gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of thermal and flow boundary perturbations on convection heat transfer characteristics: Numerical analysis based on adjoint formulation (2002)

Abstract A numerical approach based on adjoint formulation of convection heat transfer is proposed to predict the change of heat transfer characteristics for arbitrary thermal and flow boundary perturbations. In order to obtain the adjoint system of the convection heat transfer problem, we formally linearize the governing equations by the perturbation method and then derive the adjoint system for the perturbation system. As a result, it is shown that the numerical solutions of the base and the adjoint problems enable us to predict the changes of heat transfer characteristics, such as the change of total heat transfer rate or the change of temperature at a specific location, when the thermal and flow boundary conditions are perturbed. An application example is presented to demonstrate the proposed method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(1): 1–12, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.10065
Aerosol delivery of liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin: aerosol characterization and efficacy against Francisella tularensis infection in mice (1997)

The aerosol delivery of liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin by using 12 commercially available jet nebulizers was evaluated in this study. Aerosol particles containing liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin generated by the nebulizers were analyzed with a laser aerodynamic particle sizer. Mean mass aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) and geometric standard deviations (GSDs) were determined, and the drug contents of the sampling filters from each run onto which aerosolized liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin had been deposited were analyzed spectrophotometrically. The aerosol particles of liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin generated by these nebulizers ranged from 1.94 to 3.5 microm, with GSDs ranging from 1.51 to 1.84 microm. The drug contents of the sampling filters exposed for 1 min to aerosolized liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin range from 12.7 to 40.5 microg/ml (0.06 to 0.2 mg/filter). By using the nebulizer selected on the basis of most desirable MMADs, particle counts, and drug deposition, aerosolized liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin was used for the treatment of mice infected with 10 times the 50% lethal dose of Francisella tularensis. All mice treated with aerosolized liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin survived the infection, while all ciprofloxacin-treated or untreated control mice succumbed to the infection (P < 0.001). These results suggest that aerosol delivery of liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin to the lower respiratory tract is feasible and that it may provide an effective therapy for the treatment of respiratory tract infections.
A Study of the Bronchial Provocation Test with Methacholine in Patients with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis (1989)

Bronchial hyperreactivity is a characteristic feature of bronchial asthma. Recent respiratory infections, allergic rhinitis, atopic family history, pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary sarcoidosis, cystic fibrosis, and farmer's lung have also been demonstrated to have bronchial hyperreactivity to inhaled methacholine. It is not known if pulmonary tuberculosis can cause nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity and what the mechanism would be. We therefore undertook to evaluate nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity in active pulmonary tuberculosis using the bronchial provocation test with methacholine and we measured the total serum IgE and peripheral eosinophil count to seek some mechanisms. There were 5 patients among 18 subjects with active pulmonary tuberculosis whose response to methacholine was positive. The mean baseline FEV1 of positive responders was 71.40 +/- 17.39%, and that of negative responders was 110.18 +/- 17.65% (p less than 0.05). There were no significant differences in serum IgE and peripheral eosinophil count between positive and negative responders. We found that active pulmonary tuberculosis would increase the nonspecific bronchial response with methacholine, and the mechanism of the bronchial hyperreactivity in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis may not be related to an immunologic mechanism but may be related to the stimulating receptors.
Acquiring Spatial Knowledge While Traveling Simple and Complex Paths with Immersive and Nonimmersive Interfaces (2005)

Exploration of virtual environments may be accomplished with different interface metaphors. Previous research suggests that vestibular and proprioceptive information provided by immersive interfaces facilitates spatial orientation on simple path-integration tasks. We examine whether these interface variables impact performance across paths of variable complexity. Our immersive interface provided all users the ability to conduct the search component of our task more efficiently. Our results, however, show that the immersive interface was no more effective than our nonimmersive one for maintaining orientation. In fact, the immersive interface had a negative impact on performance (absolute error) for individuals who had extensive experience with playing video games. When measured in terms of consistency of response, our results suggest that having extensive game-play experience will negatively impact orientation performance with both interfaces. We speculate that this is due to the conflicting nature of the skills that avid game players acquire in game-play versus those required to perform in our task.
Stem Cell Extracellular Matrix Interactions in Three- Dimensional System via Integrins (2012)

Stem Cell Extracellular Matrix Interactions in Three- Dimensional System via Integrins Cells of all types interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) through integrin-mediated interactions. Adhesion of embryonic stem (ES) cells is necessary for differentiation. We have characterized integrin expression of undifferentiated mES cells and established a system of evaluating the ECM-integrin interactions in three-dimension (3D) using electrospun scaffolds. We observed a higher proliferation rate at early time points in conventional 2D culture with various ECM proteins (collagen IV, laminin, fibronectin, vitronectin) as compared to 3D conditions. At later time points, we observed higher proliferations in 3D culture conditions compared to 2D culture conditions. We also detected the importance of α5, αV, β1, β5 and αVβ5 integrin subunits for cellular adhesion in 3D conditions using a cellular adhesion assay.
A Two-Stage Chance Constrained Volt/Var Control Scheme for Active Distribution Networks with Nodal Power Uncertainties (2019)

Volt/var control (VVC) is one of the primary functions of the distribution management system aiming at optimum operation of power distribution networks while respecting all of their operational and security constraints. However, the recent huge integration of highly stochastic distributed generation (DG) sources with the grid presents a significant challenge to the traditional VVC schemes, which assume the future to be perfectly known. This paper presents a two-stage chance constrained optimization scheme to handle these nodal power uncertainties and guarantees that the operational and security constraints are respected for almost all realizations of the uncertainty. The chance constrained model is solved by collecting enough randomly chosen samples from the probability spaces of the uncertain parameters so that the class of the problem, a mixed integer second order cone program (MISOCP), is not elevated. The algorithm not only dispatches the optimum schedule for discrete controlling devices like transformers and shunt capacitors but also optimizes the predefined decision rules for reactive power control of DG sources, thus falling in line with the requirement laid down in the revised IEEE 1547 Standard. Numerical simulations on three different test systems show the superiority of the proposed algorithm over the traditional deterministic methods.
Synthesis of Pure Brookite Nanorods in a Nonaqueous Growth Environment (2019)

Brookite TiO2 is the most difficult TiO2 polymorph to synthesize. The available methods in the literature to produce brookite nanostructures mostly use water-based techniques for the preparation of water-soluble Ti complexes first, followed by a hydrothermal growth of the brookite nanostructures. Besides its multi-step nature, achieving a single brookite phase and optimizing the aqueous growth environment are all issues to be hardly controlled. In this work, pure brookite TiO2 nanorods are synthesized using tetrabutyl titanate Ti(OBu)4 and Sodium Fluoride (NaF) as precursor materials in a simple non-aqueous one-pot solvothermal process. Alcoholysis of only Ti(OBu)4 in ethanol resulted in pure anatase nanoparticles, while the addition of NaF was essential to promote the growth of highly pure brookite nanorods. The phase purity is confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction, Raman Spectroscopy, and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy. The growth mechanism is explained according to the Ostwald’s step rule, where Na+ ions are anticipated to have a potential role in driving the growth process towards the brookite phase.
Tunnel Spin-Polarization of Ferromagnetic Metals and Ferrimagnetic Oxides and Its Effect on Tunnel Magnetoresistance (2022)

This work presents an examination and unification of fragmented data on spin polarization in half-metallic, ferrimagnetic oxides. It also includes well understood ferromagnetic metals for comparison. The temperature and disorder dependencies of the spin polarization are evaluated. Both the temperature dependence of the tunnel magnetoresistance and, for the very first time, its temperature coefficient are calculated based on the simplified Julliére model. The tunnel magnetoresistance in the magnetic tunnel junctions deteriorates due to the temperature dependence of the spin polarization the lower the Curie temperature is. As a result, magnetic tunnel junctions—consisting of ferromagnetic oxides with a Curie temperature not far above room temperature—are not promising for room temperature applications. Additionally, ferrimagnetic oxides possessing a Curie temperature below 650 K are not suitable for room temperature applications because of an unacceptable temperature coefficient exceeding −2%.
Measurement of S-2-(3-Aminopropylamino)ethanethiol (WR1065) in Blood and Tissues (1986)

Abstract A procedure for the analysis of blood and tissue specimens for WR1065, the dephosphorylated metabolite of the radioprotective drug WR2721, has been developed. The method includes the use of a perchloric acid/EDTA extraction step at 0°C followed by chromatographic analysis using a mercury/gold thin film electrochemical detection liquid chromatography system. The extraction technique was designed to assure the stability of both WR1065 and any WR2721 present in blood or tissues. Using the described chromatography conditions and an analog of WR1065, 3-(4-aminopropylamino)propanethiol (WR251833), as an internal standard the respective retention times of these two compounds are 6.2 and 8.3 minutes. Experiments showing the applicability of this method to pharmacokinetic studies of WR2721 and WR1065 and to investigation of the kinetics of WR2721 hydrolysis in biological fluids such as stomach juice are described.
The Inducible Amine Dehydrogenase in Pseudomonas putida NP and its Role in the Metabolism of Benzylamine (1978)

SUMMARY: Pseudomonas putida np utilizes benzylamine and other primary amines as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy. Extracts of organisms grown on benzylamine and other amines contained an inducible amine dehydrogenase [amine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (deaminating)]. The enzyme required either phenazine methosulphate, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, ferricyanide or cytochrome c for activity; oxygen, FAD, FMN, NAD+ and NADP+ were not utilized. The substrate specificity of the amine dehydrogenase was independent of the amine utilized for growth; when cell-free extracts of organisms grown on benzylamine, n-propylamine or n-butylamine were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a single band of enzymic activity was detected in an equivalent position in each gel. This indicated that an enzyme of broad specificity was involved in the deamination of these substrates. The amine dehydrogenase was heat labile; 97% of the initial activity was lost after incubation at 65 °C for 3 min. By isolating intermediates and demonstrating the requisite enzyme activities, it was shown that benzylamine was deaminated to benzaldehyde and further metabolized through benzoate and via the meta (or α-keto acid) pathway.
Steganography based on region segmentation with a complexity measure (1999)

This paper describes a new steganographic technique using image segmentation based on a local complexity measure. The key to this approach is that a binary image can be divided into “informative” and “noiselike” regions by using a “complexity measure.” This property allows us to embed secret data in the noiselike regions if the secret data have a random pattern. If the secret data are simple, then we apply an image conjugate operation that transforms a simple pattern into a complex pattern. In the experiment, a JPEG file was embedded into a gray scale dummy image (256 × 256, 8 bits/pixel) without losing any visual information. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 30(3): 1–9, 1999
Recording characteristics of perpendicular magnetic recording medium using a stretched‐disk interface (1993)

Abstract The FM and digital recording performance of a stretched disk system with a good interface between a perpendicular magnetic recording medium and an MIG‐type ring head has been examined. Little evidence of the low‐frequency enhancement and high‐frequency suppression effect has been found in a short wavelength FM recording. No reversal noise was detected at a carrier wavelength of 0.3 μm in a short wavelength static image recording. However, a harmonics distortion and a cross‐modulation distortion were found to be significant and are believed to be due to a sharp transition of the magnetization direction of the medium, which is not suitable for two‐signal multiplex recording. On the other hand, the error rate of digital recording is found to depend on signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) for a longer wavelength and a peak shift pattern for a short wavelength recording. The error rate better than 10 −4 was obtained by using PRIV coding at 0.88 μm 2 /bit ( Tw = 5 μm, λ = 0.35 μm). This result demonstrates the applicability to a high‐density recording. By improving a frequency response of a head and medium and by optimizing further pulse slimming, the wavelength limitation for error rate due to a peak pattern shift can be improved more.
Prior irradiation and the development of coexistent differentiated thyroid cancer and hyperparathyroidism (1982)

Twelve patients with coexistent well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma and primary hyperparathyoidism were studied to determine the frequency of previous radiation exposure. Eight were found to have received prior irradiation. External radiation was administered to the head and neck region for benign conditions such as tonsillar enlargement, acne, scrofula, and thyroid enlargement. One patient received 131I therapy for carcinoma of the thyroid. The observation that 67% of the patients in this series had previous radiation to the head and neck strongly implicates radiation exposure in the development of coexistent well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma and hyperparathyroidism.
Inhibition of DNA and RNA Synthesis in Rat Liver Nuclei by Oncogenic and Non-oncogenic β-Blockers (1985)

The beta-blocker DL-1-(2-nitro-3-methylphenoxy)-3-tert-butylaminopropan-2-ol (ZAMI 1305), hepatocarcinogenic to the female rat, and the non-oncogenic beta-blockers DL-1-(2-nitro-5-methylphenoxy)-3-tert-butylaminopropan-2-ol (ZAMI 1327), DL-propranolol, and DL-atenolol were studied for their capacity to interfere with hepatic DNA and RNA synthesis. These moieties inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis, in a dose-dependent fashion, when added in vitro to nuclei isolated from the liver of male or female rats. The inhibition is due to a decrease of the initial rate of synthesis and of the total amount of labeled precursor incorporated into the growing chains. When administered in vivo both the oncogenic ZAMI 1305 and its non-oncogenic isomer ZAMI 1327 inhibit hepatic DNA and RNA synthesis in female rats, as evaluated by the determination of nucleic acids synthesis in liver nuclei isolated from female rats 5 and 15 min after the injection of the drug. No influence on hepatic DNA and RNA synthesis is observed when the molecules are administered to male rats. The in vivo administration of DL-propranolol causes an increase of hepatic DNA and RNA synthesis in male rats, while it is uneffective in female rats.
Freezing and Melting of Salt Hydrates Next to Solid Surfaces Probed by Infrared–Visible Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy (2013)

Understanding the freezing of salt solutions near solid surfaces is important in many scientific fields. Here we use sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy to study the freezing of a NaCl solution next to a sapphire substrate. During cooling we observe two transitions. The first corresponds to segregation of concentrated brine next to the sapphire surface as we cool the system down to the region where ice and brine phases coexist. At this transition, the intensity of the ice-like peak decreases, suggesting the disruption of hydrogen-bonding by sodium ions. The second transition corresponds to the formation of NaCl hydrates with abrupt changes in both the SFG intensity and the sharpness of spectral peaks. The similarity in the position of the SFG peaks with those observed using IR and Raman spectroscopy indicates the formation of NaCl·2H2O crystals next to the sapphire substrate. The melting temperatures of the hydrates are very similar to those reported for bulk NaCl·2H2O. This study enhances our understanding of nucleation and freezing of salt solutions on solid surfaces and the effects of salt ions on the structure of interfacial ice.
Development of Coating Technology by Electrical Discharge (2004)

This report describes the electric discharge surface coating technology which can form the layer of metal or ceramics using electric discharge. According to this technology, thickness of micrometers to millimeters layer can be formed. The characteristic of this technology is as follows. (1)No deformation and no crack. (2)The adhesion magnitude of the layer to the workpiece is very high. (3)A uniform layer can be formed without depending on a worker's skill. (4)The suitable layer can be achieved by choosing electrode material and electrical conditions at EDM. As mentioned above,this technology can expect the application to gas turbine parts, automobile engine parts, etc.
Path Analysis Shows That Increasing Ketogenic Ratio, but Not β-Hydroxybutyrate, Elevates Seizure Threshold in the Rat (1999)

Previous work has identified several criteria that may be important in determining the efficacy of the ketogenic diet as a treatment for intractable epilepsy in children. The present study was designed to investigate the influence of four major variables on seizure threshold, i.e. ketogenic ratio, body weight, age at diet onset and beta-hydroxybutyrate in rats. Path analysis was used to statistically model and quantify the causal relationships among variables. Results indicate that seizure threshold was significantly elevated with increasing ketogenic ratios (i.e. more fats vs. carbohydrates and proteins) and decreasing weight. Conversely, age at diet onset and plasma levels of beta-OHB showed no causal relation to seizure resistance. These results suggest that the efficacy of the ketogenic diet is independent of the level of ketonemia but is markedly influenced by diet and growth.
Human Milk Feeding Patterns at 6 Months of Age are a Major Determinant of Fecal Bacterial Diversity in Infants (2020)

The proportion of the infant diet that was human milk at 6 months was the major determinant of alpha and beta diversity of the infant. Maternal obesity contributes to the gut microbiota by its association with the extent of human milk feeding.
A cell transistor scalable DRAM array architecture (2002)

Presents a new DRAM array architecture for scaled DRAMs. This scheme suppresses the stress bias for memory cell transistors and enables memory cell transistor scaling. In this scheme, the data "1" and data "0" are written to the memory cell in different timing. First, for all selected cells, data "1" is written by boosting wordline (WL) voltage. Second, after pulling down WL voltage to a lowered value, data "0" is written only for data "0" cells. This scheme reduces stress bias for the cell transistor to half of that of the conventional operation. The time loss for data "1" write is eliminated by parallel processing of data "1" write and sense amplifier activation. This scheme realizes fast cycle time of 50 ns. By adopting the proposed scheme, the gate-oxide thickness of the cell transistor is reduced from 5.5 to 3 nm, and the memory cell size is reduced to 87% in 0.13-/spl mu/m DRAM generation. Moreover, the application of the oxide-stress relaxation technique to all row-path circuits as well as the proposed scheme enables high-performance DRAM with only a thin gate-oxide transistor.
Rapid contamination of the environments with varicella‐zoster virus DNA from a patient with herpes zoster (2001)

Patients with zoster are considered to be less contagious than varicella patients because their infection is localised. It is not known, however, when and for how long a spread of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) from a zoster patient begins and continues and the extent of virus spread from the patient. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect VZV DNA in samples obtained from the hands and throat of a patient with zoster and from her room environments including surfaces of the back of a chair, the door handle, the table and the air conditioner filter. VZV DNA was detected on the surfaces of the back of the seat and the table and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum on Day 4 of the illness. VZV DNAemia persisted for 4 days until Day 7 of the illness. It was also detected in samples collected from throat and the air conditioner filter on Days 6 and 7 of the illness respectively. All of the surfaces, that were examined in her home environment, were contaminated with VZV DNA by Day 7 of the illness. The present study showed rapid and wide spread of VZV DNA in the environment even from a patient with zoster. J. Med. Virol. 63:64–66, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Organo‐Photoredox Catalyzed Oxidative Dehydrogenation of N‐Heterocycles (2017)

We report here for the first time the catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation of N-heterocycles by a visible-light organo-photoredox catalyst with low catalyst loading (0.1-1 mol %). The reaction proceeds efficiently under base- and additive-free conditions with ambient air at room temperature. The utility of this benign approach is demonstrated by the synthesis of various pharmaceutically relevant N-heteroarenes such as quinoline, quinoxaline, quinazoline, acridine, and indole.
Effects of Fingolimod on Cytokine and Chemokine Levels in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (P4.2-048) (2019)

In this study, we investigated the effects of fingolimod on peripheral cytokine/chemokine levels and lymphocyte subtypes.