gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Effects of Data Parallelism and Sparsity on Neural\n Network Training (2020)

We study two factors in neural network training: data parallelism and\nsparsity; here, data parallelism means processing training data in parallel\nusing distributed systems (or equivalently increasing batch size), so that\ntraining can be accelerated; for sparsity, we refer to pruning parameters in a\nneural network model, so as to reduce computational and memory cost. Despite\ntheir promising benefits, however, understanding of their effects on neural\nnetwork training remains elusive. In this work, we first measure these effects\nrigorously by conducting extensive experiments while tuning all metaparameters\ninvolved in the optimization. As a result, we find across various workloads of\ndata set, network model, and optimization algorithm that there exists a general\nscaling trend between batch size and number of training steps to convergence\nfor the effect of data parallelism, and further, difficulty of training under\nsparsity. Then, we develop a theoretical analysis based on the convergence\nproperties of stochastic gradient methods and smoothness of the optimization\nlandscape, which illustrates the observed phenomena precisely and generally,\nestablishing a better account of the effects of data parallelism and sparsity\non neural network training.\n
Novel chiral trinuclear and symmetric tetranuclear imidazolate-bridged cobalt(III) complexes of a synthetic analog of bleomycin (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNovel chiral trinuclear and symmetric tetranuclear imidazolate-bridged cobalt(III) complexes of a synthetic analog of bleomycinSteven J. Brown, Marilyn M. Olmstead, and Pradip K. MascharakCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1989, 28, 19, 3720–3728Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1989https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00318a022RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views100Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Physical issues in device modeling: Length-scale, disorder, and phase interference (2017)

The physical issues of device modeling associated with randomly doped impurities in nanoscale devices are discussed. We investigate the length-scale associated with the discrete impurities in the Drift-Diffusion simulation scheme and point out the importance of the self-consistency of the length-scales between the Poisson and transport equations. The physics behind the discrete impurity models is then discussed. The impurity-limited resistance of nanowires under various spatial configurations of impurities is also studied under the framework of the Lippmann-Schwinger theory. We show that there are two different and independent mechanisms leading to the variability in impurity-limited resistances; coherent and incoherent randomization processes. The physical origin of “self-averaging” under nanowire structures is then clarified.
Clinical Activity of the γ-Secretase Inhibitor PF-03084014 in Adults With Desmoid Tumors (Aggressive Fibromatosis) (2017)

Purpose Desmoid tumors (aggressive fibromatosis) arise from connective tissue cells or fibroblasts. In general, they are slow growing and do not metastasize; however, locally aggressive desmoid tumors can cause severe morbidity and loss of function. Disease recurrence after surgery and/or radiation and diagnosis of multifocal desmoid tumors highlight the need to develop effective systemic treatments for this disease. In this study, we evaluate objective response rate after therapy with the γ-secretase inhibitor PF-03084014 in patients with recurrent, refractory, progressive desmoid tumors. Patients and Methods Seventeen patients with desmoid tumors received PF-03084014 150 mg orally twice a day in 3-week cycles. Response to treatment was evaluated at cycle 1 and every six cycles, that is, 18 weeks, by RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) version 1.1. Patient-reported outcomes were measured at baseline and at every restaging visit by using the MD Anderson Symptoms Inventory. Archival tumor and blood samples were genotyped for somatic and germline mutations in APC and CTNNB1. Results Of 17 patients accrued to the study, 15 had mutations in APC or CTNNB1 genes. Sixteen patients (94%) were evaluable for response; five (29%) experienced a confirmed partial response and have been on study for more than 2 years. Another five patients with prolonged stable disease as their best response remain on study. Patient-reported outcomes confirmed clinician reporting that the investigational agent was well tolerated and, in subgroup analyses, participants who demonstrated partial response also experienced clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvements in symptom burden. Conclusion PF-03084014 was well tolerated and demonstrated promising clinical benefit in patients with refractory, progressive desmoid tumors who receive long-term treatment.
Creating a Biofidelic Seating Surrogate (1999)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In order to more accurately simulate the load distributions and histories experienced by automotive seats in field use, more biofidelic motion and loading devices are needed. A new test dummy was developed by Lear Corporation and First Technology Safety Systems. This dummy uses exact skeletal geometry encased in a one-piece seamless mold with contours based on ASPECT data. A prototype was constructed and tested to demonstrate the efficacy of the concept. The skeleton and contour molds were created from CAD-generated rapid prototypes. The flesh was carefully formulated to have the mechanical properties of bulk muscular tissue in a state of moderate contraction, using data from the literature. This design allows much greater accuracy in reproducing human loads than was ever possible previously. The design has applications in durability, vibration and comfort testing.&lt;/div&gt;
Property change of AgOx recordable compact disk with various dielectric films (1994)

A recordable compact disk media with an inorganic material, AgOx, is reported. A scanning tunneling microscope image of a polycarbonate substrate of this media after recording was measured and the pit shapes of the image were evaluated. It was found that there existed a linear correlation between the pit shapes and the cross-talk value with a coefficient of 0.959, and the mechanism of the pit formation was proposed by the scanning tunneling microscope image. The optical and electrical property changes were investigated by use of different dielectric thin films, SiO2, SiN, LaSiON, and SiNO. A cross-talk value of a disk using a SiNO film was improved to mostly satisfy the compact disk standard. The property changes can be explained by the proposed pit formation model.
Synthese radioactive de sels d'ammonium quaternaires d'hydroxy imino methyl‐2 OU ‐4 pyridinyle par l'intermediaire de la N‐methyl formanilide‐14C. II. Marquage par 14C de l'iodure d'[hydroxyimino methyl‐2 methyl‐1 pyridinyle ou 2‐PAM Iodure et du diodure de trimethylène dioxy‐3,3′ bis [hydroxy imino methyl‐2 methyl‐1, pyridinyle] ou R‐665 (1990)

The two compounds were labelled by 14 C on the hydroxyimino methyl group substituted on the 2 positions of the pyridinium ring. The convenient pyridinium lithiated intermediates were formylated with N‐methyl 14 C‐formanilide. The hydroxyimino methyl groups were synthezised by reaction of the 14 C‐formyl compound with hydroxylamine. For the two species alkylation of pyridine was performed with methyliodide. Radiochemical yields were 50% and 20%.
Ion heating in the HELIX helicon plasma source (1999)

Efficient ion heating in a steady-state helicon plasma source is observed with two external loop antennae just above the ion cyclotron frequency. The ion velocity space distribution is measured by laser induced fluorescence in an argon plasma. The measured bulk ion heating is highly anisotropic (the perpendicular temperature increase is ten times the parallel temperature increase) even though the plasma is moderately collisional. Measurements of the perturbed distribution function with laser induced fluorescence suggest that an electrostatic ion cyclotron wave is launched.
Automatic Test Generation From Semi-formal Specifications for Functional Verification of System-on-Chip Designs (2008)

In common design flows of system-on-chip (SoC) designs functional verification requires 70% of the entire design effort. Most of the effort for functional verification is spent on finding and creating adequate testcases to verify that the modeled design corresponds to its specification. This is done manually, since automatic test case generation from the specification is often not possible due to the informal, non-machine readable structure of the specification document. Formal specification languages would ease the parsing process, however, these formats are difficult to use by system engineers from different domains. A promising trade-off are semi-formal specification formats, which are both easy-to-parse and easy-to-use. The SIMBA project focuses on semi-formal use case-based specification formats, which are used to automatically generate a transaction-based SystemC verification platform. Finally, these SystemC testcases are simulated together with the System-under- Verification (SuV) to verify that it fulfills the given specification. This results in a novel design methodology regarding requirements elicitation and automatic test case generation. A demonstration is given by applying this methodology to a SystemC RFID controller model. It is shown that the demonstrated approach automates and improves the functional verification of SoCs.
Wavelengths and Lifetimes of Paper Autofluorescence: A Simple Substrate Screening Process to Enhance the Sensitivity of Fluorescence-Based Assays in Paper (2017)

Porous media made of nitrocellulose and glass fiber are common "paper" substrates for lateral flow assays, microfluidic paper analytical devices and other point-of-care diagnostic assays. Such assays commonly use optical labels such as gold nanoparticles, latex beads, or fluorescent nanoparticles to visualize the presence of analytes. Fluorescent labels are commonly used in bioassays to enhance sensitivity, but autoluminescence of the paper substrate worsens signal-to-noise ratios of fluorescence-based assays. To date, there exists no systematic investigation of autoluminescence wavelengths or lifetimes of porous membranes used in lateral flow assays. In response, we quantified the autoluminescence of commonly used porous materials across the visible spectrum via excitation-emission spectroscopy and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, and demonstrate that autoluminescence is solely due to autofluorescence with lifetimes of about 5 ns in the visible spectrum. Counterintuitively, we found that spectroscopy alone does not provide sufficient information to select candidate paper substrates for fluorophore-labeled assays. Therefore, we developed a simple quantitative framework to select a low-fluorescence substrate that minimizes both the overlap of paper and fluorophore emission spectra and the fluorescence intensity on an imaging system of interest (such as a gel imager). Use of this framework was shown to lower the limit of detection of an influenza A nucleoprotein immunoassay by over 50%. The tools developed in this manuscript enable assay developers to screen appropriate, low-fluorescence porous substrates and enhance the sensitivity of membrane-based fluorescence assays.
Complexes of Copper with a Flexible Bis-benzimidazole Ligand (1992)

The flexible bidentate ligand 1,3-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)propane, L3, and its N-methylated derivative L4, form complexes with CUI and CUII. The X-ray crystal structure of [Cu(L4)(MeCN)] (PF6) (1) shows a trigonal coordination of the CuI with the eight-membered chelate ring adopting a half-chair conformation. With CuII in EtOH, L3 forms dimeric [(L3)Cu(μ-EtO)2Cu(L3)](ClO4)2 · 2EtOH (2) whose X-ray crystal structure shows CuII in a distorted square-planar environment with one bidentate ligand and two bridging ethoxides. The chelate ring now has a boat-chair conformation which forms a hydrophobic pocket around the metal.
Altered Sodium Channel Expression in Second-Order Spinal Sensory Neurons Contributes to Pain after Peripheral Nerve Injury (2004)

Peripheral nerve injury is known to upregulate the rapidly repriming Na(v)1.3 sodium channel within first-order spinal sensory neurons. In this study, we hypothesized that (1) after peripheral nerve injury, second-order dorsal horn neurons abnormally express Na(v)1.3, which (2) contributes to the responsiveness of these dorsal horn neurons and to pain-related behaviors. To test these hypotheses, adult rats underwent chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Ten days after CCI, allodynia and hyperalgesia were evident. In situ hybridization, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and immunocytochemical analysis revealed upregulation of Na(v)1.3 in dorsal horn nociceptive neurons but not in astrocytes or microglia, and unit recordings demonstrated hyperresponsiveness of dorsal horn sensory neurons. Intrathecal antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeting Na(v)1.3 decreased the expression of Na(v)1.3 mRNA and protein, reduced the hyperresponsiveness of dorsal horn neurons, and attenuated pain-related behaviors after CCI, all of which returned after cessation of antisense delivery. These results demonstrate for the first time that sodium channel expression is altered within higher-order spinal sensory neurons after peripheral nerve injury and suggest a link between misexpression of the Na(v)1.3 sodium channel and central mechanisms that contribute to neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury.
Plasma Isoflavones and the Risk of Lung Cancer in Women: A Nested Case–Control Study in Japan (2011)

Our data support the previously observed association between isoflavone intake and lung cancer risk.
Dislocation Mechanics Based Constitutive Equation Incorporating Dynamic Recovery and Applied to Thermomechanical Shear Instability (1997)

A closer look into the predicted large strain response and plastic shear instability behavior derived from the so-called Z-A equations, incorporating thermally activated yielding of bcc metals (due to their high Peierls stresses) and thermally activated strain hardening of fcc metals (produced by dislocation intersections), shows the need for including dynamic recovery effects in the strain hardening for both bcc and fcc cases. Recovery effects are observed in the stress/strain behavior of tantalum and the bcc-like Ti-6A1-4V titanium alloy. Critical strains for shear banding are computed for Ti-6Al-4V, copper, and ARMCO iron. In addition, a recent result on ductile fracture is reported.
Studies on the Experimental Chemotherapy for Dermatomycosis and Candidiasis. I (1960)

In vitro growth-inhibitory effect was examined with 56 kinds of azophenol series compounds, having 4-phenylazophenol as the fundamental skeleton and halogen or various other substituents introduced into its benzene ring, and three kinds of other azo compounds, using trichomycin, 10-hydroxy-11-hydroxymercuriundecanoic acid, and phenol as the controls, with Trichophyton asteroides, T. interdigitale, T. schoen-leinii, Microsporum gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Candida albicans as the test fungi. It was found that 4-(4-nitrophenylazo)-2-chlorophenol was able to inhibit the growth of test fungi in high dilutions of 1:1, 280, 000 to 1:2, 560, 000.
Compressive Sensing LIDAR for 3D Imaging (2011)

We present a proof-of-principal implementation of a single-pixel lidar for 3D imaging. Spatial resolution is obtained through compressive sensing. This technique allows for imaging through partially obscuring objects, such as foliage or camouflage net. Our implementation improves on multipixel designs with better SNR, a compact design, and highly scalable resolution.
Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of β‐KVOF3 (2014)

Abstract The potassium vanadium oxide‐fluoride phase β‐KVOF 3 was prepared by in‐situ reduction with hydrothermal methods and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The compound is orthorhombic [space group Pnma , a = 7.1596(2) Å, b = 7.5392(2) Å, c = 13.0506(4) Å, Z = 8]. The material is structurally similar and isoformulaic to d 1 materials of formulae A VOF 3 ( A + = alkali metal, ammonium, or organic cation). Magnetic susceptibility data were successfully fit with a Heisenberg chain model. In‐situ reduction of V 5+ to V 4+ during the hydrothermal reaction conditions was observed in the presence of Br – anions. The role of bromide ions in this reduction is explained and employed to reduce a d 0 vanadium species to obtain a material with magnetic behavior.
TheNatureoftheGroundStates ofCobalt(II) andNickel(II) Carboxypeptidase A (metallocarboxypeptidase A/magnetic susceptibility/coordination geometry/spectra) (1973)

Themagneticsusceptibilities ofcobalt(II) and nickel(II) derivatives ofcarboxypeptidase A (CPA) follow theCurielawovera widetemperature range. The observed magneticmomentsofCo(II)CPA andNi(II)CPA are4.77d 0.15and2.53d 0.10BohrMagnetons, respec- tively. The magneticandspectral properties ofNi(II)CPA are consistent onlywith an octahedral ground-state geometry, whereasCo(II)CPA hasa probable five-coordi- natestructure. The results establish ordinary metal-ion groundstates fortwometallocarboxypeptidase A deriva- tives whichexhibit fullpeptidase activity. Wehavebeenconcerned lately withtherole ofthemetal ion inthecatalytic activity ofcarboxypeptidase A.TheZn(II) ligands contributed bythepolypeptide chain attheactive site havebeenidentified through a combination ofx-ray diffraction (1-3) andsequence (4,5)studies asHis69,Glu 72,andHis196. Thex-ray results haveshownfurther that theprobable coordination geometry oftheZn(II) site isdis- torted tetrahedral, withthefourth ligand presumably being aH20molecule intheresting enzyme. A distorted tetra- hedral coordination site assignment also appears tobecom- patible withtheelectronic absorption spectrum ofCo(II)- CPA(6), which isafully active derivative (7, 8). Ourefforts havebeenchanneled intoexperiments designed toelucidate theelectronic ground andexcited states ofseveral metallocarboxypeptidase A derivatives, inthehopeofestab- lishing someconnection between metal-ion structure and activity. We havebeenparticularly interested intheques- tionofwhether themetal ioninitsroleinthemultifunc- tional catalytic apparatus hasbeenendowed withenhanced substrate-attacking properties byvirtue ofaspecial (9,10) ground-state structure. Thepresent paperdeals withthe ground states ofcobalt(II)CPA andnickel(II)CPA, aschar- acterized bymeasurements ofvariable-temperature magnetic
A Double Integral Containing the Fresnel Integral Function S(x): Derivation and Computation (2022)

A two‐dimensional integral containing S ( x ) is derived. S ( x ) is the Fresnel integral function, and the double integral is taken over the range 0 &lt; x &lt; ∞ and 0 &lt; y &lt; ∞ . A representation in terms of the Hurwitz–Lerch zeta function is derived, from which other special function representations can be evaluated. All the results in this work are new.
Automatic video segmentation using spatiotemporal T-junctions (2006)

The problem of figure‐ground segmentation is of great importance in both video editing and visual perception tasks. Classical video segmentation algorithms approach the problem from one of two perspectives. At one extreme, global approaches constrain the camera motion to simplify the image structure. At the other extreme, local approaches estimate motion in small image regions over a small number of frames and tend to produce noisy signals that are difficult to segment. With recent advances in image segmentation showing that sparse information is often sufficient for figure‐ ground segmentation it seems surprising then that with the extra temporal information of video, an unconstrained automatic figure‐ground segmentation algorithm still eludes the research community. In this paper we present an automatic video segmentation algorithm that is intermediate between these two extremes and uses spatiotemporal features to regularize the segmentation. Detecting spatiotemporal T-junctions that indicate occlusion edges, we learn an occlusion edge model that is used within a colour contrast sensitive MRF to segment individual frames of a video sequence. T-junctions are learnt and classified using a support vector machine and a Gaussian mixture model is fitted to the (foreground, background) pixel pairs sampled from the detected T-junctions. Graph cut is then used to segment each frame of the video showing that sparse occlusion edge information can automatically initialize the video segmentation problem.
Development of Heterostructure Materials for Thermoelectric Device Applications (2005)

Abstract : A seed program was performed to establish directions for materials research in lead salt quantum dot superlattices. The objective is to define a program that could increase the ZT of quantum dot superlattices in the lead salt system, as well as move in a direction compatible with future DOD commercial access. This final report for the seed contract also acts as the main input into a proposal for future work, submitted in parallel. We propose that the future program will first concentrate on connecting microstructure to ZT performance, elucidating the structure-property relations for this system and leading to further optimization of the structure. The lead salt superlattices will be investigated in collaboration with MIT Lincoln Laboratories, where all film deposition will take place. As ZT is improved for thin film thermoelectrics, we will investigate depositing these structures on alternative substrates that will facilitate economic device fabrication. Of particular interest is the deposition of quantum dot superlattices on stainless steel, aluminum, and silicon substrates. Another issue in the anticipated scaling of thin film thermoelectrics is long term reliability. We will employ characterization techniques to study the stability of thin film thermoelectrics, including the potential use of in-situ TEM observations. Device work using new structures and substrates will be accomplished through collaboration with the Harman-Turner ONR project at Lincoln Laboratories. A successful research program will elucidate future paths for thermoelectric commercialization.