gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biosimilars are not (bio)generics (2010)

Biological drugs are well established in the treatment of many conditions, with the likelihood of increasing use in future years. these therapies include the products of biotechnology such as recombinant proteins and antibodies (collectively termed biopharmaceuticals) as well as several older drugs produced through purification techniques such as heparins and conjugated oestrogens. Biosimilars ( europe) or 'follow-on' biologics (USA) are biological products that are similar, but not identical, to an innovator product that is already marketed and whose patent has typically expired. Biosimilars cannot be considered 'generic' equivalents of innovator products as they are not necessarily clinically interchangeable and in some cases may exhibit different therapeutic effects. It is critical that physicians and pharmacists truly understand the complex factors which apply to this new and challenging area. Biological drugs are far more complex than conventional small molecule pharmaceutical products. Whereas conventional drugs can be completely characterised on the basis of their chemical structures, biological drugs tend to be recombinant three-dimensional proteins with structural complexity and a high molecular weight. this makes them difficult to characterise. the complexity of biological drugs also emanates from the elaborate manufacturing processes involved in their production. 1
Symbolic network analysis methods for practical analog integrated circuits: a survey (1998)

A comparative study of symbolic network analysis methods for analog integrated circuits of practical size is presented. The methods are compared with respect to two important criteria: (1) the running time limits of the different algorithms used within every method and (2) the number of terms that are generated needlessly; i.e., generated invalid terms and cancelling terms. The methods are compared for several analog integrated building blocks. The results indicate that conclusions about the efficiency of the different symbolic analysis methods based upon comparisons for small circuits, can be misleading. The study also allows the reader to make a good choice for a symbolic analysis method as the core routine of a modern symbolic analyzer with symbolic simplification capabilities.
Decay Processes of Si 2sCore Holes in Si(111)-7 × 7 Revealed by Si Auger Electron Si 2sPhotoelectron Coincidence Measurements (2014)

Decay processes of Si 2s core holes in a clean Si(111)-7 × 7 surface are investigated using coincidence measurements of Si Auger electrons and Si 2s photoelectrons at a photon energy of 180 eV. We show that Si 2s core holes exhibit two nonradiative decay processes: the first being a Si L1L23V Coster–Kronig transition followed by delocalization of the valence hole and Si L23VV Auger decay, and the second being Si L1VV Auger decay. The branching ratio of the Si L1L23V Coster–Kronig transition to the Si L1VV Auger decay is estimated to be 96.7% ± 0.4% to 3.2% ± 0.4%.
FPGA-Based Database Query Processing on Arbitrarily Wide Tables (2022)

Thanks to the flexibility of FPGAs and their widespread adoption in the cloud, they have become attractive solutions for the acceleration of resource- and memory-intensive database workloads. Complex pipeline-breaking operators (e.g., aggregation, join) often constitute most of the execution time of the queries involved in these workloads. A popular approach in processing these operators is by pre-sorting the input, as they become single-pass algorithms on sorted tables [1] .
E-box binding transcription factors in cancer (2023)

E-boxes are important regulatory elements in the eukaryotic genome. Transcription factors can bind to E-boxes through their basic helix-loop-helix or zinc finger domain to regulate gene transcription. E-box-binding transcription factors (EBTFs) are important regulators of development and essential for physiological activities of the cell. The fundamental role of EBTFs in cancer has been highlighted by studies on the canonical oncogene MYC, yet many EBTFs exhibit common features, implying the existence of shared molecular principles of how they are involved in tumorigenesis. A comprehensive analysis of TFs that share the basic function of binding to E-boxes has been lacking. Here, we review the structure of EBTFs, their common features in regulating transcription, their physiological functions, and their mutual regulation. We also discuss their converging functions in cancer biology, their potential to be targeted as a regulatory network, and recent progress in drug development targeting these factors in cancer therapy.
Complex Coacervation of Soy Proteins, Isoflavones and Chitosan (2017)

In this study, the chitosan-induced coacervation of soy protein-isoflavone complexes in soymilk was investigated. Most of the soymilk proteins, including β-conglycinin (7S), glycinin (11S), and isoflavones, were found to coacervate into the soymilk pellet fraction (SPF) following the addition of 0.5% chitosan. The total protein in the soymilk supernatant fraction (SSF) decreased from 18.1 ± 0.3 mg/mL to 1.6 ± 0.1 mg/mL, and the pH values decreased slightly, from 6.6 ± 0.0 to 6.0 ± 0.0. The results of SDS-PAGE revealed that the 7S α', 7S α, 7S β, 11S A3, and 11S acidic subunits, as well as the 11S basic proteins in the SSF, decreased to 0.7 ± 0.5%, 0.2 ± 0.1%, 0.1 ± 0.0%, 0.2 ± 0.2%, 0.2 ± 0.2% and 0.3 ± 0.2%, respectively. We also found that isoflavones in the SSF, including daidzein, glycitein, and genistein, decreased to 9.6 ± 2.3%, 5.7 ± 0.9% and 5.9 ± 1.5%, respectively. HPLC analysis indicated that isoflavones mixed with soy proteins formed soy protein-isoflavone complexes and were precipitated into the SPF by 0.5% chitosan.
Determination of the antioxidative capacity of an antioxidant complex and idebenone: an in vitro rapid and sensitive method (2008)

The 3% antioxidant solution possesses a significant antioxidative capacity, which was 2.5 times greater than the known antioxidant idebenone in a 1% solution as shown by the quenching of superoxide anion radicals measured by photochemiluminescence. This method provides rapid, accurate, and sensitive measurement of the antioxidant properties of lipid-soluble compounds.
Optisch aktive C5‐Bausteine zur Synthese von natürlich vorkommenden Terpenen (1983)

Optically Active C 5 ‐Synthons for the Synthesis of Naturally Occurring Terpenes The optically active synthons ( S )‐ 22 , ( R )‐ 23 , ( R )‐ 25 and ( R )‐ 26 were prepared from L ‐serine. Furthermore the tertiary alcohol 6 was synthesized from L ‐serine (→( S )‐ 6 ) and D ‐mannitol (→( R )‐ 6 ). These compounds are suitable for the synthesis of optically active natural products.
Wat maakt een slimme meter echt slim (2010)

In de Tweede Kamer laaide in 2008 een discussie op naar aanleiding van geluiden uit de samenleving over het wel of niet verplicht installeren van slimme meters in huizen. Voor- en tegenstanders van een verplichte invoer gebruiken ondertussen alle media om de algemene opinie te beïnvloeden. Voorstanders wijzen op de potentie van slimme meters voor energiebesparing. Tegenstanders roepen leuzen als ‘Slim meten is slinks weten’ en zijn waakzaam voor het zomaar vrijgeven van privacygevoelige informatie. Ondertussen wordt er al ingespeeld op toekomstige wetgeving en onderscheidt Oxxio zich van andere nutsbedrijven door bij iedere klant een slimme meter te installeren. Het elektriciteits- en gasverbruik kan vervolgens op de website bekeken worden. Aan de hand van deze gegevens kunnen klanten conclusies trekken over hun energieverbruik en zich bewuster worden van hun eigen kosten voor energieverbruik. De grenzen van de mogelijkheden van de slimme meter zijn hiermee echter nog lang niet bereikt: een slimme meter kan de interface worden van uitgebreidere besparingstechnieken. Dit hoofdstuk zal een antwoord proberen te geven op de vraag: wat maakt een slimme meter echt slim en wat is de potentie van een slimme meter?
Reactions of 5,6,7,8-tetrahalogeno-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-1,4-imines with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (1978)

Isomeric 1 : 1 adducts obtained from tetrachlorobenzyne and N-t-butylpyrrole are a naphthalen-1,4-imine and a benzo[3,4]cyclobuta[1,2-b]pyrrole derivative. The former (5) decomposes thermally by a retro-Diels–Alder reaction to give an isoindole (17), which forms another naphthalen-1,4-imine (6) by addition of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. 5,6,7,8-Tetrafluoro-1,4-dihydro-1,4-methyliminonaphthalene (1) reacts with the acetylene ester to give two simple naphthalene derivatives, a benz[g]indole (18) and a benzo[de]quinoline (26). Adducts are obtained from 5,6,7,8-tetrachloro-1,4-dihydro-1,4-methyliminonaphthalene (2) with benzyne, dibenzoylacetylene, and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. Unusually large long-range H–F and C–F nuclear spin interactions are observed for two fluorinated benz[g]indole derivatives (18) and (22).
Corrigendum: Safer Electrolytes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: State of the Art and Perspectives (2015)

The originalv ersion of this article contains on page 2162 in Section 3.4 the following statement: "The most prominentr epresentative of this class is lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), which wasfirst proposed by Barthel et al. This is unfortunately incorrect. Both studies were inspired by the previously reported chelatingborate complexes,introduced initially as high-temperature lithium saltsbyB arthela nd co-workers. [
Aqueous sol-gel routes to bio-composite capsules and gels (2008)

Due to their solvent-free chemistry and low environmental impact, aqueous silicates appear as promising alternative precursors to silicon alkoxides for the development of a greener sol-gel process. In this context, aqueous routes to silica/biopolymer composite materials are described here, allowing the formation of silica-coated agarose capsules and hybrid silica/carboxymethyl-cellulose hybrid gels. Infra-red spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyses suggest that the silica–polymer interface is controlled by hydrogen bond formation. In addition, scanning electron microscopy suggests limited modification of the agarose surface and of carboxymethylcellulose network organization. However, the presence of silica has a significant impact on the release of rhodamine B, a cationic dye, from the biocomposites. These materials not only comply with several requirements of Green Chemistry but also open new perspectives in the field of hybrid drug carrier design and plant silicification mimicry.
Pharmacology of the Contraceptive Steroids (1994)

Historical perspective - the progestins, Nicola Perone, the 0estrogens, Joseph W. Goldzieher mechanism of action - mechanism of action of steroid hormones and antagonists, James H. Clark studies in laboratory animals - pharmacokinetics in various animal species, Wilhelm Kuhnz and Hartmut Blode, metabolism in animals, Frank Z. Stanczyk, issues in animal pharmacology, Richard A. Edgren studies in humans - pharmacokinetics and intermediate metabolism - progestins, Ken Fotherby, ethynyl oestrogens, Joseph W. Goldzieher, long-acting contraceptives, F.M. Primiero and G. Benagiano studies in humans - pharmacodynamics - the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian system, Joseph W. Goldzieher, the female breast, Fritz K. Beller, the lower reproductive tract, Elisabeth Johannison and Ivo Brosens, the adrenal gland, Steven M. Petak and Emil Steinberger, the thyroid gland, Joseph W. Goldzieher, the liver, M.H. Sillem and A.T. Teichman, bone, Morris Notelovitz, effects on the skin, Joseph W. Goldzieher, skeletal muscle function, John C. Wirth, et al, cardiovascular system - blood pressure, Robert Fraser and Ronald J. Weir, coagulation, thrombosis and contraceptive steroids - is there a link?, Fritz K. Beller, contraceptive steroids, plasma lipoprotein levels and coronary artery atherosclerosis, Scott A. Washburn, et al, metabolism - carbohydrates, Karen Elkind-Hirsch and Joseph W. Goldzieher, contraceptive steroids and plasma proteins, Goran Cullberg, vitamins and trace elements, Kosin Amatayakui, the immune system, A.H.W.M. Schuurs, et al, teratogenesis and mutagenesis, Joseph W. Goldzieher drug interactions - drug interactions, D.J. Back and M.L'E. Orme statistical and epidemiological issues - evaluating efficacy and safety, David A. Edelman and Joseph W. Goldzieher. Appendix: chemical nomenclature.
Efficiency analysis on a two-level three-phase quasi-soft-switching inverter (2013)

When designing an inverter, an engineer often needs to select and predict the efficiency beforehand. For the standard inverters, plenty of researches are analyzing the power losses and also many software tools are being used for efficiency calculation. In this paper, the efficiency calculation for non-conventional inverters with special shoot-through state is introduced and illustrated through the analysis on a special two-level three-phase quasi-soft-switching inverter. Efficiency comparison between the classical two-stage two-level three-phase inverter and the two-level three-phase quasi-soft-switching inverter is carried out. A 10 kW/380 V prototype is constructed to verify the analysis. The experimental results show that the efficiency of the new inverter is higher than that of the traditional two-stage two- level three-phase inverter.
Improving the comparative map of SSC2p‐q13 by sample sequencing of BAC clones (2001)

To improve the comparative map for pig chromosome 2 and increase the gene density on this chromosome, a porcine bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was screened with 17 microsatellite markers and 18 genes previously assigned to pig chromosome 2. Fifty-one BAC clones located in the region of a maternally imprinted quantitative trait locus for backfat thickness (BFT) were identified. From these BACs 372 kb were sample sequenced. The average read length of a subclone was 442 basepair (bp). Contig assembly analysis showed that every bp was sequenced 1.28 times. Subsequently, sequences were compared with sequences in the nucleotide databases to identify homology with other mammalian sequences. Sequence identity was observed with sequences derived from 35 BACs. The average percentage identity with human sequences was 87.6%, with an average length of 143 bp. In total, sample sequencing of all BACs resulted in sequence identity with 29 human genes, 13 human expressed sequence tags (ESTs), 17 human genomic clones, one rat gene, one porcine gene and nine porcine ESTs. Eighteen genes located on human chromosome 11 and 19, and seven genes from other human locations, one rat gene and one porcine gene were assigned to pig chromosome 2 for the first time. The new genes were added to the radiation hybrid map at the same position as the locus from which the BAC that was sequenced was derived. In total 57 genes were placed on the radiation hybrid map of SSC2p-q13.
A preliminary study of child vocalization on a parallel corpus of US and shanghainese toddlers (2013)

This paper studies various aspects of child vocalization as captured in a newly established parallel corpus of sixteen 18–31 months old US and Shanghainese toddlers. The recordings were acquired in 16-hour sessions during an ‘ordinary’ day in the child’s natural environment and manually labeled. The vocalization characteristics are studied by means of phonotactic and prosodic analysis with emphasis on automatic processing. In the phonotactic domain, a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) tokenizer, a bank of phone recognizers, and formant tracking are used to analyze the movements in the acoustic-phonetic space. In the prosodic domain, pitch patterns, duration, and rhythm are analyzed. Besides strong individual-specific characteristics of the subjects in some of the domains considered, the two language groups show differences in the occupation of the F1–F2 formant space, choice of pitch pattern durations, and consistency in producing complex phonetic patterns. Index Terms: children vocalization, speech acquisition, phonotactic modeling, pitch patterns, rhythmicity parameters
Toxicity of azaarenes in bacterial assays: Mechanistic studies (1992)

Abstract Exposure of bacterial cells to selected azaarenes causes respiratory inhibition, membrane damage, decreased cellular ATP synthesis, and decreased cell viability. The purpose of this work was to examine the chemical mechanisms of acute toxicity of azaarenes and provide a preliminary model of azaarene cellular effects. Results of bioassays and in vitro spectrochemical and electrochemical experiments suggest that azaarenes alter membranes and electron transfer (ET) molecular assemblies primarily through noncovalent interactions not involving organic or oxy free radicals. The data suggest that membranes and membrane‐linked systems are altered via azaarene‐mediated chelation of divalent cations (Ca and Mg) found in the lipopolysaccharide matrix of the bacterial outer membrane. This gives rise to altered structure/function of periplasmic and inner membrane systems, and may contribute to changes in ET. Electrochemical analyses indicate that azaarenes also change the redox chemistry of flavin centers and seem to increase the ease with which ET processes occur between biochemical electron donors (NADH) and tetrazolium acceptors (iodonitrotetrazolium).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Tetracyanoethylene with SCl2; New Molecular Rearrangements. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Bolza Problems with General Time Constraints (1997)

This work provides necessary conditions for optimality in problems of optimal control expressed as instances of the generalized problem of Bolza, with the added feature that the fundamental planning interval is allowed to vary. A central product of the analysis is a generalization of the conservation-of-Hamiltonian condition for problems on either fixed or variable intervals. The results, which allow for unprecedented generality in the problem data, are derived from known properties of fixed-interval problems under the hypothesis that the time-dependence of the objective integrand has the same modest level of regularity as the state-dependence.
Dielectric breakdown strength of epoxy bimodal-polymer-brush-grafted core functionalized silica nanocomposites (2014)

The central goal of dielectric nanocomposite design is to create a large interfacial area between the matrix polymer and nanofillers and to use it to tailor the properties of the composite. The interface can create sites for trapping electrons leading to increased dielectric breakdown strength (DBS). Nanoparticles with a bimodal population of covalently anchored molecules were created using ligand engineering. Electrically active short molecules (oligothiophene or ferrocene) and matrix compatible long poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) chains comprise the bimodal brush. The dielectric breakdown strength was evaluated from recessed samples and dielectric spectroscopy was used to study the dielectric constant and loss as a function of frequency. The dielectric breakdown strength and permittivity increased considerably with only 2 wt% filler loading while the dielectric loss remained comparable to the reference epoxy.
Hybrid Control of the Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton (BLEEX) (2005)

The first functional load-carrying and energetically autonomous exoskeleton was demonstrated at U.C. Berkeley, walking at the average speed of 0.9 m/s (2 mph) while carrying a 34 kg (75 lb) payload. The original BLEEX sensitivity amplification controller, based on positive feedback, was designed to increase the closed loop system sensitivity to its wearer’s forces and torques without any direct measurement from the wearer. The controller was successful at allowing natural and unobstructed load support for the pilot. This article presents an improved control scheme we call “mixed” control that adds robustness to changing BLEEX backpack payload. The walking gait cycle is divided into stance control and swing control phases. Position control is used for the BLEEX stance leg (including torso and backpack) and the sensitivity amplification controller is used for the swing leg. The controller is also designed to smoothly transitions between these two schemes as the pilot walks. With mixed control, the controller does not require a good model of the BLEEX torso and payload, which is difficult to obtain and subject to change as payload is added and removed. As a tradeoff, the position control used in this method requires the human to wear seven inclinometers to measure human limb and torso angles. These additional sensors require careful design to securely fasten them to the human and increase the time to don (and doff) BLEEX.
The effect of trading futures on short sale constraints (2015)

It is commonly believed that the trading of futures on a commodity enables the market to overcome short selling constraints on the spot commodity itself. This belief is embedded in the notion that trading strategies involving futures contracts enable traders to replicate the payoffs as if they were short the spot commodity. The purpose of this paper is to investigate this common belief in a general arbitrage-free semimartingale financial model with trading in futures and a short selling prohibition on the spot commodity. We show via various examples that, in general, this common belief is incorrect. Furthermore, we provide a set of sufficient conditions, albeit very restrictive, under which the common belief is true.
Training Evaluation: A Procedure for Validating anOrganization′s Investment in Training (1992)

At a time when industrial expense is under great pressure, particularly training budgets, it is of great importance that training is carefully focused, to ensure that organizations obtain the maximum benefit. The widely accepted procedures for evaluation described by Donald Kirkpatrick almost without exception have been applied only at level 1 (Student Reaction forms). Many researchers have questioned the value of this part‐application of an evaluation strategy. This new system of training effectiveness evaluation not only forms the basis of individual analysis, but also allows group deficiencies to be explored over time. The method based on self‐perceived skill gap measurement allows the monitoring of skills management at individual departmental and organizational levels and gives management, for the first time, a control measure to which skill management budgets (of which training is a part) can be compared.