gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Small Interfering RNAs and Their Chemical Synthesis (2002)

Improved protecting-group strategies are used in two successful methods for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides. The effective production of these compounds is of growing importance in the context of RNA interference, a phenomenon that is exploited for investigations into protein function.
Cyclic peptides (1986)

In order to investigate the role of the L‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutanoic acid residue at position 2 of AM‐toxin I (cyclic tetradepsipeptide) on necrotic activity for apple leaves, two analogs, [L‐lactic acid 2 ] AM‐toxin I and [L‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐methylpentanoic acid 2 ] AM‐toxin I, were synthesized by the conventional method for peptide synthesis. The toxic activity of the former analog was much weaker than that of the natural AM‐toxin I and the latter analog. CD spectra of AM‐toxin I and these analogs were correlated to those toxic activities, indicating that bulkiness of the side chain at position 2 is important for the maintenance of active conformation and the induction of necrotic activity.
Crystal and Molecular Structures of the Pentafluorosulfanyl Compounds, SF5X (X = ‐NC, ‐CN, ‐NCO, ‐NCS and ‐NCCl2) by X‐ray Diffraction at Low Temperature (2004)

Abstract A new method for the synthesis of the unstable pentafluorosulfanyl isocyanide from N ‐(pentafluorosulfanyl)(dichloromethanimine) was developed, thereby allowing for the study of its spectroscopic data. The structure of pentafluorosulfanyl isocyanide was determined by X‐ray crystallography at 113 K. The molecule possesses an almost linear S‐N‐C arrangement and an unexpectedly long S‐N bond. In addition, the structures of pentafluorosulfanyl cyanide, pentafluorosulfanyl isocyanate, pentafluorosulfanyl isothiocyanate, and N‐(pentafluorosulfanyl)(dichloro)methanimine were determined by single crystal X‐ray crystallography at low temperatures.
Abstract 4356: EphB4 as a novel therapeutic target for head-neck SCC. (2013)

Abstract Introduction: Receptor tyrosine kinase EphB4 and its cognate trans-membrane ligand EphrinB2 regulate venous-artery determination and are critically required for fusion of vein and arterial compartments, as well as vessel maturation in development and in pathological angiogenesis. Aberrant induction of EphB4 in certain tumors and pro-tumor cell survival function independent of its role in tumor angiogenesis have been reported. We have studied the expression and function of EphB4 in head neck squamous cell cancer. Methods: EphB4 expression in 78 freshly frozen head/neck squamous cell carcinoma tumor samples were studied by immunostaining, western blot analysis, gene copy number, and correlated with stage. Head/neck tumor cell lines also were studied for expression and significance of EphB4 expression on survival by knock down studies using EphB4 lentiviral shRNA. Inhibition of EphB4 activation using decoy soluble EphB4 receptor fused in frame at the C-terminus with human albumin (sEphB4-HSA) was evaluated for in vivo studies of human tumor xenografts. Results: EphB4 was expressed in all human tumor tissues, and the levels correlated directly with stage. High EphB4 also predicted shortened survival. EphB4 protein levels varied in tumor cell lines, and loss of cell viability with EphB4 shRNA knock down was highest in cell lines with highest EphB4 levels (range 25-78%). Tumor xenografts in sEphB4-HSA treated mice were reduced over 80% compared to the control PBS treatment. Tissue analysis revealed reduction in tumor vessel density, reduced recruitment of pericytes, and decreased perfusion of the tumor vessels. sEphB4-HSA treatment also decreased tumor tissue PI3K activity manifested by reduced phosphorylated AKT and S6 level. Tumor cell death by apoptosis was widespread consistent with combined anti-angiogenic activity and direct tumor cell toxicity. Conclusion: EphB4 receptor tyrosine kinase is highly expressed in head/neck squamous cell cancer. EphB4 provides survival signal to the tumor cells directly. Decoy EphB4 inhibitor sEphB4-HSA is highly potent in in vivo tumor xenograft models. sEphB4-HSA is thus a candidate for investigation in human trials and the clinical trials are underway. Citation Format: Ren Liu, Hai-yun Yen, Rizwan Masood, Uttam Sinha, Anthony El-Khoueiry, Stephen Liu, Barbara Gitlitz, Parkash S. Gill. EphB4 as a novel therapeutic target for head-neck SCC. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4356. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4356
Techniques for Two-Dimensional Gamma-Ray Scanning of Reactor Fuel Element Sections (1970)

Two-dimensional gamma scanning has been developed to supplement linear gamma scanning and microsampling in determining the spatial distributions of radioactive isotopes in reactor fuel elements. The techniques used in the twodimensional scanning are discussed. These include sample preparation, collimator design, spatial resolution, detector systems, data analysis, and data presentation. Examples of the type of results which can be expected from the techniques are given and future developments are discussed.
A thick-film coplanar probe for time domain measurements (1989)

The design, fabrication, and characterization of coplanar probes are presented. The probes are designed to work as launchers/adapters for performing wideband microwave measurements on planar geometry lines. The probes are made in the form of tapered coplanar lines, fabricated on alumina, teflon, and teflon-ceramic composite substrates. The time-domain reflectometry (TDR) technique was used to characterize the probes. Equivalent networks for the probes are developed using the modified transient circuit analysis program (MTCAP) by fitting a simulated TDR response to the measured TDR waveform and using a circuit simulation program (e.g. SPICE) to analyze the obtained equivalent network. The equivalent network of the probe thus obtained can then be used to de-embed the probe's contribution to a wideband microwave measurement, and thereby reducing measurement errors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Pathogenic Weight-Control Behaviors of Young Competitive Swimmers (1987)

In brief: To study the use of weight-modification techniques by young swimmers, data were collected from 487 girls and 468 boys, aged 9 to 18, at a competitive swimming camp. The survey revealed that (1) many young swimmers had misperceptions about their body weights, with girls particularly likely to misperceive themselves as overweight; (2) swimmers' decisions to lose or gain weight were based on their perceptions more than on their actual weights; (3) opinions of others strongly influenced swimmers' opinions of their own weights; and (4) 15.4% of the girls (24.8% of postmenarcheal girls) and 3.6% of the boys used pathogenic weight-loss techniques. The swimmers' concerns about weight seemed to be more related to societal influences than to the demands of their sport.
Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the murine epididymal retinoic acid-binding protein (mE-RABP) gene (1998)

The murine epididymal retinoic acid-binding protein (mE-RABP) is specifically synthesized in the mouse mid/distal caput epididymidis and secreted in the lumen. In this report, we have demonstrated by Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA that mE-RABP is encoded by a single-copy gene. A mouse 129/SvJ genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was screened using a cDNA encoding the minor form of mE-RABP. One positive BAC clone was characterized and sequenced to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire mE-RABP gene. The molecular cloning of the mE-RABP gene completes the characterization of the 20.5-kDa-predicted preprotein leading to the minor and major forms of mE-RABP. Comparison of the DNA sequence of the promoter and coding regions with that of the rat epididymal secretory protein I (ESP I) gene showed that the mE-RABP gene is the orthologue of the ESP I gene that encodes a rat epididymal retinoic acid-binding protein. Several regulatory elements, including a putative androgen receptor binding site, "CACCC-boxes," NF-1, Oct-1, and SP-1 recognition sites, are conserved in the proximal promoter. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the mE-RABP gene revealed the presence of seven exons and showed that the genomic organization is highly related to other genes encoding lipocalins. The mE-RABP gene was mapped by fluorescent in situ hybridization to the [A3-B] region of the murine chromosome 2. Our data, combined with that of others, suggest that the proximal segment of the mouse chromosome 2 may be a rich region for genes encoding lipocalins with a genomic organization highly related to the mE-RABP gene.
A robust transparent and anti-fingerprint superhydrophobic film (2013)

A thin film of polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers on the stainless steels with fluoro-thiol modification was prepared through an optimal polymerization time of aniline using HClO4 as a dopant, showing robust superhydrophobic, transparent and anti-fingerprint properties.
Improving Compositional Generalization with Self-Training for Data-to-Text Generation (2022)

Sanket Vaibhav Mehta, Jinfeng Rao, Yi Tay, Mihir Kale, Ankur Parikh, Emma Strubell. Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2022.
Advances in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS: editorial comment (1996)

Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Virology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 616 Children's Hospital, 1600 Seventh Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233-0011, USA.
Software-Defined Radio Technologies forGNSS Receivers: A Tutorial Approach to a SimpleDesign and Implementation (2011)

The field of satellite navigation has witnessed the advent of a number of new systems and technologies: after the landmark design and development of the Global Positioning System (GPS), a number of new independent Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) were or are being developed all over the world: Russia's GLONASS, Europe's GALILEO, and China's BEIDOU-2, to mention a few. In this ever-changing context, the availability of reliable and flexible receivers is becoming a priority for a host of applications, including research, commercial, civil, and military. Flexible means here both easily upgradeable for future needs and/or on-the-fly reprogrammable to adapt to different signal formats. An effective approach to meet these design goals is the software-defined radio (SDR) paradigm. In the last few years, the availability of new processors with high computational power enabled the development of (fully) software receivers whose performance is comparable to or better than that of conventional hardware devices, while providing all the advantages of a flexible and fully configurable architecture. The aim of this tutorial paper is surveying the issue of the general architecture and design rules of a GNSS software receiver, through a comprehensive discussion of some techniques and algorithms, typically applied in simple PC-based receiver implementations.
Possible Involvement of the Drug Transporters P Glycoprotein and Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein Mrp2 in Disposition of Azithromycin (2004)

P glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2), ATP-dependent membrane transporters, exist in a variety of normal tissues and play important roles in the disposition of various drugs. The present study seeks to clarify the contribution of P glycoprotein and/or Mrp2 to the disposition of azithromycin in rats. The disappearance of azithromycin from plasma after intravenous administration was significantly delayed in rats treated with intravenous injection of cyclosporine, a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, but was normal in rats pretreated with intraperitoneal injection erythromycin, a CYP3A4 inhibitor. When rats received an infusion of azithromycin, cyclosporine and probenecid, a validated Mrp2 inhibitor, significantly decreased the steady-state biliary clearance of azithromycin to 5 and 40% of the corresponding control values, respectively. However, both inhibitors did not alter the renal clearance of azithromycin, suggesting the lack of renal tubular secretion of azithromycin. Tissue distribution experiments showed that azithromycin is distributed largely into the liver, kidney, and lung, whereas both inhibitors did not alter the tissue-to-plasma concentration ratio of azithromycin. Significant reduction in the biliary excretion of azithromycin was observed in Eisai hyperbilirubinemic rats, which have a hereditary deficiency in Mrp2. An in situ closed-loop experiment showed that azithromycin was excreted from the blood into the gut lumen, and the intestinal clearance of azithromycin was significantly decreased by the presence of cyclosporine in the loop. These results suggest that azithromycin is a substrate for both P glycoprotein and Mrp2 and that the biliary and intestinal excretion of azithromycin is mediated via these two drug transporters.
Floc sensor prototype tested in the municipal wastewater treatment plant (2018)

A novel floc sensor prototype was tested in a Norwegian municipal wastewater treatment plant. The resulting images of flocs, captured using a specially designed software, were analysed by texture image analysis technique—grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). The results of image analysis were merged with the coagulation process measurement data—inlet and outlet wastewater parameters. The data based only on GLCM textural features resulted in 96.6% explained total variance by two principal components and distinguished two classes in the data—low and high outlet turbidity values. The predicted by partial least squares regression (PLSR) coagulant dosages precisely followed the reference dosages, explained Y total variance by 3 factors equals 91.8% for calibration and 77.9% for validation. Results of the studies indicate that the GLCM method and sensor prototype can be used for an improvement of coagulant dosage control. Tested sensor prototype gives a solid basis for development of the low-cost floc sensor.
Pretreatment of Corn Stover by Soaking in Aqueous Ammonia (2009)

Soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA) was investigated as a pretreatment method for corn stover. In this method, the feedstock was soaked in aqueous ammonia over an extended period (10-60 d) at room temperature. It was done without agitation at atmospheric pressure. SAA treatment removed 55-74% of the lignin, but retained nearly 100% of the glucan and 85% of the xylan. The xylan remaining in the corn stover after SAA treatment was hydrolyzed along with the glucan by xylanase present in the Spezyme CP enzyme. In the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) test of SAA-treated corn stover, using S. cerevisiae (D5A), an ethanol yield of 73% of theoretical maximum was obtained on the basis of the glucan content in the treated corn stover. The accumulation of xylose in the SSF appears to inhibit the cellulase activity on glucan hydrolysis, which limits the yield of ethanol. In the simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) test, using recombinant E. coli (KO11), both the glucan and xylose were effectively utilized, resulting in on overall ethanol yield of 77% based on the glucan and xylan content of the substrate. When the SSCF process is used, the fact that the xylan fraction is retained during pretreatment is a desirable feature since the overall bioconversion can be carried out in a single step without separate recovery of xylose from the pretreatment liquid.
Fibrinogen, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and outcomes in two United States cohorts (2012)

In the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities/Cardiovascular Health Studies cohort data, higher fibrinogen levels are predictors of mortality, COPD-related hospitalizations, and incident Stage 2 COPD.
Constructing hierarchically structured interphases for strong and tough epoxy nanocomposites by amine-rich graphene surfaces (2010)

The exquisite structure of natural materials manifests the importance of particle mobility and load transfer in developing advanced polymer nanocomposites; however, it is difficult to concurrently meet these two mutually exclusive requirements. To address this issue, we demonstrate an approach that constructs a hierarchical, flexible interphase structure in epoxy nanocomposites through a local amine-rich environment around graphene sheets (GNs) and volume exclusion effect of grafting chains. Long-chain aromatic amines, which are chemically similar to the curing agent, are covalently bonded on the surface of GNs by diazonium addition. They play multifold roles in the structure formation of epoxy composites, (1) promoting the exfoliation and molecular level dispersion of GNs in the matrix, (2) serving as a linker between GNs and epoxy networks for improved load transfer, (3) modulating the stoichiometric ratio around GNs to construct a hierarchical structure that can dissipate more strain energy during fracture. With the addition of 0.6 wt% amine-functionalized GNs, the resulting composite exhibits significant mechanical improvements, 93.8 and 91.5% increases in fracture toughness and flexural strength, respectively. This approach affords a novel design strategy for developing high-performance structural composites.
The first Au-nanoparticles catalyzed green synthesis of propargylamines via a three-component coupling reaction of aldehyde, alkyne and amine (2007)

Recyclable Au-nanoparticles provide an efficient, economic, novel route for multi component A3 coupling reaction of aldehyde, amine and alkyne. This method provides the wide range of substrate applicability. This protocol avoids the use of heavy metals, co-catalyst and gives the propargylamine in excellent yields.
Interaction between Dietary Methionine and Methyl Donor Intake on Rat Liver Betaine-homocysteine Methyltransferase Gene Expression and Organization of the Human Gene (1999)

We previously showed that rat liver betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) mRNA content and activity increased 4-fold when rats were fed a methionine-deficient diet containing adequate choline, compared with rats fed the same diet with control levels of methionine (Park, E. I., Renduchintala, M. S., and Garrow, T. A. (1997) J. Nutr. Biochem. 8, 541-545). A further 2-fold increase was observed in rats fed the methionine-deficient diet with supplemental betaine. The nutrition studies reported here were designed to determine whether other methyl donors would induce rat liver BHMT gene expression when added to a methionine-deficient diet and to define the relationship between the degree of methionine restriction and level of methyl donor intake on BHMT expression. Therefore, rats were fed amino acid-defined diets varying in methionine and methyl donor composition. The effect of diet on BHMT expression was evaluated using Northern, Western, and enzyme activity analyses. Similar to when betaine was added to a methionine-deficient diet, choline or sulfonium analogs of betaine induced BHMT expression. The diet-induced induction of hepatic BHMT activity was mediated by increases in the steady-state level of its mRNA and immunodetectable protein. Using methyl donor-free diets, we found that methionine restriction was required but alone not sufficient for the high induction of BHMT expression. Concomitant with methionine restriction, dietary methyl groups were required for high levels of BHMT induction, and a dose-dependent relationship was observed between methyl donor intake and BHMT induction. Furthermore, the severity of methionine restriction influenced the magnitude of BHMT induction. To study the molecular mechanisms that regulate the expression of BHMT, we have cloned the human BHMT gene. This gene spans about 20 kilobases of DNA and contains 8 exons and 7 introns. Using RNA isolated from human liver and hepatoma cells, a major transcriptional start site has been mapped using the 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique, and this start site is 26 nucleotides downstream from a putative TATA box.
Abstract 3075: The Chromosome 9p21 Risk Variant rs10757278 is Associated with Increased Arterial Stiffness (2008)

The hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) is an endocytic recycling receptor that mediates the endocytosis of desialylated glycoproteins. The human ASGP-R is composed of two homologous subunits, H1 and H2, and the cytoplasmic Cys residues in both subunits are palmitoylated. To study the effects of palmitoylation on ASGP-R activity and function, we generated four types of stably transfected cell lines in SK-Hep-1 hepatoma cells, expressing wild-type, or partially or completely palmitoylation-defective ASGP-Rs containing Cys-to-Ser mutations in either one or both subunits. Scatchard analysis showed that all four stable cell lines expressed a similar number of binding sites for asialo-orosomucoid, with comparable dissociation constants of approximately 1-3nM. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy indicated a normal distribution of the palmitoylation-defective H1 and H2 subunits compared to the wild-type. However, cell lines expressing palmitoylation-defective ASGP-Rs had markedly reduced rates of ligand uptake and degradation compared to cells expressing wild-type ASGP-Rs. We conclude that failure to palmitoylate Cys residues in either or both subunits of human ASGP-Rs results in very inefficient uptake and degradation of ligands.
A review of high performance ultra-wideband antenna array layout design (2014)

An overview of many of the new and powerful methods for generating ultra-wideband array layouts is given, focusing mainly on the contributions of the Computational Electromagnetics and Antennas Research Lab (CEARL) at Penn State. Evolutionary strategies and optimization algorithms are used exclusively with most of these design techniques, allowing for easy creation of arrays of various sizes and properties. These ultra-wideband array design methods span multiple dimensions, ranging from simple linear arrays to planar and volumetric types. A selection of design methods will be covered here along with example arrays, their performance, and suggested applications.
Learning Composable Behavior Embeddings for Long-Horizon Visual Navigation (2021)

Learning high-level navigation behaviors has important implications: it enables robots to build compact visual memory for repeating demonstrations and to build sparse topological maps for planning in novel environments. Existing approaches only learn discrete, short-horizon behaviors. These standalone behaviors usually assume a discrete action space with simple robot dynamics, thus they cannot capture the intricacy and complexity of real-world trajectories. To this end, we propose Composable Behavior Embedding (CBE), a continuous behavior representation for long-horizon visual navigation. CBE is learned in an end-to-end fashion; it effectively captures path geometry and is robust to unseen obstacles. We show that CBE can be used to performing memory-efficient path following and topological mapping, saving more than an order of magnitude of memory than behavior-less approaches.