gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EP4 Receptor Agonists: The Most Promising Novel Bronchodilator For Several Decades (2011)

Due to recent safety concerns with beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists (e.g. salbutamol), there has been an ongoing attempt to identify novel bronchodilator agents for use in asthma and COPD. Due to its beneficial action on airway calibre, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was previously investigated as a potential therapy, however in addition to bronchodilator activity, in clinical studies PGE2 also produced tussive effects and bronchial irritancy. As PGE2 mediates its actions via a number of different prostanoid receptors, it was hoped that by selectively targeting individual receptors, the beneficial actions could be selected. In a previous study (Nials et al 1993), the EP2 receptor was identified as mediating PGE2-induced relaxation however when tested clinically, an EP2 agonist (AH13205) produced disappointing results.
A NUMERIC INDEX BASED ON SPATIAL FREQUENCY FOR THE TORTUOSITY OF RETINAL VESSELS AND ITS APPLICATION TO PLUS DISEASE IN RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY (1995)

The index forms an objective measure of the ROP disease state. Its calculation requires only segments of vessels and thus, is potentially adaptable to imaging systems that automatically extract vessel portions from fundus images.
<title>Workflow in a neuroradiology reading room using multiviewers</title> (1996)

Two hundred examinations were tracked through the neuroradiology reading room. The median time from completing the exam to starting the interpretation was 1.6 hours for 76% and 18 hours for 24% of the cases. The delay occurred because exams done after 4:00 PM were held for the next day along with exams for which relevant prior studies were unavailable. The median times required for previewing, interpreting and consulting on a case were 7, 8 and 5 minutes respectively.
Ultrasonic Monitoring of Fastener Holes Using Load Modulated Energy Algorithms for Early Detection of Fatigue Cracks (2006)

Ultrasonic techniques have the potential to provide early detection of fatigue induced cracks originating from fastener holes with the long term goal of structural health monitoring. This paper considers energy‐based algorithms for analyzing ultrasonic waveforms obtained using fixed angle beam transducers in a through‐transmission configuration. The transducers were located on either side of the fastener hole with the sound beam oriented along the loading direction, and waveforms were obtained as a function of applied load. Previous work has shown that the ratio of the received ultrasonic energy at under tensile loading to the energy with the sample under no load is a robust method for determining the presence of cracks. The reason for the effectiveness of this metric is that the energy reduction from the crack opening is accentuated by the applied load. For structural health monitoring applications, the earliest possible detection of cracking is desired, and the total energy ratio method does not utilize information contained in different time and frequency windows of the received signals. Considered here are energy ratio parameters derived from multiple time and frequency windows in order to optimize sensitivity of detection to the widest range of crack sizes and geometries. An algorithm was developed to automate crack detection and was applied to the various energy ratio parameters. Results indicate that cracking can be detected significantly earlier in the fatiguing process compared to the total energy ratio method.
<b><i>Arxula adeninivorans</i></b> Recombinant Guanine Deaminase and Its Application in the Production of Food with Low Purine Content (2014)

Purines of exogenous and endogenous sources are degraded to uric acid in human beings. Concentrations >6.8 mg uric acid/dl serum cause hyperuricemia and its symptoms. Pharmaceuticals and the reduction of the intake of purine-rich food are used to control uric acid levels. A novel approach to the latter proposition is the enzymatic reduction of the purine content of food by purine-degrading enzymes. Here we describe the production of recombinant guanine deaminase by the yeast Arxula adeninivorans LS3 and its application in food. In media supplemented with nitrogen sources hypoxanthine or adenine, guanine deaminase (AGDA) gene expression is induced and intracellular accumulation of guanine deaminase (Agdap) protein occurs. The characteristics of the guanine deaminase isolated from wild-type strain LS3 and a transgenic strain expressing the AGDA gene under control of the strong constitutive TEF1 promoter were determined and compared. Both enzymes were dimeric and had temperature optima of 55°C with high substrate specificity for guanine and localisation in both the cytoplasm and vacuole of yeast. The enzyme was demonstrated to reduce levels of guanine in food. A mixture of guanine deaminase and other purine degradation enzymes will allow the reduction of purines in purine-rich foods.
Highly Strained Compliant Optical Metamaterials with Large Frequency Tunability (2010)

Metamaterial designs are typically limited to operation over a narrow bandwidth dictated by the resonant line width. Here we report a compliant metamaterial with tunability of Δλ ∼ 400 nm, greater than the resonant line width at optical frequencies, using high-strain mechanical deformation of an elastomeric substrate to controllably modify the distance between the resonant elements. Using this compliant platform, we demonstrate dynamic surface-enhanced infrared absorption by tuning the metamaterial resonant frequency through a CH stretch vibrational mode, enhancing the reflection signal by a factor of 180. Manipulation of resonator components is also used to tune and modulate the Fano resonance of a coupled system.
Altering the Phosphorylation Position of Pyrophosphate-Dependent myo-Inositol-1-Kinase Based on Its Crystal Structure (2021)

Most kinases utilize ATP as a phosphate donor and phosphorylate a wide range of phosphate acceptors. An alternative phosphate donor is inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), which costs only 1/1000 of ATP. To develop a method to engineer PPi-dependent kinases, we herein aimed to alter the product of PPi-dependent <i>myo</i>-inositol kinase from d-<i>myo-</i>inositol 1-phosphate to d-<i>myo-</i>inositol 3-phosphate. For this purpose, we introduced the <i>myo-</i>inositol recognition residues of the ATP-dependent <i>myo-</i>inositol-3-kinase into the PPi-dependent <i>myo</i>-inositol-1-kinase. This replacement was expected to change the 3D arrangements of <i>myo</i>-inositol in the active site and bring the hydroxyl group at the 3C position close to the catalytic residue. LC-MS and NMR analyses proved that the engineered enzyme successfully produced <i>myo-</i>inositol 3-phosphate from PPi and <i>myo-</i>inositol.
Sex differences in cardiovascular risk profiles of ischemic stroke patients with diabetes in the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study (2017)

Background
We aimed to compare sex-specific associations between cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes mellitus (DM) among patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study (GCNKSS).

Methods
The GCNKSS ascertained AIS cases in 2005 and 2010 among adult (age ≥20 years) residents of a biracial population of 1.3 million. Past and current stroke risk factors were compared between those with and without DM using chi-square and multiple logistic regression to examine sex-specific profiles.

Results
There were 3515 patients with incident AIS; 1919 (55%) were female, 697 (20%) were black, and 1146 (33%) had DM. Among both women and men with DM, significantly more were obese, and had hypertension, high cholesterol, and coronary artery disease (CAD) compared with those without DM. For women with AIS, in multivariable sex-specific adjusted analyses, older age was associated with a decreased odds of having DM (aOR=0.88, 95%CI 0.80-0.98). For women with CAD, the odds of DM were increased (aOR=1.76, 95%CI 1.33-2.32). Age and CAD were not significant factors in differentiating the profiles of men with and without DM.

Conclusions
Women with DM had strokes at a younger age, whereas no such age difference existed in men. As opposed to men, women with DM were also more likely to have CAD compared with those without DM, suggesting a sex difference in the association between DM and vascular disease. These findings may suggest a need for more aggressive risk factor management in diabetic women.
Preliminary Design of an Object Management System for Multi-User MARVEL (2005)

The object-oriented data model is reasonably rich, and supports object identity, classes treated as run-time types, multiple inheritance, overriding and late binding, set attributes of objects, and both composite objects and links among objects, but not full encapsulation - since the user interface displays the values of raw attributes. The “methods” are in the form of rules, with multiple objects as parameters, whose preconditions may iuvolve relatively complex queries, whose activity may update objects in both the hidden file system and externally, and whose postconditions may update objects in the in-meinory objectbase. The rule engine supports opportunistic backward and forward chaining among the rules to automate components of the software process. The user interface supports browsing and rather limited querying of the in-memory objectbase. Persistence and crash recovery is supported to some degree by checkpointing the entire in-memory objectbase after most update commands, but it is not feasible to checkpoint the file system.
Infectious diseases (1999)

Centre for Infectious Diseases, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
Tensile Deformation Behaviors of Ultrafine Grained Al-Fe-Si Alloy Sheets (2006)

Ultra-fine grained AA8011 alloy sheets manufactured by the accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process exhibited unique tensile deformation behavior. Tensile strength of the ARB processed AA8011 sheets increased up to three cycles, but then showed nearly the same value after three cycles. Meanwhile, the total elongation grew significantly with an increasing nember of ARB cycles. It was found that the strain-rate sensitivities (m) of the AA8011 sheets increased up to 0.047 by the ARB process. A large number of high-angle boundaries were introduced by the ARB process and the fraction of high-angle boundaries reached 70% after eight ARB cycles. In this paper, we discusse the increase in total elongation on the basis of strain-rate sensitive deformation of the material, which is also correlated with dynamic recovery.
Unilateral Versus Bilateral Pedicle Screw Fixation in Lumbar Spinal Fusion (2000)

Unilateral pedicle screw fixation was as effective as bilateral pedicle screw fixation in lumbar spinal fusion independent of the number of fusion segments (one or two segments) or pedicle screw systems. Based on the results of this study, unilateral fixation could be used in two-segment lumbar spinal fusion.
Sterile neutrophilic folliculitis with perifollicular vasculopathy: a distinctive cutaneous reaction pattern reflecting systemic disease (1998)

The authors prospectively encountered skin biopsies from 20 patients which demonstrated a neutrophilic or suppurative and granulomatous folliculitis accompanied by a folliculocentric neutrophilic vascular reaction of Sweet's-like or leukocytoclastic vasculitis subtypes. While in each case the histomorphology raised diagnostic consideration of bacterial folliculitis, patients frequently expressed systemic complaints such as arthritis, fever, and malaise, and special stains for micro-organisms were negative. Among the clinical presentations were folliculitis, vasculitis, acneiform eruptions, vesiculopustular lesions, and erythema nodosum-like lesions, with the legs, arms, and upper back being the most commonly involved sites. Nineteen patients were found to have specific underlying systemic diseases, namely, inflammatory bowel disease, Reiter's disease, Behçet's disease, hepatitis B, connective tissue disease including mixed connective tissue disease and rheumatoid arthritis, scrofuloderma, and hematologic dyscrasias. The other patient had antecedent bacterial sinusitis in the setting of atopy. The folliculocentric nature of these lesions may reflect preferential processing of antigens through the hair follicle and/or homology between bacterial and follicular heat shock proteins in the susceptible host, namely, one who responds excessively to exogenous antigenic triggers. Folliculitis with folliculocentric vasculopathy may be a clue to underlying systemic disease and/or an extracutaneous infection. Certain light microscopic features in concert with the clinical presentation may distinguish such cases from conventional infectious folliculitis.
DNA damage independent inhibition of NF-κB transcription by anthracyclines (2022)

Anthracyclines are among the most used and effective anticancer drugs. Their activity has been attributed to DNA double-strand breaks resulting from topoisomerase II poisoning and to eviction of histones from select sites in the genome. Here, we show that the extensively used anthracyclines Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin, and Epirubicin decrease the transcription of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-dependent gene targets, but not interferon-responsive genes in primary mouse (<i>Mus musculus</i>) macrophages. Using an NMR-based structural approach, we demonstrate that anthracyclines disturb the complexes formed between the NF-κB subunit RelA and its DNA-binding sites. The anthracycline variants Aclarubicin, Doxorubicinone, and the newly developed Dimethyl-doxorubicin, which share anticancer properties with the other anthracyclines but do not induce DNA damage, also suppressed inflammation, thus uncoupling DNA damage from the effects on inflammation. These findings have implications for anticancer therapy and for the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs with limited side effects for life-threatening conditions such as sepsis.
Energy Consumption and Cost Reduction of Future Light-Duty Vehicles through Advanced Vehicle Technologies: A Modeling Simulation Study Through 2050 (2020)

The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) and Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office (HFTO) aim to develop sustainable, affordable and efficient technologies for transportation of goods and people. Translating investments in advanced transportation component technologies and powertrains to estimate vehicle-level fuel savings potential is critical for understanding DOE’s impact. In this work, we simulated technologies funded by VTO and HFTO for light duty vehicles. The simulations were performed across: Multiple powertrain configurations (i.e., conventional, power-split, extended-range electric vehicle, battery electric drive, and fuel-cell vehicles), Vehicle classes (i.e., compact car, midsize car, small sport utility vehicle [SUV], midsize SUV, and pickup trucks); and Fuels (i.e., gasoline, diesel, hydrogen, and battery electricity). These various technologies are assessed for six different timeframes: laboratory years 2015, 2020, 2025, 2030, and 2045. A delay of 5 years is assumed between laboratory year and model year (year technology is introduced into production). Finally, uncertainties are included for both technology performance and cost aspects by considering two cases: Low case, aligned with DOE technology manager estimates of expected original equipment manufacturer (OEM) improvements based on regulations, business as usual; and High case, aligned with aggressive technology advancements based on R&D targets developed through support by VTO & HFTO. These scenarios are not intended as predictions of future performances. The energy and cost impact of different technologies were estimated using Autonomie (www.autonomie.net), Argonne vehicle system simulation tool. Autonomie is a state-of-the-art vehicle system simulation tool used to assess the energy consumption, performance and cost of multiple advanced vehicle technologies across classes (from light to heavy duty), powertrains (from conventional to HEVs, FCEVs, PHEVs and BEVs), components and control strategies. Autonomie is packaged with a complete set of vehicle models for a wide range of vehicle classes, powertrain configurations and component technologies, including vehicle level and component level controls. These controls were developed and calibrated using dynamometer test data. Autonomie has been used to support a wide range of studies including analyzing various component technologies, sizing powertrains components for different vehicle requirements, comparing the benefits of powertrain configurations, optimizing both heuristic and route based vehicle energy control and predicting transportation energy use when paired with a traffic modeling tool such as POLARIS. This report documents the assumptions and estimates the vehicle-level energy consumption benefits and associated technology costs for the various types of light duty vehicles. All details of vehicle assumptions and simulation results are available in the spreadsheets accompanying this report.
Gain in solid-state travelling-wave amplifiers (1968)

A one-dimensional gain equation for the solid-state traveling-wave amplifier is derived including the effects of cold-circuit attenuation, diffusion, collision damping, and asynchronous drift velocity. It is shown that for the synchronous case a growing-mode solution exists. The gain of a typical InSb device is found to be +4.38 dB/cm.
Experimental investigation of heat generation during granular flow in a rotating drum using infrared thermography (2023)

Granular flow is common in many industrial applications, and involves heat generation from frictional contacts and inelastic collisions between particles. The self-heating process is still poorly understood despite being intrinsic to many processes. This work, for the first time, explores this problem experimentally by quantifying the temperature rise of granular flows in a rotating drum with a robust methodology based on infrared thermography. Particles of four different materials (lead, steel, plastic and glass) are used in the experiments, at various rotation speeds and drum fill ratios. To assess the mechanical behaviour, the flow regime of every experiment was determined. It was inferred that particles with higher density tend to generate more heat. It was also revealed that increasing the rotation speed favours the temperature rise. At the same time, the fill ratio had the least influence on the thermal response of the particulate systems considered.
A testing time for the UKCC (1995)

As the UKCC considers whether to abandon the DC Test, Andrew Rogers, Robert Jenkins and Alwyn Pugh argue it must be retained if committed working class people with valuable life experience are to continue to enter nursing
In vitro screening of relative bioaccessibility of carotenoids from foods. (2008)

Carotenoids are lipophilic pigments in plant foods that are of particular interest as precursors of vitamin A, a nutrient required for vision, cell differentiation, and the immune system. In order to mediate such activities, carotenoids and their metabolites must be absorbed for delivery to tissues. Unlike many other dietary lipids, the efficiency of carotenoid absorption is typically inefficient, being affected by food matrix, style of processing, other dietary components, and nutritional and physiological status. Thus, reliable prediction of carotenoid bioavailability is problematic. We have developed a relatively simple and cost effective procedure to study the potential bioavailability, i.e., the bioaccessibility, of carotenoids. The method involves simulated oral, gastric and small intestinal digestion of test samples to access the efficiency of incorporation into micelles, an obligatory step for absorption of lipophilic compounds. The model can be further expanded by adding micelles generated during small intestinal phase of digestion to monolayers of Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells to investigate apical uptake, cellular metabolism and transepithelial transport of carotenoids. Recent work by Borel and associates has demonstrated that the relative bioaccessibility of carotenoids observed in vitro is highly correlated with in vivo observations and results from bioavailability trials with human subjects. Results from recent studies using the in vitro model to screen relative bioaccessibility of beta-carotene in various cultivars of cassava, impact of amount and types of fatty acyl groups in triglycerides on micellarization of carotenoids, and the mechanism of digestion and intestinal cell uptake of xanthophyll esters are presented.
Influenza immunology evaluation and correlates of protection: a focus on vaccines (2016)

Vaccination is the most effective method of controlling seasonal influenza infections and preventing possible pandemic events. Although influenza vaccines have been licensed and used for decades, the potential correlates of protection induced by these vaccines are still a matter of discussion. Currently, inactivated vaccines are the most common and the haemagglutination inhibition antibody titer is regarded as an immunological correlate of protection and the best available parameter for predicting protection from influenza infection. However, the assay shows some limitations, such as its low sensitivity to B and avian strains and inter-laboratory variability. Additional assays and next-generation vaccines have been evaluated to overcome the limitations of the traditional serological techniques and to elicit broad immune responses, underlining the need to revise the current correlates of protection. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current scenario regarding the immunological evaluation and correlates of protection of influenza vaccines.
A cytological and ultrastructural study of general resistance to the Late Blight fungusPhytophthora infestansin potato foliage (1980)

SummaryUsing both light and electron microscopy it has proved possible to evaluate the nature of general resistance to Late Blight in potato foliage. Evidence points to the existence of two distinct host responses operating in the cultivars Pimpernel and Shamrock, both possessing high general resistance to Phytophthora infestans. In Pimpernel resistance was primarily related to a marked reduction in epidermal cell penetration. However in Shamrock there was no reduction in cell penetration. Cytological and ultrastructural evidence indicated that here the primary event was a more rapid host response involving brown pigment formation and perhaps cell death. This usually resulted in the restriction of fungal growth to the epidermal cell layer, or the mesophyll cell layer immediately below it.RésuméEn utilisant à la fois la microscopic photonique et électronique, nous avons prouvé qu'il était possible d'évaluer la nature de la résistance générale à la flétrissure tardive des feuilles de Pomme de terre. Nous avons trouvé deux réponses distinctes des hôtes en utilisant des cultivars « Pimpernel » et « Shamrock », qui présentent toutes deux une forte résistance générale à Phytophthora infestans. Chez « Pimpernel », la résistance est essentiellement liée à une importante réduction de la pénétration dans les cellules épidermiques. Par contre, les « Shamrock » n'ont pas présenté ce phénomène; l'étude cytologique et ultrastructurale a montré qu'ici l'évènement principal est une réponse plus rapide de l'hôte, entraînant la formation d'une pigmentation brune et peut-être la mort d'un certain nombre de cellules. Ceci aboutit généralement à la limitation de la croissance fungique à la couche de cellules épidermiques ou à celle des cellules mésophylliennes sous-jacentes.