gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Impact of Intraocular Lens Design Variations on the Accuracy of IOL Power Calculations (2023)

To ascertain the theoretical impact of optical design variations of the intraocular lens (IOL) on the accuracy of IOL power formulas based on a single lens constant using a thick lens eye model. This impact was also simulated before and after optimization. We modeled 70 thick-lens pseudophakic eyes implanted with IOLs of symmetrical optical design and power comprised between 0.50 D and 35 D in 0.5-step increments. Modifications of the shape factor resulting in variations in the anterior and posterior radii of an IOL were made, keeping the central thickness and paraxial powers static. Geometry data from three IOL models were also used. Corresponding postoperative spherical equivalent (SE) were computed for different IOL powers and assimilated to a prediction error of the formula due to the sole change in optical design alone. Formula accuracy was studied before and after zeroization on a uniform and non-uniform realistic IOL power distribution. The impact of the incremental change in optic design variability depended on the IOL power. Design modifications theoretically induce an increase in the standard deviation (SD), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Square (RMS) of the error. The values of these parameters reduce dramatically after zeroization. While the variations in optical design can affect refractive outcomes, especially in short eyes, the zeroization of the mean error theoretically reduces the impact of the IOL's design and power on the accuracy of IOL power calculation.
ChemInform Abstract: Inter‐ and Intramolecular Hetero‐Diels‐Alder Reactions. Part 25. The Tandem Knoevenagel Hetero Diels‐Alder Reaction with a Formylacetic Acid Equivalent. Synthesis of Dihydropyrancarboxylates. (1989)

Abstract The trichlorooxobutanal (II) (stable for several months at ‐25 °C; existing to 96% as the tautomer with an enolized aldehyde function) is employed in the title reaction as an equivalent of the unstable formylacetic acid.
High-fidelity spherical cholesteric liquid crystal Bragg reflectors generating unclonable patterns for secure authentication (2016)

Monodisperse cholesteric liquid crystal microspheres exhibit spherically symmetric Bragg reflection, generating, via photonic cross communication, dynamically tuneable multi-coloured patterns. These patterns, uniquely defined by the particular sphere arrangement, could render cholesteric microspheres very useful in countless security applications, as tags to identify and authenticate their carriers, mainly physical objects or persons. However, the optical quality of the cholesteric droplets studied so far is unsatisfactory, especially after polymerisation, a step required for obtaining durable samples that can be used for object identification. We show that a transition from droplets to shells solves all key problems, giving rise to sharp patterns and excellent optical quality even after polymerisation, the polymerised shells sustaining considerable mechanical deformation. Moreover, we demonstrate that, counter to prior expectation, cross communication takes place even between non-identical shells. This opens additional communication channels that add significantly to the complexity and unique character of the generated patterns.
Dense disparity estimation with a divide-and-conquer disparity space image technique (1999)

A new divide-and-conquer technique for disparity estimation is proposed in this paper. This technique performs feature matching following the high confidence first principle, starting with the strongest feature point in the stereo pair of scanlines. Once the first matching pair is established, the ordering constraint in disparity estimation allows the original intra-scanline matching problem to be divided into two smaller subproblems. Each subproblem can then be solved recursively until there is no reliable feature point within the subintervals. This technique is very efficient for dense disparity map estimation for stereo images with rich features. For general scenes, this technique can be paired up with the disparity-space image (DSI) technique to compute dense disparity maps with integrated occlusion detection. In this approach, the divide-and-conquer part of the algorithm handles the matching of stronger features and the DSI-based technique handles the matching of pixels in between feature points and the detection of occlusions. An extension to the standard disparity-space technique is also presented to compliment the divide-and-conquer algorithm. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed divide-and-conquer DSI algorithm.
d-Glucose sensor based on ZnO·V2O5 NRs by an enzyme-free electrochemical approach (2019)

A simple wet-chemical technique was used to prepare zinc oxide-doped vanadium pentaoxide nanorods (ZnO·V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> NRs) in an alkaline environment.
Supplementary Figures from Integrated Molecular Characterization of the Lethal Pediatric Cancer Pancreatoblastoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figures S1-S10. Supplementary Figure S1. Depths and coverages of targeted deep sequencing. Supplementary Figure S2. Sequencing coverages and numbers of mutations detected by WES. Supplementary Figure S3. Tumor subclonal populations in multiple samples from PBL001 estimated by PyClone. Supplementary Figure S4. Mutational signatures of primary and metastatic PBL. Supplementary Figure S5. SNP array-based copy number analysis of PBL. Supplementary Figure S6. Targeted deep sequencing based allele-specific copy number analysis of chromosome 11. Supplementary Figure S7. Bisulfite Sanger sequencing of ICR1 on chromosome 11p15.5. Supplementary Figure S8. Relative expression levels of IGF2 in CN-LOH-negative samples. Supplementary Figure S9. Aberrant activation of Wnt signaling pathway in PBL009. Supplementary Figure S10. Global DNA methylation profile of PBL.&lt;/p&gt;
Light-Activated Pesticides (1987)

Although light has been known to enhance certain toxic reactions since 1888, the principle was not exploited until after 1970 to any great extent. The greatest concentration of effort has been in the study of photodynamically active dyes, primarily the halogenated fluorescein series, as prospective insecticides. More recently, compounds of plant origin have been isolated, identified, and studied as phototoxins against a wide range of pests, including insects, fungi, and weeds. The main classes studied to this time are the furanocoumarins, thiophenes, acetylenes, extended quinones, and the chlorophyll a intermediates popularized as "laser herbicides." It is apparent that this area of research will expand in the coming years rather than retrench.
An Evaluation of Coated Molecular Sieves for Gas Chromatography (1967)

Coated molecular sieves provide a useful column packing material for analysis of aqueous samples. No water peak or effect on detector response are obtained. Satisfactory chromatograms are obtained for most other compounds.
Cover Feature: Helical Bisphosphinites in Asymmetric Tsuji‐Trost Allylation: a Remarkable P:Pd Ratio Effect (ChemCatChem 21/2021) (2021)

The Cover Feature illustrates the dramatical effect of the phosphorous-to-palladium ratio in asymmetric Tsuji-Trost allylation by using a 2,15-bisphosphinite-[6]-helicene as the chiral ligand. It shows that like a tightrope walker′s pendulum that can swing to the right or left, the chemist can select the (R)-enantiomer or the (S)-enantiomer by varying the amount of ligand. In their Full Paper, through 31P NMR spectroscopic analysis of a model complex and X-Ray diffraction analysis together with DFT calculations, C. Medena et al. were able to shed light on this phenomenon. More information can be found in the Full Paper by C. Medena et al.
Wideband L-probe-feed patch antenna with dual-bandoperation for GSM/PCSbase stations (1999)

A dual-band microstrip composed of two patches and two L-probes is proposed. The antenna displays wide-bandwidth characteristics and can be implemented as a dual-mode GSM/PCS base station antenna.
Dwell-dominated spin transport in n-type doped silicon (2007)

We demonstrate the injection and transport of spin-polarized electrons through n-type doped silicon with in-plane spin-valve and perpendicular magnetic field spin precession and dephasing (Hanle effect) measurements. A voltage applied across the transport layer is used to vary the confinement potential caused by conduction band-bending and control the dominant transport mechanism between drift and diffusion. By modeling transport in this device with a Monte-Carlo scheme, we simulate the observed spin polarization and Hanle features, showing that the average transit time across the short Si transport layer can be controlled over 4 orders of magnitude with applied voltage. As a result, this modeling allows inference of a long electron spin lifetime, despite the short transit length.
Cell Engineering Biointerface Focusing on Cytocompatibility Using Phospholipid Polymer with an Isomeric Oligo(lactic acid) Segment (2005)

Initial contact between a biological environment and a biomaterial ultimately decides the in vivo performance. Therefore, the fabrication of a delicate biointerface is important because it can be utilized as a platform for novel biomaterials. For the preparation of advanced biomedical devices such as biochips, nanoparticles, and cell engineering devices, the surface properties may be modified by the design of polymeric biomaterials. Anomalous phospholipid polymers with an isomeric oligo(lactic acid) segment were designed and evaluated as a biointerface. The phospholipid polymer containing 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine was easily copolymerized with isomeric oligo(lactic acid) macromonomers, and the obtained polymer could easily form thin coating membranes as biointerfaces. The oligo(lactic acid) involves three kinds of isomers: dl-, d-, and l-forms. The favorable characteristic on the surface provides regulation of cell-material interactions on the biointerface. The oligo(lactic acid) segment could form hydrophobic domains, which were considered to be located on the interface, to enhance protein adsorption and cell adhesion. The most favorable characteristics on the biointerface were dual functions of cytocompatibility by the phospholipid polymer and cell adhesion property by the oligo(lactic acid) segment. In this study, we focused on the biological responses such as protein adsorption and cell adhesion by change in the oligo(lactic acid) component. The cell viability on the confluent stage was evaluated in terms of metabolic activity.
Reward Shaping via Meta-Learning (2019)

Reward shaping is one of the most effective methods to tackle the crucial yet challenging problem of credit assignment in Reinforcement Learning (RL). However, designing shaping functions usually requires much expert knowledge and hand-engineering, and the difficulties are further exacerbated given multiple similar tasks to solve. In this paper, we consider reward shaping on a distribution of tasks, and propose a general meta-learning framework to automatically learn the efficient reward shaping on newly sampled tasks, assuming only shared state space but not necessarily action space. We first derive the theoretically optimal reward shaping in terms of credit assignment in model-free RL. We then propose a value-based meta-learning algorithm to extract an effective prior over the optimal reward shaping. The prior can be applied directly to new tasks, or provably adapted to the task-posterior while solving the task within few gradient updates. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our shaping through significantly improved learning efficiency and interpretable visualizations across various settings, including notably a successful transfer from DQN to DDPG.
A 2.5-V, 12-b, 5-MSample/s pipelined CMOS ADC (1996)

A set of power minimization techniques is proposed for pipelined ADC's. These techniques include commutating feedback-capacitors, sharing of the op-amp between the adjacent stages of the pipeline, reusing the first stage of the op-amp as comparator pre-amp, and exploiting parasitic capacitors for common-mode feedback. This set of low-power design techniques is incorporated in an experimental chip fabricated in a 1.2-/spl mu/m, double-poly, double-metal CMOS process. At 12-b 5-Msample/s, the chip dissipates 33 mW of power from a 2.5-V analog supply while achieving a maximum differential nonlinearity (DNL) of -0.78 and +0.63 least-significant bits (LSB) with a peak signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 67.6 dB.
What Is the Role of Dopamine Transporter Imaging in Parkinson Prevention Clinical Trials? (2022)

Recent advances in the understanding of the natural course of brain pathophysiology in the major neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease (PD) have led to therapeutic approaches targeting abnormal brain protein deposition. In PD in particular, there is a need for reliable biomarkers to assess and quantify the clinical consequences of this pathology and support clinical evaluation of the efficacy of new therapeutic strategies. Some clinical measures tracked longitudinally can provide evidence for the efficacy of the therapeutic intervention. These include both motor and non-motor assessments like the Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDSUPDRS), quality of life measures, and attaining clinical milestones (e.g., need for medication, onset of falling). Unfortunately, these measures were not developed for tracking the slow rate of clinical change and its high variability between PD patients, nor the resulting difficulty in measuring a reduction in the rate of change of these outcomes. Furthermore, many current trials seek eligibility determinations for trial enrollment in early disease, especially in identifying premotor PD and at-risk individuals for whom, theoretically, the treatment may delay or even prevent the onset of some clinical manifestations of early PD.1,2 In this context, CSF, blood and tissue biomarkers, genomics, and imaging have all been proposed as potential tools to aid in clinical trial eligibility determinations, as well as monitoring the natural course of illness and measuring the efficacy of treatment on slowing disease progression.3,4 Imaging is of value in providing a phenotypic snapshot in living human brain of specific pathologic processes that would otherwise only be obtainable at postmortem.5,6
RSSI Fingerprinting-based Localization Using Machine Learning in LoRa\n Networks (2020)

The scale of wireless technologies penetration in our daily lives, primarily\ntriggered by the Internet-of-things (IoT)-based smart cities, is beaconing the\npossibilities of novel localization and tracking techniques. Recently,\nlow-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies have emerged as a solution to\noffer scalable wireless connectivity for smart city applications. LoRa is one\nsuch technology that provides energy efficiency and wide-area coverage. This\narticle explores the use of intelligent machine learning techniques, such as\nsupport vector machines, spline models, decision trees, and ensemble learning,\nfor received signal strength indicator (RSSI)-based ranging in LoRa networks,\non a training dataset collected in two different environments: indoors and\noutdoors. The suitable ranging model is then used to experimentally evaluate\nthe accuracy of localization and tracking using trilateration in the studied\nenvironments. Later, we present the accuracy of LoRa-based positioning system\n(LPS) and compare it with the existing ZigBee, WiFi, and Bluetooth-based\nsolutions. In the end, we discuss the challenges of satellite-independent\ntracking systems and propose future directions to improve accuracy and provide\ndeployment feasibility.\n
Composable processor virtualization for embedded systems (2010)

Processor virtualization divides a physical processor's time among a set of virual machines, enabling efficient hardware utilization, application security and allowing co-existence of different operating systems on the same processor. Through initially intended for the server domain, virtualization gains popularity also in embemmed systems, where it is mainly meant to isolate real-time from best effort applications, as they require different types of schedulers and performance guarantees. More-over, for design productivity and cost reasons, one would like to indepently design, test, and verify applications, then easily integrate them on a shared hardware platform. For best effort, this requires composable capacity, i.e. an application's number of processor cycles is independent of other applications. In real-time, performance prediction and guarantees preservation is crucial, thus the timing of an application's cycles should also be indepent, i.e. composable performance/timing. Virtualization is a good first step towards these, however existing approaches do not ensure timing composability. In this paper we propose a processor virtualization scheme with: (1) composable timing and capacity, and (2) different task schedulers per application. This scheme is based on: (1) a budget-based scheduler for composable capacity, plus (2) the ability to program application switching at fixed points in time, for composable timing. We implemented this scheme on an FPGA multiprocessor running a synthetic application and experiments show composability.
Effect of an Institutional Triaging Algorithm on the Use of Multidetector CT for Patients with Blunt Abdominopelvic Trauma over an 8-year Period (2016)

Purpose To evaluate the effect of an institutional clinical triaging algorithm on the rate of multidetector computed tomography (CT) utilization in blunt abdominopelvic trauma (BAPT) over an 8-year period at an urban level 1 trauma center. Materials and Methods Adult patients (n = 13 096; mean age, 42 years; age range, 15-95 years) admitted with BAPT from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2013, were included. Patients with BAPT were divided into two groups: those admitted before (referred to as the prealgorithm group, from January 1, 2006, to June 30, 2010) and after (referred to as the postalgorithm group, from July 1, 2010, to December 31, 2013) the implementation of an institutional clinical triaging algorithm. The following parameters were recorded from abdominopelvic CT study reports for the pre- and postalgorithm groups: number of abdominopelvic CT examinations at admission, number of abdominopelvic CT examinations with positive BAPT-related findings, injury severity score, length of hospital stay, and number of mortalities. The unpaired t test and χ<sup>2</sup> analysis were used to determine significant differences. Results The percentage of patients admitted for BAPT who underwent an abdominopelvic CT study was 76.7% (5900 of 7688) in the prealgorithm group and 44.6% (2413 of 5408) in the postalgorithm group, a 32.1% decrease in use of CT (P < .001). The mean injury severity score increased from 10.1 ± 9.1 (standard deviation) to 13.3 ± 11.9 after implementation of the algorithm in patients admitted for BAPT who underwent abdominopelvic CT examination (P < .001). The percentage of abdominopelvic CT examinations with BAPT-related findings increased from 17.1% (1007 of 5900) to 19.8% (479 of 2413) (P = .003). There was a significant difference in average length of stay, from 4.8 days ± 7.0 to 4.2 days ± 6.2 (P < .001). Mortality decreased from 3.1% (242 of 7688) to 2.7% (148 of 5408) after implementation of the algorithm (P = .19). Conclusion The implementation of a clinical triaging algorithm resulted in decreased use of multidetector CT in patients who presented with BAPT to the emergency department. <sup>©</sup> RSNA, 2016.
Mechanism of Column and Carrot Sprites Derived from Optical and Radio Observations (Invited) (2013)

[1] The lightning current waveforms observed simultaneously with high-speed video records of a column and a carrot sprite event are incorporated in a plasma fluid model to provide quantitative explanation of these two distinct morphological classes of transient luminous events. We calculate the strength of the lightning-induced electric field at sprite altitudes using a time integral of the ionization frequency R t 0 i(E/N)dt. For the studied two events, modeling results indicate that these integral values never exceed 18 in the lower ionosphere, which is the minimum value required for the initiation of streamers from single seed electrons according to the Raether-Meek criterion. It is therefore suggested that the presence of electron inhomogeneities is a necessary condition for the initiation of sprite streamers. It is further demonstrated using streamer modeling that a minimum value of the integral 10 is necessary to initiate upward negative streamers from inhomogeneities, corresponding to a minimum charge moment change of 500 C km under typical nighttime conditions. If the integral values in the entire upper atmosphere are smaller than 10, only column sprites can be produced, dominated by downward positive streamers. Citation: Qin, J., S. Celestin, V. P. Pasko, S. A. Cummer, M. G. McHarg, and H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen (2013), Mechanism of column and carrot sprites derived from optical and radio observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 4777–4782, doi:10.1002/grl.50910.
Mast cells elicit proinflammatory but not type I interferon responses upon activation of TLRs by bacteria (2010)

Balanced induction of proinflammatory and type I IFN responses upon activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) determines the outcome of microbial infections and the pathogenesis of autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases. Mast cells, key components of the innate immune system, are known for their debilitating role in allergy and autoimmunity. However, their role in antimicrobial host defenses is being acknowledged increasingly. How mast cells interact with microbes and the nature of responses triggered thereby is not well characterized. Here we show that in response to TLR activation by Gram-positive and -negative bacteria or their components, mast cells elicit proinflammatory but not type I IFN responses. We demonstrate that in mast cells, bound bacteria and TLR ligands remain trapped at the cell surface and do not undergo internalization, a prerequisite for type I IFN induction. Such cells, however, can elicit type I IFNs in response to vesicular stomatitis virus which accesses the cytosolic retinoic acid-inducible gene I receptor. Although important for antiviral immunity, a strong I IFN response is known to contribute to pathogenesis of several bacterial pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes. Interestingly, we observed that the mast cell-dependent neutrophil mobilization upon L. monocytogenes infection is highly impaired by IFN-beta. Thus, the fact that mast cells, although endowed with the capacity to elicit type I IFNs in response to viral infection, elicit only proinflammatory responses upon bacterial infection shows that mast cells, key effector cells of the innate immune system, are well adjusted for optimal antibacterial and antiviral responses.