gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Zinc nutrition and growth retardation. (2008)

Human growth retardation from zinc deficiency was first reported over 40 years ago. More recently marginal zinc deficiency was shown to occur during pregnancy and infancy, and to be prevalent in children throughout the world. Zinc with or without macronutrients and other micronutrient deficits may also occur in patients with gastrointestinal disease. Particular attention must be given to the suboptimal intake of zinc which results in growth retardation. The single most important cause of nutritional growth retardation (NGR) worldwide is poverty related malnutrition involving multiple macro-and-micro nutrient deficits. NGR is an underappreciated entity in pediatric endocrine clinics since these patients do not manifest clinical evidence of malnutrition or overt nutrient deficits. A deceleration in body weight progression and decreased growth rates are the only clinical manifestations of the altered nutrient status. The growth deceleration occurs as an adaptive response to suboptimal nutrition to maintain equilibrium between genetic growth potential and nutritional intake. However the potential effects of suboptimal zinc intake in patients with NGR may be difficult to assess as there are no good clinical markers pertaining to this mineral. Zinc is known to be an essential micronutrient involved in growth, though the mechanism(s) by which zinc deficiency impairs growth has not been elucidated. Several hundred zinc-containing nucleoproteins are involved in gene expression of multiple proteins, many of them are important for growth. Zinc deficiency reduces IGF-I production, and may decrease cellular IGF-responsiveness. This may explain why the zinc status of GH deficient children significantly affects their response to GH treatment. In experimental models mild restriction of energy appeared to be more important in regard to growth retardation than suboptimal zinc intake, and the simultaneous restriction of energy and zinc did not augment the growth deterioration of chronic suboptimal nutrition. The USDA food guide is a simple guideline which should serve the needs of pediatric endocrinologists when evaluating the quality of the dietary intake of a short child and to provide guidelines for food intake to the patients.
Quantitation of Choline in the Extracellular Fluid of Brain Tissue with Amperometric Microsensors (1994)

Amperometric microsensors for the detection of choline in the extracellular fluid of brain tissue have been prepared by immobilizing horseradish peroxidase and choline oxidase onto carbon fiber microcylinder electrodes with a cross-linkable redox polymer. The microcylinders have diameters of 7 or 10 microns and lengths of 200-400 microns. To detect choline, the microsensors are operated at an applied potential of -0.1 V vs SCE. At this potential, ascorbate and other easily oxidizable interferant molecules present in brain tissue are not detected by the electrode. Ascorbate, however, can interfere with the response to choline by acting as a reducing agent in the enzyme-containing polymer film. So, a Nafion overlayer is required in order to reliably detect choline in the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of ascorbate (approximately 200 microM). The Nafion-coated microsensors have a detection limit of approximately 5 microM choline and give a linear response beyond 100 microM when calibrated in vitro at 37 degrees C. Exposure of the microsensors to brain tissue for several hours causes less than a 10% loss in redox polymer surface coverage and less than a 25% loss in sensitivity to choline. To assess the ability of the microsensors to monitor choline levels in brain tissue, small volumes of a choline solution were injected into brain tissue at a site about 1 mm away from a microsensor. The current arising at the microsensor was converted to choline concentration by calibrating the sensor following the in vivo experiment. The resultant choline concentrations were in excellent agreement with those predicted by appropriate diffusion equations.
Mathematics of marital conflict: Qualitative dynamic mathematical modeling of marital interaction. (1995)

This article presents a new nonstatistical mathematical approach to modeling marital interaction by means of nonlinear difference equations. The application made of this modeling process in this article is to generate theory in order to understand J. M. Gottman and R. W. Levenson's (1992) report of the ability of one variable derived from a balance view of marital interaction to predict marital dissolution in a prospective study. Parameters are introduced that reflect uninfluenced husband and wife set points, emotional inertia, and influence function. These parameters are subjected to various examinations of validity with other data that reflect patterns of marital interaction and the cascade toward marital dissolution. Results suggest the hypothesis that unstable marriages are characterized at Time 1 by a mismatch in husband and wife influence functions. The modeling method makes it possible to fit a couple's equations under one set of conditions, then to simulate the couple's interaction under different conditions, and then to conduct experiments to test the validity of these simulations. The method provides a new approach toward the building of theory in family psychology. This article introduces a new approach to the modeling of social interaction using the mathematics of difference and differential equations. These equations express, in mathematical form, a proposed mechanism of change over time. They do not represent a statistical approach to modeling; rather they are designed to suggest a precise mechanism of change. This method has been used with great success in the biological sciences (Murray, 1989). The method is usually a quantitative approach that requires the modeler to be able to write down in mathematical form, on the basis of some theory, the causes of change in the dependent variables. For example, in the classic predator-prey problem, a modeler writes down that the rate of change in the population densities is some function of the current densities (e.g., Murray, 1989). Although this
Kinetic Study of the Water‐Gas Shift Reaction at Ultralow Temperature over a Ru‐Based Supported Ionic Liquid Phase Catalyst (2022)

Abstract The water‐gas shift reaction is subject to thermodynamic limitation, i.e., CO conversion increases with decreasing temperature. Thus, it is preferential to keep temperatures as low as possible at reasonable kinetic rates. In this work, the performance of a ruthenium‐based supported ionic liquid phase catalyst is shown for the water‐gas shift reaction at ultralow temperature. Furthermore, a model for the intrinsic kinetics of the water‐gas shift reaction using this supported ionic liquid phase catalyst is presented. For this purpose, a formal kinetic power law and a mechanistic general catalytic cycle kinetic approach were applied. Supported ionic liquid phase catalysts with filling levels up to 30 % were prepared. For filling levels &lt; 13 %, internal mass transport limitations do not occur and intrinsic kinetics prevail.
Unusual infections in resected adenoid of children: PCR for C. pneumonia, M. pneumonia, H. pylori. (2011)

Abstract. Recurrent or chronic adenotonsillar infections mainly affect children.The possible role for infectious agents in adenoid hypertrophy have reported. Searching the DNAs (PCR) of M. pneumonia, C. pneumonia and H. pylori in resected adenoid of children with adenoid surgery. A cross-sectional study done in ENT and Pediatric Department of Rasul Akram Hospital during 2006-2008. 53 children with recurrent or chronic adenotonsillar infections candidate for adenoid surgery were selected .The resected adenoid tissues (1cm) during surgery removed by surgeon. The tissue samples were centrifuged and homogenized, DNAs were extracted and searched for DNAs of M. pneumonia, C. pneumonia and H. pylori by qualitative PCR. Mean age of cases was 8 ±1.9 years. 48% male; 51.9% female 23%. Most cases aged between 6-9 years (71.5%). Most adenoid surgery was done in winter (32%). M. pneumonia- DNA detected in 28%; C. pneumonia in 13.2%; H. pylori in 15% of tissue samples with no relation to sex and age of cases. Most positive PCR results for C. pneumonia and H. pylori (p=0.05; 0.02) were seen in spring and summer but not for M. pneumonia ( p=0.5) We could detect at least 1 of these 3 unusual infectious agents (M. pneumonia, C. pneumonia and H. Pylori) in adenoid tissues of 60% cases. These unusual infections may have a relative role in etiology of adenoid hypertrophy. Chronic sinusitis and ear infection might be added to infected adenoid tissue as a reservoir for these unusual bacteria. The search by more specific method such as Real time-PCR; or specific culture may elucidate better the role of these unusual infections in adenoid hypertrophy in future. The decision for use of antibiotics to eradicate these unusual infections in recurrent or chronic adenotonsillar infections before adenoid surgery (with or without rhinosinusitis or chronic ear infection) needs Randomized Controlled Trial studies.Key words: Adenoid tissue; Adenoid hypertrophy; C. pneumonia; M. pneumonia; H. pylori
Alternative UBM for Lead Free Solder Bumping using C4NP (2007)

This paper analyzes two alternative under bump metallurgy (UBM) structures: sputtered TiW/Ni and electroless Ni/immersion Au (ENIG), with and without Pd. Wafers were fabricated with these UBM structures, solder applied with C4NP, and chip level stressing performed to determine the robustness of these alternative stack-ups. Microelectronic packaging continues the migration from wire bond to flip chip first level interconnect (FLI) to meet aggressive requirements for improved electrical performance, reduced size and weight. Analysis of these structures following multiple reflows and thermal cycling is presented.
X-ray based sub-picosecond electron bunch characterization using 90o Thomson scattering (2008)

LBNL-39060 UC·414 Preprint ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE BERKELEY N.ATIONAL LABORATORY X-Ray Based Sub-Picosecond Electron Bunch Characterization Using 90° Thomson Scattering W. Leemans, R.W. Schoenlein, P. Volfbeyn, A. Chin, T.E. Glover, P. Balling, M. Zolotorev, K.]. Kim, S. Chattopadhyay, and C.V. Shank Accelerator and Fusion Research Division June 1996 Submitted to Physical Review Letters OJ (,Q U1 lSl r- r- ID j 0 lll U j'< o-O r- Z OJ w I lSl N lSl
Development of a compact and low cost axial flux machine using soft magnetic composite and hard ferrite (2015)

Especially for automotive applications, the request for small, lightweight, powerful and cheap electrical machines is tremendous - not only for the drivetrain in electrical vehicles but also for ancillary components like air conditioning compressors, starters/generators or pumps. In terms of small size and high power to weight ratio, the use of permanent magnets, especially rare earth magnets is essential. However, rare earth permanent magnets(PM's) have several concerns caused by a very concentrated resource market, which has already caused unpredictable price increase or export restrictions. Therefore, it is the goal to avoid rare earth magnets on the one hand but, on the other hand, keep the characteristics of a machine for the automotive industry. The combination of hard-ferrite magnets and soft magnetic composites, combined in an axial flux motor topology is a promising approach to fulfill the requirements of a high power density, low-cost and rare earth magnet-free machine. The designed motor structure with ferrite PMs replacing the rare earth PMs and the results of three-dimensional finite element analyses are introduced in detail in this paper. Moreover, a prototype with 600W nominal output power was produced and tested.
In Vivo Modulation of T-DNA Encoded Amidohydrolase Activity in Transformed Tobacco Cells (1991)

Auxin autonomous growth of most crown gall tumor cells requires the expression of two auxin biosynthesizing genes (tms 1 and tms 2) from the T-DNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The potential role of the tms 2 locus to affect auxin accumulation was studied by measuring the activity of its gene product, indoleacetamide hydrolase (AH), in cloned cells of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) transformed by the A6 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. AH activity followed a consistent pattern over a 30 day culture cycle with a peak at 10 to 14 days. This same pattern was observed in a number of independently isolated clones as well as in uncioned tumor tissue, suggesting that AH activation is a regular process in wounded, transformed cells. Transfer of unwounded tissue to fresh media resulted in a similar pattern of AH activation, but with the peak activity only about 50 percent of the cut tissues. These results show that the tms 2 encoded AH activity is modulated over the culture cycle, and that the modulation is affected by wounding and supplying fresh nutrients in the medium. AH activity correlated closely with free indoleacetic acid levels which suggests that it can be an important determinant in controlling free IAA levels in transformed cells.
The role of zinc in liver cirrhosis (2015)

Zinc is an essential trace element playing fundamental roles in cellular metabolism. It acts mostly by binding a wide range of proteins, thus affecting a broad spectrum of biological processes, which include cell division, growth and differentiation. Zinc is critical to a large number of structural proteins, enzymatic processes, and transcription factors. Zinc deficiency can result in a spectrum of clinical manifestations, such as poor of appetite, loss of body hair, altered taste and smell, testicular atrophy, cerebral and immune dysfunction, and diminished drug elimination capacity. These are common symptoms in patients with chronic liver diseases, especially liver cirrhosis. The liver is the main organ responsible for the zinc metabolism which can be affected by liver diseases. On the other hand, zinc deficiency may alter hepatocyte functions and also immune responses in inflammatory liver diseases. Liver cirrhosis represents the most advanced stage of chronic liver diseases and is the common outcome of chronic liver injury. It is associated with energy malnutrition, with numerous metabolic disorders, such as hypoalbuminemia, with imbalance between branched-chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids, and with reduced zinc serum concentrations. All these processes can influence the clinical outcome of patients, such ascites, hepatic encephalopathy and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the present review, we summarize the emerging evidence on the pitoval role of zinc in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis.
SPECIFIC WEAK INTERACTIONS RELATED TO GEOMETRICAL SHAPE OF ASSOCIATING THIOLS: THE FACTOR RESPONSIBLE FOR SELECTIVE MOLECULAR RECOGNITION IN THEIR OXIDATION (1980)

Abstract In oxidation of a pair of associating thiols (1d and 2) with O2, specific weak interactions related to their geometrical shape such as CH···N and CH···SH interactions are suggested to be responsible for selective molecular recognition.
LTL Model Checking for Security Protocols (2007)

Most model checking techniques for security protocols make a number of simplifying assumptions on the protocol and/or on its execution environment that prevent their applicability in some important cases. For instance, most techniques assume that communication between honest principals is controlled by a Dolev -Yao intruder, i.e. a malicious agent capable to overhear, divert, and fake messages. Yet we might be interested in establishing the security of a protocol that relies on a less unsecure channel (e.g. a confidential channel provided by some other protocol sitting lower in the protocol stack). In this paper we propose a general model for security protocols based on the set-rewriting formalism that, coupled with the use of LTL, allows for the specification of assumptions on principals and communication channels as well as complex security properties that are normally not handled by state-of-the-art protocol analysers. By using our approach we have been able to formalise all the assumptions required by the ASW protocol for optimistic fair exchange as well as some of its security properties. Besides the previously reported attacks on the protocol, we report a new attack on a patched version of the protocol.
FexiEmission Lines in a High‐Resolution Extreme‐Ultraviolet Active Region Spectrum Obtained by the Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Research Telescope and Spectrograph (2005)

New calculations of radiative rates and electron impact excitation cross sections for Fe XI are used to derive emission-line intensity ratios involving 3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>4</sup>-3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>3</sup>3d transitions in the 180-223 Å wavelength range. These ratios are subsequently compared with observations of a solar active region obtained during the 1995 flight of the Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Research Telescope and Spectrograph (SERTS). The version of SERTS flown in 1995 incorporated a multilayer grating that enhanced the instrumental sensitivity for features in the ~170-225 Å wavelength range, observed in second order between 340 and 450 Å. This enhancement led to the detection of many emission lines not seen on previous SERTS flights, which were measured with the highest spectral resolution (0.03 Å) ever achieved for spatially resolved active region spectra in this wavelength range. However, even at this high spectral resolution, several of the Fe XI lines are found to be blended, although the sources of the blends are identified in the majority of cases. The most useful Fe XI electron density diagnostic line intensity ratio is I(184.80 Å)/I(188.21 Å). This ratio involves lines close in wavelength and free from blends, and it varies by a factor of 11.7 between N<sub>e</sub>=10<sup>9</sup> and 10<sup>11</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup> yet shows little temperature sensitivity. An unknown line in the SERTS spectrum at 189.00 Å is found to be due to Fe XI, the first time (to our knowledge) this feature has been identified in the solar spectrum. Similarly, there are new identifications of the Fe XI 192.88, 198.56, and 202.42 Å features, although the latter two are blended with S VIII/Fe XII and Fe XIII, respectively....
Advantages and Disadvantages ofin vitroModel Systems to set ADIs (2000)

In vitro implies a compromise over in vivo methods in science. Often that is the case, but when the in vivo experiment is in a rodent, the results can be as much of a compromise as a good in vitro system. That is the case with determinations of the effect of low levels of antibiotics on the intestinal flora of humans. The germ-free mouse associated with human flora is the best ‘in vivo’ system available, but the mouse intestinal tract differs from that of man almost as much as that of a cow. Like cows, wild mice derive nourishment from very complex plant materials and their intestinal tract is designed for this purpose. The front half of the stomach of rodents is lined with squamous epithelium instead of the secreting epithelium of the human stomach (and the posterior half of rodent stomachs). The purpose is to allow the rodent to consume large amounts of forage and store it in this chamber. Lactobacilli usually line this epithelium and lactic acid fermentation takes place. Even the secreting epithelium of the rodent stomach is often covered by a layer of yeast. These strains only exist in rodents and are even specific to rodent species. This is very different from the human where only Helicobacter can survive and live in the stomach. The large cecum of rodents is where our appendix is located. Our ancient ancestors evidently had a large cecum that allowed them to digest very slowly complex plant material, but as our diet changed to easily digestible material this was no longer needed. The rodent retains this dead-end sack and considerable fermentation takes place in this chamber. It is a continuous culture chamber in which the walls are lined with clostridia that live in the mucus layer and are only found in rodents.
The Reduction of Systematic Jitter in a Transmission Chain with Digital Regenerators (1967)

This paper describes methods for the reduction of jitter in transmission chains with regenerative repeaters. These methods are based on the application of pattern transformations to the output signals of successive repeaters. As a result, the coherent accumulation of jitter from signal dependent jitter sources is prevented. Instead, the jitter accumulates on a power basis. It is shown that in this way a significant reduction of jitter is obtained. This result is demonstrated by both theoretical data and measurements on an experimental transmission chain which correspond fairly closely. Furthermore, the realization of the pattern transformations by simple coding techniques is presented in detail.
Modern Theoretical Tools for Understanding and Designing Next-generation Information Retrieval System (2022)

In the relatively short history of machine learning, the subtle balance between engineering and theoretical progress has been proved critical at various stages. The most recent wave of AI has brought to the IR community powerful techniques, particularly for pattern recognition. While many benefits from the burst of ideas as numerous tasks become algorithmically feasible, the balance is tilting toward the application side. The existing theoretical tools in IR can no longer explain, guide, and justify the newly-established methodologies. With no choices, we have to bet our design on black-box mechanisms that we only empirically understand. The consequences can be suffering: in stark contrast to how the IR industry has envisioned modern AI making life easier, many are experiencing increased confusion and costs in data manipulation, model selection, monitoring, censoring, and decision making. This reality is not surprising: without handy theoretical tools, we often lack principled knowledge of the pattern recognition model's expressivity, optimization property, generalization guarantee, and our decision-making process has to rely on over-simplified assumptions and human judgments from time to time. Facing all the challenges, we started researching advanced theoretical tools emerging from various domains that can potentially resolve modern IR problems. We encountered many impactful ideas and made several independent publications emphasizing different pieces. Time is now to bring the community a systematic tutorial on how we successfully adapt those tools and make significant progress in understanding, designing, and eventually productionize impactful IR systems. We emphasize systematicity because IR is a comprehensive discipline that touches upon particular aspects of learning, causal inference analysis, interactive (online) decision-making, etc. It thus requires systematic calibrations to render the actual usefulness of the imported theoretical tools to serve IR problems, as they usually exhibit unique structures and definitions. Therefore, we plan this tutorial to systematically demonstrate our learning and successful experience of using advanced theoretical tools for understanding and designing IR systems.