gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
X-ray diffraction studies of dynamically compressed diamond (2010)

We propose a series of experiments to use X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study material properties using the NIF. XRD is the best way to determine the structure, lattice deformation, and texture of materials. Advances in synchrotron XRD facilities in the past two decades have revolutionized the study of materials at static high pressure in diamond anvil cells (DACs) up to about 3 Mbar. The National Ignition Facility (NIF) has the potential to do the same for dynamic materials studies at high-pressure. Members of our scientific team have pioneered XRD on many smaller laser facilities around the world. Our results suggest that diffraction on solids approaching 100 Mbar may be possible on the NIF, providing access to new regime for matter at extreme conditions.
<title>Multiscale retinex for color rendition and dynamic range compression</title> (1996)

The human vision system performs the tasks of dynamic range compression and color constancy almost effortlessly. The same tasks pose a very challenging problem for imaging systems whose dynamic range is restricted by either the dynamic response of film, in case of analog cameras, or by the analog-to-digital converters, in the case of digital cameras. The images thus formed are unable to encompass the wide dynamic range present in most natural scenes. Whereas the human visual system is quite tolerant to spectral changes in lighting conditions, these strongly affect both the film response for analog cameras and the filter responses for digital cameras, leading to incorrect color formulation in the acquired image. Our multiscale retinex, based in part on Edwin Land's work on color constancy, provides a fast, simple, and automatic technique for simultaneous dynamic range compression and accurate color rendition. The retinex algorithm is non-linear, and global-- output at a point is also a function of its surround--in extent. A comparison with conventional dynamic range compression techniques such as the application of point non- linearities. The applications of such an algorithm are many; from medical imaging to remote sensing; and from commercial photography to color transmission.
Japanese Literature Survey of Tongue Findings for the Purpose of Creating a Unified Multicenter Description of Clinical Tongue Diagnoses (2014)

漢方医学では舌の色や形状を観察する舌診が患者の体質や病状を知る重要な手掛かりになると考えている。我が国において，舌診に関する書籍が複数発行されているが，記載内容が不統一で臨床的な舌診所見の標準的な記載方法はまだ確立してない。舌診の研究および学生への漢方教育において標準的な舌診臨床所見は必要である。そこで舌診の日本の文献（計12文献）を用いて，色調や形態の記載について比較検討した。その結果を用いて舌診に習熟した多施設の漢方専門医のコンセンサスを得た上で，舌診臨床診断記載の作成に至った。作成にあたり，実際臨床において短時間で観察し得る舌所見を捉える事と初学者でも理解し易いよう，微細な所見の違いよりも確実に捉えやすい舌診所見に重点を置いた所見記載とした。
Cortical Air Spaces (Aerenchyma) in Roots of Corn Subjected to Oxygen Stress (1980)

When the seminal root system of 14-day-old corn (Zea mays cv. Dekalb 202) was subjected to O(2) stress, nodal roots with well developed cortical air spaces (aerenchyma) grew into the deoxygenated solution. Microscopic examination showed that there was extensive breakdown of cells in the midcortex of these roots, while the stele, endodermis, and inner layer of cortical cells remained complete, as did the outer layers of the cortex and the epidermis. Occasional files of intact cells, and the wall residues of collapsed cells, crossed the space between inner and outer cortex. Experiments with short, intact root segments with and without air spaces showed that in the presence of O(2) the ability to absorb and translocate (86)Rb(+), per unit volume or length of root, was little affected by cortical degeneration. The distribution across root sections of recently supplied strontium and rubidium, determined by electron microprobe analysis, indicated that in roots with air spaces the strands of wall residues bridging the cortex could be involved in maintaining the conduction of ions from the outer cortex up to the endodermis.
Blind estimation of multiple co-channel digital signals arriving at an antenna array (2002)

We propose a novel approach for separating and estimating multiple co-channel digital signals arriving at an antenna array. The spatial response of the antenna array is known imprecisely or unknown. We exploit the discrete-alphabet property of digital signals to simultaneously determine the array response and the bit sequence for each signal. Uniqueness of the estimates is established for signals with BPSK modulation format. This new approach as applicable to an unknown array geometry and propagation environment, which is particularly useful in digital mobile communications. Simulation results demonstrate its promising performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Duality in the Mechanism of Hexagonal ZnO/CuxO Nanowires Inducing Sulfamethazine Degradation under Solar or Visible Light (2019)

This study presents the first evidence for the photocatalytic performance of ZnO/CuxO hexagonal nanowires leading to sulfamethazine (SMT) degradation. The chemical composition of the nanowires was determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The sample with the composition ZnO/Cux = 1.25O led to faster SMT-degradation kinetics. The SMT-degradation kinetics were monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The morphology of the hexagonal nanowires was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mapped by EDX. The redox reactions during SMT degradation were followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The interfacial potential between the catalyst surface and SMT was followed in situ under solar and indoor visible light irradiation. SMT-degradation was mediated by reactive oxidative species (ROS). The interfacial charge transfer (IFCT) between ZnO and CuxO is shown to depend on the type of light used (solar or visible light). This later process was found to be iso-energetic due to the potential energy positions of ZnO and CuxO conduction bands (cb). The intervention of surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) species in the SMT degradation is discussed.
Molecular and clinical rationale for therapeutic targeting of interleukin‐5 and its receptor (2011)

Interleukin-5 is a Th2 homodimeric cytokine involved in the differentiation, maturation, migration, development, survival, trafficking and effector function of blood and local tissue eosinophils, in addition to basophils and mast cells. The IL-5 receptor (IL-5R) consists of an IL-5-specific α subunit that interacts in conformationally dynamic ways with the receptor's βc subunit, an aggregate of domains it shares with binding sites of IL-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. IL-5 and IL-5R drive allergic and inflammatory immune responses characterizing numerous diseases, such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases, hyper-eosinophilic syndrome, Churg-Strauss syndrome and eosinophilic nasal polyposis. Although corticosteroid therapy is the primary treatment for these diseases, a substantial number of patients exhibit incomplete responses and suffer side-effects. Two monoclonal antibodies have been designed to neutralize IL-5 (mepolizumab and reslizumab). Both antibodies have demonstrated the ability to reduce blood and tissue eosinophil counts. One additional monoclonal antibody, benralizumab (MEDI-563), has been developed to target IL-5R and attenuate eosinophilia through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. All three monoclonal antibodies are being clinically evaluated. Antisense oligonucleotide technology targeting the common βc IL-5R subunit is also being used therapeutically to inhibit IL-5-mediated effects (TPI ASM8). Small interfering RNA technology has also been used therapeutically to inhibit the expression of IL-5 in animal models. This review summarizes the structural interactions between IL-5 and IL-5R and the functional consequences of such interactions, and describes the pre-clinical and clinical evidence supporting IL-5R as a therapeutic target.
Alzheimer's Disease: Cerebrovascular Dysfunction, Oxidative stress, and Advanced Clinical Therapies (2008)

Many lines of independent research have provided convergent evidence regarding oxidative stress, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinical studies spurred by these findings engage basic and clinical communities with tangible results regarding molecular targets and patient outcomes. Focusing on recent progress in characterizing age-related diseases specifically highlights oxidative stress and mechanisms for therapeutic action in AD. Oxidative stress has been investigated independently for its relationship with aging and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and provides evidence of shared pathophysiology across these conditions. The mechanisms by which oxidative stress impacts the cerebrovasculature and blood-brain barrier are of critical importance for evaluating antioxidant therapies. Clinical research has identified homocysteine as a relevant risk factor for AD and dementia; basic research into molecular mechanisms associated with homocysteine metabolism has revealed important findings. Oxidative stress has direct implications in the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative diseases and careful scrutiny of oxidative stress in the CNS has therapeutic implications for future clinical trials. These mechanisms of dysfunction, acting independently or in concert, through oxidative stress may provide the research community with concise working concepts and promising new directions to yield new methods for evaluation and treatment of dementia and AD.
Single-shot measurement of the Josephson charge qubit (2004)

We demonstrate single-shot readout of quantum states of the Josephson charge qubit. The quantum bits are transformed into and stored as classical bits (charge quanta) in a dynamic memory cell---a superconducting island. The transformation of state $|1〉$ (differing form state $|0〉$ by an extra Cooper pair) is a result of a controllable quasiparticle tunneling to the island. The charge is then detected by a conventional single-electron transistor, electrostatically decoupled from the qubit. We study relaxation dynamics in the system and obtain the readout efficiency of 87% and 93% for $|1〉$ and $|0〉$ states, respectively.
Hydrazine sulfate in cancer patients with weight loss. A placebo-controlled clinical experience (1987)

Hydrazine sulfate was evaluated using 24-hour dietary recalls and body weight determinations before and after 30 days of either placebo or hydrazine (60 mg, 3 times/d) oral administration in 101 heavily pretreated cancer patients with weight loss. After 1 month, 83% of hydrazine and only 53% of placebo patients completing repeat evaluation maintained or increased their weight (P less than 0.05). In addition, appetite improvement was more frequent in the hydrazine group (63% versus 25%, P less than 0.05). Although caloric intake was only slightly greater in hydrazine-treated patients, an increased caloric intake was more commonly associated with weight gain in patients receiving hydrazine compared with those receiving placebo (81% versus 53%, respectively). Hydrazine toxicity was mild, with 71% of patients reporting no toxic effects. Hydrazine sulfate circulatory levels were obtained from a subset of 14 patients who completed 30 days of treatment, with a single sample obtained in the morning at least 9 hours after the last dose. Mean maintenance hydrazine sulfate levels, determined using a spectrofluorometric assay, ranged from 0 to 89 ng/ml (mean 45 +/- 16 ng/ml). These data, which demonstrate an association between 1 month of hydrazine sulfate administration and body weight maintenance in patients with cancer, suggest future clinical trials of hydrazine sulfate are indicated to definitively assess its long-term impact on important clinical outcome parameters in defined cancer populations.
Ligand-induced biphasic protein denaturation. (1990)

The results of a thermodynamic calculation of the excess heat capacity that is based on experimental observations and that incorporates the effects of ligand binding on the two-state, thermal denaturation of a protein are presented. For a protein with a single-binding site on the native species and at subsaturating concentrations of ligand, bimodal or unimodal thermograms were computed merely by assuming a larger or smaller ligand association constant, respectively. The calculated thermograms for this simplified case show the salient features of those observed by differential scanning calorimetry for defatted human albumin monomer in the absence and presence of three ligands for which the protein has higher, intermediate, and lower affinity (Shrake, A., and Ross, P. D. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 15392-15399). The computation demonstrates that biphasic unfolding can result from a significant increase in the free energy of denaturation (and the transition temperature) during the course of unfolding due to a substantial increase in free ligand concentration caused by the release of bound ligand by denaturing protein. Such ligand-induced biphasic denaturation does not relate to macromolecular substructure but derives from a perturbation, during unfolding, of the ligand binding equilibrium, which is coupled to the equilibrium between the folded and unfolded protein species. Thus, this bimodality is not limited to thermally induced unfolding but is operative independent of the means used to effect denaturation and therefore must be considered when studying any macromolecular folding/unfolding reaction in the presence of ligand.
Optical studies of molecular beam epitaxy grown GaAsSbN∕GaAs single quantum well structures (2007)

In this work, the authors present a systematic study on the variation of the structural and the optical properties of GaAsSbN∕GaAs single quantum wells (SQWs) as a function of nitrogen concentration. These SQW layers were grown by the solid source molecular beam epitaxial technique. A maximum reduction of 328meV in the photoluminescence (PL) peak energy of GaAsSbN was observed with respect to the reference GaAsSb QW. 8K and RT PL peak energies of 0.774eV (FWHM of ∼25meV) and 0.729eV (FWHM of ∼67meV) (FWHM denotes full width at half maximum) corresponding to the emission wavelengths of 1.6 and 1.7μm, respectively, have been achieved for a GaAsSbN SQW of N∼1.4%. The pronounced S-curve behavior of the PL spectra at low temperatures is a signature of exciton localization, which is found to decrease from 16to9meV with increasing N concentration of 0.9%–2.5%. The diamagnetic shift of 13meV observed in the magnetophotoluminescence spectra of the nitride sample with N∼1.4% is smaller in comparison to the value of 28meV in the non-nitride sample, indicative of an enhancement in the electron effective mass in the nitride QWs. Electron effective mass of 0.065mo has been estimated for a SQW with N∼1.4% using the band anticrossing model.
The Role of Complement in Myocardial Inflammation and Reperfusion Injury (2003)

The complement system represents a major physiologic defense mechanism, which in addition has the potential for initiating tissue damage at the initial site of injury, in many cases, being directed towards the vascular endothelium. A major question concerns the role of the complement system as a direct mediator of tissue injury, as well as its ability to promote the inflammatory response associated with myocardial ischemia and/or reperfusion. As a major component of the innate immune system, complement is able to discriminate self from non-self and to bring about the removal of pathogens and non-self antigens by inducing signaling mechanisms that initiate pro-inflammatory, opsonic, phagocytic, and cytolytic actions.
S280: INDIVIDUALS WITH HFE C282Y HOMOZYGOSITY AND DIABETES HAVE ALMOST TWO-FOLD RISK OF DEATH COMPARED TO NON-CARRIERS WITH DIABETES: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF A 132,542-INDIVIDUAL GENERAL POPULATION COHORT (2023)

Topic: 29. Iron metabolism, deficiency and overload Background: Homozygosity for the HFE C282Y variant causes hereditary haemochromatosis, potentially leading to diabetes, liver disease, and heart disease. Aims: We tested whether C282Y homozygosity increased risk of diabetes, liver disease, and heart disease even in individuals with normal plasma iron, transferrin saturation, or ferritin. Further, we tested whether C282Y homozygotes with diabetes, liver disease, or heart disease had increased risk of death compared to non-carriers with these diseases. Methods: We genotyped 132,542 consecutive individuals in a general population cohort for the HFE C282Y variant and found 422 homozygotes. Individuals were followed prospectively for up to 27 years. Information on hospital contacts was from the National Patient Register, covering all Danish hospitals. Results: During follow-up 17,688 individuals died from any cause while 7,702, 2,804, and 21,769 individuals had a hospital contact with diabetes, liver disease, or heart disease, respectively. When comparing C282Y homozygotes to non-carriers, hazard ratios were 1.66 (95% CI:1.20-2.31;P=0.002) for diabetes, 2.16 (1.36-3.43;P=0.001) for liver disease, and 0.98 (0.75-1.27;P=0.86) for heart disease. Risk of diabetes was increased even in C282Y homozygotes with normal iron (hazard ratio 1.67;95% CI:1.15-2.42), transferrin saturation (2.49;1.41-4.39), or ferritin (4.35;1.81-10.48). C282Y homozygotes with diabetes had a hazard ratio for death from any cause of 1.94 (1.19-3.18;P=0.008) when compared to non-carriers with diabetes. The percentage of all deaths among C282Y homozygotes that could theoretically be prevented if a single disease was eliminated (the population attributable fraction) was 27.3% (12.4-39.7%) for diabetes and 14.4% (3.1-24.3%) for liver disease. Summary/Conclusion: Haemochromatosis C282Y homozygotes had increased risk of diabetes even when having normal levels of iron, transferrin saturation, or ferritin. Further, C282Y homozygotes with diabetes had an almost two-fold risk of death compared to non-carriers with diabetes. Current haemochromatosis treatment strategy centralized around lowering ferritin may inadequately reduce risk of diabetes and risk of death related to diabetes. Keywords: Causes of death, Iron metabolism, Mortality, Hemochromatosis
Synthesis and Crystal structure of 5,5'-Dinitro-[5,5'-Bi-(1,3,2-Dioxathiane)]2,2'-Dioxide (2014)

A novel 1,3,2-dioxathiane-2-oxide derivative 5,5'-dinitro-[5,5'-bis(1,3,2-dioxathiane)]2,2'-dioxide was synthesised. Moreover, the molecular structure of the compound was confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure determination.
Observation of optical response of avalanche photodiodes at photon-counting light levels (1994)

We have demonstrated all-optical spatial light modulation at photon-counting light levels. Modulation is performed with a silicon avalanche photodiode operating as a Fizeau interferometer with optical thickness modulated by optically initiated, avalanche-induced heating. Modulation of 32% is achieved with off-the-shelf devices with writing beams using as few as 10 photons per pulse. The results represent the first spatially and temporally resolved measurements of avalanche breakdown.
Approaches to supramolecular structures with various topologies in the crystal lattice (1996)

Abstract Simple molecular building blocks for creating supramolecular architectures in the crystal lattice are described. Combination of hydrogen bonding and alkyl chain crystallization is used to explore self‐assembly 1 of molecular building blocks 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the crystal lattice. The crystal lattice of pure acids and its equimolar mixtures with bifunctional hydrogen bond acceptors are characterized by singe crystal analysis.
Ocorrência de Escherichia coli O157:H7 e O26 sorbitol negativas em matadouro frigorífico de bovino e suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos (2014)

A carne bovina pode ser um meio de transmissão de Escherichia coli O157:H7 e de não-O157 para os humanos, que a ingerem mal cozida, sendo responsáveis por causarem doenças severas, como a síndrome hemolítico urêmica. A resistência bacteriana se tornou preocupante em relação à eficácia nos tratamentos das doenças, e tendo em vista tais aspectos este estudo teve os objetivos de verificar a ocorrência de E. coli O157:H7 e não-O157 em etapas do abate bovino, asssim como de avaliar a suscetibilidade dessas bactérias frente à ação de antimicrobianos. Foram colhidas em abatedouro bovino 21 amostras de superfície de mãos dos manipuladores, 21 de facas e 300 provenientes de 50 animais em seis pontos no fluxograma de abate. O isolamento foi realizado utilizando o ágar CT-SMAC e a caracterização dos sorotipos pela PCR. Houve uma ocorrência maior de E. coli O157:H7 (12,0%) nos animais, e menor ocorrência de E. coli O26 (8,0%) e de O113 (2,0%). E. coli O26 esteve presente em 9,52% das facas. A presença de E. coli não-O157 sorbitol negativa foi um fato inesperado devido ao método de isolamento utilizado. Todos os isolados de E. coli O157:H7 mostraram-se sensíveis à tetraciclina, cefepime, cefoxitina, ciprofloxacina e sulfazotrim, e 78,85% deles foram resistentes à cefalotina e 34,61% à ampicilina. Todas E. coli O26 foram sensíveis ao cefepime, cefoxitina e sulfazotrim, e 88,23% resistentes à tetraciclina e cefalotina e 82,35% à ampicilina. A multirresistência aos antibimicrobianos foi observada em todos os sorotipos, devendo, portanto, haver critérios no uso de antimicrobianos nos tratamentos para não se tornar um problema de saúde pública.
Simultaneous segmentation and registration for functional MR images (2003)

A simultaneous segmentation and registration model is proposed for functional MR (fMR) image alignment that is significant for minimizing motion artifacts on fMRI data analysis. Due to T/sub 2/* weighted signal loss and decreased resolution, in fMR images, the images can't be aligned reliably by only using image information. Our approach uses the shape of a contour pre-segmented in a high resolution image to find the unknown contour in each of the time series images, and the spatial transform that maps the interface to the given contour. This is achieved by minimizing an energy functional depending on the information of the image gradient and the shape of interest, so that the boundary of the object can be captured either by higher gradient or by the prior knowledge of its shape. In the meantime, the registration is achieved by the transformation determined in shape matching. The model has been tested both on synthetic data and fMR brain image data. The experimental results showed the effectiveness of this model in feature determination and time series image registration. The existence of the solution to the proposed model is also discussed.
Fostering efficacy of anti-PD-1-treatment: Nivolumab plus radiotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer - study protocol of the FORCE trial (2019)

Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03044626 (Date of initial registration: 05 January 2017). Eudra-CT Number: 2015-005741-31 (Date of initial registration: 18 December 2015).
An exploratory study of cognitive load in diagnosing patient conditions (2007)

The ways in which information is presented to physicians may affect the quality of acute care, such as in intensive, critical and emergency care units. When information can be presented in symbolic form, it may be cognitively processed more efficiently than when it is presented in the usual textual and chart form, potentially lowering errors in diagnosis and increasing the responsiveness to patient conditions.