gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identifying Toll-like Receptor Expression in Cutaneous Sarcoidosis (2014)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to be expressed in the skin. Antigenic stimulation of TLRs in the skin has been implicated in several inflammatory dermatologic diseases including psoriasis, syphilis, atopic dermatitis, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. However, the expression of TLRs in cutaneous sarcoidosis has not yet been defined. Expression of TLRs 1-9 was examined in cutaneous sarcoid by immunohistochemical staining. It was found that TLRs 5 and 6 stained most intensely in both the granulomas and epidermis of the sarcoid cases. TLRs 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8 stained more intensely compared with normal skin. All sarcoidosis cases showed an increased level of staining compared with the control. The nuclear factor-kappa B activation pathway was confirmed by staining for p65. All cases strongly stained for p65 in the granulomas and varied in staining intensity in the epidermis. The identified TLR expression in cutaneous sarcoidosis indicates that a bacterial antigen could be an etiologic agent of the disease. Future studies that clearly define the etiology of sarcoid will lead to better therapies and a better prognosis for affected patients.
Early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: ESICM clinical practice guidelines (2017)

We suggest using EEN in the majority of critically ill under certain precautions. In the absence of evidence, we suggest delaying EN in critically ill patients with uncontrolled shock, uncontrolled hypoxaemia and acidosis, uncontrolled upper GI bleeding, gastric aspirate >500 ml/6 h, bowel ischaemia, bowel obstruction, abdominal compartment syndrome, and high-output fistula without distal feeding access.
Fast Approximate Spoken Term Detection from Sequence of Phonemes (2008)

We investigate the detection of spoken terms in conversational speech using phoneme recognition with the objective of achieving smaller index size as well as faster search speed. Speech is processed and indexed as a sequence of one best phoneme sequence. We propose the use of a probabilistic pronunciation model for the search term to compensate for the errors in the recognition of phonemes. This model is derived using the pronunciation of the word and the phoneme confusion matrix. Experiments are performed on the conversational telephone speech database distributed by NIST for the 2006 spoken term detection. We achieve about 1500 times smaller index size and 14 times faster search speed compared to the state-of-the-art system using phoneme lattice at the cost of relatively lower detection performance.
Model-based image analysis for unconstrained human upper-body motion (1992)

Recent research on model-based image coding for videotelephone and videoconferencing applications has mostly been concerned with head motion tracking and typically represents the human head as a 3D wire-frame model with texture-mapped surface features. However, the movements of the arms and hands are also important, particularly in sign language communication, and therefore should be included in the overall model. The paper describes a system which uses an articulated generalised cylindrical human model to track limb movements in a sequence of images. It outlines the closed-loop strategy developed to recognise and track human body motion and presents initial results for a complete implementation of the system.
Precoded BICM Design for MIMO Transmit Beamforming and Associated Low-Complexity Algebraic Receivers (2008)

In this paper, we design bit interleaved coded modulations including a partial algebraic precoder in order to transmit several spatial streams with full diversity over a transmit beamformed MIMO channel. The achievable diversity orders with the coded modulation are derived, and allow for efficiently choosing the system parameters for optimizing the performance. Additionally, a very efficient low complexity soft output detector based on algebraic reduction is presented. With a low complexity at the receiver, the precoded BICM system allows achieving high performance at very high efficiencies, e.g., 12 bits per second per hertz.
Combining advanced TEM techniques for full characterization of extended defects in creep‐deformed single crystal superalloys (2016)

Single crystal superalloys are used for turbine blades in the hottest parts of gas engines, where they have to withstand high stresses at temperatures exceeding 1000°C. This is only possible because of the well‐known γ/γ′‐microstructure of these alloys, forming the basis for excellent creep properties [1]. One of the research objectives is to gain a microscopic understanding of the elementary deformation mechanisms and defect processes that govern high‐temperature creep and to use this knowledge for further improvement of single crystal superalloys. Beside Ni‐base superalloys which are well established in applications new Co‐base superalloys have attracted a lot of research interest since the discovery of stable γ/γ′‐microstructure in these alloys in 2006 [2]. Research on Co‐base superalloys is still in its infancy, meaning that there is strong need for fundamental studies on elementary deformation mechanisms and defect processes. In this contribution we give an overview of our recent research on extended defects that form upon high‐temperature creep in Ni‐ and Co‐base superalloys. We demonstrate that the combination of advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques, employing dedicated diffraction, high‐resolution and analytical methods, is generally required for full characterization of such extended defects and for obtaining a complete picture of their role in elementary creep processes. Figure 1 illustrates an example of full characterization of superdislocations in a Ni‐base superalloy. First, large‐angle convergent beam electron diffraction (LACBED) is employed for reliable determination of the Burgers vector [3], overcoming the well‐known problems of conventional Burgers vector analysis of such dislocations. Secondly, using a new FIB cross‐sectioning technique [4], the core structure of the same dislocation is studied by high‐resolution scanning TEM (HRSTEM). This approach enables scale‐bridging characterization of complex superdislocations on the micrometer and atomic scale. Figures 2 and 3 summarize advanced TEM studies on extended faults that form upon creep of Ni‐containing Co‐base (CoNi) superalloys [5]. Inside of γ′ precipitates a characteristic defect configuration is observed in which superintrinsic stacking fault (SISF) loops are fully embedded in antiphase boundaries (APB). LACBED is used to determine the full Burgers vector (including sign and magnitude!) of the partial dislocation loop [5]. Pronounced segregation of alloying elements at SISF and APB is revealed by HRSTEM and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDXS). Based on these and other results, an elementary creep mechanism is proposed which is characterized by ½&lt;112&gt; slip involving a SISF→APB transformation [5]. Atomic diffusion at creep temperature appears to be a rate limiting step by gradually changing the fault energies which control the kinetics of the transformation.
A Framework for Cortical Layer Composition Analysis using Low Resolution T1 MRI Images (August 2018) (2018)

The layer composition of the cerebral cortex represents a unique anatomical fingerprint of brain development, function, connectivity and pathology. Historically the cortical layers were investigated solely ex-vivo using histological means, but recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies suggest that T1 relaxation images can be utilized to separate the layers. Despite technological advancements in the field of high resolution MRI, accurate estimation of whole brain layer composition has remained limited due to partial volume effects, leaving some layers far beyond the image resolution. In this study we offer a simple and accurate method for layer composition analysis, resolving partial volume effects and cortical curvature heterogeneity. We use a low resolution echo planar imaging inversion recovery (EPI IR) MRI scan protocol that provides fast acquisition (~12 minutes) and enables extraction of multiple T1 relaxation time components per voxel, which are assigned to types of brain tissue and utilized to extract the subvoxel composition of each T1 layer. While previous investigation of the layers required the estimation of cortical normals or smoothing of layer widths (similar to VBM), here we developed a sphere-based approach to explore the inner mesoscale architecture of the cortex. Our novel algorithm conducts spatial analysis using volumetric sampling of a system of virtual spheres dispersed throughout the entire cortical space. The methodology offers a robust and powerful framework for quantification and visualization of the layers on the cortical surface, providing a basis for quantitative investigation of their role in cognition, physiology and pathology.
Theses : Instrumental Analysis of the Human Hair Damaged by Bleaching Treatments -Focused on ATR FT-IRM- (2008)

The physico-chemical characteristics by bleaching treatments were assessed by several instrumental analyses such as surface morphology, chemical structural change, color change as well as tensile strength. The change of morphological characteristic was observed through scanning electron microscope(SEM). The observation of the fine structure on hair surface by SEM showed the bleached hair had much damaged to hair cuticle, and some of cuticle surface were worn away. To investigate the chemical structural changes in hair keratin, the cross-sections of hair samples were directly analysed using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy(FT-IRM). The results showed the cysteic acid S=O band intensity was distinctively increased by performing the bleaching treatment. The cleavage of cystine was appeared to proceed primarily through the sulfur-sulfur (-S-S-) fission whereby cysteic acid was formed as a principal oxidation products. The distribution of amide I band in hair keratin was determined by attenuated total reflectance(ATR) FT-IR mapping image. The results showed that the outer side of hair cortex was more damaged than the inner side of the hair cortex. Also, during chemical bleaching of the hair with alkaline peroxide, the hair was turned to reddish yellow due to the oxidative degradation of eumelanin. This means the eumelanin is more unstable than pheomelanin in chemical oxidation. With bleaching, the tensile strength was also reduced as a results of the chemical oxidation.
The Xenopus proglucagon gene encodes novel GLP-1-like peptides with insulinotropic properties (1997)

The proglucagon gene encodes several hormones that have key roles in the regulation of metabolism. In particular, glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), a potent stimulus of insulin secretion, is being developed as a therapy for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. To define structural moieties of the molecule that convey its insulinotropic activity, we have cloned and characterized the proglucagon gene from the amphibian, Xenopus laevis. Unexpectedly, these cDNAs were found to encode three unique glucagon-like-1 peptides, termed xenGLP-1A, xenGLP-1B, and xenGLP-1C in addition to the typical proglucagon-derived hormones glucagon and GLP-2. xenGLP-1A, -1B, and -1C were synthesized and tested for their ability to bind and activate the human GLP-1 receptor (hGLP-1R), and to stimulate insulin release from rat pancreas. All three Xenopus GLP-1-like peptides bind effectively to the hGLP-1R and stimulate cAMP production. Surprisingly, xenGLP-1B(1-30) demonstrated higher affinity for the hGLP-1R than hGLP-1 (IC50 of 1.1 +/- 0.4 nM vs. 4.4 +/- 1.0 nM, respectively, P < 0.02) and was equipotent to hGLP-1 in stimulating cAMP production (EC50 of 0.17 +/- 0.02 nM vs. 0.6 +/- 0. 2 nM, respectively, P > 0.05). Further studies demonstrated that hGLP-1, xenGLP-1A, -1B, and -1C stimulate comparable insulin release from the pancreas. These results demonstrate that despite an average of nine amino acid differences between the predicted Xenopus GLPs and hGLP-1, all act as hGLP-1R agonists.
VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA AND STRUCTURE OF TRIVINYLBORANE AND RELATED MOLECULES (1973)

The infrared and Raman spectra of trivinylborane and related molecules have been obtained for the gaseous, liquid, and solid states. Vibrational analyses will be presented and the possible conformations will be discussed.
A simulation model of morphological, vegetation and sediment changes in ephemeral streams (2005)

Abstract A model to simulate channel changes in ephemeral river channels and to test the effects of hydrological changes due to climate change and[sol ]or land use change was developed under the auspices of the EU funded MEDALUS programme (Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use). The model, CHANGISM (Channel Change GIS Simulation Model), is designed to simulate the effect of channel flow events and of climate conditions on morphology, sediment and vegetation, through sequences of events and conditions, over periods of up to several decades. The modelling is based on cellular automata but with calculations for water and sediment continuity. Process rules have both deterministic and stochastic elements. An important feature of the model is that it incorporates feedback elements between each event. The main aim of the model is to indicate the likely outcomes of events and combinations of conditions. It is linked to GIS for both input and output. The modelling is based on a channel reach and state is input as GIS layers of morphology (DEM), sediment and vegetation cover and state. Other initial conditions of soil moisture, groundwater level, and overall gradient are input. Parameters for processes are read from tables and can be easily changed for successive runs of the model. The bases for decisions on process specifications are discussed in this paper. Initial tests of the operation and sensitivity of the model were made on idealized reaches. The model was then tested using data from monitored sites in SE Spain. Simulations using clearwater flow worked well but initial simulations using events with sediment loads showed some tendency for excess deposition. Further tests and modifications are taking place. Overall, the model is one of the most sophisticated that simulates the interaction of flows with sediment and vegetation and the outcomes in terms of erosion, deposition, morphology, sediment cover, vegetation cover and plant survival over periods of up to 30 years for the scale of a channel reach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Performance and Evaluation of LISP Systems (1985)

This final report of the Stanford Lisp Performance Study, conducted over a three year period by the author, describes implementation techniques, performance tradeoffs, benchmarking techniques, and performance results for all of the major Lisp dialects in use today. A popular highlevel programming language used predominantly in artificial intelligence, Lisp was the first language to concentrate on working with symbols instead of numbers. Lisp was introduced by John McCarthy in the early 1960s (McCarthy's LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual published in 1962 is available in paperback from The MIT Press) and its continuous development has enabled it to remain dominant in artificial intelligence. Performance and Evaluation of LISP Systems is the first book to present descriptions on the Lisp implementation techniques actually in use and can serve as a handbook to the implementation details of all of the various current Lisp expressions. It provides detailed performance information using the tools of benchmarking (the process of utilizing standardized computer programs to test the processing power of different computer systems) to measure the various Lisp systems, and provides an understanding of the technical tradeoffs made during the implementation of a Lisp system. The study is divided into three major parts. The first provides the theoretical background, outlining the factors that go into evaluating the performance of a Lisp system. The second part presents the Lisp implementations: MacLisp, MIT CADR, LMI Lambda, S-I Lisp, Franz Lisp, MIL, Spice Lisp, Vax Common Lisp, Portable Standard Lisp, and Xerox D-Machine. A final part describes the benchmark suite that was used during the major portion of the study and the results themselves. Performance and Evaluation of Lisp Systems is included in the Computer Systems series, Research Reports and Notes, edited by Herb Schwetman.
Multi-omics analysis identifies ATF4 as a key regulator of the mitochondrial stress response in mammals (2017)

Mitochondrial stress activates a mitonuclear response to safeguard and repair mitochondrial function and to adapt cellular metabolism to stress. Using a multiomics approach in mammalian cells treated with four types of mitochondrial stressors, we identify activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) as the main regulator of the stress response. Surprisingly, canonical mitochondrial unfolded protein response genes mediated by ATF5 are not activated. Instead, ATF4 activates the expression of cytoprotective genes, which reprogram cellular metabolism through activation of the integrated stress response (ISR). Mitochondrial stress promotes a local proteostatic response by reducing mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, inhibiting mitochondrial translation, and coupling the activation of the ISR with the attenuation of mitochondrial function. Through a trans-expression quantitative trait locus analysis, we provide genetic evidence supporting a role for Fh1 in the control of Atf4 expression in mammals. Using gene expression data from mice and humans with mitochondrial diseases, we show that the ATF4 pathway is activated in vivo upon mitochondrial stress. Our data illustrate the value of a multiomics approach to characterize complex cellular networks and provide a versatile resource to identify new regulators of mitochondrial-related diseases.
Temperature Effects in Gamma-Ray Irradiation of Organic Insulators for Superconducting Magnets for Fusion Reactors (1996)

The gamma-radiation-induced degradation at 77 K for glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) was examined by flexural tests and gas analysis, and compared with room temperature irradiation results. The decrease in flexural strength at break (measured at 77 K) was much less in the case of 77 K irradiation than for RT irradiation. The evolution of CO and CO2 was also depressed at 77 K. The temperature dependence of the degradation closely relates to the local molecular motion of the matrix resin during irradiation. Results for other polymers such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) are also reported in terms of change in mechanical properties and molecular weight.
THE EFFECTS OF MICROGRAVITY ON THE CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID IN CORN SEEDLINGS (1990)

The gravity-sensing mechanism in plants end transduction of the gravity stimulus to re-orientating plant growth has not been ascertained. By removing the everpresent influence of the 1 g terrestrial environment on plant growth and development, information maybe obtained about the gravity detection mechanism in plants. The Space Life sciences Payloads Office at NASA-ARC processed the secondary Payloads flight experiment “Growth Hormone Concentration and Distribution in Plants” (GHCD). The experiment occupied two middeck lockers in the crew compartment onboard the space shuttle Atlantis (STS-34) in October 1989. The payload's Principal Investigator was Dr. S. Bandurski, Professor of Botany at Michigan State University. dr. Bandurski's experiment was designed to investigate concentration, distribution, and turnover rates of indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) in dark-grown corn seedlings exposed to the microgravity environment. The flight data may provide valuable information for long-term crop production in space as well as terrestrial agriculture. This poster will present the flight payload processing procedures necessary to successfully conduct a space shuttle flight experiment.
Study on advanced Ce0.9La0.1O2/Gd2Zr2O7 buffer layers architecture towards all chemical solution processed coated conductors (2015)

Improvements of the surface quality in terms of crystallographic orientation and local flatness are achieved in a novel multi-layered structure Ce<sub>0.9</sub>La<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/Gd<sub>2</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>/NiW grown by all chemical solution routes.
Fabrication of ZnO nanowire device using top-down approach (2011)

ZnO nanowire devices were fabricated from top-down using optical lithography. The nanowires are formed from anisotropic etch of 100 nm Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc (FCVA) deposited ZnO thin film. The nanowires are characterized using SEM and Raman spectroscopy via image mapping. The current-voltage characteristics showed a typical ohmic behaviour after contact annealing, reflecting the influence of the lowering of contact barriers between the ZnO nanowire device and the Al metal electrode.
Effect of different regimens of gut decontamination on bacterial translocation and mortality in experimental acute pancreatitis. (1995)

Gram negative and Gram positive organisms and fungi may have an important role in infective morbidity and mortality in acute pancreatitis, and selective decontamination with polymyxin B, amikacin, amphotericin B reduced the incidence of translocation related infections and early mortality in mice with acute necrotising pancreatitis.
Molecular Properties of Adult Mouse Gastric and Intestinal Epithelial Progenitors in Their Niches (2006)

We have sequenced 36,641 expressed sequence tags from laser capture microdissected adult mouse gastric and small intestinal epithelial progenitors, obtaining 4031 and 3324 unique transcripts, respectively. Using Gene Ontology (GO) terms, each data set was compared with cDNA libraries from intact adult stomach and small intestine. Genes in GO categories enriched in progenitors were filtered against genes in GO categories represented in hematopoietic, neural, and embryonic stem cell transcriptomes and mapped onto transcription factor networks, plus canonical signal transduction and metabolic pathways. Wnt/beta-catenin, phosphoinositide-3/Akt kinase, insulin-like growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, integrin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor signaling cascades, plus glycerolipid, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolic pathways are among those prominently represented in adult gut progenitors. The results reveal shared as well as distinctive features of adult gut stem cells when compared with other stem cell populations.