gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mono- and Binuclear Titanates Bearing Podand Diamidoamine Ligands and Their Use as Catalysts in Siloxane Cross-Linking (2017)

The synthesis of titanium(IV) alkoxides bearing diamidoamide ligands was undertaken. We synthesized complexes bearing alkoxide ligands of varying size to assess the influence of the steric demand of the alkoxide ligands on the coordination/dissociation equilibria. Moreover, to evaluate the influence of the electronic properties of these ligands, we prepared analogues including electron-donating trimethylsilyl and electron-withdrawing tosyl N-substituents. Herein, we describe their synthesis, characterization, and coordination behavior as well as some of their decomposition products and catalytic performance in the condensation cross-linking of silicone prepolymers.
Powering the fiber loop optically-a cost analysis (1993)

Recent successes in transporting optical power near the 1-W level via optical fiber suggest that it may be possible to operate conventional telephone station sets using electricity derived photovoltaically from light in a fiber. The authors investigate the constraints on optical powering in fiber-in-the-loop (FITL) applications and assess its applicability in terms of end-to-end efficiency, loop length, and system cost. To make this assessment, they look at several different optical-powering system architectures and components vis-a-vis their cost-versus-delivered-power capability. Related issues such as safety and reliability are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Operational Behavior of Graded Diamond Grinding Wheels For End Mill Cutter Machining (2021)

Abstract The varying related material removal rate during deep grinding of cemented carbide end mill cutters results in an unevenly wear of the grinding wheel. This causes a reduced geometrical precision of the manufactured tools. Consequently, the intervals between dressing steps are reduced and the dressing infeed increases. The aim of this research project is therefore to design a tailored grinding tool with uniform wear behavior. To address this situation, the grinding tool load is determined simulatively along the width of the grinding wheel. From this an equation is derived to adapt the bonding layer properties to the local load differences. First investigations show that two different concentrations zones in the abrasive layer of the grinding wheel improves the wear behavior already. This indicates that a further reduction of the wear difference is possible by a more uniform gradient. A simulation is performed to define a knowledge based gradient with more than two concetration zones. This allows a more precise load optimized adaptation of the grinding layer properties to the geometry to be ground in terms of wear behavior. Grinding tools manufactured on this basis are used for flute grinding of end mill cutters. A reduction of the wear difference over the grindig wheel width of 52% and an improved cutting edge quality of these are demonstrated.
180 EFFICIENT GENE SILENCING USING siRNA IN MOUSE AND MONKEY ES CELLS AND DIFFERENTIATION (2004)

Gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) has become a valuable genetic tool for silencing specific genes in various organisms. As compared with transgene-based RNAi using shRNA expression vectors, chemically synthesized siRNAs have an advantage in that they do not modify genome organization. This nature is ideal as a differentiation method for embryonic stem (ES) cells. The objective of this work was to develop an efficient method to repress a specific gene expression in mouse and monkey ES cells using chemically synthesized siRNA, and to investigate whether this transient gene silencing can be used as a new differentiation method of ES cells. First, we tried to knock down the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene in GFP-expressing mouse ES cells. We found that lipofection was effective to deliver siRNA into mouse ES cells. Suppression of EGFP expression was observed by fluorescence microscopy after 24 h of transfection and the silencing continued at least for 5 days. FACS analysis revealed that 86% of cells showed suppression of EGFP at 48 h after transfection. Then we tried to suppress endogenous gene Oct4 that plays an important role in the maintenance of pluripotency and the lineage commitment in mouse ES cells. We performed RT-PCR analysis and western blotting to assay for Oct4 mRNA and protein at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after transfection. Hand1 and Cdx2, transcription factors implicated in trophoblast differentiation, were also analyzed. RT-PCR analysis showed a reduced level of Oct4 mRNA at 24–96 h. Reduction of Oct4 protein was confirmed by western blotting and the reduced level was still maintained at 96 h after transfection. RT-PCR analysis also showed up-regulation of Hand1 and Cdx2 concomitant with the suppression of Oct4. Furthermore, ES cells changed their morphology into a large and flattened shape that is characteristic of trophoblast cells. These results suggested that the transient suppression of Oct4 induced differentiation of mouse ES cells to trophectoderm cells as expected. Therefore our data imply that the chemically synthesized siRNA can be used to differentiate ES cells. Next, we tried to suppress EGFP and Oct4 in monkey ES cells. In monkey ES cells, we found that the Sendai virus (hemagglutinating virus of Japan, HVJ) envelope was suitable to deliver siRNA into cells. With this method, we detected efficient silencing of EGFP and Oct4 by fluorescence microscopy, RT-PCR analysis, and western blotting. In the case of monkey ES cells, however, no morphological change was observed by Oct4 suppression at 96 h after transfection. These results suggest possible diversity between murine and primate ES cells in the differentiation process. This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture (14580798, 13358014 and 14380382).
Using coevolution to understand and validate game balance in continuous games (2008)

We attack the problem of game balancing by using a coevolutionary algorithm to explore the space of possible game strategies and counter strategies. We define balanced games as games which have no single dominating strategy. Balanced games are more fun and provide a more interesting strategy space for players to explore. However, proving that a game is balanced mathematically may not be possible and industry commonly uses extensive and expensive human testing to balance games. We show how a coevolutionary algorithm can be used to test game balance and use the publicly available continuous state, capture-the-flag CaST game as our testbed. Our results show that we can use coevolution to highlight game imbalances in CaST and provide intuition towards balancing this game. This aids in eliminating dominating strategies, thus making the game more interesting as players must constantly adapt to opponent strategies.
Synthesis of Some New 2-[2-(5-Phenyl-3-isoxazolyl) phenoxy methyl]-4H-I benzopyran-4-ones (1984)

Nadkarny-Sacasa Research Laboratory, St. Xavier's College, Bombay-400 001 <em>Manuscript received 16 June 1983, revised 30 January 1984, accepted 30 May 1984</em> The synthesis of a few new 4<em>H</em>-1-benzopyran-4-ones having substituents containing heterocyclic systems starting from [2-(5-phenyl-3-isoxazolyl)phenoxy]-acetic acid and 2-hydroxy, 2,4-dibydroxy, 2,4,6-trihydroxy acetophenones has been described.
High mean entropy calculated from cardiac MRI texture analysis is associated with antitachycardia pacing failure (2020)

Our findings suggest lower scar heterogeneity (mean entropy) is associated with successful ATP, whereas higher scar heterogeneity is associated with more aggressive VAs unresponsive to ATP requiring shock therapy that may be due to inability of the paced wavefront to propagate through scar and terminate the VA circuit.
Description of the Microsporidian Parasite, Heterosporis sutherlandae n. sp., Infecting Fish in the Great Lakes Region, USA (2015)

Heterosporosis is an increasingly important microsporidian disease worldwide, impacting wild and farmed raised fishes in both marine and freshwater environments. A previously undescribed species (Heterosporis sp.), with widespread distribution in the Great Lakes region, was the subject of this study. Three angler-caught fish were submitted to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2009-2010 with lesions caused by intracellular proliferation of parasitic spores, resulting in destruction and eventual widespread necrosis of the host skeletal muscles. Mature ovoid (5.8 x 3.5 μm) spores of a microsporidian parasite, consistent with the genus Heterosporis, were observed by light and electron microscopy. Molecular identification was performed using primer walking to obtain a near-complete rRNA gene sequence (~3,600 bp). A unique species of Heterosporis was identified, demonstrating less than 96% sequence identity to other published Heterosporis sp. on the basis of partial rRNA gene sequence analysis. Heterosporis sutherlandae n. sp. (formerly Heterosporis sp.) was identified in yellow perch (Perca flavescens), northern pike (Esox lucius) and walleye (Sander vitreus) from inland lakes in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Previous research suggests this species may be even more widespread in the Great Lakes region and should be reexamined using molecular techniques to better understand the distribution of this novel species.
Polarimetric Detection in Compound Gaussian Clutter With Kronecker Structured Covariance Matrix (2017)

In this paper, we consider polarimetric adaptive detection in compound Gaussian clutter whose covariance matrix (CM) has a Kronecker structure. We derive the Cramér-Rao bound of a Kronecker structured CM estimate and analyze the constant false alarm rate property of the adaptive subspace matched filter detector that uses Kronecker structured estimates. We provide a general expression for the average signal-to-clutter ratio loss (SCRL) as a function of the mean square error of the covariance estimate. The aforementioned expression is helpful in determining how many samples are required in order to achieve a desired average SCRL level in practical scenarios. Based on that expression, we show that the required sample size can be effectively reduced by exploiting the Kronecker structure of the clutter CM. We also derive the asymptotic detection performance of the adaptive subspace matched filter. The analysis of SCRL and detection performance can be extended to more general scenarios, especially when the maximum-likelihood estimate of the structured CM involves solving fixed point equations. Numerical simulations validate the merits of the proposed methods.
Combustion characteristics of synthetic liquid fuels. Quarterly technical progress report,January 1-March 31, 1982 (1982)

Second quarter work carried out in three closely-related and interacting Project Elements is reported. Experimental work in the MIT Combustion Research Facility (CRF) included measurements on thirteen flames burning SRC-II middle distillate, part of the baseline studies on unstaged turbulent diffusion flames. Results indicated that emissions of NO/sub x/ and solid particles were minimized by injecting the fuel into the high shear regions of the jet, maintaining the minimum degree of swirl necessary for flame stabilization, and operating at low to moderate excess air levels. Diagnostics which are discussed include the laser light scattering extinction apparatus, the laser velocimeter, the laser diffraction spray distribution analyzer, and the techniques to be used for measurement of ammonia and cyanide species concentrations. Chemical kinetics studies on flat-flame burners have continued. Progress on the measurement of H-atom profiles by the Li/LiOH atomic absorption technique is reviewed, and measured absorption profiles for both sodium and lithium are reported. The C/sub 1//C/sub 2/ kinetic model has been improved to give excellent fits with Haynes' data for fuel-rich ethylene/air flames, and a sensitivity study has been carried out. The results indicate that the model is now applicable to the modeling goals of the project. The flame sheetmore » modeling approach to the axisymmetric turbulent diffusion flame has progressed. The calculation of a one-dimensional stretched flame has been completed and a table of the NO/sub x/ formation rate per unit flame surface area has been established for a series of flame surfaces with different fuel/product and oxidant/product compositions. This table is essential for the later computation of the NO/sub x/ formation in a turbulent diffusion flame. 26 references, 27 figures, 8 tables.« less
Evaluation of an EMF injection scheme for a permanent magnet brushless DC drive (2003)

The improvement in the performance of the permanent magnet brushless DC drive through an EMF injection scheme for a current regulated PWM inverter has been considered in this paper. Simulation results based on a general purpose permanent magnet brushless DC drive has shown that the feedforward of the back EMFs at the output of the current controller will cause the drive to produce a faster response of transient torque, and the motor can have a larger speed bandwidth and a shorter rise time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Angiogenin Mediates Cell-Autonomous Translational Control under Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Attenuates Kidney Injury (2015)

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in the pathophysiology of kidney disease and aging, but the molecular bases underlying the biologic outcomes on the evolution of renal disease remain mostly unknown. Angiogenin (ANG) is a ribonuclease that promotes cellular adaptation under stress but its contribution to ER stress signaling remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the ANG-mediated contribution to the signaling and biologic outcomes of ER stress in kidney injury. ANG expression was significantly higher in samples from injured human kidneys than in samples from normal human kidneys, and in mouse and rat kidneys, ANG expression was specifically induced under ER stress. In human renal epithelial cells, ER stress induced ANG expression in a manner dependent on the activity of transcription factor XBP1, and ANG promoted cellular adaptation to ER stress through induction of stress granules and inhibition of translation. Moreover, the severity of renal lesions induced by ER stress was dramatically greater in ANG knockout mice (Ang(-/-)) mice than in wild-type mice. These results indicate that ANG is a critical mediator of tissue adaptation to kidney injury and reveal a physiologically relevant ER stress-mediated adaptive translational control mechanism.
The influence of mental fatigue on brain activity: Evidence from a systematic review with meta‐analyses (2020)

The occurrence of mental fatigue during tasks like driving a vehicle increases risk of injury or death. Changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) activity associated with mental fatigue has been frequently studied and considered a promising biomarker of mental fatigue. This is despite differences in methodologies and outcomes in prior research. A systematic review with meta-analyses was conducted to establish the influence of mental fatigue on EEG activity spectral bands, and to determine in which regions fatigue-related EEG spectral changes are likely to occur. A high-yield search strategy identified 21 studies meeting inclusion criteria for investigating the change in EEG spectral activity in non-diseased adults engaged in mentally fatiguing tasks. A medium effect size (using Cohen's g) of 0.68 (95%CI: 0.24-1.13) was found for increase in overall EEG activity following mental fatigue. Further examination of individual EEG spectral bands and regions using network meta-analyses indicated large increases in theta (g = 1.03; 95%CI: 0.79-1.60) and alpha bands (g = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.47-1.43), with small to moderate changes found in delta and beta bands. Central regions of the scalp showed largest change (g = 0.80; 95%CI: 0.46-1.21). Sub-group analyses indicated large increases in theta activity in frontal, central and posterior sites (all g > 1), with moderate changes in alpha activity in central and posterior sites. Findings have implications for fatigue monitoring and countermeasures with support for change in theta activity in frontal, central and posterior sites as a robust biomarker of mental fatigue and change in alpha wave activity considered a second line biomarker to account for individual variability.
Locomotion Control Architecture for the Pneumatic Biped Lucy consisting of a Trajectory Generator and Joint Trajectory Tracking Controller (2006)

The biped Lucy is actuated with pleated pneumatic artificial muscles because compliant actuation is important for energy-efficient legged locomotion. To control such a robot a specific control architecture is needed. In this paper we propose a trajectory generator and a joint trajectory tracking controller. The first one calculates dynamic balanced trajectories and is based on an inverted pendulum approximation, which models the robot as a single point mass. The trajectory generator allows the step-length, intermediate foot lift and velocity to be chosen for each step while keeping the zero moment point (ZMP) in the ankle point during the single support phase and it provides a smooth transition of the ZMP from the rear ankle point to the front ankle point during the double support phase. This strategy can be used for every biped. The second part is very specific for a robot powered with pneumatic artificial muscles. Out of the desired trajectories the pressures inside the muscles are calculated. The proposed combination is successfully implemented and the robot is able to walk at 0.11 m/s
Evaluating fertility and growth rate potential of indigenous sheep breeds submitted to heat stress under different management systems (2020)

It was concluded that both Damani and Balkhi sheep showed lower stress levels and better fertility and growth parameter in SIS than ES system of rearing. Local Damani breed exhibited well tolerant ability and genetic adaptation to the local environment as compared to Balkhi breed.
Enhanced Electronic Properties of SnO2 via Electron Transfer from Graphene Quantum Dots for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells (2017)

Tin dioxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) has been demonstrated as an effective electron-transporting layer (ETL) for attaining high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the numerous trap states in low-temperature solution processed SnO<sub>2</sub> will reduce the PSCs performance and result in serious hysteresis. Here, we report a strategy to improve the electronic properties in SnO<sub>2</sub> through a facile treatment of the films with adding a small amount of graphene quantum dots (GQDs). We demonstrate that the photogenerated electrons in GQDs can transfer to the conduction band of SnO<sub>2</sub>. The transferred electrons from the GQDs will effectively fill the electron traps as well as improve the conductivity of SnO<sub>2</sub>, which is beneficial for improving the electron extraction efficiency and reducing the recombination at the ETLs/perovskite interface. The device fabricated with SnO<sub>2</sub>:GQDs could reach an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.2 ± 1.0% and a highest steady-state PCE of 20.23% with very little hysteresis. Our study provides an effective way to enhance the performance of perovskite solar cells through improving the electronic properties of SnO<sub>2</sub>.
Spiroplasma leptinotarsae sp. nov., a Mollicute Uniquely Adapted to Its Host, the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1996)

Spiroplasma strain LD-1T (T = type strain), which was isolated from the gut of a Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) larva collected in Maryland, was serologically distinct from other spiroplasmas. Similar isolates were obtained from other L. decemlineata specimens collected in various parts of North America, in Poland, and in other eastern European countries and from Leptinotarsa texana specimens collected in Texas. Cells of strain LD-1T, which in early passages were spiral, exhibited exceptionally rapid translational motility. This rapid motility and the spiral shape were lost after extended passage in culture. The organism required serum for growth. Originally isolated in coculture with insect cells in DCCM medium, strain LD-1T adapted to several media in the absence of cocultured cells. Use of anaerobic conditions allowed primary isolation in a variety of media. The organism did not grow in serum-free media containing 2% serum fraction. Optimal growth in M1D medium occurred at 30 to 37°C (doubling time, 7.2 h). On solid M1D medium containing 2.0% Noble agar (pH 6.25) at 30°C, strain LD-1T produced discrete colonies with numerous satellites. Strain LD-1T hydrolyzed arginine, but did not utilize urea; there was evidence of weak fermentation of glucose. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA was determined to be 25 ± 1 mol%, and the genome size was 1,085 kb. The results of extensive studies of the ecology of this spiroplasma suggest that it is host specific for Leptinotarsa beetles. Strain LD-1 (= ATCC 43213) is designated the type strain of a new species, Spiroplasma leptinotarsae.
Design of Adenosine Kinase Inhibitors from the NMR-Based Screening of Fragments (2000)

A strategy is described for designing high-affinity ligands using information derived from the NMR-based screening of fragments. The method involves the fragmentation of an existing lead molecule, identification of suitable replacements for the fragments, and incorporation of the newly identified fragments into the original scaffold. Using this technique, novel substituents were rapidly identified and incorporated into lead inhibitors of adenosine kinase that exhibited potent in vitro and in vivo activities. This approach is a valuable strategy for modifying existing leads to improve their potency, bioavailability, or toxicity profile and thus represents a useful technique for lead optimization.
Spermatozoa of Sminthopsis murina (Mammalia: Metatheria) exhibit an unusually high degree of chromatin stability in the absence of disulphide bonding in protamine 1 (2015)

Although all but a single genus (Planigale) of the metatheria so far examined contain no cysteine residues in protamine 1, we report a remarkable level of chromatin stability in the spermatozoa of the common dunnart, Sminthopsis murina. S. murina cauda epididymal spermatozoa and somatic epithelial cells were exposed to a combination of graded treatments to lyse sperm protein and induce sperm DNA damage via standard freeze-thaw protocols and post-thaw incubation at 37°C for 48 h, exposure to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and the enzyme AluI restriction endonuclease. Sperm DNA fragmentation was assessed using the comet assay and sperm chromatin dispersal test. Although S. murina somatic cells showed DNA fragmentation following protein lysis and after treatment with all the protocols specifically designed to induce chromatin damage, sperm DNA fragmentation was only observed following moderate to severe proteolytic exposure and treatment with the restriction endonuclease; there was also an increase in the baseline halo of spermatozoa treated with an aggressive reducing agent, but no corresponding evidence of fragmented DNA, suggesting that cysteine residues may be functioning to conform tertiary and/or quaternary chromatin structure. Given that the protamine 1 of S. murina contains no cysteine, we suggest that the source of these residues is possibly the histone fraction of the chromatin and that the high level of stability is potentially related to prolonged sperm survival in the female's reproductive tract.
BloodPAC Data Commons for Liquid Biopsy Data (2021)

The BPDC has been the data platform used by BloodPAC during the past 4 years to manage the data for the consortium and to provide workspaces for its working groups.