gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Irregular-Shaped Inward-Outward Ring-Pair Magnet Array With a Monotonic Field Gradient for 2D Head Imaging in Low-Field Portable MRI (2019)

We present a design and the optimization of an irregular-shaped inward-outward (IO) ring-pair magnet array that generates a 1D monotonic field pattern for 2D head imaging in a low-field portable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. The magnet rings are discretized into fan-shaped ring segments with varying outer radii for the design and optimization. Besides, the inner radii of ring-pairs are tapered from outside in to provide the controlled field inhomogeneity. Genetic algorithm (GA) was used, and a current model for a fan-shaped ring segment was derived to have a fast forward calculation in the optimization. A monotonic field pattern is successfully obtained along the x-direction in a cylindrical field of view (FoV), with a relatively strong magnetic field (132.98 mT) and the homogeneity of 151840 ppm. The proposed array was further evaluated by applying its field as a spatial encoding magnetic field (SEM) for imaging by using simulation. Due to the field monotonicity, the reconstructed image by applying the fields of the proposed array shows clearer features (a higher structural similarity index) with a reduced error rate compared to that using a sparse dipolar Halbach array. The proposed magnet array is a promising alternative to supply SEM for imaging in a permanent-magnet-based low-field portable MRI system.
First Results from the Prospective German Registry for Childhood Glaucoma: Phenotype–Genotype Association (2021)

Childhood glaucoma is a heterogeneous disease and can be associated with various genetic alterations. The aim of this study was to report first results of the phenotype-genotype relationship in a German childhood glaucoma cohort. Forty-nine eyes of 29 children diagnosed with childhood glaucoma were prospectively included in the registry. Besides medical history, non-genetic risk factor anamnesis and examination results, genetic examination report was obtained (23 cases). DNA from peripheral blood or buccal swab was used for molecular genetic analysis using a specific glaucoma gene panel. Primary endpoint was the distribution of causative genetic mutations and associated disorders. Median age was 1.8 (IQR 0.6; 3.8) years, 64% participants were female. Secondary childhood glaucoma (55%) was more common than primary childhood glaucoma (41%). In 14%, parental consanguinity was indicated. A mutation was found in all these cases, which makes consanguinity an important risk factor for genetic causes in childhood glaucoma. CYP1B1 (30%) and TEK (10%) mutations were found in primary childhood glaucoma patients. In secondary childhood glaucoma cases, alterations in CYP1B1 (25%), SOX11 (13%), FOXC1 (13%), GJA8 (13%) and LTBP2 (13%) were detected. Congenital cataract was associated with variants in FYCO1 and CRYBB3 (25% each), and one case of primary megalocornea with a CHRDL1 aberration. Novel variants of causative genetic mutations were found. Distribution of childhood glaucoma types and causative genes was comparable to previous investigated cohorts. This is the first prospective study using standardized forms to determine phenotypes and non-genetic factors in childhood glaucoma with the aim to evaluate their association with genotypes in childhood glaucoma.
Dopamine and Serotonin Metabolism in Hepatic Encephalopathy (1974)

Patients with stupor or coma from fulminant hepatic failure were found to have high cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), metabolites of dopamine and serotonin respectively. Excessive amounts of their precursors-phenylalanine and tyrosine and free tryptophan-were found in the patients' plasma. Methionine, which participates in dopamine degradation, was also much increased. Similar disturbances were found in patients suffering an acute exacerbation of chronic encephalopathy. These abnormalities would be consistent with other evidence of an increased turnover of serotonin and possibly dopamine in the brain during hepatic encephalopathy.
Toward a Sound Design Methodology (2005)

In the field of Human Machine Interfaces (HMI), there is a potential to convey numerous different messages by non-verbal-sounds. In the eighties, different approaches to the design of information-bearing sounds were proposed. These approaches and corresponding guidelines focused on the acoustical properties of auditory displays. In particular, psychophysical approaches to urgency perception have identified relationships between acoustic parameters and different degrees of urgency perception. We performed an experiment with sounds currently used in automotive HMI. It was found that these sounds are not satisfactory and do not fulfill their intended function, even though some of them match the existing guidelines. Thus, we propose that a new methodology should be used to design more adequate HMIs. This methodology draws on two different theoretical frameworks: acoustics and semiotics (science of signs). In order to investigate the important hypotheses on which the methodology is based, we describe specific experiments that can be used to validate or invalidate the method, when applied to a specific sound design problem. Finally, we discuss the potential use of our new methodology.
MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS IN THE CHEMOTHERAPY ERA: WITH A CLINICAL REVIEW IN 69 AMERICAN ADULTS (1972)

Department of Medicine University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514. North Carolina and Chapel Hill-CarrboroTuberculosis Association, Post-Doctoral Trainee. Presently Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
Nedocromil sodium reduces allergen‐induced plasma extravasation in the guinea pig nasal mucosa by inhibition of tachykinin release (1995)

The effect of topically applied (10 microliters) nedocromil sodium (NS) and sodium cromoglycate (CS) on the plasma extravasation induced by local application of ovalbumin (5%, 10 microliters) into the respiratory nasal mucosa of sensitized guinea pigs pretreated with the neutral endopeptidase inhibitors, phosphoramidon, was studied. Topical NS (220 nmol, 10 microliters) reduced by 57% the Evans blue dye extravasation caused by local application of ovalbumin into the nasal mucosa, whereas CS (220 nmol, 10 microliters) was without effect. The tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist CP-99994 (2 mumol/kg, i.v.) reduced by 45% the plasma extravasation induced by antigen challenge. The combination of NS and CP-99994 did not increase further the inhibition caused by NS alone. Plasma extravasation evoked by instillation of bradykinin (50 nmol), which causes this response by releasing tachykinins from sensory nerves, was markedly reduced by NS, but not by CS. Plasma extravasation evoked by installation of substance P, which acts directly on the endothelial cells, was not affected by NS. We conclude that the reduction by NS of the plasma extravasation induced by antigen challenge in the nasal mucosa of sensitized guinea pigs is due to the inhibition of tachykinin release from sensory nerve endings.
Electro-thermal characterization of a differential temperature sensor and the thermal coupling in a 65nm CMOS IC (2012)

This paper explains the design decisions and the different measurements we have done in order to characterize the thermal coupling and the characteristics of temperature sensors embedded in a integrated circuit implemented in a CMOS 65nm technology. The circuit contains a 2GHz linear power amplifier, MOS transistors behaving as heat sources and two differential temperature sensors. Temperature measurements performed with the embedded sensor are corroborated with an Infra-Red camera and a laser interferometer used as thermometer. © 2012 CMP.
Digital healthcare technologies: Modern tools to transform prosthetic care (2021)

Introduction Digital healthcare technologies are transforming the face of prosthetic care. Millions of people with limb loss around the world do not have access to any form of rehabilitative healthcare. However, digital technologies provide a promising solution to augment the range and efficiency of prosthetists.Areas Covered The goal of this review is to introduce the digital technologies that have the potential to change clinical methods in prosthetic healthcare. Our target audience are researchers who are unfamiliar with the field of prostheses in general, especially with the newest technological developments. This review addresses technologies for: scanning of amputated limbs, limb-to-socket rectification, additive manufacturing of prosthetic sockets, and quantifying patient response to wearing sockets. This review does not address biomechatronic prostheses or biomechanical design practices.Expert Opinion Digital technologies will enable affordable prostheses to be built on a scale larger than with today’s clinical practices. Large technological gaps need to be overcome to enable the mass production and distribution of prostheses digitally. However, recent advances in computational methods and CAD/CAM technologies are bridging this gap faster than ever before. We foresee that these technologies will return mobility and economic opportunity to amputees on a global scale in the near future.
Challenges of Wireline Formation Testing and Fluid Sampling in Tight, Low Permeability Gas Reservoirs: Case Study from Saudi Arabia (2011)

Abstract Saudi Aramco's operations cover a wide range of environments, some of which are multilayer gas reservoirs, consisting of thinly-laminated shaly sands. Evaluations based on conventional log data often prove to be inconclusive. Wireline formation testers are routine sources of reservoir pressure and fluid samples that address uncertainties in these formation evaluations. In general, low permeability reservoirs pose numerous challenges for obtaining successful pressure measurements and fluid samples, including supercharging effects and "tight" tests, where no pressure measurements or samples can be obtained. In some cases, tight reservoir permeability prevents an adequate and competent mud cake buildup, which can prevent sealing of the conventional rubber probe type pads. In this paper, the authors share the different approaches employed under some of these challenging conditions in getting representative pressures and samples. Proper selection of tool configuration and appropriate pad and packer design were key success factors. In the paper, we highlight how to use pre-job modeling to improve pressure testing and fluid sampling.. In our examples, pre-job modeling were done to predict the expected rates and drawdowns. We used dual ports within the straddle packer testing interval, which permits the segregation of gas and the filtrate. This allowed the formation fluid to be sampled faster than a single-port packer design or probe type tool. We also demonstrate how a combination of pad type probes and dual packer helped to enhance the success rate and reduced our pumping time during sampling. This paper reviews cases of testing in tight gas reservoirs. It also demonstrates how we improved the success rate of our pressure testing and sampling by combining modern wireline formation testing (WFT) functionalities and effective pre-job planning. This approach is helping us meet the challenge of obtaining representative pressures and fluid samples in low permeability formations.
Modeling Enzyme Processivity Reveals that RNA-Seq Libraries Are Biased in Characteristic and Correctable Ways (2016)

Experimental procedures for preparing RNA-seq and single-cell (sc) RNA-seq libraries are based on assumptions regarding their underlying enzymatic reactions. Here, we show that the fairness of these assumptions varies within libraries: coverage by sequencing reads along and between transcripts exhibits characteristic, protocol-dependent biases. To understand the mechanistic basis of this bias, we present an integrated modeling framework that infers the relationship between enzyme reactions during library preparation and the characteristic coverage patterns observed for different protocols. Analysis of new and existing (sc)RNA-seq data from six different library preparation protocols reveals that polymerase processivity is the mechanistic origin of coverage biases. We apply our framework to demonstrate that lowering incubation temperature increases processivity, yield, and (sc)RNA-seq sensitivity in all protocols. We also provide correction factors based on our model for increasing accuracy of transcript quantification in existing samples prepared at standard temperatures. In total, our findings improve our ability to accurately reflect in vivo transcript abundances in (sc)RNA-seq libraries.
Lunar Outpost Life Support Trade Studies (2008)

Engineering trade-off studies of life support system architecture and technology options were conducted for potential lunar surface mission scenarios within NASA's Constellation Program. The scenarios investigated are based largely on results of the NASA Lunar Architecture Team (LAT) Phase II study. In particular, the possibility of Hosted Sortie missions, the high cost of power during eclipse periods, and the potential to reduce life support consumables through scavenging, in-situ resources, and alternative EVA technologies were all examined. These trade studies were performed within the Systems Integration, Modeling and Analysis (SIMA) element of NASA's Exploration Life Support (ELS) technology development project. The tools and methodology used in the study are described briefly, followed by a discussion of mission scenarios, life support technology options and results presented in terms of equivalent system mass for various regenerative life support technologies and architectures. Three classes of repeated or extended lunar surface missions were investigated in this study along with several life support resource scenarios for each mission class. Individual mission durations of 14 days, 90 days and 180 days were considered with 10 missions assumed for each at a rate of 2 missions per year. The 14-day missions represent a class of Hosted Sortie missions where a pre-deployed and potentially mobile habitat provides life support for multiple crews at one or more locations. The 90-day and 180-day missions represent lunar outpost expeditions with a larger fixed habitat. The 180-day missions assume continuous human presence and must provide life support through eclipse periods of up to 122 hours while the 90-day missions are planned for best-case periods of nearly continuous sunlight. This paper investigates system optimization within the assumptions of each scenario and addresses how the scenario selected drives the life support system to different designs. Subsequently, these analysis results can be used to determine which technologies may be good choices throughout a broad range of architectures.
Abnormality of chromosome 16 and its phenotypic expression (1981)

An abnormality of chromosome 16 in which there is extra genetic material present on the short arm (46,XY, 16p+) has been identified. This chromosomal aberration was associated with multiple congenital anomalies, including mid-facial hypoplasia, arthrogryposis, and mental retardation. On the basis of the cytogenetic appearance and the phenotype of the patient, this may represent a partial 16 trisomy. Unlike most abnormalities of chromosome 16, this syndrome was compatible with life.
New methods for depositing and imaging molecules in scanning tunneling microscopy. (1993)

Methods and apparatus are described to deposit and image molecules by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under an inert atmosphere. Three methods of applying molecules have been evaluated: equilibrium adsorption from the vapor phase, sublimation, and electrospraying. Using these methods, a variety of organic and biopolymer molecules have been deposited and imaged on graphite and on gold (111), grown epitaxially on mica. Compared with alternatives, such as the use of high vacuum apparatus or glove boxes, these procedures offer some important advantages: they are inexpensive, convenient, and more rapid. Mercaptoethanol, ethanolamine, ethanol, acetic acid, and water produce two-dimensional crystalline adlayers on gold substrates, when they are introduced into the scanning cell as vapors. These adlayers are assumed to involve hydrogen bonding of the molecules to an oxide of gold formed on the surface. Electrospraying protein solutions on gold surfaces yielded images of individual protein molecules with lateral dimensions close to those measured by X-ray analysis, and thicknesses of 0.6-1.3 nm. In the case of metallothionein, the known internal domain structure of the molecule was reproducibly observed. No detailed internal structure could be resolved in the other examples examined.
A Nonfucosylated Variant of the anti-HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibody b12 Has Enhanced FcγRIIIa-Mediated Antiviral Activity In Vitro but Does Not Improve Protection against Mucosal SHIV Challenge in Macaques (2012)

Eliciting neutralizing antibodies is thought to be a key activity of a vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, a number of studies have suggested that in addition to neutralization, interaction of IgG with Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) may play an important role in antibody-mediated protection. We have previously obtained evidence that the protective activity of the broadly neutralizing human IgG1 anti-HIV monoclonal antibody (MAb) b12 in macaques is diminished in the absence of FcγR binding capacity. To investigate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) as a contributor to FcγR-associated protection, we developed a nonfucosylated variant of b12 (NFb12). We showed that, compared to fully fucosylated (referred to as wild-type in the text) b12, NFb12 had higher affinity for human and rhesus macaque FcγRIIIa and was more efficient in inhibiting viral replication and more effective in killing HIV-infected cells in an ADCC assay. Despite these more potent in vitro antiviral activities, NFb12 did not enhance protection in vivo against repeated low-dose vaginal challenge in the simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)/macaque model compared to wild-type b12. No difference in protection, viral load, or infection susceptibility was observed between animals given NFb12 and those given fully fucosylated b12, indicating that FcγR-mediated activities distinct from FcγRIIIa-mediated ADCC may be important in the observed protection against SHIV challenge.
Functional Programming for Loosely-Coupled Multiprocessors (1989)

From the Publisher:
Recent progress in VLSI provides massive parallelism but general purpose parallel computers remain elusive due to limited communications performance. This book proposes a new high level approach to programming that addresses the pragmatic issue of how a computation is distributed across a machine. 
The book's approach is based on functional programming and has significant advantages over existing comparable approaches, extending the domain of functional programming to include computer architectures in which communication costs are not negligible. It looks at how high-level functional programming languages can be used to specify, reason about, and implement parallel programs for a variety of multiprocessor systems, but in particular a class of loosely coupled multiprocessors whose operation can be described by a process In these networks the nodes correspond to processes and the arcs to communications channels. 
A simple language called Caliban is described in which the functional program text is augmented with a declarative description of how processes are partitioned and mapped onto a of processing elements. The notation gains expressive power by allowing these annotations to be generated by predicates defined in the functional language. Thus, common communications structures have simple and concise definitions as network forming operators. The main objective of these annotations is to provide an abstract description of the process specified by the program so that an efficient mapping of processes to processors can be carried out by the compiler. 
Paul H. J. Kelly is Research Assistant in the Department of Computing at ImperialCollege, London Functional Programming for LooselyCoupled Multiprocessors is included in the series Research Monographs in Parallel and Distributed Computing, copublished with Pitman Publishing.
Ryanodine receptors contribute to bile acid-induced pathological calcium signaling and pancreatitis in mice (2012)

Biliary pancreatitis is the most common etiology for acute pancreatitis, yet its pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear. Ca(2+) signals generated within the pancreatic acinar cell initiate the early phase of pancreatitis, and bile acids can elicit anomalous acinar cell intracellular Ca(2+) release. We previously demonstrated that Ca(2+) released via the intracellular Ca(2+) channel, the ryanodine receptor (RyR), contributes to the aberrant Ca(2+) signal. In this study, we examined whether RyR inhibition protects against pathological Ca(2+) signals, acinar cell injury, and pancreatitis from bile acid exposure. The bile acid tauro-lithocholic acid-3-sulfate (TLCS) induced intracellular Ca(2+) oscillations at 50 μM and a peak-plateau signal at 500 μM, and only the latter induced acinar cell injury, as determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. Pretreatment with the RyR inhibitors dantrolene or ryanodine converted the peak-plateau signal to a mostly oscillatory pattern (P < 0.05). They also reduced acinar cell LDH leakage, basolateral blebbing, and propidium iodide uptake (P < 0.05). In vivo, a single dose of dantrolene (5 mg/kg), given either 1 h before or 2 h after intraductal TLCS infusion, reduced the severity of pancreatitis down to the level of the control (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the severity of biliary pancreatitis may be ameliorated by the clinical use of RyR inhibitors.
P‐80  Clinical aspects of chronic progressive pastern dermatitis in Belgian draft horses (2004)

Chronic progressive pastern dermatitis is a condition characterized by progressive swelling, hyperkeratosis and fibrosis of the distal limbs. The clinical entity has been recognized in adult Shires and Clydesdales. To our knowledge, there is only one reported case in Belgian draft horses. Here we examined 14 Belgian horses from 6 months to 9 years of age for the presence of chronic progressive pastern dermatitis. All distal limbs were shaved and clinically examined. Skin scrapings of the pastern region were taken. One adult and six foals had no clinical signs. One foal and one adult had one thick skin fold at the rear of the pastern region. In the foal, the lesions were limited to the front limbs. Three adults had two or more thick skin folds extending to above the fetlock. Two severely affected adults had general firm swellings that extended up to the carpal and tarsal joints. They had multiple dermal nodules and small well‐demarcated ulcerations, some of them covered with adherent crusts. The skin folds were numerous, surrounding the entire pastern region. Five of the adults and four of the foals had chorioptic mange. In conclusion, chronic progressive pastern dermatitis is a common finding in these 14 Belgian horses. Mild lesions were already present in one foal. It is unclear whether the chorioptic mange plays a role in the onset or the exacerbation of the condition. Funding: Equine Research Funds, University of Ghent.