gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microscopy-Based Approaches to Characterizing Analogs of Classical Electrons in Colloidal Crystals Engineered with DNA (2020)

Interactions among electrons and atoms are a central premise in physics and chemistry that lead to the formation of many types of molecules and materials. In the science of colloidal crystals, particles are often analogized with atoms, but a particle analog to electrons has not been invoked This is despite the fact that hundreds of crystal structures with diverse symmetries, lattice parameters, and crystal habits have been designed and synthesized when programmable ligands, specifically DNA, are used as bonds between particles In these systems, DNA-modified nanoparticles (NPs) behave as programmable atom equivalents (PAEs), and their crystallization is governed by a set of design rules and the complementary contact model (CCM)
Binary mixtures of saturated and unsaturated mixed-chain phosphatidylcholines. A differential scanning calorimetry study (1989)

High-resolution differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been used to study the aqueous dispersions of mixed-chain phosphatidylcholines prepared from colyophilized mixtures of C(18):C(11:1 delta 10) PC/C(18):C(10)PC and C(18):C(11:1 delta 10) PC/C(18):C(11)PC of various molar ratios. These mixed-chain phospholipids are characterized by a marked disparity in their acyl-chain lengths; however, the sn-1 acyl chain in the fully extended conformation is about twice as long as the sn-2 acyl chain. Their thermotropic behavior was determined, and the phase diagrams of these two mixtures were constructed from the calorimetric data. Results indicate that C(18):C(11:1 delta 10)PC/C(18):C(10)PC and C(18):C-(11:1 delta 10)PC/C(18):C(11)PC are miscible in all proportions with a near-ideal behavior of mixing in the gel and liquid-crystalline phases. Equimolar mixtures of diC(14)PC/C(18):C(11:1 delta 10)PC, diC(14)PC/C(18):C(10)PC, and diC(14)PC/C(18):C(11)PC have also been studied by DSC. These phosphatidylcholines in the 1:1 mixture differ in Tm by less than 11 degrees C; however, they exhibit gel-phase immiscibility in the plane of the bilayer. Taken together, these studies suggest that C(18):C(11)PC and C(18):C(11:1 delta 10)PC are packed similarly to C(18):C(10)PC in excess water as mixed interdigitated bilayers, at T less than Tm, which transform into partially interdigitated bilayers when heated above Tm.
Intestinal RORrt-generated Th17 cells control type 2 diabetes: A first antidiabetic target identified from the host to microbiota crosstalk (2016)

The recent discovery of the role played by gut microbiota on the control of metabolic disease opens novel routes for the identification of the causes of type 2 diabetes and obesity. This paradigm could explain the infiltration, by innate and adaptive immune cells, of the adipose tissue, liver, and islets of Langerhans which is responsible for the metabolic inflammation state that leads to impaired insulin action and secretion, and therefore, type 2 diabetes. The identification of the causal role of circulating lipopolysaccharides LPS and peptidoglycans in the development of metabolic inflammation, due to an increased intestinal permeability, led to the leaky gut hypothesis. In addition, whole live bacteria were found in metabolic tissues establishing a tissue microbiota which upon a fat-enriched diet becomes dysbiotic. The process of intestinal bacterial translocation was responsible for the onset of a leaky gut causal to the disease. The translocation of selective sets of intestinal bacteria to the blood could be identified. These blood bacterial 16SrRNA-DNA sequences are considered as biomarkers of the bacterial translocation process. An increased of the corresponding bacterial DNA concentration was predicting the occurrence of type 2 diabetes. Associated to the dysbiotic microbiota translocation, an impaired intestinal immune defense was identified as a cause of the selective leaky gut. The change in small intestine mucosal microbiota induced by a fat-enriched diet reduces the number of IL17-secreting CD4 T cells within the lamina propria of the intestine. This loss of IL17-secreting CD4 T cells is the consequence of an impaired capacity of intestinal antigen presenting cells to activate and trigger the expression of RORgt and the production of IL17 by CD4 T cells. Altogether, an impaired intestinal immune defense, notably the reduced differentiation of RORgt expressing IL17-producing CD4 T cells, favors the onset of a leaky gut leading to the translocation of bacterial factors and live bacteria towards tissues triggering metabolic inflammation; insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Hence, the triggering of intestinal defense surrounding RORgt pathway now appears as a potential target mechanism for the control of type 2 diabetes.
Perturbation of the complex natural frequencies of an object by a minor object (2003)

The authors consider an object with its mirror image, i.e. two objects symmetrical with respect to a plane. A symmetry plane implies that the electromagnetic scattering divides into two noninteracting parts, denoted symmetric and antisymmetric. The antisymmetric part also applies to the case in which this symmetry plane is replaced by a perfectly conducting plane with no mirror object present. The author presents the complex natural resonances of a straight, finite-lengths, thin wire scatterer under these conditions of symmetry. Separating terms according to those of a single object and for the interaction of two symmetrical objects, perturbation theory is applied to the integrodifferential equations which model the scattering from these two mirror objects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
An electronically-scanned CMUT-in-CMOS transducer for hemodialysis vascular access monitoring (2011)

Frequent surveillance of vascular access health is essential for reducing complications in hemodialysis treatment for end-stage renal disease. Ultrasound-based volume flow monitoring techniques are a promising solution, however challenges must be overcome to reduce operator dependence and to create compact monitoring modules that do not impede dialysis treatment. This paper presents a 120-element capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array that uses on-array switches and analog circuits to enable digital control over the size and position of a single-output cluster of elements. This allows the cluster to be electronically moved during treatment to maintain a high quality Doppler signal without physical intervention. The array is fabricated using the CMUT-in-CMOS approach, whereby complex ultrasound arrays with integrated electronics can be manufactured extremely affordably, opening the door to using such arrays for a variety of cost-sensitive applications.
N-Ethoxymethyleneaniline (2001)

[6780-49-0] C9H11NO (MW 149.19) InChI = 1S/C9H11NO/c1-2-11-8-10-9-6-4-3-5-7-9/h3-8H,2H2,1H3 InChIKey = DRDBNKYFCOLNQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N (preparation of aldehydes from Grignard reagents2, 3) Alternate Name: ethyl N-phenylformimidate. Physical Data: bp 87–88 °C/10 mmHg. Form Supplied in: liquid, commercially available; best preparation is from Triethyl Orthoformate and aniline.4 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: store refrigerated under dry nitrogen.
Final overall survival (OS) analysis with modeling of crossover impact in the phase III GRID trial of regorafenib vs placebo in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). (2016)

156 Background: GRID showed that regorafenib (REG) improves progression-free survival (PFS; primary endpoint) vs placebo (PBO) in patients (pts) with advanced GIST after failure of at least imatinib and sunitinib (HR 0.27; 1-sided p &lt; 0.0001). An interim OS analysis at the time of the primary PFS analysis showed a positive trend (HR 0.77; p = 0.199) despite 85% of PBO pts crossing over to REG. An exploratory analysis modeling the impact of crossover on OS suggested a benefit for REG. We present exploratory analyses of OS comparing crossover correction results at different times, including at the planned final OS analysis. Methods: Data cut-off dates for OS analyses were 26 Jan 2012 (final PFS analysis), 31 Jan 2014, and 8 Jun 2015 (final OS analysis). The impact of crossover on OS was modeled using 2 randomization-based methods: rank preserving structural failure time (RPSFT) and iterative parameter estimation (IPE), both considered best choice among correction analytics. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were derived using the Cox model. Results: Pts were randomized (2:1) to REG (n = 133) or PBO (n = 66). Data maturity in terms of deaths of randomized pts was 23%, 70%, and 81%. At data cut-off for the final OS analysis, a total of 162 deaths occurred: REG 109 (82%) and PBO 53 (80%); 7 pts remained on treatment. Compared to the 2012 OS analysis, continued crossover treatment further diluted the treatment effect, evidenced by the increasing HR in the ITT analysis at later times (Table). Conclusions: IPE correction provides more stable estimated median times and HRs than RPSFT. These exploratory analyses modeling the impact of crossover to active drug suggest that REG has a greater OS benefit than noted in the ITT analysis. Such sensitivity analytics are needed to understand fully the benefits of active drugs in crossover trials. Clinical trial information: NCT01271712. [Table: see text]
Imaging Organ of Corti Vibration Using Fourier-Domain OCT (2011)

Measuring the sound stimulated vibration from various structures in the organ of Corti is important in understanding how the small vibrations are amplified and detected. In this study we examine the feasibility of using phase‐sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (PSFD‐OCT) to measure vibration of the cellular structures of the organ of Corti. PSFD‐OCT is a low coherence interferrometry system where the interferrogram is detected as a function of wavelength. The phase of the Fourier transformation of the detected spectra contains path deference (between the sample arm and the reference arm) information of the interferometer. In PSFD‐OCT this phase is measured as a function of time and thus any time dependent change in the path difference between the sample arm and the reference arm can be detected. In the experiment, we used an in vitro preparation of the guinea pig cochlea and made a surgical opening at the apical end to access the organ of Corti. By applying tones with different frequencies via the intact middle ear, we recorded the structural vibration inside the organ of Corti. Vibration amplitude and phase of different substructures were mapped on a cross‐section view of the organ of Corti. Although the measurements were made at the apical turn of the cochlea, it will be possible to make vibration measurement from various turns of the cochlea. The noise floor of the system was 0.3 nm, calibrated using a piezo stack as a calibrator.
Some Tests of the Encoding Specificity and Semantic Integration Hypotheses (1982)

The encoding specificity hypothesis of Thomson and Tulving, as stated in 1970, holds that only those cues that have been present at encoding will be effective retrieval cues. In each of eight experiments, recall was generally best when the retrieval context matched the encoding context, thus supporting the hypothesis. The hypothesis was not supported, however, in several experiments in which, under a wide range of conditions, recall was better when strong extralist retrieval cues were present than when no retrieval cues (Experiments 2-7) or when weak extralist cues were present at retrieval (Experiment 8). These results were, however, accommodated by Tulving and Thomson's encoding specificity principle of 1973 combined with the assumption that the strong cues present at retrieval were also present at encoding. Finally, results from several of these experiments indicated, contrary to Baker and Santa's semantic integration hypothesis, that the facilitation of recall deriving from the presence at retrieval of strong extralist cues was independent of the degree to which a target word and its cue word were integrated.
Non-Derivatization Method for the Determination of Gabapentin in Pharmaceutical Formulations, Rat Serum and Rat Urine using High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Charged Aerosol Detection (2011)

A simple and sensitive isocratic reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography method coupled with charged aerosol detection (HPLC-CAD) was developed and validated for the determination of gabapentin concentrations in a pharmaceutical formulation and in biological samples (rat serum and urine). Biological samples were simply treated with acetonitrile and directly injected into the HPLC without any further extraction or derivatization procedures. The separation was achieved on a GraceSmart RP-C18 packed column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using a methanol-water (55:45, v/v) mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.1 mL/min at 30 °C. The total run time was less than 8 min. The standard calibration curves were linear (r2 > 0.998) over the range of 2-300 μg/mL for the pharmaceutical formulation, 25-800 μg/mL for rat serum and 50-1600 μg/mL for rat urine. The limits of detection (signal/noise = 3) were 0.5 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL and 15 μg/mL for pharmaceutical formulation, serum and urine, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precisions in the pharmaceutical formulation analysis ranged between 2.7-3.9% and 3.1-4.4%, respectively. In the rat serum analysis, the intra-day and inter-day precision ranges were 3.5-4.7% and 3.0-9.0%, respectively, while the rat urine analysis intra-day and inter-day precision ranges were 1.9-7.6% and 4.2-9.9%, respectively. The developed HPLC-CAD method successfully determined gabapentin concentrations in commercial gabapentin tablets, as well as in rat serum and urine samples after drug administration.
Antibodies to BK virus in children prior to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (2015)

BK virus (BKV) is associated with kidney and bladder disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) but less is known about the seroprevalence of pre-transplant antibodies to BKV in children. We measured BKV IgG antibody titers in 36 children before HCT. BKV IgG antibodies were detected in all 36 patients, with 28/36 (77.8%) developing BK viremia in the first 100 days. Pre-HCT BKV IgG antibody titers >1:40,960 were protective against later BK viremia ≥10,000 copies/ml. The seroprevalence of antibodies to BKV is high in children undergoing HCT and post-transplant BK viremia, which is associated with bladder and kidney injury, is common.
Bruch der ärztlichen Schweigepflicht bei Androhung von Gewalt- und Sexualstraftaten? (2010)

Zusammenfassung „Wer sich in ärztliche Behandlung begibt, muss und darf erwarten, dass alles, was der Arzt im Rahmen seiner Berufsausübung über seine gesundheitliche Verfassung erfährt, geheim bleibt und nicht zur Kenntnis Unberufener gelangt. Nur so kann zwischen Patient und Arzt jenes Vertrauen entstehen, das zu den Grundvoraussetzungen ärztlichen Wirkens zählt, weil es die Chancen der Heilung vergrößert und damit – im Ganzen gesehen – der Aufrechterhaltung einer leistungsfähigen Gesundheitsfürsorge dient” (BVerfG NJW 1972). Die formulierte herausragende Position der Schweigepflicht des Arztes hat in der westlichen Medizin eine starke Tradition. In diesem Beitrag werden zunächst die ethischen Prinzipien, die hinter der Schweigepflicht und ihrer möglichen Begrenzung stehen, skizziert, um danach ihre rechtliche Ausdifferenzierung zu fokussieren. Als medizinethische Norm fußt die Schweigepflicht auf einer Reihe von Werten, die sich in verrechtlichter Form auch in der deutschen Gesetzgebung niederschlagen. Ihre Reichweite und Grenzen im Hinblick auf von Patienten angedrohte Gewalttaten werden als Wegweiser für die psychiatrische und psychotherapeutische Praxis dargestellt.
Nanoimprinted semiconducting polymer films with 50 nm features and their application to organic heterojunction solar cells (2008)

Nanoimprint lithography is used to directly pattern the conjugated polymer semiconductor poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). We obtain trenches with aspect ratios up to 2 and feature sizes as small as 50 nm in this polymer. The application to organic solar cells is shown by creating an interpenetrated donor-acceptor interface, based on P3HT and N,N'-ditridecyl-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI-C(13)), deposited from the vapor phase to reduce shadow effects. A planarizing layer of spin-coated zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles is used to reduce the roughness of the layer stack. The response of the photovoltaic devices follows the increased interface area, up to a 2.5-fold enhancement.
Mosaic analysis and tumor induction in zebrafish by microsatellite instability-mediated stochastic gene expression (2014)

Mosaic analysis, in which two or more populations of cells with differing genotypes are studied in a single animal, is a powerful approach to study developmental mechanisms and gene function in vivo. Over recent years, several genetic methods have been developed to achieve mosaicism in zebrafish, but despite their advances, limitations remain and different approaches and further refinements are warranted. Here, we describe an alternative approach for creating somatic mosaicism in zebrafish that relies on the instability of microsatellite sequences during replication. We placed the coding sequences of various marker proteins downstream of a microsatellite and out-of-frame; in vivo frameshifting into the proper reading frame results in expression of the protein in random individual cells that are surrounded by wild-type cells. We optimized this approach for the binary Gal4-UAS expression system by generating a driver line and effector lines that stochastically express Gal4-VP16 or UAS:H2A-EGFP and self-maintaining UAS:H2A-EGFP-Kaloop, respectively. To demonstrate the utility of this system, we stochastically expressed a constitutively active form of the human oncogene H-RAS and show the occurrence of hyperpigmentation and sporadic tumors within 5 days. Our data demonstrate that inducing somatic mosaicism through microsatellite instability can be a valuable approach for mosaic analysis and tumor induction in Danio rerio.
Gene therapy through signal transduction pathways and angiogenic growth factors as therapeutic targets in breast cancer (1994)

Angiogenesis is a major new prognostic factor in breast cancer. Small vessels quantitatively assessed by staining with anti-CD31 antibodies correlate with lymph node involvement and are a better independent predictor of survival. There are many vascular growth factors, but predominant in primary tumors assessed by nuclease protection assays are vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor. Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor are also detectable. A common feature of these angiogenic factors is heparin binding, so novel analogues of suramin that can compete for heparin binding have been developed. These are more potent in vitro against endothelial cells and are less toxic in vivo, thereby giving a much better therapeutic ratio. Protein kinase C is also important in endothelial growth, as it is in carcinoma growth. Thus, a novel agent inhibiting this pathway, and inducing transforming growth factor-beta production has been assessed in a Phase I trial; this agent is bryostatin. It does not cause marrow suppression and has stimulatory effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 production. High expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors and erbB-2 has been related to poor prognosis. EGF receptors are mainly regulated by transcription, as are some cases of high erbB-2 expression. Thus, a novel approach to gene therapy is being developed using direct tumor injection of cDNA, with a tumor specific promoter ligated to the IL-2 gene. This avoids many problems associated with targeting. Because IL-2 stimulation of cytotoxic T-cells will depend on appropriate antigen presentation, human lymphocyte antigen Class I expression was studied, as was the peptide transporter system RING4 (TAP1). Losses were found in 50% of cases, and in some cases only in lymph nodes but not primary cancers, thereby providing evidence for a role in suppressing metastasis. Thus, many new approaches to therapy are possible as a result of understanding growth factors and intracellular signaling pathways.
Studies of ferromagnetic metals by electron spin polarized tunneling (1979)

After a brief description of the technique of spin polarized tunneling into ferromagnetic metals from superconductors, experimental results to date are summarized. Measurements on polycrystalline films of 3d ferromagnetic metal elements and alloys gave positive polarization (that is, in the majority direction) in all cases. Similar results were obtained for the heavy rare earth metals. Recent tunneling measurements on single crystal Ni are described and preliminary values of the polarization are given for Ni (110) and (111) crystal faces. The results are compared to those obtained by other techniques and with theoretical predictions. Further development of the tunneling technique in single crystal ferromagnets is discussed.
Fabrication of Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers via Local Oxidation and Direct Wafer Bonding (2011)

We present the successful fabrication of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) with an improved insulation layer structure. The goal is to improve device reliability (electrical breakdown) and device performance (reduced parasitic capacitance). The fabrication is based on consecutive thermal oxidation steps, on local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS), and on direct wafer bonding. No chemical-mechanical polishing step is required during the device fabrication. Aside from the advantages associated with direct wafer bonding for CMUT fabrication (simple fabrication, cell shape flexibility, wide gap height range, good uniformity, well-known material properties of single-crystal materials, and low intrinsic stress), the main vertical dimension (electrode separation) is determined by thermal oxidation only, which provides excellent vertical tolerance control ( <;10 nm) and unprecedented uniformity across the wafer. Thus, we successfully fabricated CMUTs with gap heights as small as 40 nm with a uniformity of ±2 nm over the entire wafer. This paper demonstrates that reliable parallel-plate electrostatic actuators and sensors with gap heights in the tens of nanometer range can be realized via consecutive thermal oxidation steps, LOCOS, and direct wafer bonding without chemical-mechanical polishing steps.
Radiologic Evaluation of the Treatment of Nonunion of Fractures by Electrical Stimulation (1978)

A procedure is described in which nonunion of fractures is treated by implantation of electrodes with direct electric current at the site of fracture. Of 107 patients treated with electrode stimulation, 71 (66%) healed. If one eliminates 9 cases of congenital pseudoarthrosis and 11 patients treated with only 10 microamperes of current, 70 of 87 patients (8095%) healed. Severe osteoporosis and sclerosis were common radiologic findings, but had no value in predicting which patients would respond to therapy.