gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of Chicken and Turkey Plasma and Serum Protein Concentrations by Refractometry and the Biuret Method (1989)

Plasma and serum protein concentrations were determined in chickens and turkeys by refractometry (with human and veterinary refractometers) and by the biuret method. Chicken and turkey serum protein values were significantly lower than respective plasma protein values according to both methods. Refractometer readings for both plasma and serum correlated closely with the results of the biuret test (r2 = 0.72 to 0.97). These findings indicate that plasma and serum protein values may be determined accurately in chickens and turkeys with a handheld refractometer.
Synergistic malaria vaccine combinations identified by systematic antigen screening. (2017)

A highly effective vaccine would be a valuable weapon in the drive toward malaria elimination. No such vaccine currently exists, and only a handful of the hundreds of potential candidates in the parasite genome have been evaluated. In this study, we systematically evaluated 29 antigens likely to be involved in erythrocyte invasion, an essential developmental stage during which the malaria parasite is vulnerable to antibody-mediated inhibition. Testing antigens alone and in combination identified several strain-transcending targets that had synergistic combinatorial effects in vitro, while studies in an endemic population revealed that combinations of the same antigens were associated with protection from febrile malaria. Video microscopy established that the most effective combinations targeted multiple discrete stages of invasion, suggesting a mechanistic explanation for synergy. Overall, this study both identifies specific antigen combinations for high-priority clinical testing and establishes a generalizable approach that is more likely to produce effective vaccines.
Forward-secure commercial key escrow systems (2002)

Key escrow system has been studied widely in recent years to reduce the gap between the needs for individual privacy and the needs for public security. In this paper, we survey three popular key escrow products of Netscape's, VeriSign's and Entrust's. And we also propose forward-secure KESs (Key Escrow Systems) and analyze their security.
Frequency-Domain Optical Image Reconstruction: Initial Experimental Studies on Contrast and Resolution Limits (1996)

Recent progress in near infrared frequency-domain optical image reconstruction based on laboratory data is reported. Particular attention is given to the important issues of imaging contrast and resolution.
Crystal Phases and Phase Transitions in a Highly Polymorphogenic Solid-State Molecular Gyroscope with meta-Methoxytrityl Frames (2006)

The energy landscape of molecular gyroscopes with meta-methoxy substituted trityl groups may include many stereoisomers due to the helicity of the two triarylmethyl propeller moieties and the stereochemical label provided by the meta-methoxy group. While low equilibration barriers and rapid equilibration in solution prevent isolation and observation by relatively slow techniques such as 1H and 13C NMR, their many structural options may offer opportunities to prepare several crystal forms, or conformational polymorphs. In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of 1,4-bis[tri-(meta-methoxyphenyl)propynyl]benzene (2), a crystalline molecular gyroscope with a phenylene rotator, a dialkyne axle, and two tri-meta-methoxy-substituted trityl frames. Using a combination of single-crystal X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), high resolution 13C cross-polarization magnetic-angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR, and polarized microscopy, we obtained experimental evidence for seven polymorphs labeled A−G and up to six phase transitions that relate them.
Activity of Specific Lipid-regulated ADP Ribosylation Factor-GTPase–activating Proteins Is Required for Sec14p-dependent Golgi Secretory Function in Yeast (2002)

Yeast phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (Sec14p) coordinates lipid metabolism with protein-trafficking events. This essential Sec14p requirement for Golgi function is bypassed by mutations in any one of seven genes that control phosphatidylcholine or phosphoinositide metabolism. In addition to these "bypass Sec14p" mutations, Sec14p-independent Golgi function requires phospholipase D activity. The identities of lipids that mediate Sec14p-dependent Golgi function, and the identity of the proteins that respond to Sec14p-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism, remain elusive. We now report genetic evidence to suggest that two ADP ribosylation factor-GTPase-activating proteins (ARFGAPs), Gcs1p and Age2p, may represent these lipid-responsive elements, and that Gcs1p/Age2p act downstream of Sec14p and phospholipase D in both Sec14p-dependent and Sec14p-independent pathways for yeast Golgi function. In support, biochemical data indicate that Gcs1p and Age2p ARFGAP activities are both modulated by lipids implicated in regulation of Sec14p pathway function. These results suggest ARFGAPs are stimulatory factors required for regulation of Golgi function by the Sec14p pathway, and that Sec14p-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism interfaces with the activity of proteins involved in control of the ARF cycle.
Expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity in transmitter-characterized neurons after stress. (1989)

The effect of intracerebroventricular injection of the mitosis inhibitor colchicine and of immobilization stress, subcutaneous injection of capsaicin, and intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic salt solution on expression of c-Fos-like immunoreactivity was studied in the rat brain with immunohistochemistry. All the procedures induced c-Fos immunoreactivity in parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus, and many of these neurons also contained corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactivity. c-Fos immunoreactivity was also observed, for example, in subpopulations of neurons in the locus coeruleus, the ventrolateral medulla oblongata, and the nucleus tractus solitarii. Many of these cells also expressed catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes. The results suggest that intraventricular injection of colchicine is a stressful stimulus and support the view that several catecholamine cell groups in the lower brainstem are part of the brain circuitry mediating stress reactions, as are the hypothalamic neurons that contain corticotropin-releasing factor.
P3‐368: Misfolded truncated tau protein in the extraneuronal space: Inducer of neuronal death and inflammatory response (2008)

A pronounced increase of tau protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid was found in most patients with Alzheimer's disease. This may reflect the increase of tau protein release from intracellular to the extracellular space. Previously it has been shown that different tau variants may induce neuronal death in the neuroblastoma cell lines. However it is not clear which tau modification is responsible for neuronal death and whether tau may also induce inflammatory response. Different recombinant truncated tau species and human tau isoforms were isolated and purified to homogeneity. The purified proteins were fractionated by gel electrophoresis and stained with Coomassie blue and silver stain or immunolabeled with anti-tau antibody DC25. The neurotoxicity was analyzed in the primary neuronal cultures using ToxiLight Non-Destructive Cytotoxicity Assay and CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay. In vitro primary rat mixed glial cultures were used for detection of tau mediated inflammatory response. NO release was evaluated measuring nitrite accumulation in the conditioned cell culture medium. Morphological changes of activated microglia were detected by immunohistochemical staining of immunomarkers CD11b/CD18 and CD68. Human misfolded truncated tau species but not full length tau isoforms displayed in vitro neurotoxic properties when incubated with primary neurons for 24h. Moreover, when rat primary mixed cultures were exposed to the misfolded tau proteins, dose dependent release of nitric oxide and adenylate kinase occurred. In parallel, microglia changed its morphology from ramified to the amoeboid, thus suggesting its activated state. Our results demonstrate that different misfolded tau species induce neuronal death and simultaneously promote inflammatory response mediated by microglia. Moreover, activated microglia underwent morphological transformation, presented full inflammatory repertoire and induced signaling pathways leading to NO release. The presented data suggest that not only intraneuronal misfolded tau trigger neurodegenerative cascade, but also extracellularly located misfolded tau is efficient promoter of neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and neuronal death.
Nanorradiolipossomas modulados molecularmente para estudar a drenagem linfática pulmonar profunda (2009)

A drenagem linfática pulmonar profunda (DLPP)&#13;\ndesempenha um papel importante na remoção de&#13;\nmateriais estranhos, constituindo os macrófagos alveolares&#13;\na primeira linha de defesa fagocitária, dada a&#13;\ngrande afinidade para microrganismos patogénicos.&#13;\nOs Bacillus subtilis são saprófitas do tracto respiratório&#13;\nhumano com ampla utilização em investigação e em&#13;\nbiotecnologia.
Osteogenesis in Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Cell Porous Ceramic Composites Transplanted Subcutaneously: Effect of Fibronectin and Laminin on Cell Retention and Rate of Osteogenic Expression (1992)

Cultured-expanded rat marrow-derived mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts when combined with a porous calcium phosphate delivery vehicle and subsequently implanted in vivo. In this study, the effects of ceramic pretreatment with the cell-binding proteins fibronectin and laminin on the osteogenic expression of marrow-derived mesenchymal cells were assessed by scanning electron microscopy, [3H]-thymidine-labeled cell quantitation, and histological evaluation of bone formation. Scanning electron microscopic observations showed that marrow-derived mesenchymal cells rapidly spread and attach to both fibronectin- or laminin-adsorbed ceramic surfaces but retain a rounded morphology on untreated ceramic surfaces. Quantitation of [3H]-thymidine labeled cells demonstrated that laminin and fibronectin preadsorbed ceramics retain approximately double the number of marrow-derived mesenchymal cells than do untreated ceramics harvested 1 wk postimplantation. Histological observations indicate that the amount of time required to first detect osteogenesis was shortened significantly by pretreatment of the ceramic with either fibronectin or laminin. Fibronectin- and laminin-coated ceramic composite samples were observed to contain bone within 2 wk postimplantation, while in untreated ceramic the earliest observation of bone was at 4 wk postimplantation. A comparison was made of the initial cell-loading, in vivo cell retention characteristics, and rate of osteogenesis initiation of marrow-derived mesenchymal cells on two types of ceramic with different pore structure and chemical composition, with and without preadsorption with fibronectin or laminin. "Biphasic" ceramics contain randomly distributed pores 200-400 microns in diameter, and "coral-based" ceramics have continuous pores of approximately 200 microns in diameter. Laminin or fibronectin preadsorption significantly increases the number of cells retained in all ceramic test groups by day 7 postimplantation. In addition, by day 7 postimplantation, the biphasic ceramics retain a significantly greater number of cells for all test groups than do coral-based ceramics. The biphasic ceramics consistently have more specimens positive for bone with the identical cell-loading conditions used throughout this study. These results indicate that the retention of cells within the ceramic is an important factor for optimization of marrow mesenchymal cell initiated bone formation. The retention of cells within ceramics is augmented by the adsorption of the cell-binding proteins laminin and fibronectin, but this effect varies depending on ceramic pore structure and/or chemical composition.
Downregulation of Glutamine Synthetase, not glutaminolysis, is responsible for glutamine addiction in Notch1‐driven acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2020)

The cellular receptor Notch1 is a central regulator of T-cell development, and as a consequence, Notch1 pathway appears upregulated in > 65% of the cases of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). However, strategies targeting Notch1 signaling render only modest results in the clinic due to treatment resistance and severe side effects. While many investigations reported the different aspects of tumor cell growth and leukemia progression controlled by Notch1, less is known regarding the modifications of cellular metabolism induced by Notch1 upregulation in T-ALL. Previously, glutaminolysis inhibition has been proposed to synergize with anti-Notch therapies in T-ALL models. In this work, we report that Notch1 upregulation in T-ALL induced a change in the metabolism of the important amino acid glutamine, preventing glutamine synthesis through the downregulation of glutamine synthetase (GS). Downregulation of GS was responsible for glutamine addiction in Notch1-driven T-ALL both in vitro and in vivo. Our results also confirmed an increase in glutaminolysis mediated by Notch1. Increased glutaminolysis resulted in the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, a central controller of cell growth. However, glutaminolysis did not play any role in Notch1-induced glutamine addiction. Finally, the combined treatment targeting mTORC1 and limiting glutamine availability had a synergistic effect to induce apoptosis and to prevent Notch1-driven leukemia progression. Our results placed glutamine limitation and mTORC1 inhibition as a potential therapy against Notch1-driven leukemia.
Creation of Functional and Structured Polymer Particles by Self-Organized Precipitation (SORP) (2012)

Abstract In this account, we review recent developments in the preparation of various functional and nanostructured polymer particles by precipitation-based methods. First, we present an overview of recent polymer particle preparation methods including methods for precipitation-based particle preparation. Next, we introduce the self-organized precipitation and its advantages. We discuss the morphological control of polymer particles based on the types of polymer materials used for particle preparation. We also introduce the preparation of organic–inorganic composite particles. Finally, we discuss the future outlook of nanostructured polymer particles.
The Distribution of Hearing Threshold Levels in the General Population Aged 18–30 Years (1994)

Hearing threshold levels at audiometric frequencies between 0.25 and 8 kHz were obtained by manual audiometry using 5-dB steps in adults aged 18-30 years, as part of a large random survey of hearing in the UK. After screening to ensure otological normality, including careful analysis of any noise exposure history, the median thresholds of the 241 screened subjects deviated from audiometric zero by an average of 4.3 dB over the frequencies from 0.5 to 4 kHz in the direction of poorer hearing. Even greater deviations were evident at 0.25, 6 and 8 kHz, consistent with the discrepancies between normal hearing threshold and ISO 389 standard reference zero that have been reported previously. Within the age band from 18 to 30 years, age did not influence hearing threshold levels. Socio-economic status defined by occupational group (manual or non-manual) had a significant effect at frequencies up to 2 kHz, with those in non-manual occupations having better hearing than those in manual occupations by an average of 2.4 dB, despite screening for middle-ear disease, noise exposure and other possibly confounding factors. In a screened sample, males had better hearing threshold levels than females, but this difference was sensitive to screening criteria. The unscreened sample had median hearing threshold levels that were at most 2 dB worse than the screened sample across the frequency range.
MIMO Multiuser Precoding System using Weighted MMSE Prefilter and Vector Perturbation (2007)

In this paper, we propose a new jointly optimized linear prefilter and nonlinear vector perturbation approach to the Multiple Transmit Multiple Receive (MIMO)-Multiuser (MU) precoder system. As a closest lattice point search problem in the vector perturbation based method, the suboptimal QRD-M is used. For the prefilter design, the weighted MMSE criterion is used. Simulation results show that the proposed jointly weighted optimized linear prefilter with nonlinear perturbation vectors can achieve better BER performance.
Zur Übertragung von Substituenteneffekten in Fluorenen und Fluorenonen (1988)

On the Transmission of Substituent Effects in Fluorenes and Fluorenones A series of 2‐ and 2,7‐substituted fluorenes ( 1 ) and fluorenones ( 2 ) were prepared either by electrophilic substitution ( 1c–f, h–j; 2c, d, j ), reduction ( 1, 2k, l ) or nucleophilic exchange ( 1g, m, n; 2m ) via respective diazonium compounds as well as by oxydation ( 2e–h, n ) of the hydrocarbons ( 1 ). The carbon‐13 n.m.r. spectra for the fluorene ( 1a–n ) and fluorenone ( 2a–n ) derivatives was analyzed using a dual substituent parameter (DSP) equation. The substituent chemical shifts (SCS) of the carbon atoms 4a, 4b, 7 and 4a, 4b, 7, 9 of eleven fluorenes and nine fluorenones, respectively, correlate with the 𝒻, 𝓇 substituent constants and with σ I , σ ones in a satisfactory manner. The comparison indicates that the correlation with the 𝒻, 𝓇 constants yields always a higher resonance contribution than the calculation with σ I , σ constants. The DSP analysis reveals that transmission of the substituent effect to the substituted ring is primarily resonance controlled while the transmission to the second ring involves a π‐bond polarization mechanism. For C‐4b in the unsubstituted ring a reversed substituent effect was found. In contrast to fluorenes in fluorenones the transmission of the substituent effect involves the carbon atom 9.
Modeling of the lightning return stroke (2016)

Any lightning model is a mathematical construct designed to reproduce certain aspects of the physical processes involved in the lightning discharge. No modeling is complete until model predictions are compared with experimental data; that is, model testing, often called validation, is a necessary component of any modeling. An overview of various models of the lightning return stroke is given below.
Actively Learning Gaussian Process Dynamical Systems Through Global and Local Explorations (2022)

Usually learning dynamical systems by data-driven methods requires large amount of training data, which may be time consuming and expensive. Active learning, which aims at choosing the most informative samples to make learning more efficient is a promising way to solve this issue. However, actively learning dynamical systems is difficult since it is not possible to arbitrarily sample the state-action space under the constraint of system dynamics. The state-of-the-art methods for actively learning dynamical systems iteratively search for an informative state-action pair by maximizing the differential entropy of the predictive distribution, or iteratively search for a long informative trajectory by maximizing the sum of predictive variances along the trajectory. These methods suffer from low efficiency or high computational complexity and memory demand. To solve these problems, this paper proposes novel and more sample-efficient methods which combine global and local explorations. As the global exploration, the agent searches for a relatively short informative trajectory in the whole state-action space of the dynamical system. Then, as the local exploration, an action sequence is optimized to drive the system’s state towards the initial state of the local informative trajectory found by the global exploration and the agent explores this local informative trajectory. Compared to the state-of-the-art methods, the proposed methods are capable of exploring the state-action space more efficiently, and have much lower computational complexity and memory demand. With the state-of-the-art methods as baselines, the advantages of the proposed methods are verified via various numerical examples.
Engineering and Analysis of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain That Uses Formaldehyde as an Auxiliary Substrate (2008)

We demonstrated that formaldehyde can be efficiently coutilized by an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that expresses Hansenula polymorpha genes encoding formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FLD1) and formate dehydrogenase (FMD), in contrast to wild-type strains. Initial chemostat experiments showed that the engineered strain coutilized formaldehyde with glucose, but these mixed-substrate cultures failed to reach steady-state conditions and did not exhibit an increased biomass yield on glucose. Subsequent transcriptome analyses of chemostat cultures of the engineered strain, grown on glucose-formaldehyde mixtures, indicated that the presence of formaldehyde in the feed caused biotin limitations. Further transcriptome analysis demonstrated that this biotin inactivation was prevented by using separate formaldehyde and vitamin feeds. Using this approach, steady-state glucose-limited chemostat cultures were obtained that coutilized glucose and formaldehyde. Coutilization of formaldehyde under these conditions resulted in an enhanced biomass yield of the glucose-limited cultures. The biomass yield was quantitatively consistent with the use of formaldehyde as an auxiliary substrate that generates NADH and subsequently, via oxidative phosphorylation, ATP. On an electron pair basis, the biomass yield increase observed with formaldehyde was larger than that observed previously for formate, which is tentatively explained by different modes of formate and formaldehyde transport in S. cerevisiae.
Self-assembly around curved surfaces (2007)

We present a parametric study of self-assembled photonic crystal growth as a function of radius of curvature. To do this, we used a combination of microscope slides, glass capillaries and optical fibres as substrates to grow the self-assembled films on. Microscope and SEM images, as well as broadband transmission spectra were used to characterise the crystal, and the effect the changing surface curvature had on the crystal quality. Limitations for fabricating the crystals on highly curved surfaces will be presented.
Characterization and Performance Testing of Two-Stage Reciprocating Compressors during the Dynamic Charging of a Tank with Air (2016)

Relative little information is available in the literature with respect to compressor performances during dynamic charging processes. Therefore, the work presented in this paper focuses on the experimental performance testing of two-stage reciprocating compressors using air as the working fluid during the dynamic charging of a tank. A new test stand has been designed and built to conduct the dynamic compressor performance tests. Performance tests have been conducted from an initial pressure of 101.3 kPa to a final tank pressure of 3600 kPa. To achieve the final pressure of 3600 kPa, two hermetic reciprocating compressors are used in series. Due to the nature of the charging process, initially only the first stage compressor is activated until the tank pressure reaches a level that requires activation of the second stage compressor. Â Along with the experimental effort, a simulation model to predict the compressor dynamic performance has been developed. In this model, the initial clearance factors of the two compressors can be calculated based on available compressor maps. These clearance factors are then used as inputs to the dynamic model. The entire charging process can be simulated to provide the compressor performance data as the function of time. Finally, the predicted performance is validated using the test data and presented in this paper.