gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review of laser-driven ion sources and their applications (2012)

For many years, laser-driven ion acceleration, mainly proton acceleration, has been proposed and a number of proof-of-principle experiments have been carried out with lasers whose pulse duration was in the nanosecond range. In the 1990s, ion acceleration in a relativistic plasma was demonstrated with ultra-short pulse lasers based on the chirped pulse amplification technique which can provide not only picosecond or femtosecond laser pulse duration, but simultaneously ultra-high peak power of terawatt to petawatt levels. Starting from the year 2000, several groups demonstrated low transverse emittance, tens of MeV proton beams with a conversion efficiency of up to several percent. The laser-accelerated particle beams have a duration of the order of a few picoseconds at the source, an ultra-high peak current and a broad energy spectrum, which make them suitable for many, including several unique, applications. This paper reviews, firstly, the historical background including the early laser-matter interaction studies on energetic ion acceleration relevant to inertial confinement fusion. Secondly, we describe several implemented and proposed mechanisms of proton and/or ion acceleration driven by ultra-short high-intensity lasers. We pay special attention to relatively simple models of several acceleration regimes. The models connect the laser, plasma and proton/ion beam parameters, predicting important features, such as energy spectral shape, optimum conditions and scalings under these conditions for maximum ion energy, conversion efficiency, etc. The models also suggest possible ways to manipulate the proton/ion beams by tailoring the target and irradiation conditions. Thirdly, we review experimental results on proton/ion acceleration, starting with the description of driving lasers. We list experimental results and show general trends of parameter dependences and compare them with the theoretical predictions and simulations. The fourth topic includes a review of scientific, industrial and medical applications of laser-driven proton or ion sources, some of which have already been established, while the others are yet to be demonstrated. In most applications, the laser-driven ion sources are complementary to the conventional accelerators, exhibiting significantly different properties. Finally, we summarize the paper.
Latent Derivative Bayesian Last Layer Networks (2021)

Bayesian neural networks (BNN) are powerful parametric models for nonlinear regression with uncertainty quantification. However, the approximate inference techniques for weight space priors suffer from several drawbacks. The 'Bayesian last layer' (BLL) is an alternative BNN approach that learns the feature space for an exact Bayesian linear model with explicit predictive distributions. However, its predictions outside of the data distribution (OOD) are typically overconfident, as the marginal likelihood objective results in a learned feature space that overfits to the data. We overcome this weakness by introducing a functional prior on the model's derivatives w.r.t. the inputs. Treating these Jacobians as latent variables, we incorporate the prior into the objective to influence the smoothness and diversity of the features, which enables greater predictive uncertainty. For the BLL, the Jacobians can be computed directly using forward mode automatic differentiation, and the distribution over Jacobians may be obtained in closed-form. We demonstrate this method enhances the BLL to Gaussian process-like performance on tasks where calibrated uncertainty is critical: OOD regression, Bayesian optimization and active learning, which include high-dimensional real-world datasets.
Neural Network Architectures (2018)

This chapter reviews various easy-to-train architectures and shows that abilities to recognize patterns strongly depend on the used architectures. It discusses a modified feedforward version as described by Zurada. The feedforward neural networks allow only for one directional signal flow. Furthermore, most of the feedforward neural networks are organized in layers. Training of multilayer neural networks is difficult. It is much easier to train a single neuron or a single layer of neurons. Using nonlinear terms with initially determined functions, the actual number of inputs supplied to the one layer neural network is increased. Note that the functional link network can be treated as a one-layer network, where additional input data are generated off-line using nonlinear transformations. The counterpropagation network is very easy to design. The number of neurons in the hidden layer should be equal to the number of patterns. The cascade correlation architecture was proposed by Fahlman and Lebiere.
Low Temperature Activation of Carbon Dioxide by Ammonia in Methane Dry Reforming—A Thermodynamic Study (2018)

Methane dry reforming (MDR) is an attractive alternative to methane steam reforming for hydrogen production with low harmful environmental emissions on account of utilizing carbon dioxide in the feed. However, carbon formation in the product stream has been the most challenging aspect of MDR, as it leads to catalyst deactivation by coking, prevalent in hydrocarbon reforming reactions. Common strategies to limit coking have mainly targeted catalyst modifications, such as by doping with rare earth metals, supporting on refractory oxides, adding oxygen/steam in the feed, or operating at reaction conditions (e.g., higher temperature), where carbon formation is thermodynamically restrained. These methods do help in suppressing carbon formation; nonetheless, to a large extent, catalyst activity and product selectivity are also adversely affected. In this study, the effect of ammonia addition in MDR feed on carbon suppression is presented. Based on a thermodynamic equilibrium analysis, the most significant observation of ammonia addition is towards low temperature carbon dioxide activation to methane, along with carbon removal. Results indicate that ammonia not only helps in removing carbon formation, but also greatly enriches hydrogen production.
Hierarchical control system for a flexible microgrid with dynamic boundary: design, implementation and testing (2019)

The design, implementation, and testing of a control system for a flexible microgrid (MG) is presented in this study. The MG controllers can be implemented in a real‐world MG with multiple smart switches, photovoltaic panel system, and battery energy storage systems (BESSs). With the benefits from smart switches, the MG has unique characteristics such as dynamic boundary and flexible point of interconnection (POI) concepts. To control such a unique MG and realise the dynamic boundary, an MG central controller and two types of local controllers are implemented. Compared to the MG with fixed boundary, the MG with dynamic boundary can have smaller BESS capacity, better utilisation of renewable energy, and multiple POI options. Also, compared with IEEE Std 2030.7–2017, the topology identification and active and reactive power balance functions are newly designed to realise the dynamic boundary concept. The planned islanding and reconnection functions are modified to realise the flexible POI concept. These functions are introduced including the software architecture, cooperation, and interaction among them. Finally, a hardware‐in‐the‐loop testing platform based on the Opal‐RT real‐time simulator is set up to verify the performance, realisation of the dynamic boundary, and flexible POI concepts with four comprehensive test scenarios.
Detecting Algorithmically Generated Domain-Flux Attacks With DNS Traffic Analysis (2012)

Recent botnets such as Conficker, Kraken, and Torpig have used DNS-based “domain fluxing” for command-and-control, where each Bot queries for existence of a series of domain names and the owner has to register only one such domain name. In this paper, we develop a methodology to detect such “domain fluxes” in DNS traffic by looking for patterns inherent to domain names that are generated algorithmically, in contrast to those generated by humans. In particular, we look at distribution of alphanumeric characters as well as bigrams in all domains that are mapped to the same set of IP addresses. We present and compare the performance of several distance metrics, including K-L distance, Edit distance, and Jaccard measure. We train by using a good dataset of domains obtained via a crawl of domains mapped to all IPv4 address space and modeling bad datasets based on behaviors seen so far and expected. We also apply our methodology to packet traces collected at a Tier-1 ISP and show we can automatically detect domain fluxing as used by Conficker botnet with minimal false positives, in addition to discovering a new botnet within the ISP trace. We also analyze a campus DNS trace to detect another unknown botnet exhibiting advanced domain-name generation technique.
Quaternary pyrite-structured nickel/cobalt phosphosulfide nanowires on carbon cloth as efficient and robust electrodes for water electrolysis (2017)

The strategy of element substitution is an effective way to tune the electronic structures of the active sites in catalysts, thereby leading to improvements in both the catalytic activity and stability. Herein, we design and synthesize pyrite-type nickel/phosphorus co-doped CoS2 nanowires on carbon cloth (NiCoPS/CC) as efficient and durable electrodes for water electrolysis. Introduction of nickel and phosphorus produced stepwise and superb enhancement of the performance of the electrodes in the hydrogen evolution reaction due to regulation of the electronic structures of the active sites of the catalyst and accelerated charge transfer over a wide pH range (0−14). The NiCoPS/CC electrodes also delivered a nearly undecayed catalytic current density of 10 mA·cm−2 at a low overpotential of 230 mV for oxygen evolution due to in situ formation of surficial Ni–Co oxo/hydroxide in 1.0 M KOH. Thus, the NiCoPS/CC electrodes gave rise to a catalytic current density of 10 mA·cm−2 for overall water splitting at potentials as low as 1.54 V during operation over 100 h in 1.0 M KOH with a Faradic efficiency of ~100%.
Minimising the Context Prediction Error (2007)

Context prediction mechanisms proactively provide information on future contexts. Due to this knowledge novel applications become possible that provide services with proactive knowledge to users. The most serious problem of context prediction mechanisms lies in a basic property of prediction itself. A prediction is always a guess. Since erroneous predictions may cause the application to behave insufficiently, prediction errors have to be minimised. The accuracy of prediction is seriously affected by the reliability of the context data that is utilised by the method. We study two paradigms for context prediction and compare their potential prediction accuracy. We show that the designer of context prediction architectures has to choose wisely as to which prediction paradigm to follow in order to maximise the accuracy of the whole architecture. We also introduce a simulation environment and present simulation results that support the gained insights regarding context prediction.
Failed hip prostheses in hemodialysis patients: Need for a new mechanism of prosthetic loosening? (1998)

"Failed hip prostheses in hemodialysis patients: Need for a new mechanism of prosthetic loosening?." Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 69(3), pp. 329–330
Mental confusion (1989)

Illness occasionally presents with mental confusion in people of all ages but in old age it is one of the commonest of all presenting symptoms. Professor Brocklehurst stresses the importance of a clear system of classification in diagnosing the cause
Microstructural Evolution of AZ31 Mg Wrought Alloy during Partial Remelting for Thixoextrusion (2006)

An attempt has been made to investigate feasibility of thixoextrusion for AZ31 Mg wrought alloy through simple partial remelting. Microstructural evolution of AZ31 Mg wrought alloy for thixoextrusion was investigated as functions of isothermal holding temperature and time in the partially remelted semisolid state. The interesting point of this study was that the thixotropic structures of AZ31 Mg wrought alloy without additional pretreatment could be obtained through simple partial remelting. The uniform average grain size and liquid fraction according to the isothermal holding time were very important for the thixoextrusion. Because, it is must be considered on actual extrusion time. The liquid fraction was increased with increasing isothermal holding temperature and time. But, the liquid fraction was almost uniform after 10 min. The average grain size was decreased with increasing isothermal holding temperature. On the other hand, as the holding time increased, the average grain sizes were uniform at 615 and 622. This phenomenon is very useful for thixoextrusion in terms of process control such as actual extrusion time.
Bodies and Bo(a)rders: Emerging Fictions of Identity in Late Antiquity (2000)

Looking at nation as text, as culture, questions the totalization of national culture and opens up the widely disseminated forms through which subjects construct “the field of meanings associated with national life.” It offers a perspective that enables us to enter discourses beyond those fixed, static, “official” ones.
Material deposition techniques for control of solid state aperture surface properties (2023)

The invention provides a method for molecular analysis. In the method, sidewalls are formed extending through a structure between two structure surfaces, to define an aperture. A layer of material is deposited on the aperture sidewalls and the two structure surfaces. The aperture with the deposited material layer is then configured in a liquid solution with a gradient in a chemical potential, between the two structure surfaces defining the aperture, that is sufficient to cause molecular translocation through the aperture.
The impact of renewables on the volatility of the Australian electricity spot market (2018)

This thesis examines the effect of different fuel types on electricity price levels and volatility  during periods of high demand (peak) and periods of low demand (off peak) within the context  of the Australian wholesale electricity spot market. Using a SARMA model and a sample which  includes the 30-minute spot price, demand and generator production from 2009 to 2018, I  provide empirical evidence to support the hypothesis that renewable technologies – solar, wind  and hydro – increase daily and intraday volatility in most regions of Australia. To better understand the functioning of this unique commodity market and the behaviour of its participants, I factor in two economic variables, slack and tight, to account for scarcity of supply and the demand-supply equilibrium specific to electricity markets. The results remain consistent with regard to renewable technologies, however, natural gas changes from a positive sign (increasing volatility) to a negative sign (decreasing volatility). Furthermore, when the data sample is reduced to the years 2016 to 2018, when renewable penetration and volatility were at their highest, the results appear stronger. This may be due to the increasing importance of the reliability services that natural gas provides. This is particular evident in regions where coal generation has ceased, notably, South Australia. To the best of my knowledge, this thesis is the first to document a link between intraday electricity spot price volatility and an increase in renewable penetration within the Australian context.
Designing, controlling, and visualizing composite material manufacturing (2002)

We have developed a visualization tool for monitoring and displaying resin flow during the fabrication of composite laminates. The tool integrates network-based data acquisition, fast finite element based reconstruction (smoothing) and contouring algorithms, and scientific visualization. It helps users better understand the design process and will be at the center of our intelligent design and control manufacturing system.
Results From the REsCue Trial: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Extended-Release Calcifediol in Symptomatic Outpatients with COVID-19 (2022)

ABSTRACT Importance The benefit of vitamin D treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unclear. Objective To investigate the effect of raising serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) to 50-100 ng/mL with oral extended-release calcifediol (ERC) on time to symptom resolution in mild to moderate COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated treatment of 160 outpatients with COVID-19 diagnosed between November 2020 and October 2021. Interventions Patients were treated for 4 weeks with ERC (30 mcg/capsule; 300 mcg on Days 1-3 and 60 mcg on Days 4-27) or placebo. Outcome Measures Primary endpoints were raising serum 25D to ≥50 ng/mL at Day 14 and resolution time for five aggregated symptoms. Secondary endpoints included resolution time for aggregated and individual symptoms as a function of serum 25D and changes in clinical biomarkers. Results 171 subjects randomized, 160 treated and 134 (65 ERC and 69 placebo) retained. Average age was 43 (range: 18-71); 59% female, 92% White, 80% Hispanic, 7% African-American, 1% Other, 76% overweight, 40% obese, 26% comorbidities, mean baseline 25D of 37±1 (SE) ng/mL. ERC increased mean 25D to 82±4 ng/mL (p&lt;0.001) by Day 7; 88% of subjects attained a level ≥50 ng/mL; the placebo group trended lower. Resolution time for five aggregated symptoms was unchanged by ERC given that two composite non-respiratory symptoms responded poorly. Prespecified analyses showed that respiratory symptoms tended to resolve earlier when serum 25D levels reached ≤50 ng/mL, but statistical significance was limited by small sample size and non-compliance: 25D increased in seven placebo subjects (unauthorized supplementation) and none occurred in five ERC subjects (failure to dose). A post-hoc composite of three respiratory symptoms (trouble breathing, chest congestion and dry or hacking cough) resolved 3.0 days faster when 25D was elevated at Days 7 and 14 (p&lt;0.05); chest congestion resolved 4.0 days faster with 25D increases of ≥25 ng/mL (p&lt;0.05). Safety concerns including hypercalcemia were absent with ERC treatment. Conclusions and Relevance ERC was effective in increasing serum 25D in outpatients with COVID-19, which may have accelerated resolution of respiratory symptoms suggesting mitigation of COVID-19 pneumonia risk, findings which warrant further study.
Radiative transfer of elastic waves in two-dimensional isotropic scattering media: Semi-analytical approach for isotropic source radiation (2011)

We formulate the radiative transfer of P- and S-wave energy from an isotropically radiating source in a two-dimensional infinite isotropic scattering medium. For a stable numerical calculation of seismogram envelopes, we take a semi-analytical approach: Energy densities of P and S waves are divided into three parts of the direct-wave terms, the single-scattering terms, and the multiple-scattering terms, and the first two terms and the last term are evaluated analytically and numerically, respectively. Concerning the single-scattering terms, the P- to-S and S-to-P single conversion scattering terms are expressed analytically with a complete elliptic integral of the first kind. The multiple-scattering terms are represented by a double integral with respect to frequency and wavenumber, and can be numerically evaluated by a discrete wavenumber summation and a Fast Fourier Transform. The results based on the numerical implementation are confirmed with an independent numerical calculation using the Monte Carlo method. Our formulation is also applied to consider the equilibration between P and S waves at larger lapse times. The equilibrated S-to-P energy ratio is reproduced and the equilibration time is first derived for two-dimensional cases. Our formulation will be a reference for the understanding of more complex cases.
Translational Research: The Model Matters* (2018)

Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra - Northwell School of Medicine, Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine and the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY *See also p. e426. Dr. Deutschman’s institution received funding from the National Institute of General Medical Science. He received funding from Elsevier, Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Enlivex LLC (received stock options as a consultant); and received honoraria for lectures from Department of Anesthesia, University of West Virginia, St. Johns University, Critical Care Society of Ireland; and travel support from SCCM, American College of Chest Physicians, Wiggers-Bernard Conference, University of West Virginia, and Critical Care Society of Ireland.
Two inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, and GABAA and GABAB receptor‐mediated responses in neocortex of rat and cat. (1988)

1. Pyramidal neurones from layers II and III of the rat primary somatosensory cortex and cat primary visual cortex were studied in vitro. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) and responses to exogenously applied gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its analogue baclofen were characterized. The results from rats and cats were very similar. 2. Single electrical stimuli to deep cortical layers evoked a sequence of PSPs in the resting neurone: (a) an initial, brief excitation (EPSP), (b) a short-latency, fast inhibition (the f-IPSP) and (c) a long-latency, more prolonged inhibition (the l-IPSP). The f-IPSP was accompanied by a large conductance increase (about 70-90 nS) and reversed polarity at -75 mV; the l-IPSP displayed a relatively small conductance increase (about 10-20 nS) and reversed at greater than -90 mV. 3. Focal application of GABA near the soma evoked a triphasic response when measured near the threshold voltage for action potentials: (a) the GABAhf (hyperpolarizing, fast) phase was very brief and was generated by a large conductance increase with a reversal potential of -78 mV, (b) the GABAd (depolarizing) phase also had a high conductance but reversed at -51 mV, (c) the GABAhl (hyperpolarizing, long-lasting) phase had a relatively low conductance and reversed at -70 mV. The GABAhf response was specifically localized to the soma, whereas the apical or basilar dendrites generated predominantly GABAd responses. 4. Baclofen, a selective GABAB receptor agonist, caused a small (about 2 mV), slow hyperpolarization of the resting potential, which reversed at -90 mV. Saturating baclofen doses increased membrane conductance by a maximum of about 12 nS. Baclofen depressed the amplitude and conductance of PSPs; when baclofen was focally applied near the soma. IPSPs were selectively depressed. 5. The GABAA receptor antagonists bicuculline methiodide or picrotoxin (10 microM) greatly depressed f-IPSPs, but either enhanced or did not affect l-IPSPs. Concomitantly, GABAhf and GABAd responses were antagonized, leaving a more prominent GABAhl response that reversed polarity at a more negative level of -87 mV. Baclofen responses were unaffected by bicuculline and picrotoxin. Extracellular barium abolished the baclofen response, and shifted the reversal potentials of the GABAd and GABAhl responses in the positive direction; the GABAhf response was unaffected. 6. Both focal GABA and f-IPSPs strongly depressed the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal neurones. Each greatly increased spike threshold and abolished or vastly reduced the capacity of the cells to fire repetitively during intense stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)