gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AB279. SPR-06 Fibrosis in the bladder in response to outlet obstruction is triggered through the NLRP3 inflammasome and the production of IL-1β (2016)

Objective: Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), most commonly created by benign prostatic hyperplasia, promotes an inflammatory state that produces voiding dysfunction. Recently, we have shown that the NLRP3 inflammasome triggers this inflammation. Over time, inflammation promotes fibrosis. In this study we explore the role of NLRP3 (and IL-1β produced by activated NLRP3) in BOO-induced fibrosis.
Direct observation of an adduct of 2-chlorotropone and potassium methoxide: attack at an unsubstituted cycloheptatrienone ring carbon (1974)

It is shown by 1H Fourier transform n.m.r. spectroscopy that potassium methoxide in dimethyl sulphoxide adds at C-7 of an activated cycloheptatrienone like 2-chlorotropone; this adduct rapidly disappears owing to competitive direct replacement of chlorine by methoxide from 2-chlorotropone present at equilibrium to give 2-methoxytropone which, finally, is trapped by methoxide as a gem-dimethoxy-adduct.
Complexity-reduced FootSLAM for indoor pedestrian navigation (2012)

FootSLAM or simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) for pedestrians is a technique that addresses the indoor positioning and mapping problem based on human odometry (aka pedestrian dead reckoning), e.g. with a foot-mounted inertial sensor. FootSLAM follows the FastSLAM factorization, using a Rao-Blackwellized particle filter to simultaneously estimate the building layout and the pedestrian's pose - his position and orientation. To that end, FootSLAM divides the 2D space into a grid of uniform and adjacent hexagons and counts the number of times each particle crosses the edges of the hexagons it visits. As we shall show, the complexity of FootSLAM grows quadratically with time, preventing the mapping of large areas.
Velocity and attenuation of sound in the isolated fetal lung as it is expanded with air (2005)

We measured the velocity and attenuation of audible sound in the isolated lung of the near-term fetal sheep to test the hypothesis that the acoustic properties of the lung provide a measure of the volume of gas it contains. We introduced pseudorandom noise (bandwidth 70 Hz-7 kHz) to one side of the lung and recorded the noise transmitted to the surface immediately opposite, starting with the lung containing only fetal lung liquid and making measurements after stepwise inflation with air until a leak developed. The velocity of sound in the lung fell rapidly from 187 +/- 28.2 to 87 +/- 3.7 m/s as lung density fell from 0.93 +/- 0.01 to 0.75 +/- 0.01 g/ml (lung density = lung weight/gas volume plus lung tissue volume). For technical reasons, no estimate of velocity could be made before the first air injection. Thereafter, as lung density fell to 0.35 +/- 0.01 g/ml, there was a further decline in velocity to 69.6 +/- 4.6 m/s. High-frequency sound was attenuated as lung density decreased from 1.0 to 0.5 g/ml, with little change thereafter down to a density of 0.35 +/- 0.01 g/ml. We conclude that both the velocity of audible sound through the lung and the degree to which high-frequency sound is attenuated in the lung provide information on the degree of inflation of the isolated fetal lung, particularly at high lung densities. If studies of sound transmission through the lung in the intact organism were to confirm these findings, the acoustic properties of the lung could provide a means for monitoring lung aeration during mechanical ventilation of newborn infants.
Improving depth prediction accuracy of quantified drilling hazards (1996)

Under-compacted shales are often associated with over-pressured formations. These shales have excess water and tend to be mechanically weak (or are overlain by mechanically weak formations), thus the safe mud window for drilling the under-compacted interval can be quite narrow. Efficient and safe drilling operations require accurate depth predictions of these over-pressured formations as well a knowledge of the magnitude of the over-pressure. In this paper we describe a technique which combines the best aspects of conventional Vertical Seismic Profiles (VSP) and Reverse Vertical Seismic Profiles (RVSP) to detect under-compacted shales and predict formation pressures to locate drilling hazards below TD. The excess water in the under-compacted shales will have a lower acoustic impedance than expected from the compaction trend. Shales that depart from the compaction trend may indicate potential drilling hazards below. Conventional VSPs provide at discrete intervals in the well, high quality reflection data which can be used to accurately predict acoustic impedance below the bit. This acoustic impedance is then interpreted to provide both the location (in time and depth) of the drilling hazard and the mud weight necessary to contain it. The two way time estimate of the hazard location is usually quite accurate but the depth estimate is less certain due to the estimation off ormation velocities below TD. The RVSP using the drill bit as a source, provides a continuous time versus depth relationship while drilling. This time verses depth is used to continually update the conventional VSP depth prediction of the drilling hazard and thus provide the most accurate depth of the hazard prior to it's penetration.
<title>Direct dynamics simulation of FES-assisted locomotion</title> (1996)

Using functional electrical stimulation (FES), muscles of spinal-cord injured patients can be activated by externally generated electrical currents in order to restore function. As for gait, the question arises when during the gait cycle and two what extent individual muscles should be stimulated. Computer simulation provides the designer with a tool to evaluate the performance of different muscle stimulation patterns without the need to test patients at every stage of system development. The goals of this paper are: first, to identify, using computer simulation, multi-channel stimulation patterns that are capable of reproducing normal gait kinematics for a full gait cycle, without relying on sensory feedback (open-loop control); second, to briefly assess the stability of the gait obtained. A two-dimensional musculo-skeletal model was developed, based on mathematical representations of muscle properties (including force-length and force velocity characteristics and muscle activation dynamics). A visco-elastic model, including non-linear heel-pad properties, was used to describe the foot-ground interaction. A seven segment skeletal model was actuated by 8 major muscle groups in each leg. Rectangular muscle stimulation patterns were defined by 3 parameters: onset, termination and level of stimulation. Thus, the minimization of the differences between simulated and measured normal gait kinematics was a 24 (3 by 8) parameter optimization problem. Although a good agrement was found between simulated and measured kinematics (rms difference equals 6.5 degrees), stable cyclic locomotion was not achieved. At this point it is concluded that muscle properties do not provide sufficient stability to permit cyclic locomotion with sixteen channels of muscle stimulation, and that incorporation of sensory feedback control will be necessary to achieve this goal.
Aspheric optics at different quality levels and functional need (1999)

The design of optical systems gains profit from the application of aspheric elements: to correct for image aberrations, to reduce weight or system length or to cope with other functional needs like the number of reflections or the field size. Manufacturing, however, is suffering in practice from problems resulting from the reduced symmetry of the components as compared to spherical optics. Almost all large optical companies in the world are working on solving the problem of fabrication of accurate aspheric elements at reasonable cost. In this paper fabrication and metrology aspects of aspherical elements in the IR, visible, UV and EUV at Carl Zeiss and other companies will be discussed. The specifications achieved presently are ranging between some micrometers to nm for figure accuracy and 100nm to 0.1nm for microroughness.
The Use of European Internet Communication Properties for IP Geolocation (2016)

IP Geolocation is a term used for finding the geographical location of an IP node. In this paper, we study the Internet communication properties and their use for client-independent Geolocation - finding the location without assistance of the node being located. We present and discuss the communication properties dependence on geographical aspects such as the geographical distance, differences between the source and destination country, and country population density and country ICT development index. For the study, we used a large set of data captured between the nodes geographically distributed across Europe. Based on the results, we propose an algorithm for a final location estimation within the delimited geographical area. The proposed algorithm improves the location accuracy when compared with the current techniques.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.45.1.11062
Current-driven domain wall mobility in polycrystalline Permalloy nanowires: A numerical study (2014)

A complete understanding of domain wall motion in magnetic nanowires is required to enable future nanowire based spintronics devices to work reliably. The production process dictates that the samples are polycrystalline. In this contribution, we present a method to investigate the effects of material grains on domain wall motion using the GPU-based micromagnetic software package MuMax3. We use this method to study current-driven vortex domain wall motion in polycrystalline Permalloy nanowires and find that the influence of material grains is fourfold: an extrinsic pinning at low current densities, an increasing effective damping with disorder strength, shifts in the Walker breakdown current density, and the possibility of the vortex core to switch polarity at grain boundaries.
Non-parametric techniques for fast and robust stereo matching (1997)

The mining environment presents a challenging prospect for stereo vision. Our objective is to produce a stereo vision sensor suited to close-range scenes consisting mostly of rocks. This sensor should produce a dense depth map within real-time constraints. Speed and robustness are of foremost importance for this application. This paper compares a number of stereo matching algorithms in terms of robustness and suitability to fast implementation. These include traditional area-based algorithms, and algorithms based on non-parametric transforms, notably the rank and census transforms. Our experimental results show that the rank and census transforms are robust with respect to radiometric distortion and introduce less computational complexity than conventional area-based matching techniques.
Solvent and solute ingress into hydrogels resolved by a combination of imaging techniques (2016)

Using simultaneous neutron, fluorescence, and optical brightfield transmission imaging, the diffusion of solvent, fluorescent dyes, and macromolecules into a crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogel was investigated. This novel combination of different imaging techniques enables us to distinguish the movements of the solvent and fluorescent molecules. Additionally, the swelling or deswelling of the hydrogels can be monitored. From the sequence of images, dye and solvent concentrations were extracted spatially and temporally resolved. Diffusion equations and different boundary conditions, represented by different models, were used to quantitatively analyze the temporal evolution of these concentration profiles and to determine the diffusion coefficients of solvent and solutes. Solute size and network properties were varied and their effect was investigated. Increasing the crosslinking ratio or partially drying the hydrogel was found to hinder solute diffusion due to the reduced pore size. By contrast, solvent diffusion seemed to be slightly faster if the hydrogel was only partially swollen and hence solvent uptake enhanced.
Fusion of multiview silhouette cues using a space occupancy grid (2005)

In this paper, we investigate what can be inferred from several silhouette probability maps, in multiview silhouette cue fusion. To this aim, we propose a new framework for multiview silhouette cue fusion. This framework work uses a space occupancy grid as a probabilistic 3D representation of scene contents. Such a representation is of great interest for various computer vision applications in perception, or localization for instance. Our main contribution is to introduce the occupancy grid concept, popular in the robotics, for multicamera environments. The idea is to consider each camera pixel as a statistical occupancy sensor. All pixel observations are then used jointly to infer where, and how likely, matter is present in the scene. As our results illustrate, this sample model has various advantages. Most sources of uncertainty are explicitly modeled, and no premature decisions about pixel labeling occur, thus preserving pixel knowledge. Consequently, optimal scene object localization, and robust volume reconstruction, can achieved, with no constraint on camera placement and object visibility. In addition, this representation allows to improve silhouette extraction in images
Decreased Muc5AC expression is associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer (2013)

Mucins reportedly play numerous key roles in carcinogenesis, including in tumor invasion, regulation of differentiation and tumor cell proliferation. We investigated the effect of Muc5AC, a secreted mucin, on the invasiveness/migratory capability of gastric cancer cells and the prognostic significance of Muc5AC in gastric cancer patients. The clinicopathological and prognostic significance of Muc5AC expression was validated using immunohistochemical analysis in 412 gastric cancer patients. Differential gene expression was investigated using complementary DNA microarray analysis of 48 fresh tumor tissue samples. Silencing of Muc5AC by using a small hairpin RNA-containing lentivirus increased the invasion and migration of SNU216 and AGS cells as well as Akt phosphorylation and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-7, which were blocked by inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Loss of Muc5AC expression was significantly associated with tumor progression (advanced T stage; p = 0.004), lymph node metastases (p = 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.0001), and increased tumor size (p = 0.027). Lower MUC5AC expression was identified as an independent poor prognostic factor in diffuse-type gastric cancer by using the Cox regression proportional hazard model (hazard ratio, 2.39; p = 0.043). Complementary DNA microarray analysis revealed 86 differentially expressed genes, including genes related to metastasis and invasion, in gastric cancer tissues with high (≥25%) and low (<25%) Muc5AC expression levels. Low Muc5AC expression increased the invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells and could be a useful biomarker of poor prognosis in gastric cancer.
Human Sparganosis in the United States (1963)

The first case of naturally acquired sparganosis is reported for New York The patient, a 43-year-old white male, had noticed a migrating, itching subcutaneous nodule for 5 years prior to excision of the worm. Although he had been in Africa and Italy during World War II, the time of first appearance of the nodule strongly suggests that the parasite was acquired locally. In recent years his only travels were in the Buffalo area of New York and Canada, and his habit of drinking water from natural streams while on hunting trips could have led to the infection. A table is given showing all cases known to date for the U. S. A number of these have not been previously published. Although Stiles reported the first case of sparganosis in the U. S. (Florida) in 1908, and Moore published a case in Texas in 1914, 38 years elapsed before the next case was put on record by Read (Texas) in 1952. In the meantime Mueller in a series of papers (1935 to 1941) reported that the parasite occurred in its animal hosts in central New York and throughout a large area of the eastern U. S., and in a much quoted statement Mueller and Coulston (1941) remarked that human sparganosis must occur over a wide area of the eastern United States throughout the range of the adult worm, since conditions for its transmission existed there, and that other cases would be found when physicians throughout this region become educated to look for the worm. Read's 1952 finding was the first of a number of new published and unpublished cases from the southeastern U. S. In the unpublished category a number from the same general region are known to the senior author from personal communication (Table I). The case farthest north of this series was one reported by Wirth and Farrow in July 1961, from Virginia. In a talk given before a meeting of the Empire State Association of Medical Technologists on 21 October 1961 and published several months later in the winter number of their journal (Mueller, 1961), the senior author stated: I still wait for the first published case of a natural [human] infection acquired in New York State. This remark got into the record just in time, because barely a month later the following case came to light. The case extends the range of this infection in man in the U. S. northward by some 450 miles.
Methanol synthesis via CO2hydrogenation over a Au/ZnO catalyst: an isotope labelling study on the role of CO in the reaction process (2016)

Methanol synthesis for chemical energy storage, via hydrogenation of CO2 with H2 produced by renewable energies, is usually accompanied by the undesired formation of CO via the reverse water-gas shift reaction. Aiming at a better mechanistic understanding of methanol formation from CO2/H2 on highly selective supported Au/ZnO catalysts we have investigated the role of CO in the reaction process using isotope labelling experiments. Using (13)C-labelled CO2, we found for reaction at 5 bar and 240 °C that (i) the methanol formation rate is significantly higher in CO2-containing gas mixtures than in a CO2-free mixture and (ii) in mixtures containing both CO2 and CO methanol formation from CO increases with the CO content up to 1% CO, and then remains at 20% of the total methanol formation up to a CO2/CO ratio of 1/1, making CO2 the preferred carbon source in these mixtures. A shift in the preferred carbon source for MeOH from CO2 towards CO is observed with increasing reaction temperatures between 240 °C and 300 °C. At even higher temperatures CO is expected to become the dominant carbon source. The consequences of these findings for the application of Au/ZnO catalysts for chemical storage of renewable energies are discussed.
Joint RF and large-signal stability optimization of MMIC power combining amplifiers (2013)

In this paper, authors report on an enhanced approach for the design of monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) power combining amplifiers. Commonly used techniques for the stabilization of such circuits are empirical and too conservative. This leads very often to a non-desired degradation of the radio frequency (RF) performances that are inherent to the physical properties of such stabilization networks at the fundamental frequency of operation. The methodology proposed here is based on the use of large-signal optimization processes that combine RF and stability analyses from the early stages of the design. This approach results in an improvement of the RF performances while sufficient stability margins are preserved. The optimization procedure is explained on a Ku-band MMIC power amplifier for space-borne communications.
A1H and13C NMR Study on the Role of Salt-Bridges in the Formation of a Type I β-Turn in N-Acetyl-L-Asp-L-Glu-L-Lys-L-Ser-NH2 (1989)

Abstract The conformation of the tetrapeptide N-Acetyl-Asp(7)-Glu(8)-Lys(9)-Ser(10)-NH(2), a fragment of the type I collagen α-1 chain N-telopeptide, has been studied by (1)H and (13)C NMR and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The spectroscopic evidence, based on two-dimensional, phase-sensitive NMR techniques such as COSY, ROESY, proton-carbon shift correlation and selective COLOC, indicates a strong dependence of the conformation on the experimental conditions. In CD(3)OH/H(2)O (60/40) at ca. neutral pH the tetrapeptide forms a β-turn, stabilized by a hydrogen bond between NH(S(10)) and CO(D(7)) and a strong salt-bridge between COO(-)(E(8)) and NH(3) (+)(K(9)). The β-turn is type I and appears to coexist with a non-hydrogen-bonded structure. The coexistence of these two conformers is proven by proton NMR data such as NH-NH ROEs, reduced NH-H(α)(E(8)) coupling constant NH(E(8)) low-field shift and the temperature coefficient of NH(S(10)), whereas the conclusion regarding the salt-bridge is based on (13)C results. In the same solvent, at a pH below the pKa of the carboxyl groups, no evidence for a conformation other than extended can be found. In aqueous solution at approximately neutral pH, evidence for the E(8)-K(9) charge interaction is observed, but not for a hydrogen bond anywhere in the molecule.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Pyrene-Dendronized Porphyrins Exhibiting Efficient Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer: Optical and Photophysical Properties (2012)

A novel series of pyrene dendronized porphyrins bearing two and four pyrenyl groups (Py(2)-TMEG1 and Py(4)-TMEG2) were successfully synthesized. First and second generation Fréchet type dendrons (Py(2)-G1OH and Py(4)-G2OH) were prepared from 1-pyrenylbutanol and 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol. These compounds were further linked to a trimesitylphenylporphyrin containing a butyric acid spacer via an esterification reaction to obtain the desired products. Dendrons and dendronized porphyrins were fully characterized by FTIR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy and their molecular weights were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Their optical and photophysical properties were studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. The formation of dynamic excimers was detected in the pyrene-labeled dendrons, with more excimer being produced in the higher generation dendron. The fluorescence spectra of the pyrene dendronized porphyrins exhibited a significant decrease in the amount of pyrene monomer and excimer emission, jointly with the appearance of a new emission band at 661 nm characteristic of porphyrin emission, an indication that fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) occurred from one of the excited pyrene species to the porphyrin. The FRET efficiency was found to be almost quantitative ranging between 97% and 99% depending on the construct. Model Free analysis of the fluorescence decays acquired with the pyrene monomer, excimer, and porphyrin core established that only residual pyrene excimer formation in the dendrons could occur before FRET from the excited pyrene monomer to the ground-state porphyrin core.