gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chitosan aerogel: a recyclable, heterogeneous organocatalyst for the asymmetric direct aldol reaction in water (2010)

Aerogel microspheres of chitosan, an abundant biopolymer obtained from marine crustaceans, have been successfully applied to catalyze the asymmetric aldol reaction in water, providing the products in high yields and with good stereoselectivity (up to 93% ee) and recyclability (up to 4 runs). Yields were favourably affected by additives such as DNP and stearic acid.
Markov Random Field model for single image defogging (2013)

Fog reduces contrast and thus the visibility of vehicles and obstacles for drivers. Each year, this causes traffic accidents. Fog is caused by a high concentration of very fine water droplets in the air. When light hits these droplets, it is scattered and this results in a dense white background, called the atmospheric veil. As pointed in [1], Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) based on the display of defogged images from a camera may help the driver by improving objects visibility in the image and thus may lead to a decrease of fatality and injury rates. In the last few years, the problem of single image defogging has attracted attention in the image processing community. Being an ill-posed problem, several methods have been proposed. However, a few among of these methods are dedicated to the processing of road images. One of the first exception is the method in [2], [1] where a planar constraint is introduced to improve the restoration of the road area, assuming an approximately flat road. The single image defogging problem being ill-posed, the choice of the Bayesian approach seems adequate to set this problem as an inference problem. A first Markov Random Field (MRF) approach of the problem has been proposed recently in [3]. However, this method is not dedicated to road images. In this paper, we propose a novel MRF model of the single image defogging problem which applies to all kinds of images but can also easily be refined to obtain better results on road images using the planar constraint. A comparative study and quantitative evaluation with several state-of-the-art algorithms is presented. This evaluation demonstrates that the proposed MRF model allows to derive a new algorithm which produces better quality results, in particular in case of a noisy input image.
Low-temperature dynamic freezing and the fragility of ordering in Tb2Sn2O7 (2011)

We have probed the low-temperature magnetic behavior of the ordered spin-ice material Tb${}_{2}$Sn${}_{2}$O${}_{7}$ through ac magnetic susceptibility measurements of both the pure material and samples with small percentages of Ti substituted on the Sn sublattice. We observe a clear signature for the previously reported ordering transition at ${T}_{C}$ = 850 mK, as well as evidence for dynamic freezing at temperatures well below ${T}_{C}$, confirming the persistence of significant magnetic fluctuations deep in the spin-ordered regime. The long-range-ordering transition was completely suppressed with as little as 5% Ti for Sn substitution, and 10% Ti substitution resulted in a spin-glass-like spin freezing transition near 250 mK. The results demonstrate that the long-range magnetic ordering is surprisingly fragile in this system.
Relationships between the High Frequency Titration Curves of Dicarboxylic Acids and the Dimensions of Cations (1957)

In order to vary the distance of positive and negative charge centers, Δr, dicarboxylic acids were titrated with KOCH3 and R4NOH (R=CH3, C2H5, n-C4H9), as well as with LiOCH3 and NaOCH3. With tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), Dc value of numerous acids was obtained but less with tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAR), and not at all with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH). As shown in Table I, values of Dc obtained with R4NOH are much smaller than those obtained with alkali. It is suggested from the data shown by equations (1) and (2), and in Table II, that the values of Δr TMAH and TEAH should be markedly large or small, and the values calculated from equation (3), based on the data in Table III, are 0.76 and 0.62 Å, respectively, being very small. This seems reasonable from the fact that, when titrated with two kinds of bases with different Δr, values of Dc found were in good agreement with the values calculated from equation (4) and Fig. 2. The reason for this seems to be the displacement of charge center of R4N+, or a large overall dissociation constants of R4N salts, rather than the solvation of alkali ions (Table V).For the estimation of r, Δr values of 2.35, 2.73, and 0.76 should respectively be adopted for NaOCH3, KOCH3 and TMAH, TMAH is especially useful since its salts are all soluble.
Room-temperature operation of patterned quantum-dot lasers fabricated by electron beam lithography and selective area metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (2005)

We have developed a quantum-dot fabrication process which allows for explicit definition of the location and lateral dimension of quantum dots using electron beam lithography and selective area metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. We have demonstrated the first reported room-temperature operation of a patterned quantum-dot edge-emitting laser based on this fabrication technique.
Colorimetric Determination of Sulfate with Barium Chloranilate (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTColorimetric Determination of Sulfate with Barium ChloranilateR. J. Bertolacini and J. E. BarneyCite this: Anal. Chem. 1957, 29, 2, 281–283Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60122a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60122a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1452Altmetric-Citations244LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Detection of Helicobacter pylori and fecal indicator bacteria in five North American rivers (2005)

This study examines the use of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) as a predictor of the presence of Helicobacter spp. A combination of standard culture and molecular techniques were used to detect and quantify FIB, Helicobacter spp. and H. pylori from five North American rivers of different size and with different land use characteristics. Primers designed to amplify genes specific to Helicobacter spp. and H. pylori were evaluated for their efficacy in detection and quantification in environmental samples. Helicobacter spp. were detected in 18/33 (55%) of river samples. H. pylori was detected in 11/33 (33%) of river samples. FIB were found in 32/33 (96%) of river samples. When FIB abundance exceeded USEPA water quality standards for single samples, Helicobacter or H. pylori were detected in 7/15 (47%) cases. No numerical correlation was found between the presence of FIB and either Helicobacter spp. or H. pylori. This suggests that the presence of FIB will be of limited use for detection of Helicobacter spp. or H. pylori by public health agencies.
Extraction of acoustic normal mode depth functions using vertical line array data (2002)

A method for extracting the normal modes of acoustic propagation in the shallow ocean from sound recorded on a vertical line array (VLA) of hydrophones as a source travels nearby is presented. The mode extraction is accomplished by performing a singular value decomposition (SVD) of individual frequency components of the signal's temporally averaged, spatial cross-spectral density matrix. The SVD produces a matrix containing a mutually orthogonal set of basis functions, which are proportional to the depth-dependent normal modes, and a diagonal matrix containing the singular values, which are proportional to the modal source excitations and mode eigenvalues. The conditions under which the method is expected to work are found to be (1) sufficient depth sampling of the propagating modes by the VLA receivers; (2) sufficient source-VLA range sampling, and (3) sufficient range interval traversed by the source. The mode extraction method is applied to data from the Area Characterization Test II, conducted in September 1993 in the Hudson Canyon Area off the New Jersey coast. Modes are successfully extracted from cw tones recorded while (1) the source traveled along a range-independent track with constant bathymetry and (2) the source traveled up-slope with gradual changes in bathymetry. In addition, modes are successfully extracted at multiple frequencies from ambient noise.
Detectability of slow crack growth in bridge steels by acoustic emission (1998)

The detectability of slow growth of cracks in bridge steels has been studied by use of acoustic mission testing technology. Fatigue crack growth rates of nominally 1 × 10 -4 mm/cycle (4 × 10 -6 in./cycle) and 1 × 10 -3 mm/cycle (4 × 10 -5 in./cycle) were monitored with an eight channel, 12-bit, waveform-based, acoustic emission measurement system. Eight acoustic emission sensors were arranged on plates nominally 25 mm (1 in.) thick (A588, A572, A36, A7, A514 steels and 2024 T351 aluminum alloy). Four of the sensors were typical resonant, commercial acoustic emission sensors, and four sensors were wideband, high sensititivity sensors developed at NIST. The resonant sensors were bandpassed from 100 to 300 kHz and the wideband sensors from 50 kHz to 1.5 MHz. Each recorded acoustic emission event produced eight simultaneous waveforms. A representative series of event waveforms from each test was analyzed. Crack events were sorted from extraneous acoustic emission events visually, using the relative arrival sequence of sets of whole waveforms. The extraneous events normally originated in the specimen grip region. Typically, at the lower crack growth rate, several thousand cycles were required to obtain one valid crack acoustic emission signal. The results from A514 steel and 2024 aluminum were exceptions. The A514 steel had 20 crack acoustic emission events over eight consecutive cycles and none over the other 12 461 cycles examined. The 2024 aluminum had a crack event approximately every 12 cycles. At the higher crack growth rate, approximately one or two cycles were required for a valid event from A514 steel and 2024 aluminum. The other steels required 18 to 130 cycles for a valid event. The behavior of crack generated acoustic emission will be discussed in terms of rise times of acoustic emission sources as related to material microstructure. In addition, indications of classes of crack events as observed with the wideband sensors will be discussed. Supporting experiments and results from plate specimens with large lateral dimensions (533 × 457 mm [21 × 18 in.]) are presented. These studies on steel 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) thick demonstrate the significance of attenuation of the signals from a sensor located at the crack tip to a sensor approximately 102 mm (4 in.) away. These supporting experiments also demonstrate the changes in signal amplitudes due to acoustic emission source radiation pattern effects as well as signal reflections.
Preface to the special section on materials for chemical and electrochemical energy storage (2022)

It is well known that the widespread usage of fossil fuels has resulted in a steady rise of the CO 2 level in the atmosphere. The calculated average CO 2 level in the atmosphere during the pre-industrial revolution period fluctuated between 180 ppm (during ice ages) and 280 ppm (during interglacial warm periods). According to the measurements of Charles David Keeling, in 1958 the atmospheric CO 2 concentration was around 317 ppm. This value has risen dramatically since then and, since 2017, it has settled constantly above 400 ppm. Without a doubt, this resulted in a change in natural atmospheric equilibria, which in turn resulted in a sensible increase in the average Earth temperature.
Optimal Energy-Efficient Beamforming Designs for Cloud-RANs With Rate-Dependent Fronthaul Power (2019)

We study the downlink of a limited fronthaul capacity cloud-radio access networks (C-RANs). Three energy efficiency metrics, namely, global energy efficiency (GEE), weighted sum energy efficiency (WSEE), and energy efficiency fairness (EEF) are maximized by jointly designing transmit beamforming, remote radio head (RRH) selection, and RRH-user association. Furthermore, we incorporate a rate-dependent fronthaul power model, in which the fronthaul power consumption is proportional to the user sum rate. The formulated problems are difficult to solve. Our first contribution is to customize a branch and reduce and bound (BRB) method based on monotonic optimization to find globally optimal solutions for the three energy efficiency maximization problems. Subsequently, for a more practical approach, we propose a unified framework based on successive convex approximation (SCA) method that can be applied to all the considered problems. Our novelty lies in the equivalent transformations leading to more tractable problems that are amenable to the SCA. Specifically, appropriate continuous relaxation and convex approximation techniques are employed to arrive at a sequence of second-order cone programs (SOCPs) for which dedicated solvers are available. Then, a post-processing algorithm is devised to obtain a high-performance feasible solution from the continuous relaxation. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed SCA-based algorithms converge rapidly and achieve near-optimal performance as well as outperform the known methods. They also highlight the importance of the rate dependent fronthaul power model in designing the energy efficient C-RANs.
Effect of charge density, molecular weight, and hydrophobicity on polycations adsorption and flocculation of polystyrene latices and silica (2006)

Abstract Adsorption and flocculation behavior of two series of synthetic polycations was investigated in dispersions of silica and polystyrene latices with various particle size and surface charge densities. Polycations of the first series (polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride‐PDADMAC) varied in molecular weight only, while polycations of the second series (derivatives of polymethacrylic acid) varied in both molecular weight and hydrophobicity. We have found that maximum adsorbed amount of high molecular weight PDADMAC on latex particles was nearly independent of the surface charge density when the particle size was comparable to the polymer coil dimensions in solution. Both low and high molecular weight PDADMACs were efficient flocculants, although significantly lower amounts of high molecular weight polyelectrolyte were required for the phase separation in the dispersions due to particles aggregation through “charge patch” mechanism. The increase of polymer hydrophobicity leads to higher adsorbed amounts and broadening of flocculation window by polycations of the second series on both substrates. However, no strong enhancement of segment–surface interactions on hydrophobic substrates was observed. Since formation of multilayers upon adsorption was also excluded, the difference in adsorption and flocculation behavior was related to the more compact conformation of hydrophobically associating derivatives in solution and at the interface. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3422–3429, 2006
The antiprotease SPINK7 serves as an inhibitory checkpoint for esophageal epithelial inflammatory responses (2018)

Loss of barrier integrity has an important role in eliciting type 2 immune responses, yet the molecular events that initiate and connect this with allergic inflammation remain unclear. We reveal an endogenous, homeostatic mechanism that controls barrier function and inflammatory responses in esophageal allergic inflammation. We show that a serine protease inhibitor, SPINK7 (serine peptidase inhibitor, kazal type 7), is part of the differentiation program of human esophageal epithelium and that SPINK7 depletion occurs in a human allergic, esophageal condition termed eosinophilic esophagitis. Experimental manipulation strategies reducing <i>SPINK7</i> in an esophageal epithelial progenitor cell line and primary esophageal epithelial cells were sufficient to induce barrier dysfunction and transcriptional changes characterized by loss of cellular differentiation and altered gene expression known to stimulate allergic responses (for example, <i>FLG</i> and <i>SPINK5</i>). Epithelial silencing of <i>SPINK7</i> promoted production of proinflammatory cytokines including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Loss of <i>SPINK7</i> increased the activity of urokinase plasminogen-type activator (uPA), which in turn had the capacity to promote uPA receptor-dependent eosinophil activation. Treatment of epithelial cells with the broad-spectrum antiserine protease, α1 antitrypsin, reversed the pathologic features associated with <i>SPINK7</i> silencing. The relevance of this pathway in vivo was supported by finding genetic epistasis between variants in <i>TSLP</i> and the uPA-encoding gene, <i>PLAU</i> We propose that the endogenous balance between SPINK7 and its target proteases is a key checkpoint in regulating mucosal differentiation, barrier function, and inflammatory responses and that protein replacement with antiproteases may be therapeutic for select allergic diseases.
Reconfigurable silicon photonics: shaping light on a chip (Conference Presentation) (2017)

Defining elements with reconfigurable input-output characteristics is of importance to achieve flexible circuitry where light can be manipulated and routed using external control signals. We have developed an experimental approach for shaping of the transmission function of multimode silicon photonic waveguides by projecting a pattern of local nonlinear perturbations induced by an ultrafast laser pulse. Making use of the degrees of freedom offered by a spatial light modulator, the technique offers a new approach for studying light transport, for controlling its flow on ultrafast time scale, and for programming functions on a photonic chip.
Etched-facet AlGaAs triangular-shaped ring lasers with output coupling (1991)

Total and partial reflection are demonstrated at the bends of V-shaped lasers. By varying the angle of incidence to the facet at the bend, the reflectivity at this facet can be changed. Two totally and one partially reflecting V-shaped lasers are combined in a unibodied structure to realize a triangular-shaped ring laser (trilaser). Trilasers are made of three sections which meet at three facets. Two of the facets provide total internal reflection while the third allows partial transmission from which light output is obtained. The Q of the resultant planar cavity is modified by geometry, without the need for facet coating. V-shaped lasers and trilasers are formed by using the chemically assisted ion beam etching technique in an AlGaAs/GaAs-based single quantum well graded-index separate confinement heterostructure material.
Ovulation efficiency is reduced in mice that lack plasminogen activator gene function: functional redundancy among physiological plasminogen activators. (1995)

Several lines of indirect evidence suggest that plasminogen activation plays a crucial role in degradation of the follicular wall during ovulation. However, single-deficient mice lacking tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), or PA inhibitor type 1(PAI-1) gene function were recently found to have normal reproduction, although mice with a combined deficiency of tPA and uPA were significantly less fertile. To investigate whether the reduced fertility of mice lacking PA gene function is due to a reduced ovulation mechanism, we have determined the ovulation efficiency in 25-day-old mice during gonadotropin-induced ovulation. Our results reveal that ovulation efficiency is normal in mice with a single deficiency of tPA or uPA but reduced by 26% in mice lacking both physiological PAs. This result suggests that plasminogen activation plays a role in ovulatory response, although neither tPA nor uPA individually or in combination is obligatory for ovulation. The loss of an individual PA seems to be functionally complemented by the remaining PA but this compensation does not appear to involve any compensatory up-regulation. Our data imply that a functionally redundant mechanism for plasmin formation operates during gonadotropin-induced ovulation and that PAs together with other proteases generate the proteolytic activity required for follicular wall degradation.
Electrodeposition of indium tin oxide thin film (2009)

A new method for producing indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film by electrodeposition of indium chloride and tin chloride precursors has been achieved in this project. The films were annealed at 500°C for 1h to remove the excess metallic elements to form crystalline ITO thin films. XRD analysis showed typical patterns of rhombohedra and cubic indium oxide (In2O3) structure for the ITO film formed. This proved the incorporation of Sn into the In2O3 structure. Various parameters such as concentration of precursors, effect of stirring and effect of annealing were varied to investigate their effect on the thin film formed.
A Patient-Derived, Pan-Cancer EMT Signature Identifies Global Molecular Alterations and Immune Target Enrichment Following Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (2015)

This new signature provides a novel, patient-based, histology-independent tool for the investigation of EMT and offers insights into potential novel therapeutic targets for mesenchymal tumors, independent of cancer type, including immune checkpoints.
Genetic Analysis of the Short Splice Variant of the Inhibitor of Caspase-activated DNase (ICAD-S) in Chicken DT40 Cells (2007)

We have studied the regulation of the caspase-Activated DNase (CAD) by its inhibitor, ICAD. To study the role of ICAD short and long splice forms ICAD-S and ICAD-L, respectively, in vivo, we constructed chicken DT40 cell lines in which the entire coding regions of ICAD alone or ICAD plus CAD were deleted. ICAD and ICAD/CAD double knock-outs lacked both DNA fragmentation and nuclear fragmentation after the induction of apoptosis. We constructed a model humanized system in which human ICAD-L and CAD proteins expressed in DT40 ICAD/CAD double knock-out cells could rescue both DNA fragmentation and stage II chromatin condensation. ICAD-S could not replace ICAD-L as a chaperone for folding active CAD in these cells. However, a modified version of ICAD-S, in which the two caspase-3 cleavage sites were replaced with two tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease cleavage sites (ICAD-S(2TEV)) and which was therefore resistant to caspase cleavage, did inhibit CAD activation upon induction of apoptosis in vivo. Moreover, ICAD-L(2TEV) was functional as a chaperone for the production of active CAD in DT40 cells. In extracts prepared from these cells, we were able to activate CAD by cleavage of ICAD-L(2TEV) with TEV protease under non-apoptotic conditions. Thus, ICAD appears to be the only functional inhibitor of CAD activation in these cell-free extracts. Taken together, these observations indicate that ICAD-S may function together with ICAD-L as a buffer to prevent inappropriate CAD activation, particularly in cells where ICAD-S is the dominant form of ICAD protein.