gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Biomimetic Modular Polymer with Tough and Adaptive Properties (2009)

Natural materials employ many elegant strategies to achieve mechanical properties required for survival under varying environmental conditions. Thus these remarkable biopolymers and nanocomposites often not only have a combination of mechanical properties such as high modulus, toughness, and elasticity, but also exhibit adaptive and stimuli-responsive properties. Inspired by skeletal muscle protein titin, we have synthesized a biomimetic modular polymer that not only closely mimics the modular multidomain structure of titin, but also manifests an exciting combination of mechanical properties, as well as adaptive properties such as self-healing and temperature-responsive shape-memory properties.
Operating firewalls outside the LAN perimeter (1999)

Firewalls are well known for their task of securing the enterprise intranet from untrusted users attempting to gain access. The concept of firewalls got its start when routers began to be used to balance network load. The effort to balance network traffic load at the transport level was extended to the server operating system where application proxy service and application level filtering is provided. Firewalls allow selected communications data to pass from one side of the corporate network perimeter to the other side. Since the firewall is the primary entry point to a corporate LAN from the Internet, the firewall frequently comes under attack by hackers and crackers. One form of attack is "denial-of-service". "Denial-of-service" attacks are easier to detect than are attacks that allow the attacker through the firewall on a valid password that they obtained by performing social engineering. Spamming the corporate email system is one form of "denial-of-service" attack, while many other forms simply flood the firewall with useless packets to prevent other authorized users from gaining access through the firewall. The paper presents a plan to place firewalls outside the corporate network boundaries, into the Internet. By having firewalls out in the Internet acting as agents for the corporations we expect to see attackers stopped closer to their source gateway. This changes the firewall task from a defensive mode to an offensive one. By having firewalls working together to seek out and locate or block the attacker at the source gateway, we gain several benefits. The paper proposes that the gateway protocol be modified to include this filtering function.
Learning Multi-Class Dynamics (1998)

Standard techniques (eg. Yule-Walker) are available for learning Auto-Regressive process models of simple, directly observable, dy-namical processes. When sensor noise means that dynamics are observed only approximately, learning can still been achieved via Expectation-Maximisation (EM) together with Kalman Filtering. However, this does not handle more complex dynamics, involving multiple classes of motion. For that problem, we show here how EM can be combined with the CONDENSATION algorithm, which is based on propagation of random sample-sets. Experiments have been performed with visually observed juggling, and plausible dy-namical models are found to emerge from the learning process. 1
Stochastic shipyard simulation with SimYard (2006)

SimYard is a stochastic shipyard simulation tool designed to evaluate the labor costs of executing different schedules in a shipyard production environment. SimYard simulates common production problems such as task delays and labor shortages. A simulated floor manager reacts to problems as they arise. Repeatedly simulating multiple schedules allows the user to compare the schedules on many different metrics, such as expected labor costs and the probability of missing the deadline. A SimYard simulation is driven by many inputs that describe the shipyard being simulated. Determining the correct values for these inputs can be framed as a multivariate calibration problem, which can be solved using inverse regression methods. Predictive sampling from the resulting model provides an appropriate adjustment for statistical uncertainty.
Inducible Innate Resistance of Lung Epithelium to Infection (2010)

Most studies of innate immunity have focused on leukocytes such as neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells. However, epithelial cells play key roles in innate defenses that include providing a mechanical barrier to microbial entry, signaling to leukocytes, and directly killing pathogens. Importantly, all these defenses are highly inducible in response to the sensing of microbial and host products. In healthy lungs, the level of innate immune epithelial function is low at baseline. This is indicated by low levels of spontaneous microbial killing and cytokine release, reflecting low constitutive stimulation in the nearly sterile lower respiratory tract when mucociliary clearance mechanisms are functioning effectively. This contrasts with the colon, where bacteria are continuously present and epithelial cells are constitutively activated. Although the surface area of the lungs presents a large target for microbial invasion, activated lung epithelial cells that are closely apposed to deposited pathogens are ideally positioned for microbial killing.
Efficient structure-based carrier frequency offset estimation for interleaved OFDMA uplink (2004)

In orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), closely spaced multiple subcarriers are assigned to different users for parallel data transmissions. The subcarriers are overlapping but orthogonal to each other such that there is no inter-carrier interference. Carrier frequency offsets between the transmitter and the uplink receiver will cause the loss of the orthogonality among subcarriers, hence introduce inter-carrier interference resulting in multiple access interference. This paper proposes a carrier frequency offset estimation algorithm for the uplink of interleaved OFDMA systems. This algorithm requires only one OFDMA block and utilizes the inner structure of the signals without any aid from training symbols or the knowledge of channels. Simulation results illustrate the high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed estimation algorithm.
Evaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry (2014)

With increasing reports of <i>Salmonella</i> infection, we are forced to question whether the fecal-oral route is the major route of infection and consider the possibility that airborne <i>Salmonella</i> infections might have a major unappreciated role. Today's large-scale poultry production, with densely stocked and enclosed production buildings, is often accompanied by very high concentrations of airborne microorganisms. Considering that the upper and lower respiratory lymphoid tissue requires up to 6 weeks to be fully developed, these immune structures seem to have a very minor role in preventing pathogen infection. In addition, the avian respiratory system in commercial poultry has anatomic and physiologic properties that present no challenge to the highly adapted <i>Salmonella.</i> The present review evaluates the hypothesis that transmission by the fecal-respiratory route may theoretically be a viable portal of entry for <i>Salmonella</i> in poultry. First, we update the current knowledge on generation of <i>Salmonella</i> bioaerosols, and the transport and fate of <i>Salmonella</i> at various stages of commercial poultry production. Further, emphasis is placed on survivability of <i>Salmonella</i> in these bioaerosols, as a means to assess the transport and subsequent risk of exposure and infection of poultry. Additionally, the main anatomic structures, physiologic functions, and immunologic defense in the avian respiratory system are discussed to understand the potential entry points inherent in each component that could potentially lead to infection and subsequent systemic infection of poultry by <i>Salmonella</i>. In this context, we also evaluate the role of the mucosal immune system as essentially one large interconnected network that shares information distally, since understanding of this sort of communication between mucosal sites is fundamental to establish the next phase of disease characterization, and perhaps immunization and vaccine development. Further characterization of the respiratory tract with regard to transmission of <i>Salmonella</i> under field conditions may be of critical importance in developing interventional strategies to reduce transmission of this important zoonotic pathogen in poultry.
Silicon-waveguide-coupled high-Q chalcogenide microspheres (2009)

We fabricate high-Q arsenic triselenide glass microspheres through a three-step resistive heating process. We demonstrate quality factors greater than 2 x 10(6) at 1550 nm and achieve efficient coupling via a novel scheme utilizing index-engineered unclad silicon nanowires. We find that at powers above 1 mW the microspheres exhibit high thermal instability, which limits their application for resonator-enhanced nonlinear optical processes.
Use of Alimet Feed Supplement (2-Hydroxy-4-(Methylthio) Butanoic Acid, HMTBA) for Broiler Production (2004)

Controversy about the efficacy of Alimet as a source of methionine arises from the fact that when it is ingested, it is fundamentally different from methionine. Thus, broiler performance studies comparing efficacy of Alimet and DL-methionine (DL-met) continue to be of interest. This report will cover two studies using Alimet Feed Supplement (an 88% aqueous solution of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid, HMTBA). The objective of the first was to compare Alimet with DL-met as sources of supplemental L-methionine (L-met) for broiler production. The sources were fed on an equal dry-matter basis at a level approximating 85% of that used in commercial practice in the UK, where the study was run. A basal diet was used to confirm sensitivity to methionine source addition. No antibiotics were fed. Results confirmed a significant response to supplemental methionine over the 0-42 day study for gain and feed conversion efficiency with no significant difference between Alimet and DL-met. The objective of the second study was to compare performance of Alimet with DL-met when birds were fed high inclusion levels. In this experiment, conducted at Novus International, performance in a basal diet was compared to five supplemental levels of Alimet or DL-met (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%). The first level of supplementation was designed to represent an adequate diet with subsequent levels representing excessive addition. Results confirmed that the performance and feed intake of birds fed DL-met was more negatively affected than those fed Alimet, with differences becoming significant above the 0.5% level. Data presented here confirm full molar equivalency of HMTBA to DL-met in broilers fed commercial diets and illustrate the relatively greater safety of Alimet when fed at higher inclusion levels.
Critical evaluation of informed consent forms for adult and minor aged whole blood donation used by United States blood centers (2009)

None of the whole blood allogeneic donation informed consents surveyed contained all the common essential or specific blood donation information desired. There is a need for national guidelines for the informed consent process for both the donor and the parent of a minor to ensure adequate information is specified.
Frequency of laboratory test utilization in the intensive care unit and its implications for large scale data collection effor ts (2004)

Mapping of local use names to standardized naming schemas such as LOINC® is a time consuming and difficult task when done retrospectively or during the configuration of new information systems. We found that a relatively small number of tests and profiles (106 to 205) represent 99% of all testing done in 3 ICUs studied. In addition, all of the lab studies needed for the most commonly used ICU scoring systems fell into the top 23 lab studies and profiles performed in each ICU studied. We have identified a subset of the LOINC® database which, because of their frequency of use, should be the focus of efforts to bring naming uniformity to ICU information systems.
How Good Is Multi-Pivot Quicksort? (2016)

Multi-Pivot Quicksort refers to variants of classical quicksort where in the partitioning step k pivots are used to split the input into k + 1 segments. For many years, multi-pivot quicksort was regarded as impractical, but in 2009 a two-pivot approach by Yaroslavskiy, Bentley, and Bloch was chosen as the standard sorting algorithm in Sun’s Java 7. In 2014 at ALENEX, Kushagra et al. introduced an even faster algorithm that uses three pivots. This article studies what possible advantages multi-pivot quicksort might offer in general. The contributions are as follows: Natural comparison-optimal algorithms for multi-pivot quicksort are devised and analyzed. The analysis shows that the benefits of using multiple pivots with respect to the average comparison count are marginal and these strategies are inferior to simpler strategies such as the well-known median-of- k approach. A substantial part of the partitioning cost is caused by rearranging elements. A rigorous analysis of an algorithm for rearranging elements in the partitioning step is carried out, observing mainly how often array cells are accessed during partitioning. The algorithm behaves best if three to five pivots are used. Experiments show that this translates into good cache behavior and is closest to predicting observed running times of multi-pivot quicksort algorithms. Finally, it is studied how choosing pivots from a sample affects sorting cost. The study is theoretical in the sense that although the findings motivate design recommendations for multipivot quicksort algorithms that lead to running-time improvements over known algorithms in an experimental setting, these improvements are small.
Prevalence and Distribution of Listeria monocytogenes in Three Commercial Tree Fruit Packinghouses (2021)

A 2-year longitudinal study of three tree fruit packinghouses was conducted to determine the prevalence and distribution of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>. Samples were collected from 40 standardized non-food-contact surface locations six different times over two 11-month production seasons. Of the 1,437 samples collected, the overall prevalence of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> over the course of the study was 17.5%. Overall prevalence did not differ significantly (<i>p</i> > 0.05) between each year. However, values varied significantly (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) within each production season following packing activity levels; increasing in the fall, peaking in early winter, and then decreasing through spring. <i>L. monocytogenes</i> was most often found in the packing line areas, where moisture and fruit debris were commonly observed and less often in dry cold storage and packaging areas. Persistent contamination was attributed to the inability of water drainage systems to prevent moisture accumulation on floors and equipment during peak production times and uncontrolled employee and equipment traffic throughout the facility. This is the first multiyear longitudinal surveillance study to compare <i>L. monocytogenes</i> prevalence at standardized sample sites common to multiple tree fruit packinghouses. Recommendations based on our results will help packinghouse operators to identify critical areas for inclusion in their <i>L. monocytogenes</i> environmental monitoring programs.
Immunohistochemical Investigation of Thymidylate Synthase in Cervical Cancer (1998)

We prepared a polyclonal antibody against recombinant human thymidylate synthase (TS) to evaluate its use in immunohistochemical analysis. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of specimens of cervical tissue were prepared from 35 patients with cervical cancer. The TS immunoreactivity was studied by employing the peroxidase-labeled antibody method with our prepared antibody. At the same time, the TS activity was determined with the 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate (FdUMP)-TS-binding assay in fresh-frozen specimens of these cervical cancers. We observed a positive correlation (r = 0.658) between the degree of TS immunoreactivity and the TS activity in the binding assay of 9 patients with grade 4 (strongly positive) TS immunoreactivity, while 7 patients (78%) exhibited a TS activity of 5 pmol/g tissue or greater. Nine patients with a TS immunoreactivity of grade 1 (negative to weakly positive) showed a TS activity <5 pmol/g tissue. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.01). TS expression was easily detected by the immunohistochemical technique which will allow the assessment of the relationship between TS activity and patient outcome.
Absorption of Hydrogen in High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel during Tensile Deformation in Gaseous Hydrogen (2011)

Absorption of hydrogen in a high-strength nickel–chromium–molybdenum steel during tensile deformation in 0.5 MPa gaseous hydrogen was examined using a thermal desorption analysis method. The tensile strength of the specimen was varied in the range from 1214 to 947 MPa by heat treatment. The dislocation density of the specimens was measured by X-ray diffractometry after tensile testing in a hydrogen atmosphere. The hydrogen content absorbed during tensile deformation increased with increasing tensile strain in proportional elastic range until just before yielding. The yield stress was defined as 0.2% proof stress in this work. At the same tensile strains, the hydrogen content of lower-strength specimens was larger than that of higher-strength specimens. The dislocation density gradually decreased until just before yielding, corresponding to the proportional increase of hydrogen content to the tensile strain. This implies that the hydrogen absorption behavior during tensile deformation in gaseous hydrogen is related to the motion of mobile dislocations initially contained in the specimens. The activation energy for desorption of hydrogen absorbed during tensile deformation did not depend on the strength of the steel. This indicates that the trap sites of hydrogen atoms created through the tensile deformation were the same regardless of the strength levels.
Towards high efficiency heliostat fields (2017)

CSP power plants have great potential to substantially contribute to world energy supply. To set this free, cost reductions are required for future projects. Heliostat field layout optimization offers a great opportunity to improve field efficiency. Field efficiency primarily depends on the positions of the heliostats around the tower, commonly known as the heliostat field layout. Heliostat shape also influences efficiency. Improvements to optical efficiency results in electricity cost reduction without adding any extra technical complexity. Due to computational challenges heliostat fields are often arranged in patterns. The mathematical models of the radial staggered or spiral patterns are based on two parameters and thus lead to uniform patterns. Optical efficiencies of a heliostat field do not change uniformly with the distance to the tower, they even differ in the northern and southern field. A fixed pattern is not optimal in many parts of the heliostat field, especially when used as large scaled heliostat field. In this paper, two methods are described which allow to modify field density suitable to inconsistent field efficiencies. A new software for large scale heliostat field evaluation is presented, it allows for fast optimizations of several parameters for pattern modification routines. It was used to design a heliostat field with 23,000 heliostats, which is currently planned for a site in South Africa.
Imaging Intervertebral Disc Degeneration (2006)

Magnetic resonance imaging provides excellent anatomic detail of spinal tissues, but fails to provide the type of information that permits a definitive diagnosis in many patients with back pain. New imaging strategies that can be applied to the study of intervertebral disc degeneration include diffusion-weighted imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, functional magnetic resonance imaging, dynamic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and T2 relaxometry. With dynamic imaging, the relative motions of normal and degenerated lumbar motion segments can be evaluated noninvasively. With further evaluation of the technique, hypermobile segments may be distinguishable from those with normal relative motion. T2 measurements obtained by T2 relaxometry appear to have important advantages with regard to spinal imaging because this modality provides a continuous and objective measure of the content of free water in the disc, which decreases with aging and degeneration. Anatomic imaging of the spine is highly accurate in the evaluation of nonmechanical causes of back pain and less beneficial in the evaluation of back pain that is due to mechanical causes. The development of functional imaging strategies of the spine will likely improve the management of patients with back pain. This article outlines the current magnetic resonance imaging protocols for intervertebral disc degeneration, indicates deficiencies in current imaging, and describes functional imaging strategies for the spine that will likely improve the evaluation of patients with back pain. It also reviews recent published articles on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic imaging of the spine and details the results of studies that have explored the future potential of spine imaging.
Assessing the impact of atomic oxygen in the damage threshold and stress of Hafnia films grown by ion beam sputter deposition (2006)

Hafnium oxide (HfO<sub>2</sub>) is undoubtedly one of the most desirable high-index optical coatings for high power laser applications. One of the key goals in the fabrication of oxide films with high Laser Induced Damage Threshold (LIDT) is to minimize the number of film imperfections, in particular stoichiometric defects. For HfO<sub>2</sub> films deposited by ion beam (reactive) sputtering (IBS) of a hafnium metal target, stoichiometry is controlled by the injection of molecular oxygen, either close to the substrate or mixed with the sputtering gas or some other combination. Good stoichiometry is important to reduce the density of unoxidized particles buried in the coatings, which affect the LIDT. This work evaluates the potential advantages of using pre-activation of oxygen in the IBS of HfO<sub>2</sub>, with special emphasis on its impact on LIDT and film stress. For the experiments, oxygen was activated by an independent plasma source and then introduced into a commercial IBS chamber. The optical properties of the films were characterized using spectrophotometry and ellipsometry. Their structural quality and composition were determined from x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy. The stress was determined from interferometer measurements. For optimized conditions, 2.5 J/cm<sup>2</sup> LIDT was measured on HfO<sub>2</sub> films at λ=800 nm with 1 ps and 25 mJ pulses from a chirped amplification Ti:Sapphire laser. In the range of oxygen variations under consideration the effects on LIDT are shown to be minimal.