gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Commonsense in Pre-trained Language Models (2019)

Contextualized representations trained over large raw text data have given remarkable improvements for NLP tasks including question answering and reading comprehension. There have been works showing that syntactic, semantic and word sense knowledge are contained in such representations, which explains why they benefit such tasks. However, relatively little work has been done investigating commonsense knowledge contained in contextualized representations, which is crucial for human question answering and reading comprehension. We study the commonsense ability of GPT, BERT, XLNet, and RoBERTa by testing them on seven challenging benchmarks, finding that language modeling and its variants are effective objectives for promoting models' commonsense ability while bi-directional context and larger training set are bonuses. We additionally find that current models do poorly on tasks require more necessary inference steps. Finally, we test the robustness of models by making dual test cases, which are correlated so that the correct prediction of one sample should lead to correct prediction of the other. Interestingly, the models show confusion on these test cases, which suggests that they learn commonsense at the surface rather than the deep level. We release a test set, named CATs publicly, for future research.
Value of arterial blood gas analysis in patients with acute dyspnea: an observational study (2011)

ABGA parameters provide limited diagnostic value in patients with acute dyspnea, but pH is an independent predictor of 12 months mortality.
Handbook of Food Enzymology (2002)

General aspects enzymes as proteins enzymes in foods (endogenous and exogenous) immobilized enzymes and their applications enzymes in food analysis mechanisms of action groups of enzymes and specific enzymes utilization in foods reaction(s)catalyzed classification according to enzyme committee nomenclature properties as protein quantitative determination of activity purification (typical).
Enzymes and membrane proteins of ADSOL-preserved red blood cells (2000)

Although the blood viability was shown to be poor from the 6th week up to the 14th week of storage due to ATP and 2,3-DPG depletion, the other biochemical parameters remained in fairly good condition for longer storage. As there is a gradual and uniform decay in activity throughout these 14 weeks, it seems that ADSOL-preserved red cells may be used as red cell enzyme standards and membrane proteins as well.
High-performance flexible waveguide-integrated photodetectors (2018)

Mechanically flexible photonic devices are essential building blocks for novel bio-integrated optoelectronic systems, wearable sensors, and flexible consumer electronics. Here we describe the design and experimental demonstration of high-performance flexible semiconductor nanomembrane photodetectors integrated with single-mode chalcogenide glass waveguides. Through a combination of a waveguide-integrated architecture to enhance light–matter interactions and mechanical engineering of multilayer configurations to suppress strains, the detector devices exhibit record optical and mechanical performance. The devices feature a noise equivalent power as low as 0.02 pW · Hz1/2, a linear dynamic range exceeding 70 dB, and a 3-dB bandwidth of 1.4 GHz, all measured at 1530 nm wavelength. The devices withstand 1000 bending cycles at a submillimeter radius without degradation in their optoelectronic responses. These metrics represent significant improvements over state-of-the-art flexible photodetectors.
Flexural waves on narrow plates (2003)

Flexural wave speeds on beams or plates depend upon the bending stiffnesses which differ by the well-known factor (1 - nu2). A quantitative analysis of a plate of finite lateral width displays the plate-to-beam transition, and permits asymptotic analysis that shows the leading order dependence on the width. Orthotropic plates are analyzed using both the Kirchhoff and Kirchhoff-Rayleigh theories, and isotropic plates are considered for Mindlin's theory with and without rotational inertia. A frequency-dependent Young's modulus for beams or strips of finite width is suggested, although the form of the correction to the modulus is not unique and depends on the theory used. The sign of the correction for the Kirchhoff theory is opposite to that for the Mindlin theory. These results indicate that the different plate and beam theories can produce quite distinct behavior. This divergence in predictions is further illustrated by comparison of the speeds for antisymmetric flexural, or torsional, modes on narrow plates. The four classical theories predict limiting wave speeds as the plate width vanishes, but the values are different in each case. The deviations can be understood in terms of torsional waves and how each theory succeeds, or fails, in approximating the effect of torsion. Dispersion equations are also derived, some for the first time, for the flexural edge wave in each of the four "engineering" theories.
Structure and Nanomechanical Characterization of Electrospun PS/Clay Nanocomposite Fibers (2005)

Electrospinning has been emerging as one of the most efficient methods to fabricate polymer nanofibers. In this paper, PS/clay nanocomposite fibers with varying diameters were electrospun onto solid substrates. The fiber diameters were adjusted from 4 microm to 150 nm by changing the solution concentration. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the fiber morphology. Shear modulation force microscopy (SMFM) was utilized to investigate the surface nanomechanical properties of electrospun fibers as a function of the fiber diameter and temperature. In the absence of clay, no change in T(g) was observed, even though a large increase of shear modulus below the glass transition temperature was found. This effect was postulated to result from the molecular chain alignment during electrospinning. The addition of functionalized clays to the spinning solution produced fibers with a highly aligned montmorillonite layer structure at a clay concentration of 4 wt %. Clay agglomerates were observed at higher concentrations. The existence of clay further enhanced the shear modulus of fibers and increased the glass transition temperature by nearly 20 degrees C.
Secure deployment of SmartGrid equipment (2013)

Introducing the SmartGrid goes in hand with the deployment of a large number of devices and with the establishment of a rather complex communication infrastructure. SmartGrid equipment like SmartMeters, other remote sensors, control equipment, or additional sub-stations, all have different security requirements. Common to all of them is that each device needs to be securely identified in the infrastructure and that proper security management needs to be in place. To allow for remote management, security functionality has to be incorporated in the design of a device. Furthermore, unique identities and establishment of cryptographic keys for secure communication requires an individual initial configuration of each device. Currently, this initial configuration is a manual operation executed during deployment, often by copying configuration data from memory devices such as USB tokens or SD cards. This paper introduces a novel and secure approach to support efficient roll-out processes in the domain of SmartGrid equipment providing for a faster and cost efficient scheme using already available and standardized security technologies. The main goal is to totally remove any direct physical interaction with the device during deployment and without any client-specific preconfiguration.
Fibroblast growth factor 21 and fructose dynamics in humans (2018)

By demonstrating that the FGF21 response to fructose is dose dependent and reproducible, this study deepens current understanding of FGF21 fructose dynamics and physiology in humans. This is an important area of clinical interest given associations between fructose intake and a wide variety of metabolic derangements.
Living with your rights off. (1977)

Perhaps in response to civil libertarians, to stricter commitment laws or to a professional paranoia that we are being persecuted by our legal colleagues, it has become fashionable for some psychiatrists to protest that certain patients are being allowed, legally, to with their rights Such allegations are presented in anecdotes which presumably illustrate the harms which resulted when seriously ill patients, deemed legally or otherwise uncommittable, were thereby denied treatment. In support of this position, the authors postulate that tragedies which followed decisions not to commit patients could have been prevented by their expedient hospitalization. In essence, they assert that a social preference for the patient's right to be free amounts to an unfortunate endorsement of his/her right to remain sick and to die as well. If true, these allegations present a serious indictment of laws and legal practices, and portray a callous disregard of the fatal costs of providing physical freedom at the price of expedient treatment for certain critically ill psychiatric patients. Upon closer analy~s, however, the available evidence may suggest that the allegations are unfounded or overly simplistic in explaining the tragedies which occurred. In either case, the analysis is merely one means to the desired end of clarifying ways in which psychiatrists, other mental health professionals, judges, lawyers, legislators and even friends and family members of patients can strike a fair balance between the patient's right to receive adequate treatment and his/her right to refuse that treatment in the interests of preserving other rights of freedom and privacy. Patients should not die with their rights on. But they should not live with their rights off, either.
A nonlinear adaptive controller for speed sensorless PMSM taking the iron loss resistance into account (2005)

In this paper, based on input-output feedback control (IOFC), and recursive least square (RLS) method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed for rotor surface permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) drive. The RLS estimator online detects the motor electromechanical parameters including the motor iron loss resistance. Moreover, a sliding-mode (SM) observer is developed for online detecting the rotor speed and rotor position. In this control scheme, the torque reference signal is obtained by a conventional speed PI controller. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control approach is tested by simulation. Computer simulation results obtained, show that the errors in the estimated quantities asymptotically converge to zero. The results also show that the drive system is stable and robust against the parameter uncertainties and external load disturbance.
Bufotenine: Toward an Understanding of Possible Psychoactive Mechanisms (2000)

A review of the neuropharmacology of the alleged hallucinogen bufotenine is presented, including recent experimental results showing activity similar to LSD and other known hallucinogens (psilocin and 5-MeO-DMT) at the purported hallucinogenic serotonin (5-HT) receptors, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C. In addition, current reports of computer modeling of the receptors and ligand binding sites give evidence of bufotenine's ability to bind and activate these receptors. While binding and activation of the purported hallucinogenic receptors are not the full extent of the hallucinogenic signature, this evidence shows support for the rationale that the reported lack of the drug's classic hallucinogenic response in human experiments is due to poor ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), not lack of activation of the appropriate brain receptors. Further evidence is reviewed that in some physiological states, some drugs with characteristics similar to bufotenine which do not normally cross the BBB, cross it and enter the brain. While direct human experimental evidence of bufotenine's hallucinogenic activity seems lacking, the above combined factors are considered, and possible explanations of bufotenine's reported psychoactivity are suggested. Additionally, updated experimental models testing the possible nature of bufotenine's hallucinogenic potential are proposed.
Data from Mutational Signature 3 Detected from Clinical Panel Sequencing is Associated with Responses to Olaparib in Breast and Ovarian Cancers (2023)

&lt;div&gt;AbstractPurpose:&lt;p&gt;The identification of patients with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) beyond &lt;i&gt;BRCA1/2&lt;/i&gt; mutations is an urgent task, as they may benefit from PARP inhibitors. We have previously developed a method to detect mutational signature 3 (Sig3), termed SigMA, associated with HRD from clinical panel sequencing data, that is able to reliably detect HRD from the limited sequencing data derived from gene-focused panel sequencing.&lt;/p&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;p&gt;We apply this method to patients from two independent datasets: (i) high-grade serous ovarian cancer and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) from a phase Ib trial of the PARP inhibitor olaparib in combination with the PI3K inhibitor buparlisib (BKM120; NCT01623349), and (ii) TNBC patients who received neoadjuvant olaparib in the phase II PETREMAC trial (NCT02624973).&lt;/p&gt;Results:&lt;p&gt;We find that Sig3 as detected by SigMA is positively associated with improved progression-free survival and objective responses. In addition, comparison of Sig3 detection in panel and exome-sequencing data from the same patient samples demonstrated highly concordant results and superior performance in comparison with the genomic instability score.&lt;/p&gt;Conclusions:&lt;p&gt;Our analyses demonstrate that HRD can be detected reliably from panel-sequencing data that are obtained as part of routine clinical care, and that this approach can identify patients beyond those with germline &lt;i&gt;BRCA1&lt;/i&gt;/&lt;i&gt;2&lt;/i&gt;mut who might benefit from PARP inhibitors. Prospective clinical utility testing is warranted.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Stereochemistry of bromofluorination of phenyl-substituted olefins (1976)

Bromofluorination of phenyl-substituted olefins, e.g. 1,1-diphenylethylenes, β-alkylstyrenes, and stilbene, with N-bromosuccinimide–hydrogen fluoride–pyridine in ether proceeds with Markovnikov-type regioselectivity. The reaction is sterospecific (anti) for trans- and nonstereospecific for cis-olefins.
Structural, spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of nickel(II) “sandwich” complexes with ligands featuring tethered 1,4,7-triazacyclononane macrocycles † (2001)

A structural and electrochemical study of the nickel(II) complexes, [Ni(tacn)2](ClO4)2 (1), [NiLeth](ClO4)2 (2), [NiLox](ClO4)2·H2O (3), [Ni2Ldur](ClO4)4·2H2O (4), [Ni3Ldur(H2O)3](ClO4)6·9H2O (5) and [Ni2Lisomes(H2O)3](ClO4)4·7H2O (6) [tacn = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane, Leth = 1,2-bis(1,4,7-triazacyclonon-1-yl)ethane, Lox = 1,2-bis(1,4,7-triazacyclonon-1-ylmethyl)benzene, Ldur = 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(1,4,7-triazacyclonon-1-ylmethyl)benzene, Lisomes = 1,2,3-tris(1,4,7-triazacyclonon-1-ylmethyl)benzene] is reported. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography has established that 2 and 6 feature nickel(II) centres in a distorted octahedral geometry, which are sandwiched between pairs of tacn rings. In 6, a second nickel(II) centre coordinates the third tacn ring of Lisomes and three water molecules complete the distorted octahedral coordination sphere. For the sandwiched Ni(II) centres, steric contraints introduced by the ethane and ortho-oriented tacn rings in Lisomes cause significant distortions to the Ni(II) coordination spheres. Cyclic, square-wave and near steady-state voltammetric studies on 1–6 indicate that the sandwiched nickel(II) centres may be reversibly oxidised to the nickel(III) state, with the potential for the nickel(II)/(III) couple showing a dependence on the nature of the tether linking the sandwiching tacn rings. Complex 4 undergoes oxidation in two overlapping one-electron processes [i.e., Ni(II)Ni(II) → Ni(III)Ni(II) → Ni(III)Ni(III)], indicating that the two nickel centres within the complex behave in an essentially independent fashion.
Sprayable gel for postsurgical immunotherapy (2019)

The engineered immunotherapeutic gel could activate both innate and adaptive immune responses systemically after local treatment, effectively destroying the remaining cancer cells and reducing tumor recurrence.
Identification and characterization of zebrafish Tlr4 co-receptor Md-2 (2019)

ABSTRACT The zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) is a powerful model organism for studies of the innate immune system. One apparent difference between human and zebrafish innate immunity is the cellular machinery for LPS-sensing. In amniotes, the protein complex formed by Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 2 (Tlr4/Md-2) recognizes the bacterial molecule lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and triggers an inflammatory response. It is believed that zebrafish have neither Md-2 nor Tlr4: Md-2 has not been identified outside of amniotes, while the zebrafish tlr4 genes appear to be paralogs, not orthologs, of amniote TLR4s . We revisited these conclusions. We identified a zebrafish gene encoding Md-2, ly96 . Using single-cell RNA-Seq, we found that ly96 is transcribed in cells that also transcribe genes diagnostic for innate immune cells, including the zebrafish tlr4 -like genes. Unlike amniote LY96 , zebrafish ly96 expression is restricted to a small number of macrophage-like cells. In a functional assay, zebrafish Md-2 and Tlr4a form a complex that activates NF-κB signaling in response to LPS, but ly96 loss-of-function mutations gave little protection against LPS-toxicity in larval zebrafish. Finally, by analyzing the genomic context of tlr4 genes in eleven jawed vertebrates, we found that tlr4 arose prior to the divergence of teleosts and tetrapods. Thus, an LPS-sensitive Tlr4/Md-2 complex is likely an ancestral feature shared by mammals and zebrafish, rather than a de novo invention on the tetrapod lineage. We hypothesize that zebrafish retain an ancestral, low-sensitivity Tlr4/Md-2 complex that confers LPS-responsiveness to a specific subset of innate immune cells.
The nerve of osteoarthritis pain (2010)

During focus groups, a subset of adults with chronic, symptomatic knee OA used pain quality descriptors that were suggestive of NP. Elicitation of NP descriptors in people with OA may help identify those who could benefit from further evaluation and perhaps treatment for NP.
Posttraumatic Chylous Ascites in a Child (1995)

Chylous ascites is an extremely rare and often unrecognized complication of abdominal trauma in children. The management of this condition has traditionally been nonsurgical, but the success rate with nonoperative treatment is not always satisfactory. A case of posttraumatic chylous ascites in an abused toddler is presented, with emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment of this rare disorder.
WNT5A is transported via lipoprotein particles in the cerebrospinal fluid to regulate hindbrain morphogenesis (2019)

WNTs are lipid-modified proteins that control multiple functions in development and disease via short- and long-range signaling. However, it is unclear how these hydrophobic molecules spread over long distances in the mammalian brain. Here we show that WNT5A is produced by the choroid plexus (ChP) of the developing hindbrain, but not the telencephalon, in both mouse and human. Since the ChP produces and secretes the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), we examine the presence of WNT5A in the CSF and find that it is associated with lipoprotein particles rather than exosomes. Moreover, since the CSF flows along the apical surface of hindbrain progenitors not expressing Wnt5a, we examined whether deletion of Wnt5a in the ChP controls their function and find that cerebellar morphogenesis is impaired. Our study thus identifies the CSF as a route and lipoprotein particles as a vehicle for long-range transport of biologically active WNT in the central nervous system.
Willingness to Pay for Safety Improvements in Passenger Air Travel (2017)

The risk of being involved in an airplane accident is largely ignored in air passengersâ€™ choice models. The reason presumably is that it is hard to operationalize, because objective safety indicators often involve extremely low probabilities that are hard to grasp and interpret by passengers. In this paper, we propose an operationalization that is based on the perception of safety, which is easy to understand and resonates that perceptions often influence decisions stronger than objective variables. We conceptualize that passengers form a safety perception score of a particular flight based on their perception of airline and route attributes and that this score in turn is traded-off against other flight attributes, such as ticket costs, to arrive at a flight choice. In line with this conceptualization, two stated preference experiments are conducted. In a first experiment, combinations of airline and route attributes are evaluated in terms of safety that is captured on a rating scale. In a second experiment, safety perception is treated as an attribute and traded-off against other flight attributes to arrive at a flight choice. The paper presents the results of a regression and a Panel Mixed Logit model estimated from responses obtained from a convenience sample of 161 air passengers recruited in the Netherlands. The results of both models are then combined to calculate the willingness to pay values for improvements made to a range of airline and route attributes, taking into account socio-demographic variables and psychological traits. As expected, the results indicate that the willingness to pay for improving safety decreases with higher initial safety levels.
Precision measurement of the 3s1/2-3p3/2transition energy in Na-like platinum ions (1991)

We report a measurement of the 3${\mathit{s}}_{1/2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$3${\mathit{p}}_{3/2}$ transition energy in Na-like $_{78}\mathrm{Pt}^{67+}$ ions of 653.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02(stat) \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05(syst) eV. The x rays were observed from ions in an electron-beam ion trap. The uncertainty in our result corresponds to 1% of the total estimated quantum electrodynamic radiative contribution to this transition energy. This value differs significantly from extrapolations based on previous lower-Z data, and establishes a benchmark for calculations of high-Z multielectron radiative and relativistic effects.
Somatic Symptoms and Depression (2024)

Patients with psychiatric illness frequently visit their medical physicians with somatic complaints or amplification of complaints about chronic medical illness, yet few of these patients meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Third Edition (DSM-III) criteria for a somatoform disorder. In a sample of 197 medical patients interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, only 7.1% met DSM-III criteria for somatization disorder, but nearly one third of these patients met criteria for an abridged notion of somatization. Patients with current and lifetime major depression had significantly higher mean totals of positive somatic symptoms compared with controls who had no psychiatric disorder. Nearly one half of these patients with one or more depressive episodes in the course of their lifetime met the abridged criteria for somatization. This association of major depression with somatization is quite similar to findings from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study suggesting that major depression, not the somatoform disorders, may be associated with most of the somatization seen in medical clinics.