gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal Tree Topology for a Submarine Cable Network With Constrained Internodal Latency (2021)

This article provides an optimized cable path planning solution for a tree-topology network in an irregular 2D manifold in a 3D Euclidean space, with an application in the planning of submarine cable networks. Our solution method is based on total cost minimization, where the individual cable costs are assumed to be linear to the length of the corresponding submarine cables subject to latency constraints between pairs of nodes. These latency constraints limit the cable length between any pair of nodes. Our method combines the fast marching method (FMM) and a new integer linear programming (ILP) formulation for minimum spanning trees (MST) where there are constraints between pairs of nodes. For cable systems for which ILP is not able to find the optimal solution within an acceptable time, we propose two polynomial-time heuristic methods based on Prim's algorithm, which we call PRIM I and PRIM II. PRIM I starts with an arbitrary initial node, while PRIM II iterates PRIM I over all nodes. A comprehensive comparative study is presented that demonstrates that PRIM II achieves results for the total cable length that are on average only 2.98% in excess of those obtained by the ILP benchmark. In addition, we apply our method, named FMM/ILP-based, to real-world cable path planning examples and demonstrate that it can effectively find an MST with latency constraints between pairs of nodes.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Heritability of Mammographic Breast Density, Density Change, Microcalcifications, and Masses (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Illustration of microcalcifications and masses in the breast&lt;/p&gt;
Development of an adaptive TCP algorithm based on machine learning in telecommunication networks (2019)

There are many widely used overload control algorithms, such as Reno, Tahoe, CUBIC, and many others. In the article are shown the network overload and packet delay time are determined by a machine learning algorithm with reinforcement. The proposed algorithm uses TCP CUBIC. The result of the algorithm is to study the behavior of the window overload size, using reinforcement learning, as a paradigm, where the algorithm is able to learn and make optimal decisions by using the reward function. Simulation results show performance improvements in the form of increased bandwidth and reduced packet latency compared to various existing TCP algorithms.
Insights in the Antibacterial Action of Poly(methyloxazoline)s with a Biocidal End Group and Varying Satellite Groups (2008)

The antimicrobial activity of poly(2-methyl-1,3-oxazoline)s (PMOX) with the antimicrobial N,N-dimethyldodecylammonium (DDA) end group is greatly dependent on the nature of the group at the distal end of the polymer, the satellite group. Three comparable PMOX with a DDA end group and different satellite groups (methyl, decyl, hexadecyl) were investigated with respect to the reasons for the huge differences in their biocidal behavior. Static light scattering (SLS) and pulsed field gradient diffusion NMR measurements revealed that the samples show comparable aggregation conduct, thus, not being responsible for the varying biological activity. Experiments using different liposomal systems as models for bacterial cell membranes have been performed. It was found that differential interactions between the respective polymers and the phospholipid membranes constitute the reason for the varying effectiveness observed in antimicrobial susceptibility determinations.
Synthesis of Cobalt Ion‐Based Coordination Polymer Nanowires and Their Conversion into Porous Co3O4 Nanowires with Good Lithium Storage Properties (2010)

Cobalt ion-based coordination polymer nanowires were synthesized by using nitrilotriacetic acid (NA) as a chelating agent by a one-step hydrothermal approach. In the synthesis, cobalt ions were bonded with amino or carboxyl groups of NA to form one-dimension polymer nanowires, which can be confirmed by FTIR and TGA results. Our experimental results show that the morphologies of polymer nanowires greatly depend on the precursor salts, ratios between deionized water and isopropyl alcohol. The probable molecular formula and growth mechanism have been proposed. After heat treatment, the cobalt ion-based coordination polymer nanowires can be converted into porous Co(3)O(4) nanowires, which completely preserved the nanowire-like morphology. When used as anodes in lithium-ion batteries, the obtained porous Co(3)O(4) nanowires exhibited a high reversible capacity of 810 mA h g(-1) and stable cyclic retention at 30th cycle. The good electrochemical performance could be attributed to the porous nanostructure of Co(3)O(4), which provides pathways for easy accessibility of electrolytes and fast transportation of lithium ions.
Reaction of Hydrazine with b-Aminocrotononitrile: Synthesis of 2,7-Dimethyl-5-aminopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (1977)

Condensation of hydrazine with B-aminocrotononitrile at room temperature gives 6-(3-methyl-5-amino-1-pyrazo1y1)crotononitrile, thermal rearrangement of which produces 2,7-dimethyl-5aminopyrazolo[1,5-%]pyrimidine in excellent yield.Consequently, the various reactions of hydrazine with 6-aminocrotononitrile can readily be rationalised.The reactions of hydrazine with 6-aminocrotononitrile were first studied in 1895 by ~e ~e r , ' who reported that three isomeric products of molecular formula C8H10N4 could he obtained, depending on the reaction conditions employed.Structures and 2 were 1 2 assigned to two of these products and & was later shown to be correct by Kurtz & . . 2No structure was postulated by Meyer for the third, somewhat unstable isomer, as attempts to repeat the preparation failed and resulted only in the formation of I.About ten years ago Takamizawa et al. that structure --2 was incorrect, and that the product obtained from acid catalysed
Validation of urban NO 2 concentrations and their diurnal and seasonal variations observed from the SCIAMACHY and OMI sensors using in situ surface measurements in Israeli cities (2009)

Abstract. We compare a full-year (2006) record of surface air NO2 concentrations measured in Israeli cities to coinciding retrievals of tropospheric NO2 columns from satellite sensors (SCIAMACHY aboard ENVISAT and OMI aboard Aura). This provides a large statistical data set for validation of NO2 satellite measurements in urban air, where validation is difficult yet crucial for using these measurements to infer NOx emissions by inverse modeling. Assuming that NO2 is well-mixed throughout the boundary layer (BL), and using observed average seasonal boundary layer heights, near-surface NO2 concentrations are converted into BL NO2 columns. The agreement between OMI and (13:45) BL NO2 columns (slope=0.93, n=542), and the comparable results at 10:00 h for SCIAMACHY, allow a validation of the seasonal, weekly, and diurnal cycles in satellite-derived NO2. OMI and BL NO2 columns show consistent seasonal cycles (winter NO2 1.6–2.7× higher than summer). BL and coinciding OMI columns both show a strong weekly cycle with 45–50% smaller NO2 columns on Saturday relative to the weekday mean, reflecting the reduced weekend activity, and validating the weekly cycle observed from space. The diurnal difference between SCIAMACHY (10:00) and OMI (13:45) NO2 is maximum in summer when SCIAMACHY is up to 40% higher than OMI, and minimum in winter when OMI slightly exceeds SCIAMACHY. A similar seasonal variation in the diurnal difference is found in the source region of Cairo. The surface measurements in Israel cities confirm this seasonal variation in the diurnal cycle. Using simulations from a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem), we show that this seasonal cycle can be explained by a much stronger photochemical loss of NO2 in summer than in winter.
AtVPS34, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase of Arabidopsis thaliana, is an essential protein with homology to a calcium-dependent lipid binding domain. (1994)

The cDNA encoding phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase was cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana, and the derived amino acid sequence (AtVPS34) has a significantly higher homology to yeast PI 3-kinase (VPS34) than to the mammalian (p110). The protein has two conserved domains: a catalytic site with the ATP-binding site near the C terminus and a calcium-dependent lipid-binding domain near the N terminus. The plant cDNA does not rescue a yeast vps34 deletion mutant, but a chimeric gene in which the coding sequence for the C-terminal third of VPS34 is replaced by the corresponding sequence from the plant gene does rescue the yeast mutant. PI 3-kinase activity is detectable in extracts from plants that overexpress the plant PI 3-kinase. Expression of antisense constructs gives rise to second-generation transformed plants severely inhibited in growth and development.
Generation of electric fields by ice and snow friction (1995)

Strong electric fields up to 2×106 V/m having potentials up to 1.6 kV were generated in the gap between ice (or snow) and metallic and dielectric sliders, including alpine skis. Experimental data on the ice frictional electrification over wide ranges of sliding velocity and temperature are presented both for metal and dielectric sliders. Several possible physical mechanisms are discussed. The observed high magnitude of the potential difference V generated by friction between ice and sliders and the dependencies of V upon the slider velocity, ice conductivity, and temperature can be best explained in terms of high density electric charges picked up by a slider from the ice surface. The observed surface charge density corresponds to strong polarization of water molecules in the surface layer of ice. The phenomenon can play a significant role in forming a frictional force.
Characterization of the SAC3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1996)

A temperature-sensitive mutation (act1-1) in the essential actin gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be suppressed by mutations in the SAC3 gene. A DNA fragment containing the SAC3 gene was sequenced. SAC3 codes for a 150 kDa hydrophillic protein which does not show any significant similarities with other proteins in the databases. Sac3 therefore is a novel yeast protein. A nuclear localization of Sac3 is suggested by the presence of a putative nuclear localization signal in the Sac3 sequence. A SAC3 disruption mutation was constructed. SAC3 disruption mutants were viable but grew more slowly and were larger than wild-type cells. In contrast to the sac3-1 mutation, the SAC3 disruption was not able to suppress the temperature sensitivity and the osmosensitivity of the act1-1 mutant. This demonstrates that act1-1 suppression by sac3-1 is not the result of a simple loss of SAC3 function. Furthermore, we examined the act1-1 and the sac3 mutants for defects in polarized cell growth by FITC-Concanavalin A (Con A)-labelling. The sac3 mutants showed a normal ConA-labelling pattern. In the act1-1 mutant, however, upon shift to non-permissive temperature, newly synthesized cell wall material, instead of being directed towards the bud, was deposited at discrete spots in the mother cell.
Tunable ferroelectric thin films with enhanced responses through nano-structural control (2007)

Ba <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Sr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (BST) and its composite films have been studied for the improvement of the tunable performances via nano-structual control. The strong correlation between strain and tunability similar to that between strain and permittivity was confirmed in the epitaxial BST x = 0 films, indicating that the high tunability of BST is strongly related to its high permittivity. The "oriented" nano-composite films composed of BST x = 1 and CeO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , i.e. low-K dielectric, have achieved rather high tunability as compared to the significantly lowered permittivity. The obtained composite films also benefit from a suppressed temperature dependence of permittivity and tunability.
Stall Inception and the Prospects for Active Control in Four High-Speed Compressors (1999)

As part of a European collaborative project, four high-speed compressors were tested to investigate the generic features of stall inception in aero-engine type compressors. Tests were run over the full speed range to identify the design and operating parameters that influence the stalling process. A study of data analysis techniques was also conducted in the hope of establishing early warning of stall. The work presented here is intended to relate the physical happenings in the compressor to the signals that would be received by an active stall control system. The measurements show a surprising range of stall-related disturbances and suggest that spike-type stall inception is a feature of low-speed operation while modal activity is clearest in the midspeed range. High-frequency disturbances were detected at both ends of the speed range and nonrotating stall, a new phenomenon, was detected in three out of the four compressors. The variety of the stalling patterns, and the ineffectiveness of the stall warning procedures, suggests that the ultimate goal of a flightworthy active control system remains some way off.
Probing the Orientation of Surface-Immobilized Immunoglobulin G by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (2004)

Static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is a powerful surface analysis technique for the characterization of protein films because of its chemical selectivity and surface sensitivity. In this study, static ToF-SIMS and principal component analysis (PCA), a multivariate data analysis method, were combined to probe the orientation of surface-immobilized immunoglobulin G (IgG). IgG orientation can enhance its ability to detect its antigen in immunoassay techniques. The IgG used in this work is the mouse monoclonal anti-human chorionic gonadotropin (anti-hCG). Anti-hCG films on different well-defined substrates have been studied using its F(ab')2 and Fc fragments as references. Atomic force microscopy was used to characterize these protein films before static ToF-SIMS analysis. The results from PCA of ToF-SIMS spectra were related to the antibody primary amino acid composition and its three-dimensional structure.
Creation and modification of polymeric materials using electron beam radiation (1991)

This dissertation begins with a review of radiation chemistry and a number of important variables which can influence the chemistry occurring in irradiated polymeric materials. Following the literature review, four different studies involving the electron beam irradiation and subsequent characterization of various polymeric materials are presented. The first study describes a novel process that has been developed for producing crosslinked polymeric microspheres. With this process, it is possible to produce polymeric microspheres in an aqueous media with a solids content as high as 67 vol % by incorporating a trifunctional acrylate into a biliquid foam (known as polyaphrons) and exposing it to electron beam radiation. The second study involves characterizing the radiation response of a relatively new crystallizable polyimide, LARC-CPI, primarily in terms of its thermal properties as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), with some limited x-ray scattering experiments. The third study illustrates the effects of electron beam radiation on four different glassy polymers that have been physically aged prior to irradiation. It is shown that irradiation reduces the extent of aging present in the material and that this reduction is proportional to the absorbed dose. The last study examines the crosslinking behavior of a polystyrene - poly(vinyl methyl ether) blend as a function of absorbed dose, composition, and phase separation. It is shown that the crosslinking behavior (in terms of the gel fraction produced) is strongly dependent on all three of these factors. Furthermore, the protective nature of the aromatic groups in polystyrene that is typically displayed by this polymer was not observed in this blend system.
The Progress of Glucose Monitoring—A Review of Invasive to Minimally and Non-Invasive Techniques, Devices and Sensors (2019)

Current glucose monitoring methods for the ever-increasing number of diabetic people around the world are invasive, painful, time-consuming, and a constant burden for the household budget. The non-invasive glucose monitoring technology overcomes these limitations, for which this topic is significantly being researched and represents an exciting and highly sought after market for many companies. This review aims to offer an up-to-date report on the leading technologies for non-invasive (NI) and minimally-invasive (MI) glucose monitoring sensors, devices currently available in the market, regulatory framework for accuracy assessment, new approaches currently under study by representative groups and developers, and algorithm types for signal enhancement and value prediction. The review also discusses the future trend of glucose detection by analyzing the usage of the different bands in the electromagnetic spectrum. The review concludes that the adoption and use of new technologies for glucose detection is unavoidable and closer to become a reality.
Suppression of Spermatogenesis by Bisdichloroacetyldiamines Is Mediated by Inhibition of Testicular Retinoic Acid Biosynthesis (2010)

The bisdichloroacetyldiamine WIN 18,446 reversibly inhibits spermatogenesis in many species, including humans; however, the mechanism by which WIN 18,446 functions is unknown. As retinoic acid is essential for spermatogenesis, we hypothesized that WIN 18,446 might inhibit retinoic acid biosynthesis from retinol (vitamin A) within the testes by inhibiting the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a2 (ALDH1a2). We studied the effect of WIN 18,446 on ALDH1a2 enzyme activity in vitro, and on spermatogenesis and fertility in vivo, in mature male rabbits for 16 weeks. WIN 18,446 markedly inhibited ALDH1a2 enzyme activity in vitro with an IC(50) of 0.3 μM. In vivo, the oral administration of 200 mg/kg WIN 18,446 to male rabbits for 16 weeks significantly reduced intratesticular concentrations of retinoic acid, severely impaired spermatogenesis, and caused infertility. Reduced concentrations of intratesticular retinoic acid were apparent after only 4 weeks of treatment and preceded the decrease in sperm counts and the loss of mature germ cells in tissue samples. Sperm counts and fertility recovered after treatment was discontinued. These findings demonstrate that bisdichloroacetyldiamines such as WIN 18,446 reversibly suppress spermatogenesis via inhibition of testicular retinoic acid biosynthesis by ALDH1a2. These findings suggest that ALDH1a2 is a promising target for the development of a reversible, nonhormonal male contraceptive.
Realization of a Cost-Effective Deformable Grating for the Extreme-Ultraviolet (2022)

Abstract The application of a deformable grating to the realization of a time delay compensated monochromator is presented. The grating is realized as a replica on a thin glass substrate and the deformation is realized with a mechanical bender. The monochromator is conceived for the spectral selection of a single harmonic in the spectral range 20-80 nm in beamlines exploiting the high harmonic generation process. A possible optical design requiring only two deformable gratings, a mirror and an intermediate slit is presented.
Potent inhibition of hemangiosarcoma development in mice by cidofovir (2001)

The acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogue cidofovir is a broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus agent, which also possesses potent inhibitory activity against various tumors associated with papillomaviruses in animal models and patients. Moreover, we recently described the potent inhibition of polyomavirus (PyV)-induced hemangioma formation in rats by cidofovir. This activity could not be explained by an antiviral mechanism. We have now evaluated the effect of cidofovir on the growth of hemangiosarcomas originating from PyV-transformed (PV/2b/35) cells, which do not produce polyomavirus. In vitro, cidofovir proved to be cytostatic for PV/2b/35 cells at a 50% cytostatic concentration (CC(50)) of 2.3 microg/ml. At cidofovir concentrations > or =20 microg/ml, cytotoxicity due to induction of apoptosis was observed. In vivo, intratumoral therapy with cidofovir, at 100 mg/kg 3 times a week, completely inhibited the development and even caused regression of established PV/2b/35 hemangiosarcomas in nude mice. Five days after the start of treatment, few proliferating cells were noted in the cidofovir-treated tumors, whereas control tumors were characterized by high expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Moreover, cidofovir induced apoptosis in the hemangiosarcomas, as evidenced by Tunel (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) staining. Also after intraperitoneal administration, cidofovir afforded a prominent protection against the growth of intraperitoneally or intracerebrally inoculated hemangiosarcoma cells in SCID mice. In conclusion, cidofovir possesses a direct antitumor activity, which is mediated by induction of tumor cell apoptosis. Cidofovir should be further explored for its potential in the treatment of fast-growing vascular tumors, like hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas.
Labeling of Peptides and Proteins by Radioiodination (2003)

Many different substances can be labeled by radioiodination. Such labeled molecules are of major importance in a variety of investigations, e.g., studies of intermediary metabolism, determinations of agonist and antagonist binding to receptors, quantitative measurements of physiologically active molecules in tissues and biological fluids, and so forth. In most of those studies, it is necessary to measure very low concentrations of the particular substance, and that in turn implies that it is essential to produce a radioactively labeled tracer molecule of high specific radioactivity. Such tracers, particularly in the case of peptides and proteins, can often be conveniently produced by radioiodination.
C−C Bond Formation via Double C−H Functionalization:  Aerobic Oxidative Coupling as a Method for Synthesizing Heterocoupled Biaryls (2007)

The aerobic oxidative coupling of arenes such as benzofuran and N-substituted indoles with benzene and derivatives thereof is described. The reaction is shown to take place in both inter- and intramolecular scenarios.
On the Relation Between Beam Coupling and Feed Coupling in Wideband Antenna Arrays (2021)

We present a study on beam coupling in radiating structures that support multiple simultaneous beams. The formation of multiple beams is relevant in modern wireless communication applications when diverse data streams can be sent from a single transmitter to users located in different directions. General expressions are provided that relate the coupling between radiated beams to the associated current distributions on the radiating aperture. When expanding the currents in terms of basis functions, the beam coupling can be also written in terms of coupling contributions due to each pair of basis functions. The analysis is applied to antenna arrays with different levels of mutual coupling between the array elements. More specifically, arrays of resonant elements, characterized by very low mutual coupling, are compared with arrays of connected elements, which are strongly coupled. We show that, even for a very high level of mutual coupling between individual array elements, it is possible to obtain orthogonal beams if the total current distributions associated with the beams are uncoupled.