gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dual Nakamura model for primary and secondary crystallization applied to nonisothermal crystallization of poly(ether ether ketone) (2021)

Abstract Non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics has been traditionally predicted using the Nakamura crystal growth model, which is an integral form of the Avrami equation under the assumption that the non‐isothermal kinetics can be explained using a series of infinitesimal isothermal steps. However, the Nakamura model often overpredicts crystal fraction near the end of crystallization because of ignoring slower secondary crystallization kinetics. In this study, the dual Nakamura model is proposed to capture both primary and secondary crystallization kinetics of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK). First, non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics of PEEK is monitored at five constant cooling rates of 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 K/min via differential scanning calorimetry. The dual Nakamura model, which contains a smaller secondary Avrami exponent () to account for the secondary crystallization, is fitted to the exothermal heat flow curves. The dual Nakamura model successfully describes the final stage of crystallization at all cooling rates by reducing the crystal growth dimension from = 3 for primary crystallization to .
Synergy between Toxoplasma gondii type I ΔGRA17 immunotherapy and PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition triggers the regression of targeted and distal tumors (2021)

The results from these models indicate that intratumoral injection of Δ<i>GRA17</i> induced a systemic effect, improved mouse immune response, and sensitized immunologically 'cold' tumors and rendered them sensitive to immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
Physical limits of acuity and hyperacuity (1984)

An ideal detector is derived for the discrimination of arbitrary stimuli in the two-alternative forced-choice paradigm. The ideal detector's performance is assumed to be limited only by quantal fluctuations, the optics of the eye, and the size and spacing of the receptors in the retinal mosaic. Detailed predictions are presented for two-point acuity and hyperacuity tasks. The ideal detector's two-point resolution, over a wide range of luminances, is approximately 10 times worse than its two-point vernier acuity or separation discrimination. Furthermore, two-point resolution is shown to vary in proportion to the -1/4 power of spot intensity, but vernier acuity and separation discrimination vary in proportion to the -1/2 power of spot intensity. It is shown that this ideal detector can be implemented by the use of appropriately shaped receptive fields. The derivation provides a simple way to determine the shapes of these optimal receptive fields for arbitrary stimuli. The sensitivities of real (human) and ideal detectors are compared.
Polyvalent group B streptococcal immune globulin for intravenous administration : overview. Discussion (1990)

Immunoglobulin therapy is becoming an important modality for the prevention and treatment of bacterial and viral infection. Standard intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is made from large pools of plasma obtained from normal blood donors. However, lot-tolot variation in titers of antibody to specific microbial pathogens may diminish therapeutic efficacy. Since group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an important neonatal pathogen, a preparation with high titers of activity against GBS was prepared and studied. Plasma was obtained from volunteers immunized with a polyvalent GBS vaccine and was processed by the Swiss Red Cross for intravenous infusion. This high-titered GBS intravenous immunoglobulin (GBS-IVIG) was shown to be superior both in vitro and in vivo to standard IVIG. GBS-IVIG provided protection when therapy was delayed for up to 24 hours after infection. Standard IVIG did not protect animals against all GBS strains. However, GBS-IVIG enhanced survival from infection with all strains tested, even when the challenge dose of GBS was increased by 2 log units. Specific hyperimmune globulins to pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae have also been studied. Immunization of adult volunteers as a means of obtaining hyperimmune globulin appears to be an effective method of producing high-titered pathogen-specific preparations of IVIG.
The Plasma Magnet for Sailing the Solar Wind (2005)

Plasma sail propulsion based on the plasma magnet is a unique system that taps the ambient energy of the solar wind with minimal energy and mass requirements. The coupling to the solar wind is made through the generation of a large‐scale (∼> 30 km) dipolar magnetic field. Unlike the original magnetic sail concept, the coil currents are conducted in a plasma rather than a superconducting coil. In this way the mass of the sail is reduced by orders of magnitude for the same thrust power. The plasma magnet consists of a pair of polyphase coils that produce a rotating magnetic field (RMF) that drives the necessary currents in the plasma to inflate and maintain the large‐scale magnetic structure. The plasma magnet is deployed by the Lorentz self‐force on the plasma currents, expanding outward in a disk‐like shape until the expansion is halted by the solar wind pressure. It is virtually propellantless as the intercepted solar wind replenishes the small amount of plasma required to carry the magnet currents. Unlike a solid magnet or sail, the plasma magnet expands with falling solar wind pressure to provide constant thrust.A small prototype plasma magnet has been built and tested. The RMF coils generated over 10 kA of plasma currents with a radial expansion pressure sufficient to expand the dipole field to well over the 30 km scale that would supply as much as 5 MW of thrust power. The antenna and driver need weigh no more than ∼ 10 kg, and can operate from a 300 V supply. With the predicted scaling with size, it is possible to test the concept in the laboratory with a greatly enhanced laboratory solar wind source. Plans for a laboratory scaled experiment will be outlined that incorporate an intensified solar wind source and thrust measurement to assess the power gain predicted. With the successful demonstration of thrust power at the several hundred kW level, a large tank test would be the next step, and provide the final confirmation of the scaling needed for a space‐based demonstration.
The Pharmacologic Basis of the Cardiovascular Toxicity of Minoxidil in the Dog (1995)

Minoxidil (MNX), like several other vasoactive drugs, causes cardiovascular toxicity in dogs by undetermined mechanisms. We studied the mechanism of cardiovascular toxicity of MNX [an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channel opener] by blocking its pharmacologic effects with glyburide (an ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker) in groups of 5 female beagle dogs treated orally for 2 days with 1.0 mg/kg/day of MNX alone or with glyburide given in 5 or 6 divided doses of 300 mg/kg at 2 hr before and after each dose of MNX and at 3-6-hr intervals thereafter. A third group of 5 dogs received glyburide alone in the same dosing regimen as in the combination group. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), the pharmacokinetics of MNX, and gross and microscopic changes in the heart were evaluated. Glyburide did not influence the pharmacokinetics of MNX but prevented or markedly attenuated the MNX-induced cardiovascular lesions (right atrial hemorrhagic lesions, subendocardial necrosis, or coronary arteritis) occurred in dogs whose MNX-induced hemodynamic effects were effectively blocked by glyburide. In conclusion, the cardiovascular toxicity of MNX in dogs is not caused by a direct toxic effect of MNX on the heart but apparently is related to the exaggerated pharmacologic/profound hemodynamic effects it elicits in the dog.
Abstract 1147: Differential Roles of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in Ischemia-induced Revacularization (2007)

Background: Rho and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) are the key regulators of focal adhesion, stress fiber formation, and cell motility. The contribution of the ROCK isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2, on angi...
MOSFET performance and scalability enhancement by insertion of oxygen layers (2012)

A detailed simulation and experimental study of MOSFET mobility enhancement and electrostatic integrity improvement achieved by the insertion of oxygen layers within the Si channel region is presented. The applicability of this technology to thin-body MOSFET structures is discussed. Projections indicate that it will be more effective than strain for boosting performance at the 14 nm node.
Penetration of Titanium Tetraisopropoxide into Mesoporous Silica Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (2004)

A penetration of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) and a reaction with silanol groups to form TiO2 layers on the inner surface of mesoporous silica samples were studied. Influence of the solvent on the penetration behavior was discussed. The TTIP could penetrate into the mesopores with diameters of 2.3 and 2.7 nm and the pore size was decreased by the TTIP coating, only when supercritical CO2 were used as solvent. The pore size change was also observed for mesopores larger than 3.5 nm by using both supercritical CO2 and liquid 2-propanol. These behaviors are reasonably discussed not only by the relation between the pore diameter and the solvated TTIP molecular size, but also by the adsorption energy of the solvent molecules on the silica surface. A difference of the penetration behavior of TTIP from that of tetraethoxyorthosilane (TEOS) suggested that the reactivity with silanol groups on the silica surface also affected the penetration behavior.
Synthesis of 3-Alkenyl-Δ3-cephems via Sequential Reductive 1,2-Elimination/Addition/Cyclization in an Alkenyltin/Copper(I) Chloride/bpy System (1999)

A sequential reductive 1,2-elimination-addition-cyclization of 3,4-disubstituted butenoates derived from penicillin is performed successfully by treatment with alkenyltin, copper(I) chloride and 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) to afford 3-alkenyl-Δ3-cephems.
Differential Facial Responses to Four Basic Tastes in Newborns (1988)

The distinctiveness and recognizability of taste-elicited facial expressions in newborns were examined in 2 studies. Sucrose, sodium chloride, citric acid, and quinine hydrochloride solutions were presented to 12 infants at 2 hours of age. In Study 1, the anatomically based Facial Action Coding System adapted for infants (Baby FACS) was used to obtain detailed, objective descriptions of the infants' videotaped facial responses to each solution. Facial responses to sucrose were characterized primarily by facial relaxation and sucking. The responses to salty, sour, and bitter solutions shared the same hedonically negative upper- and midface components but differed in the accompanying lower-face actions: lip pursing in response to sour and mouth gaping in response to bitter. There was no distinctive facial expression for sodium chloride. These findings demonstrate that newborns differentiate sour and bitter from each other and from salt, as well as discriminating sweet versus nonsweet tastes. In Study 2, untrained adults viewing videotapes of the infants' facial reactions made forced-choice judgments identifying the stimuli presented and rated the hedonic tone of the infants' responses. While the judges accurately identified the newborns' responses to sucrose, there were systematic errors in their judgments of the 3 nonsweet stimuli. The judges' hedonic ratings, on the other hand, clearly differentiated between the infants' responses to the bitter stimulus and the other 3 tastes. The findings are discussed in terms of the possible functional origins and communicative value of taste-elicited facial expressions in infants.
RESEARCH ON MILLIMETER-WAVE RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID TARGET (2013)

Millimeter-wave (MMW) radiation characteristics of solid targets are very complicated, and this paper starts with the research on modeling and simulation of the simple solid metal target. On the basis of the optical property of MMW, the two-ray propagation (direct re∞ection and ground secondary re∞ection of the solid target surface) is analyzed by means of the ray tracing theory in the geometrical optics, the radiation temperature calculation model is established. Furthermore, in combination with the panel-method-based geometric model and in accordance with the spatial analytic geometry and vector algebra theory, model calculation of the intersection movement between the radiometer and the target is analyzed and the MATLAB simulation platform for MMW radiation characteristics of the solid target is built. Under the assumed simulation conditions, simulation experiments on three types of solid metal targets (sphere, cylinder and cone) are performed to verify the proposed method in this paper. Meanwhile, comparative analysis between the MMW radiation characteristics of the circular metallic plate and those of the metallic ball with the same radius indicates that the spherical metallic target is equivalent to the non-ideal metallic circular planar target which is increased about 1.3 times in the linear size, and the result is validated through the measured data, which provides more accurate and efiective data and theoretical support for target recognition and location in the millimeter-wave passive detection.
Thermal stability of amorphous LaScO3 films on silicon (2006)

The thermal stability of amorphous LaScO3 thin films deposited by molecular-beam deposition directly on (001) Si was investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), transmission infrared absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). IRAS indicated that the as-deposited films contained &amp;lt;0.1Å of SiO2 at the interface between LaScO3 and silicon. XRD studies showed that the films remained amorphous after annealing in N2 at 700°C, although HRTEM showed structural order on an ∼1nm length scale even in the as-deposited films. By 800°C, the LaScO3 had started to crystallize and formed a ∼5nm thick Sc-deficient interlayer between it and silicon.
Laser-assisted generating of three-dimensional parts by the blown powder process (2001)

Laser-assisted generating by the blown powder process is investigated, both, experimentally and theoretically, with respect to layer cross section, grain growth, mechanical testing, track remelting and wall surface roughness compared to postremelting.
Abstract 11438: The Inflammatory Proteome, Obesity, and Medical Weight Loss in Humans (2022)

Introduction: Most individuals regain weight after medical weight loss via “metabolic adaptation,” the mechanism of which remains unclear. Here, we studied the relation of circulating inflammatory proteins with weight loss and regain to identify a role for inflammation in metabolic adaptation. Methods: We analyzed 74 proteins related to inflammation and native immune regulation (Olink) in plasma from a maximum of 490 participants serially in a trial of medical weight loss maintenance. Linear and mixed effects regression models and t -tests were used to measure cross-sectional and longitudinal association of proteins with weight, with replication in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS). Results: Subjects included (60% women, 35% African American) had initial median weight of 94 kg, with a median loss 8 kg over 6 months of supervised medical weight loss, with subsequent median regain 2 kg over 30 months. We observed broad changes in inflammatory proteins with initial weight loss, many of which also tracked with weight regain (e.g. hepatocyte growth factor, interleukin-18, colony stimulating factor 1; Figure ). While many proteins have been implicated in weight regulation from mouse/human models, several are novel. Proteins associated with weight change involve pathways of angiogenesis, cell cycle regulation and immune response and are secreted from lung, adipose tissue, smooth muscle and others. Several proteins specifying chemotaxis and innate immune responses were associated with different rates of weight regain. Association with prevalent (but not incident) obesity was replicated for several proteins in the FHS. Conclusions: Broad changes in the inflammatory state track with weight (and its change during medical therapy) and may identify specific pathways that modify risk of weight regain. Further studies of innate immune activation in metabolic adaptation in humans to limit weight regain are warranted.
The cytoplasmic domain of P-selectin is phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues (1993)

Abstract P-selectin is an adhesion receptor for leukocytes that is redistributed from secretory granule membranes to the surfaces of activated platelets and endothelial cells. The cytoplasmic domain of P-selectin contains two serines, two threonines, and one tyrosine that could potentially be phosphorylated. We found that P-selectin was phosphorylated in both platelets and endothelial cells and that phosphorylation rapidly increased after cell activation. Approximately 0.02, 0.05, and 0.08 mol of phosphate/mol of P-selectin were incorporated, respectively, into resting, thrombin-activated, and phorbol ester-activated platelets. Phosphorylation was completely inhibited by the protein kinase C inhibitors, staurosporine, H-7, and chelerythrine, and was enhanced by the phosphatase inhibitors, okadaic acid and calyculin-A. Phosphoamino acid analysis of 32P-labeled P-selectin showed that phosphorylation occurred predominantly on serine with lesser amounts on threonine. When expressed in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells, P-selectin was also phosphorylated. Mutagenesis studies showed that Ser788 was the principal site of phosphorylation, with minor sites on the other serine and threonine residues of the cytoplasmic domain. Phosphorylation may regulate membrane trafficking or other functions of P-selectin.
A PWM AC controller-based high current power supply (2003)

The authors propose a topology based on a practical and reliable pulse-width-modulation (PWM) AC controller connected to the line side of the power transformer, the low voltage winding supplying an uncontrolled diode rectifier. The AC controller power circuit structure ensures reliable switch operation, and the equal PWM pattern is efficient and simple to implement. Advantages of the proposed topology include increased power factor, low AC input current and DC output voltage harmonic distortion, high efficiency, and high reliability. The authors describe the operation of the proposed topology and derive the characteristic equations. Simulation results are verified on an experimental 10 kVA prototype unit.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Inhibition of Orotidine 5-Monophosphate Decarboxylase and Its Therapeutic Potential (2008)

Orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (ODCase) is among the most proficient enzymes, and catalyzes the decarboxylation of OMP to UMP. An overview of ODCase and various proposals for its catalytic mechanism of decarboxylation are briefly presented here. A number of inhibitors of ODCase and new developments in the X-ray structures of ODCases from different species are discussed in the context of their therapeutic potential against cancer and infectious diseases. Latest discoveries in the inhibition of ODCase, for example using the novel C6 substitutions on the uridine, open new doors for drug discovery targeting parasitic diseases such as malaria.
Status of outdoor radioactive contamination at the Hanford Site (1994)

This document summarizes the status of outdoor radioactive contamination near Hanford Site facilities and disposal sites. It defines the nature and areal extend of the radioactively contaminated areas and describes the historical, ongoing, and planned radiological monitoring and control activities. Radioactive waste has been disposed of to the soil column since shortly after the reactors and production facilities began operating. Radioactive liquid wastes were placed directly into the ground via liquid discharges to cribs, ponds, ditches, and reverse wells. Solid wastes were placed in trenches, burial vaults, and caissons. Although the Hanford Site covers 1,450 km{sup 2}, the radioactively contaminated area is only about 36 km{sup 2} or 2.5% of the original site. Over time, contamination has migrated from some of the waste management sites through various vectors (e.g., burrowing animals, deep-rooted vegetation, erosion, containment system failure) or has been deposited to the surface soil via spills and unplanned releases (e.g., line leaks/breaks, tank leaks, and stack discharges) and created areas of outdoor radioactivity both on and below the surface. Currently 26 km{sup 2} are posted as surface contamination and 10 km{sup 2} are posted as underground contamination.
Magnetic field analysis by finite element method taking rotational hysteresis into account (1994)

In the conventional magnetic field analyses that are applied to such things as rotating machines, the magnetic properties of the arbitrary direction have been modelled by using the magnetic properties of the easy axis and its perpendicular direction. Such kind of numerical modeling can not exactly show the phase difference between the magnetic flux density B and the magnetic field strength H in the case of a rotating magnetic flux excitation. In this paper, the B- and H-values are measured as vector quantities under the rotating magnetic flux excitation. The magnetic properties of the material are expressed by the magnetic reluctivity tensor based on the measured results. This new expression is applied to the rotating magnetic field problem. As a result, it is shown that our new method is applicable to the problem in the case of the rotating magnetic flux excitation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
THE DESIGN OF STREET LIGHTING PILOT PROJECTS FOR KANSAS CITY (1996)

Two recently completed street lighting pilot projects were sponsored by the city of Kansas City and Kansas City Power and Light Company and designed by Clanton Engineering Inc., of Boulder, Colorado. Common to both projects is the comparison of metal halide and high pressure sodium light sources. In addition, several different street lighting methods and techniques are used within each of the pilot areas to provide data for lighting evaluation purposes. City officials and citizens from over 85 different surrounding communities can now visit and examine the projects and make better informed decisions about street lighting in their municipalities.
Preparation of Blood Components (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Products and processes: Standards, specifications, and documentation Documentation of jobs: Tasks and responsibilities, training and assessment Monitoring and assessment Implementation and evaluation of measures for improvement Conclusion References
Power reduction techniques for microprocessor systems (2005)

Power consumption is a major factor that limits the performance of computers. We survey the “state of the art” in techniques that reduce the total power consumed by a microprocessor system over time. These techniques are applied at various levels ranging from circuits to architectures, architectures to system software, and system software to applications. They also include holistic approaches that will become more important over the next decade. We conclude that power management is a multifaceted discipline that is continually expanding with new techniques being developed at every level. These techniques may eventually allow computers to break through the “power wall” and achieve unprecedented levels of performance, versatility, and reliability. Yet it remains too early to tell which techniques will ultimately solve the power problem.