gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis of Route Planning Algorithms on Road Networks (2020)

It is merely impossible to know the history of Route Planning Algorithms. It can be imagined that from the very primitive era, animals have dedicated their time to find the shortest path to reach their food. This kind of algorithms is one of the most practised ones and forms the basis for solving many real-world problems. But like most of the graph algorithms, they were proposed in the mid-twentieth century. The applications of these algorithms are many, the most important one is its usage in Routing and Navigation based applications like Google Maps, Ola and, Uber. Here, the road network is resolved as a large graph with nodes as coordinates holding some meaning and edges as ways/paths connecting adjacent coordinates, then route planning algorithms are applied for finding the shortest path between two nodes in the graph created. A noteworthy application is in Routing data packets on the internet; the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol is based on the Dijkstra algorithm and is used in autonomous systems like Local Area Network (LAN). It is also being used in routing especially long-distance calls. Another interesting usage can be seen in the Currency Arbitrage strategy where currencies are bought and sold instantaneously from one market to another to make a profit from the exchange rate divergences. Due to applications in so many important fields, these algorithms are studied rigorously yet to come up with a more optimized version targeting certain scenarios or in general. It is in this understanding that this paper delves into the study and implementation of various route planning algorithms and portrays their performances based on efficiency, in comparison with each other when running on a graph obtained from real road network data. This paper will also deduce a set of parameters that affects the traffic flow and the evaluation metries that should be considered when applying those algorithms.
A Novel, Portable and Fast Moisture Content Measuring Method for Grains Based on an Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Radar Module and the Mode Matching Method (2019)

To perform fast and portable grain moisture measurements under field conditions, a novel moisture sensor was designed, which consisted of a coaxial waveguide, a circular waveguide, and an isolation layer. The electromagnetic characteristics of the sensor were simulated and measured. The analytical model, which represented the relationship between the reflection coefficient of the sensor and the complex permittivity of grain, was established by using the mode matching method. The reflection coefficient of the sensor was measured by using an ultra-wideband (UWB) radar module, and the moisture content of grains was calculated from the complex permittivity by using density-independent model. To verify the performance of the proposed method, wheat, rough rice, and barley were taken as examples. The measured results in the range from 1.0% to 26.0%, wet basis, agreed well with the reference values (R<sup>2</sup> was more than 0.99), and the maximum absolute errors for wheat, rough rice, and barley were 1.1%, 1.0%, and 1.4%, respectively. In addition, the effect of isolation layer was discussed. Both the simulation results and the experimental results showed that the isolation layer improved the stability of sensor.
Synthesis and reactivity of compounds with cyclobutane rings. Part III. Cyclobut-1-ene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. X-Ray crystal structure and exceptional stereoselectivity in its Diels–Alder reaction with cyclopentadiene (1974)

Cyclobut-1-enes with 1,2-dicyano, -bisalkoxycarbonyl, or -bischloroformyl groups react with cyclopentadiene to give predominantly [4 + 2] adducts with the electron-withdrawing groups in exo-positions regardless of their size. In contrast, the addition of cyclobut-1-ene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (Ie) to cyclopentadiene yields predominantly (88 : 12) the endo-stereoisomer. This reversal of the stereochemical course is rationalised by the existence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond (2·625 ± 0·004 Å) in (Ie) and its influence on non-bonded interactions in the cycloaddition transition states. Compound (Ie) crystallises in the monoclinic space group Cc with lattice parameters a= 5·551 ± 0·002, b= 13·541 ± 0·005, c= 8·714 ± 0·003 Å; β= 98·91 ± 0·03°; Z= 4. The structure was solved by packing considerations and refined by least-squares calculations to R 0·041 for 975 reflections.
Acceptance of 7T MRI for Human Imaging (2008)

Purpose: Prerequisites for transferring ultra-high-field MRI (>3T) into clinical diagnostic workup are sufficient patient acceptance and a low rate of side effects. Publications on subjective examination experiences are thus far missing. We present the results of short-term effects and procedure acceptance at our 7T research site.
Voter insertion algorithms for FPGA designs using triple modular redundancy (2010)

Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) is a common reliability technique for mitigating single event upsets (SEUs) in FPGA designs operating in radiation environments. For FPGA systems that employ configuration scrubbing, majority voters are needed in all feedback paths to ensure proper synchronization between the TMR replicates. Synchronization voters, however, consume additional resources and impact system timing. This paper will introduce and contrast four algorithms for inserting synchronization voters while automatically performing TMR. The area cost and timing impact of each algorithm on a number of circuit benchmarks will be reported. This paper will demonstrate that one of the algorithms provides the best overall timing performance results with an average 9.8% increase in critical path length over a triplicated design without voters. Another algorithm provides far better area results at a slightly higher timing cost (an average 2.1% area increase over a triplicated design without voters).
Abstract 525: ADAM-9 expression in gastric cancer and its association with invasiveness (2010)

Abstract The ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) comprise a family of multidomain transmembrane and secreted proteins. Accumulating evidence associates an increased expression of individual ADAM family members with various types of cancer including prostate, breast, skin and lung cancers. However, little is known about its role in gastric cancer. Herein, we investigated the expression of ADAM-9 in gastric cancer, and its implication as a potential therapeutic target for anti-metastaasis therapy. First, we evaluated the expression of ADAM-9 on protein by immunoblotting and transcript level in 24 gastric cancer cell lines by RT-PCR. ADAM-9 protease activity was also measured using ADAM-9 fluorogenic substrate (R&amp;D systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). We then conducted invasion assay using transwell coated with matrigel in the presence or absence of ADAM-9-specific inhibiting antibody (kindly supplied from Raven Biotechnologies, Inc., South San Francisco, CA). The mRNA expression of ADAM-9 was observed in all the gastric cancer cell lines while the protein expressions of pro- and active-form and protease activities were variable. We selected the cell lines of high baseline ADAM-9 expression (SNU-638, MKN-28 and AGS) and of low baseline expression (SNU-216, MKN-1 and HS-746T) to continue further experiment. Baseline level of ADAM-9 is little correlated with invasion activity though matrigel. Treatment of anti-ADAM-9 antibody does not influence the cytotoxicity. However, it reduced its protease activity and invasiveness, which was dependent on baseline ADAM-9 activity. Actually, protease activity reduced 64.5±0.3% when the specific antibody to ADAM-9 was treated to high expressed cell lines, but 9.6±0.4% were decreased in low expressed cell lines at the 20ug/ml of the antibody. Anti-ADAM-9 antibody inhibited the invasion activity dose dependently, and its effect was more prominent in high ADAM-9-expressing cell lines (67.7±1.9% vs 5.9±4.3% at the 20 ug/ml antibody). Anti-ADAM-9 treatment did not influence on the cell-matrix adhesion, which implies this anti-invasive effect is through its inhibition of protease function. In the hypoxic condition (1% oxygen), invasion was increased along with elevation of both active form of ADAM-9 and its protease activity, suggesting that increased ADAM-9 could have a role of enhancing invasiveness of gastric cancer. To conclude, we presented that ADAM-9 has a role in invasiveness of gastric cancer and would be one of the putative targets for anti-metastasis therapy. This work was supported by the Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 525.
P0540EFFECT OF MEMBRANE MATERIALS ON VANCOMYCIN, TEICOPLANIN AND LINEZOLID REMOVAL DURING CONTINUOUS RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPIES: AN IN VITRO STUDY (2020)

Abstract Background and Aims In a continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) scenario, removal of anti-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus Aureus agents can be quantitatively important, thereby contributing to clinically relevant decreases in their plasma concentration during treatment. Extracorporeal elimination of antimicrobial agents is influenced by the dose and modality prescribed, as well as the sieving coefficient (SC) and adsorptive properties of the membrane used.The aim of this study was to document the specific SC and adsorptive capacity of three different membrane materials related to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid. Method This in vitro study used a model of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration. 500 ml of whole blood from healthy donor spiked with one antibiotic under investigation was pumped (blood flow of 50 ml/min and ultrafiltrate flow of 10 ml/min) in a closed-circuit using polysulfone (PS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes. Samples were collected from in-flow, out-flow and ultrafiltrate lines in a 360 min period. Antibiotic concentrations were measured to calculate SCs. Mass balance analysis was assessed to evaluate the adsorptive capacity of PS, PMMA and PAN membrane related to each antibiotic. Results The SCs were substantially affected by the hemodialyzers material in the case of Vancomycin, where PMMA membrane had higher SC (SC=0.89±0.01) compared to PAN (SC=0.79±0.02) and PS (SC=0.62±0.03) membranes. The effect of material was minor for Teicoplanin (Sc=0.12±0.05 for PS, Sc=0.17±0.05 for PMMA, Sc=0.19±0.00 for PAN) and no noticeable difference within hemodialyzers was found for Linezolid (Sc=0.92±0.03 for PS, Sc=0.95±0.01 for PMMA, Sc=0.95±0.00 for PAN). In terms of adsorptive capacity, PS and PMMA membranes showed higher interaction with Vancomycin and Teicoplanin compared with PAN membrane, while a small amount of Linezolid was adsorbed by all the three filters. The cumulative adsorbed amount of PS and PMMA of Teicoplanin were also clinically relevant (99.15 mg/m2 and 51.33 mg/m2 respectively) compared to PAN membrane (9.14 mg/m2). Conclusion PS, PMMA and PAN membranes behave differently in terms of sieving and adsorptive properties related to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid. These differences may have a clinical influence on vancomycin and teicoplanin removal during CRRT, while linezolid variability during CRRT hasn’t to be ascribed for membrane material.
Aerothermal characterization of finned surfaces in high-speed flows (2023)

Surface Air Cooled Oil Coolers are finned heat exchangers installed in the bypass duct of a turbofan engine that act as an additional cooling source for the engine components, having transonic flow as a heat sink. Characterizing the heat transfer and the aerodynamics of finned surface designs is essential to understanding their impact on overall engine efficiency. In the present study, different models are assessed numerically and experimentally. Two geometries are tested in a high-speed linear wind tunnel where measurements are taken using several sensors and optical techniques. An Inverse Heat Conduction Methodology based on a Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm is developed to retrieve the heat flux on the fin’s surfaces accurately. A numerical analysis is performed using Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations, and the results are compared against the experimental findings. A good agreement is observed between the datasets supporting the accuracy of the numerical methodology. Finally, a multi-objective optimization algorithm is coupled with the solver to explore new geometries that maximize the heat transfer while minimizing the pressure drop across the studied domain. Over 400 profiles were generated and numerically analyzed, allowing for identifying the features that have a more decisive influence on the performance of the fins. Profiles that present improvements of up to 19% are selected and analyzed in further detail. A combined improvement of 7.5% heat transfer enhancement and 9.1% reduction in pressure losses is achieved while maintaining a constant mass flow.
Classical ADE and PACO omnidirectional dual-reflector antennas simulated in 2-D using a nystrom-type MDS algorithm (2009)

A full-wave numerical study of 2-D models of dual-reflector omnidirectional ADE (axially-displaced ellipse subreflector and parabolic main reflector) and PACO (parabolic subreflector and corner reflector) antennas is performed in the E-polarization case. The analysis is based on the recently developed Method of Discrete Singularities (MDS), which uses coupled electric-field singular integral equations (SIE) applied to accurate modelling of the considered dual-reflector (in fact, three-reflector in the considered 2-D case) antenna systems.
Site-Specific Integration by the Adeno-Associated Virus Rep Protein (2011)

Inserting genetic information at precise locations into the human genome has been the goal of gene transfer technology for almost two decades. The spectacular progress of mammalian genetics has led to the development of technology for genome editing and homologous recombination in human somatic cells that is finally approaching efficiency compatible with clinical application. Site-specific integration, or the insertion of genes at known locations by enzymes with target recognition capacity, has progressed slowly but steadily in recent years, and could very well be the basis of the next generation of gene transfer technology. This review focuses on the use of Rep, the replicase/integrase of the adeno-associated virus (AAV), to insert genes at the natural AAV integration site on human chromosome 19. This region (AAVS1) has characteristics that make it an ideal target for somatic transgenesis.
Evaluation of the 13C-methacetin breath test for quantitative liver function testing. (1997)

Noninvasive 13C-breath tests are used for the assessment of hepatocellular dysfunction. 13C-methacetin is metabolized in the liver by O-demethylation to 13CO2 and acetaminophen. The aim of the study was to evaluate the 13C-methacetin breath test in comparison to the Child-Pugh score and other quantitative liver function tests (MEGX-test and indocyanin green-clearance). 2 mg/kg 13C-methacetin were orally given to 31 patients with histologically proven liver cirrhosis of different etiology and severity (nine Child A, 13 Child B, nine Child C), ten patients with chronic viral hepatitis and ten healthy volunteers. The increase of exhaled 13CO2 was expressed as delta over baseline (DOB; delta /1000). Different DOB-values were compared as parameters for assessing hepatocellular dysfunction. All breath test parameters analyzed provided an excellent discrimination between cirrhotic and noncirrhotic individuals. The DOB-value at 20 min showed a superior correlation with the Child-Pugh score (r = 0.67) than did MEGX-test or indocyanine green clearance results (r = 0.39 and r = 0.43, respectively). With a cut-off value of < or = 25 delta /1000 at 20 min, sensitivity and specificity to discriminate between cirrhotic and noncirrhotic individuals was 93.5% and 95%, respectively. The 13C-methacetin breath test is a safe and precise quantitative liver function test. Using one single breath sample 20 min after substrate administration, the test discriminates well between cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients. Its prognostic value remains to be established.
Observation of excitonic super-radiance in quantum well structures and its application for laser cooling of solids (2016)

Excitons, bound electron-hole pairs, possess distinct physical properties from free electrons and holes that can be employed to improve the performance of optoelectronic devices. In particular, the signatures of excitons are enhanced optical absorption and radiative emission. These characteristics could be of major benefit for the laser cooling of semiconductors, a process which has stringent requirements on the parasitic absorption of incident radiation and the internal quantum efficiency. Here we experimentally demonstrate the dominant ultrafast excitonic super-radiance of our quantum well structure from 78 K up to room temperature. The experimental results are followed by our detailed discussions about the advantages and limitations of this method.
The role of vitrification techniques of cryopreservation in reproductive medicine (2005)

Traditional cryopreservation methods allow ice to form and solute concentrations to rise during the preservation process: both ice and high solute concentrations can cause damage. Cryoprotectants are highly soluble, permeating compounds of low toxicity; they reduce the amount of ice that crystallises at any given temperature and thereby limit the solute concentration factor. Vitrification methods use cryoprotectant concentrations that are sufficient to prevent the crystallisation of ice altogether: the material solidifies as an amorphous glass and both ice and solute concentration are avoided. However, the concentrations of cryoprotectant required are very high indeed and therefore are potentially, and often actually, harmful to cells. Optimisation of the temperature and the rate of introduction and removal of such high cryoprotectant concentrations are critical. The necessary concentration can be lowered if very rapid cooling, and even more rapid warming, are used. This paper draws on experience in other fields of cryobiology to discuss these basic phenomena and to consider the place of vitrification techniques in the cryopreservation of human gametes, embryos and gonads.
“Clickable” Polymer-Caged Nanobins as a Modular Drug Delivery Platform (2009)

Modularly clickable polymer-caged nanobins (PCNs) were prepared from liposome templates using a drop-in cholesterol-modified poly(acrylic acid) reagent followed by cross-linking with alkyne-functionalized diamine linker that allows for the conjugation of azide-modified targeting ligands via click ligation. These PCNs possess pH-responsive characteristics that can be used to trigger the release of encapsulated doxorubicin (DXR) payload inside the liposomal core under mild acidic conditions. After click-conjugation with azide-modified folate as an active targeting ligand, the resulting folate-conjugated, DXR-loaded PCNs (f-PCN(DXR)) demonstrated enhanced potency to folate receptor (FR)-positive tumor cells such as KB and OvCa432 over FR-negative MCF7 cells. f-PCN(DXR) can readily discriminate FR-positive tumor cells as a function of the level of cellular FR-expression, showing different degrees of potentiation in each cell. With both targeting functionalities and pH-sensitive drug-releasing triggers, f-PCN(DXR) was fifty-times more potent than the untargeted agent toward cancer cells that overexpress the folate target receptors.
Seven-Year Evaluation of Insecticide Tools for Emerald Ash Borer in Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Lamiales: Oleaceae) Trees (2018)

Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire; Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is decimating ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in North America. Combatting EAB includes the use of insecticides; however, reported insecticide efficacy varies among published studies. This study assessed the effects of season of application, insecticide active ingredient, and insecticide application rate on green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) (Lamiales: Oleaceae) canopy decline caused by EAB over a 5- to 7-yr interval. Data suggested that spring treatments were generally more effective in reducing canopy decline than fall treatments, but this difference was not statistically significant. Lowest rates of decline (<5% over 5 yr) were observed in trees treated with imidacloprid injected annually in the soil during spring (at the higher of two tested application rates; 1.12 g/cm diameter at 1.3 m height) and emamectin benzoate injected biennially into the stem. All tested insecticides (dinotefuran, emamectin benzoate, and imidacloprid) under all tested conditions significantly reduced the rate of increase of dieback.
Investigations of Low-Symmetrical Tetraaryltetrabenzoporphyrins Produced by Mixed Condensation Reactions (2020)

Within the past decade, tetraaryltetrabenzoporphyrins (TATBPs) have gained rising attention due to their potential in various fields of materials science and medicinal chemistry. However, this class of compounds still lacks in structural diversity, especially in the case of low-symmetrical compounds. Herein, mixed condensations were utilized to generate TATBPs with different substituents either in the <i>meso</i>-positions or the periphery of the macrocycle with total yields of 55-58%. The separation of crude mixtures was achieved by feasible chromatographic purification. The influence of symmetry on the electronic properties of TATBPs was studied by optical spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and X-ray diffraction.