gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the top quark pair production cross section in dilepton final states containing one τ lepton in pp collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV (2020)

A bstract The cross section of top quark pair production is measured in the $$ \mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\to \left(\ell {\nu}_{\ell}\right)\left({\uptau}_{\mathrm{h}}{\nu}_{\uptau}\right)\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>h</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> final state, where τ h refers to the hadronic decays of the τ lepton, and ℓ is either an electron or a muon. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb − 1 collected in proton-proton collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math> = 13 TeV with the CMS detector. The measured cross section is $$ {\sigma}_{\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> = 781 ± 7 (stat) ± 62 (syst) ± 20 (lumi) pb, and the ratio of the partial width Γ(t → τ ν τ b) to the total decay width of the top quark is measured to be 0 . 1050 ± 0 . 0009 (stat) ± 0 . 0071 (syst). This is the first measurement of the $$ \mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> production cross section in proton-proton collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math> = 13 TeV that explicitly includes τ leptons. The ratio of the cross sections in the ℓτ h and ℓℓ final states yields a value $$ {R}_{\ell {\uptau}_{\mathrm{h}}/\mathcal{ll}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>h</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ll</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> = 0 . 973 ± 0 . 009 (stat) ± 0 . 066 (syst), consistent with lepton universality.
Randomized placebo- and active-controlled study of desvenlafaxine for menopausal vasomotor symptoms (2011)

Desvenlafaxine did not separate from placebo in reducing the number of moderate to severe hot flushes at week 12, although it did allow women to achieve 50% reduction sooner than placebo. Tibolone did separate from placebo, but with smaller than expected effect. The placebo effect was high (57%). Adverse drug reactions were consistent with the known safety profile of desvenlafaxine, and significantly more women who received tibolone experienced episodes of bleeding compared with women who received desvenlafaxine or placebo.
Performance-based regulation model in PJM wholesale markets (2014)

To provide sufficient incentives to faster-ramping resources and ensure efficient economic dispatch of regulation resources, in 2011 the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued Order 755-Frequency Regulation Compensation in the Organized Wholesale Power Markets. The order requires for an additional market-based payment for actual performance, which is separated from the existing payment for regulation capability. Prior to Order 755, frequency regulation compensation practices of Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs) and Independent System Operators (ISOs) only considered a capacity payment which cannot provide the correct and sufficient incentive for regulation resources to respond to a frequency control signal timely, accurately and precisely. In early 2012, PJM and ALSTOM Grid launched a project to integrate the regulation performance model into the PJM RealTime (RT) markets. The technical software has been operating in the PJM production environment since October 1, 2012. This paper focuses on the integration of the performance based regulation model into the PJM RT business processes and the subsequent studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of market clearing and pricing with consideration of performance of regulation resources. The results indicate that with the model, regulation resources with better performance can be acknowledged and compensated reasonably.
Ca2+ effects on ethylene, carbon dioxide and 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid synthase activity (1986)

The response of pericarp disks from ripening tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Traveler‘76) to CaCl 2 , additions was studied to determine the effect of Ca 2+ on ethylene and CO 2 production. Application of 5 m M CaCl 2 resulted in a 2, 20, 33, 39, and 50% increase in ethylene production in disks obtained from preclimacteric minimum, climacteric rise, climacteric peak, one, and two days postclimacteric fruit, respectively. CaCl 2 concentrations of 10 and 50 m M gave no additional stimulation of ethylene production; CO 2 production at 5 m M CaCl 2 was not different from controls, but is increased at 10 and 50m M CaCl 2 . CaCl 2 also increased ethylene production in disks treated with 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) or aminoethoxy‐vinylglycine. Chloride salts of K + , Na + , Mg 2+ , Sr 2+ and La 3+ did not stimulate ethylene production. SrCl 2 stimulated ethylene production to a lesser degree than CaCl 2 . Disks from potato ( Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Katahdin) tubers produced greater quantities of ethylene and ACC when 5 m M CaCl 2 was included in the incubation medium (K. B. Evensen, 1983. Physiol. Plant. 60:125–128). Ca 2+ ‐treated disks had more than three times as much ACC synthase activity as control disks after 18 to 24 h incubation, when ethylene and ACC were maximal. The apparent K m for S‐adenosylmethionine was 13 μ M at 29°C, pH 8.0 in extracts from both Ca 2+ ‐treated and control disks. Inclusion of 1 to 50 m M CaCl 2 in the assay medium did not significantly affect enzyme activity. ACC synthase extracted from control and Ca 2+ ‐treated disks had a pH optimum of 8.5 and an apparent molecular weight of 72 kdalton, estimated by gel filtration. It is likely that the presence of Ca 2+ in the buffer allows greater synthesis of ACC synthase as part of the wound‐healing response in potato, while in tomato the predominant effect is on membrane stabilization.
Reynolds number effects on scale energy balance in wall turbulence (2012)

The scale energy budget utilizes a modified version of the classical Kolmogorov equation of wall turbulence to develop an evolution equation for the second order structure function [R. J. Hill, “Exact second-order structure-function relationships,” J. Fluid Mech. 468, 317 (2002)]. This methodology allows for the simultaneous characterization of the energy cascade and spatial fluxes in turbulent shear flows across the entire physical domain as well as the range of scales. The present study utilizes this methodology to characterize the effects of Reynolds number on the balance of energy fluxes in turbulent channel flows. Direct numerical simulation data in the range Reτ = 300–934 are compared to previously published results at Reτ = 180 [N. Marati, C. M. Casciola, and R. Piva, “Energy cascade and spatial fluxes in wall turbulence,” J. Fluid Mech. 521, 191 (2004)]. The present results show no Reynolds number effects in the terms of the scale energy budget in either the viscous sublayer or buffer regions of the channel. In the logarithmic layer, the transfer of energy across scales clearly varies with Reynolds number, while the production of turbulent kinetic energy is not dependent on Reynolds number. An envelope of inverse energy cascade is quantified in the buffer region within which energy is transferred from small to larger scales. This envelope is observed in the range 6 &amp;lt; y+ &amp;lt; 37, where all scales except the smallest scales display characteristics of an inverse energy cascade. The cross-over scale lc+, which indicates the transition between production dominated and scale transfer dominated regimes, increases with Reynolds number, implying a larger range of transfer dominated scales, before the dominant mechanism switches to production. At higher Reynolds numbers, two distinct regimes of lc+ as a function of wall-normal location are observed, which was not captured at Reτ = 180. The variations of lc+ match the trends of the shear scale, which is a representation of the mean shear in the flow. Thus, this study demonstrates the utility and importance of the use of higher Reynolds number data in order to accurately characterize and understand the energy dynamics of various scales across the entire boundary layer.
How particle shape affects the flow through granular materials (2012)

Flow through the pores of granular materials has many instances in practice. Therefore, it is interesting to realize how some parameters, such as the shape of the particles affect the passing flow. Following the recent mathematical theory proposed by the authors, this paper deals with the issue of how tortuosity and permeability are influenced by the particle shape. Comparison of the results with the experimental data reveals the competency of the theory in predicting the impact of particle geometry.
A Retinoic Acid-Responsive Element in Human Midkine Gene1 (1995)

Midkine is a growth/differentiation factor which is found as a product of a retinoic acid-responsive gene. The 2.3-kb upstream sequence of the human MK gene has cis acting elements which confer retinoic acid-induced expression of fused chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT) gene in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. In the 5'-region of the human gene, a sequence resembling the DR5-type retinoic acid-responsive element (AGGTCA-related direct repeats separated by 5 nucleotides) was present in a small block of highly homologous 5'-sequences shared by the human and mouse genes. Deletion of this direct repeat reduced retinoic acid-induced CAT gene expression. The core element in the human gene differs from the consensus sequence of retinoic acid-responsive element in two nucleotides and from the retinoic acid responsive element of the mouse MK gene in one nucleotide.
Enhancing nuclear power plant performance through the use of artificial intelligence. Second annual report, June 1, 1989--May 31, 1990 (1990)

The objective of this research is to advance the state-of-the-art of applying artificial intelligence technology (both expert systems and neural networks) to enhancing the performance (safety, efficiency, control and management) of nuclear power plants. A second, but equally important, objective is to build a broadly based critical mass of expertise in the artificial intelligence field that can be brought to bear on the technology of nuclear power plants. This means the production of graduates at the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. levels in Nuclear Engineering and related fields. The research undertaken for this program is particularly appropriate for the M.S. theses and Ph.D. dissertations. A third objective is to transfer the technology developed to the ``nuclear power community,`` as well as the ``scientific and technological community,`` through publications in appropriate journals and proceedings and through presentations at national and international meetings.
Synthesis of an Epoxy Monomer from Bio-Based 2,5-Furandimethanol and Its Toughening via Diels–Alder Reaction (2017)

A bio-based epoxy 2,5-bis[(2-oxiranylmethoxy)methyl]-furan (BOF) has been synthesized from 2,5-furandimethanol and toughened by its Diels–Alder (DA) reaction adduct DA-BOF, which contained a flexible pendant chain. The chemical structures of the synthesized monomers were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR). The thermal reversibility of DA-BOF was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. On the basis of the UV–vis results, the degree of retro Diels–Alder reaction was determined to be 25–27% in different cured systems. The study of the mechanical properties indicated that when the content of DA-BOF reached 50%, an 85% increase in impact strength could be obtained without seriously sacrificing its tensile strength or modulus. The strategy described in this work could help us to achieve a bio-based epoxy resin with increased impact strength and nearly unaffected tensile properties.
Reovirus FAST Proteins Drive Pore Formation and Syncytiogenesis Using a Novel Helix-Loop-Helix Fusion-Inducing Lipid Packing Sensor (2015)

Pore formation is the most energy-demanding step during virus-induced membrane fusion, where high curvature of the fusion pore rim increases the spacing between lipid headgroups, exposing the hydrophobic interior of the membrane to water. How protein fusogens breach this thermodynamic barrier to pore formation is unclear. We identified a novel fusion-inducing lipid packing sensor (FLiPS) in the cytosolic endodomain of the baboon reovirus p15 fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein that is essential for pore formation during cell-cell fusion and syncytiogenesis. NMR spectroscopy and mutational studies indicate the dependence of this FLiPS on a hydrophobic helix-loop-helix structure. Biochemical and biophysical assays reveal the p15 FLiPS preferentially partitions into membranes with high positive curvature, and this partitioning is impeded by bis-ANS, a small molecule that inserts into hydrophobic defects in membranes. Most notably, the p15 FLiPS can be functionally replaced by heterologous amphipathic lipid packing sensors (ALPS) but not by other membrane-interactive amphipathic helices. Furthermore, a previously unrecognized amphipathic helix in the cytosolic domain of the reptilian reovirus p14 FAST protein can functionally replace the p15 FLiPS, and is itself replaceable by a heterologous ALPS motif. Anchored near the cytoplasmic leaflet by the FAST protein transmembrane domain, the FLiPS is perfectly positioned to insert into hydrophobic defects that begin to appear in the highly curved rim of nascent fusion pores, thereby lowering the energy barrier to stable pore formation.
Local Learned Dictionaries Optimized to Edge Orientation for Inverse Halftoning (2014)

A method is proposed for fully restoring local image structures of an unknown continuous-tone patch from an input halftoned patch with homogenously distributed dot patterns, based on a locally learned dictionary pair via feature clustering. First, many training sets consisting of paired halftone and continuous-tone patches are collected, and then histogram-of- oriented-gradient (HOG) feature vectors that describe the edge orientations are calculated from every continuous-tone patch, to group the training sets. Next, a dictionary learning algorithm is separately conducted on the categorized training sets, to obtain the halftone and continuous-tone dictionary pairs, optimized to edge-oriented patch representation. Finally, an adaptively smoothing filter is applied to the input halftone patch, to predict the HOG feature vector of an unknown continuous-tone patch, and to select one of the previously learned dictionary pairs, based on the Euclidean distance between the HOG mean feature vectors of the grouped training sets and the predicted HOG vector. In addition to using the local dictionary pairs, a patch fusion technique is used to reduce some artifacts, such as color noise and overemphasized edges on smooth regions. Experimental results show that the use of the paired dictionary selected by the local edge orientation and patch fusion technique not only reduced the artifacts in smooth regions, but also provided well expressed fine details and outlines, especially in the areas of textures, lines, and regular patterns.
Pathogenicity, aggressiveness, and virulence of three species of Cercospora associated with gray leaf spot of maize (2006)

In the eastern United States, three genetical- ly distinct species of Cercospora, the two sibling species of C. zeae-maydis (types I and II) and C. sorghi var. may- dis, are routinely isolated from maize leaves exhibiting symptoms of gray leaf spot (GLS). To determine if resis- tance to GLS is species specific, we conducted field trials comparing four commercially available maize hybrids for resistance to four isolates of C. zeae-maydis type I, three isolates of C. zeae-maydis type II, two isolates of C. sorghi var. maydis, as well as isolates of C. sorghi from Sorghum spp., and C. kikuchii from soybean. Isolates within each of the two sibling species of C. zeae-maydis were highly variable in their aggressiveness on the hy- brids. Resistance in maize to GLS appears to be equally effective against both type I and type II of C. zeae-may- dis. Neither of the two isolates of C. sorghi var. maydis isolated from maize, the C. sorghi isolates, nor C. kikuchii were pathogenic on maize. These results indicate that ag- gressive isolates, regardless of which sibling species of C. zeae-maydis, should be used to select for GLS resistance in field trials.
The connected user interface (2004)

Navigation services can be found in different situations and contexts: while connected to the web through a desktop PC, in cars, and more recently on PDAs while on foot. These services are usually well designed for their specific purpose, but fail to work in other situations. In this paper we present an approach that connects a variety of specialized user interfaces to achieve a personal navigation service spanning different situations. We describe the concepts behind the \bf BPN (BMW Personal Navigator), an entirely implemented system that combines a desktop event and route planner, a car navigation system, and a multi-modal, in- and outdoor pedestrian navigation system for a PDA. Rather than designing for one unified UI, we focus on connecting specialized UIs for desktop, in-car and on-foot use.
Mitochondria underlie different metabolism of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (2013)

It is becoming increasingly clear that hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a heterogeneous set of cells with a diversity of functional states despite (so far seemingly) immunophenotypically identical cells. Long-term (LT-) HSC, those endowed with long-lasting self-renewal, have been shown to differ from more differentiated cells in energy metabolism. LT-HSC reside in a hypoxic microenvironment1 in the bone marrow and preferentially use glycolysis to obtain energy.2 Adjusting oxygen bioavailability and transitions between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism might be one of the ways by which HSC niche cells, such as sub-endothelial nestin+ mesenchymal stem cells,3 regulate HSC behavior. Intriguingly, nestin+ mesenchymal stem cells are directly regulated by sympathetic nerve fibers, which control blood flow, oxygen availability and also circadian HSC traffic.4 The role of the microenvironment in regulating HSC metabolism is, therefore, an exciting area of research.
The preparation and physicochemical characterization of an injectable form of reconstituted, glutaraldehyde cross‐linked, bovine corium collagen (1986)

Pepsin-solubilized bovine corium collagen was purified, reconstituted, and treated with various levels of glutaraldehyde. Treatment of suspensions of fibrillar collagen with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde appeared to have little effect on the gross morphology of fibrils, as judged by electron microscopy, but did have a significant impact on their physicochemical stability. Fibrillar collagen treated with glutaraldehyde at a concentration equal to or greater than 0.0075% demonstrated significant decreases in neutral solubility at elevated temperatures as compared to noncross-linked controls. Differential scanning calorimetry provided a convenient and quantitative means to correlate increases in melting temperature with increases in glutaraldehyde treatment concentration. Fibrillar collagen cross-linked with glutaraldehyde concentrations as low as 0.0075% demonstrated a significantly greater resistance to proteolytic degradation than did noncross-linked fibrillar collagen samples. The residual, extractable aldehyde content of such preparations was between 1 and 3 ppm. Rheological measurements on such cross-linked suspensions demonstrated that they were non-Newtonian, shear-thinning fluids, and that they were two- to threefold more viscous than corresponding preparations of noncross-linked collagen.
Partial characterization of the epitope on excretory-secretory products of Fasciola hepatica recognized by monoclonal antibody ES78. (1998)

This report contains a partial characterization of the epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody (MAb) ES78 produced against excretory-secretory (ES) antigens of Fasciola hepatica. ES78 is currently used for the detection of ES antigens in serum and stool samples of cattle and humans with fasciolosis, using a highly sensitive and specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The epitope was characterized by periodate oxidation, alkaline borohydride reduction, trichloroacetic acid precipitation, beta-mercaptoethanol treatment, and enzymatic proteolysis. These results, together with those of the 2-site ELISA, lectin immunoassays, and beta-galactosidase digestion, showed that MAb ES78 reacts with a partly protein/partly carbohydrate antigenic determinant that is found on several ES molecules of adult specimens of F. hepatica and contains at least 1 disulfide bond and beta-galactose probably as galactose-beta(1-3)-N-acetylgalactosamine disaccharide.
Shape and Pose Estimation for Closely Interacting Persons Using Multi‐view Images (2018)

Abstract Multi‐person pose and shape estimation is very challenging, especially when the persons have close interactions. Existing methods only work well when people are well spaced out in the captured images. However, close interaction among people is very common in real life, which is more challenge due to complex articulation, frequent occlusion and inherent ambiguities. We present a fully‐automatic markerless motion capture method to simultaneously estimate 3D poses and shapes of closely interacting people from multi‐view sequences. We first predict the 2D joints for each person in an image, and then design a spatio‐temporal tracker for multi‐person pose tracking based on multi‐view videos. Finally, we estimate 3D poses and shapes of all the persons with multi‐view constraints using a skinned multi‐person linear model (SMPL). Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves fast but accurate pose and shape estimation results for multi‐person close interaction cases. Compared with existing methods, our method does not need pre‐segmentation for each person and manual intervention, which greatly reduces the complexity of the system including time complexity and system processing complexity.
Methods for achieving high speed acid copper electroplating in the PCB industry (2001)

Significant reductions in the cycle time for the desmear, “making holes conductive” and imaging stages of the printed circuit board manufacturing process have been achieved by the use of horizontal conveyorised techniques. If these savings in time are to be fully realised, it is also necessary to have a high-speed acid copper electroplating process that, by implication, must be capable of operating at very high current densities. This paper outlines the fundamental electrochemical principles of acid copper electroplating and explains how these impact on high speed electroplating in terms of the electrolyte chemistry, the construction of the plating cell and the method in which the current is delivered (i.e. DC or pulse).