gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radio Beacon and Radar Assessment and Forecasting of Equatorial F Region Ionospheric Stability (2019)

Abstract Ionospheric conditions on two adjacent nights in March 2019 were observed at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory using a combination of incoherent scatter, coherent scatter, and high‐frequency (HF) radio modes. The HF data came from a network of beacons consisting of three transmitters and six receivers operating at two frequencies and deployed regionally. The HF beacons employ pseudorandom noise coding and can be used to measure group delay (pseudorange) and Doppler shift, and the time derivative of optical path length. A method for inferring volumetric estimates of electron density regionally from the HF data is described. The radar and HF data are interpreted in light of a direct numerical simulation of the ionospheric interchange instability to elucidate why convective plumes and equatorial spread F conditions occurred on one night but not the other. The numerical simulation accurately predicted whether convective plumes would develop on a given night, utilizing initial conditions and forcings derived from the incoherent scatter data. The HF data were consistent with the incoherent scatter observations and remained intelligible throughout the equatorial spread F event. Crests in the bottomside electron density associated with convective plumes at higher altitudes could be seen propagating through the region in the HF data. It should be possible to incorporate HF data in assimilative simulations of interchange instabilities in order to predict where and when individual convective plumes emerge.
Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockade Increases Bone Mass (2008)

Renin angiotensin system (RAS) regulates circulating blood volume and blood pressure systemically, whereas RAS also plays a role in the local milieu. Previous in vitro studies suggested that RAS may be involved in the regulation of bone cells. However, it was not known whether molecules involved in RAS are present in bone in vivo. In this study, we examined the presence of RAS components in adult bone and the effects of angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor blocker on bone mass. Immunohistochemistry revealed that AT2 receptor protein was expressed in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In addition, renin and angiotensin II-converting enzyme were expressed in bone cells in vivo. Treatment with AT2 receptor blocker significantly enhanced the levels of bone mass, and this effect was based on the enhancement of osteoblastic activity as well as the suppression of osteoclastic activity in vivo. These results indicate that RAS components are present in adult bone and that blockade of AT2 receptor results in alteration in bone mass.
Enhanced Step Coverage of SiO2 Films Sputtered in Hydrogen-Argon Mixed Gas (1980)

Step coverage of magnetron sputtered SiO 2 films prepared in 30% hydrogen-70% argon mixed gases has been investigated in comparison with that in argon only. The following results were obtained. (1) In pure argon, the step coverage profile has a vertical slope with microcrack at the step. (2) By mixing hydrogen in argon, step coverage is improved to a positive slope profile without microcracks, and the film at the step is densified.
Hassan Sheikh Muumin: The Hoobal as Creator, Preserver, and Social Critic of the National Heritage (2008)

Let me spell out for you why they call me hoobal Of our traditional culture I focus on our mother tongue My wealth consists of our rich orature And the words I create, Their meter, rhyme, and musical arrangement, Are my tools People are moved by the sound of my voice And my songs offer guidance to society My words are the first thing children learn And are continuously on people’s lips And all ears are tuned to hear them
Approximate up-scaling of geo-spatial variables applied to deep foundation design (2011)

We present a series of simple approximate methods for up-scaling the cumulative distribution function of spatially correlated variables by using an effective number n e of independent variables. Methods are based on the property of distribution permanence of the gamma and inverse Gaussian distributions under averaging, bootstrap sampling and expansions about the normal and gamma distributions. A stochastic simulation study is used to validate each method, and simple parameters are defined to identify respective ranges of applicability. A practical example is presented where core sample rock strength data are up-scaled to shaft size for probabilistic (risk-based) deep foundation design. Supplemental material is available online.
Peptide immunotherapy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (2015)

We now have potent drugs available to treat the inflammatory component of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, not all patients respond, the drugs are not curative, and the associated risks to beneficial immune surveillance are considerable. A more desirable approach is to specifically target those comparatively rare T lymphocytes that are orchestrating the autoimmune attack. Using the autoantigen itself to instill immune tolerance in those cells remains a holy grail of immunotherapy. Peptide immunotherapy (PIT) is highly effective at silencing autoimmune responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and clinical trials of PIT are underway in MS. This review discusses the current paradigms for PIT-induced tolerance in naïve T cells. It highlights the need for better understanding of the mode of action of PIT upon memory and effector T cells that are responsible for driving/sustaining ongoing autoimmune pathology. Recent studies in EAEsuggest genetic and epigenetic changes in these pathogenic T-cell populations in response to PIT. Finally, future challenges to effective translation of PIT to the clinic are considered.
Effects of Intrinsic Forces in Toroidal Cores Wound of Soft-Magnetic Ribbons (2010)

Magnetic anisotropy as shown by hysteresis loops of tape-wound toroidal cores has been inspected as to the specific response of the anisotropy to core-internal forces during and after annealing. The loops of toroids are compared to that of strip samples annealed together in various ambience. The core-internal forces were manipulated by means of different core construction, too. The results show that it is the heterogeneity, which produces the most effective forces. Different annealing-induced ribbon shrinkage makes the cores effectively heterogeneous and governs their magnetic response, whereas inherent ribbon heterogeneity affects the core properties, too, and is essential for homogeneous cores.
Association of branched-chain amino acids and other circulating metabolites with risk of incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A prospective study in eight cohorts (2018)

INTRODUCTION: Metabolite, lipid, and lipoprotein lipid profiling can provide novel insights into mechanisms underlying incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: We studied eight prospective cohorts with 22,623 participants profiled by nuclear magnetic resonance or mass spectrometry metabolomics. Four cohorts were used for discovery with replication undertaken in the other four to avoid false positives. For metabolites that survived replication, combined association results are presented. RESULTS: Over 246,698 person-years, 995 and 745 cases of incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease were detected, respectively. Three branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine), creatinine and two very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-specific lipoprotein lipid subclasses were associated with lower dementia risk. One high density lipoprotein (HDL; the concentration of cholesterol esters relative to total lipids in large HDL) and one VLDL (total cholesterol to total lipids ratio in very large VLDL) lipoprotein lipid subclass was associated with increased dementia risk. Branched-chain amino acids were also associated with decreased Alzheimer's disease risk and the concentration of cholesterol esters relative to total lipids in large HDL with increased Alzheimer's disease risk. DISCUSSION: Further studies can clarify whether these molecules play a causal role in dementia pathogenesis or are merely markers of early pathology.
Radial temperature differences during the melt spinning of fibers (1984)

In this investigation, a numerical model was developed to predict the temperature distribution in a fiber during melt spinning. This model uses the implicit Crank–Nicolson method to solve the governing differential equation for the problem. The model was applied to a series of numerical experiments on a liquid crystalline fiber which is melt-spun. These simulations used typical sets of operating conditions to determine the effect of various operating parameters on the predicted radius profile, spinline tension, and temperature distribution. The effects of spinneret capillary diameter, mass flow rate, ambient air temperature, spinning temperature, and elongational viscosity were investigated. The results of the various runs showed that ambient air temperature and mass flow rate had a significant effect on the predicted radius profile, spinline tension, and temperature distribution. The spinning temperature was an important parameter, but its only significant effect was on the spinline tension. Spinneret capillary diameter and elongational viscosity had little effect on the predicted results.
Gordonia tangerina sp. nov., isolated from seawater (2022)

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic bacterium, designated GW1C4-4<sup>T</sup>, was isolated from the seawater sample from the tidal zone of Guanyinshan Coast, Xiamen, Fujian Province, PR China. The strain was reddish-orange, rod-shaped and non-motile. Cells of strain GW1C4-4<sup>T</sup> were oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. The strain could grow at 10-42 °C (optimum, 32-35 °C), pH 5-9 (optimum, pH 6) and with 0-10 % NaCl (w/v; optimum, 1 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA sequences indicated that strain GW1C4-4<sup>T</sup> belonged to the genus <i>Gordonia</i>, having the highest similarity to <i>Gordonia mangrovi</i> HNM0687<sup>T</sup> (98.5 %), followed by <i>Gordonia bronchialis</i> DSM 43247<sup>T</sup> (98.4 %). The G+C DNA content was 66.5 mol %. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain GW1C4-4<sup>T</sup> and <i>G. mangrovi</i> HNM0687<sup>T</sup> were 85.8 and 30.0 %, respectively. The principal fatty acids of strain GW1C4-4<sup>T</sup> were C<sub>16 : 0</sub>, C<sub>18 : 0</sub> 10-methyl (TBSA) and summed feature 3 (C<sub>16 : 1</sub> <i> ω</i>7<i>c</i>/C<sub>16 : 1</sub> <i> ω</i>6<i>c</i>). MK-9 (H<sub>2</sub>) was the sole respiratory quinone. The polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and an unidentified lipid. Based on its phylogenetic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic characteristics, it is proposed that strain GW1C4-4<sup>T</sup> represents a novel species within the genus <i>Gordonia</i>, for which the name <i>Gordonia tangerina</i> sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GW1C4-4<sup>T</sup> (=MCCC 1A18727<sup>T</sup>=KCTC 49729<sup>T</sup>).
Measuring cell-type specific differential methylation in human brain tissue (2013)

The behavior of epigenetic mechanisms in the brain is obscured by tissue heterogeneity and disease-related histological changes. Not accounting for these confounders leads to biased results. We develop a statistical methodology that estimates and adjusts for celltype composition by decomposing neuronal and non-neuronal differential signal. This method provides a conceptual framework for deconvolving heterogeneous epigenetic data from postmortem brain studies. We apply it to find cell-specific differentially methylated regions between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. We demonstrate the utility of the method on both Infinium 450k and CHARM data.
Statistical modeling of cross-coupling effects in VLSI interconnects (2005)

In this paper, we develop an approach for statistical modeling of crosstalk noise and dynamic delay degradation in coupled RC interconnects under process variations. The proposed model enables closed-form computation of mean and variance of noise peak and worst case dynamic delay for given variabilities in physical dimensions. We compare the proposed model against HSPICE Monte Carlo simulations and report an average error in mean and standard deviation of noise peak to be 2.7% and 3.7% respectively.
A Novel Extraction Chromatography Resin for Trivalent Actinides Using 2,6-bis(5,6-diisobutyl-1,2,4-triazine-3-yl)pyridine (2013)

AbstractRadiochemical analyses for environmental monitoring or nuclear forensics and safeguards require highly specific and efficient separations of actinides from a variety of sample matrices. Extraction chromatography resins currently employed can exhibit less than ideal performance in separating trivalent actinides from trivalent lanthanides. In attempting to correct at least some of the performance issues, 2,6-di(5,6-diisobutyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)pyridine (isobutyl-BTP) has been coated onto Amberchrom CG-71 resin. The resulting resin has been characterized for actinide-lanthanide separations using americium(III), curium(III), plutonium(IV), and europium(III). This isobutyl-BTP resin has been shown to extract trivalent actinides with k' values ranging from 4000 to 8000 while only minimally extracting europium(III). Actinides can be easily stripped with dilute HCl, and the resin has been shown to be stable to hydrolysis.Keywords: actinide separationsamericiumeuropiumextraction chromatographyisobutyl-BTP Notes§Advanced Chemistry Development Software V8.19 (1994–2010 ACD/Labs).Present Address for Christopher Klug, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
Intradural chordoma of the tentorium cerebelli (1991)

A rare case of intradural chordoma is described. The literature contains seven examples of intradural extraosseous chordoma, all reported in a ventral location. This is the first reported case of a primary intradural chordoma distant from the clivus and involving both the supra- and infratentorial compartments.
Graphene nanosheets/BaTiO3 ceramics as highly efficient electromagnetic interference shielding materials in the X-band (2015)

Graphene nanosheets filled BaTiO<sub>3</sub> ceramics with high-performance EMI shielding effectiveness, greater than 40 dB in the X-band at 1.5 mm thickness, were prepared <italic>via</italic> pressureless sintering.
Neuropsychological outcome of subjects participating in the PKU Adult Collaborative Study: A preliminary review (2004)

Adult subjects with classical phenylketonuria (PKU) who were diagnosed and treated neonatally participated in this long-term follow-up study. Twenty-four subjects received neuropsychological (NP) assessment and a subset received magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to identify: (1) pattern of cognitive dysfunction; (2) effect of high blood phenylalanine (Phe) level at time of cognitive testing; and (3) treatment variables that may be associated with cognitive difficulties in adulthood. All subjects had average IQ except one subject in the borderline range. Diet was initiated by the 15th day of life. All subjects except one were on diet until age 6 years (mean years of treatment = 15). Blood Phe levels at cognitive testing ranged from 157 to 1713 micromol/L (mean = 1038); 11 subjects had levels < 1000 micromol/L and 13 subjects had levels >1000 micromol/L. Results suggest that adults with early-treated PKU demonstrate specific cognitive deficits, a number of which are associated with the frontal and temporal area of the brain. Deficits were noted in several domains including executive functioning, attention, verbal memory, expressive naming and verbal fluency. Self-report measures of depression and anxiety were generally in the normal/mild range. The group with a Phe level > 1000 micromol/L scored lower than the group with Phe level < 1000 micromol/L on measures of focused attention, verbal fluency, reaction time, verbal recognition memory, visual memory and naming. Tests of cognitive functioning were often correlated with measures of treatment during childhood rather than with Phe level at the time of cognitive testing. Subjects with abnormal MRI scored significantly lower on two cognitive tests (Trails A and CVLT Recognition Memory). We found no significant correlation between current brain Phe level obtained through MRS (n = 10) and neuropsychological functioning. Future longitudinal investigation with a larger sample size will assist in clarifying the aetiology of neuropsychological deficits and association with treatment history.
Field-tuned quantum critical point of antiferromagnetic metals (2005)

A magnetic field applied to a three-dimensional antiferromagnetic metal can destroy the long-range order and thereby induce a quantum critical point. Such field-induced quantum critical behavior has been the focus of many recent experiments. We theoretically investigate the quantum critical behavior of clean antiferromagnetic metals subject to a static, spatially uniform, external magnetic field. The external field not only suppresses (or induces in some systems) antiferromagnetism, but also influences the dynamics of the order parameter by inducing spin precession. This leads to an exactly marginal correction to spin-fluctuation theory. We investigate how the interplay of precession and damping determines the specific heat, magnetization, magnetocaloric effect, susceptibility, and scattering rates. We point out that precession can change the sign of the leading $\sqrt{T}$ correction to the specific-heat coefficient $c(T)∕T$ and can induce a characteristic maximum in $c(T)∕T$ for certain parameters. We argue that the susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}=\ensuremath{\partial}M∕\ensuremath{\partial}B$ is the thermodynamic quantity that shows the most significant change upon approaching the quantum critical point, and which gives experimental access to the (dangerously irrelevant) spin-spin interactions.
Effects of Electronic Perturbations on 1-Hexene Polymerization Catalyzed by Zirconium Amine Bisphenolate Complexes (2014)

The kinetics of 1-hexene polymerization using four zirconium amine bisphenolate catalysts, Zr[tBu-ONXO]Bn2 (where, X = pyr-CF3 (1), pyr (2), pyr-CH3 (3), pyr-OMe (4)) has been investigated to elucidate the effect of varying the electronic nature of the pyridine pendant ligand X. A model-based approach using a diverse set of data, including monomer consumption, evolution of molecular weight, and end-group analysis was employed to determine each of the reaction-specific rate constants involved in polymerization. The mechanisms of polymerization for 1–4 was similar, and the necessary elementary reaction steps included initiation, propagation, misinsertion, recovery from misinsertion, and chain transfer. It was observed that the electronic nature of the pendant pyridine ligand affects each monomer insertion event (propagation, misinsertion, and recovery) in a similar fashion, in concert with changes in the Hammett parameters of the ligand substituents. These findings underscore the importance of kinetic modeling to establish robust structure–activity relationships.
TCR signal strength defines distinct mechanisms of T cell dysfunction and cancer evasion (2021)

T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength is a key determinant of T cell responses. We developed a cancer mouse model in which tumor-specific CD8 T cells (TST cells) encounter tumor antigens with varying TCR signal strength. High-signal-strength interactions caused TST cells to up-regulate inhibitory receptors (IRs), lose effector function, and establish a dysfunction-associated molecular program. TST cells undergoing low-signal-strength interactions also up-regulated IRs, including PD1, but retained a cell-intrinsic functional state. Surprisingly, neither high- nor low-signal-strength interactions led to tumor control in vivo, revealing two distinct mechanisms by which PD1hi TST cells permit tumor escape; high signal strength drives dysfunction, while low signal strength results in functional inertness, where the signal strength is too low to mediate effective cancer cell killing by functional TST cells. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated fine-tuning of signal strength to an intermediate range improved anti-tumor activity in vivo. Our study defines the role of TCR signal strength in TST cell function, with important implications for T cell-based cancer immunotherapies.
Chromosome Banding Methods, Standard Chromosome Band Nomenclature, and Applications in Cytogenetic Analysis (1987)

This chapter focuses on the comparison of and relationship between nitrogen (N)-banding and carbon (C)-banding techniques, the nomenclature and description of banded chromosomes of wheat, and the application of banding techniques in cytogenetic analysis of wheat and other cereal species. Among the many specialized Giemsa banding methods, two techniques, namely, C-banding and N-banding, have been most useful in cytogenetic studies of wheat and other cereals. Although the C-banding technique allows identification of all chromosomes in wheat and other cereal species, and the N-banding technique identifies fewer chromosomes, N-banding does offer some advantages over C-banding. However, nomenclature in human chromosome banding was based on Q- and G-bands, whereas in wheat it is based on C- and N-bands. The longitudinal differentiation of chromosomes revealed by the banding techniques provides a unique fingerprint of individual chromosomes and whole genomes for evolutionary studies.
Study of saturation phenomena on asynchronous generators used in wind farms (2004)

Squirrel cage induction machines represent a common solution widely adopted in wind generation. In fact, the induction machine is simple, reliable, cheap and requires very little maintenance. The asynchronous machine is usually used in motor operation so the model used to simulate its behavior does not take into account saturation phenomena. The paper investigates the effect of saturation phenomena in modeling the asynchronous machine in a generation group for wind farms. In order to conduct the analysis two models are considered: a simplified model, constructed by neglecting the saturation of the magnetic circuits, and a second model set up considering the effect of saturation. The validation and the comparison of the two models have been made by means of experimental results. Some considerations into the error connected with the use of the simplified model and into the suitability of using it are reported.
Adversarial Examples for Automatic Speech Recognition: Attacks and Countermeasures (2019)

Speech is a common and effective approach for communication between humans and modern mobile devices such as smartphones or home hubs. The remarkable advances in computing and networking have popularized automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems, which can interpret received speech signals on mobile devices and enable us to remotely control and interact with those devices. Despite promising development, audio adversarial examples, a new kind of attack on advanced ASR systems, are found to be extremely effective in imitating human speech while fooling mobile devices to produce incorrect commands. In this article, we provide a systematic survey of audio adversarial examples in the literature. We first present an overview of the architecture of ASR systems and outline the basic attack philosophy. Followed by a brief introduction of the state-of-the-art solutions to audio adversarial examples, a comprehensive comparison is presented. Finally, after discussing existing countermeasures to defend ASR, we highlight several promising future research directions and challenges on constructing more robust and practical audio adversarial examples.