gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Etruscan bronze found at San Giminiano in 1787 (1992)

Kyle M. Phillips, Jr. (†), An Etruscan bronze found at San Giminiano in 1787, p. 537-561. This article traces the origin of an Etruscan bronze piglet in the Archaeological Museum at Florence (Inv. 531). According to documents in Florence and Siena, Valentino Tordini found the piglet in February 1787. He reported his find to his parish priest, Girolamo Benucci, and news soon reached Anton Lorenzo Minucci, Potesta of S. Gimignano. Minucci notified Abbot Felice Fontana in Florence who passed the information on to Giuseppe Bencivenni gia Pelli. Director of the R. Galleria. As a result, Bencivenni gia Pelli made a recommendation to Luigi di Schmidweiller, financial advisor of the Grand Duke, Pietro Leopoldo I De Lorena, to grant a reward to the finder of the piglet and to place it in the (p.t.o.) R. Galleria. The Grand Duke approved the award and the piglet arrived in the R. Galleria on March 7.1787. She was subsequently moved to her present location in the Archaeological Museum.
Synthese und Solvolyse von (Z)/(E)‐1‐Methyl‐2‐[2‐(1‐propin‐1‐yl)phenyl]vinyl‐triflat und 1‐Methylen‐2‐[2‐(1‐propin‐1‐yl)‐phenyl]ethyl‐triflat (1984)

Abstract Die Synthese und Solvolyse der Triflate ( Z )/( E )‐ 8 und 20 in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln wird beschrieben. Das ( E )‐Triflat 8 reagiert in Trifluorethanol bevorzugt unter Umlagerung über das intermediäre Naphthylkation 9 zum Naphthylether 22 und zum Naphthyltriflat 24. Der Nachweis von 1‐Brom‐2,3‐dimethylnaphthalin ( 26 ) nach Bromidionenzusatz zur Solvolyse bestätigt 9 als reaktive Zwischenstufe. Das ( Z )‐Triflat 8 solvolysiert bevorzugt zum Eliminierungsprodukt 28 , die Bildung des [(3‐Methyl‐2‐naphthyl)methyl]‐(trifluorethyl)‐ethers ( 23 ) kann jedoch nicht über das Kation 9 als Zwischenstufe erklärt werden. Die Solvolyse des Triflates 20 führt ebenfalls zu den Umlagerungsprodukten 22 und 23.
Optimal wavelength selection for noncontact reflection photoplethysmography (2011)

In this work, we obtain backscattered signals from human forehead for wavelengths from 380 to 980 nm. The results reveal bands with strong pulsatile signals that carry useful information. We describe those bands as the most suitable wavelengths in the visible and NIR regions from which heart and respiratory rate parameters can be derived using long distance non-contact reflection photoplethysmography analysis. The latter results show the feasibility of a novel technique for remotely detection of vital signs in humans. This technique, which may include morphological analysis or maps of tissue oxygenation, is a further step to real non-invasive remote monitoring of patients.
Brain derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin related kinase B signaling impacts diaphragm neuromuscular transmission in a novel rat chemogenetic model (2022)

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) mediates neural control of skeletal muscle fibers. Neurotrophic signaling, specifically brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) acting through its high-affinity tropomyosin related kinase B (TrkB) receptor is known to improve neuromuscular transmission. BDNF/TrkB signaling also maintains the integrity of antero- and retrograde communication between the motor neuron soma, its distal axons and pre-synaptic terminals and influences neuromuscular transmission. In this study, we employed a novel rat chemogenetic mutation (<i>TrkB</i> <sup><i>F</i>616</sup>), in which a 1-naphthylmethyl phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (1NMPP1) sensitive knock-in allele allowed specific, rapid and sustained inhibition of TrkB kinase activity. In adult female and male <i>TrkB</i> <sup><i>F</i>616</sup> rats, treatment with either 1NMPP1 (TrkB kinase inhibition) or DMSO (vehicle) was administered in drinking water for 14 days. To assess the extent of neuromuscular transmission failure (NMTF), diaphragm muscle isometric force evoked by nerve stimulation at 40 Hz (330 ms duration trains repeated each s) was compared to isometric forces evoked by superimposed direct muscle stimulation (every 15 s). Chronic TrkB kinase inhibition (1NMPP1 group) markedly worsened NMTF compared to vehicle controls. Acute BDNF treatment did not rescue NMTF in the 1NMPP1 group. Chronic TrkB kinase inhibition did not affect the apposition of pre-synaptic terminals (labeled with synaptophysin) and post-synaptic endplates (labeled with α-Bungarotoxin) at diaphragm NMJs. We conclude that inhibition of BDNF/TrkB signaling in <i>TrkB</i> <sup><i>F</i>616</sup> rats disrupts diaphragm neuromuscular transmission in a similar manner to <i>TrkB</i> <sup><i>F</i>616<i>A</i></sup> mice, likely <i>via</i> a pre-synaptic mechanism independent of axonal branch point failure.
A Spatiotemporal Dynamic Solution to the MEG Inverse Problem: An Empirical Bayes Approach (2015)

MEG/EEG are non-invasive imaging techniques that record brain activity with high temporal resolution. However, estimation of brain source currents from surface recordings requires solving an ill-posed inverse problem. Converging lines of evidence in neuroscience, from neuronal network models to resting-state imaging and neurophysiology, suggest that cortical activation is a distributed spatiotemporal dynamic process, supported by both local and long-distance neuroanatomic connections. Because spatiotemporal dynamics of this kind are central to brain physiology, inverse solutions could be improved by incorporating models of these dynamics. In this article, we present a model for cortical activity based on nearest-neighbor autoregression that incorporates local spatiotemporal interactions between distributed sources in a manner consistent with neurophysiology and neuroanatomy. We develop a dynamic Maximum a Posteriori Expectation-Maximization (dMAP-EM) source localization algorithm for estimation of cortical sources and model parameters based on the Kalman Filter, the Fixed Interval Smoother, and the EM algorithms. We apply the dMAP-EM algorithm to simulated experiments as well as to human experimental data. Furthermore, we derive expressions to relate our dynamic estimation formulas to those of standard static models, and show how dynamic methods optimally assimilate past and future data. Our results establish the feasibility of spatiotemporal dynamic estimation in large-scale distributed source spaces with several thousand source locations and hundreds of sensors, with resulting inverse solutions that provide substantial performance improvements over static methods.
A model-based approach for filtering and edge detection in noisy images (1990)

The authors consider the problem of enhancement and edge detection on noisy, real-world images. The restoration and edge detection framework is based on an autoregressive (AR) random-field model. An edge is detected if the first and second directional derivatives and a local estimate of the variance at each point satisfy certain criteria. When noise is present, a good estimate of the original from the noisy images improves the signal-to-noise ratio, resulting in better estimates of the directional derivatives. To avoid excessive computation, the problem of estimation of the original image and the model parameters is presented as a combination of a reduced-update Kalman filter and an adaptive-least-squares parameter estimation algorithm. The restoration process is completed with a min-max replacement scheme to enhance edge strength. An orientation-sensitive detector resulting from the use of an AR model may not detect edges of significantly different orientations. This is partially overcome by running four edge detectors on the four interior pixels of a 4*4 window; this corresponds to rotating the window in successive multiples of 90 degrees . Comparisons with R.M. Haralick's (1984) facet model edge detector, R. Nevatia and K.R. Babu's (1980) line finder, and J. Canny's (1986) edge detector are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Acid–base chemistry at the single ion limit (2020)

We present the results of acid-base experiments performed at the single ion (H<sup>+</sup> or OH<sup>-</sup>) limit in ∼6 aL volume nanopores incorporating electrochemical zero-mode waveguides (E-ZMWs). At pH 3 each E-ZMW nanopore contains <i>ca</i>. 3600H<sup>+</sup> ions, and application of a negative electrochemical potential to the gold working electrode/optical cladding layer reduces H<sup>+</sup> to H<sub>2</sub>, thereby depleting H<sup>+</sup> and increasing the local pH within the nanopore. The change in pH was quantified by tracking the intensity of fluorescein, a pH-responsive fluorophore whose intensity increases with pH. This behavior was translated to the single ion limit by changing the initial pH of the electrolyte solution to pH 6, at which the average pore occupancy 〈<i>n</i>〉<sub>pore</sub> ∼3.6H<sup>+</sup>/nanopore. Application of an electrochemical potential sufficiently negative to change the local pH to pH 7 reduces the proton nanopore occupancy to 〈<i>n</i>〉<sub>pore</sub> ∼0.36H<sup>+</sup>/nanopore, demonstrating that the approach is sensitive to single H<sup>+</sup> manipulations, as evidenced by clear potential-dependent changes in fluorescein emission intensity. In addition, at high overpotential, the observed fluorescence intensity exceeded the value predicted from the fluorescence intensity-pH calibration, an observation attributed to the nucleation of H<sub>2</sub> nanobubbles as confirmed both by calculations and the behavior of non-pH responsive Alexa 488 fluorophore. Apart from enhancing fundamental understanding, the approach described here opens the door to applications requiring ultrasensitive ion sensing, based on the optical detection of H<sup>+</sup> population at the single ion limit.
NASP: an accurate, rapid method for the identification of SNPs in WGS datasets that supports flexible input and output formats (2016)

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of bacterial isolates has become standard practice in many laboratories. Applications for WGS analysis include phylogeography and molecular epidemiology, using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as the unit of evolution. NASP was developed as a reproducible method that scales well with the hundreds to thousands of WGS data typically used in comparative genomics applications. In this study, we demonstrate how NASP compares with other tools in the analysis of two real bacterial genomics datasets and one simulated dataset. Our results demonstrate that NASP produces similar, and often better, results in comparison with other pipelines, but is much more flexible in terms of data input types, job management systems, diversity of supported tools and output formats. We also demonstrate differences in results based on the choice of the reference genome and choice of inferring phylogenies from concatenated SNPs or alignments including monomorphic positions. NASP represents a source-available, version-controlled, unit-tested method and can be obtained from tgennorth.github.io/NASP.
Urban Vegetation Leveraging Actions (2021)

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) include a subset of targets that can be advanced through standard urban management activities. In particular, routine urban vegetation management comprises a number of activities with potential impact on Goal #4 (quality education), #11 (sustainable cities and communities), #13 (protect the planet), #15 (life on land), and, perhaps less obviously, but equally important, on Goal #8 (good jobs and economic growth). This paper discusses how urban vegetation management can help achieve the SDGs at a local level. Drawing on a case study (Talavera de la Reina, Spain), it is shown that an intelligent approach to urban vegetation management can leverage resources towards the SDGs at little or no cost to municipalities. Minor modifications and conceptual changes in how standard practices are carried out can make a difference. Including this dimension can even result in a positive balance for the municipal budget. Our analyses and proposals are of broad and direct applicability for urban areas worldwide and can help city authorities and officials to align their cities with the SDGs simply by making minor adjustments to how they currently deal with urban vegetation.
Heart‐cutting 2‐D CE using multiple detection points for chiral analysis of native amino acids (2008)

A new methodology based on heart-cutting 2-D CE in a single capillary was developed for the chiral separation of a mixture of 22 underivatized amino acids. The first dimension is performed in an achiral BGE (2.3 M acetic acid, pH 2.1) allowing the separation of the analytes as a function of their charge-to-radius ratio. A selected fraction from the first dimension is then separated in the second dimension in the presence of a chiral selector (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid. Since the introduction of the second electrolyte is performed by pressure mobilization, capillaries with small id of 10 microm are used to limit the peak broadening due to Taylor dispersion. Double capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector is used for monitoring the selection and the isolation of the fraction at the different steps of the analysis (voltage and pressure mobilization steps). This double detection allows calculating the voltage and pressure stop times in real-time analysis. This new methodology is applied with success for the chiral separation of different amino acids (D,L-Tyr, D,L-Trp and D,L-Thr) contained in a mixture of 22 native amino acids.
Large area full-field optical coherence tomography (2006)

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a fundamentally new type of optical imaging technology. OCT performs high resolution, cross-sectional tomographic imaging of the internal structure in materials and biological systems. The biomedical applications of the OCT imaging systems have been developed for diagnostics of ophthalmology, dermatology, dentistry and cardiology. Most of existing OCT systems use point-scanning based technology, however, the 3-axis scanning makes the system slow and cumbersome. A few OCT systems working directly on 2D full-field images were reported, however, they are designed to work in a relatively small area, around couple of hundred microns square. In this paper, we present a design and implementation of a full-field OCT imaging system for acquiring tomography and with a working area around 15mm by 15 mm. The problems rising from full-field OCT are addressed and analyzed. The algorithms to extract the tomography are proposed. Two applications of multilayer information retrieval and 3D object imaging using full-field OCT are described.
Tetanic responses of electrically stimulated paralyzed muscle at varying interpulse intervals (1988)

The influence of interpulse interval (IPI) on torque output during electrically evoked contractions was investigated for the knee extensor muscles of paralyzed subjects. Risetime, magnitude and relaxation time of the contraction were measured at stimulus IPIs ranging from 7 to 62 ms. Torque output increased as IPIs decreased from 62 to 15 ms. IPIs less than this resulted in an insignificant loss of torque. Risetimes decreased and relaxation times generally increased as IPIs decreased. The effect of prolonged simulation at long (50 ms) and short (12 ms) IPIs was also studied.< <ETX>&gt;</ETX>
Human cyclic motility: Fetal–Newborn continuities and newborn state differences (1987)

The spontaneous movement of 41 healthy human newborns was analyzed for cyclic patterns during different behavioral states and also compared to similar data obtained during their last few months of gestation. Spectral analysis was used to identify and quantify the motility cycles, except in quiet sleep, for which the instantaneous frequency of the isolated movements was analyzed. Cyclic motility (CM) was common in all states, and measures of its cyclic organization were similar in the non-sleep states in spite of very large differences in the total amount of movement. During active sleep, CM was weaker and less regular than during the non-sleep states, but similar to fetal CM during the last month of gestation. Thus cyclic variation in spontaneous motor activity, a basic feature of fetal behavior, is also a nearly constant feature of newborn spontaneous movement. Fetal CM persists relatively unchanged in the newborn during active sleep, and the cyclic organization of newborn movement is independent of the level of motor output.
Electrocyclization of Phosphahexatrienes: An Approach to λ5-Phosphinines (2011)

We experimentally verified an assumption that the substitution of a carbon atom with a pentavalent phosphorus atom in 1-alkoxy (dialkylamino) hexatrienes will not hamper its ability to electrocyclize. A series of 1-, 3-, and 5-phosphahexatrienes were synthesized. It was shown that parent λ(5)-phosphinines could be synthesized by electrocyclization of the 3- and 5-phosphahexatrienes. The resultant electrocyclization is a convenient method for the synthesis of parent λ(5)-phosphinines bearing different substituents on the phosphorus atom.
Graphene on a Hydrophobic Substrate: Doping Reduction and Hysteresis Suppression under Ambient Conditions (2010)

The intrinsic doping level of graphene prepared by mechanical exfoliation and standard lithography procedures on thermally oxidized silicon varies significantly and seems to depend strongly on processing details and the substrate morphology. Moreover, transport properties of such graphene devices suffer from hysteretic behavior under ambient conditions. The hysteresis presumably originates from dipolar adsorbates on the substrate or graphene surface. Here, we demonstrate that it is possible to reliably obtain low intrinsic doping levels and to strongly suppress hysteretic behavior even in ambient air by depositing graphene on top of a thin, hydrophobic self-assembled layer of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). The HMDS serves as a reproducible template that prevents the adsorption of dipolar substances. It may also screen the influence of substrate deficiencies.
Avidity of Anti-Circumsporozoite Antibodies following Vaccination with RTS,S/AS01E in Young Children (2014)

Our data suggest that in RTS,S/AS01E-vaccinated children residing in malaria endemic countries, the avidity of anti-circumsporozoite antibodies, as measured using an elution ELISA method, was not associated with protection from clinical malaria. Prior natural malaria exposure might have primed the response to RTS,S/AS01E vaccination.
Five wavelength DFB fibre laser source for WDM systems (1997)

Singlemode UV-induced distributed feedback (DFB) fibre lasers with a linewidth of &lt; 15 kHz and a sidemode suppression better than 61 dB are presented. The stability of the lasers is verified by a 10 Gbit/s transmission experiment. Five DFB fibre lasers are cascaded and pumped by a single semiconductor laser, thereby forming a multiwavelength source for WDM systems.
A Student Project using Robotic Operating System (ROS) for Undergraduate Research (2018)

His Thesis and initial work was on underwater explosion bubble dynamics and ship and submarine whipping. After graduation he took a position with the US Army where he has been ever since. For the first decade with the Army he worked on notable programs to include the M829A1 and A2 that were first of a kind composite saboted munition. His travels have taken him to Los Alamos where he worked on modeling the transient dynamic attributes of Kinetic Energy munitions during initial launch. Afterwards
Phenolic Metabolites from Honeybush Tea (Cyclopia subternata) (2004)

Cyclopia subternata is one of the 24 Cyclopia species that are used to brew honeybush tea, a unique South African herbal beverage with a pleasant taste and flavor. It contains various antioxidants, very low tannin content, and no caffeine. Many health properties are associated with regular consumption of the tea. Honeybush infusions have been noted as a tonic for colds and influenza, catarrh, and pulmonic tuberculosis and is becoming well-known for its effectiveness in alleviating menopausal symptoms in women. "Unfermented" leaves of C. subternata contain pinitol, shikimic acid, p-coumaric acid, 4-glucosyltyrosol, epigallocatechin gallate, the isoflavone orobol, the flavanones hesperedin, narirutin, and eriocitrin, a glycosylated flavan, the flavones luteolin, 5-deoxyluteolin, and scolymoside, the xanthone mangiferin, and the flavonol C-6-glucosylkaempferol. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis.
Purification and Properties of Human Transferrin C and a Slow Moving Genetic Variant (1967)

Abstract Human transferrin C and a genetic variant found by a starch gel electrophoresis screening program were purified and compared structurally. Isolation combined two bulk fractionations, with the use of rivanol and ammonium sulfate, with the more selective procedures of Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and diethylaminoethyl Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography. Transferrin C and the variant were separated during the latter. The product obtained was homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge (s20,w = 5.1 S), in free boundary electrophoresis at several pH values (mobility = -3.03 and -3.63 units for apo- and ferritransferrins C, respectively, in pH 8.6 Veronal; isoelectric point, pI, of apotransferrin C = 5.5), in immunoelectrophoresis, and in starch gel electrophoresis. Amino acid analyses agreed with published data but failed to reveal differences between the two varieties. The peptide map of the Caucasian variant D-G.F. contains all the peptide spots seen in the map from transferrin C and a single additional spot not seen in the latter. The peptide is neutral at pH 6.5 and fails to stain for arginine, histidine, or tyrosine. This variant peptide is assumed to arise from one of two overlapping peptides, from the unresolved core, or from a peptide produced from two distinct parts of the molecule.
A Low Repetition Rate All-Active Monolithic Passively Mode-Locked Quantum-Dot Laser (2011)

A passively mode-locked laser with a 2.1-GHz fundamental repetition rate is demonstrated using a 20-mm-long monolithic two-section quantum-dot laser. A pulsewidth as short as 15.4 ps was measured using a high-speed sampling scope. The product of the peak power and average power in this laser is treated theoretically and shown experimentally to nearly double by roughly quadrupling the cavity length.
Mechanistic Aspects of Soot Formation from the Combustion of Pine Wood (2008)

Carbonaceous soot has been generated from pine in a range of appliances to simulate different combustion conditions. The fuel as well as biomass cell wall components have been studied by pyrolysis-GC−MS and pyrolysis-GC−TCD. In addition, the soots have been probed using both pyrolysis-GC−MS and direct inlet mass spectrometry (DI−MS). The material collected from the pine combustion is smoke, and the major component is a carbonaceous soot. The soots contain both organic carbon (adsorbed species) and black (solid) soot, and the organic carbon consists of primary pyrolysis products from the cell wall components, as well as decomposition products, PAH and oxidized PAH. The black carbon contains oxygen functionality (of the order of 5−10 wt % O), and there are indications that this is incorporated during soot growth, although surface oxidation on reactive sites could also be important. The decomposition products suggest an important additional PAH route is via cyclopentadiene, which is derived after cracking of lignin monomer fragments. Kinetic modeling also highlights the lignin monomers as important contributions to the soot production pathways. A model is proposed which, in addition to the hydrogen abstraction carbon addition (HACA) mechanism, incorporates the cyclopentadiene and the O-PAH addition routes to soot.