gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on Isothiazoles. I. 3-Arylisothiazole-4-carboxylic Acids (1968)

Preparations of 5-methyl-3-phenylisothiazole-4-carboxylic acid (Xa) and related compounds are described. 3-(Halogen-substituted phenyl)-5-methylisothiazole-4-carboxylic acids were also obtained by halogenation of 4-cyano-5-methyl-3-phenylisothiazole (VIIa), followed by hydrolysis. 5-Bromo-3-phenylisothiazole-4-carboxylic acid (XV) was prepared, and converted into the 5-methylthio derivative (XVI) which was oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxide (XVII) and sulfone (XVIII).
Longitudinal resolution in volumetric x‐ray computerized tomography—Analytical comparison between conventional and helical computerized tomography (1994)

The primary advantage of helical computerized tomography (CT) is the capability of scanning a complete anatomical volume in a single breath hold. Due to the table motion and subsequent interpolation process, the slice sensitivity profile (SSP) in helical CT is worse than the response function of the detector array. In this paper, image longitudinal resolution in volumetric x-ray CT is analytically characterized, and a comparison made between conventional and helical CT. First, the SSPs are derived for both conventional and helical CT with the half-scan interpolation method under the condition that the table increment and detector collimation are the same. Then, the corresponding transfer functions are obtained for bandwidth determination, which directly describe the spatial resolution. Both one-tenth-cutoff and mean-square-root measures are used to quantify the bandwidth. Although it appears that broadening the SSP in helical CT could adversely affect longitudinal resolution, it is proved that for a given x-ray dose, helical CT allows substantially better longitudinal resolution than conventional CT due to its inherent retrospective reconstruction capability. To make full use of the potential of helical CT scan data, it is recommended that about five slices be reconstructed per table increment. Helical CT is superior in applications requiring a high longitudinal resolution.
Supplementary Table 5 from CellMinerCDB: NCATS Is a Web-Based Portal Integrating Public Cancer Cell Line Databases for Pharmacogenomic Explorations (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Multivariate prediction&lt;/p&gt;
Stomatin-like Protein 2 Is Overexpressed in Cancer and Involved in Regulating Cell Growth and Cell Adhesion in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2006)

SLP-2 was first identified as a novel cancer-related gene overexpressed in human ESCC, lung cancer, laryngeal cancer, and endometrial adenocarcinoma. Decreased cell growth, cell adhesion, and tumorigenesis in the antisense transfectants revealed that SLP-2 may be important in tumorigenesis.
ECCENTRIC EXERCISE POTENTLY ACTIVATES c-JUN NH2 TERMINAL KINASE(JNK) SIGNALING IN HUMAN SKELETAL MUSCLE (1998)

9 Skeletal muscle contraction is a potent mechanical stressor and is responsible for a variety of cellular and molecular adaptations that occur with exercise. The intracellular signaling pathways that lead to these adaptations are largely unknown. We have recently demonstrated that bicycle exercise in human subjects stimulates the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase(JNK) pathway, a cascade of signaling proteins that activates several transcription factors in response to stressors such as cytokines, osmotic shock and UV radiation. The purpose of this study was to determine if eccentric exercise, a source of mechanical strain known to produce muscle damage, stimulates JNK activity in human skeletal muscle. Seven young healthy subjects (4M/3F) completed maximal concentric or eccentric knee extensions on a KinCom isokinetic dynamometer (10 sets, 10 repetitions). Percutaneous needle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle 24 hours before exercise (B), immediately post-exercise (IPEx), and 6 hours post-exercise(6PEx). JNK activity in the muscle was measured with an immune complex assay, using GST-c-Jun as substrate. Circulating creatine kinase was measured in the basal state, IP, 3, 6, and 24 hours post-exercise. Concentric exercise increased JNK activity 5.1 ± 1.8-fold IPEx compared to baseline values, whereas eccentric exercise increased JNK activity 12.7 ± 4.2-fold IPEx compared to baseline values. At 6PEx JNK activity remained 1.9 ± 0.9-fold and 1.7 ± 0.7-fold above baseline for concentric and eccentric groups respectively. Creatine kinase increased in the eccentric group from 1.5-fold IP-Ex to 5-fold at 24PEx. Creatine kinase did not change in the concentric group. This study is the first demonstration that eccentric exercise, that results in muscle damage, is also associated with activation of JNK signaling. The physiological significance of this potent stimulation of JNK signaling may include modulation of inflammation and regulation of gene transcription.
Optimal diffusion MRI acquisition for fiber orientation density estimation: An analytic approach (2009)

An important challenge in the design of diffusion MRI experiments is how to optimize statistical efficiency, i.e., the accuracy with which parameters can be estimated from the diffusion data in a given amount of imaging time. In model-based spherical deconvolution analysis, the quantity of interest is the fiber orientation density (FOD). Here, we demonstrate how the spherical harmonics (SH) can be used to form an explicit analytic expression for the efficiency of the minimum variance (maximally efficient) linear unbiased estimator of the FOD. Using this expression, we calculate optimal b-values for maximum FOD estimation efficiency with SH expansion orders of L = 2, 4, 6, and 8 to be approximately b = 1,500, 3,000, 4,600, and 6,200 s/mm(2), respectively. However, the arrangement of diffusion directions and scanner-specific hardware limitations also play a role in determining the realizable efficiency of the FOD estimator that can be achieved in practice. We show how some commonly used methods for selecting diffusion directions are sometimes inefficient, and propose a new method for selecting diffusion directions in MRI based on maximizing the statistical efficiency. We further demonstrate how scanner-specific hardware limitations generally lead to optimal b-values that are slightly lower than the ideal b-values. In summary, the analytic expression for the statistical efficiency of the unbiased FOD estimator provides important insight into the fundamental tradeoff between angular resolution, b-value, and FOD estimation accuracy.
The Nature of the Coupling Field in Optical Data Storage Using Solid Immersion Lenses (1999)

The field incident onto the interface between the solid immersion lens (SIL) and recording medium is decomposed into two parts that exhibit different behavior as the beam propagates through the recording layers. The homogeneous part is shown to diffract, and the inhomogeneous part decays exponentially away from the bottom of the SIL. Reflection and signal contrast are calculated for a phase-change recording medium. The dependences of the signal contrast on the gap width, the refractive index of gap and the SIL are analyzed.
Estimating Ground Water Recharge using Flow Models of Perched Karstic Aquifers (2007)

The fraction of rain that is annually recharged to ground water is a function of the transient quantities of precipitation (wet vs. dry years) as well as other meteorological and geologic factors, and thus it is very difficult to estimate. In this study, we have used long records (20 to 30 years) of precipitation and spring discharge to reconstruct the transient character of yearly recharge. These data sets were used to calibrate numerical ground water flow models on the less than 3 km(2) scale for four separate perched karstic aquifers in the Judean and Samarian Mountains of Israel. The stratification and karstic character of the local carbonate rock aquifers cause ground water to flow through discrete dissolution channels and to discharge at isolated springs. An innovative, dual-porosity approach was used where a finite-difference solution simulates flow in the rock matrix, while the karstic channels are simulated using computationally simple drains. Perched conditions are also simulated innovatively using MODFLOW by treating the bottom unsaturated layer as if it is saturated, but by assuming zero pressure head throughout the "unsaturated" layer. Best fitting between measured and computed spring hydrograph data has allowed us to develop a set of empirical functions relating measured precipitation to recharge to the aquifer. The generic methodology presented gives insight into the suspected changes in aquifer recharge rates between particularly wet or dry years.
Resonant Tunneling between Quantized Subbands in van der Waals Double Quantum Well Structure Based on Few-Layer WSe2 (2022)

We demonstrate van der Waals double quantum well (vDQW) devices based on few-layer WSe<sub>2</sub> quantum wells and a few-layer <i>h</i>-BN tunnel barrier. Due to the strong out-of-plane confinement, an exfoliated WSe<sub>2</sub> exhibits quantized subband states at the Γ point in its valence band. Here, we report resonant tunneling and negative differential resistance in vDQW at room temperature owing to momentum- and energy-conserved tunneling between the quantized subbands in each well. Compared to single quantum well (QW) devices with only one QW layer possessing quantized subbands, superior current peak-to-valley ratios were obtained for the DQWs. Our findings suggest a new direction for utilizing few-layer-thick transition metal dichalcogenides in subband QW devices, bridging the gap between two-dimensional materials and state-of-the-art semiconductor QW electronics.
Penlight-cover test: a new bedside method to unmask nystagmus (2009)

The penlight-cover test could offer a low-cost, simple means of disrupting visual fixation in clinical settings where differentiating peripheral from central vestibular disorders is crucial, such as the emergency department. Prospective studies are needed to determine the test's utility for excluding dangerous central causes among patients with suspected peripheral lesions.
3D‐Printing of Functionally Graded Porous Materials Using On‐Demand Reconfigurable Microfluidics (2019)

Abstract Tailoring the morphology of macroporous structures remains one of the biggest challenges in material synthesis. Herein, we present an innovative approach for the fabrication of custom macroporous materials in which pore size varies throughout the structure by up to an order of magnitude. We employed a valve‐based flow‐focusing junction (vFF) in which the size of the orifice can be adjusted in real‐time (within tens of milliseconds) to generate foams with on‐line controlled bubble size. We used the junction to fabricate layered and smoothly graded porous structures with pore size varying in the range of 80–800 μm. Additionally, we mounted the vFF on top of an extrusion printer and 3D‐printed constructs characterized by a predefined 3D geometry and a controlled, spatially varying internal porous architecture, such as a model of a bone. The presented technology opens new possibilities in macroporous material synthesis with potential applications ranging from tissue engineering to aerospace industry and construction.
Packing Characteristics of Starch Granules (2001)

ABSTRACT The rheological properties of granular materials and dispersions of solid particles in fluids are dependent on the packing characteristics of the particles. Maximum packing fractions (Φ m ) have been measured for corn, wheat, rice, potato, and amaranth starches, in the dry state and dispersed in either ethanol or hexane, using a tapping method. The observed maximum packing fraction increases with tapping time to a constant value. Values measured for dry starches were lower than those measured in liquids and reflect the effects of granule shape and intergranular friction. Values measured in fluids for potato, corn, and wheat starches were all similar in magnitude, and in the range of values (0.58–0.63) for random loose packing and random close packing of monodisperse spheres. Values for amaranth and rice starches were significantly lower due to agglomeration and clumping of individual granules. Blends of corn and potato starches show a slight enhancement of packing, with some Φ m values greater than potato starch, consistent with data for bimodal blends of spheres. Blends of rice and potato starches displayed enhanced packing above ideal mixing but did not exceed the packing fraction of the potato starch. Knowledge of starch packing fractions is required for fundamental understanding of the rheological properties of granular starch‐filled materials and important for predicting processing characteristics.
A proposal to adopt Maxwell distribution as a measure of acoustic field diffuseness in a reverberation room (1999)

The existence of an acoustic velocity vector resultant field which follows Maxwell distribution in a reverberation room indicates 3-D diffuseness of the field. Therefore, Maxwell distribution is a better measure for the sound-field diffuseness than Gaussian distribution given by the acoustic pressure in the same room that does not have a directional information. A Gaussian distributed pressure field does not always give a satisfactory diffuseness. The acoustic velocity vector resultant was measured using total energy density sensor. Theoretical and experimental investigations are given to support this proposal.
Construction and Characterization of Novel, Completely Human Serine Protease Therapeutics Targeting Her2/neu (2013)

Immunotoxins containing bacterial or plant toxins have shown promise in cancer-targeted therapy, but their long-term clinical use may be hampered by vascular leak syndrome and immunogenicity of the toxin. We incorporated human granzyme B (GrB) as an effector and generated completely human chimeric fusion proteins containing the humanized anti-Her2/neu single-chain antibody 4D5 (designated GrB/4D5). Introduction of a pH-sensitive fusogenic peptide (designated GrB/4D5/26) resulted in comparatively greater specific cytotoxicity although both constructs showed similar affinity to Her2/neu-positive tumor cells. Compared with GrB/4D5, GrB/4D5/26 showed enhanced and long-lasting cellular uptake and improved delivery of GrB to the cytosol of target cells. Treatment with nanomolar concentrations of GrB/4D5/26 resulted in specific cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis, and efficient downregulation of PI3K/Akt and Ras/ERK pathways. The endogenous presence of the GrB proteinase inhibitor 9 did not impact the response of cells to the fusion construct. Surprisingly, tumor cells resistant to lapatinib or Herceptin, and cells expressing MDR-1 resistant to chemotherapeutic agents showed no cross-resistance to the GrB-based fusion proteins. Administration (intravenous, tail vein) of GrB/4D5/26 to mice bearing BT474 M1 breast tumors resulted in significant tumor suppression. In addition, tumor tissue excised from GrB/4D5/26-treated mice showed excellent delivery of GrB to tumors and a dramatic induction of apoptosis compared with saline treatment. This study clearly showed that the completely human, functionalized GrB construct can effectively target Her2/neu-expressing cells and displays impressive in vitro and in vivo activity. This construct should be evaluated further for clinical use.
A self-switchable Ag nanoreactor exhibiting outstanding catalytic properties (2013)

A highly efficient nanoreactor that contains silver nanoparticles in hollow silica spheres and an interpolymer network as a gate-keeper has been developed following a facile procedure. The fast "signal-triggered" switch of the smart network results in a high reactivity and a high response rate, yielding improved potential for many practical applications.
Proton magnetic resonance study of single-stranded and double-helical deoxyribooligonucleotides (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProton magnetic resonance study of single-stranded and double-helical deoxyribooligonucleotidesAnn D. Cross and Donald M. CrothersCite this: Biochemistry 1971, 10, 22, 4015–4023Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00798a002https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00798a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views49Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Elliptical cylindrical equivalent model for consolidation of unsaturated soil improved by PVD (2022)

Abstract To consider the shape effect of prefabricated vertical drain (PVD), the elliptical cylindrical equivalent model (ECEM) is established for the consolidation of unsaturated soft foundations improved by PVD. Then, the associated analytical solutions of excess pore‐air and pore‐water pressures are derived under free strain and equal strain conditions, respectively. The rationality of proposed solutions is verified by comparing them with the existing solutions. Through conducting the parametric study, the effects of the permeability coefficients and the extent of influence zone on the dissipation of excess pore pressure and the consolidation settlement are investigated. Outcomes show that there is a plateau during the dissipation process of the excess pore‐water pressure. The consolidation behavior is dominated by the dissipation of the excess pore‐air pressure before the plateau, while it is governed only by the dissipation of the excess pore‐water pressure after the plateau.
Polysulfone-novolac resist for electron-beam lithography: II. effects of resist formulation and processing (2002)

The goal of this work was to develop a resist material for high-keV (&gt;=10 keV) electron beam patterning with: (1) high sensitivity (~10 (mu) C/cm<SUP>2</SUP> 50 keV), (2) high contrast, and (3) etch resistance comparable to current optical resists. In this work, an approach was desired that used multi-component resist design to (1) decouple sensitivity from etch performance and to improve resist contrast but (2) avoided environmental stability problems. Therefore, a resist design first proposed by researchers at IBM in the late 1980s that uses an electron beam sensitive polymeric dissolution inhibitor (poly (2-methyl-1-pentene co 2-ethoxyethyl-methallyl ether sulfone)) in conjunction with novolac resins was explored in this work. Significant advancements have been made in high performance novolac resins used for advanced I-line resist materials since the original work performed at IBM. Thus, one of the primary reasons for reinvestigating this resist design is to evaluate the performance of resists formulated using polysulfone dissolution inhibitors in conjunction with such advanced novolac resins. In this work, the basic lithographic performance of sulfone-novolac system (SNS) resists formulated using modern novolac resins was evaluated and optimized by varying the resist film preparation and development conditions.
A new algebraic approach to microlocalization of filtered rings (1989)

Using the construction of the Rees ring associated to a filtered ring we provide a description of the microlocalization of the filtered ring by using only purely algebraic techniques. The method yields an easy approach towards the study of exactness properties of the microlocalization functor. Every microlocalization at a regular multiplicative Ore set in the associated graded ring can be obtained as the completion of a localization at an Ore set of the filtered ring.
Designing Better Membrane Modules Using CFD (2016)

Abstract In the last decades, a large number of studies have been carried out on the utilization of membranes in separation processes. However, most of these studies deal with material properties, experimental investigations and process modeling. Only quite a few authors utilized computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the flow and mass transfer in membrane modules. Using CFD it is possible to obtain spatially resolved information on the behavior of membrane modules, allowing for the investigation of geometric effects on the performance of the module. This includes e. g. the positioning of the permeate outlets, the flow alignment (co- and/or counter-current), the use of spacers and other mixing promoters and also the subject of concentration polarization close to the membrane surface. In our present study we made use of OpenFOAM®, which is a free open sourced CFD toolbox. The toolbox enables for introducing new solver code, membraneFoam, based on the standard multicomponent solver reactingFoam. In membraneFoam suitable source and sink terms have been added to account for trans-membrane flux – in this case based on the solution-diffusion model for glassy polymer gas permeation membranes. The solver has been preliminary validated using literature data obtained from a process simulation code. In a first stage of the research work the positioning of the permeate outlet and the flow alignment have been investigated for a hollow fiber gas permeation module. By adjusting the position of the permeate outlet the shell side flow can be co-current, counter-current or mixed type relative to the retentate flow inside the fibers. Since this influences the driving force for the trans-membrane flux, effects on the module performance are expected which have been analyzed using the described membraneFoam CFD approach.