gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxindole, a Sedative Tryptophan Metabolite, Accumulates in Blood and Brain of Rats with Acute Hepatic Failure (1998)

Rats treated with oxindole (10-100 mg/kg i.p.), a putative tryptophan metabolite, showed decreased spontaneous locomotor activity, loss of the righting reflex, hypotension, and reversible coma. Brain oxindole levels were 0.05 +/- 0.01 nmol/g in controls and increased to 8.1 +/- 1.7 or 103 +/- 15 nmol/g after its administration at doses of 10 or 100 mg/kg i.p., respectively. To study the role that oxindole plays in the neurological symptoms associated with acute liver failure, we measured the changes of its concentration in the brain after massive liver damage, and we investigated the possible metabolic pathways leading to its synthesis. Rats treated with either thioacetamide (0.2 and 0.4 g/kg i.p., twice) or galactosamine (1 and 2 g/kg i.p.) showed acute liver failure and a large increase in blood or brain oxindole concentrations (from 0.05 +/- 0.01 nmol/g in brains of controls to 1.8 +/- 0.3 nmol/g in brains of thioacetamide-treated animals). Administration of tryptophan (300-1,000 mg/kg p.o.) caused a twofold increase, whereas administration of indole (10-100 mg/kg p.o.) caused a 200-fold increase, of oxindole content in liver, blood, and brain, thus suggesting that indole formation from tryptophan is a limiting step in oxindole synthesis. Oral administration of neomycin, a broad-spectrum, locally acting antibiotic agent able to reduce intestinal flora, significantly decreased brain oxindole content. Taken together, our data show that oxindole is a neurodepressant tryptophan metabolite and suggest that it may play a significant role in the neurological symptoms associated with acute liver impairment.
Estimation-theoretic approach to dynamic range enhancement using multiple exposures (2003)

The <i>Journal of Electronic Imaging</i> (JEI), copublished bimonthly with the Society for Imaging Science and Technology, publishes peer-reviewed papers that cover research and applications in all areas of electronic imaging science and technology.
Effects of Dislocations on Minority Carrier Lifetime In Dislocated Float Zone Silicon (2002)

We present a correlation of Microwave Photoconductance Decay minority carrier lifetime with dislocation density in high purity Float Zone silicon. Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC) images were carefully aligned to lifetime maps and depth profiling of individual defect electrical activity was done by varying the bias of Schottky diodes. The data presented provides a relationship between lifetime variations and EBIC contrast, based on dislocation density and impurity decoration in the near surface zone.
Lunar Base Agriculture (1990)

This work provides information on research and experimentation concerning various aspects of food production in space and particularly on the moon. Options for human settlement of the moon and Mars and strategies for a lunar base are discussed. The lunar environment, including the mineralogical and chemical properties of lunar regolith are investigated and chemical and physical considerations for a lunar-derived soil are considered. It is noted that biological considerations for such a soil include controlled-environment crop production, both hydroponic and lunar regolith-based; microorganisms and the growth of higher plants in lunar-derived soils; and the role of microbes to condition lunar regolith for plant cultivation. Current research in the controlled ecological life support system (CELSS) project is presented in detail and future research areas, such as the growth of higher research plants in CELSS are considered. Optimum plant and microbiological considerations for lunar derived soils are examined.
Formation of Lead Zirconate‐Lead Titanate Solid Solutions (1965)

Formation of the Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 solid solution in the system PbO‐TiO 2 ‐ZrO 2 was studied by chemical analysis and X‐ray powder diffrac‐tometry. Only PbTiO 3 and Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 were found as reaction products. The following three elementary reactions seemed to be reasonable for the formation of the Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 phase: PbO + TiO 2 → PbTiO 3 , PbTiO 3 + PbO + ZrO 2 →Pb(Zr 1‐λ Ti λ )O 3 , and Pb(Zr l‐λ Ti λ )O 3 + PbTiO 3 → Pb(Zr 1‐λ′ Ti λ′ )O 3 (λ&lt;λ′).
The UDP-Lite Protocol (2001)

This document describes the Lightweight User Datagram Protocol (UDP-Lite), which is similar to the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) (RFC 768), but can also serve applications in error-prone network environments that prefer to have partially damaged payloads delivered rather than discarded.If this feature is not used, UDP-Lite is semantically identical to UDP.
Chirality enhances oxygen reduction (2022)

Controlled reduction of oxygen is important for developing clean energy technologies, such as fuel cells, and is vital to the existence of aerobic organisms. The process starts with oxygen in a triplet ground state and ends with products that are all in singlet states. Hence, spin constraints in the oxygen reduction must be considered. Here, we show that the electron transfer efficiency from chiral electrodes to oxygen (oxygen reduction reaction) is enhanced over that from achiral electrodes. We demonstrate lower overpotentials and higher current densities for chiral catalysts versus achiral ones. This finding holds even for electrodes composed of heavy metals with large spin-orbit coupling. The effect results from the spin selectivity conferred on the electron current by the chiral assemblies, the chiral-induced spin selectivity effect.
Intensivmedizinische Maßnahmen zur Behandlung der kardialen Komplikationen bei Diphtherie (1977)

ZusammenfassungWährend 1946 145.000 Menschen an Diphtherie erkrankten und 7.576 der Diphtherie erlagen, wurden 1973 nur noch 37 Erkrankungen mit 2 Todesfällen gemeldet (7). Die Diphtherie galt daher als eine besiegte Infektionskrankheit, in der Literatur ( 1) finden sich nur sporadische Mitteilungen über den Ausbruch und den Verlauf der Diphtherie. Sauberkeit, bessere Hygiene im allgemeinen Leben und Impfungen werden für diesen deutlichen Rückgang der Diphtherieerkrankungen verantwortlich gemacht. Naumann und Mitarb. (3) berichteten 1975 über 6 Patienten mit toxischer Diphtherie, von denen 4 im toxischen Herz-Kreislaufversagen starben. Zeh und Mitarb. (8) beschrieben eine toxische Diphtherie bei einem 26jährigen Patienten, der unter den Zeichen der rasch zunehmenden Linksinsuffizienz im Kammerflattern verstarb. Sorgo und Mitarb. (5) berichteten von einer Kleinepidemie in einem Kölner Kinderheim; 12 Kinder wurden in der Universitätsklinik wegen Diphtherieverdachts aufgenommen, ein 8jähriger Junge verstarb an toxischer Diphtherie unter den Zeichen des Herz-Kreislaufversagens.
Thermally controlled growth of photoactive FAPbI3 films for highly stable perovskite solar cells (2022)

In this work, we elucidate the relationship between heating-rate and FAPbI 3 perovskite phase transformation, bringing a new relationship with crystal growth parameters. Thus, we manufactured highly stable perovskite solar cells with a 640 ms IR pulse.
Solubilisation of α-chymotrypsin by water-in-oil microemulsions. An analytical ultracentrifugation study (1996)

The infinite-dilution sedimentation coefficient, s020, of droplets formed in water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions composed of n-heptane, water and AOT increases with increasing molar ratio of water:AOT, R, according to the empirical equation, s020= 5.7 + 0.983R+ 0.043R2(5 < R < 50). The derived water-pool radius, rwp, is related to R by the equation, rwp/nm = 0.54 + 0.15R, in agreement with direct size measurements using small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering techniques. The solubilisation properties of these microemulsions for α-chymotrypsin (αCT) and chymotrypsinogen (CTN) are complex and the solubilisation capacity cannot be defined in simple terms. However, the sedimentation coefficient, s020, of the protein-containing droplets is strictly independent of the protein concentration at constant R, as long as [protein] < [droplets]. The sedimentation behaviour as a function of R can be summarised as follows: (1) When R < 15, αCT sediments in two fractions, corresponding to droplets containing αCT dimers and monomers (fast- and slow-sedimenting fractions, respectively); αCT dimerises extensively in aqueous solution. CTN also sediments in two fractions in freshly prepared microemulsions, but the fast-fraction disappears within 48 h. CTN dimerises only weakly in aqueous solution and this is consistent with the absence of a stable fast-sedimenting fraction. For both fractions, s020 calculated for a droplet consisting of a close-packed surfactant shell surrounding an aqueous protein core, containing just enough water to solvate protein and surfactant, is significantly higher than the measured value and it is concluded that this model is not realistic; the protein molecules are not completely encapsulated. (2) When 15 < R < 30, αCT sediments in a single fraction with s020 significantly higher than those of ‘original’ droplets (i.e. the droplets in a microemulsion containing no protein, but of otherwise identical composition). The difference in s020 can be accounted for by a simple model in which two protein molecules displace an equivalent volume of water from the original droplet, so that there is no change in droplet size. Thus it seems that αCT is solubilised mainly in dimeric form, at 15 < R < 30. (3) When R 30, αCT sediments in a single fraction with s020 identical, within the error of measurement, with those of the droplets in microemulsions prepared with no protein. This is consistent with the straightforward incorporation of protein molecules into droplets which are so large that the presence of protein (monomers of dimers) has no effect on droplet hydrodynamic properties.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Agonist Rosiglitazone Increases Expression of Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Gene in Adipocytes (2009)

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) and its receptor, very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), are involved in fat accumulation in adipocytes. Here, we investigated the effect of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonist, rosiglitazone, on regulation of VLDLR expression both in white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese mice and in cultured adipocytes. Furthermore, to determine whether rosiglitazone directly regulates transcription of the VLDLR gene, we carried out luciferase assay with a reporter gene containing mouse VLDLR promoter region, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Four-day treatment with rosiglitazone increased the expression of VLDLR in WAT of ob/ob mice. Moreover, rosiglitazone increased the expression of VLDLR in cultured adipocytes. The PPAR-responsive element (PPRE)-directed mutagenesis analyses revealed that the PPRE motif in the VLDLR promoter region plays a significant role in transcriptional activation of the VLDLR gene in adipocytes. In addition, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that endogenous PPARgamma directly binds to this functional PPRE motif in the VLDLR promoter region. We also investigated the effects of rosiglitazone on insulin sensitivity and lipid accumulation in both ob/ob mice and apoE-deficient ob/ob mice. Rosiglitazone ameliorated insulin sensitivity in both ob/ob mice and apoE-deficient ob/ob mice, possibly through decreasing the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), increasing the expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in WAT, and increasing plasma adiponectin concentration. In ob/ob mice, body weight and WAT weight were significantly higher in the mice treated with rosiglitazone than those treated with vehicle. However, in apoE-deficient ob/ob mice, no significant difference in body weight or WAT weight was observed between the vehicle-treated group and the rosiglitazone-treated group. Moreover, rosiglitazone did not increase body weight and WAT weight in VLDLR-deficient mice. These findings indicate that rosiglitazone directly increases VLDLR expression, thereby enhancing apoE-VLDLR-dependent lipid accumulation in adipocytes.
Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) Prospective Study (2006)

Purpose: The DILIN is a consortium of 5 clinical centers and a data coordinating center, and it initiated an ongoing “DILIN Prospective Study.” Its objective is to identify and recruit individuals with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) for conducting clinical, epidemiological, and mechanistic studies. Aim: To report the etiology and clinical characteristics of DILI of patients enrolled into the “DILIN Prospective Study”. Methods: Pre-defined biochemical criteria were used to recruit eligible patients with suspected DILI. Patients with with acetaminophen toxicity were ineligible. Extensive evaluation was performed to exclude competing etiologies. The causal relationship between implicated agent (s) and the episode of liver injury was systematically assessed. Samples of serum, urine, and DNA were collected and stored for future studies. Results: 203 patients were recruited between 9/04 and 5/06, and data from 141 patients were available for this analysis. Selected characteristics are shown in Table 1. A single prescription medication was implicated in 75% and a single CAM product was implicated in 4%, whereas multiple drugs/CAM were implicated in 21% of cases. Antimicrobials (43%) and anticonvulsants (10%) were the most common classes of implicated agents.Causality assessment was conducted on 46 patients and it was definite in 26%, very likely in 41%, and probable in 13%. During 6-month f/u (N = 56), 7% died and 23% exhibited chronic DILI.Table 1: Demographics and Selected Characteristics of Patients with DILI (N = 141)Conclusions: Antimicrobials and anticonvulsants are the most common classes of agents to cause DILI in this study. The incidence of chronic DILI (23%) is higher than many anticipated. Extensive clinical data and biosamples are available to conduct clinical and mechanistic studies including genetic analyses to identify risk factors and predictors of outcome.
Correction: Corrigendum: MuSK Kinase Activity is Modulated By A Serine Phosphorylation Site in The Kinase Loop (2016)

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 33583; published online: 26 September 2016; updated: 01 December 2016
Construction progress of WEAVE: the next generation wide-field spectroscopy facility for the William Herschel Telescope (2018)

We present an update on the overall construction progress of the WEAVE next-generation spectroscopy facility for the William Herschel Telescope (WHT), now that all the major fabrication contracts are in place. We also present a summary of the current planning behind the 5-year initial phase of survey operations, and some detailed end-to-end science simulations that have been effected to evaluate the final on-sky performance after data processing. WEAVE will provide optical ground-based follow up of ground-based (LOFAR) and space-based (Gaia) surveys. WEAVE is a multi-object and multi-IFU facility utilizing a new 2-degree prime focus field of view at the WHT, with a buffered pick-and-place positioner system hosting 1000 multi-object (MOS) fibres, 20 integral field units, or a single large IFU for each observation. The fibres are fed to a single (dual-beam) spectrograph, with total of 16k spectral pixels, located within the WHT GHRIL enclosure on the telescope Nasmyth platform, supporting observations at R~5000 over the full 370-1000nm wavelength range in a single exposure, or a high resolution mode with limited coverage in each arm at R~20000. The project has experienced some delays in procurement and now has first light expected for the middle of 2019.
Oligonucleotide Conjugation by Tyrosine‐Click Reaction (2021)

Abstract N,O ‐Diacetyl tyrosine and 3‐(4‐hydroxy‐phenyl)‐propanoic acid were converted into phosphoramidite derivatives and introduced to the 5′‐end of oligonucleotides. The resulting oligonucleotides exhibiting a 4‐hydroxyphenyl alkyl group were conjugated with 4‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazoline‐3,5‐dione as a model of a Y‐click reaction. The reaction is fast (&lt;1 h) and efficient (&gt;90 %). A partial side reaction occurred at the C8 position of deoxyguanosine in single‐stranded oligonucleotides. This side reaction does not take place on the G quadruplex and double‐stranded oligonucleotides and when N2 position of guanine is protected. This Y‐click reaction could be applied to 1,2,4‐triazoline‐3,5‐dione derivatives displaying a fluorescent dye, a carbohydrate or orthogonal functions (alkyne, azide, ketone or maleimide) for the labelling of oligonucleotides.
Effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on muscle strength in older men with prostate cancer (Pca) started on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT): Preliminary results of an open-label, randomized trial. (2018)

258 Background: ADT causes muscle weakness and wasting within 3 months (mo), causing older men on ADT to experience functional impairments and falls. HMB, a leucine metabolite which decreases muscle protein breakdown, improves strength, fat-free mass and function in older patients when given with arginine (A) and glutamine (G). Use of HMB +AG in older men with PCa starting on ADT to improve muscle loss and function has not been reported. Methods: Men age ≥ 60 with Pca starting on ADT were eligible. 42 men to date have been randomized to receive HMB + AG (Juven) twice daily for 3 mo vs no supplement. Physical performance measures using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and hand dynamometer measurements were done at baseline and 3 mo. Both of these validated tests predict morbidity and mortality in older patients. Information on primary outcome, body composition, will be reported in the future according to study plan. Interim results are reported here to describe functional geriatric outcomes. Results: 42 men (mean age 70.2) with Pca (42.4% localized, 27.3% biochemical recurrence, 30.3% metastatic) have enrolled to date. Change in SPPB score favored HMB group: 12.6% of HMB vs 23.1% of controls had decline of ≥ 1point (pt) and 56.3% of HMB vs 15.4% of controls had increase of ≥ 1 pt (p = 0.045). The change in timed chair stand portion of SPPB (measures quadriceps strength) trended in favor of HMB group: -1.5 ± 2.9 seconds (sec) for HMB vs +0.4 ± 2.5 sec for controls, p = 0.073. 41.2% of HMB vs 15.4% of controls experienced an improvement in chair stand score. Change in hand grip strength also favored HMB group: 52.9% of HMB vs 84.6% of controls lost strength and 29.4% of HMB vs 0 controls gained strength, p = 0.047. No significant side effects were reported in HMB group. Conclusions: These are preliminary results of an ongoing trial. HMB is well tolerated in men with PCa on ADT. There is a trend in all measures of muscle function in favor of the HMB group. A much higher than expected % of men on HMB experienced improvement in measures of muscle function despite being on ADT. Further studies are ongoing to clarify the role of HMB in older men on ADT. Clinical trial information: NCT01607879.
Sawmill: a logging file system for a high-performance raid disk array (1995)

The widening disparity between processor speeds and disk performance is causing an increasing I/O performance gap. One method of increasing disk bandwidth is through arrays of multiple disks (RAIDs). In addition, to prevent the file server from limiting disk performance, new controller architectures connect the disks directly to the network so that data movement bypasses the file server. These developments raise two questions for file systems: how to get the best performance from a RAID, and how to use such a controller architecture. &lt;p&gt;This thesis describes the implementation of a high-bandwidth log-structured file system called "Sawmill" that uses a RAID disk array. Sawmill runs on the RAID-II storage system; this architecture provides a fast data path that moves data rapidly among the disks, high-speed controller memory, and the network. &lt;p&gt;By using a log-structured file system, Sawmill avoids the high cost of small writes to a RAID. Small writes through Sawmill are a factor of three faster than writes to the underlying RAID. Sawmill also uses new techniques to obtain better bandwidth from a log-structured file system. By performing disk layout "on-the-fly," rather than through a block cache as in previous log-structured file systems, the CPU overhead of processing cache blocks is reduced and write transfers can take place in large, efficient units. &lt;p&gt;The thesis also examines how a file system can take advantage of the data path and controller memory of a storage system such as RAID-II. Sawmill uses a stream-based approach instead of a block cache to permit large, efficient transfers. &lt;p&gt;Sawmill can read at up to 21 MB/s and write at up to 15 MB/s while running on a fairly slow (9 SPECmarks) Sun-4 workstation. In comparison, existing file systems provide less than 1 MB/s on the RAID-II architecture because they perform inefficient small operations and don't take advantage of the data path of RAID-II. In many cases, Sawmill performance is limited by the relatively slow server CPU, suggesting that the system would be able to handle larger and faster disk arrays simply by using a faster processor
NREL VI rotor blade: numerical investigation and winglet design and optimization using CFD (2013)

ABSTRACT The main objectives of this study were to aerodynamically design and optimize a winglet for a wind turbine blade by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and to investigate its effect on the power production. For validation and as a baseline rotor, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Phase VI wind turbine rotor blade is used. The Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved, and k–ε Launder–Sharma turbulence model was used. The numerical results have shown a considerable agreement with the experimental data. The genetic algorithm was used as the optimization technique with the help of artificial neural network to reduce the computational cost. In the winglet design, the variable parameters are the cant and twist angles of the winglet and the objective function the torque. Multipoint optimization is carried out for three different operating wind speeds, and a total of 24 CFD cases are run in the design. The final optimized winglet showed around 9% increase in the power production. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Tuning the boyer‐moore‐horspool string searching algorithm (1992)

Abstract Substring search is a common activity in computing. The fastest known search method is that of Boyer and Moore with the improvements introduced by Horspool. This paper presents a new implementation which takes advantage of the dependencies between the characters. The resulting code runs 25 per cent faster than the best currently‐known routine.