gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Food limitation leads to behavioral diversification and dietary specialization in sea otters. (2008)

Dietary diversity often varies inversely with prey resource abundance. This pattern, although typically measured at the population level, is usually assumed to also characterize the behavior of individual animals within the population. However, the pattern might also be produced by changes in the degree of variation among individuals. Here we report on dietary and associated behavioral changes that occurred with the experimental translocation of sea otters from a food-poor to a food-rich environment. Although the diets of all individuals were broadly similar in the food-rich environment, a behaviorally based dietary polymorphism existed in the food-poor environment. Higher dietary diversity under low resource abundance was largely driven by greater variation among individuals. We further show that the dietary polymorphism in the food-poor environment included a broad suite of correlated behavioral variables and that the individuals that comprised specific behavioral clusters benefited from improved foraging efficiency on their individually preferred prey. Our findings add to the growing list of examples of extreme individuality in behavior and prey choice within populations and suggest that this phenomenon can emerge as a behavioral manifestation of increased population density. Individuality in foraging behavior adds complexity to both the fitness consequences of prey selection and food web dynamics, and it may figure prominently as a diversifying process over evolutionary timescales. PMID: 18195370
Enhanced performance in 50 nm N-MOSFETs with silicon-carbon source/drain regions (2005)

This paper reports a novel strained N-channel transistor structure with sub-100 nm gate lengths. The strained N-MOSFET features silicon-carbon (SiC) source and drain (S/D) regions formed by a Si recess etch and a selective epitaxy of SiC in the S/D regions. The carbon mole fraction incorporated is 1.3%. Lattice mismatch of /spl sim/0.65% between SiC and Si results in horizontal tensile strain and vertical compressive strain in the Si channel region, both contributing to substantial electron mobility enhancement. The conduction band offset /spl Delta/E/sub c/ between the SiC source and the strained-Si channel also contributes to increased electron injection velocity from the source. Implementation of the SiC stressors provides significant drive current I/sub DS/ enhancement in the N-MOSFETs. I/sub DS/ enhancement of 50% was observed for a gate length of 50 nm.
Visual Assessment of Clustering Tendency for Incomplete Data (2016)

The iVAT (asiVAT) algorithms reorder symmetric (asymmetric) dissimilarity data so that an image of the data may reveal cluster substructure. Images formed from incomplete data don't offer a very rich interpretation of cluster structure. In this paper, we examine four methods for completing the input data with imputed values before imaging. We choose a best method using contaminated versions of the complete Iris data, for which the desired results are known. Then, we analyze two real world data sets from social networks that are incomplete using the best imputation method chosen in the juried trials with Iris: (i) Sampson's monastery data, an incomplete, asymmetric relation matrix; and (ii) the karate club data, comprising a symmetric similarity matrix that is about 86 percent incomplete.
The Selective Removal off Nitrogenous-Type Compounds from Fuels by Using Zeolites (1985)

Abstract Several zeolites were tested for the selective removal of nitrogenous compounds from an organic solution. A model compound study showed that the extent of sorption from a complex mixture is a function of the nature of the nitrogenous compounds. A correlation between the extent of sorption and the size of a compound suggests that diffusion is the controlling parameter. A capacity of 10 wt% was obtained for the model compound study. The zeolites were also tested for the removal of nitrogenous compounds from a coker naphtha and from a hydroprocessed naphtha. The low capacities relative to the model compound study of ≃1 wt% and ≃3 wt% obtained for the coker and the hydroprocessed naphthas, respectively, suggest the sorption of nonnitrogenous compounds.
Unintermptable Power Supply System (1988)

~I load-sharing control loops. The approach permits the construction of UPS systems of any desired power rating at maximum utilization of the power components. The method of harmonic cancellation decreases the switching frequency of the power de ices H hile niaintaiiiing good dynamic performance. The design details of a JJ-kVA UPS inverter system with 150 percent steady-state overload capahilitj are presented. The performance under various operating conditions is illustrated bj oscillograms.
Manifestation of the quantum size effect in transmission resonance (2006)

The transmission probability of the free electron scattered by the quantum well in metal film may reveal the phenomenon of resonance. This transmission resonance, appearing above the vacuum level, can be probed by scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS). In this paper, STS is used to observe the transmission resonance on Ag films grown on Si(111)7 × 7 surfaces. The transmission resonance appears at different bias voltages in the spectra depending on the film thickness; its energy level moves toward the vacuum level with increasing film thickness. When the film is thick enough, transmission resonance can occur twice in the biasing voltage range, and the energy separation between the resonances decreases with increasing film thickness. The existence of transmission resonance affects the contemporary standing wave states (SWS) and, in general, pushes the following SWS to higher energies.
Mixture models for analysis of melting temperature data (2008)

Mixture model analysis of Tm data allows the minimum number of different sequences in a set of amplicons and their relative frequencies to be determined. This approach allows Tm data to be analyzed, classified, and compared in an unbiased manner.
Microfabricated Testbench for High Throughput Measurement of Thermal and Thermoelectric Properties of Low-Dimensional Materials (2017)

We have developed a microfabricated testbench to measure the electrical, thermal, and thermoelectric properties of low-dimensional materials. In this unique design, a number of platform tips (test benches) are gathered in the central area of the chip for increased probability of positioning a bottom-up synthesized single nanomaterial structure across two platform tips when such materials are drop cast from a solution. Each platform has an embedded heater to heat the platform tip and a thermocouple to accurately measure its temperature. Electrically isolated from the thermocouple and heater structure, a top layer platinum on each platform is used to electrically connect to the low-dimensional material. Electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and ZT of GaAs/MnAs core/shell nanowires were successfully measured using testbench in the temperature range of 25 to 300 K.
Voice Imitating Text-to-Speech Neural Networks (2018)

We propose a neural text-to-speech (TTS) model that can imitate a new speaker's voice using only a small amount of speech sample. We demonstrate voice imitation using only a 6-seconds long speech sample without any other information such as transcripts. Our model also enables voice imitation instantly without additional training of the model. We implemented the voice imitating TTS model by combining a speaker embedder network with a state-of-the-art TTS model, Tacotron. The speaker embedder network takes a new speaker's speech sample and returns a speaker embedding. The speaker embedding with a target sentence are fed to Tacotron, and speech is generated with the new speaker's voice. We show that the speaker embeddings extracted by the speaker embedder network can represent the latent structure in different voices. The generated speech samples from our model have comparable voice quality to the ones from existing multi-speaker TTS models.
Blocked impurity band hybrid infrared focal plane arrays for astronomy (1989)

High-performance infrared hybrid focal plane arrays using 10*50-element Si:As blocked-impurity-band (BIB) detectors (cutoff wavelength=28 mu m) and matching switched MOSFET multiplexers have been developed and characterized for space astronomy. Use of impurity-band-conduction technology provides detectors which are nuclear-radiation-hard and free of the many anomalies associated with conventional silicon photoconductive detectors. Emphasis in the present work is on advances in detector material quality which have led to significantly improved detector and hybrid characteristics. Results demonstrating increased quantum efficiency (particularly at short-wavelength infrared), obtained by varying the BIB detector properties (infrared active layer thickness and arsenic doping profile), are summarized. Measured read noise and dark current for different temperatures are reported. The hybrid array performance achieved demonstrates that BIB detectors are well suited for use in astronomical instrumentation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Sub-1 volt class AB amplifier with low noise, ultra low power, high-speed, using winner-take-all (2018)

The proposed circuit utilizes a method to lower the output noise (Vonoise) of an amplifier by band-pass filtering it, while the amplifier's speed is increased by dynamically boosting its operating current when the amplifier's inputs (V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">IN</inf> ) receive a large transient signal. This amplifier uses a winner-take-all (WTA) circuit that detects un-equilibrium at V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">IN</inf> , upon which the amplifier's bias current and its dynamic response are boosted. The WTA has a symmetric structure and operates in current mode that enhances the amplifier's dynamic response during boost on and off conditions, and facilitates operations at low power supply voltage (V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</inf> ). The boost signals that WTA initiates, feed a summing and floating current source (FCS) that also have a complementary and symmetric structure, which accommodates rail-to-rail (RR) dynamic biasing and improves V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</inf> transient and noise rejection. Monte Carlo (MC) and worst case (WC) simulations are performed, indicating the following specifications as attainable: large-signal settling time (ts) ∼ 1μs, current consumption (I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</inf> ) ∼ 85nA, V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</inf> under 1 volt (V), V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ONOISE</inf> at 1KHz ∼ 75μV/√Hz, gain (Av) ∼ 98dB, unity gain frequency (fu) ∼ 70kHz, phase margin (PM) ∼ 80 degrees, PSRR ∼ 115dB, CMRR ∼ 145dB. Amplifier rough area ∼ 45μm/side in 0.18μm CMOS.
New perspectives for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension (2010)

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a debilitating disease with a poor prognosis. Therapeutic options remain limited despite the introduction of prostacyclin analogues, endothelin receptor antagonists and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors within the last 15 years; these interventions address predominantly the endothelial and vascular dysfunctionS associated with the condition, but simply delay progression of the disease rather than offer a cure. In an attempt to improve efficacy, emerging approaches have focused on targeting the pro-proliferative phenotype that underpins the pulmonary vascular remodelling in the lung and contributes to the impaired circulation and right heart failure. Many novel targets have been investigated and validated in animal models of PH, including modulation of guanylate cyclases, phosphodiesterases, tyrosine kinases, Rho kinase, bone morphogenetic proteins signalling, 5-HT, peroxisome proliferator activator receptors and ion channels. In addition, there is hope that combinations of such treatments, harnessing and optimizing vasodilator and anti-proliferative properties, will provide a further, possibly synergistic, increase in efficacy; therapies directed at the right heart may also offer an additional benefit. This overview highlights current therapeutic options, promising new therapies, and provides the rationale for a combination approach to treat the disease.
VCSEL-based processing of microwave signals (2014)

Several demonstrations of new concepts of microwave photonics devices based on cost- and power effective long-wavelength vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (LW-VCSELs)are presented and discussed.
Silencing of endoglin in rat hepatic stellate cells by RNA interference identifies endoglin as an important component of the transdifferentiation process (2008)

The main purpose of this doctoral thesis was the functional characterization of endoglin in hepatic stellate cells (HSC). This characterization was performed particularly with regard to the impact and the function of endoglin in the transdifferentiation process of HSC into myofibroblast-like cells (MFB). Transdifferentiation of HSC into MFB plays a crucial role in the wound healing process of the liver and is, thus, linked to the development of fibrosis. Endoglin functions as a TGF-beta receptor and TGF-beta, on the other hand, is a key regulator that initiates and perpetuates the transdifferentiation process. This raises the questions whether endoglin has any impact on the transdifferentiation of HSC and whether endoglin is involved in the process of liver fibrogenesis. To investigate these questions, RNAi was used for the first time in this laboratory in order to silence endoglin. By transfecting HSC with siRNA oligonucleotides endoglin was down-regulated very efficiently. Subsequently, endoglin lacking HSC were analyzed and compared with the control cells providing a first insight into the function of endoglin in HSC. This analysis revealed an inhibition of the transdifferentiation process in HSC lacking endoglin. Inhibition is represented by a decreased amount of ECM components, by alterations in the organization of the cytoskeleton and by a reduced proliferation. Furthermore, a cDNA microarray was performed in order to designate other mediators, which were differentially expressed in HSC lacking endoglin and consequently influencing the phenotype. This array revealed many presumed candidates amongst them genes such as a2-macroglobulin and ALK1. Based on their known functions, these candidates might contribute to the phenotype of the endoglin deficient HSC. Finally, stimulation experiments were performed in order to analyze the impact of endoglin on the TGF-beta and the BMP pathways. TGF-beta1 and BMP-7, which are ligands for endoglin, are important cytokines in the formation and the development of liver fibrosis. Stimulation experiments were performed using TGF-beta1 and BMP-7. Reporter gene assay andWestern blot analysis were used as read out systems. Therefore, this research was crucial to demonstrate the importance of endoglin within the process of HSC transdifferentiation. The knock down of endoglin in HSC interferes with the transdifferentiation process and forces phenotypic alteration. Based on these findings it can be assumed that endoglin has an important function within the process of liver fibrogenesis.
Visual Activities Questionnaire: Assessment of subscale validity for cataract surgery outcomes (2009)

The VAQ in its native form was multidimensional and contained subscales with poor psychometric properties. The revised unidimensional 13-item VAQ was more appropriate for application in cataract outcomes assessment. Ideally, more items should be included to improve the targeting of item difficulty to more able cataract patients.
CD8+ ACTIVATED T LYMPHOCYTES PRODUCE AN IN VITRO SKIN GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST REACTION IN AN ORGANOTYPIC SKIN CULTURE MODEL (1995)

We adapted organotypic skin cultures to the dog as a model for skin graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) to explore the relative roles of T cells and cytokines. To produce GVHR, activated lymphocytes from bulk mixed leukocyte cultures (bMLC) from 2 dog leukocyte antigen-unrelated dogs were injected into organotypic skin cultures. Additionally, effects of separated CD4+ and CD8+ activated lymphocytes as well as cytokine-containing (TNF alpha and IFN gamma) supernatants from bMLC were studied. Noninjected cultures as well as cultures injected with autologous (cultured and uncultured) lymphocytes and allogeneic uncultured lymphocytes served as controls. The unseparated bMLC-activated cell populations induced histopathological changes similar to in vivo skin GVHR along with very prominent class II antigen expression on keratinocytes. Separated CD8+ cells were directly involved in tissue damage by producing necrosis of epidermis at the site of injection, with less class II antigen expression on keratinocytes, and predominantly distributed intraepidermally. CD4+ cells, located mostly in the dermal regions, induced prominent class II antigen expression on keratinocytes, but no histological changes of GVHR. High levels of TNF alpha and IFN gamma were found in the supernatant of allogeneic bMLC cultures, although when the supernatant was injected into the organotypic skin cultures, keratinocytes failed to express surface class II antigen and histologically did not show changes of skin GVHR. This study demonstrated that organotypic skin cultures can serve as a model for studying the etiology of GVHR, and indicated direct involvement of CD8+ cells in tissue damage.
Low Cost Printed Dipole Array Antenna for 5G Sub-6GHz Base Stations Implementing Beam-tilting, Ground-backing, and Series-Feeding (2021)

An antenna array dedicated to wideband 5 G sub-6 GHz base station applications is presented. It combines several features to arrive at a very effective and low-cost topology. Printed dipole elements printed on both sides of a single substrate are used to reach a sufficient −10 dB bandwidth of 25.3%. The eight dipole elements are series-fed, which is ideal to realize down-tilt beam shaping in the E-plane. Ground-backing makes the antenna unidirectional with a peak realized gain of more than 9 dBi over the entire band, with a maximum of 12 dBi at 3.5 GHz. The array has a half-power beamwidth (HPBW) varying between 35° and 47° in E plane and between 82° and 86° in H-plane, respectively. The antenna is compared to similar designs in literature and reaches a superior performance.
Rotational deformities of the lower limb in myelomeningocele. Evaluation and treatment. (1984)

We studied the results of surgical treatment for rotational deformities of the lower extremity in fifty children. The preoperative rotational deformities were subdivided as follows: (1) external rotation deformity of the hip (nine hips), (2) external tibial torsion (twenty-nine limbs), and (3) toeing-in gait (thirty-one limbs). These were further analyzed as to imbalance between the forces of the medial and lateral hamstrings, that imbalance associated with fixed internal tibial torsion, and isolated internal tibial torsion. The average length of follow-up was four years and six months. For the external rotation deformity of the hip we performed a derotation osteotomy with internal fixation at the subtrochanteric level. That procedure led to eight good results and one fair result. The external tibial torsion was treated by a derotation osteotomy of the tibia and fibula distally, with correction of the valgus deformity of the ankle if that was more than 10 degrees. In twenty patients a good result was obtained. For the toeing-in gait associated with a medial-lateral hamstring imbalance, the semitendinosus was transferred to the biceps and the head of the fibula. Good results were seen in ten of the fourteen patients. In twelve limbs a derotation osteotomy of the distal ends of the tibia and fibula was done alone, with eight good and fair results. In five patients a simultaneous semitendinosus transfer and derotation osteotomy was used. All had a good result. The over-all rate of good and fair results in the entire series was 79.6 per cent.
Anomalous resistivity of high-Z plasma with hydrogen admixture (1998)

Among microinstabilities that may affect the resistance of a Z&gt;&gt;1 plasma in fast Z pinches, are the ion acoustic and the lower hybrid instabilities. We discuss effects of hydrogen ions on these instabilities and find that, by properly adjusting the hydrogen concentration, one can considerably increase the threshold current density for the onset of the instability. In addition to a strong Landau damping on hydrogen ions; there is a collisional stabilizing mechanism related to a collisional friction between the two ion species. Another interesting aspect of the stability analysis is related to the fact that the magnetization (a product of the gyrofrequency and the collisional frequency) of the heavy ions and the hydrogen ions is very different. We discuss possible ways of adding the hydrogen to high-Z material. This is simple in case of gas-puff pinches, where the hydrogen could be added to the main gas before the puffing. For the wire arrays, one might try to saturate th e assembled array by hydrogen prior to the main discharge. One more possibility is using interwoven thin wires of a main component (say, tungsten) and polymer.
Coloration of Breast Fluid Related to Concentration of Cholesterol, Cholesterol Epoxides, Estrogen, and Lipid Peroxides (1988)

The coloration of nipple aspirates of breast fluid from 2,343 women were compared with breast fluid concentrations of cholesterol. cholesterol epoxides, lipid peroxides, estrogens, and immunoglobulins. Darker-colored breast fluid had significantly higher mean concentrations of cholesterol, cholesterol epoxides, lipid peroxides, and estrogens than did lighter-colored fluids, whereas no relationship of coloration with immunoglobulin levels was found.
Darstellung und Charakterisierung von (±)‐Coralydin und (±)‐O‐Methylcorytenchirin und ihrer optischen Antipoden (Vorläufige Mitteilung) (1975)

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of (±)‐coralydine and (±)‐O‐methylcorytenchirine and their optical isomers are described.
A2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonists in Neurodegenerative Diseases (2021)

This review highlights the clinical potential of A<sub>2A</sub> adenosine receptor antagonists as a novel approach to treat patients with AD.