gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Compact FPGA implementation of 32-bits AES algorithm using Block RAM (2007)

Hardware implementation of advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm has been in intensive discussion since its first publication by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2000, especially in high throughput over 1 Giga bits per second (Gbps). However, the studies of low area, low power and low cost implementations, which usually have throughput less than 1 Gbps and use the datapath less than 32-bit, have been appearing recently in ASIC as well as in FPGA for wireless communication and embedded hardware application. This paper proposes a 32-bit datapath implementation in small Xilinx FPGA Chip (Spartan-3 XC3S200). It uses 148 slice, 11 block RAMs (BRAMs) and achieves the data stream of 647 Mega bits per second ( Mbps) at 287 MHz working frequency. It obtains 3.4 times improvement to the best known similar design in terms of ratio throughput per area (Throughput/Area), and 20% smaller in slice area.
Specific surface area of molybdena in MoO/sub 3//SiO/sub 2/ catalysts (1980)

Specific surface area of molybdena in MoO/sub 3//SiO/sub 2/ catalysts, determined by the oxygen adsorption method, showed 101-107 sq m/g for catalysts containing 4.8-13.0% molybdena, compared with 50.8-56.7 sq m/g for unsupported molybdena. The particle size for the 13% molybdena catalyst was 69 A., compared with 25 A. for a 15% molybdena catalyst on alumina, which interacts more strongly with the molybdena. X-ray diffraction data of the 13% molybdena/silica catalyst showed 203 A. owing to the greater effect of large particles in this method. The equivalent molybdena areas for the silica-supported catalysts increased from approx. 7 sq m/g for the 4.8% molybdena catalyst to approx. 15 sq m/g for the 13% molybdena catalyst which corresponded to a low coverage (131 sq m/g silica area).
Considerations for Field Implementation of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (2011)

Abstract For the last 6 years DuPont with different partners has done extensive fundamental research into the application of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery technology (MEOR). We have demonstrated two mechanisms that have shown in the lab, more than a 10% increase in the recovery factor. Increased sweep efficiency by plugging of high permeable zones thereby forcing water to produce oil from previously unswept parts of the reservoir. Reduced oil / rock surface tension resulting in lower residual oil saturation. This paper describes the key laboratory tests and preliminary field data used to evaluate these two mechanisms. Our approach has been to inoculate the reservoir with a microbe that under the optimal nutrient conditions will expressed the needed function -- bioplugging or reduced oil saturation. The microbe and the nutrients are tailored to the conditions of each reservoir thus giving MEOR the greatest chance for success. This paper presents challenges that were raised as a result of extensive lab work that are relevant to the implementation of MEOR on a field level. Our ongoing research has provided many insights into the appropriate application of microbial EOR. The unique aspects of each production area, the nature of the oil, the water, the formation matrix, and the background microbial population and their complex interactions must all be assessed when considering the potential application of microbial EOR. The amount of work described for assessing potential MEOR mechanisms is extensive. However, this process has been streamlined and we have been able to assess new target reservoirs for potential MEOR treatments in about 6 months. We believe that Microbially Enhanced Oil Recovery has the potential to improve the recovery of oil with the potential for very low capital investment and a much smaller environmental footprint compared to other EOR techniques.
Secret Sharing Homomorphism and Secure E-voting (2016)

Secure E-voting is a challenging protocol. Several approaches based on homomorphic crypto systems, mix-nets blind signatures are proposed in the literature .But most of them need complicated homomorphic encryption which involves complicated encryption decryption process and key management which is not efficient. In this paper we propose a secure and efficient E-voting scheme based on secret sharing homomorphism. Here E-voting is viewed as special case of multi party computation where several voters jointly compute the result without revealing his vote. Secret sharing schemes are good alternative for secure multi party computation and are computationally efficient and secure compared with the cryptographic techniques. It is the first proposal, which makes use of the additive homomorphic property of the Shamir secret sharing scheme and the encoding decoding of votes to obtain the individual votes obtained by each candidate apart from the election result. We have achieved integrity and privacy while keeping the efficiency of the system.
Determining Electric Fields in Thunderclouds With the Radiotelescope LOFAR (2020)

An analysis is presented of electric fields in thunderclouds using a recently proposed method based on measuring radio emission from extensive air shower events during thunderstorm conditions. This method can be regarded as a tomography of thunderclouds using cosmic rays as probes. The data cover the period from December 2011 till August 2014. We have developed an improved fitting procedure to be able to analyze the data. Our measurements show evidence for the main negative-charge layer near the -10° isotherm. This we have seen for a winter as well as for a summer cloud where multiple events pass through the same cloud and also the vertical component of the electric field could be reconstructed. On the day of measurement of some cosmic-ray events showing evidence for strong fields, no lightning activity was detected within 100 km distance. For the winter events, the top heights were between 5 and 6 km, while in the summer, typical top heights of 9 km were seen. Large horizontal components in excess of 70 kV/m of the electric fields are observed in the middle and top layers.
Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview (2020)

Metal-based nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for a set of biomedical applications. According to the World Health Organization, in addition to their reduced size and selectivity for bacteria, metal-based nanoparticles have also proved to be effective against pathogens listed as a priority. Metal-based nanoparticles are known to have non-specific bacterial toxicity mechanisms (they do not bind to a specific receptor in the bacterial cell) which not only makes the development of resistance by bacteria difficult, but also broadens the spectrum of antibacterial activity. As a result, a large majority of metal-based nanoparticles efficacy studies performed so far have shown promising results in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this review has been a comprehensive discussion of the state of the art on the use of the most relevant types of metal nanoparticles employed as antimicrobial agents. A special emphasis to silver nanoparticles is given, while others (e.g., gold, zinc oxide, copper, and copper oxide nanoparticles) commonly used in antibiotherapy are also reviewed. The novelty of this review relies on the comparative discussion of the different types of metal nanoparticles, their production methods, physicochemical characterization, and pharmacokinetics together with the toxicological risk encountered with the use of different types of nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents. Their added-value in the development of alternative, more effective antibiotics against multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria has been highlighted.
Assessing the impact of language style on emergent leadership perception from ubiquitous audio (2012)

Leaders stand out for what they say and how they say it. This work describes the impact of the language style of emergent leaders in small group discussions based on 7 hours of audio from English spoken discussions recorded with a ubiquitous platform. For the language style analysis, word categories are extracted from manual transcriptions of the discussions as well as from automatically detected keywords. The most relevant word categories are then used to predict the emergent leader in each group. Our findings reveal that non-privacy sensitive word categories like amount of words, conjunctions and assent are good predictors of emergent leadership. The emergent leader can be correctly inferred in a fully automatic approach with up to 82% accuracy using categories derived from keywords, and up to 86% using categories derived from full manual transcriptions.
Understanding the Shear History of Various Loadings of Friction Reducers and the Associated Impact on the Fluid's Stability, Pipe Friction Reduction, and Effect on Proppant Transport and Deposition in Both Fresh Water and Brine Base Fluid. (2023)

Abstract The industry is constantly looking for ways to increase completions efficiency, increase well production, and reduce cost. Unconventional completions, on average, use around 4.5 million gallons of water carrying up to 10 million pounds of frac sand. Volumes vary greatly, from under 1 million gallons of water carrying a couple million pounds of frac sand to greater than 10 million gallons of water carrying up to 20 million pounds of frac sand. Changes in the loading of additives can greatly impact the completion costs. Understanding the advantages, or disadvantages, of any changes made to the frac design can help with efficiency and costs, if implemented correctly. The research in this paper highlights how shear stress, proppant transport, and the deposition profile change based on various loadings of commonly used Friction Reducer (FR) mixed in fresh water and brine water. A 1,500-foot, 0.62-inch internal diameter flow loop is utilized to develop a shear history based on a shear rate equivalent of 100 barrels per minute (BPM) down 11,000 feet of 4.5-inch internal diameter (ID) casing/pipe. FR and High Viscosity Friction Reducers (HVFR) are evaluated at 0.75, 1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 gallons per thousand (gpt) loadings in fresh water and brine as well as guar with a loading of 5.0 gpt in brine (effective polymer loading 20 lbs./1000 gals). Pre-shear and post-shear viscosity readings are recorded for each gel concentration. The shear conditioned fluid is then utilized to construct the test slurry for the subsequent transport/deposition test. The test slurry is injected into a large slot flow apparatus (10′H × 20′L), with a transverse fracture configuration (top-middle-bottom injection points along the vertical centerline) with an average 0.375-inch width tortuous slot flow path. A typical test entails approximately 750 lbs. of proppant, comprised of 80% by weight of 100 mesh proppant 1.5 pounds of proppant added per gallon (PPA) and 20% by weight of 40/70 mesh proppant at 1.5 PPA. Slurry test pump rate target is 13 gallons per minute (gpm) to simulate the lower shear rate in a far-field fracture environment. Fluid viscosity measurements are recorded post blender and post slot flow apparatus. A deposition profile is generated for each FR loading and job design. The data are compiled to demonstrate the effects of shear history on the carrier fluid viscosity, as well as to document transport and deposition behavior based on the various loadings of the different friction reducers and pump schedules.
A low-voltage two-wavelength light emitter in standard CMOS technology (2010)

A silicon light emitting device is fabricated in standard CMOS technology. It can emit visible light under reverse Zener breakdown and emit near infrared light under forward injection, both with low-voltage operation and enhanced efficiency.
Digoxin-Like Substance in Amniotic Fluid – Fact or Artifact? (1986)

A digoxin-like immunoreactive substance (DLIS) has been reported in the amniotic fluid. Since radioimmunoassay kits are standardized using serum-based standards, we hypothesized that measurement of DLIS may be an artifact related to the low protein content of amniotic fluid. We analyzed 12 amniotic fluid samples before and after supplementation with lyophilized human serum. The means +/- SDs for DLIS (nmol/l) at protein concentrations of 0, 32 and 63 g/l were 1.4 +/- 0.16, 0.6 +/- 0.09, and 0.4 +/- 0.09 nmol/l, respectively. We, therefore, hypothesize that DLIS in amniotic fluid may in part be explained by a technical artifact.
Half-Bridge Full-Bridge AC–DC Resonant Converter for Bi-Directional EV Charger (2023)

A new topology and controller based on single-stage AC-DC resonant converter, without Electrolytic capacitors (E-cap), for bi-directional EV battery chargers is proposed in this paper. The topology is a Half-Bridge (HB)-Full-Bridge (FB) resonant converter with MOSFETs connected in series and in opposite direction on its AC Half-Bridge side plus an active filter on the DC-side. No use of E-cap makes the converter more reliable. The establishment of an appropriate control scheme enables a wide range of active and reactive power control under different AC and DC voltage levels. The proposed controller not only facilitates the converter to operate under Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) for all switching instants, but also it minimizes the conduction loss. ZVS allows higher switching frequencies and together with reduction in conduction losses improve the efficiency. The active filter is controlled to absorb the low frequency current ripple and prevent it from going to battery. Charging the battery with reduced low frequency ripple prevents extra heat production and increases the lifespan of the battery. Mathematical analysis, simulation and experimental results are presented.
Raman scattering study of Ge and Sn compounds with type-I clathrate hydrate crystal structure (2000)

Raman scattering spectra of polycrystalline ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{8}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{16}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{30},$ ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{8}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{16}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{30},$ ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{8}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{8}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{38},$ and ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{8}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{4}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{37}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{5},$ all with the type-I clathrate crystal structure, were studied at room temperature and 10 K. Several of the Raman-active vibrational modes in these compounds have been identified. The Ge and Sn clathrate spectra are similar, with the vibrational modes of the Sn clathrates shifting to lower frequencies as compared to Ge clathrates. Polarization measurements were used to identify the ${A}_{g}$ modes. The lower-frequency mode of the two Raman-active modes corresponding to the ``rattling'' vibrations of the ``guest'' atoms inside the tetrakaidecahedral ``cages'' have been identified in these compounds. This mode is at a frequency that is within the acoustic phonon branch of these compounds. The experimental data are compared to theoretical predictions.
First-in-man six-month results of a surface-modified coronary stent system in native coronary stenosis (2017)

In contrast to previous preclinical pathophysiological work, the BMSmod did not prevent neointimal hyperplasia in a first-in-man clinical setting.
A removal torque and histomorphometric study of commercially pure niobium and titanium implants in rabbit bone (1991)

Screw-shaped commercially pure (c.p.) niobium and c.p. titanium implants were inserted in rabbit bone. After a healing period of 3 months, a significantly higher removal torque was demonstrated to unscrew the niobium implants (average 32.9 Ncm) compared to the c.p. titanium implants (average 25.3 Ncm). In the histomorphometric part of the study, there were no significant differences in bone-to-metal contact between the 2 implant materials. An average of 41.1% bony contact was demonstrated for the niobium screws compared to an average of 37.2% for the c.p. titanium ones. Our removal torque findings could be related to the differences that we observed between the 2 implant surfaces as indicated by SEM. Since niobium implants showed a more irregular surface topography and niobium is a softer metal than c.p. titanium, this seems the most probable reason for the differences observed in removal torque between the 2 metals. Hypothetically, a more "positive biocompatibility" of the c.p. niobium in comparison to the c.p. titanium remains as another possible reason for the observed differences. However, against such a difference in biocompatibility between c.p. niobium and c.p. titanium, there is the very similar amount of bony contact registered in the histomorphometric analysis.
Development of a precision biconical antenna for broadband metrology applications (2002)

A precision 1.37-meter 60-degree, wire-cage, biconical antenna has been developed for EMC and other metrology applications over the frequency range of 30-300 MHz. Contrary to the indications of some previously-performed studies undertaken by the ANSI C-63.5 working group on antennas these results indicate that the 1.37-meter biconical antenna can provide acceptable, repeatable performance over the entire 30-300 MHz range (as opposed to only 30-200 MHz) when realized in a precision package and attention is paid to the several key areas: deviation from minimum-scattering behavior, spurious modes in the wire-cage radiating elements, BALanced-to-UNbalanced transformer (BALUN) performance, and capacitive base loading in the parallel resonance region.
Phenotypic Heterogeneity Enables Uropathogenic Escherichia coli To Evade Killing by Antibiotics and Serum Complement (2015)

Uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the major cause of bacteremic urinary tract infections. Survival in the bloodstream is associated with different mechanisms that help to resist serum complement-mediated killing. While the phenotypic heterogeneity of bacteria has been shown to influence antibiotic tolerance, the possibility that it makes cells refractory to killing by the immune system has not been experimentally tested. In the present study we sought to determine whether the heterogeneity of bacterial cultures is relevant to bacterial targeting by the serum complement system. We monitored cell divisions in the UPEC strain CFT073 with fluorescent reporter protein. Stationary-phase cells were incubated in active or heat-inactivated human serum in the presence or absence of different antibiotics (ampicillin, norfloxacin, and amikacin), and cell division and complement protein C3 binding were measured by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. Heterogeneity in the doubling times of CFT073 cells in serum enabled three phenotypically different subpopulations to be distinguished, all of them being recognized by the C3 component of the complement system. The population of rapidly growing cells resists serum complement-mediated lysis. The dominant subpopulation of cells with intermediate growth rate is susceptible to serum. The third population, which does not resume growth upon dilution from stationary phase, is simultaneously protected from serum complement and antibiotics.
The NAEP 1997 Arts Education Assessment: An Overview (1998)

The NAEP 1997 Arts Education Assessment represents the first comprehensive approach on a national level to the development of methods for assessing student performance in dance, music, theatre, and the visual arts. This Focus on NAEP, the first in a series offive publications, gives an overview of that effort.
Stability of the polar NiO(111) surface (2008)

Based on density functional theory and thermodynamic model, we compile a phase diagram for the polar NiO(111) surface as a function of temperature and oxygen pressure. The electronic correlation between Ni-3d electrons has also been included in the form of GGA+U method. Consistent with recent experiments, present GGA+U calculation indicates that over a broad range of oxygen partial pressure, the most stable phases are the oxygen and Ni terminated octopolar structures, which are almost degenerate in energy. We also show that the stabilization of the NiO(111) surface goes together with remarkable changes in the geometrical and electronic structure.
Gene Transfer into Experimental Brain Tumors Mediated by Adenovirus, Herpes Simplex Virus, and Retrovirus Vectors (1994)

Three vectors derived from retrovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV), and adenovirus were compared in cultured rat 9L gliosarcoma cells for gene transfer efficiency and in a 9L rat brain tumor model for histologic pattern and distribution of foreign gene delivery, as well as for associated tumor necrosis and inflammation. At a multiplicity of infection of 1, in vitro transfer of a foreign gene (lacZ from Escherichia coli) into cells was more efficient with either the replication-defective retrovirus vector or the replication-conditional thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient HSV vector than with the replication-defective adenovirus vector. In vivo, stereotactic injections of each vector into rat brain tumors revealed three main histopathologic findings: (i) retrovirus and HSV vector-mediated gene transfer was relatively selective for cells within the tumor, whereas adenovirus vector-mediated gene transfer occurred into several types of endogenous neural cells, as well as into cells within the tumor; (ii) gene transfer to multiple infiltrating tumor deposits without apparent gene transfer to intervening normal brain tissue occurred uniquely in one animal inoculated with the HSV vector, and (iii) extensive necrosis and selective inflammation in the tumor were evident with the HSV vector, whereas there was minimal evidence of tumor necrosis and inflammation with either the retrovirus or adenovirus vectors.
Improvement of malting quality of barley by complementing the malt enzyme spectrum (2001)

The processing quality of cereals can be modified by altering the structural grain constituents or the enzyme activities that mobilize storage reserves of the seeds. In order to complement the malt enzyme spectrum, a gene encoding for a thermotolerant fungal endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase was introduced into two barley cultivars, Kymppi and Golden Promise. The gene was expressed in the seeds during germination, thus providing a thermotolerant enzyme that is active under mashing conditions. The amount of thermotolerant β-glucanase produced by the seeds (ca. 0.025% soluble seed protein) has been shown to be sufficient to reduce wort viscosity by decreasing the soluble β-glucan content. For the safe commercial cultivation of transgenic plants risk assessment of their cultivation is needed. In our study experimental estimates of the transgene flow from transgenic barley by pollen dispersal were produced. Field trials were conducted during the summers of 1996 and 1997. A transgenic barley line homozygous for the gene encoding for neomycin phosphotransferase was used as a source of pollen and male-sterile barley lines as recipients. In order to be able to transform the cross-fertilization frequencies to corresponding values of normal male-fertile barley, plots of normal barley were also included in the experimental plan. On the basis of our study, cross-fertilization in male-sterile recipient barley is possible with very low frequency up to 50 meters from the donor area. However, the frequency dramatically decreases with distance and due to self-pollination the possibility of cross-fertilization remains very low in normal cultivated barley.
Micro-Bubble Experiments at the Van de Graaff Accelerator (2015)

In order to test and verify the experimental designs at the linear accelerator (LINAC), several micro-scale bubble ("micro-bubble") experiments were conducted with the 3-MeV Van de Graaff (VDG) electron accelerator. The experimental setups included a square quartz tube, sodium bisulfate solution with different concentrations, cooling coils, gas chromatography (GC) system, raster magnets, and two high-resolution cameras that were controlled by a LabVIEW program. Different beam currents were applied in the VDG irradiation. Bubble generation (radiolysis), thermal expansion, thermal convection, and radiation damage were observed in the experiments. Photographs, videos, and gas formation (O2 + H2) data were collected. The micro-bubble experiments at VDG indicate that the design of the full-scale bubble experiments at the LINAC is reasonable.