gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Social inequality in oral health (2012)

Social inequalities in oral health are observable regardless of the population, the culture, the method of social classification or the measure of oral health or disease. They exist because of socially determined differences in opportunity, behaviours, beliefs and exposure to the myriad factors which determine our oral health. Behaviours and practices which affect oral health are embedded in the normal patterns of everyday life; those (in turn) are socially determined and differ across the continuum of social status. This presentation focuses primarily on social inequalities in incremental tooth loss because (i) it is a condition which has been shown to have the greatest effect on people's oral-health-related quality of life, and (ii) it is cumulative and irreversible. Most of the knowledge base on social inequalities in tooth loss comes from cross-sectional studies; investigating the phenomenon in a birth cohort can be more informative because it allows us to determine what happens to those inequalities through the life course. Data on incremental tooth loss from a longstanding cohort study (the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study) are presented to illustrate the cumulative and pervasive effect of social inequalities and changes in social status between childhood and adulthood.
Consensus Recommendations on Estrogen Receptor Testing in Breast Cancer By Immunohistochemistry (2008)

Estrogen receptor (ER) status in breast cancer is currently the most important predictive biomarker that determines breast cancer prognosis after treatment with endocrine therapy. Although immunohistochemistry has been widely viewed as the gold standard methodology for ER testing in breast cancer, lack of standardized procedures, and lack of regulatory adherence to testing guidelines has resulted in high rates of "false-negative" results worldwide. Standardized testing is only possible after all aspects of ER testing--preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical, have been closely controlled. A meeting of the "ad-hoc committee" of expert pathologists, technologists, and scientists, representing academic centers, reference laboratories, and various agencies, issued standardization testing recommendations, aimed at optimization of clinical ER testing environment, as a step toward improved standardized testing.
Architecture and applications of the HiPAR video signal processor (1996)

We propose the architecture of a highly parallel DSP (HiPAR-DSP) as a flexible and programmable processor for image and video processing. The design is based on an analysis of image processing algorithms in terms of available parallelization resources, demands on program control, and required data access mechanisms. This led to a very long instruction word (VLIW)-controlled ASIMD RISC-architecture with four or sixteen data paths, employing data-level parallelism, parallel instructions, micro-instruction pipelining, and data transfer concurrently to data processing. Common data access patterns for image processing algorithms are supported by use of a shared on-chip memory with parallel matrix type access patterns and a separate data-cache per data path. By properly balancing processing and controlling capabilities as internal and external memory bandwidth, this approach is optimized to make the best use of currently available silicon resources. A high clock frequency is achieved by implementation of classic RISC features. The architecture fully supports high level language programming. With the 16 data path version and a 100 MHz clock, a sustained performance of more than 2 billion arithmetic operations per second (GOPS) is achieved for a wide range of algorithms. The examples show the parallel implementation of image processing algorithms like histogramming, Hough transform, or search in a sorted list with efficient use of the processor resources. A prototype of the architecture with four parallel data paths is available, using a 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS technology.
X-ray laser system, x-ray laser and method (2023)

Disclosed is an x-ray laser system comprising a laser containing generating means for emitting short wave length radiation, and means external to said laser for energizing said generating means, wherein when the laser is in an operative mode emitting radiation, the radiation has a transverse coherence length to width ratio of from about 0.05 to 1. Also disclosed is a method of adjusting the parameters of the laser to achieve the desired coherence length to laser width ratio.
3-Hydroxy-1-alkyl-2-methylpyridine-4(1H)-thiones: Inhibition of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence Factor LasB (2012)

Bacterial resistance coupled to our current arsenal of antibiotics presents us with a growing threat to public health, thus warranting the exploration of alternative antibacterial strategies. In particular, the targeting of virulence factors has been regarded as a "second generation" antibiotic approach. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Zn(2+) metalloprotease virulence factor, LasB or P. aeruginosa elastase, has been implicated in the development of P. aeruginosa-related keratitis, pneumonia and burn infection. Moreover, the enzyme also plays a critical role in swarming and biofilm formation, both of which are processes that have been linked to antibiotic resistance. To further validate the importance of LasB in P. aeruginosa infection, we describe our efforts toward the discovery of non-peptidic small molecule inhibitors of LasB. Using identified compounds, we have confirmed the role that LasB plays in P. aeruginosa swarming and demonstrate the potential for LasB-targeted small molecules in studying antimicrobial resistant P. aeruginosa phenotypes.
Ion-dependent structure, dynamics, and allosteric coupling in a non-selective cation channel (2021)

The selectivity filter (SF) determines which ions are efficiently conducted through ion channel pores. NaK is a non-selective cation channel that conducts Na<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> with equal efficiency. Crystal structures of NaK suggested a rigid SF structure, but later solid-state NMR and MD simulations questioned this interpretation. Here, we use solution NMR to characterize how bound Na<sup>+</sup> vs. K<sup>+</sup> affects NaK SF structure and dynamics. We find that the extracellular end of the SF is flexible on the ps-ns timescale regardless of bound ion. On a slower timescale, we observe a structural change between the Na<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup>-bound states, accompanied by increased structural heterogeneity in Na<sup>+</sup>. We also show direct evidence that the SF structure is communicated to the pore via I88 on the M2 helix. These results support a dynamic SF with multiple conformations involved in non-selective conduction. Our data also demonstrate allosteric coupling between the SF and pore-lining helices in a non-selective cation channel that is analogous to the allosteric coupling previously demonstrated for K<sup>+</sup>-selective channels, supporting the generality of this model.
Effect of zeranol or melengestrol acetate (MGA) on testicular and antler development and aggression in farmed fallow bucks (2002)

Fifteen yearling fallow bucks were randomly assigned by BW to one of three treatment groups: control (C; n = 5), melengestrol acetate (MGA; n = 5), and zeranol (Z; n = 5), to evaluate effects on testicular development, aggressive behavior, antler growth, sexual activity, ADG, and BW. Zeranol-treated bucks received zeranol ear implants (36 mg) at 90-d intervals, and MGA-treated bucks received MGA in the ration (100 microg x animal(-1) x d(-1)). Bucks grazed ryegrass/Coastal bermudagrass pasture and were supplemented with 3:1 corn/soybean meal at 0.45 kg x animal(-1) x d(-1). Body weights, body condition scores (BCS), blood samples, and testis measurements were obtained at d 0 and at 14-d intervals for 229 d. As bucks reached hard antler (7/15 to 8/25), antlers were harvested and weighed, and ejaculates were collected at 14-d intervals. Aggression was evaluated using 10-min video sessions scoring body blows, avoidance, head pushes, and head bunts. Scrotal circumference (SC) and paired testis volume were affected by a day x treatment interaction (P < 0.01); testes of zeranol-treated bucks were smaller than those of control or MGA-treated bucks. First sperm in the ejaculate tended to be delayed (P < 0.10) in zeranol-treated bucks compared with control and MGA-treated bucks. Melengestrol acetate-treated bucks had a maximum sperm concentration in the ejaculate that was three times (P < 0.05) that of control bucks and nine times (P < 0.05) that of zeranol-treated bucks. Antler weight was the least (P < 0.01) for bucks receiving zeranol and greatest (P < 0.10) for MGA-treated bucks; intermediate values were recorded for the control bucks. Aggressive behavior was delayed (P < 0.05) for zeranol-treated bucks until treatment effects were overcome. Melengestrol acetate-treated bucks had decreased (P < 0.01) aggressive behavior compared with control bucks. Melengestrol acetate-treated bucks had increased (P < 0.05) serum testosterone concentrations compared with control and zeranol-treated bucks. Human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated peak serum testosterone concentrations for zeranol-treated bucks were delayed (P < 0.01) compared with control and MGA-treated bucks. Although zeranol-treated bucks overcame treatment effects, they were never able to reach testicular measurements or sperm concentrations equal to those of the control or MGA-treated bucks. Zeranol and MGA treatments may have both positive and negative effects that can be utilized when producing slaughter bucks.
The additive effect of certain drugs on the Cyclosporine A inhibition of human T‐cell proliferation (1990)

The inhibitory effect of Cyclosporine A (CsA) when combined with theophyllamine, warfarin, verapamil or dipyridamol on in vitro proliferation of human T lymphocyte was investigated. All drugs caused an additional inhibition of PHA activation compared with CsA alone, also when the CD8-negative and -positive subsets were tested separately. This effect was dose-dependent for all drugs. Theophyllamine, verapamil and warfarin had to be added early during PHA-stimulated T-cell activation to cause maximal inhibition. Also when testing the proliferative response in mixed lymphocyte cultures, the drugs showed a dose-dependent additional inhibition compared with CsA alone. CsA alone caused no inhibition of lymphokine-dependent growth of T-cell lines, whereas all four drugs caused a weak inhibition in this test system.
The deaf population of the United States (1974)

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common genetic disorders and a major cause of renal death or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring regular hemodialysis. The responsible genes recently have been cloned; however, genetic factors influencing the rate of progression to ESRD in patients with PKD have yet to be defined. Several studies have shown increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in patients with PKD. In addition, genetic polymorphisms of the RAS have been associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, these polymorphisms are good candidates for disease-modifying genetic factors or markers in PKD. In two previous reports of white subjects with a cumulative survival analysis, it was suggested that patients with P:KD1 homozygous for the deletion allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene are at increased risk for early renal death. To confirm this hypothesis in Japanese subjects, 103 individuals with PKD were genotyped for several components of the RAS, ie, ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) A1166C. Seventy-six of the 103 patients (73.8%) reached ESRD at an average age of 52.1 +/- 11.3 years. The frequencies of each genotype of the genes were similar to those expected from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There was a tendency to an excess of patients homozygous for the D allele in patients with ESRD (DD in patients with ESRD, 11.8%; DD in patients without ESRD, 3.7%; chi-square, 1.505; P: = 0.22). Cumulative renal survival was significantly less in those with the DD genotype compared with ID/II genotypes. Estimated mean renal survival was 46.4 years (95% confidence interval, 39.5 to 53.3) in subjects with the DD genotype and 57.2 years (95% confidence interval, 54.2 to 60.2) in ID/II genotypes (chi-square, 7.76; P: = 0.0053). There was no association between age at onset of ESRD and either M235T or A1166C polymorphism. These findings suggest that Japanese patients with PKD homozygous for the D allele of the ACE gene are at increased risk for developing ESRD at an early age.
On the streak spacing and vortex roll size in a turbulent channel flow (1995)

Streamwise high vorticity rolls and streaks in the turbulent channel flows have been the subject of many studies due to their important role in turbulence production, as a result of sweeping, ejection, and bursting of these structures. Understanding the physics of these streamwise structures is important in controlling drag producing events. Investigations of the average streak spacing of the low-speed streaks have resulted in the generally accepted range of λ+=λ̄uτ/ν=100±20, where λ̄ is the mean spanwise spacing between streaks, normalized to the viscous length ν/uτ. It is also reported, for y+≤30, that the streak spacing grows nearly linearly with distance from the wall. The previous studies mostly have focused on distances close to the wall. Here we report on correlation measurements extended into the log layer, which show that the linear growth of the vortex diameter and the streak spacing extends well in the log layer. Arguments are presented to distinguish these two measures.
Repair of spinal dural defects (1984)

The search for an ideal substance for duraplasty has stimulated clinical and experimental investigations. To date a large number of materials have been employed for dural repair, although there is as yet no unanimity regarding the ideal material. Most of these studies have been concerned with cranial dura, and spinal duraplasty has received less attention. This study was designed to examine the repair of spinal dural defects in the dog. The materials chosen for this experiment were autologous fat, a polyester fiber mesh (Mersilene) and silicone-coated Dacron (Dura Film). Nineteen dogs were used in this study. Following lumbar laminectomy and the excision of elliptical pieces of dura (1.0 X 0.5 cm) at three noncontiguous levels, each of the defects was repaired using one of the three materials. Groups of animals were sacrificed at each of 3, 6, 12, and 24 weeks after dural repair. The lumbar region was removed en bloc and prepared for histological examination. Repair of the dural opening was achieved in all cases. The polyester fiber mesh was quite effective for dural repair, serving as a scaffold through which a neomembrane grew and united the dural edges. The results with autologous fat were similarly favorable. On the other hand, results with silicone-coated Dacron showed encapsulation by connective tissue, with the ventral aspect of the graft frequently compressing the underlying cord.
Estimation of serum cortisol levels and its correlation with salivary cortisol levels in coronary artery disease patients with and without periodontitis: a cross sectional study (2017)

Background: Atherosclerosis refers to combination of changes in the intima of arteries, consisting of focal accumulation of lipids, complex carbohydrates, blood and blood products, fibrous tissue, calcium deposits and associated medical changes. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) refers to a group of closely related syndromes that is caused by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and blood supply.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 63 patients, aged 30-65 years, with known coronary artery disease. Estimation of serum and salivary cortisol levels were assessed with specific ELISA kit for cortisol (R&amp;D Systems) and their comparison was performed in patients with and without periodontitis. Statistical analysis was done using Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson Correlation test.Results: The clinical parameters showed statistically significant association (p&lt;0.001) between coronary artery disease and periodontitis and comparative levels of serum and salivary cortisol displayed varying degrees of positive correlation.Conclusions:Saliva along with serum has great potential as a diagnostic fluid and it showed good correlation with cortisol levels in coronary artery disease patients with and without periodontitis.
(110)-surface strained-SOI CMOS devices with higher carrier mobility (2004)

In this paper, we have studied [110]-surface strained-SOI n- and p-MOSFETs with higher carrier mobility, according to the reduced interband/intervalley scattering and the smaller effective mass of carriers even in [110] strained-Si channel. The strained-Si channel has been formed on [110] relaxed-SGOI substrates, fabricated by the Ge condensation technique (25%) on a [110]-surface SOI substrate. It is demonstrated, for the first time, that the electron and the hole mobility enhancements of [110] strained-SOI devices amount to 23% and 50%, respectively, against to those of [110] unstrained-MOSFETs. Especially, the [110] hole mobility enhancement against the (100)-universal mobility amounts to 103%, which is much higher than that of [110] strained-SOIs (53%). Therefore, the unbalance between n- and p-channel current drivability can be reduced in [110] strained-SOI CMOS.
High-energy gamma rays from <sup>12</sup>C(p, p') (2011)

Previous searches for high-energy gamma rays from low-energy light-ion reactions were motivated by the assumption that a low-energy RFQ linac would be the accelerator of choice for a deployable active-interrogation system. In this context, the <sup>11</sup>B(d, nγ) reaction is currently a leading candidate for a multi particle interrogation source. At deuteron beam energies of about 3 Me V and higher it provides a strong 15.1-MeV gamma-ray line that is well-matched to the peak of the photofission cross section. It also produces copious amounts of fast neutrons. The development of compact superconducting cyclotrons, however, makes it possible to choose reactions that may have a substantially lower, or even zero, neutron output.
Immunopathology and molecular diagnosis of autoimmune bullous diseases (2007)

Autoimmune bullous diseases are associated with autoimmunity against structural components maintaining cell-cell and cell matrix adhesion in the skin and mucous membranes. Pemphigus diseases are characterized by autoantibodies against the intercellular junctions and intraepithelial blisters. In pemphigoid diseases and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, sub-epidermal blistering is associated with autoantibodies targeting proteins of the hemidesmosomal anchoring complex. The autoantigens in autoimmune blistering diseases have been extensively characterized over the past three decades. In general, the pathogenicity of autoantibodies, already suggested by clinical observations, has been conclusively demonstrated experimentally. Detection of tissue-bound and circulating serum autoantibodies and characterization of their molecular specificity is mandatory for the diagnosis of autoimmune blistering diseases. For this purpose, various immunofluorescence methods as well as immunoassays, including immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoprecipitation have been developed. This review article describes the immunopathological features of autoimmune bullous diseases and the immunological and molecular tests used for their diagnosis and monitoring.
On post-decision symbol-reliability generation (2002)

A post-processor for providing reliability information about every decoded data symbol at the output of an arbitrary decoder is proposed. This reliability information is generated by comparing the decoded sequence to a small list of alternative sequences which differ from the decoded sequence at least in the symbol for which the reliability is being evaluated. It is shown that this algorithm is a simplification of the optimal symbol-by-symbol detector (OSSD). The performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by considering three concatenated coding systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Fast converging decentralized WSRMax for MIMO IBC with low computational complexity (2017)

Iteratively decentralized weighted sum rate maximization (WSRMax) is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) interfering broadcast channel. Particular emphasis is given for improved rate of convergence for the WSRMax utility. Successive convex approximation is applied to provide an algorithm with fast rate of convergence and low computational complexity per iteration while sustaining the monotonic improvement of the objective. This method has particularly convenient structure for decentralized processing allowing alternating receive and transmit beamformer updates. This structure complies with recently proposed low overhead pilot aided beamformer signaling frameworks. The computational complexity and signaling overhead of the scheme are equivalent with the well-established weighted mean squared error minimization (WMMSE) approach. The proposed method is shown, by numerical examples, to improve the rate of convergence with respect to the WMMSE and semidefinite program (SDP) relaxation methods.
Pelvis Morphology, Trunk Posture and Standing Imbalance and Their Relations to the Cobb Angle in Moderate and Severe Untreated AIS (2012)

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form of scoliosis and usually affects young girls. Studies mostly describe the differences between scoliotic and non-scoliotic girls and focus primarily on a single set of parameters derived from spinal and pelvis morphology, posture or standing imbalance. No study addressed all these three biomechanical aspects simultaneously in pre-braced AIS girls of different scoliosis severity but with similar curve type and their interaction with scoliosis progression. The first objective of this study was to test if there are differences in these parameters between pre-braced AIS girls with a right thoracic scoliosis of moderate (less than 27°) and severe (more than 27°) deformity. The second objective was to identify which of these parameters are related to the Cobb angle progression either individually or in combination of thereof. Forty-five scoliotic girls, randomly selected by an orthopedic surgeon from the hospital scoliosis clinic, participated in this study. Parameters related to pelvis morphology, pelvis orientation, trunk posture and quiet standing balance were measured. Generally moderate pre-brace idiopathic scoliosis patients displayed lower values than the severe group characterized by a Cobb angle greater than 27°. Only pelvis morphology and trunk posture were statistically different between the groups while pelvis orientation and standing imbalance were similar in both groups. Statistically significant Pearson coefficients of correlation between individual parameters and Cobb angle ranged between 0.32 and 0.53. Collectively trunk posture, pelvis morphology and standing balance parameters are correlated with Cobb angle at 0.82. The results suggest that spinal deformity progression is not only a question of trunk morphology distortion by itself but is also related to pelvis asymmetrical bone growth and standing neuromuscular imbalance.