gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Decay of poloidal rotation in a tokamak plasma (1973)

Radial electric fields may be built up in a tokamak by several mechanisms such as nonambipolar particle transport or loss, or the inhomogeneous deposition of electric charge which occurs as a result of the injection of fast neutral atoms. The initial effect of the radial fields is to produce a poloidal rotation of the plasma. Such rotation, however, subjects the moving elements of the plasma to energy dissipation by magnetic pumping, which damps the rotation in a period of the order of the ion-ion collision time. The problem is analyzed for the “plateau” and “banana” regimes by applying the drift kinetic equation, with a simple relaxation collision term, to a slab-model low-β plasma. The calculation may be more generally applied to the problem of momentum dissipation for any low-β long-mean-free-path plasma in a periodic or stochastic magnetic field.
A SIFT-based Waveform Clustering Method for aiding analog/mixed-signal IC Verification (2020)

This paper proposes a method for speeding-up the verification process of integrated circuits, featuring waveform clustering of circuit response signals. The main objective is to automatically separate the signals into distinct groups that potentially exhibit visual similarities in order to aid the visual inspection/verification. As a first step, the proposed method extracts SIFT-like features by finding stable points of the signal over the scale space and computing robust descriptors able to describe their neighborhood. The resulted descriptors are quantized in order to be used in the clustering process as bag-of-words histograms. We demonstrate the validity of our method on a circuit waveform database containing several thousands of signals belonging to ten electrical tests.
Solvent-controlled regioselective protection of allyl-4,6-benzylidene glucopyranosides (2007)

We wish to report a simple synthetic procedure, which permits the regiospecific mono-acylation, alkylation and silylation at the 2-position of allyl 4,6-O-benzylidene alpha-D-glucopyranoside in high yields and which does not require the use of catalysts.
Magnetic optics for proton radiography (2002)

High energy protons of 10 to 50 GeV can be used to radiograph dense objects. Because the transmitted beam particles undergo multiple Coulomb scattering (MCS) in the object, a magnetic lens system is used to focus the particles exiting each point of the object onto a distant image plane. Without the lens, the MCS would seriously blur the radiographic image. Correlations can be introduced in the illuminating beam to cancel a major part of the chromatic and geometric aberrations in the lens, while providing locations inside the lens where the rays are sorted by MCS angle. This allows the introduction of angle cut apertures to aid material identification. The requirement for a matched multistage lens system with successively smaller angle-cut apertures leads to the use of minus-identity (-I)lenses, in which the angle sorting is in the longitudinal mid plane of the lens, and the exit beam correlations are the same as the input correlations. A single stage-I lens has been successfully tested at Brookhaven with 10-GeV protons and another is being used in dynamic experiments with 0.8-GeV protons at Los Alamos. The resolution achievable at higher energies is briefly surveyed.
Universal Kinetics of the Sol-to-Gel Transition (2018)

A comprehensive theory encompassing the kinetics of sol-to-gel transition is yet to be formulated due to break-down of the mean-field Smoluchowski Equation. Using high temporal-resolution Monte Carlo simulation of irreversible aggregation systems, we show that this transition has three distinct regimes with kinetic exponent z ranging between 1 and 2, corresponding to aggregation of sol clusters proceeding to the ideal gel point (IGP); z ranging between 2 and 5.7 for gelation of sol clusters beyond IGP; and z ranging between 2 and 3.5 for a hitherto unidentified regime involving aggregation of gels when monomer-dense. We further establish universal power-law scaling relationships that connect the kinetics of these three regimes.
Borohydride reduction of cobalt ions in water. Chemistry leading to nanoscale metal, boride, or borate particles (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBorohydride reduction of cobalt ions in water. Chemistry leading to nanoscale metal, boride, or borate particlesGeorge N. Glavee, Kenneth J. Klabunde, Christopher M. Sorensen, and George C. HadjipanayisCite this: Langmuir 1993, 9, 1, 162–169Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00025a034https://doi.org/10.1021/la00025a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1987Altmetric-Citations207LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An adaptive resource management architecture for global distributed computing (1998)

Advances in networking, communication, storage, computing, and multimedia technologies coupled with many emerging application areas is fueling the merger of computing and communication systems. This will result in a global information infrastructure of the size and magnitude erstwhile unimaginable. Such an infrastructure will have numerous services and hundreds of thousands of subscribers. A key issue in developing a global information infrastructure is that of effective management and utilization of resources. Increasingly, applications require delivery of multifaceted digital information services with stringent requirements on the delivery of information. For instance, multimedia applications have QoS (Quality of Service) parameters that define the extent to which performance specifications such as responsiveness, reliability, availability, security and cost-effectiveness may be violated. Varying requirements posed by applications, customers, and service providers makes the task of resource management in the evolving global information infrastructure a challenging research problem- one with significant commercial impact as well. In this thesis, we present a new paradigm for developing safe, customizable middleware
Herbicidins from Streptomyces sp. CB01388 Showing Anti-Cryptosporidium Activity (2018)

A high-content imaging assay was used to screen the fraction collection of the Natural Product Library at The Scripps Research Institute for inhibitors of Cryptosporidium parvum. A chemical investigation of one strain, Streptomyces sp. CB01388, resulted in the isolation of six herbicidins (1-6), one of which is new (herbicidin L, 1). Five of the six herbicidins (1-3, 5, 6) showed moderate inhibitory activity against C. parvum, with 1 and 6 comparable to the FDA-approved drug nitazoxanide, and 2-6 showed no toxicity to the host HCT-8 cells and human HEK293T and HepG2 cells. These findings highlight the herbicidin scaffold for anti- Cryptosporidium drug development.
Differential response of adipose tissue gene and protein expressions to 4- and 8-week administration of β-guanidinopropionic acid in mice (2018)

β-Guanidinopropionic acid (β-GPA) feeding inhibits growth-associated gain of body mass. It remains unknown, however, whether and how β-GPA feeding affects growth-associated increase in white adipose tissue (WAT) mass. We examined the effects of 4- and 8-week β-GPA feeding on serum myostatin levels and expression of genes and proteins related to adipogenesis, lipolysis, and liposynthesis in epididymal WAT (eWAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in 3-week-old, juvenile male mice. Body, eWAT, and muscle weights were significantly lower in β-GPA-fed mice than in controls after feeding. Four- but not 8-week-β-GPA feeding increased the serum myostatin level. Incubation of C2C12 myotubes with β-GPA (1 mM) significantly promoted myostatin mRNA expression. The protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) was up-regulated in GPAF eWAT at week 4, but down-regulated at week 8. There was no significant difference in the protein expression of adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) between groups in eWAT. In BAT, no significant difference was found in the protein expression of PGC-1α, PPARα, ATGL, and HSL between β-GPA-fed and control mice, whereas that of FAS and ACC was significantly lower in β-GPA-fed mice at week 8. Uncoupling protein 1 was expressed higher in β-GPA-fed mice both at weeks 4 and 8 than that in controls. Thus, the mechanism by which β-GPA feeding in early juvenile mice inhibits growth-associated increase in eWAT mass may differ between early and later periods of growth.
Dynamics and control of DC-to-DC converters driving other converters downstream (1999)

This paper reveals that the dynamics of a converter loaded with other converters downstream are markedly different from those of a standalone converter and conventional design techniques developed for converters with a resistive load could destabilize the control loop of converters combined with other converters. Based on comprehensive small-signal analyses, this paper presents the proper way of designing the control loop of converters driving other converters downstream. The analysis and design results are verified by both time- and frequency-domain simulations.
Recombinant bovine somatotropin does not improve superovulatory response in sheep (1994)

Although treatment of heifers and ewes with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) does not increase ovulation rate, data for heifers indicate that the number of small antral follicles is approximately doubled. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to determine whether 1) treatment of ewes with rbST would increase the number of small antral follicles, thereby increasing the number of follicles that could potentially respond to superovulation treatment, and 2) superovulatory responses could be improved in ewes with "synchronized" populations of follicles. Twenty-four ewes were divided into four groups: control, control+rbST, hypothalamic-pituitary stalk disconnected (HPD), and HPD+rbST. Beginning on d 5 of the estrous cycle, ewes were injected once daily for 13 d with either rbST (3 mg) or saline. The superovulatory regimen consisted of a single dose of PMSG followed by twice-daily injections of FSH for four consecutive days. After ovariectomy, ovulation sites and follicles were counted. Twice-daily blood samples were assayed for somatotropin (ST) and IGF-I. The concentrations of ST in rbST-treated ewes were greater (P < .05) than those in controls. Treatment with rbST increased (P < .05) the mean serum concentration of IGF-I in control but not in HPD ewes. There was no increase in ovulation rate or number of small antral follicles in response to rbST. Synchronizing follicle populations also failed to increase ovulation rate or reduce variability of response. We conclude that supplementation with rbST and synchronization of follicles does not increase the superovulatory response in sheep.
Identification of a small-molecule binding site at the dimer interface of the HIV integrase catalytic domain (2001)

Integration of the reverse-transcribed HIV cDNA into the host DNA is a required step in viral replication. The virus-encoded integrase protein catalyzes the initial DNA breaking and joining reactions that mediate cDNA integration. Here, the identification by X-ray crystallography of a small-molecule binding site on the integrase catalytic domain is reported. The small-molecule family studied consists of a core of arsenic or phosphorus surrounded by four aromatic groups. Two arsenic derivatives were visualized bound to integrase. In each case, two molecules bound at symmetry-related sites on the catalytic domain dimer interface. The first compound studied, tetraphenyl arsonium, did not inhibit integrase. However, a synthetic compound substituting a catechol for one of the phenyl rings, dihydroxyphenyltriphenylarsonium, bound to the same site and did inhibit the enzyme. Changes in the vicinity of the catalytic site were seen with the inhibitory compound only, potentially explaining its mechanism of action. Further substituting phosphonium for arsonium yielded a compound with an IC(50) in the low micromolar range. These findings may be useful in designing new inhibitors of integrase, which is at present the only one of the three HIV enzymes for which clinically useful inhibitors are not available.
Effect of Fiber Bragg Gratings Receivers’ Directivity on Guided Wave Tomography of Pipe (2019)

Structural health monitoring (SHM) consists in embedding sensors in a structure like aircraft fuselages, pipes or ship hulls in order to detect defects (for example cracks or corrosion in metallic materials or delamination in composite materials) before a serious fault occurs in the structure. Guided elastic waves emitted by a sensor and propagating to another one are often used as the physical way of detecting the defect. However, the implementation of SHM systems is restricted in many situations by the necessity to store or to harvest the electric energy necessary to emit the waves and also by the intrusiveness of the sensors. Guided wave tomography imaging is able to localize and quantify the severity of the defect when it comes to loss of thickness such as corrosion or erosion. However, it needs many sensors (generally piezoelectric - PZT - transducers) and it has a cost, particularly in terms of intrusiveness. The idea in this paper is to use less intrusive sensors such as fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) to perform guided wave tomography. The inspected area of a pipe is surrounded by two rings, one with PZT and the other one with FBG.
Design and Evolution of a 60-KW, 400-HZ Generator Set (1972)

The EMU-30/E generator set was developed and produced under contract to the USAF for use in the 407L Tactical Air Control System. For this application, two generator sets, complete with auxiliary equipment, are installed on a pallet to form an A/E24U-8 power plant. One EMU-30/E generator set provides the precise 400-Hz power required for the 3-D radar, computers, communications system, and air conditioning; the second set is on “standby” and will automatically start and assume the electrical load if the operating unit malfunctions. Due to the broad range of operating conditions, precise power limits, high reliability, and low maintenance requirements of the 407L System, the design of the EMU-30/E generator set had to incorporate certain unique features such as solid-state electronic controls, winterization equipment, automatic fault shotdown, and automatic paralleling capabilities. The design concept was based on using proven equipment, such as the Titan gas turbine engine, an alternator, and advanced electronic controls, all packaged into a compact and rugged enclosure and featuring low maintenance requirements and ease of servicing.
(ZnSe/MgS)/ZnCdSe DBRs grown by molecular beam epitaxy using ZnS as a sulphur source (2006)

Abstract MBE growth and study of optical and structural properties of (ZnSe/MgS)/ZnCdSe distributed Bragg reflectors with λ = 520 nm and R max = 97% are presented. The samples were grown pseudomorphically on GaAs (001) substrate using ZnS as a sulphur source. The details of MBE growth of such structures are discussed. Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and optical measurements demonstrate good optical and structural characteristics of the Bragg reflectors. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Frequency Stability (1999)

Abstract The sections in this article are Background and Definition Frequency Domain Time Domain Translations Between Measures (Frequency Domain to Time Domain) Translations Between Measures (Time Domain to Frequency Domain) Oscillator Noise Model Modified Allan Variance Example of the Allan Variance Other Measures of Frequency Stability
Recombinant soluble betaglycan is a potent and isoform-selective transforming growth factor-β neutralizing agent (2001)

Betaglycan is an accessory receptor of members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, which regulates their actions through ligand-dependent interactions with type II receptors. A natural soluble form of betaglycan is found in serum and extracellular matrices. Soluble betaglycan, prepared as a recombinant protein using the baculoviral expression system, inhibits the actions of TGF-β. Because of its potential use as an anti-TGF-β therapeutic agent, we have purified and characterized baculoviral recombinant soluble betaglycan. Baculoviral soluble betaglycan is a homodimer formed by two 110kDa monomers associated by non-covalent interactions. This protein is devoid of glycosaminoglycan chains, although it contains the serine residues, which, in vertebrate cells, are modified by these carbohydrates. On the other hand, mannose-rich carbohydrates account for approximately 20kDa of the mass of the monomer. End-terminal sequence analysis of the soluble betaglycan showed that Gly24 is the first residue of the mature protein. Similarly to the natural soluble betaglycan, baculoviral soluble betaglycan has an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 3.5nM for TGF-β1. Ligand competition assays indicate that the relative affinities of recombinant soluble betaglycan for the TGF-β isoforms are TGF-β2&amp;gt;TGF-β3&amp;gt;TGF-β1. The anti-TGF-β potency of recombinant soluble betaglycan invitro is 10-fold higher for TGF-β2 than for TGF-β1. Compared with a commercial pan-specific anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibody, recombinant soluble betaglycan is more potent against TGF-β2 and similar against TGF-β1. These results indicate that baculoviral soluble betaglycan has the biochemical and functional properties that would make it a suitable agent for the treatment of the diseases in which excess TGF-β plays a central physiopathological role.
Liposome-mediated gene transfer and expression via the skin (1995)

A beta-galactosidase gene expression construct was used to investigate the effectiveness of gene delivery and expression when DNA/liposome complexes were topically applied to mouse skin in vivo. DNA was complexed with commercial preparation of N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethyl-ammonium-methyl-sulp hate (DOTAP) in a ratio of 1:1.6 (w/w). The DNA rapidly penetrated the skin and was expressed in the epidermis, dermis and hair follicles. A DNA concentration of 267 microgram/ml DNA was found to be optimal for efficient transfection. Expression was seen as early as 6 h post-application, persisted at high levels 24 and 48 h post-treatment, but was markedly reduced by 7 days after application. In conclusion, utilising a commercially available liposome preparation, topically-applied DNA/liposome complexes can be efficiently delivered and expressed in several cell types within the skin. This simple, non-invasive technique may have implications for a number of gene therapy applications.
Optimization of Expancel Product and Process : Through the use of Multivariate Planning, Data Analysis and Evaluation. (2012)

The company Expancel produces expandable microspheres. The microspheres are microscopic spherical particles that consist of a polymer shell encapsulating a gas (the blowing agent). Heat causes the particles to expand. The microspheres have many application areas; they are used as additives in for example thermoplastics, coatings, civil explosives, paper and board. The microspheres are produced through a method called suspension polymerization. In suspension polymerization the starting material for the spheres (monomers, initiator and blowing agent) is through vigorous stirring split into small droplets in a surrounding water phase. Polymerization (initiated by heating the emulsion) occurs inside the microscopic droplets, the monomers react to form the polymer shell with the blowing agent captured inside. After the polymerization the product can be filtered and dried. This degree project consisted of two parts. In the first (and major) part the consequences of replacing a chemical used in the production of the microspheres with a more environmentally friendly alternative was examined. The goal was to produce microspheres with an alternative chemical without changing the properties of the microspheres. First five different alternative chemicals were examined in a selected production recipe in 50 ml scale. The software MODDE was used for design of these experiments and analysis of results. Then the best alternative of the five was examined in three other recipes in 50 ml scale. One of the recipes was also examined in 1 liter scale. Several of the alternative chemicals showed good results in the first recipe, but one of them showed more stable results than the others and was selected to proceed with in the other recipes. The conclusion from the experiments with this chemical was that the amount added affected the particle size, and that best results were achieved when adding the chemical before the flocculation step in the process. The objective of the second part was to study and evaluate a production process in order to find optimization possibilities. The chosen process was the filtering of the produced microsphere slurry for a specific recipe. Data were collected from the polymerization process, the dewatering process and the characterization analyses performed on the produced microsphere slurry. Production rate was used as response variable. The multivariate analysis software package SIMCA-P+12.0.1 was then used to analyze the data. The conclusion of the multivariate data analysis was that two factors were the most important for explaining the variation in the response variable; the particle size and a polymerization parameter called level.
Eco‐friendly Poly(butylene 1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylate): Relationships Between Stereochemistry and Crystallization Behavior (2011)

Abstract Poly(butylene 1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylate) (PBCHD) is an environmentally friendly material, as it can be obtained from biomass (although nowadays it is prepared from petroleum resources) and is potentially biodegradable. Moreover, the aliphatic rings along the chains lend interesting characteristics, for example good mechanical properties and resistance to weather for outdoor applications. As many properties, such as biodegradability, strongly depend on crystallinity, a study of the crystallizability of PBCHDs is very meaningful. Equilibrium melting temperatures and crystallization rates are strongly affected by the cis/trans ratio of the 1,4‐cyclohexylene units. Indeed, only the trans isomer can form crystals, whereas the cis isomer is fully excluded from the crystalline phase. All thermal data can be well understood by considering PBCHD as a random copolymer with crystallizable (trans isomer) and noncrystallizable (cis isomer) components, which only differ for the stereochemistry of the aliphatic rings. magnified image