gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antifibrotic therapy to normalize the tumor microenvironment (2020)

Most tumors develop abnormal fibrotic regions consisting of fibroblasts, immune cells, and a dense extracellular matrix (ECM) immersed in a viscous interstitial fluid, and an abundant fibrotic tumor microenvironment (TME) is associated with poor outcome of treatment. It has been hypothesized that the treatment of cancer may be improved by interventions aiming to normalize this TME. The approaches used in attempts to normalize the fibrotic TME can be categorized into three strategies of targeted antifibrotic therapy: targeting of components of the ECM, targeting of the producers of the ECM components-the activated cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and targeting of the signaling pathways activating CAFs. To target the ECM, enzymes against components of the ECM have been used, including collagenase, relaxin, hyaluronidase, and lyxyl oxidase. Targeting of CAFs have been investigated by using agents aiming to eliminate or reprogram CAFs. CAFs are activated primarily by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), hedgehog, or focal adhesion kinase signaling, and several agents have been used to target these signaling pathways, including angiotensin II receptor I blockers (e.g., losartan) to inhibit the TGF-β pathway. Taken together, these studies have revealed that antifibrotic therapy is a two-edged sword: while some studies suggest enhanced response to treatment after antifibrotic therapy, others suggest that antifibrotic therapy may lead to increased tumor growth, metastasis, and impaired outcome of treatment. There are several possible explanations of these conflicting observations. Most importantly, tumors contain different subpopulations of CAFs, and while some subpopulations may promote tumor growth and metastasis, others may inhibit malignant progression. Furthermore, the outcome of antifibrotic therapy may depend on stage of disease, duration of treatment, treatment-induced activation of alternative profibrotic signaling pathways, and treatment-induced recruitment of tumor-supporting immune cells. Nevertheless, losartan-induced suppression of TGF-β signaling appears to be a particularly promising strategy. Losartan is a widely prescribed antihypertensive drug and highly advantageous therapeutic effects have been observed after losartan treatment of pancreatic cancer. However, improved understanding of the mechanisms governing the development of fibrosis in tumors is needed before safe antifibrotic treatments can be established.
Elastomere Sensorwerkstoffe zur Digitalisierung industrieller Prozesse (2019)

Die Digitalisierung industrieller Prozesse erfordert eine möglichst hohe Integrationsdichte von Sensoren in mechanische Teilkomponenten von industriellen Anlagen. Am Fraunhofer LBF konnte die Nutzbarkeit dielektrische Elastomere in Verbindung mit speziell entwickelten strukturierten Elektroden für dynamische Kraftmessungen nachgewiesen und deren Integration in einen Flachsensor sowie in ein elastisches Elastomer-Maschinenlager gezeigt werden.
Chemistry and biology of alkylphenols from Ginkgo biloba L. (1997)

Ginkgolic acid and related alkylphenols constitute major components of the lipid fraction of the fruit pods of Ginkgo biloba L. In addition, this class of substances is present in Ginkgo leaves which are widely used to prepare extracts for the treatment of peripheral or cerebral circulatory disorders, as well as vascular and Alzheimer type dementia. The present paper reviews the literature on chemical and biological aspects of alkylphenols from Ginkgo with special reference to their allergic and other undesired properties. As these compounds are present in crude leaf extracts, their completest possible removal has therefore to be guaranteed for therapeutically used extracts by the production process. Technically this does not imply any problem and most preparations available on the market fulfil the requirements of the Monograph of the Commission E of the former Federal German Health Authority (Bundesgesundheitsamt, BGA) requesting a maximal concentration of 5 ppm ginkgolic acids.
Vinculin Is Associated with the E-cadherin Adhesion Complex (1997)

Cadherins mediate calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion, and this activity is regulated by cytoplasmic interactions between cadherins, catenins, and the actin-based cytoskeleton. alpha-Catenin plays a critical role in the transmembrane anchorage of cadherins, and deletion of alpha-catenin has been shown to inactivate cadherin-mediated adhesion, resulting in a nonadhesive phenotype. Here we show that serum starvation increases E-cadherin expression and induces E-cadherin-dependent adhesion in the MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line. This adhesion occurred despite a lack of alpha-catenin expression, which was caused by mutations in the alpha-catenin gene. Coprecipitation analysis suggests that this adhesion may be mediated by cytoplasmic connections from cadherins to the cytoskeleton involving vinculin. A high level of vinculin associated with E-cadherin immunoprecipitates was observed in MDA-MB-468 cells. In contrast, vinculin was not detected in E-cadherin complexes in the A431 and MCF-7 epithelial carcinoma cell lines, which express alpha-catenin. However, in reciprocal immunoprecipitations using anti-vinculin antibodies, E-cadherin associated strongly with vinculin in MDA-MB-468 cells and, to a lesser extent, in A431 and MCF-7 cells. These results suggest that both alpha-catenin and vinculin may be present in the adhesion complex. To test the hypothesis that vinculin associates with E-cadherin complexes via beta-catenin, excess recombinant beta-catenin or alpha-catenin fusion protein was added to MDA-MB-468 cell lysates. Both specifically inhibited the coprecipitation of E-cadherin with vinculin, suggesting competition for the same binding site. These results suggest that vinculin plays a role in the establishment or regulation of the cadherin-based cell adhesion complex by direct interaction with beta-catenin.
Analysis, improvement and simplification of Prêt à voter with Paillier encryption (2008)

In this paper, we analyse information leakage in Ryan’s Prˆet `a Voter with Paillier encryption scheme (PAVPaillier). Our analysis shows that although PAV-Paillier seems to achieve a high level of voter privacy at first glance, it might still leak voter’s choice information in some circumstances. Some threats are trivial and have appeared in the literature, but others are more complicated because colluding adversaries may apply combined attacks. Several strategies have been suggested to mitigate these threats, but we have not resolved all the threats. We leave those unsolved threats as open questions. In order to describe our analysis in a logical manner, we will introduce an information leakage model to aid our analysis. We suggest that this model can be applied to analyse information leakage in other complex mixnet based e-voting schemes as well. Furthermore, we introduce a simplification of PAVPaillier. In our proposal, without degrading security properties such as voter privacy, verifiability and reliability, we no longer need to apply the homomorphic property to absorb the voter’s choice index into the onion, thus we step back to employ the ElGamal encryption. This results in a simpler and more straightforward threshold cryptosystem. Some other attractive properties of our proposal scheme are: unlike traditional Prˆet `a Voter schemes, the candidate list in our scheme can be in alphabetical order. Our scheme not only handles approval elections, but also it handles ranked elections (e.g. Single Transferable Voting). Furthermore, our scheme mitigates the randomisation attack.
Internal model control based on a Gaussian process prior model (2004)

To improve transparency and reduce the curse of dimensionality of non-linear black-box models, the local modelling approach was proposed. Poor transient response of local model networks led to the use of non-parametrical probabilistic models such as the Gaussian process prior approach. Recently, Gaussian process models were applied for minimum variance model for non-linear internal model control. The invertibility of the Gaussian process model is discussed and the use of predicted variance is illustrated on a simulated example.
A Distinct Colon-Derived Breath Metabolome is Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, but not its Complications (2016)

A specific breath metabolome is associated with IBD and markedly changes in patients with IPAA. Analysis of a broader spectrum of VOCs can potentially aid in the development of breath prints to diagnose or differentiate inflammatory bowel disorders.
Light Emission near a Gradient Metasurface (2016)

Gradient metasurfaces have recently emerged as a powerful tool for the control of externally incident optical wavefronts. Here we present a theoretical study showing how they can also dramatically modify the radiation properties of light emitters located in their near-field zone. First, the spontaneous emission decay of a dipole source can be greatly accelerated through near-field interactions involving evanescent waves at the metasurface, by an amount that depends on the dipole lateral position in an oscillatory fashion. Second, as a result of these interactions, highly asymmetric directional radiation patterns can be produced in the far field, with broad geometrical tunability of the angle of peak emission. Furthermore, the total output radiation power can be increased in the case of low-efficiency emitters or quenched in favor of directional excitation of surface waves depending on the metasurface phase gradient. These phenomena could not be explained simply in terms of anomalous reflection of externally incident dipole radiation by the metasurface, but rather are a direct consequence of a distinctive coupling between a wide range of evanescent and propagating waves enabled by these nanostructures. The resulting ability to control the output of radiation processes directly at the source level (without any external optics) is attractive for future applications in highly miniaturized optical systems.
High resolution labeling of vagal afferent fibers using Dextran-Biotin with counterstaining v1 (2019)

This protocol describes the methods used to trace and enable morphometric quantification of vagal afferent neurites in the rat stomach. A mixture of dextran conjugates was injected into the nodose ganglia of young adult Sprague-Dawley rats and after a survival period of 14 days for optimal tracer transport, stomachs were removed and processed as whole mounts. ABC-DAB was used to create a permanent gold-brown stain of all labeled afferent neurites. Subgroups of samples were also counterstained with either the panneuronal chromogen cuprolinic blue or with nNOS antibodies and steel gray chromogen to label nitrergic cells.
[Autosomal-dominant DOPA-responsive dystonia, caused by mutations in the GTP-cyclohydrolase I gene]. (1998)

The development of autosomal dominant DOPA-responsive dystonia (AD-DRD) is stipulated by mutation in GTP-cyclohydrolase I gene. GTP-cyclohydrolase I is the first and key enzyme of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. Its deficiency in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons cause a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase activity and therefore dopamine deficiency. However, administration of low doses of dopamine can control the development of AD-DRD. Determination of GTP-cyclohydrolase I activity in mononuclear blood cells is convenient diagnostic method.
Hydrocracking of Organosolv Lignin in Subcritical Water to Useful Phenols Employing Various Raney Nickel Catalysts (2016)

Hydrothermal conversion of organosolv lignin has been conducted under a reductive hydrogen atmosphere near the critical point of water. Several Raney nickel catalysts were tested with respect to degree of liquefaction, yields of phenols, and influence on the product distribution. The application of Raney nickel catalysts is crucial for the hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin since the liquefaction rate increased approximately 2.5 times compared to hydrothermal conversion without catalysts. In addition, Raney nickel caused complete demethoxylation of guaiacyl and syringyl moieties resulting in an oil composed mainly of six highly reactive simple phenols (phenol and monoalkylated derivatives). Depending on the catalyst type, yields of these phenols were 1.3–8.0 wt % (≈2.6%–16% theoretical yield). Flash pressure release with subsequent condensation of the hot vapors proved to be a fast and easy approach to obtain a liquid fraction with a high content (25%) of phenol and para- or ortho-alkylated derivatives, which might be used in resin formulations.
Air Displacement Plethysmography Accurately Determines Body Composition in Overweight Adults Compared to Criterion 4C Model (2006)

PURPOSE: In comparison to body composition assessment methods such as hydrostatic weighing (HW), air displacement plethysmography (ADP) requires less technical expertise of investigators and provides more convenience and comfort for subjects. In this regard, ADP could be of significant benefit for body composition assessment among children, elderly, overweight, or unfit individuals for whom HW may pose a challenge. Although the reliability and validity of ADP has been compared to other two-compartment models in various populations, it has not been validated against the criterion four-compartment (4C) model of body composition among overweight adults. Among normal weight subjects, two previous studies comparing ADP to the 4C model concluded that percent body fat (BF%) by ADP was significantly lower than 4C estimates. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the validity of ADP using the criterion 4C model of body composition among overweight adults. A secondary aim was to compare the measures of body density (Db) derived from HW and ADP in order to determine if the methods are interchangeable. METHODS: Body composition was assessed among 35 overweight males and females (BMI 27.9 ± 2.2; Age 32.7 ± 7.2 y) using ADP and Selinger's 4C equation (total body water from 18O isotope dilution; body mineral from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry; and body density from HW). Mean differences in BF% and in Db were compared with t-tests. Regression analysis was used to describe the relationship between BF% determined by the criterion 4C and ADP, and between 4C models with Db from HW and Db from ADP. Bland Altman plots were used to examine bias in the comparisons. RESULTS: BF% was not significantly different between ADP and 4C (0.1 ± 2.6, P = 0.9) and regression analysis showed that 88% of the between-subject variance in the 4C BF% was explained by ADP (R2 = 0.88, SEE 2.6, P <.0001). The regression line was not different from 1 (P = 0.3) and the intercept was not different from 0 (P = 0.3). There was no significant difference between ADP and HW in the determination of Db (−0.002 ± 0.006 kg/L, P = 0.6) or in BF% when Db from ADP and HW was utilized in the 4C equation (0.5 ± 1.6, P = 0.7). Regression analysis showed a strong relationship between the two estimates of BF% using the 4C equation with Db from ADP and HW (R2 = 0.95, SEE 1.6, P < .0001). The regression line was not different from 1 (P=0.1) and the intercept was not different from 0 (P = 0.3). CONCLUSIONS: ADP provides a valid estimate of body composition in overweight adults when compared to the criterion 4C model. Further, there is no difference in body fat percentage estimates when Db from ADP replaces Db from HW in the 4C equation.
Interlayer coupling in spin valve structures (1996)

The effect of structural imperfections such as interface roughness and layer strain on the sign and amplitude of the interlayer coupling between the two ferromagnetic layers of exchanged-biased NiFe/Cu/NiFe/FeMn spin valves is discussed. Two distinct regimes are found: when the NiFe-Cu interface is smooth, with a mean roughness smaller that 4 /spl Aring/, the interlayer coupling shows a distinct oscillatory behavior, with a period of /spl Lambda/=13.5 /spl Aring/, and can be well described by a RKKY-like exchange based mechanism. As the amplitude of the interface roughness increases the magnetostatic-type Neel's orange peel coupling becomes more important, and the ferromagnetic component of the coupling is enhanced. The higher than expected period of oscillation, observed in these spin valves, is explained in terms of a strain induced effect.
Interconnection between Methyl Salicylate and Lipid-Based Long-Distance Signaling during the Development of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis and Tobacco (2011)

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a salicylic acid (SA)-dependent heightened state of resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens activated in the uninoculated systemic tissue of a pathogen-infected plant. For systemic protection to be initiated, a mobile signal that is produced at the site
Structural intermediates in influenza haemagglutinin-mediated fusion (1999)

Fusion pore formation in the haemagglutinin (HA)-mediated fusion is a culmination of a multistep process, which involves low-pH triggered refolding of HA and rearrangement of membrane lipid bilayers. This rearrangement was arrested or slowed down by either altering lipid composition of the membranes, or lowering the density of HA, and/or temperature. The results suggest that fusion starts with the lateral assembly of activated HA into multimeric complexes surrounding future fusion sites. The next fusion stage involves hemifusion, i.e. merger of only contacting membrane monolayers. Lysophosphatidylcholine reversibly arrests fusion prior to this hemifusion stage. In the normal fusion pathway, hemifusion is transient and is not accompanied by any measurable transfer of lipid probes between the membranes. A temperature of 4 degrees C stabilizes this 'restricted hemifusion' intermediate. The restriction of lipid flow through the restricted hemifusion site is HA-dependent and can be released by partial cleaving of low pH-forms of HA with mild proteinase K treatment. Lipid effects indicate that fusion proceeds through two different lipid-involving intermediates, which are characterized by two opposite curvatures of the lipid monolayer. Hemifusion involves formation of a stalk, a local bent connection between the outer membrane monolayers. Fusion pore formation apparently involves bending of the inner membrane monolayers, which come together in hemifusion. To couple low pH-induced refolding of HA with lipid rearrangements, it is proposed that the extension of the alpha-helical coiled coil of HA pulls fusion peptides inserted into the HA-expressing membrane and locally bends the membrane into a saddle-like shape. Elastic energy drives self-assembly of these HA-containing membrane elements into a ring-like complex and causes the bulging of the host membrane into a dimple growing towards the target membrane. Bending stresses in the lipidic top of the dimple facilitate membrane fusion.
Heat Transfer in Composite Materials and Porous Media: Multiple‐Scale Aspects and Effective Properties (2016)

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the upscaling of heat transfer in composite materials and porous media. Heat transfer in multi-phase, multi-scale systems is a complex phenomenon characterized by various spatial and time scales. This results in different macro-scale models. The major classes are represented by local equilibrium models for a mixture temperature close to each intrinsic phase average temperature and non-equilibrium models that relax the constraint of local equilibrium. Several properties can be inferred for the values of the effective thermal conductivity. The first property of importance is the existence of bounds in terms of the thermal conductivity ratio and volume fractions. The case of heat transfer with an interfacial thermal resistance is very important for composite material applications because of the dramatic effect it may have on the effective thermal conductivity and other effective parameters.
Coding Strings by Pairs of Strings (1985)

Let X, $Y \subset \{ 0,1 \}^* $. We say Y codes X if every $x \in X$ can be obtained by applying a short program to some $y \in Y$. We are interested in sets Y that code X robustly in the sense that even if we delete an arbitrary subset $Y' \subset Y$ of size k, say, the remaining set of strings $Y\backslash Y'$ still codes X. In general, this can be achieved only by making in some sense more than k copies of each $x \in X$ and distributing these copies on different strings Y. Thus if the strings in X and Y have the same length, then $# \,Y\geqq ( k + 1 )# X$ . If we allow coding of X by Y in a way that every $x \in X$ is obtained from strings x, $z \in Y$ by application of a short program, then we can do better. Let $Y = \{ \oplus _{x \in S} x |S \subset X \}$ where $ \oplus $ denotes bitwise sum mod 2. Then $# Y = 2^{ # X} $. Yet Y codes X robustly for $k = 2^{ # X - 1} - 1$. This paper explores the limitations of coding schemes of this nature.
Towards the Understanding of Ice Crystal-graupel Collision Charging in Thunderstorm Electrification (2018)

Thunderstorm electrification has been studied for hundreds of years. Several mechanisms have been proposed to elucidate the electrification, including convective charging, inductive precipitation charging, and ice crystal-graupel collision charging. Field observations and model studies have demonstrated the vital roles that graupel and ice crystals play in the electrification, but the mechanism of the collision charging is still unclear. The fundamental essence of relative growth rate theory used for explaining the tripole charge structure in thunderclouds also needs a further exploration. We analyze the processes of ice crystal-graupel collision charging from charge migration inside hydrometeors to charge separation between two hydrometeors. The driving effects of temperature gradient and chemical potential gradient in charge migration are clarified, as well as the applicability of the relative growth rate theory, thermoelectric effect and surface tension gradient in different humidities. Based on the understanding from these electrification mechanisms, we propose that the essence of charge separation is driven by non-thermal equilibrium, and future studies on thunderstorm electrification should focus on the dynamical non-thermal equilibrium of cloud particles.
The hindlimb in walking horses: 1. Kinematics and ground reaction forces (2001)

Summary The objective was to study associations between kinematics and ground reaction forces in the hindlimb of walking horses. Video (60 Hz) and force (2000 Hz) data were gathered for 8 strides from each of 5 sound horses during the walk. Sagittal plane kinematics were measured concurrently with the vertical and longitudinal ground reaction forces. The hindlimb showed rapid loading and braking in the initial 10% stride. The stifle, tarsal and coffin joints flexed and the fetlock joint extended during this period of rapid loading. The vertical ground reaction force showed 2 peaks separated by a dip; this pattern was similar to the fetlock joint angle‐time graph. Peaks in the longitudinal ground reaction force did not appear to correspond with kinematic events. Total braking impulse was equal to total propulsive impulse over the entire stride. Flexion and extension of the hip were responsible for protraction and retraction of the entire limb. Maximal protraction occurred shortly before the end of swing and maximal retraction occurred during breakover. During the middle part of stance the tarsal joint extended slowly, while the stifle began to flex when the limb was retracted beyond the midstance position at 28% stride. Flexion cycles of the stifle and tarsal joints were well coordinated during the swing phase to raise the distal limb as it was protracted. The results demonstrate a relationship between limb kinematics and vertical limb loading in the hindlimbs of sound horses. Future studies will elucidate the alterations in response to lameness.