gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exhaust-Stream and In-Cylinder Measurements and Analysis of the Soot Emissions From a Common Rail Diesel Engine Using Two Fuels (2009)

The operation and emissions of a four cylinder, passenger car common-rail diesel engine operating with two different fuels was investigated on the basis of exhaust stream and in-cylinder soot measurements, as well as a thermodynamic analysis of the combustion process. The two fuels considered were a standard diesel fuel and a synthetic diesel (fuel two) with a lower aromatic content, evaporation temperature, and cetane number than the standard diesel. The exhaust stream soot emissions, measured using an FSN system, as well as a photo-acoustic soot sensor (AVL Micro Soot Sensor), were lower with the second fuel throughout the entire engine operating map. To elucidate the cause of the reduced exhaust stream soot emissions, the in-cylinder soot temperature and KL factor (proportional to concentration) were measured using miniature, three color pyrometers mounted in the glow plug bores. Using the maximum KL factor value to quantify the soot formation process, it was seen that for all operating points, less soot was formed in the combustion chamber using the second fuel. The oxidation of the soot, however, was not strongly influenced by the fuel, as the relative oxidized soot fraction was not significantly different for the two fuels. The reduced soot formation of fuel two was attributed to the lower aromatic content of the fuel. The soot cloud temperatures for operation with the two fuels were not seen differ significantly. Similar correlations between the cylinder-out soot emissions, characterized using the pyrometers, and the exhaust stream soot emissions were seen for both fuels. The combustion process itself, was only seen to differ between the two fuels to a much lesser degree than the soot formation process. The predominant differences were seen as higher maximum fuel conversion rates during premixed combustion at several operating points, when fuel two was used. This was attributed to the lower evaporation temperatures and longer ignition delays (characterized by the lower cetane number) leading to larger premixed combustion fractions.
Interrogation of extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors using arrayed waveguide grating devices (2003)

In this paper, we present details of a solid state interrogation system based on a 16-channel arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) for interrogation of extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors. The sensing element is configured in a reflecting mode and is illuminated by a broad-band light source through an optical fiber. The spectrum of light reflected from the sensor is analyzed using an AWG device acting as a coarse spectrometer. Using measurement points from the AWG channels, the original spectrum of the sensing element is reconstructed by a means of curve fitting. This allows sufficient information for the position of the reflection peak (or inverted peak) to be uniquely determined and the value of a measurement quantity obtained. In addition to the theoretical simulations of the proposed measurement system, we provide details of the laboratory evaluation.
VAP: a versatile aggregate profiler for efficient genome-wide data representation and discovery (2014)

The analysis of genomic data such as ChIP-Seq usually involves representing the signal intensity level over genes or other genetic features. This is often illustrated as a curve (representing the aggregate profile of a group of genes) or as a heatmap (representing individual genes). However, no specific resource dedicated to easily generating such profiles is currently available. We therefore built the versatile aggregate profiler (VAP), designed to be used by experimental and computational biologists to generate profiles of genomic datasets over groups of regions of interest, using either an absolute or a relative method. Graphical representation of the results is automatically generated, and subgrouping can be performed easily, based on the orientation of the flanking annotations. The outputs include statistical measures to facilitate comparisons between groups or datasets. We show that, through its intuitive design and flexibility, VAP can help avoid misinterpretations of genomics data. VAP is highly efficient and designed to run on laptop computers by using a memory footprint control, but can also be easily compiled and run on servers. VAP is accessible at http://lab-jacques.recherche.usherbrooke.ca/vap/.
Multi-Speaker Data Augmentation for Improved end-to-end Automatic Speech Recognition (2023)

Publicly available datasets traditionally used to train E2E ASR models for conversational telephone speech recognition are based on clean, short duration, single speaker utterances collected on separate channels. While E2E ASR models achieve state-of-the-art performance on recognition tasks that match well with such training data, they are observed to fail on test recordings that contain multiple speakers, significant channel or background noise or span longer durations than training data utterances. To mitigate these issues, we propose an on-the-fly data augmentation strategy that transforms single speaker training data into multiple speaker data by appending together multiple single speaker utterances. The proposed technique encourages the E2E model to become robust to speaker changes and also process longer utterances effectively. During training, the model is also guided by a teacher model trained on single speaker utterances to map its multi-speaker encoder embeddings to better performing single speaker representations. With the proposed technique we obtain 7-14% relative improvement on various single speaker and multiple speaker test sets. We also show how this technique is able to improve recognition performance by up to 14% by capturing useful information from preceding spoken utterances used as dialog history.
The Fear of Crime: Causes and Consequences (1981)

In a paper presented more than eight years ago, Furstenberg made an observation that has proven to be understatement of decade for researchers studying fear of crime: the relationship between crime and its consequences is neither obvious nor simple.' His observation is no less accurate today than it was eight years ago, despite fact that our knowledge about causes and consequences of fear of crime has increased steadily during period. Every advance that is made-whether by refining concepts, by specifying and testing relationships, by obtaining more comprehensive data, or by some other meansseems to generate more questions than it answers. But that should be expected; part of nature of complex social phenomena is that their complexity becomes more apparent as they are examined more closely.
Supplemental Table S1 from Effect of a Smac Mimetic (TL32711, Birinapant) on the Apoptotic Program and Apoptosis Biomarkers Examined with Validated Multiplex Immunoassays Fit for Clinical Use (2023)

&lt;p&gt;This file contains supplemental Table S1A: Analytical validation- sample dilution linearity, and Table S1B: Analytical validation- accuracy determined by spike recoveries&lt;/p&gt;
On the Evolution of Interference in Time for Cellular Mobile Radio Networks (2011)

In this study, the behavior of interference is investigated for cellular mobile radio networks. More explicitly, this work focuses on examining how interference evolves with respect to time under long and short term fading together for the uplink of an FDD system. The results show that decorrelation distance of shadowing plays a crucial role in predicting future interference conditions. Given the initial interference measurement, it is shown that the future interference levels are highly dependent on maintaining the decorrelation distance through the observation interval. On the one hand, if the observation interval is kept too short in a mobile environment, then a drastic deviation in the new interference level from the previous one is not expected. On the other hand, if the observation interval is kept too long, then spatial correlation of shadowing loses its significance and drastic deviations are more likely in the new interference levels; furthermore, path loss might dominate the interference status due to longer displacements.
Experimental and modeling studies of the contribution of NMDA receptor-channels to the expression of long-term potentiation (2002)

We Investigated the contribution of NMDA receptor-channels (NMDARs) to the expression of long-term potentiation (LTP) using electrophysiological and modeling methods. Intracellular recordings were obtained from hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells. Perforant path afferents were stimulated with short bursts of pulses at 40 Hz, instead of the traditional protocol of a single stimulus at less than 0.1 Hz. The synaptic summation provided by the "burst" protocol enabled us to measure the NMDAR-mediated component of synaptic responses in the presence of physiological concentrations of Mg/sup 2+/. We tested the hypothesis that NMDARs undergo LTP by comparing the NMDA/AMPA ratio of synaptic responses of control and LTP slices. An increase in the ratio was observed in the LTP group strongly suggesting potentiation of the NMDARs. In order to infer changes in synaptic conductances based on EPSPs recorded at the soma, we constructed a compartmental model of a granule cell. The effect of changes in AMPAR synaptic conductances, and of changes in the distribution of activated synapses on the NMDA/AMPA ratio was studied with computer simulations. Results confirmed that NMDARs are potentiated following LTP induction, and contribute significantly to the expression of LTP.
Exact Minimum and Maximum of Yield with a Finite Number of Decoy Light Intensities (2009)

In this presentation, for the decoy state method using a finite number of decoy light intensities, we present an improved upper and lower bounds for the asymptotic yield yn for n ‐photon states. In particular if all the light intensities are less than or equal to 1, they are not only a lower or upper bound, but in fact are the exact minimum or maximum.
On the Testing of High Air Permeability of Paper (1967)

Measurement of air permeability of paper less than a few seconds is unavoidablly subject to a great deal of error so far as the use of hand-operated stop watch. So we developed an automatic permeability tester using a electric second-watch and a light-relay device. It is confirmed that using the device described, which enables one to test on one-sheet basis instead of using as test proof numerous sheets put together in layer, the exactitude in time of measurement for papers of high air permeability can be improved to a great extent.
Standardized Viral Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination-Inhibition Tests. I. Standardization of Erythrocyte Suspensions (1969)

A spectrophotometric procedure for standardizing red blood cell suspensions for use in viral hemagglutination tests is described. The procedure is based on highly reproducible cyanmethemoglobin absorbance readings at 540 nm on any suitable spectrophotometer. Target values for milligrams of cyanmethemoglobin per 100 ml are given for the red cell suspensions of all mammalian and avian species employed in viral hemagglutination tests. By use of these values and a cyanmethemoglobin standard curve for a particular photometer, approximate 4% erythrocyte suspensions can be diluted to any lesser concentration. Coefficients of variation for the various diluted suspensions range from 4 to 7%.
A fundamental case study on the Prius and IMA drivetrain concepts (2005)

In this paper the drivetrain concepts of the IMA and the Prius are analyzed and evaluated in order (i) to disclose potential limitations in fuel economy and performance and (ii) to quantify the design and cost trade-offs involved in achieving this (limited) fuel economy and performance. This has been done by performing a cross-technology exchange study. The V-belt CVT of the IMA with respect to the E-CVT of the Prius results in an approximately 4% higher fuel consumption. Regarding the engine displacement and combustion cycle, the following can be concluded, downsizing the engine from 1.5l-Otto to 1.4l-Otto results in an 8% improvement in fuel economy. Changing the combustion cycle from Otto to Diesel and from Otto to Atkinson saves about 13% and 16% respectively. The Honda IMA and the Toyota Prius have set their acceleration performance target 0 – 100 [km/h] to that of a conventional vehicle equipped with 1.6l-Otto and a 2.0l-Otto engine respectively. Thereto, the IMA requires in combination with a 1.4l-Otto engine 10 [kW] and the Prius requires in combination with a 1.5l-Atkinson engine 20 [kW] of additional battery power assist. Applying hybrid functions for the IMA, such as brake energy recovery, with an off-line optimal engine control strategy and Idle-Stop results in an additional fuel saving of respectively 18% and 6%. In future work, the drivetrains of the IMA and Prius will be further analysed, by determining the optimal control strategy independent of the pre-scribed optimal operation line condition for the engine with help of dynamic programming. The engine operation point is then determined by ratios of the E-CVT, CVT, the wheel speed, the battery power flow and required vehicle drive power. The goal is to determine the influence of the system component (Primary power source (P), Secondary power source (S) and Transmission technology (T)) efficiencies on the overall vehicle performance (fuel economy, emissions and dynamic performance). The final objective of the underlying research is to determine the minimum specifications of P, S and T achieving a pre-defined fuel economy and performance, with constraints on cost and lifetime. Once these are determined new technologies for P, S and T can be selected and designed.
Neutropenia (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Causes of neutropenia Diagnostic tests and strategies Principles of Management Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia Treatment of febrile neutropenia HIV-associated neutropenia Autoimmune Neutropenia Acknowledgments and disclosures References
Resource allocation games in interference relay channels (2009)

Abstract — In this paper we study a distributed network comprising an interference channel in parallel with an interference relay channel. Therefore each source node can use two frequency bands and has to implement a certain power allocation policy. An example of application of such a model is the case where the performance of terminals operating in unlicensed bands would be enhanced by being allowed to exploit an additional frequency band in which a relay is available. In this network model, each user is selfish and wants to maximize its Shannon transmission rate. We analyze two cases. In the first case, the relaying node is assumed to implement an amplify-andforward (AF) protocol while in the second case it implements the decode-and-forward (DF) protocol introduced by Cover and El Gamal. For both cases we analyze the existence and uniqueness issues of the equilibrium of the aforementioned power allocation games. Several interesting and new results are provided. In particular: 1. The existence of a Nash equilibrium is shown to be always guaranteed in the case of the AF protocol; 2. The performance of a user or the network does not necessarily increase with the transmit power available at the relay; 3. We show that there is naturally a game in interference relay channels (even if the power allocation policy is fixed) when the DF protocol is used; this game is induced by the decentralized choice of the cooperation degree between each source node and the relay node. Index Terms — Game theory, information theory, cognitive radio, interference channel, open spectrum access, power allocation
Antibodies to citrullinated proteins and differences in clinical progression of rheumatoid arthritis (2005)

Antibodies to citrullinated proteins (anti-cyclic-citrullinated peptide [anti-CCP] antibodies) are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and precede the onset of disease symptoms, indicating a pathogenetic role for these antibodies in RA. We recently showed that distinct genetic risk factors are associated with either anti-CCP-positive disease or anti-CCP-negative disease. These data are important as they indicate that distinct pathogenic mechanisms are underlying anti-CCP-positive disease or anti-CCP-negative disease. Likewise, these observations raise the question of whether anti-CCP-positive RA and anti-CCP-negative RA are clinically different disease entities. We therefore investigated whether RA patients with anti-CCP antibodies have a different clinical presentation and disease course compared with patients without these autoantibodies. In a cohort of 454 incident patients with RA, 228 patients were anti-CCP-positive and 226 patients were anti-CCP-negative. The early symptoms, tender and swollen joint count, and C-reactive protein level at inclusion, as well as the swollen joint count and radiological destruction during 4 years of follow-up, were compared for the two groups. There were no differences in morning stiffness, type, location and distribution of early symptoms, patients' rated disease activity and C-reactive protein at inclusion between RA patients with and without anti-CCP antibodies. The mean tender and swollen joint count for the different joints at inclusion was similar. At follow-up, patients with anti-CCP antibodies had more swollen joints and more severe radiological destruction. Nevertheless, the distribution of affected joints, for swelling, bone erosions and joint space narrowing, was similar. In conclusion, the phenotype of RA patients with or without anti-CCP antibodies is similar with respect to clinical presentation but differs with respect to disease course.
Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Response of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning to Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment (2007)

HBO2 therapy reduces cognitive sequelae after CO poisoning in the absence of the epsilon4 allele. Because apolipoprotein genotype is unknown at the time of poisoning, we recommend that patients with acute CO poisoning receive HBO2.
Cloud Computing and the Lessons from the Past (2009)

The skyrocketing demand for a new generation of cloud-based consumer and business applications is driving the need for next generation of data centers that must be massively scalable, efficient, agile, reliable and secure. The authors see a parallel between the state of the data centers today and the evolution of the Intelligent Network (IN) infrastructure in telecommunication. The telecommunications networks have for many years, demonstrated their ability to reliably enable network (voice) services creation, assurance and delivery on a massive scale. Based on an analysis of the Intelligent Networks in telecommunications to identify proven concepts and key lessons that can be applied to enable next generation IT datacenters experience this paper asserts that: (1) In order to scale cloud services reliably to millions of service developers and billions of end users the next generation cloud computing and datacenter infrastructure will have to follow an evolution similar to the one that led to the creation of scalable telecommunication networks. (2) In the future network-based cloud service providers will leverage virtualization technologies to be able to allocate just the right levels of virtualized compute, network and storage resources to individual applications based on real-time business demand while also providing full service level assurance of availability, performance and security at a reasonable cost. (3) A key component - identified in this paper as the Virtual Resource Mediation Layer (VRML), must be developed through industry collaboration to enable interoperability of various public and private clouds. This layer will form the basis for ensuring massive scalability of cloud infrastructure by enabling distributed service creation, service delivery and service assurance without any single vendor domination. (4) The next generation virtualization technologies must allow applications to dynamically access CPU, memory, bandwidth and storage (capacity, I/O and throughput) in a manner similar to that of the telecommunications 800 Service Call Model with one level of indirection and mediation. The authors believe that the next generation cloud evolution is a fundamental transformation - and not just an evolutionary stack of XaaS implementations, which will enable global service collaboration networks utilizing optimally distributed and managed computing, network and storage resources driven in real-time by business priorities.
Developing the Total Disability Index Based on an Analysis of the Interrelationships and Limitations of Oswestry and Neck Disability Index (2015)

Study Design. Retrospective. Objective. This study assessed the feasibility of combining Oswestry and Neck Disability Index (ODI and NDI) into 1 shorter “Total Disability Index” (TDI) from which reconstructed scores could be computed. Summary of Background Data. ODI and NDI are not pure assessments of disability related to back and neck, respectively. Because of similarities/redundancies of questions, ODI scores may be elevated in neck-pain patients and the converse is true for NDI in back-pain patients. Methods. Spine patients completed ODI and NDI, and complaints were recorded as back pain (BP), neck pain (NP), or both (BNP). Questionnaire scores were compared across cohorts via descriptives and Spearman (ρ) correlations. In exploring the feasibility of merging ODI/NDI, TDI was constructed from 9 ODI and 5 NDI items. Extracting questions from TDI, reconstructed 9-item rODI and 10-item rNDI indices were formed and compared with true ODI/NDI. Results. There were a total of 1207 patients: 741 BP, 134 NP, and 268 BNP. Mean ODI was 37 ± 21 and mean NDI was 32 ± 21. Patients with concurrent BP and NP had significantly more disability. Seventy-eight patients of 134 (58%) patients with NP only had at least “moderate disability” by ODI and 297 of 741 (40%) patients with back pain only, had at least “moderate disability” by NDI. ODI versus NDI correlation was ρ = 0.755; ODI versus reconstructed rODI correlated at ρ = 0.985, and NDI versus reconstructed rNDI correlated at ρ = 0.967 (P < 0.01). Conclusion. Elevated ODI/NDI scores in patients with isolated complaints show that disability in 1 region affects scores on both surveys. This study constructed a 14-item TDI that represents every domain of ODI/NDI with exception of ODI “Sex Life.” From this TDI, reconstructed scores correlated near perfectly with true scores. TDI provides a more global assessment of spinal disability and is a questionnaire that reduces the time burden to patients. The TDI allows for simultaneous assessment of back, neck, and global spinal disability. Level of Evidence: 2
A two step purification strategy for Chikungunya virions purification using sucrose buoyant density gradient separation. (2013)

An improved method for purifying Chikungunya virus from cell culture supernatant of infected African Green Monkey Kidney cells is described. It employs a combination of polyethylene glycol precipitation and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The infected cell culture su- pernatant was precipitated using polyethylene glycol and concentrated virus was banded at the interface of 20-60% (w/v) discontinuous su- crose gradient using rate zonal ultra centrifugation. Using a combination of SDS-PAGE and western blotting techniques, Chikungunya virus structural proteins were detected only in the fractions collected from the interface. The authenticity of the purified Chikungunya virions was further confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and transmission electron microscopic study. The developed method has immense application and is useful in making large quantity of purified Chikungunya virus for its characterization, virus morphological study and purification of Chikungunya virus like particles expressed from heterologous system.