gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of adipose tissue thickness, muscle site, and sex on near-infrared spectroscopy derived total-[hemoglobin + myoglobin] (2017)

Craig JC, Broxterman RM, Wilcox SL, Chen C, Barstow TJ. Effect of adipose tissue thickness, muscle site, and sex on near-infrared spectroscopy derived total-[hemoglobin + myoglobin]. J Appl Physiol 123: 1571–1578, 2017. First published September 21, 2017; doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00207.2017 .—Adipose tissue thickness (ATT) attenuates signals from near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diminishes the absolute quantification of underlying tissues by contemporary NIRS devices. Based on the relationship between NIRS-derived total-[hemoglobin + myoglobin] (total-[Hb + Mb]) and ATT, we tested the hypotheses that the correction factor for ATT 1) is muscle site specific; 2) does not differ between men and women; and that 3) exclusion of the shortest source-detector distance from data analysis increases total-[Hb + Mb]. Fourteen healthy subjects (7 men) rested in a neutral body position (supine or prone) while measurements of total-[Hb + Mb] and ATT were taken at four muscles common to resting and exercise studies: vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), gastrocnemius (GS), and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS). ATT averaged 6.0 ± 0.4 mm across all muscles. Every muscle showed a negative slope ( r 2 : 0.6–0.94; P &lt; 0.01) for total-[Hb + Mb] as a function of ATT: VL (−34 μM/mm), RF (−26 μM/mm), GS (−54 μM/mm), and FDS (−33 μM/mm). The projected total-[Hb + Mb] at 0 mm ATT ( y-intercept) was 452, 372, 620, and 456 μM for VL, RF, GS, and FDS, respectively. No differences were found between the sexes within VL, RF, or FDS, but men had a greater projected total-[Hb + Mb] at 0 mm for GS (688 ± 44 vs. 552 ± 40 μM; P &lt; 0.05). Exclusion of the shortest source-detector distance increased total-[Hb + Mb] by 12 ± 1 μM ( P &lt; 0.05). The present findings demonstrate that total-[Hb + Mb] should be corrected for ATT using muscle site-specific factors which are not sex specific, except in the case of GS. NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an important tool for physiologists and clinicians. However, adipose tissue greatly attenuates the signals from these devices. Correcting for this attenuation has been suggested based on the strength of the relationship between NIRS-derived measurements and the adipose tissue thickness. We show that this relationship is unique to the muscle site of interest but may not be sex specific. Accurate quantification of underlying tissue mandates researchers correct for adipose tissue thickness.
Rifts in Rafts (2022)

A particle raft floating on an expanding liquid substrate provides a macroscopic analog for studying material failure. The time scales in this system allow both particle-relaxation dynamics and rift formation to be resolved. In our experiments, a raft, an aggregate of particles, is stretched uniaxially by the expansion of the air-liquid interface on which it floats. Its failure morphology changes continuously with pulling velocity. This can be understood as a competition between two velocity scales: the speed of re-aggregation, in which particles relax towards a low-energy configuration determined by viscous and capillary forces, and the difference of velocity between neighboring particles caused by the expanding fluid. This competition selects the cluster length, i.e., the distance between adjacent rifts. A model based on this competition is consistent with the experimental failure patterns.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of inversion and diketonate R-group exchange in dialkoxybis(.beta.-diketonato)titanium(IV) complexes. Evidence for a twist mechanism (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNuclear magnetic resonance studies of inversion and diketonate R-group exchange in dialkoxybis(.beta.-diketonato)titanium(IV) complexes. Evidence for a twist mechanismRobert C. Fay and Alan F. LindmarkCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 8, 2118–2127Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00346a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00346a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views212Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Simpler, better, faster : review of the 2005 firearms amnesty (2007)

Firearm amnesties are seen as one of the tools available to governments to control both legal and illegal stocks of guns, and have been used around the world for this purpose. However, several factors such as the conditions of the amnesty, timing and duration, as well as the socio-political context, can either contribute to or hinder the success of an amnesty. This paper provides an in depth analysis not just of the results but more importantly the factors that contributed to making the SAPS 2005 firearms amnesty a success.
Esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols catalyzed by polyaniline salts (2002)

Polyaniline salts such as polyaniline hydrochloride, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate and p-toluenesulfonate are used as catalysts in the esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols. The activity, recovery, reusability and handling of the catalysts are found to be good. This process is being reported for the first time.
ELECTRONIC TRANSPORTTRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF LIQUID NON-SIMPLE METALS (1980)

We discuss the theoretical approaches to the transport properties of liquid non-simple the scattering potentials are strong. To this category belong liquid transition metals and their alloys, rare earth metals, expanded metallic fluids, etc. For these metals, the picture of nearly free electrons being weakly scattered by neutral pseudo-atoms is not plausible and accordingly the Ziman theory for the electrical resistivity is no longer justified. Although a naive extension of the original Ziman theory to the strong-scattering systems has been proposed, no satisfactory grounds for the so-called extended Ziman formula have been given. It is required therefore to establish a systematic scheme of studying the transport properties of these metals from first principles. One promising way to this end is to extend and apply to the problem the theoretical methods so far developed to examine one-electron properties such as the density of states and spectral functions. In the course of extension, we emphasize the importance of the basic conservation laws such as embodied by the generalized optical theorem. Among various methods, the effective medium approximation (EMA), which has been shown to be the best single-site theory for one-electron properties, also serves as a good first approximation for the conductivity. The EMA and other theories are applied to the tight-binding model and the muffin-tin potential model. Moreover, the s-d hibridization model is appropriate to describe the situation as is found in liquid transition metals where the nearly-free s-electrons and the tightly-bound d-electrons are both present. Our philosophy underlying these theories and the formulations are briefly given, and the applications to liquid transition metals and expanded mercury are demonstrated.
Data from Antitumor Activity of GSK1904529A, a Small-molecule Inhibitor of the Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Dysregulation of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) signaling pathway has been implicated in the development of many types of tumors, including prostate, colon, breast, pancreatic, ovarian, and sarcomas. Agents that inhibit IGF-IR activity may be useful in treatment of patients with various cancers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; Kinase assays were used to identify a selective small-molecule inhibitor of IGF-IR activity. The effects of this compound on IGF-IR signaling, cell proliferation, and the cell cycle were determined using a panel of cell lines. Antitumor activity was evaluated in human tumor xenografts growing in athymic mice. Inhibition of IGF-IR and the closely related insulin receptor (IR) was measured &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;, and the effect on glucose metabolism was evaluated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; GSK1904529A selectively inhibits IGF-IR and IR with IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;s of 27 and 25 nmol/L, respectively. GSK1904529A blocks receptor autophosphorylation and downstream signaling, leading to cell cycle arrest. It inhibits the proliferation of cell lines derived from solid and hematologic malignancies, with multiple myeloma and Ewing's sarcoma cell lines being most sensitive. Oral administration of GSK1904529A decreases the growth of human tumor xenografts in mice, consistent with a reduction of IGF-IR phosphorylation in tumors. Despite the potent inhibitory activity of GSK1904529A on IR &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;, minimal effects on blood glucose levels are observed in animals at doses that show significant antitumor activity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; GSK1904529A is a promising candidate for therapeutic use in IGF-IR–dependent tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Heat- and cold-shock responses in Fusarium graminearum 3 acetyl- and 15 acetyl-deoxynivalenol chemotypes (2012)

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe is the primary cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in North America. Chemically distinct F. graminearum sub-populations can be identified based on the type or composition of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin derivatives, including 3-acetyl (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl (15-ADON). The evaluation of randomly selected 3-ADON and 15-ADON isolates, collected from spring wheat throughout Canada, was performed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ice-nucleation activity (INA), and heat and cold tolerance tests conducted within a temperature range of -70°C to 65°C. The results indicated that the 3-ADON sub-population, which is responsible for the highest disease severity and has rapidly displaced the 15-ADON sub-population, produces more DON and zearalenone (ZEA) than the 15-ADON sub-population when exposed to heat and cold. Following exposures (1 and 2 h) to extremely high or low temperatures, 3-ADON isolates exhibited faster mycelial growth than 15-ADON isolates. In addition, the warmest temperature at which INA activity occurred was in 3-ADON (-3.6°C) vs. 15-ADON (-5.1°C). Taken together, these features suggest that the newly emerging 3-ADON sub-population is more resilient than the resident 15-ADON sub-population. Overall, the differences between the two sub-populations could provide new insights into FHB epidemiology and if validated under field conditions, may provide important information for predicting future FHB epidemics.
Unique key Horn functions (2022)

Given a relational database, a key is a set of attributes such that a value assignment to this set uniquely determines the values of all other attributes. The database uniquely defines a pure Horn function h, representing the functional dependencies. If the knowledge of the attribute values in set A determines the value for attribute v, then A→v is an implicate of h. If K is a key of the database, then K→v is an implicate of h for all attributes v. Keys of small sizes play a crucial role in various problems. We present structural and complexity results on the set of minimal keys of pure Horn functions. We characterize Sperner hypergraphs for which there is a unique pure Horn function with the given hypergraph as the set of minimal keys. Furthermore, we show that recognizing such hypergraphs is co-NP-complete already when every hyperedge has size two. On the positive side, we identify several classes of graphs for which the recognition problem can be decided in polynomial time. We also present an algorithm that generates the minimal keys of a pure Horn function with polynomial delay, improving on earlier results. By establishing a connection between keys and target sets, our approach can be used to generate all minimal target sets with polynomial delay when the thresholds are bounded by a constant. As a byproduct, our proof shows that the Minimum Key problem is at least as hard as the Minimum Target Set Selection problem with bounded thresholds.
Diffusion Characterization Using Electron Beam Induced Current and Time-Resolved Photoluminescence of InAs/InAsSb Type-II Superlattices (2015)

We present the characterization of minority carrier diffusion length and surface recombination velocity, as well as vertical diffusivity and mobility by performing an electron beam induced current measurement in addition to an optical lifetime measurement.
Effects Of Short-term Strength Training With Recumbent-type Cycle Ergometer On Muscular Function Of Lower Limbs (2005)

Evaluation of muscular function of lower limbs with a servo-controlled dynamometer (SCD) was previously reported (Yamauchi et al. 2004). PURPOSE We introduced the similar methodology to the recumbent-type cycle ergometer and investigated the effects of a 2-wk strength training with pedaling exercise on muscular function of lower limbs. METHODS 6 healthy untrained women (age, 18–27yr) were trained with pedaling exercise using a recumbent-type ergometer for 2 wk, preceded by a 2-wk of sedentary period (control). Training session consisted of 5 sets of 1 minute exercise at 30 rpm and with a 30s rest interval between sets. Intensity was 10,30,40,50 and 10% of the maximum isometric torque (Tmax) in each of 1st to 5th set for the first 7 days, thereafter increased by 10% in each set. Tmax was determined by a “stepwise loading method (S)” using an electromagnetic load control, in which the load was successively increased within a bout. The torque-velocity relation obtained with S showed no significant difference from that obtained with a conventional method, in which a varied load was applied to each bout independently. It was well described with a linear function, as previously shown in knee-hip extension movements (Yamauchi et al. 2004). The effects of training were evaluated by measuring Tmax and the extrapolated maximum unloaded rate of revolutionary (Rmax) with S. Also, the maximum isometric force (Fmax) and the unloaded velocity (Vmax) of knee-hip extension movements were measured with SCD. During knee-hip extension, EMGs were simultaneously recorded by using surface electrodes from knee-hip extensor muscles. RESULTS After initial 2-wk of sedentary period, all measured variables did not change significantly. After the training period, both Tmax and Rmax measured with the recumbent-type cycle ergometer did not change significantly, whereas both Fmax and Vmax measured with SCD increased by 9.4% and 11.2%, respectively (P<0.05, compared to pre-training values). This is consistent with the previous result on inertia-free strength training (Yamauchi et al. 2003), and suggests an improvement in muscular coordination. CONCLUSIONS Although the present training was specific to the movement for measurement (recumbent-type cycle), it failed to improve the pedaling performance. On the other hand, it caused increases in both force and velocity of the bilateral knee-hip extension, which is slightly different type of movement. Although the exact mechanism for this remains unclear, measurements using an explosive bout of movement may be more sensitive for detecting change in muscular coordination than measurements using repeated movements.
Monohydrocalcite and Its Relationship to Hydrated Amorphous Calcium Carbonate in Biominerals (2007)

Abstract Calcium carbonate monohydrate (monohydrocalcite) is prepared and structurally characterised by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS), thermal analysis, IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. It is compared to hydrated phases of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) that have frequently been observed in biomineralisation. The crystal water is more strongly bound than in hydrated ACC phases, and monohydrocalcite can be distinguished from ACC by its IR spectrum. The EXAFS results suggest that monohydrocalcite is a suitable model for some biogenic and synthetic ACC phases, although not for all of them. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Across-wafer nonuniformity of long throw sputter deposition (1997)

Physical sputter deposition has been used at longer-than-normal cathode-to-sample distances for semi-directional deposition within high aspect ratio features. “Long throw” sputter deposition can be advantageous over other means of directional sputtering, such as collimated sputter deposition, because of the absence of collimators and related problems. However, due to the finite target size and sample geometry, an asymmetry is observed at the wafer edge with a thicker deposit on the inward-facing walls of trench and via structures compared with the outward-facing walls. We have used numerical simulation as well as metal sputter deposition experiments to characterize this asymmetry, which is typically 2–3:1 at the wafer edge. We also discuss how ionized sputter deposition would alter the deposition profile in the edge region.
Reduction and Reoxidation of .GAMMA.-Bismuth Molybdate Surface During Ar+-Sputtering, Heating, and the Exposure to O2-Jet. (1994)

In situ XPS measurements of Ar+-sputtered γ-bismuth molybdate surfaces during heating under ultra high vacuum (UHV) and/or on exposure to oxygen stream (O2-Jet) at 5×10-6 Pa were dynamically performed. By Ar+-sputtering, Bi3+ or Mo6+ was reduced partially to Bi0 or Mo5+, respectively, and Mo6+ was reduced in preference to Bi3+. When the reduced surfaces were heated under UHV, Bi0 and Mo5+ began to be converted to the original states, and at 423 K they were completely oxidized. The reoxidation of Bi0 to Bi3+ proceeded smoothly for a long time. The reoxidation rate of Mo5+ decreased rapidly with time, although it was larger than that of Bi0 in the initial stage. Exposure of the reduced species to O2-Jet prompted the reoxidation. The initial reoxidation rate for Bi0 or Mo5+ was 1.4 or 2.4 times that obtained during heating under UHV, respectively. Apparent activation energies for the reoxidation of Bi0 and Mo5+, which were calculated from the Arrhenius plots of the initial rates, were 24 and 30 kJ mol-1 under UHV, whereas during the exposure to O2-Jet they were 20 and 33 kJ mol-1, respectively. These results were able to be explained in terms of the diffusible migration of lattice oxygen anions to anion vacancies.
Photodissociation pathways and lifetimes of protonated peptides and their dimers (2012)

Photodissociation lifetimes and fragment channels of gas-phase, protonated YA(n) (n = 1,2) peptides and their dimers were measured with 266 nm photons. The protonated monomers were found to have a fast dissociation channel with an exponential lifetime of ~200 ns while the protonated dimers show an additional slow dissociation component with a lifetime of ~2 μs. Laser power dependence measurements enabled us to ascribe the fast channel in the monomer and the slow channel in the dimer to a one-photon process, whereas the fast dimer channel is from a two-photon process. The slow (1 photon) dissociation channel in the dimer was found to result in cleavage of the H-bonds after energy transfer through these H-bonds. In general, the dissociation of these protonated peptides is non-prompt and the decay time was found to increase with the size of the peptides. Quantum RRKM calculations of the microcanonical rate constants also confirmed a statistical nature of the photodissociation processes in the dipeptide monomers and dimers. The classical RRKM expression gives a rate constant as an analytical function of the number of active vibrational modes in the system, estimated separately on the basis of the equipartition theorem. It demonstrates encouraging results in predicting fragmentation lifetimes of protonated peptides. Finally, we present the first experimental evidence for a photo-induced conversion of tyrosine-containing peptides into monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon along with a formamide molecule both found in space.
Helium Turbo-expander with an Alternator (1971)

MHD power generators have been investigated in the Electrotechnical Laboratory as one of National Research and Development programs. A turbo-expander has been developed for a part of the helium refrigerator to cool the super-conducting magnet for the MHD power generator. The turbo-expander uses externally pressurized gas bearings of low temperature helium to operate the system at a low temperature. An alternator of 4.0kW is employed for the brake of the turbo-expander. The outside diameter of turbine is 40mm and the diameter of rotor with magnets is 30mm. The turbo-expander can be rotated smoothly up to the speed of 120, 000rpm at low temperature when the gas pressure of bearing is 11ata and the flow rate is less than 28m3/hr. The output power of the turbine is 1.3kW when the outlet temperature and pressure are 9.5°K and 0.53ata, respectively. A big liquener of 2001/hr has been designed utilizing the turbo-expanders. The liquefier will be used for the MHD power generator of 1, 000kW.
Spherical Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (SMIPs) via a Novel Precipitation Polymerization in the Controlled Delivery of Sulfasalazine (2004)

Spherical molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIPs) have been prepared via a novel precipitation polymerization using sulfasalazine (prodrug used in the diseases of the colon) as template. The sulfasalazine was incorporated into SMIPs and into a spherical non-imprinted polymer (control), and then the release rate of the bioactive agent at different pH values was evaluated. Considerable differences in the release characteristics between imprinted and non-imprinted polymers have been observed. This opens the possibility of the development of drug release systems capable of modulating the release of a specific molecule. Photomicrography of spherical molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIPs).