gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Continuous Flow Peritoneal Dialysis: Clinical Applications (2002)

Continuous flow peritoneal dialysis (CFPD) can be considered a special form of hemodialysis, during which peritoneal effluent, rather than blood, is being dialyzed using standard hemodialysis technology. Preliminary clinical data have identified poor mixing of the dialysis solution, streaming and recirculation as a significant limitation in achieving maximal solute removal and ultrafiltration. Better catheter designs remain a research priority in this field. Although the clinical experience is limited to short-lasting experiments with CFPD, the preliminary data strongly support the superiority of CFPD as the most effective peritoneal dialysis modality in removing small solutes and providing high ultrafiltration rates. The levels of clearance attained are similar to quotidian hemodialysis. In addition, it is expected that the current methodology will provide a new standard of solution biocompatibility.
FOSTERING BASIC PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS IN CHEMISTRY (2012)

A triangle divided in three parts was used to relate three variables, or two variables and a constant. Students learned to manipulate a given equation so that one of the variables is a product of the other two variables. Problems relating density, mass, and volume; speed of light, frequency and wavelength; gram, mole, and molar mass, molarity, moles and liters; and number of particles, Avogadro’s number, and mole were attempted using triangles. In addition, a special triangle was constructed to relate the variables and a constant of the ideal gas law equation, and was used to solve ideal gas law problems. This visual representation of the problem helped students to understand the factors that need to be considered and the operations that needed to be performed in the problem-solving process. Over the course of two years, the method was used in four different introductory chemistry classes that had a total of 87 students. More than 80% of the students who use triangles were able to arrive at the correct answers. A big percentage of students also liked using triangles to solve simple problems.
Facial Age Synthesis With Label Distribution-Guided Generative Adversarial Network (2020)

The existing research work on facial age synthesis has been mostly focused on long-term aging (e.g., over an age span of 10 years or more). In this paper, we employ generative adversarial networks (GANs) as a tool to investigate age synthesis over different age spans. Compared with long-term aging, short-term age synthesis suffers from the reduced amount of available training data, which can severely hinder the model training. We conduct a series of experiments to validate this. To facilitate short-term age synthesis, we further propose label distribution-guided generative adversarial network (ldGAN), where each sample is associated with an age label distribution (ALD) rather than a single age group. Accordingly, each sample can contribute not only to the learning of its own age group but also to neighbouring groups' learning. This is useful when addressing short-term aging to cope with the reduced amount of training data. In addition, unlike one-hot encoding which treats age groups as independent from one another, ldGAN can well capture the correlation among different age groups, so that smooth aging sequences can be achieved. The ALD model is integrated into GAN with a two-step process. Firstly, instead of the traditional one-hot encoding, ALD is applied as the condition of the generator. Secondly, we add a sequence of label distribution learners on top of several multi-scale discriminators, with the aim of minimizing the label distribution learning loss when optimizing both the generator and discriminators. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluations are conducted to assess ldGAN's ability in dealing with two core issues of face aging, i.e., aging effect generation and identity preservation. The obtained experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of ldGAN in both learning short-term aging patterns and coping with the lack of training data.
Microwave Characterization of Ba-Substituted PZT and ZnO Thin Films (2018)

The microwave dielectric properties of (Ba<sub>0.1</sub>Pb<sub>0.9</sub>)(Zr<sub>0.52</sub>Ti<sub>0.48</sub>)O<sub>3</sub> (BPZT) and ZnO thin films with thicknesses below were investigated. No significant dielectric relaxation was observed for both BPZT and ZnO up to 30 GHz. The intrinsic dielectric constant of BPZT was as high as 980 at 30 GHz. The absence of strong dielectric dispersion and loss peaks in the studied frequency range can be linked to the small grain diameters in these ultrathin films.
Identification of a Potent Heterocyclic Ligand To Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 5 by the Synthesis and Screening of β-Turn Mimetic Libraries (1999)

Methods for the parallel synthesis of medium-ring heterocyclic β-turn mimetics (1) are described, which enable the rapid preparation of libraries of mimetics for the identification of small molecule ligands to receptors. The generality of this method was first demonstrated by the rapid and high-yielding synthesis of mimetics 1a−g that display a wide range of proteinogenic amino acid side chains. Small molecule heterocyclic mimetics of the medicinally important peptide somatostatin were then identified by the synthesis of a focused library of β-turn mimetics based upon the crucial Trp-Lys motif found in the turn region of somatostatin. Screening the library against a panel of the five cloned human somatostatin receptors (hSST1−hSST5) resulted in the identification of a potent small molecule ligand (1h) with selectivity toward hSST5, as well as potent ligands toward receptor subtypes 1−4. Furthermore, structure−activity relationships were used to establish the importance of each of the three diversity inputs present in compound 1h. This investigation represents the first successful identification of potent, small molecule ligands through the synthesis and evaluation of a focused library of turn mimetics (for one example of a successful screening effort of a nonfocused β-turn library, see: Souers, A. J.; Virgilio, A. A.; Schürer, S.; Ellman, J. A.; Kogan, T. P.; West, H. E.; Ankener, W.; Vanderslice, P. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1998, 8, 2297−2302). The results of the library screening revealed unexpected stereochemical and functional group preferences, reinforcing the critical importance of synthesizing and evaluating collections of mimetics as opposed to traditional iterative synthesis and evaluation approaches. The ability to prepare libraries of heterocyclic turn mimetics that display three different side-chain inputs with multiple distinct side-chain orientations should enable the rapid identification of small molecule heterocyclic ligands to a large number of receptor targets.
Inclusion of psyllium in milk replacer for neonatal calves. 1. Effects on growth, digesta viscosity, rate of passage, nutrient digestibilities, and metabolites in blood (2010)

Based on research in other species, inclusion of psyllium in milk replacer might improve nutrient utilization and gastrointestinal function in neonatal calves. Male Holstein calves were fed a milk replacer (22% crude protein, 20% fat) either without or with psyllium (1.1% of dry matter) from 2 d through 28 d of age. Milk replacer was reconstituted to 12.5% dry matter (DM) and fed at 12% of calf body weight (BW), adjusted weekly. Water was offered ad libitum but no starter was fed. Three calves per treatment were harvested weekly to sample digesta from the rumen, abomasum, jejunum, proximal colon, and distal colon. Mean daily intakes of water, DM, crude protein, and metabolizable energy did not differ between treatments. Average daily gain of BW did not differ between treatments. Digesta from the abomasum and colon of calves fed psyllium was more viscous than digesta from control calves. Mean retention time of digesta in the total digestive tract tended to be greater for calves supplemented with psyllium (9.7 vs. 8.4h). Feces and digesta from the proximal and distal colon of calves fed psyllium had lower DM content than feces and digesta from control calves. Total-tract apparent digestibility of DM (92.8 vs. 94.1%) was lower for psyllium-fed calves, likely as an effect of the addition of the more poorly digestible psyllium; digestibilities of energy and ash also tended to be lower. The prefeeding plasma glucose concentration (10h after previous feeding) tended to be greater for psyllium-fed calves but concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, cholesterol, urea N, and total protein did not differ between treatments. Blood components did not differ between treatments at 2h postfeeding. Inclusion of psyllium in the milk replacer of neonatal calves increased digesta viscosity and slowed passage of digesta through the gastrointestinal tract.
Improved Retrievals of Carbon Dioxide from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 with the version 8 ACOS algorithm [Discussion paper] (2018)

Since September 2014, NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite has been taking measurements of reflected solar spectra and using them to infer atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This work provides details of the OCO-2 retrieval algorithm, versions 7 and 8, used to derive the column-averaged dry air mole fraction of atmospheric CO2 (XCO2) for the roughly 100,000 cloud-free measurements recorded by OCO-2 each day. The algorithm is based on the Atmospheric Carbon Observations from Space (ACOS) algorithm which has been applied to observations from the Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) since 2009, with modifications necessary for OCO-2. Because high accuracy, better than 0.25%, is required in order to accurately infer carbon sources and sinks from XCO2, significant errors and regional-scale biases in the measurements must be minimized. We discuss efforts to filter out poor quality measurements, and correct the remaining good quality measurements to minimize regional-scale biases. Updates to the radiance calibration and retrieval forward model in version 8 have improved many aspects of the retrieved data products. The version 8 data appear to have reduced regionalscale biases overall, and demonstrate a clear improvement over the version 7 data. In particular, error variance with respect to TCCON was reduced by 20% over land and 40% over ocean between versions 7 and 8, and nadir and glint observations over land are now more consistent. While this paper documents the significant improvements in the ACOS algorithm, it will continue to evolve and improve as the CO2 data record continues to expand.
The Concept of “Normalized” Distribution to Describe Raindrop Spectra: A Tool for Cloud Physics and Cloud Remote Sensing (2001)

The shape of the drop size distribution (DSD) reflects the physics of rain. The DSD is the result of the microphysical processes that transform the condensed water into rain. The question of the DSD is also central in radar meteorology, because it rules the relationships between the radar reflectivity and the rainfall rate R. Normalizing raindrop spectra is the only way to identify the shape of the distribution. The concept of normalization of DSD developed in this paper is founded upon two reference variables, the liquid water content LWC and the mean volume diameter Dm. It is shown mathematically that it is appropriate to normalize by N0* ∝ LWC/Dm4 with respect to particle concentration and by Dm with respect to drop diameter. Also, N0* may be defined as the intercept parameter that would have an exponential DSD with the same LWC and Dm as the real one. The major point of the authors' approach is that it is totally free of any assumption about the shape of the DSD. This new normalization has been applied to the airborne microphysical data of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) collected by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Electra aircraft. The classification of the TOGA COARE raindrop spectra into four categories [one stratiform, and three convective (0–10, 10–30, and 30–100 mm h−1)] allowed the following features to be identified. 1) There is a distinct behavior of N0* between stratiform and convective rains; typical values are 2.2 × 106 m−4 for stratiform and 2 × 107 m−4 for convective. 2) In convective rain, there is a clear trend for Dm to increase with R, but there is no correlation between N0* and R. 3) The “average” normalized shape of the DSD is remarkably stable among the four rain categories. This normalized shape departs from the exponential, but also from all the analytical shapes considered up to now (e.g., gamma, lognormal, modified gamma). The stability of the normalized DSD shape and the physical variability of N0* and Dm are discussed in respect to the equilibrium theory of List et al. The stability of the shape implies that two parameters (and only two) are needed to describe the DSD. This stability supports the robustness of rain relations parameterized by N0*. The same TOGA COARE dataset is used to check that the rain relations parameterized by N0* are much less dispersed than the classical ones, even after rain-type classification.
Understanding realistic attacks on airborne collision avoidance systems (2022)

Abstract Airborne collision avoidance systems provide an onboard safety net should normal air traffic control procedures fail to keep aircraft separated. These systems are widely deployed and have been constantly refined over the past three decades, usually in response to near misses or mid-air collisions. Recent years have seen security research increasingly focus on aviation, identifying that key wireless links—some of which are used in collision avoidance—are vulnerable to attack. In this paper, we go one step further to understand whether an attacker can remotely trigger false collision avoidance alarms. Primarily considering the next-generation Airborne Collision Avoidance System X (ACAS X), we adopt a smodelling approach to extract attacker constraints from technical standards before simulating collision avoidance attacks against standardized ACAS X code. We find that in 44% of cases, an attacker can successfully trigger a collision avoidance alert which on average results in a 590 ft altitude deviation; when the aircraft is at lower altitudes, this success rate rises considerably to 79%. Furthermore, we show how our simulation approach can be used to help defend against attacks by identifying where attackers are most likely to be successful.
Laser glass marking: influence of pulse characteristics (2005)

Laser glass marking is currently used in several glass materials for different purposes, such as bar codes for product tracking, brand logos or just decoration. Systems with a variety of different laser sources, with inherent power ranges, wavelengths and pulse regimes have been used, namely CO<sub>2</sub>, Nd:YAG, Excimer, Ti-Sapphire lasers. CO<sub>2</sub> Lasers systems, although being a reliable tool for materials processing, and very compact in the case of sealed low power lasers, are usually associated with a localized thermal loading on the material, causing brittle materials like glass to crack around the irradiated area. In this experimental study a pulsed CO<sub>2</sub> laser was used to direct marking the glass surface. The temporal characteristics of the laser pulse--pulse length, period and duty cycle were varied, and glass materials with different thermal properties were used in order to correlate the marking process--cracking or softening with or without material removal with the laser and material characteristics. Glass materials with major industrial application, such as soda-lima, borosilicate (PYREX) glasses and crystal have been investigated. Laser marked areas have been characterized in terms of surface optical properties, like diffuse and direct reflectance and transmittance for white light, directly related with marked surface quality.
Identification of high- and low-affinity NGF receptors during development of the chicken central nervous system (1990)

In order to study regulation of the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor during embryogenesis in chick brain, we have used affinity crosslinking of tissues with 125I-NGF. NGF interacts with high- and low-affinity receptors; high-affinity receptors are required for the majority of NGF's actions. Most measurements of receptor levels do not distinguish between high- and low-affinity forms of the receptor. We have used the lipophilic crosslinking agent HSAB to identify the high-affinity, functional receptor during development of the chicken central nervous system. A peak of expression during Embryonic Days 5-10 was detected in all regions of the chicken central nervous system, but, shortly after birth, only the cerebellar region displays significant levels of NGF receptor protein. The time course of expression confirms the dramatic regulation of the NGF receptor gene during defined embryonic periods. The detection of high-affinity NGF receptors in brain and neural retina provides strong evidence that NGF is involved in essential ontogenetic events in the development of the chicken central nervous system.
Point-wise Adaptive Filtering for Fast Monte Carlo Noise Reduction (2012)

Monte Carlo based photorealistic image synthesis has proven to be one of the most flexible and powerful rendering techniques, but is plagued with undesirable artifacts known as Monte Carlo noise. We present an adaptive filtering method designed for Monte Carlo rendering systems that counteracts noise while respecting sharp features. The filter operates as a post-process on a noisy image augmented with three screen-space geometric attribute buffers, and by using a point-wise adaptive (varying window size) filtering kernel, this method is able to reinforce the preservation of important scene reflected edges, in less time. Comparative results demonstrate the simplicity and efficiency of our method, which makes it a feasible and robust solution for smoothing noisy images generated by Monte Carlo rendering techniques. CUDA implementation also makes the algorithm potentially practical for interactive Monte Carlo rendering in the near future.
Dry Sliding of Nitrided NiTiHf (2019)

The unlubricated friction and wear properties of the superelastic material NiTiHf, treated by either gas nitriding or plasma nitriding, have been investigated. Pin-on-disk testing of the studied materials was performed at sliding speeds from 0.01 to 1 m/s at normal loads of 1, 5, or 10 N. For all of the studied friction pairs (NiTiHf pins vs. nitrided disks) over the given parameters, the steady-state coefficients of friction varied from 0.7 to 1.6, and those of the control (NiTiHf on NiTiHf) varied from 0.5 to 1.2. Pin wear factors ranged from approximately 10−6 against the NiTiHf and plasma-nitrided disks to approximately 10−4 for the gas-nitrided disks. The plasma-nitrided disks provided wear protection in several cases and tended to wear by adhesion. The gas-nitrided treatment generated the most pin wear but essentially no disk wear except under the most severe of the studied conditions (1 N load and 1 m/s sliding speed). The results of this study are expected to provide guidance for design of aerospace components such as gears and fasteners.
Dynamin- and Lipid Raft-Dependent Entry of Decay-Accelerating Factor (DAF)-Binding and Non-DAF-Binding Coxsackieviruses into Nonpolarized Cells (2009)

Group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) use the CVB and adenovirus receptor (CAR) to enter and infect cells. Some CVB also bind to decay-accelerating factor (DAF), but that interaction alone is insufficient for infection. We previously found that CVB3 entry into polarized human intestinal cells (Caco-2) occurs by a caveolin-dependent but dynamin-independent mechanism that requires DAF-mediated tyrosine kinase signals. In this study, we examined how CVB enter and infect nonpolarized HeLa cells and how DAF binding affects these processes. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and a combination of dominant-negative proteins, small interfering RNAs, and drugs targeting specific endocytic pathways, we found that both DAF-binding and non-DAF-binding virus isolates require dynamin and lipid rafts to enter and infect cells. Unlike what we observed in Caco-2 cells, CVB3 entered HeLa cells with CAR. We found no role for clathrin, endosomal acidification, or caveolin. Inhibition of tyrosine kinases blocked an early event in infection but did not prevent entry of virus into the cell. These results indicate that CVB3 entry into nonpolarized HeLa cells differs significantly from entry into polarized Caco-2 cells and is not influenced by virus binding to DAF.
A GIS BASED INTEGRATED LAND USE/COVER CHANGE MODEL TO STUDY HUMAN-LAND INTERACTIONS (2000)

Land use and Land cover form an integral part of all modelling initiatives in case of global change studies and hence, there arises a need for time-series data of land use/cover. As such, we need suitable models to explain the changes in the land use patterns and the resulting land cover and also to forecast them. The model proposed here deals with the development and application of a new concept in simulating the land use/cover changes – the presence of an “agent” as the autonomous decision-maker. The biophysical characteristics of the specific lot of land (grid) and its economic potential (based on the macro-economic information) are considered within the existing demographic conditions at a given point in time, in arriving at the choice of the land use. The changes are simulated annually and the entire process is carried out on a grid (1km square) basis. The use of GIS platform and its tools has helped in analysing the microinformation (spatial) within the boundaries of the available macro-level (non-spatial) data. The model was developed and its application was tested to simulate the land use changes, for the period of 1980 to 1990, within the national boundaries of the Royal Kingdom of Thailand. As the model considers the agent behaviour explicitly and at the same time considers the different drivers to landuse, the model can also be used to understand the human responses to the changes in the environment.
Optimal charging operation of battery swapping stations with QoS guarantee (2014)

Electric Vehicle (EV) drivers have an urgent demand for fast battery refueling methods for long distance trip and emergency drive. A well-planned battery swapping station (BSS) network can be a promising solution to offer timely refueling services. However, an inappropriate battery recharging process in the BSS may not only violate the stabilization of the power grid by their large power consumption, but also increase the charging cost from the BSS operators' point of view. In this paper, we aim to obtain the optimal charging policy to minimize the charging cost while ensuring the quality of service (QoS) of the BSS. A novel queueing network model is proposed to capture the operation nature for an individual BSS. Based on practical assumptions, we formulate the charging schedule problem as a stochastic control problem and achieve the optimal charging policy by dynamic programming. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the performance of different policies for both stationary and non-stationary EV arrival cases. Numerical results show the importance of determining the number of total batteries and charging outlets held in the BSS. Our work gives insight for the future infrastructure planning and operational management of BSS network.