gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Approche de la consommation alimentaire en milieu urbain. Le cas de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (1996)

L’Afrique de l’Ouest a connu, depuis plus de 20 ans, des evolutions rapides aussi bien economiques que politiques. Le contexte economique a ete fortement marque par les plans d’ajustement structurel appliques dans la plupart des pays a la suite de l’echec des politiques economiques mises en œuvre depuis les independances. Le taux eleve de croissance de la population urbaine entraine un developpement du marche que representent les villes, qui s’est aussi diversifie avec l’elargissement des differences sociales et l’eclatement des structures de consommation. La croissance des villes s’accompagne d’une augmentation des importations qui exprime a la fois une grande dependance et une modification des habitudes influencees par le modele alimentaire occidental. Des travaux recents indiquent, cependant, que les citadins de l’Afrique de l’Ouest preferent les produits locaux des lors que leur revenu le leur permet. Les aliments importes sont introduits dans un mode de preparation authentiquement africain autour d’un plat unique par repas et caracterise par une combinaison de type base et sauce. Les enquetes budget/consommation restent les seules donnees disponibles a l’echelon des pays. Elles donnent des elements relativement precis sur la consommation alimentaire au niveau familial et, notamment, les grandes tendances amorcees. En revanche, elles sont insuffisantes pour rendre compte de la dynamique qui s’opere en milieu urbain et ne permettent pas de descendre au niveau de l’individu. Or, une partie non negligeable de la consommation alimentaire individuelle se fait en dehors de la famille, par le recours aux aliments de rue. Ce nouveau mode de consommation est une reponse a la crise alimentaire urbaine ; c’est une composante autonome mais indissociable de l’alimentation domestique familiale. Malgre l’importance croissante de l’alimentation de rue, ce sujet reste encore peu documente. Sur le plan theorique, la consommation alimentaire est un concept en evolution. Elle a ete abordee, le plus souvent, de facon unidisciplinaire, essentiellement en economie ou en nutrition. Plus recemment, d’autres disciplines relevant des sciences sociales ont developpe de nouvelles approches avec diverses interpretations, parfois contradictoires. L’evolution de la consommation alimentaire en milieu urbain et les nombreux problemes qui en decoulent montrent la pertinence d’une approche globale qui tienne compte du panachage de la consommation, panachage relevant a la fois de la logique economique et du respect des cultures. Sur le plan operationnel, dans le cadre d’une approche globale et dynamique privilegiant les styles alimentaires, les etudes doivent tenir compte de l’heterogeneite des villes et de la diversite des situations. L’individualisation d’une partie de la consommation des individus qui conservent toutefois leurs pratiques alimentaires a domicile met en evidence la pertinence de l’individu comme cible de ces etudes. Dans cette optique, le concept de parcours alimentaire comme methode d’approche se revele d’un grand interet.
Acute viral bronchiolitis : aetiology and treatment implications in a population that may be HIV co-infected : original research (2010)

Bronchiolitis remains a viral disease. In our study, CRP does not correlate with white cell count or bacterial blood culture. It is therefore, no more useful than those tests in predicting bacterial co-infection. Routine use of antibiotics should be discouraged since their use is no longer a benign intervention. Serious sequelae of both adverse events and emerging microbiological resistance, both in targeted organisms and those not targeted for therapy (collateral damage), are potential areas of concern.
Optimum Bit-by-Bit Power Allocation for Minimum Distortion Transmission - Optimum Power Allocation Scheme for Uncoded/Coded Systems (2008)

Digital communications is an important part of modern communications. A digital communication system usually converts analog signals such as voice and video into discrete symbols which can be represented as bits (quantization) and transmits them in a form that can be received reliably. A conventional digital communication system usually transmits all the bits obtained from the quantizer with the same power. In this book, we consider a joint souce-channel coding problem and minimize the end-to-end mean square error distortion (MSE) of a communication system through power allocation to the transmitted bits. This communication system consists of a quantizer with natural binary mapping and Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulator at the transmitter and we consider the cases with and without coding. We show that there is an optimal transmit power allocation to the transmitted bits of the quantized word that minimizes MSE. In the first part of the book, the case with no channel coding is considered with hard decision decoding at the receiver. The optimum power allocation is determined analytically by using the Chernoff bound and through computer-based optimization methods. In the second part of the book, SPC codes and Hamming codes are considered. A near optimum power allocation scheme is derived and near optimum power allocation is obtained. In the last part of the book, we look at a scheme to find a general power allocation scheme for all block codes. The book is addressed to professionals and researchers in wireless communications.
Hip Arthroscopy: A Social Media Analysis of Patient Perception (2019)

The majority of patients who undergo hip arthroscopy have a positive tone when discussing their procedure. Posts commonly focused on rehabilitation, ADLs, hospital or surgeon, and education. This analysis provides insight into patient perspectives toward hip arthroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Synthesis of 4‐Aminomethyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydro‐1,3‐benzothiazole Arginine Side‐Chain Mimetics. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Techniques for displaying noise source identification data (1980)

Considerable efforts are being made to develop new techniques for noise source identification of complex machinery, such as internal combustion engines. Acoustic intensity measurements with closely spaced parallel microphones, microphone array measurements, and nearfield sound pressure contour measurements are three such techniques receiving interest at the present time. The measurement goal of such techniques is to identify and rank the contribution of individual sources, as well as to determine the total acoustic output of the system. Each of these techniques produces a relatively great number of individual measurements, and it is essential that convenient means of displaying the data be developed in order to evaluate the techniques and to make the results useful and easy to relate to. This paper describes several ways of displaying data from such measurements so that the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques can be assessed. Data are presented from simple but useful models using the three techniques. The data are presented in several formats including CRT, color displays, and contour plots.
Advances in the ACP Facility Electrochemical Reduction Process (2010)

The Advanced Spent Fuel Conditioning Process (ACP) has been proposed and developed by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) to treat oxide spent fuels (SFs) from light water reactors to reduce the volume, heat load, and radiotoxicity of processed SFs. In the ACP, an electrochemical reduction process has been developed, and an electroreducer with a maximum 20 kg/batch scale has been installed in the KAERI ACP facility. In this study, electrochemical reduction runs were carried out with 10 kg/batch of SIMFUEL at 923 K under current controlled conditions.The electrochemical reduction processes adopted LiCl molten salt as the electrolyte, and initially, 3.0 or 4.9 wt% of Li2O was dissolved to increase the oxygen ion activity in this work. A porous MgO basket was used to contain the powder-type test fuels; the basket and fuels along with a metal conductor as the current lead comprise a packed bed reactor where reduction takes place. During the three runs of reduction, the Li2O concentration was decreased with the applied current, and it was found that Ar bubbling in the bulk phase accelerated the depletion rate. Alkali and alkaline earth metal elements from the test fuels had dissolved and accumulated in the molten salt. The reduced metal was recovered after the runs, and sampled products exhibited >90% reduction yields with respect to their positions in the MgO basket. In addition to the experimental study, a three-dimensional model was developed to analyze respective phases in a reactor by using commercial tools. Streamlines of the fluids, the temperature distribution, and the oxygen partial pressure were obtained for the gas phase in motion, and the potential field calculation was carried out to reveal that most of the potential was applied to the cathode side because of the low electrical conductivities of the constituents.
Studies on the Thermal Cycling Reliability of Fine Pitch Cu/SnAg Double-Bump Flip Chip Assemblies on Organic Substrates: Experimental Results and Numerical Analysis (2008)

A thick Cu column based double-bump flip-chip structure is one of the promising alternatives for fine pitch flip-chip applications. In this study, the thermal cycling (T/C) reliability of Cu/SnAg double-bump flip-chip assemblies was firstly investigated and the failure mechanism was analyzed through correlation of T/C test and the finite element analysis (FEA) results. In addition, the effect of Cu column height was investigated for the enhancement T/C reliability. The T/C failure site was the Cu column/Si chip interface, where was identified via a FEA as the location of the maximum stress concentration during thermal cycling. In the T/C test, the Al pad and Ti layer between the Si chip and Cu column bumps were displaced due to the accumulation of equivalent plastic strain. The normal plastic strain of the y-direction, ¿ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">22</sub> , was determined to be compressive and was a dominant component in relation to the plastic deformation of Cu/SnAg double-bumps. As the number of thermal cycles increased, normal plastic strains in the perpendicular direction to the Si chip were accumulated on the Cu column bumps at the chip edge in the low temperature region. Thus it was found that displacement failure of the Al pad and Ti layer, the main T/C failure mode of the Cu/SnAg flip-chip assembly, occurred at the Si chip/Cu column interface by compressive normal deformation during thermal cycling. Furthermore, flip chip assemblies with thicker Cu column height showed better T/C reliability.
Control of Dynamic Systems via Neural Networks (1989)

This report is devoted to the problem of controlling a class of linear time-invariant dynamic systems via controllers based on additive neural network models. In particular, the tracking and stabilization problems are considered. First, we show how to transform the problem of tracking a reference signal by a control system into the stabilization problem. Then, some concepts from the variable structure control theory are utilized to construct stabilizing controllers. In order to facilitate the stability analysis of the closed-loop systems we employ a special state space transformation. This transformation allows us also to reveal connections between the proposed controllers and the additive neural network models.
The Baksan Gallium Solar Neutrino Experiment (1990)

Abstract A radiochemical 71 Ga −71 Ge experiment to determine the integral flux of neutrinos from the sun has been constructed at the Baksan Neutrino Observatory in the USSR. Measurements have begun with 30 tonnes of gallium. The experiment is being expanded with the addition of another 30 tonnes. The motivation, experimental procedures, and present status of this experiment are presented.
Occurrence and characterization of acyclovir‐resistant herpes simplex virus isolates: Report on a two—year sensitivity screening survey (1992)

For the past 2 years, a survey network was established for the screening of acyclovir (ACV)-resistant clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus (HSV). Among 889 strains tested for in vitro ACV sensitivity, 14 HSV-1 and 6 HSV-2 were resistant to ACV concentrations exceeding 3 micrograms/ml. These resistant isolates were most often obtained after prolonged ACV treatment of severely immunocompromised patients. For five patients, the emergence of ACV-resistant virus correlated with treatment failure. In particular, a decrease in the in vitro sensitivity to ACV was observed for eight successive HSV-1 isolates from one immunodeficient patient undergoing therapy. All ACV-resistant isolates were studied for their sensitivity to different antiherpetic compounds and showed various cross-sensitive and -resistant patterns. The examination of viral populations by plaque autoradiography procedures frequently revealed their heterogeneity in terms of thymidine kinase (TK) phenotype and allowed the detection of various proportions of TK-positive (TK+), TK-deficient (TKD), or TK-altered (TKA) viruses. Our data underline the importance of monitoring the emergence of drug-resistant virus during the course of antiviral therapy, and the need for the detection and characterization of TK mutants in clinical specimens. The routine examination of drug sensitivity of HSV isolates provides useful information to clinicians for the management of ACV treatment in the hope of preventing ACV-resistant mutants from becoming predominant in mixed viral populations.
Identification, Sequences, and Expression ofTreponema pallidumChemotaxis Genes (1997)

Treponema pallidum, the agent of syphilis, is a pathogenic spirochete that has no known mechanisms of genetic exchange and cannot be continuously cultivated in vitro. A probe based on the nucleotide sequence of the T. pallidum cheA gene was used to screen a T. pallidum genomic DNA library. A treponemal DNA region containing four open reading frames (orfs) was identified. The proteins encoded by these orfs have significant homology with proteins involved in bacterial chemotaxis. The orfs have been designated cheA, cheW, cheX, and cheY. The cheA, cheW, and cheY genes were individually-cloned and expressed in vitro. The observed molecular mass of each protein correlated well with its predicted molecular mass. Reverse transcriptase-PCR data indicate that cheA through cheY are co-transcribed. The organization of these genes suggests that they comprise an operon. We hypothesize that the ability to sense and respond to nutrient gradients is important for the survival and dissemination of T. pallidum in vivo. The presence of a putative che operon strongly suggests that T. pallidum has the potential for a chemotactic response.
Lidar-based lane marker detection and mapping (2008)

The detection of lane markers is a pre-requisite for many driver assistance systems as well as for autonomous vehicles. In this paper, the lane marker detection approach that was developed by Team AnnieWAY for the DARPA Urban Challenge 2007 is described. Based on current sensor technology, a robust real-time lane marker detection was developed and implemented. The system allows the robust estimation of a deviations between a digital map and the real world.
Genomic Subtraction To Identify and Characterize Sequences of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O91:H21 (2002)

To identify Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli genes associated with severe human disease, a genomic subtraction technique was used with hemolytic-uremic syndrome-associated O91:H21 strain CH014 and O6:H10 bovine strains. The method was adapted to the Shiga toxin-producing E. coli genome: three rounds of subtraction were used to isolate DNA fragments specific to strain CH014. The fragments were characterized by genetic support analysis, sequencing, and hybridization to the genome of a collection of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains. A total of 42 fragments were found, 19 of which correspond to previously identified unique DNA sequences in the enterohemorrhagic E. coli EDL933 reference strain, including 7 fragments corresponding to prophage sequences and others encoding candidate virulence factors, such a SepA homolog protein and a fimbrial usher protein. In addition, the subtraction procedure yielded plasmid-related sequences from Shigella flexneri and enteropathogenic and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli virulence plasmids. We found that lateral gene transfer is extensive in strain CH014, and we discuss the role of genomic mobile elements, especially bacteriophages, in the evolution and possible transfer of virulence determinants.
Position‐Specific Incorporation of Fluorescent Non‐natural Amino Acids into Maltose‐Binding Protein for Detection of Ligand Binding by FRET and Fluorescence Quenching (2009)

Position-specific incorporation of fluorescent groups is a useful method for analysis of the functions and structures of proteins. We have developed a method for the incorporation of visible-wavelength-fluorescent non-natural amino acids into proteins in a cell-free translation system. Using this technique, we introduced one or two BODIPY-linked amino acids into maltose-binding protein (MBP) to obtain MBP derivatives showing ligand-dependent changes in fluorescence intensity or intensity ratio. BODIPY-FL-aminophenylalanine was incorporated in place of 15 tyrosines, as well as the N-terminal Lys1, and the C-terminal Lys370 of MBP. Fluorescence measurements revealed that MBP containing a BODIPY-FL moiety in place of Tyr210 showed a 13-fold increase in fluorescence upon binding of maltose. Tryptophan-to-phenylalanine substitutions suggest that the increase in fluorescence was the result of a decrease in the quenching of BODIPY-FL by tryptophan located around the binding site. MBP containing a BODIPY-558 moiety also showed a maltose-dependent increase in fluorescence. BODIPY-FL was then additionally incorporated in place of Lys1 of the BODIPY-558-containing MBP as a response to the amber codon. Fluorescence measurements with excitation of BODIPY-FL showed a large change in fluorescence intensity ratio (0.13 to 1.25) upon binding of maltose; this change can be attributed to fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and maltose-dependent quenching of BODIPY-558. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the position-specific incorporation of fluorescent amino acids in the fluorescence-based detection of protein functions.
Image analysis for cystic fibrosis: Automatic lung airway wall and vessel measurement on CT images (2009)

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal genetic disorder in the Caucasian population, affecting about 30,000 people in the United States. It results in inflammation, hence thickening of airway (AW) walls. It has been demonstrated that AW inflammation begins early in life producing structural AW damage. Because this damage can be present in patients who are relatively asymptomatic, lung disease can progress insidiously. High-resolution computed tomographic imaging has also shown that the AWs of infants and young children with CF have thicker walls and are more dilated than those of normal children. The purpose of this study was to develop computerized methods which allow rapid, efficient and accurate assessment of computed tomographic AW and vessel (V) dimensions from axial CT lung images. For this purpose, a full-width-half-max based automatic AW and V size measurement method was developed. The only user input required is approximate center marking of AW and V by an expert. The method was evaluated on a patient population of 4 infants and 4 children with different stages of mild CF related lung disease. This new automated method for assessing early AW disease in infants and children with CF represents a potentially useful outcome measure for future intervention trials.
Orally-Administered Silver Sulfadiazine: Chemotherapy and Toxicology in CF-1 Mice; <i>Plasmodium berghe</i><i>i</i> (Malaria) and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (1975)

Silver sulfadiazine when administered orally and subcutaneously to CF-1 mice in doses not exceeding 1,050 mg/kg proved to have minimal toxicity. No pathology or abnormal reactions were seen in CF-1 mice after receiving 1,050 mg/kg orally and subcutaneously once a day for 30 days. Silver sulfadiazine in doses of 1,050 mg/kg, once a day for 5 days cured mice of Plasmodium berghei even after splenectomy. Parasitemia was reduced to zero in 1-3 days and antimalarial activity was not inhibited significantly with doses of 313 mg/kg/day of PABA, thereby indicating that silver sulfadiazine's antimalarial mode of action is different from that of the sulfonamides. Doses of 1,050 mg/kg/day had significant activity against systemic infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Adding colors to polydimethylsiloxane by embedding vertical silicon nanowires (2012)

We demonstrate that embedding silicon nanowires into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) presents a means for adding color, i.e., provides filtering at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Silicon nanowires are etched from a silicon wafer and transferred to a PDMS film. Each measured transmission spectrum exhibits a dip at a wavelength determined by the nanowire radius. This is in agreement with electromagnetic simulations, which also help elucidate the roles of scattering and absorption in the observed results. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4766944
KISS (2004)

The design of concurrent programs is error-prone due to the interaction between concurrently executing threads. Traditional automated techniques for finding errors in concurrent programs, such as model checking, explore all possible thread interleavings. Since the number of thread interleavings increases exponentially with the number of threads, such analyses have high computational complexity. In this paper, we present a novel analysis technique for concurrent programs that avoids this exponential complexity. Our analysis transforms a concurrent program into a sequential program that simulates the execution of a large subset of the behaviors of the concurrent program. The sequential program is then analyzed by a tool that only needs to understand the semantics of sequential execution. Our technique never reports false errors but may miss errors. We have implemented the technique in KISS, an automated checker for multithreaded C programs, and obtained promising initial results by using KISS to detect race conditions in Windows device drivers.
Different expression of Fas and Fas ligand in tumor infiltrating and peripheral lymphocytes of patients with renal cell carcinomas. (2003)

The higher expression of FasL in the TIL compared to autologous PBL reflects an in vivo activation and lytic potency of the lymphocytes in the tumor surrounding.