gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Electrospun Fiber Diameter and Alignment on Macrophage Activation and Secretion of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines (2011)

Macrophage activation can be modulated by biomaterial topography according to the biological scale (micrometric and nanometric range). In this study, we investigated the effect of fiber diameter and fiber alignment of electrospun poly(L-lactic) (PLLA) scaffolds on macrophage RAW 264.7 activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines at 24 h and 7 days. Macrophages were cultured on four different types of fibrous PLLA scaffold (aligned microfibers, aligned nanofibers, random microfibers, and random nanofibers) and on PLLA film (used as a reference). Substrate topography was found to influence the immune response activated by macrophages, especially in the early inflammation stage. Secretion of proinflammatory molecules by macrophage cells was chiefly dependent on fiber diameter. In particular, nanofibrous PLLA scaffolds minimized the inflammatory response when compared with films and microfibrous scaffolds. The histological evaluation demonstrated a higher number of foreign body giant cells on the PLLA film than on the micro- and nanofibrous scaffolds. In summary, our results indicate that the diameter of electrospun PLLA fibers, rather than fiber alignment, plays a relevant role in influencing in vitro macrophage activation and secretion of proinflammatory molecules.
Improving the probability of detection inside the intersection area of two-radar systems based upon scan-to-scan processing, scan rate modulation, and probability fusion rules (2016)

This paper discusses the probability of detection enhancement at the fusion area scanned by two radars. The improvement is implemented by three techniques, scan rate modulation, scan-to-scan processing, and applying the probability of detection rules (AND, OR) to make a decision. The simulation results reveal that using AND rules with precalculation of the threshold is better at enhancing the probability of detection and reducing the probability of false alarm. Furthermore, scan-to-scan processing has a considerable influence on reducing false alarms. Moreover, scan rate modulation increases the probability of detection and maintains the probability of false alarm within a permissible limit.
Deep Learning Representation from Electroencephalography of Early-Stage Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Features for Differentiation from Rapidly Progressive Dementia (2016)

A novel technique of quantitative EEG for differentiating patients with early-stage Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) from other forms of rapidly progressive dementia (RPD) is proposed. The discrimination is based on the extraction of suitable features from the time-frequency representation of the EEG signals through continuous wavelet transform (CWT). An average measure of complexity of the EEG signal obtained by permutation entropy (PE) is also included. The dimensionality of the feature space is reduced through a multilayer processing system based on the recently emerged deep learning (DL) concept. The DL processor includes a stacked auto-encoder, trained by unsupervised learning techniques, and a classifier whose parameters are determined in a supervised way by associating the known category labels to the reduced vector of high-level features generated by the previous processing blocks. The supervised learning step is carried out by using either support vector machines (SVM) or multilayer neural networks (MLP-NN). A subset of EEG from patients suffering from Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and healthy controls (HC) is considered for differentiating CJD patients. When fine-tuning the parameters of the global processing system by a supervised learning procedure, the proposed system is able to achieve an average accuracy of 89%, an average sensitivity of 92%, and an average specificity of 89% in differentiating CJD from RPD. Similar results are obtained for CJD versus AD and CJD versus HC.
CNT EUV pellicle: balancing options (Conference Presentation) (2019)

As EUV lithography wafer volumes increase, throughput and yield require more focus. Yield can be enhanced by introducing a pellicle to hold particles out of the focal plane and minimize their impact to imaging. Using a pellicle also minimizes the extra wafer inspections required to ensure that printable mask defects do not increase over time. However, if the associated transmission loss is high, the yield advantage is offset by reduced throughput. The CNT-based pellicle offers the advantage of very high EUV transmission. CNT pellicles have also demonstrated lifetime at 300W EUV scanner power. The challenge is balancing the CNT membrane design in three areas: physical presence/the ability to stop particles, EUV transmission/imaging impact, and lifetime in the scanner/thermal tolerance. Each of these areas will be described along with simulated and experimental data illustrating the value of a CNT-based EUV pellicle solution for the future.
Inferring drug-disease associations based on known protein complexes (2015)

Inferring drug-disease associations is critical in unveiling disease mechanisms, as well as discovering novel functions of available drugs, or drug repositioning. Previous work is primarily based on drug-gene-disease relationship, which throws away many important information since genes execute their functions through interacting others. To overcome this issue, we propose a novel methodology that discover the drug-disease association based on protein complexes. Firstly, the integrated heterogeneous network consisting of drugs, protein complexes, and disease are constructed, where we assign weights to the drug-disease association by using probability. Then, from the tripartite network, we get the indirect weighted relationships between drugs and diseases. The larger the weight, the higher the reliability of the correlation. We apply our method to mental disorders and hypertension, and validate the result by using comparative toxicogenomics database. Our ranked results can be directly reinforced by existing biomedical literature, suggesting that our proposed method obtains higher specificity and sensitivity. The proposed method offers new insight into drug-disease discovery. Our method is publicly available at http://1.complexdrug.sinaapp.com/Drug_Complex_Disease/Data_Download.html.
Physical Mechanisms in High Efficiency Gallium Arsenide Avalanche Diodes (1975)

Anomalously high efficiencies have been observed in GaAs avalanche diode structures - approaching twice that predicted for the ideal Read diode. The physical mechanisms which contribute to this observed efficiency enhancement, namely depletion layer width modulation and accelerated carrier flow, are described in this paper. The principles are established using a sharp pulse model, and the discussion is extended to consider the implications for broad pulses. The validity of the analytical approaches is then assessed by comparing the results of analysis with those of a computer simulation of the device, including all the relevant device physics.
REVIEW: USE OF OPTICAL BRIGHTENING AGENTS (OBAs) IN THE PRODUCTION OF PAPER CONTAINING HIGH-YIELD PULPS (2012)

The efficiency of optical brightening agents (OBAs), also known as fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), has long been of interest in the production of uncoated fine paper, particularly in uncoated fine paper grades containing high-yield pulp (HYP). The increasing levels of whiteness and also the increasing HYP substitution in fine papers has made OBA efficiency an important issue. This paper summarizes recent research findings in understanding and enhancing OBA efficiency in fine papers containing HYP, with focus on the main factors affecting OBA efficiency in both wet end and size press application. These factors include the base sheet brightness and whiteness of the pulp, UV competitors, OBA retention, quenching effects, and OBA migration at the size press. Some new technologies to improve OBA efficiency are discussed.
Breaking Reciprocity in Integrated Photonic Devices Through Dynamic Modulation (2020)

Nonreciprocal components, such as isolators and circulators, are crucial
components for photonic systems. In this article we review theoretical and
experimental progress towards developing nonreciprocal photonic devices based
on dynamic modulation. Particularly, we focus on approaches that operate at
optical wavelengths and device architectures that have the potential for
chip-scale integration. We first discuss the requirements for constructing an
isolator or circulator using dynamic modulation. We review a number of
different isolator and circulator architectures, including waveguide and
resonant devices, and describe their underlying operating principles. We then
compare these device architectures from a system-level performance perspective,
considering how their figures of merit, such as footprint, bandwidth,
isolation, and insertion loss, scale with respect to device degrees of freedom.
Transformations of 1- and 2-carbon halogenated aliphatic organic compounds under methanogenic conditions (1983)

Several 1- and 2-carbon halogenated aliphatic organic compounds present at low concentrations (less than 100 micrograms/liter) were degraded under methanogenic conditions in batch bacterial cultures and in a continuous-flow methanogenic fixed-film laboratory-scale column. Greater than 90% degradation was observed within a 2-day detention time under continuous-flow methanogenic conditions with acetate as a primary substrate. Carbon-14 measurements indicated that chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and 1,2-dichloroethane were almost completely oxidized to carbon dioxide, confirming removal by biooxidation. The initial step in the transformations of tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane to nonchlorinated end products appeared to be reductive dechlorination to trichloroethylene and 1,1,2-trichloroethane, respectively. Transformations of the brominated aliphatic compounds appear to be the result of both biological and chemical processes. The data suggest that transformations of halogenated aliphatic compounds can occur under methanogenic conditions in the environment.
Is it possible to discriminate between gas and liquid inclusions? (1997)

Seismic and electric parameters are theoretically revealed to identify sort of fluid in porous cracked anisotropic medium. The general singular approximation method (GSA) are used for this study, whose formulas coincide with the Willis method formulas for the case of medium with inclusions. Effective elastic and electric tensors of the clay matrix with gasand fluid-filled inclusions are calculated. Cracks are modeled as ellipsoids of revolution with aspect ratio equal 0.03, being typical of clay reservoirs. It is shown that the angular dependencies of ratio should be used to distinguish gasand liquid inclusions as well as values of the Thomsen parameters and
A flexible Monte Carlo tool for patient or phantom specific calculations: comparison with preliminary validation measurements (2008)

The Dose Planning Method (DPM) is one of several 'fast' Monte Carlo (MC) computer codes designed to produce an accurate dose calculation for advanced clinical applications. We have developed a flexible machine modeling process and validation tests for open-field and IMRT calculations. To complement the DPM code, a practical and versatile source model has been developed, whose parameters are derived from a standard set of planning system commissioning measurements. The primary photon spectrum and the spectrum resulting from the flattening filter are modeled by a Fatigue function, cut-off by a multiplying Fermi function, which effectively regularizes the difficult energy spectrum determination process. Commonly-used functions are applied to represent the off-axis softening, increasing primary fluence with increasing angle ('the horn effect'), and electron contamination. The patient dependent aspect of the MC dose calculation utilizes the multi-leaf collimator (MLC) leaf sequence file exported from the treatment planning system DICOM output, coupled with the source model, to derive the particle transport. This model has been commissioned for Varian 2100C 6 MV and 18 MV photon beams using percent depth dose, dose profiles, and output factors. A 3-D conformal plan and an IMRT plan delivered to an anthropomorphic thorax phantom were used to benchmark the model. The calculated results were compared to Pinnacle v7.6c results and measurements made using radiochromic film and thermoluminescent detectors (TLD).
Etude préliminaire de la stabilité à l'hydrolyse des polyimides 6F (1993)

L'évaluation comparative du comportement en solution des polylmides 6F fait ressortir que ces nouveaux polymères, doués d'une stabilité thermique élevée par référence à l'analyse thermogravimétrique, ont, par contraste, une résistance beaucoup plus limitée aux influences ioniques et que l'hydrolyse, qui entraîne une réduction substantielle de leur masse moléculaire, est, dans leur cas, un processus de dégradation d'importance majeure.
SS-31 peptide enables mitochondrial targeting drug delivery: a promising therapeutic alteration to prevent hair cell damage from aminoglycosides (2017)

Aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss stems from damage or loss of mechanosensory hair cells in the inner ear. Intrinsic mitochondrial cell death pathway plays a key role in that cellular dysfunction for which no proven effective therapies against oto-toxicities exist. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a new mitochondrial targeting drug delivery system (DDS) that provided improved protection from gentamicin. Particularly, SS-31 peptide-conjugated geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles were constructed successfully via emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The zebrafish lateral line sensory system was used as an in vivo evaluating platform to investigate the protective efficiency against gentamicin. SS-31 modification significantly reduced the activity of mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) channel and gentamicin uptake in zebrafish lateral line hair cells. As expected, SS-31 conjugated nanoparticles showed mitochondrial specific accumulation in hair cells when compared with unconjugated formulations. Furthermore, intracellular SS-31 modified PLGA NPs slightly enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ΔΨ<sub>m</sub>) and then returned to a steady-state, indicating their effect on the respiratory chain complexes in mitochondria. GGA loaded SS-31 conjugated nanoparticles demonstrated the most favorable hair cells survivals against gentamicin when compared with unconjugated groups whereas blank formulations failed to exhibit potency, indicating that the efficiency was attributed to drug delivery of GGA. These results suggest that our constructed mitochondria-targeting PLGA based DDS have potential application in protecting hair cells from ototoxic agents.
Gap junctions and growth control in liver regeneration and in isolated rat hepatocytes (1997)

The hepatocytes in the mature normal liver are tightly coupled through gap junctions, except during compensatory hyperplasia (regeneration) after partial hepatectomy when the gap junctions become down-regulated. The significance of this down-regulation has been a long-standing enigma. The present study of hepatocytes in primary culture and in the regenerating liver aimed at defining the relationship, if any, between hepatocyte gap junctional communication and proliferation. Gap junctional down-regulation in the regenerating liver appeared to be a specific phenomenon because desmosomes and the surface contact area between neighboring hepatocytes remained constant. All agents and conditions (dexamethasone in vivo; dexamethasone, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, serum, and high cell density in vitro) delaying gap junctional down-regulation also increased the lag before the cells reached competence to enter S phase. This raised the possibility that hepatocyte DNA replication was inhibited through preservation of gap junctions. However, we disproved this assumption by showing that the DNA replication (more specifically the G1/S transition rate constant) was inhibited even in hepatocytes completely devoid of gap junctional communication. The teleological advantage of linking gap junctional down-regulation to hepatocyte G1 progression therefore may not be to trigger DNA replication but to ensure that proliferating hepatocytes and hepatocytes responsible for liver-specific metabolic functions maintain separate pools of metabolites and signaling molecules.
Excitation and detection of surface acoustic phonon modes inAu/Al2O3multilayers (2009)

A time-resolved pump-probe technique was used to observe the surface acoustic modes of $\text{Au}/{\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$ multilayers. As the thickness of the Au layers was increased from 2 to 5 nm, a change in the excitability of particular surface phonon modes with frequencies up to 200 GHz was observed. We compare our results with transfer-matrix theoretical calculations. In addition, we model the superlattice in a finite element simulation environment and use the data to evaluate the excitability of the surface modes. The model predictions correlate well with the experimental data. Simultaneous excitation of the surface and normal (propagating) phonon modes is observed in the $\text{Au}(5\text{ }\text{nm})/{\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}(45\text{ }\text{nm})$ superlattice. The normal modes allow us to calculate the effective sound velocity of the superlattice, which agrees well with the theory calculation.
HARVIS: a digital assistant based on cognitive computing for non-stabilized approaches in Single Pilot Operations (2022)

With Single Pilot Operations, the work that was shared between crew members in the past will be assumed by one pilot. To maintain an adequate level of safety and support the single pilots’ performance and decision-making in complex situations, we investigated a concept of cognitive computing algorithms and adaptive automation implemented in a digital assistant. The aim of the present work was to assess if an Artificial Intelligence (AI) assistant could support pilots’ decision-making during a Non-Stabilized Approach (NSA). Method: A NSA assistant prototype based on pilots expertise and eye-tracking data was developed. We performed a human in the loop session with 7 professional pilots on ENAC A320 simulator and analyzed the impact of the assistant on operations, human performance and the safety feeling of pilots. Results: Generally, the assistant was appreciated and trusted by pilots. The system improved pilots’ decision-making in order to perform a go-around. Aspects like trust, complacency, usability and pilots’ physiological data monitoring were dominant discussion points. Discussion and conclusion: There were no evidence that the assistant reduced pilots’ workload, but it helped pilots focusing a bit more on the ‘wider picture’ since part of the monitoring task could be delegated to the assistant. Understanding the reason of a go-around alert appeared to be a key point for pilots to build trust.
Parental Leave (1990)

Letters and Corrections1 April 1990Parental LeaveCharles E. Schwartz, MDCharles E. Schwartz, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-112-7-553_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editor: I was very pleased to see the American College of Physicians take a stand on parental leave for residents (1), but I would like to emphasize even more strongly that fathers cannot be left out. As the College admits, this position paper really addresses maternal leave, not parental leave.Male physicians are frequently married to physicians or other professionals and, by personal choice or mutual agreement, are often centrally involved in childbirth and childrearing. Although inadequate and often coupled with some stigma, disability coverage is available for female physicians, beginning with childbirth (for which no one can...Reference1. . Parental leave for residents. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111:1035-8. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByConflict With Physician Pregnancy Revisited 1 April 1990Volume 112, Issue 7Page: 553-553KeywordsBirthDisabilities Issue Published: 1 April 1990 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Excited-State Self-Trapping and Ground-State Relaxation Dynamics in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Resolved with Broadband Pump–Dump–Probe Spectroscopy (2011)

Broadband femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy is used to explore the mechanisms underlying excited-state and ground-state exciton relaxation in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) solution. We focus on the picosecond spectral shifts in the ground and excited states of P3HT, using pump–probe (PP) and pump–dump–probe (PDP) techniques to investigate exciton relaxation mechanisms. Excited-state PP signals resolved a dynamic stimulated emission Stokes shift and ground-state reorganization; PDP signals resolved a blue-shifting nonequilibrium ground-state bleach. Initial structural reorganization is shown to be faster in the excited state. Ground-state reorganization is shown to be dependent on dump time, with later times resulting in relatively more population undergoing slow (∼20 ps) reorganization. These observations are discussed in the context of structural relaxation involving small-scale (<1 ps) and large-scale (>1 ps) planarization of thiophene groups following photoexcitation. Excited-state and ground-state dynamics are contrasted in terms of electronic structure defining the torsional potential energy surfaces. It is shown that the primary excitonic relaxation mechanism is excited-state self-trapping via torsional relaxation rather than exciton energy transfer.
Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of congenital erythropoietic porphyria (2016)

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP) is a rare genetic disease resulting from the remarkable deficient activity of uroporphyrinogen III synthase, the fourth enzyme of the haem biosynthetic pathway. This enzyme defect results in overproduction of the non-physiological and pathogenic porphyrin isomers, uroporphyrin I and coproporphyrin I. The predominant clinical characteristics of CEP include bullous cutaneous photosensitivity to visible light from early infancy, progressive photomutilation and chronic haemolytic anaemia. The severity of clinical manifestations is markedly heterogeneous among patients; and interdependence between disease severity and porphyrin amount in the tissues has been pointed out. A more pronounced endogenous production of porphyrins concomitant to activation of ALAS2, the first and rate-limiting of the haem synthesis enzymes in erythroid cells, has also been reported. CEP is inherited as autosomal recessive or X-linked trait due to mutations in UROS or GATA1 genes; however an involvement of other causative or modifier genes cannot be ruled out.