gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solar Cell Performance of Phenanthrodithiophene–Isoindigo Copolymers Depends on Their Thin-Film Structure and Molecular Weight (2017)

Phenanthro[1,2-b:8,7-b′]dithiophene (PDT)–isoindigo (IID)-based polymers 12OD (L) and 12OD (H) with a different molecular weight were synthesized and characterized. By using further purified PDT and IID monomers, the high-molecular-weight polymer 12OD (H) with number-average molecular weight (Mn) over 50 kDa was obtained. Both 12OD (L) and 12OD (H) polymers have the same energy gap and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels, indicating that the influence of molecular weight on their electronic structure is negligible, although 12OD (H) has stronger aggregation behavior than 12OD (L). 12OD (H)-based solar cells fabricated by using optimal solvent and additives showed an increased short-circuit current density (Jsc) with same open-circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF), resulting in a significantly improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 6.1%, which is approximately 70% higher than that of the 12OD (L)-based cell (3.5%). This result is due to the different molecular orientation caused by the higher molecular weight. Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) analyses revealed that the blended film of 12OD (H)/[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) formed a face-on orientation with a long-range ordered structure, while a low crystalline edge-on structure was observed in the blended film of 12OD (L)/PC61BM. Such high crystalline and favorable molecular orientation could promote light harvesting efficiency and hole transporting ability, resulting in high Jsc and thus an excellent PCE. From the detailed GIWAXS analysis, the orientation change of 12OD (H) was induced by the addition of PC61BM. This result suggests that the strong aggregation ability of 12OD (H) can drive crystallization and favors active interaction with PC61BM to form a face-on orientation. In this study, the increase in molecular weight can improve not only the thin-film structure such as crystallinity and phase separation structure but also the molecular orientation in the PDT-based polymer system.
Arthroscopic Reduction‐Association of the Scapholunate (2006)

The reduction-association scapholunate (RASL) procedure for stabilization of the scapholunate joint is an alternative to soft-tissue procedures that do not maintain normal carpal alignment, despite reports of good symptomatic relief. The RASL procedure--indicated for patients with scapholunate instability or scapholunate dissociation without arthritis and, in selected cases, with stage 1 scapholunate advanced collapse of the wrist--can be performed arthroscopically. Radial midcarpal and 3-4 radiocarpal portals are used to excoriate and prepare the scapholunate joint surfaces. By use of 0.62'' K-wire joysticks in the lunate and distal pole of the scaphoid, the scaphoid undergoes dorsiflexion and supination while the lunate undergoes palmarflexion to achieve reduction. A .35'' guidewire is advanced through the scaphoid waist, across the scapholunate joint to the proximomedial corner of the lunate. Supplemental K-wire fixation, from the scaphoid to the capitatum and lunate to the radius, stabilizes the reduction for placement of a cannulated HBS screw (Orthosurgical Implants, Miami, FL) through a 1-2 portal, while reduction and positioning are confirmed arthroscopically. Arthroscopy facilitates anatomic reduction of the joint, as well as the critically important, precise placement of the cannulated HBS screw, by use of 3 portals rather than the traditional 2-incision approach.
Free Piston Engine Its Application and Optimization (2000)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A free piston internal combustion engine coupled with a linear generator is proposed for hybrid vehicle application. The engine works on CI two-stroke cycle with direct fuel injection. Uniflow was chosen for an efficient scavenge process. The exhaust valve timing and lift are to be dynamically controlled by electromechanical driven poppet valves, developed by FEV.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A numerical simulation model of the proposed engine has been generated in this paper. The piston dynamics, cylinder scavenge process, combustion process, and friction characteristics are coupled together for systematic analysis with the code. It is meant to be a tool for prediction and optimization of the engine design and control parameters, such as fuel injection timing, valve/port timing, and electric power output. The analysis results are discussed in this paper.&lt;/div&gt;
Super Images -- A New 2D Perspective on 3D Medical Imaging Analysis (2022)

In medical imaging analysis, deep learning has shown promising results. We frequently rely on volumetric data to segment medical images, necessitating the use of 3D architectures, which are commended for their capacity to capture interslice context. However, because of the 3D convolutions, max pooling, up-convolutions, and other operations utilized in these networks, these architectures are often more inefficient in terms of time and computation than their 2D equivalents. Furthermore, there are few 3D pretrained model weights, and pretraining is often difficult. We present a simple yet effective 2D method to handle 3D data while efficiently embedding the 3D knowledge during training. We propose transforming volumetric data into 2D super images and segmenting with 2D networks to solve these challenges. Our method generates a super-resolution image by stitching slices side by side in the 3D image. We expect deep neural networks to capture and learn these properties spatially despite losing depth information. This work aims to present a novel perspective when dealing with volumetric data, and we test the hypothesis using CNN and ViT networks as well as self-supervised pretraining. While attaining equal, if not superior, results to 3D networks utilizing only 2D counterparts, the model complexity is reduced by around threefold. Because volumetric data is relatively scarce, we anticipate that our approach will entice more studies, particularly in medical imaging analysis.
On Eliciting a Sense of Self when Integrating with Computers (2022)

While some Human-Computer Integration (HInt) systems have successfully demonstrated that humans and technology can be physically and functionally integrated, we find that these integrations are not necessarily part of the users identity (i.e. self-judgment) or felt as part the user (i.e. with a sense of self) and that they can even create feelings of self-dissociation. Literature on how to elicit these self-experiences is often inconsistent and vague, which complicates the metric for success and hinders the advancement of research. To help designers elicit and systematically evaluate in particular a sense of self, we draw metrics and theory from phenomenology and cognitive science. We find that experiential structures such as “pre-reflective experience”, “sense of body-ownership” and “sense of agency” are to be designed for as they together seem to elicit a “sense of self”.
Abstract 3226: Multiphoton Flow Cytometry for High-Throughput Analysis of Intrinsic Biomarkers to Guide Cellular Transplantation for Cardiac Disease (2009)

Neurobiology seems to be a great challenge for recent psychosomatic medicine. The rise of neurobiology through fascinating findings characterizes our "decade of the brain". Psychosomatic medicine tries to integrate biological, psychological and social factors of disease and health. Therefore brain research is essential for psychosomatic medicine. This paper gives a review of two psychiatric disorders which show close neurobiologic connections: bulimia nervosa (BN) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Both disease are characterized by an increase in prevalence and have been interpreted as modern epidemic diseases. Neurobiological and psychodynamic connections will be discussed.
Descentralizacion de la educacion : participacion en el manejo de las escuelas al nivel local (1997)

The study explores the subject of public education management, currently under radical changes in both industrial, and developing countries, and focuses in particular, on the changes in Latin America and the Caribbean, namely, on the broad aspects of policy reform, and decentralization, while offering a comprehensive view of the recent education management reforms in the region. The establishment of new mechanisms to democratize policy-decision making, while improving accountability, within the decentralization process in education, is the focal point of this study. Various regional mechanisms to improve private participation are analyzed, and it is strongly suggested that community participation in the management of local schools, not only improves community demands, but is a contributing factor for private resources mobilization, thus improving productivity, and enhancing public accountability. Conclusions suggest the need for an evaluation of the education reform process, particularly in determining the benefits of these reforms.
Daily Viral Kinetics and Innate and Adaptive Immune Response Assessment in COVID-19: a Case Series (2020)

Viral shedding patterns and their correlations with immune responses are still poorly characterized in mild coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19). We monitored shedding of viral RNA and infectious virus and characterized the immune response kinetics of the first five patients quarantined in Geneva, Switzerland. High viral loads and infectious virus shedding were observed from the respiratory tract despite mild symptoms, with isolation of infectious virus and prolonged positivity by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) until days 7 and 19 after symptom onset, respectively. Robust innate responses characterized by increases in activated CD14<sup>+</sup> CD16<sup>+</sup> monocytes and cytokine responses were observed as early as 2 days after symptom onset. Cellular and humoral severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2-specific adaptive responses were detectable in all patients. Infectious virus shedding was limited to the first week after symptom onset. A strong innate response, characterized by mobilization of activated monocytes during the first days of infection and SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, was detectable even in patients with mild disease.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> This work is particularly important because it simultaneously assessed the virology, immunology, and clinical presentation of the same subjects, whereas other studies assess these separately. We describe the detailed viral and immune profiles of the first five patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 and quarantined in Geneva, Switzerland. Viral loads peaked at the very beginning of the disease, and infectious virus was shed only during the early acute phase of disease. No infectious virus could be isolated by culture 7 days after onset of symptoms, while viral RNA was still detectable for a prolonged period. Importantly, we saw that all patients, even those with mild symptoms, mount an innate response sufficient for viral control (characterized by early activated cytokines and monocyte responses) and develop specific immunity as well as cellular and humoral SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive responses, which already begin to decline a few months after the resolution of symptoms.
Coupling Reaction of Zirconacyclopentadienes with Dihalonaphthalenes and Dihalopyridines:  A New Procedure for the Preparation of Substituted Anthracenes, Quinolines, and Isoquinolines (2002)

Reactions of tetraiodobenzene with zirconacyclopentadienes, which were conveniently prepared from two alkynes (or diynes) and zirconocene complexes, afforded 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted diiodonaphthalene derivatives in good isolated yields. These 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted diiodonaphthalene derivatives could be converted to 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octasubstituted anthracene derivatives by reaction with a second zirconacyclopentadiene. When the two zirconacyclopentadienes were different, unsymmetrical anthracenes such as 1,2,3,4-tetraethyl-5,6,7,8-tetraphenylanthracene (68% isolated yield) were obtained. On the other hand, treatment of a 2,3-dihalopyridine such as 2-bromo-3-iodopyridine with zirconacyclopentadienes gave 5,6,7,8-tetrasubstituted quinoline derivatives in good to high yields. 3,4-dihalopyridines such as 4-chloro-3-iodopyridine reacted with zirconacyclopentadienes to afford 5,6,7,8-tetrasubstituted isoquinoline derivatives in good to high yields.
Automated detection of air embolism in OCT contrast imaging: Anisotropic diffusion and active contour based approach (2012)

Embolism can be a cause of life threatening situation for which early detection and diagnosis is of major importance. This work describes an automatic approach for air embolism detection and measurement of different morphological features of the embolus using OCT contrast imaging technique. Firstly, the channel has been segmented through morphological processing. Manually selecting the initial contour for active contour (AC) technique is time consuming. To overcome this, anisotropic diffusion (AD) is implemented to automatically select the initial contour prior to AC. A snake based AC is executed to segment out the embolus. The proposed emboli segmentation mechanism has been compared with other segmentation techniques and it has been observed that it can efficiently extract the embolus with high segmentation accuracy (92%–94%) and reduced computational time. Different morphological descriptors showing the shape properties of the embolus have been computed to perform the shape analysis of it and measuring the criticality of the blockage area. It has been experimented that this method can also track multiple emboli flowing through the microchannel, thereby facilitating the study of contrast imaging in air embolism detection.
CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM DURING EXERCISE (1999)

293 The effect of exercise on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism is still not well defined. While no changes in global brain blood flow or glucose uptake have been found, examination of regional CBF has shown increases in the motor cortex during exercise. Recent work with transcranial Doppler has found increases in arterial flow during exercise. However, it is still unclear how exercise affects regulation of CBF. Exercise has been associated with cognitive improvements in Alzheimer's patients and retired individuals. This symposium will examine the effect of exercise on autoregulation (Serrador), the dynamic changes in cerebral perfusion (Pott) and the changes in cerebral metabolism (Secher). Understanding the mechanism of cerebral blood flow changes with exercise could help us to understand how exercise affects cognitive function with aging, as well improve our knowledge of proper exercise prescription in cerebrovascular disease.
Nonstructural Protein Precursor NS4A/B from Hepatitis C Virus Alters Function and Ultrastructure of Host Secretory Apparatus (2003)

The nonstructural proteins of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been shown previously to localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when expressed singly or in the context of other HCV proteins. To determine whether the expression of HCV nonstructural proteins alters ER function, we tested the effect of expression of NS2/3/4A, NS4A, NS4B, NS4A/B, NS4B/5A, NS5A, and NS5B from genotype 1b HCV on anterograde traffic from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. Only the nominal precursor protein NS4A/B affected the rate of ER-to-Golgi traffic, slowing the rate of Golgi-specific modification of the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein expressed by transfection by approximately threefold. This inhibition of ER-to-Golgi traffic was not observed upon expression of the processed proteins NS4A and NS4B, singly or in combination. To determine whether secretion of other cargo proteins was inhibited by NS4A/B expression, we monitored the appearance of newly synthesized proteins on the cell surface in the presence and absence of NS4A/B expression; levels of all were reduced in the presence of NS4A/B. This reduction is also seen in cells that contain genome length HCV replicons: the rate of appearance of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) on the cell surface was reduced by three- to fivefold compared to that for a cured cell line. The inhibition of protein secretion caused by NS4A/B does not correlate with the ultrastructural changes leading to the formation a "membranous web" (D. Egger et al., J. Virol. 76:5974-5984, 2002), which can be caused by expression of NS4B alone. Inhibition of global ER-to-Golgi traffic could, by reducing cytokine secretion, MHC-I presentation, and transport of labile membrane proteins to the cell surface, have significant effects on the host immune response to HCV infection.
Copper‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Coupling of Organoindium Reagents with Nitrogen‐Containing Aromatic Heterocycles (2010)

Abstract A mild, copper‐catalyzed coupling of organoindium reagents with nitrogen‐containing aromatic heterocycles and chloroformates is described. This reaction proceeds with a range of organoindium reagents, yielding predominately or exclusively the 1,4‐addition products with pyridine. In addition, a range of other nitrogen‐containing heterocycles can be employed in this reaction (e.g. benzoxazole, benzothiazole, phthalazine). As an illustration of the utility of this reaction, this heterocycle functionalization is coupled with a subsequent oxidation to achieve the one‐pot synthesis of functionalized pyridine and benzothiazole derivatives.
Influence of Treatment Protocol on the Long-Term Efficacy of Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty (1993)

Forty-five phakic eyes of 36 patients with open-angle glaucoma and uncontrolled intraocular pressure despite maximally tolerated medication underwent initial argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) in 1981 and 1982 as part of a prospective, randomized study to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatment standards. Each eye had been randomly assigned to receive either 100 laser applications over 360 degrees of trabecular meshwork, 50 applications over 180 degrees , or 50 applications over 360 degrees in a single session. Further treatment in each group was based on clinical standards prevailing at the time. The long-term results were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. By 4 years after initial ALT, six of the 15 remaining eyes in group 1 (40%), one of 14 eyes in group 2 (7%), and two of 13 eyes in group 3 (15%) had undergone filtration surgery, and one eye in group 1 (7%), three eyes in group 2 (21%), and three eyes in group 3 (23%) had received further ALT. By 7 years after initial ALT, seven of the nine remaining eyes in group 1 (78%), one of 12 eyes in group 2 (8%), and four of 12 eyes in group 3 (33%) received filtration surgery, and two eyes in group 1 (22%), three eyes in group 2 (25%), and four eyes in group 3 (33%) had received further ALT. Kaplan-Meier survival curves predict the following probabilities of avoiding either repeat ALT or filtration surgery at 4 years after an initial ALT: group 1, 54 +/- 12%; group 2, 76 +/- 12%; and group 3, 62 +/- 11%. Our results suggest that performing 50 rather than 100 burns at initial ALT may significantly delay the need for additional surgical or repeat laser intervention.
A New Approach to Designing High-Sensitivity Low-Dimensional Photodetectors (2021)

Photodetectors fabricated from low-dimensional materials such as quantum dots, nanowires, and two-dimensional materials show tremendous promise based on reports of very high responsivities. However, it is not generally appreciated that maximizing the internal gain may compromise the detector performance at low light levels, reducing its sensitivity. Here, we show that for most low-dimensional photodetectors with internal gain the sensitivity is determined by the junction capacitance. Thanks to their extremely small junction capacitances and reduced charge screening, low-dimensional materials and devices provide clear advantages over bulk semiconductors in the pursuit of high-sensitivity photodetectors. This mini-review describes and validates a method to estimate the capacitance from external photoresponse measurements, providing a straightforward approach to extract the device sensitivity and benchmark against physical limits. This improved physical understanding can guide the design of low-dimensional photodetectors to effectively leverage their unique advantage and achieve sensitivities that can exceed that of the best existing photodetectors.
THE PERMEABILITY OF THE 'BLOOD-TESTIS' BARRIER TO FERROCYANIDE (1971)

Summary. Ferrocyanide was detected histologically in adult rat testes by the Prussian blue reaction from 3 min to 3 hr following intravenous injection. Ferrocyanide appeared in the lumen of the testicular blood vessels almost immediately following injection. After 10 min, ferrocyanide was detected in most seminiferous tubule walls and, 20 to 30 min later, Prussian blue deposits were localized in the lumen and epithelium of some seminiferous tubules. The results suggest that the continuity of the extratubular and intratubular ferrocyanide compartments is interrupted in part by tubular wall structures. Possible explanations for the intratubular diffusion of ferrocyanide are discussed.
Imaging of Integrin αvβ3 Expression Using 68Ga-RGD Positron Emission Tomography in Pediatric Cerebral Infarct (2013)

Enhanced expression of integrin αvβ3 is commonly used as a biomarker for angiogenesis, which is one of the key pathophysiologic processes in cerebral infarct. Integrin αvβ3 can be imaged with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide agents. In this study, characteristics of positron emission tomography (PET) using a 68Ga-labeled RGD were investigated in pediatric cerebral infarct. Pediatric patients with moyamoya disease underwent 68Ga-RGD PET in a research protocol for neovascularization evaluation. In these patients, 17 cerebral infarct lesions of 10 patients were included in the analysis. On 68Ga-RGD PET, the infarct lesion to contralateral brain ratio (LCR) of the infarct lesion was measured and analyzed with regard to postinfarct time interval (PTI) and perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) findings. An increase in 68Ga-RGD uptake was observed in cerebral infarct, particularly in recent lesions. The LCR was significantly higher in the recent than in the chronic lesions, and a significant correlation existed between the LCR and PTI. Additionally, the LCR was significantly higher in the lesions with hyperperfusion on SPECT. This study, as the first human study using an RGD agent for in vivo cerebral infarct imaging, demonstrated that 68Ga-RGD PET has a potential for molecular imaging of integrin αvβ3 expression in cerebral infarct as a biomarker of angiogenesis.
Absolute Quantification of Human Milk Caseins and the Whey/Casein Ratio during the First Year of Lactation (2017)

Whey proteins and caseins in breast milk provide bioactivities and also have different amino acid composition. Accurate determination of these two major protein classes provides a better understanding of human milk composition and function, and further aids in developing improved infant formulas based on bovine whey proteins and caseins. In this study, we implemented a LC-MS/MS quantitative analysis based on iBAQ label-free quantitation, to estimate absolute concentrations of α-casein, β-casein, and κ-casein in human milk samples (n = 88) collected between day 1 and day 360 postpartum. Total protein concentration ranged from 2.03 to 17.52 with a mean of 9.37 ± 3.65 g/L. Casein subunits ranged from 0.04 to 1.68 g/L (α-), 0.04 to 4.42 g/L (β-), and 0.10 to 1.72 g/L (α-), with β-casein having the highest average concentration among the three subunits. Calculated whey/casein ratio ranged from 45:55 to 97:3. Linear regression analyses show significant decreases in total protein, β-casein, κ-casein, total casein, and a significant increase of whey/casein ratio during the course of lactation. Our study presents a novel and accurate quantitative analysis of human milk casein content, demonstrating a lower casein content than earlier believed, which has implications for improved infants formulas.