gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Melanin Synthesis by the Phenolic Constituents of Sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan) (2012)

Sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan Linn.) is used as an herbal medicine. It is sometimes used to treat skin damage or as a facial cleanser. In the present study, the methanol (MeOH) extract of sappanwood was found to inhibit melanin synthesis in cultured human melanoma HMV-II cells stimulated with forskolin, and six active compounds (1-5 and 7) were isolated from the extract along with a non-active compound (6). Compounds 2-7 were identified as sappanchalcone (2), 3'-deoxy-4-O-methylsappanol (3), brazilein, (4), brazilin (5), sappanol (6), and 4-O-methylsappanol (7). Compound 1 was a new compound, and its structure was determined to be (6aS,11bR)-7,11b-dihydro-6H-indeno[2,1-c]chromene-3,6a,10,11-tetrol by spectroscopic analyses. Among the six active compounds, brazilin (5) (EC50: 3.0 ± 0.5 µM) and 4-O-methylsappanol (7) (EC50: 4.6 ± 0.7 µM) strongly suppressed melanin synthesis in HMV-II cells. Bioactive compounds showed moderate cytotoxicities against HMV-II cells with IC50 values of 83.1 ± 4.0 µM (for 2), 72.0 µM ± 2.4 (for 3), 33.8 ± 1.1 µM (for 4), 18.4 ± 0.8 µM (for 5), and 20.2 ± 0.8 (for 7), respectively. Brazilin (5) selectively suppressed the expression of mRNAs for tyrosinase-related protein (TYRP) 2 and tyrosinase but did not influence the expression of TYRP1. These results suggest that brazilin (5) is a new class of melanin inhibitor and that sappanwood could be used as a cosmetic material.
Editorial (2000)

Many of the national and international trade societies have been devoting significant resources to develop roadmaps relevant to their own industry. The goal is to provide information to drive both their industry and to influence other related industry sectors in the supply chain. These roadmaps work by keeping a rolling horizon in sight to stay abreast of current technological developments. In this issue of the open forum, Dr. G. Munie of Lucent Technologies discusses the industry roadmaps and customer expectations in the telecom industry with respect to the future of the PWB industry and the electronic manufacturing services. The Open Forum Editor hopes readers enjoy this article and will be able to use this information the next time he or she is called upon to develop a "roadmap" for their workgroup, company, or the industry.
Photonic reservoir computer with all-optical reservoir (2021)

A photonic reservoir computer (RC) leverages optical phenomena to implement multiplication by large pseudo-random matrices used by reservoir computers to perform complex machine learning tasks. Here we show that the equations for propagation around a multimode (MM) ring resonator can be cast exactly in the standard RC form with speckle mixing performing the matrix multiplication, an optical nonlinearity, and optical feedback. The hyperparameters are the outcoupling efficiency, the nonlinearity saturation level, and the input bias. The MM ring geometry reduces the sampling rate of backend ADCs by the number of neurons compared to single mode rings and removes the costly optical-to-electrical conversions required at each time step in the arrays. Simulations show a ring using a strongly guiding 50-m planar waveguide gives 200 neurons and excellent predictions and classifications of Mackey-Glass waveforms, while a weakly guiding MM 200-m diameter fiber gives about 4,000 neurons and excellent predictions of chaotic solutions of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation. We perform several simulations of both systems to demonstrate the spatial sampling requirements for the output speckle patterns and that these ring resonator RCs are not excessively sensitive to tuning of the hyperparameters. Finally, we propose designs implementing the system as a chip-scale device or with discrete components and a MM optical fiber.
Resist cluster formation model and development simulation (1998)

In KrF or ArF resist processing, chemically amplified resists are widely used for ULSI device fabrication. Decomposition (positive resist) or cross linking (negative resist) is amplified by an acid catalytic reaction during post-exposure baking (PEB). We previously demonstrated PEB and development simulations including T-top forming using a cluster model based upon percolation theory. The cluster formation process and the cell combination rule should be reflected in resist processing conditions and resist synthesis processes such as using some additives. So, we investigated the cell combination rule in cluster formation, varying resist process conditions. Using this cluster model, a new resist process model is developed. Molecular interaction dependence on resist sensitivity is investigated by a cluster formation chart. The strength of the molecular interaction affects resist sensitivity. This model is consistent with the sensitivity changes in Si-resist experiments and dielectric constant calculations of several ArF resists. From the cluster forming chart, we see that the resist matrix becomes gel or sol state near the critical point of development. This simulation result theoretically supports a salting out experiment analysis, and shows a large cluster near the critical point. This fact is verified by AFM surface observations, which are related to resist surface roughness. Consequently, cluster structure is formed due to the molecular interaction, leading to resist dissolution rate features such as sensitivity.
Phase I dose escalation study of 3-weekly BI 836845, a fully human, affinity optimized, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) ligand neutralizing antibody, in patients with advanced solid tumors. (2014)

2622 Background: Insulin-like growth factor signaling is reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of several tumours. BI 836845 is a HumAb of the IgG1 isotype against the human insulin-like growth factors IGF-1 and IGF-2, which are up-regulated in many tumors. This ligand-targeting approach is broader than specific IGF-1 receptor blockade. This first in man Phase I trial of 3-weekly i.v. BI 836845 was pursued to evaluate safety, tolerability, MTD and relevant biological dose (RBD). Secondary objectives included assessment of tumor response, PK and PD. Methods: Patients (pts) with advanced solid tumours, ECOG PS 0-2, and adequate organ function were recruited in a 3+3 dose escalation design. BI 836845 was administered at escalating doses in 3-weekly (21 day) cycles until progression or unacceptable toxicity. A past history of diabetes was an exclusion criterion. Results: 33 pts across 11 cohorts were enrolled and treated, median age 59.0 (23 – 79) years. Tumor types were colorectal (6), adrenal (4), NSCLC (2), head and neck (2), pancreas (2), prostate (2), ovary (2) and others (13). No DLT was observed in any of the 11 dose levels explored (range 10 to 3600 mg); MTD was not reached. The most common (> 5% of pts) related AEs were abdominal pain, constipation, decreased appetite, fatigue, lethargy and nausea all being ≤ Grade 2. 2 pts had Grade 3 related AEs (hyponatremia and diarrhea). 0 had Grade 4 related AEs. No drug-related hyperglycemia was observed. BI 836845 plasma exposure (AUC0-∞ and Cmax) increased dose-proportionally with steady state volume of distribution (Vss) of about 5.8 L and a total plasma clearance (Cl) of 0.5 mL/min. The terminal half-life was about 6 days. There were no objective responses but confirmed SD was achieved in 4 pts. RBD of 1000 mg weekly was selected based on integration of preclinical and clinical data from this study and a study investigating weekly dosing. Conclusions: BI 836845 is well tolerated in patients with advanced solid tumours. An RBD of 1000 mg weekly was identified. An expansion phase is ongoing and recruiting patients with Ewing sarcoma or all tumor types with biopsiable disease. Clinical trial information: NCT01317420.
Evolution of the PowerPC architecture (1994)

The PowerPC is a new RISC architecture derived from IBM's POWER architecture. The changes made to POWER simplify implementations, increase clock rates, enable a higher degree of superscalar execution, extend the architecture to 64 bits, and add multiprocessor support. For compatibility with existing software, the developers retained POWER's basic instruction set, opcode assignments, and programming model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cardiovascular Surgery in Marfan Syndrome: Implications of New Molecular Concepts in Thoracic Aortic Disease (2011)

Acute dissection and rupture of aortic aneurysms comprise for 1-2% of all deaths in industrialized countries. Dilation of the aorta is caused by a multitude of mechanisms including inherited connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome (MFS). MFS is one of the most common inherited connective tissue disorders affecting 1 in 5000 individuals. Although the phenotype of MFS can be quite variable, aneurysmal dilation of the aortic root and consecutive acute aortic dissection is the leading cause of death in this patient population. Over the past years it has been shown that a comprehensive understanding of this disorder provides greater understanding of vascular wall biology and identifies pathways relevant to aortic aneurysms and dissection in general. The current review discusses the surgical management of patients with MFS with a special emphasis on indications for surgery in this complex group of patients.
Der Radius und seine funktionelle Bedeutung (2021)

Ob Gelenkflächen-Neigungswinkel, Lister'sches Tuberculum oder funktionelles Bewegungsverhalten: Für die Behandlung distaler Radiusfrakturen ist eine genaue Kenntnis der anatomischen und biomechanischen Besonderheiten des Radius unabdingbar.
Editorial: Stem cell engineering – discovery, diagnostics and therapies (2013)

Stem cell engineering - discovery, diagnostics and therapies: This Special Issue is edited by Brenda Ogle and Sean Palecek and is based on presentations from the Third International Conference on Stem Cell Engineering, co-sponsored by the Society of Biological Engineering and the International Society for Stem Cell Research, held in Seattle, WA from April 29-May 2, 2012.
Development of a computerized 2D rating scale for continuous and simultaneous evaluation of two dimensions of a sensory stimulus (2023)

These results support the use of a two-dimensional scale to simultaneously report multiple dimensions of complex stimuli.
The dynamics of a bubble ensemble in a cavitation field (2007)

A system of equations was obtained to describe the dynamics of bubbles in a cavitation cloud taking into account the interaction of pulsating bubbles involved in translational motion. The kinetics of cavitation bubble concentration changes, changes in the compressibility of the liquid, and phase transitions within a cavitation bubble and in the neighboring volume of the liquid were taken into account. The role played by bubble deformation in a cavitation cloud was considered. The Bernoulli pressure effect was shown to be negligible. The interaction of cavitation bubbles was a substantial factor that strongly influenced the dynamics of bubbles. It was suggested that there was at least one more mechanism that reduced sonoluminescence intensity from the multiple-bubble cavitation field, namely, a fairly high efficiency of sonoluminescence quenching could additionally be related to the arrival of a cumulative liquid stream at the central cavitation bubble region, where the concentration of active species was high. The dynamics of bubbles in the cavitation field is not only related to the expansion and compression of cavitation bubbles in the acoustic field, but also governed to a great extent by their interaction, translational motion, deformation, and the influence of cumulative streams penetrating the bubbles.
Infrared photoluminescence from Si/Ge nanowire grown Si wafers (2012)

This paper investigates the enhancement of room temperature (RT) infrared (IR) photoluminescence (PL) from Si/Ge nanowire (NW) grown silicon (Si) wafers. The NW grown wafers were treated by an acid atmosphere consisting of vapor of hydrofluoric HF and HNO3 chemical mixture. The treatment modifies the surface particularly at defect sites such as pits, dislocations and stacking faults as well as NW surfaces by etching and forming oxides. This process can induce a passivated crystalline Si surface where band-to-band (BB) emission is the dominant property. Strong signals are observed at sub-band gap energies when the treatment results in disordered surface with oxygen related defects. IR PL is a competitive property between the Si BB transition and sub-gap emission which is mainly attributable to defects and partly to Ge dots. The enhancement in BB and deep-level PL was discussed in terms of strain, impurities, Ge dots and oxygen diffusion. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in enhancing and tuning IR PL properties for possible applications.
Genetic risk factor clustering within and across neurodegenerative diseases (2023)

Overlapping symptoms and co-pathologies are common in closely related neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Investigating genetic risk variants across these NDDs can give further insight into disease manifestations. In this study we have leveraged genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms and genome-wide association study summary statistics to cluster patients based on their genetic status across identified risk variants for five NDDs (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lewy body dementia and frontotemporal dementia). The multi-disease and disease-specific clustering results presented here provide evidence that NDDs have more overlapping genetic aetiology than previously expected and how neurodegeneration should be viewed as a spectrum of symptomology. These clustering analyses also show potential subsets of patients with these diseases that are significantly depleted for any known common genetic risk factors suggesting environmental or other factors at work. Establishing that NDDs with overlapping pathologies share genetic risk loci, future research into how these variants might have different effects on downstream protein expression, pathology and NDD manifestation in general is important for refining and treating NDDs.
1808 Time-Mean and Unsteady Endwall Heat Transfer with Horseshoe Vortex (2007)

This paper describes the results of experimental and numerical studies about the dynamics of the juncture flow and the associated heat transfer in the leading-edge endwall region of a symmetric airfoil. The effect of approach boundary layer thickness and main-stream velocity was investigated. By using a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), instantaneous flow field data near the junction of a symmetric airfoil and its endwall have been extracted. Local heat transfer coefficient distribution was assessed by micrometric measurements of ablation depth of a naphthalene film. The value of the primary peak increases as the free velocity increases and the positions of secondary peak seems to slightly approach the leading edge with the decrease of boundary layer thickness. Furthermore, we compared experimental results with Detached eddy simulation (DES) results, and obtained good agreement.
Detecting Wide-Range Proximity Slightly Dependent on Reflectance by Calibrating Reflection Intensity Sensor with ToF Sensor (2019)

Proximity sensors are useful for robotic manipulation. In this paper, we propose a wide-range proximity sensor module that consists of two types of proximity sensors: 1) reflection intensity sensor that can detect close proximity but depends on target object properties (e.g., reflectance); and 2) ToF sensor that is less dependent on these properties but cannot detect close proximity. We calibrate the former sensor with the latter when both sensors detect the same object. After this calibration, the former sensor becomes able to detect close proximity less dependent on the properties. We verified the distance measurement ability of the proposed module with experiments against different colored objects.
Author response: The membrane-associated proteins FCHo and SGIP are allosteric activators of the AP2 clathrin adaptor complex (2014)

All cells are enveloped by a plasma membrane. To interact with the outside world, cells constantly recycle the molecules found in, or on, this barrier. This is accomplished by drawing in small patches of the membrane containing these ‘cargo’ molecules via a process called endocytosis. The predominant method of endocytosis involves coating the tiny membrane pouches with a scaffold-like structure made of clathrin molecules. However, clathrin requires a set of four proteins (known as the adaptor protein-2 complex) to connect the membrane and cargo to the clathrin cage. Previous studies have suggested that the adaptor protein-2 complex may exist in at least two forms: one in which the binding sites for membrane and cargo are hidden, and another where these sites are exposed. These structures were proposed to represent inactive (closed) and active (open) forms of the complex, respectively. It has been unclear whether reorganization of the adaptor complex is a necessary step in endocytosis or how it might be stimulated. Now Hollopeter et al. show that worms that lack a membrane-associated protein called FCHo are unable to cluster the adaptor protein-2 complex on their cell membranes, and their cells have difficulties taking up cargo. When the FCHo protein was missing, the adaptor protein-2 complex remained in its closed shape, suggesting that the FCHo protein is needed to switch the complex from its closed to its open structure. When Hollopeter et al. looked for worms with genetic changes that can overcome the defects caused by a lack of FCHo, they identified worms with various mutations in the genes for the adaptor protein-2 complex. These mutations altered the proteins in the complex at positions that are predicted to rearrange dramatically when the complex is activated; Hollopeter et al. confirmed that such rearrangements do occur in living worms. Furthermore, Hollopeter et al. found that giving mutant worms, which lacked the fcho gene, a small fragment of the FCHo protein causes the adaptor protein-2 complex to adopt its open structure. Similar fragments from other related membrane-associated proteins had the same effect, and these fragments all ‘cured’ the worms' endocytosis problems. The FCHo fragment directly binds the adaptor complex and Hollopeter et al. propose that FCHo proteins function to activate this complex at the sites where endocytosis occurs.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW METHODS AND REAGENTS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. 5. DIETHYL PHOSPHOROCYANIDATE (DEPC). A NOVEL REAGENT FOR THE CLASSICAL STRECKER′S α‐AMINO NITRILE SYNTHESIS (1980)

Abstract Oxo‐Verbindungen (I) werden durch Behandlung mit Diethyl‐phosphorsäurenitril (II) in Gegenwart der Amine (III) in einer modifizierten Strecker‐Reaktion in die Amino‐nitrile (IV) übergeführt.
Thermal laser evaporation of elements from across the periodic table (2021)

The authors propose and demonstrate that thermal laser evaporation can be applied to all solid, nonradioactive elements in the periodic table. By depositing thin films, they achieve growth rates exceeding 1 Å/s with output laser powers less than 500 W using identical beam parameters for many different elements. The source temperature is found to vary linearly with the laser power within the examined power range. High growth rates are possible using free-standing sources for most of the elements tested, eliminating the need for crucibles.
The Deubiquitinating Enzyme USP26 Is a Regulator of Androgen Receptor Signaling (2010)

The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and is essential for male sexual development and maturation, as well as prostate cancer development. Regulation of AR signaling activity depends on several posttranslational modifications, one of these being ubiquitination. We screened a short hairpin library targeting members of the deubiquitination enzyme family and identified the X-linked deubiquitination enzyme USP26 as a novel regulator of AR signaling. USP26 is a nuclear protein that binds to AR via three important nuclear receptor interaction motifs, and modulates AR ubiquitination, consequently influencing AR activity and stability. Our data suggest that USP26 assembles with AR and other cofactors in subnuclear foci, and serves to counteract hormone-induced AR ubiquitination, thereby contributing to the regulation of AR transcriptional activity.
Molecular and Genomic Impact of Large and Small Lateral Dimension Graphene Oxide Sheets on Human Immune Cells from Healthy Donors (2015)

Graphene oxide (GO) is attracting great interest in biomedical sciences. The impact of GO on immune cells is one fundamental area of study that is often overlooked, but critical in terms of clinical translation. This work investigates the effects of two types of thoroughly characterized GO sheets, different in their lateral dimension, on human peripheral immune cells provided from healthy donors using a wide range of assays. After evaluation of cell viability, the gene expression was analyzed, following GO exposure on 84 genes related to innate and adaptive immune responses. Exposure to GO small sheets was found to have a more significant impact on immune cells compared to GO large sheets, reflected in the upregulation of critical genes implicated in immune responses and the release of cytokines IL1β and TNFα. These findings were further confirmed by whole-genome microarray analysis of the impact of small GO sheets on T cells and monocytes. Activation in both cell types was underlined by the overexpression of genes such as CXCL10 and receptor CXCR3. Significant energy-dependent pathway modulation was identified. These findings can potentially pave the foundations for further design of graphene that can be used for immune modulation applications, for example in cancer immunotherapy.
Analysis of LTE Radio Frame by eliminating Cyclic Prefix in OFDM and comparison of QAM and Offset-QAM (2012)

Spectral efficiency is the key factor for the development of future wireless communications. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is the multiple access technology used at physical layer of latest wireless communication technologies. Anything on the improvement or overcoming the disadvantage of the present system will be considered for the future wireless systems. Long Term Evolution (LTE) is one of the 4th generation wireless communications and it is taken as the reference system in this thesis. The main concern of this thesis is to analyze the LTE radio frame. We designed and simulated the OFDM system with cyclic prefix, its Bit Error Rate (BER) is verified by changing the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) value and we investigated the OFDM system by eliminating the cyclic prefix. By eliminating cyclic prefix bandwidth efficiency is achieved, though using cyclic prefix in OFDM has more advantages. Filter banks are used to compensate the advantages of cyclic prefix when it is removed. Introducing Offset in QAM results in less distortion and amplitude fluctuations. We designed, simulated and compared the QAM digital modulation with Offset-QAM digital modulation its BER vs. SNR are verified using simulations on MATLAB.
Physiologic Versus Pathologic Hypertrophy and the Pressure-Overloaded Myocardium (1987)

Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology™ is a peer reviewed, multidisciplinary journal that publishes original articles and pertinent review articles on basic and clinical aspects of cardiovascular pharmacology. Appropriate subjects include new drug development and evaluation, physiological and pharmacological bases of drug action, metabolism, drug interactions and side effects, clinical results with new and established agents and novel methods. The focus is on pharmacology in its broadest applications, incorporating not only traditional approaches, but new approaches to the development of pharmacological agents and the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.