gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Trans-rectal thermo-acoustic computed tomography: An initial in silico study (2014)

Abstract Background: The purpose of this in silico study is to demonstrate thermo-acoustic computed tomography (CT) based reconstruction of frequency-dependent true electrical conductivity distribution in a trans-rectal axialimaging geometry. Since cancerous tissue is expected to exhibit different conductivity profile compared to normal tissue, reconstructing conductivity based on thermoacoustic CT in a trans-rectal geometry has a potential for prostate cancer detection. Methodology: A trans-rectal axial-imaging geometry is illuminated by an electromagnetic (EM) point source at a microwave frequency. The source is located on a transrectal EM applicator close to the rectal wall. The applicator also houses a convex-array of point acoustic receivers that capture the acoustic pressure generated within the geometry as a result of EM illumination. The finite element method (FEM) along with an absorbing boundary condition is applied for solving the electric field (E-field) distribution, the power loss density and the acoustic pressure. The Levenberg-Marquardt regularization scheme is applied to reconstruct the conductivity distribution by decoupling the E-field from the power loss density. Results: For an excitation frequency of 915 MHz, various 2-D reconstructed images based on a 2:1 conductivity ratio between the background and object in a trans-rectal geometry of 40 mm radius are shown. Both single and double objects of 3 mm radius positioned at 4, 7, 10 and 15 mm depth with respect to the acoustic receiver are considered. The quality of the reconstructed image is shown to be object-depth dependent. The effect of different levels of Gaussian noise on the reconstructed images is shown. The contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) of the reconstructed images for the objects of different sizes and depths are also computed. Conclusions: Feasibility of recovering heterogeneous conductivity distribution in a trans-rectal axial-imaging geometry by thermo-acoustic CT is demonstrated in silico. The results implicate an alternative imaging mechanism for prostate cancer detection.
BICYCLE-SPOKE INJURY IN CHILDREN (2006)

Purpose: The injury occurs when a child passenger sits behind or in front of the rider; his leg gets caught in the rotating wheel’s spokes, and crushed against the frame. The study aimed at reviewing our experience in managing this common injury. Patients and Methods: Between 2000–2005, 43 children were treated following bicycle spoke injury. All cases were thoroughly reviewed. Results: Mean age was 5.1 years (range 1–15). Twenty-seven were up to 5 years. Thirty-seven were males, and 7 were females. The right leg was injured in 30 children, and the left in 13. Twenty one were seated behind the rider, and 6 in front of him. Most children were injured in the afternoon and between April and September. Twenty six injured the antero-medial aspect of the ankle and lateral calcaneal region. Twenty nine children had deep abrasions, 11 had abrasion with skin defect, and 3 had laceration. All children had edema and ecchymosis. Eighteen children had fractures. Greenstick fracture of the distal and fibula with anterior and varus angulation was observed in 6 cases. Hospital stay ranged 2–12 days. All fractures were treated non-operatively and healed uneventfully. Soft tissue injuries healed well largely by secondary intention within up to 9 weeks. Conclusions: Bicycle spoke injury may lead to considerable morbidity and prolonged healing time. The mechanism of injury and management are discussed. The injury may be initially underestimated due to deceptively mild appearance. The prognosis is determined mainly by soft-tissue damage. Preventive measures include ergonomic changes like installing special carriers and spoke-guards.
X-ray structure of nucleoside diphosphate kinase complexed with thymidine diphosphate and Mg2+ at 2-.ANG. resolution (1994)

We report the crystal structure of nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDP kinase) from Dictyostelium discoideum with thymidine diphosphate (dTDP) and Mg2+ bound at the active site. The structure has been refined to an R-factor of 18.3% at 2-A resolution. The base stacks on the aromatic ring of Phe 64 near the protein surface and is wedged between the side chains of Phe 64 and Val 116. The sugar and the pyrophosphate are deeper inside the protein and make numerous H-bonds with protein side chains. There is no backbone interaction with the nucleotide. A Mg2+ ion bridges the alpha- and beta-phosphates and interacts with the protein via water molecules. NDP kinase shows little specificity toward ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. This property, required by the enzyme biological function, can now be analyzed by comparing the crystal structures of free, ADP-ligated, and dTDP-ligated enzymes. The most significant differences are located in residues 60-64, which adapt their conformation to allow Phe 64 to stack on both types of bases. Nonspecific binding is achieved by the absence of polar interaction between the base and protein atoms. The ribose of ADP and the deoxyribose of dTDP occupy similar positions, their hydroxyl groups interacting with Lys 16 and Asn 119. The H-bond between Lys 16 and the O2' hydroxyl of ADP is replaced by a similar interaction with a water molecule in the dTDP complex. The beta-phosphate position is the same for ADP and dTDP, suggesting that the mechanism of phosphate transfer is the same for all substrates ofNDP kinase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Exploring the oral microbiota of children at various developmental stages of their dentition in the relation to their oral health (2011)

Abstract Background An understanding of the relation of commensal microbiota to health is essential in preventing disease. Here we studied the oral microbial composition of children (N = 74, aged 3 - 18 years) in natural transition from their deciduous to a permanent dentition and related the microbial profiles to their oral health status. The microbial composition of saliva was assessed by barcoded pyrosequencing of the V5-V6 hypervariable regions of the 16 S rRNA, as well as by using phylogenetic microarrays. Results Pyrosequencing reads (126174 reads, 1045 unique sequences) represented 8 phyla and 113 higher taxa in saliva samples. Four phyla - Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria - predominated in all groups. The deciduous dentition harboured a higher proportion of Proteobacteria (Gammaproteobacteria, Moraxellaceae) than Bacteroidetes, while in all other groups Bacteroidetes were at least as abundant as Proteobacteria. Bacteroidetes (mainly genus Prevotella ), Veillonellaceae family, Spirochaetes and candidate division TM7 increased with increasing age, reflecting maturation of the microbiome driven by biological changes with age. Microarray analysis enabled further analysis of the individual salivary microbiota. Of 350 microarray probes, 156 gave a positive signal with, on average, 77 (range 48-93) probes per individual sample. A caries-free oral status significantly associated with the higher signal of the probes targeting Porphyromonas catoniae and Neisseria flavescens . Conclusions The potential role of P. catoniae and N. flavescens as oral health markers should be assessed in large-scale clinical studies. The combination of both, open-ended and targeted molecular approaches provides us with information that will increase our understanding of the interplay between the human host and its microbiome.
Air blast injuries killed the crew of the submarine H.L. Hunley (2017)

The submarine H.L. Hunley was the first submarine to sink an enemy ship during combat; however, the cause of its sinking has been a mystery for over 150 years. The Hunley set off a 61.2 kg (135 lb) black powder torpedo at a distance less than 5 m (16 ft) off its bow. Scaled experiments were performed that measured black powder and shock tube explosions underwater and propagation of blasts through a model ship hull. This propagation data was used in combination with archival experimental data to evaluate the risk to the crew from their own torpedo. The blast produced likely caused flexion of the ship hull to transmit the blast wave; the secondary wave transmitted inside the crew compartment was of sufficient magnitude that the calculated chances of survival were less than 16% for each crew member. The submarine drifted to its resting place after the crew died of air blast trauma within the hull.
Cost Function of Features Based Mode Switching Algorithm for Indoor Positioning (2009)

This paper proposed a cost function of features based mode switching algorithm for indoor positioning to solve the problem of choosing the best positioning mode in the overlapping area. The experiments show that when the precisions of the alternative location modes are of no big difference, using this algorithm is much more reasonable.
A novel coding scheme for the ROM of parallel ADCs, featuring reduced conversion noise in the case of single bubbles in the thermometer code (2002)

The noise arising from double row selection in the encoder ROM of a parallel ADC appreciably depends upon the chosen coding. A procedure for comparing the performance of different codes in the case of double selections is introduced and applied to the well known Gray and quasi-Gray codes. A novel flipped brick code is proposed, which performs better than both the quasi-Gray and Gray codes in terms of noise power and exhibits a simpler conversion to binary code than the Gray code.
Study of X-ray Beam Quality and Contrast-to-Noise Ratio of Lung Nodules in Chest FPD Radiography: Monte Carlo Simulation Using Chest Model Phantom (2022)

By Monte Carlo calculation, it was verified that 90 kV X-ray beam with 0.15 mm and 0.2 mm Cu filters yielded higher CNR to 120 kV X-ray beam.
Status in the development of self-powered wireless sensor node for structural health monitoring and prognosis (2012)

This paper discusses the development status of a self-powered wireless sensor node for steel and concrete bridges monitoring and prognosis. By the end of the third year in this four-year cross-disciplinary project, the 4-channel acoustic emission wireless node, developed by Mistras Group Inc, has already been deployed in concrete structures by the University of Miami. Also, extensive testing is underway with the node powered by structural vibration and wind energy harvesting modules developed by Virginia Tech. The development of diagnosis tools and models for bridge prognosis, which will be discussed in the paper, continues and the diagnosis tools are expected to be programmed in the node's AVR during the 4<sup>th</sup> year of the project. The impact of this development extends beyond the area of bridge health monitoring into several fields, such as offshore oil platforms, composite components on military ships and race boats, combat deployable bridges and wind turbine blades. Some of these applications will also be discussed. This project was awarded to a joint venture formed by Mistras Group Inc, Virginia Tech, University of South Carolina and University of Miami by the National Institute of Standards and Technology through its Technology Innovation Program Grant #70NANB9H007.
State‐of‐the‐Art Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide (2010)

Efficiency is key: Nozaki and co-workers managed to achieve very high turnover numbers for the reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid using an active Iridium(III)–pincer complex 1. This Highlight compares Nozaki's work to previously reported state-of-the-art catalysts.
Effect of Product Quality on Life Cycle Assessment in Aluminum Die Casting Process (2007)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Induction of Apoptosis of Osteoclasts by Targeting Transcription Factors with Decoy Molecules (2006)

We review the effects of two transcription factor decoy oligonucleotides on apoptosis of human osteoclasts (OCs). The first decoy molecule was designed to inhibit nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) binding to target sequence, the second to increase estrogen receptor (ER) alpha expression. We found that both decoy molecules are potent inducers of apoptosis of human OCs, associated with increase of caspase 3 activity and decrease of interleukin 6 expression. In addition, we provide evidence indicating that these oligonucleotides are active in vivo in inducing OCs apoptosis. Because OCs are essential for skeletal development and remodeling throughout the life of animal and man, the approach described is of potential clinical importance.
The Brine Shrimp's Butterfly Stroke (2011)

We investigate the fluid dynamics of brine shrimp larvae swimming in this gallery of fluid motion video. Time resolved particle image velocimetry was performed using nano-particles as seeding material to measure the time dependent velocity and vorticity fields. The Reynolds number of the flow was roughly 8 and the Womerseley number (ratio of periodic forcing to viscous forcing) was about 5. Vorticity dynamics reveals the formation of a vortex ring structure at the tip of each arm at the beginning of the power stroke. This two vortex system evolves dramatically with time as the stroke progresses. The outer circulation is noted to weaken while the inner circulation strengthens over the power stroke. The gaining strength of the inner vortex correlates with the acceleration and forward movement of the larvae.
Correlates of antioxidant nutrients and oxidative DNA damage differ by race in a cross-sectional study of healthy African American and white adults (2020)

Although antioxidant nutrients and oxidative DNA damage have been associated with carcinogenesis, few studies have investigated the factors that influence antioxidant intake and oxidative DNA damage in racially diverse populations. Demographic, behavioral, and diet-related psychosocial correlates of plasma antioxidant (carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E) concentrations and oxidative DNA damage were examined using data from a cross-sectional study of 147 generally healthy, non-smoking African American and White adults in North Carolina, age 20 to 45 years. All participants completed self-administered demographic, diet, and health questionnaires and provided semi-fasting (≥ 6 hours) blood samples. Multivariate regression analyses were computed separately for each race to determine associations between the potential correlates with plasma antioxidant concentrations and oxidative DNA damage, separately. Our findings suggest appreciable differences by race. Only a few factors (age, supplement use, and several psychosocial factors) were associated with antioxidant concentrations in African Americans, whereas these and additional factors, including physical activity, waist circumference, and passive smoke exposure, were associated with antioxidant concentrations in Whites. For oxidative DNA damage, passive smoke exposure was significantly associated with oxidative DNA damage in African Americans, and age and alcohol were significant in Whites. In addition, the regression models generally explained more of the variance in plasma antioxidant concentrations and oxidative DNA damage in Whites than in African Americans. Considering the salient correlates differed by race, this work has important implications for the design and implementation of future research studies investigating antioxidant nutrients and/or oxidative stress, especially those in racially diverse populations.
Plasmonic Control of Radiative Properties of Semiconductor Quantum Dots Coupled to Plasmonic Ring Cavities (2015)

In recent years, a lot of effort has been made to achieve controlled delivery of target particles to the hotspots of plasmonic nanoantennas, in order to probe and/or exploit the extremely large field enhancements produced by such structures. While in many cases such high fields are advantageous, there are instances where they should be avoided. In this work, we consider the implications of using the standard nanoantenna geometries when colloidal quantum dots are employed as target entities. We show that in this case, and for various reasons, dimer antennas are not the optimum choice. Plasmonic ring cavities are a better option despite low field enhancements, as they allow collective coupling of many quantum dots in a reproducible and predictable manner. In cases where larger field enhancements are required, or for larger quantum dots, nonconcentric ring-disk cavities can be employed instead.
Critical thickness for GaN thin film on AlN substrate (2013)

The critical thickness is the smallest thickness of a uniformly strained thin layer on a substrate for which it becomes energetically possible for a misfit dislocation to form spontaneously at the interface between the layer and the substrate. The critical thickness can be calculated by different criterions. The most used criterions assume that both the thin layer and the substrate isotropic with the same elastic properties. Recently a new criterion was developed to describe the formation of a misfit dislocation buried at a distance h below the free surface, assuming different elastic constants of the thin film and the substrate with hexagonal symmetry. We compared the results of this criterion for an Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> N film on an AlN substrate with the result obtained by the isotropic criterions. After this, we calculated the critical thickness for the Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> N on an AlN substrate for different temperatures.
Plasma amino acids determined by liquid chromatography within 17 minutes (1994)

We present an HPLC method for the determination of amino acids in plasma. The method is based on automated precolumn derivatization of amino acids with o-phthalaldehyde, separation of the derivatives by reversed-phase chromatography, and quantification by fluorescence detection. Complete separation was achieved within 12 min. Total analysis time, including derivatization, chromatography, and reequilibration of the column, was 17 min. The assay was linear from 5 to 800 mumol/L for all amino acids. Recovery of amino acids added to plasma samples was 96-106%, except for tryptophan (89%). Within-run precision (CV) was 1.8-6.4%, and between-run precision was 2.1-7.2%. The method can be used for determining primary amino acids in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The simple sample preparation and short analysis time make the method particularly suitable for routine analysis of large series of samples.
Identification and Review of Sensitivity Analysis Methods (2002)

Identification and qualitative comparison of sensitivity analysis methods that have been used across various disciplines, and that merit consideration for application to food-safety risk assessment models, are presented in this article. Sensitivity analysis can help in identifying critical control points, prioritizing additional data collection or research, and verifying and validating a model. Ten sensitivity analysis methods, including four mathematical methods, five statistical methods, and one graphical method, are identified. The selected methods are compared on the basis of their applicability to different types of models, computational issues such as initial data requirement and complexity of their application, representation of the sensitivity, and the specific uses of these methods. Applications of these methods are illustrated with examples from various fields. No one method is clearly best for food-safety risk models. In general, use of two or more methods, preferably with dissimilar theoretical foundations, may be needed to increase confidence in the ranking of key inputs.
Adaptive observers in which parameters are updated infrequently (1985)

A hybrid model-reference adaptive observer (HMRAO) is introduced to eliminate some of the difficulties associated with conventional model-reference adaptive observers (MRAO). The HMRAO utilizes a periodic probing input and updates parameter estimates once per probing input period. The HMRAO is stable in the presence of controllable and observable unmodelled dynamics. Its adaptation convergence rates are inversely proportional to the eigenvalues of a symmetric matrix which can be computed on-line, and used to calculate the observer gain necessary to optimize the convergence rates. The HMRAO is a least-squares estimator, which leads to the frequency-domain interpretation that the estimated frequency response and the actual frequency response are matched most closely at the probing input frequencies. Identification experiments are performed on a flexible structure to test the stability, accuracy, convergence rates, tracking, and frequency-domain interpretation of the HMRAO.
High Level Expression and Characterization of the Mitochondrial Citrate Transport Protein from the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1995)

The gene encoding the mitochondrial citrate transport protein (CTP) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been identified, and its protein product has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed CTP accumulates in inclusion bodies and can be solubilized with sarkosyl. Approximately 25 mg of solubilized CTP at a purity of 75% is obtained per liter of E. coli culture. The function of the solubilized CTP has been reconstituted in a liposomal system where both its kinetic parameters (i.e. Km = 0.36 mM and Vmax = 2.5 mumol/min/mg protein) and its substrate specificity have been determined. Notably, the yeast CTP displays a stricter specificity for tricarboxylates than do CTPs from higher eukaryotic organisms. Dot matrix analysis of the yeast CTP sequence indicates the presence of three homologous sequence domains (each approximately 100 residues in length), which are also related to domains in other CTPs. Thus, the yeast CTP displays the tripartite structure characteristic of other mitochondrial transporters. Alignment of the yeast CTP sequence with CTPs from other sources defines a consensus sequence that displays 89 positions of amino acid identity, as well as the more generalized mitochondrial transporter-associated sequence motif. Based on hydropathy analysis, the yeast CTP contains six putative membrane-spanning alpha-helices. Finally, Southern blot analysis indicates that the yeast genome contains a single gene encoding the mitochondrial CTP. Our data indicate that, based on both its structural and functional properties, the expressed yeast CTP can be assigned membership in the mitochondrial carrier family. The identification of the yeast CTP gene, and the expression and purification of large quantities of its protein product, pave the way for investigations into the roles of specific amino acids in the CTP translocation mechanism, as well as for the initiation of crystallization trials.
Nanoframes with three-dimensional electrocatalytic surfaces (2023)

Described herein are bimetallic nanoframes and methods for producing bimetallic nanoframes. A method may include providing a solution including a plurality of nanoparticles dispersed in a solvent, and exposing the solution to oxygen to convert the plurality of nanoparticles into a plurality of nanoframes.