gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Digestibility and Pasting Properties of Rice Starch Heat-Moisture Treated at the Melting Temperature (Tm ) (2002)

Non-waxy and waxy rice starches adjusted to 20% moisture (wet based, w.b.) were heated in a differential scanning calorimeter to determine the optimum parameters for producing slowly digestible starch (SDS). Starches heated to the temperature of melting (T m ) and held for 60 min in the calorimeter showed a slow digestibility compared to unheated samples. Digestibility decreased by 25 and 10%, respectively, for non-waxy and waxy rice starches relative to non-treated starches. Heat-moisture treatment of waxy corn, non-waxy corn and wheat starches at the T m determined for non-waxy rice starch did not result in significant decreases in digestibility. For waxy rice starches heat-treated in microwave or conventional ovens at the T m , there were slight but significant increases in digestibility of the treated starches compared to non-treated starches at all incubation times. Digestibility was higher for starches heated for 30 min than for 60 min. Non-waxy rice starches did not show any significant changes in digestibility. Heat-moisture treatment at the T m and the holding time of sample at that temperature in a differential scanning calorimeter were found to be significant to the formation of slowly digestible heat-moisture treated starch.
Neuroinvasive Disease and West Nile Virus Infection, North Dakota, USA, 1999–2008 (2012)

To determine risk for West Nile virus (WNV) neuroinvasive disease in North Dakota, we tested plasma samples from blood donors for WNV IgG and compared infection rates with reported WNV neuroinvasive disease incidence. We estimate that 1 in 244 WNV infections leads to neuroinvasive disease; risk is substantially increased among men and older persons.
Differential Temporal Difference Learning (2020)

Value functions derived from Markov decision processes arise as a central component of algorithms as well as performance metrics in many statistics and engineering applications of machine learning. Computation of the solution to the associated Bellman equations is challenging in most practical cases of interest. A popular class of approximation techniques, known as temporal difference (TD) learning algorithms, are an important subclass of general reinforcement learning methods. The algorithms introduced in this article are intended to resolve two well-known issues with TD-learning algorithms. Their slow convergence due to very high central limit theorem variance, and the fact that, for the problem of computing the relative value function, consistent algorithms exist only in special cases. First we show that the gradients of these value functions admit a representation that lends itself to algorithm design. Based on this result, a new class of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">differential TD-learning</i> algorithms is introduced. For Markovian models on Euclidean space with smooth dynamics, the algorithms are shown to be consistent under general conditions. Numerical results show dramatic variance reduction in comparison to standard methods.
Acrylamide in potato crisps prepared from 20 UK-grown varieties: Effects of variety and tuber storage time (2015)

Twenty varieties of field-grown potato were stored for 2 months and 6 months at 8 °C. Mean acrylamide contents in crisps prepared from all varieties at both storage times ranged from 131 μg/kg in Verdi to 5360 μg/kg in Pentland Dell. In contrast to previous studies, the longer storage period did not affect acrylamide formation significantly for most varieties, the exceptions being Innovator, where acrylamide formation increased, and Saturna, where it decreased. Four of the five varieties designated as suitable for crisping produced crisps with acrylamide levels below the European Commission indicative value of 1000 μg/kg (Saturna, Lady Rosetta, Lady Claire, and Verdi); the exception was Hermes. Two varieties more often used for French fries, Markies and Fontane, also produced crisps with less than 1000 μg/kg acrylamide. Correlations between acrylamide, its precursors and crisp colour are described, and the implications of the results for production of potato crisps are discussed.
Production of Recombinant Human Aldehyde Oxidase in Escherichia coli and Optimization of Its Application for the Preparative Synthesis of Oxidized Drug Metabolites (2014)

Abstract Recombinant human aldehyde oxidase (AO) was expressed in Escherichia coli . Different cell disruption methods and conditions of cell culture in shake flasks and bioreactors and of biotransformation on an analytical scale were tested to optimize the synthesis of oxidized AO drug metabolites. The volumetric productivity was increased 24‐fold by optimizing the cell culture conditions. The highest yield was achieved in a 25 L stirred tank bioreactor under non‐oxygen‐limited conditions and high lactose feed rate. Suspensions of highly concentrated and well‐aerated whole cells at neutral pH and relatively low temperatures led to the best conversion. The solvent for the substrate and the buffering agent for the biotransformation had an important effect. In a biotransformation with AO, 210 mg of famciclovir was converted to diacetyl penciclovir a yield of 82 %. The optimized protocol represents a viable method for the preparative synthesis of oxidized AO metabolites of drugs.
Evidence for a Relationship Between Deoxyribonucleic Acid Metabolism and Septum Formation in Escherichia coli (1968)

Septum formation is a key step in bacterial division, but the mechanism which controls periodic septum formation is unknown. In an attempt to understand this mechanism, lon(-) mutants, in which septum formation is blocked by very doses of ultraviolet light (UV), were investigated. UV must act on some part of the apparatus of cytokinesis; thus, identification of the UV target would identify part of this apparatus. As likely possibilities, UV might damage the septum-forming site or it might damage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), since DNA replication is normally coordinated with septum formation. To distinguish between these possibilities, DNA was specifically sensitized by incorporating bromodeoxyuridine into lon(-) bacteria. These bacteria were strongly sensitized to longer wavelength UV (2,900 to 3,100 A) so that they failed to form septa, grew into filaments which lysed, and did not form colonies. Various control experiments supported the conclusion that UV inhibits septum formation as a result of alterations in DNA metabolism. A relationship thus exists between DNA metabolism and septum formation.
Novel Imaging Guidance for Cholesteatoma Surgery using Tissue Autofluorescence (2023)

ABSTRACT Significance Cholesteatoma is an expansile destructive lesion of the middle ear and mastoid, which can result in significant complications by eroding adjacent bony structures. Currently, there is an inability to accurately distinguish cholesteatoma tissue margins from middle ear mucosa tissue, causing a high recidivism rate. Accurately differentiating cholesteatoma and mucosa will enable a more complete removal of the tissue. Aim Develop an imaging system to enhance the visibility of cholesteatoma tissue and margins during surgery. Approach Cholesteatoma and mucosa tissue samples were excised from the inner ear of patients and illuminated with 405, 450, and 520 nm narrowband lights. Measurements were made with a spectroradiometer equipped with a series of different longpass filters. Images were obtained using a red-green-blue (RGB) digital camera equipped with a long pass filter to block reflected light. Results Cholesteatoma tissue fluoresced under 405 and 450 nm illumination. Middle ear mucosa tissue did not fluoresce under the same illumination and measurement conditions. All measurements were negligible under 520 nm illumination conditions. All spectroradiometric measurements of cholesteatoma tissue fluorescence can be predicted by a linear combination of emissions from keratin and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). We built a prototype of a fluorescence imaging system using a 495 nm longpass filter in combination with an RGB camera. The system was used to capture calibrated digital camera images of cholesteatoma and mucosa tissue samples. The results confirm that cholesteatoma emits light when it is illuminated with 405 and 450 nm, whereas mucosa tissue does not. Conclusions We prototyped an imaging system that is capable of measuring cholesteatoma tissue autofluorescence.
The effect of 2-μm DNA on survival and mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)

Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with and without endogenous 2-microns DNA, were studied in experiments designed to determine the effect of this plasmid on survival and mutagenesis in yeast. Comparison of the two strains exposed to ultraviolet light, 4-nitroquinoline oxide, or methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), revealed that the presence of 2-microns DNA slightly enhanced survival after exposure to each agent. Spontaneous frequencies of mutations (histidine reversion, canavanine resistance, and mitochondrial petites, but not adenine auxotrophy) were reduced by the presence of 2-microns DNA. MMS-induced His+ reversion was weak, and both strains responded similarly. No difference was found between the two strains when induced forward mutation to canavanine resistance was examined. The extent of induction of mitochondrial petites was about the same in both strains. Therefore, it appears that under these experimental conditions with these mutagens, 2-microns DNA has an effect on spontaneous mutation and survival after DNA damage but not on induced mutagenesis in S. cerevisiae.
Hypoglycemic mechanisms ofGanoderma lucidumpolysaccharides F31 in db/db miceviaRNA-seq and iTRAQ (2018)

Our team has previously demonstrated that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides F31 have hypoglycemic effects on diabetic mice. This study provides insight into the system-level hypoglycemic mechanisms of F31 by the integrative analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics data. To explore the omics perspective for the mechanisms of action, the protein and gene expression in the liver from the normal control (NC), diabetic db/db control mice (DC) and F31-treated db/db mice (F31) were analyzed by iTRAQ and RNA-Seq. The differential expression proteins (DEPs) and differential expression genes (DEGs) were analyzed based on their gene ontology (GO) annotations and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, and the expression of DEGs and DEPs was verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting (WB). We identified sixty-five DEGs and sixty-two DEPs in the F31-treated group as compared with the DC. Integrated analysis of the RNA-Seq data and proteomics data indicated that the two DEGs/DEPs-Gck [glucokinase (GCK)] and Cyp4a12a [cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily a, polypeptide 12a (CYP4A12A)]-showed the same trend in mRNA and protein expression levels in the comparison of F31-VS-DC. KEGG analysis revealed that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) signaling pathway was enriched in both of the comparisons of NC-VS-DC and F31-VS-DC at the protein expression level. In the analysis of the gene and protein expression of candidate proteins targeting diabetes, we found that three genes [Gck, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)] and three proteins [GCK, glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2), pyruvate kinase (PYK) ] in the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways, proteins of the Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2) in the insulin pathway, and two genes [Cyp4a12a and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2 (SCD2)] in the lipid metabolism were expressed significantly differently in the F31-treated group as compared with the DC group, which played important roles in the hypoglycemic activity of F31. Cluster analysis demonstrated that microRNAs probably participated in the regulation of the genes involved the glucose metabolism. These results provide theoretical evidence for F31 as a potential functional food ingredient for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.
High-power continuous-wave Raman frequency conversion from 106 µm to 149 µm in diamond (2017)

We report continuous-wave beam conversion from 1.06 to 1.49 µm in a diamond Raman laser operating on the second Stokes shift. High power (114 W) and high conversion efficiency (44%) is achieved using a single cavity that is highly resonant at the first Stokes wavelength but has high output coupling at the second Stokes wavelength (89%). An analytical model was developed for external-cavity Raman lasers operating in steady-state, revealing that optimization of second Stokes output is markedly different to first Stokes and that there is a direct and proportional relationship between the second Stokes output coupling and the pump depletion in the diamond, which we have confirmed by experiment. This technology shows promise for power scaling beyond the capabilities of current fiber lasers operating in the applications-rich 1.5-1.6 µm wavelength range.
Effects of Methylprednisolone on Femoral Bone Marrow: Age-Dependent Susceptibility (2013)

Younger animals may be more susceptible to methylprednisolone, and responses to methylprednisolone in femoral marrow may vary among individuals.
No Evidence that Knops Blood Group Polymorphisms Affect Complement Receptor 1 Clustering on Erythrocytes (2017)

Clustering of Complement Receptor 1 (CR1) in the erythrocyte membrane is important for immune-complex transfer and clearance. CR1 contains the Knops blood group antigens, including the antithetical pairs Swain-Langley 1 and 2 (Sl1 and Sl2) and McCoy a and b (McC<sup>a</sup> and McC<sup>b</sup>), whose functional effects are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the Sl and McC polymorphisms might influence CR1 clustering on erythrocyte membranes. Blood samples from 125 healthy Kenyan children were analysed by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy to determine CR1 cluster number and volume. In agreement with previous reports, CR1 cluster number and volume were positively associated with CR1 copy number (mean number of CR1 molecules per erythrocyte). Individuals with the McC <sup>b</sup> /McC <sup>b</sup> genotype had more clusters per cell than McC <sup>a</sup> /McC <sup>a</sup> individuals. However, this association was lost when the strong effect of CR1 copy number was included in the model. No association was observed between Sl genotype, sickle cell genotype, α+thalassaemia genotype, gender or age and CR1 cluster number or volume. Therefore, after correction for CR1 copy number, the Sl and McCoy polymorphisms did not influence erythrocyte CR1 clustering, and the effects of the Knops polymorphisms on CR1 function remains unknown.
The Ionomer Molecular Structure Effect in the PEFC Ink & Applications (2022)

The interaction between the perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer and platinum group metal (PGM) catalyst in polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) inks is a critical issue for designing high-performance PEFC electrodes. During the ink fabrication, the complex interparticle interaction of the ink components determines the agglomerate morphology and size distribution. Among the ink components, the ionomer, which has amphiphilic in nature due to its hydrophobic backbone and the hydrophilic ionic group, mostly effective parameter for interparticle interaction. Therefore, understanding the interaction and molecular structure of ionomer is required for a high-performance catalyst layer. The backbone length of the ionomer which controls the spacing between ionic pendant groups is the main parameter of the ionomer character. In this study, the three different ionic spacing ionomers, made in the Solvay industry: Aquivion D72-25BS, Aquivion D83-24BS, and D98-25BS, were used for investigating the adsorption behavior of the catalyst ink and PEFC catalyst layer morphology. During the fabrication of PEFC ink and catalyst layer, all samples have same sulfonic acid molality to avoid the ionic clustering effect in the side chain. Ex-situ measurements were carried out to quantify the interparticle interaction and agglomerate size distribution in the PEFC ink. The dynamic lights scattering (DLS) carry out to determine the aggregation size distribution. The rheological behavior was conducted to understand the interparticle interactions and the agglomeration behavior of the inks by steady-shear and dynamic-oscillatory-shear measurements. It is noted that increasing the ionomer backbone length, which favors interaction via hydrophobic interaction on a carbon support, suppresses the agglomeration of ink components and decreases ink viscosity. The in situ electrochemical tests were carried out to figure out the relationship between ink formulation and catalyst layer morphology. It was found that the long ionomer backbone length helps to suppress the O 2 transport resistance and ORR kinetic loss by uniform distribution from ionomer backbone-carbon supports interaction.
Cyclodextrin Ketones with the Catalytic Group at the Secondary Rim and Their Effectiveness in Enzyme‐Like Epoxidation of Stilbenes (2011)

Abstract Several new cyclodextrin ketones with a ketone attached to the secondary face of the cyclodextrin in the form of a 2,3‐ O ‐(2‐oxopropane‐1,3‐diyl) or 2‐oxo group are reported. These compounds and a selection of known cyclodextrin ketones having the ketone at the primary face were investigated as epoxidation catalysts for oxidation of stilbenes and styrene. A method for determination of k cat in these epoxidations is presented, which was used to determine the rate accelerations for the cyclodextrin ketones relative to background reaction. The highest rate acceleration obtained for epoxidation of 4‐methoxy‐4′‐nitro‐ trans ‐stilbene was 221. The highest enantioselectivity obtained was 76 % ee of ( S )‐styrene oxide.
Sticky Brownian Rounding and its Applications to Constraint Satisfaction Problems (2022)

Semidefinite programming is a powerful tool in the design and analysis of approximation algorithms for combinatorial optimization problems. In particular, the random hyperplane rounding method of Goemans and Williamson [ 31 ] has been extensively studied for more than two decades, resulting in various extensions to the original technique and beautiful algorithms for a wide range of applications. Despite the fact that this approach yields tight approximation guarantees for some problems, e.g., Max-Cut , for many others, e.g., Max-SAT and Max-DiCut , the tight approximation ratio is still unknown. One of the main reasons for this is the fact that very few techniques for rounding semi-definite relaxations are known. In this work, we present a new general and simple method for rounding semi-definite programs, based on Brownian motion. Our approach is inspired by recent results in algorithmic discrepancy theory. We develop and present tools for analyzing our new rounding algorithms, utilizing mathematical machinery from the theory of Brownian motion, complex analysis, and partial differential equations. Focusing on constraint satisfaction problems, we apply our method to several classical problems, including Max-Cut , Max-2SAT , and Max-DiCut , and derive new algorithms that are competitive with the best known results. To illustrate the versatility and general applicability of our approach, we give new approximation algorithms for the Max-Cut problem with side constraints that crucially utilizes measure concentration results for the Sticky Brownian Motion, a feature missing from hyperplane rounding and its generalizations.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Derived Stem Cells Transduced With BMP2 Accelerate Graft-Bone Integration After ACL Reconstruction (2016)

A primary disadvantage of using soft tissue grafts for ACL reconstruction is the prolonged time required for bony ingrowth, which delays the initiation of midsubstance graft remodeling. The lack of consistent correlation between the appearance of a "healed" ACL on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging and readiness to return to sport results in athletes being released to sport before the graft is ready to handle high-intensity loading. Therefore, it is desirable to identify strategies that accelerate graft-bone integration, which would reduce the time to biologic fixation, improve the reliability of biologic fixation, allow for accelerated rehabilitation, and potentially reduce the incidence of early graft pullout and late midsubstance failure.
Estimation-based call admission control with delay and loss guarantees in ATM networks (2002)

This paper presents a CAC algorithm based on a novel estimation method, called quasi-linear dual-class correlation (QLDC). All traffic calls are categorized into classes. With the number of calls in each class, QLDC conservatively and precisely estimates the cell delay and cell loss ratio of each class via simple vector multiplication. These vectors are derived in advance from the results of three dual-arrival queueing models, namely M(/sup [/N/sub 1/])+I(/sup [/N/sub 2/])/D/1/K, M/sub 1/(/sup [/N/sub 1/])+M/sub 2/(/sup [/N/sub 2/])/D/1/K, and I/sub 1/(/sup [/N/sub 1/])+I/sub 2/(/sup [/N/sub 2/])/D/1/K, where M and I represent Bernoulli and interrupted Bernoulli processes, respectively. Consequently, our QLDC-based CAC yields low time complexity O(C) (in vector multiplications) and space complexity O(WC/sup 2/) (in bytes), where C is the total number of traffic classes and W is the total number of aggregate-load levels. We also use numerical examples to justify that QLDC-based estimated results profoundly agree with simulation results in both the single-node and end-to-end cases.
WASHINGTON METHOD OF DETERMINING AIR IN FRESH CONCRETE (1949)

THE WASHINGTON METHOD IS AN ADAPTATION OF THE PRESSURE PRINCIPLE IN A MANNER WHICH DIFFERS FROM THAT COMMONLY EMPLOYED. A CHAMBER CONTAINING AIR IS CONNECTED THROUGH A VALVE TO A SAMPLE OF CONCRETE IN A SEALED CONTAINER. WITH THE VALVE CLOSED, AIR IS FORCED INTO THE CHAMBER TO A MEASURED GAGE PRESSURE. WHEN THE CONNECTING VALVE IS OPENED, THE GAGE PRESSURE ON THE SYSTEM DROPS TO A VALUE DEPENDENT ON THE AIR CONTENT OF THE CONCRETE. ADVANTAGES OF THE METHOD ARE: (1) IN COMMON WITH OTHER PRESSURE METHODS, NO WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS ARE NEEDED AND THE PERCENTAGE OF AIR IN THE SAMPLE CAN BE READ DIRECTLY. (2) COMPARED TO OTHER PRESSURE METHODS, THE APPARATUS IS MORE COMPACT, DETERMINATIONS ARE MADE MORE RAPIDLY, NO WATER IS USED IN THE TEST, CORRECTIONS ARE NOT NEEDED UNDER VARYING BAROMETRIC PRESSURES, AND CALIBRATIONS CAN BE MADE READILY IN THE FIELD OVER THE FULL USABLE RANGE OF AIR CONTENTS. CONSTRUCTION OF THE DEVICE AND AUXILIARY APPARATUS IS ILLUSTRATED. /AUTHOR/
An Analysis of the Accuracy of Physician-Entered Indications on Computerized Antimicrobial Orders (2012)

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Malabsorption Due to Cholecystokinin Deficiency in a Patient with Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type I (2001)

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I is an autosomal recessive inherited disease caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator gene.1 Its hallmarks are the failure of multiple endocrine glands due to an autoimmune process, susceptibility to chronic candida infection because of a T-cell defect, and dystrophy of ectodermal tissues.2 The most common endocrine manifestations are hypoparathyroidism and adrenal failure. Hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and hypopituitarism may also occur. Nonendocrine manifestations include enamel hypoplasia, nail dystrophy, keratoconjunctivitis, and pernicious anemia.2,3 Except for candidiasis, patients with this syndrome have no apparent susceptibility to infections. About 20 percent of patients with . . .