gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Poisoning the Spindle: Serendipity and Discovery of the Anti-Tumor Properties of the Vinca Alkaloids (2000)

In 1995, Canadian scientists Robert Noble and Charles Beer were inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame for their 1950s "discovery" of Vinblastine. Their "chance" finding of an anticancer drug in the leaves of the periwinkle plant (Vinca rosea, Linn.), is used to explore the historical issue of discovery, accidental discovery, and priority. The elements of the discovery are reconstructed through the oral testimony of key players and their published and unpublished records. Several "unsung heroes" played key roles in this project and reasons for their relative invisibility will be presented. Special attention is paid to the relationship between the small Canadian academic group working at UWO and the large pharmaceutical company (Eli Lilly) engaged in similar research at the same time.
Review of current intracranial aneurysm flow diversion technology and clinical use (2020)

Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) has evolved considerably over the past decades. The technological advances have been driven by the experience that coils fail to completely exclude all IAs from the blood circulation, the need to treat the diseased parent vessel segment leading to the aneurysm formation, and expansion of endovascular therapy to treat more complex IAs. Stents were initially developed to support the placement of coils inside wide neck aneurysms. However, early work on stent-like tubular braided structure led to a more sophisticated construct that then later was coined as a flow diverter (FD) and found its way into clinical application. Although FDs were initially used to treat wide-neck large and giant internal carotid artery aneurysms only amenable to surgical trap with or without a bypass or endovascular vessel sacrifice, its use in other types of IAs and cerebrovascular pathology promptly followed. Lately, we have witnessed an explosion in the application of FDs and subsequently their modifications leading to their ubiquitous use in endovascular therapy. In this review we aim to compile the available FD technology, evaluate the devices' peculiarities from the authors' perspective, and analyze the current literature to support initial and expanded indications, recognizing that this may be outdated soon.
Garment-Integrated Bend Sensor (2014)

Garment-integrated sensors equip clothes with a smart sensing capability, while preserving the comfort of the user. However, this benefit can be to the detriment of sensing accuracy due to the unpredictability of garment movement (which affects sensor positioning) and textile folds (which can affect sensor orientation). However, sensors integrated directly into garments or fabric structures can also be used to detect the movement of the garment during wearing. Specifically, a textile bend sensor could be used to sense folds in the garment. We tested a garment-integrated stitched sensor for five types of folds, stitched on five different weights of un-stretchable denim fabric and analyzed the effects of fold complexity and fabric stiffness, under un-insulated and insulated conditions. Results show that insulation improves the linearity and repeatability of the sensor response, particularly for higher fold complexity. Stiffer fabrics show greater sensitivity, but less linearity. Sensor response amplitude is larger for more complex fold geometries. The utility of a linear bending response (insulated) and a binary shorting response (un-insulated) is discussed. Overall, the sensor exhibits excellent repeatability and accuracy, particularly for a fiber-based, textile-integrated sensor.
Recombinant ASF Live Attenuated Virus Strains as Experimental Vaccine Candidates (2022)

African swine fever (ASF) is causing a pandemic affecting swine in a large geographical area of the Eastern Hemisphere, from Central Europe to East and Southeast Asia, and recently in the Americas, the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The etiological agent, ASF virus (ASFV), infects both domestic and wild swine and produces a variety of clinical presentations depending on the virus strain and the genetics of the pigs infected. No commercial vaccines are currently available, although experimental recombinant live attenuated vaccine candidates have been shown to be efficacious in protecting animals against disease when challenged with homologous virulent strains. This review attempts to systematically provide an overview of all the live attenuated strains that have been shown to be experimental vaccine candidates. Moreover, it aims to analyze the development of these vaccine candidates, obtained by deleting specific genes or group of genes, and their efficacy in preventing virus infection and clinical disease after being challenged with virulent isolates. This report summarizes all the experimental vaccine strains that have shown promise against the contemporary pandemic strain of African swine fever.
Spatiotemporal supermodes: Rapid reduction of spatial coherence in highly multimode lasers (2018)

Spatial coherence quantifies spatial field correlations and is one of the fundamental properties of light. Here we investigate the spatial coherence of highly multimode lasers in the regime of short timescales. Counterintuitively, we show that in this regime, the temporal (longitudinal) modes play a crucial role in spatial coherence reduction. To evaluate the spatial coherence we measured the temporal dynamics of speckle fields generated by a highly multimode laser with over ${10}^{5}$ lasing spatial (transverse) modes and examined the dependence of speckle contrast on the exposure time of the detecting device. We show that in the regime of short timescales, the spatial and temporal modes interact to form spatiotemporal supermodes, such that the spatial degrees of freedom are encoded onto the temporal modes. As a result, the speckle contrast is suppressed according to the number of temporal modes, and the degree of spatial coherence is reduced. Moreover, the functional form of the spatial coherence is shown to have a bimodal distribution. In the regime of long timescales, the supermodes are no longer a valid representation of the laser modal structure. Consequently, the spatial coherence is independent of the temporal modes, and the classical result, where the speckle contrast is suppressed according to the number of spatial modes, is obtained. Due to this spatiotemporal mechanism, highly multimode lasers can be used for speckle suppression in high-speed full-field imaging applications, as we demonstrate here for imaging of a fast moving object.
Dissolved organic matter modified magnetic carbon nanotubes enhance the bioremediation of azo dyes and Cr(vi) (2020)

Dissolved organic matter and Fe(<sc>iii</sc>) species can serve as electron shuttles in the bioreduction of various pollutants in water treatment, but their residuals are also regarded as contaminants.
Large Fractional Pulse Delays in a Hot Rubidium Vapor (2006)

Widely tunable large fractional pulse delays are achieved in a hot, Rubidium vapor with a spectrally burned resonance hole. The delay is tunable by both power broadening the resonance and frequency modulating the pump laser.
CT Dose Reduction and Dose Management Tools: Overview of Available Options (2006)

In the past decade, the tremendous advances in computed tomography (CT) technology and applications have increased the clinical utilization of CT, creating concerns about individual and population doses of ionizing radiation. Scanner manufacturers have subsequently implemented several options to appropriately manage or reduce the radiation dose from CT. Modulation of the x-ray tube current during scanning is one effective method of managing the dose. However, the distinctions between the various tube current modulation products are not clear from the product names or descriptions. Depending on the scanner model, the tube current may be modulated according to patient attenuation or a sinusoidal-type function. The modulation may be fully preprogrammed, implemented in near-real time by using a feedback mechanism, or achieved with both preprogramming and a feedback loop. The dose modulation may occur angularly around the patient, along the long axis of the patient, or both. Finally, the system may allow use of one of several algorithms to automatically adjust the current to achieve the desired image quality. Modulation both angularly around the patient and along the z-axis is optimal, but the tube current must be appropriately adapted to patient size for diagnostic image quality to be achieved.
Project Spinnaker: Long-term Arctic ambient noise measurements (1996)

Due to harsh environmental conditions, long-term, real-time Arctic ambient noise is extremely difficult to acquire. Since 1988, U.S. and Canadian investigators have been collecting data from temporary ice camps in the Lincoln Sea, northwest of Greenland. During the spring of 1996 a joint U.S./Canadian multiple-aperture, bottom-mounted acoustic array was deployed in the Lincoln Sea under the Arctic sea ice and fiber-optically cabled back to shore over 100 miles away. The data is being recorded in real time and the system is batteried for a 3- to 5-yr life. These data will support many aspects of noise characterization including noise statistics, seismic content, ice signatures, and marine mammals as well as contribute to global scale acoustics and ocean parameter estimation. A brief history of the U.S. technology development, the resulting array configuration and status, and the data analysis, archiving and dissemination plan will be presented. [Work supported by ONR and SPAWAR.]
Mutant p63 causes defective expansion of ectodermal progenitor cells and impaired FGF signalling in AEC syndrome (2012)

Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, which is characterized by cleft palate and severe defects of the skin, is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding transcription factor p63. Here, we report the generation of a knock-in mouse model for AEC syndrome (p63(+/L514F) ) that recapitulates the human disorder. The AEC mutation exerts a selective dominant-negative function on wild-type p63 by affecting progenitor cell expansion during ectodermal development leading to a defective epidermal stem cell compartment. These phenotypes are associated with impairment of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling resulting from reduced expression of Fgfr2 and Fgfr3, direct p63 target genes. In parallel, a defective stem cell compartment is observed in humans affected by AEC syndrome and in Fgfr2b(-/-) mice. Restoring Fgfr2b expression in p63(+/L514F) epithelial cells by treatment with FGF7 reactivates downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling and cell proliferation. These findings establish a functional link between FGF signalling and p63 in the expansion of epithelial progenitor cells and provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of AEC syndrome.
Feasibility of EMG-Based Neural Network Controller for an Upper Extremity Neuroprosthesis (2008)

The overarching goal of this project is to provide shoulder and elbow function to individuals with C5/C6 spinal cord injury (SCI) using functional electrical stimulation (FES), increasing the functional outcomes currently provided by a hand neuroprosthesis. The specific goal of this study was to design a controller based on an artificial neural network (ANN) that extracts information from the activity of muscles that remain under voluntary control sufficient to predict appropriate stimulation levels for several paralyzed muscles in the upper extremity. The ANN was trained with activation data obtained from simulations using a musculoskeletal model of the arm that was modified to reflect C5 SCI and FES capabilities. Several arm movements were recorded from able-bodied subjects and these kinematics served as the inputs to inverse dynamic simulations that predicted muscle activation patterns corresponding to the movements recorded. A system identification procedure was used to identify an optimal reduced set of voluntary input muscles from the larger set that are typically under voluntary control in C5 SCI. These voluntary activations were used as the inputs to the ANN and muscles that are typically paralyzed in C5 SCI were the outputs to be predicted. The neural network controller was able to predict the needed FES paralyzed muscle activations from "voluntary" activations with less than a 3.6% RMS prediction error.
Feature estimation for efficient streaming (2003)

In this paper we propose a method to estimate the number of primitives that are extracted from an iso-surface extraction procedure. A decimated version of the data is used to estimate the number of triangles at the finest resolution through a combinatorial audit of the features (iso-contours) and their changes across resolutions. The estimates allow for the efficient implementation of visualization pipelines across a spectrum of hardware platforms. We demonstrate the efficacy of our methods through suitable experiments with The Visible Woman dataset.
Testing Security Enhanced SCADA Communication Protocols. (2007)

Most children who arrive at trauma centers alive and subsequently die from NIF firearm injuries do so rapidly from major vascular and thoracic injury. Almost half of these children have injuries to multiple body regions, further complicating management. Innovative, aggressive treatment approaches should be sought to improve survival in this extremely injured cohort of children.
Ultrasonic motor utilizing elastic fin rotor (2002)

A new ultrasonic micromotor, which consists of an ultrasonic vibrator and a rotor with elastic fins, is proposed. The fins convert the ultrasonic vibration into the driving force. A motor, 5 mm in diameter, was fabricated and worked quite well, and its characteristics were also measured. To estimate the specifications of the motor, numerical analysis based on fundamental models of the elastic fin were successfully carried out. The simple structure of this motor suggests the possibility of further miniaturization of the motor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Structural Details of Cellulose Nanocrystals/Polyelectrolytes Multilayers Probed by Neutron Reflectivity and AFM (2008)

Neutron reflectivity measurements and AFM observations were used as complementary techniques to investigate multilayered films consisting of alternating sheets of rigid cellulose nanocrystals and flexible poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) prepared by the layer-by-layer assembly technique. Both techniques showed that smooth films with a high load of cellulose could be obtained. After deposition, the cellulose component occurred as a double layer with different densities: 50% and 25% for the lower and upper layer, respectively. A linear growth of the multilayer and the presence of a Bragg peak on neutron reflectivity curves indicated the formation of a well-ordered structure resulting from entropy-driven assembly and smoothening effect of the flexible PAH macromolecules. The possible alignment of the nanocrystals when anisotropic suspensions were used is also shown and opens the route to an improved control of the architecture of these multilayers.
Injection laser for high-data-rate communication (1976)

A major objective of this study is the development of a package in which an injection laser is permanently bonded to a short length of a single-mode fiber, keeping both parts aligned and coupling as much optical power as possible into the single-mode fiber. Such a package had previously been developed for multimode fibers; efforts are now being made to adapt this package to the single-mode case.
THE OPTIMISATION OF POLYMER TYPE AND CHAIN LENGTH FOR USE AS A BIOLOGICAL COMPOSITE GRAFT IN IMPACTION BONE GRAFTING: A MECHANICAL AND BIO-COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS (2012)

Aims Impaction bone grafting with milled human allograft is the gold standard for replacing lost bone stock during revision hip surgery. Problems surrounding the use of allograft include cost, availability, disease transmission and stem subsidence (usually due to shear failure of the surrounding allograft). The aim of this study was to investigate various polymers for use as substitute allograft. The ideal graft would be a composite with similar mechanical characteristics as allograft, and with the ability to form de novo bone. Methods High and low molecular weight (MW) forms of three different polymers (polylactic acid (PLA), poly (lactic co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) and polycaprolactone (PCL)) were milled, impacted into discs, and then tested in a custom built shear testing rig, and compared to allograft. A second stage of the experiment involved the addition of skeletal stem cells (SSC) to each of the milled polymers, impaction, 8 days incubation, and then tests for cell viability and number, via fluorostaining and biochemical (WST-1) assays. Results The shear strengths of both high/low MW PLA, and high/low MW PLGA were significantly higher than those of milled allograft (P Conclusions High MW PLA as well as high MW PLGA performed well both in mechanical testing and cell compatibility studies. These two polymers are good contenders to produce a living composite for use as substitute human allograft in impaction bone grafting, and are currently being optimised for this use via the investigation of different production techniques and in-vivo studies.
Impact of the Timing of Ureteral Stent Placement on Outcomes in Patients with Obstructing Ureteral Calculi and Presumed Infection (2019)

<b><i>Objective:</i></b> To understand how time to stent placement impacts outcomes in patients with obstructing ureteral stones and concern for infection. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Using a prospective urology consult institutional database (2011-2016), we identified patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) with an obstructing ureteral stone, met two or more systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria (temperature [T] >38°C or <36°C, heart rate >90 beats per minute, respiratory rate >20 breaths per minute, white blood cell count >12 k/μL or <4 k/μ), and underwent stent placement. The primary outcome of interest was impact of stent timing on intensity of care (need for intensive care unit [ICU]) as well as overall length of stay (LOS). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Forty-eight patients were identified who met the study criteria. Overall, 58.3% had positive urine cultures. There was no difference between groups with across a range of clinical variables. While the need for ICU admission did not differ between groups, those patients who had a ureteral stent placed within 6 and 10 hours of ED arrival had a significantly decreased LOS (35.6 hours <i>vs</i> 71.6 hours, <i>p</i> = 0.01; 45.7 hours <i>vs</i> 82.4 hours, <i>p</i> = 0.04) relative to those patients who were stented outside these intervals. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In patients with an obstructing ureteral calculus and concern for infection, there is a beneficial effect to timelier stent placement in the form of decreased overall LOS.
Discussion on “Opening pressures and atelectrauma in acute respiratory distress syndrome” (2017)

Recently, we read the article in your journal by Cressoni et al. We congratulate them on their results and good writing. However, we feel some points merit a precise discussion. First, the lung recruitment has many benefits, but it also has complications such as hypotension, arrhythmias, desaturation, and barotrauma. Research shows that volutrauma is associated with a higher risk for ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and furthermore higher lung inflammation than atelectrauma [2]; and Tonetti et al. PEEP may prevent VILI by reducing the dynamic stress/strain. However, in the absence of consistent lung recruitability, PEEP may solely increase the end-inspiratory stress/strain with no benefit. Those increased stress/strains may be above the VILI threshold. Hence, we think it [1] may mislead the reader in clinical work.
Wave propagation with rotating intensity distributions (1996)

General solutions representing rotations of intensity distributions around and along the propagation axis are derived for the paraxial wave equation. The formalism used is a key for understanding and synthesizing such waves as experimentally demonstrated. A necessary and sufficient condition for rigid rotation as well as limitations on the rotation rate are obtained.
Image-based cell sorting using optofluidics (2008)

We present an architecture ideally suited for imaging and sorting large populations of single cells. Our approach combines wide-field, passive, hydrodynamic trapping of cells with active retrieval of specific single cells using radiation pressure and microfluidics. The architecture scales easily and offers single-cell resolution both with respect to imaging and manipulation, enabling sorts predicated on microscopy.
Black chrome solar selective coating (1980)

Electrodeposited black chrome solar selective coatings have frequently experienced thermal stability problems when heated to temperatures above 250/sup 0/C (480/sup 0/F) in air. By reducing the trivalent chromium concentration in the standard black chrome plating bath, coatings on nickel substrates are obtained which are stable for thousands of hours at 350/sup 0/C (660/sup 0/F) and for hundreds of hours at 400/sup 0/C (750/sup 0/F). These results have been obtained consistently on a laboratory scale, but difficulty in reproducing the results has been encountered in a production environment. A current study of the effects of known plating variables on the optical properties and thermal stability of coatings is aimed at establishing an acceptable range for each plating parameter. A preliminary process specification for electroplating mild steel substrates with a stable black chrome coating is presented.
Simulation-based training and learning curves in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (2012)

Better quality studies are needed to define the learning curve for LRYGBP. Future studies should focus on the design and validation of training models, and a comprehensive curriculum for training and assessment of cognitive, technical and non-technical components of competency for laparoscopic bariatric surgery.
Homoserine‐derived cyclic sulfamidate as chiral educt for the diversity‐oriented synthesis of lactam‐bridged dipeptides (2005)

Introduction of structural constraint into peptides is an effective way for studying their conformation-activity relationships. Conformationally restrained dipeptidyl lactams, important building blocks for the synthesis of peptidomimetics, have now been synthesized from N-[9-(9-phenylfluorenyl)]-L-aspartic acid alpha-cumyl beta-methyl diester as an inexpensive chiral educt. After selective reduction of the beta-methyl ester with diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL-H), homoserine was treated with thionyl chloride, imidazole, and triethylamine to give sulfamidites. Diastereoisomers were separated by chromatography and oxidation of the major sulfamidite (2R,4S)- with catalytic ruthenium trichloride afforded sulfamidate. A series of gamma-lactam-bridged dipeptides was then obtained by ring opening of sulfamidate cumyl ester with a series of amino esters, selective cumyl ester removal, and lactam formation. The resulting dipeptidyl lactams possessed aliphatic, aromatic, amino, thioether, and carboxylate side chains. A gamma-lactam analog of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (PLG), was synthesized to illustrate the potential for using this approach in the synthesis of biologically active peptide mimics.