gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic detection of small lung nodules on CT utilizing a local density maximum algorithm (2003)

Increasingly, computed tomography (CT) offers higher resolution and faster acquisition times. This has resulted in the opportunity to detect small lung nodules, which may represent lung cancers at earlier and potentially more curable stages. However, in the current clinical practice, hundreds of such thin-sectional CT images are generated for each patient and are evaluated by a radiologist in the traditional sense of looking at each image in the axial mode. This results in the potential to miss small nodules and thus potentially miss a cancer. In this paper, we present a computerized method for automated identification of small lung nodules on multislice CT (MSCT) images. The method consists of three steps: (i) separation of the lungs from the other anatomic structures, (ii) detection of nodule candidates in the extracted lungs, and (iii) reduction of false-positives among the detected nodule candidates. A three-dimensional lung mask can be extracted by analyzing density histogram of volumetric chest images followed by a morphological operation. Higher density structures including nodules scattered throughout the lungs can be identified by using a local density maximum algorithm. Information about nodules such as size and compact shape are then incorporated into the algorithm to reduce the detected nodule candidates which are not likely to be nodules. The method was applied to the detection of computer simulated small lung nodules (2 to 7 mm in diameter) and achieved a sensitivity of 84.2% with, on average, five false-positive results per scan. The preliminary results demonstrate the potential of this technique for assisting the detection of small nodules from chest MSCT images.
Television spots win national award. Part of OSF Saint Francis Medical Center's branding effort. (2004)

"Miracles in Medicine," a series of award-winning television spots, was produced for OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, Ill., by The Roberts Group, Inc., Waukesha, Wis. They are an integral part of a broader branding campaign, launched in May 2003, that includes newspaper, radio, and outdoor elements. The spots were deemed so successful, the branding effort was expanded to include Children's Hospital of Illinois.
Drug Solubility: Importance and Enhancement Techniques (2012)

Solubility, the phenomenon of dissolution of solute in solvent to give a homogenous system, is one of the important parameters to achieve desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for desired (anticipated) pharmacological response. Low aqueous solubility is the major problem encountered with formulation development of new chemical entities as well as for the generic development. More than 40% NCEs (new chemical entities) developed in pharmaceutical industry are practically insoluble in water. Solubility is a major challenge for formulation scientist. Any drug to be absorbed must be present in the form of solution at the site of absorption. Various techniques are used for the enhancement of the solubility of poorly soluble drugs which include physical and chemical modifications of drug and other methods like particle size reduction, crystal engineering, salt formation, solid dispersion, use of surfactant, complexation, and so forth. Selection of solubility improving method depends on drug property, site of absorption, and required dosage form characteristics.
FAPI PET: Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor Use in Oncologic and Nononcologic Disease (2023)

Gallium 68 (<sup>68</sup>Ga)-labeled fibroblast activation protein (FAP) inhibitor (FAPI) PET is based on the molecular targeting of the FAP, which is known to be highly expressed in the major cell population in tumor stroma, termed cancer-associated fibroblasts. Among many FAP-targeted radiopharmaceuticals developed so far, <sup>68</sup>Ga-FAPI exhibits rapid tracer accumulation in target lesions and low background signal, which results in excellent imaging features. FAPI PET can be integrated in the clinical workflow and enables the detection of small primary or metastatic lesions, especially in the brain, liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract due to the low tracer accumulation in these organs. Moreover, the DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacylclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl tetraacetic acid) chelator in the molecular structure allows coupling of the FAPI molecules with therapeutic emitters such as yttrium 90 for theranostic applications. This review provides an overview of the state of the art in FAP imaging, summarizes the current knowledge of relevant cancer biology, and highlights the latest findings in the clinical use of <sup>68</sup>Ga-FAPI PET and other current FAPI tracers. Published under a CC BY 4.0 license.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Resolution of (.+‐.)‐7‐Chloro‐8‐hydroxy‐1‐(3′‐iodophenyl) ‐3‐methyl‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐3‐benzazepine (TISCH): A Highly Affinity and Selective Iodinated Ligand for CNS D1 Dopamine Receptor. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Myelopreservation with the CDK4/6 inhibitor trilaciclib in patients with small-cell lung cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy: a phase Ib/randomized phase II trial (2019)

NCT02499770.
Systematic study on densification of alumina fine powder during milliwave sintering at 28 GHz (2014)

Pure ultrafine alumina powder (0.2 μm average grain size (GS)) was sintered with a 28 GHz millimeter-wave radiation source by systematically varying sintering temperature (ST), holding time (HT), and heating rate (HR). Densification, microstructure and grain growth effects were analyzed after millimeter-wave sintering (MMWS). Alumina compacts were densified under rapid heating at 1100 °C without any HT up to 96% TD by retaining sub-micrometric GS (∼0.4 μm) and homogeneous microstructure. The ST was increased to 1200 °C (without HT, 50 °C/min HR) to achieve densification up to 98.6% TD, however, at the expense of an increased GS of ∼2 μm. Microstructure was maintained uniform throughout the sample even under extremely fast firing conditions of 200 °C/min HR except for the case in which HT was changed. Remarkable grain growth was observed when either ST or HT increased above the reference values.
Adaptive choice of mean or median in estimating the center of a symmetric distribution (1983)

An adaptive choice of the sample mean x(n) or the sample median m(n) is proposed for estimating the center of a symmetric distribution. This choice becomes correct as n --> infinity, and in simulation results for finite n it is almost as good as the better of x(n) and m(n).
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLE SYNTHESIS OF 1,6‐DIENES (1981)

Abstract Imidoylchloride (I) reagieren mit 3,3 ‐ 6,0 Mol‐ Equivalenten Allylmagnesiumbromid (II) zu den substituierten 1,6‐Dienen (III).
Tuning the Selectivity of Heterogeneous Catalysts: A Trimetallic Approach to Reductive Coupling of Chloroarenes in Water (2001)

Reductive homocoupling of chlorobenzenes to the respective biphenyls affords high yields (93–95%), in the presence of catalytic PEG-400 and 0.4 mol % of a recycleable, heterogeneous trimetallic catalyst (4% Pd, 1% Pt, and 5% Bi on carbon). The competing reduction process is minimized. The catalytic cycle is completed using hydrogen gas, or formate + water or zinc + water mixtures, which generate dihydrogen in situ. Primary kinetic data and some process parameters are studied. The roles of the Pd, Pt, and Bi, different reducing agents, and the phase-transfer agent are discussed. The reaction mechanism is proposed to depend on the relative concentration of hydride species in the immediate vicinity of the palladium metal.
ChemInform Abstract: Adaptation of Oxyanionic Sigmatropy to the Convergent Enantioselective Synthesis of Ambergris‐Type Odorants. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Mutiprocessor Adaptation of a Texture Segmentation Scheme for Satellite Radar Images (1993)

This paper presents a scheme for segmenting images on the basis of differences in localised measures of spatial texture. The scheme used was originally proposed by Wilson and Spann [1] but incorporates a new clustering algorithm which gives improved overall segmentation performance. The Wilson and Spann [1] algorithm uses a clustering algorithm which proved susceptible to initial input parameters and gave poor segmentation on our images. Our algorithm uses a modification of the Koontz, Narendra and Fukunaga [2] clustering algorithm. By linking the clustering to the resolution of the image, significant clusters were able to be realised, yielding a more robust segmentation scheme. The adaptation also resulted in a significant reduction in run-time. The paper is directed towards the problem of segmenting satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and we give comparisons of the techniques on SAR and other images.
Enhanced H2 Adsorption in Isostructural Metal−Organic Frameworks with Open Metal Sites: Strong Dependence of the Binding Strength on Metal Ions (2008)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with open metal sites exhibit a much stronger H2 binding strength than classical MOFs, due to the direct interaction between H2 and the coordinately unsaturated metal ions. Here we report a systematic study of the H2 adsorption on a series of isostructural MOFs, M2(dhtp) (M = Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn). The experimental, initial isosteric heats of adsorption for H2 (Qst) of these MOFs range from 8.5 to 12.9 kJ/mol, with increasing Qst in the following order: Zn, Mn, Mg, Co, and Ni. The H2 binding energies derived from first-principles calculation follow the same trend as the experimental observation on Qst, confirming the electrostatic Coulomb attraction between the H2 and the open metals being the major interaction. We also found a strong correlation between the metal ion radius, the M-H2 distance, and the H2 binding strength, which provides a viable, empirical method to predict the relative H2 binding strength of different open metals.
Direct electrode patterning on layered GaN on sapphire substrate by using needle-type dispenser system of Ag nanoinks (2016)

Ag electrodes were formed on InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well blue light emitting diode (LED) substrates by using needle-type dispensing of Ag nanoink and the heat treatment as wet processes. The patterns by using the needle-type dispenser system are drawn out of a dot matrix method like an inkjet printer, and thus, arbitrary graphics can be produced. After patterning, the conductive Ag films as electrodes were formed by sintering at 450°C for 30 minutes under the atmospheric conditions. The fabricated LED emitted blue light with a threshold and operating voltage of 3.3 and 4.4 V, respectively. These results suggest that the wet processed Ag electrodes have a potential for use in the production of GaN based LEDs.
Thermoplastic and soluble co-polyimide resins fabricated via the incorporation of 2,3,3′,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (2019)

A series of co-polyimide (co-PI) resins with distorted noncoplanar structure were carefully designed and successfully fabricated by copolycondensation of 2,3,3′,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA), and 4,4′-(1,3-phenylenedioxy)dianiline (TPER). As-introduced asymmetric structure endowed these co-PI resins with excellent solubility and relatively low melt viscosity. Molecular simulation and dielectric analysis confirmed that the distorted noncoplanar structure induced a large amount of free volume. The minimum melt viscosity of co-PI resins decreased with increasing TPER content and reached 520 Pa·s at 400°C, indicative of good processability. Besides, the co-PI resins displayed outstanding thermal performance with glass transition temperature ranging from 256°C to 330°C and 5% weight loss temperature higher than 550°C in nitrogen atmosphere. Moreover, the co-PI sheets prepared by compression molding possessed tensile strength of 79.5–91.7 MPa and bending strength of 71.0–81.2 MPa when tuning the TPER/ODA ratio, with lower strengths observed at higher TPER content.
G Protein-coupled Receptors Form Stable Complexes with Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels and Adenylyl Cyclase (2002)

A large number of studies have demonstrated co-purification or co-immunoprecipitation of receptors with G proteins. We have begun to look for the presence of effector molecules in these receptor complexes. Co-expression of different channel and receptor permutations in COS-7 and HEK 293 cells in combination with co-immunoprecipitation experiments established that the dopamine D(2) and D(4), and beta(2)-adrenergic receptors (beta(2)-AR) form stable complexes with Kir3 channels. The D(4)/Kir3 and D(2) receptor/Kir3 interaction does not occur when the channel and receptor are expressed separately and mixed prior to immunoprecipitation, indicating that the interaction is not an artifact of the experimental protocol and reflects a biosynthetic event. The observed complexes are stable in that they are not disrupted by receptor activation or modulation of G protein alpha subunit function. However, using a peptide that binds Gbetagamma (betaARKct), we show that Gbetagamma is critical for dopamine receptor-Kir3 complex formation, but not for maintenance of the complex. We also provide evidence that Kir3 channels and another effector, adenylyl cyclase, are stably associated with the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor and can be co-immunoprecipitated by anti-receptor antibodies. Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, we have shown that in living cells under physiological conditions, beta(2)AR interacts directly with Kir3.1/3.4 and Kir3.1/3.2c heterotetramers as well as with adenylyl cyclase. All of these interactions are stable in the presence of receptor agonists, suggesting that these signaling complexes persist during signal transduction. In addition, we provide evidence that the receptor-effector complexes are also found in vivo. The observation that several G protein-coupled receptors form stable complexes with their effectors suggests that this arrangement might be a general feature of G protein-coupled signal transduction.
High School Sport Specialization Patterns of Current Division I Athletes (2016)

Most athletes who are recruited to participate in collegiate athletics will eventually specialize in their sport, but it does not appear that early specialization is necessary to become a Division I athlete. Athletes should be counseled regarding safe participation in sport during high school to minimize injury and maximize performance.
CARBON CAGE RESEARCH AT RICE UNIVERSITY (1991)

An overview of research at Rice on carbon cage molecules will be presented. This research involves several different laboratories and over a dozen investigators. The emphasis will be placed on the spectroscopic and chemical physics results obtained, primarily in the laboratory of R. E. Smalley. In particular, molecular beam spectroscopies of $C_{60}$ and $C_{60}+$ are being investigated by resonance enhanced two photon ionization (R2PI), by photoelectron spectroscopy of $C_{6}0-$ and by photofragmentation of van der Waals complexes of $C_{60}$ and $C_{60}+$. It is found from the photoelectron spectrum of $C_{60}-$ and $C_{70}-$ that the lowest triplet states of $C_{60}$and $C_{70}$ are about 1.7 and 1.6 eV above the ground singlet electronic state, respectively. By time-resolved R2PI probing, the lifetimes of these states, when prepared by 4.03 eV excitation, are 42 and 41 $\\mu s$ for $C_{60}$ and $C_{70}$ respectively. The van der Waals complex, $C_{60}+$ Ar can be prepared in two different ways and exhibits remarkably different photofragmentation properties depending upon the method of preparation. Ongoing work is aimed at obtaining the electronic spectra of very cold $C_{60}$ and $C_{60}+$ by R2PI."
Factorial Experimental Designs for Enhancement of Concurrent Poly(Hydroxyalkanoate) Production and Brewery Wastewater Treatment (2010)

The influence of four main process parameters--solids retention time (SRT), hydraulic retention time (HRT), anoxic-oxic cycling, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio)--on poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) production, while treating brewery wastewater, was studied. Two sets of two-level, three-factor experimental designs were implemented to (1) determine the effects and interactions among process parameters, (2) assess their significance to PHA production, and (3) approximate optimal operational conditions. The HRT and SRT were found to be the crucial operational parameters affecting PHA production. The highest PHA content of 55% (on a cell-weight basis) was produced at a 4-day HRT and 4-day SRT, whereas a maximum PHA concentration of 907 mg/L was obtained at a 2-day HRT and 12-day SRT. The effect of anoxic conditions on PHA production was insignificant. The C/N ratio played a more important role in the PHA concentration in the system than in the PHA content in the biomass.
Naphthoquinone Glucosides ofDrosera giganteafromin vitroCultures (2000)

From the shoots of Drosera gigantea propagated under in vitro culture, the rare naphthoquinone glucosides droserone (3,5-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) and hydroxydroserone (3,5,8-trihydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinone) 5-O-beta-glucosides, together with the free naphthoquinones droserone, hydroxydroserone and plumbagin were isolated. The structures of the glucosides and hydroxydroserone were studied by 2D NMR techniques. The glucosides appear to be responsible for the brown-red (maroon) colour of this plant. Of the other naphthoquinones typical for the family Droseraceae only hydroplumbagin glucoside could be detected, whereas the presence of 7-methyljuglone and rossoliside (= 7-methylhydrojuglone glucoside) was excluded.
Scaffolding mechanism of arrestin-2 in the cRaf/MEK1/ERK signaling cascade (2021)

Arrestins were initially identified for their role in homologous desensitization and internalization of G protein-coupled receptors. Receptor-bound arrestins also initiate signaling by interacting with other signaling proteins. Arrestins scaffold MAPK signaling cascades, MAPK kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAPK kinase (MAP2K), and MAPK. In particular, arrestins facilitate ERK1/2 activation by scaffolding ERK1/2 (MAPK), MEK1 (MAP2K), and Raf (MAPK3). However, the structural mechanism underlying this scaffolding remains unknown. Here, we investigated the mechanism of arrestin-2 scaffolding of cRaf, MEK1, and ERK2 using hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry, tryptophan-induced bimane fluorescence quenching, and NMR. We found that basal and active arrestin-2 interacted with cRaf, while only active arrestin-2 interacted with MEK1 and ERK2. The ATP binding status of MEK1 or ERK2 affected arrestin-2 binding; ATP-bound MEK1 interacted with arrestin-2, whereas only empty ERK2 bound arrestin-2. Analysis of the binding interfaces suggested that the relative positions of cRaf, MEK1, and ERK2 on arrestin-2 likely facilitate sequential phosphorylation in the signal transduction cascade.
ChemInform Abstract: BINUCLEAR, MIXED‐VALENT MOLYBDENUM(VI)/(V) COMPLEX. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ((C9H21N3)2MO2VIO5)(BR3)2 (1985)

Abstract Die Oxidation des Komplexes (I) mit halbkonz.
Chronic Administration of Ghrelin Improves Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Attenuates Development of Cardiac Cachexia in Rats With Heart Failure (2001)

Chronic subcutaneous administration of ghrelin improved LV dysfunction and attenuated the development of LV remodeling and cardiac cachexia in rats with CHF.
Template-Free Fabrication of TiO2 Hollow Spheres and Their Photocatalytic Properties (2011)

Submicrometer-sized anatase TiO(2) hollow spheres were fabricated through a template-free solvothermal route using TiCl(4) as a raw material and a mixture of alcohols-acetone as solvent. Control of the hollow spheres' size was achieved by adjusting the ratio of alcohols to acetone. Products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution TEM, X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. It was found that the formation process of the TiO(2) hollow spheres might include the hydrolysis of Ti(IV) with the water formed from the solvothermal etherification reaction, the aggregation of the anatase TiO(2) nanoparticles, and the Ostwald ripening. Furthermore, the as-prepared TiO(2) hollow nanostructures exhibited good photocatalytic activity for the degradation of phenol.
Poly(lactic acid)-hyperbranched polyglycerol nanoparticles enhance bioadhesive treatment of esophageal disease and reduce systemic drug exposure (2022)

The effective treatment of esophageal disease represents a significant unmet clinical need, as existing treatments often lead to unnecessary systemic drug exposure and suboptimal concentrations at the disease site. Here, surface-modified bioadhesive poly(lactic acid)-hyperbranched polyglycerol nanoparticles (BNPs), with an average 100-200 nm diameter, were developed for local and sustained esophageal drug delivery. BNPs showed significantly higher adhesion and permeation into <i>ex vivo</i> human and rat esophageal tissue than non-adhesive nanoparticles (NNPs) and had longer residence times within the rat esophagus <i>in vivo</i>. Incubation with human esophagus (Het-1A) cells confirmed BNPs' biocompatibility at clinically relevant concentrations. In a rat model of achalasia, nifedipine-loaded BNPs significantly enhanced esophageal drug exposure, increased therapeutic efficacy, and reduced systemic drug exposure compared to NNPs and free drug. The safety of BNPs was demonstrated by an absence of intestinal, hepatic, and splenic toxicity following administration. This study is the first to demonstrate the efficacy of BNPs for esophageal drug delivery and highlight their potential for improving the lives of patients suffering with esophageal conditions.
Cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets in the management of liver diseases (2008)

Despite recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of liver diseases, therapeutic agents are still needed in several instances such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease or fibrogenesis associated with chronic liver injury. Over the past decades, cannabinoid receptors have emerged as critical mediators of acute and chronic liver injury, and pharmacological modulation of these receptors has demonstrated efficacy in preclinical models of nonalcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver, fibrosis, liver ischemia reperfusion and of complications of cirrhosis, including cirrhotic portal hypertension, cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and hepatic encephalopathy. Moreover, CB(1) antagonists have entered clinical trials for the management of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review will depict the pleiotropic functions of cannabinoid receptors in liver disease and highlight potential therapeutic applications, some of which may be available in the near future.
Modification of Indium Tin Oxide for Improved Hole Injection in Organic Light Emitting Diodes (2001)

The efficiency of multi-layer OLEDs using indium tin oxide (ITO) and triphenyldiamine is limited by the hole injection rate, or the quality of the contact between the two components, respectively. Coating the ITO with an ultra-thin Pt layer dramatically improves hole injection, and significantly lowers the devices' operating voltage. The Figure juxtaposes AFM images of an unmodified (left) and Pt-coated ITO electrode (right).