gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aspects of learning neural control (1994)

The possibilities and restrictions for applying neural architectures to control problems are discussed in the light of available a priori knowledge. Reinforcement learning is shown to provide a useful solution in the absence of any a priori knowledge. Two reinforcement learning architectures are proposed and the quality of the incrementally acquired control strategy is discussed on the well known cart pole benchmark problem. I. Neural Control Techniques Recently there is a growing interest in the development and application of neural control techniques. Many approaches have been proposed how to learn appropriate strategies to control a given plant in a desired fashion. In the following, a classification of controller design techniques in general is given. It is based on the aspect of available a priori knowledge. This is especially important and useful to distinguish neural learning approaches with respect to potential application areas. It will be seen, that there are several ways ...
Optical Solitons Carrying Orbital Angular Momentum (1997)

We predict a new kind of ring-profile solitary wave in nonlinear optical media, with finite orbital angular momentum. During propagation these fragment into fundamental solitons. Like free Newtonian particles, these fly off tangential to the ring, vividly demonstrating conservation of orbital angular momentum in soliton motion.
4H-SiC Single Photon Avalanche Diode for 280nm UV Applications (2008)

This paper reports a 4H-SiC single photo avalanche diode (SPAD) operating at the solar blind wavelength of 280 nm. The SPAD has an avalanche breakdown voltage of 114V. At 90% and 95% of the breakdown voltage, the SPAD shows a low dark current of 57.2fA and 159fA, respectively. The quantum efficiency of 29.8% at 280nm and &lt;0.007% at 400nm indicates a high UV-to-visible rejection ratio of &gt;4300. Single photon counting measurement at 280nm shows that a single photon detection efficiency of 2.83% with a low dark count rate of 22kHz is achieved at the avalanche breakdown voltage of 116.8V.
Correlation of Interleukin-2 Receptor Expression With Tissue-Specific Growth of an Interleukin-3-Dependent Autocrine Leukemia (1988)

An autocrine leukemia (FDC-P1-IL3) has been developed using a retroviral vector containing the interleukin-3 (IL-3) gene to transfect the IL-3-dependent cell line FDC-P1. When leukemia cells were reisolated from experimental animals, it was found that levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (IL-2R) expression were greater on cells isolated from the lymph node than on cells isolated from the spleen. Cloned sublines of FDC-P1-IL3 were selected by flow microfluorometry for high or low levels of IL-2R expression. Those clones that expressed high levels of IL-2R grew preferentially in the lymph node. Although IL-2 is not mitogenic for FDC-P1 cells and does not increase the rate of growth of FDC-P1-IL3 cells in vitro, the cloning efficiency of FDC-P1-IL3 is increased fourfold in the presence of IL-2. These observations suggest that the IL-2R on FDC-P1-IL3 cells plays an important role in modulating the growth of this leukemia in sites that contain high levels of IL-2.
Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cell Topology Dictates T Cell Activation (2022)

Nanosized artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs), synthetic immune cell mimics that aim to activate T cells <i>ex</i> or <i>in vivo</i>, offer an effective alternative to cellular immunotherapies. However, comprehensive studies that delineate the effect of nano-aAPC topology, including nanoparticle morphology and ligand density, are lacking. Here, we systematically studied the topological effects of polymersome-based aAPCs on T cell activation. We employed an aAPC library created from biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-<i>block</i>-poly(d,l-lactide) (PEG-PDLLA) polymersomes with spherical or tubular shape and variable sizes, which were functionalized with αCD3 and αCD28 antibodies at controlled densities. Our results indicate that high ligand density leads to enhancement in T cell activation, which can be further augmented by employing polymersomes with larger size. At low ligand density, the effect of both polymersome shape and size was more pronounced, showing that large elongated polymersomes better activate T cells compared to their spherical or smaller counterparts. This study demonstrates the capacity of polymersomes as aAPCs and highlights the role of topology for their rational design.
Gridding spot centers of smoothly distorted microarray images (2006)

We use an optimization technique to accurately locate a distorted grid structure in a microarray image. By assuming that spot centers deviate smoothly from a checkerboard grid structure, we show that the process of gridding spot centers can be formulated as a constrained optimization problem. The constraint is equal to the variations of the transform parameter. We demonstrate the accuracy of our algorithm on two sets of microarray images. One set consists of some images from the Stanford Microarray Database; we compare our centers with those annotated in the Database. The other set consists of oligonucleotide images, and we compare our results with those obtained by GenePix Pro 5.0. Our experiments were performed completely automatically.
3D Bioprinting of Carboxymethylated-Periodate Oxidized Nanocellulose Constructs for Wound Dressing Applications (2015)

Nanocellulose has a variety of advantages, which make the material most suitable for use in biomedical devices such as wound dressings. The material is strong, allows for production of transparent films, provides a moist wound healing environment, and can form elastic gels with bioresponsive characteristics. In this study, we explore the application of nanocellulose as a bioink for modifying film surfaces by a bioprinting process. Two different nanocelluloses were used, prepared with TEMPO mediated oxidation and a combination of carboxymethylation and periodate oxidation. The combination of carboxymethylation and periodate oxidation produced a homogeneous material with short nanofibrils, having widths <20 nm and lengths <200 nm. The small dimensions of the nanofibrils reduced the viscosity of the nanocellulose, thus yielding a material with good rheological properties for use as a bioink. The nanocellulose bioink was thus used for printing 3D porous structures, which is exemplified in this study. We also demonstrated that both nanocelluloses did not support bacterial growth, which is an interesting property of these novel materials.
Deterministic Factorization of Sparse Polynomials with Bounded Individual Degree (2020)

In this article, we study the problem of deterministic factorization of sparse polynomials. We show that if f ∈ F[ x 1 , x 2 ,… , x n ] is a polynomial with s monomials, with individual degrees of its variables bounded by d , then f can be deterministically factored in time s poly( d )log n . Prior to our work, the only efficient factoring algorithms known for this class of polynomials were randomized, and other than for the cases of d =1 and d =2, only exponential time-deterministic factoring algorithms were known. A crucial ingredient in our proof is a quasi-polynomial sparsity bound for factors of sparse polynomials of bounded individual degree. In particular, we show that if f is an s -sparse polynomial in n variables, with individual degrees of its variables bounded by d , then the sparsity of each factor of f is bounded by s (9 d 2 log n ) . This is the first non-trivial bound on factor sparsity for d &gt; 2. Our sparsity bound uses techniques from convex geometry, such as the theory of Newton polytopes and an approximate version of the classical Carathéodory’s Theorem. Our work addresses and partially answers a question of von zur Gathen and Kaltofen [1985] who asked whether a quasi-polynomial bound holds for the sparsity of factors of sparse polynomials.
I2 Huntington’s disease reduced penetrance alleles occur at high frequency and affect age-related increases in prevalence (2016)

<h3>Background</h3> Huntington’s disease (HD) is diagnosed in 1 in 7300 individuals in Western populations but the frequency and penetrance of the causative CAG repeat expansion is unknown. Effects of population ageing, which may increase the rate of late-onset HD, remain unclear. <h3>Aims</h3> To directly estimate the frequency and penetrance of CAG repeat alleles associated with HD, and model changes in prevalence resulting from increased ascertainment of late-onset cases. <h3>Methods</h3> CAG repeat length was evaluated in 7315 individuals from three population-based cohorts in British Columbia, the United States, and Scotland. The frequency of CAG 36–38 repeat genotypes was compared to the prevalence of HD patients with genetically confirmed CAG 36–38 in a multisource clinical ascertainment in British Columbia, Canada. Penetrance of 36–38 CAG repeat alleles for HD was directly estimated for individuals ≥65 years of age. Age-specific prevalence rates were used to model change in prevalence as a function of population ageing and increased ascertainment of patients ≥65 years of age. <h3>Results</h3> 18 of 7315 individuals had ≥36 CAG, revealing that approximately 1 in 400 individuals in the general population have an expanded CAG repeat associated with HD (0.246%). Individuals with CAG 36–37 genotypes are the most common (36, 0.096%; 37, 0.082%; 38, 0.027%; 39, 0.000%; ≥40, 0.041%). The prevalence of HD is expected to increase as a result of both population ageing and increased ascertainment of late-onset cases. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The relatively infrequent diagnosis of HD at 36–38 CAG repeats suggests low penetrance in this range. Another contributing factor may be reduced ascertainment of HD in those of older age. Our data imply that population ageing will lead to higher prevalence rates of HD. Improved ascertainment of late-onset HD, particularly in the reduced penetrance range, may lead to further increases.
Unveiling the Yin-Yang Balance of M1 and M2 Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Role of Exosomes in Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Modulation (2023)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer with a high mortality rate and limited treatment options. Recent research has brought attention to the significant importance of intercellular communication in the progression of HCC, wherein exosomes have been identified as critical agents facilitating cell-to-cell signaling. In this article, we investigate the impact of macrophages as both sources and targets of exosomes in HCC, shedding light on the intricate interplay between exosome-mediated communication and macrophage involvement in HCC pathogenesis. It investigates how exosomes derived from HCC cells and other cell types within the tumor microenvironment (TME) can influence macrophage behavior, polarization, and recruitment. Furthermore, the section explores the reciprocal interactions between macrophage-derived exosomes and HCC cells, stromal cells, and other immune cells, elucidating their role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune evasion. The findings presented here contribute to a better understanding of the role of macrophage-derived exosomes in HCC progression and offer new avenues for targeted interventions and improved patient outcomes.
The Y641C mutation of EZH2 alters substrate specificity for histone H3 lysine 27 methylation states (2011)

Mutations at tyrosine 641 (Y641F, Y641N, Y641S and Y641H) in the SET domain of EZH2 have been identified in patients with certain subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). These mutations were shown to change the substrate specificity of EZH2 for various methylation states of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27). An additional mutation at EZH2 Y641 to cysteine (Y641C) was also found in one patient with NHL and in SKM-1 cells derived from a patient with myelodisplastic syndrome (MDS). The Y641C mutation has been reported to dramatically reduce enzymatic activity. Here, we demonstrate that while the Y641C mutation ablates enzymatic activity against unmethylated and monomethylated H3K27, it is superior to wild-type in catalyzing the formation of trimethylated H3K27 from the dimethylated precursor.
A Novel Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase. STRUCTURE, EXPRESSION, AND REGULATION (1995)

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase lies at the convergence of various extracellular ligand-mediated signaling pathways. It is activated by the dual-specificity kinase, MAP kinase kinase or MEK. MAP kinase inactivation is mediated by dephosphorylation via specific MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs). One MKP (MKP-1 (also known as 3CH134, Erp, or CL100)) has been reported to be expressed in a wide range of tissues and cells. We report the identification of a second widely expressed MKP, termed MKP-2, isolated from PC12 cells. MKP-2 showed significant homology with MKP-1 (58.8% at the amino acid level) and, like MKP-1, displayed vanadate-sensitive phosphatase activity against MAP kinase in vitro. Overexpression of MKP-2 in vivo inhibited MAP kinase-dependent gene transcription in PC12 cells. MKP-2 differed from MKP-1 in its tissue distribution and in its extent of induction by growth factors and agents that induce cellular stress, suggesting that these MKPs may have distinct physiological functions.
Intelligent phishing detection parameter framework for E-banking transactions based on Neuro-fuzzy (2014)

Phishing attacks have become more sophisticated in web-based transactions. As a result, various solutions have been developed to tackle the problem. Such solutions including feature-based and blacklist-based approaches applying machine learning algorithms. However there is still a lack of accuracy and real-time solution. Most machine learning algorithms are parameter driven, but the parameters are difficult to tune to a desirable output. In line with Jiang and Ma's findings, this study presents a parameter tuning framework, using Neuron-fuzzy system with comprehensive features in order to maximize systems performance. The neuron-fuzzy system was chosen because it has ability to generate fuzzy rules by given features and to learn new features. Extensive experiments were conducted, using different feature-sets, two cross-validation methods, a hybrid method and different parameters and achieved 98.4% accuracy. Our results demonstrated a high performance compared to other results in the field. As a contribution, we introduced a novel parameter tuning framework based on a neuron-fuzzy with six feature-sets and identified different numbers of membership functions different number of epochs, different sizes of feature-sets on a single platform. Parameter tuning based on neuron-fuzzy system with comprehensive features can enhance system performance in realtime. The outcome will provide guidance to the researchers who are using similar techniques in the field. It will decrease difficulties and increase confidence in the process of tuning parameters on a given problem.
Simple liquid crystal display backlight unit comprising only a single-sheet micropatterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) light-guide plate (2007)

A simple liquid crystal display (LCD) backlight unit (BLU) comprising only a single-sheet polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) light-guide plate (LGP) has been developed. The PDMS LGP, having micropatterns with an inverse-trapezoidal cross section, was fabricated by backside 3-D diffuser lithography followed by PDMS-to-PDMS replication. The fabricated BLU showed an average luminance of 2878 cd/m(2) with 73.3% uniformity when mounted in a 5.08 cm backlight module with four side view 0.85cd LEDs. The developed BLU can greatly reduce the cost and thickness of LCDs, and it can be applied to flexible displays as a flexible light source due to the flexible characteristic of the PDMS itself.
Synchronous triple thyroid neoplasms with unique molecular alterations: A rare case report (2023)

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma are common subtypes of thyroid cancer, while hyalinizing trabecular tumor (HHT) of the thyroid is a rare peculiar type of follicular cell neoplasm. Although all three tumor types originate from thyroid follicular cells, the frequency of their co-presence in the same thyroid gland is unknown. Herein, we describe an extremely rare case with three types of concurrent thyroid neoplasms in one patient. This patient was a 60-year-old female who presented with large symptomatic multinodular goiter clinically. Fine needle aspiration of the right thyroid nodule showed atypia of undetermined significance. She then received total thyroidectomy. Microscopically, there were 3 types of tumors identified: multifocal (x4) PTC (largest focus 1.5 cm) with focal tall cell features, encapsulated angioinvasive oncocytic carcinoma (8.2 cm), and a small HHT (0.6 cm). The HHT was encapsulated, containing spindled to polygonal cells with oval to elongated nuclei arranged in a trabecular growth pattern. The PTC and oncocytic carcinoma were diagnosed by morphology only. The diagnosis of HHT was confirmed by immunohistochemistry showing the tumor cells to be positive for pan-cytokeratin, thyroglobulin, TTF-1, and PAX8, while negative for synaptophysin, chromogranin, and calcitonin. Next generation sequencing demonstrated different molecular alterations: BRAF V600E mutation in PTC; NRAS mutation in oncocytic carcinoma, and HRAS mutation in HHT. This is the first case report of triple thyroid neoplasms occurring synchronously in one patient. The unique genetic alteration of each individual tumor suggests different pathogenetic mechanisms.
Fault detection and isolation in flat navigation canals (2017)

Inland navigation networks are composed of several artificial canals that are characterized by no slope. These canals are particularly subject to resonance phenomena, which can create waves such that the navigation condition might not be guaranteed. It is therefore required to ensure dealing with freefault measured data and actuators. In this work, a fault detection and isolation method based on the Integrator Delay Zero model (IDZ) is designed for flat navigation canals. The proposed method is dedicated to the detection and isolation of sensor and actuator faults. Finally, it is tested by considering the Cuinchy-Fontinettes canal located in the north of France.
Modification of oligosaccharide antenna flexibility induced by exoglycosidase trimming (1993)

We have investigated the solution conformation of a triantennary glycopeptide using resonance energy transfer [Rice et al. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 6646-6655]. Triantennary glycopeptide was derivatized with a donor fluorophore on the N-terminus and with an acceptor fluorophore attached individually to each terminal galactose residue, resulting in three isomeric donor-acceptor pairs. Time-resolved energy-transfer experiments revealed two distinct donor-acceptor distance populations for two of the three antennae of the oligosaccharide. An extended conformation and a folded conformation were detected for the two flexible antennae whereas the third antenna on the oligosaccharide was rigid, containing only an extended conformer. The ratios of the extended to folded conformers of the two flexible antennae were reversibly modulated by temperature, allowing the calculation of delta H and delta S for the conformational change [Wu et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 9355-9359]. In the present study, we have trimmed the fluorescent glycopeptides with exoglycosidases which specifically removed the unmodified antennae of the oligosaccharide. The resulting single-chain isomeric glycopeptides each contained identical core sugar residues and a terminally located donor and acceptor, but differed only in the linkage configuration of the sugar residues. Analysis of these glycopeptides by time-resolved energy transfer indicated that each antenna of the oligosaccharide is, by itself, maintained exclusively in the extended conformation. Temperature modulation failed to induce antenna folding as was previously observed for the complete triantennary structure. These data suggest that interantenna interactions modulate the conformation of individual antenna of complex oligosaccharides.
Identification of GutQ from Escherichia coli as a d -Arabinose 5-Phosphate Isomerase (2005)

The glucitol operon (gutAEBDMRQ) of Escherichia coli encodes a phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system that metabolizes the hexitol D-glucitol (sorbitol). The functions for all but the last gene, gutQ, have been previously assigned. The high sequence similarity between GutQ and KdsD, a D-arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase (API) from the 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (KDO)-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic pathway, suggested a putative activity, but its role within the context of the gut operon remained unclear. Accordingly, the enzyme was cloned, overexpressed, and characterized. Recombinant GutQ was shown to indeed be a second copy of API from the E. coli K-12 genome with biochemical properties similar to those of KdsD, catalyzing the reversible aldol-ketol isomerization between D-ribulose 5-phosphate (Ru5P) and D-arabinose 5-phosphate (A5P). Genomic disruptions of each API gene were constructed in E. coli K-12. TCM11[(deltakdsD)] was capable of sustaining essential LPS synthesis at wild-type levels, indicating that GutQ functions as an API inside the cell. The gut operon remained inducible in TCM7[(deltagutQ)], suggesting that GutQ is not directly involved in d-glucitol catabolism. The conditional mutant TCM15[(deltagutQdeltakdsD)] was dependent on exogenous A5P both for LPS synthesis/growth and for upregulation of the gut operon. The phenotype was suppressed by complementation in trans with a plasmid encoding a functional copy of GutQ or by increasing the amount of A5P in the medium. As there is no obvious obligatory role for GutQ in the metabolism of d-glucitol and there is no readily apparent link between D-glucitol metabolism and LPS biosynthesis, it is suggested that A5P is not only a building block for KDO biosynthesis but also may be a regulatory molecule involved in expression of the gut operon.
Algorithm and Architecture Design of Power-Oriented H.264/AVC Baseline Profile Encoder for Portable Devices (2009)

Because video services are becoming popular on portable devices, power becomes the primary design issue for video coders nowadays. H.264/AVC is an emerging video coding standard which can provide outstanding coding performance and thus is suitable for mobile applications. In this paper, we target a power-efficient H.264/AVC encoder. The main power consumption in an H.264/AVC encoding system is induced by data access of motion estimation (ME). At first, we propose hardware-oriented algorithms and corresponding parallel architectures of integer ME (IME) and fractional ME (FME) to achieve memory access power reduction. Then, a parameterized encoding system and flexible system architecture are proposed to provide power scalability and hardware efficiency, respectively. Finally, our design is implemented under TSMC 0.18 mum CMOS technology with 12.84 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> core area. The required hardware resources are 452.8 K logic gates and 16.95 KB SRAMs. The power consumption ranges from 67.2 to 43.5 mW under D1 (720 x 480) 30 frames/s video encoding, and more than 128 operating configurations are provided.