gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two- and multiphoton detection as an imaging mode and means of increasing the resolution in far-field light microscopy: A study based on photon-optics (1995)

A photon-optics interpretation of the image formation in a scanning single or two-photon excitation fluorescence microscope is given. This interpretation predicts the possibility of two-photon or multiphoton imaging modes based on simultaneous detection of two or more photons. We point out that by simultaneous detection of n photons stemming from the same point, the detection point-spread-function is raised to the nth power. In a two-photon detection microscope, pairs of photons rather than single photons are taken as the signal. We discuss the fundamental requirements of two-photon detection microscopy and the potential and limitations of this imaging mode. Two-photon detection leads to a reduction of the spatial extent of the detection point spread function and therefore to an increase of resolution, but also to a reduction of the total signal. The theoretically predicted narrowing of the point spread function as well as the reduction of the detected signal is confirmed in an experiment simulating the two-photon detection situation. In addition, we show a precise recording of the point-spread function of a 1.4 numerical aperture oil immersion lens at a wave length of 750 nm and the corresponding point-spread-function of a two-photon detection imaging mode.
IFN-γ-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms in Adverse Effects Caused by Concomitant Administration of IL-18 and IL-12 (2000)

IL-18 is a new type of inflammatory cytokine similar to but distinct from IL-12 and IL-1beta. One intriguing property of IL-18 is synergism with IL-12 in many respects. In this study we examined the in vivo synergistic effects of IL-18/IL-12 in mice and found lethal toxicity accompanying an elevated IFN-gamma level in the serum. Since treatment with IL-18 alone did not have any apparent toxicity, and treatment with IL-12 alone showed only limited toxicity in our system, the synergy between the two cytokines was all the more remarkable. The major symptoms of the toxicity were weight loss, diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, splenomegaly, fatty liver, and atrophic thymus, most of which are similarly found in endotoxin-induced septic shock. However, in contrast to septic shock, TNF-alpha was not induced. The involvement of IFN-gamma in the toxicity was further studied in detail. Treatment of athymic nude mice with anti-asialo-GM1 did not reduce the toxicity, whereas anti-IFN-gamma treatment of wild-type mice alleviated it. When IFN-gamma-deficient mice were treated with IL-18/IL-12, the majority of them showed mortality and toxicity with severe pulmonary edema. These results indicate that IL-18/IL-12 treatment induces severe adverse effects through not only IFN-gamma-dependent mechanisms but also IFN-gamma-independent processes.
High-throughput DNA sequence data compression (2013)

The exponential growth of high-throughput DNA sequence data has posed great challenges to genomic data storage, retrieval and transmission. Compression is a critical tool to address these challenges, where many methods have been developed to reduce the storage size of the genomes and sequencing data (reads, quality scores and metadata). However, genomic data are being generated faster than they could be meaningfully analyzed, leaving a large scope for developing novel compression algorithms that could directly facilitate data analysis beyond data transfer and storage. In this article, we categorize and provide a comprehensive review of the existing compression methods specialized for genomic data and present experimental results on compression ratio, memory usage, time for compression and decompression. We further present the remaining challenges and potential directions for future research.
REBOA and the Open Abdomen (2022)

Background: Uncontrolled hemorrhage is a significant cause of death worldwide. Rapid bleeding control is a major life saving goal. Resuscitative endovascular balloon of the aorta (REBOA) is a minimally invasive technique that temporarily occludes the aorta and achieves hemorrhage control.Methods: We present a case series of patients that underwent emergent laparotomy due hemorrhagic shock and were stabilized intraoperatively using REBOA.Results: Between December 2018 and September 2021, intraoperative REBOA was inserted in six patients. Etiologies included two postpartum hemorrhages, two gastrointestinal bleeds and two trauma cases. REBOA was positioned and inflated in the descending aorta (n = 3) and infrarenal aorta (n = 3). In all cases, REBOA resulted in immediate stabilization of blood pressure, enabling definitive treatment. Partial inflation was performed in all cases after initial stabilization. There was one minor access related complication, treated successfully. There was no mortality at 6 months follow up.Conclusions: REBOA is another important resuscitative tool to be considered, also in the open abdomen. It allowsfor hemodynamic stabilization and enables definitive surgical repair of other major injuries.
Surface Functionalization of Polystyrene Nanoparticles with Liposaccharide Monomers: Preparation, Characterization and Applications (1999)

Latex particles bearing carbohydrate species were prepared by emulsion copolymerization of styrene or methyl methacrylate with polymerizable liposaccharide surfactants; 11-( N-p-vinylbenzyl) amido undecanoyl maltobionamide (LIMA), 6-(2-methylpropenoyloxy)hexyl β-d-cellobioside (CHMA) and 10-(2-methylpropenoyloxy)decyl β-d-cellobiouronoside (CDMA). Due to their amphiphilic structure, these three monomers exhibit surface active properties in dilute solutions and mesomorphic properties in concentrated solutions. Their incorporation onto latex particles was performed according to a batch process or a seed polymerization process. The presence of the carbohydrate residues at the particle surface was directly observed by NMR. The potential application of these functionalized latexes in the biomedical diagnostic field was evaluated by studying the adsorption of bovine serum albumin, and by performing covalent binding of antibodies and single-stranded DNA fragments on their surface.
Immunmechanismen bei Netzhautdegeneration (2012)

Die progrediente Zelldegeneration in der Retina ist die gemeinsame Endstrecke aller erblich bedingten Netzhautdystrophien. Komplex genetische und metabolisch begünstigte Netzhautdegenerationen wie die altersabhängige Makuladegeneration werden ebenfalls maßgeblich durch apoptotische Prozesse bestimmt. Umfangreiche Untersuchungen an verschiedensten Tiermodellen dieser Erkrankungen weisen auf die frühzeitige und meist chronische Aktivierung des angeborenen Immunsystems als gemeinsamen Effektormechanismus hin. Die Komplementkaskade als humorale Säule und Mikrogliazellen als Phagozyten stellen dabei besonders sensible Sensoren und potente Effektoren der retinalen Immunantwort dar. Neben der genetischen Prädisposition beeinflussen verschiedenste individuelle Faktoren wie das Alter oder die Ernährung die Immunhomöostase der Netzhaut. Aufgrund der effektiven Funktionsweise des innaten Immunsystems kann eine lokale chronische Entzündung die Netzhautdegeneration auf verschiedenste Weise perpetuieren. Dieser Artikel fasst den Stand der aktuellen Literatur zur Rolle des angeborenen Immunsystems bei Netzhautdegenerationen zusammen. Er fokussiert dabei besonders auf Hinweise aus Humanstudien und stellt einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Aktivierung des Komplementsystems und der Funktion von Mikroglia in der degenerierenden Netzhaut dar. Daraus abgeleitete Konzepte beschreiben die Immunpathologie der Netzhaut als neues therapeutisches Ziel für eine Neuroprotektion.
Field programmable logic gates using GMR devices (1997)

This paper summarizes the basic methodology for building field programmable logic functions using GMR devices. The size of the gates and the properties of the sense amplifier are a function of the particular GMR technology used, device matching and the magnitude of the sense current available. A test chip is currently in fabrication.
Volume‐dependent and NEM‐stimulated K+Cl−1 transport is elevated in oxygenated SS, SC and CC human red cells (1986)

Mechanisms involved in cell volume regulation are important in SS, SC cells as they might be involved in determining the extent of sickling and the generation of dense cells and irreversibly sickled cells. We have studied in these cells the response to cell swelling of the K+,Cl- transporter. We found that Hb SS, SC and CC red cells have higher values of a ouabain-resistant, chloride-dependent and NEM-stimulated K+ efflux than AA red cells. In contrast, the Na+,K+,Cl- cotransport estimated from the bumetanide-sensitive component of K+ efflux was not significantly different in SS, SC and CC red cells. The (ouabain + bumetanide)-resistant K+ efflux from SS, SC and CC red cells was stimulated by cell swelling induced by reduction of the osmotic pressure (300 to 220 mosmol/l) and pH (8 to 7) of the flux media (140 mM NaCl). The Cl--dependent K+ efflux stimulated by osmotic swelling highly correlated with the NEM-stimulated component (r = 0.8, p less than 0.001, n = 22) and the acid-pH-induced swelling (r = 0.969, p less than 0.001, n = 22), indicating that it is driven by the K+,Cl- transporter.
Temsililik Hevristikinin Algilanan Risk Üzerindeki Etkisi: İMKB Bireysel Hisse Senedi Yatirimcilari Üzerine Bir Uygulama Effect of Representational Heuristic's On Percieved Risk: A Research On Individual Stock İnvestors of IMKB (2012)

Behavioral financiers accept the investors’ optimism towards previously high-performing stocks and their pessimism towards previously low-performing stocks as the effects of representational heuristic on the investor behaviour. The purpose of this section, was to examine representational heuristic’s impacts on risktaking tendencies as a result of individual stock investors’ percieved risk level. The analysis which used real data about 31 individual investors who had realized the stock purchase- sale transactions in Istanbul Stock Exchange between 1st January 2007 to 31st December 2009 through identified that investment decisions of individual investors were sensitive to the past performance of shares of stocks and this sensitivity was most frequently observed on daily return.
Magnetic dichroism in the Kondo insulator SmB6 (2019)

Samarium hexaboride (${\mathrm{SmB}}_{6}$) is a purported topological Kondo insulator, with theory predicting that the experimentally observed metallic surface states manifest from a topologically nontrivial insulating bulk band structure. The insulating bulk itself is driven by strong correlations, and both bulk and surface are known to host compelling magnetic and electronic phenomena. We employed x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism at the Sm ${M}_{4,5}$ edges to probe the surface and bulk magnetic properties of ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{3+}$ within ${\mathrm{SmB}}_{6}$. We observed an unexpected antialignment to the applied field of the ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{3+}$ magnetic dipole moment below $T=75$ K and of the total orbital moment of samarium below 30 K. The total bulk magnetization at 2 K is, however, positive and driven by ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}$ Van Vleck susceptibility as well as 1% paramagnetic impurities with ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{eff}}=5.2(1){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$. This indicates the diamagneticlike ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{3+}$ magnetism is only a portion of the net magnetization, partially offsetting the response of paramagnetic impurities known within the bulk.
Developing an Automatic Virtual Metrology System (2011)

Virtual Metrology (VM) is a method to conjecture manufacturing quality of a process tool based on data sensed from the process tool and without physical metrology operations. VM has now been designated by the International SEMATECH Manufacturing Initiative and International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors as one of the focus areas for the next-generation factory realization roadmap of the semiconductor industry. This paper defines the VM automation levels, proposes the concept of automatic virtual metrology (AVM), and develops an AVM system for automatic and fab-wide VM deployment. The example of automatic VM model refreshing for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) tools is also illustrated in this paper. The AVM system has been successfully deployed in a fifth-generation thin-film-transistor-liquid-crystal-display (TFT-LCD) factory in Chi Mei Optoelectronics (CMO), Taiwan.
Prospective comparison of global visual field indices and cluster progression in glaucoma and their relationship to structural changes (2017)

Purpose Glaucoma diagnosis and follow up of progression is often based on structural and functional assessments. This study aimed to assess clustered progression in comparison to global indices and structural measures from HRT and OCT. Methods 16 eyes of OHT and glaucoma patients with a minimum of 5 visual fields (HFA II i 24‐2) over a year were assessed prospectively. MD and VFI rates of progression were used for trend analysis. Linear regression of clusters defined by the Glaucoma Hemifield Test (GHT) was performed based on the mean threshold in each cluster. Rim Area (HRT 3) and mean parapapillary RNFL(SD‐OCT) analysis were assessed and correlated with functional clustered measures. Rates of progression were flagged as statistically significant if the gradients over time were negative with p&lt;0.05. Results Cluster analysis showed significant progression: 11 of 16 eyes in at least 1 cluster (68.75%) with an average rate of progression of ‐2.18 ± 2.2 dB/year. RNFL thinning was found in 12 of 16 eyes with an average rate of progression of 2.58 ± 1.43 μm/year. 7 out 16 eyes were progressing at HRT RA (43.75%) while 5 of 16 and 6 of 16 were progressing at VF VFI (31.25%) and VF MD (37.5%) respectively. The agreement between GHT Cluster and VF VFI and VF MD was 0.34 and 0.2, respectively. The best agreement was found between GHT Cluster and OCT RNFL (k= 0.61). Conclusions Visual field clusters well detected spatial locations of sensitivity loss showing greater sensitivity than global indices (MD; VFI) and better concordance with structural changes. This suggests GHT clusters to be a sensitive method for the early identification of glaucomatous visual field loss.
cDNA Microarray Analysis in Hepatocyte Differentiation in Huh 7 Cells (2004)

The risk of xenozoonosis infections poses the greatest obstacle against the clinical application of a hybrid artificial liver support system (HALSS). Primary human hepatocytes are an ideal source for HALSS, but the shortage of human livers available for hepatocyte isolation limits this modality. To resolve this issue, we previously demonstrated the upregulation of hepatocyte-specific function by spheroid formation in polyurethane foam and by culturing with the histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), in a human hepatoma cell line (Huh 7). In this article we analyze the gene expression profile using cDNA microarray (1281 genes) in spheroid formation or culturing with TSA in Huh 7 to determine the target genes in hepatocyte differentiation. In both the spheroid formation and in the culture with TSA, the Oct-3/4 transcription factor was upregulated more thantwofold, while the early growth response-1 (EGR-1) transactivator was downregulated less than 0.5-fold. These results indicate that expressions of Oct-3/4 and EGR-1 may be key factors in the induction of hepatocyte differentiation in Huh 7.
Antitumor agents—CLXXIII. Synthesis and evaluation of camptothecin-4β-amino-4′-O-demethyl epipodophyllotoxin conjugates as inhibitors of mammalian DNA topoisomerases and as cytotoxic agents (1997)

Two conjugates composed of a camptothecin and a 4'-O-demethyl epipodophyllotoxin derivative joined by an imine linkage were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of mammalian DNA topoisomerases I and II. Target compounds stimulated cleavable complex formation with both types of enzyme in vitro although activities were reduced at least twofold relative to the activity of unconjugated constituents. The behavior of the most active conjugate as an inhibitor of cell growth closely resembled both topoisomerase I- and II- inhibitory components in that the compound displayed a combined spectrum of activity against various drug-resistant KB sublines. Cytotoxic activity and selectivity were largely retained through conjugation, the exception being a lower than expected activity against a pleiotrophic multidrug-resistant subline. The induced levels and the properties of cellular protein-associated DNA complexes were consistent with topoisomerase involvement and with the in vitro cleavage assay results. Based on the present findings, conjugation afforded cleavable complex-forming topoisomerase inhibitors which display dual target specificity and a broad spectrum of cytotoxic activity against drug-resistant cells.
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate induces aggregation and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine from saponin-permeabilized human platelets. (1986)

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate induces aggregation and the release of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine from human platelets rendered permeable with saponin. This action of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is associated with a significant formation of thromboxane B2, activation of phospholipase C, and phosphorylation of 20,000- and 40,000-dalton proteins, which are the substrates for myosin light chain kinase and protein kinase C, respectively. All of these responses are blocked by the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin and aspirin and the dual cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitor 3-amino-1-[m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-pyrazoline (BW 755C). These data indicate that platelet activation by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is initiated by the mobilization of Ca2+, which leads to phospholipase A2 activation. The thromboxanes and endoperoxides that are subsequently generated then induce activation via cell surface receptors.
Mapping complex mode volumes with cavity perturbation theory (2019)

Microcavities and nanoresonators are characterized by their quality factors () and mode volumes (). While is unambiguously defined, there are still questions on and, in particular, on its complex-valued character, whose imaginary part is linked to the non-Hermitian nature of open systems. Helped by cavity perturbation theory and near-field experimental data, we clarify the physics captured by the imaginary part of and show how a mapping of the spatial distribution of both the real and imaginary parts can be directly inferred from perturbation measurements. This result shows that the mathematically abstract complex mode , in fact, is directly observable.
Highly Oriented Magnetic Film Composed of Ga‐Substituted ε‐Iron Oxide and the Angular Dependence of the Magnetic Hysteresis Loops (2017)

Abstract Invited for the cover of this issue are Shin‐ichi Ohkoshi from The University of Tokyo, Japan, and co‐workers. The cover image shows a crystallographically oriented film based on metal‐substituted ε‐iron oxide (ε‐Ga 0.45 Fe 1.55 O 3 ) magnetic nanoparticles.
Pinch-off and formation number of negatively buoyant jets (2011)

Previous investigations of starting buoyant jets are extended towards negative buoyancy to address key issues in the formation processes. A series of large-eddy simulations (LES) is performed to identify whether an optimal vortex can be formed with negative buoyancy and if so what the corresponding formation number would be. The numerical code was previously validated for non-buoyant and positively buoyant jets and is further validated here for negatively buoyant jets using literature data on submerged fountains. Subsequently, jets with a range of negative buoyancies are simulated using source Reynolds numbers of 2000 &amp;lt; Re &amp;lt; 3000. A revised, directional form of Richardson number (Rid) is proposed to accommodate the entire range of buoyancy, with Rid &amp;gt; 0 for positively buoyant jets, Rid = 0 for non-buoyant jets, and Rid &amp;lt; 0 for negatively buoyant jets. Simulations identify two ranges of negative buoyancy. For weakly negatively buoyant starting jets (– 0.05 &amp;lt;∼ Rid &amp;lt; 0), the pinch-off and formation of an optimal starting vortex occur, and the corresponding formation number can be determined using a revised algorithm, catering to negative buoyancy, based on the observed step jump in the vortex ring’s circulation. This algorithm suggests a continuation of the declining trend in formation number with declining Rid identified previously for positively buoyant jets. For strongly negatively buoyant jets (Rid &amp;lt; −0.05), the starting vortex falls back onto the stem after the initial roll-up for −2.0 &amp;lt;∼ Rid &amp;lt; −0.05, and the pinch-off process does not exist for Rid &amp;lt;∼ −2.0 with the starting vortex and stem connected at all time. A plot of time-varying vortex circulation and penetration for starting plumes with different Rid unifies our understanding of buoyant vortex dynamics.
On-the-fly detection of access anomalies (1989)

Access anomalies are a common class of bugs in shared-memory parallel programs. An access anomaly occurs when two concurrent execution threads both write (or one thread reads and the other writes) the same shared memory location without coordination. Approaches to the detection of access anomalies include static analysis, post-mortem trace analysis, and on-the-fly monitoring. A general on-the-fly algorithm for access anomaly detection is presented, which can be applied to programs with both nested fork-join and synchronization operations. The advantage of on-the-fly detection over post-mortem analysis is that the amount of storage used can be greatly reduced by data compression techniques and by discarding information as soon as it becomes obsolete. In the algorithm presented, the amount of storage required at any time depends only on the number V of shared variables being monitored and the number N of threads, not on the number of synchronizations. Data compression is achieved by the use of two techniques called merging and subtraction . Upper bounds on storage are shown to be V × N 2 for merging and V × N for subtraction.
ChemInform Abstract: A USEFUL METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF MACROCYCLIC LACTONE (1979)

Abstract Die Hydroxycarbonsäuren (IV) werden in Gegenwart der Verbindungen (I)‐(III) zu‐den Lactonen (V) cyclisiert.
Effects of sex and wet-bulb globe temperature on heart rate variability during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise: a secondary analysis (2022)

Sex differences in heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), a surrogate of cardiac autonomic modulation, are evident during rest and exercise in young healthy individuals. However, it remains unclear whether sex impacts HRV during prolonged exercise at differing levels of environmental heat stress. Therefore, we completed a secondary analysis upon the effects of sex and wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) on HR and HRV during prolonged exercise. To achieve this, HR and HRV were assessed in non-endurance-trained and non-heat-acclimatised healthy men (<i>n</i> = 19) and women (<i>n</i> = 15) aged 18-45 years during 180 min of treadmill walking at a moderate metabolic rate (200 W/m<sup>2</sup>: equivalent to ∼35% peak aerobic power) in 16, 24, 28, and 32 °C WBGT. In the final 5 min prior to exercise termination, HR was observed to be higher in women relative to men in all but the 32 °C WBGT. Although no sex differences were observed for the HRV metric of root-mean-square of successive differences, high-frequency power was higher in women relative to men across WBGT conditions. These findings indicate that, in healthy non-heat-acclimatised individuals, women respond to prolonged exercise-heat stress with a greater increase in HR despite cardiac vagal autonomic modulation remaining equal or increasing compared to men. <b>Novelty:</b> Prior to exercise termination, females respond with a greater increase in HR under all WBGTs except the hottest (32 °C). Sex influenced HRV metrics during all WBGTs, but results were mixed. Further characterisation of HRV sex differences remains an important area of research.