gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Trading data space for reduced time and code space in real-time garbage collection on stock hardware (1984)

This paper presents a new storage representation for cons cells (and all other LISP heap data structures) which allows more time efficient LISP with real-time garbage collection on stock hardware. “Stock hardware” refers to common modern architectures for Von Neumann uni-processors (e.g. MC68000, IBM370, VAX, NS32032, etc.). Previous real-time garbage collection schemes have either explicitly required specially tailored hardware in order to avoid multiple order of magnitude slowdowns, or have been merely extremely unattractive for implementation on stock hardware due to the high overhead assumed by all basic LISP primitives in checking the garbage collection status of pointers handed to them as arguments. We first show that copying compacting real-time garbage collection algorithms do not always need to protect user programs from seeing uncopied data, so long as a slightly more complicated collection termination condition is used. This opens the way to adding an indirection pointer to all LISP heap objects making it unnecessary to check the garbage collection status of pointers, and so the overhead costs for most primitives reduce to the addition of a single instruction. Impure primitives, i.e. those which write into existing structures (e.g. RPLACD), have their overhead reduced by a factor of almost 2. Code density is correspondingly decreased. The cost of this scheme is increased storage size for all LISP heap objects one extra pointer per object, although for some objects (e.g. floating point numbers) this expense is already necessary in many other non real-time garbage collection algorithms.
Phlorizin Receptors in Isolated Kidney Brush Border Membranes (1972)

Abstract Isolated brush border membranes from rat kidney bind [3H]phlorizin specifically. A binding site (Ka (the association constant) = 5.0 x 106 1 x mole-1 at 150 mm sodium, pH 7.4, 37°) is enriched in the brush border membrane and is not present in kidney mitochondria or red blood cell ghosts of the rat. The concentration of the high affinity receptors in the membrane fraction is 40 pmoles per mg of protein, about 17 times higher than in a kidney homogenate. Inhibition studies with monosaccharides demonstrate that the binding curve is heterogeneous. d-Glucose, d-galactose, and 2-deoxy-d-glucose inhibited phlorizin binding at the high affinity site, whereas d-fructose, d-mannose, and l-arabinose interact with another low receptor in the brush border membrane. The inhibition studies show that its affinity for phlorizin is one to two orders of magnitude lower than that of the high affinity receptor. The high affinity receptors are destroyed by treatment with trypsin and sulfhydryl reagents like p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonic acid and N-ethylmaleimide. Phlorizin binding is sodium-dependent; the affinity of the high affinity receptor decreases 30-fold when the sodium concentration is lowered from 150 to 10 mm. Kidney brush border membranes contain no detectable phlorizin hydrolase, but the receptors are rapidly degraded by a temperature-dependent process that can be inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetate. The stereospecificity of the phlorizin receptors in the isolated luminal membrane of the rat kidney proximal tubule has remarkable similarity to the stereospecificity of the monosaccharide carriers as shown by in vivo experiments (Silverman, M., Aganon, M. A., and Chinard, P. F. (1970) Amer. J. Physiol. 218, 735; 743).
Structural diversity of mast cell granules in black and white skin (2001)

This study has confirmed ultrastructural differences in mast cell granules between black and white skin, which may be of functional importance.
A Robust Procedure for the Automated Measurement of Total Serum Bilirubin Using Potassium Ferricyanide (1993)

Bilirubin is oxidized to biliverdin by 1.0 mmol/L potassium ferricyanide in the presence of caffeine. The absorbance decline at 480 nm with blanking at 660 nm is proportional to bilirubin concentration. The assay is linear up to 1000 mumol/L and is suitable for the measurement of bilirubin in adult and neonatal patients. The assay is accurate and precise and is not significantly affected by haemolysis up to 5.0 g/L haemoglobin. Reagents and calibration are stable for at least 3 months.
Ultrafast fiber grating sensor systems for velocity, position, pressure, and temperature measurements (2016)

In 2006 an approach was developed that used chirped fiber gratings in combination with a high speed read out configuration to measure the velocity and position of shock waves after detonation of energetic materials. The first demonstrations were conducted in 2007. Extensions of this technology were made to measure pressure and temperature as well as velocity and position during burn, deflagration and detonation. This paper reviews a series of improvements that have been made by Columbia Gorge Research, LLC, Lawrence Livermore National Lab and Los Alamos National Lab in developing and improving this technology.
Nature inspired catalytic systems using sulfonamido-phosphorus based complexes: Increasing complexity in transition metal catalysis (2014)

Most industrial transformations include at least one catalytic step, as catalysis allows the reduction of waste and reduces the energy consumption. Driven by economic and environmental concerns, chemists are making constant efforts to develop ever-more efficient catalysts. Enzymes, catalysts found in living organisms, are great sources of inspiration for scientists as they are able to catalyze chemical reactions in a clean way. Contrary to "traditional" synthetic catalysts, natural enzymes are not isolated molecules, but they are elements of complex systems, namely, living organisms. Each part of a biologic complex system has a well-defined role and interacts with other parts in a well-defined way. The challenge for synthetic chemists is to mimic this high level of organization, in order to achieve the emergence of new properties or of new catalytic reactions that would be otherwise impossible, or to improve known catalyzed transformation. The contributions reported in this thesis represent further steps towards the mimicking of some aspects of natural catalytic systems, especially their complex behaviors. This work shows that by embracing the notion of complexity, new approaches can be defined which results exceed those of traditional approaches. As the subject of complexity barely overlaps with chemistry yet, we believe this thesis will contribute to the establishment of a better defined conceptual framework for complexity in catalysis. It is anticipated that in the future, a bigger importance will be given to the understanding and the design of increasingly complex synthetic catalytic systems enabling cleaner technologies for a sustainable industry.
Energy-momentum transport-based simulator adapted to the general purpose semiconductor device simulation development tool CHORD (1991)

Application of the conventional drift–diffusion model to certain submicrometre devices may be inappropriate owing to hot carrier effects. These may include localized velocity saturation overshoot and impact ionization. Silicon device models based on the conservation of carrier momentum and energy have been shown to model such effects more accurately. However, to date, these energy-momentum transport (EMT)-based simulators have been limited in scope or designed for specific device application only. This paper describes the implementation of an EMT model into the modular semiconductor device simulation tool CHORD. The simulator fully couples energy-momentum transport equations for electrons and holes with the lattice heat equation in two space dimensions and time. The EMT model is designed to be consistent with the general purpose nature of the CHORD simulation system and thus can accommodate arbitrary device structure and bias conditions. A major strength in the CHORD system is that it allows for the addition of new models with minimal interface between the user and the simulator infrastructure. The addition of the EMT model to the existing set of models, already available to CHORD users, is a representative example of the procedures involved. The equations that define the EMT model are included along with results from simulations of an ultrashort channel MOSFET (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) intended to highlight carrier heating and velocity saturation overshoot.
Use of Lamb Waves to Predict Current Damaged State of Mortar (2001)

Abstract This paper describes the experimental and analytical results for the development of a methodology for predicting the current state of simulated concrete (mortar) in infrastructure. The nondestructive Lamb wave technique is used to experimentally identify the disturbance (damage) before and after mechanical testing of mortar specimens, which is used in the initial research as a substitute for concrete. The mortar specimens are tested to measure their stress-strain response under uniaxial compression and tension loading. The results of the nondestructive and mechanical stress-strain testing are correlated to develop the model based on the Disturbed State Concept (DSC), a unified approach for modeling material behavior. This model can allow evaluation of the deformation moduli, strength and degradation (damage) at a given state during the life of the material. This information can be used to design rehabilitation strategies. It can also lead to the development of new computer based equipment that can be used in the field for defining the remaining life. At this time, the research involved one-dimensional testing. The proposed methodology can, however, be extended and improved by conducting two- and three-dimensional testing of concrete specimens.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression is reduced in cystic fibrosis murine and human airway epithelial cells. (1998)

It has been reported that exhaled nitric oxide levels are reduced in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We have examined the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the airways by immunostaining and found that iNOS is constitutively expressed in the airway epithelia of non-CF mouse and human tissues but essentially absent in the epithelium of CF airways. We explored potential consequences of lost iNOS expression and found that iNOS inhibition significantly increases mouse nasal trans -epithelial potential difference, and hindered the ability of excised mouse lungs to prevent growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The absence of continuous nitric oxide production in epithelial cells of CF airways may play a role in two CF-associated characteristics: hyperabsorption of sodium and susceptibility to bacterial infections. (
Something from nothing − bridging the gap between constraint‐based and kinetic modelling (2007)

Two divergent modelling methodologies have been adopted to increase our understanding of metabolism and its regulation. Constraint-based modelling highlights the optimal path through a stoichiometric network within certain physicochemical constraints. Such an approach requires minimal biological data to make quantitative inferences about network behaviour; however, constraint-based modelling is unable to give an insight into cellular substrate concentrations. In contrast, kinetic modelling aims to characterize fully the mechanics of each enzymatic reaction. This approach suffers because parameterizing mechanistic models is both costly and time-consuming. In this paper, we outline a method for developing a kinetic model for a metabolic network, based solely on the knowledge of reaction stoichiometries. Fluxes through the system, estimated by flux balance analysis, are allowed to vary dynamically according to linlog kinetics. Elasticities are estimated from stoichiometric considerations. When compared to a popular branched model of yeast glycolysis, we observe an excellent agreement between the real and approximate models, despite the absence of (and indeed the requirement for) experimental data for kinetic constants. Moreover, using this particular methodology affords us analytical forms for steady state determination, stability analyses and studies of dynamical behaviour.
Studies on the irreversible step of pepsinogen activation (1989)

The bond cleavage step of pepsinogen activation has been investigated in a kinetic study in which the denatured products of short-term acidifications were separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and the peptide products were quantitated by densitometry. Although several peptide products were observed, under the conditions of the experiments (pH values between 2.0 and 2.8, 22 degrees C), the only one that was a product of an initial bond cleavage was the 44-residue peptide, which upon removal from pepsinogen yields pepsin. The rate constant for this bond cleavage is 0.015 s-1 at pH 2.4, which is the same as that at which the alkali-stable potential activity of pepsinogen had been found to convert to the alkali-labile activity of pepsin. When the conversion of zymogen to enzyme was followed by the change in fluorescence of adsorbed 6-(p-toluidinyl)naphthalene-2-sulfonate (TNS), the rate of change in TNS fluorescence was the same as the conversion to alkali lability. However, pepstatin blocked the bond cleavage of pepsinogen to pepsin, but it permitted the fluorescence change to proceed. In fact, it accelerated the apparent rate of change of TNS fluorescence by shifting the pKa of an essential conjugate acid from 1.7 to 2.6. The conversion to alkali lability, therefore, may be considered to be a composite of a relatively slow conformational change (at the measured rate), followed immediately by a relatively fast bond cleavage.
IMMUNOGENICITY OF A LOCALLY PRODUCED HEPATITIS B VACCINE WITH THE BIRTH DOSE STORED OUTSIDE THE COLD CHAIN IN RURAL VIETNAM (2006)

The heat stability of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB vaccine) should enable its storage outside the cold chain (OCC), increasing access to the birth dose in areas lacking refrigeration. We compared the immunogenicity of a locally produced vaccine among infants who received three doses stored within the cold chain (n = 358) or for whom the first dose was stored OCC for up to one month (n = 748). Serum was collected from these infants at age 9-18 months. The vaccine was protective in 80.3% of all infants. There were no differences in the prevalence of a protective level of antibody or antibody titer among groups of infants according to storage strategy. Differences in antibody titer between certain groups of infants could be explained by different vaccination schedules. Where birth dose coverage will be improved, HepB vaccine can be taken OCC for up to one month without affecting its immunogenicity.
N-(ω-TOSYLOXYALKYL)PHTHALIMIDES AS REACTIVE GENERAL SYNTHONS FOR INTRODUCING ALKYLAMINO GROUPS AND THEIR APPLICATION FOR THE “SELF-PROLIFERATIVE” SYNTHESIS OF OPEN-CHAIN POLYAMINES (1986)

Abstract New synthetic routes to N-(ω-tosyloxyalkyl)phthalimides (2) were developed and the synthetic utility of 2 as alkylating reagents was exemplified in the open-chain polyamine synthesis involving the “self-proliferative” process.
Large Area and Low Aspect Ratio Linear Magnetic Tunnel Junctions With a Soft-Pinned Sensing Layer (2012)

Large area MTJs with linear response and very larger sensitivities are needed to fulfill the requirements for the detection of pT/Hz <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$^{0.5}$</tex></formula> magnetic fields at low frequency and room temperature. MTJ stacks with soft-pinned sensing layers have been developed and the stack was optimized, providing a tunable soft-pinning field over a large range of values. Sensitivities corresponding to resistance changes of up to 7%/Oe are obtained in patterned MTJs with areas of 20 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex></formula> 20 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula> m <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{2}$</tex></formula> starting from films with high sensitivity soft-pinned layers made from 3.0 Co <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$_{40}$</tex> </formula> Fe <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$_{40}$</tex> </formula> B <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$_{20}$</tex> </formula> /0.21 Ta/8.0 Ni <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$_{81}$</tex> </formula> Fe <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$_{19}$</tex> </formula> /8.0 Ir <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$_{20}$</tex> </formula> Mn <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$_{80}$</tex> </formula> .
Metabolism of 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole by microsomal fractions and isolated rat hepatocytes. (1985)

3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole is oxidatively metabolized in the presence of rat liver microsomes, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and oxygen to yield tert-butylhydroquinone, tert-butylquinone, and a polar metabolite(s). In the presence of human and rat liver microsomes or eight purified cytochrome P-450 isozymes reconstituted with NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, this phenolic antioxidant is converted to the oxidoreduction-active metabolite, tert-butylquinone, that can stimulate the NADPH oxidase activities of these preparations by 2- to 7-fold. The rate of formation of each of the metabolites of 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole was increased by pretreatment of rats with either 5,6-benzoflavone or phenobarbital. In addition the tert-butylhydroquinone and tert-butylquinone concentrations in solution reached apparent steady-state levels during metabolism; the steady-state concentrations were also increased by various animal pretreatment regimens. Furthermore it was shown that the metabolism of 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole yielded material which was covalently bound to protein. In the presence of glutathione the rates of formation of the polar metabolite(s) were enhanced 3- to 4-fold, while covalently bound products were nearly stoichiometrically decreased. The increase in the amount of polar metabolite was due to the formation of a 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole-glutathione conjugate. 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole was also oxidatively metabolized by rat lung microsomes to yield the polar metabolite(s) and tert-butylhydroquinone. The polar metabolite(s), tert-butylquinone, and tert-butylhydroquinone were also shown to be formed in isolated hepatocyte suspensions. They could be found as either the free hydroquinone, the sulfate conjugate, the glucuronide conjugate, and polar metabolites, presumedly the 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole-glutathione conjugate. The total tert-butylhydroquinone concentration attained a steady-state level in a manner similar to that seen with the microsomal suspensions. In addition 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole itself formed sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, the glucuronide being the major product.
Gaucher disease presenting with vertebral compression fractures and vertebral osteonecrosis (2015)

A 42-year-old man with no relevant medical history complaining of spontaneous thoracolumbar back pain was referred for an MRI of the spine after initial radiographic evaluation had demonstrated several compression fractures.
An Adaptive Receiver Buffer Adjust Algorithm for Voice & Video on IP Applications (2005)

In this paper, a new adaptive receiver buffer adjust algorithm is proposed for voice and video on IP (V <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> oIP) applications with the consideration of voice and video's characters and network conditions. This algorithm take the voice stream as the main stream, adjust the voice buffer according to the voice characters, and synchronize the video stream with it considering video's characters. This algorithm divides network status into two modes: normal mode and spike mode, according to the delay of the coming packets and the size of buffer. In normal mode, the receiver adjusts the buffer delay at the beginning of every voice's talk-spurt. In spike mode, buffer is adjusted when every packet arrives. The adjust can based on a prediction of the delay according to the delay of former packets, or based on a prearranged way. Simulations and experiments show that this strategy can well conceal the delay jitter and reduce the packet loss rate
Key-phrase detection and verification for flexible speech understanding (2002)

A novel framework of robust speech understanding is presented. It is based on a detection and verification strategy. It extracts the semantically significant parts and rejects the irrelevant parts rather than decoding the whole utterances. There are two key features in the strategy. Firstly, the discriminative verifier is integrated to suppress false alarms. It uses anti-subword models specifically trained to verify the recognition results. The second feature is the use of a key-phrase network as the detection unit. It embeds a stochastic constraint of keyword and key-phrase connections to improve the coverage and detection rates. The automatic generation of the key-phrase network structure is also addressed. This top-down variable-length language model can be trained with a small corpus and ported to different tasks. This property coupled with the vocabulary-independent detector and verifier enhances the portability of the framework.
The effect of prioritization on the behavior of a concentrator under an accept, otherwise reject strategy (1990)

The effect of prioritization on the behavior of a concentrator which accepts packetized messages and receives a service from a transmitter operating in synchronous mode is studied. The messages arrive according to a Poisson process, and are divided into two classes: ordinary and priority. A buffer is shared between ordinary and priority packets. Two buffer-sharing strategies are considered: sharing with maximal length, and complete sharing subject to purgation. Upon the arrival of a message, if its size exceeds the remaining buffer space, then the message will be completely rejected. For each buffer-sharing strategy, results obtained include state transition probability, state probability, blocking probability, throughput, and delay. Computer simulations are used to verify the validity of results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>