gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Half-Watt single frequency yellow 561 nm and yellow-green 553 nm DPSS lasers with record 19% optical conversion efficiency (2010)

Since the first introduction of DPSS lasers at 561 nm in 2004, the power level required by some biotechnical applications has always increased. Oxxius has contributed to fulfill the demand thanks to the introduction of the SLIM-561 100mW in 2008 and of the SLIM-561 200mW and 300mW in 2009. More recently, new dyes or nano-dots have required shorter wavelengths (such as 553 nm) and new applications such as Laser Doppler Velocimetry requiring both high power and single frequency operation have appeared. In this presentation, we demonstrate how to further increase the power. 553nm and 561 nm emission are obtained by frequency doubling the 1106 nm and 1123 nm lines of Nd:YAG. The latter transitions are significantly weaker than the 1064 nm line. As a consequence, any loss in the cavity significantly increases the laser threshold. Because of the perfect alignment of the crystal interfaces and the low divergence of the intracavity beam, monolithic cavities demonstrate significantly reduced round-trip losses compared to standard cavities. Consequently, laser threshold can be dramatically reduced and the nonlinear loss, responsible for the visible emission, can easily dominate the linear losses. We have taken standard monolithic cavities of our commercial SLIM-561 products and have increased the pumping power up to 2.8 W. Yellow and Yellow-green powers have not shown any sign of saturation and 0.5 W could be achieved at both wavelengths. This results in a record 18% pump to signal optical efficiency. We have checked that the emission remained single frequency whatever the pumping power.
Abstract 9348: ROCK2 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Plays a Crucial Role for Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Mice (2011)

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) still remains a fatal disease characterized by progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. We have previously demonstrated that the Rho-kinase (ROCK) pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases by enhancing their migration and proliferation. Rho-kinase has 2 isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2, with different functions; ROCK1 for circulating inflammatory cells and ROCK2 for the vasculature. In this study, we thus examined whether ROCK2 in VSMC is involved in the pathogenesis of PH. Methods and Results: We developed VSMC-specific ROCK2-deficient (ROCK2 +/- ) and VSMC-specific ROCK2-overexpressing (ROCK2-Tg) mice. Both genotypes showed normal growth under physiological conditions. Chronic hypoxia (10% O 2 for 4 weeks) significantly increased ROCK2 expression and ROCK activity in lung tissues from littermates (P&lt;0.05, n=4 each). The extent of the hypoxia-induced PH, as evaluated by the extent of pulmonary vascular remodeling, right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure and RV hypertrophy, was significantly reduced in ROCK2 +/- mice and was significantly enhanced in ROCK2-Tg mice compared with the littermates (all P&lt;0.05). Immunostaining showed that the number of CD45 + inflammatory cells in the lung was significantly reduced in the ROCK2 +/- mice and was increased in the ROCK2-Tg mice compared with the littermates, suggesting the role of vascular ROCK2 in inflammatory cell recruitment. In addition, VSMC proliferation (Ki67 + cells) significantly correlated with the ROCK2 expression after chronic hypoxia, suggesting the role of ROCK2 in VSMC proliferation. In cultured mouse aortic VSMC, ROCK2 expression was decreased in ROCK2 +/- VSMC (-21%) and was increased in ROCK2-Tg VSMC (+100%) compared with littermate VSMC. Hypoxia (1% O 2 for 24 hours) significantly increased ROCK activity in littermate VSMC (P&lt;0.05, n=5 each). Scratch assay showed that migration activity was significantly reduced in the ROCK2 +/- VSMC and was increased in the ROCK2-Tg VSMC compared with littermate VSMC (P&lt;0.01). Conclusions: ROCK2 in VSMC plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of hypoxia-induced PH through enhanced VSMC migration and proliferation.
Determination of hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate and chondroitin 4/6 sulphate in human dermis, and a material of reference. (1982)

Using a new method based on electrophoresis and enzymatic digestion with chondroitinase AC small skin biopsies of 15 healthy individuals were assayed for qualitative and quantitative content of glycosaminoglycans. The content of collagen was measured as hydroxyproline. The following results were obtained: (1) The mean substance content and standard deviation of hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate chondroitin 4 or 6 sulphate and hydroxyproline in dried defatted tissue is presented. (2) There is a negative correlation with age for hyaluronic acid and no correlation with age for any of the other glycosaminoglycans or the hydroxyproline. (3) The sex has no major influence on any of the quantities measured. (4) The observed substance content of water in wet tissue is presented.
PREPARATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF ENTOMOPHILOUS POLLEN USING SONICATION AND AN AREA-COUNTING TECHNIQUE (2005)

Large pollen grains are difficult to quantify accurately. In order to ensure none have escaped, the anther must be removed and preserved before it is fully mature, leaving the pollen grains somewhat fragile and cohesive. Any method of quantification requires that they be separated into discrete grains, a difficult process, in part, due to their immature state. A probe sonicator can effectively disperse pollen grains from an opened anther in a petri dish partially filled with water. If the grains are too large to readily remain in suspension they can be allowed to settle in the petri dish and then quantified. As long as the grains are uniformly distributed in the petri dish, a compound microscope can be used to count the pollen grains in a field of view, and the contents of multiple fields of view can be used to extrapolate the total number of pollen grains.
Expression of Soluble Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 in Human Monocyte-Derived Mature Dendritic Cells Contributes to Their Antiangiogenic Property (2009)

The soluble form of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1) is produced from endothelial cells by alternative splicing of VEGFR-1 mRNA, and can inhibit angiogenesis by blocking the biological effects of VEGF. In this study, we show the expression of a large amount of sVEGFR-1 in human monocyte-derived mature dendritic cells (mDCs). As compared with monocytes and immature DCs, mDCs generated by TNF-alpha or soluble CD40L with IFN-gamma, but not LPS or other stimuli, preferentially produce sVEGFR-1. We also detected the mRNA of sVEGFR-1 generated by alternative splicing of VEGFR-1 mRNA in mDCs induced by TNF-alpha. The production of sVEGFR-1 showed a distinct contrast to those of VEGF in each DC matured with various stimuli. The supernatant of DCs matured with TNF-alpha or soluble CD40L with IFN-gamma showed inhibition of the tube formation of HUVECs, which was neutralized by anti-VEGFR-1 Ab, indicating that sVEGFR-1 secreted from mDCs was biologically active. Interestingly, the supernatant of mDCs generated with LPS increased HUVEC capillary-like formation in vitro. The ratio of sVEGFR-1 to VEGF clearly reflected the net angiogenic property of mDCs. Administration of mDCs induced by TNF-alpha into the s.c. tumor of PC-14 cells implanted in SCID mice demonstrated the inhibition of tumor growth via reduction of the number of CD31-positive vessels, indicating their in vivo antiangiogenic potential. These results suggest that sVEGFR-1 produced by mDCs contribute to their antiangiogenic property, and the ratio of sVEGFR-1 to VEGF might be a useful tool for evaluating their ability to regulate angiogenesis mediated by VEGF.
MITF and UV responses in skin: From pigmentation to addiction (2018)

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has numerous effects on skin, including DNA damage, tanning, vitamin D synthesis, carcinogenesis, and immunomodulation. Keratinocytes containing damaged DNA secrete both α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which stimulates pigment production by melanocytes, and the opioid β-endorphin, which can trigger addiction-like responses to UVR. The pigmentation (tanning) response is an adaptation that provides some delayed protection against further DNA damage and carcinogenesis, while the opioid response may be an evolutionary adaptation for promoting sun-seeking behavior to prevent vitamin D deficiency. Here, we review the pigmentation response to UVR, driven by melanocytic microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and evidence for UVR-induced melanomagenesis and addiction. We also discuss potential applications of a novel approach to generate protective pigmentation in the absence of UVR (sunless tanning) using a topical small-molecule inhibitor of the salt-inducible kinase (SIK) family.
The First N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Based Nickel Catalyst for C−S Coupling (2007)

We have developed the first N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-based transition metal catalysts for C-S coupling reactions. Ni-NHC catalysts showed good to excellent activities toward various aryl halides in C-S coupling reactions. The catalytic activities were greatly affected by the electronic and steric properties of the NHC ligands. The new catalysts were inexpensive, easy to synthesize, and environmentally friendly. They could be excellent candidates to replace Pd-organophosphanes for C-S coupling catalysis.
Expression in Spiroplasma citri of an epitope carried on the G fragment of the cytadhesin P1 gene from Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1993)

We have previously described the use of the replicative form (RF) of Spiroplasma citri virus SpV1 as a vector for cloning and expressing foreign genes in S. citri, an organism which reads UGA as a tryptophan codon (C. Stamburski, J. Renaudin, and J.M. Bové, J. Bacteriol. 173:2225-2230, 1991). We now report cloning and expression in S. citri of the G fragment of cytadhesin P1 gene from Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The G fragment was inserted in the SpV1 RF downstream of a synthetic ribosome binding site and introduced into S. citri by electroporation. Northern (RNA) blot analyses showed that in S. citri, the G fragment was transcribed from an SpV1 RF promoter as a 1.2-kb mRNA. The translation product was detected by Western blotting (immunoblotting) with a rabbit antiserum raised against total proteins from M. pneumoniae (strain FH) and was proved to be P1 specific by using monoclonal antibodies specific for the G region of the P1 protein. The apparent molecular mass of the polypeptide (24.5 kDa) indicates that in S. citri, the G fragment was fully translated in spite of the seven UGA codons present in the reading frame.
Using pan-sarcoma multiomic analysis for identifying sarcoma subtypes with immunogenic potential. (2022)

11551 Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have limited efficacy for most sarcomas. Yet, responses are seen in particular sarcoma subtypes, highlighting the need for better predictive biomarkers. The T cell inflamed score (TIS), a gene expression signature reflective of an active tumor immune microenvironment, is associated with ICI response in multiple solid tumors. We evaluated the TIS across a large database of sarcomas to identify which histologic subtypes may benefit from ICI. Methods: Next generation sequencing of DNA (592 gene or whole exome)/RNA (whole transcriptome) was performed for 3605 sarcoma patient samples, representing 45 histologic subtypes (Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ). TIS (18 gene weighted coefficient composite value; Cristescu 2018) was calculated and the Microenvironment Cell Populations-counter tool (Becht 2016) was used to quantify immune cell populations. Results were compared to melanoma (n = 1255), a representative immunogenic tumor type. High TIS was defined as a score within the upper quartile of melanoma TIS (&gt; 5.5). Percentage with high TIS are reported with 95% CI. Results: Median TIS was highest in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), epithelioid sarcoma (EPIS), myxofibrosarcoma (MFS), well differentiated liposarcoma, and solitary fibrous tumor (SFT). These did not differ significantly from melanoma (p &gt; 0.06). Median TIS was lowest in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, desmoid tumor (DES), synovial sarcoma (SYNS), and Ewing sarcoma (ES). Histologic subtypes where &gt; 10% of samples had a high TIS included IMT (29.9% ± 21.7%), MFS (23.3% ± 12.6%), pleomorphic sarcoma (PLSARC) (21.9% ± 5.8%), cutaneous angiosarcoma (ANGS) (18.4% ± 13.9%), spindle cell sarcoma (17.5% ± 7.6%), liposarcoma (LPS) (17% ± 10.7%), EPIS (15.4% ± 19.6%), visceral ANGS (13.2% ± 10.7%), pleomorphic LPS (13.6% ± 14.3%), fibrosarcoma (12.5% ± 13.2%), leiomyosarcoma (11.6%± 3.4%), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) (10.2% ± 7.7%), and perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) (10% ± 10.7%). The relative abundance of immune and stromal cell populations was highly variable across sarcoma subtypes, yet a strong positive correlation between TIS and immune cell populations was observed for most subtypes (e.g. T cells, Spearman R range: 0.56 [P = 0.08] - 0.96 [P &lt; 0.0001]). A notable exception was SFT, which had a relatively high median TIS but low abundance of CD8+ T cells and B cells. Conclusions: We found high median TIS and/or significant proportions of samples with a high TIS in sarcoma subtypes with previously demonstrated responsiveness to ICI, including MFS, PLSARC, LPS, and ANGS, while unresponsive tumor types such as RMS, DES, SYNS, and ES had low TIS. We further identified subtypes with high TIS but limited prior clinical data supporting ICI use, such as IMT, EPIS, MPNST, SFT, and PEComa. Our results warrant prospective exploration of TIS as a predictive biomarker for ICI use in sarcoma.
Control of regioselectivity in the di-.pi.-methane rearrangements. Triplet-sensitized photoisomerization of benzonorbornadienes carrying cyano substituents in the aryl and vinyl segments (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTControl of regioselectivity in the di-.pi.-methane rearrangements. Triplet-sensitized photoisomerization of benzonorbornadienes carrying cyano substituents in the aryl and vinyl segmentsLeo A. Paquette, Audrey Yeh Ku, Cielo Santiago, Melvin D. Rozeboom, and K. N. HoukCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 20, 5972–5980Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00514a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00514a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views140Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Established and Emerging Materials for use as High‐Field Magnet Conductors (2004)

Abstract Designing a composite material for use as a conductor in high‐field pulse magnets is a challenging materials science problem. Three different approaches to designing such high‐strength, high‐conductivity composite conductors are reviewed, with each approach focusing on different length scales. New perspectives are given on each alternative with regard to the fabrication, mechanical and electrical properties.
High Prevalence of Genotypic and Phenotypic HIV-1 Drug-Resistant Strains Among Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (2001)

To describe prevalence of antiretroviral (ARV) drug-resistant HIV-1 strains among patients with a history of earlier treatment with ARV drugs in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, we determined mutations that confer HIV-1 ARV drug resistance by sequencing the viral reverse-transcriptase and protease genes derived from plasma viral RNA of 68 individuals consecutively enrolled in the Joint United Nations Program on AIDS Drug Access Initiative (UNAIDS-DAI) with a history of earlier ARV drug treatment in Abidjan between August 1998 and April 1999. Phenotypic ARV drug resistance was assessed using a recombinant virus assay. Primary mutations associated with ARV drug resistance to at least one of the reverse-transcriptase inhibitors or protease inhibitors were detected in 39 (57.4%) of the 68 patients. The prevalence of mutations associated with resistance to ARV drugs was: 29 (42.6%) to zidovudine, 10 (14.7%) to lamivudine, one (1.5%) to didanosine, one K103N mutation (associated with resistance to delavirdine, nevirapine, and efavirenz), one Y181C mutation (associated with resistance to delavirdine and nevirapine), two to both indinavir (M46I/L and V82A) and saquinavir (G48V and L90M), and one each to ritonavir (V82A) and nelfinavir (D30N). Phenotypic resistance to at least one nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI) was seen in 25 (39.7%) patients, to nonnucleoside RTIs in 5 (8%) patients, and to protease inhibitors in 4 (6%) patients. The high prevalence we observed in this study may limit in future the effectiveness of ARV programs in the Côte d'Ivoire.
Learning multiple-question decision trees for cold-start recommendation (2013)

For cold-start recommendation, it is important to rapidly profile new users and generate a good initial set of recommendations through an interview process --- users should be queried adaptively in a sequential fashion, and multiple items should be offered for opinion solicitation at each trial. In this work, we propose a novel algorithm that learns to conduct the interview process guided by a decision tree with multiple questions at each split. The splits, represented as sparse weight vectors, are learned through an L_1-constrained optimization framework. The users are directed to child nodes according to the inner product of their responses and the corresponding weight vector. More importantly, to account for the variety of responses coming to a node, a linear regressor is learned within each node using all the previously obtained answers as input to predict item ratings. A user study, preliminary but first in its kind in cold-start recommendation, is conducted to explore the efficient number and format of questions being asked in a recommendation survey to minimize user cognitive efforts. Quantitative experimental validations also show that the proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in terms of both the prediction accuracy and user cognitive efforts.
Progressive multiple sclerosis: latest therapeutic developments and future directions (2019)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the central nervous system leading to demyelination and neurodegeneration. While the initial presentation is mostly characterized by a relapsing-remitting disease, patients often progress naturally after 10-15 years to a secondary-progressive disease course. Another 10-15% present with an initial, primary-progressive MS course. Pathogenic mechanisms possibly driving progression include continued compartmentalized inflammation by T- and B-lymphocytes and cells of innate immunity, oxidative stress, iron accumulation, and consecutive mitochondrial damage, altogether leading to neurodegeneration with accumulation of disability. Increasing knowledge about pathogenic mechanisms involved in progressive MS helps to design more specific and precise therapeutic approaches. Successful examples are the B-cell targeting monoclonal antibody ocrelizumab, effective in primary progressive MS, and the sphingosine-1-receptor modulator siponimod, effective in active forms of secondary-progressive MS. Apart from that, other medications such as the B-cell targeted antibody ofatumumab, cladribine due to T- and B-cell depletion, and other sphingosine-1-receptor modulators such as ozanimod and ponesimod are under development. Moreover, some therapeutic approaches in preclinical stages are under development. In this review, we will summarize the newest therapeutic development in the field of progressive MS of the last 3 years, and shed light on auspicious substances with similar mechanisms and new developments in the therapeutic pipeline, presumably supporting a bright future for progressive MS treatment.
Do Large‐Diameter Hamstring Grafts in Young Patients Prevent Knee Osteoarthritis After ACL Reconstruction? (2012)

This question is an oversimplification, and the answer would take years to formulate using validated scientific research methods.1 However, we pose the question seriously because we would like to know the answer. Your editors have a core historical interest in ACL research, and we continue to be amazed by the explosion in this area of investigation. The dynamite has been Freddie Fu from the University of Pittsburgh who, since the year 2000, has published more than 50 articles on the ACL in Arthroscopy alone, a small sample of his total production.
Formation of Ethyl Acrylate from Acrolein and Ethanol by Transition Metal Complexes (1974)

The reaction of acrolein with ethanol yielded ethyl acrylate (EA), propionaldehyde diethyl-acetal (PAEt2), acrolein diethylacetal (AcEt2), β-ethoxypropionaldehyde (EP) and its acetal (AcEt3) in the presence of complexes such as RuCl2 (C12H18), RuCl3·3H2O, [RhGl (C8H14) 2] 2, [RhCl (C2H4) 2] 2, RhCl (PPh3) 3 and IrCl (CO) (PPh3) 2. Among them, RuCl2 (C12H18) was the most effective catalyst for the formation of EA, but the yield of which was ca. 10%. Ethyl propionate as well as EA was formed with increase of the reaction temperature. The presence of oxygen in the reaction catalyzed by RuCl2 (C12H18) increased the yields of the products.In these reactions, the yields of EA, PAEt2, EP and AcEt3 increased gradually, while the yield of AcEt2 at first increased and then levelled down. These results indicated the following reaction scheme : On the other hand, the formation of EA proceeded through an acyl-type complex formed by the oxidative addition of acrolein to the metals, followed by the attack of ethanol. Hydrogen atoms formed in this reaction might be transferred to acrolein to give PAEt2 by the reaction with ethanol.Use of propionaldehyde in place of acrolein afforded ethyl propionate, but its yield was very low as compared with that of EA derived from acrolein.