gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bioavailability of metformin. Comparison of solution, rapidly dissolving tablet, and three sustained release products. (1986)

To study the bioavailability of metformin from aqueous solution (A), a rapidly dissolving tablet (B), and three sustained release products (D, C, E), a single oral dose (1.0 g) of these products was administered to six healthy volunteers in a randomized cross-over study. Plasma levels of metformin were followed up to 10 h and excretion into urine up to 48 h after the dose. The peak plasma levels after A and B were similar and significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than after C, D and E. The AUC was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher with A than with other products. The recovery of metformin in urine was 37%, 33%, 25%, 28% and 29% of the dose after A, B, C, D and E, respectively. The values of A and B were significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than those of C, D and E. The renal clearance of metformin was similar after all the products, averaging 518 +/- 16 (SE) ml/min. The terminal elimination half-life on the basis of urinary excretion rate data averaged 12.6 +/- 0.6 h with no significant difference between the products. The bioavailability on the basis of urinary excretion of metformin showed a significant (p less than 0.05) positive correlation to the dissolution rate of the products in vitro. Thus, the bioavailability of metformin even from aqueous solution and rapidly dissolving tablets is relatively low and further deteriorates when metformin is administered as sustained release products. The bioavailability of the three sustained release products studied was similar.
Study on the characteristics of TiN thin film deposited by the atomic layer chemical vapor deposition method (2000)

TiN film was deposited on Si substrate by using an atomic layer chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system. In this system, the TiCl4 and NH3 gases were supplied, separately and Ar purge gas was added between the source and reactant gases to suppress the direct reaction. The microstructure of TiN was observed to be the columnar grain structure. The chemical species was analized by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and the Cl content in TiN film was detected below the detection limit of AES which was below 0.5%. The density of film grown at 450 °C measured by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy was 4.85 g/cm3 and decreased as the process temperature decreased. The resistivity of this TiN was about 75 μΩ cm, which was very low compared to TiN film grown by other CVD methods. The step coverage of TiN film showed almost 100% conformality at 450 °C.
Velocity estimation using quantized measurements (2004)

This paper compares algorithms for velocity estimation for feedback control using position encoder measurements. Simulations and experiments for position-velocity control of motors using both fixed-time and fixed-displacement algorithms are compared for various operating conditions. While no single approach is optimal for all situations, least-squares fit algorithms are promising in general. Mathematical models are developed to predict the performances of the algorithms. Specifically, upper bounds on absolute and relative errors for each of the algorithms under different constant velocity and constant acceleration conditions are derived. The algorithms are extensively tested in simulation and also on data obtained from an experimental setup consisting of a motor, two encoders with different resolutions, and a real-time feedback control system. The theory and simulations are confirmed by experimental results.
Altenusin, a biphenyl isolated from the endophytic fungusAlternariasp., inhibits trypanothione reductase fromTrypanosoma cruzi (2008)

Parasitic protozoan species belonging to the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania are the etiological agents of several diseases in tropical areas of the world, for which there is an urgent need for effective and affordable treatment. In this regard, we are screening the Brazilian biodiversity, especially its flora and mycota, for natural products that could serve as leads for drug development against these diseases. Trypanothione reductase (TR) is an enzyme involved in the protection of Trypanosoma and Leishmania species against oxidative stress, and is considered to be a validated drug target. The endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. (UFMGCB55) was isolated from the plant Trixis vauthieri DC (Asteraceae), known to contain trypanocidal compounds. The organic extract of the culture of Alternaria sp. was able to inhibit TR by 99%, when tested at 20 microg mL(-1). Fractionation of the extract identified altenusin, a biphenyl derivative with an IC50 value of 4.3+/-0.3 microM in the TR assay. This compound is the first in its class to have shown TR inhibitory activity, opening new perspectives for the design of more effective derivatives that could serve as drug leads for new chemotherapeutic agents to treat trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.
Pten haploinsufficient mice show broad brain overgrowth but selective impairments in autism-relevant behavioral tests (2014)

Accelerated head and brain growth (macrocephaly) during development is a replicated biological finding in a subset of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the relationship between brain overgrowth and the behavioral and cognitive symptoms of ASD is poorly understood. The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway regulates cellular growth; several genes encoding negative regulators of this pathway are ASD risk factors, including PTEN. Mutations in PTEN have been reported in individuals with ASD and macrocephaly. We report that brain overgrowth is widespread in Pten germline haploinsufficient (Pten(+/-)) mice, reflecting Pten mRNA expression in the developing brain. We then ask if broad brain overgrowth translates into general or specific effects on the development of behavior and cognition by testing Pten(+/-) mice using assays relevant to ASD and comorbidities. Deficits in social behavior were observed in both sexes. Males also showed abnormalities related to repetitive behavior and mood/anxiety. Females exhibited circadian activity and emotional learning phenotypes. Widespread brain overgrowth together with selective behavioral impairments in Pten(+/-) mice raises the possibility that most brain areas and constituent cell types adapt to an altered trajectory of growth with minimal impact on the behaviors tested in our battery; however, select areas/cell types relevant to social behavior are more vulnerable or less adaptable, thus resulting in social deficits. Probing dopaminergic neurons as a candidate vulnerable cell type, we found social behavioral impairments in mice with Pten conditionally inactivated in dopaminergic neurons that are consistent with the possibility that desynchronized growth in key cell types may contribute to ASD endophenotypes.
Soft processing for formation of self-assembled monolayer on hydrogen-terminated silicon surface based on visible-light excitation (2009)

Visible-light irradiation has been employed to promote a chemical reaction of 1-hexadecene with hydrogen-terminated silicon, yielding alkyl chains directly immobilized on bulk silicon surface. The resulting monolayer, that is, one type of self-assembled monolayer, was examined with water contact angle measurements, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and ellipsometry. While a part of the silicon surface was oxidized during the reaction, it was demonstrated that a compact monolayer was successfully formed both on p- and n-typed silicon substrates regardless of doping density.
Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Nanotubes with Well-Separated Layers of Boron Nitride and Carbon (1997)

Polyhedral and tubular graphitic nanoparticles made of carbon layers and boron nitride (BN) layers have been synthesized. These particles were observed in the soot collected on the anode deposit formed by arcing a hafnium diboride rod with graphite in a nitrogen atmosphere. Elemental profiles with subnanometer-scale resolution revealed a strong phase separation between BN layers and carbon layers along the radial direction. Most of these tubes have a sandwich structure with carbon layers both in the center and at the periphery, separated by a few BN layers. This structure provides insight into the atomistic mechanism of nanotube growth in the boron-carbon-nitrogen ternary system and may lead to the creation of nanostructured electronic devices relying on the controlled production of heteroatomic nanotubes.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) and SNP-SNP Interactions of the Surfactant Protein Genes Are Associated With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in a Mexican Study Group; Comparison With Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (2022)

Surfactant proteins (SPs) are important for normal lung function and innate immunity of the lungs and their genes have been identified with significant genetic variability. Changes in quantity or quality of SPs due to genetic mutations or natural genetic variability may alter their functions and contribute to the host susceptibility for particular diseases. Alternatively, SP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can serve as markers to identify disease risk or response to therapies, as shown for other genes in a number of other studies. In the current study, we evaluated associations of <i>SFTP</i> SNPs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) by studying novel computational models where the epistatic effects (dominant, additive, recessive) of SNP-SNP interactions could be evaluated, and then compared the results with a previously published hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) study where the same novel models were used. Mexican Hispanic patients (IPF=84 & HP=75) and 194 healthy control individuals were evaluated. The goal was to identify SP SNPs and SNP-SNP interactions that associate with IPF as well as SNPs and interactions that may be unique to each of these interstitial diseases or common between them. We observed: 1) in terms of IPF, i) three single <i>SFTPA1</i> SNPs to associate with decreased IPF risk, ii) three <i>SFTPA1</i> haplotypes to associate with increased IPF risk, and iii) a number of three-SNP interactions to associate with IPF susceptibility. 2) Comparison of IPF and HP, i) three <i>SFTPA1</i> and one <i>SFTPB</i> SNP associated with decreased risk in IPF but increased risk in HP, and one <i>SFTPA1</i> SNP associated with decreased risk in both IPF and HP, ii) a number of three-SNP interactions with the same or different effect pattern associated with IPF and/or HP susceptibility, iii) one of the three-SNP interactions that involved SNPs of <i>SFTPA1</i>, <i>SFTPA2</i>, and <i>SFTPD</i>, with the same effect pattern, was associated with a disease-specific outcome, a decreased and increased risk in HP and IPF, respectively. This is the first study that compares the SP gene variants in these two phenotypically similar diseases. Our findings indicate that SNPs of all <i>SFTPs</i> may play an important role in the genetic susceptibility to IPF and HP. Importantly, IPF and HP share some SP genetic variants, suggesting common pathophysiological mechanisms and pathways regarding surfactant biogenesis, but also some differences, highlighting the diverse underlying pathogenic mechanisms between an inflammatory-driven fibrosis (HP) and an epithelial-driven fibrosis (IPF). Alternatively, the significant SNPs identified here, along with SNPs of other genes, could serve as markers to distinguish these two devastating diseases.
Cell proliferation is related to in vitro drug resistance in childhood acute leukaemia (2003)

Bone marrow and peripheral blood samples from 362 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) proliferating cell and 90 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were analysed for S-phase fractions, Ki67 antigen, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. The S-phase fractions were correlated with in vitro drug resistance to 15 different anticancer agents. Leukaemia cells isolated from bone marrow had higher S-phase fractions than leukaemia cells isolated from peripheral blood (in initial ALL, median values resp. 6.9 and 2.7%, in initial AML resp. 5.3 and 1.3%; both P<0.01). Relapse ALL samples derived from bone marrow showed increased S-phase fractions (median 9.9%) compared with initial ALL samples (median 6.9%; P<0.01). ALL samples obtained at initial diagnosis showed higher S-phase fractions (median 6.9%) and higher Ki67 expression (median 30%) than initial AML samples (median resp. 5.3 and 14%; both P<0.05). The S-phase fractions were not related to white blood cell count, age, or gender. Within initial ALL, the S-phase fraction correlated significantly but modestly strong (rho=0.3-0.5; P<0.05) with sensitivity to antimetabolites (cytarabine, mercaptopurine, thioguanine), L-asparaginase, teniposide, and vincristine. Similar results were found within subgroups of initial ALL (nonhyperdiploid and common/precursor-B-lineage ALL). In relapsed ALL and AML such correlations were not found. In conclusion, cell proliferation differs between leukaemia subgroups and increased proliferation is associated with increased in vitro sensitivity to several anticancer agents in initial ALL.
Two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite field-effect transistors with polymers as bottom-gate dielectrics (2019)

High-performance bottom-gate 2D-layered (PEA)<sub>2</sub>SnI<sub>4</sub> field-effect transistors have been fabricated using PVA/CL-PVP as gate dielectric layers.
Improved performance of 264 nm emission AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (2008)

AlGaN-based multiple-quantum-well light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with peak emission at UV-C region of 264 nm were successfully gown on AlN template using metal organic chemical vapour deposition. It was found that a subband emission around 320 nm can be drastically reduced by inserting a thin 1 nm-thick AlN interlayer between the active region and p-type layers. This is presumably a result of the suppression of electron overflow or Mg diffusion. It was also observed that the output power in LEDs was increased up to more than 20 times by changing the layer construction.
A spatiotemporal study of bacterial community profiles associated with Atlantic bluefin tuna larvae,Thunnus thynnusL., in three Mediterranean hatcheries (2012)

During the first 2 years of larval rearing trials with Atlantic bluefin tuna, survival was a challenging issue. As bacterial colonization of the gut has been shown to play a key role for other species, we studied the profiles of the microbiota associated with individual larvae at different stages in three distant hatcheries. The Bacterial Community Profile (BCP) was quantified based on PCR-DGGE analyses of partial amplicons from 16S rDNA. Considerable individual variability in BCP was observed before onset of feeding, and the BCP did not show regular fluctuation during ontogenesis. Microalgae were added to the rearing tanks in two of the three hatcheries, but it was not possible to distinguish the effect of location from the effect of algal addition on BCP. In one hatchery, the larvae were reared either with algal addition or in mesocosm, but due to high individual variability, no significant difference in BCP was detected between the two groups. It was hypothesized that this variability was caused by differences in health, physiological status and developmental stage of the larvae. A practical conclusion from the study is the need to analyse a considerable number of individuals to reflect statistically significant differences between the microbial communities associated with rearing groups.
Cryptosporidium Log-inactivation with Ozone Using Effluent CT10, Geometric Mean CT10, Extended Integrated CT10and Extended CSTR Calculations (2005)

Abstract The draft Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) contains Cryptosporidium log-inactivation CT tables (ozone-in-water concentration [residual], "C" times contact time, T). Depending on water temperature, Cryptosporidium CT values that are listed are 15 to 25 times greater than CT values for equivalent Giardia log-inactivation credit. The elevated operating dose required for Cryptosporidium log-inactivation credit has the potential to increase disinfection by-product (DBP) formation (e.g., bromate). Calculating CT value accurately will minimize ozone dose, which will decrease operating cost and lower DBP formation, and at the same time maintain disinfection protection through implementation of scientifically based safety factors. Various methods are available for calculating CT value. The method chosen depends largely on the available information concerning ozone residual characteristics and hydrodynamic features of the ozone contactor, plus local regulatory requirements. Four methods are discussed in this paper. Each method can be used to calculate Giardia, virus, and Cryptosporidium log-inactivation credit. Keywords: OzoneDisinfectionCT Giardia Cryptosporidium VirusRegulationsExtended CSTRGeometric Mean Notes NOTE: CT10 is defined in Appendix O as ozone-in-water concentration (residual), "C", multiplied by T10 contact time – i.e., hydraulic detention time (i.e., contactor volume ÷ water flow) multiplied by T10/T ratio (sometimes called baffling ratio or short-circuiting factor). In this paper the letter "T" for detention time is used in order to be consistent with nomenclature contained in EPA publications. It is noted that "T" for detention time should not be confused with temperature, which is termed "Temp" in this paper).
Misleading the deaf community about cochlear implantation in children. (1995)

Activists are misleading the deaf community in an effort to generate opposition to cochlear implants in children. Their methods include both misinformation and the use of inflammatory, illogical rhetoric. To date they have been successful in causing anger, frustration, and overt violence among the culturally deaf with the use of such terms as "genocide" and "child abuse." Because the average reading level of a deaf residential high school graduate is at the third or fourth grade level, a small elite is able to control the interpretation and flow of complex information to many deaf people. It is a challenge to make accurate information, both positive and negative, accessible directly to deaf society. Just as the deaf have abandoned opposition to cochlear implants in adults, the same might be expected to occur in children when they and their parents become aware of the results of implantation.
Radio Frequency Circuit Design (2001)

Preface. Communication Channel. Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors. Impedance Matching. Multiport Circuit Parameters and Transmission Lines. Filter Design and Approximation. Transmission Line Transformers. Class A Amplifiers. Noise. RF Power Amplifiers. Oscillators and Harmonic Generators. RF Mixers. Phase Lock Loops. Emerging Technology. Appendix A: Example of a Solenoid Design. Appendix B: Analytical Spiral Inductor Model. Appendix C: Double--Tuned Matching Circuit Example. Appendix D: Two--Port Parameter Conversion. Appendix E: Termination of a Transistor Port with a Load. Appendix F: Transistor and Amplifier Formulas. Appendix G: Transformed Frequency Domain Measurements Using Spice. Appendix H: Single--Tone Intermodulation Distortion Suppression for Double--Balanced Mixers. Index.
The Green Edge cruise: investigating the marginal ice zone processes during late spring and early summer to understand the fate of the Arctic phytoplankton bloom (2022)

Abstract. The Green Edge project was designed to investigate the onset, life, and fate of a phytoplankton spring bloom (PSB) in the Arctic Ocean. The lengthening of the ice-free period and the warming of seawater, amongst other factors, have induced major changes in Arctic Ocean biology over the last decades. Because the PSB is at the base of the Arctic Ocean food chain, it is crucial to understand how changes in the Arctic environment will affect it. Green Edge was a large multidisciplinary, collaborative project bringing researchers and technicians from 28 different institutions in seven countries together, aiming at understanding these changes and their impacts on the future. The fieldwork for the Green Edge project took place over two years (2015 and 2016) and was carried out from both an ice camp and a research vessel in Baffin Bay, in the Canadian Arctic. This paper describes the sampling strategy and the dataset obtained from the research cruise, which took place aboard the Canadian Coast Guard ship (CCGS) Amundsen in late spring and early summer 2016. The sampling strategy was designed around the repetitive, perpendicular crossing of the marginal ice zone (MIZ), using not only ship-based station discrete sampling but also high-resolution measurements from autonomous platforms (Gliders, BGC-Argo floats …) and under-way monitoring systems. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.17882/86417 (Bruyant et al., 2022).
Interference optics for lasers and parametric oscillators emitting in the middle-IR range (1997)

A wide range of film materials, suitable for the fabrication of interference optics for the middle-IR range, was investigated. The selected film pair (YF3—ZnS) had minimal internal porosity, low mechanical stresses, and good adhesion to substrates made of quartz, fluorite, barium fluoride, and leucosapphire. Experiments were used to determine the optimal film deposition procedures so as to minimise the residual microporosity, mechanical stresses, and losses resulting from diffuse scattering and absorption. Highly reflecting and output mirrors were made for the middle-IR range, as well as mirrors for an optical parametric oscillator (λ=3.5–12 mm) and antireflection coatings for a nonlinear GaSe crystal. The optical strength of such coatings was 25–30 J cm-2. The interference optics developed in this way was used in an optical parametric oscillator with a GaSe crystal emitting at 4.2 mm when pumped with λ = 2.12 μm radiation.
Reverse transcription in the eukaryotic genome: retroviruses, pararetroviruses, retrotransposons, and retrotranscripts. (1985)

Recent studies indicate that greater than 10% of the human and mouse genome appears to consist of integrated DNA copies of RNA molecules. These sequences include retroviruses, retrovirus-like DNAs, retrotransposons, and retrotranscripts and represent more than 500,000 separate integration events. The nature of the enzymes used for the reverse transcription from RNA to DNA and for integration of the DNA copies into chromosomal DNA is unknown. A major evolutionary effect of these integrations would have been mutation. Thus, present-day organisms are those that survived this mutational load.
Wideband high-efficiency linearized PA design with reduction in memory effects and IMD3 (2018)

ABSTRACT An analytical method is proposed to reduce the memory effects and third-order intermodulation distortions for improving the linearity of wideband power amplifier (PA). An excellent linearity can be obtained by reducing the second-harmonic output power levels and reducing the envelope voltage components in the megahertz range. An improved wideband Chebyshev low-pass matching network including the bias network is analyzed and designed to validate the proposed method. The measured results indicate that a wideband high-efficiency linearized PA is realized from 1.35 to 2.45 GHz (fractional bandwidth = 58%) with power added efficiency of 60–78%, power gain of 10.8–12.3 dB, and output power of 40.0–41.2 dBm. For a 20 MHz LTE modulated signal, the adjacent channel leakage ratios (ACLRs) of the proposed PA with digital pre-distortion (DPD) linearization are −55.7 ~ −53.9 dBc across 1.5–2.4 GHz at an average output power of 32.4–33.6 dBm. For a 40 MHz two-carrier LTE modulated signal, the ACLRs of the proposed PA with DPD linearization are −51.1 ~ −48.2 dBc at an average output power of ~30.5 dBm in the frequency range from 1.5 GHz to 2.4 GHz.