gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-photon Imaging of Intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> Handling and Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells of an Isolated Rat Aorta (2015)

Calcium is a very important regulator of many physiological processes in vascular tissues. Most endothelial and smooth muscle functions highly depend on changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) and nitric oxide (NO). In order to understand how [Ca(2+)]i, NO and downstream molecules are handled by a blood vessel in response to vasoconstrictors and vasodilators, we developed a novel technique that applies calcium-labeling (or NO-labeling) dyes with two photon microscopy to measure calcium handling (or NO production) in isolated blood vessels. Described here is a detailed step-by-step procedure that demonstrates how to isolate an aorta from a rat, label calcium or NO within the endothelial or smooth muscle cells, and image calcium transients (or NO production) using a two photon microscope following physiological or pharmacological stimuli. The benefits of using the method are multi-fold: 1) it is possible to simultaneously measure calcium transients in both endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in response to different stimuli; 2) it allows one to image endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in their native setting; 3) this method is very sensitive to intracellular calcium or NO changes and generates high resolution images for precise measurements; and 4) described approach can be applied to the measurement of other molecules, such as reactive oxygen species. In summary, application of two photon laser emission microscopy to monitor calcium transients and NO production in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of an isolated blood vessel has provided high quality quantitative data and promoted our understanding of the mechanisms regulating vascular function.
Intensity noise enhancement in the half-wave plate/polarizer attenuator (1991)

The conventional optical attenuator for linearly polarized light is usually constructed with a half-wave retardation plate and a polarizer. With one axis of the polarizer aligned so as to transmit the incident beam fully, the addition of the half-wave plate causes the output power to follow a cos(2) 2theta dependence, where theta is the angle between the optic axis of the wave plate and the incident polarization. When the incident light has an additional orthogonal polarization component, the output power dependence becomes more complex and depends on the correlation between the two polarization fields ?E(x)E(y)?. More significantly, if amplitude noise in the polarization fields is correlated, the attenuator will couple the noise processes, which results in relative power fluctuations that increase as the optical power is reduced. The noise produced by this coupling may even exceed the noise of either polarization state alone. Measurements of the statistical behavior of the relative intensity noise of a cw modelocked Nd:YAG laser as a function of the wave-plate angle showed more than a tenfold increase when the output power was reduced to near minimum. In addition, the noise was found to be asymmetrical about the minimum power point, theta = 45 degrees . It is shown that the simple addition of a polarizer ahead of the wave plate strips off the unwanted polarization field and virtually eliminates this added noise effect.
Heads up on heparin (2008)

President of the Institute for Safe Medication Practices The reports described in Medication Errors were received through the USP-ISMP Medication Errors Reporting Program. Report errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions to the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) at http://www.ismp.org or the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) at http://www.usp.org. You can also call the ISMP at 1-800-FAIL-Safe or send an e-mail message to [email protected]. Michael R. Cohen is a member of the Nursing2008 editorial advisory board.
The cholinergic system in the pathophysiology and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (2018)

Cholinergic synapses are ubiquitous in the human central nervous system. Their high density in the thalamus, striatum, limbic system, and neocortex suggest that cholinergic transmission is likely to be critically important for memory, learning, attention and other higher brain functions. Several lines of research suggest additional roles for cholinergic systems in overall brain homeostasis and plasticity. As such, the brain's cholinergic system occupies a central role in ongoing research related to normal cognition and age-related cognitive decline, including dementias such as Alzheimer's disease. The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease centres on the progressive loss of limbic and neocortical cholinergic innervation. Neurofibrillary degeneration in the basal forebrain is believed to be the primary cause for the dysfunction and death of forebrain cholinergic neurons, giving rise to a widespread presynaptic cholinergic denervation. Cholinesterase inhibitors increase the availability of acetylcholine at synapses in the brain and are one of the few drug therapies that have been proven clinically useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease dementia, thus validating the cholinergic system as an important therapeutic target in the disease. This review includes an overview of the role of the cholinergic system in cognition and an updated understanding of how cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer's disease interact with other aspects of disease pathophysiology, including plaques composed of amyloid-β proteins. This review also documents the benefits of cholinergic therapies at various stages of Alzheimer's disease and during long-term follow-up as visualized in novel imaging studies. The weight of the evidence supports the continued value of cholinergic drugs as a standard, cornerstone pharmacological approach in Alzheimer's disease, particularly as we look ahead to future combination therapies that address symptoms as well as disease progression.
Synthesis of Nucleosides and Related Compounds. Part IL. Hetero Diels-Alder Reaction of Benzenesulfonyl Cyanide with Cyclopentadiene Using Chiral Lewis Acids. (1996)

Asymmetric induction was observed in the hetero Diels-Alder reaction of benzenesulfonly cyanide with cyclopentadiene using chiral Lewis acids. This is the first instance of asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction involving a sulfonyl group in the presence of a chiral Lewis acid.
Degradación de polímeros de alto peso molecular por vía anaerobia (2002)

En este trabajo se ha estudiado la posibilidad de utilizar un proceso de degradacion anaerobia para eliminar polietilenglicol de alto peso molecular, desde 1000 hasta 10000
Fine Structure of Emission Spectra of the Red AIN:Mn Luminescence (1966)

Abstract The luminescence of aluminium nitride, activated by manganese, is described. A structure with equidistant peaks, clearly resolved at low temperatures, is found in the emission band 580 to 620 nm. This structure is interpreted in terms of phonons using the Pekar theory. The energy of the phonon involved is 0.023 eV. The luminescence decay is exponential with a time constant τ = 1.0 × 10 −3 s over a wide temperature range. It is suggested that the luminescence is due to transitions between metastable and basic levels of the tetravalent manganese ion.
Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analyses of Cefiderocol, a Parenteral Siderophore Cephalosporin, in Patients with Pneumonia, Bloodstream Infection/Sepsis, or Complicated Urinary Tract Infection (2020)

Cefiderocol is a novel siderophore cephalosporin with antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant strains. The standard dosing regimen of cefiderocol is 2 g administered every 8 hours over 3 hours infusion in patients with creatinine clearance (CrCL) of 60 to 119 ml/min, and it is adjusted for patients with <60 ml/min or ≥120 ml/min CrCL. A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was constructed using 3,427 plasma concentrations from 91 uninfected subjects and 425 infected patients with pneumonia, bloodstream infection/sepsis (BSI/sepsis), and complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI). Plasma cefiderocol concentrations were adequately described by the population PK model, and CrCL was the most significant covariate. No other factors, including infection sites and mechanical ventilation, were clinically relevant, although the effect of infection sites was identified as a statistically significant covariate in the population PK analysis. No clear pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship was found for any of the microbiological outcome, clinical outcome, or vital status. This is because the estimated percentage of time for which free plasma concentrations exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) over dosing interval (%<i>f</i>T<sub>>MIC</sub>) was 100% in most of the enrolled patients. The probability of target attainment (PTA) for 100% <i>f</i>T<sub>>MIC</sub> was >90% against MICs of ≤4 μg/ml for all infection sites and renal function groups except for BSI/sepsis patients with normal renal function (85%). These study results support adequate plasma exposure can be achieved at the cefiderocol recommended dosing regimen for the infected patients, including the patients with augmented renal function, ventilation, and/or severe illness.
Aerial Application of Bacillus thuringiensis for Suppression of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Populus-Quercus Forests (1993)

Journal Article Aerial Application of Bacillus thuringiensis for Suppression of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Populus-Quercus Forests Get access D. R. Smitley, D. R. Smitley Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar T. W. Davis T. W. Davis Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 86, Issue 4, 1 August 1993, Pages 1178–1184, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/86.4.1178 Published: 01 August 1993 Article history Received: 17 August 1992 Accepted: 01 March 1993 Published: 01 August 1993
On the attenuation of sound by turbulence (1976)

We present a theory of attenuation of sound by turbulence. The mechanism underlying this theory is the turbulence-induced broadening of finite beams of sound. It is thus conjectured that attenuation of sound by turbulence is not an intrinsic property of the medium, nor even of its dynamic state, but depends on the particular details of the experiment, such as beamwidth, beam orientation, etc. This point of view is at odds with that of some other theories, in which attenuation by turbulence is regarded primarily as a scattering process. Some conceptual flaws in these other theories are pointed out. It is shown that the present theory yields results which are in qualitative agreement with observations. Subject Classification: [43]28.40, [43]28.60; [43]20.35.
Problem solving and engineering design, introducing bachelor students to engineering practice at K. U. Leuven (2007)

A present-day engineer has a large scientific knowledge; he is a team-player, eloquent communicator and life-long learner. At the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, the course ‘Problem Solving and Engineering Design’ introduces engineering students from the first semester onwards into real engineering practice and teamwork. Working in small groups, the students integrate basic principles of all regular scientific courses to solve real-life engineering problems. This makes the coursework more interesting and helps the students to master the abstract theories presented in lectures. Through the increasing complexity of the assignments, the students are gradually confronted with technical and social competencies such as a systematic approach to problem solving and engineering design, teamwork, project management and communication skills. ‘Problem Solving and Engineering Design’ has been implemented in the bachelor of engineering since September 2003. The current paper describes the course objectives, the way the course is implemented to support project-based learning and the feedback obtained from the didactic team and the students.
Spatial variability of micropenetration resistance in snow layers on a small slope (2004)

Abstract The mechanisms leading to dry-snow slab release are influenced by the three-dimensional variability of the snow cover. We measured 113 profiles of penetration resistance with a snow micropenetrometer on an alpine snow slope. Seven distinct layers were visually identified in all snow micropenetrometer profiles. The penetration resistance of adjacent layers did not change abruptly, but gradually across layer boundaries that were typically 2 mm thick. In two layers, penetration resistance varied around 200% over the grid, possibly due to wind effects during or after layer deposition. Penetration resistance varied around 25%in five layers. Statistically significant slope-scale linear trends were found for all layers. The semivariogram was used to describe the spatial variation. Penetration resistance was autocorrelated, but the scale of variation was layer-specific. A buried layer of surface hoar was the most critical weak layer. It had little spatial variation. The layers in the slab above had higher spatial variation. The penetration resistance of each snow layer had distinct geostatistical properties, caused by the depositional processes.
Enzyme Enabled Antibiotic Production: Going “Green” in Manufacturing (2016)

Introduction: Clopidogrel is the most commonly prescribed anti-platelet medication in combination with aspirin, post percutaneous cardiac intervention (PCI). However, the response to clopidogrel in patients is known to be highly variable as the bioavailability is dependent upon the conversion of the prodrug into the pharmacologically active form of clopidogrel. This conversion is dependent upon the activity of several liver enzymes of the Cytochrome P450 family, of which CYP2C19 plays a central role. Key mutations in this gene elicit either a loss-of-function or a gain-of-function in CYP2C19, ultimately leading to a change in the platelet reactivity in an individual. The risk was considered to be high enough that FDA added a ‘boxed warning’ to the medication cautioning healthcare professionals to use the best information available to treat patients better. Therefore, identifying the genotype of an individual before taking clopidogrel is necessary to achieve its optimal anti-platelet activity. Methods: Blood samples were collected from consenting patients after they were on the maintenance dose of the anti-platelet therapy. A novel allele-specific real-time PCR assay was developed for the identification of the specific mutations in the CYP2C19 gene. The real-time PCR method using SYBR green was validated against the conventional RFLP method described previously and used to determine the frequency and type of mutations in a population of post- PCI patients. Results: The real-time PCR method was faster and more cost-effective in identifying the variants of CYP2C19 gene. The new method was comparable to the conventional RFLP method. Results from the study indicate high prevalence of mutations that would alter the normal function of the CYP2C19 gene in majority of the Indian population. Conclusions: Based on the high frequency of mutations present in Indian PCI patients we conclude that a genotyping variant of CYP2C19 provides an excellent opportunity for optimizing the anti-platelet regimen post-PCI.
NPP ATMS sensor model using fractional Brownian motion and thermal vacuum data (2011)

Radiometric digital count data are required to test the operational software of the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) prior to its launch in 2011 to verify effective calibration procedures and optimize performance. These data, however, do not exist prior to launch, thus necessitating a method to build a model of the ATMS that synthesizes realistic data as though the sensor were space-borne. A method to build such a model is described in this paper. The procedure and application are specific to the ATMS but could be applied to other passive microwave radiometers as well.
CALMODULIN‐INDEPENDENT STIMULATION OF RENIN RELEASE BY EXPOSURE OF RAT KIDNEY CORTICAL SLICES TO CALCIUM (1988)

1. Effects of calcium-interacting agents on the calcium-induced stimulation of renin release from kidney cortical slices pretreated with calcium-free medium were examined. 2. The exposure of calcium to the slices pretreated with calcium-free medium enhanced the release of renin, followed by a decreased response in the release. The amount of lactate dehydrogenase released from the slices did not correlate with that of renin. 3. High potassium depolarization significantly potentiated the decreased response of renin release, with no influence on the stimulation of the release by exposure to calcium. 4. The decrease in renin release was attenuated by calcium-interacting agents, such as nifedipine, TMB-8 and W-7, but these agents were without effect on the stimulation of the release by exposure to calcium. 5. Thus, the calcium-calmodulin system apparently is not involved in the increased response of renin release following exposure to calcium.
Calcitriol enhances gemcitabine antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo by promoting apoptosis in a human pancreatic carcinoma model system (2010)

Gemcitabine is the standard care chemotherapeutic agent to treat pancreatic cancer. Previously we demonstrated that calcitriol (1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) has significant anti-proliferative effects in vitro and in vivo in multiple tumor models and enhances the activity of a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. We therefore investigated whether calcitriol could potentiate the cytotoxic activity of gemcitabine in the human pancreatic cancer Capan-1 model system. Isobologram analysis revealed that calcitriol and gemcitabine had synergistic antiproliferative effect over a wide range of drug concentrations. Calcitriol did not reduce the cytidine deaminase activity in Capan-1 tumors nor in the livers of Capan-1 tumor bearing mice. Calcitriol and gemcitabine combination promoted apoptosis in Capan-1 cells compared with either agent alone. The combination treatment also increased the activation of caspases-8, -9, -6 and -3 in Capan-1 cells. This result was confirmed by substrate-based caspase activity assay. Akt phosphorylation was reduced by calcitriol and gemcitabine combination treatment compared to single agent treatment. However, ERK1/2 phosphorylation was not modulated by either agent alone or by the combination. Tumor regrowth delay studies showed that calcitriol in combination with gemcitabine resulted in a significant reduction of Capan-1 tumor volume compared to single agent treatment. Our study suggests that calcitriol and gemcitabine in combination promotes caspase-dependent apoptosis, which may contribute to increased anti-tumor activity compared to either agent alone.
On the dynamics of the pseudo one-dimensional ferroelectric ordering in CsH2PO4and CsD2PO4 (1980)

Abstract Measurements of the temperature dependence of the phosphorus Zeeman and dipolar spin-lattice relaxation times in CsH2PO4 show in the temperature range dominated by one-dimensional correlations an extremely strong dynamic central peak which decreases by four orders of magnitude on going to the range dominated by three dimensional correlations. The order fluctuation spectrum is qualitatively different in the case of CsD2PO4.
Where is the TMT? GC-MS analyses of fox feces and behavioral responses of rats to fear-inducing odors (2017)

TMT (2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline) is known as a component of fox feces inducing fear in rodents. However, no recent chemical analyses of fox feces are available, and few studies make direct comparisons between TMT and fox feces. Fox feces from 3 individuals were used to prepare 24 samples to be analyzed for the presence of TMT using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). When TMT was added in low amounts (50-2000 nmol/g), TMT was detected in 10 out of 11 samples. When no TMT was added, TMT was detected in only 1 out of 13 samples. In a second experiment, we tested the behavioral response of male Brown Norway (BN) and Wistar rats to either fox feces, a low amount of TMT (0.6 nmol) or 1-hexanol. TMT induced freezing in the rats, but fox feces induced significantly more freezing episodes and longer total duration of freezing in both rat strains. In experiment 3, male BN rats were exposed over several days to fox feces, rat feces, 1-hexanol, cadaverine, 2-phenylethylamine, and TMT, one odor at a time. Fox feces induced significantly more freezing episodes of a longer total duration than any of the other odors, with rat feces and 1-hexanol giving rise to the lowest amount of freezing. This finding, together with our inability to verify the presence of TMT in fox feces, indicates that the concentration of TMT in our fox feces samples was below 50 nmol/g. It may also be that other compounds in fox feces play a role in its fear-inducing properties.
Forecast estimation of sandstone collectors transformation of Lower-Karmalinsky bituminous deposit during its development by the SAGD method (2019)

Abstract In order to increase hydrocarbon reserves in recent years, begun to actively involve natural bitumens in the development. On the territory of Tatarstan, one of the experimental sites for testing various technologies for the extraction of bitumen is the Lower-Karmalinsky bitumen deposit. Currently, on the field is testing the SAFD method. According to this technology for the extraction of hydrocarbons, steam is pumped in large volumes at a temperature of about + 180°C. Superheated steam reduces the viscosity of hydrocarbons, making them mobile. However, focusing on the reduction of bitumen viscosity, the problem of mineral phase’s transformation due to anthropogenic impact in reservoir is not taken into account. In this work, using thermodynamic modeling, it was shown that the injection of superheated steam into the formation of bitumen-saturated sandstone will lead to the dissolution of calcite cement. Moreover, depending on the salinity of the injected water in the form of steam, the dissolution of carbonates will occur at different temperatures. To improve the technological characteristics and to increase the recoverability of bitumen from reservoir, it is recommended to pump hot water with as little mineralization as possible into sandstone layers. Temperature intervals were established, which should be followed in the process of technological development of bitumen collectors at the stage of heating the reservoir and at the stage of extracting water-bitumen solutions.