gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Disuse Versus Reloading Induced Change In Energy Rich Phosphate Content In Human Skeletal Muscle (2005)

Cast immobilization is associated with decreases in muscle contractile area, specific force and functional ability. Additionally, recent studies have shown that following immobilization, there is a change in the resting energy rich phosphate content. Specifically, there is an elevation in the inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration, which may contribute to the loss in force production. The mechanism underlying the change in energy rich phosphate content following immobilization is not clear. PURPOSE To determine if the change in resting energy rich phosphate content following immobilization is related to disuse or reloading. METHODS Six patients with a surgically stabilized, unilateral ankle malleolar fracture participated in the study. Patients were immobilized for about six weeks, followed by reloading. Image guided localized 31-P magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were acquired using chemical shift imaging from the medial gastrocnemius muscle in a 1.5 Tesla magnet. Measurements were performed during immobilization (at 3 weeks), at the end of immobilization, and at 2–4 days of reloading. The subjects' uninvolved leg was used for comparison purposes. Resting values of Pi/ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr) /ATP and Pi/PCr ratios were determined. Intracellular pH was calculated based on the chemical shift of the Pi peak. T-tests were used for comparisons with significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS A progressive increase in the Pi /ATP and the Pi /PCr ratios was noted in the involved limb during immobilization and subsequent reloading. The greatest increase occurred during the immobilization period (Pi /ATP: 70 %; Pi/PCr: 65%). Significant differences were noted between the immobilized and uninvolved limbs at 6 weeks of immobilization for both the Pi/ATP (0.91±0.08 vs. 0.47±0.05; p < 0.05) and the Pi /PCr ratios (0.19±0.03 vs. 0.11±0.01, p < 0.05). However, from 6 weeks of immobilization to 2–4 days of reloading, no significant changes were observed in the Pi /ATP (p = 0.26) and Pi /PCr ratios (p = 0.29), although the average values increased by an additional 30% and 35% for Pi /ATP and Pi /PCr ratios, respectively. No significant changes were noted in the resting PCr /ATP ratio or basal pH at any time point. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the shift in energy rich phosphate content following immobilization is mainly a consequence of pathophysiological processes during disuse. Supported by NIH- RO1HD37645, NIH-RO1HD40850.
Optical digital cross-connect system for high-bit-rate data networks that uses a liquid-crystal multichannel optical switch (1994)

Optical digital cross-connect systems using transparent photonic switches are attractive for reconfiguring optical-path networks that will support future high-speed communications.1-3 Since a free-space optical switch using liquid-crystal spatial light modulators4 (LC-SLMs) is suitable for such switches, combining it with high-speed photonic switching devices would permit high-bit-rate network reconfiguration. This communication proposes an optical cross-connect system using an LC-SLM cross-connect switch (XC-SW) accompanied by high-speed optical time-division multiplexers (T-MUXs) arid demultiplexers (T-DEMUXs). Rearrangement of time-division-multiplexed optical paths in 20-Gbit/s signal streams is also demonstrated.
Etiology-Dependent Impairment of Diastolic Cardiomyocyte Calcium Homeostasis in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (2021)

Although t-tubule disruption and impaired cardiomyocyte Ca<sup>2+</sup> release are hallmarks of HFrEF, such changes are not prominent in HFpEF. Impaired diastolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis occurs in both conditions, but in HFpEF, this mechanism for diastolic dysfunction is etiology-dependent.
Investigation Into the Quality Factor of Piezoelectric-on-Silica Micromachined Resonators (2015)

In this paper, we investigate loss mechanisms in piezoelectric-on-silica bulk acoustic wave resonators, including those resulting from thermoelastic damping (TED), surface roughness, and supporting tethers. Alternate resonator designs, piezoelectric materials, and fabrication processes are demonstrated to empirically test these loss mechanisms. Quality factors (Qs) in the order of ~16000 at a center frequency of 5 MHz have been consistently measured for aluminum nitride (AlN)-on-silica coupled-ring resonators. It is shown that neither TED nor surface losses are the dominant sources of loss for AlN-on-silica resonators in the megahertz regime. Instead, it is suggested that charge redistribution loss resulting from nonuniform strain across the piezoelectric layer is the dominant loss mechanism, with a charge redistribution Q of ~38000 at 5 MHz for AlN-on-silica devices. When all loss mechanisms are considered, the total Q is estimated to be 25000, a value comparable to the measured results of the piezoelectric-on-silica resonators of this paper.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Ruthenium(II) Complex for Photovoltaic Cells (2007)

We have designed and synthesized a new ruthenium complex, [(5‐amino‐1,10‐phenanthroline)bis(4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid‐2,2′‐bipyridine)]ruthenium(II) by introducing two types of ligands, 5‐amino‐1,10‐phenanthroline and 4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid‐2,2′‐bipyridine. We investigated the electronic, spectroscopic, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of the Ru(II) complex. The short‐circuit current density and overall solar‐to‐electric energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells made with this Ru(II) complex were found to be 8.9 mA/cm2 and 2.1%, respectively. A series of analogous Ru(II) complexes have also been synthesized and investigated to compare the effects of functional groups on various ligands. HOMO‐LUMO energies and molecular orbital surfaces have been investigated using semiempirical quantum chemical methods.
Application of three-dimensionally area-selective atomic layer deposition for selectively coating the vertical surfaces of standing nanopillars (2014)

We describe a strategy for selectively coating the vertical surfaces of standing nanopillars using area-selective atomic layer deposition (ALD). Hydrophobic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are utilised to selectively inhibit the coating of oxides on the modified horizontal regions to ensure that only the vertical surfaces of vertical standing nanorods are coated using ALD processes. This method makes it possible to fabricate vertical nanodevices using a simple process of depositing oxide layer on a vertical surface, and can also be applied to the area-selective surface passivation of other standing structures.
Short course dose-dense (dd) epirubicin (E) and cyclophosphamide (C) as neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II-IIIA breast cancer (BC) (2008)

11543 Background: Neo-adjuvant anthracycline (A)- and taxane (T)-based chemotherapy has become a standard option for primary operable BC patients (pts) who are candidates for adjuvant chemotherapy, irrespective of the size of the tumor. However, the addition of T is not an established adjuvant treatment in N0 tumors. Aim of this study was to evaluate response and tolerability of a short course of neo- adjuvant dd-EC-based chemotherapy in clinical stage II-IIIA BC. Methods: In a prospective phase II study, women with histologically confirmed diagnosis of BC, aged 18–75 years, clinical stage T2-T3 and N0–1, were treated with 4 cycles of intravenous E 90 mg/m2 d1/q14 and C 600 mg/m2 d1/q14. PEG-filgrastim (PEG-F) was given on day 2 of each cycle. Following surgery, responding pts with pathological N0 tumors received 3 to 4 cycles of adjuvant EC q21. Unresponsive or pN1 pts received paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 weekly for 12 weeks. Overall response rate and toxicity were the primary endpoints of the study. Results: Sixteen women were evaluable, median age 50 years (range, 35–69), cT2/T3 (9/7 pts), cN0/N1 (9/7 pts), Hormone Receptors ± (6/10 pts), HER-2 0–1+/2+/3+ (12/2/2 pts). No haematological toxicity was observed. Grade (G) 1 and 2 nausea and/or vomiting were reported in 9 (56%) and 2 (12.5%) pts respectively; G1 diarrhea in 1 pt (6%); PEG-F-related G1 osteomyalgia in 3 pts (19%) and cephalagia in 1 pt (6%). Responses to ddEC are reported in the table below. Median time from biopsy to surgery was 2.7 months (range, 1.7–3.7). Of the 9 cN0 pts, 7 were confirmed pN0 (3 ypTx, 2 ypT1c, 1 ypT2) and did not receive T as adjuvant treatment. The remaining 2 pts were ypN1c and ypN2a and received adjuvant T. None of the 7 pts with cN1 tumors achieved nodal clearance. Conclusions: A short course of neoadjuvant dd A-based chemotherapy is well tolerated and effective in cN0 pts, where it may allow an earlier surgery and pathology-based decisions on adjuvant chemotherapy. Response N. pts % of Total CR 4 25 PR 7 44 SD 4 25 PD 1 6 Breast-Conserving Surgery 6 37.5 pCR 3 19 pN0 7 44 CR= Complete Response; PR = Partial Response; SD = Stable Disease; PD= Progressive Disease No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Nuclear power: Deployment speed—Response (2016)

We agree with Johnstone et al. 's call to give “balanced consideration to a full range of alternative low-carbon energy options” to address climate change. Unlike Johnstone et al. , we believe that a balanced portfolio includes the investment of modest fractions of current energy research,
More Than 12 % Polarization and 20 Minute Lifetime of 15N in a Choline Derivative Utilizing Parahydrogen and a Rhodium Nanocatalyst in Water (2018)

Abstract Hyperpolarization techniques are key to extending the capabilities of MRI for the investigation of structural, functional and metabolic processes in vivo. Recent heterogeneous catalyst development has produced high polarization in water using parahydrogen with biologically relevant contrast agents. A heterogeneous ligand‐stabilized Rh catalyst is introduced that is capable of achieving 15 N polarization of 12.2±2.7 % by hydrogenation of neurine into a choline derivative. This is the highest 15 N polarization of any parahydrogen method in water to date. Notably, this was performed using a deuterated quaternary amine with an exceptionally long spin‐lattice relaxation time ( T 1 ) of 21.0±0.4 min. These results open the door to the possibility of 15 N in vivo imaging using nontoxic similar model systems because of the biocompatibility of the production media and the stability of the heterogeneous catalyst using parahydrogen‐induced polarization (PHIP) as the hyperpolarization method.
Large-scale nanoporous metal-coated silica aerogels for high SERS effect improvement (2018)

We investigate the optical properties and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) characteristics of metal-coated silica aerogels. Silica aerogels were fabricated by easily scalable sol-gel and supercritical drying processes. Metallic nanogaps were formed on the top surface of the nanoporous silica network by controlling the thickness of the metal layer. The optimized metallic nanogap structure enabled strong confinement of light inside the gaps, which is a suitable property for SERS effect. We experimentally evaluated the SERS enhancement factor with the use of benzenethiol as a probe molecule. The enhancement factor reached 7.9 × 10<sup>7</sup> when molecules were adsorbed on the surface of the 30 nm silver-coated aerogel. We also theoretically investigated the electric field distribution dependence on the structural geometry and substrate indices. On the basis of FDTD simulations, we concluded that the electric field was highly amplified in the vicinity of the target analyte owing to a combination of the aerogel's ultralow refractive index and the high-density metallic nanogaps. The aerogel substrate with metallic nanogaps shows great potential for use as an inexpensive, highly sensitive SERS platform to detect environmental and biological target molecules.
Hydrophobic α,α-Disubstituted Disilylated TESDpg Induces Incipient 310-Helix in Short Tripeptide Sequence (2017)

To evaluate the contribution of triethylsilyl α,α-di-n-propylglycine, namely TESDpg, to induce a defined secondary structure, we have prepared model tripeptides in which TESDpg was inserted in three different positions. Studies in solid state and in solution with adapted techniques showed that TESDpg was able to induce a nascent 3<sub>10</sub> helix in both crystal and solution states.
Feasibility of transmission microCT with two fan-beam sources (2005)

We study in simulation the properties of a transmission CT system using two fan-beam sources both illuminating a single detector. Using traditional X-ray sources, such a system would be expensive, slow, and unwieldy. With the development of new X-ray sources based on nanofabrication methods, however, such a dual-source system becomes feasible. The principal advantage of the new geometry is that a shorter fan-beam (or cone-beam) focal length can be used while achieving the same field-of-view. The shorter focal length should achieve approximately the same spatial resolution since the magnification is offset by the increased effect of nonzero focal spot size. However, the shorter focal length should give better efficiency through inverse square law effects. A disadvantage is that analytical reconstruction methods based on filtered backprojection may not be effective since each source does not view the entire subject. We demonstrate that iterative reconstruction techniques can solve this problem. We also demonstrate the potential improvement in resolution for an ideal source using a microCT simulation by comparing a conventional single source fan-beam CT with 50 cm focal length to a dual-source system with 30.5 cm focal length, both giving approximately the same transverse field of view. We found that the ideal dual-source system improved transverse spatial resolution (FWHM) by 4-14%, although wider tails (FWTM) were noted in point spread estimates. We conclude that use of multiple fan-beam sources is feasible to create transmission CT devices with shorter focal lengths.
Salmonella entericaSerovar-Host Specificity Does Not Correlate with the Magnitude of Intestinal Invasion in Sheep (2001)

The colonization of intestinal and systemic tissues by Salmonella enterica serovars with different host specificities was determined 7 days after inoculation of 1 to 2-month-old lambs. Following oral inoculation, S. enterica serovars Abortusovis, Dublin, and Gallinarum were recovered in comparable numbers from the intestinal mucosa, but serovar Gallinarum was recovered in lower numbers than the other serovars from systemic sites. The pattern of bacterial recovery from systemic sites following intravenous inoculation was similar. The magnitude of intestinal invasion was evaluated in ovine ligated ileal loops in vivo. Serovars Dublin and Gallinarum and the broad-host-range Salmonella serovar Typhimurium were recovered in comparable numbers from ileal mucosa 3 h after loop inoculation, whereas the recovery of serovar Abortusovis was approximately 10-fold lower. Microscopic analysis of intestinal mucosae infected with serovars Typhimurium and Dublin showed dramatic morphological changes and infiltration of inflammatory cells, whereas mucosae infected with serovars Abortusovis and Gallinarum were indistinguishable from uninfected mucosae. Together these data suggest that Salmonella serovar specificity in sheep correlates with bacterial persistence at systemic sites. Intestinal invasion and avoidance of the host's intestinal inflammatory response may contribute to but do not determine the specificity of serovar Abortosovis for sheep. Intestinal invasion by serovar Abortusovis was significantly reduced after mutation of invH but was not reduced following curing of the virulence plasmid, suggesting that the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 influences but the virulence plasmid genes do not influence the ability of serovar Abortusovis to invade the intestinal mucosa in sheep.
Shaping Cellular Form and Function by Autophagy (2006)

In addition to its familiar role in non-selective bulk degradation of cellular material, autophagy can also bring about specific changes in the structure and function of cells. Autophagy has been proposed to operate in a substrate-selective mode to carry out this function, although evidence to demonstrate selectivity has been lacking. A recent study of synapse formation in the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans now provides experimental evidence for substrate-selective autophagy. Synapses form when presynaptic cells contact their postsynaptic partners during development. This contact induces the assembly of synaptically-localized protein complexes in the postsynaptic cell that contain scaffolding proteins and neurotransmitter receptors. When presynaptic contact was blocked, autophagy in the postsynaptic cell was induced. Substrate selectivity was evident in this system: the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABA(A) receptor), an integral-membrane neurotransmitter receptor, trafficked from the cell surface to autophagosomes. By contrast, the acetylcholine receptor, a structurally-similar neurotransmitter receptor, remained on the cell surface. This result provides experimental support for the idea that autophagy can bring about changes in cell structure and behavior by degrading specific cellular proteins, particularly cell surface receptors that are often important for regulating cell growth, differentiation and function.
Promising thermoelectric properties in AgxMo9Se11 compounds (3.4≤x≤3.9) (2011)

Polycrystalline Mo9 cluster chalcogenides AgxMo9Se11 (3.4≤x≤3.9) have been prepared by powder metallurgy techniques, sintered by spark plasma sintering and characterized by x-ray diffraction. Their thermoelectric properties (electrical resistivity, thermopower, thermal conductivity) have been determined in the 300–800 K temperature range. The AgxMo9Se11 compounds show p-type conduction characteristics. The outstanding low lattice thermal conductivities give rise to a rather high value of the dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of ∼0.65 at 800 K for x=3.8–3.9, making this family of materials particularly promising for thermoelectric power generation applications.
Neuropeptides and Neuropeptide Receptors in the Drosophila melanogaster Genome (2001)

Recent genetic analyses in worms, flies, and mammals illustrate the importance of bioactive peptides in controlling numerous complex behaviors, such as feeding and circadian locomotion. To pursue a comprehensive genetic analysis of bioactive peptide signaling, we have scanned the recently completed Drosophila genome sequence for G protein-coupled receptors sensitive to bioactive peptides (peptide GPCRs). Here we describe 44 genes that represent the vast majority, and perhaps all, of the peptide GPCRs encoded in the fly genome. We also scanned for genes encoding potential ligands and describe 22 bioactive peptide precursors. At least 32 Drosophila peptide receptors appear to have evolved from common ancestors of 15 monophyletic vertebrate GPCR subgroups (e.g., the ancestral gastrin/cholecystokinin receptor). Six pairs of receptors are paralogs, representing recent gene duplications. Together, these findings shed light on the evolutionary history of peptide GPCRs, and they provide a template for physiological and genetic analyses of peptide signaling in Drosophila.
Effect of a Chiral 4-Alkyl Substituent in Hallucinogenic Amphetamines (1995)

The potency of hallucinogenic amphetamine derivatives of the 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-alkylphenyl)-2-aminopropane type drops dramatically when the length of the 4-alkyl substituent exceeds propyl or when the substituent is branched. This investigation was directed toward evaluating changes in behavioral and biochemical pharmacology resulting from introducing chirality into the 4-alkyl group of such analogues. Two diastereoisomeric derivatives of this class containing a 4-(R or S)-2-butyl substituent, 11a,b, respectively, were studied. A slight but nonsignificant potency difference in d-lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate (LSD)-like discriminative stimulus properties and equal affinity for [125I]-(R)-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl) isopropylamine-labeled serotonin 5-HT2A/C radioligand-binding sites were observed. Thus, the portion of the receptor that interacts with the 4-alkyl substituent on hallucinogenic amphetamines does not present a highly asymmetric environment to the ligand. However, since both test drugs had higher binding affinity but lower LSD-like behavioral potency than the prototype compound with a 4-methyl group ((2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)isopropylamine, 2), 11a,b may differ in their receptor agonist efficacy from more behaviorally active compounds such as 2.
Fluoride‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling Reaction of a Silylphosphine, Activated Alkenes and Aldehydes. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Some observations on bus relaying (2004)

The literature is replete with guidance on the subject of bus relaying. Because of the extremely detrimental results of incorrect operation of bus differential relaying, those giving such guidance have generally leaned in the direction of security. This paper is intended to point out the possibility of easing some of the useful, but not immutable restrictions that have been handed down from generation to generation. In general, the bus configuration does not dictate any particular bus differential relaying concept. Voltage level and importance of the circuits connected to the bus are far more significant criteria. Speed and cost are key factors. Current transformer location and quality are important ingredients in the choice of a bus relaying scheme.
Future Electron Devices and SOI Technology –Semi-Planar SOI MOSFETs with Sufficient Body Effect– (2003)

We propose semi-planar silicon-on-insulator (SOI) metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) in which the short channel effect is suppressed while a sufficient value of the body effect factor is maintained. The sufficient body effect is essential in suppressing the device characteristic fluctuations in the deep sub-100 nm regime by adaptive substrate bias control. It is shown that the optimum device design is changed when we take the body effect factor into consideration. As examples of semi-planar SOI MOSFETs, a triangular channel structure and a FinFET structure with low aspect ratio are investigated by simulation and experiment. The short channel effect is suppressed due to a three-dimensionally patterned gate structure and the body effect factor is maintained due to the relatively low aspect ratio of the channel. Simulation and experiment clearly demonstrate the superiority of semi-planar SOI MOSFETs.
Compact Printable Inverted-M Shaped Chipless RFID Tag Using Dual-Polarized Excitation (2019)

A novel and compact dual-polarized (DP) chipless radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag is presented in this paper. This tag can read both vertical and horizontal orientations within its frequency band, which improves the robustness and detection capability of the RFID system. The proposed tag makes use of the slot length variation encoding technique to improve the encoding capacity. This technique can duplicate the encoding capacity, thereby reducing the overall tag size by almost 50%. In particular, the proposed tag has an encoding capacity of 20 bits in the 3–8 GHz frequency band and achieves data density of around 15.15 bits/cm2. Three prototypes are fabricated and tested outside an anechoic chamber. Furthermore, one tag is tested at different distances (10 cm, 30 cm, and 60 cm) from the reader and the measured results are compared. The simulated and measured results are in reasonable agreement, with acceptable shifts at some frequencies due to fabrication and experimental errors.