gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of long chain isomeric glyceryl monoethers (1966)

A quantitative method is described for the gas chromatographic analysis of glyceryl ethers using their trifluoroacetate (TFA) and trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives. Both derivatives are prepared at room temperature by reactions that proceed virtually to completion in less than 15 min, eliminating time-consuming derivative preparations and laborious clean-up steps of unreacted materials required by other methods. Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) resolves the 1- and 2-isomers of the glyceryl ether TFA derivatives, which have not been separated previously. Purified synthetic 1- and 2-glyceryl ethers, including saturated and mono- and diunsaturated, were used to evaluate several polar and nonpolar liquid phases for the analysis of the TFA and TMS derivatives. Analyses can be made on some liquid phases normally used for methyl esters, while others are unsatisfactory. A mixture of isomeric C(18) saturated and monoand di-unsaturated TFA derivatives was partially resolved; however, a complete analysis of this mixture can be made by preliminary separation of the unsaturates on silver-ion-impregnated thin-layer plates or by GLC analysis alone with three different phases.
Histological study on healing of cryocautery-inducd rat gastric ulcer treated with T-593. (1999)

The effect of T-593, a novel anti-ulcer agent, on the healing of cryocautery-induced rat gastric ulcer was investigated histologically in comparison with that of famotidine. Seven days after ulceration, T-593 (30 mg/kg) or famotidine (30 mg/kg) was orally administered twice daily for 8 weeks. Two, 4 and 8 weeks after the start of administration, the ulcer size was measured by a stereoscopic microscope, and the gastric mucosa was observed histologically. The thickness of the regenerated mucosa, the density and the arrangement of gastric glands, the degree of inflammatory-cell infiltration in the submucosal tissue and the number of microvessels in the submucosal tissue were quantified. In macroscopical evaluation, T-593 and famotidine significantly accelerated ulcer healing, and the time courses of the ulcer index were similar in both cases. In histological evaluation of healed ulcers, T-593 normalized the thickness of regenerated mucosa and reduced the degree of inflammatory-cell infiltration and the number of microvessels in the submucosal tissue, while famotidine had no effect. In conclusion, T-593 possesses accelerating effects not only on the restoration of regenerated mucosa but also on the maturation of submucosal tissue. Therefore, T-593 improves the quality of ulcer healing.
Final results: A dose escalation phase I study of ARQ 197, a selective c-Met inhibitor, in patients with metastatic solid tumors (2009)

3548 Background: ARQ 197 is a selective, non-ATP competitive inhibitor of c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase implicated in tumor cell migration, invasion, and proliferation. Methods: This phase I dose escalation study enrolled patients (pts) with metastatic solid tumors to determine the drug's safety profile, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), pharmacokinetics (PK), and preliminary antitumor activity. Dose escalation followed an accelerated titration design and was modified to the traditional escalation design (3+3 pts) once grade 2 toxicity was observed. ARQ 197 was initially administered orally twice daily (BID) for 2 weeks followed by 1 week off and then modified to evaluate continuous BID dosing based on favorable safety data. Intra-patient dose-escalation was allowed in this study. Additional pts were enrolled and treated at the 360 mg bid continuous dose, which was determined to be the RP2D in another phase I clinical trial. Results: To date, 65 pts (38 male/27 female; median age 61; 9 colon/colorectal, 8 renal cell carcinoma/kidney, 6 ovarian, 6 sarcoma, 5 lung cancer and 31 others) have been treated at 11 dose levels (10 mg bid to 360 mg bid). All treated pts achieved plasma drug concentrations significantly above in vitro IC 50 values. The most common drug-related adverse events (AEs) were fatigue (18.5%) and nausea (12.3%). One case each of the following drug-related serious AEs were reported in 4 pts: anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, dehydration, liver failure, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Three pts with neuroendocrine, prostate, or testicular cancer achieved a partial response (PR), 32 demonstrated stable disease (SD) and 13 progressed. The 3 PR pts were initially treated at 10, 40 or 90 mg BID respectively. Their doses were escalated to 50, 70, or 120 mg BID respectively after 18 to 33 weeks on treatment. An overall response rate of 6.3% and a disease control rate (CR+PR+SD) of 72.9% were demonstrated among 48 pts who are evaluable for efficacy. Conclusions: ARQ 197 has demonstrated a favorable safety profile up to the dose of 360 mg bid. Preliminary evidence of anti-cancer activity was observed. Final study data on drug safety, PK and efficacy will be presented. [Table: see text]
Visual acuity and comfortable distance from a Display (2012)

The image perception in humans depends on many factors. One of the most important ones is certainly the\nobserving distance. The distance from which human look at the images is important for studying image\nperception in general and in particular on display devices. This paper describes a method of measurement of the\npreferred observing distance among humans of different age, sex, etc. under controlled conditions.
Home-Based Virtual Reality-Augmented Training Improves Lower Limb Muscle Strength, Balance, and Functional Mobility following Chronic Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury (2017)

Canton of Zurich ethics committee (EK-24/2009, PB_2016-00545), ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02149186. Registered 24 April 2014.
Study on Fallings and Defensive Actions While Playing Wheelchair Rugby (2017)

The prevention of injuries during parasports is important for safety and to enjoy sports. However, in wheelchair rugby, there are few systematic studies on trauma precautions because of the differences in the physical function level of parasports athletes and the small number of players overall. We have proposed defensive motions to minimize injuries to the front and sides by analyzing videos of falls, a simulation using a multi-body model, and evaluating the injury to the head and upper limbs. By classifying the range of motion and muscular strength into three categories, the difference in disabilities was expressed using a multi-body model. The index, ULIC, was proposed to evaluate injuries to the upper limbs. It is calculated from the maximum moment value of the bones, using a simplified cylindrical model. The head injury criteria (HIC) and ULIC made it possible to evaluate the extent of injury by classification into one of four categories, depending on the presence or absence of injuries in the above regions. Furthermore, defensive actions not resulting in serious injuries and matching the difference between the degree of disability and fall, by predicting the potential injury to the head and upper limbs using the indexes, were proposed.
Coordinated airborne, spaceborne, and ground‐based measurements of massive thick aerosol layers during the dry season in southern Africa (2003)

During the dry season airborne campaign of the Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000), coordinated observations were made of massive thick aerosol layers. These layers were often dominated by aerosols from biomass burning. We report on airborne Sun photometer measurements of aerosol optical depth (λ = 0.354–1.557 μm), columnar water vapor, and vertical profiles of aerosol extinction and water vapor density that were obtained aboard the University of Washington's Convair‐580 research aircraft. We compare these with ground‐based AERONET Sun/sky radiometer results, with ground based lidar data (MPL‐Net), and with measurements from a downward pointing lidar aboard the high‐flying NASA ER‐2 aircraft. Finally, we show comparisons between aerosol optical depths from the Sun photometer and those retrieved over land and over water using four spaceborne sensors (TOMS, MODIS, MISR, and ATSR‐2).
INTRODUCTORY (2010)

Speaking of the contributions made to literature by her own sex, George Eliot, in a charming essay written in 1854, awards the palm of intellectual pre-eminence to the women of France. “They alone,” says the great English author, “have had a vital influence on the development of literature. For in France alone the mind of woman has passed, like an electric current, through the language, making crisp and definite what is elsewhere heavy and blurred; in France alone, if the writings of women were swept away, a serious gap would be made in the national history.”
146. The heat denaturation of albumin and globulin in milk. II. Denaturation and degradation of protein at temperatures of 75–120° C (1937)

1. The denaturation of albumin and globulin took place rapidly in samples of milk heated at temperatures of 75°C. and above, and was complete in approximately 60, 30, 10–15, and 5–10 min. at 80, 90, 95, and 100°C. respectively. 2. There was no change in the non-protein nitrogen content of milk on heating at temperatures up to 100°C.; on continued heating at 95 and 100°C. extremely small amounts of proteose were produced by hydrolysis of protein. 3. In milk heated at 115 and 120°C. the denaturation of albumin and globulin was followed by appreciable hydrolysis of protein, which resulted in considerable increases in the proteose and in the non-protein nitrogen contents.
Priming of Cardiopulmonary Bypass with Human Albumin Decreases Endothelial Dysfunction after Pulmonary Ischemia–Reperfusion in an Animal Model (2022)

The routine use of mechanical circulatory support during lung transplantation (LTx) is still controversial. The use of prophylactic human albumin (HA) or hypertonic sodium lactate (HSL) prime in mechanical circulatory support during LTx could prevent ischemia−reperfusion (IR) injuries and pulmonary endothelial dysfunction and thus prevent the development of pulmonary graft dysfunction. The objective was to investigate the impact of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) priming with HA and HSL compared to a CPB prime with Gelofusine (GF) on pulmonary endothelial dysfunction in a lung IR rat model. Rats were assigned to four groups: IR-CPB-GF group, IR-CPB-HA group, IR-CPB-HSL group and a sham group. The study of pulmonary vascular reactivity by wire myograph was the primary outcome. Glycocalyx degradation (syndecan-1 and heparan) was also assessed by ELISA and electron microscopy, systemic and pulmonary inflammation by ELISA (IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α) and immunohistochemistry. Clinical parameters were evaluated. We employed a CPB model with three different primings, permitting femoral−femoral assistance with left pulmonary hilum ischemia for IR. Pulmonary endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine was significantly decreased in the IR-CPB-GF group (11.9 ± 6.2%) compared to the IR-CPB-HA group (52.8 ± 5.2%, p < 0.0001), the IR-CPB-HSL group (57.7 ± 6.3%, p < 0.0001) and the sham group (80.8 ± 6.5%, p < 0.0001). We did not observe any difference between the groups concerning glycocalyx degradation, and systemic or tissular inflammation. The IR-CPB-HSL group needed more vascular filling and developed significantly more pulmonary edema than the IR-CPB-GF group and the IR-CPB-HA group. Using HA as a prime in CPB during Ltx could decrease pulmonary endothelial dysfunction’s IR-mediated effects. No effects of HA were found on inflammation.
Molecular docking predictions of fragrance binding to human leukocyte antigen molecules (2019)

These data suggest that small-molecule skin sensitizers have the potential to interact with HLA, and show that T cell-based in vitro assays may be used to evaluate the immunogenicity of skin-sensitizing chemicals.
Theory of resonant tunneling in heterostructures (1988)

For a parallel-plane barrier heterostructure of any form or composition, it is shown by considering the electron quantum states as functions of complex values of the energy that the full linewidth of a resonant peak in the coherent transmission probability, 2 \ensuremath{\Delta}E, and the tunneling lifetime of the quasilevel giving rise to the resonance, \ensuremath{\tau}, are necessarily related by (2 \ensuremath{\Delta}E)\ensuremath{\tau}=\ensuremath{\Elzxh}, and the conventional wave-packet transit time is 2\ensuremath{\tau} at the resonance energy. A formula is obtained for the peak transmission probability in terms of the ratio of the two outward currents for an electron escaping from the quasilevel.
Sparse On-Line Gaussian Processes (2002)

We develop an approach for sparse representations of gaussian process (GP) models (which are Bayesian types of kernel machines) in order to overcome their limitations for large data sets. The method is based on a combination of a Bayesian on-line algorithm, together with a sequential construction of a relevant subsample of the data that fully specifies the prediction of the GP model. By using an appealing parameterization and projection techniques in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space, recursions for the effective parameters and a sparse gaussian approximation of the posterior process are obtained. This allows for both a propagation of predictions and Bayesian error measures. The significance and robustness of our approach are demonstrated on a variety of experiments.
Fabrication of a Low Density Carbon Fiber Foam and Its Characterization as a Strain Gauge (2014)

Samples of carbon nano-fiber foam (CFF), essentially a 3D solid mat of intertwined nanofibers of pure carbon, were grown using the Constrained Formation of Fibrous Nanostructures (CoFFiN) process in a steel mold at 550 °C from a palladium particle catalysts exposed to fuel rich mixtures of ethylene and oxygen. The resulting material was studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), Surface area analysis (BET), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Transient and dynamic mechanical tests clearly demonstrated that the material is viscoelastic. Concomitant mechanical and electrical testing of samples revealed the material to have electrical properties appropriate for application as the sensing element of a strain gauge. The sample resistance <i>v</i><i>ers</i><i>us</i> strain values stabilize after a few compression cycles to show a perfectly linear relationship. Study of microstructure, mechanical and electrical properties of the low density samples confirm the uniqueness of the material: It is formed entirely of independent fibers of diverse diameters that interlock forming a tridimensional body that can be grown into different shapes and sizes at moderate temperatures. It regains its shape after loads are removed, is light weight, presents viscoelastic behavior, thermal stability up to 550 °C, hydrophobicity, and is electrically conductive.
Hybrid Cache Coherence Protocol for Multi-Core Processor Architecture (2013)

The advances in circuit technology with constraints in power dissipation and clocking have led to integrating more processing cores onto a single chip, making it as the dominant processor architecture. This design of multi-core architectures also referred to as Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) are gaining popularity because they have the potential to drive the future performance gains without any problems of power dissipation and complexity. Nevertheless, in order to run several independent programs in different processing cores requires them to cooperate for a single computation. Thus the communication architecture is the primary focus of research in achieving the scalability of this architecture. Coherence protocols and interconnection networks have resolved some communication gaps, but memory communication through cache has been the focus of attention in CMP. This problem has been addressed with many hardware and software solutions like Directorybased, Snoopy-based, Snarfing, etc., but the performance of the system is still not up to the level of expectation. The proposed model is to develop a hybrid cache coherence protocol referred as MESCIF (Modified Exclusive Shared Clean Invalid Forward), which combines the advantages of both directorybased and broadcasting protocols. This can be achieved by introducing a small directory based cache (DB-CACHE) and cache-coherence bus (CC-BUS) into the existing CMP architecture which overcomes the problems of existing methods. The architecture is simulated using a modular discrete event driven computer system simulator platform called gem5 simulation tool.
Iron sulfate inhibits Limulus activity by induction of structural and qualitative changes in lipid A (2013)

Our data provide new insights into the mechanisms of lipid A activity.
Functional profile of a novel modulator of serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate neurotransmission (2014)

The combination of in vitro and in vivo activities of this compound support its development for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric and neurologic disorders.
Two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy. VII. Investigation of the vibronic and vibrational couplings by using novel triply resonant two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopies (2000)

A single vibrational coherence state can be created by using either vibrationally resonant infrared field-matter interactions or Raman transitions induced by the electronically off-resonant fields. Then, the two-dimensional (2D) vibrational coherence created by two such interactions can be probed by using electronically off-resonant optical pulse via scattering by the 2D transient grating. However, due to the off-resonant field-matter interactions during the probing process, the signal intensity is likely to be small. Thus, in this paper, the cases when the 2D transient grating is probed by electronically resonant optical pulse are theoretically considered and the associated nonlinear response functions are investigated. It turns out that these novel 2D vibrational spectroscopic methods utilizing an electronically resonant probe pulse can be used to study both the linear and quadratic vibronic coupling strengths of molecules in either isotropic or anisotropic condensed phases, in addition to the vibrational anharmonicity and nonlinearity of the coordinate dependencies of the dipole moment, polarizability, and hyperpolarizability.
Hydrogen chemisorption on transition metal clusters (1985)

The dissociative chemisorption of H2 on supersonic beams of Nb, Co, and Cu clusters is studied. (AIP)
Genetic dissection of sorghum grain quality traits using diverse and segregating populations (2016)

Coordinated association and linkage mapping identified 25 grain quality QTLs in multiple environments, and fine mapping of the Wx locus supports the use of high-density genetic markers in linkage mapping. There is a wide range of end-use products made from cereal grains, and these products often demand different grain characteristics. Fortunately, cereal crop species including sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] contain high phenotypic variation for traits influencing grain quality. Identifying genetic variants underlying this phenotypic variation allows plant breeders to develop genotypes with grain attributes optimized for their intended usage. Multiple sorghum mapping populations were rigorously phenotyped across two environments (SC Coastal Plain and Central TX) in 2 years for five major grain quality traits: amylose, starch, crude protein, crude fat, and gross energy. Coordinated association and linkage mapping revealed several robust QTLs that make prime targets to improve grain quality for food, feed, and fuel products. Although the amylose QTL interval spanned many megabases, the marker with greatest significance was located just 12 kb from waxy (Wx), the primary gene regulating amylose production in cereal grains. This suggests higher resolution mapping in recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations can be obtained when genotyped at a high marker density. The major QTL for crude fat content, identified in both a RIL population and grain sorghum diversity panel, encompassed the DGAT1 locus, a critical gene involved in maize lipid biosynthesis. Another QTL on chromosome 1 was consistently mapped in both RIL populations for multiple grain quality traits including starch, crude protein, and gross energy. Collectively, these genetic regions offer excellent opportunities to manipulate grain composition and set up future studies for gene validation.
Genome-wide association study identifies 8p21.3 associated with persistent hepatitis B virus infection among Chinese (2016)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a common infectious disease. Here we perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) among Chinese populations to identify novel genetic loci involved in persistent HBV infection. GWAS scan is performed in 1,251 persistently HBV infected subjects (PIs, cases) and 1,057 spontaneously recovered subjects (SRs, controls), followed by replications in four independent populations totally consisting of 3,905 PIs and 3,356 SRs. We identify a novel locus at 8p21.3 (index rs7000921, odds ratio=0.78, P=3.2 × 10(-12)). Furthermore, we identify significant expression quantitative trait locus associations for INTS10 gene at 8p21.3. We demonstrate that INST10 suppresses HBV replication via IRF3 in liver cells. In clinical plasma samples, we confirm that INST10 levels are significantly decreased in PIs compared with SRs, and negatively correlated with the HBV load. These findings highlight a novel antiviral gene INTS10 at 8p21.3 in the clearance of HBV infection.
Author response: Neural pattern change during encoding of a narrative predicts retrospective duration estimates (2016)

How do humans judge how much time has passed during daily life, such as when waiting for the bus? Psychology studies have shown that people remember events to have lasted longer when more changes occurred during that time period. These changes can occur either in the environment (such as changes in location) or in the individual’s internal state (such as changes in goals and emotions). Brain activity changes from moment to moment. Lositsky et al. hypothesized that when patterns of activity in a person’s brain change a lot across an interval of time, that person will judge that a long time has passed. On the other hand, if brain activity changes less over that interval, individuals will judge that less time has passed. Some regions of the brain are sensitive to information that unfolds over several minutes; many of these regions are vital for forming memories of episodes from our lives. Using a technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Lositsky et al. specifically looked at the activity of these regions while volunteers listened to a 25-minute radio drama. Afterwards, the volunteers listened to clips from different events in the story and judged how much time passed between those events. Even though each pair of audio clips occurred exactly two minutes apart in the original story, people’s time judgments were strongly influenced by how many scene changes happened in the story between the two clips. In a part of the brain called the right anterior temporal lobe – and especially in a region of it called the entorhinal cortex – Lositsky et al. found that brain activity changed more when audio clips were judged to be further apart in time. Activity in this region fluctuated more slowly overall than in the rest of the brain. This could mean that it combines sensory information (about images, sounds, smells and so on) across minutes of time, in order to form a representation of the current situation. Future research could focus on several unanswered questions. Exactly which environmental and internal changes influence our perception of time? What form does this information take in the entorhinal cortex? Studies show that the entorhinal cortex contains “grid cells” that track our location in space. Could these cells also help judge the passage of time?