gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a no Reflow Cu Pillar Bump to Improve Chip/Package Interactions (CPI) Process and Reliability Performance (2019)

The no reflowed copper (Cu) pillar bump behavior during front-end process and performance of flat solder capped Cu pillar assembled with bump on trace (BOT) processed by mass reflow is measured and analyzed. The interconnections with two different solder cap structures were tested: Cu post capped with flat lead-free solder tip (without front-end reflow) and Cu post capped with round lead-free solder tip (with front-end reflow). Emphasis is placed on the risk of high solder tip height on small bump size in front-end process and assembly performance of the different solder capped Cu pillar bump structures. The package size of test vehicle (TV) is 116 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with a daisy-chain die size of 7 × 8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The minimum pitch is 100μm with critical mixed bump size design in a die. The bump stack-up with 4 different solder tip ratios (reflowed solder tip height divided by minimum UBM size); 0.45, 0.56, 0.67, 0.78 are investigated and the CPI performance based on bump stack-up with different solder tip ratios are collected and analyzed. All the different solder tip structures formed before and post front-end reflow have been evaluated and compared by employing package level reliability test following JEDEC include thermal cycling test, high temperature storage test and unbiased highly accelerated Test.
Generalized Hybrid Scheduling Scheme for Multihop Relaying WiMAX Networks (2013)

In this paper, we propose a heuristic scheduling scheme, named hybrid resource allocation scheme that can reduce the time complexity of scheduling scheme and im- prove the efficiency of resource utilization while minimizing interference. We first focus on the two-hop relaying scenario, since this scenario has the largest throughput gain, and then explore an extension of the proposed hybrid scheme to a general multihop relaying scenario. We evaluate the performance of our proposed hybrid scheme by comparing it with the optimal scheduling scheme as well as the well- known two schemes, namely, orthogonal and overlapped in terms of cell throughput, outage rate, and computation time. The numerical results show that the proposed hybrid scheme achieves a higher throughput than the orthogonal scheme while maintaining as low an outage rate as orthogonal scheme. In addition, the computational time is significantly less than the optimal scheme at the expense of minimal throughput degradation.
Linker Threonine-phosphorylated Smad2/3 Is a Biomarker of Colorectal Neoplastic Stem-like Cells that Correlates With Carcinogenesis (2021)

pSmad2/3L-Thr correlates with human CRC carcinogenesis, and pSmad2/3L-Thr-positive cells show human colorectal stem cell-like and cancer stem cell characteristics.
A graph-based framework for analyzing SQL query logs (2018)

Analytical SQL queries are a valuable source of information. Query log analysis can provide insight into the usage of datasets and uncover knowledge that cannot be inferred from source schemas or content alone. To unlock this potential, flexible mechanisms for meta-querying are required. Syntactic and semantic aspects of queries must be considered along with contextual information.
Study on Wireless Network Communication in Stage Hydraulic Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things (2015)

A novel stage hydraulic monitoring system based on Internet of Things (IoT) is proposed in this paper. Compared with the traditional wired system, the proposed system is a flexible working method and can save the cost. Furthermore, it has the low power consumption, high safety, and large scale network. The real-time pressure and flow data can be collected by using the nodes in ZigBee network. The fault detection and diagnosis process was used in this study, which was facilitated by measuring pressure of flow. When the monitored data exceeds the normal range, some failure may occur in the stage hydraulic system. If any failure occurs in the circuit, the maintainers can be informed immediately, which can greatly improve maintenance efficiency, ensuring the failure to be eliminated in time. Meanwhile, we can take advantage of wireless sensor network (WSN) to connect the multiple loops and then monitor the loops by using ZigBee technology, which greatly improves the efficiency of monitoring.
Crude Oil Sensing using Carbon Nano Structures Synthetized from Phoenix Dactylifera L. Cellulose (2019)

This study reports on the crude oil-sensing using carbon nano structures (CNSs). A mixture of CNSs was obtained by a simple method of preparation using palm cellulose ash and nitric acid as precursors, the powder was characterized by x-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The optical density of crude oil from Rhoud El-Baguel area (Southeast of Algeria) studied using UV-Vis spectroscopy, before and after adding an amount of CNSs powder to view the CNSs crude oil sensing and therefore a new method to determine the quality of crude oils and the comparison between them. Results show that CNSs prepared from palm cellulose ash have a good crystallinity and it is formed mainly from carbon nano dots (CNDs) with 4.32 Å in layers spacing and 7.4 Å in crystallite size, indicate that CNSs can be used as an excellent crude oil sensor.
MOSFET modeling for circuit simulation (1998)

An overview of MOSFET modeling for circuit simulation is presented. After discussing some of the implications of analog and low-power applications, the history of the MOS models commonly used in SPICE-like circuit simulators is presented, followed by a discussion of the evolution of strategies for modeling the geometry dependence of MOSFET characteristics. The growth of complexity and requirements for future MOS models are also considered.
Activation of the cAMP cascade by steroidogenic hormones and glucagon in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. (1991)

International audience
Image Clustering System on WWW using Web Texts (2004)

As the internet becomes the basic resource of information, not only texts but images retrieval systems have been appeared. However, many of those supply only a list of images, so we have to seek the expecting images one by one. Although, image labeling is one of the solutions of such a problem, various words are labeled to an image if the words are extracted from only one Web page. Therefore, this paper proposes an image clustering system that labels images by words related to a search keyword. This relationships are measured by Web pages in WWW. By the experimental results, users were enabled to find the intended images more faster than the ordinal image search system.
Intrinsic Electrophilicity of a 4-Substituted-5-cyano-6-(2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)pyrimidine Derivative: Structural Characterization of Glutathione Conjugates in Vitro (2011)

Isopropyl 9-anti-[5-cyano-6-(2-methyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-pyrimidin-4-yloxy]-3-oxa-7-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-7-carboxylate (1) represents a prototypic compound from a lead chemical series of G protein-coupled receptor 119 agonists, intended for treatment of type 2 diabetes. When compound 1 was incubated with NADPH-supplemented human liver microsomes in the presence of glutathione, two thioether conjugates M4-1 and M5-1 were observed. Omission of NADPH from the microsomal incubations prevented the formation of M5-1 but not M4-1. The formation of M4-1 was also discerned in incubations of 1 and glutathione with human liver cytosol, partially purified glutathione transferase, and in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. M4-1 was isolated, and its structure ascertained from LC-MS/MS and NMR analysis. The mass spectral and NMR data suggested that M4-1 was obtained from a nucleophilic displacement of the 6-(2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy) group in 1 by glutathione. In addition, mass spectral studies revealed that M5-1 was derived from an analogous displacement reaction on a monohydroxylated metabolite of 1; the regiochemistry of hydroxylation was established to be on the isopropyl group. Of great interest were the findings that replacement of the 5-cyano group in 1 with a 5-methyl group resulted in 2, which was practically inert toward reaction with glutathione. This observation suggests that the electron-withdrawing potential of the C5 cyano group serves to increase the electrophilicity of the C6 carbon (via stabilization of the transition state) and favors reaction with the nucleophilic thiol. The mechanistic insights gained from these studies should assist medicinal chemistry efforts toward the design of analogs that retain primary pharmacology but are latent toward reaction with biological nucleophiles, thus mitigating the potential for toxicological outcome due to adduction with glutathione or proteins.
Electron Transmission through Organized Organic Thin Films (2003)

Low-energy electron photoemission spectroscopy (LEPS) allows the study of the electronic properties of organized organic thin films (OOTF) adsorbed on conducting surfaces by monitoring the energy and angular distribution of electrons emitted from the substrate and transmitted through the film. The transmission properties are explained by electronic band structure in the organic film. This band is an example of an electron resonance that is delocalized in the layer. It results from the two-dimensional nature of the layer. Other resonances in the transmission spectra are also discussed, as well as their experimental manifestation. The temperature dependence of the electron transmission efficiency is explained in terms of dependence of the transmission probability on the initial momentum of the electron and on the relative orientation of the electron velocity and the molecules in the film. Hence, despite the fact that the molecules in the OOTF are weakly interacting, when not charged, the electron transmission through the film is governed by cooperative effects. These effects must be taken into account when considering electronic properties of adsorbed layers.
Synthesis of Azines in Solid State: Reactivity of Solid Hydrazine with Aldehydes and Ketones (2011)

Highly conjugated azines were prepared by solid state grinding of solid hydrazine and carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes and ketones, using a mortar and a pestle. Complete conversion to the azine product is generally achieved at room temperature within 24 h, without using solvents or additives. The solid-state reactions afford azines as the sole products with greater than 97% yield, producing only water and carbon dioxide as waste.
Nanostructure Characterization of Titania Membranes (1992)

A method of synthesis of crack-free titania membranes has been investigated. The most important parameters studied were the variation of agglomerate sizes in the liquid phase as a function of the synthesis conditions of the sol, as well as the structural development of the titania membrane during thermal treatment. Characterization of the structure has been performed by measuring the change in the pore size and surface area and by investigating the composition of the titania phases. A correlation has been found between the synthesis of the sol, the agglomerate size in the sol and the structure development after thermal treatment of the membrane top layers.
“En face” OCT Imaging of the IS/OS Junction Line in Type 2 Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia (2012)

"En face" OCT imaging of the IS/OS junction layer provides a functionally relevant method for assessing disease severity in type 2 MacTel.
ADVANCES IN THE SIMULATION OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR THE MITIGATION OF EXPOSURE TO RADIOACTIVE PARTICULATES (2014)

Airborne radioactive particulates represent a significant potential hazard to first responders in nuclear-related incidents. Personal protective equipment (PPE), in particular radio-opaque fabrics, can be used to reduce wearer exposure to the emitted radiation, but do not offer complete protection. The objective of this project is to create a realistic dosimetric model of the human arm, protected by a sleeve, which can eventually be developed into a tool to assess the full-body dose imparted to the wearer in the event of radiological particulate exposure. A two-fold approach will be employed whereby: (1) a particulate transport model will be used to determine the regional radioactive particulate concentrations; and (2) these concentration data will then be incorporated into a dosimetric model that will use the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) transport code to determine the dose imparted to the tissue. Benchmarking experiments will be carried out to validate the results generated by the computer models. Such experimentation will be conducted for both the particulate transport and dosimetric models. Model advancement aims to consider whole body dose and will be invaluable in the development of future radiation exposure policies and procedures. 1.
Crystal structures of alphavirus nonstructural protein 4 (nsP4) reveal an intrinsically dynamic RNA-dependent RNA polymerase fold (2021)

Abstract Alphaviruses such as Ross River virus (RRV), chikungunya virus, Sindbis virus (SINV), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus are mosquito-borne pathogens that can cause arthritis or encephalitis diseases. Nonstructural protein 4 (nsP4) of alphaviruses possesses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity essential for viral RNA replication. No 3D structure has been available for nsP4 of any alphaviruses despite its importance for understanding alphaviral RNA replication and for the design of antiviral drugs. Here, we report crystal structures of the RdRp domain of nsP4 from both RRV and SINV determined at resolutions of 2.6 and 1.9 Å. The structure of the alphavirus RdRp domain appears most closely related to RdRps from pestiviruses, noroviruses, and picornaviruses. Hydrogendeuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods, showed that in solution, nsP4 is highly dynamic with an intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain. Both full-length nsP4 and the RdRp domain were capable to catalyze RNA polymerization. Structure-guided mutagenesis using a trans -replicase system identified nsP4 regions critical for viral RNA replication. Key Points Crystal structures of alphavirus nsP4 RNA polymerase domain from RRV and SINV. nsP4 protein is highly dynamic with an intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain. Optimized RNA elongation activity assay to facilitate antiviral discovery.
<title>Theoretical and experimental investigation of the effect of sulci on light propagation in brain tissue</title> (1995)

The effect of the layered surface tissues of the head on the measurement of brain oxygenation by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been investigated by both time-of-flight measurement and Monte Carlo simulation on models consisting of three or four separate layered homogeneous media. The clear cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) layer surrounding the brain has previously been shown to significantly affect light distribution, and in the head the brain surface is deeply folded with many CSF filled sulci. Therefore the most sophisticated model has four layers including a clear 'CSF' layer containing slots imitating sulci on the brain. Simpler models are also used and the light distributions in each are compared to examine the effect of the CSF layer. The mean optical pathlength of each model calculated from the temporal point spread function (TPSF) of the time-of-flight measurement agrees well with the Monte Carlo prediction. The fractional pathlength in each of the layers and the spatial sensitivity profile, which indicates the volume of tissue interrogated, are calculated by the Monte Carlo method. Results show that the light distribution in the head is highly affected by the existence of the clear CSF layer, and the optical pathlength and spatial sensitivity profile in the models with a clear layer are quite different from those without. However the presence of the sulci hardly affect the light distribution, the results from the sophisticated brain model with sulci being almost the same as those of the model with a simple CSF layer.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Supplementary Figure 3 from Spinal Myxopapillary Ependymomas Demonstrate a Warburg Phenotype (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 3. Analysis of HIF-1a expression in Spinal Grade II versus Myxopapillary Ependymoma in additional to single sample GSEA analysis of HIF1a transcriptional targets.&lt;/p&gt;
Uridine adenosine tetraphosphate is a novel neurogenic P2Y1 receptor activator in the gut (2014)

Enteric purinergic motor neurotransmission, acting through P2Y1 receptors (P2Y1R), mediates inhibitory neural control of the intestines. Recent studies have shown that NAD(+) and ADP ribose better meet criteria for enteric inhibitory neurotransmitters in colon than ATP or ADP. Here we report that human and murine colon muscles also release uridine adenosine tetraphosphate (Up4A) spontaneously and upon stimulation of enteric neurons. Release of Up4A was reduced by tetrodotoxin, suggesting that at least a portion of Up4A is of neural origin. Up4A caused relaxation (human and murine colons) and hyperpolarization (murine colon) that was blocked by the P2Y1R antagonist, MRS 2500, and by apamin, an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-activated small-conductance K(+) (SK) channels. Up4A responses were greatly reduced or absent in colons of P2ry1(-/-) mice. Up4A induced P2Y1R-SK-channel-mediated hyperpolarization in isolated PDGFRα(+) cells, which are postjunctional targets for purinergic neurotransmission. Up4A caused MRS 2500-sensitive Ca(2+) transients in human 1321N1 astrocytoma cells expressing human P2Y1R. Up4A was more potent than ATP, ADP, NAD(+), or ADP ribose in colonic muscles. In murine distal colon Up4A elicited transient P2Y1R-mediated relaxation followed by a suramin-sensitive contraction. HPLC analysis of Up4A degradation suggests that exogenous Up4A first forms UMP and ATP in the human colon and UDP and ADP in the murine colon. Adenosine then is generated by extracellular catabolism of ATP and ADP. However, the relaxation and hyperpolarization responses to Up4A are not mediated by its metabolites. This study shows that Up4A is a potent native agonist for P2Y1R and SK-channel activation in human and mouse colon.
A Method for Determining Sperm Precedence in Insects1,2 (1971)

Journal Article A Method for Determining Sperm Precedence in Insects, Get access Arthur Retnakaran Arthur Retnakaran Insect pathology Research Institute, Canadian Forestry Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 64, Issue 3, 15 June 1971, Pages 578–580, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/64.3.578 Published: 15 June 1971 Article history Received: 06 January 1971 Published: 15 June 1971
Adaptive simulation of soft bodies in real-time (2002)

This paper presents an adaptive technique to animate deformable bodies in real-time. Our method relies on mixed finite-volume/finite-element method applied to an arbitrary non-nested hierarchy of volumetric meshes. We achieve a guaranteed frame rate thanks to a innovative multi-resolution algorithm that locally refines of simplifies the simulated object in order to concentrate computation load where and when needed.
Large-area printed organic electronic ion pumps (2019)

Abstract Biological systems use a large variety of ions and molecules of different sizes for signaling. Precise electronic regulation of biological systems therefore requires an interface which translates the electronic signals into chemically specific biological signals. One technology for this purpose that has been developed during the last decade is the organic electronic ion pump (OEIP). To date, OEIPs have been fabricated by micropatterning and labor-intensive manual techniques, hindering the potential application areas of this promising technology. Here we show, for the first time, fully screen-printed OEIPs. We demonstrate a large-area printed design with manufacturing yield &gt;90%. Screen-printed cation- and anion-exchange membranes are both demonstrated with promising ion selectivity and performance, with transport verified for both small ions (Na + , K + , Cl – ) and biologically-relevant molecules (the cationic neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and the anionic anti-inflammatory salicylic acid). These advances open the ‘iontronics’ toolbox to the world of printed electronics, paving the way for a broader arena for applications.
Letter to the Editor: Reply (2006)

Reply: We would like to thank Dr. Clawson for pointing out the important contributions of Sterling Bunnell and Roger Anderson, two pioneers in the field of hand surgery. It was not our intention to ignore or downplay any individual's accomplishments. The purpose of our article1 was to provide the reader with an overview showing the general time line of the evolution of fracture treatment in the hand and wrist. Clearly there are many individuals that have contributed to this field who we did not mention or cite specifically. Attribution of a specific technique to a specific individual is frequently difficult even with the original literature in hand because of the phenomenon of cross-fertilization that occurs among practitioners. However, this has contributed greatly to the continued growth of our specialty. Medical texts from the middle of the 20th century lacked the exhaustive bibliographies that are standard today. Case in point, Key and Conwell's, The Management of Fractures, Dislocations, and Sprains, 3rd Edition, Mosby, St. Louis, 19422 does not reference a single text or scientific article in disseminating what was, at the time, “up-to-date” orthopaedic treatment. Today we are blessed with Pubmed, Ovid, and other valuable search engines that make historical research, documentation, and attribution of specific techniques to individuals more accurate. Our wish is that the next generation of hand surgeons continues to value and learn from the mistakes and successes of the past. We hope that our historical overview will contribute to that end. Neil G. Harness, MD; Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Orange County Orthopaedics, Yorba Linda, CA Roy A. Meals, MD UCLA School of Medicine, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA
Seven ways to make a data science project fail (2023)

The rapid emergence of data science as a field has made it a rival or replacement for information science from an industry perspective. In particular, the “big data” meme in data science and a heavy reliance on “black box” technology emphasize the quantity of data used in a project and asks, “what data do we have” rather than “what data do we need to solve our business problems.” This perspective also undermines the perceived importance of domain expertise, user research, data semantics and provenance, and other considerations valued in information science. This article uses a composite (and somewhat caricatured) case study of a data science project and discusses seven ways in which it is destined to fail, and then explains how “good information science” would have prevented or ameliorated them. Data science and information science need to recognize that together they can accomplish more than they can accomplish separately.
Electric field-induced negative photoconductivity in GaAs (1986)

High-field negative photoconductivity observed below the fundamental band gap of GaAs is attributed to the electric field-dependent capture cross section of an electron donor level located at 1.2 eV relative to the valence-band edge and to a dynamic balance between emission, trapping, and recombination of optically induced charge carriers.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Medically Intractable Epilepsy (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Preclinical evidence Clinical evidence Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy Hypothalamic hamartoma-associated gelastic epilepsy Arteriovenous malformations Cavernous malformations Antiepileptic mechanisms of radiosurgery Conclusion References