gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nutrient Supplements Contribute to the Dietary Intake of Middle- and Older-Aged Adult Residents of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin , (1993)

Intake of macronutrients and micronutrients was estimated from a diet history questionnaire in a population-based sample of persons (n = 2152), 43-86 y of age. Men and women 65 y of age or older consumed less protein, fat, cholesterol, niacin, riboflavin, calcium, iron, zinc and lycopene than their middle-aged counterparts. After including nutrient intake from supplements, age differences in intake were no longer significant for zinc in women or for niacin and iron in men. After further adjusting for energy intake, only protein, cholesterol, and lycopene mean intakes were lower in older compared with middle-aged men and women. Regular use of supplements was most prevalent among older men and women (40 and 48%, respectively). Supplement use was greater in the current time period compared with retrospective reports of supplement use 10 y before interview. The impact of supplement intake on median values of intake was greatest in women, particularly for vitamins A, C and E, riboflavin and calcium. The high prevalence of supplement use emphasizes the importance of considering this source of nutrients in future investigations in which dietary intake is measured.
Magnetic alignment of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in molten state (2009)

The magnetic alignment of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in molten state was studied by in-situ birefringence measurement in a magnetic field. The melting point of the sample determined by DSC was 253°C. We observed the increase of birefringence in a molten state at temperatures between 254°Cand 260°C in the magnetic filed (10T). The dependence of the apparent rate of orientation on the annealing time was attributed to the increase in the viscosity due to the structure formation under the lower supercooling condition. The time at which the transmitting light became a maximum increased with the increase in the melting temperature. These results suggested that the residual structure of crystal, which can be aligned magnetically, existed in the molten state and the volume fraction of the residual structure was reduced with increase in the melting temperature.
The double-orifice technique as a standardized approach to treat mitral regurgitation due to severe myxomatous disease: surgical technique (2000)

The double-orifice repair can be used as a standardized approach to treat valve regurgitation due to Barlow disease with low risk and good early and mid-term results.
Thermal management and concurrent system design of a wearable multicomputer (1997)

This paper describes the concurrent system design and thermal management of the Navigator2 which is used as a computerized maintenance manual for aircraft inspection with speech recognition capabilities. The Navigator2 is a wearable computer that includes a novel dual architecture, spread spectrum radio, and variable gain amplifier (VGA) head-mounted display. The semi-custom electronic design includes two electronic boards-a custom designed system board and a 486-based processor board. The system board captures glue logic functions and provides support for two PCMCIA slots, a power management microcontroller, memory backup batteries, and a power supply. The thermal design of the Navigator2 develops concurrently with the overall design in a series of stages. A framework of concurrent thermal engineering consisting of three basic stages is used to maintain interdisciplinary interaction while satisfying thermal design goals. In the first stage of the thermal design, a cooling arrangement that meets the needs of other disciplines is proposed, and an enhanced-conduction thermal design with aluminum heat spreaders and active power-saving is explored. In the second stage, the thermal contact between heat spreaders and electronic components is optimized, and physical experimentation is performed with liquid heat sinks and conductive elastomers as thermal contact interfaces. In the third stage, numerical simulations are performed to ascertain the effectiveness of the thermal design, giving the thermal designer flexibility to change critical parameters and perform sensitivity analyses. A simplified computational model is used to investigate the performance of thermal interface devices and the effect of the heat spreader design on the maximum electronic component temperatures. Although the simplified model proves adequate for thermal design purposes, a detailed geometrically-accurate computational model assesses the adequacy of the exposed heat spreader surface area and predicts temperature distributions with better agreement to the experimental measurements on the Navigator2.
Growth phase-dependent gene regulation in vivo in Sulfolobus solfataricus (2011)

Ribosomal genes are strongly regulated dependent on growth phase in all organisms, but this regulation is poorly understood in Archaea. Moreover, very little is known about growth phase-dependent gene regulation in Archaea. SSV1-based lacS reporter gene constructs containing the Sulfolobus 16S/23S rRNA gene core promoter, the TF55α core promoter, or the native lacS promoter were tested in Sulfolobus solfataricus cells lacking the lacS gene. The 42-bp 16S/23S rRNA gene and 39-bp TF55α core promoters are sufficient for gene expression in S. solfataricus. However, only gene expression driven by the 16S/23S rRNA gene core promoter is dependent on the culture growth phase. This is the smallest known regulated promoter in Sulfolobus. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show growth phase-dependent rRNA gene regulation in Archaea.
Total and differential somatic cell counts in secretions from noninfected bovine mammary glands: the early nonlactating period. (1981)

Total somatic cells in secretions of nonlactating bovine mammary glands remained less than 5 x 10(5) cells/ml for the first 3 days after the last milking. Macrophages predominated the 1st day, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils were most common during the 2nd and 3rd day. The total somatic cell count was highest about 10 days after lactation ceased, and counts of 2 to 3 x 10(6) cells/ml were common. Equal numbers of macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils were observed. Total cell populations gradually decreased during the period from 10 to 25 days of the nonlactating period.
Compositional verification of real-time systems (2002)

Presents a compositional proof system for the verification of real-time systems. Real-time systems are modeled as timed transition modules, which explicitly model interaction with the environment and may be combined using composition operators. Composition rules are devised such that the correctness of a system may be determined from the correctness of its components. These proof rules are demonstrated on Fischer's mutual exclusion algorithm, for which mutual exclusion and bounded response are proven.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Therapy for Temporomandibular Disorders: 3D-Printed Splints from Planning to Evaluation (2023)

The presented method permits time-efficient laboratory production, and may also be performed chairside in a dental office. The technology is perfectly applicable to everyday life. In addition to its many beneficial properties, its negative properties must also be highlighted.
Bacterin to control the vertical transmission of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens. (1986)

A Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin was prepared and used in Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG)-positive primary breeders to control vertical transmission of MG. Two generations were vaccinated, but the third generation was not vaccinated and was monitored serologically. Results showed no evidence of MG at 1 day, 6 weeks, 11 weeks, 16 weeks, or 31 weeks of age. This procedure may offer small breeder organizations and showbird fanciers a way to eliminate MG.
Consensus conference. Perioperative red blood cell transfusion (1988)

Transfusion of red blood cells is a lifesaving measure in the management of a variety of medical and surgical conditions. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic has raised the level of apprehension regarding the transmission of infectious disease by transfusion. This has stimulated a reexamination of the benefit-to-risk relationship for transfusion therapy. For many patients, homologous red blood cell transfusion carries great benefits, permitting surgical procedures that otherwise would not be possible and allowing medical therapies for patients who are or may become anemic. Blood transfusions once were believed to be relatively safe, but many physicians and patients recently have come to regard them as potentially dangerous. As with all potent and effective therapies, homologous blood transfusion carries risks along with benefits. About two thirds of all red blood cell transfusions are given in the perioperative period. Newer knowledge of physiology and of the effects of anemia during and after surgery
Diesel Particulate Filter Operational Characterization (2004)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Wall-flow filter technology has been used for many years to remove particulate emissions from a select number of diesel engine exhaust systems. Significant implementation of diesel particulate filters will require the definition of regeneration strategies that permit the filters to be regularly and durably purged of accumulated non-volatile particulates. This paper will examine the laboratory-bench characterization of filter responses to the wide variety of input conditions to which they may be exposed in practice.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The lab-bench filter characterization will be done as a function of generic independent variables such as flow rate, inlet temperature, oxygen content and soot loading. The testing will be conducted on uncatalyzed filters for this preliminary study. The characterization approach will examine such dependent variables as completeness of regeneration and maximum exotherm temperatures.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Results of this experimentation are expected to permit the necessary understanding around which durable regeneration strategies may be developed. The conceptual tool will be able to provide directional filter response to a range of input operating conditions.&lt;/div&gt;
Magnetism in metastable and annealed compositionally complex alloys (2021)

Compositionally complex materials (CCMs) present a potential paradigm shift in the design of magnetic materials. These alloys exhibit long-range structural order coupled with limited or no chemical order. As a result, extreme local environments exist with a large variations in the magnetic energy terms, which can manifest large changes in the magnetic behavior. In the current work, the magnetic properties of (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni) alloys are presented. These materials were prepared by room-temperature combinatorial sputtering, resulting in a range of compositions with a single bcc structural phase and no chemical ordering. The combinatorial growth technique allows CCMs to be prepared outside of their thermodynamically stable phase, enabling the exploration of otherwise inaccessible order. The mixed ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions in these alloys causes frustrated magnetic behavior, which results in an extremely low coercivity $(&lt;1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mT})$, which increases rapidly at 50 K. At low temperatures, the coercivity achieves values of nearly 500 mT, which is comparable to some high-anisotropy magnetic materials. Commensurate with the divergent coercivity is an atypical drop in the temperature dependent magnetization. These effects are explained by a mixed magnetic phase model, consisting of ferro-, antiferro-, and frustrated magnetic regions, and are rationalized by simulations. A machine-learning algorithm is employed to visualize the parameter space and inform the development of subsequent compositions. Annealing the samples at 600 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C orders the sample, more-than doubling the Curie temperature and increasing the saturation magnetization by as much as 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}. Simultaneously, the large coercivities are suppressed, resulting in magnetic behavior that is largely temperature independent over a range of 350 K. The ability to transform from a hard magnet to a soft magnet over a narrow temperature range makes these materials promising for heat-assisted recording technologies.
Protection of Equipment for Storage and Transport with Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors (2017)

Abstract Application of Vapor phase Corrosion Inhibitors (VCI) for protection of various industrial and military equipment from corrosion during storage and overseas transport provides numerous advantages. When VCI inhibitors are being applied during the process of corrosion protection they will enable strong protection of the equipment during storage and transport without additional time and money needed prior to putting equipment in operation. During transport the equipment travels through various climate zones experiencing changes in temperature and humidity that are favorable to corrosion. Changes in humidity and temperature levels during transport even at very short distances can create moisture that condenses into water. Properly chosen combination of Vapor phase corrosion inhibitors enables the equipment and its components (especially electrical components) to resist the corrosion caused by moisture and aggressive saline environment. The requirements that need to be fulfilled during the application of inhibitors vary depending on the conditions of the application as well as required time limits of corrosion protection process. Vapor phase Corrosion Inhibitors (VCI’s) are thermo-stable and they do not damage ferrous or non-ferrous metals. Inhibitors will not affect electrical, physical or chemical properties of lubricants if used in lubrication systems. The paper includes laboratory testing data and application methods of shrink film, impregnated foams and coatings containing vapor corrosion inhibitor (VCI) that are being applied in conservation process of industrial and military equipment. The experimental part of this paper will include validation of effectiveness of this system using standard test methods according to ASTM, MIL-SPEC, NACE and DIN standards.
Food-pack Waste Systemic Management. Alternative Ways to Reuse Materials and to Develop New Business, Products and Local Markets (2012)

On the basis of latest data published by Eurostat (the statistical office of the EU) in 2008 Europe produced 80 million tons of packaging waste. Specifically, Italy produces about 12 million tons per year of waste from packaging, 2/3 of which derive from the food processing sector. This paper does not address the issue of proper disposal of waste by consumers; on the contrary, it studies the problem of the waste that occurs before the products distribution phase, since it has not been sufficiently addressed enough. The focus, therefore, pertains to pre-production phase in the food packaging industry. Currently, rejects generated by that sector represent a large amount of waste upstream of the primary production cycle. Through its more exhaustive and far-sighted analysis and the application of the methodology of Systemic Design, whose fundamental principle is that waste (output) of a process become the resource (input) to another one, pre-production waste can in fact be reused by other industries. This generates a virtuous network of exchanges between geographically close companies that achieve economic and environmental benefits from the sale of secondary raw material. The result ends in a less use of raw materials, an increased use of resources already on site and, consequently, in a greater traceability of the same resources used in industrial processes so as to ensure, by implication, a high quality finished product. The ultimate goal of the proposed research is to design a self-sustaining network of companies that can interface and confront each other by creating a virtuous cycle in order to exploit the resources available (output) and limit production of surplus packaging.
MAD (about median) vs. quantile-based alternatives for classical standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis (2023)

In classical probability and statistics, one computes many measures of interest from mean and standard deviation. However, mean, and especially standard deviation, are overly sensitive to outliers. One way to address this sensitivity is by considering alternative metrics for deviation, skewness, and kurtosis using mean absolute deviations from the median (MAD). We show that the proposed measures can be computed in terms of the sub-means of the appropriate left and right sub-ranges. They can be interpreted in terms of average distances of values of these sub-ranges from their respective medians. We emphasize that these measures utilize only the first-order moment within each sub-range and, in addition, are invariant to translation or scaling. The obtained formulas are similar to the quantile measures of deviation, skewness, and kurtosis but involve computing sub-means as opposed to quantiles. While the classical skewness can be unbounded, both the MAD-based and quantile skewness always lies in the range [−1, 1]. In addition, while both the classical kurtosis and quantile-based kurtosis can be unbounded, the proposed MAD-based alternative for kurtosis lies in the range [0, 1]. We present a detailed comparison of MAD-based, quantile-based, and classical metrics for the six well-known theoretical distributions considered. We illustrate the practical utility of MAD-based metrics by considering the theoretical properties of the Pareto distribution with high concentrations of density in the upper tail, as might apply to the analysis of wealth and income. In summary, the proposed MAD-based alternatives provide a universal scale to compare deviation, skewness, and kurtosis across different distributions.
Development of DEM Model of Methane-Hydrate Bearing Sand Layer (2021)

The goal of this study is to simulate the mechanical strength of the methane-hydrate bearing sand layers in a microscale computational domain filled with sand particles, hydrate, and water using the discrete element method. For this purpose, we have developed a cement-type coupling model in which methane hydrate intervenes between sand particles. A computational domain was prepared for the tri-axial compression test of a cylindrical specimen, and the specimen domain was filled with glass beads so as to match the particle size distribution used in the experiment in the literature with a porosity of 0.4. The specimen was compressed by moving the wall surface installed above and below the specimen. The stress was calculated for various methane hydrate saturation. At all restraint pressures, the axial stress increases with almost the same slope after the start of compression. The larger the restraining pressure, the larger the peak of the axial stress. The axial stress, which was initially 1 MPa, peaked and then decreased sharply, exhibiting marked strain softening. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experiments, and it was found that this model can simulate the experiment well at different confining pressures and methane hydrate saturation.
Characterization of the yeast KEX1 gene product: a carboxypeptidase involved in processing secreted precursor proteins. (1989)

We have identified and partially characterized the Saccharomyces cerevisiae KEX1 gene product, Kex1p, to assess its role in processing secreted protein precursors. Anti-Kex1p antibodies identified a 113-kilodalton protein that was absent in cells in which the KEX1 gene has been disrupted and that was more abundant in cells overexpressing the KEX1 gene. Kex1p was found to be a membrane-associated glycoprotein with N-linked carbohydrate. The N-linked oligosaccharide(s) was modified in a progressive manner after synthesis, causing the glycoprotein to slowly increase in mass to 115 kilodaltons. After a Kex2p-mediated cleavage event at specific pairs of basic amino acids, alpha-factor and K1 killer toxin precursors have COOH-terminal dibasic residue extensions and require a carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme to process the precursors to maturity. A carboxypeptidase activity, with apparent specificity for basic amino acids, was detected in KEX1 cells. Disruption of the KEX1 gene abolished this activity, while overexpression of KEX1 increased it. Our results provide biochemical evidence consistent with earlier genetic work, that KEX1 encodes a serine carboxypeptidase involved in the processing of precursors to secreted mature proteins.
Linkage analysis of late‐infantile neuronal ceroid‐lipofuscinosis (CLN2) using markers on chromosome 16p (1993)

Conclusion These results provide further evidence of non‐allelic genetic heterogeneity within the disorders grouped together as the neuronal ceroid‐lipofuscinoses. There are at least three mutations at different loci involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders. The discrepancy in the extent of the regions excluded using data from the families with classical CLN2 and families with Finnish variant late‐infantile NCL is due to the smaller number of families segregating for Finnish variant late‐infantile NCL.
Isolierung und Reaktivität eines s‐Block‐Metall‐Antiaromaten (2020)

Abstract Das Konzept der Aromatizität und der Antiaromatizität ist seit langem bekannt, und zahlreiche Belege für dieses Phänomen wurden durch Moleküle, welche auf Elementen des p‐, d‐ und f‐Blocks des Periodensystems der Elemente (PSE) basieren, geliefert. Aufgrund der begrenzten Varianz des Oxidationszustandes von s‐Block‐Metallen konnten diese bisher nicht mit komplexen π‐Bindungssystemen interagieren. Daher gibt es keine bzw. nur schlecht beschriebene Beispiele für antiaromatische Systeme mit s‐Block‐Metallen. Durch die Verwendung von spektroskopischen, strukturanalytischen und quantenchemischen Methoden konnte eine heterocyclische Verbindung hergestellt und charakterisiert werden, welche das Erdalkalimetall Beryllium enthält und signifikante Antiaromatizität aufweist. Weiterhin beschreiben wir die Reaktivität gegenüber Lewis‐Basen und die chemische Reduktion dieser Verbindung.
Indoor Localization Algorithm For Smartphones (2015)

Increasing sources of sensor measurements and prior knowledge have become available for indoor localization on smartphones. How to effectively utilize these sources for enhancing localization accuracy is an important yet challenging problem. In this paper, we present an area state-aided localization algorithm that exploits various sources of information. Specifically, we introduce the concept of area state to indicate the area where the user is on an indoor map. The position of the user is then estimated using inertial measurement unit (IMU) measurements with the aid of area states. The area states are in turn updated based on the position estimates. To avoid accumulated errors of IMU measurements, our algorithm uses WiFi received signal strength indicator (RSSI) to indicate the vicinity of the user to the routers. The experiment results show that our system can achieve satisfactory localization accuracy in a typical indoor environment.
The Huanan market was the epicenter of SARS-CoV-2 emergence (2022)

Geographical clustering of the earliest known COVID-19 cases and the proximity of positive environmental samples to live-animal vendors suggest that the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the site of origin of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Preparation of Composite Film Using Waste Pulp. (2002)

セルロースが主原料であるパルプ粕 (Pulp) を精製して利用した. Pulpをスクシナート化した後, アセチル化することにより, 水溶性セルロース (PSAAc) を合成した. 合成したPSAAcを用いてポリビニルァルコール (PVA) との複合膜を調製した. 得られた膜は均一であった. 膜の強度を向上させるために, 加熱による縮合反応や, ヘキサメチレンジイソシアナート (HDI) を用いた架橋反応によって, 膜の架橋処理を行った. 未処理の膜, 加熱処理膜, HDI処理膜およびPulpを用いて調製した不均一の膜の引張強度試験を行った結果, HDI処理膜では十分な引張強度に加えて非常に高い破断伸び (592%) を示した. 一方, 加熱処理膜では膜が堅くなり過ぎてかえってもろくなった. さらに, これら4種類の膜について土壌埋設による生分解性試験を行った結果, 架橋処理を施すことによって生分解速度が抑制されることがわかった.