gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of secondary organic aerosol formed with an aerosol flow reactor and environmental reaction chambers: effect of oxidant concentration, exposure time and seed particles on chemical composition and yield (2014)

Abstract. We performed a systematic intercomparison study of the chemistry and yields of SOA generated from OH oxidation of a common set of gas-phase precursors in a Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) continuous flow reactor and several environmental chambers. In the flow reactor, SOA precursors were oxidized using OH concentrations ranging from 2.0×108 to 2.2&amp;amp;times1010 molec cm−3 over exposure times of 100 s. In the environmental chambers, precursors were oxidized using OH concentrations ranging from 2×106 to 2×107 molec cm−3 over exposure times of several hours. The OH concentration in the chamber experiments is close to that found in the atmosphere, but the integrated OH exposure in the flow reactor can simulate atmospheric exposure times of multiple days compared to chamber exposure times of only a day or so. A linear correlation analysis of the mass spectra (m=0.91–0.92, r2=0.93–0.94) and carbon oxidation state (m=1.1, r2=0.58) of SOA produced in the flow reactor and environmental chambers for OH exposures of approximately 1011 molec cm−3 s suggests that the composition of SOA produced in the flow reactor and chambers is the same within experimental accuracy as measured with an aerosol mass spectrometer. This similarity in turn suggests that both in the flow reactor and in chambers, SOA chemical composition at low OH exposure is governed primarily by gas-phase OH oxidation of the precursors, rather than heterogeneous oxidation of the condensed particles. In general, SOA yields measured in the flow reactor are lower than measured in chambers for the range of equivalent OH exposures that can be measured in both the flow reactor and chambers. The influence of sulfate seed particles on isoprene SOA yield measurements was examined in the flow reactor. The studies show that seed particles increase the yield of SOA produced in flow reactors by a factor of 3 to 5 and may also account in part for higher SOA yields obtained in the chambers, where seed particles are routinely used.
GaInAs/InP MQW light-emitting diode fabricated on wafer bonded InP/Quartz substrate (2015)

GaInAs/InP multi quantum wells light-emitting diode, emitting at 1.3-μm, was fabricated by metal organic vapor phase epitaxi on wafer bonded InP/Quartz substrate. The device has been operated under continuous wave operation at room temperature.
Modification of low density lipoproteins by sodium hypochlorite. (1991)

Human low density lipoproteins (LDL) were incubated with increasing amounts of sodium hypochlorite. A decrease of the number of free amino groups on the LDL surface starts only upon addition of 30-40 moles NaOCl per mole apoB, whereas all detectable SH groups are oxidized after addition of nearly 17-20 moles NaOCl. All hypochlorite-modified LDL samples have a higher electronegative surface charge compared with native LDL as revealed by agarose gel electrophoresis and partition of LDL in an aqueous polyethylene glycol/dextran two-phase system. The more NaOCl is used to alter LDL, the higher is the electrical surface charge. Changes in surface charge are found already at low NaOCl concentrations where no decrease of amino groups is detected. It is assumed that changes in surface charge are caused by the formation of monochloramines and especially at low degrees of modification by a further unknown contribution. An effect on the primary structure of apoB or peroxidation-like changes in NaOCl-altered LDL could not be found under our experimental conditions. The results are discussed with respect to such modifications under in vivo conditions by hypochlorous acid generated in stimulated phagocytosing cells.
Autocrine Action of Thrombospondin-2 Determines the Chondrogenic Differentiation Potential and Suppresses Hypertrophic Maturation of Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2015)

Previous studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies have varying efficacies for the treatment of various diseases, including cartilage defects. In this study, we demonstrated that the chondrogenic differentiation potential of human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (hUCB-MSCs) obtained from different individual donors varies, and we investigated the molecular basis for this variation. Microarray gene expression analysis identified thrombospondin-2 (TSP2) as a candidate gene underlying the interindividual variation in the chondrogenic differentiation potential of hUCB-MSCs. To assess the association between TSP-2 and the differentiation potential, we evaluated chondrogenic differentiation of hUCB-MSCs treated with TSP2 siRNA. In addition, we studied the effect of supplementing exogenous recombinant TSP-2 on TSP2 siRNA-treated hUCB-MSCs. We found that TSP-2 autocrinally promoted chondrogenic differentiation of hUCB-MSCs via the Notch signaling pathway, which was confirmed in MSCs from other sources such as bone marrow and adipose tissue. Interestingly, we observed that TSP-2 attenuated hypertrophy, which inevitably occurs during chondrogenic differentiation of hUCB-MSCs. Our findings indicated that the variable chondrogenic differentiation potential of MSCs obtained from different donors is influenced by the TSP-2 level in the differentiating cells. Thus, the TSP-2 level can be used as a marker to select MSCs with superior chondrogenic differentiation potential for use in cartilage regeneration therapy.
Pharmacological impact on right ventricular remodelling in pulmonary arterial hypertension (2007)

The pathophysiologic mechanisms of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are initiated by the progressive obstructive changes of the pulmonary resistance vessels which lead to the increase of the afterload of the right ventricle (RV) that responds with functional and structural adaptations. The RV remodelling compensates for a variable period of time but ultimately may fail leading to heart failure and death. The depression of myocardial contractility seems to be one of the primary events in the progression of heart failure in a chronically overloaded RV. However, afterload mismatch remains the leading determinant of heart failure in patients with both PAH and chronic thrombo-embolic pulmonary hypertension. Different therapies induce a variable degree of reverse remodelling on the heart changes typical of PAH. The extent of this effect is strictly related to the reduction of RV afterload. The best results are observed in patients who underwent lung transplantation, pulmonary endoarterectomy and in vasoreactive subjects responders to chronic treatment with calcium channel blocking agents. The RV reverse remodelling effects of the new targeted therapies in non-vasoreactive PAH patients appear to be only mild to moderate.
BIOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF A MITOCHONDRIAL INNER MEMBRANE FRACTION DEFICIENT IN OUTER MEMBRANE AND MATRIX ACTIVITIES (1970)

Treatment of the inner membrane matrix fraction of rat liver mitochondria with the nonionic detergent Lubrol WX solubilized about 70% of the total protein and 90% or more of the following matrix activities: malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP). The Lubrol-insoluble fraction was enriched in cytochromes, phospholipids, and a Mg(++)-stimulated ATPase activity. Less than 2% of the total mitochondrial activity of monoamine oxidase, an outer membrane marker, or adenylate kinase, an intracristal space marker could be detected in this inner membrane fraction. Electron micrographs of negatively stained preparations showed vesicles (</=0.4 micro diameter) literally saturated on the periphery with the 90 A ATPase particles. These inner membrane vesicles, which appeared for the most part to be inverted with respect to the normal inner membrane configuration in intact mitochondria, retained the succinicoxidase portion of the electron-transport chain, an intact phosphorylation site II with a high affinity for ADP, and the capacity to accumulate Ca(++). A number of biochemical properties characteristic of intact mitochondria and the inner membrane matrix fraction, however, were either absent or markedly deficient in the inner membrane vesicles. These included stimulation of respiration by either ADP or 2,4-dinitrophenol, oligomycin-sensitive ADP-ATP exchange activity, atractyloside sensitivity of adenine nucleotide requiring reactions, and a stimulation of the Mg(++)-ATPase by 2,4-dinitrophenol.
Photonic crystal light source (2023)

A light source is provided by a photonic crystal having an enhanced photonic density-of-states over a band of frequencies and wherein at least one of the dielectric materials of the photonic crystal has a complex dielectric constant, thereby producing enhanced light emission at the band of frequencies when the photonic crystal is heated. The dielectric material can be a metal, such as tungsten. The spectral properties of the light source can be easily tuned by modification of the photonic crystal structure and materials. The photonic crystal light source can be heated electrically or other heating means. The light source can further include additional photonic crystals that exhibit enhanced light emission at a different band of frequencies to provide for color mixing. The photonic crystal light source may have applications in optical telecommunications, information displays, energy conversion, sensors, and other optical applications.
Frontomaxillary facial angle at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks in Chinese population (2010)

In the first trimester, the FMF angle decreases with fetal CRL. There was similarity in the normal value of FMF angle between the Chinese and Caucasian populations.
<title>Nile Blue derivatives as lysosomotropic photosensitizers</title> (1991)

The benzophenoxazines, including several Nile blue analogues, are a unique group of dyes that localize selectively in animal tumors. Chemical modifications of Nile blue A can yield derivatives with high 1O2 quantum yields. These derivatives represent a group of potentially effective photosensitizers for selective phototherapy of malignant tumors. In vitro evaluation of these derivatives has indicated that those with high 1O2 yields are very effective in mediating the photocytotoxicity of tumor cells. This photodynamic effect is most likely mediated through the action of 1O2, since photoirradiation under D2O enhanced and under hypoxic conditions diminished the photocytotoxic action. The subcellular localization of these photosensitizers in bladder tumor cells in culture was examined by light and fluorescence microscopies as well as by histochemical and biochemical studies. The results indicate that these dyes are localized primarily in the lysosome. The cellular uptake and retention of these dyes is energy- and pH-dependent. Agents such as nigericin, which alter the transmembrane pH gradient, reduced uptake and enhanced efflux of the dyes, while agents such as valinomycin, which reduce cellular membrane potential, had no effect on the uptake. These findings are consistent with having ion-trapping as the mechanism for the uptake of these dyes. Photoirradiation of sensitizer-treated cells obliterated lysosomes in a light-dose and drug-dose dependent fashion. Release of the hydrolytic enzymes may be the main cause for subsequent cell death since the cytolytic effect was reduced by a specific inhibitor of lysosomal proteolytic enzyme. A lysosomotropic photosensitization mechanism is therefore proposed for the photocytotoxic action of the Nile blue derivatives. This mechanism may provide an approach to the development of new photosensitizers for the effective and selective destruction of malignant tumors.
The Cortisol to Cortisone Ratio during Cardiac Catheterisation in Sows (2015)

A possible effect of mini-invasive heart intervention on a response of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal stress axis and conversion of cortisone to cortisol were studied. We have analysed two stress markers levels (cortisol, cortisone) and cortisol/cortisone ratio in 25 sows using minimally invasive heart catheterisation as the stress factor. The values of studied parameters were assessed in four periods of the experiment: (1) the baseline level on the day before intervention, (2) after the introduction of anaesthesia, (3) after conducting tissue stimulation or ablation, and (4) after the end of the catheterisation. For statistical analyses we used the non-parametric Friedman test for four dependent samples (including all four stages of the operation) or three dependent samples (influence of operation only, baseline level was excluded). Statistically significant differences in both Friedman tests were found for cortisol and for cortisone. We have found the highest level of cortisol/cortisone ratio in unstressed conditions, then it decreased to the minimal level at the end of the intervention. We have concluded that cortisol levels are blunted by the influence of anaesthesia after its administration, and therefore decrease back to the baseline at the end of the operation.
Ribozyme minigene-mediated RAD51 down-regulation increases radiosensitivity of human prostate cancer cells (2001)

The strand transferase RAD51 is a component of the homologous recombination repair pathway. To examine the contribution of RAD51 to the genotoxic effects of ionising radiation, we have used a novel ribozyme strategy. A reporter gene vector was constructed so that expression of an inserted synthetic double-stranded ribozyme-encoding oligonucleotide would be under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene enhancer/promoter system. The prostate tumour cell line LNCaP was transfected with this vector or a control vector, and a neomycin resistance gene on the vector was used to create geneticin-resistant stable cell lines. Three stable cell lines were shown by western blot analysis to have significant down-regulation of RAD51 to 20-50% of the levels expressed in control cell lines. All three cell lines had a similar increased sensitivity to gamma-irradiation by 70 and 40%, respectively, compared to normal and empty vector-transfected cells, corresponding to dose-modifying factors of approximately 2.0 and 1.5 in the mid-range of the dose-response curves. The amount of RAD51 protein in transfected cell lines was shown to strongly correlate with the alpha parameter obtained from fitted survival curves. These results highlight the importance of RAD51 in cellular responses to radiation and are the first to indicate the potential use of RAD51-targeted ribozyme minigenes in tumour radiosensitisation.
Synchronization system with Zero-Crossing Peak Detection algorithm for power system applications (2010)

This paper presents a new synchronization system that can be used to extract real time information such as the amplitude, phase and frequency of the fundamental component from an input power signal. The synchronization system is based on a zero-crossing (ZC) and peak-detection (PD) algorithm. Among its advantages, the Zero-Crossing Peak Detection (ZCPD) system performs well in the presence of input signal distortion with THD values as high as 50%, tracks positive and negative frequency ramps as high as 250Hz/sec and has a transient recovery time of two to four fundamental cycles. The ZCPD system is able to recover and re-synchronize from transient disturbances such as amplitude sags and swells (0.2pu - 1.8pu), positive and negative phase steps (±60 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> ) and signal interruptions spanning from a few cycles to several seconds. This article details the key design features of the synchronization system and experimental results that bring into focus the performance of the ZCPD system.
Development of Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheets for Micro-Fabrication (2014)

Austenitic stainless steels “304 H-SR”, “304 H-SR2” and “301L SE1” were developed for microfabrications like photoetching and laser processing. 304 H-SR and 304 H-SR2 have superior flatness, low residual stress and improved surface wettability, which are re quired as the materials for microfabrications. These high performances are attained mainly by Tension Leveling (T/L) process, Stress Relieving (S/R) process and Special Surface Treatment. 301L SE1 with fine grained structure has been received high reputations as a mate rial with excellent smoothness of the fabricated surface, in addition to the above mentioned characteristics. The grain refinement has been achieved through the use of α' → γ reverse transformation and pining effects by minute precipitates with optimization of the alloy composition and manufacturing process.
Macrophage antitumor activity: impaired responsiveness to interferon‐γ of macrophages from genetically defective mice (1984)

Macrophages (M phi) from the genetically defective mouse strains C3H/HeJ, A/J and P/J were unable to develop high levels of antitumor activities when stimulated either with immune recombinant interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) or with nonimmune IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, as compared to M phi or normal C3H/HeN mice. IFN-gamma appeared to be an exceptionally good activator of C3H/HeN M phi, as it could induce tumoricidal capacities 3000 times more efficiently than nonimmune IFN. The high efficiency of IFN-gamma as M phi activator was indeed confirmed on defective M phi. In fact, at high doses IFN-gamma could also induce significant levels of both cytolytic and cytostatic activity in M phi of A/J and P/J mice, although it could not increase cytotoxic activities of C3H/HeJ M phi.
Somatic cell origin of teratocarcinomas (1978)

Malignant teratocarcinomas arise from developmentally totipotent normal stem cells. Whether the targets are embryonal somatic cells or germinal cells has long been a matter of controversy. Past experiments on teratocarcinoma induction by ectopic grafting of early rodent embryos or fetal germinal ridges have remained ambiguous because embryos ordinarily soon form germ cells, and parthenogenetic germ cells form "embryos." In order to interrupt the developmental cycle at its most telling point, day 6 (egg-cylinder stage) mouse embryos of genetically sterile types were grafted; in such grafts, only a terminal residue of totipotent embryonal somatic ("ectoderm") cells is available, and subsequent germ cell development is severely impaired. One graft series, from S1(J)/+ matings, comprised 25% S1(J)/S1(J) presumptive sterile embryos; these grafts formed tumors containing embryonal carcinoma cells as often (47%) as did control +/+ grafts (41%) on the same genetic background. In another series, from W/+ matings, tumors of the sterile W/W genotype were individually identified by means of a closely linked marker, phosphoglucomutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1; Pgm-1 locus), coding for electrophoretic enzyme variants and incorporated into the stock. Four tumors were obtained (out of 16) that had the PGM-1D phenotype diagnostic for W/W, and that also contained embryonal carcinoma cells. Therefore, the malignancy arises here in susceptible somatic embryonal stem cells at the terminal stage of their capacity for totipotency. Other teratocarcinomas-whether induced or spontaneous-of ostensible germ-cell origin by parthenogenesis may also depend upon development of the same somatic target cells before neoplastic conversion can occur. A general model based on these experiments is proposed for all malignancies: Malignant transformation of a particular kind of normal stem cell may be possible only when that stem cell has progressed to the threshold of further differentiation.
Substrate integrated waveguide resonant cavity sensor (2013)

A current area of active research is the development of biosensors. Biosensors have been constructed to examine a large range of target analytes such as enzymes, antibodies, DNA, and cells. The majority of currently developed biosensors require the use of labels which attach to an analyte to enhance the sensitivity of the sensor to a significant level. Labeling targets introduces many drawbacks: added complexity to the detection process, increased preparation time, and most importantly, the possible modification of analyte properties due to the attachment of the label. For these reasons, there has been much attention on electronic means of label-free biological agent detection. One such electronic biosensing method is the use of a resonant circuit operating at microwave frequencies for impedance and dielectric spectroscopy. In these spectroscopic measurements, changes in the resonant frequency of the circuit are detected and correlated to the presence of a specific analyte. Various resonator circuits have been utilized in dielectric spectroscopy and biomolecule detection; however, these biosensors, although label-free, possess their own idiosyncratic complications such as imprecise and convoluted test sample deposition schemes. To address some of the challenges associated with existing biosensors, a device is presented demonstrating the potential to be used for label-free biosensing and promises a convenient sample deposition procedure. The instrument is based on the construction of a substrate integrated waveguide analog of an enclosed section of rectangular waveguide. Classical microwave engineering principles were used to give an outline of key electrical characteristics and dimensions, and full-wave finite element analysis software was utilized to further refine and optimize the device. A fabricated prototype was tested through measurement of scattering parameters using a network analyzer. The archetypal resonant circuit discussed herein can be used to extract the complex permittivity from test materials. Discussions of the cardinal design parameters, sensitivity analysis, and permittivity extraction techniques are provided. Suggestions for continued development are presented based on experience gained from the design of the prototype sensor. Proposed future work includes a scaled-down version of the substrate integrated waveguide resonator and testing with biological agents such as biofilms and single cells.
Different sensations from cones with the same photopigment (2005)

We used adaptive optics to study color fluctuation in the appearance of tiny flashes of light. For five subjects, near threshold, monochromatic stimuli with full widths at half maximum of 1/3 arcmin were delivered throughout a patch of retina near 1 deg in which we also determined the locations of L, M, and S cones. Subjects reported a wide variety of color sensations, even for long-wavelength stimuli, and all subjects reported blue or purple sensations at wavelengths for which S cones are insensitive. Subjects with more L cones reported more red sensations, and those with more M cones tended to report more green sensations. White responses increased linearly with the asymmetry in L to M cone ratio. The diversity in the color response could not be completely explained by combined L and M cone excitation, implying that photoreceptors within the same class can elicit more than one color sensation.