gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structurally distinct endocytic pathways for B cell receptors in B lymphocytes (2018)

ABSTRACT B lymphocytes play a critical role in adaptive immunity. Upon antigen binding, B cell receptors (BCR) cluster on the plasma membrane and are internalized by endocytosis. In this process, B cells capture diverse antigens in various contexts and concentrations. However, it is unclear whether the mechanism of BCR endocytosis changes in response to these factors. Here, we studied the mechanism of soluble antigen-induced BCR clustering and internalization in a cultured human B cell line using correlative super resolution fluorescence and platinum replica electron microscopy. First, by visualizing nanoscale BCR clusters, we provide direct evidence that BCR cluster size increases with F(ab’)2 concentration. Next, we show that the physical mechanism of internalization switches in response to BCR cluster size. At low concentrations of antigen, B cells internalize small BCR clusters by classical clathrin-mediated endocytosis. At high antigen concentrations, when clusters size increases beyond the size of a single clathrin coated pit, B cells retrieve receptor clusters using large invaginations of the plasma membrane capped with clathrin. At these sites, we observed early and sustained recruitment of actin and an actin polymerizing protein FCHSD2. We further show that actin recruitment is required for the efficient generation of these novel endocytic carriers and for their capture into the cytosol. We propose that in B cells, the mechanism of endocytosis switches to accommodate large receptor clusters formed when cells encounter high concentrations of soluble antigen. This mechanism is regulated by the organization and dynamics of the cortical actin cytoskeleton.
Ni Separation from Iron Calcareous Copper Converter Slags (1985)

During the conversion of nickel containing copper mattes with iron calcareous slags, nickel rejection to the slag depends on the degree of oxidation of the system. It has been found that, during the controlled cooling of these slags, nickel and copper concentrate in different phases. The crystallization of the slag under controlled cooling conditions was investigated to determine the phase composition with emphasis on the copper and nickel distribution between the various phases. The oxidation state of the liquid slag, the (Fe/CaO) weight ratio, and the SiO2 and MgO contents are the most important parameters in controlling the phase composition of the solid slag. The nickel oxide and MgO, as well as a substantial part of the iron oxides, concentrate in a spinel solid solution which is ferromagnetic. This phase can then be isolated by milling and magnetic separation, whereas the other phases containing the copper and calcium are recycled back into the converting operation.
The ACCOST-HH Trial (2020)

As expressed in the above translated couplet from the Thirukkural, 8 which was written over 2000 years ago by the acclaimed Tamil poet Thiruvalluvar, wherein he pondered that education would open a gateway to the world and in true sense we are living that vision today by uniting global education through web-based platforms.
Cell scattering and migration induced by autocrine transforming growth factor alpha in human glioma cells in vitro. (1997)

In the present investigation, we have transfected a human malignant glioma cell line, U-1242 MG, and derived clones that produce transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) in an inducible manner using the tetracycline suppressible vector system. TGF-alpha expression was confirmed by Northern analysis, by ELISA, and by immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled cells. The functional activity of the induced protein was proven by the finding of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine phosphorylation on induction of TGF-alpha. A clear effect on cell motility, i.e., cell scattering and an increased phagokinetic track area of individual glioma cells, was demonstrated. The fact that the EGFR tyrosine kinase activation was independent of cell density suggests that autocrine activation of the EGFR kinase occurred at the single-cell level. These findings are of interest, because increased cell motility is most likely a requirement for glioma cell invasion in vivo. The results imply that as a result of coexpression of EGFR and its ligand, individual glioma cells are capable of acting as independent autocrine locomotory units.
Noninformative Bayesian priors for large samples based on Shannon information theory (1987)

We consider the problem of producing noninformative prior distributions for Bayesian analysis. The definition of "noninformative" adopted here is based on maximizing an intuitively appealing information measure derived from Shannon information theory. Based on large-sample (asymptotic) considerations, we show how the resulting generally intractable optimization problem can be significantly simplified. This differs from the authors' previous work on noninformative priors, which considered finite-samples and showed how a tractable suboptimal solution could be obtained.
Current Losses at the Front of Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells (2012)

The current losses due to parasitic absorption in the indium tin oxide (ITO) and amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) layers at the front of silicon heterojunction solar cells are isolated and quantified. Quantum efficiency spectra of cells in which select layers are omitted reveal that the collection efficiency of carriers generated in the ITO and doped a-Si:H layers is zero, and only 30% of light absorbed in the intrinsic a-Si:H layer contributes to the short-circuit current. Using the optical constants of each layer acquired from ellipsometry as inputs in a model, the quantum efficiency and short-wavelength current loss of a heterojunction cell with arbitrary a-Si:H layer thicknesses and arbitrary ITO doping can be correctly predicted. A 4 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> solar cell in which these parameters have been optimized exhibits a short-circuit current density of 38.1 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and an efficiency of 20.8%.
Usefulness of Ultrahigh Resolution Microstructural Studies for Understanding Localized Corrosion Behavior of Al Alloys (2008)

The corrosion behavior of different tempers of two aluminum alloys, AA7050 and an experimental Al–Mg–Cu–Si alloy, was studied in NaCl solution by anodic polarization and scanning electron microscopy and was correlated with differences in the microstructure. Potentiodynamic polarization experiments were performed on samples from the exact sheets used by others to study the microstructure evolution during the early stages of the precipitation sequence by high-resolution characterization tools [i.e., high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography (APT)]. The usefulness of information from these state-of-the-art tools to lead to a better understanding about the effects of nanoscale segregation on localized corrosion of aluminum alloys is discussed. APT was able to provide information about the composition of the solid solution matrix region between the fine-scale hardening particles, which is not possible by any other technique. Some of the changes in corrosion behavior, e.g., the breakdown potentials, with temper could be rationalized based on changes in the matrix composition. The formation of corrosion-susceptible surface layers on as-polished AA7050 depended on the predominant type of hardening particle. The lack of detailed knowledge of the grain boundary region limited the applicability of the microstructural information generated by previous studies for understanding intergranular corrosion.
Memory of DL-Polylactic Acid Biodegradable Plates (1994)

Biodegradable plates and screws have many advantages over metal plates and screws. Plates were injection-molded and made of DL-polylactic acid. Four-hole plates were bent with the use of a heated tip to angles of 30, 45, and 60 degrees. They were inserted in the subcutaneous space in the back of rabbits. After 2 weeks, the plates straightened, suggesting that the plates had a memory. The results were confirmed by similar in vitro investigations. The in vitro experiment was repeated with tempering of the plates. The plates were heated to a temperature of 200 degrees C for 45 seconds, cooled, and then again heated to 200 degrees C for 40 seconds. This process resulted in loss of memory of the plates. After 4 weeks, there was a change of the bending angle of less than 2.5 degrees.
Expression for momentum-transfer scattering in inelastic collisions in electron transport in a collisional plasma (2015)

An expression for the inelastic momentum-transfer scattering on the collision integral of the Boltzmann equation is derived in order to reflect the effect of an inelastic collision of an electron with a molecule on the electron kinetics in gases and collisional plasmas. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to formulate the explicit effect of the momentum-transfer scattering of an inelastic collision. The present procedure is a traditional one in which the Boltzmann equation of electrons is expanded in spherical-harmonics in velocity space. It is shown that the effect of the inelastic momentum-transfer on the electron transport is expressed only when we consider the first anisotropic part of the velocity distribution in the expanded Boltzmann equation. In addition, case studies are performed by considering the dependence of the scattering angle and the magnitude distribution.
Project Duration Assessment Model Based on Modified Shortest Path Algorithm and Superposition (2011)

This paper presents project duration assessment model based on modification of shortest path algorithms and superposition. One of the shortest path algorithms, Dijkstra algorithm, is modified in order to find the longest path. This is used for critical path calculation, i.e. for resolving project duration assessment problem. Another modification of algorithm calculates sub critical path as the second longest one. These paths are used for superposition, because of stochastic nature of many research and development projects which can cause that at some point in time sub critical becomes critical path. Thus, sub critical path influence on project duration should be taken into account, and, in this case, superposition is used for that. Superposition used in the model is based on analytical method -- Clark's formulas. Presented model can be used for business process improvement and project management support.
Probiotic Social Life, Biochemical Cross-talk and Ecological Relationships Among Bacteria (2014)

Since their discovery in the 17th century, thanks to the invention of the microscope by Van Leeuwenhoek, and until about 25 years ago, bacteria have been considered as individual planctonic cells. For a long time, prokaryotes have represented the exact paradigm of unicellular life and yet they constitute a model of “freedom” in biology that individual cells belonging to a multicellular organism do not possess. Actually, although all of them possess the same genetic potential, individual cells in both animal and plant multicellular organisms are compelled to differentiate in the various tissues and hence only use a limited amount of their overall genetic information.
Evolutionary history of the uterine serpins (2000)

A bioinformatics analysis was conducted on the four members of the uterine serpin (US) family of serpins. Evolutionary analysis of the protein sequences and 86 homologous serpins by maximum parsimony and distance methods indicated that the uterine serpins proteins form a clade distinct from other serpins. Ancestral sequences were reconstructed throughout the evolutionary tree by parsimony. These suggested that some branches suffered a high ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations, suggesting episodes of adaptive evolution within the serpin family. Analysis of the sequences by neutral evolutionary distance methods suggested that the uterine serpins diverged from other serpins prior to the divergence of the mammals from other vertebrates. The porcine uterine serpins are paralogs that diverged from a single common ancestor within the Sus genus after pigs separated from other artiodactyls. The uterine serpins contain several protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase phosphorylation sites. These sites may be important for the lymphocyte-inhibitory activity of OvUS if, like other basic proteins, OvUS can cross the cell membrane of an activated lymphocyte. Internalized OvUS could serve as an alternative target to protein kinases important for the mitogenic response to antigens.
TMIC-34. SENESCENT ASTROCYTE INDUCED INFLAMMATION MAY UNDERLIE SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE AGE-DEPENDENT RISE IN GLIOBLASTOMA INCIDENCE (2019)

Abstract Sex differences in the rates of glioblastoma increase with age. There are likely to be multiple biological mechanisms underlying these sex differences. Here, we focused on the changes that occur with aging in the secretomes of male and female astrocytes to determine whether sex differences in chemokine and cytokine secretion, and inflammatory cell recruitment, could be one of those mechanisms. We focused on glioblastoma (GBM) and the role that senescent astrocytes might play in the age-dependent widening of the gap between male and female GBM cases. We found that the senescence associated secretory phenotype of male and female astrocytes significantly differed, notably in the enrichment of Fractalkine (1.33:1 (F:M)), the primary chemoattractant for microglia, in female compared to male SASP. This was in contrast to the greater abundance of tumorigenic growth factors like bFGF (1.25:1 (M:F)), in the male SASP. Implantation of either male or female senescent astrocytes into the brains of mice resulted in the recruitment of microglia to the injection site. Regardless of the recipient mouse sex, female astrocyte implantation resulted in significantly larger microglial infiltrates (2-fold) and greater astrocyte activation, as compared to the injection of equal numbers of male senescent cells. We propose a model for how sex differences in astrocyte SASP could result in lower rates of GBM with age in females: greater microglial attraction to senescent cells results in their enhanced clearance and consequently a reduction in senescence-associated GBM promotion.
Granting silence to avoid wireless collisions (2010)

We describe grant-to-send, a novel collision avoidance algorithm for wireless mesh networks. Rather than announce packets it intends to send, a node using grant-to-send announces packets it expects to hear others send. We present evidence that inverting collision avoidance in this way greatly improves wireless mesh performance. Evaluating four protocols from 802.11 meshes and 802.15.4 sensor networks, we find that grant-to-send matches or outperforms CSMA and RTS/CTS in all cases. For example, in a 4-hop UDP flow, grant to-send can achieve 96% of the theoretical maximum throughput while maintaining a 99.9% packet delivery ratio. Grant-to-send is also general enough to replace protocol-specific collision avoidance mechanisms common to sensor network protocols. Grant-to-send is simple. For example, incorporating it into 802.11 requires only 11 lines of driver code and no hardware changes. Furthermore, as it reuses existing 802.11 mechanisms, grant-to-send inter-operates with current networks and can be incrementally deployed.
Explaining online conspiracy theory radicalization: A second‐order affordance for identity‐driven escalation (2023)

Abstract From #Pizzagate to anti‐vaxxers, passing by 9/11 or Obama ‘birthers’, we have seen many communities growing on social media around conspiracy theories and thereby gaining public prominence. Debunking or presenting alternative views to conspiracy theories often fails because individuals within these communities can grow more resolute, encouraging and reinforcing their beliefs online. Instead of withering in the face of contradiction, such communities hunker down; escalating their commitment to their conspiratorial beliefs. By interacting over social media platforms, they develop a sense of a shared social identity, which in turn fosters escalating behaviours and can lead to radicalization. For some people, the choice of abandoning or moderating these beliefs is unthinkable because they are too deeply invested to quit. This study advances a second‐order affordance for identity‐driven escalation that explains the process of conspiracy theory radicalization within online communities. We offer a theoretical account of the way social media platforms contribute to escalating commitment to conspiracy radicalization. We show how the sequential and combined actualization of first‐order affordances of the technology enables a second‐order affordance for escalation.
Nature of Oxidation of the Au(111) Surface: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation (2009)

The Au(111) surface is the prototypical inert metal substrate, whose interaction with oxygen remains a controversial issue. Here, we study the effect of dosing temperature and coverage on the absorption of atomic oxygen on this surface, using ab initio molecular dynamics and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. Two vibrational peaks are observed experimentally at 380 and 580 cm−1. The lower frequency peak is predominant at low oxygen coverages, while the higher frequency peak grows more pronounced with increasing oxygen coverage. Our simulations reproduce these results and show that oxygen chemisorbed on the surface is the primary species at low coverages or low surface temperatures. An oxide-like species, both on the surface and under the top layer of gold, becomes dominant at higher coverages or temperatures. These results elucidate the nature of oxidation of the Au(111) surface.
Supplementary Figure 7 from Use of [<sup>11</sup>C]Choline PET-CT as a Noninvasive Method for Detecting Pelvic Lymph Node Status from Prostate Cancer and Relationship with Choline Kinase Expression (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 46K&lt;/p&gt;
Low-Temperature-Grown Gallium Arsenide Photoconductors with Photoresponse reaching 25 mA/W under 1550nm CW excitation (2020)

We show in this communication that photoconductors based on GaAs grown at low temperature can exhibit photoresponses as high as 25 mA/W under continuous-wave 1550-nm-wavelength illumination. It is achieved by using an optical Fabry-Pérot cavity in order to improve the external quantum efficiency and by decreasing the post growth annealing temperature down-to 450 °C.
Rearrangement Approaches to Cyclic Skeletons. IV. The Total Synthesis of (±)-Pinguisone and (±)-Deoxopinguisone Based on Photochemical [1,3] Acyl Migration of a Bicyclo[3.2.2]non-6-en-2-one (1986)

Abstract The total synthesis of (±)-Pinguisone (2) and (±)-deoxopinguisone (3), [5–6] fused-ring sesquiterpenes, has been achieved starting from 1-methoxy-3,4,5-trimethylbenzene. 1-Methoxy-4,5,endo-8-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.2]non-5-en-2-one (9) was prepared selectively via facial selective Diels–Alder reaction of the diene derived from the benzene and 2-chloroacrylonitrile. Ring enlargement of 9 using (CH3)3SiCHN2 and BF3 etherate gave the corresponding bicyclo[3.2.2]oct-6-en-2-one (8). The photochemical [1,3] acyl migration of 8 gave the [5–6] fused-ring compound (7). The fourth methyl was introduced selectively by the conjugate addition of (CH3)2CuLi to the spiro[bicyclo[4.3.0]non-8-ene-3,2′-[1,3]dioxolan]-7-one prepared from 7. Each furan ring of 2 and 3 was constructed via the corresponding butenolide derived from the γ-keto acid by acid-catalyzed dehydration.
Strain effect on the optical conductivity of graphene (2010)

Within the tight-binding approximation, we study the dependence of the electronic band structure and of the optical conductivity of a graphene single layer on the modulus and direction of applied uniaxial strain. While the Dirac-cone approximation, albeit with a deformed cone, is robust for sufficiently small strain, band dispersion linearity breaks down along a given direction, corresponding to the development of anisotropic massive low-energy excitations. We recover a linear behavior of the low-energy density of states, as long as the cone approximation holds, while a band gap opens for sufficiently intense strain, for almost all, generic strain directions. This may be interpreted in terms of an electronic topological transition, corresponding to a change in topology of the Fermi line, and to the merging of two inequivalent Dirac points as a function of strain. We propose that these features may be observed in the frequency dependence of the longitudinal-optical conductivity in the visible range, as a function of strain modulus and direction, as well as of field orientation.
Altered PPARγ expression and activation after transient focal ischemia in rats (2006)

Stroke is a devastating disease with limited treatment options. Recently, we found that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists troglitazone and pioglitazone reduce injury and inflammation in a rat model of transient cerebral ischemia. The mechanism of this protection is unclear, as these agents can act through PPAR-gamma activation or through PPAR-gamma-independent mechanisms. Therefore, we examined PPAR-gamma expression, DNA binding and transcriptional activity following stroke. In addition, we used a PPAR-gamma antagonist, T0070907, to determine the role of PPAR-gamma during ischemia. Using immunohistochemical techniques and real-time PCR, we found low levels of PPAR-gamma mRNA and PPAR-gamma immunoreactivity in nonischemic brain; however, PPAR-gamma expression dramatically increased in ischemic neurons, peaking 24 h following middle cerebral artery occlusion. Interestingly, we found that in both vehicle- and agonist-treated brains, DNA binding was reduced in the ischemic hemisphere relative to the contralateral hemisphere. Expression of a PPAR-gamma target gene, lipoprotein lipase, was also reduced in ischemic relative to nonischemic brain. Both DNA binding and lipoprotein lipase expression were increased by the addition of the PPAR-gamma agonist rosiglitazone. Finally, we found that rosiglitazone-mediated protection after stroke was reversed by the PPAR-gamma antagonist T0070907. Interestingly, infarction size was also increased by T0070907 in the absence of PPAR-gamma agonist, suggesting that endogenous PPAR-gamma ligands may mitigate the effects of cerebral ischemia.
Optimal operation of coreless PCB transformer-isolated gate drive circuits with wide switching frequency range (1999)

Gate drive circuits for power MOSFETs and insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) often require electrical isolation. Coreless printed circuit board (PCB) transformers have been shown to have desirable characteristics from a few hundreds of hertz to a few megahertz and can be used for both power and signal transfer at low-power level. At low operating frequency, the magnetizing inductance has such low impedance that the driving power requirement could become excessive. This paper describes the use of a coreless PCB transformer for isolated gate drive circuits over a wide-frequency range. Based on a resonance concept, the optimal operating condition that minimizes the power consumption of the gate drive circuits is developed and verified with experiments. The coreless PCB transformer demonstrated here confirms a fundamental concept that the size and volume of a magnetic core could approach zero and become zero if the operating frequency is sufficiently high. Coreless PCB transformers do not require the manual winding procedure and thus simplify the manufacturing process of transformer-isolated gate drive circuits and low-power converters. Their sizes can be much smaller than those of typical core-based pulse transformers. The electrical isolation of a PCB is much higher than that of an optocoupler.
Fact or Fiction? Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma for the Treatment of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus (2018)

Current evidence is weak for ADSCs and/or PRP as treatment for vulvar LS. Further research is needed before recommending this therapy.