gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of risk factors for vascular dementia (1999)

The most common stroke subtype associated with VaD was lacunar stroke. Age and traditional vascular risk factors are important contributors to the development of VaD in late life. The antioxidant vitamin E and presently unknown factors related to a Western diet as opposed to an Oriental diet may be protective against developing VaD.
All‐Dielectric Metasurface for Manipulating the Superpositions of Orbital Angular Momentum via Spin‐Decoupling (2021)

Abstract Vortex beams, carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), have plenty of applications ranging from particle manipulation to high‐capacity data transmissions. In particular, the superpositions of OAM patterns are significant in classical physics and quantum science. The flexible control of spin angular momentum (SAM) to OAM can provide more freedom for the design of multifunctional devices. Here, a kind of dielectric metasurface is proposed that generates polarization‐controllable superpositions of OAM patterns in the terahertz (THz) band, which is achieved by the interleaving of anisotropic and isotropic meta‐atoms. The conversions of arbitrary SAM to OAM have been realized by combining Pancharatnam‐Berry (PB) and propagation phase. Not only multiple superposition states of OAM can be generated in the transverse polarization, but also two superposition states of OAM with arbitrary topological charges can be realized in the longitudinal polarization. Several metasurfaces have been designed to demonstrate the multifunctional design, and the feasibility of the theory has been verified in the experiment. Such multifunctional design can find applications in particle manipulation, communication, harmonic generation, and other fields.
Optomechanical design of a portable metrology system for measurement of precision rotary stage errors (2019)

The Advanced Photon Source Upgrade (APS-U) project will construct several new, best-in-class beamlines and enhancements to existing beamlines to exploit the massive increase in coherent flux enabled by the new storage ring lattice. APS-U will also enhance several existing beamlines to boost their performance. X-ray tomography is a common imaging mode for several of these beamlines, so there is demand for the highest-precision rotation of the sample. For example, the In Situ Nanoprobe (ISN, 19-ID), a next-generation hard x-ray nanoprobe, will use x-ray fluorescence tomography and ptychographic 3D imaging as key imaging modes with a spot size of 20 nm. It will require &lt;100 nm runout and single-micro-radian wobble errors of the rotation stage to achieve full 3D resolution. Such precise requirements for a rotation stage can be achieved with air bearing rotation stages. However, this approach puts constraints on sample positioning design in terms of the sample environment (air bearing stages are generally not vacuum compatible) and the large mass of air bearing rotation stages. Mechanical bearing stages do not equal the precision runout/wobble specifications of air bearings. In order to use mechanical stages and approach air bearing level precision, the errors of the mechanical stage have to be measured precisely. We have then designed a metrology system using interferometer or capacitive sensors for the nanopositioning support lab as a diagnostic tool and to be portable for quality assurance testing of stages at the beamline.
A relational debugging engine for the graphics pipeline (2005)

We present a new, unified approach to debugging graphics software. We propose a representation of all graphics state over the course of program execution as a relational database, and produce a query-based framework for extracting, manipulating, and visualizing data from all stages of the graphics pipeline. Using an SQL-based query language, the programmer can establish functional relationships among all the data, linking OpenGL state to primitives to vertices to fragments to pixels. Based on the Chromium library, our approach requires no modification to or recompilation of the program to be debugged, and forms a superset of many existing techniques for debugging graphics software.
CD34 and Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin Distinguish Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia from Secondary Bronchiolitis Obliterans-Organizing Pneumonia (2009)

F-type lectins are typically L-fucose binding proteins with characteristic L-fucose-binding and calcium-binding sequence motifs, and an F-type lectin fold. An exception is Ranaspumin-4, an F-type lectin of the Tungra frog, Engystomops pustulosus. Ranaspumin-4 is D-galactose specific and does not bind to L-fucose although it has the conserved L-fucose binding sequence motif and shares overall sequence similarity with other F-type lectins. Here, we report the detailed glycan-binding profile of wild-type Ranaspumin-4 using hemagglutination inhibition assays, flow cytometry assays and enzyme-linked lectin assays, and identify residues important for D-galactose recognition using rational site-directed mutagenesis. We demonstrate that Ranaspumin-4 binds to terminal D-galactose in α or β linkage with preference for α1-3, α1-4, β1-3, and β1-4 linkages. Further, we find that a methionine residue (M31) in Ranaspumin-4 that occurs in place of a conserved Gln residue (in other F-type lectins), supports D-galactose recognition. Resides Q42 and F156 also likely aid in D-galactose recognition.
Second Harmonic Generation in Li2B4O7 (1991)

Second harmonic generation (SHG) has been studied in lithium diborate (Li 2 B 4 O 7 ) single crystal from room temperature up to the melting temperature. The magnitudes of the SHG coefficients d 33 and d 31 , at room temperature are, respectively, 3.1 and 0.4 relative to d 11 of quartz. The decrease of the SHG signal in the high temperature range suggests the possibility of the phase transition to a nonpolar phase.
Dry‐etching‐assisted femtosecond laser machining (2017)

Abstract Femtosecond laser machining has been widely used for fabricating arbitrary 2.5 dimensional (2.5D) structures. However, it suffers from the problems of low fabrication efficiency and high surface roughness when processing hard materials. To solve these problems, we propose a dry‐etching‐assisted femtosecond laser machining (DE‐FsLM) approach in this paper. The fabrication efficiency could be significantly improved for the formation of complicated 2.5D structures, as the power required for the laser modification of materials is lower than that required for laser ablation. Furthermore, the surface roughness defined by the root‐mean‐square improved by an order of magnitude because of the flat interfaces of laser‐modified regions and untreated areas as well as accurate control during the dry‐etching process. As the dry‐etching system is compatible with the IC fabrication process, the DE‐FsLM technology shows great potential for application in the device integration processing industry. image
Headspace Gas Chromatography Method for Studies of Reaction and Permeation of Volatile Agents with Solid Materials (2015)

Abstract : An analytical chemistry method is described for measuring the reactivity and permeability of fabrics, films, and other solid materials. Headspace gas chromatography (GC) or GC mass spectrometry instrumentation is used. A vial-in-vial method is used, in which the volatile agent is placed in a small inner vial, and the inner vial is capped with a layer of fabric or film to be tested. The agent permeates from the inner vial into an outer headspace vial. The instrument samples the vapor in the outer vial by sampling it and injecting it into the GC for analysis. The presence of agent in the outer vial indicates that it has permeated through the film. Multiple sampling can be used to determine time dependence. Solids can also be used in the headspace vial without the inner vial.
Gene Expression in Two Hepatic Cell Lines, Cultured Primary Hepatocytes, and Liver Slices Compared to the in Vivo Liver Gene Expression in Rats: Possible Implications for Toxicogenomics Use of in Vitro Systems (2003)

Microarray technology allows the simultaneous analysis of mRNA expression levels of thousands of genes. In the field of toxicogenomics, this technology could help to identify potentially unsafe compounds based on the changes in mRNA expression patterns they induce. Rodent in vivo and in vitro systems are currently the experimental models of choice for predictive toxicology, especially in early phases of development. This study characterizes several hepatic in vitro systems based on mRNA expression profiles, comparing them to gene expression in liver tissue. The in vitro systems investigated comprise two rat liver cell lines (BRL3A and NRL clone 9), primary hepatocytes in conventional monolayer or in sandwich culture, and liver slices. The results demonstrate that liver slices exhibit the strongest similarity to liver tissue regarding mRNA expression, whereas the two cell lines are quite different from the whole liver. We were able to identify genes with strong changes in expression levels in all or at least one of the in vitro systems relative to whole liver. In particular, for some cytochrome P450s the differences observed on the mRNA expression level were paralleled by protein expression and enzymatic activity. In addition, the effect of time in culture was assessed. We were able to show a profound effect of the duration of culture. Expression patterns change most rapidly soon after cell isolation and culture initiation and stabilize with time in culture. The findings are discussed with respect to the usefulness of the various hepatic in vitro systems for microarray-based toxicological testing of compounds.
Cooperative Network Coding Strategies for Wireless Relay Networks with Backhaul (2011)

We investigate cooperative network coding strategies for relay-aided two-source two-destination wireless networks with a backhaul connection between the source nodes. Each source multicasts information to all destinations using a shared relay. We study cooperative strategies based on different network coding schemes, namely, finite field and linear network coding, and lattice coding. To further exploit the backhaul connection, we also propose network coding based beamforming. We measure the performance in term of achievable rates over Gaussian channels, and observe significant gains over benchmark schemes. We derive the achievable rate regions for these schemes and find the cut-set bound for our system. We also show that the cut-set bound can be achieved by network coding based beamforming when the signal-to-noise ratios lie in the sphere defined by the source-relay and relay-destination channel gains.
Using Encapsulated Phase Change Salts for Concentrated Solar Power Plant (2014)

Storing thermal energy as latent heat of fusion in phase change material (PCM), such as inorganic salt mixtures, can improve the energy density by as much as 50% while reducing the cost by over 40%. However, to discharge stored energy from PCMs, which has low thermal conductivity, requires a large heat transfer area which drives up the cost. Fortunately, salts encapsulated into small capsules can provide high specific surface area thus alleviating this problem. However, a technical barrier with encapsulating salts is that when it is produced, a void must be created inside the shell to allow for expansion of salt when it is heated above its melting point to 550 °C. Terrafore's method to economically create this void consists of using a sacrificial polymer which is coated as the middle layer between the salt prill and the shell material. The polymer is selected such that it decomposes much below the melting point of salt to gas leaving a void in the capsule. Salts with different melting points are encapsulated using the same recipe and contained in a packed bed consisting of salts with progressively higher melting points from bottom to top of the tank. This container serves as a cascaded energy storage medium to store heat transferred from the sensible heat energy collected in solar collectors. Mathematical models indicate that over 90% of salt in the capsules undergo phase change improving energy density by over 50% from a sensible-only thermal storage. Another advantage of this method is that it requires only a single tank as opposed to the two-tanks used in a sensible heat storage, thereby reducing the cost from a nominal $27 per kWht to $16 per kWht and coming close to the SunShot goal for thermal storage of $15 per kWht.
A Recombinant Information Space (2003)

The traditional web browsing paradigm is one of the most significant developments in the histories of publishing and human computer interaction. Yet clicking through links grows tedious, without affording dynamic knowledge building. What’s needed is a partially ambient visualization mechanism that sifts through focused subsets of web space, with our occasional attention. CollageMachine supports fluid adaptive dynamic browsing. The granularity of browsing is shifted down from documents to their constituent media elements. As time passes, elements of interest stream continuously into a recombinant information space that helps us locate and arrange information, and generate connections. An interactive interface maps the expression of interest together with direct manipulation of visual design. This mapping enables the user to effect the same information space visualization that the program is developing, and express dis/interest, with a single gesture. CollageMachine’s generative approach to browsing extends experience beyond routine, to support creative experience. Stochastic decision-making enables the recombinant information space to develop in a way that is predictable on the average, and yet still open to the unexpected, as while browsing a physical library’s stacks or store’s racks. Hypermedia structure forms the basis for an associative model that interprets the participant’s actions; like human memory, it learns through spreading activation. A diverse set of techniques, that have evolved through several generations of development, make this work. Seeds are initial documents that are fed to the collaging engine. A document&amp;apos;s HTML markup serves as a contextual guide for breaking it down into information elements. Image processing creates cohesion among the elements, and foreground/background relationships that make the collage easier to read. Keywords recombinant media, recombinant information, web reassemblage, granularity of browsing, compositing, metadocuments, navigation, recommender systems interfaces, creative cognition 1.
Optimization of startup and shutdown operation of simulated moving bed chromatographic processes (2010)

This paper presents new multistage optimal startup and shutdown strategies for simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatographic processes. The proposed concept allows to adjust transient operating conditions stage-wise, and provides capability to improve transient performance and to fulfill product quality specifications simultaneously. A specially tailored decomposition algorithm is developed to ensure computational tractability of the resulting dynamic optimization problems. By examining the transient operation of a literature separation example characterized by nonlinear competitive isotherm, the feasibility of the solution approach is demonstrated, and the performance of the conventional and multistage optimal transient regimes is evaluated systematically. The quantitative results clearly show that the optimal operating policies not only allow to significantly reduce both duration of the transient operation phase and desorbent consumption, but also enable on-spec production even during startup and shutdown periods. With the aid of the developed transient procedures, short-term separation campaigns with small batch sizes can be performed more flexibly and efficiently by SMB chromatography.\n\nCopyright © 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. [accessed May 27th 2011]
Polarimeter design for measurement of the poloidal field in a tokamak (abstract) (1988)

A polarimeter has been designed and built to measure the direction of linearly polarized light. The device will be installed on the PBX-M tokamak to view visible light from collisional excitation of a diagnostic neutral beam operated with helium. Due to the Zeeman effect the π-component of the emitted radiation from the helium beam will be linearly polarized parallel to the direction of the local magnetic field, when viewed perpendicular to the plane of the magnetic field components. A Fabry–Perot interferometer will be used, because of its high resolution and throughput, to transmit only the π component of the Zeeman triplet. A photoelastic modulator1 (PEM) is used to modulate the polarization angle of the light. Depending on the orientation of the PEM it can measure the sine or cosine of the angle of polarization. A test setup consisting of two PEMs to measure both the sine and cosine of the polarization angle has demonstrated a resolution of &amp;lt;0.1°. This work was supported by U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC03-86ER80409.
Seesaw Balancing Radiation Dose and IV Contrast Dose: Evaluation of a New Abdominal CT Protocol for Reducing Age-Specific Risk (2013)

It is possible to balance radiation dose and contrast dose against each other and maintain signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios. Subjective image quality was affected by increased noise level on the images but was judged acceptable in all groups except the one with the lowest radiation dose.
Adaptive search for multi-class targets with heterogeneous importance (2015)

In sparse target detection problems, it has been shown that significant gains can be achieved by adaptive sensing. We generalize previous work on adaptive sensing to (a) include targets of multiple classes with different levels of mission importance and (b) account for multiple sensor models. New optimization policies are developed to simultaneously locate, classify and estimate a sparse number of targets with limited resource budget. More specifically, three sensor models are considered: global adaptive (GA) sensor that allocates different amounts of resource to each location in the space; global uniform (GU) sensor that allocates resources uniformly across the scene; and local adaptive (LA) sensor that allocates fixed amount of resources to a subset of locations. Based on the sensor model, we propose 3 policies: GA policy that uses a GA sensor; LA policy that uses only LA sensor; and GU/LA policy that uses a mixture of GU and LA sensors. The performances of proposed policies with these sensor models are compared numerically with a baseline policy that allocates resources uniformly and an oracle policy with known target locations. Results indicate that the GA policy performs closely to the oracle policy with sufficient resources, and the GU/LA policy performs similarly to that the GA policy but it is cheaper and more easily implementable.
The Crystal Structure of 2,4,6-Triphenylpyrylium-1,1,3,3-tetracyanopropenide, [(C23H17O)+·(C7HN4)−] (1974)

Abstract The crystal structure of an organic charge transfer salt 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium-1,1,3,3-tetracyanopropenide has been determined by means of X-ray diffraction. The crystals are monoclinic in the space group P21/a. The unit cell dimensions are: a=13.024, b=21.357, c=8.324Å, β=94.56°. The cation and the anion are nearly planar and form an “ion-pair.” The crystal is built up from infinite columns stacked by these ion-pairs along the c axis. Between two adjacent anions in the neighboring columns, a weak hydrogen bond (C–H···N 3.265 (5), H···N 2.185(4) Å) is present. The charge transfer interaction between the anion and the cation seems to have less influence on the crystal structure than the electrostatic force or the hydrogen bonding.
Manipulation of the spatial grazing behaviour of cattle in extensive and mountainous rangelands (2013)

Spatial behaviour of livestock is a critical factor in rangeland management. Ongoing research suggests that new approaches can be used to manipulate where beef cattle graze in extensive or rugged rangeland pastures. The combination of strategic supplement placement and low-stress herding can be used to target cattle grazing and potentially may be useful for managing fine fuels. A phenotype to genotype association study of cattle grazing distribution suggests that use of rugged terrain and areas far from water is inherited. Although more research is needed, selection for animals specifically adapted for mountainous terrain or extensive pastures may be an option for improving grazing management in the near future.
Intelligent Biohybrid Materials for Therapeutic and Imaging Agent Delivery (2005)

Many molecular imaging techniques rely on tracer methods to visualize specific physiological processes in cells, animals, and humans. A new family of "smart" delivery systems for biomolecules has opened new opportunities for the molecular imaging field. One class of polymeric carriers reversibly become membrane destabilizing in response to sharp pH changes and were designed for delivering proteins and nucleic acids to intracellular compartments. These carriers could enable the use of imaging agents and intracellular reporters whose site of action made them previously inaccessible. A second class of stimuli-responsive polymer-biomolecule conjugates can be reversibly formed into particles of closely defined sizes. The ability to control when and where the protein or DNA species is in the free versus particle form may allow imaging applications that exploit their differential size and diffusion properties.
Visual performance using reaction times (1988)

Visual performance has been a topic of study for many years. For a variety of reasons, it has been difficult to develop a completely satisfactory model of visual performance. Recently the connection has been made between reaction time experiments and realistic studies of visual performance. In this report an extensive set of reaction time data are presented which were collected over a large range of stimulus conditions relevant to interior and exterior lighting applications. An empirical model of visual performance was developed from these data. It forms the next logical step in the development of an application tool for lighting practitioners.
Anaerobic transformation of chlorinated dioxins by microorganisms (2004)

Mixed bacterial cultures catalyze diverse chlorodioxin-dehalogenation pathways. Some of these pathways lead to relatively harmless end products, which can undergo further biological degradation e.g. by aerobic bacteria. However, the possible formation of highly toxic products is a critical problem for a bioremediation approach but also for untreated sites where such dechlorination reactions can occur. Bioaugmentation with suitable pure or mixed cultures is promising. This has recently been demonstrated in a tetrachloroethene-contaminated groundwater using a Dehalococcoidescontaining inoculum that almost completely converted tetrachloroethene to ethene without accumulation of the toxic intermediate vinyl chloride. With Dehalococcoides sp. strain CBDB1 the first bacterium is now known, that grows by dehalorespiration with dioxins. Learning from the physiology and biochemistry of this bacterium will help us to understand the role of these bacteria in the environment and to predict the fate of dioxin pollution.