gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temporary Zonal Isolation Minimizes Reservoir Damage During Workover Operations in Ecuador (2011)

Abstract In Ecuador, the principal reservoirs are subhydrostatic, with permeability ranging from 100 to 2,000 mD and significant clay content. The crude oils are prone to form emulsions in contact with completion fluids. After workover operations—pulling electric submersible pumps (ESP) or recompleting a well—it is common to lose more than 1,000 bbls of completion fluid, resulting in a 20% to 50% reduction in production. Fluid loss control pills containing sized particulate, such as calcium carbonate or sized salt, are frequently used to control the fluid loss; however, a further treatment is required to remove the solids. Using this technique, 25 wells producing a total of 8,000 BPD were worked over, after which the production decreased to 5,000 BPD. The main challenges in developing a solids-free fluid loss control pill to control losses of completion fluid during a well intervention are: a) the low, subhydrostatic (0.16 to 0.36 psi/ft.) reservoir pressure, b) high matrix permeability, and c) cleanup when well is put on production. To overcome this, a highly viscous, polymer crosslinked fluid with an internal breaker was developed to temporarily isolate the reservoirs. Using this fluid, it is possible to work over a well without losing fluid into the reservoirs and having the associated loss of production. In 15 wells worked over using the fluid loss control fluid combined with modified workover procedures, fluid losses were controlled and production was maintained after the workovers. This technique also made it possible to selectively stimulate certain intervals, increasing production. The total production prior to the interventions was 7,300 bpd. Afterward, it increased 27% to 9,250 bpd. The fluid-loss control fluid, together with the new workover procedures, has now been adopted as a standard. It has proved an effective means to protect the subhydrostatic reservoirs in mature fields during workover interventions.
The T-to-R transformation in hemoglobin: a reevaluation. (1994)

The relationship between the T, R, and R2 quaternary forms of hemoglobin is examined by computational experiments. Contrary to previous suggestions, we propose that the R quaternary form may lie on the pathway from T to R2. This proposal is consistent with four independent observations. (i) Difference distance maps are used to identify those parts of the molecule that undergo conformational change upon oxygenation. The simplest interpretation of these maps brackets R between T and R2. (ii) Linear interpolation from T to R2 passes through R. (iii) The well-known "switch" region (so called because, upon transition between the T and R quaternary forms, a residue from the beta 2 subunit toggles between two stable positions within the alpha 1 subunit) progresses from T through R to R2, successively. (iv) A hitherto-undocumented feature, diagnostic of the R structure, is noted within the alpha subunit: upon transformation from T to R, the beta-turns at the amino terminal of the E and F helices flip from one turn type to another. Upon transformation from R to R2, the latter turn--a strained conformation--flips back again.
A robotized surgeon assistant (2002)

Among several applications of robotics in medicine, robotic surgery represents one of the most promising scientific challenges for the research community. Its main expectations are to increase the quality of interventions, to decrease the intervention time and to reduce health care costs, by combining the analysis capabilities of imaging systems with the precision of robot manipulators. This paper introduces our surgical robotic system, describing in details the presurgical planning, surgeon-robot interface, matching between the virtual image and real robot workspace, safety considerations, knee implantation procedure, and experimental analysis about precision and errors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Hypolipidemic analogs of ethyl 4-benzyloxybenzoate (1977)

&lt;p&gt;Abstract: Photogrammetry uses images of a three-dimensional structure to derive information about its shape and position. In this work, a photogrammetric technique is implemented with a single camera and a digital projector to measure changes in an underwater sediment bed. This implementation incorporates refraction at an interface allowing for measurements through a deformed or changing water surface. The digital projector provides flexibility in choosing projected patterns and has a high frame rate, which allows to easily increase the spatial and temporal resolution of the measurements. The technique requires first for both the camera and the projector to be calibrated using triangulation. With the calibration, we construct lines in three-dimensional space that originate from the projector and the camera, and intersect on the surface to be measured. To correctly incorporate refraction due to a change of medium, each line in space is recalculated from its intersection with the interface using Snell’s law. This has the benefit that only one calibration for measurements is needed if the location and shape of the interface are known. The technique is validated by measuring a submerged undulated surface, plastic objects and a sediment bed. In particular, the undulated plate is reconstructed under a flat and a parabolic water surface. Finally, the technique is used in combination with particle image velocimetry to dynamically measure a changing sediment bed under an oscillating flow and the flow velocity at the free surface. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]&lt;/p&gt;
Mechanisms of Decreased Insulin Responsiveness of Large Adipocytes (1977)

We have studied glucose metabolism using large adipocytes isolated from older, fatterrats (>12 months old, >550 g), and smaller cells obtained from younger, leaner animals (4–5 weeks old, 126–160 g). 2-Deoxyglucose uptake was equal in large and small adipocytes, while insulin mediated oxidation of [l−l4C]glucose was greatly diminished (7-fold) in large cells. Thus, the defect in oxidation of the number one carbon atom of glucose (pentose pathway oxidation) is distal to the 2-deoxyglucose uptake system. However, this intracellular defect is not present in all pathways of glucose oxidation as demonstrated by the findingthat [6‒14C]glucose oxidation was comparable in small and large adipocytes. Thus, the number six carbon atom of glucose is oxidized normally indicating that glycolytic and Krebs cycle activity is intact in the large adipocyte. Furthermore, in large adipocytes conversion of glucose to total lipid was normal in the basal state and moderately decreased at high glucose concentrations in the presence of insulin (up to 35%). When the radioactivity intotal lipids was fractionated, a severe decrease in glucose incorporation into fatty acids was found in the large cells. Total glucose uptake was also measured, and found to be 10−50% decreased in large cells, suggesting that the decreases in pentose pathway glucose metabolism and conversion to fatty acids lead to accumulation of free intracellular glucose with glucose efflux and a decrease in net glucose uptake. Comparing the 2-deoxyglucose uptake and glucose oxidation data showed that insulin promotes [6−14C]glucose oxidation by stimulating the processes responsible for 2-deoxyglucose uptake whereas insulin promotes µl−14C]glucose oxidation both by increasing these processes and by increasing the activity of the C-l oxidative pathway. In conclusion: 1) the 2-deoxyglucose uptake system ofthe large adipocyte is basically intact, 2) µ1−14C]- glucose oxidation is markedly decreased in large adipocytes, while µ6−14C]glucose oxidation is normal, and 3) in comparing small and large adipocytes, it appears that it is the ability of insulin to enhance glucose oxidation via the pentose pathway and to promote glucose incorporation into fatty acids which is most impaired in large adipocytes.
Femtosecond two-step carrier generation in conjugated polymers (2002)

Summary form only given. Conjugated polymers are currently being commercialized for applications in organic light emitting diodes. This class of materials also bears a large potential for applications in large-area photodetectors and solar cells. In such devices the underlying process is the field-assisted charge carrier generation. This process is currently a subject of intense experimental and theoretical investigations. From a fundamental point of view, charge carrier generation depends on the energetics and dynamics of intermediate states during the transition from a neutral photoexcited state (S/sub 1/-exciton) to a pair of free charge carriers. In our work we use a femtosecond two pulse excitation scheme and monitor the charge generation directly by detecting the photocurrent.
Package technology evaluation and optimization for high-speed applications (2014)

This paper analyzes the electrical performance of standard and coreless packages up-to 100Gbps data rate. The impact of package design attributes e.g. substrate core thickness, plated through hole (PTH) pad dimension and geometry of second level interconnect (SLI) on insertion loss performance are explored in this study. This study also evaluates the electrical performance of an alternative coreless package solution with metal grid array (MGA) SLI to enable ultra-thin and small form factor electronic devices. In addition to the advantages of configurable and scalable SLI geometry, the full-wave electromagnetic simulation results shows significant insertion loss performance improvement with MGA coreless package as the frequency increases. The root-causes of insertion loss degradations among the evaluated packaging solutions were identified and further discussed in this paper.
Recalibrated linkage map of Escherichia coli K-12 (1976)

[This corrects the article on p. 116 in vol. 40.].
A Review of Available Toxicity Data on the Topical Antimicrobial, Chloroxylenol (1986)

The use of chloroxylenol as a topical antimicrobial is increasing in the United States although we do not have a readily available data base on its toxicology. Much of the toxicity data have not been published or compiled in readily available sources for a variety of reasons. This review examines the existing data on animal toxicity, human exposure, eye irritation, and skin irritation studies. It can be concluded that chloroxylenol has no significant systemic toxicity, but may be irritating to the eye and skin in high concentrations. The toxicity testing sequence revealed was unusual because the compound was used in massive doses as a urogenital disinfectant in humans many years before animal studies were initiated. Despite many studies in both animals and humans, no target organ for toxic effects has been found except at doses close to the lethal dose. Over the entire range of studies, no signs of toxicity or accumulation were observed in human or animal tests, or from accidental ingestion.
A Common Suite of Coagulation Proteins Function inDrosophilaMuscle Attachment (2016)

The organization and stability of higher order structures that form in the extracellular matrix (ECM) to mediate the attachment of muscles are poorly understood. We have made the surprising discovery that a subset of clotting factor proteins are also essential for muscle attachment in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster One such coagulation protein, Fondue (Fon), was identified as a novel muscle mutant in a pupal lethal genetic screen. Fon accumulates at muscle attachment sites and removal of this protein results in decreased locomotor behavior and detached larval muscles. A sensitized genetic background assay reveals that fon functions with the known muscle attachment genes Thrombospondin (Tsp) and Tiggrin (Tig). Interestingly, Tig is also a component of the hemolymph clot. We further demonstrate that an additional clotting protein, Larval serum protein 1γ (Lsp1γ), is also required for muscle attachment stability and accumulates where muscles attach to tendons. While the local biomechanical and organizational properties of the ECM vary greatly depending on the tissue microenvironment, we propose that shared extracellular protein-protein interactions influence the strength and elasticity of ECM proteins in both coagulation and muscle attachment.
Emerging drugs for spinal cord injury (2008)

The next decade will witness an unprecedented number of clinical trials which will seek to translate key biomedical research discoveries. The promising drug-based therapeutic approaches include regenerative strategies to neutralize myelin-mediated neurite outgrowth inhibition, neuroprotective strategies to reduce apoptotic triggers, the targeting of cationic/glutamatergic toxicity, anti-inflammatory strategies and the use of approaches to stabilize disrupted cell membranes.
Nanostructured Architectures for Biomolecular Detection inside and outside the Cell (2019)

Abstract Nanostructured materials can now be engineered with great precision and complexity as a result of advances in design and fabrication, and offer distinct advantages in many biosensing and biomedical applications. The materials most widely used in this field are semiconductors and noble metals. Each offers multiple length scales of nanostructuring that program their physicochemical properties for different biosensing applications. Here, nanostructured materials and their applications are reviewed together with semiconductors and noble metals, as well as hybrid materials that unite these two classes—all with the goal of linking performance characteristics to applications in biomedicine.
New solutions for a low-cost power electronic building block for matrix converters (2002)

This paper analyzes some aspects of integrating the matrix converter (MC) bidirectional switches into a power module. The analysis produces two optimal topologies for a power module: one for low-power and another for medium/high-power MCs. A new power module topology for a low-power three-phase-to-three- phase MC is proposed. By using bootstrap circuits to feed the gate-drivers, the proposed configuration requires only three insulated power supplies for a complete MC. This proposal constitutes a solution recommended in the low-power range, where low cost and low volume are the main objectives. Furthermore, a configuration of a power electronic building block for MCs is proposed. This includes the commutation control logic and the overcurrent protection, provides safe operation, and eliminates the specific problem of operating the bidirectional switches.
Experimental Investigation of Some Properties of Emulsified Acid Systems for Stimulation of Carbonate Formations (1999)

Abstract Acidizing treatments in carbonate formations is of paramount importance to restore or to stimulate the near-wellbore area by creating wormholes. Emulsified acid was found to be especially effective when the injection rate is low. This paper discusses the properties of some emulsified acid formulations. The systems used in the study are mixtures of acid, diesel oil, surfactant and possibly a cosurfactant. Model systems made of anionic and nonionic surfactants are compared to the properties of a commercial emulsified acid. Experimental results are focused on the effect of the acid to oil volume ratio, the acid concentration and the surfactant nature. Rheological properties and temperature stability of the emulsion systems are analysed. Results of coreflood tests in limestone samples are presented which compare the behaviour of emulsified acids to the behaviour of plain HCl acid. It is shown that emulsified acids are effective stimulation fluids at low flow rates: their main advantage is a deep penetration in conditions where plain acid gives compact dissolution patterns. On the opposite, at high flowrates, plain HCl gives better results. These results are confirmed by CT scanner tomography analysis showing highly branched wormhole structures even at low flow rates. Guidelines are deduced to improve acidizing treatments in low permeability carbonate reservoirs.
A slotted-waveguide power amplifier for spatial power-combining applications (2000)

A power-amplifier array based on a slotted-waveguide power divider is presented for quasi-optical applications. The advantages of this structure are its low profile and ease of fabrication. Furthermore, efficient heat sinking of power devices is achieved. An X-band version of the power amplifier using eight MESFET's was designed and fabricated. An output power of 14 W was obtained. At 10 GHz, the amplifier gain and power-combining efficiency were 6.7 dB and 88%, respectively. The 3-dB bandwidth for the circuit was approximately 5%. This technique has the potential to meet the increasing demand for solid-state power amplifiers used in millimeter-wave communications and radar systems.
Pharmacological modulation of P2X4 in inflammatory bowel diseases: the way towards novel therapeutics? (2023)

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are a group of idiopathic, chronic, relapsing, inflammatory conditions, which include ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). These disorders are characterised by intestinal symptoms associated with chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, such as gut dysmotility and visceral pain. Currently, the pharmacological management of IBD patients is far from satisfactory in terms of efficacy and safety, thus spurring the interest of the scientific community to identify novel molecular targets for the management of these disorders. According to recent research, it appears that P2 purinergic receptors, which can regulate the host's response to inflammation, have been identified as potential targets for the treatment of IBDs. In particular, among P2 receptors, the P2X4 receptor subtype has recently captured the attention of the research community owing to its role in shaping immune/inflammatory responses. Based on this evidence, the present review has been conceived to provide a critical appraisal of the available knowledge about the role of P2X4R subtype in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying IBDs, pointing out its potential as therapeutic target to develop innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at counteracting the inflammatory process, gut dysmotility and visceral hypersensitivity associated with these disorders.
A Large Scale Hybrid Thermal Print Head (1982)

A high speed direct drive thermal print head, which prints across a 216 mm wide paper using 1728 heating resistor dots (8 dots/mm) has been developed. It can print 30 cm long paper in only a few seconds. The head consists of heating dots, over three hundred LSI chips, a couple of dozen capacitors and multilayer thin and thick film circuit substrate. The substrate is 240 × 70 mm by 1.0 mm thick conductor line width/space is 50 μ /50 μ . Hybridizing heating elements, drivers and shift registers on one substrate has made it possible to transmit signals serially into the head. Therefore, the I/O pin number has become far smaller than the number of dots, which has eliminated intermittent I/O pin disconnection.
Visualization of the activity of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) isoenzymes after gel electrophoresis (1999)

A protocol is described which allows the detection of transglycosylase isoenzyme activity. Crude extracts of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) florets were treated with 1 M sodium chloride, filtered through cellulose acetate, dialysed, concentrated and subjected to isoelectric focusing under non-denaturing conditions in a polyacrylamide gel. After electrophoresis, the gel was overlaid with a test paper impregnated with a mixture of high-Mr xyloglucan and a sulphorhodamine-conjugated oligosaccharide of xyloglucan. Transglycosylation caused the production of sulphorhodamine-labelled polysaccharide, which remained bound to the test paper after prolonged washing in water, revealing eight fluorescent bands corresponding to XET isoenzymes with pI values of 8.8, 8.6, 7.8, 7.6, 7.3, 7.1, 6.7 and 6.6. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On-Chip True Random Number Generation in Nanometer Cmos (2023)

On-chip True Random Number Generator (TRNG) forms an integral part of a number of cryptographic systems in multi-core processors, communication networks and RFID. TRNG provides random keys, device id and seed for Pseudo Random Number Generators (PRNG). These circuits, harnessing physical random variations like thermal noise or stray electromagnetic waves are ideally expected to generate random bits with very high entropy and zero correlation. But, progression to advance semiconductor manufacturing processes has brought about various challenges in the design of TRNG. Increasing variations in the fabrication process and the sensitivity of transistors to operating conditions like temperature and supply voltage have significant effect on the efficiency of TRNG designed in sub-micron technologies. Poorly designed random number generators also provide an avenue for attackers to break the security of a cryptographic system. Process variation and operating conditions may be used as effective tools of attack against TRNG. This work makes a comprehensive study of the effect of process variation on metastability-based TRNG designed in deep sub-micron technology. Furthermore, the effect of operating temperature and the supply voltage on the performance of TRNG is also analyzed. To mitigate these issues we study entropy extraction mechanisms based both on algorithmic approach and circuit tuning and compare these techniques based on their tolerance to process variation and the energy overhead for correction. We combine the two v approaches to efficiently perform self-calibration, using a hybrid of algorithmic correction and circuit tuning to compensate the effect of variations. The proposed technique provides a fair trade-off between the degree of entropy extraction and the overhead in terms of area and energy, introducing minimal correlation in the output of the TRNG. Besides the study of the effect of process variation and operating conditions on the TRNG, we also propose to study the possible attack models on a TRNG. Finally, we propose a probabilistic approach to design and analysis of TRNG using a stochastic model of the circuit operation and incorporating the random source in thermal noise. All analysis is done for 45nm technology using the NCSU PDK transistor models. The simulation platform is developed using HSPICE and a Perl based automation flow.
Transport Properdines of Gases in Polymers: Bibliographic Review (2001)

After some general considerations and basic equations on transport phenomena in polymers, this review, exclusively bibliographical, presents different concepts and theoretical models that have been proposed and developed to describe the transport mechanism of molecular species in polymers by diffusion. Based on numerous previous studies, it will show how the permeability of gases (or organic vapours) depends strongly on the polymer structure (degree of crystallinity, thermal and mechanical histories), on the penetrant size and nature as well as on the conditions of temperature and pressure.
Rate and factors associated with surgical site infection following aseptic revision fixation of orthopaedic trauma injuries (2023)

Retrospective Case Series, Level IV.
3d object retrieval using salient views (2010)

This paper presents a method for selecting salient 2D views to describe 3D objects for the purpose of retrieval. The views are obtained by first identifying salient points via a learning approach that uses shape characteristics of the 3D points [4, 3]. The salient views are selected by choosing views with multiple salient points on the silhouette of the object. Silhouette-based similarity measures from [6] are then used to calculate the similarity between two 3D objects. Experimental results show that the retrieval results using the salient views are comparable to the existing light field descriptor method [6], and our method achieves a 15-fold speedup in the feature extraction computation time.