gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonlinearization of two-parameter eigenvalue problems (2019)

We investigate a technique to transform a linear two-parameter eigenvalue problem, into a nonlinear eigenvalue problem (NEP). The transformation stems from an elimination of one of the equations in the two-parameter eigenvalue problem, by considering it as a (standard) generalized eigenvalue problem. We characterize the equivalence between the original and the nonlinearized problem theoretically and show how to use the transformation computationally. Special cases of the transformation can be interpreted as a reversed companion linearization for polynomial eigenvalue problems, as well as a reversed (less known) linearization technique for certain algebraic eigenvalue problems with square-root terms. Moreover, by exploiting the structure of the NEP we present algorithm specializations for NEP methods, although the technique also allows general solution methods for NEPs to be directly applied to the problem. The nonlinearization is illustrated in examples and simulations, with focus on problems where the eliminated equation is of much smaller dimensions than the other two-parameter eigenvalue equation, in particular applications in domain decomposition. A general analysis is also carried out under the assumption that a backward stable eigenvalue solver method is used to solve the eliminated problem, leading to the conclusion that the error is benign.
Characteristics of a CW ∼5 μm Ce3+-doped chalcogenide glass fiber laser (2023)

Abstract Energy, spectral and temporal characteristics of a Ce 3+ -doped chalcogenide glass fiber laser continuously pumped by a 4.16 μ m Fe 2+ :ZnSe laser were investigated. Milliwatt level output power was obtained. In case of low Q-factor of the resonator the laser operated at λ = 4.62 μ m corresponding to the narrow peak in Ce 3+ emission spectrum. At higher Q-factor, the lasing wavelength changed to 5.0–5.1 μ m corresponding to the plateau in the gain spectrum. In contrast to Tb 3+ -doped mid-infrared fiber lasers, Ce 3+ -doped fiber laser had no tendency to non-relaxing spike operation.
3D object recognition using multi-moment and neural network (2008)

To improve the performance of appearance-based three-dimensional object recognition system, we propose to extract Hupsilas moment invariants, affine moment invariants and color moments from the 2D images of 3D objects. Hupsilas and affine moment invariants have the properties of rotation, scale, translation invariance and affine transformation invariance respectively for the objects in images, and color moments are used to distinguish objects of similar shape and different color. Then these moments compose a 1-dimensional feature vector of 11 components for each 2D image of 3D objects and presented to the BP neural network for training. The trained network can be used to recognize 3D objects when provided the feature vectors of unseen views. We assessed our method based on both the original and noise corrupted COIL-100 3D objects dataset and achieved 100% correct rate of recognition when training images were presented every 10 degrees.
High-resolution Fourier-transform cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy in the near-infrared using an incoherent broad-band light source (2008)

An incoherent broad-band cavity-enhanced absorption (IBB-CEA) set-up was used in combination with a Fourier-transform (FT) spectrometer in order to explore the potential of this technique for high-resolution molecular spectroscopy in the near-infrared region. Absorption spectra of overtone bands of CO2, OCS, and HD18O were measured between 5800 and 7000 cm(-1) using a small sampling volume (1100 cm3, based on a 90 cm cavity length). The quality of the spectra in this study is comparable to that obtained with Fourier transform spectrometers employing standard multi-pass reflection cells, which require substantially larger sampling volumes. High-resolution methods such as FT-IBB-CEAS also provide an elegant way to determine effective mirror reflectivities (R(eff), i.e. a measure of the inherent overall cavity loss) by using a calibration gas with well-known line strengths. For narrow absorption features and non-congested spectra this approach does not even require a zero-absorption measurement with the empty cavity. Absolute cross-sections or line strengths of a target species can also be determined in one single measurement, if gas mixtures with known partial pressures are used. This feature of FT-IBB-CEAS reduces systematic errors significantly; it is illustrated based on CO2 as calibration gas.
The still obscure attributes of cryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan (2009)

Glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) is the major capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans. It is essential for fungal virulence and causes a number of deleterious effects to host cells. During the last decades, most of the experimental models designed to study the roles of GXM during cryptococcal infection were based on the stimulation of animal cells. This most commonly involved macrophages or other effector cells, with polysaccharide fractions obtained by precipitation with cationic detergents. More recently, it has been demonstrated that GXM interferes with the physiological state of other target cells, such as the epithelium. In addition, recent studies indicate that the structure of the polysaccharide and, consequently, its functions vary according with the method used for its purification. This raises questions as to what is native GXM and the significance of prior studies. In this paper, we discuss some of the aspects of GXM that are still poorly explored in the current literature, including the relevance of the polysaccharide in the interaction of cryptococci with non-phagocytic cells and the relationship between its structure and biological activity.
Neural Selective Cryoneurolysis with Ice Slurry Injection in a Rat Model (2020)

Ice slurry injection selectively targets the rat sciatic nerve, causing no damage to surrounding tissue. Injection of ice slurry around the rat sciatic nerve induced decreased nociceptive response from the baseline through neural selective cryoneurolysis.
Reducing MAC layer handoff latency in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (2004)

With the growth of IEEE 802.11-based wireless LANs, VoIP and similar applications are now commonly used over wireless networks. Mobile station performs a handoff whenever it moves out of the range of one access point (AP) and tries to connect to a different one. This takes a few hundred milliseconds, causing interruptions in VoIP sessions. We developed a new handoff procedure which reduces the MAC layer handoff latency, in most cases, to a level where VoIP communication becomes seamless. This new handoff procedure reduces the discovery phase using a selective scanning algorithm and a caching mechanism.
Mobile Ad Hoc Networking with a View of 4G Wireless: Imperatives and Challenges (2004)

This chapter focuses on the impetus behind the inevitable market adoption of the mobile ad hoc network, and presents a representative collection of technology solutions that can be used in different layers of the network, especially the algorithms and protocols needed for its operation and configuration.
Recent Patents in Pluripotent Stem Cells (2015)

Intellectual property rights are increasingly seen as critical to the survival and growth of new and emerging technologies, such as stem cell research. Breakthrough technologies are swiftly patented (i.e. WARF and Yamanaka) but not without ample obstacles. Too early in the research development and patents issued often overreach broadly and wreak havoc on any future scientific developments. In fact, the establishment and the use of human pluripotent stem cells have proven complicated and problematic. Old broad patents claiming methods that cannot not replicate are, preventing development of newer, simpler and more effective technologies. On the other hand, the European patenting situation is deemed unfair against European scientists who cannot patent their human embryonic stem cell developed methods or cells, whereas others in different countries can perfectly do so. Nonetheless, the human pluripotent stem cell area is rapidly expanding and this is increasingly reflected in the global patent landscape. This review briefly discusses the present pluripotent stem cell environment using examples of worldwide patents with an emphasis on the United States, European Union and Sweden. It continues with the latest legal challenges in the United States and Europe and follows up with remarks on the current and future developments in this area. Keywords: Global patents, human embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent patents, regenerative medicine, stem cells, US patents.
olecular and Cellular Inflammatory Mechanisms n the Development of Postoperative Ileus (2006)

Iatrogenic postoperative ileus occurs almost inevitably following abdominal surgery. Various pathogenic mechanisms have been investigated and the pathophysiology appears to be multifactorial with neurogenic, inflammatory, and pharmacological mechanisms all contributing to this clinical conundrum. In fact, recent data suggest a synergistic interplay between the various mechanisms. Early manifestations of postoperative ileus most likely have a strong neurogenic component, but the prolonged clinical phenomenon is probably primarily caused by the generation of a local molecular and cellular inflammatory response within the immunologically active muscularis externa of the surgically manipulated gastrointestinal tract. Also, important in understanding this disorder is delineating the natural anti-inflammatory pathways that restore the bowel to normal function and the therapeutic potential of preemptively modulating this pathway. Semin Colon Rectal Surg 16:184-187 © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A novel effect of eicosapentaenoic acid: improved diaphragm strength in endotoxemia (2010)

Respiratory muscle weakness is commonplace in critically ill patients, impairing the ability of those patients to breath, prolonging the need for ventilatory support, and increasing the likelihood of respiratory failure when that support is removed. Infections and endotoxemia reduce respiratory muscle strength, probably acting through several mechanisms. It is reported that the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) attenuates the loss in diaphragm specific force generation (that is, diaphragm strength) induced by bacterial endotoxin treatment in rats. EPA is found in fish oils. EPA reduces calpain activation, suggesting a specific effect on this proteolytic pathway. It will be important to identify whether this effect occurs in patients receiving EPA.
Immunotherapy with cytokine induced killer cells in solid and hematopoietic tumours: a pilot clinical trial (2009)

These preliminary data showed that adoptive immunotherapy with CIK cells is a safe therapy with some suggestion of efficacy that significantly enhances immune functions increasing absolute numbers of effector cells without side effects. If confirmed in larger scale studies, these promising results may have a favourable impact on conventional treatment strategy of malignancies.
Hardware Parallel Processing of 3×3-pixel Image Kernels (2020)

Video processing usually requires one to read in an entire image into a framebuffer, usually taking the form of random access memory (RAM). For kernel-based image and video processing, square-sized kernels are then extracted from this framebuffer, typically in 3×3-pixel sizes, though other sizes are also common. To meet the demand for ever higher image resolutions, larger and larger framebuffer RAM memories are required.While it is not feasible for software to read and process parts of an image quickly and efficiently enough due to the high speed of incoming video, a hardware-based video processing solution poses no such limitations. RAM-based framebuffers can also be found on hardware-based video processing systems, however such designs are not leveraging the full power and potential of processing image kernels with digital hardware. This paper introduces hardware techniques to read and process kernels without the need to store the entire image frame. This reduces the memory requirements significantly without loss of quality to the processed images.
Anti-Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor Antibodies in Thymoma-Associated Myasthenia Gravis (1994)

Sera from myasthenia gravis (MG) patients with thymoma were examined in Western blot for the presence of antibodies to proteins in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of cardiac muscle. Fourteen of 30 MG thymoma sera had IgG antibodies to a protein with the same electrophoretic mobility as cardiac muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR). Anti-cardiac RyR antibodies were not detected in any of the 45 sera from MG patients without thymoma. The same 14 MG thymoma sera, but none of the others, bound to RyR from skeletal muscle as well. Neutralization experiments showed that the anti-RyR antibodies in MG patient cross-reacted with cardiac and skeletal muscle RyR. Since skeletal and cardiac muscle RyRs are antigenically different, our findings may indicate that autoantibodies to RyR in MG originate by sensitization to a peptide shared by cardiac and skeletal muscle RyR, rather than to the complete native RyR.
Angular resolved power spectral density analysis for improving mirror manufacturing (2018)

Ultra-precise diamond turning is the method of choice for manufacturing freeform optics. Analyzing surface errors in different spatial frequency ranges has mainly been performed in a one-dimensional representation of the power spectral density function. However, the advanced machine dynamics at the fabrication of freeform mirrors result in highly anisotropic surfaces with regular ripples in different orientations. To properly analyze the entire surface in the frequency regime, a new way of representing the two-dimensional power spectral density is introduced in this paper. This novel tool is utilized for the evaluation of an example freeform mirror.
Społeczno-gospodarcze konsekwencje zmian w prawie wodnym w Polsce (2017)

Autorka podejmuje dyskusję nad projektem nowej ustawy Prawo wodne, gdyż poprzednia po 15 latach funkcjonowania wymaga już nowelizacji. Jednakże projekt ustawy przygotowany w 2016 roku rząd, wzbudził wiele kontrowersji. Otóż przewiduje się zasadnicze zmiany prawne i organizacyjne prowadzące do centralizacji zarządzania gospodarką wodną, które oznaczają odwrót od dotychczasowych tendencji do liberalizacji i decentralizacji systemu gospodarczego. Drugim kierunkiem zmian — i największym zaskoczeniem dla przedsiębiorców — okazuje się ujęcie kwestii ekonomicznych. Nowa ustawa ma znacznie rozszerzyć zakres odpłatnych usług wodnych — co można uznać za słuszne — oraz wielokrotnie podnieść stawki opłat za wodę, co spotkało się z największymi protestami. W artykule szerzej podjęto kwestie wpływu systemu opłat na funkcjonowanie branży napojów i butelkowanej wody mineralnej, która najbardziej odczuje proponowane zmiany ustawowe.
Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity (2020)

Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are widely used in various industrial and commercial products to retard oxidative reactions and lengthen product shelf life. In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted on the environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity of SPAs. Here, we summarize the current understanding of these issues and provide recommendations for future research directions. SPAs have been detected in various environmental matrices including indoor dust, outdoor air particulates, sea sediment, and river water. Recent studies have also observed the occurrence of SPAs, such as 2,6-di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and 2,4-di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-phenol (DBP), in humans (fat tissues, serum, urine, breast milk, and fingernails). In addition to these parent compounds, some transformation products have also been detected both in the environment and in humans. Human exposure pathways include food intake, dust ingestion, and use of personal care products. For breastfeeding infants, breast milk may be an important exposure pathway. Toxicity studies suggest some SPAs may cause hepatic toxicity, have endocrine disrupting effects, or even be carcinogenic. The toxicity effects of some transformation products are likely worse than those of the parent compound. For example, 2,6-di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-<i>p</i>-benzoquinone (BHT-Q) can cause DNA damage at low concentrations. Future studies should investigate the contamination and environmental behaviors of novel high molecular weight SPAs, toxicity effects of coexposure to several SPAs, and toxicity effects on infants. Future studies should also develop novel SPAs with low toxicity and low migration ability, decreasing the potential for environmental pollution.
Multicyclic Poly(ether ketone)s Obtained by Polycondensation of 2,6,4‘-Trifluorobenzophenone with Various Diphenols (2005)

2,6,4‘-Trifluorobenzophenone (TFB) was polycondensed with silylated 4,4‘-dihydroxybiphenyl (DHBP) or silylated bisphenol A in N-methylpyrrolidone by means of K2CO3 as catalyst and HF acceptor. At constant concentration (0.08 mol/L) the feed ratio was varied from 1.0/1.0 to 1.0/1.5. For polycondensations of DHBP cross-linking was observed for feed ratios above 1.0/1.1, whereas no gelation occurred with bisphenol A regardless of the feed ratio. The MALDI−TOF mass spectrometry proved the formation of cyclic, bicyclic and multicyclic oligomers and polymers in all cases. At a feed ratio of 1.00/1.48, multicyclces free of functional (end)groups were the only reaction products. However, gelation was only avoided when the initial concentration of TFB was lowered to 0.04 mol/L. Under these optimized conditions three more diphenols resembling bisphenol A were polycondensed with TBP and multicycles free of functional groups were again obtained as predominant reaction products. SEC measurements proved the formation of broad, at least bimodal molecular weight distributions containing a high molar mass fraction in the range of 106−109 Da.
Hierarchical Control of Intelligent Microgrids (2010)

Worldwide, electrical grids are expected to become smarter in the near future. In this sense, there is an increasing interest in intelligent and flexible microgrids, i.e., able to operate in island or in grid-connected modes. Black start operation, frequency and voltage stability, active and reactive power flow control, active power filter capabilities, and storage energy management are the functionalities expected for these small grids. This way, the energy can be generated and stored near the consumption points, thus increasing the reliability and reducing the losses produced by the large power lines. In this article, the main concepts related to the configuration, control, and energy management of intelligent microgrids are reviewed.
A novel endoscopic technique for closure of a large esophageal perforation using the clip-and-snare method with the prelooping technique (2016)

A novel endoscopic technique for closure of a large esophageal perforation using the clip-and-snare method with the prelooping technique
Isomerization, cracking and dehydrogenation of protonated mesityl oxide (1970)

Abstract Protonated mesityl oxide (1,3,3‐trimethyl‐1‐hydroxyallyl cation, 1 ) in strong acids has been found to give three reactions, resulting in a large variety of products depending on the acid used as the solvent. (1) Isomerization, followed by cyclization, gives the 2,5‐dimethyltetrahydrofuryl cation, which is about 5 × 10 3 times stabler than 1 . The isomerization, which proceeds via intermediate dications, is acid‐catalysed; its rate decreases strongly in the order 1: 1 HF‐SbF 5 〉〉 9: 1 HF‐SbF 5 〉 1: 1 FSO 3 H‐SbF 5 〉〉〉 5: 1 FSO 3 H‐SbF 5 . (2) In FSO 3 H‐SbF 5 , dehydrogenation with subsequent ring closure to give the 2,4‐dihydrofuryl cation. (3) Cracking produces the acetyl cation and isobutene, which are formed by β‐scission of C ‐protonated mesityl oxide. The isobutene fragment reacts further to give, depending on the acid and the rate at which it is formed, t ‐butyl cation, or the disulfonic acids of isobutene, or products thereof, and alkylcyclopentenyl ions. Rate constants of the three reactions in the different solvents have been measured. The 1‐ethyl‐3,3‐dimethyl‐1‐hydroxyallyl cation ( 2 ) reacts in a similar way, but different product selectivities are obtained.
An AlGaN tunnel junction light emitting diode operating at 255 nm (2020)

We report on the demonstration of high-performance tunnel junction deep ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The device heterostructure was grown under slightly Ga-rich conditions to promote the formation of nanoscale clusters in the active region. The device operates at ∼255 nm with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 7.2% and wall-plug of 4%, which are nearly one to two orders of magnitude higher than those of previously reported tunnel junction devices operating at this wavelength. The devices exhibit highly stable emission, with a nearly constant emission peak with increasing current, due to the strong charge carrier confinement related to the presence of Ga-rich nanoclusters. Efficiency droop, however, is observed at relatively low current densities. Detailed temperature-dependent measurements suggest that the presence of efficiency droop of deep UV LEDs is largely due to electron overflow.
Inside Cover: The First Generation of β‐Galactosidase‐Responsive Prodrugs Designed for the Selective Treatment of Solid Tumors in Prodrug Monotherapy (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46/2012) (2012)

A galactoside prodrug has been designed that can be selectively activated by lysosomal β-galactosidase located inside cancer cells expressing a specific tumor-associated receptor. In their Communication on page 11606 ff. S. Papot and co-workers show that this efficient enzymatic process triggers a potent cytotoxic effect, releasing the potent antimitotic agent MMAE and allowing the destruction of both receptor-positive and surrounding receptor-negative tumor cells.
ChemInform Abstract: NITROGEN‐ OR CARBON‐GOLD DERIVATIVES OF AZOLES (1983)

Abstract Die Reaktion entsprechender Azole mit Chloro‐phosphin‐Au(l)‐Verbindungen und NaOH in Methanol oder unter Phasentransfer‐Bedingungen (Tetrabutylammoniumhydrogensulfat/ Methylenchlorid) führt zu den N‐gebundenen Au‐Verbindungen (I)‐(IV) oder zu dem in C‐4‐Position dimetallierten Pyrazolon (V).
Simultaneous optimum design of shape and control system for micro air vehicles (1999)

Technology for micro air vehicles (MAV) has been attracting the attention of researchers. Multidisciplinary optimization is expected to help achieve the stability and higher performance required for successful MAVs. This paper demonstrates the use of simultaneous aerodynamic shape optimization and control system design for improved stability and performance. The objective of the optimization is to reduce the control energy and improve stability for controlling the roll motion, which becomes increasingly difficult to control as vehicle size gets smaller.