gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of AIN and GaN low-temperature interlayers on the dislocation behaviour of AlGaN and GaN grown by MOCVD (2018)

This chapter investigates in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) the effects of introducing two AIN and GaN low-temperature (LT) interlayers during the growth of AIGaN and GaN by metal organic chemical vapour deposition. It compares AIGaN samples with and without AIN interlayers, equally spaced within the bulk epilayer, and report differences in the threading dislocation density and behaviour. Group-III nitrides are the most promising candidates for short-wavelength semiconductor lasers because of their wide, direct bandgaps ranging from 0.8 eV (InN) to 6.2 eV (AIN). The GaN and AlGaN epilayer samples were grown by low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapour deposition in a Thomas Swan 6x2 inch Close-Coupled Showerhead reactor. For AlGaN samples A and B a thin AIN NL, nominal thickness of 30 nm, was deposited at 700°C, after which the temperature was ramped to 1030 oc in a flow of ammonia and hydrogen.
Comparison of several clustering methods in the case of electrical load curves classification (2011)

In the electricity market, it is highly desirable for suppliers to know the electricity consumption behavior of their customers, in order to provide them with satisfactory services with the minimum cost. Information on customers' consumption pattern in the deregulated power system is becoming critical for distribution companies. One of the suitable tools for extracting characteristics of customers is the clustering technique. Selection of better methods among several existing clustering methods should be considered. Therefore, in this paper, we evaluate the performance of Classical K-Means, Weighted Fuzzy Average K-Means, Modified Follow the Leader, Self-Organizing Maps and Hierarchical algorithms that are more applicable in clustering load curves. The performances were compared by using two adequacy measures named Clustering Dispersion Indicator and Mean Index Adequacy.
Bootstrapping DSLs from user interfaces (2015)

Implementation of domain-specific languages (DSLs) is supported by powerful tools that can automatically generate various artifacts from the language specification. Domain analysis and design of a language, however, are usually done manually. Automatic extraction of domain information can be used to generate preliminary version of the language specification and therefore bootstrap the development process. One of the most suitable sources of domain information are graphical user interfaces (GUIs). In this paper we present the experiment validating this approach. Several existing applications were automatically analyzed to extract their domain models and generate a DSL processor based on them.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of the Effect of Deprotonation on Electronic Spectra and Reversible Potentials of Photovoltaic Sensitizers:  Deprotonation of cis-L2RuX2 (L = 2,2‘-Bipyridine-4,4‘-dicarboxylic Acid; X = CN-, NCS-) by Electrochemical Reduction at Platinum Electrodes (1999)

Deprotonation of the photovoltaic dye sensitizers cis-(H2-dcbpy)2RuX2 (L2RuX2) (X= −CN-, −NCS-; H2-dcbpy = L = 2,2‘-bipyridine-4,4‘-dicarboxylic acid) can be achieved in dimethylformamide by reductive electrolysis at platinum electrodes at 20 °C, which allows the thermodynamic and spectral changes associated with deprotonation to be established. The overall reaction that occurs when a potential of −2.0 V vs Fc/Fc+ (Fc = ferrocene) is applied to a platinum electrode can be summarized as (H2-dcbpy)2Ru(NCS)2 + xe- → [(H2-x/2-dcbpyx/2-)2Ru(NCS)2]x- + x/2H2, where x is always slightly less than 4. Thus, under certain experimental conditions, [(H-dcbpy-)2RuX2]2- is believed to be the major product formed by bulk electrolysis, where H-dcbpy- is the singly deprotonated H2-dcbpy ligand. The hydrogen gas formed in this electrochemically induced deprotonation can be generated heterogeneously at the electrode surface or via homogeneous redox reactions between ligand-reduced forms of L2RuX2 and protons or water. Short time domains, reduced temperatures, and glassy carbon electrodes lead to detection of transiently stable ligand-reduced forms of L2RuX2. The reversible half-wave potentials for the ligand-based reduction of electrochemically generated deprotonated L2RuX2 are 0.65 V more negative than their protonated counterparts. In contrast, deprotonation leads to the metal-based oxidation process being shifted by only about 0.3 V. Interestingly, protonated and deprotonated forms of L2RuX2 do not coexist in a facile acid−base equilibrium state on the voltammetric time scale. Data obtained from electrogenerated deprotonated forms of the sensitizers are compared to those found for “salts” used in photovoltaic cells which are prepared by reaction of L2RuX2 with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. Molecular orbital calculations were employed to provide theoretical insights into the effect of deprotonation on reversible potentials and electronic spectra, and results are in good agreement with experimentally obtained data. Electronic spectra, measured in situ during the course of reduction in a spectroelectrochemical cell, reveal that all bands shift to higher energies and that the absorbance decreases as deprotonation occurs. Implications of the importance of the findings related to reduction potentials and electronic spectra to the operation of photovoltaic cells that utilize deprotonated forms of sensitizers are considered.
Accuracy of Ground-reference Calibration of Imaging Spectroradiometers at Large Sensor View Angles (2000)

The Remote Sensing Group at the University of Arizona has been successfully using vicarious calibration techniques since the mid-1980s to calibrate both airborne and satellite-based imaging spectroradiometers using vicarious techniques. These approaches use ground-based measurements of atmospheric and surface properties of a selected test site as input to a radiative transfer code to predict at-sensor radiances at 1-nm intervals from 350-2500 nm for a given sensor overpass. Past work has focused on sensors with view angles less than 30 degrees from nadir but recently-developed sensors use much larger view angles and these sensors will still benefit from vicarious calibrations. However, calibrations at such angles require more accurate atmospheric and surface characterizations. This paper examines the sensitivity of vicarious calibrations at large view angles to uncertainties in the atmospheric characterization and surface bi-directional reflectance. The results show that the inclusion of surface BRDF effects are critical to ensuring accurate results. Furthermore, the uncertainty in the vicarious calibration of a large view angle sensor will be of the same level as or less than that of the near-nadir case when aerosol optical thickness is less than 0.10, the aerosols have low imaginary index, and the solar zenith angle is less than 50 degrees. From the results of this study it is found that currently-used test sites are adequate for use in the vicarious calibration of large view-angle sensors and should give reflectance-based results with uncertainties less than 5%.
BLOOD VISCOELASTICITY FOR CONDITIONS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL FLOW IN SMALL ARTERIES (1984)

The viscoelasticity of blood is quantified by studying the oscillatory flow of suspensions of RBC in plasma in 218 μm and 400 μm glass capillary tubes. The flow conditions are chosen to reflect normal physiological flow in small arterial vessels. Data are obtained for suspension hematocrits between 35 and 80 percent, and at physiological temperature (37°C) The results indicate that the elastic component of the viscoelasticity of blood is effectively negligible for the conditions of this study; the measured pressure gradient-flowrate relationship is dominated by the viscous component of blood viscoelasticity.
Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of unoprostone 0.15%, timolol 0.5% and placebo in healthy adults during exercise using a treadmill test (2002)

Unlike timolol, unoprostone 0.15% does not reduce exercise-induced heart rate, indicating a lack of clinical effect on systemic beta-adrenergic receptors in young and healthy subjects.
Glutathione protects cardiac and skeletal muscle from cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity. (1990)

Administration of cyclophosphamide at a dose which is lethal to 10% of control athymic nude mice resulted in sudden death within 3 h in all mice that had been pretreated with the glutathione synthesis inhibitor L-buthionine-SR-sulfoximine. In Fischer 344 rats pretreated with L-buthionine-SR-sulfoximine, the cyclophosphamide dose producing 100% acute toxicity was lowered from 500-150 mg/kg; cardiac monitoring revealed ventricular fibrillation to be the cause of death. These and additional studies reported demonstrate that cytoplasmic glutathione is an important protectant against the cardiac and skeletal muscle toxicity of cyclophosphamide and indicate that such toxicity may be substantially increased by glutathione depletion. Since diet and many drugs (including cyclophosphamide itself) are known to affect glutathione levels, the present studies suggest that cardiac and skeletal muscle glutathione content is likely to be a clinically significant determinant of the frequency and severity of the adverse drug interactions and systemic toxicity sometimes observed during cyclophosphamide therapy.
Influence of calcitonin-gene related peptide on cochlear blood flow and electrophysiology. (1994)

Intra-arterially infused calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) induced dose-dependent decreases in both systemic blood pressure and cochlear blood flow (CBF). However, when subjects were pretreated systemically or locally with the specific receptor antagonist CGRP(8-37), CBF increased, despite decreases in systemic blood pressure in response to CGRP infusions. Micro-infusions of CGRP directly into the supplying arterial network of the cochlea induced dose-dependent increases in CBF that were blocked by CGRP(8-37) pretreatment. Cochlear electrophysiology, as assessed by cochlear action potential and cochlear microphonics, remained unchanged following each condition tested. These results indicate that CGRP is involved in systemic regulation of blood pressure and contributes to the regulation of CBF.
Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition of TiO[sub 2] and Al-Doped TiO[sub 2] Films Using N[sub 2]O and O[sub 2] Reactants (2009)

Rutile-structured and Al-doped dielectric thin films were grown on a sputtered Ru electrode by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using - or -plasma oxidants. The -plasma-based ALD process produced films with a similar growth rate and electrical performance to those deposited using the -oxidant-based ALD process, which has been reported previously [ S. K. Kim et al. , Appl. Phys. Lett. , 85 , 4112 (2004) ; S. K. Kim et al. , Chem. Mater. , 20 , 3723 (2008) ]. In contrast, the -plasma-based ALD process resulted in a 1.8 times higher growth rate than that of the -oxidant-based ALD process with identical electrical performance. Denser and uniform oxidation of Ru is essential for achieving pure rutile films with a higher dielectric constant (up to 100) on Ru electrodes.
The Effects of Sultan 70 WG on Stomatal Function (2004)

Sultan 70 WG that belongs to Sulphonylurea (SU) herbicides was used in this study. Purpose of the study was to determine the effects of Sultan 70 WG which is one of the new herbicides in last five years on stomatal function. Both microscopically and biochemically parameters were measured as interested to stomata openning and closing. The effect of this herbicide was investigated as to the aperture of stomata of leaf tip and base compared. Chlorophyll and total protein amount, peroxidase activity (PO) were determined at the end of biochemical studies. Also guard cell protoplast isolation and purification were done and K+ content of these cells were established. Length and fresh-dry weight analysis belonging to control and herbicide-applied plants were taken. The effects of Sultan 70 WG on leaves especially stomata were tried to be recognized with this work.
18F-HX4 hypoxia imaging with PET/CT in head and neck cancer (2012)

18F-HX4 is a safe and feasible agent in hypoxia imaging of H&N cancer patients. We could assume that 18F-HX4 may have higher sensitivity and specificity, faster clearance, and shorter injection–acquisition time compared with traditional 18F-FMISO. Additional evaluations need to be carried out to validate the assumption. Further development of 18F-HX4 for eventual targeting of antihypoxia therapies is warranted.
Surfactant Driven Flow of Thin Liquid Films (2008)

A Surfactant (SURFace ACTive AgeNT) is a substance that influences the surface properties of a liquid. In fact, accumulating
Membrane assembly: movement of phosphatidylserine between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of Escherichia coli (1982)

Phosphatidylserine, normally a trace phospholipid in Escherichia coli, accumulates at high levels in temperature-sensitive phosphatidylserine decarboxylase mutants at nonpermissive temperatures. The intracellular localization of this phospholipid has now been determined. All of the accumulated phosphatidylserine is membrane bound and is distributed about equally between the inner and outer membrane fractions of E. coli as determined by isopycnic sucrose gradient fractionation. Phosphatidylserine is therefore effectively translocated from the inner to the outer membrane. Furthermore, this movement is bidirectional. Outer membrane phosphatidylserine can return to the inner membrane, as shown by the complete conversion of accumulated radioactive phosphatidylserine to phosphatidylethanolamine by inner membrane phosphatidylserine decarboxylase during chase periods. Pulse-chase experiments indicated the newly made phosphatidylserine appears first in the inner membrane and then equilibrates between the inner and outer membranes with a half-time of 12 to 13 min.
Isolation and expansion of c-kit<sup>pos</sup> hCSCs. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;Right atrial appendages (RAA) were harvested with subsequent mechanical and enzymatic digestion to obtain primary outgrowth of total adherent cardiac cells. Primary cells were immunomagnetically sorted for c-kit and the resultant cells expanded &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
Store-Operated Ca 2+ Channels Mediate Microdomain Ca 2+ Signals and Amplify Gq-Coupled Ca 2+ Elevations in Capillary Pericytes (2022)

Abstract Pericytes are multifunctional cells of the vasculature that are vital to brain homeostasis, yet many of their fundamental physiological properties remain unexplored. Ca 2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger across cell-types, where it mediates diverse functions such as contractility and gene transcription. It is therefore important to understand the cellular mechanisms underlying Ca 2+ signalling in capillary pericytes. Here, we performed pharmacological and ion substitution experiments to investigate the mechanisms underlying pericyte Ca 2+ signaling in acute cortical brain slices of PDGFRβ-GCaMP6f mice. We report that in mid-capillary bed pericytes (≥ 4 th branch order), spontaneous microdomain Ca 2+ signals are dependent on extracellular Ca 2+ , but largely independent of depolarization, L- and T-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), and TRPC3/6 channels. In contrast, these microdomain signals were inhibited by multiple Orai channel blockers, including the specific antagonist GSK-7975A. Furthermore, capillary pericytes exhibited classical store operated calcium entry (SOCE) following store depletion that was sensitive to GSK-7975A and required for amplification of intracellular Ca 2+ increases evoked by the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1. These results suggest that Orai SOCE mediates microdomain Ca 2+ signals at rest and amplifies Gq-GPCR coupled Ca 2+ elevations in capillary pericytes. Thus, SOCE is a major regulator of pericyte Ca 2+ and a target for manipulating their function in health and disease.
Inducing Sadness and Anxiousness through Visual Media: Measurement Techniques and Persistence (2016)

The persistence of negative moods (sadness and anxiousness) induced by three visual Mood Induction Procedures (MIP) was investigated. The evolution of the mood after the MIP was monitored for a period of 8 min with the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM; every 2 min) and with recordings of skin conductance level (SCL) and electrocardiography (ECG). The SAM pleasure ratings showed that short and longer film fragments were effective in inducing a longer lasting negative mood, whereas the negative mood induced by the IAPS slideshow was short lived. The induced arousal during the anxious MIPs diminished quickly after the mood induction; nevertheless, the SCL data suggest longer lasting arousal effects for both movies. The decay of the induced mood follows a logarithmic function; diminishing quickly in the first minutes, thereafter returning slowly back to baseline. These results reveal that caution is needed when investigating the effects of the induced mood on a task or the effect of interventions on induced moods, because the induced mood diminishes quickly after the mood induction.
Prozesssimulation zur prospektiven Nutzwertanalyse einer voll digitalisierten Arbeitsumgebung am Beispiel eines sonographischen Arbeitsplatzes (2003)

Ziel: Quantifizierung der zu erwartenden Einsparungen an Arbeitsaufwand und Personalkosten durch eine digitale Infrastruktur an einem sonographischer Arbeitsplatz einer radiologischen Abteilung. Patienten und Methode: Der Arbeitsablauf eines sonographischen Arbeitsplatzes mit papierbasierter Aktenführung wurde als Modell im Computer abgebildet und simuliert. Nach Validierung des Modells wurde es modifiziert hin zu einem Arbeitsablauf mit PACS, elektronischer Patientenakte und automatischer Terminverwaltung. Die Simulationsergebnisse des Arbeitsaufwands, der Geräteauslastung und Personalkosten wurden verglichen. Ergebnisse: Die Anzahl der Arbeitsschritte wurde von 29 im konventionellen Szenario auf 14 mit digitaler Infrastruktur reduziert. Der Arbeitsaufwand für administrative Vorgänge wurde um bis zu 89 % verringert, während der Aufwand für die direkt untersuchungsassoziierten Arbeitsschritte annähernd gleich blieb. Die produktiven Personalkosten sanken von 24 € auf 16 € pro Untersuchung. Die Bruttokosten (produktive plus unproduktive Kosten) sanken von 33 € auf 20 € pro Untersuchung. Bei gleichbleibender Geräteauslastung und Patientenzahl konnte die Anzahl der Ärzte von 3 auf 2 und die der MTRAs von 2 auf 1 reduziert werden. Schlussfolgerung: Eine digitale Infrastrukturierung bietet das Potenzial für Effizienzsteigerung, wenn sie umfassend implementiert und die Arbeitsabläufe den Möglichkeiten der Automatisierung konsequent angepasst werden.
Performance Evaluation of Peer-to-Peer Gaming Overlays (2010)

In this demo we present a performance evaluation testbed for peer-to-peer gaming overlays. It consists of a 3D first person shooter game that is designed to run in a simulated network environment as well as on a real network. Simulation with autonomous players (bots) guarantees scalability, a controlled workload, and reproducible results; a prototype deployment on a real network can then validate the simulation results. The information dissemination overlay pSense is implemented as a first subject for evaluation.
Analysis of Fiber Orientation and a Simulation of Damage Fracture Prediction Using an X-ray Phase Imaging Method for Discontinuous Carbon Fiber Random Laminated Molded Products (2022)

In chopped carbon fiber tape reinforced thermoplastic（CTT）material, the anisotropic region of fiber orientation after press molding often causes the degradation of mechanical properties and damage and fracture. This study explores means of obtaining the fiber shape and fiber orientation tensors from molded products and then predicting the CTT mechanical properties and damage fracture locations. Extensive fiber shape data obtained by X-ray CT image processing are analyzed using a simple method to create a fiber waviness model.The fiber orientation tensor of the molded product is obtained through X-ray phase imaging. The material properties of a finite element model with CTT are calculated and mapped from the fiber waviness model and orientation tensor, and damage fracture prediction is simulated. Results showed that the fracture positions of both the test and simulation agreed in specimens having large anisotropic regions. However, the specimens with small anisotropic regions did not match. Therefore, the images of strain distribution of the test piece under a tensile load were compared by cross-correlation. Results showed a large correlation between the tensile test and simulation results, thus confirmed the effectiveness of the simulation.
Hemodynamic Assessment in Managing the Critically III (1993)

Prior to right-heart catheterization of 846 patients, 198 study physicians estimated values of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (WP), cardiac index (Cl), and systemic vascular resistance index (VRI). The physicians also expressed their confidence in these estimates. Actual values of WP, Cl, and VRI as determined by catheterization enabled the authors to evaluate the quality of the physicians' judgments. The discrimination of the judgments was modest; areas under the ROC curves for WP, Cl, and VRI were 0.724, 0.681, and 0.656, respectively. Calculated using clinically relevant cutoff values, sensitivities were 64%, 50%, and 64%, and specificities were 71%, 75%, and 63%, respectively. Calibration of the estimates of WP, Cl, and VRI was also modest; physicians tended to overestimate low values and underestimate high values. Physicians were generally confident of their estimates, but there was no relation between confidence and accuracy. Experienced physicians were no more accurate than less experienced ones, although they were significantly more confident. The authors conclude that physicians should not use their levels of confidence in their subjective estimates of cardiac function in deciding whether to base therapy on these estimates.
Characterization of urease derived fromCitrullus lanatus(watermelon) seeds to estimate total Kjeldahl nitrogen in human urine (2019)

A urease extract prepared by decanting liquid from a suspension of finely ground Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds was characterized and applied to dilute urine samples to demonstrate a low-cost field method to estimate total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) concentrations in human urine. The extract exhibited a Michaelis-Menten constant, Km, of 3.00 mM urea and a specific activity of up to 12.2 U/mg protein at an optimum pH of 8.1. A statistical F-test on 54 samples demonstrated that TKN can be estimated as the total ammonium-nitrogen recovered upon addition of urease in dilute fresh and stale urine samples. The total ammonium-nitrogen in urine samples determined after treatment with watermelon seed urease was consistent with that determined using traditional acid digestion techniques. The extract retained 85% of its initial capacity after three months of refrigeration. The effectiveness of this method to assay nitrogen in unbuffered urine samples will be useful in nitrogen analyses in nutrient recovery and urine or slurry storage contexts. Accordingly, this study is useful in understanding the kinetics of a plant-derived urease acting in dilute urine.
The incidence of Cushing’s disease: a nationwide Swedish study (2019)

The incidence of CD in Sweden (1.6 cases per million) is in agreement with most previous reports. A higher incidence between 2005 and 2013 compared to 1987-2004 was noticed. Whether this reflects a truly increased incidence of the disease, or simply an increased awareness, earlier recognition, and earlier diagnosis can, however, not be answered. This study also illustrates the importance of validation of the diagnosis of CD in epidemiological research.