gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: AN ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF 2‐HYDROXY‐2‐(P‐ISOBUTYLPHENYL)PROPIONIC ACID (1984)

Abstract Durch elektrochemische"Carboxylierung von 4‐Isobutylacetophenon (I) wird die Hydroxycarbonsäure (II) hergestellt.
Bioavailability of 2,4-Dichlorophenol Associated with Soil Water-Soluble Humic Material (2000)

Interaction of organic xenobiotics with soil water-soluble humic material (WSHM) may influence their environmental fate and bioavailability. We utilized bacterial assays (lux-based toxicity and mineralization by Burkholderia sp. RASC) to assess temporal changes in the bioavailability of [14C]-2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in soil water extracts (29.5 μg mL-1 2,4-DCP; 840.2 μg mL-1 organic carbon). HPLC determined and bioavailable concentrations were compared. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to confirm the association of a fraction (>50%) of [14C]-2,4-DCP with WSHM. Subtle differences in parameters describing 2,4-DCP mineralization curves were recorded for different soil−2,4-DCP contact times. Problems regarding the interpretation of mineralization data when assessing the bioavailability of toxic compounds are discussed. The lux-bioassay revealed a time-dependent reduction in 2,4-DCP bioavailability: after 7 d, less than 20% was bioavailable. However, GPC showed no quantitative difference in the amount of WSHM-associated 2,4-DCP over this time. These data suggest qualitative changes in the nature of the 2,4-DCP−WSHM association and that associated 2,4-DCP may exert a toxic effect. Although GPC distinguished between free- and WSHM-associated 2,4-DCP, it did not resolve the temporal shift in bioavailability revealed by the lux biosensor. These results stress that assessment of risk posed by chemicals must be considered using appropriate biological assays.
Interpreting the Urban Forest in the Genre Paintings of Joseon Dynasty (2008)

In broad agreement on the need for forests in the city, researches on the urban forest are being actively carried out. Nonetheless, since these researches focus on functional usage within living spaces, finding methods for creation of urban forests and technical solutions have remained chief issues as a consequence. This paper, which attempts to historically examine the properties of the urban forest within living space, has the characteristics of researching basic angles for approaching the creation of contemporary urban forests. For this purpose Joseon Dynasty genre paintings, which represent living conditions of Joseon era, have been decided as theme of the paper. Particularly the focus was limited to genre paintings depicting trees, giving phenomenal observations. As a result, some remarkable characteristics emerged as functional urban forest, symbolic urban forest, topological urban forest, and appreciative urban forest. Urban forest within living space mainly appear as functional, showing an even distribution in small numbers rather than gathering in large groups. The following can be inferred regarding this and related to the setting up of the scope of, and creating of, contemporary urban forest : First, from the viewpoint of urban forest creation there is a need to study more subdivided and refined types of the urban forest and to actually realize these types. Second, from the viewpoint of urban forest usage, one needs to approach existing forests, ranging from small-scale including invididual trees, to mid-, large-, and super scale, as urban forests. In this, a network of major trees, and thereby a matrix of all trees formed by that network, will be formed. Third, from the viewpoint of urban forest improvement, approaches need to be based on planting trees in even distribution across the whole city.
Mediterranean forests under focus (2008)

SUMMARY Mediterranean forest ecosystems provide multiple goods and services, including an exceptional richness in terms of biodiversity, which are crucial for the socio-economic development of rural areas as well as for the welfare of the urban populations of the Mediterranean region. Mediterranean forests are very vulnerable and fragile to numerous threats such as forest fires, over-exploitation, deforestation, and degradation. These threats are nowadays accentuated in a context of climate and land use changes. This paper presents the main characteristics, threats and values of Mediterranean forests and discusses the main scientific challenges and policy needs required to ensure the sustainable management and provision of Mediterranean forest goods and services.
Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists Modulate Thymocyte Apoptosis Through Reduction of the Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential (1999)

Peripheral-type benzodiazepines have been shown to exert immunological effects. In this study, we examined the effects of the peripheral-type benzodiazepines on murine thymocytes. Murine thymocytes that were incubated with the peripheral-type benzodiazepines underwent apoptosis associated with the collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (delta psi(m)). The drugs stimulated dexamethasone- and etoposide-induced apoptosis with the enhanced collapse of delta psi(m). The central-type benzodiazepines had no effect on either the delta psi(m) or apoptosis. The reduction of delta psi(m) depended on protein synthesis and protein phosphorylation. These results suggest that the immunomodulating effect of benzodiazepines is in part due to the modulation of thymocyte apoptosis associated with the collapse of delta psi(m).
Regression Spline Fitting with Applications (2010)

Deciding how best to t regression splines to data is a dicult non-linear optimization problem. In this paper we present a method for determining good ts using a spacially adaptive local smoothing algorithm (SALSA). We present results that show our method generates models that t as well as those generated by techniques using smoothing splines, and discuss an application of our technique that enables the automatic landmarking of certain object boundaries.
Accelerated weatherability of shed materials for composite insulators (2001)

Shed materials for hollow composite insulators (low temperature vulcanized silicone rubber, high temperature vulcanized silicone rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate and ethylene propylene diene monomer) were examined through accelerated weathering tests and their weathering resistances were evaluated from changes of surface and bulk properties. For silicone rubber, changes in the content of low molecular weight silicone (silicone oil) related to maintaining water repellency were investigated. The results showed that silicone rubbers had excellent weathering resistance and kept high water repellency during long term weathering tests. Using an equivalent model, an investigation was also carried out on how non-soluble contaminations deposited on the surfaces of sheds in outdoor service could cut off UV rays.
Statins Impair Antitumor Effects of Rituximab by Inducing Conformational Changes of CD20 (2008)

Statins were shown to interfere with both detection of CD20 and antilymphoma activity of rituximab. These studies have significant clinical implications, as impaired binding of mAbs to conformational epitopes of CD20 elicited by statins could delay diagnosis, postpone effective treatment, or impair anti-lymphoma activity of rituximab.
Bortezomib - new option for aggressive chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuritis (P3.188) (2015)

OBJECTIVE:We aimed to evaluate bortezomib as a new treatment option for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). BACKGROUND:CIDP is an acquired, immune-mediated disorder, progressive or relapsing over a period of at least 8 weeks. Three regimens for CIDP have demonstrated benefit in randomized, controlled studies: corticosteroids, plasma exchange, and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg). Assuming a dominant role of mature plasma cells we report on the use of bortezomib in treating therapy refractory CIDP. DESIGN/METHODS:Five patients who failed standard and escalating treatment received 4 s.c. injections of bortezomib (1.3mg/m2) within two weeks accompanied by antibiotic and virostatic protection for 4 weeks. Four of these patients had an excessive high need of IVIg before, and one patient had a continuous need of immunoadsorption (IA) every two days. RESULTS:Re-evaluation 9 months after treatment with bortezomib revealed the following: Patient 1: Male (53), improvement from overall disability sum score (ODSS) 8 to 7, EMG: Lack of denevervation potentials, CSF protein: 550 mg/l (36[percnt] reduction), IA every two days. Patient 2: Male (76), IVIg reduced (from 180g/4 weeks to 150g/8 weeks), CSF protein 610 mg/l (36[percnt] reduction), EMG: Re-innervation potentials (M. brachioradialis), ENG: detection of amplitudes in arm nerves. Patient 3: Male (70) Stable ODSS 7, 30[percnt] reduction of the IVIg needed (from 130g to 90g/4 weeks), 28[percnt] reduction of CSF protein (710mg/l), Patient 4: Female (73), improvement from ODSS 8 to 7, stable IVIg need (80g every 4 weeks). Patient 5: Male (59), IVIg interval extended (180g/8 weeks from 5 weeks), no need of wheelchair, EMG: No denervation potentials. CONCLUSIONS:Our report depicts a positive effect of plasma cell elimination through bortezomib in therapy refractory CIDP patients. Side effects were not observed, yet we did not repeat bortezomib before 12 months interval. Further controlled studies are warranted to confirm our preliminary results. Study Supported by:
Uncoupling Protein-2 Controls Adiponectin Gene Expression in Adipose Tissue Through the Modulation of Reactive Oxygen Species Production (2007)

Uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) is a mitochondrial membrane transporter expressed in white adipose tissue. We observed that circulating adiponectin levels and adiponectin gene expression in adipose tissue are reduced in UCP2-null mice. We studied whether mitochondrial activity and its control by UCP2 may regulate adiponectin gene expression. In 3T3-L1 cells, increasing UCP2 mitochondrial levels by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer induced adiponectin gene expression, whereas oligomycin and antimycin A, inhibitors of ATP synthesis and mitochondrial respiration, led to a downregulation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers alleviated the repression of adiponectin gene expression caused by oligomycin or antimycin A. The action of ROS involves the transcription factor CHOP-10, the abundance of which was reduced in response to UCP2 and was induced by oligomycin. CHOP-10 inhibited adiponectin gene expression by interfering with the -117/-73 CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-binding region in the adiponectin gene promoter. Moreover, CHOP-10 levels were increased in adipose tissue from UCP2-null mice. Results indicate that the modulation of ROS levels by mitochondrial activity, and specifically as a consequence of the action of UCP2, controls adiponectin gene expression. This provides a physiological mechanism by which the adipose tissue energetic status may determine the extent of adiponectin release and influence systemic insulin sensitivity.
Cluster reforestation near the timber line (2011)

Plantation of spruce in clusters (small collectives with 20-30 individuals with dense spacing) was realized on a small clear-cut and under the forest stand near the timber line in the KrkonoĹĄe Mts. in 1993. Gaps among the collectives were planted with dwarf pine and rowan. The height of trees aged 16 years occurring in centres of the small collectives is greater than trees growing on their edges. Lower height growth of underplantings is affected more by the stand shelter than by the position of individuals within collectives. Health status of plantations is comparable on both plots. Tree samples (spruce, dwarf pine) from the underplanting had lower weight and different biomass distribution than samples from clear-cut, samples with different positions in the collectives on clear-cut also differed. Original stand succeeded in keeping its favourable health condition in spite of the occurrence of individually dying trees.
Failures of inference: challenges for interpreting localized fMRI measurements of visual features (2011)

Functional MRI studies in recent years have shown that even low-resolution data reflect information represented in the neural code on a scale much smaller than the size of the voxel (decoding). However, our recent localized measurements of the fMRI response to individual Gabor elements, either alone or flanked by other Gabor patches, demonstrate unique challenges for for interpretation of responses to spatial patterns. In one case the fMRI response to low-contrast Gabor patches was not reliably suppressed by high-contrast parallel flankers, even though other studies using extended sine-wave gratings have shown that the BOLD response reflects iso-orientation surround suppression. A computational model incorporating both local/untuned and long-range/orientation-tuned inhibition resolves this discrepancy by demonstrating that the net balance of activity between neurons representing the stimulus orientation and neurons in surrounding orientation columns depends crucially on the size of the stimuli. Since fMRI reflects the responses in the entire neural population, the population-average response can obscure responses in the neural population encoding the stimulus and result in a lack of correlation between fMRI data and behavioral measurements of the responses in neurons encoding the stimulus. Contributions of local inhibitory neural activity to the BOLD response can further complicate interpretation of localized measurements. In a second experiment, we found that the relative amplitudes of the estimated fMRI response to 5% and 10% contrast Gabor patches depend on the distance of the voxel from the center of the neural representation of the stimuli. Therefore, the size of the region of interest for analysis has a significant impact on whether the fMRI response is linearly related to underlying neural activity. Taken together, these studies suggest that accurate inference of localized neural activity from fMRI data requires a detailed understanding of local neural population responses across the cortical region of interest.
A self-consistent model of stripe geometry lasers based on the beam propagation method (1984)

Using the propagating beam technique to solve Maxwell's equations together with a shooting method solution to the carrier diffusion equation, we develop an iterative, self-consistent procedure for determining the properties of stripe geometry lasers. This procedure allows us to calculate the power-current characteristics, differential quantum efficiencies, gain distributions and near and far fields over a wide range of currents at and above threshold. Far above threshold, we find, as expected, that symmetric and antisymmetric transverse modes can lase simultaneously.
Anatomical Study of the Radius and Center of Curvature of the Distal Femoral Condyle (2010)

In this anatomical study, the anteroposterior curvature of the surface of 16 cadaveric distal femurs was examined in terms of radii and center point. Those two parameters attract high interest due to their significance for total knee arthroplasty. Basically, two different conclusions have been drawn in foregoing studies: (1) The curvature shows a constant radius and (2) the curvature shows a variable radius. The investigations were based on a new method combining three-dimensional laser-scanning and planar geometrical analyses. This method is aimed at providing high accuracy and high local resolution. The high-precision laser scanning enables the exact reproduction of the distal femurs-including their cartilage tissue-as a three-dimensional computer model. The surface curvature was investigated on intersection planes that were oriented perpendicularly to the surgical epicondylar line. Three planes were placed at the central part of each condyle. The intersection of either plane with the femur model was approximated with the help of a b-spline, yielding three b-splines on each condyle. The radii and center points of the circles, approximating the local curvature of the b-splines, were then evaluated. The results from all three b-splines were averaged in order to increase the reliability of the method. The results show the variation in the surface curvatures of the investigated samples of condyles. These variations are expressed in the pattern of the center points and the radii of the curvatures. The standard deviations of the radii for a 90 deg arc on the posterior condyle range from 0.6 mm up to 5.1 mm, with an average of 2.4 mm laterally and 2.2 mm medially. No correlation was found between the curvature of the lateral and medial condyles. Within the range of the investigated 16 samples, the conclusion can be drawn that the condyle surface curvature is not constant and different for all specimens when viewed along the surgical epicondylar axis. For the portion of the condylar surface that articulates with the tibia during knee flexion-extension, the determined center points approximate the location of the centers of rotation. The results suggest that the concept of a fixed flexion-extension axis is not applicable for every specimen.
Bacterial communities in cascade reservoirs along a large river (2021)

Abstract Dam construction is widespread, changing the hydrological and biogeochemical conditions and thereby the bacterial communities in the rivers of the earth. To date, knowledge is lacking about bacterial communities in cascade reservoirs. Here, we investigated the bacterial communities and potential functions of nine cascade hydropower reservoirs in 1290 km of the upper Mekong River (Lancang River in China). Along the reservoir cascade, the water temperature, rather than the presence of dams, was the main cause for the geographical patterns of bacterial community composition. Within a reservoir, significant spatial differences in sediment bacterial communities were observed between the tail, middle, and head of a reservoir. The differences in sediment properties resulted by flow velocity‐sieved sedimentation from the tail to head of a reservoir caused the spatial variation in sediment bacteria communities, forming potential hotspots for biogeochemical cycling in the middle of the reservoir. In contrast, unlike in deep lakes and deep single reservoirs, the bacterioplankton community composition had no distinctly layered features in the deep cascade reservoirs, because density‐induced underwater currents and convection resulting from hydropower production reduced the vertical hydro‐environmental gradients. This study provides a novel perspective on the processes affecting the distribution and function of bacterial communities in river‐reservoir cascades, and is a first step toward forecasting the consequences of microbially mediated biogeochemical cycling in existing and future reservoirs worldwide.
Twenty-kilowatt 890 Mc/s continuous-wave magnetron (1964)

The design, construction and performance of a magnetron that has been developed primarily for heating applications are described. Between 20 and 30kW output power can be obtained, at efficiencies of over 80%, near the theoretical limit. This performance is achieved using a 10-segment double-ring-strapped anode, 2in long, in conjunction with a tungsten-helix cathode. A coil round the anode provides the magnetic field.Some initial development difficulties arose from interfering resonances of the cathode structure, and in oscillating valves, overheating parts of the cathode at high magnetic fields. Chokes and cathode modifications for resonance control are described.Two types of output have been tried: a direct feed to coaxial line, and a probe radiating into waveguide. The second type is found more suitable at higher powers.Performance data are presented for fixed fields and for the electromagnet connected in series with the anode—a mode of operation, which offers some stabilisation of output power against supply-voltage changes.The output of present valves is limited by the anode-dissipation capability and heating of the output window. Further developments are towards improved methods of cooling and the use of lower-loss window materials. The possibilities for higher-power valves developed along similar lines are considered briefly.
Proteinuria converts hepatic heparan sulfate to an effective proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 enzyme binding partner (2021)

Hepatic uptake of triglyceride-rich remnant lipoproteins is mediated by the low-density lipoprotein receptor, a low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein and the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, syndecan-1. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan also mediates low-density lipoprotein receptor degradation by a regulator of cholesterol homeostasis, proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9), thereby hampering triglyceride-rich remnant lipoproteins uptake. In this study, we investigated the effects of proteinuria on PCSK9, hepatic heparan sulfate proteoglycan and plasma triglyceride-rich remnant lipoproteins. Adriamycin-injected rats developed proteinuria, elevated triglycerides and total cholesterol (all significantly increased). Proteinuria associated with triglycerides and total cholesterol and serum PCSK9 (all significant associations) without loss of the low-density lipoprotein receptor as evidenced by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. In proteinuric rats, PCSK9 accumulated in sinusoids, whereas in control rats PCSK9 was localized in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Molecular profiling revealed that the heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycan to be hypersulfated in proteinuric rats. Competition assays revealed sulfation to be a major determinant for PCSK9 binding. PCSK9 partly colocalized with hypersulfated heparan sulfate in proteinuric rats, but not in control rats. Hence, proteinuria induces hypersulfated hepatic heparan sulfate proteoglycans, increasing their affinity to PCSK9. This might impair hepatic triglyceride-rich remnant lipoproteins uptake, causing proteinuria-associated dyslipidemia. Thus, our study reveals PCSK9/heparan sulfate may be a novel target to control dyslipidemia.
Internal popularity of streaming video and its implication on caching (2006)

As most proxy caches for streaming media cache only a part of the video, the most important issue for a caching algorithm is to determine which portion of the video should be cached. Due to different part of the video can have different popularity, the studying of the internal popularity characteristics of streaming videos is very important for the development of efficient cache mechanisms. In this paper, we showed that the internal popularity of the majority of the most popular videos obeys a k-transformed Zipf-like distribution through analyzing two 7-month long traces recorded at different streaming video servers of an entertainment video-on-demand provider. Based on this empirical internal popularity distribution model, we then proposed a new dynamical caching algorithm. The results of simulations proved that this algorithm can have better performance than algorithms based on other models and it has similar performance compare with fine-grained caching but requires significantly less state information.
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS IN ADDITION OF CARBANIONS TO ARENECHROMIUM TRICARBONYL COMPLEXES: CORRELATION WITH ARENE LUMO (1979)

Abstract Faktoren, die die Regioselektivität der Addition der Aren‐Cr‐tricarbonyle (I) und (V) an die Carbanionen von LiY beeinflussen, werde anhand der nach erfolgter Oxidation isolierten Produkte (III), (IV), bzw. (VI) und ermittelter LUMO‐Koeffizienten für die substituierten Arene diskutiert.