gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dopamine increases renal medullary blood flow without improving regional hypoxia. (1996)

The effects of dopamine (10 micrograms/kg/min i.v.) upon intrarenal microcirculation, total, superficial cortical and outer medullary blood flows and outer medullary pO2 were continuously determined in anesthetized rats with ultrasonic and laser-Doppler probes and oxygen microelectrodes. While total and cortical flows were unaffected, outer medullary flow increased by 35 +/- 5% (mean +/- SE, p < 0.01). Outer medullary pO2 was not significantly altered (from 16 +/- 4 to 18 +/- 4 mm Hg). In volume-expanded rats total and cortical flows rose as well. In rats pretreated with indomethacin, with or without N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester HCl, dopamine restored renal microcirculation and ameliorated outer medullary hypoxia.
Ultrastructural-chemical makeup of yellow-seeded (Brassica rapa) and brown-seeded (Brassica napus) canola within cellular dimensions, explored with synchrotron reflection FTIR microspectroscopy (2005)

Synchrotron-based FTIR micro spectroscopy, developed recently as a novel, rapid and non-destructive analytical technique, could reveal chemical information of the intrinsic microstructures of biological tissues at ultra-spatial resolution. The objective of this study was to use synchrotron reflection FTIR microspectroscopy to explore chemical makeup (functional group and bonding characteristics) of ultrastructural tissues within cellular dimensions (10 µm × 10 µm) of yellow-seeded (Brassica rapa ‘Klondike’) and brown-seeded (Brassica napus ‘Bounty’) canola. The results showed that the ratios of total CH 2 :CH 3 , CH 3 -asymmetric:CH 3 -symmetric, CH 2 -asymmetric:CH 2 -symmetric and total CH-asymmetric:CH-symmetric were 1.06 and 1.13, 1.28 and 1.26, 2.90 and 3.08, 1.82 and 1.78, for the yellow-seeded and brown-seeded canola, respectively. There were no differences between the two canola types in the content and ratios of CH groups (CH 2 and CH 3 ) of the scanned areas, indicating that lipid chain length and branching are similar between the two seed types. There were significant differences in amide I and total CHO, indicating different microstructural protein (peptide C=O bonding) and carbohydrate makeup between the two canola types. The results also show differences in the ratios of total NH and OH:CHO (2.85 vs. 3.84, P &lt; 0.01), total CH:total CHO (0.23 vs. 0.32, P &lt; 0.01), amide I:NH and OH (0.48 vs. 0.37, P = 0.07), amide I:hemiceullulose (P = 0.09), hemicellulose:total CHO (0.039 vs. 0.059, P &lt; 0.001), CHO:amide I (1.11 vs. 0.84, P = 0.051) between the yellow-seeded and brown-seeded canola, and indicate that the chemical makeup of the microstructure differs between the yellow-seeded (Brassica rapa) and brown-seeded (Brassica napus) canola type. In conclusion, this study indicates that synchrotron-based reflection FTIR microspectroscopy can be used to identify microstructural-chemical features of canola tissue. More detailed study is required to define the extent of differences that exist between the yellow-seeded (Brassica rapa) vs. dark-brownseeded (Brassica napus) canola. Such information on the microstructural-chemical features can be used by canola breeding programs to select superior varieties of canola for special purposes, and for predicting canola quality and nutritive value for humans and animals. Key words: Synchrotron, reflection infrared microspectroscopy, functional groups, chemical makeup, ultrastructure, canola, feed structure and chemistry
Sulfur as an important co-factor in the formation of multilayer graphene in the thermolyzed asphalt reaction (2012)

The results indicate a first ever hypothesized role of sulfur in the low temperature formation of graphene. Multilayer graphene was prepared with various hydrocarbons and sulfur mixtures by the University of Idaho Thermolyzed Asphalt Reaction (UITAR). Graphene films were synthesized with the UITAR process through the original flame-heated crucible, and in thermogravimetric analysis apparatuses. The latter was carried out under N2 purge. The morphology of these films synthesized by cyclohexanol and sulfur was characterized by scanning electron, transmission electron, and atomic force microscopies, which indicate a flat (over several mm2) and layered structure consistent with graphitic structures. Elemental composition as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated primarily sp2 C with trace O and N impurities. Raman spectra of the UITAR graphene have D and G bands at 1350 cm−1 and 1594 cm−1. Based on the wavenumber positions of these bands, the Ferrari amorphization trajectory indicates that the UITAR graphene films are primarily sp2 C with nano-crystalline characteristics. The I(D)/I(G) ratio is 0.97 with an average grain size of 5 nm as determined by the Tuinstra–Koenig relationship. A proposed scheme illustrates the role of sulfur in graphene growth based on thermogravimetric analyses. We hypothesize that elemental sulfur is involved with the dehydration/dehydrogenation and eventual crosslinking of cyclohexanol between 100 and 140 °C. In the range of 240–400 °C further dehydrogenation steps occur giving an unidentified intermediate with a sharp Raman peak at 1450 cm−1. At 550 °C a mixture of graphene-like Raman D and G bands appear with the 1450 cm−1 intermediate. At 600 °C the intermediate peak is lost with only bands characteristic of UITAR graphene. Therefore the minimum temperature of graphene formation with the UITAR reaction is 600 °C. The proposed mechanism is reinforced by results with other hydrocarbons. Other organics succeeded or failed in the UITAR reaction based on melting and boiling considerations.
PSDM for unconventional reservoirs? A Niobrara Shale case study (2012)

As of this writing, unconventional resource plays absorb a significant proportion of onshore U.S. E&P budgets. The perceived simplicity and homogeneity of unconventional reservoirs explained their initial appeal to firms seeking to reduce “dry hole risk”. However, as inconsistent drilling results from many resource plays highlight, shale reservoirs are neither simple nor homogeneous. Used infrequently 5–10 years ago, drillers today commonly employ 3D seismic to improve horizontal well “geosteering”. Explorers also increasingly rely on 3D seismic to delineate productive “sweet spots”. In particular, differential horizontal stress (from azimuthal anisotropy analysis) and elastic inversion for “brittleness” are paired to find optimal drill locations and wellbore orientation (Sena et al., 2011). While prestack depth migration (PSDM) is commonly applied in “complex” plays such as the sub-salt Gulf of Mexico, it has been adopted in resource plays at a slow (but accelerating) pace. PSDM promises two major “structural” benefits over conventional time imaging: • More accurate geologic dips between well control • Crisper and better positioned view of faulting Additionally, in areas that exhibit velocity complexity, seismic anisotropy, and dipping beds, PSDM can provide more accurate input for most attribute technologies. We present a case study from a wide-azimuth 50 mi2 survey acquired in the Niobrara Shale. While the study area exhibits mildly dipping beds, a significant shallow lateral velocity variation motivates the use of PSDM to correct event dips and improve the focusing of faults. Vertical mistie correction predicted the top Niobrara to within 4 feet on a new well, but we show enough variation in Thomsen δ to justify anisotropic PSDM. Azimuthal velocity analysis using Wave Equation PSDM (WEM) azimuth angle gathers indicates a very weak level of overburden azimuthal anisotropy. However, we show that amplitude versus azimuth (AVAZ) may better measure differential horizontal stress in the target interval. We show that the contrast in Young's Modulus across the Niobrara has significant azimuthal variations, implying a distinct preferred direction in terms of stiffness.
Characterization of the Oxygen-Responsive NreABC Regulon of Staphylococcus aureus (2008)

Here, we investigate the functionality of the oxygen-responsive nitrogen regulation system NreABC in the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and evaluate its role in anaerobic gene regulation and virulence factor expression. Deletion of nreABC resulted in severe impairment of dissimilatory nitrate and nitrite reduction and led to a small-colony phenotype in the presence of nitrate during anaerobic growth. For characterization of the NreABC regulon, comparative DNA microarray and proteomic analyses between the wild type and nreABC mutant were performed under anoxic conditions in the absence and presence of nitrate. A reduced expression of virulence factors was not observed in the mutant. However, both the transcription of genes involved in nitrate and nitrite reduction and the accumulation of corresponding proteins were highly decreased in the nreABC mutant, which was unable to utilize nitrate as a respiratory oxidant and, hence, was forced to use fermentative pathways. These data were corroborated by the quantification of the extracellular metabolites lactate and acetate. Using an Escherichia coli-compatible two-plasmid system, the activation of the promoters of the nitrate and nitrite reductase operons and of the putative nitrate/nitrite transporter gene narK by NreBC was confirmed. Overall, our data indicate that NreABC is very likely a specific regulation system that is essential for the transcriptional activation of genes involved in dissimilatory reduction and transport of nitrate and nitrite. The study underscores the importance of NreABC as a fitness factor for S. aureus in anoxic environments.
Natural Gas Leakage Detection: a Deep Learning Framework on IR Video Data (2022)

Undetected gas leakages may result in serious fire and explosion accidents with consequences like injuries among workers and financial losses. Automated leak detectors aimed to catch in time the gas emissions could reduce the incident risks. Several monitoring techniques have been developed over the years, among them the Optical Gas Imaging (OGI) is a widely-used method but it typically requires manual analysis (slow and error-prone). This paper introduces an automated gas leakage detection framework exploiting Infrared video data. A novel Recurrent Neural Network architecture was designed and trained on an ad-hoc collected large-scale dataset. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed framework outperforming the state-of-the-art approaches with an average accuracy of 98%. The robustness of the technique was also validated in different scenarios and with different camera settings.
Symphony: distributed hashing in a small world (2003)

We present Symphony, a novel protocol for maintaining distributed hash tables in a wide area network. The key idea is to arrange all participants along a ring and equip them with long distance contacts drawn from a family of harmonic distributions. Through simulation, we demonstrate that our construction is scalable, flexible, stable in the presence of frequent updates and offers small average latency with only a handful of long distance links per node. The cost of updates when hosts join and leave is small.
Acousticcardiogram: Monitoring Heartbeats using Acoustic Signals on Smart Devices (2018)

Vital signs such as heart rate and heartbeat interval are currently measured by electrocardiograms (ECG) or wearable physiological monitors. These techniques either require contact with the patient's skin or are usually uncomfortable to wear, rendering them too expensive and user-unfriendly for daily monitoring. In this paper, we propose a new noninvasive technology to generate an Acousticcardiogram (ACG) that precisely monitors heartbeats using inaudible acoustic signals. ACG uses only commodity microphones and speakers commonly equipped on ubiquitous off-the-shelf devices, such as smartphones and laptops. By transmitting an acoustic signal and analyzing its reflections off human body, ACG is capable of recognizing the heart rate as well as heartbeat rhythm. We employ frequency-modulated sound signals to separate reflection of heart from that of background motions and breath, and continuously track the phase changes of the acoustic data. To translate these acoustic data into heart and breath rates, we leverage the dual microphone design on COTS mobile devices to suppress direct echo from speaker to microphones, identify heart rate in frequency domain, and adopt an advanced algorithm to extract individual heartbeats. We implement ACG on commercial devices and validate its performance in real environments. Experimental results demonstrate ACG monitors user's heartbeat accurately, with median heart rate estimation error of 0.6 beat per minute (bpm), and median heartbeat interval estimation error of 19 ms.
Preliminary Design Plan for Determining Combustor Configuration of Regenerative-cooled Liquid Rocket Engine (2011)

․ Won Kook Cho*** ․ Woo Seok Seol****ABSTRACT A design plan was proposed for determining combustor configur ation of regenerative- cooled liquid rocket engine in the process of preliminary design. Rocket performance and regenerative cooling results were calculated using the properties of combustion gas estimated in CEA. For required thrust, chamber pressure, atmosphere pressure and propellant mixture ra tio the mass flow rate of propellants and combustor performance were predicted by one-dimensional and experimental correlations. Finally, determinable plan for the contour of combustor were presented t hrough Rao nozzle design method. 초 록 재생냉각식 액체로켓엔진의 예비 설계 단계에서 연소기 형상을 결정하기 위한 설계 방안을 제안하였다. CEA에서 예측된 연소 후 가스 물성치를 이용하여 로켓의 성능 및 재생냉각 성능을 계산하였다. 요구 추력, 연소실 압력, 주위 압력, 추진제 혼합비에 대해 1차원 관계식과 경험식으로 최적 유량과 연소기 성능을 예측하고, Rao 노즐 설계 기법을 활용하여 최종적으로 연소기 형상을 결정할 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다.Key Words: Design Program(설계 프로그램), Combustor(연소기), Liquid Rocket Engine(액체 로켓 엔진), Preliminary Design(예비설계), Regenerative Cooling(재생냉각)
The Preparation of Single Bilayer Liposome by Injection Method and the Effect of Some Additives on the Size Distribution (1985)

Single bilayer liposomes (SUV type) were prepared by the injection method of ethanol solution of egg lecithin. Particle sizes of the liposome were measured at 25°C by submicron particle sizer (Malvern) at intervals of a few days to know effects of several additives such as macrogol, soybean oil and DL-α-tocopheryl acetate, under the conditions that homogeneous and stable liposomes are obtained without additives. The particle size became smaller by the addition of macrogol and the liposome became more stable by the addition of soybean oil. The amount of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate in liposome solutions was found to be very high. The peak value at particle size distribution obtained from particle sizer coincided with that from the transmission electron micrographs.
Genetic risk score for intracranial aneurysms to predict aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and identify associations with patient characteristics (2022)

Abstract Background Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm (IA) causes aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (ASAH). There is no accurate prediction model for IA or ASAH in the general population. Recent discoveries in genetic risk for IA may allow improved risk prediction. Methods We constructed a genetic risk score including genetic association data for IA and 17 traits related to IA (a metaGRS) to predict ASAH incidence and IA presence. The metaGRS was trained in 1,161 IA cases and 407,392 controls in the UK Biobank and validated in combination with risk factors blood pressure, sex, and smoking in 828 IA cases and 68,568 controls from the Nordic HUNT study. We further assessed association between genetic risk load and patient characteristics in a cohort of 5,560 IA patients. Results The hazard ratio for ASAH incidence was 1.34 (95% confidence interval = 1.20-1.51) per SD increase of metaGRS. Concordance index increased from 0.63 [0.59-0.67] to 0.65 [0.62-0.69] upon including the metaGRS on top of clinical risk factors. The odds ratio for prediction of IA presence was 1.09 [95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.18], but did not improve area under the curve. The metaGRS was statistically significantly associated with age at ASAH (β=-4.82×10 −3 per year [-6.49×10 −3 to -3.14×10 −3 ], P=1.82×10 −8 ), and location at the internal carotid artery (OR=0.92 [0.86 to 0.98], P=0.0041). Conclusions The metaGRS was predictive of ASAH incidence with modest added value over clinical risk factors. Genetic risk plays a role in clinical heterogeneity of IA. Additional studies are needed to identify the biological mechanisms underlying this heterogeneity. KEY MESSAGES What is already known on this topic Recent advanced in the understanding of genetic risk for IA opened and opportunity for risk prediction by combining genetic and conventional risk factors. What this study adds Here, we developed a genetic risk score based on genetic association information for IA and 17 related traits. This risk score improved prediction compared to a model including only conventional risk factors. Further, genetic risk was associated with age at ASAH and IA location. How this study might affect research, practice, or policy This study emphasizes the importance of combining conventional and genetic risk factors in prediction of IA. It provides a metric to develop an accurate risk assessment method including conventional and genetic risk factors.
Increasing Prostate Specific Antigen Following Radical Prostatectomy and Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy: Doubling Time Predicts Survival (2006)

This study demonstrates that many patients have slow progression despite increasing PSA following RRP and adjuvant hormonal therapy. Nodal status, cancer grade and PSADT are predictive of sRFS and CSS, and may be a useful means of selecting patients for future adjuvant therapy trials.
Inspection of Offshore Flexible Risers With Electromagnetic and Radiographic Techniques (2002)

Bureau Veritas, CEA and IFP studied the feasibility of on-site inspection of metal layers in the upper part of flexible risers (link between seabed and surface) used by the offshore petroleum industry. The upper part of the flexible pipe is currently the one that is the most subjected to constraints, particularly inside the stiffener. Unexpected events added to operational strain may cause cracking and breaking of these layers. Until now, no device was available to check the integrity of the various layers of the flexible risers. The authors developed electromagnetic and radioscopic techniques to inspect the upper parts of the risers. They determined the possibilities and the limits of these techniques in the detection of breaks. Inside the stiffener, at the end of the riser, the method is intrusive. Outside the stiffener, for the current length of the riser, the method is either intrusive, either non-intrusive. An internal instrumentation carrier was built for laboratory tests and an external carrier was designed for instruments positioning. This last carrier is able to move along the pipe step by step and to rotate the source and the detector around the flexible pipe on more than 360°.
Overview (2020)

Don Juan is Byron’s magnum opus, it is also a masterpiece of European literature. Left unfinished at his death, in total the poem contains sixteen complete cantos, and a fragment of the seventeenth canto consisting of fourteen stanzas. At its most superficial level the poem is concerned with the picaresque adventures of its eponymous hero. As well as being a highly topical public document, Don Juan is a deeply personal and bitter reflection on the failure of Byron’s marriage to Annabelle Milbanke, and an excoriating attack on those who participated on her side in the separation proceedings and attendant scandal in 1816. Don Juan proved to be one of the most contentious poems of the Romantic period and created a storm of protest, especially in regard to its supposed lack of moral probity. Gifford and John Cam Hobhouse, friends of Byron both, advised Murray against publication.
Management of uncertainty in sensor-based diagnostic expert systems (1990)

Diagnosis, in a general sense, is the process of determining the state of a system based on system observables. Diagnosis can be thought of as a mapping process, mapping a set of observables to a set of system states using diagnostic knowledge. This diagnostic knowledge is an inversion of the causal knowledge of the system. In automating the diagnostic process, the diagnostic system must use sensor systems to obtain the system observables. There is uncertainty inherent in diagnosis from sensor information: the observation to state mapping may be non-deterministic, and the sensors themselves are not completely reliable.
We classify diagnostic knowledge into three levels: structural, behavioral and compiled representing, respectively, shallower levels of knowledge about the system. Although compiled knowledge implicitly contains knowledge about structure and behavior, it is the explicit use of knowledge at these deeper levels that delineates structural and behavioral diagnostic knowledge systems. Each of the three levels of system knowledge have strengths and weaknesses when used for diagnosis, and each must deal with the uncertain information with the observables upon which the diagnosis is made, often in differing ways.
A general methodology for the integration of these levels in diagnostic reasoning is presented, and techniques for the management of uncertainties associated with these levels are developed. The application of these methodologies to the real-time diagnosis of a large scale, complex experimental nuclear physics detector is described. This system operates in phases to perform the diagnosis. The first phase is monitoring, using standard statistical techniques. The second phase of the diagnosis uses a structural map to produce a set of suspect components. The third phase of diagnosis uses both the structural map and a qualitative behavioral data model to continuously map from feature value to failure hypothesis belief. The result is a diagnostic system that extracts increasingly more information from the data to perform an increasingly more detailed diagnosis. The methodology would be applicable to a broad range of real-time machine or process monitoring, diagnostic and control problems.
Helical Aggregation of Cyanine Dyes on DNA Templates:  Effect of Dye Structure on Formation of Homo- and Heteroaggregates (2002)

UV−visible and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic experiments were used to characterize DNA-templated helical aggregates formed from a variety of symmetrical, cationic cyanine dyes. Two types of electronic couplings can be observed in these aggregates: face-to-face interactions between dye monomers and end-to-end interactions between dye dimers. The face-to-face interactions yield approximately 4-fold stronger couplings due to greater orbital overlap. Variation of the heterocyclic groups on the dye reveals that aggregation on DNA follows the following trend: quinoline > benzothiazole > benzoxazole > dimethylindole. This trend follows the tendency of these dyes to aggregate in aqueous solution. Within the benzothiazole class of dyes, a dicarbocyanine dye (pentamethine bridge) aggregates much more readily than the carbocyanine (trimethine bridge) analogue. However, a tricarbocyanine dye (heptamethine bridge) aggregates less readily than the dicarbocyanine, in contrast to their relative tendency to aggregate in water. In addition, heteroaggregates in which two different dyes associate cofacially on the DNA template can be synthesized.
Light scattering measurements of the repetitive supersonic implosion of a sonoluminescing bubble (1992)

Light scattering is used to measure the dynamics of the repetitive collapse of a sonoluminescing bubble of gas trapped in water. It is found that the surface of the bubble is collapsing with a supersonic velocity at about the time of light emission which in turn precedes the minimum bubble radius by about 0.03% of the period of the acoustic drive. These observations suggest that the shedding of an imploding shock mediates between the bubble collapse and light emission.