gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fiber Optic Sensing in Spacecraft Engineering: An Historical Perspective From the European Space Agency (2021)

For over two decades the European Space Agency has investigated the possibility of using fiber optic sensors in spacecraft engineering as tools to advance the monitoring and control of spacecraft. The applications have been diverse covering both launcher and satellite applications and encompassing environments from cryogenic to high temperature re-entry applications. The aim of this review is to capture the history and status of fiber optic sensors for space applications demonstrating the breadth of applications that have been studied and the lessons learnt along the way. Finally, it is the intention of this review to look forward, pointing to how this technology can be used in the future and identifying what are the key remaining challenges to its further successful exploitation.
Temporary fire sealing of penetrations on TFTR (1981)

The radiation shielding provided for TFTR for D-D and D-T operation will be penetrated by numerous electrical and mechanical services. Eventually, these penetrations will have to be sealed to provide the required fire resistance, tritium sealability, pressure integrity and radiation attenuation. For the initial hydrogen operation, however, fire sealing of the penetrations in the walls and floor is the primary concern. This report provides a discussion of the required and desirable properties of a temporary seal which can be used to seal these penetrations for the hydrogen operation and then subsequently be removed and replaced as required for the D-D and D-T operations. Several candidate designs are discussed and evaluated and recommendations are made for specific applications.
The development and impact on business of the world's first live video streaming distribution platform for 3G mobile videophone terminals (2003)

We have developed the world's first live video distribution platform capable of simultaneously delivering live video to multiple mobile phones, e.g. mobile videophone terminals and PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), as a 3rd-generation (3G) mobile communications service. Although we are already providing a one-to-one moving picture delivery (videophone) service as a 3G mobile phone service, we did not yet have a one-to-many system of delivering live video to multiple terminals. The new platform delivers video to terminals using the bearer of a 3G-324M line provided with 3G mobile communications servics. The same content can be delivered simultaneously in a maximum of 500 streams to mobile phones with a video delay of approximately 7 seconds, a picture size of 176 x 144 pixels, and a frame rate of 10 fps. This paper also summarises the possibilities of using this platform to create business models that use a mobile videophone to provide a child care centre monitoring system, a home remote monitoring system, or other systems that were not possible with existing mobile phones.
A unified synthetic approach to the pyrazinone dragmacidins (2006)

This review describes recent developments from our laboratory involving the synthesis of the structurally complex, pyrazinone-containing dragmacidin alkaloids.
Numeric modeling of synchronous laser pulsing and voltage pulsing field evaporation (2016)

We have recently proposed an atom probe design based on a femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe setup. This setup unlocks the limitation of voltage pulsed mode atom probe thanks to the occurrence of local photoconductive switching effect . In this paper, we have used a numerical model to simulate the field evaporation process triggered by the synchronous two pulses. The model takes into account the local photoconductive effect and the temperature rise caused by the laser application and the voltage pulse distortion due to the RC effect.
Cell-type apoptosis in lung during SARS-CoV-2 infection (2020)

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has inspired renewed interest in understanding the fundamental pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following infection because fatal COVID-19 cases are commonly linked to respiratory failure due to ARDS. The pathologic alteration known as diffuse alveolar damage in endothelial and epithelial cells is a critical feature of acute lung injury in ARDS. However, the pathogenesis of ARDS following SRAS-CoV-2 infection remains largely unknown. In the present study, we examined apoptosis in post-mortem lung sections from COVID-19 patients and lung tissues from a non-human primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in a cell-type manner, including type 1 and 2 alveolar cells and vascular endothelial cells (ECs), macrophages, and T cells. Multiple-target immunofluorescence (IF) assays and western blotting suggest both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways are activated during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we observed that SARS-CoV-2 fails to induce apoptosis in human bronchial epithelial cells (i.e., BEAS2B cells) and primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which are refractory to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, infection of co-cultured Vero cells and HUVECs or Vero cells and BEAS2B cells with SARS-CoV-2 induced apoptosis in both Vero cells and HUVECs/BEAS2B cells, but did not alter the permissiveness of HUVECs or BEAS2B cells to the virus. Post-exposure treatment of the co-culture of Vero cells and HUVECs with an EPAC1-specific activator ameliorated apoptosis in HUVECs. These findings may help to delineate a novel insight into the pathogenesis of ARDS following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Bump Electromigration and Back End Design Rules (2007)

As there is continuous demand for miniaturization of electronic devices, flip chip technology is predominantly used for high density packaging. The technology offers several advantages like excellent electrical performance and better heat dissipation ability. Original invention of flip chip packaging utilized ceramic substrates and high lead bumps. Low cost commercialization of this packaging technology, however, required organic laminate substrates coupled with SnPb eutectic bumped interconnects on the die side. While organic laminate flip chip packaging may be a good option for many low power applications, current carrying capability of the eutectic bumped interconnect causes a catastrophic failure mechanism called electromigration. Previously, researchers have identified and addressed few issues regarding electromigration. Electomigration leads to the formation of metal voids in the conductors which eventually increases the resistance drop across the conductor causing electrical opens. Electromigration is very significant at high current densities. Temperature is the other parameter of concern for electromigration. High current density causes temperature to rise due to Joule heating, there by reducing the life of package. In order to determine the factors responsible for high current densities, we formed a full factorial design of experiments (DOE) that contained parameters such as passivation opening, UBM size, UBM thickness and trace width. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was performed in order to study the effect of above parameters on current crowding and temperature in the bumped interconnects. Based on the results, hierarchy of the most important parameters to be considered while selecting the appropriate flip chip technology is proposed.
Nonlinear stabilization via Control Contraction Metrics: A pseudospectral approach for computing geodesics (2017)

Real-time nonlinear stabilization techniques are often limited by inefficient or intractable online and/or offline computations, or a lack guarantee for global stability. In this paper, we explore the use of Control Contraction Metrics (CCM) for nonlinear stabilization because it offers tractable offline computations that give formal guarantees for global stability. We provide a method to solve the associated online computation for a CCM controller - a pseudospectral method to find a geodesic. Through a case study of a stiff nonlinear system, we highlight two key benefits: (i) using CCM for nonlinear stabilization and (ii) rapid online computations amenable to real-time implementation. We compare the performance of a CCM controller with other popular feedback control techniques, namely the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) and Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC). We show that a CCM controller using a pseudospectral approach for online computations is a middle ground between the simplicity of LQR and stability guarantees for NMPC.
Spectral Mixing in Nervous Systems: Experimental Evidence and Biologically Plausible Circuits (2006)

The ability to compute the difference frequency for two periodic signals depends on a nonlinear operation that mixes those signals. Behavioral and psychophysical evidence suggest that such mixing is likely to occur in the vertebrate nervous system as a means to compare rhythmic sensory signals, such as occurs in human audition, and as a means to lock an intrinsic rhythm to a sensory input. Electrophysiological data from electroreceptors in the immobilized electric fish and somatosensory cortex in the anesthetized rat yield direct evidence for such mixing, providing a neurological substrate for the modulation and demodulation of rhythmic neuronal signals. We consider an analytical model of spectral mixing that makes use of the threshold characteristics of neuronal firing and which has features consistent with the experimental observations. This model serves as a guide for constructing circuits that isolate given mixture components. In particular, such circuits can generate nearly pure difference tones from sinusoidal inputs without the use of band-pass filters, in analogy to an image-reject mixer in communications engineering. We speculate that such computations may play a role in coding of sensory input and feedback stabilization of motor output in nervous systems.
A comparison of three methods for join view maintenance in parallel RDBMS (2004)

In a typical data warehouse, materialized views are used to speed up query execution. Upon updates to the base relations in the warehouse, these materialized views must also be maintained. The need to maintain these materialized views can have a negative impact on performance that is exacerbated in parallel RDBMSs, since simple single-node updates to base relations can give rise to expensive all-node operations for materialized view maintenance. We present a comparison of three materialized join view maintenance methods in a parallel RDBMS, which we refer to as the naive, auxiliary relation, and global index methods. The last two methods improve performance at the cost of using more space. The results of this study show that the method of choice depends on the environment, in particular, the update activity on base relations and the amount of available storage space.
Electrodynamic analysis of combined microstrip and coplanar/slotine structures with 3-D components based on a surface/volume integral-equation approach (1999)

This paper deals with the electrodynamic analysis of structures embedded in multilayered media, which consist of both microstrip/stripline and coplanar/slotline components also comprising three-dimensional components like vertical interconnects, finite dielectric fillings, or coatings. The analysis is based on a surface/volume integral-equation method using a magnetic surface current description for the slot areas, electric surface currents for the planar microstrip/stripline structures, and electric or polarization volume currents for the description of vertical interconnects and finite dielectric regions. The current discretization is performed by rectangular subdomain basis functions with asymmetric segmentations and corresponding volume current functions on arbitrary nonuniform meshes. For the effective and accurate evaluation of the system matrix., we apply a general asymptotic subtraction technique combined with complete analytical solutions of all dominant asymptotic system matrix entries. Furthermore, we use adaptive database techniques employed in the remaining numerical integrations and identify search algorithms for an optimized redundancy reduction. The method was applied to a large class of different structures comprising customary microstrip components, coplanar bandstop filters, and metal-insulation-metal capacitances and a new class of submillimeter-wave receivers. The results are in good agreement with experimental data or with results of finite-difference approaches, where, however, the latter require much more computational and storage effort.
A New and Unified Nomenclature for Male Fertility Restorer (RF) Proteins in Higher Plants (2010)

The male fertility restorer (RF) proteins belong to extended protein families associated with the cytoplasmic male sterility in higher plants. Up till now, there is no devised nomenclature for naming the RF proteins. The systematic sequencing of new plant species in recent years has uncovered the existence of several novel RF genes and their encoded proteins. Their naming has been simply arbitrary and could not be adequately handled in the context of comparative functional genomics. We propose in this study a unified nomenclature for the RF extended protein families across all plant species. This new and unified nomenclature relies upon previously developed nomenclature for the first ever characterized RF gene, RF2A/ALDH2B2, a member of ALDH gene superfamily, and adheres to the guidelines issued by the ALDH Genome Nomenclature Committees. The proposed nomenclature reveals that RF gene superfamily encodes currently members of 51 families. This unified nomenclature accommodates functional RF genes and pseudogenes, and offers the flexibility needed to incorporate additional RFs as they become available in future. In addition, we provide a phylogenetic relationship between the RF extended families and use computational protein modeling to demonstrate the high divergence of RF functional specializations through specific structural features of selected members of RF superfamily.
Discovery of a Novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lineage That Is a Major Cause of Tuberculosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2007)

The current study evaluated Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for genomic deletions. One locus in our panel of PCR targets failed to amplify in approximately 30% of strains. A single novel long sequence polymorphism (>26.3 kb) was characterized and designated RD(Rio). Homologous recombination between two similar protein-coding genes is proposed as the mechanism for deleting or modifying 10 genes, including two potentially immunogenic PPE proteins. The flanking regions of the RD(Rio) locus were identical in all strains bearing the deletion. Genetic testing by principal genetic group, spoligotyping, variable-number tandem repeats of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU-VNTR), and IS6110-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis cumulatively support the idea that RD(Rio) strains are derived from a common ancestor belonging solely to the Latin American-Mediterranean spoligotype family. The RD(Rio) lineage is therefore the predominant clade causing tuberculosis (TB) in Rio de Janeiro and, as indicated by genotypic clustering in MIRU-VNTR analysis, the most significant source of recent transmission. Limited retrospective reviews of bacteriological and patient records showed a lack of association with multidrug resistance or specific risk factors for TB. However, trends in the data did suggest that RD(Rio) strains may cause a form of TB with a distinct clinical presentation. Overall, the high prevalence of this genotype may be related to enhanced virulence, transmissibility, and/or specific adaptation to a Euro-Latin American host population. The identification of RD(Rio) strains outside of Brazil points to the ongoing intercontinental dissemination of this important genotype. Further studies are needed to determine the differential strain-specific features, pathobiology, and worldwide prevalence of RD(Rio) M. tuberculosis.
In Vivo and In Vitro Transformations of Mouse Tissues from a Murine Lymphosarcoma (1972)

The problem with which this investigation is concerned is that of determining the nature of events leading to the change. of normal cells into malignant cells. The design of the study is multi-phasic: (A) to establish the presence or absence of an oncogenic virion, (B) to demonstrate by use of the electron microscopy any ultracellular alteration in malignant or transformed tissues, (C) to investigate the nature of the transforming agent in the murine lymphosarcoma, and (D) to employ various methods to demonstrate cellular transformations in vivo and in vitro. It is concluded that the transforming and tumorinducing agent in this' investigation was not a virion, but an infectious ribonucleic acid genome or a segment of a viral genome which had become integrated into the genome of the mouse cells. The vision has lost its ability to form a protein coat; therefore it is not demonstrable as a virion. But the ribonucleic acid is able to infect other cells and transform them from normal to neoplastic tissues.
A Local Limit Theorem for Cliques in G(n,p) (2018)

We prove a local limit theorem the number of $r$-cliques in $G(n,p)$ for $p\in(0,1)$ and $r\ge 3$ fixed constants. Our bounds hold in both the $\ell^\infty$ and $\ell^1$ metric. The main work of the paper is an estimate for the characteristic function of this random variable. This is accomplished by introducing a new technique for bounding the characteristic function of constant degree polynomials in independent Bernoulli random variables, combined with a decoupling argument.
The complexity of knowledge representation (2002)

Representing knowledge in forms appropriate for rapid common-sense reasoning is a challenging current problem in artificial intelligence. We review certain recent results which suggest that complexity theory has an important role to play in this field.
Reconstruction for proton computed tomography: a practical approach (2004)

Proton computed tomography (CT) has important implications for both image-guided diagnosis and radiation therapy. For diagnosis, the fact that the patient dose committed by proton CT compares favorably with that delivered by traditional X-ray CT, for the same density resolution and contrast, may be exploited in dose-critical clinical settings. Proton CT is also the most appropriate imaging method to perform planning and verification of proton-based radiation treatment, since proton stopping power maps constructed by table-based transformation of X-ray CT images only render approximate stopping power estimates. In proton CT, sharp features become blurred by the phenomenon of multiple Coulomb scattering (MCS), resulting in a resolution of around 3 to 5 mm. Studies showed that the spatial resolution of proton radiography and CT can be improved to about 1-2 mm by tracking individual protons in coincidence as they enter and exit the imaged object. This paper describes a new practical implementation of this approach. We first bin the captured protons into slots of similar tracks. Optionally, proton energy statistics can be collected within each bin to obtain further parameters for tissue characterization. The envelope of path uncertainty due to MCS can be be modeled as a banana-shaped curve. The 3D reconstruction, using either filter-backprojection or iterative algorithms, can be performed rapidly on graphics hardware, using a slice blurring technique to model the MCS uncertainty curve.
Non-Hodgkinʼs Lymphoma in Pregnancy (1985)

Pregnancy in patients who have non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is unusual. We have reported a case of diffuse, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, stage IIIa, in a patient whose disease went into remission after she received six courses of CHOP therapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone). She became pregnant soon afterward and was delivered of a normal, full-term infant with a normal chromosomal pattern. Risk of teratogenicity appears to be negligible when chemotherapy is used during the third trimester of pregnancy.
Effect of Two In-office Whitening Agents on the Enamel Surface In Vivo: A Morphological and Non-contact Profilometric Study (2008)

This study evaluated the morphological effects produced in vivo by two in-office bleaching agents on enamel surface roughness using a noncontact profilometric analysis of epoxy replicas. The null hypothesis tested was that there would be no difference in the micromorphology of the enamel surface during or after bleaching with two different bleaching agents. Eighteen subjects were selected and randomly assigned to two treatment groups (n=9). The tooth whitening materials tested were 38% hydrogen peroxide (HP) (Opalescence Xtra Boost) and 35% carbamide peroxide (CP) (Rembrandt Quik Start). The bleaching agents were applied in accordance with manufacturer protocols. The treatments were repeated four times at one-week intervals. High precision impressions of the upper right incisor were taken at baseline as the control (CTRL) and after each bleaching treatment (T0: first application, T1: second application at one week, T2: third application at two weeks and T3: fourth application at three weeks). Epoxy resin replicas were poured from impressions, and the surface roughness was analyzed by means of a non-contact profilometer (Talysurf CLI 1000). Epoxy replicas were then observed using SEM. All data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and differences were determined with a t-test. No significant differences in surface roughness were found on enamel replicas using either 38% hydrogen peroxide or 35% carbamide peroxide in vivo. This in vivo study supports the null hypothesis that two in-office bleaching agents, with either a high concentration of hydrogen or carbamide peroxide, do not alter enamel surface roughness, even after multiple applications.
Evolution of carbohydrate antigens—microbial forces shaping host glycomes? (2007)

Many glycans show remarkably discontinuous distribution across evolutionary lineages. These differences play major roles when organisms belonging to different lineages interact as host-pathogen or host-symbiont. Certain lineage-specific glycans have become important signals for multicellular host organisms, which use them as molecular signatures of their pathogens and symbionts through recognition by a toolkit of innate defense molecules. In turn, pathogens have evolved to exploit host lineage-specific glycans and are constantly shaping the glycomes of their hosts. These interactions take place in the face of numerous critical endogenous functions played by glycans within host organisms. Whether due to simple evolutionary divergence or adaptive changes under natural selection resulting from endogenous functional requirements, once different lineages elaborate on differential glycomes these mutual differences provide opportunities for host exploitation and/or pathogen defense between lineages. Such phylogenetic molecular recognition mechanisms will augment and likely contribute to the maintenance of lineage-specific differences in glycan repertoires.