gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Real time optimization of solar powered direct contact membrane distillation based on multivariable extremum seeking (2015)

This paper presents a real time optimization scheme for a solar powered direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) water desalination system. The sun and weather conditions vary and are inconsistent throughout the day. Therefore, the solar powered DCMD feed inlet temperature is never constant, which influences the distilled water flux. The problem of DCMD process optimization has not been studied enough. In this work, the response of the process under various feed inlet temperatures is investigated, which demonstrates the need for an optimal controller. To address this issue, we propose a multivariable Newton-based extremum seeking controller which optimizes the inlet feed and permeate mass flow rates as the feed inlet temperature varies. Results are presented and discussed for a realistic temperature profile.
Selective Mono-C-methylations of Arylacetonitriles and Arylacetates with Dimethylcarbonate:  A Mechanistic Investigation (2002)

The very high mono-C-methylation selectivity (>99%) of arylacetic acid derivatives (ArCH2X; X = CN, CO2Me) with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is due to a mechanism that involves consecutive methoxycarbonylation, methylation, and demethoxycarbonylation steps. Important aspects of this mechanism are clarified herein by a kinetic investigation. In the case of arylacetonitriles, at 140 degrees C, the comparison of the rate constants of model reactions involving 2-phenyl propionitrile, phenylacetonitrile, 2-methoxycarbonylphenylacetonitrile, and 2-methyl-2-methoxy carbonylphenyl acetonitrile (compounds 1a-4a, respectively) with DMC indicates that the methylation process is the fastest and the irreversible step, which drives the overall reaction to completion. The situation is reversed for arylacetic esters, where the methylation is more difficult than the demethoxycarbonylation reaction; therefore, a higher reaction temperature is required.
THERANOSTICS: From Molecular Imaging Using Ga-68 Labeled Tracers and PET/CT to Personalized Radionuclide Therapy - The Bad Berka Experience (2012)

The acronym THERANOSTICS epitomizes the inseparability of diagnosis and therapy, the pillars of medicine and takes into account personalized management of disease for a specific patient. Molecular phenotypes of neoplasms can be determined by molecular imaging with specific probes using positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or optical methods, so that the treatment is specifically targeted against the tumor and its environment. To meet these demands, we need to define the targets, ligands, coupling and labeling chemistry, the most appropriate radionuclides, biodistribution modifiers, and finally select the right patients for the personalized treatment. THERANOSTICS of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) using Ga-68 labeled tracers for diagnostics with positron emission tomography/ computed tomography (PET/CT), and using Lu-177 or other metallic radionuclides for radionuclide therapy by applying the same peptide proves that personalized radionuclide therapy today is already a fact and not a fiction.
A small protein probe for correlated microscopy of endogenous proteins (2018)

Probes are essential to visualize proteins in their cellular environment, both using light microscopy as well as electron microscopy (EM). Correlated light microscopy and electron microscopy (CLEM) requires probes that can be imaged simultaneously by both optical and electron-dense signals. Existing combinatorial probes often have impaired efficiency, need ectopic expression as a fusion protein, or do not target endogenous proteins. Here, we present FLIPPER-bodies to label endogenous proteins for CLEM. Fluorescent Indicator and Peroxidase for Precipitation with EM Resolution (FLIPPER), the combination of a fluorescent protein and a peroxidase, is fused to a nanobody against a target of interest. The modular nature of these probes allows an easy exchange of components to change its target or color. A general FLIPPER-body targeting GFP highlights histone2B-GFP both in fluorescence and in EM. Similarly, endogenous EGF receptors and HER2 are visualized at nm-scale resolution in ultrastructural context. The small and flexible FLIPPER-body outperforms IgG-based immuno-labeling, likely by better reaching the epitopes. Given the modular domains and possibilities of nanobody generation for other targets, FLIPPER-bodies have high potential to become a universal tool to identify proteins in immuno-CLEM with increased sensitivity compared to current approaches.
Anti-Staphylococcal Biofilm Effects of Human Cathelicidin Peptides (2015)

Staphylococcus aureus can live together in the form of biofilms to avoid elimination by the host. Thus, a useful strategy to counteract bacterial biofilms is to re-engineer human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 so that it can be used as a remedy for preventing and removing biofilms. This study reports antibiofilm effects of four human cathelicidin LL-37 peptides against community-associated and hospital isolated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Although the intact molecule LL-37 inhibited biofilm formation at low concentrations, it did not inhibit bacterial attachment nor disrupt preformed biofilms. However, two 17-residue peptides, GF-17 and 17BIPHE2, inhibited bacterial attachment, biofilm growth, and disrupted established biofilms. An inactive peptide RI-10 was used as a negative control. Our results obtained using the S. aureus mutants in a static biofilm model are consistent with the literature obtained in a flow cell biofilm model. Because 17BIPHE2 is the most effective biofilm disruptor with desired stability to proteases, it is a promising lead for developing new anti-MRSA biofilm agents.
Alpha stable human visual system models for digital halftoning (2006)

Human visual system (HVS) modeling has become a critical component in the design of digital halftoning algorithms. Methods that exploit the characteristics of the HVS include the direct binary search (DBS) and optimized tone-dependent halftoning approaches. The spatial sensitivity of the HVS is lowpass in nature, reflecting the physiological characteristics of the eye. Several HVS models have been proposed in the literature, among them, the broadly used Nasanen's exponential model. As shown experimentally by Kim and Allebach,<sup>1</sup> Nasanen's model is constrained in shape and richer models are needed in order to attain better halftone attributes and to control the appearance of undesired patterns. As an alternative, they proposed a class of HVS models based on mixtures of bivariate Gaussian density functions. The mathematical characteristics of the HVS model thus play a key role in the synthesis of model-based halftoning. In this work, alpha stable functions, an elegant class of models richer than mixed Gaussians, are exploited. These are more efficient than Gaussian mixtures as they use less parameters to characterize the tails and bandwidth of the model. It is shown that a decrease in the model's bandwidth leads to homogeneous halftone patterns and conversely, models with heavier tails yield smoother textures. These characteristics, added to their simplicity, make alpha stable models a powerful tool for HVS characterization.
Seroprevalencia de Toxoplasma gondii y factores de riesgo asociados en operarios de una planta de beneficio animal del Bío-Bío, Chile (2017)

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by &lt;em&gt;Toxoplasma gondii&lt;/em&gt;, a protozoan whose definitive hosts are cats, among them domestic cat, which can transmit the infection to humans. In Chile, there are no published studies on seroprevalence in people with occupational risk. Thus, this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of &lt;em&gt;Toxoplasma gondii&lt;/em&gt; and associated risk factors in operators of a slaughter plant in Bío-Bío (Chile). Serum samples from 39 operators were collected and studied by chemiluminescence analysis in order to detect IgG and IgM antibodies, with a sensitivity and specificity of 93 and 96%, respectively. An epidemiological survey was conducted and odds ratio was calculated for the analysis of the variables of hygiene, food, and exposure. Evidence showed that 24 individuals had IgG antibodies for an apparent seroprevalence of 61.5%, while this was 0% for IgM. In addition, the highest seropositivity was observed in operators who did not use masks (64%) and did not disinfect the working material (100%), as well as in those who consumed undercooked meat (62.5%). Regarding exposure time, 72.7% was obtained for the group of more than 10 years, and 62.2% of seropositivity was found in those exposed between four and seven days a week. There were no significant differences for any of the analyzed variables (p &gt; 0.05). The study concludes that there is a high seroprevalence of &lt;em&gt;Toxoplasma gondii&lt;/em&gt; in workers with occupational risk at the Bío-Bío slaughter plant.
Management of Ischaemic Heart Disease in Diabetic Patients - Is there a Role for Cardiac Metabolic Agents? (2001)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with cardiovascular disease as well as in patients without any previous history of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). The management of IHD in diabetic patients remains a difficult challenge. However, some of these treatments are not as effective or well-tolerated in diabetic patients as in non-diabetic patients. An important effect of diabetes, that in turn influences cardiac function, is the switch from carbohydrate oxidation to free fatty acid and ketone oxidation. The correction of the alterations to cardiac metabolism associated with DM may represent a new approach to the management of IHD in these patients. Results obtained in anginal patients with the metabolic agent trimetazidine and in infarcted patients with glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) are consistent with this hypothesis.
Theory and Applications of Information-Based Complexity (2018)

Information-based complexity (IBC) studies the complexity of infinite-dimensional continuous problems. It is a branch of computational complexity which studies the minimal computer resources needed to solve mathematically posed problems. A number of researchers have commented on the relation between science and computation. Although the following quotations are primarily about the foundations of physics, the same relation holds for other sciences. The chapter describes IBC with two other branches of computational complexity. Blum, Shub, and Smale have studied the complexity of continuous problems defined by a finite number of parameters. The chapter discusses whether noncomputability and intractability can be broken using randomization or the average-case setting and pose four open problems. It reports on the application of IBC to ill-posed problems, partial differential equations, and integral equations. The chapter shows how number theory results were used to obtain the average case complexity of multivariate integration. It explores the complexity results of Werschulz for linear elliptic differential equations.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF A DINITROGEN COMPLEX OF BIS(PENTAMETHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL)ZIRCONIUM(II), ISOLATION AND PROTONATION LEADING TO STOICHIOMETRIC REDUCTION OF DINITROGEN TO HYDRAZINE (1974)

Abstract Das aus Pentamethylcyclopentadien und Butyllithium erhaltene Produkt (I) reagiert in situ mit ZrCl 4 zum Zirkonocenderivat (II), dessen Reduktion mit Na‐Amalgam im Überschuß in Toluol unter Stickstoff den Distickstoff‐Komplex (III) liefert.
Upper bound on gluino mass from thermal leptogenesis (2003)

Thermal leptogenesis requires the reheating temperature TR≳3×109 GeV, which contradicts a recently obtained constraint on the reheating temperature, TR≲106 GeV, for the gravitino mass of 100 GeV–10 TeV. This stringent constraint comes from the fact that the hadronic decays of gravitinos destroy very efficiently light elements produced by the Big Bang nucleosynthesis. However, it is not applicable if the gravitino is the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP). We show that this solution to the gravitino problem works for the case where the next LSP is a scalar charged lepton or a scalar neutrino. We point out that there is an upper bound on the gluino mass as mgluino≲1.8 TeV so that the energy density of gravitino does not exceed the observed dark matter density ΩDMh2≃0.11.
Noninvasive Ventilation for Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (1995)

In selected patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, noninvasive ventilation can reduce the need for endotracheal intubation, the length of the hospital stay, and the in-hospital mortality rate.
Description of Klebsiella spallanzanii sp. nov. and of Klebsiella pasteurii sp. nov (2019)

Abstract Klebsiella oxytoca causes opportunistic human infections and post-antibiotic haemorrhagic diarrhoea. This Enterobacteriaceae species is genetically heterogeneous and is currently subdivided into seven phylogroups (Ko1 to Ko4, Ko6 to Ko8). Here we investigated the taxonomic status of phylogroups Ko3 and Ko4. Genomic sequence-based phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that Ko3 and Ko4 formed well-defined sequence clusters related to, but distinct from, Klebsiella michiganensis (Ko1), Klebsiella oxytoca (Ko2), K. huaxiensis (Ko8) and K. grimontii (Ko6). The average nucleotide identity of Ko3 and Ko4 were 90.7% with K. huaxiensis and 95.5% with K. grimontii , respectively. In addition, three strains of K. huaxiensis , a species so far described based on a single strain from a urinary tract infection patient in China, were isolated from cattle and human faeces. Biochemical and MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry analysis allowed differentiating Ko3, Ko4 and Ko8 from the other K. oxytoca species. Based on these results, we propose the names Klebsiella spallanzanii for the Ko3 phylogroup, with SPARK_775_C1 T (CIP 111695 T , DSM 109531 T ) as type strain, and Klebsiella pasteurii for Ko4, with SPARK_836_C1 T (CIP 111696 T , DSM 109530 T ) as type strain. Strains of K. spallanzanii were isolated from human urine, cow faeces and farm surfaces, while strains of K. pasteurii were found in faecal carriage from humans, cows and turtles. Accession numbers The nucleotide sequences generated in this study were deposited in ENA and are available through the INSDC databases under accession numbers MN091365 (SB6411 T = SPARK775C1 T ), MN091366 (SB6412 T = SPARK836C1 T ) and MN104661 to MN104677 (16S rRNA), MN076606 to MN076643 ( gyrA and rpoB ), and MN030558 to MN030567 ( bla OXY ). Complete genomic sequences were submitted to European Nucleotide Archive under the BioProject number PRJEB15325. Abbreviations ANI, average nucleotide identity; HCCA, a-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid; isDDH, in silico DNA-DNA hybridization; SCAI, Simmons citrate agar with inositol; MALDI57 ToF MS: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
Acoustic Denial of Service Attacks on HDDs (2017)

Among storage components, hard disk drives (HDDs) have become the most commonly-used type of non-volatile storage due to their recent technological advances, including, enhanced energy efficacy and significantly-improved areal density. Such advances in HDDs have made them an inevitable part of numerous computing systems, including, personal computers, closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems, medical bedside monitors, and automated teller machines (ATMs). Despite the widespread use of HDDs and their critical role in real-world systems, there exist only a few research studies on the security of HDDs. In particular, prior research studies have discussed how HDDs can potentially leak critical private information through acoustic or electromagnetic emanations. Borrowing theoretical principles from acoustics and mechanics, we propose a novel denial-of-service (DoS) attack against HDDs that exploits a physical phenomenon, known as acoustic resonance. We perform a comprehensive examination of physical characteristics of several HDDs and create acoustic signals that cause significant vibrations in HDD's internal components. We demonstrate that such vibrations can negatively influence the performance of HDDs embedded in real-world systems. We show the feasibility of the proposed attack in two real-world case studies, namely, personal computers and CCTVs.
Analyses of the Association between Discourse Relation and Sentiment Polarity with a Chinese Human-Annotated Corpus (2013)

Discourse relation may entail sentiment information. In this work, we annotate both discourse relation and sentiment information on a moderate-sized Chinese corpus extracted from the ClueWeb09. Based on the annotation, we investigate the association between the relation type and the sentiment polarity in Chinese and interpret the data from various aspects. Finally, we highlight some language phenomena and give some remarks. 1
Collection and Detection of Airborne Microorganisms by Combining Electrostatic Precipitation With IR Spectroscopy (2010)

A novel reagentless system for detecting airborne microorganisms and biowarfare agents is proposed (patent pending) in this paper. The system is capable of collecting and concentrating airborne agents using electrostatic precipitation (ESP), and presenting the sample to an IR spectrometer for detection. The ESP collector module is designed to provide high collection efficiencies while optimizing optical throughput matching with the concentrated sample to achieve very low detection limits. Specifically, our study shows that by measuring the amide I absorption band at 1650 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> that is associated with bacterial spores, the ESP-IR collection and detection system would be capable of detecting approximately 8300 spores/l in 10 min.
High-speed and efficient control of refractive index change of fused silica by multiwavelength excitation process using F 2 and KrF excimer lasers (2003)

A multiwavelength excitation process using F<sub>2</sub> and KrF excimer lasers for high-efficiency and high-speed refractive index modification of fused silica is demonstrated. We find that this process is essentially superior to conventional single-wavelength F<sub>2</sub> laser processing. The multiwavelength excitation process achieves twice of diffraction efficiency compared with that of single-wavelength F<sub>2</sub> laser irradiation sample at the same number of total photons supplied to the sample. This high-speed and high-efficiency modification is realized within &plusmn;50 ns of the delay time of each laser beam irradiation. In addition, the refractive index change of the multiwavelength sample was increased to 8.2×10<sup>-3</sup>, which is 1.78 times larger than that of single-wavelength F<sub>2</sub> laser irradiation sample at same irradiation time. This superiority of the wavelength excitation process is attributed to resonance photoionization-like process based on excited state absorption in fused silica.
Real-time assessment of in vivo renal ischemia using laser autofluorescence imaging (2005)

Potentially transplantable kidneys experience warm ischemia, and this injury is difficult to quantify. We investigate optical spectroscopic methods for evaluating, in real time, warm ischemic kidney injury and reperfusion. Vascular pedicles of rat kidneys are clamped unilaterally for 18 or 85 min, followed by 18 or 35 min of reperfusion, respectively. Contralateral, uninjured kidneys serve as controls. Autofluorescence and cross-polarized light scattering images are acquired every 15 s using 335-nm laser excitation (autofluorescence) and 650+/-20-nm linearly polarized illumination (light scattering). We analyze changes of injured-to-normal kidney autofluorescence intensity ratios during ischemia and reperfusion phases. The effect of excitation with 260 nm is also explored. Average injured-to-normal intensity ratios under 335-nm excitation decrease from 1.0 to 0.78 at 18 min of ischemia, with a return to baseline during 18 min of reperfusion. However, during 85 min of warm ischemia, average intensity ratios level off at 0.65 after 50 min, with no significant change during 35 min of reperfusion. 260-nm excitation results in no autofluorescence changes with ischemia. Cross-polarized light scattering images at 650 nm suggest that changes in hemoglobin absorption are not related to observed temporal behavior of the autofluorescence signal. Real-time detection of kidney tissue changes associated with warm ischemia and reperfusion using laser spectroscopy is feasible. Normalizing autofluorescence changes under 335 nm using the autofluorescence measured under 260-nm excitation may eliminate the need for a control kidney.
Supporting access control policies across multiple operating systems (2005)

The evaluation of computer systems has been an important issue for many years, as evidenced by the introduction of industry evaluation guides such as the Rainbow Books and the more recent Common Criteria for IT Security Evaluation. As organizations depend on the Internet for their daily operations, the need for evaluation is even more apparent due to new security risks. It is not uncommon for large organizations to evaluate different systems, such as operating systems, to identify which would best fit their security policy. Each system would undoubtedly use different methods to represent access control policies. The security policy would therefore need to be translated into specific access control policies that each system understands, which is challenging when large and complex systems are involved. In this paper, we focus on the evaluation of operating systems. We describe Chameleos, a policy specification language that is designed to specify the access control policies of multiple operating systems. The strength of Chameleos is its flexibility to cater to many operating systems, while remaining sufficiently extensible to support the specific features of each system. We describe the design and architecture of Chameleos, and demonstrate that Chameleos can flexibly and effectively represent the access control policies of grsecurity and SELinux - two very different systems.
Characterization of starting minerals to be used in kinetic experiments (2014)

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is expanding the geochemical for kinetic database for minerals identified in EGS shear stimulation zones to 300°C. In this report we present characterization data for select fracture filling minerals prior to reaction at elevated temperature. We have measured the surface area, chemical composition and crystal structure for illite, phologopite, and biotite. We are currently purchasing smectite from a different source because our initial source proved to be of poor quality. The minerals were ground and mechanically sieved and separated into the desired size fraction (150-250 µm). In keeping with previously published geochemical experimental work on similar layered silicates (e.g., Sass et al., 1987; Kohler et al., 2003), this size fraction was further treated with an acid wash to remove potential carbonate impurities (Zavarin et al., 2012). The mineral separates were then dried and re-sieved, and stored for further characterization analysis and kinetic experimentation.