gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Real-time observation and optimization of tungsten atomic layer deposition process cycle (2006)

In the search for a chemical sensing strategy to monitor atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes suitable for real-time application in wafer manufacturing, we have applied downstream mass spectrometry sampling to study process dynamics during ALD cycles for tungsten deposition from WF6 and SiH4. The ALD reactor has UHV cleanliness conditions and incorporated a minireactor chamber to simulate the small reaction volume anticipated for manufacturing tools to achieve adequate throughput. Mass spectrometry revealed essential surface reaction dynamics through real-time signals associated with by-product generation as well as reactant introduction and depletion for each ALD half-cycle. These were then used to optimize process cycle time and to study the effect of process recipe changes on film growth. The reaction by-products were clearly observed as H2 from SiH4 exposure and SiF4 from WF6 exposure. For each of the two half-cycles, rapid increase of by-product leds to steady-state adsorption/reaction conditions, following by by-product decrease and complementary reactant increase as surface saturation was achieved, indicating self-limiting surface reaction. From this direct observation of the surface reactions, exposure times could be minimized without sacrificing ALD growth rate per cycle, as verified experimentally. With gas flow parallel to the wafer surface in the minireactor, deviations from across-wafer uniformity were small when sufficient reactant doses were applied, but uniformity suffered markedly when doses were insufficient for surface saturation. Increasing WF6 concentration accelerated surface saturation as expected. Growth rates per cycle showed a notable temperature dependence, with small but noticeable activation energies (∼3kcal∕mol) consistent with previous reports. The effect of varying gas doses of one reactant while keeping the other constant suggests a complex interdependence between the half-cycles, in which the reactivity in one half-cycle is influenced by the prior dose achieved in the previous half-cycle.
Phased array theory and technology (1982)

This review of array antennas highlights those elements of theory and hardware that are a part of the present rapid technological growth. The growth and change in array antennas include increased emphasis on "special-purpose" array techniques such as conformal and printed circuit arrays, wide angle scanning arrays, techniques for limited sector coverage, and antennas with dramatically increased pattern control features such as low sidelobe, adaptively controlled patterns. These new topics have substantially replaced large radar arrays in the literature and constitute a major change in the technology. The paper presents a tutorial review of theoretical developments emphasizing techniques appropriate to finite arrays, but indicating parallel developments in infinite array theory, which has become the useful tool for analysis of large arrays. A brief review of the theory of ideal arrays is followed by a generalized formulation of array theory including mutual coupling effects, and is appropriate to finite or infinite arrays of arbitrary wire elements or apertures in the presence of a conducting ground screen. Some results of array tolerance theory are summarized from the literature and retained as reference throughout discussions of array component requirements and device tolerance for low sidelobe arrays. Examples from present technology include conformal and hemispherical coverage arrays, lightweight printed circuit arrays, systems for use with reflectors and lenses in limited sector coverage applications, and wide-band array techniques.
An Open Label Trial of Dextromethorphan in Huntingtonʼs Disease (1989)

Because of its interactions at N-methyl-D-aspartate and haloperidol specific sigma receptors, dextromethorphan may have symptomatic or protective effects in Huntington's Disease (HD). Escalating doses of dextromethorphan in 11 HD patients produced side effects of dysarthria, rash, and incoordination. At maximum doses, performance declined on a variety of measures of HD, including functional rating scales and quantitative exam scores, consistent with dose-related side effects. Windows of symptomatic benefit were not found. Serum levels of dextromethorphan and its metabolites, including the active compound dextrorphan, showed atypical relationships to dose and side effects, suggesting complex pharmacokinetics. Although not beneficial symptomatically, further trials of dextromethorphan as protective therapy in HD may be warranted.
SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Not the First, Not the Last (2021)

The common trait among the betacoronaviruses that emerged during the past two decades (the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-SARS-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus-MERS-CoV, and the recent SARS coronavirus 2-SARS-CoV-2) is their probable animal origin, all deriving from viruses present in bat species. Bats have arisen the attention of the scientific community as reservoir of emerging viruses, given their wide geographical distribution, their biological diversity (around 1400 species, 21 different families and over 200 genera), and their peculiar ecological and physiological characteristics which seem to facilitate them in harbouring a high viral diversity. Several human activities may enable the viral spill-over from bats to humans, such as deforestation, land-use changes, increased livestock grazing or intensive production of vegetal cultures. In addition, the globalization of trade and high global human mobility allow these viruses to be disseminated in few hours in many parts of the World. In order to avoid the emergence of new pandemic threats in the future we need to substantially change our global models of social and economic development, posing the conservation of biodiversity and the preservation of natural ecosystems as a pillar for the protection of global human health.
Reuters Tracer: Toward Automated News Production Using Large Scale Social Media Data (2017)

To deal with the sheer volume of information and gain competitive advantage, the news industry has started to explore and invest in news automation. In this paper, we present Reuters Tracer, a system that automates end-to-end news production using Twitter data. It is capable of detecting, classifying, annotating, and disseminating news in real time for Reuters journalists without manual intervention. In contrast to other similar systems, Tracer is topic and domain agnostic. It has a bottom-up approach to news detection, and does not rely on a predefined set of sources or subjects. Instead, it identifies emerging conversations from 12+ million tweets per day and selects those that are news-like. Then, it contextualizes each story by adding a summary and a topic to it, estimating its newsworthiness, veracity, novelty, and scope, and geotags it. Designing algorithms to generate news that meets the standards of Reuters journalists in accuracy and timeliness is quite challenging. But Tracer is able to achieve competitive precision, recall, timeliness, and veracity on news detection and delivery. In this paper, we reveal our key algorithm designs and evaluations that helped us achieve this goal, and lessons learned along the way.
Synthesis and transport properties of perovskite-like phases (Sr, Ba)4E2Nb2O11 ± δ (E = Mn, Cr, Cu) (2007)

Synthesis of (Sr, Ba)4Э2Nb2O11 ± δ where E = Mn, Cr, Cu and solid solution (Sr1−y Cuy)6 − 2x Nb2 + 2x O11 + 3x is performed. By measuring the overall conductance of some solid-solution compositions it is established that the conductance increases with the cubic-lattice parameter and concentration of oxygen vacancies. Values of the conductance in humid air at T < 700°C are shown to increase as compared with dry air. Mass spectrometry analysis confirms the possibility of water incorporation into the complex-oxide structure out of a gas phase. Complex certification of samples of the composition (Sr, Ba)4E2Nb2O11 where E = Mn, Cr, Cu is performed. It is established that the decrease in the overall electroconductance occurs in the series Sr4Mn2Nb2O11 > Ba4Mn2Nb2O11 > Sr4CrMnNb2O11 > Sr4Cu2Nb2O11. Investigation of the overall electroconductance in dry and moist atmospheres shows that the effect of humidity exerts no influence on the values of the overall electroconductance. The oxygen-ion constituent of conductance is determined by the Arzhannikov method and is also evaluated from a σ,pO2 dependence. It is established that the presence of an element with a variable oxidation degree for compositions of the type Sr4E2Nb2O11 leads to an increase in the contribution made by the electronic constituent. In so doing, the magnitude of the oxygen-ion conductance practically does not alter. Thermal and mass spectrometry analyses show that, for the Sr4E2Nb2O11 compositions where E = Mn, Cr, Cu, there occurs no water intercalation into structure, correspondingly, there is observed no appearance of a protonic constituent of conduction.
Experimental observation on the ultimate lateral capacity of vertical-batter screw pile under monotonic loading in cohesionless soil (2021)

1g model experimental studies were carried out in the laboratory to evaluate vertical performance with varying angles battered pile in dense sand. Relatively rigid piles with slenderness ratios 9 and 13.5 were undertaken in a sand-filled tank under strain-controlled lateral loading. The tank dimensions were designed so that boundary effects could be minimized and earth pressure measured using transducers at the front and bottom, and rear in each case. The relative density of 90% was achieved to simulate a more precise field condition in all test cases using the tamper compaction method. In order to determine the efficiency of the ultimate bearing capacity of screw pile configurations in lateral loading, the plate and pipe pile configurations were chosen for comparison. Totally 26 experimental cases were performed, which included vertical-batter combinations. The results indicated that the load-displacement characteristic was nonlinear under lateral loading. The case of 45 degree demonstrated higher ultimate lateral resistance.
Full Assignment of the 13C NMR Spectra of Regioregular Polypropylenes:  Methyl and Methylene Region (1997)

13C NMR spectroscopy is the main source of information on the stereochemistry of Ziegler−Natta and related transition metal catalyzed propene polymerizations. In simple cases, like those of polypropylenes formed under pure enantiomorphic-site or chain-end control, the origin of the stereoselectivity can be easily recognized from the steric pentad distribution obtained from routine 13C NMR spectra. On the other hand, the variety of innovative polymers that can now be prepared with “high-yield” heterogeneous and metallocene-based homogeneous catalysts under hybrid, multiple, or oscillating stereocontrol represent very complex systems, which are beyond the possibilities of configurational analysis by routine 13C NMR. In such cases, high-field 13C NMR can be highly advantageous. Indeed, in this paper we show that from the methyl and methylene regions of 150 MHz 13C NMR spectra of polypropylenes of various tacticities, the stereosequence distribution can be determined at a much finer level of detail, so as to obtain an adequate experimental basis for the investigation of the many complicated mechanisms of stereocontrol presently encountered in Ziegler−Natta catalysis.
A TXRF and Micro-Raman Spectrometric Reconstruction of Palettes for Distinguishing Between Scriptoria of Related Medieval Manuscripts (1998)

Assigning related medieval manuscripts to different workshops on the basis of codicological characteristics, is not straightforward. We present the first attempt to distinguish between scriptoria by means of a large-scale total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis of pigment elements and an identification of pigment molecules with micro-Raman spectroscopy. We analyzed 324 colored items in 10 medieval manuscripts, of which 7 are folio-sized illuminated manuscripts, all ordered by Raphael de Mercatellis in the late 15th and early 16th century. Palettes in miniatures were not yet examined. Blue palettes are exclusively azurite-based and are easily differentiated by means of the respective amounts of Ti, Ba, and As. Differences for green palettes are also pronounced. The green Cu-based pigment was not yet identified, but it certainly is not malachite or verdigris. Red pigments used are HgS, vermilion, and Pb3O4, red lead. The Flemish gold-leaf technique is used. The 7 Mercatellis manuscripts show two different palettes, both different from the non-Mercatellis manuscripts. The grouping of the Mercatellis manuscripts according to date and to palettes is, in general, consistent with a grouping on the basis of a classical codicological analysis, although some conflicting results are obtained. A quantitative and qualitative reconstruction of palettes by means of TXRF- and Raman-spectra, provides with a complimentary and objective tool for distinguishing between scriptoria.
From Tweets to Events: Exploring a Scalable Solution for Twitter Streams (2014)

The unprecedented use of social media through smartphones and other web-enabled mobile devices has enabled the rapid adoption of platforms like Twitter. Event detection has found many applications on the web, including breaking news identification and summarization. The recent increase in the usage of Twitter during crises has attracted researchers to focus on detecting events in tweets. However, current solutions have focused on static Twitter data. The necessity to detect events in a streaming environment during fast paced events such as a crisis presents new opportunities and challenges. In this paper, we investigate event detection in the context of real-time Twitter streams as observed in real-world crises. We highlight the key challenges in this problem: the informal nature of text, and the high volume and high velocity characteristics of Twitter streams. We present a novel approach to address these challenges using single-pass clustering and the compression distance to efficiently detect events in Twitter streams. Through experiments on large Twitter datasets, we demonstrate that the proposed framework is able to detect events in near real-time and can scale to large and noisy Twitter streams.
Parameters identification for scroll expander semi-empirical model by using genetic algorithm (2018)

Abstract In this paper a small Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) plant was tested under different operating conditions and by using refrigerants (R245fa) as working fluids. In particular, attention was posed towards the scroll expander of the power plant in order to identify experimental parameters to use in its predictive semi-empirical model. Experimental results obtained by imposing different operating conditions at the expander inlet section (i.e. temperature, pressure, mass flow rate) and different temperature at the condensation section, were used to validate the mathematical model. An in-house code (MatLab®/Scilab® based) using CoolProp® library for the accurate evaluation of fluid properties, was optimized by using a genetic algorithm implemented in modeFrontier® software. Thus, the validated model was used in predictive mode to evaluate the machine performances.
Short-term IL-15 priming leaves a long-lasting signalling imprint in mouse NK cells independently of a metabolic switch (2021)

IL-15 priming of NK cells is a broadly accepted concept, but the dynamics and underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We show that as little as 5 min of IL-15 treatment in vitro, followed by removal of excess cytokines, results in a long-lasting, but reversible, augmentation of NK cell responsiveness upon activating receptor cross-linking. In contrast to long-term stimulation, improved NK cell function after short-term IL-15 priming was not associated with enhanced metabolism but was based on the increased steady-state phosphorylation level of signalling molecules downstream of activating receptors. Inhibition of JAK3 eliminated this priming effect, suggesting a cross talk between the IL-15 receptor and ITAM-dependent activating receptors. Increased signalling molecule phosphorylation levels, calcium flux, and IFN-γ secretion lasted for up to 3 h after IL-15 stimulation before returning to baseline. We conclude that IL-15 rapidly and reversibly primes NK cell function by modulating activating receptor signalling. Our findings suggest a mechanism by which NK cell reactivity can potentially be maintained in vivo based on only brief encounters with IL-15 trans-presenting cells.
Identifying New Lignin Bioengineering Targets: Impact of Epicatechin, Quercetin Glycoside, and Gallate Derivatives on the Lignification and Fermentation of Maize Cell Walls (2012)

Apoplastic targeting of secondary metabolites compatible with monolignol polymerization may provide new avenues for designing lignins that are less inhibitory toward fiber fermentation. To identify suitable monolignol substitutes, primary maize cell walls were artificially lignified with normal monolignols plus various epicatechin, quercetin glycoside, and gallate derivatives added as 0 or 45% by weight of the precursor mixture. The flavonoids and gallates had variable effects on peroxidase activity, but all dropped lignification pH. Epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, epicatechin vanillate, epigallocatechin, galloylhyperin, and pentagalloylglucose formed wall-bound lignin at moderate to high concentrations, and their incorporation increased 48 h in vitro ruminal fiber fermentability by 20-33% relative to lignified controls. By contrast, ethyl gallate and corilagin severely depressed lignification and increased 48 h fermentability by about 50%. The results suggest several flavonoid and gallate derivatives are promising lignin bioengineering targets for improving the inherent fermentability of nonpretreated cell walls.
Transfer characteristics of headphones measured on human ears (1995)

For 14 headphones and 40 human subjects, transfer functions were measured from the voltage at the headphone terminals to the sound pressure at the entrance to the blocked ear canal. For all headphones the frequency responses were characterized by smooth fluctuations at low frequencies and rather individual high-Q resonances at high frequencies. Data were also obtained on the headphones' acoustical loading of the ear canal. The main objective of the investigation was an evaluation of the headphones as a means for the reproduction of binaural signals, but the transfer functions were also compared with design goals adequate for the reproduction of normal stereo recordings
Creating high-resolution bare-earth digital elevation models (DEMs) from stereo imagery in an area of densely vegetated deciduous forest using combinations of procedures designed for lidar point cloud filtering (2017)

For areas of the world that do not have access to lidar, fine-scale digital elevation models (DEMs) can be photogrammetrically created using globally available high-spatial resolution stereo satellite imagery. The resultant DEM is best termed a digital surface model (DSM) because it includes heights of surface features. In densely vegetated conditions, this inclusion can limit its usefulness in applications requiring a bare-earth DEM. This study explores the use of techniques designed for filtering lidar point clouds to mitigate the elevation artifacts caused by above ground features, within the context of a case study of Prince William Forest Park, Virginia, USA. The influences of land cover and leaf-on vs. leaf-off conditions are investigated, and the accuracy of the raw photogrammetric DSM extracted from leaf-on imagery was between that of a lidar bare-earth DEM and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission DEM. Although the filtered leaf-on photogrammetric DEM retains some artifacts of the vegetation canopy and may not be useful for some applications, filtering procedures significantly improved the accuracy of the modeled terrain. The accuracy of the DSM extracted in leaf-off conditions was comparable in most areas to the lidar bare-earth DEM and filtering procedures resulted in accuracy comparable of that to the lidar DEM.
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors: potential targets for inflammatory pain relief (1999)

We have shown previously that the development of hyperalgesia and inflammation associated with knee joint arthritis depends on interactions among various receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system in addition to the contribution of blood borne inflammatory mediators. In the present study, the involvement of spinal nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the modulation of inflammatory pain was evaluated using a model of acute arthritis in rats. Epibatidine (EP), a potent agonist for neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors sharing similar structural and functional characteristics with acetylcholine and nicotine, has been used in this study. The physiological effects of EP on pain-related behaviors and inflammation were tested after administration to the dorsal horn via a microdialysis fiber. Knee joint inflammation was induced in rats by injecting a mixture of kaolin and carrageenan into the knee joint. Paw withdrawal latency to radiant heat was measured before and at 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h after induction of inflammation. The decrease in PWL in this arthritis model is indicative of secondary hyperalgesia. The extent of peripheral inflammation was also assessed by measuring knee joint circumference and temperature. Treatment of the spinal cord of animals with EP prior to induction of arthritis attenuated the development of heat hyperalgesia and resulted in a significant improvement of the animals' spontaneous pain-related behaviors. More interestingly, the knee joint circumference and temperature of these animals were also significantly lower than those of the control animals when measured at 8 h. Likewise, spinal administration of epibatidine after the development of hyperalgesia not only significantly attenuated the decrease in PWL, but prevented further increases in knee joint swelling and temperature. The antinociceptive effect of epibatidine was selectively blocked by the nicotinic receptor antagonist, mecamylamine. Joint circumference and temperature were not selectively altered by mecamylamine suggesting another mechanism involving non-nicotinic receptors in the spinal regulation of joint inflammatory responses. Collectively, these findings provide considerable evidence to suggest an important role for central nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the modulation of persistent pain and neurogenic inflammation mediated by events in the dorsal horn.
Dynamic Computing in Memory (DCIM) in Resistive Crossbar Arrays (2018)

With Von-Neumann computing struggling to match the energy-efficiency of biological systems, there is pressing need to explore alternative computing models. Recent experimental studies have revealed that Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM) is promising alternative for DRAM. Resistive crossbar arrays possess many promising features that can not only enable high-density and low-power storage but also non Von-Neumann compute models. Most recent works focus on dot product operation with RRAM crossbar arrays, and therefore are not flexible to implement various logical functions. We propose a low-power dynamic computing in memory system which can implement various functions in Sum of Product (SOP) form in RRAM crossbar array architecture. We evaluate the proposed technique by performing simulation over wide range of MCNC benchmarks. Simulation results show 1.42X and 20X latency improvement as well as 2.6X and 12.6X power saving compared to static and MAGIC computing in memory methods.