gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
O-Benzoyl side-chain conformations in 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-1,2,6-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-glucopyranose (ethyl acetate solvate) and 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-D-glucopyranose (acetone solvate) (2019)

The crystal structures of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-1,2,6-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-glucopyranose ethyl acetate hemisolvate, C<sub>61</sub>H<sub>50</sub>O<sub>18</sub>·0.5C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-D-glucopyranose acetone monosolvate, C<sub>34</sub>H<sub>28</sub>O<sub>10</sub>·C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O, were determined and compared to those of methyl β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside (methyl β-lactoside) and methyl β-D-glucopyranoside hemihydrate, C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O<sub>6</sub>·0.5H<sub>2</sub>O, to evaluate the effects of O-benzoylation on bond lengths, bond angles and torsion angles. In general, O-benzoylation exerts little effect on exo- and endocyclic C-C and endocyclic C-O bond lengths, but exocyclic C-O bonds involved in O-benzoylation are lengthened by 0.02-0.04 Å depending on the site of substitution. The conformation of the O-benzoyl side-chains is highly conserved, with the carbonyl O atom either eclipsing the H atom attached to a 2°-alcoholic C atom or bisecting the H-C-H bond angle of an 1°-alcoholic C atom. Of the three bonds that determine the side-chain geometry, the C-O bond involving the alcoholic C atom exhibits greater rotational variability than the remaining C-O and C-C bonds involving the carbonyl C atom. These findings are in good agreement with recent solution NMR studies of the O-acetyl side-chain conformation in saccharides.
Biphasic Behavior of Nucleus Pulposus and Viscoelastic Analysis of Intervertebral Disc (2004)

The nucleus pulposus of lumbar intervertebral discs is composed of a solid phase which includes collagen and proteogrycan and a fluid phase which includes interstitial fluid. When an external load is applied to an intervertebral disc, interstitial fluid passes between the cells of the solid phase. Then, frictional force occurs and induces the macroscopic nonlinear viscpelastic behavior of a disc. In this study, we examined the biphasic behavior of the nucleus pulposus under uni-axial confined compression. Permeability, which explains the interaction between two phases, was estimated from stress-relaxation behavior by using biphasic theory proposed by Mow V.C. et al. By modeling nucleus pulposus as biphasic material, we simulated the viscoelastic behavior of the intervertebral disc using a finite element analysis. In the relaxation process, the redistribution of the strain, change in the drag force and the relaxation stress could be observed by this simulation.
Neuroepithelial stem cells differentiate into neuronal phenotypes and improve intestinal motility recovery after transplantation in the aganglionic colon of the rat (2007)

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the possibility and the biological significance of intracolonic grafting of neuroepithelial stem cells (NESCs) as a therapeutic strategy for neuronal replacement in disorders of the enteric nervous system (ENS) such as aganglionosis. The enteric plexus of rat colon were eliminated by serosal application of the cationic surfactant benzalkonium chloride. NESCs were harvested from the neural tube of embryonic rat, labelled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), and transplanted into the denervated colon. After 2, 4 and 8 weeks, grafted cells were visualized in colon sections by fluorescent double-staining for BrdU and neuronal, astrocytic, neurochemical or stem cell markers. Eight weeks post-transplantation, the intestinal motility was assessed by measuring the changes of intraluminal pressure responding to inflating stimulation and the responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS). Our results indicate that when transplanted into the denervated gut, NESCs survived and could differentiate into neurons and glial cells in vivo. Furthermore, inflation stimulated contraction and EFS-induced response were observed in NESCs grafted group compared with no reaction in denervated group. Therefore, NESCs can survive and function in the denervated rat colon in vivo, which indicates that NESCs provide a promising cellular replacement candidate for ENS.
2P318 Investigation of wide range optical set-up for simultaneous realtime analysis of 96-well SBS formatted samples(28. Bioengineering,Poster,The 52nd Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society of Japan(BSJ2014)) (2014)

Raster image correlation spectroscopy (RICS) is an advanced analysis method for molecular dynamics in living cells. RICS derives both distributions of diffusion coefficient and concentration from image of laser scanning microscopy using 2D autocorrelation function analysis. However, speed of laser scanning beam affects results of RICS analysis, especially the diffusion coefficient. This drawback makes difficult to quantify the diffusion coefficient of indeterminate samples. In this work, global fitting method was introduced to RICS analysis to solve this serious problem. By using this method, the range of the diffusion coefficient quantified accurately was expanded. We applied this method to in cellulo analysis.
On the Impact of Prior Engineering Perception on Structural Health Diagnosis: Analysis of a Case Study (2013)

We illustrate an application of Bayesian logic to analysis of monitoring data and to inference of structural condition. The case study is a 260 m cable-stayed bridge spanning the Adige River 10 km north of the town of Trento, Italy. This is a statically indeterminate structure, having a composite steel-concrete deck, supported by 12 stay cables. Structural redundancy, possible relaxation losses and an as-built condition differing from design, suggest that long-term load redistribution between cables can be expected. To monitor load redistribution, the owner installed a monitoring system that includes fiber-optic sensors. These sensors are FBG-based and allow measurement of changes in deformation with an accuracy of the order of just a few microstrains, with respect to the value at installation. After one year of system operation, which included maintenance on the interrogation unit, the data analysis showed an apparent contraction of the cable lengths. This result is in contrast with the expected behavior, which should be of elongation, due to creep, shrinkage and relaxation. We analyze how a rational agent makes sense of the observed response, and particularly we discuss to what extent he/she is prone to accept the sensor response as the result of the real mechanical behavior of the bridge versus a mere malfunction of the interrogation unit. In this exercise we consider four psychological profiles, which vary based on their personal trust in the reliability of the instrumentation and on their knowledge of the structural behavior of the bridge. Using Bayesian logic as a tool to combine prior belief with sensor data, we highlight how the extent of prior knowledge can alter the final engineering perception of the current state of the bridge.
Microgyroscope Temperature Effects and Compensation-Control Methods (2009)

In the analysis of the effects of temperature on the performance of microgyroscopes, it is found that the resonant frequency of the microgyroscope decreases linearly as the temperature increases, and the quality factor changes drastically at low temperatures. Moreover, the zero bias changes greatly with temperature variations. To reduce the temperature effects on the microgyroscope, temperature compensation-control methods are proposed. In the first place, a BP (Back Propagation) neural network and polynomial fitting are utilized for building the temperature model of the microgyroscope. Considering the simplicity and real-time requirements, piecewise polynomial fitting is applied in the temperature compensation system. Then, an integral-separated PID (Proportion Integration Differentiation) control algorithm is adopted in the temperature control system, which can stabilize the temperature inside the microgyrocope in pursuing its optimal performance. Experimental results reveal that the combination of microgyroscope temperature compensation and control methods is both realizable and effective in a miniaturized microgyroscope prototype.
Learning semantic visual vocabularies using diffusion distance (2009)

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for learning generic visual vocabulary. We use diffusion maps to automatically learn a semantic visual vocabulary from abundant quantized midlevel features. Each midlevel feature is represented by the vector of pointwise mutual information (PMI). In this midlevel feature space, we believe the features produced by similar sources must lie on a certain manifold. To capture the intrinsic geometric relations between features, we measure their dissimilarity using diffusion distance. The underlying idea is to embed the midlevel features into a semantic lower-dimensional space. Our goal is to construct a compact yet discriminative semantic visual vocabulary. Although the conventional approach using k-means is good for vocabulary construction, its performance is sensitive to the size of the visual vocabulary. In addition, the learnt visual words are not semantically meaningful since the clustering criterion is based on appearance similarity only. Our proposed approach can effectively overcome these problems by capturing the semantic and geometric relations of the feature space using diffusion maps. Unlike some of the supervised vocabulary construction approaches, and the unsupervised methods such as pLSA and LDA, diffusion maps can capture the local intrinsic geometric relations between the midlevel feature points on the manifold. We have tested our approach on the KTH action dataset, our own YouTube action dataset and the fifteen scene dataset, and have obtained very promising results.
Identification of 15 new psoriasis susceptibility loci highlights the role of innate immunity (2019)

To gain further insight into the genetic architecture of psoriasis, we conducted a meta-analysis of 3 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and 2 independent data sets genotyped on the Immunochip, including 10,588 cases and 22,806 controls. We identified 15 new susceptibility loci, increasing to 36 the number associated with psoriasis in European individuals. We also identified, using conditional analyses, five independent signals within previously known loci. The newly identified loci shared with other autoimmune diseases include candidate genes with roles in regulating T-cell function (such as RUNX3, TAGAP and STAT3). Notably, they included candidate genes whose products are involved in innate host defense, including interferon-mediated antiviral responses (DDX58), macrophage activation (ZC3H12C) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling (CARD14 and CARM1). These results portend a better understanding of shared and distinctive genetic determinants of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders and emphasize the importance of the skin in innate and acquired host defense.
A dormant multi-controller model for software defined networking (2014)

In order to improve the scalability and reliability of Software Defined Networking (SDN), many studies use multiple controllers to constitute logically centralized control plane to provide load balancing and fail over. In this paper, we develop a fexible dormant multi-controller model based on the centralized multi-controller architecture. The dormant multi-controller model allows part of controllers to enter the dormant state under light traffc condition for saving system cost. Meanwhile, through queueing analysis, various performance measures of the system can be obtained. Moreover, we analyze the real traffic of China Education Network and use the results as the parameters of computer simulation and verify the effects of parameters on the system characteristics. Finally, a total expected cost function is established, and genetic algorithm is employed to find the optimal values of various parameters to minimize system cost for the deployment decision making.
Increase in Serum Cannabinoids in a Rat Model of Septic Shock Induced by the Cell Wall Components of Staphylococcus aureus (2002)

During endotoxic shock, two endogenous cannabinoids, anandamide (ANA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), can be generated by activated macrophages and platelets and are thought to play a crucial role in the induction of shock-related hypotension. In vitro, the cell wall components of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, can activate macrophages and release ANA. The aim of this study was to investigate whether cell wall components from Gram-positive bacteria could stimulate the release of ANA in an experimental animal model. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized and received an intravenous injection of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PepG) from Staphylococcus aureus. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was monitored and blood samples were taken at 30 min and 360 min to measure ANA levels and other biochemical markers of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) . The administration of LTA and PepG resulted in a significant increase in the serum concentration of ANA (360 min, n=4-6; P<0.05) and a biphasic fall in MAP from 103±1 mmHg (time 0) to 50±4 mmHg (360 min, n=5 ; P<0.05) . Furthermore, LTA+PepG was able to induce MODS as evidenced by a decrease in arterial oxygen tension (lung), an increase in serum levels of glutamate-pyruvate- and glutamate-oxaloacetatetransaminases (liver), and an increase in creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (kidney) . These results, together with those of previous studies, imply that ANA is an endogenous mediator of shock-induced hypotension, in response to both endotoxin and Gram-positive bacteria.
Is your IVF programme good? (2002)

Few standards exist today to assess the quality of an IVF centre. Although much focus is placed upon pregnancy rates, emphasis on this outcome alone is inadequate. The purpose of this report is to examine those factors that should be considered in assessing the overall quality of an IVF centre. Current methods to assess quality are reviewed. Many governing bodies throughout the world currently focus solely on pregnancy rates, which can be misguided if factors such as multiple pregnancies, ovarian hyperstimulation, patient satisfaction, and the proper evaluation of laboratory and clinical protocols are not taken into account. Measurements of quality and methods to improve it are critical in all business models, including IVF. We propose an international standard such as the ISO 9001 for IVF centres to properly evaluate and improve the delivery of their care.
250. Compounds related to thiosemicarbazide. Part I. 3-Phenyl-1 : 2 : 4-triazole derivatives (1949)

E. Hoggarth, J. Chem. Soc., 1949, 1160 DOI: 10.1039/JR9490001160
Universality of Tip Singularity Formation in Freezing Water Drops (2014)

A drop of water deposited on a cold plate freezes into an ice drop with a pointy tip. While this phenomenon clearly finds its origin in the expansion of water upon freezing, a quantitative description of the tip singularity has remained elusive. Here we demonstrate how the geometry of the freezing front, determined by heat transfer considerations, is crucial for the tip formation. We perform systematic measurements of the angles of the conical tip, and reveal the dynamics of the solidification front in a Hele-Shaw geometry. It is found that the cone angle is independent of substrate temperature and wetting angle, suggesting a universal, self-similar mechanism that does not depend on the rate of solidification. We propose a model for the freezing front and derive resulting tip angles analytically, in good agreement with the experiments.
2‐Aminopyridine Derivatives as Potential σ2 Receptor Antagonists (2012)

σ(2) Receptor research is receiving increasing interest with regard to the potential of σ(2) proteins as targets for tumor therapy and diagnosis. Nevertheless, knowledge about the σ(2) receptor is far from conclusive. The paucity and modest affinity of known σ(2) antagonists represent one of the limitations to σ(2) receptor research. Previous studies of the high-affinity σ(2) agonist 1-cyclohexyl-4-[3-(5-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)-n-propyl]piperazine 4 (PB28) suggested that a decrease in lipophilicity might lead to σ(2) ligands devoid of antiproliferative activity (potential σ(2) antagonists). With the aim of producing σ(2) receptor antagonists, we replaced the tetralin nucleus of compound 4 with a 2-aminopyridine moiety. A series of compounds with high affinity for both σ subtypes and with no antiproliferative activity in various cells (mouse HT-22, human SK-N-SH, MCF-7wt, and MCF-7σ(1)) were obtained. The effect on Ca(2+) mobilization was investigated for high-affinity compounds 18 and 4, which showed opposite effects. All of the data support the new 2-aminopyridines as high-affinity σ ligands with σ(2) antagonist and σ(1) agonist activity, and, despite the lack of significant σ(2) versus σ(1) selectivity, these novel compounds may be better tools for σ receptor research than the known low-affinity σ(2) antagonists.
Component contributions to ocular aberrations (2016)

PURPOSE: To determine component contributions to ocular aberrations. METHODS: Anterior and posterior corneal contributions were obtained from Pentacam topography images and data, and ocular aberrations were obtained from iTrace aberrometer images and data. Compensation was made for decentration of corneal data relative to aberrometry data. Lenticular contributions were given as differences between ocular and corneal aberrations. RESULTS: Data were presented for right eyes of 56 adults. The signs of coefficients for ocular and total corneal aberration were usually the same (8/11 coefficients). Total corneal and lenticular aberrations usually had opposite signs (8/11 coefficients) and similar magnitude. There was compensation of total corneal aberrations by lenticular aberrations for 5/11 coefficients. CONCLUSION: In contrast to previous studies using the aberrations provided by the Pentacam, anterior corneal aberrations were much higher than posterior corneal aberrations.
Cushioning energy dissipation in foam polymers (1980)

Abstract Derivation of dynamic hysteresis loops (force deflection curves) of shock absorbing bushing materials by means of double integration of accelerometer signals is described. The significance of energy dissipation capability of expanded polymers with associated peak deceleration and maximal strain is discussed along with damping characteristics. A “Cushion Efficiency Factor” is introduced, in terms of the ratio of peak acceleration transmitted by a cushion to the energy dissipated per unit cushion area. Three types of expanded polymers commonly used as cushioning materials are evaluated accordingly. Expanded polyethylene (2,2 lb/cu ft), expanded polyurethane (2.1 lb/cu ft) and polystyrene filled polyurethane (1.7 lb/cu ft), all conditioned at 73°F and 50 percent RH. For each of these, two effective drop height tests were conducted, with heights of 12 in. and 42 in. Depending on the polymer type, peak product accelerations were between 33–38 g's in the 12 in. drops and 65–118 g's in the 42 in. drops, with corresponding maximal cushion strains of 0.15–0.20 and 0.39–0.47, respectively. Energy dissipating capabilities of polymers tested during first half cycle following drops were 148–179 lb in. and 477–708 lb in., respectively, depending on polymer type. This approach may facilitate optimal selection of cushioning materials for shock protection in packaging, as well as enable development of improved polymers for cushioning applications.
Ideal-MHD stability of finite-beta plasmas (1979)

An analytical theory of ideal-MHD ballooning modes that can be excited in finite-β equilibria is carried out on model configurations which include the effects of the increase of the poloidal field toward the outer edge of the plasma column and the dependence of the rate of magnetic shear on the poloidal angle. The relevant growth rates and eigensolutions are, in fact, significantly different from those derived on the basis of 'low-β' model configurations that omit one or both of the effects mentioned above, and provide different indications for the expected interaction between ideal-MHD and kinetic modes. For each value of the shear parameter , the normalized growth rate Γ becomes real at a critical value of the dimensionless pressure gradient parameter G. When the latter is increased at constant , Γ is found to increase only up to a saturation point, after which it decreases and tends to vanish at a second critical value of G.
Novel Reconfigurable Filtering Rat-Race Coupler, Branch-Line Coupler, and Multiorder Bandpass Filter With Frequency, Bandwidth, and Power Division Ratio Control (2020)

In this article, for the first time, a novel four-port coupler with reconfigurable multifunctions of filtering rat-race coupler (FRC), filtering branch-line coupler (FBC), and conventional single-ended two-port multipole bandpass filter (BPF) is proposed. It simply consists of four varactor-loaded stepped-impedance resonators that are arranged symmetrically. Through appropriate coupling-type (electrical coupling or magnetic coupling) conversion, 90° or -90° phase shift between the adjacent resonators can easily be obtained and works as a key factor in the transformation between different filtering coupler modes. With this simple configuration, the proposed coupler achieves reconfigurable FRC and FBC with not only operating frequency tuning over a wide tuning range but also bandwidth and power division ratios (PDRs) control for each filtering mode. In addition, by imposing open circuit at any two ports, the four-port coupler can be converted to the conventional single-ended two-port BPFs with reconfigurable filter orders of second, third, and fourth. The measured results show that the FRC and FBC can continuously cover the frequency ranges of 1.21-1.67 and 1.2-1.61 GHz with -1-dB bandwidth tuning of 60-120 and 55-110 MHz, respectively. The 3- and 6-dB PDRs have been demonstrated for both filtering coupler modes. In single-ended two-port BPF mode, the frequency tuning ranges are measured of 1.12-1.6, 1.16-1.6, and 1.2-1.61 GHz, respectively, for the proposed two-port second-, third-, and fourth-order BPFs. Measured and simulated results are in good agreement, validating the proposed design method.
Molecular motor efficiency is maximized in the presence of both power-stroke and rectification (2015)

We present a model for a feedback-controlled ratchet consisting of a Brownian particle and a moving, finite barrier that is shifted by an external agent depending on the position of the particle. By modifying the value of a single parameter of the feedback protocol, the model can act either as a pure rectifier, a power-stroke (PS) motor, or a combination of both. Interestingly, in certain situations the motor reaches a maximum efficiency for an intermediate value of that parameter, i.e., for a combination of the information ratchet and the PS mechanisms. We relate our results to the biological motors kinesin, myosin II, and myosin V, finding that these motors operate in a regime of length scales and forces where the efficiency is maximized for a combination of rectification and PS mechanisms.
An Autopsy Case of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with Diaphragm Pacing (2016)

Respiratory insufficiency is a critical problem in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. We herein present the case of an autopsied patient with sporadic ALS who underwent diaphragm pacing (DP). The pathology showed several localized adhesions with a markedly atrophied diaphragm. A marked loss of motor neurons with Bunina bodies and phosphorylated TDP-43 positive inclusions was found in the spinal cord and primary motor cortex. Mild hyalinization and a few multinucleated giant cells were present around the electrode tracks in the diaphragm. However, no infiltration of inflammatory cells was detected. Our findings suggest that full-time DP might not cause severe damage to adjacent diaphragm tissue.