gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of Rational Practice and Technical Advances for Optimizing Radiation Dose for Chest CT (2004)

Though clinical benefits of CT exceed the adverse effects of radiation, the increasing use of CT has raised a compelling case for reducing radiation exposure. This controversy has been compounded by the sheer magnitude of CT examinations being performed annually, alleged overuse, and inappropriate selection of optimum scanning parameters, all of which expose the patient population to increased radiation exposure. Recommended clinical strategies for radiation dose optimization include optimization of scanning parameters and creating awareness and adopting guidelines for legitimate indications for CT scanning to avoid overuse and hence, the associated over-exposure. Whereas technological advances have increased the applications of the modality, it is also assisting in development of promising techniques to reduce associated radiation exposure, while maintaining "optimum image quality" needed to make a confident diagnosis. The present pictorial essay describes the fundamentals of CT radiation exposure and need for CT radiation dose reduction on the basis of documented scanning practices and technological advances.
Identification of new biomarkers for sarcopenia and characterization of cathepsin D biomarker (2021)

Abstract Background Sarcopenia is the progressive generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function that occurs with aging. This study was undertaken to identify new biomarkers of sarcopenia by proteomics analysis of female sera. Methods A case–control study was set up, for which 19 sarcopenic subjects and 20 control subjects, according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia Older People criteria published in 2010 (EWGSOP1), were enrolled. All the subjects were at least 65 years old and in majority female. Biomarker screening was performed by a comparative mass spectrometry analysis. Protein expression levels between the two groups were compared. One of the identified biomarkers, cathepsin D, was measured by immunoassay on the serum of the full sample set ( n = 39). Its diagnostic performance was evaluated with a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve). Results Two biomarkers were identified: fructose‐biphosphate aldolase A ( P ≤ 0.05) and cathepsin D ( P ≤ 0.05). The levels of all of them were higher in sarcopenic patients. It was confirmed by immunoassay that cathepsin D levels in serum were significantly higher in the sarcopenic group of patients ( P = 0.038). An inverse correlation (−0.385) was observed between cathepsin D levels in serum and gait speed. The area under the ROC curve measurement (AUC = 0.696) demonstrated that cathepsin D levels could discriminate between sarcopenic and non‐sarcopenic subjects. A predictive model including cathepsin D, age, and body mass index was established to improve the diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.908). Conclusions Cathepsin D has been identified as a diagnostic biomarker of sarcopenia.
The MIT Short-Wavelength Laser Project: A Status Report (1990)

The goal of the MIT Short-Wavelength Laser Project is to develop a small-scale, high repetition rate, EUV laser suitable for practical applications. The present report summarizes recent progress in this effort, both experimental and theoretical. Our experimental work has dealt with development of the pump laser, design of the target chamber and the associated target alignment system, investigation of short-wavelength laser cavities, and design of appropriate EUV diagnostics. Our theoretical work has included a study of the kinetics of transiently pumped laser plasmas, the development of efficient numerical algorithms applicable to laser-plasma rate equations, an investigation of frequency mixing in the EUV, and an analysis of x-ray detection using GaAs quantum-well structures.
A Micro Heat Exchanger with Integrated Heaters and Thermometers (2000)

Two-phase microchannel flow has the potential to remove large heat fluxes from high-performance integrated circuits. More research must study the behavior of microchannel heat exchangers, in particular the impact of small dimensions on bubble formation and the critical heat flux. This work develops microchannel test devices with integrated heaters and thermometers for studying single and two-phase convection. Fabrication techniques include DRIE and silicon-glass anodic bonding. DRIE is used to fabricate rectangular microchannels with a hydraulic diameter less than 100 iurn in silicon chips. These devices include integrated semiconductor heaters and thermometers and are enabling detailed experiments on single and two-phase forced convective heat removal from microchannels. The heat exchangers remove 25 W from 2 cm* area with approximately 50 C average chip temperature rise using 5 mlimin of DI water, which remains in the liquid state. We observe water boiling in microchannels with a hydraulic diameter of 55 ,LKI-I and a resulting transient temperature fluctuation in the microchannel system. Future work is leveraging and optimizing this experimental structure for imaging bubble formation and for studying the critical heat flux.
Gene Therapy for Pediatric Cancer: State of the Art and Future Perspectives (2003)

While modern treatments have led to a dramatic improvement in survival for pediatric malignancy, toxicities are high and a significant proportion of patients remain resistant. Gene transfer offers the prospect of highly specific therapies for childhood cancer. "Corrective" genes may be transferred to overcome the genetic abnormalities present in the precancerous cell. Alternatively, genes can be introduced to render the malignant cell sensitive to therapeutic drugs. The tumor can also be attacked by decreasing its blood supply with genes that inhibit vascular growth. Another possible approach is to modify normal tissues with genes that make them more resistant to conventional drugs and/or radiation, thereby increasing the therapeutic index. Finally, it may be possible to attack the tumor indirectly by using genes that modify the behavior of the immune system, either by making the tumor more immunogenic, or by rendering host effector cells more efficient. Several gene therapy applications have already been reported for pediatric cancer patients in preliminary Phase 1 studies. Although no major clinical success has yet been achieved, improvements in gene delivery technologies and a better understanding of mechanisms of tumor progression and immune escape have opened new perspectives for the cure of pediatric cancer by combining gene therapy with standard therapeutic available treatments.
Morphological communication: exploiting coupled dynamics in a complex mechanical structure to achieve locomotion (2009)

Traditional engineering approaches strive to avoid, or actively suppress, nonlinear dynamic coupling among components. Biological systems, in contrast, are often rife with these dynamics. Could there be, in some cases, a benefit to high degrees of dynamical coupling? Here we present a distributed robotic control scheme inspired by the biological phenomenon of tensegrity-based mechanotransduction. This emergence of morphology-as-information-conduit or 'morphological communication', enabled by time-sensitive spiking neural networks, presents a new paradigm for the decentralized control of large, coupled, modular systems. These results significantly bolster, both in magnitude and in form, the idea of morphological computation in robotic control. Furthermore, they lend further credence to ideas of embodied anatomical computation in biological systems, on scales ranging from cellular structures up to the tendinous networks of the human hand.
Automatically characterizing large scale program behavior (2002)

Understanding program behavior is at the foundation of computer architecture and program optimization. Many programs have wildly different behavior on even the very largest of scales (over the complete execution of the program). This realization has ramifications for many architectural and compiler techniques, from thread scheduling, to feedback directed optimizations, to the way programs are simulated. However, in order to take advantage of time-varying behavior, we must first develop the analytical tools necessary to automatically and efficiently analyze program behavior over large sections of execution.Our goal is to develop automatic techniques that are capable of finding and exploiting the Large Scale Behavior of programs (behavior seen over billions of instructions). The first step towards this goal is the development of a hardware independent metric that can concisely summarize the behavior of an arbitrary section of execution in a program. To this end we examine the use of Basic Block Vectors. We quantify the effectiveness of Basic Block Vectors in capturing program behavior across several different architectural metrics, explore the large scale behavior of several programs, and develop a set of algorithms based on clustering capable of analyzing this behavior. We then demonstrate an application of this technology to automatically determine where to simulate for a program to help guide computer architecture research.
Chronic Poisoning against Machine Learning Based IDSs Using Edge Pattern Detection (2018)

In big data era, machine learning is one of fundamental techniques in intrusion detection systems (IDSs). Poisoning attack, which is one of the most recognized security threats towards machine learning- based IDSs, injects some adversarial samples into the training phase, inducing data drifting of training data and a significant performance decrease of target IDSs over testing data. In this paper, we adopt the Edge Pattern Detection (EPD) algorithm to design a novel poisoning method that attack against several machine learning algorithms used in IDSs. Specifically, we propose a boundary pattern detection algorithm to efficiently generate the points that are near to abnormal data but considered to be normal ones by current classifiers. Then, we introduce a Batch-EPD Boundary Pattern (BEBP) detection algorithm to overcome the limitation of the number of edge pattern points generated by EPD and to obtain more useful adversarial samples. Based on BEBP, we further present a moderate but effective poisoning method called chronic poisoning attack. Extensive experiments on synthetic and three real network data sets demonstrate the performance of the proposed poisoning method against several well-known machine learning algorithms and a practical intrusion detection method named FMIFS-LSSVM-IDS.
Effects of recombinant ovine leptin on in vitro lipolysis and lipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue from lactating and nonlactating sheep. (2001)

Direct effects of recombinant ovine leptin on adipose metabolism in sheep were investigated. Lipolytic and lipogenic rates were assessed following preincubation of subcutaneous adipose tissue explants with recombinant ovine leptin. Leptin had no consistent effect on the basal (unstimulated) lipolytic rate in adipose tissue from wethers. Lipolytic rate measured in the presence of combinations of adenosine deaminase, isoprenaline, and N6-phenylisopropyl adenosine was unaffected by pretreatment with leptin. In lactating ewes, there was no relationship between increasing concentrations of leptin and basal lipolytic rate. Leptin had no effect on basal (unstimulated) lipogenesis, or on insulin-stimulation or growth hormone inhibition of lipogenesis in adipose tissue from wethers. Lipogenesis in adipose tissue from lactating ewes was also unaffected by preincubation with leptin; however, at supraphysiological concentrations of leptin, there was a small reduction in the rate of insulin-stimulated lipogenesis. Leptin failed to induce phosphorylation of the signal transducers and activators of transcription, STAT 3 and STAT 5, in sheep adipocytes. These results suggest that leptin does not have a direct physiological effect on subcutaneous adipose tissue metabolism in sheep.
DNA Assembler Method for Construction of Zeaxanthin-Producing Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2012)

DNA assembler enables design and rapid construction of biochemical pathways in a one-step fashion by exploitation of the in vivo homologous recombination mechanism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has many applications in pathway engineering, metabolic engineering, combinatorial biology, and synthetic biology. Here we use the zeaxanthin biosynthetic pathway as an example to describe the key steps in the construction of pathways containing multiple genes using the DNA assembler approach. Methods for the construction of the clones, S. cerevisiae transformation, and zeaxanthin production and detection are shown.
Synthesis of Fmoc-Pro-Hyp(TBDPS)-Gly-OH and Its Application as a Versatile Building Block for the Preparation of Collagen Model Peptides (2008)

The efficient synthesis of the tripeptidic building block Fmoc-Pro-Hyp(TBDPS)-Gly-OH and its application for the preparation of collagen model peptides (CMPs) has been achieved. The silyl ether protecting group prevents undesired side reactions during the CMP synthesis thereby facilitating purification and allowing for selective deprotection of the hydroxyproline residue without affecting the solid-supported CMP.
Cy3-RgIA-5727 Labels and Inhibits α9-Containing nAChRs of Cochlear Hair Cells (2021)

Efferent cholinergic neurons inhibit sensory hair cells of the vertebrate inner ear through the combined action of calcium-permeable α9α10-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and associated calcium-dependent potassium channels. The venom of cone snails is a rich repository of bioactive peptides, many with channel blocking activities. The conopeptide analog, RgIA-5474, is a specific and potent antagonist of α9α10-containing nAChRs. We added an alkyl functional group to the N-terminus of the RgIA-5474, to enable click chemistry addition of the fluorescent cyanine dye, Cy3. The resulting peptide, Cy3-RgIA-5727, potently blocked mouse α9α10 nAChRs expressed in <i>Xenopus</i> oocytes (IC<sub>50</sub> 23 pM), with 290-fold less activity on α7 nAChRs and 40,000-fold less activity on all other tested nAChR subtypes. The tight binding of Cy3-RgIA-5727 provided robust visualization of hair cell nAChRs juxtaposed to cholinergic efferent terminals in excised, unfixed cochlear tissue from mice. Presumptive postsynaptic sites on outer hair cells (OHCs) were labeled, but absent from inner hair cells (IHCs) and from OHCs in cochlear tissue from α9-null mice and in cochlear tissue pre-incubated with non-Cy3-conjugated RgIA-5474. In cochlear tissue from younger (postnatal day 10) mice, Cy3-RgIA-5727 also labeled IHCs, corresponding to transient efferent innervation at that age. Cy3 puncta in Kölliker's organ remained in the α9-null tissue. Pre-exposure with non-Cy3-conjugated RgIA-5474 or bovine serum albumin reduced this non-specific labeling to variable extents in different preparations. Cy3-RgIA-5727 and RgIA-5474 blocked the native hair cell nAChRs, within the constraints of application to the excised cochlear tissue. Cy3-RgIA-5727 or RgIA-5474 block of efferent synaptic currents in young IHCs was not relieved after 50 min washing, so effectively irreversible.
Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 2010 (2009)

The proceedings of the International Conference on Dialysis, organized by the Renal Research Institute, New York, are published annually in BLOOD PURIFICATION. Among the topics discussed in the current volume are the potential of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for tissue protection; treatment of hypertension in dialysis patients; the potential r
Comparison of paired-end and single sequences for two platforms (Illumina MiSeq vs. Ion Torrent PGM) and 30 mitogenomes. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;Number of contigs overlapping more than X% against number of mitogenomes. Overlap % calculated against an average mitogenome size (16400 bp).&lt;/p&gt;
Classical coherent two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy (2018)

Two-dimensional (2D) ultrafast spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying the electronic and vibrational structures of complex systems. Unfortunately, the physical interpretation of these experiments is obscured by conceptual problems in classical response theory, i.e., the divergence of classical nonlinear response functions. We demonstrate that these difficulties are avoided by modeling classical 2D experiments nonperturbatively, illustrating that nonlinear spectroscopy and nonlinear response are not synonymous. Numerical simulations allow a direct comparison between classical and quantum 2D spectra for simple, weakly anharmonic systems relevant to vibrational spectroscopy. We find that nonperturbative classical theory-although differing in quantitative details-accurately captures the key qualitative features of the quantum 2D spectrum, including the separation of the signal into wavevector-selected pathways, formation of cross peaks between coupled vibrational modes, and coherent beating in the signal as a function of waiting time (so-called "quantum beats"). These results are discussed in terms of a simple analytical model which captures the key physical features of classical 2D spectroscopy and provides a link between classical and quantum descriptions. One interesting conclusion from this comparison is that the "coherence" observed in ultrafast spectroscopy may (at least in vibrational experiments) be understood as a purely classical phenomenon, without reference to quantum mechanics.
Preparative Synthesis of the Key Intermediate, (4R,5R)‐3‐Benzyloxymethyl‐4,5‐isopropylidenedioxycyclopent‐2‐enone for Carbocyclic Nucleosides. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Interfacial protein networks and their impact on droplet breakup (2003)

Abstract Conventional theories for predicting droplet disruption are based on a dimensionless capillary number and fail when a protein emulsifier is present at moderate concentration. In this study, droplet disruption is examined in simple shear and, in parallel, novel equipment is used to define conditions under which an interfacial stress‐transmitting protein network forms at an oil/water interface. Capillary number predictions fail when a rigid interfacial protein network forms. Complete stress‐strain curves, to high material deformation, are presented for these networks. This work demonstrates that droplets destabilized by interfacially adsorbed protein should be viewed as deformable capsules or cells surrounded by a stress‐transmitting network. Deformation and disruption could then be predicted by existing theories for such systems, using the constitutive data provided by the stress‐strain tests. Such an approach is expected to be superior to existing methods based solely on interfacial energy.
Expandable Tubular Solutions (1999)

Abstract Two challenges facing operators as the energy industry moves into the next century are accessing of new reservoirs that currently cannot be reached economically and maintaining profitable production from older fields. Recent advances in one of the oldest and most fundamental areas of exploration and production, namely tubular technology, will play a key role in meeting these challenges. A method has been developed whereby the diameter of solid tubulars can be expanded downhole. This paper will describe the process and how this significant technological breakthrough provides cost-effective solutions to several tubular problems that have loomed as obstacles to comprehensive reservoir exploitation. In deepwater and subsalt environments such as the Gulf of Mexico, the ability to expand casing and tubing in-situ enables hole-size maintenance and conservation of internal tubular diameter for increased efficiency. Hence, operators are less likely to run out of hole diameter before evaluating all pay zones. Operators can now use smaller holes to drill deeper vertical wells or to extend the reach of deviated wells to access untapped reservoirs. In older fields, existing wellbores can be retrofitted with expanded tubulars for repair purposes or to increase strength and integrity. In the latter case, deeper high-pressure objectives can be supported, and thus, new in-fill wells can possibly be reduced in number or even eliminated. In addition to a description of the process employed to expand solid tubulars, the paper will present applications of expandable tubular technology and results of large-scale testing that has been conducted in support of the applications. Potential commercial applications are also presented.
Studies in longstanding ulcerative colitis with special reference to malignant transformation of the colorectal mucosa. (1989)

The risk of colorectal carcinoma was estimated retrospectively in a cohort of patients with ulcerative colitis from three defined geographical areas (West Midlands and Oxford regions, England and Stockholm County, Sweden). The cohort consisted of 824 primary referral patients with a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis established within five years from onset of symptoms between 1945-1965. All patients were 15 years of age or more at onset and they were followed for a minimum of 17 years and a maximum of 38 years. There was an eight-fold risk of developing colorectal cancer in the series as a whole, relative to that of the general population. In extensive colitis the risk was nineteen-fold. The cumulative risk of developing cancer in extensive colitis was 12% after 25 years of disease duration. No significant effects of the cancer risk for age at onset, sex or referral centre were detected. Abnormal, aneuploid DNA-content of cell nuclei in colorectal mucosal biopsies was found in five out of 53 patients with longstanding, total ulcerative colitis in a prospective study using flow cytometric DNA-analyses. Findings of DNA-aneuploidy were found at repeated examinations in four of these patients and there was a correlation with precancerous, mucosal changes (dysplasia) found at histological examination. In one patient DNA-aneuploidy preceded the finding of a carcinoma (Dukes' A) in the colon. Microspectrophotometry of imprint preparations from mucosal biopsies was compared to flow cytometry for detection of nuclear DNA-aneuploidy in seven patients with ulcerative colitis in a prospective study. DNA-aneuploidy was detected in five patients in eight separate locations of the colon and rectum. There was a good conformity between the two methods in the detection of DNA-aneuploidy, which was detected in non-dysplastic mucosa as well as in association with dysplasia. In a fifteen year follow-up surveillance program, comprising 72 patients with total ulcerative colitis, colonoscopy was performed at fixed intervals and biopsies sampled from ten predetermined locations in the colon and rectum. Definite dysplasia developed in 12 patients, two of which had carcinoma (Dukes' A). Nine patients were selected for prophylactic colectomy due to findings of dysplasia. A sequential development of dysplasia was found in seven patients. The cumulative risk of developing at least low grade dysplasia was 14% after 25 years of disease duration. Using flow cytometry, DNA-aneuploidy was detected in 12 out of 59 patients, significantly correlating with low and high grade dysplasia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Digitalisierung industrieller Arbeit (2019)

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden empirische und konzeptionelle Forschungsergebnisse zu den Konsequenzen einer Industrie 4.0 für Arbeit und Qualifikation zusammengefasst. Empirisch wird von verschiedenen Entwicklungsszenarien von Arbeit ausgegangen. Diese zeigen, dass es keine eindeutigen, deterministisch ableitbaren sozialen Effekte der neuen Technologien gibt. Daher wird Industrie 4.0 als Gestaltungsprojekt verstanden, das konzeptionell auf dem Ansatz des sozio-technischen Systems basiert. Zentrales Ziel dieses Ansatzes ist es, sowohl effiziente als auch qualifikationsorientierte Formen digitaler Arbeit zu realisieren. Davon ausgehend werden die zentralen Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten für die Realisation solcher Arbeitsformen aufgezeigt.