gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MOSAIC: Unified Platform for Dynamic Overlay Selection and Composition (2008)

This research examines perceptions concerning living (n = 1,253) and nonliving (n = 1,259) organ donation among Hispanic adults, a group considerably less likely than the general population to become donors. Measures are derived from the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) and Vested Interest Theory (Crano, 1983, 1997). A substantial percentage of respondents reported positive attitudes and high personal stake concerning organ donation. Mean differences in norms, attitudes, intentions, and assumed immediacy of payoff were found between living and nonliving donor groups, suggesting that these two donation formats are dissimilar and should be examined independently. Accordingly, separate hierarchical multiple regression models were estimated for living and nonliving donation. Analyses supported both theoretical frameworks: Constructs associated with Planned Behavior and Vested Interest independently contributed to donor intentions. The implications of these results, and our recommendations for future health campaigns, are presented in light of these theoretical models.
Active Database Management Systems (2005)

As it is well known, business requirements are changing faster than applications can be created and/or modified. Most of these requirements are in the form of or are related to business rules. Business rules are precise statements that describe, constrain and control the structure, operations and strategy of a business. They may be thought of as small pieces of knowledge about a business domain. They offer a way of encapsulating business semantics and making them explicit in the same way that databases enable the separation of data from application programs.
pBR322 DNA inhibits simian virus 40 gene expression inXenopus laevisoocytes (1987)

SV40 DNA form I is expressed efficiently after its injection into the nuclei of Xenopus laevis oocytes, resulting in the synthesis of RNA and protein products of both viral late and early transcription units. However it was observed that injection of SV40 genes cloned into pBR322 or related plasmids yielded vastly reduced quantities of viral DNA and proteins. If SV40 DNA was cleaved from the plasmid, and then recircularized prior to microinjection, viral expression was regained. The inhibition by plasmid DNA was not confined to an effect in cis because coinjection of circular pBR322 DNA along with SV40 DNA, as separate entities, also blocked viral RNA and protein synthesis. As circular but not linear pBR322 DNA was actively transcribed by polymerase II in oocytes, even in the presence of SV40 DNA, it is likely that pBR322 competes for transcription factors required for viral gene expression. Injection of pBR322 as early as two hours after injection of SV40 DNA into the oocyte nucleus did not inhibit SV40 RNA synthesis, indicating that once initiated, SV40 transcription is stable and insensitive to the competition by plasmid DNA. A plasmid vector was developed that allows expression of SV40 DNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
Ionic liquids, electrolyte solutions including the ionic liquids, and energy storage devices including the ionic liquids (2023)

An ionic liquid including a phosphazene compound that has a plurality of phosphorus-nitrogen units and at least one pendant group bonded to each phosphorus atom of the plurality of phosphorus-nitrogen units. One pendant group of the at least one pendant group comprises a positively charged pendant group. Additional embodiments of ionic liquids are disclosed, as are electrolyte solutions and energy storage devices including the embodiments of the ionic liquid.
The Mechanism of Translation of Cowpea Mosaic Virus Middle Component RNA: No Evidence for Internal Initiation from Experiments in an Animal Cell Transient Expression System (1991)

The possibility that internal initiation of translation is responsible for the synthesis of the middle component (M) RNA-encoded 95K protein of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) has been investigated by constructing plasmids in which the entire sequence of CPMV M RNA was cloned downstream of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Expression of these plasmids in an animal cell expression system revealed that no synthesis of the proteins encoded by the downstream CPMV open reading frame takes place from RNA derived from these constructs under conditions where the internal ribosome entry site of foot-and-mouth disease virus is functional. The results indicate that internal initiation is not responsible for the synthesis of the 95K protein in this system.
Toward a Pharmacophore for Drugs Inducing the Long QT Syndrome:  Insights from a CoMFA Study of HERG K+ Channel Blockers (2002)

In this paper, we present a pharmacophore for QT-prolonging drugs, along with a 3D QSAR (CoMFA) study for a series of very structurally variegate HERG K(+) channel blockers. The blockade of HERG K(+) channels is one of the most important molecular mechanisms through which QT-prolonging drugs increase cardiac action potential duration. Since QT prolongation is one of the most undesirable side effects of drugs, we first tried to identify the minimum set of molecular features responsible for this action and then we attempted to develop a quantitative model correlating the 3D stereoelectronic characteristics of the molecules with their HERG blocking potency. Having considered an initial set of 31 QT-prolonging drugs for which the HERG K(+) channel blocking activity was measured on mammalian transfected cells, we started the construction of a theoretical screening tool able to predict whether a new molecule can interact with the HERG channel and eventually induce the long QT syndrome. This in silico tool might be useful in the design of new drug candidates devoid of the physicochemical features likely to cause the above-mentioned side effect.
Photodynamic therapy with intralesional 5-aminolevulinic acid and intense pulsed light versus intense pulsed light alone in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a comparative study (2012)

Despite the availability of many treatment modalities for acne vulgaris (AV), few of which provide excellent results. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was shown to be an effective treatment especially when used with topical 5-aminolevulenic acid (ALA). We compared the efficacy and safety of PDT using intralesional ALA (IL-ALA) with intense pulsed light (IPL) and IPL alone in the treatment of AV. This study was carried on 30 patients with nodulocystic and inflammatory AV on the face and back. The right side of the body was treated with IL-ALA plus IPL, while the left side was treated with IPL alone. All patients experienced a reduction in number of acne lesions on both sides of the body, but the reduction was significantly more in PDT side than IPL only side. Recurrence of the lesions was significantly more likely in the IPL only side. There was no statistically significant difference between the face and back lesions in drug side effects and recurrence of the lesions. We concluded that photodynamic therapy in this cohort is effective in the treatment of AV when combined with IL-ALA. It gives superior results compared with IPL alone with minimal and tolerable side effects and less recurrence rates.
Pubic bone injuries in primiparous women: magnetic resonance imaging in detection and differential diagnosis of structural injury (2011)

Abstract Objective To evaluate the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosing structural injury in primiparous women at risk for pelvic floor injury. Methods This was an observational study of 77 women who underwent 3T MRI after delivery. Women were operationally defined as high risk ( n = 45) for levator ani muscle tears (risk factors: second‐stage labor &gt; 150 min or &lt; 30 min, anal sphincter tear, forceps, maternal age &gt; 35 years and birth weight &gt; 4000 g) or low risk ( n = 32): vaginally delivered without these risk factors ( n = 12); delivered by Cesarean section after second‐stage labor &gt; 150 min ( n = 14) or delivered by Cesarean section without labor ( n = 6). All women were imaged using fluid‐sensitive MRI sequences. Two musculoskeletal radiologists reviewed images for bone marrow edema, fracture, pubic symphysis measurements and levator ani tear. Results MRI showed pubic bone fractures in 38% of women at high risk for pelvic floor injury and in 13% of women at low risk for pelvic floor injury (χ 2 (3) = 9.27, P = 0.03). Levator ani muscle tears were present in 44% of the high‐risk women and in 9% of the low‐risk women (χ 2 (3) = 11.57, P = 0.010). Bone marrow edema in the pubic bones was present in 61% of women studied across delivery categories. Complex patterns of injury included combinations of bone marrow edema, fractures, levator ani tears and pubic symphysis injuries. No MRI‐documented injuries were present in 18% of women at high risk and 44% at low risk for pelvic floor injury (χ 2 (1) = 6.2, P = 0.013). Conclusions Criteria identifying primiparous women at risk for pelvic floor injury can predict increased risk of bone and soft tissue changes at the pubic symphysis. Fluid‐sensitive MRI has utility for differential diagnosis of structural injury in postpartum women. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy and Cost Effectiveness of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Women with Node-Negative Breast Cancer (1991)

Chemotherapy substantially increases the quality-adjusted life expectancy of an average woman at a cost comparable to that of other widely accepted therapies. This benefit decreases markedly if the changes in long-term survival are less than in disease-free survival. Given its uncertain duration, the benefit may be too small for many women to choose chemotherapy. Selective use of chemotherapy to maximize the benefit to individual patients may be possible with refinements in risk stratification and explicit assessment of the patients' risk preferences.
CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genetic polymorphisms and lung cancer risk in Caucasian non-smokers: a pooled analysis (2003)

Polymorphisms for genes encoding the metabolic enzymes cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) might contribute to the variability in individual susceptibility to lung cancer. The role of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 in lung carcinogenesis might be more important at low levels of exposure to carcinogens. Non-smokers represent a population at low exposure, however, they are often overlooked because of the small number of cases. We therefore conducted a pooled analysis of 14 case-control studies on lung cancer in Caucasian non-smokers with comparable information on genetic polymorphisms included in the International Collaborative Study on Genetic Susceptibility to Environmental Carcinogens. We pooled the raw data from a total of 302 cases and 1631 controls with random effects models. We also evaluated the possibility of inclusion bias and conducted influence analyses. The odds ratio (OR) of lung cancer for the variant CYP1A1 Ile(462)Val polymorphism (Ile/Val, Val/Val) was 2.99 [95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.51-5.91]; this effect was stronger on lung adenocarcinoma (OR 4.85, 95%CI 2.03-11.6). After excluding outlying or imprecise studies, we did not observe a significant effect of the CYP1A1 MspI (T(3801)C) polymorphism or GSTM1 null genotype (OR 1.20, 95%CI 0.89-1.63). Furthermore, our analyses suggested a combined effect of the CYP1A1 Ile(462)Val polymorphism and GSTM1 null genotype. The OR for the combination of the CYP1A1 Ile(462)Val variant and GSTM1 null genotype was 4.67 (95%CI 2.00-10.9) compared with the concurrent presence of the CYP1A1 wild-type and GSTM1 non-null genotype. We did not observe a modification of the effect of the GSTM1 null genotype according to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and urban/rural residence. Our study therefore suggests that the CYP1A1 Ile(462)Val variant allele might play a role in lung carcinogenesis among non-smokers, possibly in combination with the GSTM1 null genotype.
Ethnic Differences in the Wellness of Elderly Persons (1998)

The purpose of this qualitative research study was to determine the health behaviors, attitudes and beliefs of well-elderly persons from Black, German, Hispanic, Vietnamese and White rural and city ethnic groups. Findings from the ethnographies and life histories of the twenty-eight informants revealed similarities and differences in health-related themes. These compared favorably with wellness dimensions of self-responsibility, social interaction, spirituality, exercise and nutrition, environmental factors, stress management and balance of work and leisure. Occupational therapists who provide health promotion and disease prevention services to minority elders can be more effective if they become sensitive to cultural as well as individual differences in treatment planing and implementation.
Transient enhanced diffusion of Sb and B due to MeV silicon implants (1997)

We measure the transient enhanced diffusion of shallow molecular-beam-epitaxy grown marker layers of Sb and B due to deep MeV Si+ ion implants at very high doses (≈1016 cm−2). We expect the near-surface region of these implants to be vacancy rich, and we observe transient enhanced diffusion of Sb (the classic vacancy diffuser). The large enhancements imply a significant vacancy supersaturation (≈700 at 740 °C). Double implantation of the high-dose MeV Si followed by a shallow (40 keV) Si implant and annealing produces a greatly reduced number of {311} defects compared to a 40 keV implant into virgin Si, again consistent with a vacancy-rich region in the near-surface region of an MeV implant. However, the shallow B marker layers also show transient enhanced diffusion for the same MeV implant under similar annealing conditions, implying that an interstitial supersaturation is present at the same time. We discuss possible mechanisms for a simultaneous supersaturation of both types of point defects.
Precision-engineering of subunit vaccine particles for prevention of infectious diseases (2023)

Vaccines remain the best approach for the prevention of infectious diseases. Protein subunit vaccines are safe compared to live-attenuated whole cell vaccines but often show reduced immunogenicity. Subunit vaccines in particulate format show improved vaccine efficacy by inducing strong immune responses leading to protective immunity against the respective pathogens. Antigens with proper conformation and function are often required to induce functional immune responses. Production of such antigens requiring post-translational modifications and/or composed of multiple complex domains in bacterial hosts remains challenging. Here, we discuss strategies to overcome these limitations toward the development of particulate vaccines eliciting desired humoral and cellular immune responses. We also describe innovative concepts of assembling particulate vaccine candidates with complex antigens bearing multiple post-translational modifications. The approaches include non-covalent attachments (e.g. biotin-avidin affinity) and covalent attachments (e.g. SpyCatcher-SpyTag) to attach post-translationally modified antigens to particles.
Mechanism of Action of Immunotherapy (2014)

The immune system plays a vital role in regulating the growth of tumors. Some types of inflammatory responses can promote tumor growth, while a tumor-specific adaptive immune response can potentially control tumor growth. Malignancies have the ability to evade the immune system, and proliferate and metastasize. The goal of immunotherapy is to marshal the specificity and long-term memory of the adaptive immune response to achieve durable tumor regression and possible cure, although, to date, this has been achieved in only a small subset of patients. A variety of approaches to immunotherapy have been investigated. These include administration of exogenous cytokines or therapeutic vaccines to increase the frequency of tumor-specific T cells, adoptive transfer of tumor-specific immune effector cells, and, more recently, the application of a variety of immune checkpoint inhibitors and agonists of co-stimulatory receptors to overcome tumor-induced immune-suppressive mechanisms. Some approaches have been more successful than others for reasons that are now becoming apparent, and these observations have led to an exciting resurgence in clinical research to develop more effective immunotherapeutic strategies.
Beam combination: all with all (2006)

One of the concepts of radio interferometry which is very difficult to apply to the visible domain is phase closure. The main difficulty is the spatial requirement, namely that all pencil beams will interfere with all other beams on a flat detector. We use a pair-wise combination method using anamorphic stretching of the beams. All beams are lined up, imaged through a cylindrical lens into a square where each beam is now spread into a parallel line. The comb of lines is made to interfere with a copy of itself rotated at 90°. A rotation shear interferometer is employed for that stage, and the cross pattern of apertures is imaged on the detector. The diagonal shows interference of each beam with itself, for intensity calibration purposes. An extended source clearly reduces contrast on some off-axis patterns, in a symmetric manner. We have already tested two designs in the laboratory using lasers and white light.
Nanowire Chemical/Biological Sensors: Status and a Roadmap for the Future (2015)

Chemiresistive sensors are becoming increasingly important as they offer an inexpensive option to conventional analytical instrumentation, they can be readily integrated into electronic devices, and they have low power requirements. Nanowires (NWs) are a major theme in chemosensor development. High surface area, interwire junctions, and restricted conduction pathways give intrinsically high sensitivity and new mechanisms to transduce the binding or action of analytes. This Review details the status of NW chemosensors with selected examples from the literature. We begin by proposing a principle for understanding electrical transport and transduction mechanisms in NW sensors. Next, we offer the reader a review of device performance parameters. Then, we consider the different NW types followed by a summary of NW assembly and different device platform architectures. Subsequently, we discuss NW functionalization strategies. Finally, we propose future developments in NW sensing to address selectivity, sensor drift, sensitivity, response analysis, and emerging applications.
Synthesis and Charge/Discharge Properties of Polyacetylenes Carrying 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinoxy Radicals (2007)

The 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinoxy (TEMPO)-containing acetylenic monomers HC[triple bond]CC(6)H(3)-p,m-(CONH-4-TEMPO)(2) (1), HC[triple bond]CC(6)H(3)-p,m-(COO-4-TEMPO)(2) (2), (S,S,S,S)-HC[triple bond]CC(6)H(3)-p,m-[CO-NHCH{COO-(4-TEMPO)}CH(2)COO-(4-TEMPO)](2) (3), (S,S)-HC[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)CO-NHCH{COO-(4-TEMPO)}CH(2)COO-(4-TEMPO) (4), HC[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)-p-OCO-4-TEMPO (5), HC[triple bond]CCH(2)C(CH(3))(CH(2)OCO-4-TEMPO)(2) (6), HC[triple bond]CCH(2)NHCO-4-TEMPO (7), and HC[triple bond]CCH(2)OCO-4-TEMPO (8) were polymerized to afford novel polymers containing the TEMPO radical at high densities. Monomers 1, 3-6, and 8 provided polymers with average molecular weights of 10 000-136 500 in 62-99 % yield in the presence of a rhodium catalyst, whereas monomers 2 and 7 gave insoluble polymers in 100 % yield. The formed polymers were thermally stable up to approximately 274 degrees C according to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). All the TEMPO-containing polymers demonstrated reversible charge/discharge processes, whose discharge capacities were 21.3-108 A h kg(-1). In particular, the capacity of poly(1)-, poly(4)-, and poly(5)-based cells reached 108, 96.3, and 89.3 A h kg(-1), respectively, which practically coincided with their theoretical values.
FDPs: Functional Difference Predictors - Measuring Meaningful Image Differences (2002)

In this paper we introduce Functional Difference Predictors (FDPs), a new kind of perceptual image difference metric that captures how visible image errors affect a user’s ability to perform visual tasks in computer graphics applications. To develop the FDP concept, we conduct a psychophysical experiment that focuses on two visual tasks: spatial layout and material estimation. In the experiment we introduce errors in the positions and contrasts of objects reflected in glossy surfaces and ask subjects to make judgments of the relative locations and material properties of objects in the scene. Our results show that under the conditions studied, layout estimation depends only on positional errors in the reflections and material estimation depends only on contrast errors. These results indicate that in different task contexts, large visible image errors may be tolerated without loss in task performance, and that FDPs are better predictors of the relation between image errors and task performance than current Visible Difference Predictors (VDPs). This work represents some initial steps toward developing a significant new class of perceptual metrics for measuring the fidelity of computer graphics images.
Conical Nanopore Membranes: Controlling the Nanopore Shape (2005)

Conically shaped nanopores prepared by anisotropic etching of heavy-ion-tracked polymer films are an especially promising type of abiotic nanopore for biosensing applications. We have discovered that the cone angle of conical nanopores (see Figure) prepared by the track-etch method can be systematically varied by varying the transmembrane potential difference applied during pore etching.
Concerns with Respect to QUAD LI20 901 (2005)

Quad L120 901 is approximately 3.4 m after Section 20-8C and 5.6 m before Section 21-1B. (There is no Section 21-1A.) The quad has an aperture radius of r=0.01378 m and an effective length of L=0.1068 m. With the present linac 50-GeV lattice it is run at a nominal strength of BDES=GL=(B/r)L=79.738 kG. Thus the field at the pole tip is B=10.288 kG and the maximum possible dipole strength under any condition (i.e., short or no short) with the quad strength at its nominal value, which in fact will occur only at the pole tip, is BL=BL{sup max}=1.0988 kG-m or 0.10988 T-m. A dipole will bend the beam according to: {theta}[rad] = 0.3 {integral} Bdl[T-m]/cp[GeV]. Thus the maximum possible bending angle will occur for a beam just grazing the pole tip, i.e., {theta} {approx} 1 mrad for a 33 GeV (at Sector 20) beam.
A Novel Extension of the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution Method with Objective Criteria Weights for Group Decision Making with Interval Numbers (2021)

This paper presents an extension of the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method with objective criteria weights for Group Decision Making (GDM) with Interval Numbers (INs). The proposed method is an alternative to popular and often used methods that aggregate the decision matrices provided by the decision makers (DMs) into a single group matrix, which is the basis for determining objective criteria weights and ranking the alternatives. It does not use an aggregation operator, but a transformation of the decision matrices into criteria matrices, in the case of determining objective criteria weights, and into alternative matrices, in the case of the ranking of alternatives. This ensures that all the decision makers' evaluations are taken into account instead of their certain average. The numerical example shows the ease of use of the proposed method, which can be implemented into common data analysis software such as Excel.