gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct-Drive Gas-Cooled Reactor Power System: Concept and Preliminary Testing (2003)

This paper describes the concept and preliminary component testing of a gas‐cooled. UN‐fueled, pin‐type reactor which uses He/Xe gas that goes directly into a recuperated Brayton system to produce electricity for nuclear electric propulsion. This Direct‐Drive Gas‐Cooled Reactor (DDG) is designed to be subcritical under water or wet‐sand immersion in case of a launch accident. Because the gas‐cooled reactor can directly drive the Brayton turbomachinery, it is possible to configure the system such that there are no external surfaces or pressure boundaries that are refractory metal, even though the gas delivered to the turbine is 1144 K. The He/Xe gas mixture is a good heat transport medium when flowing, and a good insulator when stagnant. Judicious use of stagnant cavities as insulating regions allows transport of the 1144‐K gas while keeping all external surfaces below 900 K. At this temperature super‐alloys (Hastelloy or Inconel) can be used instead of refractory metals. Super‐alloys reduce the technology risk because they are easier to fabricate than refractory metals, we have a much more extensive knowledge base on their characteristics, and, because they have a greater resistance to oxidation, system testing is eased. The system is also relatively simple in its design: no additional coolant pumps, heat exchanger, or freeze‐thaw systems are required. Key to success of this concept is a good knowledge of the heat transfer between the fuel pins and the gas, as well as the pressure drop through the system. This paper describes preliminary testing to obtain this key information, as well as experience in demonstrating electrically heated testing of simulated reactor components.
A diphtheria toxin resistance marker for in vitro and in vivo selection of stably transduced human cells (2015)

We developed a selectable marker rendering human cells resistant to Diphtheria Toxin (DT). The marker (DT(R)) consists of a primary microRNA sequence engineered to downregulate the ubiquitous DPH2 gene, a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of the DT target diphthamide. DT(R) expression in human cells invariably rendered them resistant to DT in vitro, without altering basal cell growth. DT(R)-based selection efficiency and stability were comparable to those of established drug-resistance markers. As mice are insensitive to DT, DT(R)-based selection can be also applied in vivo. Direct injection of a GFP-DT(R) lentiviral vector into human cancer cell-line xenografts and patient-derived tumorgrafts implanted in mice, followed by systemic DT administration, yielded tumors entirely composed of permanently transduced cells and detectable by imaging systems. This approach enabled high-efficiency in vivo selection of xenografted human tumor tissues expressing ectopic transgenes, a hitherto unmet need for functional and morphological studies in laboratory animals.
Discovery of the First Selective IDO2 Inhibitor As Novel Immunotherapeutic Avenues for Rheumatoid Arthritis (2022)

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), a closely related homologue of well-studied immunomodulatory enzyme IDO1, has been identified as a pathogenic mediator of inflammatory autoimmunity in preclinical models. Therapeutic targeting IDO2 in autoimmune diseases has been challenging due to the lack of small-molecule IDO2 inhibitors. Here, based on our previously developed IDO1/IDO2 dual inhibitor, guided by the homology model of the IDO2 structure, we discovered compound <b>22</b>, the most potent inhibitor targeting IDO2 with good <i>in vitro</i> inhibitory activity (IDO2 IC<sub>50</sub> = 112 nM). Notably, treatment with <b>22</b> alleviated disease severity and reduced inflammatory cytokines in both the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice model and adjuvant arthritis (AA) rat model. Our study offered for the first time a selective small-molecule IDO2 inhibitor <b>22</b> with IC<sub>50</sub> at the nanomolar level, which may be used not only as a candidate compound for the treatment of autoimmune diseases but also as a tool compound for further IDO2-related mechanistic study.
Anti-Ganglioside Antibodies in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Revisited (2015)

Even with this more comprehensive approach, anti-ganglioside antibody frequencies and patterns in our ALS cohort closely resembled the values measured in healthy controls. In accordance with other studies, we did not observe any association of a distinct ALS phenotype with elevated anti-ganglioside antibodies or an impact on survival.
Reinforcing Bar Pullout Bond in Tremie-Placed Concrete Cast in Drilling Slurry Environments (2019)

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Improving care for patients with stage III/IV NSCLC: Learnings for multidisciplinary teams from the ACCC National Quality Survey. (2020)

228 Background: Refinement of the multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach continues to offer significant potential for improving the quality of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) care and adherence to guideline-recommended protocols. This opportunity arises, in part, from insufficient characterization of MDT practice patterns and barriers to optimal care provision within U.S. cancer programs. The Association of Community Cancer Centers (ACCC), therefore, conducted a national survey to improve understanding on how patients with stage III/IV NSCLC were diagnosed and managed across different practice settings, with the aim of informing the design and execution of process-improvement plans to address identified barriers. Methods: ACCC convened an expert steering committee of multidisciplinary specialists, including oncologists, thoracic surgeons, pathologists, pulmonologists, and representation from patient advocacy, for a comprehensive, double-blind, web-based survey (January–April 2019) to obtain insights on cancer care delivery for patients with NSCLC in a diverse set of U.S. community cancer programs. Results: Of 1211 questionnaires, 639 responses affiliated to 160 unique cancer programs across 44 U.S. states were suitable for analysis. In total, 41% (n = 261) of respondents indicated that their cancer program did not have a thoracic multidisciplinary clinic. Nurse navigators (P = 0.03) and radiation oncologists (P = 0.04) were significantly more likely to engage in shared decision-making practices than other disciplines. The average time to first therapeutic intervention in newly diagnosed patients was 4 weeks (range = 1–10 weeks; n = 298). A significant negative correlation between frequency of tumor board meetings and time to complete disease staging (P = 0.03) was observed. The most challenging barriers to delivering high-quality NSCLC care are listed (Table). Conclusions: Multiple opportunities exist to improve the delivery and quality of care for patients with stage III/IV NSCLC, including reducing barriers to effective care coordination and patient education, screening, diagnosis and biomarker testing, and adherence to evolving standards of care. [Table: see text]
Hydrogen Peroxide Produced by Angiopoietin-1 Mediates Angiogenesis (2006)

Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) mediates angiogenesis by enhancing endothelial cell survival and migration. It is also known that Ang1 activates Tie2, an endothelial-specific tyrosine kinase receptor, but the molecular mechanism of this process is not clear. In this study, we investigated whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) production plays a role in Ang1-mediated angiogenesis. We found that human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with Ang1 produce ROS transiently, which was suppressed by NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene-iodonium chloride, and rotenone. The Ang1-induced ROS was identified as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using adenovirus-catalase infection. Removal of H2O2 by adenovirus-catalase significantly suppressed Ang1-induced in vitro endothelial cell migration, in vivo tubule formation and angiogenesis, and activation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), involved in cell migration, and delayed the deactivation of Akt phosphorylation involved in cell survival. Supporting to in vitro data, Ang1-induced vascular remodeling in catalase (-/-) mice was more prominent than in catalase (+/+) mice: Ang1-induced increases of the diameter of terminal arterioles and the postcapillary venules in catalase (-/-) mice were significant compared with catalase (+/+) mice. These results show that Ang1-induced H2O2 plays an important role in Ang1-mediated angiogenesis by modulating p44/42 MAPK activity.
Langmuir Monolayers Characteristic of (Perfluorodecyl)-Alkanes (2004)

A series of semifluorinated n-alkanes (SFAs) of the general formula F(CF2)m(CH2)nH, (in short FmHn) where m = 10 and n = 6−20, have been synthesized and employed for Langmuir monolayer characterization. Surface pressure and electric surface potential measurements were obtained under a variety of experimental conditions such as spreading volume, subphase temperature, and compression speed. The Langmuir monolayer experiments have been complemented with Brewster angle microscopy results which enabled both direct visualization of the monolayers structure and estimation of the monolayer thickness at different stages of compression. Our results show that these “nonclassical” film-forming materials, which are completely hydrophobic in nature and do not possess any polar group in their structure, are capable of monolayer formation at the air/water interface. It has been observed that with the increase in the molecule's length, its stability at the free water surface increases. The negative sign of the measured surface potential, ΔV, proves that SFA molecules are oriented at the air/water interface with their perfluorinated parts directed toward the air. The effective dipole moments reach the value of −0.65 ± 0.1 D at the minimum for all stable SFAs. The analysis of the direction of the molecular dipole moment in respect to the main axis enabled us to estimate that the minimum effective dipole moment is achieved for a molecule oriented at the angle of about 35° to the surface normal. The relative intensity measurements allow one to conclude that film molecules are tilted in respect to the surface normal at the vicinity of collapse.
Adaptive Regulation for a Class of Non-Affine Systems using Neural Network Backstepping with Tuning Functions (2006)

A backstepping based neural synthesis method is proposed to stabilize a class of non-affine systems, that include non-minimum phase systems as well. The method describes the class of systems in normal form, and uses two neural networks, while previous backstepping methods introduce a neural networks at each backward step. The neural weights are updated using tuning functions, and nonlinear damping terms prevent the functional reconstruction error from propagating to the next backward step. The method does not rely on a fixed-point assumption, nor does it assume that the time derivative of the control effectiveness is bounded (an assumption that is commonly employed when using the mean value theorem). All the signals of the closed-loop system are shown to be uniformly ultimately bounded. Simulation results illustrate the approach
SYNTHETIC MICROVASCULAR NETWORKS FOR PARTICLE ADHESION ASSAYS (2012)

Particle adhesion to the vasculature depends critically upon particle/cell properties (size, receptors), scale/geometric features of vasculature (diameter, bifurcation, etc.) and local hemodynamic factors (stress, torque, etc.) Current investigations using in vitro parallel-plate flow chambers suffer from several limitations including (a) idealized constructs, (b) lack of critical morphological features (bifurcations, network), (c) inability to distinguish between healthy vs. diseased vasculature, (d) large volumes and (e) non-disposability. To overcome these limitations, microvascular networks, obtained from digitization of in vivo topology were prototyped using soft-lithography techniques to generate Synthetic Microvascular Networks (SMN). CFD-ACE+, a finite volume based Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, was used to develop a computational model of the digitized networks. Dye perfusion patterns predicted by the simulations matched well with experimental observations indicating presence of well perfused as well as stagnant regions. Studies using functionalized microparticles showed non-uniform particle adhesion, with preferential adhesion at a distance of 2 vessel diameters or less from the nearest bifurcation which was validated with in vivo data. Bifurcation adhesion ratio (BAR) was found to be significantly higher for experiments (49% and 36%) and simulations (67% and 52%) compared to expected values of 24% and 21%. A single experimental run in SMN generated the entire shear adhesion map highlighting the benefits of the SMN assay. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) gene delivery studies with a nanopolymeric based gene delivery system showed preferential GFP expression in the vicinity of bends and bifurcation of the microvascular networks. The developed SMN based microfluidic device will have critical applications both in basic research, where it can be used to characterize and develop next generation delivery vehicles, and in drug discovery, where it can be used to study the efficacy of the drug in these realistic microvascular networks.
Palantir: coordinating distributed workspaces (2003)

Distributed software development suffers from limited collaboration capabilities, as developers are unable to easily coordinate their efforts across physical boundaries. Different fields, such as CSCW and groupware, have attempted to bridge this gap, but few of the approaches developed so far have been incorporated in current software development environments. Configuration management (CM) systems are vital to any software development process, support distributed development, and are in widespread use. Unfortunately, they have only limited support for distributed collaboration. We describe Palantir, a system that is aimed at bringing collaborative capabilities to distributed development. Palantir builds upon existing CM systems to introduce project awareness to the developer workspace. In particular, Palantir supports close collaboration among developers by visualizing concurrent changes and showing, in real time, the severity and impact of those changes on the developer's workspace.
Mechanisms of Decomposition of Organochromium Compounds in the CVD Process. Cycloheptatriene Chromium Tricarbonyl (1975)

A general method for studying the decomposition of organometallic compounds in the low temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process is described. Gas chromatographic and mass spectral analyses have been used to identify volatile by‐products from CVD reactions and determine their relationship to deposit composition. The technique, in conjunction with 13C labeling experiments, has been used to determine the mechanism of decomposition of cycloheptatriene chromium tricarbonyl . pyrolyzes at temperatures > 300°C to give deposits containing mainly chromium and carbon with small amounts of oxygen present. Reactions involving the ligands, including disproportionation, make only minor contributions to deposit composition with the majority of deposited carbon (>85%) resulting from reactions involving the cycloheptatriene ring. The use of thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry to screen potential CVD compounds is described.
Risk factors for early metachronous tumor development after endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer (2017)

Non-elevated gross type and absence of synchronous gastric tumor were independent risk factors for early development of MGT. Meticulous endoscopic inspection is especially important for the detection of MGT during the early follow-up period in patients with these initial tumor characteristics.
Tribochemical Reactions of Stearic Acid on Copper Surface (1992)

The tribochemistry of stearic acid on copper was studied using a pin-on-disc apparatus under boundary lubrication condition. The wear of copper was reduced significantly by the presence of the stearic acid. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis suggests the formation of cupric stearate during the rubbing process. The reaction products were further confirmed to by Laser Raman spectroscopy. The characteristic Raman signals of cupric stearate at 1547, 623, 288, and 243 wavenumbers were detected. Static experiments at 160°C produced the same reaction products when compared to room temperature rubbing experiments. The tribochemical reaction is postulated to be initiated by the formation of a chemisorbed stearic acid on copper oxide surface. The adsorbed specie appears to be a monomer and is oriented approximately perpendicular to the surface. The native oxide film is necessary for the chemisorption to occur. Interaction of the surfaces converts the chemisorbed stearic acid into cupric stearate which forms a protective boundary lubricating film reducing wear.
A Variable Structure Approach to Robust Control of VTOL Aircraft (1982)

This paper examines the application of variable structure control theory to the design of a flight control system for the AV-8A Harrier in a hover mode. The objective in variable structure design is to confine the motion to a subspace of the total state space. The motion in this subspace is insensitive to system parameter variations and external disturbances that lie in the range space of the control. A switching type of control law results from the design procedure. The control system was designed to track a vector velocity command defined in the body frame. For comparison purposes, a proportional controller was designed using optimal linear regulator theory. Both control designs were first evaluated for transient response performance using a linearized model, then a nonlinear simulation study of a hovering approach to landing was conducted. Wind turbulence was modeled using a 1052 destroyer class air wake model.
Kinetic Modeling of the Release of Ethylene Oxide from Sterilized Plastic Containers and its Interaction with Monoclonal Antibodies (2016)

Ethylene oxide (ETO) is commonly used to sterilize plastic containers, but the effects of residual amounts left after sterilization on protein therapeutics are still not well understood. Here we focus primarily on the factors that influence concentrations of ETO migrating from ETO-treated plastic containers into aqueous solution. A study was designed to investigate the kinetics of this process at various temperatures, and the kinetic data could be fit with a model based on a combination of Fickean diffusion and first-order chemical reaction (to account for observed hydrolysis of ETO). The diffusion and reaction rate constants thus obtained obey Arrhenius-like temperature dependence. These results indicate that for analytical methods involving extraction into water, measurements of residual ETO in a container must account for the effects of ETO hydrolysis. Further, the effects of salt concentration and pH of the fluid in the container on accumulated ETO levels were explored. Finally, interactions of ETO with anti-streptavidin (AntiSA) Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 antibodies were studied, with ETO adducts found on all methionine residues when incubated in solutions spiked with ETO at concentrations that could be reached (based on the kinetic studies) in ETO-treated plastic vials. Overall, the likelihood of observable ETO-protein modifications upon storage in ETO-sterilized containers will depend on a complex interplay of protein properties, formulation details, storage conditions, and amount of residual ETO initially in the container. <i>LAY ABSTRACT:</i> Ethylene oxide (ETO) is commonly used to sterilize plastic containers, but the effects of residual amounts left after sterilization on protein therapeutics are still not well understood. Here we describe experiments exploring the factors that influence concentrations of ETO migrating from ETO-treated plastic containers into aqueous solution over time. Additionally, interactions of ETO with model antibodies were studied, with ETO adducts found on all methionine residues when incubated in solutions spiked with ETO at concentrations that could potentially be reached in ETO-treated plastic vials. Overall, the likelihood of observable ETO-protein modifications upon storage in ETO-sterilized containers will depend on a complex interplay of protein properties, formulation details, storage conditions, and amount of residual ETO initially in the container.
Localization of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor in human placenta and purification of an alternatively processed form. (1990)

Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) was purified to homogeneity from human term placenta, an organ characterized by extensive angiogenesis. N-terminal amino acid sequencing revealed that placental PD-ECGF was proteolytically processed at Thr-6, in contrast to PD-ECGF purified from human platelets, which is processed at Ala-11. The purified factor stimulated porcine aortic endothelial cells as well as two choriocarcinoma cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that PD-ECGF was present in the connective tissue cells of the placenta. The possibility that PD-ECGF is involved in the development of the placenta is discussed.
Stabilizing the structure of LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4via the formation of concentration-gradient hollow spheres with Fe-rich surfaces (2019)

LiMn<sub>x</sub>Fe<sub>1-x</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (LMFP) has attracted extensive interest owing to its high safety and appropriate redox potential. Nevertheless, its poor electrochemical kinetics and structural instability, depending on its manganese content, are still limiting its further application. Herein, we realize a concentration-gradient LiMn<sub>0.5</sub>Fe<sub>0.5</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> hollow sphere cathode material with a carbon coating (HCG-LMFP/C) by a facile and controllable two-step solvothermal approach. On the one hand, the porous hollow architecture can sustain excellent structural stabilization against the volume changes that occur during repeated Li<sup>+</sup> intercalation/deintercalation. On the other hand, the unique concentration-gradient structure with its Fe-rich surface can not only relieve interface deterioration and improve the ionic/electric conductivity due to the active nature of LiFePO<sub>4</sub>, but also guarantees the chemical stability of the LMFP against electrolyte attack and remarkably reduces Mn dissolution, even at elevated temperature. Therefore, the obtained concentration-gradient HCG-LMFP/C cathode shows improved high-rate performance (111 and 78 mA h g<sup>-1</sup> at 20 and 60C rates, respectively) and excellent capacity retention (96% after 1000 cycles at the 10C rate) as well as outstanding temperature tolerance (over a temperature range from 40 °C to -10 °C). More importantly, the present gradient strategy opens up a new window for designing high-performance and stable olivine cathodes, which could also be compatible with many other energy-storage materials for various applications.
Universal Singularities in the Integral Quantum Hall Effect (1988)

The transition between localized and extended eigenstates in the integral quantum Hall regime is observable as a scaling phenomenon in the magnetoresistance tensor as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field strength. Field-theoretic studies on the quantum Hall effect are used to derive the scaling functions. The scaling behavior is shown to involve only a single critical exponent ($\ensuremath{\mu}$) which is the ratio between the inelastic-scattering exponent ($p$) and twice the localization length exponent ($\ensuremath{\nu}$). The results have recently been confirmed experimentally.