gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Technological problems of the heavy liquid-metal coolants (lead-bismuth, lead); Problemy tekhnologii tyazhelykh zhidkometallicheskikh teplonositelej (svinets-vismut, svinets) (1999)

When designing heavy liquid-metal coolants (LMC) one managed to approach two basic problems: corrosion-erosion resistance of structural materials contacting with LMC; purity of both LMC and circuit equipment surfaces. The results are as follows: one elaborated procedure to use Pb-Bi LMC; one chose or made new structural materials; one designed facilities for LMC quality control and for impurity removal from LMC and from circuit surfaces. The mentioned problems are discussed in the given report.
All-optical information-processing capacity of diffractive surfaces (2021)

The precise engineering of materials and surfaces has been at the heart of some of the recent advances in optics and photonics. These advances related to the engineering of materials with new functionalities have also opened up exciting avenues for designing trainable surfaces that can perform computation and machine-learning tasks through light-matter interactions and diffraction. Here, we analyze the information-processing capacity of coherent optical networks formed by diffractive surfaces that are trained to perform an all-optical computational task between a given input and output field-of-view. We show that the dimensionality of the all-optical solution space covering the complex-valued transformations between the input and output fields-of-view is linearly proportional to the number of diffractive surfaces within the optical network, up to a limit that is dictated by the extent of the input and output fields-of-view. Deeper diffractive networks that are composed of larger numbers of trainable surfaces can cover a higher-dimensional subspace of the complex-valued linear transformations between a larger input field-of-view and a larger output field-of-view and exhibit depth advantages in terms of their statistical inference, learning, and generalization capabilities for different image classification tasks when compared with a single trainable diffractive surface. These analyses and conclusions are broadly applicable to various forms of diffractive surfaces, including, e.g., plasmonic and/or dielectric-based metasurfaces and flat optics, which can be used to form all-optical processors.
Role of CD4 and CD8 in Enhancing T-cell Responses to Antigen (1989)

T lymphocytes can be divided into two major subsets based on their recognition properties and their expression of either of two cell-surface glycoproteins, CD8 or CD4. In general, T cells that recognize foreign antigen bound to self class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins express CD8, whereas those that recognize foreign antigen bound to class II MHC proteins express CD4 (Swain 1983). In accord with this functional subdivision, CD8 and CD4 appear to serve as receptors for relatively invariant regions of class I and class II MHC proteins, respectively (Doyle and Strominger 1987; Gay et al. 1988; Norment et al. 1988; Rosenstein et al. 1989). CD8 and CD4 have been called accessory molecules or “co-receptors” based on their ability to increase T-cell responses to antigen. This function may be of major importance in situations where the affinity of the T-cell receptor (TCR) for antigen/MHC is low (Marrack et al. 1983;...
X-ray diffraction analysis andin vitrocharacterization of the UAM2 protein fromOryza sativa (2017)

The role of seemingly non-enzymatic proteins in complexes interconverting UDP-arabinopyranose and UDP-arabinofuranose (UDP-arabinosemutases; UAMs) in the plant cytosol remains unknown. To shed light on their function, crystallographic and functional studies of the seemingly non-enzymatic UAM2 protein from Oryza sativa (OsUAM2) were undertaken. Here, X-ray diffraction data are reported, as well as analysis of the oligomeric state in the crystal and in solution. OsUAM2 crystallizes readily but forms highly radiation-sensitive crystals with limited diffraction power, requiring careful low-dose vector data acquisition. Using size-exclusion chromatography, it is shown that the protein is monomeric in solution. Finally, limited proteolysis was employed to demonstrate DTT-enhanced proteolytic digestion, indicating the existence of at least one intramolecular disulfide bridge or, alternatively, a requirement for a structural metal ion.
Search by voice in Mandarin Chinese (2010)

In this paper we describe our efforts to build a Mandarin Chinese voice search system. We describe our strategies for data collection, language, lexicon and acoustic modeling, as well as issues related to text normalization that are an integral part of building voice search systems. We show excellent performance on typical spoken search queries under a variety of accents and acoustic conditions. The system has been in operation since October 2009 and has received very positive user reviews.
Thiohalorhabdus denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely halophilic, sulfur-oxidizing, deep-lineage gammaproteobacterium from hypersaline habitats (2008)

Seven strains of extremely halophilic and obligately chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) were enriched and isolated at 4 M NaCl from sediments of hypersaline inland lakes in south-eastern Siberia and a Mediterranean sea solar saltern. Cells of the novel isolates were spindle-like, long and non-motile rods with a Gram-negative type of cell wall. They were obligately chemolithoautotrophic SOB using thiosulfate and tetrathionate as electron donors and represent the first example of extremely halophilic chemolithoautotrophs that are able to grow anaerobically with nitrate as electron acceptor. The characteristic feature of the group was the production of large amounts of tetrathionate as an intermediate during the oxidation of thiosulfate to sulfate. With thiosulfate, the novel strains grew within the pH range from 6.5 to 8.2 (optimum at pH 7.5-7.8) and at NaCl concentrations from 1.5 to 4.0 M (optimum at 3.0 M). Cells grown at 4 M NaCl accumulated extremely high concentrations of glycine betaine as a compatible solute. The dominant cellular fatty acids were 10MeC(16 : 0) and C(16 : 0). Based on the DNA-DNA relatedness values, the isolates consisted of a single genomic species and had a similar phenotype. Phylogenetic analysis placed the novel bacteria in the class Gammaproteobacteria as an independent lineage with no significant relationship to any other genera in this class. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic analysis, the group is proposed to represent a new genus, Thiohalorhabdus gen. nov., with Thiohalorhabdus denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov. as the type species (type strain HL 19(T)=DSM 15699(T)=UNIQEM U223(T)).
Effects of Radar Proximity on Single-Doppler Velocity Signatures of Axisymmetric Rotation and Divergence (1992)

Geometrical and mathematical relationships are developed to explain the variation with radar range of idealized single-Doppler velocity patterns of axisymmetric rotation and divergence regions. The velocity patterns become distorted as they approach a Doppler radar site. As a consequence, the apparent core diameters and locations of the centers of the features depart from the true values. Equations are derived to estimate the true values from the distorted Doppler velocity fields.
And the winner is the tax commissioner (2008)

Given the way tax law works with these general concepts and given the quite significant social phenomenon in recent years of professionalisation of sports and the exploitation of fame by commercialisation in various ways, why is this not something that has to be looked at, given the division of opinion in the Federal Court?
Asset Allocation: The Simple Way and the Hard Way (2012)

Genuine asset allocation is in every instance a risk-management tool. As such, it requires investors to view a multi-dimensional world that contains both known and hidden risks. This chapter focuses on the liquid financial part of an investor's portfolio. When looking at the financial asset portfolios, every investor must keep in mind that it represents only a part of their asset portfolio and financial asset portfolio decisions should not be made outside of understanding the other illiquid assets in the portfolio. The chapter also emphasizes on the traditional Markowitz mean-variance asset allocation approach across multiple asset classes. The mean-variance approach is a special case of various approaches to asset allocation. The chapter attempts to put some constraints around the mean-variance approach by considering the impact of alternative means of portfolio risk management and discusses volatility targeting, risk parity, and portfolio insurance, as special cases of asset allocations. For many investors, one of the primary goals of multi-asset asset allocation is to hold a variety of investments to lower future expected return volatility. The chapter shows that the asset allocation decision lies at the heart of successful investing and that there is no single simple, all-accepted approach to making this most important decision.
Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and myocardial fibrosis (2000)

See article by Bishop et al. [26] (pages 57–67) in this issue. 

During the past decade, evidence has been provided that the circulating and local renin–angiotensin–aldosterone systems (RAAS) promote the development of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease and chronic heart failure [1,2] including in vitro experiments using adult rat cardiac fibroblasts where both angiotensin II (AngII) [3–5] and aldosterone [3] stimulate collagen synthesis in a dose-dependent manner while AngII additionally suppresses the activity of matrix metalloproteinase 1, the key enzyme of interstitial collagen degradation [3], that synergistically leads to progressive collagen accumulation within the myocardial interstitium. This could be proved in in vivo studies in renovascular hypertension [1], with chronic administration of aldosterone [1,6,7], or in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model of genetic hypertension [8–12] where a local cardiac AngII generating system is operative [13]. Therefore, the physiological role of RAAS on the development of myocardial fibrosis could be established. In particular, in various models of experimental hypertension with comparable degrees of elevated systolic arterial pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), myocardial fibrosis was found only in the presence of stimulated circulating RAAS, i.e., in renovascular hypertension, or when aldosterone was chronically infused via subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps to raise plasma aldosterone levels as seen in congestive heart failure. There, interstitial and perivascular fibrosis was found in either ventricle, the pressure-overloaded, hypertrophied left ventricle and the non-overloaded, not hypertrophied right ventricle [1]. In contrast, myocardial fibrosis was absent in either ventricle of hypertensive rats with infrarenal aortic band where RAAS was not activated although LVH was present [1].

Furthermore, low output heart failure models, like rapid pacing in dogs, were associated with activation of RAAS and progressive increase in preload. There, myocardial fibrosis was seen in either ventricle [14]. On the … 

* Tel.: +49-6421-286-4980; fax: +49-6421-286-8954 brilla{at}t-online.de
Anomalously Large Bend Elastic Constant and Faster Electro-Optic Response in Soft Glassy Gels Formed by a Dipeptide (2011)

In this article, results of static/dynamic Freedericksz transformation and rheological studies on anisotropic thermoreversible gels formed by gelation of a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) with a monodisperse dipeptide are presented. Freedericksz transformation studies reveal a surprising result: the gel state possesses a very large Frank bend elastic constant value, order of magnitude higher than the sol state, whereas, the splay elastic constant shows relatively a small increase. The studies also demonstrate that the anisotropic gel to anisotropic sol transition can be tracked by simply monitoring the Freedericksz transformation. Other attractive features of the gel state include the vanishing of the undesirable backflow effect, and nearly an order of magnitude decrease of switching speed. Further, rheological studies bring out the soft glassy characteristics of these gels.
Tunable solid-state lasers (1992)

Reviews the basic physics of tunable solid-state lasers and discusses the characteristics of the most significant established and emerging systems. Particular emphasis is placed on trivalent transition metals; alexandrite, other Cr-doped systems, and Ti: sapphire are also discussed. Other systems, rare earth and forsterite, are considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cumulative Effect of Preceding Pacing Cycle Length on Ventricular Repolarization After a Pause (2002)

This study was designed to investigate if the components of the QT interval after a pause are influenced by the preceding pacing cycle length. Ten patients (seven women and three men; age 79 +/- 9 years, means +/- SD) with complete atrioventricular block or sick sinus syndrome whose own heart rate was < 40 beats/min were examined. All patients had already undergone implantation of a permanent pacemaker. Ventricular pacing protocol was performed with simultaneous recording of a 12-lead electrocardiogram. One set of regular stimuli for 30 seconds (S1) with a variable cycle length (1,000, 700, and 400 ms) was followed by a single stimulus (S2) with a fixed coupling interval of 1,500 ms. QT intervals in response to the last S1 (S1-QT) and S2 (S2-QT) were measured. The QT interval was divided into two components, the interval from start of Q wave to the peak of T wave (QaT) and that from the peak to end of T wave (Tae). The S2-QT and S1-QT interval shortened in association with a decrease in the S1S1 interval. The abbreviation of S2-QT interval was not associated with a significant change in the Tae interval. The results demonstrated that the QT interval after a pause shortened by reducing the preceding pacing cycle length. This shortening is probably due to a homogenous abbreviation of action potential duration across the ventricular wall.
Diversity, equity and inclusion: organizational strategies during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic (2021)

Purpose The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused unprecedented health, economic and social ramifications. Cumulative stressors for healthcare organizations during the pandemic have an impact on the morale of the workforce. The impact of magnified health disparities with ongoing disproportionate loss of lives of people of color combined with the racial injustices has left many colleagues and communities traumatized and seeking solutions. This is a moment in time for organizations to lean into the strengths of their diversity leadership to strengthen a culture of inclusion and build resilience for their employees. Design/methodology/approach The authors use an organizational case study to describe the initiatives and experiences related to fostering a culture of inclusion and belonging at an academic health center during the initial epicenter of the pandemic. Findings The authors weekly community building virtual cafes, leveraging funding for diversity initiatives and visible ways to showcase the work of colleagues have been feasible, sustainable and had positive outcomes. Similar processes may assist other institutions and organizations seeking to enhance efforts for inclusion while distancing. Research limitations/implications Strategies described are generalizable but the authors report on one organization's experience. Originality/value Intentional strategies that help build a deeper sense of community are essential for institutions during the disruption of pandemic related physical distancing. Inclusive decisions anchored in equity and inclusion as core institutional values will be essential to sustain resilience as the authors seek to build the new “equitable” normal.
Cone‐beam computed tomography for oral surgical applications: where is the evidence? (2013)

Abstract Dental cone‐beam computed tomography ( CBCT ) has been available for only about 15 years, but has already found many uses in the practice of oral surgery despite a limited evidence base for its diagnostic efficacy. As with all X ‐ray techniques, careful attention must be given to justification and optimisation. It is usually associated with higher radiation doses and financial costs than conventional radiographic techniques, yet has corresponding advantages over multislice computed tomography. Equipment varies considerably in image quality, and it is hard to generalise about its clinical use, although it usually has acceptable accuracy for linear measurements. In terms of clinical applications, much of the literature remains dominated by opinion and case reports, with little published work relating to patient outcome efficacy. In implant dentistry, its use is well established, and guideline documents exist which favour selected use. For mandibular third molar surgery, it has good diagnostic accuracy for inferior dental canal relationships but, apart from ‘high‐risk’ cases, there is no evidence to support routine use. It has many other potential uses where three‐dimensional information will be of help. Use of CBCT has implications for training of users. At this time, the evidence base suggests that a restrained approach in using CBCT is appropriate, limiting it to situations where conventional radiography cannot provide the information required to manage a patient adequately, or to those where multislice computed tomography is the current imaging modality of choice and where limited soft tissue contrast is acceptable.
Evolutionary correlation between control region sequence and restriction polymorphisms in the mitochondrial genome of a large Senegalese Mandenka sample. (1995)

We present here the first comparative analysis at the population level between Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and control region sequence polymorphism in a large and homogeneous Senegalese Mandenka sample. Eleven RFLP haplotypes and 60 different sequences are found in 119 individuals, revealing that a very high level of mtDNA diversity can be maintained in a small population. A sequence neighbor-joining tree and an analysis of molecular variance show that sequences associated with a given restriction haplotype are evolutionarily highly correlated: sequencing generally leads to the subtyping of RFLP haplotypes. Evolutionary relationships among RFLP haplotypes inferred from restriction site differences are in good agreement with those inferred from sequence data. A single difference is observed and is likely due to a single restriction homoplasy having occurred in the control region. Selective neutrality tests on both RFLP and sequence data accept the hypotheses of mtDNA neutrality and population equilibrium. The deep coalescence times (exceeding 50,000 yr) of sequences associated with the two most frequent restriction haplotypes confirm that the Niokolo Mandenka population has not passed through a recent bottleneck and that gene flow is maintained among West African populations despite ethnic differences.
Model Learning in a Multistage Machining Process: Online Identification of Force Coefficients and Model Use in the Manufacturing Enterprise (2013)

This work presents a systems approach in machining process control. Traditional force-based machining process control has been focused on single machine-single operation. The force or power sensor is used to measure the instantaneous force/power, and control action is taken by changing the feedrate in real time to follow a given force setpoint. The application of such control has successfully been implemented to prevent chatter and to elongate tool life by minimizing tool wear. This research seeks to extend the application of control algorithms to learn about the machining system (comprised in this context of a workpiece being operated on in progressive machining), and how knowledge generated by the process can be passed on to the next process for optimization. To demonstrate this, turning of a partially hardened bar is explored. A nonlinear mechanistic force model-based control framework attempts to control the cutting force at a designated setpoint, with material properties changing over the cut. The force coefficients for the material are calculated offline using experimental data and Bayesian inference methods. Since the hardened part of the bar will shift the force coefficient values, an online estimation strategy (Bayesian Recursive Least Square estimator) is used to learn the new coefficients as well as satisfying the control objective. With the newly learned coefficients passed downstream, the subsequent operation experiences no compromise of control objective as well reduces the maximum values of force encountered. Numerical analyses presented show the adaptation and control scheme performance.
[Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). A new antineoplastic agent derived from the group of heavy metal complexes (author's transl)]. (1979)

Platinum coordination complexes represent a new class of antineoplastic agents among which only cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) has undergone extensive clinical trials. Cis-DDP and some of its congeners share the potential to form DNA-crosslinks with the group of bifunctional alkylating agents, yet cross-resistance is incomplete. The prominent dose-limiting nephrotoxicity can be effectively circumvented by forced diuresis. Cis-DDP not only displays outstanding activity against non-seminomatous testicular cancer but also has a broad spectrum of clinical activity. It ranks very high in activity against bladder cancer and head and neck tumors. Since myelosuppression by cis-DDP is mild, it combines well with other antineoplastic agents. Synergism has been experimentally shown for cyclophosphamide and several other antineoplastic agents. For testicular cancer combination chemotherapy including cis-DDP has become accepted treatment. The simple geometry of platinum coordination complexes allows substitutions of leaving and remaining ligands with anorganic or organic moieties thus altering pharmakokinetic, antineoplastic, and toxic properties in comparison to the parent compound. Mechanism of action, pharmacology, and clinical use of cis-DDP as well as of potentially useful congeners are discussed in this review, since cis-DDP is expected to be available for general use in medical oncology in the near future.
Preparation and Characterization of Thin Film Li4Ti5O12 Electrodes by Magnetron Sputtering. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mobility of positrons in polyethylene (1986)

We have measured the positron drift velocity versus electric field in polyethylene by observing the Doppler shift of the annihilation photons. We find that the average positron mobility computed using the internal electric field (dielectric constant =2.26) is \ensuremath{\mu}=10.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{V}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. This value agrees with the measurement of Brandt and Mourino [Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, 72 (1979)], but disagrees with that of MacKenzie and Ghorayshi [Solid State Commun. 55, 125 (1985)], possibly indicating a sensitivity to the precise composition of the sample.
Burn injuries among infants and toddlers in the United States, 1997-2002. (2006)

Due to the varied causes of burns, a combination of health education and product design interventions are likely necessary to prevent these injuries.