gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sustainable H2O/ethyl lactate system for ligand-free Suzuki–Miyaura reaction (2012)

A sustainable catalyst system consisted of H2O/ethyl lactate (EL), Pd(OAc)2 and K2CO3 has been developed as a generally applicable protocol for Suzuki–Miyaura reactions using various aryl bromides and iodides to incorporate arylboronic acids under ligand-free conditions. This protocol is advantageous owing to the employment of water and non-toxic, biomass available ethyl lactate as green media. In addition, as a co-solvent with water, ethyl lactate displayed evident superiority over conventional polar organic solvents such as DMF, DMSO and dioxane etc., which implied the additional potential function of EL as a ligand in these reactions.
Domain formation and strain relaxation in epitaxial ferroelectric heterostructures (1994)

The growth of ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ films by a metalorganic chemical-vapor-deposition technique has resulted in three-dimensionally epitaxial heterostructures on various single-crystal substrates. These heterostructures consist of ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ films on the (001) surface of the single crystals: potassium tantalate (${\mathrm{KTaO}}_{3}$), strontium titanate (${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$), and magnesium oxide (MgO). It was found that the presence of a structural (ferroelectric) phase transition in ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ leads to a ``strain-accommodating'' mechanism in which a domain pattern forms as the system cools through the Curie temperature and limits the extension of interfacial strain in the heterostructure---thus minimizing the total energy of the heterostructure. For ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$/${\mathrm{KTaO}}_{3}$(001), the interfacial strain is accommodated by the formation of a periodic domain pattern in the overlayer. In ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$/${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$(001), which exhibits an excellent lattice match between respective a lattice parameters, the film exists as a single c domain. The ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$/MgO(001) system, having a poor lattice match for both the a and c axes, appears to find the energy minimum by locking into domains of two-dimensional superlattices with the greatest atomic coincidences. It is found that the nature of the domain pattern depends very strongly on both the film thickness and measuring temperature. A theoretical model of the domain-pattern formation has been developed by using linear-elasticity theory and a Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire-type phenomenological theory for the substrate and the overlayer, respectively. The theoretical predictions and the experimental measurements were in good agreement in both the thickness and temperature dependence of the relative domain population and the spontaneous strains.
Regional white matter hyperintensities predict Alzheimer’s‐like neurodegeneration (2020)

Abstract Background Small vessel cerebrovascular disease, best visualized as white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on T2‐weighted MRI scanning, is associated with cognitive decline and increases risk for clinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD), particularly when it is distributed in posterior brain regions. There is much debate, however, about whether cerebrovascular disease represents a comorbidity or whether it is more fundamental to the pathogenesis of AD. The purpose of this study was to examine whether regional WMH volume predicts neurodegeneration, operationally‐defined as longitudinal decline in cortical thickness, among community‐dwelling older adults. Method Two hundred thirty‐eight participants(73.18 + 5.23 years old, 60% women, 35% APOE‐ε4 carriers, 30% non‐Hispanic White/32% Hispanic/38% Black, 14% with MCI) from the Washington Heights Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP) received high‐resolution structural 3T MRI scans at baseline and 4.09 + 1.57 years later. Regional WMH volume was derived with in house developed software and the FreeSurfer (v6.0) longitudinal processing stream was used to calculate change in cortical thickness. Using QDEC, we examined the relationship of total and regional WMH volume with annualized rate of decline in cortical thickness (symmetrized across the two visits) with vertex‐wise general linear models adjusted for age, sex, and APOE status. We additionally adjusted for a baseline marker of AD‐related atrophy (entorhinal cortex thickness). Result Baseline total WMH volume predicted widespread cortical atrophy in a pattern consistent with AD‐associated atrophy, which included parahippocampal, temporal, and parietal regions. When examined regionally, the effects were most prominent for parietal lobe WMH, which predicted entorhinal cortex atrophy predominantly. Adjusting for baseline entorhinal cortical thickness did not alter the findings. In stratified analyses, the effects were strongest among Hispanic and Black participants compared with White participants, and similar across APOE groups. Conclusion White matter hyperintensity volume, especially in the parietal lobes, predicts Alzheimer’s‐like neurodegeneration, suggesting that small vessel cerebrovascular disease contributes to the ‘N’ aspect of the ‘A/T/N’ pathogenic models of AD. The results were independent of and stronger than baseline atrophy measures, suggesting that WMH are not simply a result of neurodegeneration. These effects may manifest differently across racial/ethnic groups, with small vessel cerebrovascular disease playing a more prominent role in future neurodegeneration among racial/ethnic minorities.
Cyclopropamitosenes, Novel Bioreductive Anticancer Agents. Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Biological Activity of 7-Substituted Cyclopropamitosenes and Related Indolequinones (1994)

The synthesis of the indolequinones 8 and 9 starting from methyl 4-(benzyloxy)-5-methoxy-indole-2-carboxylate (10) is described. The methoxy group in the indolequinones 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7-9 can be displaced by various nitrogen nucleophiles (ammonia, 2-methoxyethylamine, aziridine, 2-methylaziridine, pyrrolidine) in 22-88% yield. The resulting amino-substituted quinones, together with their methoxy precursors, were studied by cyclic voltammetry to determine their reduction potentials, which, in DMF solution, lie in the range -1.355 to -1.597 V (vs ferrocene). The cytotoxicity of the compounds towards aerobic and hypoxic mammalian cells was also determined; in general, under aerobic conditions, the cyclopropamitosenes are more toxic than the corresponding pyrrolo[1,2-a]indolequinones, which are in turn more toxic than the simple 1,2-dimethylindolequinones, with many of the compounds in each series showing greater toxicity toward hypoxic cells.
Failure-Envelope Approach to Modeling Shock and Vibration Survivability of Electronic and MEMS Packaging (2005)

Product level assessment of drop and shock reliability relies heavily on experimental test methods. Prediction of drop and shock survivability is largely beyond the state-of-art. However, the use of experimental approach to test out every possible design variation, and identify the one that gives the maximum design margin is often not feasible because of product development cycle time and cost constraints. Presently, one of the primary methodologies for evaluating shock and vibration survivability of electronic packaging is the JEDEC drop test method, JESD22-B111 which tests board-level reliability of packaging. However, packages in electronic products may be subjected to a wide-array of boundary conditions beyond those targeted in the test method. In this paper, a failure-envelope approach based on wavelet transforms and damage proxies has been developed to model drop and shock survivability of electronic packaging. Data on damage progression under transient-shock and vibration in both 95.5Sn4.0Ag0.5Cu and 63Sn37Pb ball-grid arrays has been presented. Component types examined include flex-substrate and rigid substrate ball-grid arrays. Dynamic measurements like acceleration, strain and resistance are measured and analyzed using highspeed data acquisition system capable of capturing in-situ strain, continuity and acceleration data in excess of 5 million samples per second. Ultra high-speed video at 150,000 fps per second has been used to capture the deformation kinematics. The concept of relative damage index has been used to both evaluate and predict damage progression during transient shock. The failure-envelope provides a fundamental basis for development of component integration guidelines to ensure survivability in shock and vibration environments at a user-specified confidence level. The approach is scalable to application at system-level. Explicit finite-element models have been developed for prediction of shock survivability based on the failure envelope. Model predictions have been correlated with experimental data for both leaded and leadfree ball-grid arrays
Charge sharing study in the case of neutron induced SEU on 130 nm bulk SRAM modeled by 3-D Device Simulation (2005)

The charge sharing quantification in the case of neutron induced SEUs in a 130 nm bulk SRAM is presented. Conclusions on its contribution to the soft errors sensitivity evaluation using Monte-Carlo codes are underlined.
An exploratory study on the association between serotonin and sleep breathing disorders (2023)

This exploratory observational study aimed to evaluate whether the blood levels of serotonin and enzymes involved in serotonin synthesis are associated with sleep breathing parameters. A total of 105 patients were included in this study, who were subjected to single-night polysomnography with simultaneous audio-video recordings. Peripheral blood samples were collected to estimate the serum levels of serotonin, tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), and aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). Results showed a negative correlation between blood serotonin levels, and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) (p = 0.027), central apnea (p = 0.044) and obstructive apnea (OA) (p = 0.032) scores. Blood TPH1 levels were negatively correlated with average (p = 0.003) and minimal saturation (p = 0.035) and positively correlated with apnea-hypopnea index (p = 0.010), OA (p = 0.049), and hypopnea index (p = 0.007) scores. A tendency to sleep-disordered breathing seemed to co-occur with lower blood serotonin and higher TPH1 levels.Clinical Trial Registration : www.ClinicalTrials.gov , identifier NCT04214561.
Microbial attachment properties in expanded-bed, activated carbon anaerobic filters. Research report (final) (1983)

A completely mixed, expanded-bed, anaerobic granular activated carbon filter was operated on synthetic wastewaters in which acetate was the only organic carbon source. Steady-state performance was achieved for two influent acetate concentrations: namely, 800 and 1,600 mg/l. Steady-state removal efficiencies in chemical oxygen demand, dissolved organic carbon, and acetate exceeding 96, 97, and 98 percent were obtained, respectively. A steady-state biofilm kinetic model was employed for analyzing the two sets of 'steady-state' data. The modeling effort was successful in describing trends and effects; however, insufficient data were available to properly calibrate the model and obtain reliable values for the parametric constants.
Feedback Loops of Attention in Peer Production (2009)

A significant percentage of online content is now published and consumed via the mechanism of crowdsourcing. While any user can contribute to these forums, a disproportionately large percentage of the content is submitted by very active and devoted users, whose continuing participation is key to the sites' success. As we show, people's propensity to keep participating increases the more they contribute, suggesting motivating factors which increase over time. This paper demonstrates that submitters who stop receiving attention tend to stop contributing, while prolific contributors attract an ever increasing number of followers and their attention in a feedback loop. We demonstrate that this mechanism leads to the observed power law in the number of contributions per user and support our assertions by an analysis of hundreds of millions of contributions to top content sharing Web sites Digg.com and Youtube.com.
RF and DC Analysis of Stressed InGaAs MOSFETs (2014)

A complete reliability study of the DC and RF characteristics for InGaAs nMOSFETs with Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> /HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> dielectric is presented. The main stress variation at high frequencies is related to a threshold voltage shift, whereas no decrease is found in the maximum of the cutoff frequency and RF transconductance. Constant gate stress leads to a charge build up causing a threshold voltage shift. Furthermore, electron trapping at the drain side degrades the performance after hot carrier stress. The maximum DC transconductance is reduced following constant gate bias stress, by an increase in charge trapping at border defects. These border defects at the channel/high-κ interface are filled by cold carrier trapping when the transistor is turned on, whereas they do not respond at high frequencies.
18O and U13C Labeling of Photosynthetic and Related Quinones and Their Purification by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (1994)

Abstract Different photosynthetic quinones have been labeled on the carbonyl groups by oxygen exchange with H2 18O and purified by high performance liquid chromatography on normal phase column with non aqueous solvent mixtures. U13C quinones have been extracted from Spirulina maxima, Synechocystis 6803 and E. coli, grown on 13C labeled medium and purified on reversed phase columns. Vitamin K1, plastoquinone PQA45, ubiquinone Q8 have been obtained in mg amounts, while different other quinones (menaquinone MK8, ubiquinones Q2, Q7, Q9, Q11, plastoquinones A) were present only in trace amounts. Several of these quinones have been used in the reconstitution of the photosynthetic reaction centers, in order to assign the quinone bands in the light-induced Fourier transformed infrared difference spectra of the photoreduction of the primary quinone acceptor.
Distributed Space-Time coding for Two-Way Wireless Relay Networks (2008)

We consider distributed space-time coding for two-way wireless relay networks, where communication between two terminals is assisted by relay nodes. We compare existing and new protocols that operate over 2, 3 or 4 times slots. Particularly, a new class of relaying protocols, termed as partial decode-and- forward (PDF), is proposed for the 2 time slots transmission. We show that the proposed amplify and forward (AF) protocols achieve the diversity order of min{N,T} ( 1- (loglogP)/(logP))> where N is the number of relays, P is the total power of the network, and T is the number of symbols transmitted during each time slot. When linear dispersion (LD) codes with random unitary matrices are used, the proposed PDF protocols resemble random linear network coding, where the former operates on unitary group and the latter works on finite field.
Short: Rethinking Secure Pairing in Drone Swarms (2023)

Drone swarms are becoming increasingly prevalent in important missions, including military operations, rescue tasks, environmental monitoring, and disaster recovery.Member drones coordinate with each other to efficiently and effectively accomplish a given mission.To automatically coordinate a swarm, member drones exchange critical messages (e.g., their positions, locations of identified obstacles, and detected search targets) about their observed environment and missions over wireless communication channels.Therefore, swarms need a pairing system to establish secure communication channels that protect the confidentiality and integrity of the messages.However, swarm properties and the open physical environment in which they operate bring unique challenges in establishing cryptographic keys between drones.In this paper, we first outline an adversarial model and the ideal design requirements for secure pairing in drone swarms.We then survey existing human-in-the-loop-based, context-based, and public key cryptography (PKC) based pairing methods to explore their feasibility in drone swarms.Our exploration, unfortunately, shows that existing techniques fail to fully meet the unique requirements of drone swarms.Thus, we propose research directions that can meet these requirements for secure, energy-efficient, and scalable swarm pairing systems.
Electrochromism of Ferrocene- and Viologen-Based Redox-Active Ionic Liquids Composite (2018)

Redox-active ionic liquids (RAILs) require no other additional reagents such as solvent and supporting electrolyte for electrochemical reactions under undiluted condition. Viologen-based RAILs are one of the electrochromic (EC) ionic liquids with sharp color contrast and high chemical stability. An operation of an EC cell requires two electroactive elements, an EC material and a charge compensating material. In this study, an equimolar composite of a viologen-based RAIL as the EC material and a ferrocene-based RAIL as the charge compensation material, was synthesized and applied to an EC cell. The EC cell with the composite RAIL of as high concentration as 0.92 M each redox species showed good coloration efficiency (91.4 cm<sup>2</sup> C<sup>-1</sup> at 540 nm on 1.0 V). The coloration process of the EC cell was diffusion-limited process. The current and absorbance of the EC cell reached constant values at large enough bias voltage because of the charge recombination between reduced viologens and oxidized ferrocenes. The recombination affected rapid color erasing process. Almost no deterioration of the composite RAIL was found by <sup>1</sup>H NMR after 13 000 potential cycle durability experiment.
Milieuprofiel van gebouwelementen, details per variant: 1. Vloer op volle grond (2013)

Om inzicht te krijgen in de Milieugerelateerde Materiaalprestatie van Gebouwelementen (MMG) werd een databank ontwikkeld waarbij de MMG-bepalingsmethode aan de basis ligt voor het berekenen van de milieuprofielen. Deze publicatie is een gedetailleerde aanvulling bij de OVAM-publicatie ‘Milieuprofiel van gebouwelementen’ en geeft een meer uitgebreide analyse van alle doorgerekende varianten ‘vloer op volle grond’.
3-D Video Sensor for Dynamic Out-of-Position Sensing, Occupant Classification and Additional Sensor Functions (2005)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A 3-D video sensor designed for in-vehicle operation is presented in this paper. This sensor enables improved occupant protection according to the &lt;i&gt;Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard&lt;/i&gt; (FMVSS) 208 and beyond. Interior sensors integrated in current occupant protection systems are especially designed for &lt;i&gt;Occupant Classification&lt;/i&gt; (OC). However, these interior sensors do not measure the distance between the head and the air bag module. As a result, the air bags deploy independently from the occupants' &lt;i&gt;Out-Of-Position&lt;/i&gt; (OOP) status in crash situations. On the contrary, the sensor presented in this paper overcomes this shortcoming by providing dynamic &lt;i&gt;Out-Of-Position Sensing&lt;/i&gt; (OOPS) capabilities in addition to occupant classification. The requirements of dynamic OOPS are discussed and an appropriate test device and test procedure are described. Furthermore, the paper presents the sensor principle, the hardware architecture and algorithms for image data processing. The performance of the sensor prototype will be discussed based on several test results. The sensor provides high quality 3-D data and images for both the driver and passenger side, thus enabling numerous additional sensor functions.&lt;/div&gt;
Solid State Imaging Techniques. Measurement of Substrate Impurity Fluctuation on CCD Image Sensor. (1999)

It is well known that the saturation signal level of a CCD image sensor including photo diode with vertical overflow drain (VOD) varies strongly with substrate impurity concentration. However, analytical results between the saturation signal level and substrate impurity concentration have not been obtained yet. In this paper, the relation between the saturation signal level and substrate impurity concentration was calculated using the drift-diffusion model as a function of photo diode structures and operation conditions.By comparing analytical and experimental results obtained from CCD image sensor chips, we found that the impurity fluctuations at the peripherals of CZ, MCZ, and epitaxial wafers were +11%, ±16%, and ±6%, respectively. Those at the center were ±7%, ±9%, and ±6%, respectively. The distinctive features of the impurity fluctuation pattern for these wafers were therefore clarified. The minimum impurity fluctuation level that can be detected is almost ±0.1%.
Thermally stable high-contrast iridescent structural colours from silica colloidal crystals doped with monodisperse spherical black carbon particles (2021)

The saturation of iridescent structural colours of silica colloidal film is significantly improved by addition of a small amount of the monodisperse spherical black carbon nanoparticles which are uniformly dispersed in a colloidal crystal matrix.
In-situ EXAFS Observation of the Molecular Reaction Intermediate for NO–H2 Reaction on Highly Active Rh–Sn/SiO2 Catalysts (1994)

Abstract In-situ EXAFS technique was successful by applied for the first time to observe the molecular reaction intermediate for NO–H2 reaction on highly active Rh–Sn/SiO2 catalysts. The EXAFS data, with the aid of FTIR, revealed the existence the bent-type NO with the bond distance of 0.256 nm with Sn atoms (Rh–NO···Sn) on the bimetallic surface in the steady-state reaction conditions. The tilted NO was dissociated to form Sn–O bond at 0.205 nm.
Stress in the emergency room: a simple leukocyte to glass adhesion test provides a diagnostic tool to differentiate between stress and infection/inflammation related leukocytosis (1999)

In order to discriminate between stress-induced leukocytosis and an infection/inflammation-related one, we have used a modified leukocyte adhesiveness/aggregation test (LAAT) to examine the adhesive properties of white blood cells towards glass surfaces. A highly significant p<0·00001) difference was noted between the percent of aggregated cells found in a group of patients with various conditions of infection/inflammation (22·9±6·4%) and those with stress (7·5±1·4%). The corresponding difference between the total white blood cell count in the peripheral blood of these two groups (16,547±3289 and 14,114±4898 cells per mm3, respectively) was not significant. The difference in total leukocytes adhered to the glass in the two groups (445±136 vs 228±72 cells per high power field) that were determined along the slide was also highly significant (p<0·00001). Thus, a simple glass slide technique might be of clinical utility for an effective, rapid and inexpensive means of discrimination between stress and infection/inflammation related leukocytosis. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Septal Reduction Using Transvenous Intramyocardial Cerclage Radiofrequency Ablation (2020)

Debulking of left ventricular septal mass is typically accomplished using surgical myectomy, which is morbid, or using transcoronary alcohol septal ablation, which can result in geographic miss and occasional catastrophic nontarget coronary injury. The authors developed and tested operational parameters in vitro and vivo for a device to accomplish transvenous intraseptal radiofrequency ablation to reduce ventricular septal mass using a technique derived from mitral cerclage, which the authors call <i>cerclage ablation</i>. Cerclage ablation appeared feasible in vitro and safe and effective in vivo. Cerclage ablation is an attractive new approach to debulk the interventricular septum in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. These data support clinical investigation.