gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection and quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells by flow cytometry (1990)

A flow cytometric assay has been developed to detect and quantitate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from HIV-seropositive patients. Peripheral blood was obtained from patients attending an acquired immune deficiency syndrome clinic, and mononuclear cells were separated by centrifugation onto Ficoll-Hypaque. The cell layer at the interface was removed, washed in phosphate-buffered saline without Ca2+ and Mg2+, and fixed with 90% methanol, and intracellular HIV antigens were detected by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies to HIV antigens as the primary antibody and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin G F(ab')2 antibody as the secondary antibody. DNA content was determined by propidium diiodide staining after RNase treatment. These fluorochrome-treated cells were analyzed for two-color fluorescence by flow cytometry. The results showed that HIV-infected cells in peripheral blood that have been treated with monoclonal antibodies to the p24 or nef antigens of HIV can be detected and quantitated by flow cytometry. The percentage of p24 antigen-positive mononuclear cells had a significant correlation (P = 0.0001) with the clinical status of the patient, i.e., those with a high percentage of p24 antigen-positive cells had a poorer prognosis than those with a lower percentage of p24 antigen-positive mononuclear cells. In addition, for those in Centers for Disease Control groups III and IV, there was an inverse correlation between the percentage of p24 antigen-positive mononuclear cells and the number of T4 cells. However, cell-associated antigen detection by flow cytometry did not correlate with detection of antigen in sera of HIV-seropositive patients by the standard antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This lack of correlation was probably due to the presence of immune complexes in the sera of HIV-seropositive patients. These results suggest that flow cytometry can be used as a rapid, sensitive, and quantitative assay system for the determination of the antigen status of HIV-seropositive patients and that it may be more useful as an indicator of disease progression than the currently used antigen detection methods.
A proliferation‐related constraint on endogenous and interferon‐induced 2–5A synthetase activity in normal and neoplastic Syrian hamster cells (1992)

Abstract 2–5A Synthetase is one of the most extensively characterized enzymes induced by interferon (IFN) and is the central enzyme in a pathway that may be involved in the control of cellular proliferation. We examined the activity of this enzyme in normal diploid Syrian hamster cells (FC13) and their neoplastically transformed derivatives (BP6T); the former cell strain possesses regulated proliferative control, while the latter cell line has escaped from this control. A significant threefold increase in 2–5A Synthetase activity was observed in density‐arrested versus proliferating FC13 cells, whereas endogenous enzyme activity was uniformly low in BP6T cultures. The increase in enzyme activity in FC13 cultures was not accompanied by the production of IFN at a detectable level, but was parallelled by an increase in the intracellular level of 2′,5′‐oligoadenylate. IFN treatment resulted in a differential induction of enzyme activity depending on the proliferative state of FC13 cells. After IFN treatment, BP6T cells and subconfluent FC13 cells responded similarly with a fivefold increase in enzyme activity, whereas confluent FC13 cells displayed only a 1.4‐fold increase. 2–5A Synthetase enzyme activity reflected steady‐state mRNA levels in BP6T and subconfluent FC13 cells. In contrast, a noncoordinate regulation of 2–5A synthetase mRNA expression and enzyme activity was detected in confluent FC13 cells, suggesting that posttranscriptional mechanisms may be involved. The different patterns of endogenous and IFN‐induced 2–5A synthetase enzyme activity in FC13 and BP6T cells found in this comparative study may represent an alteration fundamental to the loss of proliferative control in transformed cells.
Four Viruses, Two Bacteria, and One Receptor: Membrane Cofactor Protein (CD46) as Pathogens' Magnet (2004)

CD46 (also known as membrane cofactor protein or MCP) is a regulator of complement activation that is expressed in most or all human nucleated cell types. CD46 was initially identified as binding and inactivating C3b and C4b complement products, a process protecting human cells from lysis by autologous complement (18). It also serves as a receptor for several human pathogens: an enveloped RNA virus (measles virus [MV]), an enveloped DNA virus (human herpesvirus 6), a nonenveloped DNA virus (adenovirus of different serotypes), and two types of bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes and pathogenic Neisseria) (13, 27). Moreover, bovine CD46 was recently shown to serve as a receptor for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), an enveloped RNA virus. That six different pathogens selected the same molecule as a port of cell entry is of interest not only for microbiologists and immunologists, who wonder what makes CD46 such a seductive molecule, but also for gene therapists, who are seeking opportunities for targeting disease sites.
Shear-induced fragmentation of Laponite suspensions (2009)

Simultaneous rheological and velocity profile measurements are performed in a smooth Couette geometry on Laponite suspensions seeded with glass microspheres and undergoing the shear-induced solid-to-fluid (or yielding) transition. Under these slippery boundary conditions, a rich temporal behaviour is uncovered, in which shear localization is observed at short times, that rapidly gives way to a highly heterogeneous flow characterized by intermittent switching from plug-like flow to linear velocity profiles. Such a temporal behaviour is linked to the fragmentation of the initially solid sample into blocks separated by fluidized regions. These solid pieces get progressively eroded over time scales ranging from a few minutes to several hours depending on the applied shear rate $\dotγ$. The steady-state is characterized by a homogeneous flow with almost negligible wall slip. The characteristic time scale for erosion is shown to diverge below some critical shear rate $\dotγ^\star$ and to scale as $(\dotγ-\dotγ^\star)^{-n}$ with $n\simeq 2$ above $\dotγ^\star$. A tentative model for erosion is discussed together with open questions raised by the present results.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Route to Functionalized Dihydropyrans and Tetrahydrooxepins. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Use of the peak shifts of the 3S-3P sodium resonance lines for the analysis of high-pressure sodium lamps (1985)

An arc model for a high-pressure sodium lamp is developed which relates the position of the peaks of the self-absorbed 3S-3P sodium resonance D line to the operating densities and pressures of sodium and mercury. Vapor pressure equations for a Na-Hg amalgam are derived and used to relate the pressures to the temperature and molar ratio of the amalgam reservoir. Allowing for change in amalgam composition due to preferential evaporation of Hg, the amalgam and vapor pressure data are then related to the total amounts of Na and Hg in the arc tube. In order to obtain agreement with experimental data for D-line widths between 25 and 200 Å, it is found necessary to maintain the distinction between the two doublets of the Na D line. In addition, it is shown that the effect of the temperature profile is practically negligible in relating the peak shifts to the average Na and Hg densities.
CAMPATH-1M—PROPHYLACTIC USE AFTER KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION (1989)

Campath-1M is a rat monoclonal IgM antibody that binds human complement and recognizes virtually all peripheral human mononuclear cells. It is known to be effective in T cell depletion of bone marrow grafts, and encouraging results were obtained in a pilot study in which the antibody was used in prevention and treatment of rejection of kidney, pancreas, and liver allografts. In this randomized controlled clinical trial, Campath-1M has been evaluated as a prophylactic agent following renal allografting. It is shown that patients who received a 10-day course of the antibody immediately postoperatively, in addition to standard therapy with high-dose cyclosporine (17 mg/kg), experienced a significantly lower incidence of early acute cellular rejection than control patients who received cyclosporine alone. There was no evidence of "rebound" rejection following the end of antibody treatment to suggest that rejection had merely been delayed. However, patients who received this additional immunosuppression experienced a significantly higher incidence of serious infections than controls, this negating any benefit from the treatment in terms of graft survival. Thus, a monoclonal antibody of broad specificity directed against lymphocytes may be effective as a prophylactic agent after organ transplantation but its use should be accompanied by a reduction in other immunosuppressive drugs.
Causal Prediction and Forecasting (2019)

Abstract Time‐series forecasting models that extrapolate future values of variables from past ones are often limited by their inability to anticipate how the relation between past and future values will change if new interventions or policy changes are undertaken. Since one of the chief purposes of prediction and forecasting is to guide present choices among alternative interventions or policy changes, this limitation is crucial. It can be overcome by applying causal models consisting of networks of causal (or “structural”) equations or laws that produce the same conditional probabilities for output values given the same set of input values, no matter what policy changes or interventions are undertaken – the property of invariant causal prediction (ICP). This article describes the key concepts of such causal prediction and forecasting models, contrasts them with empirical time‐series forecasting methods that do not use causal modeling, explains how to construct (or “learn”) them from data, and mentions several practical applications.
Totalsynthetische Untersuchungen an Steroiden. V. Reduktion von rac-17-Methoxy-D-homo-18-nor-androsta-4, 8, 13, 15, 17-pentaen-3-on mit Lithium in flussigem Ammoniak. (1961)

Das zur Totalsynthese der Steroide sehr wichtige Zwischenprodukt, namlich rac-3β-Hydroxy-D-homo-18-nor-5α-androst-13(17a)-en-17-on (Va) wurde aus tetracyclischem Keton (III) auf einer Stufe durch Lithium-Alkohol-Ammoniak-Reduktion nach der Wilds-Nelson'schen Art hergestellt. Es wurde noch festgestellt, daβ das dabei als Nebenprodukt entstandene Produkt ein an C8 und C14 epimeres Raumisomer (VIa) darstellt. Dihydro-sowie Tetrahydroverbindungen mit dem Anisolgerust, die sich alle als Zwischen-produkte zum (Va) sowie (VIa) bei dieser Reduktion ansehen lieβen, wurden hergestellt und deren Strukturen sowie raumliche Anordnungen wurden ermittelt. Ferner wurde der Mechanismus betreffs der Metall-Ammoniak-Alkohol-Reduktion von Styroltypen-Verbindungen diskutiert.
Development of high-speed directly modulated DFB and DBR lasers with surface gratings (2011)

The conventional distributed feedback and distributed Bragg reflector edge-emitting lasers employ buried gratings, which require two or more epitaxial growth steps.By using lateral corrugations of the ridge-waveguide as surface gratings the epitaxial overgrowth is avoided, reducing the fabrication complexity, increasing the yield and reducing the fabrication cost.The surface gratings are applicable to different materials, including Al-containing ones and can be easily integrated in complex device structures and photonic circuits.Single-contact and multiple contact edge-emitting lasers with laterally-corrugated ridge waveguide gratings have been developed both on GaAs and InP substrates with the aim to exploit the photon-photon resonance in order to extend their direct modulation bandwidth.The paper reports on the characteristics of such surface-grating-based lasers emitting both at 1.3 and 1.55 µm and presents the photon-photon resonance extended small-signal modulation bandwidth (> 20 GHz) achieved with a 1.6 mm long single-contact device under direct modulation.Similarly structured devices, with shorter cavity lengths are expected to exceed 40 GHz smallsignal modulation bandwidth under direct modulation.
Effect of Diet on Cecal Ph and Feeding Behavior of Horses1 (1977)

Three cecal-fistulated horses were used in a 3 × 3 latin square experiment to determine the influence of diet and of cecal infusions of Na2C03 on cecal fermentation and feeding behavior. The three treatments were hay, concentrate and concentrate plus hourly infusions of Na2CO3. Cecal fluid samples and cecal pH readings were taken at zero through 11 hr following feeding at the end of each experimental period, and animal activity was measured by the use of a movie camera set to take 5 sec of film every 5 minutes. Cecal pH was significantly lower at 4, 5 and 6 hr following feeding for the horses receiving the concentrate diet than for those fed hay. The concentrate-fed horses had a significantly lower percentage of cecal acetate and higher cecal propionate than those fed hay, while cecal butyrate was variable for horses receiving both diets. Cecal lactic acid was lower for the horses fed the hay diet than for those fed concentrate but the data were variable. Infusions of Na2CO3 significantly increased cecal pH at 3, 4 and 5 hr post-feeding, compared with that of horses fed only the concentrate diet. Horses receiving the Na2C03 infusion had higher cecal acetate and lower propionate at 1, 3 and 4 hr following feeding than those fed only the all-concentrate diet. The horses fed the concentrate diet spent significantly more time chewing wood and in coprophagy than did those fed hay. Infusions appeared to reduce the time spent in these activities by the concentrate-fed horses, however the differences were not significant. The amount of time spent chewing wood was found to be significantly correlated with cecal propionate.
Study on Optimization of Wind Farm Micro-Layout (2010)

In the case of wind energy resources identified, wind farm micro-layout mainly involves the arrangement of the wind turbines including to define the number of the turbines and the space between them. In this paper, such impact factors on the wind farm micro-layout as topography, geomorphology, turbulence, wake and economic features of the wind farm are analyzed, and the model for optimization of the wind farm micro-layout is established to maximize the economic benefits in power generation of the wind farm. Also, a case study shows that this model is applicable.
Digital quantitative measurements of gene expression (2004)

One of the primary goals of functional genomics is to provide a quantitative understanding of gene function. However, the success of this enterprise is dependent on the accuracy and precision of the functional genomic data. A novel approach, digital analysis of gene expression (DAGE) described herein, is an accurate and precise technology for measuring digital gene expression on a relative or absolute scale by simply counting the number of transcripts of a gene being expressed at a given time. The result is a greatly improved technology sensitive enough for identifying and quantifying small (but biologically important and statistically relevant) changes in gene expression. Fourteen genes involved in galactose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were analyzed for their expression levels in glucose and galactose minimal media. The quantitative expression results were characterized in terms of distributional and accuracy attributes; they were also in general agreement (in terms of direction of change) with corresponding results obtained using microarray technology. DAGE is likely to have profound implications in the field of functional genomics because the gene expression measurements are digital in nature and therefore more accurate than any other technologies.
Face recognition based on fitting a 3D morphable model (2003)

This paper presents a method for face recognition across variations in pose, ranging from frontal to profile views, and across a wide range of illuminations, including cast shadows and specular reflections. To account for these variations, the algorithm simulates the process of image formation in 3D space, using computer graphics, and it estimates 3D shape and texture of faces from single images. The estimate is achieved by fitting a statistical, morphable model of 3D faces to images. The model is learned from a set of textured 3D scans of heads. We describe the construction of the morphable model, an algorithm to fit the model to images, and a framework for face identification. In this framework, faces are represented by model parameters for 3D shape and texture. We present results obtained with 4,488 images from the publicly available CMU-PIE database and 1,940 images from the FERET database.
High frequency micromechanical piezo-on-silicon block resonators (2004)

This paper reports on the design, implementation and characterization of high-frequency single crystal silicon (SCS) block resonators with piezoelectric electromechanical transducers. The resonators are fabricated on 4/spl mu/m thick SOI substrates and use sputtered ZnO as the piezo material. The centrally-supported blocks can operate in their first and higher order length extensional bulk modes with high quality factor (Q). The highest measured frequency is currently at 210 MHz with a Q of 4100 under vacuum, and the highest Q measured is 11,600 at 17 MHz. The uncompensated temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) was measured to be -40ppm//spl deg/C and linear over the temperature range of 20-100/spl deg/C.
Fabrication of ridge waveguides from sol-gel derived Nd-doped SiO/sub 2/-TiO/sub 2/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ glass films (2003)

Rare earth doped glass waveguide amplifiers are being actively researched because of their potential applications in DWDM networks. We have fabricated ridge channels from sol-gel derived Nd-doped SiO/sub 2/-TiO/sub 2/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ glass films using laser writing lithography and reactive ion etching (RIE). The SEM pictures show that the ridge is properly formed according to our design. The top surface of the ridge is smooth as a result of the Ti and Ni cap protection. However, the side-wall and the etched substrate are much rougher. We believe that the side-wall can be smoothed by re-annealing the channel and the propagation loss can be further reduced by burying the channel through depositing an upper cladding layer around the ridge.
Cell Competition Modifies Adult Stem Cell and Tissue Population Dynamics in a JAK-STAT-Dependent Manner (2015)

Throughout their lifetime, cells may suffer insults that reduce their fitness and disrupt their function, and it is unclear how these potentially harmful cells are managed in adult tissues. We address this question using the adult Drosophila posterior midgut as a model of homeostatic tissue and ribosomal Minute mutations to reduce fitness in groups of cells. We take a quantitative approach combining lineage tracing and biophysical modeling and address how cell competition affects stem cell and tissue population dynamics. We show that healthy cells induce clonal extinction in weak tissues, targeting both stem and differentiated cells for elimination. We also find that competition induces stem cell proliferation and self-renewal in healthy tissue, promoting selective advantage and tissue colonization. Finally, we show that winner cell proliferation is fueled by the JAK-STAT ligand Unpaired-3, produced by Minute(-/+) cells in response to chronic JNK stress signaling.
Mycobacterial phosphatase PstP regulates global serine threonine phosphorylation and cell division (2019)

Protein phosphatase PstP is conserved throughout the Actinobacteria in a genetic locus related to cell wall synthesis and cell division. In many Actinobacteria it is the sole annotated serine threonine protein phosphatase to counter the activity of multiple serine threonine protein kinases. We used transcriptional knockdown, electron microscopy and comparative phosphoproteomics to investigate the putative dual functions of PstP as a specific regulator of cell division and as a global regulator of protein phosphorylation. Comparative phosphoproteomics in the early stages of PstP depletion showed hyperphosphorylation of protein kinases and their substrates, confirming PstP as a negative regulator of kinase activity and global serine and threonine phosphorylation. Analysis of the 838 phosphorylation sites that changed significantly, suggested that PstP may regulate diverse phosphoproteins, preferentially at phosphothreonine near acidic residues, near the protein termini, and within membrane associated proteins. Increased phosphorylation of the activation loop of protein kinase B (PknB) and of the essential PknB substrate CwlM offer possible explanations for the requirement for pstP for growth and for cell wall defects when PstP was depleted.
Nano-Silicon Containing Composite Graphitic Anodes with Improved Cycling Stability for Application in High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries (2013)

The development of affordable and safe lithium-ion batteries (LIB) which feature high storage capacity represents one of the priority strategies toward further introduction of green technologies in our everyday life. This paper presents a study into the candidate composite anodes for high energy LIB; these utilize reversible high storage capacity of ions of lithium in the form of alloys of the latter with nano-sized silicon, imbedded in a soft-carbon matrix, which in turn, are deposited on a robust graphitic core. These structures allow an efficient contact between the constituents to be realized at the same time providing space for Si nano-particles during lithiation/de-lithiation process. The synthetic route described herein has a high potential for a cost-effective scale-up with the battery materials industry. Presented results demonstrate feasibility for creation of new active materials for the negative electrodes in LIB, which feature the storage capacity up to 700 mAh g−1 at C/2 and in excess of 1450 mAh g−1 at C/20 cycling rates, respectively. This work also shows that the use of acrylic binder has a positive effect on the overall system performance, as compared to state-of-the-art PVDF-based binder systems.