gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Collection Efficiency of an Impaction-Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometric System for the Direct and Near-Real-Time Determination of Metals in Aerosols: Some Preliminary Results (1989)

Recent results have shown the potential for the direct and near real-time determination of metals in aerosols (a solid or liquid particle in a gas, e.g., an air or atmospheric sample) using a single-stage impactor connected to an electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometer. The basic principle involves the drawing of an aerosol by vacuum through a jet, with the output stream directed against the electrothermal atomizer surface (impaction plate surface) opposite the injection port. The impaction plate deflects the flow rate to form an abrupt bend in the streamline, and particles in the aerosol with sufficient inertia are unable to follow the streamline and collide or impact with the electrothermal atomizer surface. The solid sample is then determined for metal content by conventional electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry. Detection limits were in the low ng/m3, the system was capable of detecting approximately 60 different metals on a sequential basis, moving mechanical parts were minimal, and the system was shown to directly determine mercury, cadmium, copper, and lead in the laboratory atmosphere.
Armstrong, Andrew Campbell (1860–1935) (2005)

Armstrong, Andrew Campbell Andrew Campbell Armstrong was born on 22 August 1860 in New York City, to Andrew Campbell Armstrong and Isabella Johnston Sinclair Armstrong. In 1881 he completed his BA at Princeton University, and was a fellow of mental science for the subsequent year, during which he tr
Electron Optic Design of Arrayed E-Beam Microcolumns Based Systems for Wafer Defects Inspection (2008)

In this paper is considered a matter of the system for wafer defect inspection (WDIS) practical realization. Such systems are on the agenda as the next generation and substitution for light optics and single $e$-beam based WDISs.
Diamino Benzo[b]thiophene Derivatives as a Novel Class of Active Site Directed Thrombin Inhibitors. 5. Potency, Efficacy, and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Modified C-3 Side Chain Derivatives (2000)

A systematic investigation of the structure-activity relationships of the C-3 side chain of the screening hit 1a led to the identification of the potent thrombin inhibitors 23c, 28c, and 31c. Their activities (1240, 903, and 1271 x 10(6) L/mol, respectively) represent 2200- and 2900-fold increases in potency over the starting lead 1a. This activity enhancement was accomplished with an increase of thrombin selectivity. The in vitro anticoagulant profiles of derivatives 28c and 31c were determined, and they compare favorably with the clinical agent H-R-1-[4aS, 8aS]perhydroisoquinolyl-prolyl-arginyl aldehyde (D-Piq-Pro-Arg-H; 32). The more potent members of this series have been studied in an arterial/venous shunt (AV shunt) model of thrombosis and were found to be efficacious in reducing clot formation. However, their efficacy is currently limited by their rapid and extensive distribution following administration.
Limiting the Impact of Stealthy Attacks on Industrial Control Systems (2016)

While attacks on information systems have for most practical purposes binary outcomes (information was manipulated/eavesdropped, or not), attacks manipulating the sensor or control signals of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) can be tuned by the attacker to cause a continuous spectrum in damages. Attackers that want to remain undetected can attempt to hide their manipulation of the system by following closely the expected behavior of the system, while injecting just enough false information at each time step to achieve their goals. In this work, we study if attack-detection can limit the impact of such stealthy attacks. We start with a comprehensive review of related work on attack detection schemes in the security and control systems community. We then show that many of those works use detection schemes that are not limiting the impact of stealthy attacks. We propose a new metric to measure the impact of stealthy attacks and how they relate to our selection on an upper bound on false alarms. We finally show that the impact of such attacks can be mitigated in several cases by the proper combination and configuration of detection schemes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithms through simulations and experiments using real ICS testbeds and real ICS systems.
Biosynthesis of heparin. Partial purification of the uronosyl C-5 epimerase. (1980)

Heparosan N-sulfate D-glucuronosyl 5-epimerase, which catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-glucuronosyl to alpha-L-iduronosyl residues in the course of heparin biosynthesis, has been purified approximately 9000-fold from the high speed supernatant fraction of a homogenate of a mouse mastocytoma. Following ammonium sulfate fractionation, the material precipitating between 35 and 60% saturation was subjected to a series of affinity chromatography steps on matrices containing immobilized concanavalin A, heparan sulfate, O-desulfated heparin, and Cibacron blue, respectively. Epimerase purified by this procedure yielded two major components on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme had approximately the same Kav as bovine serum albumin when chromatographed on Sepharose 6B. The activity of the purified enzyme was increased 50-fold by addition of the fraction which was not adsorbed to concanavalin A-Sepharose. The stimulating factor is likely to be a protein since it was nondialyzable, heat labile, and lost activity on digestion with trypsin.
Towards Unification of General Relativity and Quantum Theory: Dendrogram Representation of the Event-Universe (2022)

Following Smolin, we proceed to unification of general relativity and quantum theory by operating solely with events, i.e., without appealing to physical systems and space-time. The universe is modelled as a dendrogram (finite tree) expressing the hierarchic relations between events. This is the observational (epistemic) model; the ontic model is based on p-adic numbers (infinite trees). Hence, we use novel mathematics: not only space-time but even real numbers are not in use. Here, the p-adic space (which is zero-dimensional) serves as the base for the holographic image of the universe. In this way our theory is connected with p-adic physics; in particular, p-adic string theory and complex disordered systems (p-adic representation of the Parisi matrix for spin glasses). Our Dendrogramic-Holographic (DH) theory matches perfectly with the Mach's principle and Brans-Dicke theory. We found a surprising informational interrelation between the fundamental constants, <i>h</i>, <i>c</i>, <i>G</i>, and their DH analogues, <i>h</i>(<i>D</i>), <i>c</i>(<i>D</i>), <i>G</i>(<i>D</i>). DH theory is part of Wheeler's project on the information restructuring of physics. It is also a step towards the Unified Field theory. The universal potential <i>V</i> is nonlocal, but this is relational DH nonlocality. <i>V</i> can be coupled to the Bohm quantum potential by moving to the real representation. This coupling enhances the role of the Bohm potential.
Dependence of the Chopping Current Level of a Vacuum Interrupter on Parallel Capacitance (2017)

The distribution of chopping currents of a vacuum circuit breaker using CuCr25 contact material was measured in a laboratory circuit consisting of a three-phase 20-kV cable system and a dry-type distribution transformer rated 900 kVA. The cable length between the upstream feeding transformer and the circuit breaker was several hundreds of meters. An inductive load connected to the distribution transformer provided a 50-Hz current of 10 A rms. Under these conditions, the mean chopping current level was between 3.2 and 3.5 A and showed no significant dependence on the arcing time, which was varied between 2 and 8 ms. After addition of a surge capacitor of 130 nF between the transformer terminals and ground, which very much reduces the overvoltage during switching, the chopping current level increased to 5.6 to 7.7 A in dependence of the arcing time. In order to explain this, the interaction of the arc with the electric circuit in particular with the cables on both sides of the breaker has to be evaluated. If the cables are long, travelling waves need to be considered as well as all return current paths in a three-phase circuit. The coincidence of excited network oscillations with random arc instabilities may result in either momentary amplification or damping of such oscillations. An additionally installed capacitor serves as a source sustaining a momentary current reduction after an arc instability and allows the excitation of a subsequent arc instability leading to an increase of the chopping current with longer arcing times. With low capacitance on the load side, there is no interaction and therefore no influence from the arcing time.
OS3.2 Delta-aminolevulinic acid can decrease the radioresistance of glioma stem cells with mesenchymal phenotypes in vitro and in vivo (2016)

INTRODUCTION: High-grade gliomas (HGGs) is divided into 3 major subtypes based on core gene signatures; mesenchymal (MES), proneural (PN) and proliferative. Among them, HGGs profiled in the MES subtype tend to show worse prognosis than others. Recently, also as for glioma stem cells, two mutually exclusive subtypes with distinct dysregulated signaling and metabolic pathways has been identified; MES-GSC and PN-GSC. It is known that MES-GSC displays more aggressive phenotypes and is markedly resistant to radiation as compared with PN-GSC. Delta-aminolevurinic acid (ALA) is the first metabolite in the porphyrin synthesis and the exogenous administration of ALA increased the endogenous production of photosensitizer protoporphyrin-IX (PpIX) in HGG tumor cells. Recently, several reports have revealed that ALA has an ability to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of X-ray radiotherapy (XRT) for various malignant tumors in vitro and in vivo. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether ALA can decrease the radioresistance of GSCs. MATERIAL & METHODS: We used 3 MES-GSCs and 2 PN-GSCs established from surgical specimens of human malignant gliomas. We defined the above GSCs cultured in an adherent condition with FBS and without glutamine for more than 2 weeks as glioma “differentiated” cells (GDCs). Firstly, we quantified the intracellular PpIX in the GSCs and their corresponding GDCs by FACS and LC. Then, we assessed the in vitro therapeutic effect of ALA-XRT on them; MTT-assay, sphere- or colony- forming assay, and apoptosis assay were performed. We made an intracerebral glioma model using one MES-GSC to evaluate in vivo therapeutic effect of ALA-XRT; MES-GSC transplanted mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, ALA-XRT, XRT only, ALA only and control. Total 30 Gy in 3 Gy fractions of X-ray was irradiated to the mice in 1st and 2nd group. The intraperitoneal injection of 240 mg/kg ALA was done 6 hours prior to each irradiation for the mice in 1st and 3rd group. RESULTS: 1) All MES-GSCs showed significantly higher PpIX accumulation than their corresponding MES-GDCs. Meanwhile, two PN-GSCs showed lower intracellular PpIX level than their corresponding PN-GDCs. 2) All MES-GSCs showed higher resistance to X-ray than their corresponding MES-GDCs, but the radioresistance of MES-GSCs significantly decreased by ALA in vitro. 3) ALA significantly increased the ROS production during XRT in a dose dependent manner both in MES-GSCs and MES-GDCs in vitro. 4) In the in vivo therapeutic experiment, median survivals of control, ALA-only, X-ray only, ALA-XRT group were 19, 22, 30, 38 days, respectively. (ALA-XRT vs. XRT only: p=0.02, Control vs. XRT only: p<0.001, Control vs. ALA only: p=0.09) CONCLUSIONS: MES-GSCs had a higher activity of porphyrin synthesis from exogenous ALA than PN-GSCs. In fact, the redioresistance of MES-GSCs can be effectively decreased by the concomitant use of ALA both in vitro and in vivo.
3-Dimensional, Single Marker, Gait Analysis System (1998)

Abstract There is a wealth of data that can be obtained by recording the 3-D position of a single marker at the approximate level of the body center of mass (BCOM) during walking. Evolving the design of a previous 1-D single marker gait system (Weir &amp; Childress, 1997) we are developing a portable, easy-to-use, real-time system which will measure the position of the BCOM during walking in 3-D. This system will measure instantaneous anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and vertical displacements of the BCOM. We plan to use these data to measure and estimate gait parameters and symmetry indices.
A Selective Mitochondrial-Targeted Chlorambucil with Remarkable Cytotoxicity in Breast and Pancreatic Cancers (2013)

Nitrogen mustards, widely used as chemotherapeutics, have limited safety and efficacy. Mitochondria lack a functional nucleotide excision repair mechanism to repair DNA adducts and are sensitive to alkylating agents. Importantly, cancer cells have higher intrinsic mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψmt) than normal cells. Therefore, selectively targeting nitrogen mustards to cancer cell mitochondria based on Δψmt could overcome those limitations. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of Mito-Chlor, a triphenylphosphonium derivative of the nitrogen mustard chlorambucil. We show that Mito-Chlor localizes to cancer cell mitochondria where it acts on mtDNA to arrest cell cycle and induce cell death, resulting in a 80-fold enhancement of cell kill in a panel of breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines that are insensitive to the parent drug. Significantly, Mito-Chlor delayed tumor progression in a mouse xenograft model of human pancreatic cancer. This is a first example of repurposing chlorambucil, a drug not used in breast and pancreatic cancer treatment, as a novel drug candidate for these diseases.
Low-temperature and hydrogen-free silicon dioxide cladding for integrated photonics (2023)

We demonstrate a hydrogen-free low-loss silicon oxide film deposited with SiCl 4 and O 2 precursor. A very wide low-loss window of 1300 nm to 1620 nm is achieved at deposition temperature as low as 300°C.
Distributed feedback Er 3+ -doped fibre laser (1995)

Robust singlemode operation is reported of an Er3+-doped distributed feedback fibre laser based on a 36 mm long Bragg grating with a permanently induced π/2 phaseshift. The laser is integrated into a master-oscillator/parametric-amplifier configuration, which yields an output power of 5.4 mW and has a linewidth of 15 kHz.
Apoptosis: molecular mechanisms and implications for human disease (1995)

Abstract. Apoptosis is a highly regulated process of cell death with characteristic morphological changes that are distinct from necrosis. The biochemical machinery responsible for apoptotic cell death appears to be constitutively expressed in most, if not all, cells and can be triggered by a variety of signals, including sustained increases in the intracellular Ca 2+ level. Apoptosis is the main mechanism of cell deletion during development, normal cell turnover, hormone‐induced tissue atrophy, and pathological processes such as T‐cell depletion in HIV/AIDS and neurodegenerative disease. The aim of this review is to briefly summarize current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and its role in human disease.
Organocatalytic asymmetric epoxidation reactions in water–alcohol solutions (2005)

The diastereo- and enantioselective organocatalytic epoxidation of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes in aqueous solutions is presented. By the screening of the reaction conditions for the epoxidation of cinnamic aldehyde applying hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant and 2-[bis-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-trimethylsilanyloxy-methyl]-pyrrolidine as the catalyst, a highly stereoselective reaction has been developed. The scope of the diastereo- and enantioselective organocatalytic epoxidation in aqueous solutions is documented by the asymmetric epoxidation of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes with enantioselectivities up to 96% ee.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Global Downstream Pathway Analysis Reveals a Dependence of Oncogenic NF-E2–Related Factor 2 Mutation on the mTOR Growth Signaling Pathway (2023)

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Liquid metal extraction of Nd from NdFeB magnet scrap (1999)

This research involves using molten magnesium (Mg) to remove neodymium (Nd) from NdFeB magnet scrap by diffusion. The results show that liquid metal extraction of Nd may be a viable and inexpensive method for recovering the expensive rare earth element Nd for use in Mg castings.
Using fractal interpolation over complex network modeling of deep texture representation (2022)

Convolutional neural networks have been a funda-mental model in computer vision in the last years. Nevertheless, specifically in the analysis of texture images, the use of that model as a feature extractor rather than trained from scratch or extensively fine tuned has demonstrated to be more effective. In this scenario, such deep features can also benefit from further advanced analysis that can provide more meaningful representation than the direct use of feature maps. A successful example of such procedure is the recent use of visibility graphs to analyze deep features in texture recognition. It has been found that models based on complex networks can quantify properties such as periodicity, randomness and chaoticity. All those features demonstrated usefulness in texture classification. Inspired by this context, here we propose an alternative modeling based on complex networks to leverage the effectiveness of deep texture features. More specifically, we employ recurrence matrices of the neural activation at the penultimate layer. Moreover, the importance of complexity attributes, such as chaoticity and fractality, also instigates us to associate the complex networks with a fractal technique. More precisely, we complement the complex network representation with the application of fractal interpolation over the degree distribution of the recurrence matrix. The final descriptors are employed for texture classification and the results are compared, in terms of accuracy, with classical and state-of-the-art approaches. The achieved results are competitive and pave the way for future analysis on how such complexity measures can be useful in deep learning-based texture recognition.
FIELD TEST PROGRAM TO DEVELOP COMPREHENSIVE DESIGN, OPERATING AND COST DATA FOR MERCURY CONTROL SYSTEMS ON NON-SCRUBBED COAL-FIRED BOILERS (2002)

With the Nation's coal-burning utilities facing the possibility of tighter controls on mercury pollutants, the U.S. Department of Energy is funding projects that could offer power plant operators better ways to reduce these emissions at much lower costs. Mercury is known to have toxic effects on the nervous system of humans and wildlife. Although it exists only in trace amounts in coal, mercury is released when coal burns and can accumulate on land and in water. In water, bacteria transform the metal into methylmercury, the most hazardous form of the metal. Methylmercury can collect in fish and marine mammals in concentrations hundreds of thousands times higher than the levels in surrounding waters. One of the goals of DOE is to develop technologies by 2005 that will be capable of cutting mercury emissions 50 to 70 percent at well under one-half of today's costs. ADA Environmental Solutions (ADA-ES) is managing a project to test mercury control technologies at full scale at four different power plants from 2000-2003. The ADA-ES project is focused on those power plants that are not equipped with wet flue gas desulfurization systems. ADA-ES will develop a portable system that will be moved to four different utility power plants for field testing. Each of the plants is equipped with either electrostatic precipitators or fabric filters to remove solid particles from the plant's flue gas. ADA-ES's technology will inject a dry sorbent, such as fly ash or activated carbon, that removes the mercury and makes it more susceptible to capture by the particulate control devices. A fine water mist may be sprayed into the flue gas to cool its temperature to the range where the dry sorbent is most effective. PG&E National Energy Group is providing two test sites that fire bituminous coals and both are equipped with electrostatic precipitators and carbon/ash separation systems. Wisconsin Electric Power Company is providing a third test site that burns Powder River Basin (PRB) coal and has an electrostatic precipitator for particulate control. Alabama Power Company will host a fourth test at its Plant Gaston, which is equipped with a hot-side electrostatic precipitator and a downstream fabric filter. During the seventh reporting quarter, progress was made on the project in the following areas: (1) PG&E NEG Brayton Point Station--Sorbent injection equipment was installed at the site during the quarter; Test plans were prepared for the field testing phase of the project; Baseline testing was completed during the quarter and parametric testing was begun; and A paper summarizing the full-scale tests was written and submitted to A&WMA for presentation at the annual meeting in June 2002. (2) Technology Transfer--A number of technical presentations and briefings were made during the quarter. Notable among them are papers published in the A&WMA EM journal and Pollution Engineering. Also, information was provided to the EPA MACT Working Group and a paper was presented at the annual A&WMA meeting.
Correction: Divalent and Multivalent Activation in Phosphate Triesters: A Versatile Method for the Synthesis of Advanced Polyol Synthons (2010)

We previously [1] assigned the stereochemical descriptors at the phosphorus atom in the bicyclic phosphates (R,R,P S )-4 and (S,S,P R )-4 as (P S ) and (P R ), respectively. However, the staff at Chemical Abstracts Service kindly noted that Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules dictate that "Contributions by d-orbitals to bonds of quadriligant atoms are neglected", and hence, the P=O group in 4 should be treated as a P-O group with assignment of least priority.