gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties and microstructural change in (Cu–Fe) immiscible metal matrix composite: Effect of Mg on secondary phase separation (2020)

Phase morphology and the distribution of the strengthening phase generally have a strong influence on the movement of dislocations. The presence of minor alloying element Mg in Cu–30Fe alloy significantly affects both the morphology and distribution of the strengthening phase. Dendritic α-Fe is transformed into a spherical morphology because of changes in the chemical composition during the solidification process. The presence of Mg leads to the formation of secondary phase-separated Cu within the α-Fe phase and to increasing heterogeneity of the gradient size of the α-Fe phase. The increased volume fraction of α-Fe enhanced by secondary separated Cu, refinement of α-Fe, and the degree of distribution enhanced the yield strength of this alloy by 40% compared with that of Cu–30Fe. This result can be used as a guide to modifying the morphology of Cu–Fe alloys and improve understanding of strengthening mechanism of this system.
On the performance of distributed space-time coded cooperative relay networks based on inter-relay communications (2013)

A new protocol, called fully distributed space-time coded (FDSTC) protocol having information exchange between relays, is proposed and compared with the conventional distributed space-time coded (DSTC) protocol using non-regenerative relays (NR-relays) and regenerative relays (R-relays). Closed-form error probabilities are derived to verify the simulations. In terms of error performance, the FDSTC protocol gets significant average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gains (3.7 dB for NR-relays and 18.1 dB for R-relays). In addition, the impact of the relative distance of relays on the required SNR is reduced up to 70%. The system diversity order using the FDSTC protocol is higher than that using the DSTC protocol (especially, the FDSTC protocol obtains full diversity with NR-relays). As a result, at the same spectral efficiency, FDSTC has better performance in terms of outage probability in high SNR regions. In terms of energy efficiency, the FDSTC protocol is shown to outperform DSTC for long-range transmissions.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐LACTAMS. XI. SYNTHESIS OF N‐PHOSPHORYLATED MONO‐ AND BICYCLIC β‐LACTAMS (1983)

Abstract Die Darstellung des N‐phosphorylierten, bicyclischen β‐Lactams (III) gelingt wie aufgezeichnet ausgehend vom β‐Lactam (I), dessen Alkoholgruppe durch einen Tetrahydropyranyl‐Rest geschützt ist.
A screen for modifiers of Deformed function in Drosophila. (1995)

Proteins produced by the homeotic genes of the Hox family assign different identifies to cells on the anterior/posterior axis. Relatively little is known about the signalling pathways that modulate their activities or the factors with which they interact to assign specific segmental identifies. To identify genes that might encode such functions, we performed a screen for second site mutations that reduce the viability of animals carrying hypomorphic mutant alleles of the Drosophila homeotic locus, Deformed. Genes mapping to six complementation groups on the third chromosome were isolated as modifiers of Deformed function. Products of two of these genes, sallimus and moira, have been previously proposed as homeotic activators since they suppress the dominant adult phenotype of Polycomb mutants. Mutations in hedgehog, which encodes secreted signalling proteins, were also isolated as Deformed loss-of-function enhancers. Hedgehog mutant alleles also suppress the Polycomb phenotype. Mutations were also isolated in a few genes that interact with Deformed but not with Polycomb, indicating that the screen identified genes that are not general homeotic activators. Two of these genes, cap 'n' collar and defaced, have defects in embryonic head development that are similar to defects seen in loss of function Deformed mutants.
Image-domain material decomposition using data-driven sparsity models for dual-energy CT (2018)

Penalized weighted least squares (PWLS) with better image priors is a promising way to develop improved image-domain dual-energy CT (DECT) methods for achieving high quality basis material images. We propose a new method for DECT that combines conventional PWLS estimation with regularization based on sparsifying transforms (DECT-ST) learned from datasets of numerous CT images. Numerical experiments with phantom and patient data show that the proposed method significantly improves the image quality over direct matrix inversion decomposition and over PWLS decomposition with an edge-preserving hyperbola regularizer (DECT-EP).
Characterization of LipL as a Non-heme, Fe(II)-dependent α-Ketoglutarate:UMP Dioxygenase That Generates Uridine-5′-aldehyde during A-90289 Biosynthesis (2011)

Fe(II)- and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent dioxygenases are a large and diverse superfamily of mononuclear, non-heme enzymes that perform a variety of oxidative transformations typically coupling oxidative decarboxylation of α-KG with hydroxylation of a prime substrate. The biosynthetic gene clusters for several nucleoside antibiotics that contain a modified uridine component, including the lipopeptidyl nucleoside A-90289 from Streptomyces sp. SANK 60405, have recently been reported, revealing a shared open reading frame with sequence similarity to proteins annotated as α-KG:taurine dioxygenases (TauD), a well characterized member of this dioxygenase superfamily. We now provide in vitro data to support the functional assignment of LipL, the putative TauD enzyme from the A-90289 gene cluster, as a non-heme, Fe(II)-dependent α-KG:UMP dioxygenase that produces uridine-5'-aldehyde to initiate the biosynthesis of the modified uridine component of A-90289. The activity of LipL is shown to be dependent on Fe(II), α-KG, and O(2), stimulated by ascorbic acid, and inhibited by several divalent metals. In the absence of the prime substrate UMP, LipL is able to catalyze oxidative decarboxylation of α-KG, although at a significantly reduced rate. The steady-state kinetic parameters using optimized conditions were determined to be K(m)(α-KG) = 7.5 μM, K(m)(UMP) = 14 μM, and k(cat) ≈ 80 min(-1). The discovery of this new activity not only sets the stage to explore the mechanism of LipL and related dioxygenases further but also has critical implications for delineating the biosynthetic pathway of several related nucleoside antibiotics.
Mobile Landscapes: Using Location Data from Cell Phones for Urban Analysis (2006)

The technology for determining the geographic location of cell phones and other handheld devices is becoming increasingly available. It is opening the way to a wide range of applications, collectively referred to as location-based services (LBS), that are primarily aimed at individual users. However, if deployed to retrieve aggregated data in cities, LBS could become a powerful tool for urban analysis. In this paper we aim to review and introduce the potential of this technology to the urban planning community. In addition, we present the ‘Mobile Landscapes' project: an application in the metropolitan area of Milan, Italy, based on the geographical mapping of cell phone usage at different times of the day. The results enable a graphic representation of the intensity of urban activities and their evolution through space and time. Finally, a number of future applications are discussed and their potential for urban studies and planning is assessed.
Arbitrary Decay Rate for Euler-Bernoulli Beam by Backstepping Boundary Feedback (2009)

We consider a problem of stabilization of the Euler-Bernoulli beam. The beam is controlled at one end (using position and moment actuators) and has the ldquoslidingrdquo boundary condition at the opposite end. We design the controllers that achieve any prescribed decay rate of the closed loop system, removing a long-standing limitation of classical ldquoboundary damperrdquo controllers. The idea of the control design is to use the well-known representation of the Euler-Bernoulli beam model through the Schrodinger equation, and then adapt recently developed backstepping designs for the latter in order to stabilize the beam. We derive the explicit integral transformation (and its inverse) of the closed-loop system into an exponentially stable target system. The transformation is of a novel Volterra/Fredholm type. The design is illustrated with simulations.
Nitrogen Rates Effects on the Yield, Nutritional Status, Fruit Quality, and Profitability of Tomato Grown in the Spring with Subsurface Irrigation (2012)

With increasing environmental concerns, the sharp cost increase of fertilizer and the absence of a soil test to predict nitrogen (N) needs of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicon L.) grown on Florida’s sandy soils, a partnership was created with growers, state agencies, and the University of Florida, Institution of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS). The objectives of this study were to identify a range of N rates that would result in highest yields and postharvest quality, and maximum economical return for tomato, grown with subsurface irrigation (management of a perched water table above an impermeable soil layer or hard pan) during the spring season (low probability of leaching rain events). The study was conducted in Spring 2007 and 2008 in Palmetto, FL, with N rates ranging from 22 to 470 kg·ha −1 at pre-plant as ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ). Weather conditions were typical of a dry spring season in central Florida with no leaching rain events recorded in either year; however, rain patterns were different between the 2 years. In the absence of leaching rain and frost protection (either may raise the water table), petiole sap NO 3 -N decreased over time and the rate of decline depended on the N fertilizer rate. Extra-large and total marketable fruits yields showed a quadratic plateau response to N rates with maximum yields at two harvests (97% of the yields) grown with 172 and 298 kg N/ha in 2007 and 2008, respectively. During subsequent ripening, N rate did not correlate consistently to fruit ripening rate, fruit firmness, nor compositional quality at table-ripe stage. The high value of tomatoes relative to the cost of N fertilizer created a situation in which the profit-maximizing rate of N was not significantly different from the production-maximizing N rate. Whether the profit-maximizing level of N was higher or lower than the UF/IFAS-recommended rate depended on the growing season. With favorable growing conditions (i.e., conditions in 2008), a grower’s net return would have decreased between $1000 and $2000 per hectare by using UF/IFAS-recommended rates depending on market conditions. However, if the UF/IFAS-recommended rate of 224 kg·ha −1 resulted in the highest yield, applying upwards of 300 kg·ha −1 would have increased grower production costs by at least $67/ha. Although fertilizer costs are known before the crop is grown, tomato prices are realized only at the end of the growing season and profit margins can only be calculated after the fact.
The complex of ASYMMETRIC LEAVES (AS) proteins plays a central role in antagonistic interactions of genes for leaf polarity specification in Arabidopsis (2015)

Leaf primordia are born around meristem-containing stem cells at shoot apices, grow along three axes (proximal-distal, adaxial-abaxial, medial-lateral), and develop into flat symmetric leaves with adaxial-abaxial polarity. Axis development and polarity specification of Arabidopsis leaves require a network of genes for transcription factor-like proteins and small RNAs. Here, we summarize present understandings of adaxial-specific genes, ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) and AS2. Their complex (AS1-AS2) functions in the regulation of the proximal-distal leaf length by directly repressing class 1 KNOX homeobox genes (BP, KNAT2) that are expressed in the meristem periphery below leaf primordia. Adaxial-abaxial polarity specification involves antagonistic interaction of adaxial and abaxial genes including AS1 and AS2 for the development of two respective domains. AS1-AS2 directly represses the abaxial gene ETTIN/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ETT/ARF3) and indirectly represses ETT/ARF3 and ARF4 through tasiR-ARF. Modifier mutations have been identified that abolish adaxialization and enhance the defect in the proximal-distal patterning in as1 and as2. AS1-AS2 and its modifiers synergistically repress both ARFs and class 1 KNOXs. Repression of ARFs is critical for establishing adaxial-abaxial polarity. On the other hand, abaxial factors KANADI1 (KAN1) and KAN2 directly repress AS2 expression. These data delineate a molecular framework for antagonistic gene interactions among adaxial factors, AS1, AS2, and their modifiers, and the abaxial factors ARFs as key regulators in the establishment of adaxial-abaxial polarity. Possible AS1-AS2 epigenetic repression and activities downstream of ARFs are discussed.
The portable ice nucleation experiment PINE: a new online instrument for laboratory studies and automated long-term field observations of ice-nucleating particles (2020)

Abstract. Atmospheric ice-nucleating particles (INP) play an important role in determining the phase of clouds, which affects their albedo and lifetime. A lack of data on the spatial and temporal variation of INPs around the globe limits our predictive capacity and understanding of clouds containing ice. Automated instrumentation that can robustly measure INP concentrations across the full range of tropospheric temperatures is needed in order to address this knowledge gap. In this study, we demonstrate the functionality and capacity of the new Portable Ice Nucleation Experiment (PINE) to study ice nucleation processes and to measure INP concentrations under conditions pertinent for mixed-phase clouds, with temperatures from about −10 °C to about −38 °C. PINE is a cloud expansion chamber which avoids frost formation on the cold walls, and thereby omits frost fragmentation and related background ice signals during the operation. The development, working principle, and treatment of data for the PINE instrument is discussed in detail. We present extensive laboratory based tests where PINE measurements were compared with those from the established AIDA (Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) cloud chamber. The results show good agreement of PINE with AIDA for homogeneous freezing of pure water droplets and the immersion freezing activity of mineral aerosols. Results from a first field campaign conducted at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) observatory in Oklahoma, USA, from October 1 to November 14, 2019 with the latest PINE design (a commercially available PINE chamber) are also shown, demonstrating PINE’s ability to make automated field measurements of INP concentrations at high time resolution of about 8 minutes with continuous wall temperature scans between −5 and −35 °C. During this field campaign, PINE was continuously operated for 45 days in a fully automated and semi-autonomous way, demonstrating the capability of this new instrument to be also used for longer term field measurements and INP monitoring activities in observatories.
Description and interpretation of aircraft lightning attachment electric and magnetic field measurements and video observation (1991)

In 1988, ONERA carried out a complete airborne lightning characterization program. Among other features, the program has provided a significant amount of data from analog records of electric and magnetic field sensors to give a description of all stages of the lightning process. The initiation phase has a description of all stages of the lightning process. The initiation phase has been described in the past, so the present objective is to give a description of the other stages of the discharge, based on the observation of analog electromagnetic waveforms and of fast video (200 f/s) image processed pictures. During lightning attachment, the aircraft remains electrically connected to the lightning channel where a large variety of physical processes occur. These physical processes include recoil streamers, return strokes, and even other initiation processes of secondary discharges. Typical records of analog electromagnetic field along with relative luminosity variation of the channel, which shows that there is no extinction of the continuous current throughout the discharge process. A computation of current and potential waveforms using the transmission line formalism is presented and gives satisfactory results for the representation of two of the typical waveforms observed in the recoil streamer processes.
Electron Beam Initiated Grafting and Crosslinking of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer. Part II: Mechanical and Electrical Properties (1996)

Mechanical, dynamic mechanical and electrical properties of electron beam modified ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer in presence of trimethylolpropane trimethylacrylate (TMPTMA) and triallyl cyanurate (TAC) as sensitizer have been described. The tensile strength of the TMPTMA modified EVA increases with increase in radiation dose up to a certain level due to the development of network structure, while it does not change significantly for the TAC based system due to poor stress transfer. The tensile strength deteriorates sharply at higher radiation doses because of the predominating effect of breakdown of the network structure. However, the tensile strength changes marginally with TMPTMA level and decreases with an increase in TAC level. DMTA studies indicate mainly two transitions (namely γ and α) in the order of increasing temperature for both TMPTMA and TAC based samples. The γ-transition temperature shifts to higher values and the α-transition shifts to lower values with an increase in radiation dose due to modification of the main chain and to a decrease in crystallinity. Dielectric analysis shows a sharp transition at around -20°C for all uncured and cured samples due to movement of the highly polar acetate groups present in EVA. The loss factor decreases sharply at high temperature with increase in radiation dose due to crosslinking.
<title>Wavelet-based secure image coding using channel-optimized trellis-coded quantization</title> (1999)

This paper presents a wavelet-based image coder optimized for transmission over binary symmetric channels (BSC). The proposed coder uses a robust channel-optimized trellis-coded quantization (COTCQ) stage that is designed to optimize the image coding based on channel characteristics. This optimization is performed only at the level of the source encoder, and does not include any channel coding for error protection. The robust nature of the coder increases the security level of the encoded bit stream and provides a much more visually pleasant rendition of the decoded image. Consequently, the proposed robust channel-optimized image coder is especially suitable for wireless transmission due to its reduced complexity, its robustness to non-stationary signals and channels, and its increased security level.
Bias-Reduced Hindsight Experience Replay with Virtual Goal\n Prioritization (2019)

Hindsight Experience Replay (HER) is a multi-goal reinforcement learning\nalgorithm for sparse reward functions. The algorithm treats every failure as a\nsuccess for an alternative (virtual) goal that has been achieved in the\nepisode. Virtual goals are randomly selected, irrespective of which are most\ninstructive for the agent. In this paper, we present two improvements over the\nexisting HER algorithm. First, we prioritize virtual goals from which the agent\nwill learn more valuable information. We call this property the instructiveness\nof the virtual goal and define it by a heuristic measure, which expresses how\nwell the agent will be able to generalize from that virtual goal to actual\ngoals. Secondly, we reduce existing bias in HER by the removal of misleading\nsamples. To test our algorithms, we built two challenging environments with\nsparse reward functions. Our empirical results in both environments show vast\nimprovement in the final success rate and sample efficiency when compared to\nthe original HER algorithm. A video showing experimental results is available\nat https://youtu.be/3cZwfK8Nfps .\n
Hydrate Melt Electrolyte for Aqueous K-Ion Batteries (2021)

Recently, alkali metal hydrate melts, which are molten hydrated salts at room temperature, have attracted attention as electrolytes realizing high-voltage aqueous batteries.1 K+ ion has a smaller Stokes radius than that of Li+ ion due to weaker interaction with water molecules. Thus, K hydrate melt electrolytes demonstrate higher ionic conductivity than the Li ones.1 Our group and Ko et al. reported a new K hydrate melt mixing two anions, bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (FSA−) and trifluoromethanesulfonate (OTf−).2,3 However, electrochemical performance and reaction mechanism of K+ ion insertion materials in the hydrate melt is not fully understood, and the demonstration of high-voltage aqueous KIBs is still challenging. In this study, we investigate electrochemical performance of potential K+ insertion materials, such as Prussian blue analogues and organic compounds, for high-voltage aqueous K-ion battery (KIB).
THE USE OF HYDROCORTISONE ACETATE (COMPOUND F ACETATE) IN THE TREATMENT OF SOME COMMON ORTHOPAEDIC CONDITIONS (1954)

A study has been made of the results after local injections of hydrocortisone acetate (compound F acetate) in the treatment of some common orthopaedic conditions. In the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, marked improvement was noted in the condition of 49 per cent. of the injected joints, whereas improvemenst was moderate in 35 per cent. and mild in 13 per cent.; no relief was obtained in 3 per cent. of the joints into which this material was injected. The relief of symptoms persisted for two to eight days in most cases. When improvement was more prolonged, some additional factor usually was present; among the more important of these was general improvement in the status of the rheumatoid arthritis, either sponstaneous or induced by other forms of treatment. Brief systemic effects were noted in 21 per cent. of the patients who had rheumatoid arthritis and who received injections of hydrocortisone acetate. Intra-articular injection of hydrocortisone acetate appears to be a helpful adjunct in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, especially in patients who have involvement of only a few joints or in whom other measures of treatment are generally adequate except in a few joints. Marked improvement occurred in 38 per cent. of the injected joints in patients who had osteo-arthritis; moderate improvement was noted in 34 per cent., mild in 7 per cent., and insignificant in 21 per cent. The improvement usually lasted for one to eight days; when more prolonged improvement was noticed, other factors, such as increased rest ansd limitations of weight-bearing activities, appeared to play a role. This form of treatment apparently is helpful as an adjunct in the management of osteo-arthritic patients, particularly those suffering from acute or subacute flare-ups or those in whom maximal applications of other conservative measures has failed to relieve discomfort. Limited experience with intra-articular injections of hydrocortisone acetate in the treatment of traumatic synovitis, psoriatic arthritis, and acute gouty arthritis suggests that its temporary antirheumatic effect might be helpful in the management of these conditions. Use of hydrocortisone acetate in the treatment of epicondylitis (tennis elbow) has proved discouraging to date. The most favorable response to local treatment by injection of hydrocortisone acetate apparently occurs in self-limited conditions, such as traumatic bursitis. Injection of hydrocortisone acetate appears to hasten the recovery and shorten the period of convalescence.