gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diffusion barriers for CdS/CdTe Solar cells fabricated on flexible substrates (2013)

Thin film CdS/CdTe solar cells of the substrate configuration have been fabricated on stainless steel substrates. Impurities diffusing from the substrate to the film during fabrication were detrimental to the performance of the cells. SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> , and Mo <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> (molybdenum nitride) diffusion barriers were used in order to study the effect of these barriers on cell performance. The results suggest that cell performance improves with the use of these barriers. Mo <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> resulted in the best performance solar cells. A critical step for high efficiency CdTe solar cells is the cadmium chloride heat treatment (CdCl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -HT). Different conditions of the CdCl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -HT were studied in order to optimize the parameters for the treatment of the substrate solar cells.
Microstrip fixture for testing thin magnetic films (2006)

Electromagnetic characterization of thin magnetic films is a challenging task. This paper proposes a new device to test magnetic materials developed for use at microwave frequencies and deposited by the Maskless Mesoscale Material Deposition (M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> Dtrade) or other processes. This new type of test fixture is compatible with M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> Dtrade deposition requirements, simple to use, and provides a simple inexpensive test for the magnetic properties of thin films independently from their electrical properties in certain circumstances
Downregulation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in the placentas of women with preeclampsia (2000)

In placentas of women with preeclampsia or HELLP syndrome, a Rac1-Jun aminoterminal kinase-c-Jun-dependent signal transduction pathway was downregulated.
Pulse current trimming of polysilicon resistors (1995)

The practical application of pulse current trimming of polysilicon resistors has been investigated and successfully implemented in large scale integrated circuit production. In-package pulse current trimming of heavily doped polysilicon resistors allows precise control of the final resistor value and can effectively compensate for process variation in polysilicon sheet resistance. The technique requires no additional process complexity, is layout efficient, remarkably accurate, and is quick and inexpensive from a test perspective. Resistance reduction occurring during the trim process is shown to be reversible to a small, but usable, extent for n-type polysilicon. Thermal modeling of the resistor trim process shows that the peak temperature reached within the polysilicon film must exceed the highest temperature encountered during wafer fabrication before any permanent resistance change occurs. As the resistor is further trimmed, the film temperature approaches the melting point of silicon.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Telepathology and Teleradiology Network in Croatia (2000)

Telepathology as a demanding branch of telemedicine poses a real challenge to experts. The introduction of telepathology in underprivileged countries with poor infrastructure and low health-care budget is a difficult task. On the other hand these countries would mostly benefit by introducing telemedicine/telepathology. In our experience it is possible to build an efficient telepathology/teleradiology network using analogue telephone links and still image transmission, and a store and forward mode of operation. This experience is based on the application of telepathology in Croatia for seven years leading to a national teleradiology network. In this paper the ideas, development and software solutions in the process of establishing a national telepathology and teleradiology network are highlighted.
Sources of pulsed low-energy electron beams and soft X-rays based on liquid-metal explosive-emission cathodes (2002)

The paper describes a pulsed electron beam source with a liquid-metal cathode operating in the explosive electron emission mode. The operating voltage range of the source is 10-40 kV. The operating frequency of the cathode is up to 1500 Hz. The device can be used as a point electron source in various electronic tubes and as an element of a multiemitter electron source producing a large-cross-section electron flow.
Style Normalization and Restitution for Domain Generalization and Adaptation (2021)

For many practical computer vision applications, the learned models usually have high performance on the datasets used for training but suffer from significant performance degradation when deployed in new environments, where there are usually style differences between the training images and the testing images. An effective domain generalizable model is expected to be able to learn feature representations that are both generalizable and discriminative. In this paper, we design a novel Style Normalization and Restitution module (SNR) to simultaneously ensure both high generalization and discrimination capability of the networks. In the SNR module, particularly, we filter out the style variations (e.g, illumination, color contrast) by performing Instance Normalization (IN) to obtain style normalized features, where the discrepancy among different samples and domains is reduced. However, such a process is task-ignorant and inevitably removes some task-relevant discriminative information, which could hurt the performance. To remedy this, we propose to distill task-relevant discriminative features from the residual (i.e, the difference between the original feature and the style normalized feature) and add them back to the network to ensure high discrimination. Moreover, for better disentanglement, we enforce a dual causality loss constraint in the restitution step to encourage the better separation of task-relevant and task-irrelevant features. We validate the effectiveness of our SNR on different computer vision tasks, including classification, semantic segmentation, and object detection. Experiments demonstrate that our SNR module is capable of improving the performance of networks for domain generalization (DG) and unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) on many tasks. Code are available at https://github.com/microsoft/SNR.
Conceptualizing a quality of life framework for girls with Rett syndrome using qualitative methods (2015)

Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder mainly affecting females and associated with a mutation on the MECP2 gene. There has been no systematic evaluation of the domains of quality of life (QOL) in Rett syndrome. The aims of this study were to explore QOL in school-aged children with Rett syndrome and compare domains with those identified in other available QOL scales. The sample comprised 21 families registered with the Australian Rett Syndrome Database whose daughter with Rett syndrome was aged 6-18 years. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with each parent caregiver (19 mothers, 2 fathers) to investigate aspects of their daughter's life that were satisfying or challenging to her. Qualitative thematic analysis using a grounded theory framework was conducted, and emerging domains compared with those in two generic and three disability parent-report child QOL measures. Ten domains were identified: physical health, body pain, and discomfort, behavioral and emotional well-being, communication skills, movement and mobility, social connectedness, variety of activities, provision of targeted services, stability of daily routines, and the natural environment. The two latter domains were newly identified and each domain contained elements not represented in the comparison measures. Our data articulated important aspects of life beyond the genetic diagnosis. Existing QOL scales for children in the general population or with other disabilities did not capture the QOL of children with Rett syndrome. Our findings support the construction of a new parent-report measure to enable measurement of QOL in this group.
Mid-Air Tactile Feedback Co-Located With Virtual Touchscreen Improves Dual-Task Performance (2020)

The use of haptic technology has recently become essential in Human-Computer Interaction to improve performance and user experience. Mid-air tactile feedback co-located with virtual touchscreen displays have a great potential to improve the performance in dual-task situations, such as when using a phone while walking or driving. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of augmenting virtual touchscreen with mid-air tactile feedback to improve dual-task performance where the primary task is driving in a simulation environment and the secondary task involves interacting with a virtual touchscreen. Performance metrics included primary task performance in terms of velocity error, deviation from the middle of the road, number of collisions, and the number of off-road glances, secondary task performance including the interaction time and the reach time, and quality of user experience for perceived difficulty and satisfaction. Results demonstrate that adding mid-air tactile feedback to virtual touchscreen resulted in statistically significant improvement in the primary task performance (the average speed error, spatial deviation, and the number of off-road glances), the secondary task (reach time), and the perceived difficulty. These results provide a great motivation for augmenting virtual touchscreens with mid-air tactile feedback in dual-task human-computer interaction applications.
Hidden Epidemic of Macrolide-resistant Pneumococci (2005)

Community-acquired respiratory tract infections (RTIs) account for a substantial proportion of outpatient antimicrobial drug prescriptions worldwide. Concern over the emergence of multidrug resistance in pneumococci has largely been focused on penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Macrolide antimicrobial drugs have been widely used to empirically treat community-acquired RTIs because of their efficacy in treating both common and atypical respiratory pathogens, including S. pneumoniae. However, increased macrolide use has been associated with a global increase in pneumococcal resistance, which is leading to concern over the continued clinical efficacy of the macrolides to treat community-acquired RTIs. We provide an overview of macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae and assess the impact of this resistance on the empiric treatment of community-acquired RTIs.
Inside Cover: Synthesis, Inhibition Potency, Binding Mode, and Antiprotozoal Activities of Fluorescent Inhibitors of Trypanothione Reductase Based on Mepacrine‐Conjugated Diaryl Sulfide Scaffolds (ChemMedChem 12/2009) (2009)

The inside cover picture shows a modeled structure of a novel competitive inhibitor of trypanothione reductase (TR) in the active site of the enzyme. TR is unique to trypanosomatid parasites and a target for lead discovery programs. The parasites depicted show the high accumulation of the fluorescent inhibitors in T. b. rhodesiense. For more details, see the Full Paper by F. Diederich et al. on p. 2034 ff.
Optical and mechanical system design for free-space digital optics (1991)

Practical free-space photonic switches and optical processors require the development of high performance optical and optomechanical systems. 1 Desirable attributes include low costs, compact size, ease of alignment, high mechanical and thermal stability, low component count, low wavefront aberration, high optical throughput, modularity for maintenance and repair, and low signal nonuniformity. 2 We present an optical and optomechanical system design that addresses these goals. We have demonstrated the cascaded operation of two 64 × 32 arrays of S-SEEDs, providing 4096 optical interconnections between the two arrays. This compact (9 × 13 in.) and stable system is used in implementing of a fully interconnected six-stage banyan network.
Role of Financial Inclusion in the Development of Indian Economy (2014)

Mobilization and circulation of finance is the primary requirement of development of an economy.Achieving inclusive growth makes financial inclusion a key policy concern for a developing nation like India.The basic objective of the study is to analyse the effect of financial inclusion in the growth of Indian economy and the initiatives taken by the banking institution in India to attain inclusive growth.The Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India have been making concerted efforts to promote financial inclusion as one of the important national objectives of the country.This paper attempts to assess the current status of financial inclusion on the development of Indian economy by analyzing five state bank group and five private sector banks.Bank growth rate in terms of number of bank branches, offsite and onsite ATM,usage of debit card and credit cards were analysed.It was observed from the study that the usage of debit card has increased tremendously throughout the study period and banks focused more on rural and semi-urban areas.But still it is disheartening to note that the number of people with access to the products and services offered by the banking system continues to be very limited, even years after introduction of inclusive banking initiatives in the country,like cooperative movement, nationalization of banks, creation of regional rural banks,etc.From this it can be concluded that the financial inclusion contribute much to the development of Indian economy and there is further scope for achieving inclusive growth.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Synthesis of α‐Methylene‐γ‐lactones via Organotin Reagents. (1987)

Abstract Reaction of the 2‐ethoxycarbonylallylstannane (I) with the aldehydes (II) in the presence of boron fluoride yields the γ‐hydroxyacrylates (III).
The Effect of Cycling Through a Projection-Based Virtual Environment System on Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2019)

Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to help clinical medicine manage generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). However, patients with GAD who use traditional head-mounted VR to cycle may cause them to feel motion sickness and fatigue. To solve this problem, a projection-based virtual environment (VE) system was built to provide GAD patients with a sense of immersion while they are cycling. This projection-based VE system allows patients with GAD to interact with the virtual environment and produce experiences similar to cycling in the outdoors. Sixty GAD patients met several screening criteria and were selected as participants. All participants were randomly assigned to one of the two 20-min conditions: (1) Observing watercolor paintings projected by the projector while engaged in cycling with a stationary bicycle; or (2) observing the scenes (i.e., forest or park) projected by the VE system and engaging in cycling with a stationary bicycle. Finally, this study confirmed that patients with GAD in the projection-based VE group exhibited higher alpha values and lower galvanic skin responses (GSR) after cycling than those cycling in the control group. These results showed that cycling in the projection-based VE group allowed the patient with GAD to achieve higher exercise intensity and lower perceived emotional stress.
Mobilitet, Kompleksitet og dynamiske web-spørgeskemaer (2004)

Temaet for denne artikel er, hvordan man ved at benytte et dynamisk designet websporgeskema i mobilitetsanalyser kan reducere kompleksiteten for de involverede forskere og respondenter. I artiklen viser vi saledes, at nar forskningsomradet retter sig mod at analysere international arbejdsmobilitet i forhold til mobilitetsadfaerd og betydningsmonstre, kan det dynamiske web-sporgeskema medvirke til at reducere kompleksiteten bade i forhold til respondentens indtastninger, og de data forskeren efterfolgende skal behandlede. Samtidig vises det, at metoden har en raekke fordele, nar det gaelder om at kortlaegge hoj-mobile medarbejderes bevaegelsesmonstre, da disse ofte er vaek fra deres ’normale arbejdsplads’ og vanskeligt lader sig indfange via et traditionelt postomdelt sporgeskema. Afslutningsvis diskuteres, hvordan anden generation af elektronisk baserede sporgeskemaer yderlig kan medvirke til at styrke dataindsamlingen, nar det gaelder om at kortlaegge hoj-mobile individers bevaegelsesmonstre.
Scientific Publishing [Editor's Corner] (2010)

An important part of life for those of us who are students or academics is scientific publishing. Our field is served by a number of high-quality journals in addition to magazines. Although there is some rivalry between these publications, we are united by a common concern about the quality of scholarship in our community.
A New Method for Testing Pricing Decisions (1964)

All business executives agree that pricing decisions are important. But far too many do not fully associate THE pricing decision and absolute dollar profitability. Here is a description of a special technique for measuring relationships between alternative prices and demand.
Étude dans le domaine temporel de la propagation d'ondes élastiques en milieux stratifiés : modélisation de la réponse du thorax à un impact (2003)

L'objectif de ce travail est de caracteriser, sur le plan theorique, la reponse du thorax soumis a un chargement mecanique tres court (d'une duree de l'ordre de 100 microsecondes. Le thorax est modelise par un milieu stratifie elastique. La reponse a un chargement ponctuel dynamique est obtenue avec la methode de Cagniard-de Hoop qui fournit des solutions analytiques exactes dans le domaine temporel. La methode et sa mise en oeuvre pour un probleme 3-D sont detaillees. Le manuscrit rassemble des developpements theoriques connexes a la methode et des exemples d'application originaux. Les resultats concernent i) l'influence des proprietes de l'interface paroi thoracique-poumon sur la propagation des ondes; et ii) l'influence de la duree du chargement sur la reponse du thorax. Par ailleurs, la reponse a un choc realiste resultant de l'arret d'un projectile par un gilet pare-balles est etudiee avec la methode des elements finis.
Victorian Political Culture: ‘Habits of Heart and Mind’, by Angus Hawkins (2017)

In an effort to revive interest in nineteenth-century politics, Angus Hawkins’s splendidly eclectic new book offers a veritable ‘grand tour’ of Victorian political culture. Once a popular area of study, it has fallen upon hard times in recent years, struggling for attention among other more seductive subjects, although, as Hawkins’s abundant footnotes make clear, important work has been steadily produced without fuss. Only histories of ‘political culture’—such as those by James Vernon, Jon Lawrence and Frank Trentmann—have seemed capable of generating wider enthusiasm. While these works tend to focus on popular politics, Hawkins’s background is in high politics, and his book is more geared towards established institutions and processes. Free of theoretical razzmatazz, it defines ‘political culture’ simply and sensibly as ‘the varied and shifting beliefs, values, and attitudes of those throughout society, both governors and governed, which informed the understanding of power, status, and authority’. Notably charitable to other scholars, it offers the best overview of recent constitutional, parliamentary and electoral historiography (not to mention intellectual history), but it would be wrong to see this solely as a synthetic venture—Hawkins wants to craft a new interpretation for thinking about the politics of the century as a whole.
Differential Expression of Matrix Metalloproteases in Human Fibroblasts with Different Origins (2012)

Fibroblasts are widely distributed cells and are responsible for the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components but also secrete ECM-degrading matrix metalloproteases. A finely balanced equilibrium between deposition and degradation of ECM is essential for structural integrity of tissues. In the past, fibroblasts have typically been understood as a uniform cell population with comparable functions regardless of their origin. Here, we determined growth curves of fibroblasts derived from heart, skin, and lung and clearly show the lowest proliferation rate for cardiac fibroblasts. Furthermore, we examined basal expression levels of collagen and different MMPs in these three types of fibroblasts and compared these concerning their site of origin. Interestingly, we found major differences in basal mRNA expression especially for MMP1 and MMP3. Moreover, we treated fibroblasts with TNF-α and observed different alterations under these proinflammatory conditions. In conclusion, fibroblasts show different properties in proliferation and MMP expression regarding their originated tissue.
Multi‐Input/Multi‐Output Molecular Response System Based on the Dynamic Redox Behavior of 3,3,4,4‐Tetraaryldihydro[5]helicene Derivatives: Reversible Formation/Destruction of Chiral Fluorophore and Modulation of Chiroptical Properties by Solvent Polarity (2009)

3,3,4,4-Tetaaryldihydro[5]helicenes (1) and 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diylbis(diarylcarbenium)s (2(2+)) can be reversibly interconverted upon electron transfer, which is accompanied by a vivid color change (electrochromism) as well as by the formation/cleavage of a C-C bond ("dynamic redox behavior"). Because only the neutral donor 1 exhibits strong fluorescence, electrochemical input can further modify the fluorescent properties of the pair. Due to the configurational stability of the helicity in 1 and axial chirality in 2(2+), the redox reaction of optically pure material proceeds stereospecifically, which induces a chiroptical change such as circular dichroism (CD) as an additional output. The CD spectra of dications 2(2+) exhibit solvent dependency (chiro-solvatochromism), which is accompanied by solvatochromic behavior based on the pi-pi interaction of the two cationic chromophores as well as coordinative interaction of the Lewis basic solvent to the Lewis acidic triarylcarbenium moieties. Thus, the present system is endowed with multi-input functionality for modifying multiple output signals.