gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential surface plasmon resonance sensor for the detection of chemicals and biochemicals (2012)

Abstract. Surface plasmon resonance is one the most common optical sensing techniques for the detection of chemicals and biochemicals, although still mainly confined to lab applications. Typically, these sensors are made by a thin gold layer deposited on a glass prism or on an optical fiber similar to those used in telecom applications. Key advantages of this technique are the possibility to specifically detect different chemicals through functionalization of the metal surface and the high sensitivity, although the latter may turn into a weakness in long term monitoring applications due to cross-sensitivity to parasitic effects. To overcome this limitation the paper proposes a novel sensor implementation with a cascaded double sensing area, particularly suited for long term monitoring of pollutant since one sensing area is actually used to detect the desired molecules, while the other for compensating drifts due to fluctuations, misalignments and temperature variations. The paper addresses mainly the prism-based implementation, but the proposed configuration is suited also for an all-fiber approach. Examples of practical implementation of the proposed techniques are given, evidencing an accuracy improvement of more than an order of magnitude.
Characterization of line-edge roughness in photoresist using an image fading technique (2004)

A technique was developed to investigate the role of aerial image contrast and image-log-slope (ILS) on the resulting magnitude of line edge roughness (LER) in resist with the goal of determining if the minimization of LER in current state-of-the-art, chemically amplified resist materials was limited by the quality of the projected aerial image or the materials and processing of the resist. The process of image fading was employed as the vehicle for controlled aerial image degradation. By reducing the quality of the aerial image through fading, the image contrast and ILS were decreased in a well-controlled and predictable manner, resulting in increased magnitude of LER. The link between experiment and simulation was made possible by the identification of the iso-fading condition, which in analogy to the iso-focal dose, results in a unique exposure dose for which the critical dimension (CD) of a resist feature does not change with increasing levels of fading. At the iso-fading condition, experimentally measured values for LER were analyzed as a function of the contrast and ILS of the aerial image used for patterning. It was determined that contrast was a poor predictor of the magnitude of LER though variations in feature type or illumination. The change in LER as a function of the ILS, however, produced a common basis for the comparison of LER through variations in line width, pitch, fading, increased background level of light, and illumination conditions. To include the effects of exposure dose on the resulting LER of resist features, the experimentally measured analog of the ILS, the resist edge-log-slope (RELS), was also used to produce a common curve for the evaluation of resist LER. Although overexposure can be used to further increase the ILS of the aerial image at the edge of the printed feature, the magnitude of 3&#963; LER in PAR735 resist appeared to be limited to a value of approximately 5.0nm in the limit of infinite RELS. This suggested that while the aerial image plays a strong role on determining the magnitude of LER during resist printing, there also exists a fundamental limitation to LER from the resist materials that cannot be improved by further increase in the quality of the aerial image.
Multipotent, Dedifferentiated Cancer Stem-like Cells from Brain Gliomas (2006)

In modern cancer biology, external factors and niches can act on differentiated tissue cells to cause cancer by inducing dedifferentiation of mature adult cells. Recently, we discovered that dedifferentiation of glioma cancer cells alters the expression of mature and neural stem cell (NSC)-related genes, in that cancer cells adjust to the serum-deprived environment and cell-to-cell interaction by down-regulating genes associated with neural mature markers and up-regulating genes that are primitive NSC markers. Neurogenesis of dedifferentiated glioma cancer cells also showed a highly increased neuronal marker associated with highly decreased glial and oligodendrocyte cell markers. After treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs, dedifferentiated cancer cells showed strong drug resistance and continued active cell growth. After grafting to severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse brains, dedifferentiated cancer stem cells migrated and continued active proliferation for more than 4 weeks. We also performed microarray analysis and characterized the gene expression patterns in control cancer cells with dedifferentiated cancer stem-like cells. We delineated specific numbers of important proliferation signaling proteins, primitive neural lineage-related proteins, cancer genes, and transporter genes. In this report, we propose that the dedifferentiation process of brain tumor and normal tissue may contribute to the malignancy and aggressiveness of the brain cancer.
Glycomaterials as Non-Viral DNA Delivery Vectors: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Studies (2006)

The safe and efficient delivery of therapeutic DNA into cells is one of the major objectives in the development of nucleic acid therapeutics.Viruses deliver genetic materials to the specific disease sites via their efficient inherent mechanisms.However, safety concerns with viral vectors have necessitated the design of non-viral vectors, such as cationic polymers and dendrimers as potential alternatives.The existing polycations exhibit low delivery efficiency and varying degrees of cytotoxicity compared to viral vectors.Thus, it is important to design synthetic materials that could exhibit lower toxicity and higher delivery efficiency than the materials currently utilized.Previous studies show that polycations containing alternating monosaccharides and oligoamine comonomers exhibit high biocompatibility and water solubility.In addition, initial results with these polycations reveal high DNA delivery efficiency and low cytotoxicity.However they are unstable in serum containing media, and thereby not suited for in vivo applications.In this dissertation, synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of glycopolymers based on trehalose (Tr1 -Tr4) and -cyclodextrin (Cd1 -Cd4) with variation in amine stoichiometry and degree of polymerization are presented.Huisgen's 1, 3 dipolar cycloaddition, known as the 'click' reaction is employed instead of polycondensation to facilitate formation of longer polymers bearing a heterocyclic-amide linkage.Further, series of polycationic -cyclodextrin glycoclusters (CdN0 -CdN1) are synthesized via click reaction employing the convergent approach to form monodisperse macromolecules.The synthesized glycomaterials bind and compact pDNA into small nanoparticles with viral-like morphologies, irrespective of their structural variations.The series of trehalose polymers tend to inhibit nanoparticle aggregation in serum containing media, and exhibited high delivery efficiency and low toxicity in HeLa (human cervical cancer) cells, dependent on iv amine density and polymer length.The -cyclodextrin polymers exhibit a similar trend as the trehalose polymers in HeLa cells in media without serum.However, it was found that they do not transfect in media with serum.The series of glycoclusters exhibit moderate delivery efficiency, dependent on amine stoichiometry in the oligoamine arms.In general, all these glycomaterials were relatively non-toxic compared to the commercially available PEI, attributed to the presence of carbohydrate moiety in the polymer structure.Finally, these series of novel glycomaterials show great promise and provide useful insights to broaden the scope of non-viral vectors in DNA delivery.
Human T cell immunity against Bordetella pertussis analyzed at clonal level. (1991)

Cloned peripheral blood T lymphocytes from an immune donor were grown in interleukin 2 and tested for proliferation in response to inactivated Bordetella species (B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica) and mutants deficient for the expression of virulence-associated antigens. All the T cell clones obtained were CD4+8- and recognized specifically the Bordetella antigens when presented by autologous B cells. On the basis of the responsiveness to the whole inactivated bacteria, it was possible to cluster the twelve clones obtained into four groups with the following specificity: 1) filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA); 2) B. pertussis specific antigens; 3) virulence-associated Bordetella specific antigens; 4) non-virulence-associated Bordetella specific antigens. Employing two new B. pertussis deletion mutants, clone 6 (representative of cluster 1), was found to recognize the C-terminus of FHA. Furthermore, 3 out of 4 clones of cluster 3 were specifically stimulated by the soluble 69,000 M.W. protein from the outer membrane of B. pertussis. Surprisingly, none of the twelve clones obtained by stimulation in vitro with whole inactivated bacteria recognized PT. Thus, PT does not seem to be the most representative antigen on the whole inactivated bacteria. However, when a new generation of clones was obtained using soluble PT as the in vitro stimulus, it was observed that 11 clones of this group recognized this antigen. Furthermore, the majority of them was against the subunit Sl of PT. Therefore, we can conclude that a T cell memory against PT exists in a donor who has had pertussis several years before. In conclusion, these results provide useful information in the attempt to obtain a simplified acellular vaccine for whooping cough.
Non-contact vapor detection of illicit drugs via atmospheric flow tube-mass spectrometry (2020)

Real-time, non-contact detection of illicit drugs is a desirable goal for the interdiction of these controlled substances, but the relatively low vapor pressures of such species present a challenge for trace vapor detection technologies. The introduction of atmospheric flow tube-mass spectrometry (AFT-MS), which has previously been demonstrated to detect gas-phase analytes at low parts-per-quadrillion levels for explosives and organophosphorus compounds, also enables the potential for non-contact drug detection. With AFT-MS, direct vapor detection of cocaine and methamphetamine from ∼5 μg residues at room temperature is demonstrated herein. Furthermore, thermal desorption of low- to sub-picogram levels of cocaine, methamphetamine, fentanyl, and heroin is observed via AFT-MS using a carrier flow rate of several L min<sup>-1</sup> of air. These low levels can permit non-contact sampling through collection of vapor, effectively preconcentrating the analyte before desorption and analysis. Quantitative evaluation of the thermal desorption approach has yielded limits of detection (LODs) on the order of 10 fg for cocaine and fentanyl, 100 fg for methamphetamine, and 1.6 pg for heroin. The LOD for heroin was lowered to 300 fg by using tributyl phosphate as a dopant to form a proton-bound heterodimer with heroin. When used with AFT-MS, the intentional formation of specific drug-dopant adducts has the potential to enhance detection limits and selectivity of additional drug species. Species that are prone to form adducts present a challenge to analysis, but that difficulty can be overcome by the intentional addition of a dopant. Molecules unlikely to form adducts will remain essentially unimpacted, but the adduct-forming species will interact with the dopant to compress the analyte signal into a single peak. This approach would be valuable in the application of non-contact screening for illicit substances via vapor collection followed by thermal desorption for analysis.
Cytogenetic analysis shows extensive genomic rearrangements between red howler (Alouatta seniculus, Linnaeus) subspecies (1995)

A comparison of the G-banded karyotypes of two red howler subspecies, Alouatta seniculus arctoidea and A. s. sara, showed that they differed by at least 14 chromosomal rearrangements. Genomic reshuffling is so great that homologs between subspecies could not be found for some chromosome, while the assignment of homology for other chromosomes remains uncertain. The two red howlers, however, share an unusual X<sub>1</sub>X<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>1</sub>Y<sub>2</sub>/ X<sub>1</sub>X<sub>1</sub>X<sub>2</sub>X<sub>2</sub> sex-chromosome system that resulted from a Y-autosome translocation, probably in a common ancestor. The great chromosomal variability resulting from rapid chromosomal evolution in howlers indicates that cytogenetic data could make an important contribution to resolving phylogenetic and conservation problems in this group of highly conspicuous New World Monkeys. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Spectrally-efficient single sideband 16-QAM Nyquist-subcarrier modulation-based WDM transmission using an InP dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator and direct-detection (2015)

We experimentally demonstrated 16 GHz-spaced 25 Gb/s per channel WDM transmission over 242 km of standard SMF at a net information spectral density of 1.46 b/s/Hz using SSB Nyquist-shaped subcarrier modulation generated with an InP dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator.
Derivation of Acoustic Criteria for the Cassini Spacecraft and Comparison with Flight Data (1999)

Acoustic measurements from eight pre-Cassini Titan IV flights, and an acoustic test of a Cassini simulator and Titan payload fairing (PLF), were used to derive acoustic flight and test criteria for the Cassini spacecraft. The flight and ground test data were used or modified to account for the following factors: (a) noise-spike contamination of flight data, (b) spatial and flight-to-flight variations of flight data, (c) application of a thicker banier-blanket to the PLF for the Cassini mission, (d) effects of locating two Cassini assemblies, the Huygens Probe, and the High Gain Antenna (HGA), near the PLF, and (e) higher thrust of upgraded Titan solid rocket motors (SRMS) for the Cassini mission. An overall sound pressure level (OA SPL) of 145 dB was verified for the protoflight acoustic test criteria for the Cassini spacecraft. Cassini flight liftoff data showed an average OA SPL of 133 dB.
Total synthesis of calicheamicin .gamma.1I. 3. The final stages (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of calicheamicin .gamma.1I. 3. The final stagesK. C. Nicolaou, C. W. Hummel, M. Nakada, K. Shibayama, E. N. Pitsinos, H. Saimoto, Y. Mizuno, K. U. Baldenius, and A. L. SmithCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 17, 7625–7635Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00070a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00070a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1572Altmetric-Citations114LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Single populated genetic algorithm and its application to jobshop scheduling (2003)

The authors present an efficient genetic algorithm (GA) called the single populated genetic algorithm (SPGA). The algorithm uses an individual in a generation. Without using crossover, the solution is improved through mutations only. The algorithm is very fast in terms of convergence and the solution quality is excellent. The SPGA was applied in the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and was verified to be efficient through simulations. An application of the SPGA to the jobshop scheduling problem (JSP) is also studied. A representation method for the JSP is described. The genotype represented by the new method is simple and no illegal schedule is produced. The new genetic algorithm together with the representation method can realize flexible scheduling for job shop.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
α-Helix Structure in Alzheimer's Disease Aggregates of Tau-Protein (2002)

The discovery of beta-sheet structure in Alzheimer's amyloid fibrils, and then in many other disease-related protein fibrils, has led to the widely believed view that beta-sheet formation is the general mechanism of aberrant protein aggregation leading to disease. This notion is further reinforced by recent findings, which indicate that normal proteins can be induced to form beta-sheet fibrils in vitro. Alzheimer's disease, a paradigm proteopathy, is accompanied by the formation of two distinct aggregates, amyloid fibrils and paired helical filaments (PHFs). Electron microscope images of PHFs show pairs of twisted ribbons with 80 nm periodicity. However, there is little information of the molecular structure of PHFs, as previous studies have failed to identify signs of regular structure. Using far-UV circular dichroism and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, we find that PHFs are comprised of alpha-helices. This is remarkable as tau-protein, PHF's primary constituent, has a high abundance of helix-breaking amino acids and is unstructured in solution. We also find that PHFs are very stable, as judged by their high melting temperature and resistance to protease digestion. PHFs are the first example of pathological aggregation associated to the formation of alpha-helix.
IntelliPrompter: speech-based dynamic note display interface for oral presentations (2017)

The fear of forgetting what to say next is a common problem in oral presentation delivery. To maintain good content coverage and reduce anxiety, many presenters use written notes in conjunction with presentation slides. However, excessive use of notes during delivery can lead to disengagement with the audience and low quality presentations. We designed IntelliPrompter, a speech-based note display system that automatically tracks a presenter’s coverage of each slide’s content and dynamically adjusts the note display interface to highlight the most likely next topic to present. We developed two versions of our intelligent teleprompters using Google Glass and computer screen displays. The design of our system was informed by findings from 36 interviews with presenters and analysis of a presentation note corpus. In a within-subjects study comparing our dynamic screen-based and Google Glass note display interfaces with a static note system, presenters and independent judges expressed a strong preference for the dynamic screen-based system.
<title>Speckle Processing, Shift-And-Add, And Compensating For Instrument Aberrations</title> (1984)

The formation of speckle images and the more practically important aspects of their statistics are reviewed. The ways in which fixed aberrations can be absorbed within randomly fluctuating ones are detailed. The processing methods of Labeyrie and Knox-Thompson are briefly described. The shift-and-add principle and its extensions are treated in some detail, and the results of optical laboratory simulations are presented. Experimental precautions found to be particularly important are emphasized.
Vascular and valvar calcification: recent advances (2001)

The last few years have seen a surge of interest in the measurement of coronary artery calcification to predict and monitor the presence of coronary atherosclerosis. In addition, the rising clinical burden of valvar calcification in the aging population has highlighted the importance of understanding the processes of calcification within vascular tissues.

Vascular calcification occurs in both the intima and the media of arteries, and there is evidence that these two sites of calcification are distinct entities (table 1). Intimal calcification only occurs within atherosclerotic plaques and is seen as early as the second decade of life, just after the fatty streak stage.1 In contrast, medial calcification occurs independently of intimal calcification and atherosclerosis. It commonly occurs in the peripheral arteries of the lower limbs in otherwise healthy elderly patients (Monckeberg's sclerosis), where it is seen as “rail tracking” on plain radiographs. However, it also occurs in younger patients with diabetes and chronic renal failure. In diabetic patients, medial calcification appears to be a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality and occurs particularly in those with neuropathy.2 Its presence can make palpating pulses and hearing Korotkoff sounds difficult and can lead to false elevation of cuff systolic blood pressure measurements. It also causes problems with the surgical management of vascular shunts.

View this table:

Table 1 
Characteristics of intimal versus medial calcification



More importantly, arterial wall stiffness has been shown to be correlated independently with aortic calcification.3 In theory this increased arterial stiffness from calcification may lead to an increase in cardiac work. In addition the reduction in aortic compliance may result in a decrease in diastolic coronary perfusion, as this is dependent on the recoil of the aorta which has been stretched during systole.4 Furthermore, increased arterial stiffness leads to an increase in pulse pressure, which is a highly significant …
Integration Voice and Data Networks (2000)

From the Publisher:

Features in-depth solutions for the design and implementation of integrated voice and data networksDetailed configurations show network engineers how to implement packetized voice immediatelyChapters on voice theory and data theory ensure mastery of fundamental knowledgeLearn how to lower costs, streamline your organization, prepare for new multimedia applications, and gain a competitive advantage by integrating your voice and data networks

The integration of voice and data networks is creating a fundamental change in the telecommunications and data industries. This change means better phone service, lower prices, new features, less maintenance, and more choices, leading to a complete convergence of the data networking and telecommunications industries into a single community. With all of this growth and change, network engineers and managers need specific information on how to integrate and configure packetized voice networks. Integrating Voice and Data Networks is designed as your one-stop shop for learning how to integrate traditional voice technology into existing Cisco data networks.

Integrating Voice and Data Networks is both a conceptual reference and a practical how-to book that bridges the gap between existing telephony networks and the new world of packetized voice over data networks. Underlying technologies are explained in a non-product-specific manner that gives a holistic understanding of voice/data integration. You'll then follow a complete process to design and implement a variety of network scenarios, leveraging author Scott Keagy's extensive experience with real voice/data networks.

Integrating Voice and DataNetworks focuses on the implementation of Voice over Frame Relay (VoFR), Voice over ATM (VoATM), and Voice over IP (VoIP) using Cisco IOS voice gateways, including the Cisco MC3810, Cisco 2600/3600/7200/7500 series routers, and AS5300/AS5800 Access Servers.