gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Miniaturized fiber-optic Michelson-type interferometric sensors (1991)

We present a novel, miniaturized Michelson-type fiber-optic interferometric sensor that is relatively insensitive to temperature drifts. A fused-biconical tapered coupler is cleaved immediately after the coupled length and polished down to the region of the fused cladding, but short of the interaction region. The end of one core is selectively coated with a reflective surface and is used as the reference arm; the other core serves as the sensing arm. We report the detection of surface acoustic waves, microdisplacements, and magnetic fields. The sensor is shown to be highly stable in comparison to a classic homodyne, uncompensated Michelson interferometer, and signal-to-noise ratios of 65 dB have been obtained.
One-Pot Synthesis of 3-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-ones from N-Phenylacetoacetamide via PhI(OCOCF3)2-Mediated α-Hydroxylation and H2SO4-Promoted Intramolecular Cyclization (2013)

A clean, one-pot synthesis of the biologically important 3-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one compounds has been realized from the readily available N-phenylacetoacetamide derivatives through a PhI(OCOCF3)2-mediated α-hydroxylation and a H2SO4-promoted intramolecular condensation. The hydroxyl group in the generated α-hydroxylated intermediate can be well tolerated in the second H2SO4-promoted cyclization step.
Magnetosomes Are Cell Membrane Invaginations Organized by the Actin-Like Protein MamK (2005)

Magnetosomes are membranous bacterial organelles sharing many features of eukaryotic organelles. Using electron cryotomography, we found that magnetosomes are invaginations of the cell membrane flanked by a network of cytoskeletal filaments. The filaments appeared to be composed of MamK, a homolog of the bacterial actin-like protein MreB, which formed filaments in vivo. In a mamK deletion strain, the magnetosome-associated cytoskeleton was absent and individual magnetosomes were no longer organized into chains. Thus, it seems that prokaryotes can use cytoskeletal filaments to position organelles within the cell.
Fairness in Relational Domains (2018)

AI and machine learning tools are being used with increasing frequency for decision making in domains that affect peoples' lives such as employment, education, policing and loan approval. These uses raise concerns about biases of algorithmic discrimination and have motivated the development of fairness-aware machine learning. However, existing fairness approaches are based solely on attributes of individuals. In many cases, discrimination is much more complex, and taking into account the social, organizational, and other connections between individuals is important. We introduce new notions of fairness that are able to capture the relational structure in a domain. We use first-order logic to provide a flexible and expressive language for specifying complex relational patterns of discrimination. Furthermore, we extend an existing statistical relational learning framework, probabilistic soft logic (PSL), to incorporate our definition of relational fairness. We refer to this fairness-aware framework FairPSL. FairPSL makes use of the logical definitions of fairnesss but also supports a probabilistic interpretation. In particular, we show how to perform maximum a posteriori(MAP) inference by exploiting probabilistic dependencies within the domain while avoiding violation of fairness guarantees. Preliminary empirical evaluation shows that we are able to make both accurate and fair decisions.
Postdeposition annealing effect on the reliability of atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3 films on GaN (2020)

Atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) Al2O3 is a promising gate insulation material for wide-bandgap semiconductor devices of increasing importance for high-speed and high-power switching operation. This study comprehensively reports on postdeposition annealing (PDA) effects on the reliability of ALD-Al2O3/GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors. High-temperature (450 °C) ALD for the Al2O3 growth was effective for reducing the bias instability (BI) of the capacitors and for suppressing the blisters caused by PDA in the Al2O3 films. The BI of the high-temperature Al2O3 capacitors was reduced more remarkably by PDA at high temperatures. The conduction current in the capacitors was also reduced by PDA at 800 °C and higher by 2 orders of magnitude. The high-temperature PDA, however, caused a positive flat-band voltage shift and increased the distribution of times to breakdown of the capacitors and the interface-state density from 1 × 1011 to 3 × 1012 cm−2 eV−1, causing the large frequency dispersion of C–V characteristics. This increase in the interface-state density was found to be the major cause of the aforementioned flat-band voltage shift by PDA, whereas the stress-induced flat-band voltage shift was mostly due to the negative Al2O3 charging. In agreement with the literature, transmission electron microscope observations demonstrated the crystallization of Al2O3 films by annealing at 800 °C and higher, ascribing the increased distribution of times to breakdown to some crystalline defects in the Al2O3 films. Hence, the best PDA effect was achieved at 700 °C, reducing BI by half in 200 °C operation. For this PDA, the breakdown lifetimes of capacitors were confirmed to be the same, if not longer, as those of unannealed samples even at an elevated temperature of 200 °C, achieving 300 years at the rating of 3 MV/cm, well over the reliability target of 20 years. To put the ALD-Al2O3/GaN capacitors into practical use, PDA possibly needs to be performed before contact formation and their BI should preferably be further improved, simultaneously carrying out its long-term projections.
Heteroadamantyl Cannabinoids (2010)

The aliphatic side chain plays a pivotal role in determining the cannabinergic potency of tricyclic classical cannabinoids. We have synthesized a series of analogues in which the C3 position is substituted either directly or through a one-carbon atom linker with an adamantylamine or with an oxa- or an oxazaadamantane. The oxaadamantane pharmacophore in analogue 16 showed the best binding profile for both receptors.
Preferential HIV-1 integration sites in macrophages and HIV-associated malignancies. (2004)

HIV-infected individuals are at risk for developing certain types of cancers. While there are data to show that non-random HIV integration may occur, our goal was to identify preferential genomic sites where HIV integration might be targeted leading to oncogenesis. Initially, a linker-primer PCR strategy was used to identify HIV integration in isolated macrophages. Inverse-PCR was then used to analyze specimens from patients diagnosed with HIV-associated malignancies. From isolated macrophages, integration near a toll-like receptor on chromosome 4 was found. Necropsy tissues from 11 cases were analyzed with 1 tumor specimen found to have HIV integrated in chromosome 22q13.2 and within 300 kb of HSCBCIP1 (CAP-binding protein complex interacting homologue). Tumor-specific primers were then used to screen uninvolved tissue from the same patient, which did not amplify the site-specific region. This report demonstrates that in both an in vitro system and human malignant tissue, specific viral integration can be identified.
Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy after Cervical Spine Surgery (2021)

Purpose: To describe a patient with posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) after cervical spine surgery who recovered after treatment.Case summary: A 51-year-old woman presented with eye pain and decreased visual acuity in the left eye, which had begun 8 hours after cervical spine surgery in the prone position. Her best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 in the right eye and hand motion in the left eye; a relative afferent pupillary defect was present in the left eye. Ductions and versions were normal with pain in the left eye. The results of slit lamp examination, fundoscopic examination, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography were unremarkable in both eyes. Brain and orbital magnetic resonance imaging showed no abnormal findings in the visual pathway, such as brain infarction or intracranial artery stenosis. The patient was diagnosed with PION in the left eye. Because postoperative anemia had developed with a rapid decrease in hemoglobin from 14.7 g/dL to 9.9 g/dL, red blood cell (RBC) transfusion was performed together with intravenous high-dose steroid therapy and subcutaneous epoetin alfa injection. After 3 weeks, the patient’s BCVA improved to 20/22 in the left eye.Conclusions: Unilateral PION developed after cervical spine surgery in the prone position. Visual improvement was observed after RBC transfusion, intravenous high-steroid therapy, and subcutaneous epoetin alfa injection.
Determination of the number of atoms present in nano contact based on shot noise measurements with highly stable nano-fabricated electrodes (2016)

A highly stable experimental setup was developed for the measurement of shot noise in atomic contacts and molecular junctions to determine the number of atoms or molecules present. The use of a nano-fabricated mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) electrode improved the overall stability of the experimental setup. The improved stability of the system and optimization of measurement system enabled us to comprehensively investigate the shot noise as well as charge transport properties in Au atomic contacts and molecular junctions. We present a solid proof that the number of atoms (cross sectional atom) in the Au atomic contacts was exactly one. In the atomic contacts, contribution from the additional channels was under the detection limit. Furthermore, the effect of molecular adsorption on the charge transport in the Au atomic contact was investigated. Additional transport channels were opened by exposing pyrazine molecules to the Au contacts, which gave rise to an increase in the Fano factor in the shot noise.
Performance Analysis of Scheduling-Based Systems in Rayleigh Fading Channels (2006)

Scheduling is a widely used technique in recent wireless communication systems to utilize radio resource efficiently and adaptively according to varying radio channel conditions. In this paper, scheduling-based systems in Rayleigh fading channels are analyzed mathematically. First, a scheduling-based system and signal models are described. Then, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) distribution is formulated and the joint distribution of SNR, distance, and selected user is also derived. Using the derived joint distribution, we evaluate the selection probability and the distribution of selected users' SNR values. Finally, system capacity is evaluated from the derived formulation. The analysis results and evaluated performance show that a multiuser diversity gain increases the system capacity and the scheduling-based systems take advantage of radio fading channel variation efficiently
Assessment of Novel In-Line Particulate Matter Sensor With Respect to OBD and Emissions Control Applications (2011)

Upcoming emissions legislations and On-Board-Diagnostics (OBD) system requirements, both in the US and Europe, impose new challenges for particulate matter (PM) control strategies, especially with regard to upcoming EURO-VI regulations that are expected to limit the particulate number (PN) emissions. Indeed, the US-EPA Heavy-Duty-OBD regulations already require monitoring of diesel particulate filters (DPF) in 2010 for at least one engine series, with extension to all engine series by 2013. Due to the current absence of reliable in-line PM sensors to monitor DPF filtration efficiencies, manufacturers adopted alternative methods based on pressure drop measurements and semi-empirical models that require extensive calibration efforts; hence, driving upward the development costs. In order to meet upcoming OBD requirements and reduce unnecessary DPF regeneration frequencies, so as to minimize fuel consumption penalties, reliable sensors need to be integrated into the aftertreatment control environment. These next-generation sensors must be capable of performing actual real-time PM concentration measurements on a continuous basis within the exhaust stream. The primary objective of this study was to assess the capabilities, limitations and sensitivity of a newly developed inline PM sensor, with regard to its future application for OBD monitoring or control strategies of PM filter systems. The operation of the so called Pegasor Particulate Sensor (PPS) [1] is based on the escaping current principle. The instrument is capable of performing continuous PM measurements, directly from the exhaust stack, while providing a real-time signal with a resolution of 100 Hz. The sensor’s output signal can be calibrated to either measure the concentration of mass, surface or number of exhaust particles. Designed as a flow-through device, the PPS has a tungsten corona wire imposing an equal charge on particles that is subsequently measured from the outflowing particles via a built-in electrometer. The system does not involve collection or contact with particles in the exhaust stream, which is especially advantageous for long-term stability and operation without frequent maintenance; hence, best suited for in-use application. A comprehensive test matrix was developed to gain a more pronounced understanding of the sensor’s measurement technology by comparing it to other proven aerosol instruments, namely the Ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter (UCPC), Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS™) spectrometer, Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM), and gravimetric PM. Test results demonstrated a stable and repeatable response over consecutive European Transient Cycle (ETC) and Federal Test Procedure (FTP) cycles, as well as over idle and constant load operation with coefficients of variation below 2%, which is a prerequisite for OBD algorithm implementation.
Central venous catheter placement using electromagnetic position sensing: a clinical evaluation. (1996)

A critical step in placing a central venous catheter (CVC) is positioning the catheter tip in a location just outside the heart in the lower superior vena cava. The authors report the clinical evaluation of a new commercially available system that uses electromagnetic technology to sense the position of a catheter tip during CVC insertion. Fifty catheters were implanted using fluoroscopy to monitor system accuracy. The catheters were accurately placed (within 2.5 cm of the desired optimal position) in 46 of the 50 cases (92%). In two patients with abnormal chest geometry (short, barrel chests), catheter tip location was difficult to determine. In two other cases, procedural difficulties unrelated to the system (difficulty in external landmark determination and unclear fluoroscopic view of the optimal position) resulted in catheter placement outside the targeted range. The electromagnetic system provides an opportunity to eliminate "blind" CVC placement procedures and to reduce or omit perioperative fluoroscopy of x-ray during CVC insertion.
Structure, Function and Biological Relevance of Prolyl Oligopeptidase (2008)

A group of serine peptidases, the prolyl oligopeptidase family, cannot hydrolyze proteins and peptides containing more than 30 residues. The crystal structure of prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) has shown that the enzyme is composed of a peptidase domain with an alpha/beta hydrolase fold and a seven-bladed beta-propeller domain. This domain covers the catalytic triad and excludes large, structured peptides from the active site. The mechanism of substrate selection has been reviewed, along with the binding mode of the substrate and the catalytic mechanism, which differ from that of the classical serine peptidases in several features. POP is essentially a cytosolic enzyme and has been shown to be involved in a number of biological processes, but its precise function is still unknown. Many reports addressed experimentally the possible role of POP in cognitive and psychiatric processes, its involvement in the inositol phosphate signaling pathway, and its ability to metabolize bioactive peptides. Inhibitors were designed to reveal the cellular functions of POP and to treat neurological disorders. Other studies concerned the cellular localization of POP, its presumed interaction with the cytoskeletal elements, and its involvement in peptide/protein transport/secretion processes. The possible role of POP in Alzheimer disease is an intriguing issue, which is still debated. Recently, recombinant bacterial POPs have been investigated as potential therapeutics for celiac sprue, an autoimmune disease of small intestine caused by the intake of gluten proteins.
[Action of some pyrazolone derivatives on thrombocyte aggregation]. (1976)

The influence of four agents--pyrazolidinedione derivatives on the ADP-induced aggregation and activity of glycolytic enzymes--glyceraldehydrophosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase (GAPD, LDG) and of the anatomic oxidation enzyme--glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) was studied. The substances known by a conventional designation of MYaK-38, No-13 and No-2 are shown to display an antiaggregational action. Amidopyrine was found to depress the adhesive capacity of blood platelets, to activate GAPD and LDG and to lower the activity of G-6-PD.
Enhancing radiosensitization in EphB4 receptor-expressing Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas (2016)

Members of the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in a wide array of human cancers. The EphB4 receptor is ubiquitously expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and has been shown to impart tumorigenic and invasive characteristics to these cancers. In this study, we investigated whether EphB4 receptor targeting can enhance the radiosensitization of HNSCC. Our data show that EphB4 is expressed at high to moderate levels in HNSCC cell lines and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors. We observed decreased survival fractions in HNSCC cells following EphB4 knockdown in clonogenic assays. An enhanced G2 cell cycle arrest with activation of DNA damage response pathway and increased apoptosis was evident in HNSCC cells following combined EphB4 downregulation and radiation compared to EphB4 knockdown and radiation alone. Data using HNSCC PDX models showed significant reduction in tumor volume and enhanced delay in tumor regrowth following sEphB4-HSA administration with radiation compared to single agent treatment. sEphB4-HSA is a protein known to block the interaction between the EphB4 receptor and its ephrin-B2 ligand. Overall, our findings emphasize the therapeutic relevance of EphB4 targeting as a radiosensitizer that can be exploited for the treatment of human head and neck carcinomas.
Finding Truth in Cause-Related Advertising: A Lexical Analysis of Brands’ Health, Environment, and Social Justice Communications on Twitter (2015)

Consumers increasingly desire to make purchasing decisions based on factors such as health, the environment, and social justice. In response, there has been a commensurate rise in cause-related marketing to appeal to socially-conscious consumers. However, a lack of regulation and standardization makes it difficult for consumers to assess marketing claims; this is further complicated by social media, which firms use to cultivate a personality for their brand through frequent conversational messages. Yet, little empirical research has been done to explore the relationship between cause-related marketing messages on social media and the true cause alignment of brands. In this paper, we explore this by pairing the marketing messages from the Twitter accounts of over 1,000 brands with third-party ratings of each brand with respect to health, the environment, and social justice. Specifically, we perform text regression to predict each brand’s true rating in each dimension based on the lexical content of its tweets, and find significant held-out correlation on each task, suggesting that a brand’s alignment with a social cause can be somewhat reliably signaled through its Twitter communications — though the signal is weak in many cases. To aid in the identification of brands that engage in misleading cause-related communication as well as terms that more likely indicate insincerity, we propose a procedure to rank both brands and terms by their volume of “conflicting” communications (i.e., “greenwashing”). We further explore how cause-related terms are used differently by brands that are strong vs. weak in actual alignment with the cause. The results provide insight into current practices in causerelated marketing in social media, and provide a framework for identifying and monitoring misleading communications. Together, they can be used to promote transparency in causerelated marketing in social media, better enabling brands to communicate authentic valuesbased policy decisions, and consumers to make socially responsible purchase decisions.
The Role of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein in Breast Cancer Mediated Osteolysis. (1995)

Abstract : This proposal is designed to investigate the role of PTHrP in breast cancer-mediated osteolysis. Observations in patient with bone metastases suggest that breast cancer cells in bone express PTHrP more frequently than in soft tissue site of metastasis or in the primary tumor. Three isoforms of PTHrP, 1-139, 1-141 and 1-173, are products of alternative splicing in humans, but the specific contribution of each of these isoforms to osteolytic metastasis caused by breast cancer as not been evaluated. To determine the role of these isoforms in breast cancer metastasis to bone, the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (MDA-231) was stably transfected with similar amounts of cDNAs for human prepro PTHrP 1-139), -(1-141) or -(1-173), driven by a CMV promoter, and studied in a model of human breast cancer metastasis one. Conditioned media from stable MDAIPTHrP-(I-139) clones contained significantly more PTHrP, compared with DNPTHrP-(1-141), -(1-173) or parental MDA-231. Nude mice were inoculated into the left cardiac ventricle with MDA 31/ PTHrP-(1-139), -(1-141), -(1-173) clones or parental MDA-231 cells. Osteolytic lesion area of radiographs wa greatest in mice bearing MDAIPTHrP-(1-139) compared with those bearing MDAIPTHrP-(1-141), -(1-173) or parenta DA-231. Ca++was significantly higher in the MDAIPTHrP-(1-139) compared with the MDAIPTHrP-(1-141), -(1-173)0 arental MDA-231 groups as was the plasma PTHrP concentration. The data demonstrate that overexpression of PTHrP 1-139) isoform in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 results in greater PTHrP secretion in vitro an enhanced osteolysis with increased plasma PTHrP concentrations and hypercalcemia in vivo compared wit overexpression of PTHrP-(1-141) or -(1-173). Differential cell processing of the isoforms may result in more efficient secretion of PTHrP-(1-139) and the osteolysis that is characteristic of b