gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Core-Shell Redox Catalyst for Partial Oxidation of Methane with Active Lattice Oxygen. (2016)

SHAFIEFARHOOD, ARYA.Core-Shell Redox Catalyst for Partial Oxidation of Methane with Active Lattice Oxygen.(Under the direction of Dr. Fanxing Li.)Chemical looping processes offer more efficient, cost effective and environmentally friendly routes for carbonaceous fuel conversion.This is achieved through a cyclic reaction and by replacing the gaseous oxidants with the oxygen in the lattice of an oxygen carrier.Application of chemical looping processes ranges from complete combustion (CLC) for energy production to partial oxidation for reforming (CLR) or direct oxidation purposes.The effective performance of these processes greatly depends on the performance of the oxygen carrier.As a result, Rational design of active and selective oxygen carriers are of utmost importance.Oxygen carriers are typically made out of two main parts: an oxygen reservoir (typically an oxide of a transition metal) and an inert support phase to increase the mechanical properties of the oxygen carrier.Therefore, the redox properties of the oxygen carriers can be tuned by both changing their intrinsic properties and catalytic surface modification to enhance their kinetic properties.This study focuses on development of more active and selective redox catalysts though investigations on (i) using iron-based mixed oxides with tunable properties as oxygen reservoirs, (ii) using mixed ionic-electronic conductive (MIEC) materials as support phases to improve redox properties of iron-based redox catalysts, and (iii) catalytic surface modification of redox catalysts to enhance their kinetic properties.Oxygen carrying capacity and activity of the iron oxide-based oxygen carriers are proved to be tuned by the addition of various concentrations of more readily reducible metals such as manganese and cobalt.Mixed metal oxides with higher concentrations of Mn and Co
Field emission properties of single crystal diamond emitters (2004)

In this paper we report on the field emission properties of single crystal diamond emitters, which are boron-doped emitters, ion implanted emitters and phosphorus-doped emitters.
EXIGÊNCIAS TÉRMICAS E CARACTERÍSTICAS AGRONÔMICAS DE CULTIVARES COMERCIAIS E EXPERIMENTAIS DE GIRASSOL NA DEPRESSÃO CENTRAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL (1994)

RESUMO A utilização de métodos baseados nas exigências térmicas da cultura do girassol permite avaliar a possibilidade de adaptação de cultivares às regiões de cultivo, bem como definir diferenças entre as mesmas, prever a maturação de plantas e determinar a melhor época de semeadura. Objetivando quantificar as exigências térmicas do subperíodo emergência-florescimento de cultivares comerciais e experimentais de girassol e avaliá-las quanto a rendimento de grãos, teor e rendimento de óleo e outras características agronômicas, foram realizados dois experimentos durante o ano agrícola de 1991/92, no município de Eldorado do Sul-RS. No experimento 1 (Ensaio Final) foram avaliadas 11 cultivares e no experimento 2 (Ensaio Intermediário), 14. No experimento 1 foi possível distinguir quatro grupos de cultivares em relação à duração do subperíodo emergência-florescimento e no experimento 2 observou-se a formação de três grupos distintos de cultivares em relação ao mesmo parâmetro. No experimento 1, as cultivares ICI EX 9001, S 430, DK 180, BR-G 89 V2000, Contisol 711, GR 18 e VI KI compuseram o grupo de maior rendimento de grãos. Já no experimento 2, as variedades DK 180, Pioneer XF 3617, Pioneer 91012 e Cargill 9102 fizeram parte do grupo que apresentou maior rendimento de grãos.
Physiology of Ejaculation (2011)

The human sexual response can be described as a cycle formed by successive distinct, although intimately connected, phases. These are desire, excitation, orgasm, and resolution. In the human male, the orgasm phase actually refers to ejaculation and the intense pleasurable feeling that normally accompanies it. A correct ejaculatory response in human male engaged in sexual intercourse with a female partner is obligatory, although not sufficient, for reproduction. A correct ejaculation can be defined as forceful propulsion of seminal fluid out of the body through the urethral meatus (antegrade ejaculation). Ejaculation consists of the synchronized succession of physiological events that form two distinct phases: emission and expulsion. Emission corresponds to the secretion of the different components of the seminal fluid from accessory sex glands and testes. The composition of the seminal fluid is complex and contains, besides spermatozoa, a variety of enzymes, sugars, lipids, oligo-elements, and other substances. This mixture provides spermatozoa with a ­nutritive and protective milieu promoting their survival and movement during their run through the female reproductive tract to the ovule. The seminal secretions are secreted in a specific sequence into the posterior urethra via phasic contractions of the glands and the relative ducts. This is followed by seminal expulsion, which occurs in the form of intense rhythmic contractions of pelvi–perineal striated muscles. Concluding the ejaculatory response and marking the sexual climax, arises orgasm, a complex neuropsychophysiological process that translates in intense cerebral discharge but also whole-body physiological changes. The orgasmic response is intimately connected to the ejaculatory response but this will not be addressed here as another chapter is dedicated to this aspect of the male sexual response. It is nevertheless of crucial importance to state that orgasm can occur without ejaculation in certain conditions like after radical prostatectomy or after lesion of the sympathetic innervation to the seminal tract following retro-peritoneal lymph node dissection in testicular cancer.
Application of a Bottom-Up Visual Surprise Model for Event Detection in Dynamic Natural Scenes (2010)

We present an application of a neuromorphic visual attention model to the field of large-scale video surveillance and show that it outperforms a state-of-the-art method at the task of event detection. Our work extends Itti and Baldi's Surprise framework as described by “A Principled Approach to Detecting Surprising Events in Video” in CVPR 2005. The Surprise framework is a biologically plausible and validated model of primate visual attention which uses a new Bayesian model of information to detect unexpected changes in feature detectors modeled after those in the mammalian primary visual cortex. We extend this model to cover extremely large fields of view, and present methods for processing and aggregating such large amounts of visual data. Our system is tested on real-world data in which events containing both pedestrians and vehicles are staged in an outdoor environment and are shot on a 16 mega-pixel camera at 3 frames per second. In these tests, we show that our system is able to provide a greater than 12.5% gain in an ROC AUC analysis over a reference (OpenCV) algorithm (“Foreground Object Detection from Videos Containing Complex Background,” Li, et al, 2003). Furthermore, our system is rigorously tested and compared against the same algorithm on artificially generated target events in which image noise and target size is independently controlled. In these tests, we show an approximately 27% improvement in noise invariance, and an approximately 10% improvement in scale invariance over the comparison algorithm. The results from these tests suggest the importance of strong collaboration between the neuroscience and computer science communities in developing the next generation of vision algorithms.
Skeletal muscle and bone marrow derived stromal cells: A comparison of tenocyte differentiation capabilities (2012)

This study investigated the comparative ability of bone marrow and skeletal muscle derived stromal cells (BMSCs and SMSCs) to express a tenocyte phenotype, and whether this expression could be augmented by growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5). Tissue harvest was performed on the hind limbs of seven dogs. Stromal cells were isolated via serial expansion in culture. After four passages, tenogenesis was induced using either ascorbic acid alone or in conjunction with GDF-5. CD44, tenomodulin, collagen I, and collagen III expression levels were compared for each culture condition at 7 and 14 days following induction. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to evaluate cell morphology and production of tenomodulin and collagen I. SMSCs and BMSCs were successfully isolated in culture. Following tenocytic induction, SMSCs demonstrated an increased mean relative expression of tenomodulin, collagen I, and collagen III at 14 days. BMSCs only showed increased mean relative expression of collagen I, and collagen III at 14 days. IHC revealed positive staining for tenomodulin and collagen I at 14 days for both cell types. The morphology of skeletal muscle derived stromal cells at 14 days had an organized appearance in contrast to the haphazard arrangement of the bone marrow derived cells. GDF-5 did not affect gene expression, cell staining, or cell morphology significantly. Stromal cells from either bone marrow or skeletal muscle can be induced to increase expression of matrix genes; however, based on expression of tenomodulin and cell culture morphology SMSCs may be a more ideal candidate for tenocytic differentiation.
Capturing Mesenchymal Stem Cell Heterogeneity during Osteogenic Differentiation: An Experimental–Modeling Approach (2019)

Currently, there is an increasing clinical demand for bone implants for several orthopedic and maxillofacial surgical procedures. Meeting these demands can be achieved with stem cells differentiated in vitro toward the osteogenic lineage to produce cells suitable for implantation in critical size bone defects. Toward this end, we present a population balance model (PBM) of the osteogenic differentiation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. Our experimental–modeling approach describes osteogenesis with a dynamic cell PBM incorporating the expression of key osteogenic genes and the activity of metabolic pathways involved in osteogenesis. In addition to accurately capturing the phenotypic heterogeneity of osteogenic differentiation, the model also predicts a delay for the onset of differentiation when the cells grow faster, thus a trade-off between proliferation and differentiation over the course of in vitro osteoinduction. The mathematical model from this work sets a solid foundation for future model-based culture or reactor optimization.
Analysis, design and implementation of the space-vector modulator for forced-commutated cycloconvertors (1992)

Novel research results on control of forced-commutated cycloconvertors (FCCs)with matrix topology are summarised. The space-vector-modulation (SVM) technique for control of the 3-phase/3-phase matrix convertor is presented. The SVM technique provides FCC output voltages of any frequency, from zero to a maximum value constrained by the switching frequency, and any amplitude, up to √(3)/2 of the input voltage amplitude, without low-frequency harmonics. Time-domain-simulation results and spectral analysis of the output voltages and input currents are shown. The space-vector modulator is digitally implemented in a microprocessor system with reduced real-time computation. The switching times are precalculated offline and the results are stored in EPROMs. A multistepped switching procedure for safe control of the matrix-convertor switches is also presented. The safe-control algorithm is implemented with a sequential circuit by using a PROM lookup table. The FCC space-vector modulator is experimentally verified.
Gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of endolymphatic sac tumors (2018)

In the present case, GKRS was effective in the management of a recurrent ELST over the course of 20 months. Because of ELSTs recurrence potential, long-term follow up is required. The present case as well as previous reports might suggest a possible salvage/adjunctive role of radiosurgery in the management of ELST. Further studies are deemed necessary.
A Role for Cdc42 in Macrophage Chemotaxis (1998)

Three members of the Rho family, Cdc42, Rac, and Rho are known to regulate the organization of actin-based cytoskeletal structures. In Bac1.2F5 macrophages, we have shown that Rho regulates cell contraction, whereas Rac and Cdc42 regulate the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia, respectively. We have now tested the roles of Cdc42, Rac, and Rho in colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1)-induced macrophage migration and chemotaxis using the Dunn chemotaxis chamber. Microinjection of constitutively activated RhoA, Rac1, or Cdc42 inhibited cell migration, presumably because the cells were unable to polarize significantly in response to CSF-1. Both Rho and Rac were required for CSF-1-induced migration, since migration speed was reduced to background levels in cells injected with C3 transferase, an inhibitor of Rho, or with the dominant-negative Rac mutant, N17Rac1. In contrast, cells injected with the dominant-negative Cdc42 mutant, N17Cdc42, were able to migrate but did not polarize in the direction of the gradient, and chemotaxis towards CSF-1 was abolished. We conclude that Rho and Rac are required for the process of cell migration, whereas Cdc42 is required for cells to respond to a gradient of CSF-1 but is not essential for cell locomotion.
Characterization of125I-IABN, a novel azabicyclononane benzamide selective for D2-like dopamine receptors (2000)

The properties of an (125)I-labeled structural analog of 2, 3-dimethoxy-N-[9-(4-fluorobenzyl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3. 1]nonan-3beta-yl]benzamide (MABN), (125)I-IABN, are described. (125)I-IABN was developed as a high-affinity radioligand selective for the D2-like (D2, D3, and D4) dopamine receptor subtypes. (125)I-IABN binds with picomolar affinity and nonselectively to rat D2 and D3 dopamine receptors expressed in Sf9 and HEK 293 cells. (125)I-IABN binds with 7- to 25-fold lower affinity to human D4.4 dopamine receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells. Dissociation constants (Kd) calculated from kinetic experiments were in agreement with equilibrium Kd values obtained from saturation binding studies. Saturation plots of the binding of (125)I-IABN with rat caudate membrane preparations were monophasic and exhibited low nonspecific binding. The pharmacologic profile of the binding of (125)I-IABN to rat caudate was consistent with a D2-like receptor, suggesting that the ligand binds primarily to D2 dopamine receptors. In addition, IABN was found to bind with low affinity to D1 dopamine receptors, as well as to the sigma1 and sigma2 receptor subtypes. Quantitative autoradiographic studies using rat brain slices indicate that (125)I-IABN selectively labels the striatum and the olfactory tubercle area, which is consistent with the labeling of D2-like receptors. IABN blocks dopamine-dependent inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity at D2 or D4.4 receptors expressed in HEK cells. Therefore, (125)I-IABN appears to be a high-affinity, selective antagonist at D2-like dopamine receptors. Finally, a unique property of the azabicyclononane benzamide (125)I-IABN compared to previously studied substituted benzamides is that the binding of this radioligand is not effected by variations in Na(+) concentration.
Brownian Motion of Arbitrarily Shaped Particles in Two Dimensions (2014)

We implement microfabricated boomerang particles with unequal arm lengths as a model for nonsymmetric particles and study their Brownian motion in a quasi-two-dimensional geometry by using high-precision single-particle motion tracking. We show that because of the coupling between translation and rotation, the mean squared displacements of a single asymmetric boomerang particle exhibit a nonlinear crossover from short-time faster to long-time slower diffusion, and the mean displacements for fixed initial orientation are nonzero and saturate out at long times. The measured anisotropic diffusion coefficients versus the tracking point position indicate that there exists one unique point, i.e., the center of hydrodynamic stress (CoH), at which all coupled diffusion coefficients vanish. This implies that in contrast to motion in three dimensions where the CoH exists only for high-symmetry particles, the CoH always exists for Brownian motion in two dimensions. We develop an analytical model based on Langevin theory to explain the experimental results and show that among the six anisotropic diffusion coefficients only five are independent because the translation-translation coupling originates from the translation-rotation coupling. Finally, we classify the behavior of two-dimensional Brownian motion of arbitrarily shaped particles into four groups based on the particle shape symmetry group and discussed potential applications of the CoH in simplifying understanding of the circular motions of microswimmers.
Audio Information Retrieval and Musical Acoustics (2021)

Information retrieval and machine learning have grown to the point of playing a leading role in all aspects of sound analysis. There are some research areas, however, in which the potential of information retrieval techniques is only now beginning to have an impact on the research community. One of these areas is musical acoustics. In this area, in fact, machine intelligence and information retrieval have been widely used only for timbral analysis of the tone produced by musical instruments, thus effectively objectifying an analysis that is traditionally considered subjective. The role of information retrieval and machine learning in the analysis of vibrational and acoustic properties of musical instruments is a more recent development. In this manuscript, we offer an overview on methodologies for vibrational, acoustic and timbral analysis, based on machine intelligence. We discuss some challenges that are emerging today and will have to be faced in the near future in order to make information retrieval and machine learning become an integral part of the analysis process in musical acoustics.
Short-and Long-Term Efficacy of Adalimumab Following Infliximab Failure (2008)

Purpose: Adalimumab therapy has been shown to be effective in Crohn's disease in patients who have lost response or are intolerant to infliximab. To summarize the current state of the literature, we conducted a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis to determine the short- and long-term efficacy of adalimumab in Crohn's disease patients who were primary or secondary non-responders to infliximab. Methods: Electronic searches of EMBASE and MEDLINE databases up to April 1, 2008, supplemented by hand-searches through the conference proceedings of the AGA (2006,2007), ACG (2006, 2007), and UEGW (2006, 2007) international meetings, were used to identify randomized-controlled trials (RCT) or open-labeled trials (OLT) that evaluated the short- and/or long-term efficacy of adalimumab in infliximab failures. We identified 715 citations of which 9 (8 full publications and 1 abstract) met inclusion criteria for full text review and data extraction. The overall response rate for short- (clinical response at 4 weeks) and long-term (clinical remission at 6 and 12 months) efficacy were recorded and weighted using the inverse of the variance method. Because the Mantel-Haenszel test statistic demonstrated heterogeneity we used a random effects model for our summary estimates. Results: There were 2 RCTs among the 9 selected articles. The 1st was a RCT whose primary outcome was to evaluate the short-term efficacy of adalimumab among infliximab failures, while the 2nd assessed infliximab failures in a subgroup analysis. The remaining 7 were non-controlled OLTs. The majority of studies evaluated Crohn's disease patients who either lost response to infliximab or were intolerable to infliximab; though, 2 OLT permitted patients refractory to infliximab. Among the 7 articles that assessed short-term efficacy, the weighted clinical response rate was 62.1% (52.8%-71.4%). Only 3 articles evaluated long-term efficacy at 6 and 12 months and clinical remission rates were 38.1% (7.1%-69.0%) and 36.7% (20.4%-52.9%), respectively. Conclusion: Nearly 2/3 of Crohn's disease patients who fail infliximab therapy will have an initial clinical response to adalimumab and 1/3 will maintain clinical remission 6 and 12 months after initiating therapy. However, these response rates need to be interpreted cautiously because of the paucity of RCTs that have evaluated this distinct subgroup in primary analyses.
DNA Regions Responsible for Maintenance of <i>Shingobium</i> Plasmid pYAN-2 (2014)

We have identified and analyzed two DNA regions responsible for stable maintenance of a plasmid in the genus Sphingomonas and Escherichia coli. A 37 bp fragment, upstream of the repA gene, is required for stable maintenance of the low-copy-number small plasmid pYAN-2 (4,687 bp) from Sphingobium yanoikuyae. It does not encode any significant protein sequence and has one direct repeat for possible secondary structures. Moreover, a 70 bp fragment, upstream of the above sequence, completely stabilized the unstable pSC101 plasmid in E. coli.
Detecting Dependencies in Sparse, Multivariate Databases Using\n Probabilistic Programming and Non-parametric Bayes (2016)

Datasets with hundreds of variables and many missing values are commonplace.\nIn this setting, it is both statistically and computationally challenging to\ndetect true predictive relationships between variables and also to suppress\nfalse positives. This paper proposes an approach that combines probabilistic\nprogramming, information theory, and non-parametric Bayes. It shows how to use\nBayesian non-parametric modeling to (i) build an ensemble of joint probability\nmodels for all the variables; (ii) efficiently detect marginal independencies;\nand (iii) estimate the conditional mutual information between arbitrary subsets\nof variables, subject to a broad class of constraints. Users can access these\ncapabilities using BayesDB, a probabilistic programming platform for\nprobabilistic data analysis, by writing queries in a simple, SQL-like language.\nThis paper demonstrates empirically that the method can (i) detect\ncontext-specific (in)dependencies on challenging synthetic problems and (ii)\nyield improved sensitivity and specificity over baselines from statistics and\nmachine learning, on a real-world database of over 300 sparsely observed\nindicators of macroeconomic development and public health.\n
Bivalirudin infusion to reduce ventricular infarction: the open-label, randomised Bivalirudin Infusion for Ventricular InfArction Limitation (BIVAL) study (2017)

This study did not achieve its primary endpoint of significant infarct size reduction in PPCI by prolonged bivalirudin infusion compared to UFH, even though complete thrombin inhibition was achieved in the acute phase, with a lower myocardial microcirculation resistance at the end of the procedure.