gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vitro transformation of chloroacetanilide herbicides by rat liver enzymes: a comparative study of metolachlor and alachlor (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIn vitro transformation of chloroacetanilide herbicides by rat liver enzymes: a comparative study of metolachlor and alachlorPaul C. C. Feng and Stephen J. WrattenCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1989, 37, 4, 1088–1093Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00088a060https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00088a060research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views109Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Signaling Pathways and Key Genes Involved in Regulation of foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis (2020)

Atherosclerosis is associated with acute cardiovascular conditions, such as ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke, and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Our understanding of atherosclerosis and the processes triggering its initiation is constantly improving, and, during the last few decades, many pathological processes related to this disease have been investigated in detail. For example, atherosclerosis has been considered to be a chronic inflammation triggered by the injury of the arterial wall. However, recent works showed that atherogenesis is a more complex process involving not only the immune system, but also resident cells of the vessel wall, genetic factors, altered hemodynamics, and changes in lipid metabolism. In this review, we focus on foam cells that are crucial for atherosclerosis lesion formation. It has been demonstrated that the formation of foam cells is induced by modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The beneficial effects of the majority of therapeutic strategies with generalized action, such as the use of anti-inflammatory drugs or antioxidants, were not confirmed by clinical studies. However, the experimental therapies targeting certain stages of atherosclerosis, among which are lipid accumulation, were shown to be more effective. This emphasizes the relevance of future detailed investigation of atherogenesis and the importance of new therapies development.
"Heavy metals" a meaningless term? (IUPAC Technical Report) (2002)

Abstract Over the past two decades, the term "heavy metals" has been widely used. It is often used as a group name for metals and semimetals (metalloids) that have been associated with contamination and potential toxicity or ecotoxicity. At the same time, legal regulations often specify a list of "heavy metals" to which they apply. Such lists differ from one set of regulations to another and the term is sometimes used without even specifying which "heavy metals" are covered. However, there is no authoritative definition to be found in the relevant literature. There is a tendency, unsupported by the facts, to assume that all so-called "heavy metals" and their compounds have highly toxic or ecotoxic properties. This has no basis in chemical or toxicological data. Thus, the term "heavy metals" is both meaningless and misleading. Even the term "metal" is commonly misused in both toxicological literature and in legislation to mean the pure metal and all the chemical species in which it may exist. This usage implies that the pure metal and all its compounds have the same physicochemical, biological, and toxicological properties, which is untrue. In order to avoid the use of the term "heavy metal", a new classification based on the periodic table is needed. Such a classification should reflect our understanding of the chemical basis of toxicity and allow toxic effects to be predicted.
Production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels with acetoin and platform molecules derived from lignocellulose (2015)

Acetoin, a novel C<sub>4</sub> platform molecule derived from a new ABE fermentation system was used as a bio-based building block for the production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels.
An electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide based on peroxidase adsorbed on a spectrographic graphite electrode (1989)

Abstract Horse‐radish peroxidase was found to strongly adsorb on the surface of spectrographic graphite with retained catalytic activity. Efficient electron transfer from the graphite to the oxidized form of adsorbed peroxidase could be achieved without the deliberate addition of a mediator. The peroxidase‐modified graphite was used as a sensor for hydrogen peroxide in a flow‐injection system. Response currents to hydrogen peroxide start at +600 mV vs. SCE and reach a maximal value at −200 mV. Highest activities were found between pH 4 and 6. Linear calibration curves for hydrogen peroxide were obtained from 0.1 to 500 μM with an injection volume of 50 μL.
An analysis of flow‐simulation scales and seismic response (2005)

Accurate integration of flow simulation and seismic modeling is one of the cornerstones of reliable time‐lapse (4D) seismic monitoring. However, the question which scales flow simulations need to resolve to accurately capture reservoir changes during production and whether these scales are resolvable in seismic data is an open one. The answer impacts computational costs and our ability to predict reservoir changes from seismic observations. A sensitivity study is performed to determine the main seismic features due to pressure and saturation changes in an oil‐gas reservoir during production. Numerical experiments show that saturation fronts can be effectively tracked at different flow and seismic resolution levels.
Pressure-induced phase transition from disordered microemulsion to lamellar structure in a water/AOT/n-decane system (2007)

Pressure effect on the structure of a 3-component micro-emulsion AOT/water/n-decane was investigated by means of small-angle neutron scattering. The measured pressure range was from 0.1 (1 atm) to 83.5 MPa. The present sample was at the composition of the molar ratio of [water]/[AOT]=40.8 and the volume fraction of both water and AOT against the whole volume 0.6. A phase transition from disordered microemulsion to ordered lamellar structure was observed at about 50 MPa through a coexisting region. The pressure dependence of the repeat distance and the correlation length in both high- and low-pressure phases was calculated from the scattering profiles by fitting to Teubner and Strey's formula and/or a single Gaussian. The low-pressure phase became more disordered with increasing pressure and then the phase transition to the ordered phase occurred.
Targeting of interferon to choroidal neovascularization by use of dextran and metal coordination. (2002)

In this study, human IFNbeta was successfully used to target CNV, an enhanced antiangiogenic effect was achieved by combining it with dextran, based on metal coordination. This targeted delivery of IFNbeta may have potential as a treatment modality for CNV.
Bacterial Inactivation by a Singlet Oxygen Bubbler: Identifying Factors Controlling the Toxicity of 1O2 Bubbles (2012)

A microphotoreactor device was developed to generate bubbles (1.4 mm diameter, 90 μL) containing singlet oxygen at levels toxic to bacteria and fungus. As singlet oxygen decays rapidly to triplet oxygen, the bubbles leave behind no waste or byproducts other than O(2). From a comparative study in deaerated, air saturated, and oxygenated solutions, it was reasoned that the singlet oxygen bubbles inactivate Escherichia coli and Aspergillus fumigatus, mainly by an oxygen gradient inside and outside of the bubble such that singlet oxygen is solvated and diffuses through the aqueous solution until it reacts with the target organism. Thus, singlet oxygen bubble toxicity was inversely proportional to the amount of dissolved oxygen in solution. In a second mechanism, singlet oxygen interacts directly with E. coli that accumulate at the gas-liquid interface although this mechanism operates at a rate approximately 10 times slower. Due to encapsulation in the gaseous core of the bubble and a 0.98 ms lifetime, the bubbles can traverse relatively long 0.39 mm distances carrying (1)O(2) far into the solution; by comparison the diffusion distance of (1)O(2) fully solvated in H(2)O is much shorter (~150 nm). Bubbles that reached the outer air-water interface contained no (1)O(2). The mechanism by which (1)O(2) deactivated organisms was explored through the addition of detergent molecules and Ca(2+) ions. Results indicate that the preferential accumulation of E. coli at the air-water interface of the bubble leads to enhanced toxicity of bubbles containing (1)O(2). The singlet oxygen device offers intriguing possibilities for creating new types of disinfection strategies based on photodynamic ((1)O(2)) bubble carriers.
Scale-Free Allocation, Amortized Convexity, and Myopic Weighted Paging. (2020)

Inspired by Belady's optimal algorithm for unweighted paging, we consider a natural myopic model for weighted paging in which an algorithm has access to the relative ordering of all pages with respect to the time of their next arrival. We provide an $\ell$-competitive deterministic and an $O(\log \ell)$-competitive randomized algorithm, where $\ell$ is the number of distinct weight classes. Both these bounds are tight and imply an $O(\log W)$ and $O(\log \log W)$-competitive ratio respectively when the page weights lie between $1$ and $W$. Our model and results also simultaneously generalize the paging with predictions (Lykouris and Vassilvitskii, 2018) and the interleaved paging (Barve et al., 2000; Cao et al., 1994; Kumar et al., 2019) settings to the weighted case. 
Perhaps more interestingly, our techniques shed light on a family of interconnected geometric allocation problems. We show that the competitiveness of myopic weighted paging lies in between that of two similar problems called soft and strict allocation. While variants of the allocation problem have been studied previously in the context of the $k$-server problem, our formulation exhibits a certain scale-free property that poses significant technical challenges. Consequently, simple multiplicative weight update algorithms do not seem to work here; instead, we are forced to use a novel technique that decouples the rate of change of the allocation variables from their value. For offline unweighted paging, we also provide an alternate proof of the optimality of Belady's classic Farthest in Future algorithm, which may be of independent interest.
Bandwidth Enhancement by Optical Amplitude and Phase Modulation of Injection-Locked Semiconductor Lasers (2007)

We experimentally demonstrate optical modulation of injection-locked lasers, resulting in a resonant amplification of the transmitted signal. We demonstrate both phase modulation and amplitude modulation, comparing the two formats. For amplitude modulation, we enhance the 3-dB bandwidth of a 25-GHz electro-optic modulator to 59 GHz. For phase modulation, we enhance the 3-dB bandwidth of a 17-GHz phase modulator to 53 GHz. Additionally, we demonstrate the system's dynamic tunability up to resonance frequencies >100 GHz.
Analytical thermal modelling for permanent magnet synchronous motors (2007)

This paper concentrates on the development and analysis of a new generic steady state thermal model for mapping the heat transfer throughout a permanent magnet synchronous motor by considering its individual components as elements of an overall thermal equivalent circuit. This model includes (a) conduction resistances for the stator laminations and housing, conduction resistances between the copper winding and the stator teeth and yoke, between the housing and the stator, and between the housing and the flange, (b) heat flow in the air-gap for vortex and turbulent flow, (c) natural convection and forced cooling for the housing surface and the mounting flange surface, and (d) radiation resistance for the housing surface and mounting flange. The results obtained from the model are compared with corresponding experimental tests for the stall and rated performance with natural and forced cooling for two different motors, one with a rated speed of 1500 r/min and 130 Nm stall torque having 30 slots and 10 poles, and the other with a rated speed of 3000 r/min, and 15 Nm stall torque having 18 slots and 6 poles. The results achieved demonstrate a good correlation between the experimental results and the theoretical results obtained from the thermal model.
Lean Thermal Reactor Performance Characteristics-A Screening Study (1976)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The automotive thermal reactor may be suitable for controlling the hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from lean-mixture engines. Little is known about the performance characteristics of “lean” reactors, however, since much of the previous research on reactors considered only rich-engine operation. This study screened the effects of six operating variables on lean-reactor performance by means of a fractional factorial experiment. Also, spatial temperature and species concentration distributions within the experimental two-pass reactor were obtained at several operating conditions.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Of the variables screened, reactor insulation had the largest effect on emissions performance. Higher engine speed, retarded spark timing, and a less lean air-fuel ratio were also shown to improve reactor performance significantly. Within the range of this study, exhaust flow rate and engine exhaust-port liners did not significantly affect reactor performance.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;High HC conversion efficiencies were obtained at many combinations of the six variables. CO conversion efficiencies were generally lower, and at several conditions CO was produced within the reactor from the partial oxidation of HC. Internal sampling revealed that most of the HC oxidation occurred in the reactor core, which was both larger and hotter than the surrounding annulus.&lt;/div&gt;
CONTENT OF GALLIC ACID IN SELECTED PLANT EXTRACTS (2006)

Ethanolic extracts of phenolic compounds were prepared from green teas (Camellia sinensis L.), bearberry leaves (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L.), hazelnuts (Corylus avellana), evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) and grape seeds (Vitis vinifera L.). All crude extracts were examined for their gallic acid content by HPLC. The bearberry-leaf preparation was also fractionated by a Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographic method with 95% (v/v) ethanol and acetone:water (1:1; v/v) as mobile phases: one fraction consisted of low molecular-weight phenolics and the other of tannins. To all samples tannase was applied in an effort to liberate gallic acid from the phenolic esters and hydrolysable tannins. The content of free gallic acid in the extracts ranged from 1 to 15 mg/g with the highest quantity being found in evening primrose. The content of gallic acid liberated by tannase ranged from 5 to 309 mg/g with the highest content being found in the tannin fraction from the bearberry-leaf extract.
Current Issues and Challenges in Polypropylene Foaming: A Review (2015)

Thermoplastic foams have several advantages in comparison with unfoamed polymers such as lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, excellent insulation property, high thermal stability, high impact strength and toughness, as well as high fatigue life. These outstanding properties lead cellular plastics to various industrial applications in packaging, automotive parts, absorbents, and sporting equipment. Nowadays, polypropylene (PP), because of its outstanding characteristics such as low material cost, high service temperature, high melting point, high tensile modulus, low density, and excellent chemical resistance, is a major resin in the foaming industry. However, foaming of conventional PP is limited by its low melt strength leading to poor cell morphology, cell rupture/coalescence and limited density reduction. To improve PP melt strength, several strategies including particle addition as nucleating agent, introduction of long chain branching, blending with high melt strength polymers and crosslinking have been proposed. In this review, these issues are discussed and analyzed in terms of mechanical, thermal, and rheological characterizations.
Materials chemistry in the electric power industry (1993)

Chemistry is a very important component in the performance and reliability of electric power generating systems. Overall, with the exception of wind, solar, nuclear and hydroelectric power generation, the system converts the chemical energy of a fuel into electricity. This may involve heat engines, where the heat of reaction in the oxidation of the fuel is converted first to mechanical energy and then, by means of generator, to electricity; or an electrochemical process converting the free energy of the reaction directly to electricity in a fuel cell. Chemical processes are of great importance also in the reliability of power plant, specifically with respect to corrosion. This may be high-temperature corrosion - oxidation, mixed oxidant corrosion, or molten salt induced corrosion - or low-temperature, usually aqueous, corrosion, Attaining high reliability in boilers and in the steam turbine requires stringent control of water quality, and both the chemistry involved in the water treatment and the chemistry of the interactions of the steam and the condensate with the system components are of major concern. In this paper, these different situations will be summarized.
Influence of thermophilic lactic acid bacteria strains on propionibacteria growth and lactate consumption in an Emmental juice-like medium (1999)

International audience
Acholeplasma entomophilum sp. nov. from Gut Contents of a Wide Range of Host Insects (1988)

Eleven sterol-nonrequiring mollicute strains isolated from gut contents of representatives of nine insect genera and two strains isolated from flower surfaces (Bidens sp.) were found to be serologically similar to an insect-derived acholeplasma (strain TACT [T = type strain]) described briefly in an earlier report. Strain TACT, isolated from gut fluids of a tabanid fly (Tabanus catenatus) and shown in earlier studies to belong to the class Mollicutes, lacked a sterol requirement for growth and catabolized glucose, but did not hydrolyze arbutin, arginine, or urea. Most strains of the strain TACT cluster grew on serum-free medium alone or on serum-free medium supplemented with a 0.04% Tween 80 fatty acid mixture. The strains grew over a temperature range of 23 to 32°C (optimum, 30°C) but did not grow at 37°C. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acid was 30 mol%. Strain TACT was serologically unrelated to the ten previously-established species in the genus Acholeplasma and to six other unclassified sterol-nonrequiring strains isolated from plant or insect hosts. The data suggest that this group of new acholeplasmas is widespread in insects and may be disseminated among various plant surfaces during feeding excursions. Strain TAC (= ATCC 43706) is proposed as the type strain of Acholeplasma entomophilum sp. nov.
Data Sampling and Dimensionality Reduction Approaches for Reranking ASR Outputs Using Discriminative Language Models (2011)

This paper investigates various approaches to data sampling and dimensionality reduction for discriminative language models (DLM). Being a feature based language modeling approach, the aim of DLM is to rerank the ASR output with discriminatively trained feature parameters. Using a Turkish morphology based feature set, we examine the use of online Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as a dimensionality reduction method. We exploit ranking perceptron and ranking SVM as two alternative discriminative modeling techniques, and apply data sampling to improve their efficiency. We obtain a reduction in word error rate (WER) of 0.4%, significant at p < 0.001 over the baseline perceptron result.
Disparate Impact, Unified Law (2018)

The last decade has seen the largest wave of franchise restrictions since the dark days of Jim Crow. In response to this array of limits, lower courts have recently converged on a two-part test under section 2 of the Voting Rights Act. This test asks if an electoral practice (1) causes a disparate racial impact (2) through its interaction with social and historical discrimination. Unfortunately, the apparent judicial consensus is only skin-deep. Courts bitterly disagree over basic questions like whether the test applies to specific policies or systems of election administration; whether it is violated by all, or only substantial, disparities; and whether disparities refer to citizens’ compliance with a requirement or to their turnout at the polls. The test also sits on thin constitutional ice. It comes close to finding fault whenever a measure produces a disparate impact and so coexists uneasily with Fourteenth Amendment norms about colorblindness and Congress’s remedial authority.
On Correlating Sonar Images (2005)

This paper demonstrates that sonar images correlate badly because target geometry and image fringes correlate in different coordinate systems. It is shown that if the receiver is a line array, all point objects have the same image in a coordinate system with axes of range and the sine of target bearing (the (r, s) coordinate system). Results from an ocean experiment are presented. The ocean experiment shows that after a simple translation, the correlation coefficient between Cartesian images of a radar reflector drop to zero, while the correlation coefficient between images of the same radar reflector in an (r, s) coordinate system hover around 0.9.