mean duration of beneficial effects was 11.7 weeks (SD = 5.6). Patients evaluated the clinical global improvement on a scale ranging from 0 to 4. For the whole population, the mean was 2.7 points (SD = 1.1). In none of the subjects could antibodies to botulinum toxin type A be detected, and only a few side effects were observed. In conclusion, low-dose therapy with botulinum toxin A merits further controlled studies.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Synthesis of Tricyclo(5.2.1.04,10)decane‐2,5,8‐trione by a Pauson‐Khand Intramolecular Bis‐Annulation. (1988)

Abstract The bicyclic lactol (I) is cleaved upon reaction with ethynylmagnesium bromide (II) to yield the hydroxyalkynylcyclopentenol (III).
A Method for Measuring Passive Elastance during Proportional Assist Ventilation (2001)

There are currently no reliable, noninvasive ways to monitor respiratory elastance (E) during assisted ventilation. We describe a method that is suited for proportional assist ventilation (PAV). In this mode, the end of the ventilator's inflation phase occurs during the declining phase of inspiratory effort (Pmus). If the opening of the exhalation valve is delayed, airway pressure (Paw) should initially rise as Pmus continues its decline. When Pmus declines to zero, a Paw plateau should appear. Paw at this point should reflect passive recoil at the prevailing volume. A cohort of 74 ventilator-dependent patients, ventilated in the PAV mode, were studied. Brief end-inspiratory occlusions were applied at random intervals. The magnitude of early change in Paw during the occlusion was inversely related to level of assist (r = 0.7, p < 0.00001). At high assist (> 75%), Paw was nearly flat or declined slightly, indicating minimal residual Pmus at the onset of occlusion. At lower assist levels, Paw increased exponentially in most patients with an average time constant of 0.21 +/- 0.06 s. Extraneous events that may corrupt the measurement (e.g., behavioral responses) were extremely rare (< 0.5%) in the first 0.25 s. From these findings, we concluded that Paw measured 0.25 s from occlusion onset (P0.25) includes little inspiratory Pmus and is free of extraneous events. E, estimated from P0.25 during PAV (EPAV), agreed well (r = 0.92) with passive E measured during controlled ventilation (ECMV); the average difference (EPAV - ECMV) was (+/- SD) -0.3 +/- 4.9 cm H2O x L(-1), corresponding to 0.9 +/- 16.4% of average E. We conclude that Paw measured at 0.25 s from the onset of end-inspiratory occlusion in the PAV mode provides a reliable estimate of passive elastic recoil.
Regulatory Effects of Macrolides on Bacterial Virulence: Potential Role as Quorum-Sensing Inhibitors (2004)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen, and this organism is a major cause of pulmonary damage and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) and other forms of bronchiectasis. A break-through in the treatment of DPB and associated chronic P. aeruginosa pulmonary infection was realized when a patient with DPB improved dramatically after treatment with erythromycin for years. Now, long-term macrolide therapy has become a first line of treatment in DPB patients, and the immunomodulatory properties have now been extended to other clinical settings, including CF. An important factor in the pathogenesis of chronic P. aeruginosa infection is a bacterial cell-to-cell signaling mechanism, referred to as "quorum sensing", which enables bacteria to coordinately turn on and off specific virulence genes through the production of autoinducer molecules. Interference or blocking of quorum-sensing systems has been considered an attractive therapeutic strategy. Clinical and basic science data suggests the potential of macrolides as relevant inhibitors of the Pseudomonas quorum-sensing system. In fact, certain macrolides strongly suppressed quorum-sensing associated genes and autoinducer production, in addition to inhibition of a variety of virulence factors. In this review, clinical efficacy of macrolides on DPB and CF patients will be briefly summarized. Additionally, the mechanisms of action of macrolides will be discussed from the standpoint of sub-MIC macrolide effects on P. aeruginosa, particularly the ability of this antibiotic to suppress quorum-sensing systems, which may be crucial in the pathogenesis of chronic P. aeruginosa infection.
Macromolecular engineering of polylactones and polylactides. XV. Poly(D,L)‐lactide macromonomers as precursors of biocompatible graft copolymers and bioerodible gels (1994)

Abstract The functional aluminum alkoxide, Et 2 AlO(CH 2 ) 2 O‐C(O)C(CH 3 )CH 2 , is a very effective initiator for the ( D , L )‐lactide (LA) polymerization in toluene at 707deg;C. The coordination‐insertion type of polymerization is living and exclusively yields linear P ( D , L )‐lactide macromonomers of a predictable molecular weight and a narrow molecular weight distribution. IR and 1 H‐NMR studies show that the methacryloyl group of the initiator is selectively and quantitatively attached to one chain end, whereas the second extremity is systematically a hydroxyl function resulting from the hydrolysis of the living growing site. α,ω‐Dimethacryloyl‐P( D , L )‐lactides, i.e., α,ω‐macromonomers, have also been successfully synthesized by the additional control of the termination step, i.e., by reaction of Al alkoxide end groups with methacryloyl chloride. α‐Macromonomer and α,ω‐macromonomer P( D , L )‐lactides are easily free‐radical copolymerized with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), resulting in a hydrophilic poly (HEMA) backbone grafted with hydrophobic P( D , L )‐lactide subchains and a biodegradable amphiphilic network, respectively. © 1994 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Computational Fracture Mechanics (2017)

Abstract The purpose of this article is to survey examples of historical and state‐of‐the‐art approaches of computational fracture mechanics (CFM). Approaches are described and compared for their use in both the traditional role of CFM – calculation of crack‐front fields – and the emerging role of prediction of material‐damage evolution and toughness.
Centroid phase slowness as a tool for dispersion correction of dipole acoustic logging data (2003)

Abstract We develop a simple and efficient method for correcting the borehole flexural-wave slowness dispersion effects. We demonstrate its validity on synthetic and field data. The theory underlying the method is derived from first principles and shows the general result that semblance-derived wave slowness is a spectral-amplitude weighted average of the wave-slowness dispersion curve. The theory also explains that a dispersion correction on the borehole flexural wave slowness is not necessary if the source frequency content is sufficiently low.
Study of Systematic Bias in Measuring Surface Deformation with SAR Interferometry (2020)

&lt;div&gt;This paper investigates the presence of a new interferometric signal in multilooked Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferograms which cannot be attributed to atmospheric or earth surface topography changes. The observed signal is short-lived and decays with temporal baseline; however, it is distinct from the stochastic noise usually attributed to temporal decorrelation. The presence of such fading signal introduces a systematic phase component, particularly in short temporal baseline interferograms. If unattended, it biases the estimation of Earth surface deformation from SAR time series. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The contribution of the mentioned phase component is quantitatively assessed. For short temporal baseline interferograms, we quantify the phase contribution to be in the regime of 5 rad at C-band. The biasing impact on deformation signal retrieval is further evaluated. As an example, exploiting a subset of short temporal baseline interferograms which connects each acquisition with the successive 5 in the time series, a significant bias of -6.5 mm/yr is observed in the estimation of deformation velocity from a four-year Sentinel-1 data stack. A practical solution for mitigation of this physical fading signal is further discussed; special attention is paid to the efficient processing of Big Data from modern SAR missions such as Sentinel-1 and NISAR. Adopting the proposed solution, the deformation bias is shown to decrease to -0.24 mm/yr for the Sentinel-1 time series.&lt;/div&gt;Based on these analyses, we put forward our recommendations for efficient and accurate deformation signal retrieval from large stacks of multilooked interferograms.
MAN'S MASTERY OF THE HORIZON (1930)

atmosphere highly important, which, Dr. Humphreys said, could often be gauged fairly well by the look of the sky.Mr. Devereaux remarked that weather messages to airports were not so complete as they needed.Also, he stated, airways are not laid out along the best routes
The Mcs4 response regulator coordinately controls the stress-activated Wak1-Wis1-Sty1 MAP kinase pathway and fission yeast cell cycle. (1997)

The fission yeast Sty1 MAP kinase is required for cell cycle control, initiation of sexual differentiation, and protection against cellular stress. Like the mammalian JNK/SAPK and p38/CSBP1 MAP kinases, Sty1 is activated by a range of environmental insults including osmotic stress, hydrogen peroxide, menadione, heat shock, and the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin. We have identified an upstream regulator that mediates activation of the Sty1 MAP kinase by multiple environmental stresses as the product of the mitotic catastrophe suppressor, mcs4. Mcs4 is structurally and functionally homologous to the budding yeast SSK1 response regulator, suggesting that the eukaryotic stress-activated MAP kinase pathway is controlled by a conserved two-component system. Mcs4 acts upstream of Wak1, a homolog of the SSK2 and SSK22 MEK kinases, which transmits the stress signal to the Wis1 MEK. We show that the Wis1 MEK is controlled by an additional pathway that is independent of both Mcs4 and the Wak1 MEK kinase. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Mcs4 is required for the correct timing of mitotic initiation by mechanisms both dependent and independent on Sty1, indicating that Mcs4 coordinately controls cell cycle progression with the cellular response to environmental stress.