gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 2-Methoxybenzoylhydrazone and Evaluation of their Antileishmanial Activity (2013)

my 2-Methoxybenzoylhydrazones 1-25 were synthesized from 2-methoxybenzoylhydrazide which was obtained from methyl-2methoxybenzoate by refluxing with hydrazine hydrate for 5 h which was then crystallized from methanol. 2-Methoxybenzoylhydrazones were prepared by condensing 2-methoxybenzoylhydrazide with different aromatic aldehydes in refluxing ethanol for 3 to 4 hour in high yield. Compounds 1-25 showed varying degrees of antileishmanial activities with IC 50 values ranging between 1.95 -88 M, as compared to standard pentamidine (IC 50 = 5.09 M). Compounds 10 (IC 50 = 1.95 M), 11 (IC 50 = 2. 49 M), and 2 (IC 50 = 3.29 M) were found to be more active than standard pentamidine (IC 50 = 5.09 M). Compounds 7 (IC 50 = 7.64 M), 8 (IC 50 = 13.17M), 18 (IC 50 = 13.15 M), and 24 (IC 50 = 15.65 M) exhibited good activities. Compounds 3 (IC 50 = 28.24 M), 1 (IC 50 = 31.47 M), 12, (IC 50 = 31.56 M), 4 (IC 50 = 33.2 M), 15 (IC 50 = 34.85 0.48 M), 5 (IC 50 = 35.41 M), 9 (IC 50 = 40.07 M), and 19 (IC 50 = 45.67 M) were found to be moderately active. Compounds 13, 14, 16, 17, 20-23 and 25 showed weak activities with IC 50 values between 57.41 to 88.56 M. Only compound 6 was found to be completely inactive.
Edge Flame : Why Is It So Hot in Combustion? (2000)

A turbulent combustion model, based on edge flame dynamics, is discussed in order to predict global extinction of turbulent flames. The model is applicable to the broken flamelet regime of turbulent combustion, in which global extinction of turbulent flame is achieved by gradual expansion of flame holes. The edge flame dynamics is the key mechanism to describe the flame hole expansion or contraction. For flames with Lewis numbers near unity, there is a number, namely the crossover number, at which edge flame changes its direction of propagation. The parametric region between the quasi-steady extinction condition and the edge-flame crossover condition is a metastable region, in that flames without edge can stay in their burning states while flames with edge have to retract to expand quenching holes. Using the above properties of edge flame, Hartley and Dold proposed a Lagrangian hole dynamics, which allows us to simulate transient variation of quenching holes. In their model, each stoichiometric surface is subjected to a random sequence of scalar dissipation rate compatible to the equilibrium turbulence. Then, each stoichiometric surface will evolve, according to the combustion map, dependent on the scalar dissipation rate and existence of flame edge, If all the burning surfaces are annihilated, the event can be declared as a global extinction. The consequence obtained from the above model also can be used as a subgrid model to determine local extinction occurring in a calculation grid.
ChemInform Abstract: sym‐[5.5.5]Heterocyclophanes: Structurally Well‐Defined, Mixed π/Heteroatom‐Donor Macrobicyclic Cages (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Studies of accelerated compact toruses (1983)

In an earlier publication we considered acceleration of plasma rings (Compact Torus). Several possible accelerator configurations were suggested and the possibility of focusing the accelerated rings was discussed. In this paper we consider one scheme, acceleration of a ring between coaxial electrodes by a B/sub theta/ field as in a coaxial rail-gun. If the electrodes are conical, a ring accelerated towards the apex of the cone undergoes self-similar compression (focusing) during acceleration. Because the allowable acceleration force, F/sub a/ = kappaU/sub m//R where (kappa < 1), increases as R/sup -2/, the accelerating distance for conical electrodes is considerably shortened over that required for coaxial electrodes. In either case, however, since the accelerating flux can expand as the ring moves, most of the accelerating field energy can be converted into kinetic energy of the ring leading to high efficiency.
Mechanism and consequence of the hypermethylator phenotype in human breast cancer (2019)

DNA hypermethylation events and other epimutations occur in many neoplasms, producing gene expression changes that contribute to neoplastic transformation, tumorigenesis, and tumor behavior. Some human cancers exhibit a hypermethylator phenotype, characterized by concurrent DNA methylation-dependent silencing of multiple genes. To determine if a hypermethylation defect occurs in breast cancer, the expression profile and promoter methylation status of 66 methylation-sensitive genes were evaluated among 16 breast cancer cell lines. The relationship between gene expression (assessed by RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR), promoter methylation (assessed by MSP, bisulfite sequencing, and 5-aza-2'deoxycytidine treatment), and the DNA methyltransferase machinery (total DNMT activity, DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b proteins) were examined. Unsupervised cluster analysis of the expression of methylation-sensitive genes revealed two groups of cell lines that possess distinct methylation signatures: (i) hypermethylator cell lines, and (ii) low-frequency methylator cell lines. The hypermethylator cell lines are characterized by high rates of concurrent methylation of nine genes (CDH1, CEACAM6, CST6, ESR1, GNA11, MUC1, MYB, SCNN1A, and TFF3), whereas the low-frequency methylator cell lines typically do not methylate these genes. Hypermethylator cell lines coordinately overexpress total DNMT activity and DNMT3b protein compared to normal breast cells. In contrast, most low-frequency methylator cell lines possess DNMT activity and protein levels that are indistinguishable from normal. Mining of microarray expression data from primary breast cancers identified groups of tumors that express a hypermethylation signature defined by loss of gene expression of seven to nine indicator genes. On average, the hypermethylator breast cancers represent [approximately]23% of tumors, with [approximately]79% of hypermethylator tumors belonging to the basal subtype, and [approximately]58-81% of all basal tumors exhibiting this hypermethylation defect, suggesting that the hypermethylator defect cosegregates with poor prognosis breast cancers. Methylation analysis of 26 primary breast tumors revealed extensive methylation of genes of interest among basal tumors, but low levels of methylation in tumors of other molecular subtypes. RNAi knockdown of DNMT3b in hypermethylator MDA-MB-453 and BT549 cells resulted in reexpression of methylation-silenced indicator genes. These results strongly suggest that overexpressed DNMT3b protein drives aberrant methylation of a concurrent set of epigenetically-regulated genes and typifies a novel hypermethylator phenotype in human breast cancer.
Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control of Output Probability Density Function (2021)

Many practical systems are non-Gaussian, and their modeling has always been the core concern in the field of industrial control. Probability density function is a vital way to deal with the modeling of stochastic distributed systems. In this paper, a probability density function shape control method for nonlinear stochastic system response has been proposed. On the basis of establishing the mathematical model of the system based on the B-spline, a linear active disturbance rejection control method has been presented, and the specific implementation steps of the algorithm have been deduced. The simulation results show that the output probability density function can effectively track the target probability density function based on the proposed algorithm.
An ancient role for the Hippo pathway in axis formation and morphogenesis (2022)

Summary How did cells of early metazoan organisms first organize themselves to form a body axis? The canonical Wnt pathway has been shown to be sufficient for induction of axis in Cnidaria, a sister group to Bilateria, and is important in bilaterian axis formation. Here, we provide experimental evidence that in cnidarian Hydra the Hippo pathway regulates the formation of a new axis during budding upstream of the Wnt pathway. The target of Hippo pathway, the transcriptional co-activator YAP, inhibits the initiation of budding in Hydra , and is regulated by Hydra LATS. In addition, we show functions of Hippo pathway in regulation of actin organization and cell proliferation in Hydra . We hypothesize that Hippo pathway served as a link between continuous cell division, cell density and axis formation early in metazoan evolution.
Reconstruction of surfaces fromunorganized three-dimensional point clouds (2001)

In dieser Arbeit wird ein neuer
Algorithmus zur Rekonstruktion von Flachen aus dreidimensionalen
Punktwolken prasentiert. Seine besonderen Eigenschaften sind die
Rekonstruktion von offenen Flachen mit Randern, Datensatzen mit
variabler Punktdichte und die Behandlung von scharfen Kanten, d.h.
Stellen mit unendlicher Krummung. Es werden formale Argumente
angegeben, die erklaren, warum der Algorithmus korrekt arbeitet.
Sie bestehen aus einer Definition von 'Rekonstruktion' und dem
Beweis der Existenz von Punktmengen fur die der Algorithmus
erfolgreich ist. Diese mathematische Analyse konzentriert sich
dabei auf kompakte Flachen mit beschrankter Krummung und ohne
Rander. Weitere Beitrage sind die Anwendung des
Flachenrekonstruktionsverfahrens fur die interaktive Modellierung
von Flachen und eine Prozedur fur die Glattung von verrauschten
Punktwolken. Zusatzlich kann der Algorithmus leicht fur die lokal
beschrankte Rekonstruktion eingesetzt werden, wenn nur ein Teil des
Datensatzes zur Rekonstruktion herangezogen werden soll.%%%%In this
thesis a new algorithm for the reconstruction of surfaces from
three-dimensional point clouds is presented. Its particular
features are the reconstruction of open surfaces with boundaries,
data sets with variable density, and the treatment of sharp edges,
that is, locations of infinite curvature. We give formal arguments
which explain why the algorithm works well. They consist of a
definition of 'reconstruction', and the demonstration of existence
of sampling sets for which the algorithm is successful. This
mathematical analysis focuses on compact surfaces of limited
curvature without boundary. Further contributions are the
application of the surface reconstruction algorithm for interactive
shape design and a smoothing procedure for noise elimination in
point clouds. Additionally, the algorithm can be easily applied for
locally-restricted reconstruction if only a subset of the data set
has to be considered for reconstruction.
Efficacy and Safety of Spinosad and Permethrin Creme Rinses for Pediculosis Capitis (Head Lice) (2009)

Spinosad, which did not require nit combing, was significantly more effective than permethrin in 2 studies reflecting actual-use conditions, and most spinosad-treated participants required only 1 application. Spinosad is a more convenient and effective treatment for pediculosis capitis.
The Rise and Fall of Mood Stabilizers (2007)

The term ‘mood stabilizer’ is widely used by both patients and professionals in the context of treating bipolar disorder but it is often misunderstood. It essentially denotes bipolar medications, even though for patients with bipolar disorder ‘remaining well’ necessitates a range of strategies and interventions [1]. It is interesting to note that no regulatory authority has ever approved any drug for this indication and for most clinicians the term ‘mood stabilizer’ means either lithium or divalproate. The importance of the term has been magnified by the suggestion in important US guidelines that a mood stabilizer should be used in all stages of bipolar treatment [2]. In recent years the use of the term has been extended to other psychopharmacological medicines in a way that is at times unhelpful and at other times simply reflects increasing knowledge of the action of new agents with the potential to stabilize mood. Therefore the definition of what we mean by a mood stabilizer and how we use the term has gained heightened interest, and, given a lifetime prevalence of 2.5% for bipolar I and II disorder, this is an issue that has profound clinical salience [3]. If we understood the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder we might reasonably expect to define the actions that would be effective in treating it and so in stabilizing mood. At present, however, pragmatic definitions of a mood stabilizer dominate our thinking. This follows from the way in which pharmacological ideas develop in psychiatry. As a rule clinical actions have been discovered before underlying mechanisms have been understood. That trend continues and reflects the converse of the ideal process usually described for experimental medicine and pathology. It therefore means that clinical observations of what medicines do are critical to how we classify them. In the case of the mood stabilizers it will be worth considering the kinds of clinical actions that contribute to our understanding of mood stability (Figure 1).
Vitamin C, Hydrocortisone, and Thiamine for Septic Shock—In Reply (2020)

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Effect of Polyoxometalate Amount Deposited on Pt/C Electrocatalysts for CO Tolerant Electrooxidation of H2 in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (2010)

Abstract not Available.
Saliency Cards: A Framework to Characterize and Compare Saliency Methods (2023)

Saliency methods are a common class of machine learning interpretability techniques that calculate how important each input feature is to a model’s output. We find that, with the rapid pace of development, users struggle to stay informed of the strengths and limitations of new methods and, thus, choose methods for unprincipled reasons (e.g., popularity). Moreover, despite a corresponding rise in evaluation metrics, existing approaches assume universal desiderata for saliency methods (e.g., faithfulness) that do not account for diverse user needs. In response, we introduce saliency cards: structured documentation of how saliency methods operate and their performance across a battery of evaluative metrics. Through a review of 25 saliency method papers and 33 method evaluations, we identify 10 attributes that users should account for when choosing a method. We group these attributes into three categories that span the process of computing and interpreting saliency: methodology, or how the saliency is calculated; sensitivity, or the relationship between the saliency and the underlying model and data; and, perceptibility, or how an end user ultimately interprets the result. By collating this information, saliency cards allow users to more holistically assess and compare the implications of different methods. Through nine semi-structured interviews with users from various backgrounds, including researchers, radiologists, and computational biologists, we find that saliency cards provide a detailed vocabulary for discussing individual methods and allow for a more systematic selection of task-appropriate methods. Moreover, with saliency cards, we are able to analyze the research landscape in a more structured fashion to identify opportunities for new methods and evaluation metrics for unmet user needs.
A Compressed Sensing Approach for Distribution Matching (2018)

In this work, we formulate the fixed-length distribution matching as a Bayesian inference problem. Our proposed solution is inspired from the compressed sensing paradigm and the sparse superposition (SS) codes. First, we introduce sparsity in the binary source via position modulation (PM). We then present a simple and exact matcher based on Gaussian signal quantization. At the receiver, the dematcher exploits the sparsity in the source and performs low-complexity dematching based on generalized approximate message-passing (GAMP). We show that GAMP dematcher and spatial coupling lead to an asymptotically optimal performance, in the sense that the rate tends to the entropy of the target distribution with vanishing reconstruction error in a proper limit. Furthermore, we assess the performance of the dematcher on practical Hadamard-based operators. A remarkable inherent feature of our proposed solution is the possibility to: i) perform matching at the symbol level (nonbinary); ii) perform joint channel coding and matching.
Changes in Key Recruitment Performance Metrics from 2008-2019 in Industry-sponsored Phase III Clinical Trials Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (2022)

Background: Increasing costs and complexity in clinical trials requires recruitment of more narrowly defined patient populations. However, recruitment for clinical trials remains a considerable challenge. Aim: Our overall aim was to quantify recruitment performance in industry-sponsored phase III clinical trials conducted globally during 2008-2019 with primary aim to examine development of overall clinical trial measures (number of trials completed, number of participants enrolled, trial duration in months) and key recruitment metrics (recruitment rate, number of sites, number of patients enrolled per site). Methods: The publicly available AACT database containing data on all trials registered at ClinicalTrials.gov since 2008 was used. The analysis was completed during three time periods from 2008-2019 of 4 years each. Results and conclusion: Recruitment duration for industry-sponsored phase III clinical trials have increased significantly during the last 12 years from an average recruitment period of 13 months (IQR 7-23) in 2008-2011 to 18 months (IQR 11-28) in 2016-2019 (p = 0.0068). Further, phase III clinical trials have increased the number of registered sites per clinical trial by more than 30% during the last 12 years from a median number 43 sites (IQR 17-84) in 2012-2015 to 64 sites (IQR 30-118) in 2016-2019 (p = 0.025), and concurrently, the number of participants enrolled in clinical research has decreased significantly from 2012-2015 and 2016-2019 (p = 0.046). We believe that these findings indicate that recruitment for phase III clinical trials is less effective today compared to 12 years ago.
Comparative studies of long-wave laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy emissions excited at 1064 µm and eye-safe 1574 µm (2017)

In this work, comparative long-wave infrared (LWIR) laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) emission studies of two excitation sources: conventional 1.064 μm and eye-safe laser wavelength at 1.574 μm were performed to analyze several widely-used inorganic energetic materials such as ammonium and potassium compounds as well as the organic liquid chemical warfare agent simulant, dimethyl methylphosphate (DMMP). LWIR LIBS emissions generated by both excitation sources were examined using three different detection systems: a single element liquid nitrogen cooled Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) detector, an MCT linear array detection system with multi-channel preamplifiers + integrators, and an MCT linear array detection system with readout integrated circuit. It was observed that LWIR LIBS studies using an eye-safe pump laser generally reproduced atomic and molecular IR LIBS spectra as previously observed under 1.064 µm laser excitation.
RedquorinXS Mutants with Enhanced Calcium Sensitivity and Bioluminescence Output Efficiently Report Cellular and Neuronal Network Activities (2020)

Considerable efforts have been focused on shifting the wavelength of aequorin Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent blue bioluminescence through fusion with fluorescent proteins. This approach has notably yielded the widely used GFP-aequorin (GA) Ca<sup>2+</sup> sensor emitting green light, and tdTomato-aequorin (Redquorin), whose bioluminescence is completely shifted to red, but whose Ca<sup>2+</sup> sensitivity is low. In the present study, the screening of aequorin mutants generated at twenty-four amino acid positions in and around EF-hand Ca<sup>2+</sup>-binding domains resulted in the isolation of six aequorin single or double mutants (AequorinXS) in EF2, EF3, and C-terminal tail, which exhibited markedly higher Ca<sup>2+</sup> sensitivity than wild-type aequorin in vitro. The corresponding Redquorin mutants all showed higher Ca<sup>2+</sup> sensitivity than wild-type Redquorin, and four of them (RedquorinXS) matched the Ca<sup>2+</sup> sensitivity of GA in vitro. RedquorinXS mutants exhibited unaltered thermostability and peak emission wavelengths. Upon stable expression in mammalian cell line, all RedquorinXS mutants reported the activation of the P2Y2 receptor by ATP with higher sensitivity and assay robustness than wt-Redquorin, and one, RedquorinXS-Q159T, outperformed GA. Finally, wide-field bioluminescence imaging in mouse neocortical slices showed that RedquorinXS-Q159T and GA similarly reported neuronal network activities elicited by the removal of extracellular Mg<sup>2+</sup>. Our results indicate that RedquorinXS-Q159T is a red light-emitting Ca<sup>2+</sup> sensor suitable for the monitoring of intracellular signaling in a variety of applications in cells and tissues, and is a promising candidate for the transcranial monitoring of brain activities in living mice.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective, Iridium‐Catalyzed Monoallylation of Ammonia. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.