gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Keep-Out-Zones to Protect Sensitive Sensor Areas During Backend Processing in Wafer Level Packaging Technology (2016)

Wafer-Level Packaging (WLP) technology is quickly expanding to face the challenges of the next big wave of Internet of Things (IoT), by providing the required flexibility for high level, heterogeneous and system integration. Examples of smart sensors embedding MEMS with ASIC's in the same package, Magneto-Resistive devices with its amplifier and ASIC, bio-chips with bio-sensitive areas for Lab-on-Chip packages are part of the present. At the same time, the drive for lower packaging cost pushes the development of new solutions for the manufacturing of such new devices in WLP. In WLP process of these new devices, open zones on the Re-Distribution Layers (RDL) are often necessary to provide a physical, direct path of the embedded device to the environment. This implies the coexistence on the "active" side of the wafer of connection lines and pads, passivated areas with dielectrics and open areas with the same geometry precision as any other feature in RDL. This is the case, for example, for pressure MEMS, where a Si membrane must be exactly and directly exposed to the environment, or for MOEMS where a clear optical path is required. In the other hand, these open areas have also to be protected against very aggressive steps like sputtering metal depositions and chemical attacks that are part of the RDL process. The protected areas, referred as KOZ -- Keep-Out-Zones, require the development of specific RDL techniques, because the KOZs need first to be closed, to provide protection, and then opened without damage to provide a physical path, all this at wafer-level process. This paper describes the developments and results achieved towards the implementation of KOZ in WLP, both for Fan-In and Fan-Out types, using NANIUM's WLP technology know-how and manufacturing capabilities. The devised strategy makes use of the existing RDL dielectric masks for process efficiency, then applies a thick-mask over a thin-mask idea to open the KOZ with a standard, very low damage dry plasma process. Following KOZ implementation strategy, the paper discusses the materials selection to achieve the desired thickness and plasma selectivity, the assembly processes suitable for high-volume production and presents the results of KOZ implementation over MEMS on a Fan-Out wafer. The work done is part of the collaborative European ENIAC project PROMINENT (Innovative Nano-and Micro Technologies for Advanced Thermo and Mechanical Interfaces), together with a consortium of leading IDM, OEM, OSAT, material suppliers and academic/ institutes.
Diffusion Coefficients in Multicomponent Mixtures (2005)

their knowledge and helped me a lot
Ammonia and methane dairy emission plumes in the San Joaquin Valley of California from individual feedlot to regional scales (2015)

Abstract Agricultural ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions are highly uncertain, with high spatiotemporal variability and a lack of widespread in situ measurements. Regional NH 3 emission estimates using mass balance or emission ratio approaches are uncertain due to variable NH 3 sources and sinks as well as unknown plume correlations with other dairy source tracers. We characterize the spatial distributions of NH 3 and methane (CH 4 ) dairy plumes using in situ surface and airborne measurements in the Tulare dairy feedlot region of the San Joaquin Valley, California, during the NASA Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality 2013 field campaign. Surface NH 3 and CH 4 mixing ratios exhibit large variability with maxima localized downwind of individual dairy feedlots. The geometric mean NH 3 :CH 4 enhancement ratio derived from surface measurements is 0.15 ± 0.03 ppmv ppmv −1 . Individual dairy feedlots with spatially distinct NH 3 and CH 4 source pathways led to statistically significant correlations between NH 3 and CH 4 in 68% of the 69 downwind plumes sampled. At longer sampling distances, the NH 3 :CH 4 enhancement ratio decreases 20–30%, suggesting the potential for NH 3 deposition as a loss term for plumes within a few kilometers downwind of feedlots. Aircraft boundary layer transect measurements directly above surface mobile measurements in the dairy region show comparable gradients and geometric mean enhancement ratios within measurement uncertainties, even when including NH 3 partitioning to submicron particles. Individual NH 3 and CH 4 plumes sampled at close proximity where losses are minimal are not necessarily correlated due to lack of mixing and distinct source pathways. Our analyses have important implications for constraining NH 3 sink and plume variability influences on regional NH 3 emission estimates and for improving NH 3 emission inventory spatial allocations.
(1+eps)-approximate Sparse Recovery (2011)

The problem central to sparse recovery and compressive sensing is that of stable sparse recovery: we want a distribution of matrices A in R^{m\times n} such that, for any x \in R^n and with probability at least 2/3 over A, there is an algorithm to recover x* from Ax with ||x* - x||_p &lt;= C min_{k-sparse x'} ||x - x'||_p for some constant C &gt; 1 and norm p. The measurement complexity of this problem is well understood for constant C &gt; 1. However, in a variety of applications it is important to obtain C = 1 + eps for a small eps &gt; 0, and this complexity is not well understood. We resolve the dependence on eps in the number of measurements required of a k-sparse recovery algorithm, up to polylogarithmic factors for the central cases of p = 1 and p = 2. Namely, we give new algorithms and lower bounds that show the number of measurements required is (1/eps^{p/2})k polylog(n). For p = 2, our bound of (1/eps) k log(n/k) is tight up to constant factors. We also give matching bounds when the output is required to be k-sparse, in which case we achieve (1/eps^p) k polylog(n). This shows the distinction between the complexity of sparse and non-sparse outputs is fundamental.
Diagnostic information fusion: requirements flowdown and interface issues (2002)

In this paper we examine the implementation of a real-time, diagnostic, information fusion algorithm, which achieves a more accurate diagnostic estimate of system health than individual estimates produced by heterogeneous collection of diagnostic tools. We discuss an approach that both decomposes performance requirements (through a flowdown) into the design and accommodates the differences among the interfaces of a heterogeneous collection of diagnostic tools. We focus in particular on issues which arise from an implementation which monitors system health in real-time and do not consider an off-line post-processing implementation. Through a systematic flowdown of performance requirements into the system design, the combined effects of all the diagnostic tools are considered in order to achieve the desired high level of accuracy for each fault of interest.
28GHz-band Compact Uniplanar 180-degree Rat-race Hybrid with Broadband Characteristics (2021)

In this paper, a 180-degree rat-race hybrid which consists of short transmission lines less than quarter wavelength with shunt capacitors at both ends and an ideal phase inverter is described. We show the possibility of realizing a compact and wideband 180-degree rat-race hybrid that is about 1/10 smaller than the conventional rat-race hybrid and has twice the operating band by an electromagnetic simulation with a uniplanar structure at 28 GHz band used for 5G applications.
DNA biosensor combining single-wavelength colorimetry and a digital lock-in amplifier within a smartphone (2016)

Smartphone camera based gold nanoparticle colorimetry (SCB-AuNP colorimetry) has shown good potential for point-of-care applications. However, due to the use of a camera as a photo-detector, there are major limitations to this technique such as a low bit resolution (∼8 bits mainstream) and a low data acquisition rate. These issues have limited the ultimate sensitivity of smartphone based colorimetry as well as the possibility to integrate efficiently a more sensitive approach such as detection based on a lock-in amplifier (LIA). In this paper, we improve the metrological performance of the smartphone to overcome existing issues by adding the LIA capability to AuNP sensing. In this work, instead of using the camera as a photo-detector, the audio jack is used as a photo-detector reader and function generator for driving a laser diode in order to achieve a smartphone based digital lock-in amplifier AuNP colorimetric (SBLIA-AuNP colorimetry) system. A full investigation on the SBLIA design, parameters and performance is comprehensively provided. It is found that the SBLIA can reduce most of the noise and provides a detection noise-to-signal ratio down to -63 dB, which is much better than the -49 dB of the state-of-the-art SCB based method. A DNA detection experiment is demonstrated to reveal the efficacy of the proposed metrological method. The results are compared to UV-visible spectrometry, which is the gold standard for colorimetric measurement. Based on our results, the SBLIA-AuNP colorimetric system has a detection limit of 0.77 nM on short strand DNA detection, which is 5.7 times better than the 4.36 nM limit of a commercial UV-visible spectrometer. Judging from the results, we believe that the sensitive SBLIA would be further extended to other optical diagnostic tools in the near future.
Interactive rehabilitation and dynamical analysis of scalp EEG (2011)

Electroencephalography (EEG) has been used for decades to measure the brain's electrical activity. Planning and performing a complex movement (e.g., reaching and grasping) requires the coordination of muscles by electrical activity that can be recorded with scalp EEG from relevant regions of the cortex. Prior studies, utilizing motion capture and kinematic measures, have shown that an augmented reality feedback system for rehabilitation of stroke patients can help patients develop new motor plans and perform reaching tasks more accurately. Historically, traditional signal analysis techniques have been utilized to quantify changes in EEG when subjects perform common, simple movements. These techniques have included measures of event-related potentials in the time and frequency domains (e.g., energy and coherence measures). In this study, a more advanced, nonlinear, analysis technique, mutual information (MI), is applied to the EEG to capture the dynamics of functional connections between brain sites. In particular, the cortical activity that results from the planning and execution of novel reach trajectories by normal subjects in an augmented reality system was quantified by using statistically significant MI interactions between brain sites over time. The results show that, during the preparation for as well as the execution of a reach, the functional connectivity of the brain changes in a consistent manner over time, in terms of both the number and strength of cortical connections. A similar analysis of EEG from stroke patients may provide new insights into the functional deficiencies developed in the brain after stroke, and contribute to evaluation, and possibly the design, of novel therapeutic schemes within the framework of rehabilitation and BMI (brain machine interface).
Developmentally dynamic histone acetylation pattern of a tissue-specific chromatin domain (2000)

We have defined the histone acetylation pattern of the endogenous murine beta-globin domain, which contains the erythroidspecific beta-globin genes. The beta-globin locus control region (LCR) and transcriptionally active promoters were enriched in acetylated histones in fetal liver relative to fetal brain, whereas the inactive promoters were hypoacetylated. In contrast, the LCR and both active and inactive promoters were hyperacetylated in yolk sac. Hypersensitive site two of the LCR was also hyperacetylated in murine embryonic stem cells, whereas beta-globin promoters were hypoacetylated. Thus, the acetylation pattern varied at different developmental stages. Histone deacetylase inhibition selectively increased acetylation at a hypoacetylated promoter in fetal liver, suggesting that active deacetylation contributes to silencing of promoters. We propose that dynamic histone acetylation and deacetylation play an important role in the developmental control of beta-globin gene expression.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. MIT PHOSPHORORG. VERBINDUNGEN 31. MITT. ZUR UMSETZUNG VON ADENIN, CYTOSIN‐ UND GUANIN‐DERIVATEN MIT BETA‐ACYLVINYL‐PHOSPHONIUM‐SALZEN, EIN POTENTIELL NUETZLICHES PRINZIP ZUR MODIFIZIERUNG VON NUCLEINSAEUREN (1972)

Abstract Cytosin (Ia) und Cytidin (Ib) reagieren mit β‐Acetylvinyl‐triphenylphosphoniumbromid (II) zu Addukten der möglichen Strukturen (III) und (IV), die bei Behandlung mit Alkali in Triphenylphosphinoxid (V) und die kondensierten Imidazopyrimidine (VIa) und (VIb) übergehen.
Plasmonic monolithic lithium niobate directional coupler switches (2020)

Lithium niobate (LN) has been the material of choice for electro-optic modulators owing to its excellent physical properties. While conventional LN electro-optic modulators continue to be the workhorse of the modern optoelectronics, they are becoming progressively too bulky, expensive, and power-hungry to fully serve the needs of this industry. Here, we demonstrate plasmonic electro-optic directional coupler switches consisting of two closely spaced nm-thin gold nanostripes on LN substrates that guide both coupled electromagnetic modes and electrical signals that control their coupling, thereby enabling ultra-compact switching and modulation functionalities. Extreme confinement and good spatial overlap of both slow-plasmon modes and electrostatic fields created by the nanostripes allow us to achieve a 90% modulation depth with 20-μm-long switches characterized by a broadband electro-optic modulation efficiency of 0.3 V cm. Our monolithic LN plasmonic platform enables a wide range of cost-effective optical communication applications that demand μm-scale footprints, ultrafast operation and high environmental stability.
Neuropilin-1 Regulates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Mediated Endothelial Permeability (2005)

Neuropilin-1 (Npn-1) is a cell surface receptor that binds vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent mediator of endothelial permeability, chemotaxis, and proliferation. In vitro, Npn-1 can complex with VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) to enhance VEGFR2-mediated endothelial cell chemotaxis and proliferation. To determine the role of Npn-1/VEGFR2 complexes in VEGF-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction, endothelial cells were stably transfected with Npn1 or VEGFR2 alone (PAE/Npn and PAE/KDR, respectively), or VEGFR2 and Npn-1 (PAE/KDR/Npn-1). Permeability, estimated by measurement of transendothelial electrical resistance (TER), of PAE/Npn and PAE/KDR cell lines was not altered by VEGF165. In contrast, TER of PAE/KDR/Npn-1 cells decreased in dose-dependent fashion following VEGF165 (10 to 200 ng/mL). Activation of VEGFR2, and 2 downstream signaling intermediates (p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK) involved in VEGF-mediated permeability, also increased in PAE/KDR/Npn-1. Consistent with these data, inhibition of Npn-1, but not VEGFR2, attenuated VEGF165-mediated permeability of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAE), and VEGF121 (which cannot ligate Npn-1) did not alter TER of HPAE. Npn-1 inhibition also attenuated both VEGF165-mediated pulmonary vascular leak and activation of VEGFR2, p38, and ERK1/2 MAPK, in inducible lung-specific VEGF transgenic mice. These data support a critical role for Npn-1 in regulating endothelial barrier dysfunction in response to VEGF and suggest that activation of distinct receptor complexes may determine specificity of cellular response to VEGF.
Microsomal Electron Transport (1973)

NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in rat liver microsomes was solubilized by bromelain digestion and purified to homogeneity. An antibody preparation obtained by immunization with this enzyme was found to inhibit the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity of both the purified enzyme and intact microsomes by more than 90%. This antibody also inhibited the NADPH-dependent peroxidation of microsomal lipid which occurs in the presence of ferric ion chelated by ADP (ADP-Fe). The bromelain-solubilized reductase will also promote NADPH-dependent peroxidation of extracted microsomal lipid, but only if ferric ion chelated by ethylenediaminetetraaacetate (EDTA-Fe) is included in the reaction mixture. The optimal conditions for this reaction are those required for the optimal reduction of EDTA-Fe by the purified reductase. Other ferric ion chelators, regardless of whether or not they promoted the reduction of ferric ion, would not replace EDTA in promoting lipid peroxidation. A purified preparation of the microsomal enzyme, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, which reduces EDTA-Fe, will also promote the peroxidation of extracted microsomal lipid. Intact microsomes, in the presence of ADP-Fe, are specific for NADPH instead of NADH in promoting the peroxidation of microsomal lipids; however, in the presence of both EDTA-Fe and ADP-Fe, both NADH and NADPH promote lipid peroxidation. These results indicate that the NADPH-dependent peroxidation of microsomal lipid involves the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and suggest that an additional microsomal electron transport component is involved. The function of this additional component in the lipid peroxidation reaction can apparently be replaced by EDTA-Fe.
On the asymptotic properties of the LQG feedforward self-tuner (1995)

In this paper, we investigate the stability and convergence of the indirect adaptive LQG feedforward controller, designed in order to precompensate the effect of the measurable disturbances, for a general S1SO non-minimum-phase stable plant. We study the equilibrium set of the associated ODE and obtain a necessary condition and some sufficient conditions on the parameters of the original plant structure, such that the limit set contains only the true parameter vector. As shown by some examples, the limit set, in general, contains points which do not correspond to the true parameter vector nor yield an optimal controller design. Simulation results show that in certain cases, when no extra excitation is present, the parameter estimates can indeed converge to such limit points, meaning that the adaptive system is not self-tuning. Finally, the global stability and convergence of the adaptive controller, based on the stochastic gradient algorithm, are established and it is shown that if the exogenous input is of sufficient order of excitation, the system is self-tuning.
Linewidth-deduction method for nonlinear optical spectroscopy with transform-limited light pulses (1998)

We have developed a Fourier-deconvolution-based linewidth-deduction method for nonlinear optical spectroscopy with transform-limited light pulses. The phase-retrieval problem involved in this method was solved with a phase-retrieval procedure based on the maximum-entropy model. Our proposed method can also help one to surpass the resolution limit set by the uncertainty principle when the amplitude line-shape function of the laser source can be fully predetermined.
The Jackson Laboratory: A Center for Mammalian Genetics in the United States (1966)

Journal Article The Jackson Laboratory: A Center for Mammalian Genetics in the United States Get access EARL L. GREEN EARL L. GREEN *Director, The Jackson LaboratoryBar Harbor, Maine Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 57, Issue 1, January 1966, Pages 3–12, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107458 Published: 01 January 1966
Watermarking digital image and video data. A state-of-the-art overview (2000)

The authors begin by discussing the need for watermarking and the requirements. They go on to discuss digital watermarking techniques based on correlation and techniques that are not based on correlation.
Prognostic Value of Tyrosinase Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction in Metastatic Melanoma (2001)

The prognostic value of this method could be improved by combining it with PCR of other melanoma markers (Melan A, Mage 3) or assays of serum markers (S 100 protein or lactate dehydrogenase).
Assembly of indole-2-carboxylic acid esters through a ligand-free copper-catalysed cascade process (2009)

A straightforward synthesis of indole-2-carboxylic esters was developed through a ligand-free copper-catalysed condensation/coupling/deformylation cascade process from 2-halo aryl aldehydes or ketones with ethyl isocyanoacetate. The reactions proceeded well for most of the 2-iodo-, bromo-, and chloro-substrates under room temperature or mild conditions.
Progranulin Gene Delivery Protects Dopaminergic Neurons in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease (2014)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity and akinesia/bradykinesia resulting from the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. To date, only symptomatic treatment is available for PD patients, with no effective means of slowing or stopping the progression of the disease. Progranulin (PGRN) is a 593 amino acid multifunction protein that is widely distributed throughout the CNS, localized primarily in neurons and microglia. PGRN has been demonstrated to be a potent regulator of neuroinflammation and also acts as an autocrine neurotrophic factor, important for long-term neuronal survival. Thus, enhancing PGRN expression may strengthen the cells resistance to disease. In the present study, we have used the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD to investigate the possible use of PGRN gene delivery as a therapy for the prevention or treatment of PD. Viral vector delivery of the PGRN gene was an effective means of elevating PGRN expression in nigrostriatal neurons. When PGRN expression was elevated in the SNC, nigrostriatal neurons were protected from MPTP toxicity in mice, along with a preservation of striatal dopamine content and turnover. Further, protection of nigrostriatal neurons by PGRN gene therapy was accompanied by reductions in markers of MPTP-induced inflammation and apoptosis as well as a complete preservation of locomotor function. We conclude that PGRN gene therapy may have beneficial effects in the treatment of PD.