gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple Mannosyl Transferases in Cryptococcus laurentii (1971)

A particle-bound enzyme preparation from the fungus imperfectus Cryptococcus laurentii var. flavescens (NRRL Y-1401) catalyzes transfer of mannosyl units from GDP-mannose to mono- and oligosaccharide acceptors. Four separate enzymes can be differentiated by some or all of the following criteria: pH optimum, Km values for GDP-mannose, acceptor specificity, heat lability, metal ion requirement, and cross inhibition. These four enzymes catalyze the formation of four distinct mannosyl linkages, namely mannosyl-α-1,2-mannosyl (Enzyme I); mannosyl-α-1, 6-mannosyl (Enzyme II); mannosyl-α-1,3-mannosyl (Enzyme III); mannosyl-xylosyl (Enzyme IV). The occurrence of at least two of these linkages in cell wall heteropolysaccharides of C. laurentii suggests involvement of at least two, and possibly all four of these enzymes in cell wall biosynthesis of this organism.
Cell biology: a high-resolution image, viewed through a powerful lens (2013)

Our profession, cell biology, has its epistemological roots in Europe, descending from the sciences of anatomy and pathology that rose to unparalleled zeniths there in the 18th and 19th centuries.The American chapter of cell biology was written much later and played out on the East and West Coasts, as well as in Chicago in between.There can be no argument that a catalytic center in the arrival and evolution of this scientific discipline in America was at 1230 York Avenue in Manhattan-the institution first known as the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research and later as the Rockefeller University (Hanson, 2000).In this book Carol Moberg, a long-time research scientist at Rockefeller, has chronicled the seminal role that key people at Rockefeller played in ushering in the American chapter of 20th century cell biology.She has done a superb job overall, but there are some deficiencies in the book as to structure and style.A standard form in many book reviews (e.g., in the New York Times and in the self-precious New York Review of Books) is for the reviewer to engage in pleasant zephyrs up front and then ply acid at the end.It would be a disservice to Moberg's effort to drop the pH at any location, but let's look at the shortcomings right off and then move on to the book's many virtues.
Exponentiated gradient algorithms for log-linear structured prediction (2007)

Conditional log-linear models are a commonly used method for structured prediction. Efficient learning of parameters in these models is therefore an important problem. This paper describes an exponentiated gradient (EG) algorithm for training such models. EG is applied to the convex dual of the maximum likelihood objective; this results in both sequential and parallel update algorithms, where in the sequential algorithm parameters are updated in an online fashion. We provide a convergence proof for both algorithms. Our analysis also simplifies previous results on EG for max-margin models, and leads to a tighter bound on convergence rates. Experiments on a large-scale parsing task show that the proposed algorithm converges much faster than conjugate-gradient and L-BFGS approaches both in terms of optimization objective and test error.
Small Molecule Inhibition of HDM2 Leads to p53-Mediated Cell Death in Retinoblastoma Cells (2006)

Nutlin 3A is effective against retinoblastoma cells in a nongenotoxic manner. Because the mutagenic effects of radiation and chemotherapy may increase risks of secondary tumor formation, targeted p53 activation may be a safer alternative treatment for retinoblastoma in the future.
The Modification of Hemoglobin Affinity for Oxygen and Tumor Radiosensitivity by Antilipidemic Drugs (1987)

It has been recognized for some time that alterations in the affinity of Hb for oxygen could offer a means of improving oxygen delivery to tumors and achieving radiosensitization. Three antilipidemic drugs, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and gemfibrozil, two of which had previously been shown to reduce Hb/O2 affinity in vitro, were tested in mice for their ability to affect Hb/O2 affinity and to alter the radiosensitivity of the RIF-1 sarcoma. Each of the drugs produced a significant increase in the P50 of the blood, from a mean control value of 45 mm Hg to 55, 74, and 51 mm Hg after a dose of 1 g/kg of clofibrate, bezafibrate, and gemfibrozil, respectively. However, they had very different effects on the radiosensitivity of the RIF-1 tumor. When the mice breathed air at the time of irradiation, clofibrate produced a marked sensitization equivalent at the optimum time to a 20-fold reduction in hypoxic fraction; bezafibrate gave a lower sensitization equivalent to a 4-fold reduction, while gemfibrozil caused dramatic radioresistance equivalent to a 10-fold increase in hypoxic fraction. When the mice were given 95% O2/5% CO2 to breathe at the time of irradiation to ensure complete Hb saturation in the lungs, a large increase in the sensitization by bezafibrate was seen, but there was only a small change with clofibrate. We conclude that drugs which reduce Hb/O2 affinity could have a role in sensitizing tumors to radiation.
Fiber-optic sensor for humidity (1989)

A novel fiber-optic humidity sensor is described. It is based on reversible sorption of water from the ambient atmosphere in a porous thin-film interferometer that sits on the tip of a fiber. The sorbed water changes the refractive index of the thin films and thus the reflectivity of the interferometer; the resulting modulation of the reflected intensity is detected. The sensor is insensitive to electromagnetic interference and aggressive chemicals and is extremely small (micrometers).
Are avocados toast? A framework to analyze decision-making for emerging epidemics, applied to laurel wilt (2023)

When emerging pathogens threaten global food security, collective action for disease management is key for protecting food systems. We evaluate how the informal exchange of information about epidemic and economic outcomes can influence the management decisions of individuals and the resulting epidemics, in the context of the avocado laurel wilt epidemic in south Florida. In scenario analyses, we addressed how socioeconomic networks, laurel wilt epidemic networks, policy incentive structures, and social behaviors combine to influence (a) information exchange across this region, (b) growers' decisions about disease management, and (c) epidemic spread and yield loss. We identified the scenarios in which regional avocado health fared best. We built an agent-based model to simulate laurel wilt epidemic expansion and establishment across south Florida over a 10-year period. The model used parameters specific to patterns observed and quantified from the laurel wilt epidemic in south Florida. Based on the locations and sizes of avocado orchards there, we simulated disease expansion and information dissemination through multilayer socioeconomic and epidemic networks and evaluated the effects of “carrot” and “stick” policy incentive structures and behaviors like “stubbornness” in decision making. Scenarios were simulated for multiple parameters across a 10-year time period, and the regional health of avocado and management decisions of growers were analyzed. Increased social connections led to lower regional crop health due to increased exchange of information reinforcing selection of less expensive but less effective management choices. This information exchange was particularly impactful during the lag phase of epidemic expansion, when the cost of disease management outweighed the cost of disease. Managers who were resistant or “stubborn” against adopting these less expensive and less effective management strategies, particularly during the lag phase of epidemic expansion, contributed to greater regional health. In these scenarios, growers responded more to policies which penalized individuals than to policies which rewarded individuals. By quantifying varying degrees of stubbornness, and how growers may weight past experiences and new information, we represented key aspects of decision making and its many influences on regional collective action in this novel agent-based model. The model demonstrates the caveats of information exchange across social networks during epidemics, and the valuable role that policy makers and informed educators can have, particularly during the lag phase of epidemic expansion. Decision makers and stakeholders must understand the influences of information exchange to overcome the challenges of collective action for crop health.
A wide field of view plasma spectrometer (2016)

Abstract We present a fundamentally new type of space plasma spectrometer, the wide field of view plasma spectrometer, whose field of view is &gt; 1.25 π ster using fewer resources than traditional methods. The enabling component is analogous to a pinhole camera with an electrostatic energy‐angle filter at the image plane. Particle energy‐per‐charge is selected with a tunable bias voltage applied to the filter plate relative to the pinhole aperture plate. For a given bias voltage, charged particles from different directions are focused by different angles to different locations. Particles with appropriate locations and angles can transit the filter plate and are measured using a microchannel plate detector with a position‐sensitive anode. Full energy and angle coverage are obtained using a single high‐voltage power supply, resulting in considerable resource savings and allowing measurements at fast timescales. We present laboratory prototype measurements and simulations demonstrating the instrument concept and discuss optimizations of the instrument design for application to space measurements.
Developing a new device for continuously recording, in vivo, the excretion rate of sweat (perspiration) in humans (2019)

Developing phases of this new approach indicate that usual method or guidelines used to determine sweat excretions in vivo do not reflect true energy expenditure processes. As a consequence, they probably over-estimate the efficacy of antiperspirant agents or formulae.
400-G Single Carrier 500-km Transmission With an InP Dual Polarization IQ Modulator (2016)

In this letter, we demonstrate experimentally 400-G transmission over 500 km using an InP-based dual-polarization IQ modulator on a single wavelength. The results show that a 56-Gbaud polarization division multiplexed (PDM)-16-quadratic-amplitude modulation (QAM) modulated signal can be transmitted over 500 km at a bit error rate (BER) below the hard decision forward error correcting threshold of 3.8 ×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> . A 43-Gbaud PDM-64-QAM modulated signal can be transmitted over 320 km with a BER below the soft decision forward error correcting threshold of 2×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> .
Using planar parallax to estimate the time-to-contact (2003)

To avoid collisions, mobile robots need a measure for assessing the proximity of obstacles. A measure that is well suited to this purpose is provided by the time-to-contact. In this paper, a novel method for estimating the time-to-contact is presented. The method is based on the assumption that the robot is moving on a locally planar ground, parts of which are visible in the acquired images. Using the optical flow field induced by the robot's motion, the time-to-contact with points on the ground is first estimated and then the concept of planar parallax is exploited to recover the time-to-contact with obstacle points. The computation of high order derivatives of the image flow, which are known to be very difficult to estimate accurately, is completely avoided. Moreover, no knowledge of the egomotion is necessary. Experimental results from the application of the method on real and simulated flow fields are also reported.
INFORMATION-CENTRIC NETWORKING (2012)

The information-centric networking (ICN) concept is a significant common approach of several future Internet research activities. The approach leverages in-network caching, multiparty communication through replication, and interaction models decoupling senders and receivers. The goal is to provide a network infrastructure service that is better suited to today’s use (in particular. content distribution and mobility) and more resilient to disruptions and failures. The ICN approach is being explored by a number of research projects. We compare and discuss design choices and features of proposed ICN architectures, focusing on the following main components: named data objects, naming and security, API, routing and transport, and caching. We also discuss the advantages of the ICN approach in general.
Industrialization of Mageu Fermentation in South Africa (2004)

In southern Africa, mageu is a traditional sour maize beverage. It contains little or no alcohol, has a pH of about 3.5, and is popular among the black people of this subcontinent, where it may play an important role in the diet. Mageu is prepared by boiling a maize porride of about 8–10% solids into which, upon cooling, a small amount of wheat flour is mixed. In the traditional process, the wheat flour serves as inoculum of lactic acid bacteria, and a final acidity of about 0.4–0.5% (lactic acid) develops within 1–2 days at room temperature (1,2). The term mageu (or magou) is synonymous with ‘‘amahewu’’ (Zulu) or ‘‘amarehwu’’ (‘‘aramrewu’’) used by the Xhosa people. Other synonyms include ‘‘emahewu’’ (Swazi), ‘‘metogo’’ (Pedi), ‘‘machleu’’ (Sotho), and ‘‘maphulo’’ (Venda) (3). Mageu and the shortened Zulu version, mahewu, appear to be the most commonly used terms for this product. Although mageu is considered typical for southern Africa, it may be related to traditional lactic fermented cereal products from Nigeria, such as
Glibenclamide ameliorates the disrupted blood–brain barrier in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome (2019)

Glibenclamide maintained BBB integrity in experimental ICH by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microvessel endothelial cells. Our findings will contribute to elucidating the pharmacological mechanism of action of glibenclamide and to developing a novel therapy for clinical ICH.
Light Weight Ceramic Armor - Influence of Processing on Ballistic Performance (2006)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Efficient 3-D model search and retrieval using generalized 3-D radon transforms (2006)

Measuring the similarity between three-dimensional (3-D) objects is a challenging problem, with applications in computer vision, molecular biology, computer graphics, and many other areas. This paper describes a novel method for 3-D model content-based search based on the 3-D Generalized Radon Transform and a querying by-3-D-model approach. A set of descriptor vectors is extracted using the Radial Integration Transform (RIT) and the Spherical Integration Transform (SIT), which represent significant shape characteristics. After the proper alignment of the models, descriptor vectors are produced which are invariant in terms of translation, scaling and rotation. Experiments were performed using three different databases and comparing the proposed method with those most commonly cited in the literature. Experimental results show that the proposed method is adequately satisfactory in terms of both precision versus recall and time needed for retrieval, and that it can be used for 3-D model search and retrieval in a highly efficient manner.
Imperfections in Active Transmission Lines (1964)

The effect of discrete imperfections on the behavior of active transmission lines (i.e., lines with distributed gain) is considered. Two cases are studied: 1. Lines with identical, equally spaced reflectors. The transmission and reflection gains versus frequency are studied as functions of the magnitude of the reflectors. Limits on the magnitude of the reflectors to guarantee stability are investigated. 2. Lines with random reflectors, having random position and/or magnitude. The statistics of the transmission are studied; in particular, the average value and the variance and covariance of the transmission are determined for small reflections. If the reflections become large enough, instability may occur, and these calculations may become invalid. Stability of active distributed systems is studied in a companion paper.1
Glycosylation/Hydroxylation-induced Stabilization of the Collagen Triple Helix (2000)

We have shown recently that glycosylation of threonine in the peptide Ac-(Gly-Pro-Thr)(10)-NH(2) with beta-d-galactose induces the formation of a collagen triple helix, whereas the nonglycosylated peptide does not. In this report, we present evidence that a collagen triple helix can also be formed in the Ac-(Gly-Pro-Thr)(10)-NH(2) peptide, if the proline (Pro) in the Xaa position is replaced with 4-trans-hydroxyproline (Hyp). Furthermore, replacement of Pro with Hyp in the sequence Ac-(Gly-Pro-Thr(beta-d-Gal))(10)-NH(2) increases the T(m) of the triple helix by 15.7 degrees C. It is generally believed that Hyp in the Xaa position destabilizes the triple helix because (Pro-Pro-Gly)(10) and (Pro-Hyp-Gly)(10) form stable triple helices but the peptide (Hyp-Pro-Gly)(10) does not. Our data suggest that the destabilizing effect of Hyp relative to Pro in the Xaa position is only true in the case of (Hyp-Pro-Gly)(10). Increasing concentrations of galactose in the solvent stabilize the triple helix of Ac-(Gly-Hyp-Thr)(10)-NH(2) but to a much lesser extent than that achieved by covalently linked galactose. The data explain some of the forces governing the stability of the annelid/vestimentiferan cuticle collagens.
Thermochemical Properties and Dehydrogenation Thermodynamics of Indole Derivates (2020)

Indole and methylindole are heterocyclic aromatics, which can be hydrogenated and used for hydrogen storage. A huge advantage of heterocyclic components compared to homocyclic aromatics is the lower enthalpy of reaction for hydrogen release by dehydrogenation. In this study, thermochemical properties of indole and 2-methylindole and its partially and fully hydrogenated derivatives have been determined. Hydrogenation of indoles is a two-step reaction, which is highly influenced by reaction thermodynamics. High precision combustion calorimetry was used to measure enthalpies of formation of indole derivatives. The gas-phase enthalpies of formation were derived with the help of vapor pressure measurements. The high-level quantum-chemical methods were used to establish consistency of the experimental data. The standard molar thermodynamic functions of formation (enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs energy) of indole derivatives were derived. The results showed that the partially hydrogenated species, 2-methylindoline, tends to dehydrogenate easily under hydrogen release conditions. Thus, indoline is only expected in trace amounts in the respective reaction mixture.
Liposomes: Applications in Medicine (2001)

Liposomes are spherical lipid bilayers from 50 nm to 1000 nm in diameter that serve as convenient delivery vehicles for biologically active compounds. The field of liposome research has expanded considerably over the last 30 years. It is now possible to engineer a wide range of liposomes varying in size, phospholipid composition and surface characteristics to suit the specific application for which they are intended. This paper gives an overview of the main advances in liposome research from a point of view of their applications in medicine. Aqueous contrast enhancing agents entrapped in liposomal carriers can be targeted to the liver and spleen and distinctions can be made between normal and tumorous tissue using computed tomography. Topical application of liposomes has great potential in dermatology. Liposomes have been used to deliver anticancer agents in order to reduce the toxic effects of the drugs when given alone or to increase the circulation time and effectiveness of the drugs. From the original concept of encapsulating hemoglobin in an inert shell, liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) has evolved into a fluid proven to carry oxygen, capable of surviving for reasonable periods in the circulation and amenable to large-scale production. Liposomes may be used to target specific cells by attaching amino acid fragments such as antibodies or proteins or appropriate fragments that target specific receptor sites. Liposomal DNA delivery vectors and further enhancements in the forms of LPDI and LPDII are some of the safest and potentially most versatile transfer vectors used to date. DNA vaccination and improved efficiency of gene therapy are just a few of the upcoming applications of liposomes.
A Survey on Hair Modeling: Styling, Simulation, and Rendering (2007)

Realistic hair modeling is a fundamental part of creating virtual humans in computer graphics. This paper surveys the state of the art in the major topics of hair modeling: hairstyling, hair simulation, and hair rendering. Because of the difficult, often unsolved problems that arise in all these areas, a broad diversity of approaches are used, each with strengths that make it appropriate for particular applications. We discuss each of these major topics in turn, presenting the unique challenges facing each area and describing solutions that have been presented over the years to handle these complex issues. Finally, we outline some of the remaining computational challenges in hair modeling.
When Development of the Alveolar Gas Exchange Unit Fails: Universal Single-Cell Lessons from Rare Monogenic Disorders (2023)

"When Development of the Alveolar Gas Exchange Unit Fails: Universal Single Cell Lessons from Rare Monogenic Disorders." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 0(ja), pp.
SYSTEMIC ASPERGILLUS PRESENTING WITH VISUAL SYMPTOMS (2004)

TELANDER, DAVID G. MD, PhD; PAMBUCCIAN, STEFAN E. MD; OLSEN, TIMOTHY W. MD Author Information
A cortical activity localization approach for decoding finger movements from human electrocorticogram signal (2015)

A novel approach for decoding the finger flexion and extension from the human electrocorticogram is proposed. First, for different finger movements, we use projected MUltiple SIgnal Classification (projected MUSIC) as a source localization technique to estimate the active areas in the primary motor cortex. Next, in order to distinguish between the flexion and extension, the results of the single-trial-based source localizations are fed as the input features to a classifier for decoding. The performance of different techniques such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Perceptron, and the k-Nearest-Neighbor (kNN) are investigated and the resulting classification accuracies are 71.59, 79.1, and 86.33 respectively.