gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Overview of IP Flow-Based Intrusion Detection (2010)

Intrusion detection is an important area of research. Traditionally, the approach taken to find attacks is to inspect the contents of every packet. However, packet inspection cannot easily be performed at high-speeds. Therefore, researchers and operators started investigating alternative approaches, such as flow-based intrusion detection. In that approach the flow of data through the network is analyzed, instead of the contents of each individual packet. The goal of this paper is to provide a survey of current research in the area of flow-based intrusion detection. The survey starts with a motivation why flow-based intrusion detection is needed. The concept of flows is explained, and relevant standards are identified. The paper provides a classification of attacks and defense techniques and shows how flow-based techniques can be used to detect scans, worms, Botnets and (DoS) attacks.
ChemInform Abstract: CIS‐(RU(BPY)2(CO)H)+ ‐ A POSSIBLE INTERMEDIATE IN THE (RU(BPY)3)2+‐CATALYZED PHOTOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM WATER? (1982)

Abstract Aus dem Bipyridyl‐ruthenium‐Komplex (I) wird durch Reduktion der Hydridokomplex (II) hergestellt, der sich in neutralen oder sauren wäßrigen Lösungen zum Aquokomplex (III) und Wasserstoff zersetzt.
From the field: Why I founded Black Cops Against Police Brutality (2021)

Controlling police use of unwarranted force is a recurring problem within police agencies, especially those that operate in urban spaces. Black people are disproportionately the recipients of such force. Using my experiences as a Black police officer as the backdrop, I describe my journey from rookie officer to community activist and founder of Black Cops Against Police Brutality (B-CAP). Readers will come to understand the complex world of policing and the difficult road to police reform, from the inside out. Four recommendations are made for police reform: 1) that it be community-centered; 2) that it utilize appreciative inquiry; 3) that it incorporate “true” community policing; and, 4) that trauma-informed policing be supported for all levels of law enforcement.
The Reaction of Diethyl Malonate with Styrene Oxide (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reaction of Diethyl Malonate with Styrene OxideC. H. DePuy, F. W. Breitbeil, and K. L. EilersCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1964, 29, 9, 2810Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01032a535https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01032a535research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views235Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Characterization of Carlin-Type Gold Ore by Photoacoustic, Raman, and EPR Spectroscopy (1982)

Low-grade carbonaceous gold ore (0.01 to 1.8 oz/ton of gold) from the Carlin mine in Elko county, Nevada, has been characterized by a variety of analytical and spectroscopic techniques with emphasis on vibrational spectroscopy. A particular concern was determining the nature of the carbon-containing material in the ore. It was found that in addition to the anticipated carbonate, finely disseminated elemental carbon is present in amounts ranging from 0.062 to 0.43 wt. %. Contrary to previous reports, no detectable amounts of humic acid materials or organic hydrocarbons are present in any of the samples investigated.
Distributed pointing for multimodal collaboration over sketched diagrams (2005)

A problem faced by groups that are not co-located but need to collaborate on a common task is the reduced access to the rich multimodal communicative context that they would have access to if they were collaborating face-to-face. Collaboration support tools aim to reduce the adverse effects of this restricted access to the fluid intermixing of speech, gesturing, writing and sketching by providing mechanisms to enhance the awareness of distributed participants of each others' actions.In this work we explore novel ways to leverage the capabilities of multimodal context-aware systems to bridge co-located and distributed collaboration contexts. We describe a system that allows participants at remote sites to collaborate in building a project schedule via sketching on multiple distributed whiteboards, and show how participants can be made aware of naturally occurring pointing gestures that reference diagram constituents as they are performed by remote participants.The system explores the multimodal fusion of pen, speech and 3D gestures, coupled to the dynamic construction of a semantic representation of the interaction, anchored on the sketched diagram, to provide feedback that overcomes some of the intrinsic ambiguities of pointing gestures.
Aberration Correction in Electron Microscopy (1978)

Most presently available fixed-beam transmission electron microscopes (FBEM) yield a resolution limit close to the theoretically predicted value which is determined by diffraction and by the spherical aberration of the objective lens. The larger the aperture the better is the collection efficiency of the elastically scattered electrons forming the image. To increase the useful objective aperture it is necessary to overcome the spherical aberration. In the case of a phase contrast image it is possible, at least in principle, to compensate the effect of the spherical aberration by subsequent holographic processing of the electron micrograph.
A multiple gene complex on rice chromosome 4 is involved in durable resistance to rice blast (2012)

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to rice blast offer a potential source of durable disease resistance in rice. However, few QTLs have been validated in progeny testing, on account of their small phenotypic effects. To understand the genetic basis for QTL-mediated resistance to blast, we dissected a resistance QTL, qBR4-2, using advanced backcross progeny derived from a chromosome segment substitution line in which a 30- to 34-Mb region of chromosome 4 from the resistant cultivar Owarihatamochi was substituted into the genetic background of the highly susceptible Aichiasahi. The analysis resolved qBR4-2 into three loci, designated qBR4-2a, qBR4-2b, and qBR4-2c. The sequences of qBR4-2a and qBR4-2b, which lie 181 kb apart from each other and measure, 113 and 32 kb, respectively, appear to encode proteins with a putative nucleotide-binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). Sequence analysis of the donor allele of qBR4-2a, the region with the largest effect among the three, revealed sequence variations in the NBS-LRR region. The effect of qBR4-2c was smallest among the three, but its combination with the donor alleles of qBR4-2a and qBR4-2b significantly enhanced blast resistance. qBR4-2 comprises three tightly linked QTLs that control blast resistance in a complex manner, and thus gene pyramiding or haplotype selection is the recommended strategy for improving QTL-mediated resistance to blast disease through the use of this chromosomal region.
Analytical prediction of specific spatiotemporal patterns in nonlinear oscillator networks with distance-dependent time delays (2023)

We introduce an analytical approach that allows predictions and mechanistic insights into the dynamics of nonlinear oscillator networks with heterogeneous time delays. We demonstrate that time delays shape the spectrum of a matrix associated with the system, leading to the emergence of waves with a preferred direction. We then create analytical predictions for the specific spatiotemporal patterns observed in individual simulations of time-delayed Kuramoto networks. This approach generalizes to systems with heterogeneous time delays at finite scales, which permits the study of spatiotemporal dynamics in a broad range of applications.
Robust image watermarking via geometrically invariant feature points and image normalisation (2012)

The robustness of watermarks to geometric attacks is viewed as an issue of great importance. Indeed, it constitutes one of the most challenging design requirements for watermarks. This study proposes a robust image watermarking scheme using visually significant feature points and image normalisation. In order to tackle the issue of geometric distortions, the authors adopt a feature extraction method based on end-stopped wavelets to extract significant geometry preserving feature points, which are shown to be robust against various types of common signal processing and geometric attacks. These feature points can be used as synchronisation marks between watermark embedding and detection. The watermark is embedded into non-overlapping normalised circular images, which are determined by feature points. Rotation invariance is achieved via image normalisation. The watermark embedding process is performed by modifying low-frequency coefficients of discrete cosine transform blocks, which are randomly selected using a secret key. Moreover, the security of the scheme is further guaranteed by an image-dependent key. The proposed scheme is blind as the original image is not required at the watermark detection. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is robust against geometric attacks as well as common signal processing attacks and outperforms related techniques found in the literature.
16pdel lipid changes in iPSC-derived neurons and function of FAM57B in lipid metabolism and synaptogenesis (2021)

The complex 16p11.2 deletion syndrome (16pdel) is accompanied by neurological disorders, including epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability. We demonstrated that 16pdel iPSC differentiated neurons from affected people show augmented local field potential activity and altered ceramide-related lipid species relative to unaffected. <i>FAM57B</i>, a poorly characterized gene in the 16p11.2 interval, has emerged as a candidate tied to symptomatology. We found that FAM57B modulates ceramide synthase (CerS) activity, but is not a CerS per se. In <i>FAM57B</i> mutant human neuronal cells and zebrafish brain, composition and levels of sphingolipids and glycerolipids associated with cellular membranes are disrupted. Consistently, we observed aberrant plasma membrane architecture and synaptic protein mislocalization, which were accompanied by depressed brain and behavioral activity. Together, these results suggest that haploinsufficiency of <i>FAM57B</i> contributes to changes in neuronal activity and function in 16pdel syndrome through a crucial role for the gene in lipid metabolism.
Investigation of the mechanism of the SpnF-catalyzed [4+2]-cycloaddition reaction in the biosynthesis of spinosyn A (2017)

The Diels-Alder reaction is one of the most common methods to chemically synthesize a six-membered carbocycle. While it has long been speculated that the cyclohexene moiety found in many secondary metabolites is also introduced via similar chemistry, the enzyme SpnF involved in the biosynthesis of the insecticide spinosyn A in <i>Saccharopolyspora spinosa</i> is the first enzyme for which catalysis of an intramolecular [Formula: see text]-cycloaddition has been experimentally verified as its only known function. Since its discovery, a number of additional standalone [Formula: see text]-cyclases have been reported as potential Diels-Alderases; however, whether their catalytic cycles involve a concerted or stepwise cyclization mechanism has not been addressed experimentally. Here, we report direct experimental interrogation of the reaction coordinate for the [Formula: see text]-carbocyclase SpnF via the measurement of [Formula: see text]-secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) at all sites of [Formula: see text] rehybridization for both the nonenzymatic and enzyme-catalyzed cyclization of the SpnF substrate. The measured KIEs for the nonenzymatic reaction are consistent with previous computational results implicating an intermediary state between formation of the first and second carbon-carbon bonds. The KIEs measured for the enzymatic reaction suggest a similar mechanism of cyclization within the enzyme active site; however, there is evidence that conformational restriction of the substrate may play a role in catalysis.
Connected components in binary images: The detection problem (1984)

From the Publisher:
Concerns the separation of objects from their background--a major problem in pattern recognition. This unique monograph outlines--down to the code level--an algorithmic approach to the real-time detection of connected components in binary pictures acquired in a raster-scan fashion.
Application of various techniques for predicting coke CSR from coal blend properties through laboratory scale experiments (2005)

The study is aimed to fulfill the need of a model that will predict the coke properties from coal blend characteristics so that optimisation of coal blends for producing desired quality of stamp charged coke could be done easily, quickly and with lesser number of carbonisation tests in a 7-kg test oven. To achieve the above goal, different coal blends were formulated to realise sufficient change in each of the blend variables and tests were conducted in the laboratory. The input variables, data and output variables coke strength after reaction (CSR) and coke reactivity index (CSRI) data were generated. Regression analyses and artificial neural network models with different number of hidden number of hidden layers and nodes were used to predict the coke CSR from various combinations of 8 input variables. From the results obtained through all these analyses, it can be concluded that coke CSR can be predicted with reasonable accuracy from coal blend characteristics. 7 refs., 7 figs., 7 tabs.
Computation of wind tunnel model deflections (1981)

The experimental deflections for a transport type solid wing model were measured for several single point load conditions. These deflections were compared with those obtained by structural modeling of the wing by using plate and solid elements of Structural Performance Analysis and Redesign (SPAR) program. The solid element representation of the wing showed better agreement with the experimental deflections than the plate representation. The difference between the measured and calculated deflections is about 5 percent.
A dual‐action nitric oxide‐releasing slippery surface for extracorporeal organ support: Dynamic in vitro hemocompatibility evaluation (2022)

Numerous biomaterials have been developed for application in blood-contacting medical devices to prevent thrombosis; however, few materials have been applied to full-scale devices and evaluated for hemocompatibility under clinical blood flow conditions. We applied a dual-action slippery liquid-infused (LI) nitric oxide (NO)-releasing material modification (LINO) to full-scale blood circulation tubing for extracorporeal lung support and evaluated the tubing ex vivo using swine whole blood circulated for 6 h at a clinically relevant flow. LINO tubing was compared to unmodified tubing (CTRL) and isolated LI and NO-releasing modifications (n = 9/group). The primary objective was to evaluate safety and blood compatibility of this approach, prior to progression to in vivo testing of efficacy in animal models. The secondary objective was to evaluate coagulation outcomes relevant to hemocompatibility. No untoward effects of the coating, such as elevated methemoglobin fraction, were observed. Additionally, LINO delayed platelet loss until 6 h versus the reduction in platelet count in CTRL at 3 h. At 6 h, LINO significantly reduced the concentration of platelets in an activated P-selectin expressing state versus CTRL (32 ± 1% decrease, p = .02). Blood clot deposition was significantly reduced on LINO blood pumps (p = .007) and numerically reduced on tubing versus CTRL. Following blood exposure, LINO tubing continued to produce a measurable NO-flux (0.20 ± 0.06 × 10<sup>-10</sup> mol cm<sup>-2</sup> min<sup>-1</sup> ). LINO is a potential solution to reduce circuit-related bleeding and clotting during extracorporeal organ support, pending future extended testing in vivo using full-scale extracorporeal lung support devices.
Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Cardiac Sarcoidosis (2019)

Preprocedural assessment in patients presenting with ventricular tachycardia and an unexplained cardiomyopathy is warranted to evaluate for isolated cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) or occult systemic sarcoidosis, and corticosteroid therapy may play a role in arrhythmia suppression in patients with evidence of active inflammation. This chapter discusses mapping and ablation approaches for CS patients with ventricular arrhythmias, with special preprocedural considerations noted with respect to confirmation of CS diagnosis and medical management of ventricular arrhythmias. As with most rare diseases, clinical guidance for cardiac sarcoidosis relies not on randomized prospective data but on observational studies, limited clinical experiences, and expert opinion. Compared to studies of catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy or with other non-ischemic cardiomyopathies, acute success and ability to render all ventricular tachycardias (VTs) non-inducible in CS patients are worse and the recurrence rates after ablation are higher.
Overlap interval partition join (2014)

Each tuple in a valid-time relation includes an interval attribute T that represents the tuple's valid time. The overlap join between two valid-time relations determines all pairs of tuples with overlapping intervals. Although overlap joins are common, existing partitioning and indexing schemes are inefficient if the data includes long-lived tuples or if intervals intersect partition boundaries.
Proteolytic Degradation of Hemoglobin in the Intestine of the Human HookwormNecator americanus (2009)

Blood-feeding parasites use mechanistically distinct proteases to digest hemoglobin (Hb), often as multienzyme cooperative cascades. We investigated the roles played by 3 distinct proteases from adults of the human hookworm Necator americanus. The aspartic protease Na-APR-1 and the cysteine protease Na-CP-3 were expressed in catalytically active form in yeast, and the metalloprotease Na-MEP-1 was expressed in catalytically active form in baculovirus. Antibodies to all 3 proteases were used to immunolocalize each native enzyme to the intestine of adult N. americanus. Recombinant Na-APR-1 cleaved intact human Hb. In contrast, Na-CP-3 and Na-MEP-1 could not cleave Hb but instead cleaved globin fragments that had been hydrolyzed by Na-APR-1, implying an ordered process of hemoglobinolysis. Seventy-four cleavage sites within Hb alpha- and beta-chains were characterized after digestion with all 3 proteases. All of the proteases demonstrated promiscuous subsite specificities within Hb; noteworthy preferences included aromatic and hydrophobic P1 residues and hydrophobic P1' residues for Na-APR-1 and hydrophobic P1 residues for Na-MEP-1. We conclude that Hb digestion in N. americanus involves a network of distinct proteases, some of which act in an ordered fashion, providing a potential mechanism by which some of these hemoglobinases exert their efficacy as recombinant vaccines against hookworm infection.
Self-stabilizing smoothing and counting (2004)

A smoothing network is a distributed data structure that accepts tokens on input wires and routes them to output wires. It ensures that however imbalanced the traffic on input wires, the numbers of tokens emitted on output wires are approximately balanced. Prior work on smoothing networks always assumed that such networks were properly initialized. In a real distributed system, however, network switches may be rebooted or replaced dynamically, and it may not be practical to determine the correct initial state for the new switch. Prior analyses do not work under these new assumptions. This paper makes the following contributions. First, we show that some well-known 1-smoothing networks, known as counting networks, when started in an arbitrary initial state (perhaps chosen by an adversary), remain remarkably smooth, degrading from 1-smooth to log(n)-smooth, where n is the number of input/output wires. Second, we show that the same networks can be made eventually 1-smooth by "piggy-backing" a small amount of additional information on messages when (and only when) trouble is detected.
Hereditary dysfibrinogenaemia: structural and functional studies on three fibrinogen variants. (1988)

Dysfunctional fibrinogens occurring in three unrelated families were studied. Fibrinogen Erfurt I consists of B beta chains with a slightly lower molecular mass than normal. The same structural abnormality was also detected in fibrin beta chains. The variant is present in platelets too. Fibrinogen Erfurt II is characterized by the absent thrombin-induced release of FPA. With fibrinogen Berlin cleavage of the B beta chains by thrombin is slow but complete. All carriers of the three abnormal fibrinogens seem to be heterozygous for the underlying mutant gene.
Dietary iron intake during early pregnancy and birth outcomes in a cohort of British women (2011)

BACKGROUND Iron deficiency during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes, particularly, if present during early gestation. Iron supplements are widely recommended during pregnancy, but evidence of their benefit in relation to infant outcomes is not established. This study was performed in the UK, where iron supplements are not routinely recommended during pregnancy, to investigate the association between iron intake in pregnancy and size at birth. METHODS From a prospective cohort of 1274 pregnant women aged 18-45 years, dietary intake was reported in a 24-h recall administered by a research midwife at 12-week gestation. Dietary supplement intake was ascertained using dietary recall and three questionnaires in the first, second and third trimesters. RESULTS Of the cohort of pregnant women, 80% reported dietary iron intake below the UK Reference Nutrient Intake of 14.8 mg/day. Those reported taking iron-containing supplements in the first, second and third trimesters were 24, 15 and 8%, respectively. Women with dietary iron intake >14.8 mg/day were more likely to be older, have a higher socioeconomic profile and take supplements during the first trimester. Vegetarians were less likely to have low dietary iron intake [odds ratio = 0.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4, 0.8] and more likely to take supplements during the first and second trimesters. Total iron intake, but not iron intake from food only, was associated with birthweight centile (adjusted change = 2.5 centiles/10 mg increase in iron, 95% CI: 0.4, 4.6). This association was stronger in the high vitamin C intake group, but effect modification was not significant. CONCLUSION There was a positive relationship between total iron intake, from food and supplements, in early pregnancy and birthweight. Iron intake, both from diet and supplements, during the first trimester of pregnancy was higher in vegetarians and women with a better socioeconomic profile.