gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stream sampling for variance-optimal estimation of subset sums (2009)

From a high volume stream of weighted items, we want to maintain a generic sample of a certain limited size k that we can later use to estimate the total weight of arbitrary subsets. This is the classic context of on-line reservoir sampling, thinking of the generic sample as a reservoir. We present an efficient reservoir sampling scheme, VarOptk, that dominates all previous schemes in terms of estimation quality. VarOptk provides variance optimal unbiased estimation of subset sums. More precisely, if we have seen n items of the stream, then for any subset size m, our scheme based on k samples minimizes the average variance over all subsets of size m. In fact, the optimality is against any off-line scheme with k samples tailored for the concrete set of items seen. In addition to optimal average variance, our scheme provides tighter worst-case bounds on the variance of particular subsets than previously possible. It is efficient, handling each new item of the stream in O(log k) time, which is optimal even on the word RAM. Finally, it is particularly well suited for combination of samples from different streams in a distributed setting.
Performance and Comparison of Lithium-Ion Batteries Under Low-Earth-Orbit Mission Profiles (2006)

The performance of two 28 V, 25 Ah lithium-ion batteries is being evaluated under low-Earth-orbit mission profiles for satellite and orbiter applications. The batteries are undergoing life testing and have achieved over 12,000 cycles to 40 percent depth-of-discharge.
Design of experiment and multi-criteria decision applied to concrete mixture with crushed brick and tile as aggregate (2014)

To study the impact of crushed clay brick and tile as aggregate on the properties of concrete for precast concrete products, a comprehensive testing program was conducted. Thereby, the Box-Behnken design of experiment was used with a view to the economic and time constraints. Properties of concrete are modelled as second- order functions using the response surface method based on 62 different concrete mixtures tested in their hardened state. Selection of acceptable concrete mixtures was made according to experimental results and mathematical models of required properties (density, compressive strength, tensile strength). Finally, optimal concrete mixture for precast concrete beam and block floor system was chosen according to a multi-criteria decision.
MR virtual colonography using hyperpolarized3He as an endoluminal contrast agent: Demonstration of feasibility (2000)

Hyperpolarized gas MR virtual colonography was performed in plastic phantoms and in the dog colon. (3)He was laser polarized in a prototype commercial system. 2D and 3D gradient echo sequences were used to image the noble gas-filled structures. The hyperpolarized (3)He within the plastic tube and colon lumen produced high signal, providing excellent contrast from the surrounding structures. The virtual colonoscopic analysis of the canine dataset allowed visualization of the colonic features and the colonic wall from inside the colon. (3)He colonoscopy is a novel technique to visualize the colon with MRI with the application of an inert gaseous endoluminal contrast agent.
Gas production and water quality analysis of agricultural biodigesters in Costa Rica (2006)

In developing countries, water pollution and access to energy resources are interrelated challenges that encompass issues of human health, environmental protection, and economic development. Anaerobic biodigesters utilize on-site animal waste to simultaneously reduce water pollutants and produce methane gas for cooking. Nine low-cost biodigesters, located on small-scale farms in the Limon Province of Costa Rica, were studied in order to determine wastewater treatment ability and methane production. The variability among wastewater at the seven biodigesters was also examined to determine the influence of wastewater differences on methane production. \n\nThe biodigesters consistently reduced organic matter and solids by 79% – 91%, and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) by 46%. Ammonium (NH4-N) increased by 43% during the digestion process, which increased the usefulness of the effluent as an organic fertilizer. Methane concentrations in the biogas averaged 65%. Through principle component analysis (PCA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, NH4-N, TKN, and pH were determined to be the most useful parameters to characterize the wastewater. There were significant variations between the wastewater influent and effluent concentrations, but these variations did not significantly influence the methane concentrations produced within each biodigester. The biodigester outflow concentrations exhibited less variation than the inflow concentrations, which suggests that these systems are robust to fluctuations in wastewater concentrations.
Optical interference in nonlinear photonic crystals (2007)

A model to analyze the interaction of the parametric fields being generated in a two-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal has been developed. The analysis provides details of the interference of the generated wave(s) both inside and in the region just outside the crystal. The results are verified by second-harmonic generation in a LiNbO3 crystal that has been poled with a tetragonal inverted domain structure.
Improving the Estimation of Fracture Length Using Resistivity and Borehole Image Logs (2020)

Abstract Understanding the geometry and distribution of subsurface fracture networks is essential for reservoir quality characterization, field production forecast, well placement optimization, and hydrocarbon recovery design. Estimating fracture properties with well data has long been a challenge, because wells only intercept a very small volume of rock, and hence have a high chance of under-sampling fracture networks. Among all the fracture properties, fracture length is one of the most difficult aspect to characterize, as the fracture planes are often truncated by wells. In practice, most fracture lengths are observed from outcrops, which may differ from the actual subsurface environment. Due to its close links to vertical and lateral connectivity within the reservoirs, fracture length could be a crucial factor in assessing the potential for hydrocarbon transport. Therefore, a reliable source for fracture length data would greatly reduce the high uncertainties associated with fractured reservoir characterization. In this study, we present a method that categorizes fracture length using laterolog-type resistivity and electrical borehole image logs, based on the different sensitivities of the two types of downhole measurements. In a well drilled with water-based mud, open fractures can get invaded and become electrically conductive, altering the responses of resistivity and imaging tools. While borehole imaging tools are capable of detecting many open fractures regardless of their length, resistivity tools are generally more sensitive to long fractures. Through numerical modeling and inversion, resistivity and borehole image can be processed to locate open fractures. By comparing the identified fractures from resistivity and borehole image in one well, one can separate the long fractures from the short ones. The method was tested on a horizontal well in a carbonate formation, where two fracture sets were originally identified. After a joint interpretation with resistivity and borehole image, one set of the fractures appeared to be consistently shorter than the other. Upon further analysis of the local stress regime, the shorter fractures were identified as drilling-induced fractures, which should not be incorporated in the modeling of natural fractures. The new results have improved the understanding of the regional fracture system, leading to a more accurate fracture network model. The presented method provides new information on the extensiveness of subsurface fractures, which is an essential input for fractured reservoir models. Geologists and engineers can leverage the results and focus on the longer fractures for modeling and simulations, as they are more likely to form effective paths for hydrocarbon flow. The case study has also shown the method could be used as a powerful tool to separate natural fractures from drilling-induced fractures, which may be extremely difficult to differentiate in high-angle or horizontal wells.
The GeForce 6800 (2005)

Graphics processing units (GPUs) continue to take on increasing computational workloads and support interactive rendering that approaches cinematic quality. The architectural drivers for GPUs are programmability, parallelism, bandwidth, and memory characteristics. This article describes how one team approached the design problem.
Kinetics of Formation of Gaseous Products in γ-Radiolysis of Mixtures Modeling Liquid Radioactive Waste (2020)

The kinetics of the formation of gaseous products and variation in the parameters of acidity (pH) and chemical oxygen consumption (COC) are studied in relation to the γ-radiolysis of aqueous solutions of mixtures of formic, oxalic, and nitric acid as the model system of radiolytic transformations of acid components of liquid radioactive waste. It is found that with an increase in the absorbed dose of γ-radiation, the acidity and the COC value both decrease because of the decrease in the concentration of organic acids in the mixture. The gaseous products CO2 and H2 were identified. Their concentrations increase nonlinearly with the absorbed dose. Radiation-chemical yields of H2 and CO2 are calculated. Using data from experiment and the literature on composition of liquid products of radiolysis of aqueous solutions of acids, kinetics of formation of gaseous products are studied using soft KINET (version 4.2.5).
Study Of Knowledge, Attitude And Behaviour Pattern On HIV/AIDS Among Medical Students (2003)

A survey of 200 students aged 18 to 23 years attending GGS Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot, assessed their sexual risk practices, AIDS- specific attitudes and beliefs, sexual relationship pattern and preferences and social characteristics. Overall, 39% of students were sexually experienced and these young people had on average, one sexual partner. Only 10% of sexually experienced students said they consistently used condom and 29% said they never did. Unprotected vaginal intercourse was the predominant and preferred sexual practice; it was also the practice that most often occurred with their last sexual partner. In all, 28% of students defined â€œsafer sexâ€ as condom use. Many young people believe that AIDS is a threat only to members of particular â€œrisk groupsâ€; relatively few believed that they could get AIDS (17%) or said that AIDS information had influenced their sexual behaviour (29% of those who were sexually experienced). Females were more likely than males to prefer having an exclusive partner and males were more likely to prefer having casual partners.
Analysis of Slurry-Coating Effectiveness of CL-20 Using Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (2003)

A grazing incidence X-ray diffraction technique was developed to characterize the effectiveness of the coating of the solid particles by the binder in energetic formulations and was used in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy, traditional wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and specific gravity measurements to probe the microstructure of PAX-12 granules. The grazing incidence X-ray technique was applied to granules formed upon slurry coating and indicated different X-ray scattering characteristics for high- and low-sensitivity granules, suggesting significant differences in the distribution of the binder at the surface of the granules. The granules were made by slurry-coating crystals of epsilon CL-20 with cellulose acetate butyrate, a binder, and bis-(2,2 dinitropropyl acetal/formal), a plasticizer. Granules with high sensitivity to impact and friction were shown to have an interior that was relatively porous and that consisted of uncoated CL-20 crystals. Their surface had regions with a thick layer of coating material and other regions of uncoated crystals. Granules that showed a low sensitivity to impact and friction had coated CL-20 crystals throughout their interior and on the surface.
Extracellular matrix promotes the growth and differentiation of murine hematopoietic cells in vitro. (1985)

We have developed a long-term culture system in which murine marrow cells are cultured on a complex extracellular matrix (ECM) that is derived from marrow and extracted with guanidine hydrochloride and dithiothreitol. Marrow cultures were established with fresh murine marrow cells and recharged at 2 wk (week 0). Phase microscopy showed a dramatically increased adherent cell layer development on ECM compared with controls within a week after recharge. By electron microscopy, this adherent layer was composed of numerous reticular cells apparently attached to the ECM which extended cytoplasmic projections to the surrounding hematopoietic cells. Adherent cellularity on ECM-coated dishes increased to 30 times the control values by week 2. Cumulative suspension cells on ECM dishes were eight times controls. ECM influenced both hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Adherent colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage and colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte were greater than 30 and 15 times the control values, respectively, by week 2 (P less than or equal to 0.05). There were more mature granulocytic and megakaryocytic cells in ECM-coated dishes than in controls at all time points. This new culture system directly demonstrates that ECM is an important component of the hematopoietic microenvironment.
Plasmon resonant amplification of hot electron-driven photocatalysis (2018)

We report plasmon resonant excitation of hot electrons in a metal based photocatalyst in the oxygen evolution half reaction in aqueous solution. Here, the photocatalyst consists of a 100-nm thick Au film deposited on a corrugated silicon substrate. In this configuration, hot electrons photoexcited in the metal are injected into the solution, ultimately reversing the water oxidation reaction (O2 + 4H+ + 4e− ⇋ 2H2O) and producing a photocurrent. In order to amplify this process, the gold electrode is patterned into a plasmon resonant grating structure with a pitch of 500 nm. The photocurrent (i.e., charge transfer rate) is measured as a function of incident angle using 633 nm wavelength light. We observe peaks in the photocurrent at incident angles of ±9° from normal when the light is polarized parallel to the incident plane (p-polarization) and perpendicular to the lines on the grating. Based on these peaks, we estimate an overall plasmonic gain (or amplification) factor of 2.1× in the charge transfer rate. At these same angles, we also observe sharp dips in the photoreflectance, corresponding to the condition when there is wavevector matching between the incident light and the plasmon mode in the grating. No angle dependence is observed in the photocurrent or photoreflectance when the incident light is polarized perpendicular to the incident plane (s-polarization) and parallel to the lines on the grating. Finite difference time domain simulations also predict sharp dips in the photoreflectance at ±9°, and the electric field intensity profiles show clear excitation of a plasmon-resonant mode when illuminated at those angles with p-polarized light.
Note on the cardinality difference between primes and twin primes and its impact on function x/ln(x) in prime number theorem (2018)

We provide a simple explanation and test that the emblematic function x/ln(x) in prime number theorem estimates roughly the prime-counting as 1 for each isolated primes and 1 for each twin primes, and not 2 for twins as it should be. By this reason, for a more proper counting the function (x/ln(x))[1+ln(x)-1] should replace x/ln(x) in the prime number theorem.
Modeling of metallized polymer films capacitor's impedance (2012)

Proper design of metallized films capacitors requires an understanding of all parasitic parameters sources and their impacts on circuit operation. This paper presents a modeling approach based on the Nyquist diagram to identify different parameters of metallized films capacitors, and build an equivalent electrical circuit. Two types of capacitors have been evaluated and compared to validate the resulting model.
Cathepsin S Alters the Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and MMP-9, Partially through Protease—Activated Receptor-2, in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells (2018)

Cathepsin S (CTSS) activity is increased in tears of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients. This elevated CTSS may contribute to ocular surface inflammation. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T cells) were treated with recombinant human CTSS at activity comparable to that in SS patient tears for 2, 4, 8, and 24 h. Acute CTSS significantly increased HCE-T cell gene and protein expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) from 2 to 4 h, while matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), CTSS, and protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) were increased by chronic CTSS (24 h). To investigate whether the increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteases were induced by CTSS activation of PAR-2, HCE-T cells were transfected with PAR-2 siRNA, reducing cellular PAR-2 by 45%. Cells with reduced PAR-2 expression showed significantly reduced release of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MMP-9 into culture medium in response to acute CTSS, while IL-6, TNF-α, and MMP-9 were reduced in culture medium, and IL-6 and MMP-9 in cell lysates, after chronic CTSS. Moreover, cells with reduced PAR-2 expression showed reduced ability of chronic CTSS to induce gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteases. CTSS activation of PAR-2 may represent a potential therapeutic target for amelioration of ocular surface inflammation in SS patients.
Prognostics Framework-UPDATE II (2002)

The "Prognostics Framework" is a generic software tool set with an open architecture capability to integrate various prognostic mechanisms, and to provide operational and logistic decision-making information. The Prognostics Framework is a horizontal technology and is user-tailorable to apply to any new or existing system. The overall approach will save time and money and is the fastest way for individual projects to converge on prognostics capabilities through manageable information for the system operators, the maintenance crew, and logistics planners. The Prognostic Framework, a system-level prognostic manager, ties-in to logistics infrastructure (e.g.: IETM, logistics planning, mission planning, statistical tools, spare parts provisioning). Prognostics Framework is integrated with embedded diagnostics to provide a total "Health Management" capability. This paper defines the Prognostics Framework architecture, design approach, and interface capabilities.
Light regulating metabolic responses of Cyanobium sp. (Cyanobacteria) (2020)

Cyanobacteria are an important group of microorganisms of significant economic interest due to, for ex-ample, the antioxidant capacity of their metabolites. Cyanobium sp. LEGE 06113 is a marine cyanobacterium poorly studied, but with promising future applications. The aim of this study was to optimize the light conditions (both source and irradiance) and nutrient (N and P) concentration for Cyanobium sp. production as a source of high-valued com-pounds. The optimization of the processing parameters was performed using two different light sources (fluorescent and low-pressure sodium lamp), four irradiances (50, 100, 200 and 300 µmol photons m– 2 s–1) and two variations of BG11 medium (BG11 and BG11+, with the second containing double amounts of phosphates and nitrates). The effects of the three factors were evaluated on the biomass production, photosynthetic activity, biochemical composition and antioxidant capacity. A synergistic effect between the light source, light intensity, and medium was observed for all measured parameters, with the greatest impact of light irradiance on the metabolism of Cyanobium sp. The combination of the SOX lamp, BG11+ medium, and a light irradiance of 200 µmol photons m– 2 s–1 was optimal for the cultivation of Cyanobium sp. This work reports the tools for the production of Cyanobium sp. as a source of high-value products, thus increasing its biotechnological potentials.
Arterial graft with elastic layer structure grown from cells (2017)

Shortage of autologous blood vessel sources and disadvantages of synthetic grafts have increased interest in the development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts. However, tunica media, which comprises layered elastic laminae, largely determines arterial elasticity, and is difficult to synthesize. Here, we describe a method for fabrication of arterial grafts with elastic layer structure from cultured human vascular SMCs by periodic exposure to extremely high hydrostatic pressure (HP) during repeated cell seeding. Repeated slow cycles (0.002 Hz) between 110 and 180 kPa increased stress-fiber polymerization and fibronectin fibrillogenesis on SMCs, which is required for elastic fiber formation. To fabricate arterial grafts, seeding of rat vascular SMCs and exposure to the periodic HP were repeated alternatively ten times. The obtained medial grafts were highly elastic and tensile rupture strength was 1451 ± 159 mmHg, in which elastic fibers were abundantly formed. The patch medial grafts were sutured at the rat aorta and found to be completely patent and endothelialized after 2.5 months, although tubular medial constructs implanted in rats as interpositional aortic grafts withstood arterial blood pressure only in early acute phase. This novel organized self-assembly method would enable mass production of scaffold-free arterial grafts in vitro and have potential therapeutic applications for cardiovascular diseases.
Enzyme‐Assisted Synthesis of Titania under Ambient Conditions (2008)

A low‐temperature procedure for the synthesis of TiO 2 was developed using a water‐soluble titanium complex and enzymes. Titanium–lactate and titanium–glycolate complexes were used as precursors of TiO 2 . Digestive enzymes were chosen as biocatalysts for the synthesis of TiO 2 in aqueous solutions. TiO 2 powders were deposited from reaction solutions having optimal pH values for the enzymes to exhibit their catalytic activities for their original substrates. TiO 2 has been synthesized by an enzymatic reaction in an aqueous solution under ambient conditions. The XRD measurements indicated that TiO 2 powders thus obtained usually have an amorphous phase. However, after calcination at 550°C, the anatase phase was confirmed. Interestingly, the minor phase of TiO 2 , brookite, was found in the sample obtained from the titanium–glycolate complex catalyzed by lipase at pH 10 after calcination at 550°C.
A mesoporous bioactive glass/polycaprolactone composite scaffold and its bioactivity behavior (2007)

Composite scaffolds of mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG)/polycaprolactone (PCL) and conventional bioactive glass (BG)/PCL were fabricated by a solvent casting-particulate leaching method, and the structure and properties of the composite scaffolds were characterized. The measurements of the water contact angles suggest that the incorporation of either MBG or BG into PCL can improve the hydrophilicity of the composites, and the former is more effective than the later. The bioactivity of the composite scaffold is evaluated by soaking the scaffolds in a simulated body fluid (SBF) and the results show that the MBG/PCL composite scaffolds can induce a dense and continuous layer of apatite after soaking in SBF for 3 weeks, as compared with the scattered and discrete apatite particles on the BG/PCL composite scaffolds. Such improvements (improvements of the hydrophilicity and apatite forming ability) should be helpful for the extensive applications of PCL scaffold in tissue engineering.