gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lyotropic Liquid Crystals (1976)

A generic relationship exists between lamellar mesophases (smectics A and C), formed by non-amphiphilic mesogens with lath-like molecules and "fused" lamellar mesophases, G (with or without solvents), formed by amphiphilic mesogens. A second generic relationship occurs between non-amphiphilic nematic mesophases and two-dimensionally hexagonal "middle" mesophases (M1, M2), formed by fibrous amphiphilic micelles. A third generic relationship is now proposed between three-dimensionally periodic cubic "rotational" mesophases ("plastic crystals"), formed by non-amphiphilic mesogens with globular molecules, and cubic mesophases (S1c, V1, V2), formed by globular amphiphilic micelles. Finally it is suggested that the cubic mesophase, "smectic D," formed by a few non-amphiphilic mesogens with lath-like molecules, is a rotational mesophase based on globular groupings (of parallel molecules) that arise in the transition between smectics A and C.
Emergence of Biomarkers in Nephropharmacology (2010)

Blood-urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and urine output have long been used as markers of kidney function despite their known limitations. In the past few years, a number of novel biomarkers have been identified in the urine and blood that can detect kidney injury early. Although, to date, none of these biomarkers are in clinical use, many have been validated as reliable and sensitive, allowing detection of kidney injury before serum creatinine levels rise and urine output drops. These markers have been evaluated in great detail in animal models and to a lesser extent in humans in postcardiopulmonary bypass and sepsis. There is relatively scarse data on the use of these biomarkers in the detection of kidney injury associated with the use of pharmacologic agents. The purpose of this article is to summarize these data and highlight the potential utility of these biomarkers in nephropharmacology.
Laser ablation of YBa_{2}Cu_{3}O_{7-δ} as probed by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (1991)

Ground-state populations of cationic and neutral Y, Ba, Cu, and neutral YO, BaO, and CuO are monitored by laser-induced fluorescence during laser ablation of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$. 193-nm photons completely dissociate CuO allowing the observation of a subsequent reaction of the Cu atom with ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ to form CuO. As a function of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ pressure, the CuO signal increases to a maximum at approximately 120 mTorr of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, presumably minimizing \ensuremath{\delta}, and then falls to negligible levels by 400 mTorr. Ablation at 248 and 351 nm dissociates a smaller fraction of the CuO, i.e., nascent CuO is observed in the absence of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$.
Tin dioxide gas sensors. Part 1.—Aspects of the surface chemistry revealed by electrical conductance variations (1987)

Detailed measurements are reported of the dependence of the conductance of porous, sintered pellets of tin dioxide, on temperature, moisture and oxygen partial pressure. Comparison is made with the behaviour of thin layers prepared by radio-frequency sputtering. The effect of introducing a non-equilibrium mixture of a combustible gas in air, on the conductance and conductance activation energy is described. The theoretical basis for current interpretations of the behaviour of this material is reviewed. The results are discussed using a model in which the conductance of the porous pellets is controlled by different sorts of intergrain contact, represented as necks, necks depleted of conduction electrons, and Schottky barriers. The results are best rationalised by postulating that the conductance is in fact controlled by Schottky barriers separating domains or agglomerates, each comprising a rather large number of crystallites. The effects of temperature, moisture, oxygen partial pressure and combustible gases are discussed in terms of their effect on the Schottky barrier height by way of altrations in the area density, charge and occupancy of surface states (chemisorbed oxygen species). The existence of a surface state level located ≳ 1.1 eV below the conduction band edge is deduced. Adsorbed water strongly affects both the conductance and the response to combustible gases. Loss of water from the surface over the temperature range 280–450 °C results in a sigmoidal conductance-temperature relationship in moist air. The effect is to lower the resistance at temperatures below this range to no more than one-tenth of the values observed for dried pellets. A surface transformation O2–↔ OH– is inferred. In dried air, with dried pellets, inflexions in the conductance-temperature behaviour at temperatures below 230 °C are tentatively attributed to the effect of O2–↔ O–↔ O–2 surface transformations. The onset of a conductance response to the presence of a combustible gas coincides with the onset of a surface-catalysed combustion. At higher temperatures an effect of combustible gases is to lower the conductance activation energy for the porous pellets, but not for the sputtered layers. The effect of moisture on the response to CO was to extend the response to lower temperature; on dried pellets in dried air the response disappeared abruptly when the temperature fell below 350 °C.
Heterochromatin protein 1γ deficiency decreases histone H3K27 methylation in mouse neurosphere neuronal genes (2020)

Heterochromatin protein (HP) 1γ, a component of heterochromatin in eukaryotes, is involved in H3K9 methylation. Although HP1γ is expressed strongly in neural tissues and neural stem cells, its functions are unclear. To elucidate the roles of HP1γ, we analyzed HP1γ -deficient (HP1γ KO) mouse embryonic neurospheres and determined that HP1γ KO neurospheres tended to differentiate after quaternary culture. Several genes normally expressed in neuronal cells were upregulated in HP1γ KO undifferentiated neurospheres, but not in the wild type (WT). Compared to that in the control neurospheres, the occupancy of H3K27me3 was lower around the transcription start sites (TSSs) of these genes in HP1γ KO neurospheres, while H3K9me2/3, H3K4me3, and H3K27ac amounts remained unchanged. Moreover, amounts of the H3K27me2/3 demethylases, UTX, and JMJD3, were increased around the TSSs of these genes. Treatment with GSK-J4, an inhibitor of H3K27 demethylases, decreased the expression of genes upregulated in HP1γ KO neurospheres, along with an increase of H3K27me3 amounts. Therefore, in murine neurospheres, HP1γ protected the promoter sites of differentiated cell-specific genes against H3K27 demethylases to repress the expression of these genes. A better understanding of central cellular processes such as histone methylation will help elucidate critical events such as cell-specific gene expression, epigenetics, and differentiation.
Modular Control Plane Verification via Temporal Invariants (2023)

Monolithic control plane verification cannot scale to hyperscale network architectures with tens of thousands of nodes, heterogeneous network policies and thousands of network changes a day. Instead, modular verification offers improved scalability, reasoning over diverse behaviors, and robustness following policy updates. We introduce Timepiece, a new modular control plane verification system. While one class of verifiers, starting with Minesweeper, were based on analysis of stable paths, we show that such models, when deployed naïvely for modular verification, are unsound. To rectify the situation, we adopt a routing model based around a logical notion of time and develop a sound, expressive, and scalable verification engine. Our system requires that a user specifies interfaces between module components. We develop methods for defining these interfaces using predicates inspired by temporal logic, and show how to use those interfaces to verify a range of network-wide properties such as reachability or access control. Verifying a prefix-filtering policy using a non-modular verification engine times out on an 80-node fattree network after 2 hours. However, Timepiece verifies a 2,000-node fattree in 2.37 minutes on a 96-core virtual machine. Modular verification of individual routers is embarrassingly parallel and completes in seconds, which allows verification to scale beyond non-modular engines, while still allowing the full power of SMT-based symbolic reasoning.
Activity Levels and Functional Outcomes of Young Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty (2014)

The activity demands of young patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) have not been clearly defined. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score, Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS), Short Form-12 version 2 (SF-12v2), and Functional Comorbidity Index (FCI) questionnaires were administered to 70 young patients who had undergone THA (young THA group; ie, ≤30 years old), 158 general patients who had undergone THA (general THA group; ie, ≥31 years old), and 106 young, comorbidity-matched patients who had not undergone arthroplasty and had no significant hip disease (nonarthroplasty group). Mean postoperative UCLA activity scores were similar among groups (young THA group, 6.5; general THA group, 6.4; nonarthroplasty group, 6.6) before and after adjustment for comorbidity, sex, and race (P=.62 and P=.47, respectively). Adjusted analyses also found a negative association between postoperative activity and increases in comorbidity and female sex (P<.001). Patients in the young THA group reported higher expectations of postoperative activity (7.7) than those in the general THA group (7.1; P=.02). Postoperative HOOS results showed greater hip symptoms (P=.003) and poorer hip-related quality of life (P<.001) in the young THA group. Patient groups had similar postoperative SF-12v2 physical health scores (P=.31), although mental health scores were significantly higher in the general THA group (P<.001). The interesting finding of lower postoperative expectations, greater hip-related quality of life, and better mental health scores in the general THA group may indicate a need for better management of expectations in young patients undergoing THA, including a discussion of realistic gains in activity and potential comorbidity-related restrictions.
Localization and Density of Immune Cells in the Invasive Margin of Human Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases Are Prognostic for Response to Chemotherapy (2011)

Analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in primary human colorectal cancer (CRC) by in situ immunohistochemical staining supports the hypothesis that the adaptive immune response influences the course of human CRC. Specifically, high densities of TILs in the primary tumor are associated with good prognosis independent of other prognostic markers. However, the prognostic role of TILs in metastatic CRC lesions is unknown, as is their role in response or resistance to conventional chemotherapy. We analyzed the association of TIL densities at the invasive margin of CRC liver metastases with response to chemotherapy and progression-free survival in a set of 101 large section samples. High-resolution automated microscopy on complete tissue sections was used to objectively generate cell densities for CD3, CD8, granzyme B, or FOXP3 positive immune cells. A predictive scoring system using TIL densities was developed in a training set and tested successfully in an independent validation set. TIL densities at the invasive margin of liver metastases allowed the prediction of response to chemotherapy with a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 100%. The association of high density values with longer progression-free survival under chemotherapy was statistically significant. Overall, these findings extend the impact of the local immune response on the clinical course from the primary tumor also to metastatic lesions. Because detailed quantification of TILs in metastatic lesions revealed a strong association with chemotherapy efficacy and prognosis, we suggest that the developed scoring system may be used as a predictive tool for response to chemotherapy in metastatic CRC.
The molecular basis of asbestos induced lung injury (1999)

Asbestos causes progressive pulmonary fibrosis (asbestosis), pleural disease (effusion and pleural plaques), and malignancies such as bronchogenic carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma.1-3 Asbestos is a generic term for a group of naturally occurring hydrated silicate fibres whose tensile strength and resilient structural and chemical properties are ideally suited for various construction and insulating purposes. The toxic effects of asbestos depend upon the cumulative dose and the time since the first exposure. Asbestos related diseases typically occur after a 15–40 year latency period following initial fibre exposure. The two classes of asbestos fibres, serpentine and amphibole fibres, can each cause pulmonary disease. Serpentine fibres, of which chrysotile is the principal commercial variety, are curly-stranded structures whereas amphiboles (crocidolite, amosite, tremolite and others) are straight, rod-like fibres. Chrysotile accounts for over 95% of world asbestos consumption.4 Asbestos induced pulmonary diseases remain a significant health concern. In the United States over 30 million tons of asbestos have been mined, processed and applied since the early 1900s.1 Moreover, non-occupational asbestos exposure may originate from existing buildings that contain enormous amounts of the fibres.5 Finally, it is estimated that the cumulative total number of asbestos associated deaths in the United States may exceed 200 000 by the year 2030.6 

Extensive investigations over the last two decades have revealed some of the pathogenic mechanisms of asbestos pulmonary diseases. A further benefit of these studies is that asbestos induced pulmonary toxicity is an excellent paradigm to explore the mechanisms underlying other common causes of pulmonary fibrosis and malignancy. Asbestos is an established genotoxic agent that can induce DNA damage, gene transcription, and protein expression important in modulating cell proliferation, cell death, and inflammation.1 2 7-9 Recent comprehensive reviews have described in detail the histopathological and clinical features of asbestos related diseases1-3 9 …
Teleoperated MRI-guided prostate needle placement (2013)

Most robotic systems reported for MRI-guided prostate interventions use manual needle insertion, based on a previously acquired image, which requires withdrawing the patient from the scanner multiple times during the procedure.This makes the intervention longer, more expensive and elongating the discomfort to patient and, most importantly, less accurate due to the virtually inevitable motion of the target.As a remedy, automated needle placement methods were proposed, putting human supervision out of the control loop.This thesis presents the development of enabling technologies for human-operated in-room master-slave needle placement under realtime MRI guidance, while the patient is kept in the scanner and having the process of needle placement under continuos control of the physician.The feasibility of teleoperated needle insertion was demonstrated by developing a 1-DOF (degree of freedom) MRI-compatible masterslave system, which was integrated with a 4-DOF robot for transperineal prostate biopsy and brachytherapy.An accuracy study was conducted on a robotic system for MRI-guided prostate needle placement.Different error sources were identified and quantified.This study concluded that errors occurring during needle insertion have the most significant contribution to needle placement error.In order to compensate for these errors, teleoperated needle steering under realtime MRI guidance was proposed.A 2-DOF piezo-actuated MRI-compatible needle steering module was developed and integrated with the aforementioned 4-DOF transperineal robot, yielding a fully actuated 6-DOF (x, y, z, yaw, pitch, roll) robotic platform for MRI-guided prostate interventions.A novel MRI-compatible master robot was also developed to enable teleoperated needle steering inside the MRI room.MRI-compatible controller hardware and software were developed.A novel MRI-compatible force/torque sensor was devised using Fiber Bragg Grating for force measurement in MRI room.Phantom experiments proved the feasibility iii of teleoperated needle steering under real-time MRI guidance.A system was also developed for real-time 3D shape tracking of a bevel-tip needle with Fiber Bragg Grating sensors embedded along the needle shaft.The needle profile was overlaid on the real-time MR image, yielding real time navigation with accuracy better than 0.5 mm.The experimental system is presently being refitted for clinical safety and feasibility trials on real patients.
Zeolite syntheses using linear diquats of varying length in fluoride media. The synthesis of ITQ-8, ITQ-10, ITQ-14 and high silica Nu-87Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: 1H and 13C NMR spectra of MnBQ2+ linear diquats and XRD pattern of the “unknown material” from Table 4. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/jm/b1/b105273j/ (2002)

Three linear diquats of different lengths (consisting of two quinuclidinium groups linked by a chain of 8, 6 or 4 methylene groups) have been used as structure directing agents in the synthesis of silica zeolites in the presence of fluoride anions. Phase selectivity changes induced by changes in the concentration of the crystallizing mixture or by the addition of Al have been investigated. For the longest diquat only Beta and ZSM-12 were detected by X ray diffraction in the product, with Beta being favoured at high concentrations, low temperatures and short crystallization times. As the length of the chain decreases other phases, in addition to Beta and ZSM-12, appear: ZSM-5 (for the diquat of intermediate length) and ITQ-8, ITQ-10 and ITQ-14 (for the shortest diquat). ITQ-8 is most likely a layered silicate, while ITQ-10 and ITQ-14 are stable zeolites with intergrown structures related to the zeolite Beta family. Notably, ITQ-14 was found to consist of crystallites with the so far hypothetical “structure C” overgrown on standard zeolite Beta crystals. The phase selectivity effect of introducing Al into the gel is generally similar to the effect of decreasing its water content. However, with the longest diquat a different zeolite, Nu-87, crystallized in the presence of Al in a wide range of Si/Al ratios (25–200) but not for pure silica compositions or for the shortest diquats.
Structure and Magnetic Properties of Sm(Co Fe Ti ) Alloys ( 0-0.57) and Sm(Co Fe Ti Cu ) Magnets (2002)

Potential permanent magnetic materials with compositions of Sm(Co Fe Ti ) ( 0-0.57) have been synthesized and characterized in the temperature range of 10-1473 K and at fields up to 5 T. The experimental results show that near single phase materials with Th Ni structure were formed in Sm(Co Fe Ti ) alloys after splat quenching from 1473 K. The Ti atoms play an important role in stabilizing the Th Ni structure for the 3d (transition metal) rich nonstoichio- metric 2-17 compounds. Encouraging hard magnetic properties with 890-1066 K, 10.8-13.7 kG, 30-125 kOe at 300 K were observed in Sm(Co Fe Ti ) alloys. Both Sm(Co Fe Ti Cu ) sintered and melt-spun powder magnets with 4 10 kG were fabricated. A strong domain wall pinning behavior with 1.6 kOe at RT and 4.3 kOe at 10 K was observed. The effect of different heat treatment conditions on the phase formation of Sm(Co Fe Ti ) alloys was also discussed.
In vivo Optical Coherence Elastography Reveals Spatial Variation and Anisotropy of Corneal Stiffness (2023)

Objective: The mechanical properties of corneal tissues play a crucial role in determining corneal shape and have significant implications in vision care. This study aimed to address the challenge of obtaining accurate in vivo data for the human cornea. Methods: We have developed a high-frequency optical coherence elastography (OCE) technique using shear-like antisymmetric (A0)-mode Lamb waves at frequencies above 10 kHz. Results: By incorporating an anisotropic, nonlinear constitutive model and utilizing the acoustoelastic theory, we gained quantitative insights into the influence of corneal tension on wave speeds and elastic moduli. Our study revealed significant spatial variations in the shear modulus of the corneal stroma on healthy subjects for the first time. The central cornea exhibited a shear modulus of 74 kPa, while the corneal periphery showed a decrease to 41 kPa. The limbus demonstrated an increased shear modulus exceeding 100 kPa. We obtained wave displacement profiles that are consistent with highly anisotropic corneal tissues. Conclusion: Our approach enabled precise measurement of corneal tissue elastic moduli in situ with high precision (&lt; 7%) and high spatial resolution (&lt; 1 mm). Significance: The high-frequency OCE technique holds promise for biomechanical evaluation in clinical settings, providing valuable information for refractive surgeries, degenerative disorder diagnoses, and intraocular pressure assessments.
A method to average immunofluorescent histograms (1986)

Single parameter gated flow cytometric fluorescent histograms were obtained on normal donor blood mononuclear cells using several commonly available lymphocyte surface markers. A computer method was developed to average single parameter flow cytometric immunofluorescent histograms. The averaged histograms provide a means of pattern recognition for normal lymphocytes and will aid in the clinical evaluation of lymphocytosis. Averaged histograms may also serve as standards for more advanced analysis.
Reduction in leg pain and lower-extremity weakness with Oxiplex/SP Gel for 1 year after laminectomy, laminotomy, and discectomy (2004)

Oxiplex/SP Gel was easy to use and safe in patients who underwent unilateral discectomy. A greater benefit in clinical outcome measures was seen over the 12-month follow-up period in gel-treated patients.
Studies on Anthracenes. 3. Synthesis, Lipid Peroxidation and Cytotoxic Evaluation of 10-Substituted 1,5-Dichloro-9(10H)-anthracenone Derivatives. (2001)

The synthesis of a series of 1,5-dichloro-9(10H)-anthracenones bearing O-linked and N-linked substituents in the 10-position are described. Previous studies have shown that 9-acyloxy 1,5-dichloroanthracenes and 9-acyloxy 1,8-dichloroanthracenes displayed a potential cytotoxic effect. These results have encouraged us in further investigation of potential anthracenone derivatives. Therefore, a series of 10-substituted 1,8-dichloro-9(10H)-anthracenone derivatives were synthesized. These compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of human oral epidermoid carcinoma cells (KB cell line), human cervical carcinoma cells of ME 180 (GBM 8401) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, respectively. Compounds 3c and 4c of this series compare favorably in the KB cellular assay with mitoxantrone. Compound 4c showed combined inhibitory action against KB, GBM and CHO cell growth, respectively. In addition, redox property of the compounds for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in model membranes was determined. Compounds 4b and 4d exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid, (+)-alpha-tocopherol and mitoxantrone, respectively.
Cross-Validation for Unsupervised Learning (2009)

Cross-validation (CV) is a popular method for model-selection. Unfortunately, it is not immediately obvious how to apply CV to unsupervised or exploratory contexts. This thesis discusses some extensions of cross-validation to unsupervised learning, specifically focusing on the problem of choosing how many principal components to keep. We introduce the latent factor model, define an objective criterion, and show how CV can be used to estimate the intrinsic dimensionality of a data set. Through both simulation and theory, we demonstrate that cross-validation is a valuable tool for unsupervised learning.