gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Concept of Supercharging Applied to High Speed DI Diesel Engines (2001)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The supercharging system investigated in this study is made up of a traditional turbocharger, coupled with a Roots-type positive displacement compressor. An electrically actuated clutch allows the compressor to be disengaged from the engine at high speed and under partial load steady operations (such as the ones occurring in a driving cycle).&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This concept of supercharging has been applied to the downsizing of a reference engine (a 2.5 litre, turbocharged, four cylinder, high speed DI Diesel engine), without penalization on the maximum brake power (110 kW) and transient response.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;For such a purpose, a “paper” engine has been theoretically characterized. The gross engine parameters have been optimised by means of 1-D numerical simulations, using a computational model previously validated against experiments.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Performances of the reference and the downsized engine have been compared, considering both steady and transient operating conditions, full and partial load. The two-stage supercharging system allows the “paper” engine to provide higher values of torque at low engine speed and full load, and to perform slightly better in terms of transient response. Furthermore, when considering operating conditions occurring in the European Driving cycle (Roots compressor disengaged), the downsized engine shows lower fuel consumption (from 6 to 24%), and lower pollutant emissions.&lt;/div&gt;
Effects of Epidural Anesthesia and Analgesia on Coagulation and Outcome After Major Vascular Surgery (1991)

To examine the interaction of epidural anesthesia, coagulation status, and outcome after lower extremity revascularization, 80 patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease were prospectively randomized to receive general anesthesia combined with postoperative epidural analgesia (GEN-EPI) or general anesthesia with on-demand narcotic analgesia (GEN). Demographics did not differ between groups except that the GEN-EPI group had a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus and of previous myocardial infarction. Coagulation status was monitored using thromboelastography. An additional 40 randomly selected patients without atherosclerotic vascular disease undergoing noncardiovascular procedures served as controls for coagulation status. Vascular surgical patients were hypercoagulable compared with control patients before operation and on the first postoperative day. Postoperatively, this hypercoagulability was attenuated in the GEN-EPI group and was associated with a lower incidence of thrombotic events (peripheral arterial graft coronary artery or deep vein thromboses). The rates of cardiovascular, infectious, and overall postoperative complications, as well as duration of intensive care unit stay, were significantly reduced in the GEN-EPI group. Stepwise logistic regression demonstrated that the only significant predictors of postoperative cardiovascular complications were preoperative congestive heart failure and general anesthesia without epidural analgesia. We conclude that in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease undergoing arterial reconstructive surgery (a) thromboelastographic evidence of increased platelet-fibrinogen interaction is associated with early postoperative thrombotic events, and (b) epidural anesthesia and analgesia is associated with beneficial effects on coagulation status and postoperative outcome compared with intermittent on-demand opioid analgesia.
Use of Spin Labels and Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy to Characterize Membranes of Bovine Sperm: Effect of Butylated Hydroxytoluene and Cold Shock (1976)

Spin label probes were used in conjunction with measurements of metabolic rate and electron microscopy to characterize bovine sperm membranes. Aqueous compartments, membrane hydrocarbon zones and lipid:water interfaces were studied separately using appropriate spin labels. For sperm suspended in aqueous medium, the cold shock associated with rapid cooling from room temperature to 0° increased membrane permeability. This membrane damage was readily detected using spin labels but was not detected using thin section electron microscopy. This change was prevented by the addition of butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). BHT provided partial protection against further damage caused by freezing sperm on solid CO2. ESR techniques provide a rapid means to quantify the changes in sperm membranes occurring during the epididymal maturation of sperm and subsequent events within the female tract leading to fertilization. The technique also could be used to assess damage to sperm, ova or embryos during preparation for storage in cryoprotective diluents.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Versus Bone Marrow Stromal Cells for Irradiated Mandibular Fracture Repair (2022)

This study demonstrates the superior therapeutic efficacy of ASCs over BMSCs in irradiated fracture healing as evidenced by union rate, vascular morphometry, and a trend in biomechanical strength. We posit that the robust vascular response induced by ASCs better recapitulates the sequence and synchronicity of physiologic bone healing compared with BMSCs, thereby improving the reliability of irradiated fracture repair.
Mucociliary activity and histopathology of sinus mucosa in experimental maxillary sinusitis: A comparison of systemic administration of antibiotic and antibiotic delivery by polylactic acid polymer (1995)

To evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic delivered by polyactic acid (PLA) polymer in sinusitis, we induced maxillary sinusitis in 32 New Zealand white rabbits by occluding the sinus ostium and inoculating the sinus cavity with Streptococcus pneumoniae. The rabbits were divided into three groups consisting of group 1 (control group, 8 rabbits), which was treated only by reopening the ostium; group 2, which was treated by both reopening the ostium and injecting ampicillin intramuscularly (40 mg/kg/day in three divided doses, 12 rabbits); and group 3 (12 rabbits) in which a piece of PLA-polymer ampicillin (0.326 mg) sheet (1.5 x 1.5 cm) was placed within the sinus after re-establishing ostial patency. The light microscopic findings such as epithelial ulceration, loss of cilia, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and edema were less pronounced in group 2 and minimal in group 3. The electron microscopic findings such as swelling of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum and protruded cytoplasm were severest in the control group, followed by groups 2 and 3. The mucociliary transport speed measured at the medial wall of the maxillary sinus was highest in group 3. The results of this study suggest that treatment with PLA-polymer ampicillin may have a better efficacy in maxillary sinusitis than that with systemic administration of ampicillin.
The Bidirectional Total Synthesis of Sampsonione P and Hyperibone I (2013)

Make it simple: The separation of framework-decorating from framework-constructing steps facilitated the selective introduction of one prenyl group next to allyl groups. The selective epoxidation of the more electron-rich prenyl group led to the efficient formation of the tetrahydrofuran moiety in the title compounds. Spectroscopic analysis of hyperibone I and comparison with literature data led to a revision of the original structure.
Design of a novel assist interface where toddlers walk with a mobile robot supported at the waist (2015)

Mobility is a key factor in a child's early development. Children with mobility impairments, such as with cerebral palsy, spina bifida or Down syndrome have delayed independent mobility due to weak muscles and/or poor coordination. As a result, these children have considerably less chance to move independently compared with typically developing children of the same age. Lack of such independent mobility may result in delays in motor, social, emotional, perceptual, cognitive, and language skills. Although independent mobility can be provided by powered mobility devices, it does little to encourage development of motor functions required for gait. This paper details the design, fabrication, and evaluation of a novel mobility interface for a child to explore the environment when placed in a harness attached to the waist. Toddlers can maneuver the robotic walker through an interface that utilizes sensors to detect the translational and rotational motion of their body. We expect that toddlers will drive the walker by using their body motions. Feasibility of the system is demonstrated in this paper using experiment data from five typically developing toddlers. Further studies will demonstrate how special needs children will be trained to drive this walker and how such self-generated locomotion can benefit their long-term development.
A Data-centric Model for Smartphone Security (2013)

Recently the usage of mobile devices has increased rapidly and it will be growing even more with enhancements in mobile device's functionality. Due to their enhanced functionality, mobile devices are used in corporate businesses and carry valuable information such as corporate transactions. So the security of mobile devices needs to be improved.This paper discusses various vulnerabilities of different components and functionalities of mobile devices such as SMS, wireless and applications. Moreover, mobile malware threats are explained and their effects are studied. Finally, a data-centric model to protect all the vulnerabilities and prevent application and malware threats is suggested. The model is able to ensure confidentiality, integrity and availability of data stored on mobile devices.
Some Hypotheses on the Aetiology of Fatal Infections in Partially Resistant Hosts and their Application to Mice Challenged with Salmonella paratyphi-B or Salmonella typhimurium by Intraperitoneal Injection (1957)

Summary: Some hypotheses are considered which describe the aetiology of a fatal infection in a partially resistant host; i.e. a host which does not invariably die after inoculation with one bacterium. The hypothesis of independent action postulates that the mean probability per inoculated bacterium of multiplying to cause (or help to cause) a fatal infection is independent of the number of bacteria inoculated and, for a partially resistant host, is less than unity (1 &gt; p&gt; 0). It predicts: (1) that the slope, b, of the probit-mortality/log-dose curve will be 2·0 or less at the LD 50 point; (2) that, while hosts dying after inoculation with many LD50 die as a result of the multiplication of many of the inoculated bacteria, most of those dying from 1 LD 50 or less do so following the multiplication of only one of the inoculated bacteria, regardless of the total number of bacteria inoculated. When a mixture of several equally virulent, distinguishable variants of a given pathogen are inoculated, fatal infections caused by the growth of one bacterium should result in the predominance of only one variant at post mortem. The hypotheses of maximum and of partial synergism postulate that inoculated bacteria co-operate so that the value of p increases as the size of the dose increases. They predict: (1) that the slope of the dose-response curve may be more than 2·0 at the LD50 point; (2) that all observed fatal infections will be initiated by more than one bacterium and that consequently the inoculation of a mixed inoculum will lead to the predominance of several variants at post mortem. Variants of Salmonella paratyphi-B which carried one of the three flagellar antigens, b, i, or e,h, were prepared by transduction. Variants of S. typhimurium which either fermented or did not ferment xylose were also prepared. In each case, the variants did not differ detectably in growth rate in vivo, or in virulence. The value of b was 1·8 for mice inoculated with S. paratyphi-B by intraperitoneal injection (LD50 = 7·7 × 106 organisms). As predicted by the hypothesis of independent action, the relative frequencies of the variants in samples of heart blood obtained post mortem varied greatly from mouse to mouse when the dose was 1 LD50 or less, and became progressively more uniform (and similar to the inoculum) as the size of the dose increased. The value of b was 0·66 for mice challenged by S. typhimurium by subcutaneous injection (LD50 = 2 × l03 organisms); and challenge with a mixed inoculum gave similar results. Despite this general conformity with prediction, far fewer mice than expected yielded only one variant at post mortem. This discrepancy possibly resulted from a terminal breakdown in resistance, which was demonstrated by experiment. It is concluded that these results are most economically explained by the hypothesis of independent action and that this hypothesis is probably applicable to many other infective systems.
Circulating biomarkers for discriminating indolent from aggressive disease in prostate cancer active surveillance (2014)

Circulating biomarkers represent a promising approach to identify men with apparently low-risk biopsy pathology, but who harbor potentially aggressive tumors unsuitable for active surveillance. Research is still at an early stage; existing biomarkers need rigorous validation with consistent methodology, and additional biomarkers need to be evaluated. Successful clinical translation would reduce the frequency of surveillance biopsies, and may enhance acceptance of active surveillance.
Prevalence of Neurological Disorders in a Japanese Town (1996)

The prevalence of all neurological disorders in a Japanese town was calculated, with a result of 91.1 per 1,000 population. The prevalence of cerebrovascular disease was 28.8; myelopathy and/or radiculopathy caused by deformity of the spine or disc herniation, 23.9; neuralgia, 11.5; dementia, 10.4; peripheral nerve disturbance, 5.5; epilepsy, 4.4; Parkinson's disease, 2.0; mental retardation, 2.9; brain/spinal tumor, 1.4; headache, 10.8, and vertigo/dizziness, 4.4. The prevalence of headache and vertigo/dizziness was also calculated from the results of the questionnaires sent to inhabitants: headache, 79.6, and vertigo/dizziness, 60.8. Neurological disorders are common in Japan and likely to continue to increase.
Oldest preserved sodium carbonate evaporite: Late Paleozoic Fengcheng Formation, Junggar Basin, NW China (2020)

Abstract Sodium carbonate evaporites can provide important paleoclimatic constraints and economic resources but are relatively rare; most known examples are limited to the Cenozoic. The first known late Paleozoic occurrence was recently reported from the Fengcheng Formation in the northwestern Junggar Basin, NW China. However, its mineralogy, age, and geologic setting have been sparsely documented. To help establish a broader understanding of the formation of these important deposits, this paper presents a comprehensive new data set that includes drill core, well logs, petrographic analyses, X-ray diffraction data, organic geochemistry (biomarkers), and U-Pb zircon age data. Evaporite deposition is estimated to have occurred between ca. 305 Ma and 296 Ma in a series of extensional grabens that hosted a stratified, hypersaline lake (or lakes). The lake deposits are closely associated with coeval volcanic rocks, suggesting that subsurface interaction of these with CO2-enriched hydrothermal fluids may have contributed to the excess alkalinity required to precipitate Na-carbonate. Trona (NaHCO3 · Na2CO3 · 2H2O) in the Fengcheng Formation was likely formed syndepositionally and then partly replaced by wegscheiderite (Na2CO3 · 3NaHCO3). Other evaporite minerals most likely formed during diagenesis. The Fengcheng Formation also contains nahcolite (NaHCO3), which requires pCO2 &amp;gt;680 ppm to form, although no textural evidence was found to demonstrate a primary origin. The presence of extensive lacustrine evaporites nonetheless reflects a relatively warm and arid climate at ∼40–50°N that apparently coincided with the late Paleozoic icehouse.
Met160Val polymorphism in the TRMPSS2 gene and risk of prostate cancer in a population‐based case‐control study (2003)

Larger, more detailed studies are needed to fully investigate the role of serine proteases in PCa.
Systematic Investigation of Docking Failures in Large-Scale Structure-Based Virtual Screening (2022)

In recent years, large-scale structure-based virtual screening has attracted increasing levels of interest for identification of novel compounds corresponding to potential drug targets. It is critical to understand the strengths and weaknesses of docking algorithms to increase the success rate in practical applications. Here, we systematically investigated the docking successes and failures of two representative docking programs: UCSF DOCK 3.7 and AutoDock Vina. DOCK 3.7 performed better in early enrichment on the Directory of Useful Decoys: Enhanced (DUD-E) data set, although both docking methods were roughly comparable in overall enrichment performance. DOCK 3.7 also showed superior computational efficiency. Intriguingly, the Vina scoring function showed a bias toward compounds with higher molecular weights. Both the tested docking approaches yielded incorrectly predicted ligand binding poses caused by the limitations of torsion sampling. Based on a careful analysis of docking results from six representative cases, we propose the reasons underlying docking failures; furthermore, we provide a few solutions, representing practical guidance for large-scale virtual screening campaigns and future docking algorithm development.
Particle-beam weapons system (2014)

Particle-beam weapon is a concept of directed energy weapons and used for attacking targets utilizing particle-beam with high energy. It is a scientific idea that attracts some attention and encourages of people to research in theory and experiment. Particle-Beam weapons can be classified into charged and neutral particle-beam weapons according the electrical property of particles. In this article, the basic principle is introduced firstly, including the acceleration, propagation, and interaction, which provides a theoretical support for design and construction of particle-beam weapon system. Besides, the target tracking system is focused on and discussed in detail, in which the estimation of trajectory is based on the model-filter process to adjust shoot direction in real-time. Actually, it is hard to be realized because of the tough technology limitation.
Time-Dependent Shortest Path Problems with Penalties and Limits on Waiting (2020)

Waiting at the right location at the right time can be critically important in certain variants of time-dependent shortest path problems. We investigate the computational complexity of time-dependent shortest path problems in which there is either a penalty on waiting or a limit on the total time spent waiting at a given subset of the nodes. We show that some cases are nondeterministic polynomial-time hard, and others can be solved in polynomial time, depending on the choice of the subset of nodes, on whether waiting is penalized or constrained, and on the magnitude of the penalty/waiting limit parameter. Summary of Contributions: This paper addresses simple yet relevant extensions of a fundamental problem in Operations Research: the Shortest Path Problem (SPP). It considers time-dependent variants of SPP, which can account for changing traffic and/or weather conditions. The first variant that is tackled allows for waiting at certain nodes but at a cost. The second variant instead places a limit on the total waiting. Both variants have applications in transportation, e.g., when it is possible to wait at certain locations if the benefits outweigh the costs. The paper investigates these problems using complexity analysis and algorithm design, both tools from the field of computing. Different cases are considered depending on which of the nodes contribute to the waiting cost or waiting limit (all nodes, all nodes except the origin, a subset of nodes…). The computational complexity of all cases is determined, providing complexity proofs for the variants that are NP-Hard and polynomial time algorithms for the variants that are in P.
The Impact of Co[sup 2+] Ions in Solutions on the Performance of LiCoO[sub 2], Li, and Lithiated Graphite Electrodes (2004)

We report herein on the impact of the presence of ions in solutions, on the performance of lithium, and graphite electrodes. X-ray diffraction for bulk structural measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for surface studies were applied together with standard electrochemical techniques. It was found that the presence of ions in solutions stabilizes the behavior of electrodes in repeated Li insertion-reinsertion cycles and exacerbates the performance of Li anodes. The initial performance of graphite electrodes in cobalt ions containing solutions is inferior compared to that measured in standard solutions. However, during prolonged cycling, the behavior of graphite electrodes in solutions containing cobalt ions improves and becomes similar to that of electrodes in standard solutions. The effect of the ions in solution on the performance of the above three electrodes relates to surface phenomena, namely, the involvement of precipitation of cobalt salts in the electrodes' surface chemistry. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Volume of interest CT implemented with a dynamic bowtie filter (2013)

Often in clinical CT imaging situations, a clinician only requires a small volume of interest (VOI) within aCT slice to be imaged. Unfortunately, due to some fundamental constraints in CT image reconstruction, the entire slice must be irradiated even when a small VOI is all that is clinically required. This produces excess dose for the patient, excess scatter which degrades image quality and increases clinician dose, and may effect patient care because clinicians may limit their use of CT in the interventional setting due to the previous two factors. This paper shows experimental results in which a digital beam attenuator (DBA) is used to modulate the patient dose as a function of view and gantry angle to enhance the SNR in a small VOI relative to the surrounding areas. It was found that the noise was lower by 50% inside the VOI for DBA enabled VOL This promising result was obtained while providing an incident fluence reduction of 13 times on average for all regions not corresponding to the VOI relative to a non-VOI scan.
Strong coupling between phonons and optical beating in backward Brillouin scattering (2016)

Brillouin scattering is a fundamental nonlinear interaction between two optical waves and an acoustic wave mediated by electrostriction and photoelasticity. In this paper, we revisit the usual theory of this inelastic scattering to get a joint system in which the acoustic wave is strongly coupled to the interference pattern between the optical waves. We show in particular that when the coupling rate exceeds the phonon damping rate, the system enters the strong-coupling regime, giving rise to anticrossing in the dispersion relation and Rabi-like splitting. We further find numerically that strong coupling can, in principle, be observed using backward Brillouin scattering in subwavelength-diameter optical waveguides.