gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein Stimulates Its Own Expression via a Positive Feedback Loop (2014)

Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) has emerged as a key regulator of important cellular processes including redox state, inflammation, and apoptosis and plays a particularly critical role in pancreatic β-cell biology and diabetes development. High glucose and diabetes induce TXNIP expression, whereas inhibition of TXNIP expression or TXNIP deficiency protects against pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and diabetes. We now have discovered that TXNIP stimulates its own expression by promoting dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of its transcription factor, carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP), resulting in a positive feedback loop as well as regulation of other ChREBP target genes playing important roles in glucose and lipid metabolism. Considering the detrimental effects of elevated TXNIP in β-cell biology, this novel pathway sheds new light onto the vicious cycle of increased TXNIP, leading to even more TXNIP expression, oxidative stress, inflammation, β-cell apoptosis, and diabetes progression. Moreover, the results demonstrate, for the first time, that TXNIP modulates ChREBP activity and thereby uncover a previously unappreciated link between TXNIP signaling and cell metabolism.
Hypocalciuria in pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension due to decreased fractional excretion of calcium (2009)

Introduction: This study investigated whether reduction in urinary calcium excretion is due to decreased fractional excretion of calcium, and evaluated the potential of urinary calcium to creatinine ratio as a screening test for pre-eclampsia. Material and methods: This prospective study involves 83 pregnant subjects: 29 with pre-eclampsia, 27 with chronic hypertension and 27 normotensive pregnant controls. Serial blood and urine specimens were obtained and analyzed in the third trimester (32 weeks to term). Results: The serum levels of calcium, phosphate, urea and uric acid were not different among the groups. In contrast, the serum albumin was significantly reduced in pre-eclamptic women and chronic hypertensive women, compared with normotensive pregnant controls. Pre-eclamptic women had the lowest urinary calcium excretion rate (1.70 ±0.26 mmol/day) compared with chronic hypertensive women (4.23 ±0.59 mmol/day, p < 0.05) and normotensive pregnant women (4.43 ±0.60 mmol/day, p < 0.05). Hypocalciuria in pre-eclamptic women was associated with decreased fractional excretion of calcium of 1.45 ±0.05 mmol/day compared with 4.02 ±0.09 mmol/day in normotensive women (p < 0.05). There was decreased urinary calcium to creatinine ratio (0.17 ±0.03 mmol/mmol) in pre-eclamptic women compared with normotensive women (0.45 ±0.08 mmol/mmol, p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that hypocalciuria in pre-eclampsia is associated with decreased fractional excretion of calcium, suggesting a mechanism which may involve increased tubular reabsorption of calcium. Urinary calcium to creatinine ratio may be a useful potential screening test for pre-eclampsia.
Statistical Mechanics of the Fluctuating Lattice Boltzmann Equation (2007)

We propose a new formulation of the fluctuating lattice Boltzmann equation that is consistent with both equilibrium statististical mechanics and fluctuating hydrodynamics. The formalism is based on a generalized lattice-gas model, with each velocity direction occupied by many particles. We show that the most probable state of this model corresponds to the usual equilibrium distribution of the lattice Boltzmann equation. Thermal fluctuations about this equilibrium are controlled by the mean number of particles at a lattice site. Stochastic collision rules are described by a Monte Carlo process satisfying detailed balance. This allows for a straightforward derivation of discrete Langevin equations for the fluctuating modes. It is shown that all non-conserved modes should be thermalized, as first pointed out by Adhikari et al.; any other choice violates the condition of detailed balance. A Chapman-Enskog analysis is used to derive the equations of fluctuating hydrodynamics on large length and time scales; the level of fluctuations is shown to be thermodynamically consistent with the equation of state of an isothermal, ideal gas. We believe this formalism will be useful in developing new algorithms for thermal and multiphase flows.
Lightweight off-axis 8-m class telescope: a case study to ELT approximation (2004)

Two main trends presently prevail in ELT design: arrays of hundreds of small (1 - 2 m) hexagonal mirrors and the use of several large (~8m) monolithic mirrors. We present a conceptual study of an off axis 8 m telescope with different mirror options, which can be useful as an experiment towards the design of large multi-mirror telescopes, in terms of different mirror materials, ideas for the optics and new solutions for the telescope mechanical assembly.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expeditious Synthesis of a C‐Disaccharide (I) Using a Temporary Ketal Connection. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Effects on teachers' self-efficacy and job satisfaction: Teacher gender, years of experience, and job stress. (2010)

The authors of this study sought to examine the relationships among teachers' years of experience, teacher characteristics (gender and teaching level), three domains of self-efficacy (instructional strategies, classroom management, and student engagement), two types of job stress (workload and classroom stress), and job satisfaction with a sample of 1,430 practicing teachers using factor analysis, item response modeling, systems of equations, and a structural equation model. Teachers' years of experience showed nonlinear relationships with all three self-efficacy factors, increasing from early career to mid-career and then falling afterwards. Female teachers had greater workload stress, greater classroom stress from student behaviors, and lower classroom management self-efficacy. Teachers with greater workload stress had greater classroom management self-efficacy, whereas teachers with greater classroom stress had lower self-efficacy and lower job satisfaction. Those teaching young children (in elementary grades and kindergarten) had higher levels of self-efficacy for classroom management and student engagement. Lastly, teachers with greater classroom management self-efficacy or greater instructional strategies self-efficacy had greater job satisfaction.
Physical deformities in Nigerian schools (1984)

A total of 3,144 Nigerian school children, adolescents and adults were clinically screened for physical deformities in order to identify and classify the various forms of physical deformities found in Nigerian schools; ascertain cause; determine the health, educational and rehabilitation needs of the subjects and offer suggestions as to ways of meeting these needs. Nine hundred and seventy-two (30.9%) of the subjects were identified with various physical deformities including Non-rachitic Primary Knee Deformities; Pes Planus; Talipes Equinus Varus; Scoliosis; Limb Length Discrepancy; Cubitus Valgus and Hallux Valgus. Statistically significant differences were found in the proportion of male and female subjects who had Genu Valgum (p less than 0.005); Genu Recurvatum (p less than 0.001) and Cubitus Valgus (p less than 0.001). Subjects with Limb Length Discrepancies had a significant mean limb Length Difference between the right and left lower extremities (p less than 0.001). A majority of the physical deformities (92.1%) were attributed to congenital factors. Considering reports from numerous countries, the prevalence of scoliosis in this cohort may be said to be low. In general, it may be concluded that physical deformities in Nigerian schools are mild to moderate in nature; with a few cases requiring correction by physiotherapy or orthopaedic surgery.
Plastic MusclesTMas lightweight, low voltage actuators and sensors (2008)

Using proprietary technology, Discover Technologies has developed ionomeric polymer transducers that are capable of long-term operation in air. These "Plastic Muscle<sup>TM</sup>" transducers are useful as soft distributed actuators and sensors and have a wide range of applications in the aerospace, robotics, automotive, electronics, and biomedical industries. Discover Technologies is developing novel fabrication methods that allow the Plastic Muscles<sup>TM</sup> to be manufactured on a commercial scale. The Plastic Muscle<sup>TM</sup> transducers are capable of generating more than 0.5% bending strain at a peak strain rate of over 0.1 %/s with a 3 V input. Because the Plastic Muscles<sup>TM</sup> use an ionic liquid as a replacement solvent for water, they are able to operate in air for long periods of time. Also, the Plastic Muscles<sup>TM</sup> do not exhibit the characteristic "back relaxation" phenomenon that is common in water-swollen devices. The elastic modulus of the Plastic Muscle<sup>TM</sup> transducers is estimated to be 200 MPa and the maximum generated stress is estimated to be 1 MPa. Based on these values, the maximum blocked force at the tip of a 6 mm wide, 35 mm long actuator is estimated to be 19 mN. Modeling of the step response with an exponential series reveals nonlinearity in the transducers' behavior.
The properties and performance of a pH-responsive functionalised nanoparticle (2014)

We report fluorescence measurements of three quantum dots (QDs) of different sizes functionalised with the same pH responsive naphthalimide dye. QD size strongly influences energy transfer between dye and dot. Using QDs with an emission maximum of 570 nm gives rise to an interesting transfer of energy from dye to dot, while QDs with an emission maximum at 670 nm give unexpected enhancement of the dye emission. Titrations of QDs with the dye provide a means to establish the loading and hence an approximation of the surface dye density, which varies in proportion to QD size. Quenching effects are observed beyond the loading limit, and may indicate non-specific interactions between the excess dye and the nanoparticle. Attachment of the dye to the QD core is achieved by a thiol/disulfide exchange process that has been interrogated with Raman spectroscopy. The stability of these QD-dye conjugates over time and across a physiological pH range has been investigated to provide an assessment of their performance and robustness.
Alternative brain organization after prenatal cerebral injury: Convergent fMRI and cognitive data (2003)

The current study presents both longitudinal behavioral data and functional activation data documenting the effects of early focal brain injury on the development of spatial analytic processing in two children, one with prenatal left hemisphere (LH) injury and one with right hemisphere (RH) injury. A substantial body of evidence has shown that adults and children with early, lateralized brain injury show evidence of spatial analytic deficits. LH injury compromises the ability to encode the parts of a spatial pattern, while RH injury impairs pattern integration. The two children described in this report show patterns of deficit consistent with the site of their injury. In the current study, their longitudinal behavioral data spanning the age range from preschool to adolescence are presented in conjunction with data from a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of spatial processing. The activation results provide evidence that alternative profiles of neural organization can arise following early focal brain injury, and document where in the brain spatial functions are carried out when regions that normally mediate them are damaged. In addition, the coupling of the activation with the behavioral data allows us to go beyond the simple mapping of functional sites, to ask questions about how those sites may have come to mediate the spatial functions.
Navigating mazes in a virtual environment (2003)

In this research we are concerned with computer interfaces with which subjects navigate through maze simulations which are essentially buildings, with corridors and intersections, such as frequently encountered in computer games and simulations. We wish to determine if virtual reality interfaces introduce a performance enhancement that might be expected for display configurations which mimic natural perceptual experiences. We have experimented primarily with two display conditions for presentation of and navigation through the mazes. Subjects either view the maze on a desktop computer monitor, turning and moving within the maze with the mouse in a way that is similar to the configurations used in most first-person role playing computer games, or they viewed the maze from a standing position with a head-mounted display, being free to direct the view of the maze through body and head movements, and using the depression of a mouse button to effect movement in the direction that they were facing. Head-tracking was required for this latter condition. As expected there are striking individual differences in subjects’ abilities to learn to traverse the mazes. Across a variety of maze configuration parameters which significantly do influence performance, the results indicate that the virtual reality enhancements have no effect subjects' ability to learn the mazes, either as <i>route knowledge</i> or as <i>cognitive maps</i>.
Silicon Photoanodes for Solar-Driven Oxidation of Brine: A Nanoscale, Photo-Active Analog of the Dimensionally-Stable Anode (2018)

We report the first results in which ALD-TiO2 layers electronically couple silicon to an overlying catalyst coating while inhibiting corrosion during brine splitting, a reaction that is capable of generating not only a fuel (H2) but also a disinfectant (Cl2 or NaOCl). An n-type silicon photoanode, and a p+-silicon anode are protected by a 1.7 nm coating of amorphous TiO2 and 2 nm coating of Ir. The p+-Si/TiO2/Ir anode is able to effect the oxidation of chloride (0.5 M H2SO4, 3.5 M NaCl) in the dark with a low overpotential compared to that for oxidation of water (0.5 M H2SO4). The 0.294 V overpotential difference occurs despite the difference in standard redox potentials, ΔE = (E°(Cl2/Cl−) - E°(O2/H2O)), of 130 mV. Under 1 sun irradiation a photovoltage of ca. 0.566 V is achieved by comparing the illuminated n-Si/TiO2/Ir photoanode with the dark p+-silicon anode. Although the n-Si/TiO2/Ir photoanode is only one half of an eventual tandem cell needed for photosynthetic brine splitting, its ABPE for chloride oxidation is 1.42%, ca. 28 times that for water oxidation. The illuminated n-Si/TiO2/Ir photoanode remained stable at 1 mA cm−2 during a six-day chronopotentiometry test.
Measuring in-home walking speed using wall-mounted RF transceiver arrays (2014)

In this paper we present a new method for passively measuring walking speed using a small array of radio transceivers positioned on the walls of a hallway within a home. As a person walks between a radio transmitter and a receiver, the received signal strength (RSS) detected by the receiver changes in a repeatable pattern that may be used to estimate walking speed without the need for the person to wear any monitoring device. The transceivers are arranged as an array of 4 with a known distance between the array elements. Walking past the first pair of transceivers will cause a peak followed by a second peak when the person passes the second pair of transceivers. The time difference between these peaks is used to estimate walking speed directly. We further show that it is possible to estimate the walking speed by correlating the shape of the signal using a single pair of transceivers positioned across from each other in a hallway or doorframe. RMSE performance was less than 15 cm/s using a 2-element array, and less than 8 cm/s using a 4-element array relative to a gait mat used for ground truth.
Effect of formalin fixation on the near-infrared Raman spectroscopy of normal and cancerous human bronchial tissues (2003)

Raman spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic technique that can be used to probe molecular changes associated with tissue malignancy. In this report, the effect of formalin fixation on human bronchial tissues was studied by near-infrared (NIR) Raman spectroscopy to determine if the variations of Raman spectra caused by formalin fixation would affect the potential diagnostic ability for lung cancer detection. A rapid dispersive-type NIR Raman system with an excitation wavelength of 785 nm was used for this study. Bronchial tissue samples were obtained from six patients with known or suspected malignancies of the lung. Raman spectra of fresh normal and tumor tissue were compared with spectra of formalin-fixed normal and tumor tissue. Changes of the ratios of Raman intensities at 1445 to 1655 cm(-1) and 1302 to 1265 cm(-1) versus formalin fixing times varying from 2 to 24 h were also examined. The major tissue Raman peaks at 1265, 1302, 1445, and 1655 cm(-1) were found in both fresh and fixed bronchial tissues. However, bronchial tissue preserved in formalin showed a progressive decrease in overall intensities of these Raman peaks. Raman contaminations due to formalin were also found in the 980-1100, and 1480-1650 cm(-1) ranges with notable formalin peaks (1041 and 1492 cm(-1)) appearing in the fixed normal and tumor tissues. The results showed that NIR Raman spectra of human bronchial tissues were significantly affected by formalin fixing and tissue hydration. Diagnostic markers at the 980-1100, and 1500-1650 cm(-1) regions derived from fixed tissues do not appear to be applicable for in vivo lung cancer detection. To yield valid Raman diagnostic information for in vivo applications, fresh tissue should be used. If only fixed tissue is available, thorough rinsing of specimens in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) before spectral measurements may help reduce the formalin fixation artifacts on tissue Raman spectra.
Evidence for Calcitonin Receptor Heterogeneity: Binding Studies with Nonhelical Analogs* (1990)

Binding of the nonhelical salmon calcitonin (sCT) analog, [Gly8,Ala16]-des-Leu19-sCT to membrane preparations from rat brain could be analyzed in terms of two independent binding sites. The high and low affinity binding sites for this analog were named CT-L (L, linear) and CT-H (H, helix), respectively. Although the CT-H type receptor has a low affinity for the nonhelical analogs, it binds the helical sCT with high affinity and therefore represents a CT binding site. The physiological significance for the existence of subtypes of specific CT receptors is not clear. The [Gly8,Ala16]-des-Leu19-sCT suppressed the osteoclastic bone resorption in tissue culture at low concentration (0.1 nM). The dose of [Gly8,Ala16]-des-Leu19-sCT required for this hypocalcemic activity was highly correlated with the binding affinity of this analog to the CT-L receptor subtype. In addition, human CT interacted with the CT-L type receptor at about 100th the concentration of that required for the displacement of sCT. We conclude that binding to the CT-L type receptor is required for hypocalcemic activity in mammals.
Coupling between Catalysis and Oligomeric Structure in Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase (1998)

A dimeric Dictyostelium nucleoside diphosphate kinase has been stabilized by the double mutation P100S-N150stop which targets residues involved in the trimer interface (Karlsson, A., Mesnildrey, S., Xu, Y., Moréra, S., Janin, J., and Veron, M. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 19928-19934). The reassociation of this dimeric form into a hexamer similar to the wild-type enzyme is induced by the presence of a nucleotide substrate. Equilibrium sedimentation and gel filtration experiments, as well as enzymatic activity measurements, show that reactivation of the enzyme closely parallels its reassociation. A phosphorylatable intermediate with low activity participates in the association pathway while the dimeric form is shown totally devoid of enzymatic activity. Our results support the hypothesis that different oligomeric species of nucleoside diphosphate kinase are involved in different cellular processes where the enzymatic activity is not required.
A Singly-Exponential Time Algorithm for Computing Nonnegative Rank (2012)

Here, we give an algorithm for deciding if the nonnegative rank of a matrix $M$ of dimension $m \times n$ is at most $r$ which runs in time $(nm)^{O(r^2)}$. This is the first exact algorithm that runs in time singly-exponential in $r$. This algorithm (and earlier algorithms) are built on methods for finding a solution to a system of polynomial inequalities (if one exists). Notably, the best algorithms for this task run in time exponential in the number of variables but polynomial in all of the other parameters (the number of inequalities and the maximum degree). Hence these algorithms motivate natural algebraic questions whose solution have immediate {\em algorithmic} implications: How many variables do we need to represent the decision problem, does $M$ have nonnegative rank at most $r$? A naive formulation uses $nr + mr$ variables and yields an algorithm that is exponential in $n$ and $m$ even for constant $r$. (Arora, Ge, Kannan, Moitra, STOC 2012) recently reduced the number of variables to $2r^2 2^r$, and here we exponentially reduce the number of variables to $2r^2$ and this yields our main algorithm. In fact, the algorithm that we obtain is nearly-optimal (under the Exponential Time Hypothesis) since an algorithm that runs in time $(nm)^{o(r)}$ would yield a subexponential algorithm for 3-SAT . Our main result is based on establishing a normal form for nonnegative matrix factorization - which in turn allows us to exploit algebraic dependence among a large collection of linear transformations with variable entries. Additionally, we also demonstrate that nonnegative rank cannot be certified by even a very large submatrix of $M$, and this property also follows from the intuition gained from viewing nonnegative rank through the lens of systems of polynomial inequalities.
Higher-Order Asymptotics and Its Application to Testing the Equality of the Examinee Ability Over Two Sets of Items (2018)

In educational and psychological measurement, researchers and/or practitioners are often interested in examining whether the ability of an examinee is the same over two sets of items. Such problems can arise in measurement of change, detection of cheating on unproctored tests, erasure analysis, detection of item preknowledge, etc. Traditional frequentist approaches that are used in such problems include the Wald test, the likelihood ratio test, and the score test (e.g., Fischer, Appl Psychol Meas 27:3-26, 2003; Finkelman, Weiss, & Kim-Kang, Appl Psychol Meas 34:238-254, 2010; Glas & Dagohoy, Psychometrika 72:159-180, 2007; Guo & Drasgow, Int J Sel Assess 18:351-364, 2010; Klauer & Rettig, Br J Math Stat Psychol 43:193-206, 1990; Sinharay, J Educ Behav Stat 42:46-68, 2017). This paper shows that approaches based on higher-order asymptotics (e.g., Barndorff-Nielsen & Cox, Inference and asymptotics. Springer, London, 1994; Ghosh, Higher order asymptotics. Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Hayward, 1994) can also be used to test for the equality of the examinee ability over two sets of items. The modified signed likelihood ratio test (e.g., Barndorff-Nielsen, Biometrika 73:307-322, 1986) and the Lugannani-Rice approximation (Lugannani & Rice, Adv Appl Prob 12:475-490, 1980), both of which are based on higher-order asymptotics, are shown to provide some improvement over the traditional frequentist approaches in three simulations. Two real data examples are also provided.