gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SU-E-T-87: Radiation Detector Responses to Applied Homogeneous Magnetic Fields (2011)

Purpose: To determine the relative dose deposition in a diamond detector and an ion chamber from a clinical photon beam in an environment having varying magnetic fields, in an effort to evaluate dosimetry techniques in an integrated MR-linac system. Methods: Using the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE, the PTW 60003 diamond detector was modeled and irradiated with a 6MV photon beam spectrum (Varian 600C) in the presence of a homogeneous magnetic field. The distance from the source to the centre of the diamond detector active volume was 100 cm and the detector was oriented perpendicular to the homogeneous magnetic field. An ion chamber (PR06) was also simulated with its long axis both parallel and perpendicular to the impinging photon beam, but perpendicular to the magnetic field in both cases. The homogeneous magnetic field was varied from 0 to 2500 gauss. The above system was also replicated experimentally with the aid of an electromagnet, and the measured relative ion chamber response as a function of magnetic field was compared with the simulations. Results: There is a significant variation (1.8% at 2170 Gauss) in the relative response of ion chamber as a function of magnetic field. Simulated ion chamber response follows the measured response closely. In contrast, both simulated and measured results indicate that the diamond detector is relatively insensitive to the magnetic field compared to the farmer type ion chambers. Conclusions: This work has significant impact on dosimetry protocols for integrated MR-linac systems, where the response of ion chambers is significantly affected by the presence of magnetic field. Thus, the use of ion chamber for reference dosimetry will require magnetic field dependent correction while a diamond detector can safely be used as a beam scanning device.
Clinical outcome of diffractive multifocal lens versus monofocal lens in post-laser in situ keratomileusis patients: A retrospective, comparative study (2023)

This pilot study shows that patients with a history of LASIK who undergo cataract surgery with a diffractive multifocal lens are not inferior to those who receive monofocal lens. Post-LASIK patients with diffractive lens are more likely to achieve not only excellent near vision, but also potentially better UCDVA, regardless of the residual refractive error.
Malaria: an update on current chemotherapy (2014)

Malaria chemotherapy remains a dynamic field, with novel drugs and drug combinations continuing to emerge in order to outpace the development of large-scale drug resistance against the currently most important drug class, the artemisinin derivatives. More randomized controlled studies are urgently needed especially for the treatment of malaria in first trimester pregnant women. ACTs should be used for the treatment of imported malaria more consequently. Gaining sufficient efficacy and safety information on ACT use for non-falciparum species including Plasmodium ovale and malariae should be a research priority. Continuous investment into malaria drug development is a vital factor to combat artemisinin resistance and successfully improve malaria control toward the ultimate goal of elimination.
Broadband Electromagnetic Absorbing Structures Made of Graphene/Glass-Fiber/Epoxy Composite (2019)

Radar-absorbing structures (RASs) with improved mechanical properties and subwavelength thickness are of particular interest for aerospace applications and electromagnetic (EM) interference control. This article proposes a new RAS, made of a graphene-filled lossy laminate (LL) with impedance adapter, having a total thickness less than 4 mm and a normalized absorption bandwidth of 84% in the frequency range 6-18 GHz. The RAS is designed by applying an innovative simulation approach of the graphene-filled LL, which is based on the multiscale Maxwell Garnett model and the effective medium theory. Experimental tests are performed in order to validate the developed model and to assess the absorption properties of the produced RAS, having a minimum reflection of -30 dB and an absorption bandwidth at -10 dB of 10 GHz, with a central frequency of 12 GHz and a graphene nanoplatelets concentration less than 5 g/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Collection Technique and Progesterone Concentration of Ovarian and Uterine Venous Blood in Mares2 (1975)

Blood was collected from the right and left main uterine veins, right and left main ovarian veins and jugular vein of mares. Progesterone concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay in the five plasma samples for each of 22 mares which were killed on days 24, 30,40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 160 or 220 of pregnancy. The mares were grouped on the basis of the location of the secondary corpora lutea (2°CL) relative to the primary corpus luteum (1°CL). The 1°CL secreted progesterone into the ovarian vein at least until day 80. The 2°CL produced considerable progesterone as indicated by high levels of progesterone in the ovarian venous effluent from ovaries which contained only 2°CL. Ovaries which did not contain CL (1°CL or 2°CL) did not secrete progesterone (no significant difference between ovarian veins and jugular vein). All 22 mares had high levels of progesterone in venous effluent from ovaries which contained luteal structures except the one mare which was killed on day 220. The placenta or uterus contributed to the concentration of progesterone in the systemic circulation by day 80 of pregnancy and continued to secrete progesterone until day 220, which was the last day studied.
Vaccines in the 21st century (1999)

Vaccination against infectious diseases has literally transformed the planet. It has succeeded in the elimination of smallpox and the near elimination of polio as scourges of humankind. This kind of success, as well as the great increase in understanding of immunology and the development of new technologies, has increased the hope that new vaccines will target other diseases. Indeed, expectations have been raised so much that vaccines are now being developed not just to prevent infectious diseases but to cure them. In addition, some conditions have now been shown to be related to infectious diseases—for example, human papillomavirus infection has been implicated in cervical cancer and Helicobacter pylori in gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer—and vaccines should help to prevent or treat these diseases. Other clinical diseases or conditions are also now considered within the purview of vaccines. These include cancers (even those without a known infectious aetiological component), allergies, autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, metabolic diseases such as hyperlipidaemias that lead to atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, and even addictions such as cocaine and nicotine dependencies. 

An examination of the recent advances in immunology and vaccinology provides insights into future vaccine developments. Great strides have been made in understanding how the body distinguishes self from non-self—that is, how the immune system recognises a pathogen as being foreign and hence a target for killing. This is likewise important for understanding why the immune response sometimes becomes too active, resulting in allergies or autoimmune disease. By understanding which cells become activated and knowing what the triggers are, we can try intentionally to stimulate, alter, or suppress the responses.

#### Summary points

New vaccines are being developed for treatment as well as prophylaxis

Elucidation of how immune system cells process and then recognise and respond to antigens has prompted the development of new technologies …
Extending myoelectric prosthesis control with shapable automation (2014)

For many users of myoelectric prostheses there is a set of functionality which remains out of reach with current technology. In this work, we provide a first assessment of an extension to classical myoelectric prostheses control approaches that introduces simple automation that is shapable, using EMG signals. The idea is not to replace classical techniques, but to introduce automation for tasks, like those which require the coordination of multiple degrees of freedom, for which automation is well-suited. A prototype system is developed in simulation and an exploratory user study is performed to provide a first assessment, that evaluates our proposed approach and provides guidance for future development. A comparison is made between different formulations for the shaping controls, as well as to a classical control paradigm. Results from the user study are promising: showing significant performance improvements when using the automated controllers, and also unanimous preference for the use of automated controllers on this task. Additionally, some questions about the optimal user interaction with the system are revealed. All of these results support the case for continued development of the proposed approach, including more extensive user studies.
An Optimum Operating Condition of Cataracting Ball Milling (1988)

Based on the Davis' model regarding ball throw motions in a rotating cylindrical container an optimum operating condition for ball mill grinding utilizing the falling energy of balls has been estimated.According to Davis the orbit of ball motion is characterized by two kinds of track; one in a parabolic path and the other in a circular path along the wall of container, and at certain conditions of mill speed and mill filling the trajectories of balls do not interfere each other. Therefore, every realizable, ball track without any interference is imagined to be reproducible in a determined area within a mill profile, so that the summation of the falling energies of ball become possible in those conditions.In the course of estimation the values bearing on the potential energies derived from the ball trajectories were referred to.Assuming that the optimum mill speed for the best grinding effect should be deduced by the maximum of the integrated values above, an experimental confirmation using a ball mill of 20 cm inner diameter was undertaken.Optimum mill speed estimated for cylindrical container without wall linings is 87.4% of critical mill speed.Grinding effects have been measured at various ball fillings as a function of mill speed.Experimental results at reasonable mill filling have verified our estimation considerably well.
Molecular characterisation and hormone-dependent expression of the porcine whey acidic protein gene (1998)

A 17.5 kDa protein was isolated from porcine whey by reverse phase HPLC and identified as a putative whey acidic protein (WAP) homologue by sequencing 35 and 40 amino acid residues of the amino- and carboxy-terminus respectively. Degenerate oligonucleotides to both of these amino acid sequences were designed and used in reverse transcriptase PCR with RNA from lactating porcine mammary gland as a template. A 162 bp PCR fragment was detected and sequenced. Compilation of the deduced and determined amino acid sequence revealed a protein of 111 amino acids, which had approximately 75, 50, 40 and 35% similarity at amino acid level to camel, rabbit, rat and mouse WAP respectively. It also included the four-disulphide core characteristic of all WAP proteins and most Kunitz-type protease inhibitors. This provides the first unequivocal evidence for WAP secretion in the pig. SDS PAGE analysis of the whey fraction showed that WAP is secreted as a major protein in sow's milk from farrowing to weaning. The molecular mass of WAP in SDS PAGE was significantly greater than the 11.7 kDa determined from amino acid sequence, indicating that porcine WAP is possibly glycosylated. Northern analysis detected a single mRNA transcript of approximately 600 bp in porcine RNA from the mammary gland of lactating sows. To examine the hormone-regulated expression of the WAP gene the mammary glands of sows at day 90 of pregnancy were biopsied and explants cultured for 3 days in the presence of various combinations of porcine insulin (I), cortisol (F) and porcine prolactin (P). Northern analysis of RNA extracted from the tissue indicated that WAP gene expression was barely detectable in the mammary gland prior to culture and there was no increment in explants cultured in the presence of I and F. However, a significant increase in the accumulation of WAP mRNA was observed in explants cultured in I, F and P. A similar result was observed for beta-casein and alpha-lactalbumin gene expression.
Chemical speciation and solubility of arsenic, cadmium and lead in contaminated soil from abandoned mine tailing in Toyama prefecture, Japan (2020)

Heavy metals such as lead, zinc, copper, arsenic, and cadmium are usually found in surface soils affected by mining or smelting activities, agricultural practices, and industrial areas. The total amount of trace metals in soils is generally not sufficient to assess the environmental impacts of metal contamination. Therefore, chemical forms and binding types of metals enable evaluation of their behavior and bioavailability in the soil environment. Thirty-two soil samples were analyzed, determining the chemical fractionation of As, Pb and Cd using by the six-step sequential extraction (SEP), X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy. The results of SEP showed that most of the Pb were associated with non-residual fractions, mainly in crystalline (hydrous) iron oxides (goethite). The Cd appeared mainly associated with adsorbed fraction in the roots of the dried plants in the soils. The XAFS spectra of the samples showed that Pb in the soil is adsorption form into Fe-(hydr)oxides surface. Results of XAFS analysis showed Cd in the samples were adsorbed on clay minerals. Arsenic appeared mainly associated with the amorphous and crystalline iron oxides. Heavy metals are associated with adsorbed fraction, amorphous and crystalline iron oxides, thus being potentially more mobile to the environment if conditions were more acidic or reducing. Keywords: Heavy metals, soil, chemical speciation, sequential extraction
Perioperative therapy for locally advanced gastroesophageal cancer: current controversies and consensus of care (2013)

Gastroesophageal cancer (GEC) remains a challenging problem in oncology. Anatomically, GEC is comprised of distal gastric adenocarcinoma (GC), classically associated with Helicobacter Pylori, while proximal esophagogastric adenocarcinoma (EGJ AC) has increased significantly in incidence over the past years. Despite contrasting etiologies, histologies, and molecular phenotypes of distal and proximal GEC, in many cases perioperative (and metastatic) treatment strategies converge to similar approaches. For patients undergoing curative intent surgery, advances in perioperative chemotherapy and/or chemoradiotherapy, either before and/or after surgery, have demonstrated improved survivals compared to surgery alone. This review focuses on how the 'boundary' of the Z-line and/or the anatomical distinction of 'proximal' (EGJ) vs. 'distal' (GC) cancer has led to diverse inclusion/exclusion criteria for clinical trial enrollment, embodying various combinations of chemotherapy and radiation before and/or after surgery. Supporting evidence of each of these approaches consequently has led to a number of varying practices by geographical region and Institution/Physician, based on differing experience, preference, and clinical circumstance. Adequate direct comparison of these approaches is lacking currently, but data from a number of concerted efforts should be available in the next years to further direct best standards of care. Introduction of biologically targeted agents, namely anti-angiogenics and anti-HER family therapeutics are being evaluated to determine whether further therapeutic gains can be realized over classic cytotoxic chemotherapy alone (with/without radiotherapy). To date, novel molecularly targeted agents have yet to demonstrate benefit in this setting. In the following comprehensive review we will address the intricacies of perioperative treatment of locally advanced GEC, with focus on clinical trials supporting the diverse set of perioperative multidisciplinary approaches.
Proton conductivity and the thermal properties of Ba2CeZnO5 (2017)

A cubic perovskite Ba2ZnCeO5 phase is obtained via solid-phase synthesis. This phase has the capacity for the reversible dissociative absorption of water from the gas phase. The resulting energetically inequivalent ОН− groups are removed completely from the structure at temperatures above 650°C. Electrical conductivity measurements reveal a considerable (order-of-magnitude) increase in conductivity in humid air with $${P_{{H_2}O}}$$ = 3 × 10−2 atm at T = 400–600°C. It is shown by EMF method that the sample exhibits proton conductivity that predominates at temperatures below 550°C.
Light-Induced Proton Uptake and Release of pharaonis Phoborhodopsin Detected by a Photoelectrochemical Cell (1999)

Phoborhodopsin (pR, also called sensory rhodopsin-II, sR-II) is a receptor for the negative phototaxis of Halobacterium salinarum (pR), and pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR) is the corresponding receptor of Natronobacterium pharaonis. pR and ppR are retinoid proteins and have a photocycle similar to that of bacteriorhodopsin. The photocycle of ppR in the millisecond time range includes M and O intermediates: ppR → M → O → ppR. A photoelectrochemical cell was constructed composed of SnO2|thin ppR solution (∼50 μM)|400 mM NaCl|SnO2. Photoinduced potential differences between two SnO2 transparent electrodes were measured. They were caused by changes in pH close to the SnO2 electrode surface. The signal was time-differentiated to envisage the direction of pH change and proton movement. A positive signal was due to a decrease in the local pH, i.e., proton release from ppR, and a negative signal was caused by the proton uptake. Immediately upon irradiation with continuous light, the transient negative on-response was observed for all pH examined. The shape of the off-response on turning off the light was pH-dependent: at alkaline or neutral pH, a negative component was observed followed by a positive component. The off-response was measured after the photosteady state was attained. The shape of the off-response well correlated with the ratio of contents of the M and O intermediates at the steady state. It is concluded that the proton uptake occurs during M → O and the proton release during O → ppR transitions.
Intelligent flight control: what are the flight programs and why develop this technology? (2003)

The Boeing Company is conducting a series of programs with NASA, DARPA, and the USAF that apply intelligent control technology to flight control systems. These control systems are designed to adapt to off-nominal damage or failure conditions. Reconfigurable control, artificial neural network models, self-learning neural networks, and matrix inverse control methods are some of the technologies used in these flight research projects. This paper addresses the need for intelligent control and the general requirements for the design of intelligent systems. A description is given of the major intelligent controls programs being conducted by Boeing.
Ionic liquids dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and HPLC‐atomic fluorescence spectrometric determination of mercury species in environmental waters (2012)

An ionic liquid (IL) based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with HPLC hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry method for the preconcentration and determination of mercury species in environmental water samples is described. Four mercury species (MeHg(+), EtHg(+), PhHg(+), and Hg(2+)) were complexed with dithionate and the neutral chelates were extracted into IL drops using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Variables affecting the formation and extraction of mercury dithizonates were optimized. The optimum conditions found were as follows: IL-type and amount, 0.05 g of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; dispersive solvents type and amount, 500 μL of acetone; pH, 6; extraction time, 2 min; centrifugation time, 12 min; and no sodium chloride addition. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of the analytes were 0.031 μg/L for Hg(2+), 0.016 μg/L for MeHg(+), 0.024 μg/L for EtHg(+), and 0.092 μg/L for PhHg(+), respectively. The repeatability of the method, expressed as RSD, was between 1.4 and 5.2% (n = 10), and the average recoveries for spiked test were 96.9% for Hg(2+), 90.9% for MeHg(+), 90.5% for EtHg(+), 92.3% for PhHg(+), respectively. The developed method was successfully applied for the speciation of mercury in environmental water samples.
The Wisdom of the Crowdâ€™s Ear: Speech Accent Rating and Annotation with Amazon Mechanical Turk (2010)

Human listeners can almost instantaneously judge whether or not another speaker is part of their speech community. The basis of this judgment is the speaker's accent. Even though humans judge speech accents with ease, it has been tremendously difficult to automatically evaluate and rate accents in any consistent manner. This paper describes an experiment using the Amazon Mechanical Turk to develop an automatic speech accent rating dataset.
Low‐Maintenance Rubber Crash Cushion (1990)

The present research was aimed at development of a low‐maintenance crash cushion utilizing reusable rubber elements. Energy dissipation characteristics of full‐scale hollow circular rubber cylinders was investigated through static and dynamic testing. Effects of clustering cylindrical elements on energy dissipation was also examined through dynamic testing. A full‐scale prototype crash cushion was constructed from a cluster of rubber cylinders formed from a natural rubber (NR) product containing a 20% ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM) blend and subjected to a series of vehicular crash tests. Although unexpected failures in the rubber cylinders prevented acceptance of the prototype cushion in terms of recommended impact performance criteria, the failures were attributed to a mandrel‐wrapping process for which a compression‐mold process can be substituted. A low‐maintenance rubber crash cushion is technically and economically feasible and can reduce life‐cycle costs by 60% or more at high‐accident locations. Further development is therefore recommended.
Progress in the Research of Gradient Film Preparation by Sputtering (2009)

Gradient film is a kind of coating of gradient material and superior to homogeneous film.The method of sputtering is widely used to prepare gradient films because of its high efficiency and environmental protection.For reactive sputtering,the gradient films with varying ratio of chemical component can be prepared by changing gas flow rate continuously.For non-reactive sputtering,the gradient films can be prepared by sputtering a series of targets with different composition proportions,but the costs are higher and the number of layers is limited.The gradient films are usually prepared by changing sputtering parameters continuously.