gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chronic activation in presymptomatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice of a feedback loop involving Fas, Daxx, and FasL (2006)

The reasons for the cellular specificity and slow progression of motoneuron diseases such as ALS are still poorly understood. We previously described a motoneuron-specific cell death pathway downstream of the Fas death receptor, in which synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) is an obligate step. Motoneurons from ALS model mice expressing mutant SOD1 showed increased susceptibility to exogenous NO as compared with controls. Here, we report a signaling mechanism whereby NO leads to death of mutant, but not control, motoneurons. Unexpectedly, exogenous NO triggers expression of Fas ligand (FasL) in cultured motoneurons. In mutant SOD1(G93A) and SOD1(G85R), but not in control motoneurons, this up-regulation results in activation of Fas, leading through Daxx to phosphorylation of p38 and further NO synthesis. This Fas/NO feedback amplification loop is required for motoneuron death in vitro. In vivo, mutant SOD1(G93A) and SOD1(G85R) mice show increased numbers of positive motoneurons and Daxx nuclear bodies weeks before disease onset. Moreover, FasL up-regulation is reduced in the presence of transgenic dominant-negative Daxx. We propose that chronic low-level activation of the Fas/NO feedback loop may underlie the motoneuron loss that characterizes familial ALS and may help to explain its slowly progressive nature.
Management of Bladder Cancer following Solid Organ Transplantation (2011)

Objective. Present our experience managing bladder cancer following liver and renal transplantation. Methods. Single institution retrospective review of patients diagnosed with bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) following solid organ transplantation between January 1992 and December 2007. Results. Of the 2,925 renal and 2,761 liver transplant recipients reviewed, we identified eleven patients (0.2%) following transplant diagnosed with BUC. Two patients with low grade T1 TCC were managed by TURBT. Three patients with CIS and one patient with T1 low grade BUC were treated by TURBT and adjuvant BCG. All four are alive and free of recurrence at a mean follow-up of 51 ± 22 months. One patient with T1 high grade BUC underwent radical cystectomy and remains disease free with a follow-up of 98 months. Muscle invasive TCC was diagnosed in four patients at a median of 3.6 years following transplantation. Two patients are recurrence free at 24 and 36 months following radical cystectomy. Urinary diversion and palliative XRT were performed in one patient with un-resectable disease. Conclusions. Bladder cancer is uncommon following renal and liver transplantation, but it can be managed successfully with local and/or extirpative therapy. The use of intravesical BCG is possible in select immunosuppressed patients.
A study of Schottky barrier formation for Ga/Si(111)-(2×1) and Sb/Si(111)-(2×1) interfaces (1981)

We have studied the Schottky barrier formation of Ga/Si(111)-(2×1), Sb/Si(111)-(2×1) and Sb/GaAs(110) interfaces via photoemission measurements of the following coverage-dependent quantities: the Fermi level position at the interface relative to the valence band maximum Ev (i.e., p-type Schottky barrier ΦBP), work function, Si bulk and surface 2p core level binding energies, Ga 3d and Sb 4d core level energies, and Si surface states. Using a lightly-doped (∠15 Ω cm) p-type Si(111)-(2×1) sample which was cleaved with a single-domain (2×1) surface structure, we observe large deviations from the ’’1/3 band gap-rule’’ for p-type Schottky barriers ΦBP with both Ga and Sb; i.e., ΦBP ? 0.07 eV for Ga/Si(111) and ΦBP ? 0.66 eV for Sb/Si(111). The core level spectra for Ga and Sb for coverages in the 0.3 – 12 Å range show very sharp core levels (observed FWHM ∠0.4–0.5 eV), indicative of a ’’simple’’ interface without complex multiple binding sites or displacive reactions; this is in contrast with our studies of the Sb/GaAs(110) interface, for which the Sb core levels are significantly broadened (∠1 eV FWHM). These studies are discussed in view of current models of Schottky barriers on covalent semiconductors.
Seroconversion to Multiple Islet Autoantibodies and Risk of Progression to Diabetes in Children (2013)

The majority of children at risk of type 1 diabetes who had multiple islet autoantibody seroconversion progressed to diabetes over the next 15 years. Future prevention studies should focus on this high-risk population.
Hepatic falciform artery: anatomy, angiographic appearance, and clinical significance. (1985)

Three patients developed supraumbilical skin rashes during hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy by a surgically placed perfusion catheter and drug-infusion pump. In one patient, hepatic arterial scintigraphy with technetium-99m macroaggregated serum albumin showed increased uptake corresponding to the rash, and a hepatic arteriogram showed a dilated falciform branch of the left hepatic artery. Surgical ligation of the falciform artery permitted further treatment without recurrent rash. Based on a review of 100 celiac arteriograms, the incidence of the falciform artery on angiographic studies is approximately 2%. The angiographic appearance of this artery is presented, and its potential clinical significance in hepatic artery perfusion chemotherapy is discussed.
Tandem One-Pot Palladium-Catalyzed Reductive and Oxidative Coupling of Benzene and Chlorobenzene (2000)

The in situ combination of oxidative coupling of benzene to biphenyl and reductive coupling of chlorobenzene (also to biphenyl) using palladium catalysts (Pd(2+)/Pd(0)) is described. In each cycle, the reductive process regenerates the catalyst for the oxidative process and vice versa. Kinetic investigations show that the reaction rate depends on [C(6)H(6)], [C(6)H(6)Cl], and catalyst loading, with E(a)() = 13 kcal mol(-)(1). The reduced palladium catalyst undergoes deactivation through aggregation and precipitation, but it is observed that during this deactivation process the Pd(0) becomes an active catalyst for the reductive coupling of chlorobenzene. Accordingly, while Pd(0)/C particles are inactive, Pd(0) colloids do catalyze the tandem reaction. Conversion is increased in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst, presumably due to stabilization of the active Pd(0) clusters. The two halves of the catalytic cycle are examined in the light of previous research, regarding analogous oxidative and reductive coupling reactions, using stoichiometric amounts of PdCl(2) and Pd(0), respectively. The roles of homogeneous PdCl(2) and Pd(0) clusters are discussed.
Synthesis of a novel fluorescent coloured copolymer based on 4‐butylthio‐1,8‐naphthalimide (2012)

A novel fluorescent coloured copolymer based on naphthalimide was prepared. Acenaphthene was brominated and oxidised to prepare 4‐bromo‐1,8‐naphthalic anhydride and further reacted with butanethiol, 2‐aminoethanol and acryloyl chloride, in order to obtain a new polymerisable fluorescent dye. The synthesised dyes were characterised by differential scanning calorimetry, absorption spectroscopy (Fourier Transform–infrared, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy) and fluorimetry. Molar extinction coefficients and wavelength maxima were obtained by examining the dye solution in ethanol. The solvatochromic effects of the prepared dyes have also been investigated. Finally, the dye was copolymerised with methyl methacrylate and an intrinsically coloured copolymer was obtained. The photophysical characteristics of the obtained copolymer have also been considered. It is assumed that 99% of the copolymerised dye is chemically bonded to polymer chains. The fluorescent characteristics of the copolymer in the solid state were determined by fluorometer and it was found that it has relatively high fluorescent intensity. The physical properties of the synthesised copolymer have been evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and gel permeation chromatography.
Series-Bosch Technology For Oxygen Recovery During Lunar or Martian Surface Missions (2014)

Long-duration surface missions to the Moon or Mars will require life support systems that maximize resource recovery to minimize resupply from Earth. To address this need, NASA previously proposed a Series-Bosch (S-Bosch) oxygen recovery system, based on the Bosch process, which can theoretically recover 100% of the oxygen from metabolic carbon dioxide. Bosch processes have the added benefits of the potential to recover oxygen from atmospheric carbon dioxide and the use of regolith materials as catalysts, thereby eliminating the need for catalyst resupply from Earth. In 2012, NASA completed an initial design for an S-Bosch development test stand that incorporates two catalytic reactors in series including a Reverse Water-Gas Shift (RWGS) Reactor and a Carbon Formation Reactor (CFR). In 2013, fabrication of system components, with the exception of a CFR, and assembly of the test stand was initiated. Stand-alone testing of the RWGS reactor was completed to compare performance with design models. Continued testing of Lunar and Martian regolith simulants provided sufficient data to design a CFR intended to utilize these materials as catalysts. Finally, a study was conducted to explore the possibility of producing bricks from spent regolith catalysts. The results of initial demonstration testing of the RWGS reactor, results of continued catalyst performance testing of regolith simulants, and results of brick material properties testing are reported. Additionally, design considerations for a regolith-based CFR are discussed.
MnAs Overlayer on GaN(0001)-(1×1) - Its Growth, Morphology and Electronic Structure (2004)

M nA s l ay er has been gr ow n by means of M B E on the Ga N ( Sp ontaneous format ion of MnA s grains w ith a diameter of 30 { 60 nm (as obser ved by atomic force microscopy) occurred for the layer thic kness bigger than 7 M L. F erromagnetic prop erties of the layer with C urie temp erature higher than 330 K were detected by SQU ID measurements. Electronic structure of the system w as investigated i n si tu by resonant photo emissio n spectroscopy for MnA s layer thickness of 1, 2, and 8 ML. Density of the v alence band states of MnA s and its changes due to the increase in the layer thickness w ere revealed.
Applications of metal-semiconductor phase transition in 2D layered transition metal dichalcogenides (2016)

Motivated by two dimensional graphene, layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted scientific interests by their diverse electronic, optical and catalytic properties. In particular, group 6 TMDs such as <TEX>$MoS_2$</TEX> and <TEX>$MoTe_2$</TEX> have polymorphs (with metallic octahedral and semiconducting hexagonal phases) which are not present in graphene. Here, we introduce a new concept in 2D materials' studies, structural phase transition, with group 6 TMDs and its current research trend and applications for electric device and electrochemical catalyst.
Supplementing Dairy Ewes Grazing Low Quality Pastures with Plant-Derived Oils and Rumen-Protected EPA+DHA Pellets Improves Lactation Traits and Body Condition Score (2018)

The Australian dairy sheep industry is small and mostly based on a natural grass grazing system which can limit productivity. The current study tested different plant oil-infused and rumen protected polyunsaturated fats and their interactions with sire breeds to improve lactation traits and body condition score (BCS) of ewes grazing low quality pastures. It was hypothesised that supplementing lactating ewe diets plant-derived polyunsaturated oils will improve milk production and composition without compromising BCS. Sixty ewes (n=10/treatment) in mid-lactation, balanced by sire breed, parity, milk yield, body condition score, and liveweight were supplemented with: 1) control: wheat-based pellets without oil inclusion; wheat-based pellets including 2) canola oil (CO); 3) rice bran oil (RBO); 4) flaxseed oil (FSO), 5); safflower oil (SFO) and 6) rumen protected fat containing eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (RPO).&amp;nbsp; Except for the control group, all supplementary diets included the same level of 50 ml/kg DM of oil and all diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Experimental animals were grazed in the same paddock with ad libitum access to pasture, hay and water during the 10-week study. RPO was the most effective diet that enhanced milk, fat and protein yields by approximately 30, 13, and 31% respectively (P&amp;lt;0.0001). Significant increase in milk production was also observed in CO, RBO, and SFO (P&amp;lt;0.0001). Breed significantly influenced animal performance with higher milk yield recorded for crossbred Awassi x East Friesian (AW x EF) (578 g/day) vs purebred Awassi (452 g/day) (P&amp;lt;0.0001). This study provides empirical evidence for the use of rumen-protected and plant-derived oil-infused pellets as supplements under low quality pasture grazing conditions, to improve production performance of purebred Awassi and crossbred AW x EF ewes.
Magnetic Ceramics: V, Magnetic Properties of Square Loop Ferrites Within the System MgO‐MnO‐Fe 2 O 3 (1955)

Thirteen compositions within the center of the system MgO‐MnO‐Fe 2 O 3 were investigated because of their rectangular hysteresis‐loop characteristic. Initial permeabilities were measured, and B m , B T , H c , and R 8m were obtained from quasi‐static hysteresis loops. High MgO content was found to be detrimental to the magnetic properties and to impair the loop rectangularity. The highest hysteresis‐loop squareness ratio, R, 8m , was found in a composition with high Fe 2 O3 content, and the lowest coercive force, H c , was found in a composition with high MnO content.
Selected MicroRNAs Define Cell Fate Determination of Murine Central Memory CD8 T Cells (2010)

During an immune response T cells enter memory fate determination, a program that divides them into two main populations: effector memory and central memory T cells. Since in many systems protection appears to be preferentially mediated by T cells of the central memory it is important to understand when and how fate determination takes place. To date, cell intrinsic molecular events that determine their differentiation remains unclear. MicroRNAs are a class of small, evolutionarily conserved RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression, causing translational repression and/or messenger RNA degradation. Here, using an in vitro system where activated CD8 T cells driven by IL-2 or IL-15 become either effector memory or central memory cells, we assessed the role of microRNAs in memory T cell fate determination. We found that fate determination to central memory T cells is under the balancing effects of a discrete number of microRNAs including miR-150, miR-155 and the let-7 family. Based on miR-150 a new target, KChIP.1 (K (+) channel interacting protein 1), was uncovered, which is specifically upregulated in developing central memory CD8 T cells. Our studies indicate that cell fate determination such as surface phenotype and self-renewal may be decided at the pre-effector stage on the basis of the balancing effects of a discrete number of microRNAs. These results may have implications for the development of T cell vaccines and T cell-based adoptive therapies.
<title>SERS-active nanoaggregates observed with near-infrared laser excitation</title> (2001)

Using wide-field illumination, optically active 'hot' particles can be screened from a heterogeneous colloid using a near-IR excitation source. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) correlated with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements reveal that the majority of these particles are small nanoparticle aggregates. This finding indicates a strong dependence between particle size and Raman enhancement. Furthermore, these 'hot' nanoaggregates display an intermittent on-off emission behavior similar to 'blinking' SERS exhibited at 488 nm and 514 nm laser excitation. This behavior, not observed in bulk SERS studies, can only be examined at the single particle level because of variations in particle size, shape, and surface defects. Further examination at the single particle level using a near-IR excitation source could led to new insights regarding the fundamental nature of 'hot' particles as well as the SERS mechanism.
EBNA-2 and EBNA-3C extensively and mutually exclusively associate with RBPJkappa in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B lymphocytes (1996)

Although genetic and biochemical data indicate that the cell protein RBPJkappa is a mediator of EBNA-2 and EBNA-3C effects on transcriptional regulatory elements, the extent of association of these Epstein-Barr virus nuclear proteins with RBPJkappa in transformed B lymphocytes has not been determined. We now report that most of the EBNA-2 and at least 20% of the EBNA-3C coimmunoprecipitated with RBPJkappa from extracts of transformed B lymphocytes that contained most of the cellular EBNA-2 and EBNA3C. Both proteins are associated preferentially with the smaller of the two RBPJkappa isoforms. EBNA-2-RBPJkappa complexes do not contain EBNA-3C, and EBNA-3C-RBPJkappa complexes do not contain EBNA-2. Although EBNA-2 and EBNA-3C are extensively associated with RBPJkappa, a fraction of RBPJkappa appears to be free of EBNAs after repeated immunoprecipitations with anti-EBNA, Epstein-Barr virus-immune, human antibody. Promoters with RBPJkappa sites in their regulatory elements are likely to be differentially regulated by these RBPJkappa-EBNA-2 and RBPJkappa-EBNA-3 complexes.
Heavy Crude Oil Viscosity Reduction for Pipeline Transportation (2002)

Abstract The approaches used for reducing the viscosity of a heavy crude include heating, blending with a light crude and with kerosene, and forming oil-in-water emulsions. Heating had a dramatic effect on the heavy crude viscosity, but it failed to achieve a practical level; consequently, blending the heavy crude with either light crude or kerosene was attempted and further reduction was achieved, but substantial amounts of these expensive diluents are required. Alternatively, emulsion formation was carried out, and it was established that a practical level of reduction is achievable at 70-75% oil content, in the high shear rate range, and at 30-50°C. The effect of temperature on the viscosity of the crude oil mixtures and emulsions can be fitted on the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) double-log model with an average deviation of 7.2-9.4%.
Dental and Periodontal Status and Risk for Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis (2006)

Dental status, oral hygiene, and particularly tooth loss are associated with the degree of carotid stenosis and predict future progression of the disease.
Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producers and Non-Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producers among Bacterial Isolates in Accra, Ghana (2017)

Antibiotic resistance may occur naturally but misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals is accelerating the process. One of the modes of resistant mechanism is the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) by the bacteria. ESBLs are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that are capable of hydrolysing penicillins, cephalosporin and several non-beta-lactam antibiotics. This laboratory-based study sought to compare the rate of antimicrobial resistance between ESBL and non-ESBL-producers in Accra. Four hundred K . pneumoniae and E . coli isolates were collected at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital and screened for ESBL and non-ESBL-producers using the combined disk method and Vitek 2 system. The minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) for 17 commonly used antibiotics were determined using Vitek 2 System. The results indicated significant difference (P<0.05) between the antimicrobial resistance of ESBL-producers and non-ESBL producers except for amikacin and imipenem. The 198 non-ESBL phenotypes recorded relatively low antimicrobial resistance to cefotaxime 4(2%), ceftazidime 4(2%), nitrofurantoin 6(3%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 27(13.6%), gentamicin 34(17.2%) and ciprofloxacin 78(39.4%). In contrast, the 202 ESBL producers registered high antibiotic resistance to cefotaxime 197(97.5%), ceftazidime 175(86.6%), nitrofurantoin 94(46.5%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 64(31.7%), gentamicin 166(82.2%) and ciprofloxacin 161(79.7%). Cephalosporins and nitrofurantoin are suitable for the treatment of non-ESBL producers while imipenem and amikacin is the drug of choice for treating ESBL-producing infections. Evidence based antibiotic usage will help to control the spread of resistance by ESBL producers in Accra, Ghana. Also, there is the need to intensify research in the use of natural products to treat ESBL infections. Keywords : Extended spectrum beta-lactamase, Resistance, Bacteria, Antibiotics
Effect of Intraamniotic Fluid Thyroxine Injection on Fetal Serum and Amniotic Fluid Iodothyronine Concentrations* (1978)

Seven hundred micrograms of T4 were injected into the amniotic cavity 24 h before delivery of five pregnant women scheduled for elective cesarean section at term. T4, T3, and rT3 concentrations were measured by RIA in amniotic fluid obtained at the time of the injection and in amniotic fluid and cord serum samples collected at delivery. Iodothyronine concentrations also were determined on cord samples from 24 full term control infants. The geometric mean serum T4 concentration in the experimental infants was 27.2 micrograms/dl, almost 3 times that of the control population (10.3 micrograms/dl); serum rT3 concentrations were markedly elevated to a mean of 657 ng/dl, compared to 254 ng/dl in control infants. The mean serum T3 concentration was slightly but significantly increased to 61.3 ng/dl (control, 48.3 ng/dl; P less than 0.02). Amniotic fluid T4, T3, and rT3 concentrations all increased significantly. T4 injection into the amniotic fluid is an effective method of increasing fetal serum T4 concentrations. The preferential pathway of monodeiodination of the injected T4 in the human fetus is to rT3 rather than T3.
Experiments utilizing ion cyclotron range of frequencies heating on the TFTR tokamak (1991)

A variety of experiments have been performed on the TFTR tokamak [Wilson et al., Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research 1988 (IAEA, Vienna, 1989), Vol. 1, p. 691] utilizing ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) heating. Of special interest has been the insight into plasma performance gained by utilizing a different heating scheme other than the usual neutral beam injection (NBI). Utilizing ICRF heating allows control over the power deposition profile independent of the plasma fueling profile. In addition, by varying the minority concentration the power split between ion and electron heating can be varied. Confinement has been examined in high recycling gas fueled discharges, low recycling supershot plasmas, and peaked density pellet fueled discharges. Global confinement is found not to be affected by the method or localization of plasma heating, but the calculated local diffusivities vary with the power deposition profile to yield similar global values. In addition, sawtooth stabilization observed with ICRF heating has been investigated and found to occur in qualitative agreement with theory. ICRF sawtooth stabilized discharges exhibit peaked temperature and density profiles and have a safety factor q that appears to fall well below unity on axis.