gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low NOx burner retrofits and enhancements for a 518 MW oil and gas fired boiler (1995)

Low NOx oil/gas burners originally supplied to Jacksonville Electric Authority, Northside No. 3 .500 MW unit, were based on a duplex air register design with lobed spray oil atomizers providing additional fuel staging. Although the burners could meet the targeted NOx levels of 0.3 and 0.2 lbs/10{sup 6} BTU on oil and gas respectively. There was insufficient margin on these NOx levels to enable continuous low NOx operation to be achieved. Further burner development was undertaken based on improved aerodynamic control within the burner design to give an approximate 25% improvement in NOx emission reduction thus providing an adequate operating margin. This `RoBTAS` (Round Burner with Tilted Air Supply) burner design based on techniques developed successfully for front wall coal firing applications achieved the required NOx reductions in full scale firing demonstrations on both heavy fuel oil and natural gas firing. The paper describes the development work and the subsequent application of the `RoBTAS` burners to the Northside No. 3 boiler. The burner will also be test fired on Orimulsion fuel and thus the comparison between heavy fuel oil firing and Orimulsion firing under ultra low NOx conditions will be made.
Fast algorithm for Multiple-Circle detection on images using Learning\n Automata (2014)

Hough transform (HT) has been the most common method for circle detection\nexhibiting robustness but adversely demanding a considerable computational load\nand large storage. Alternative approaches include heuristic methods that employ\niterative optimization procedures for detecting multiple circles under the\ninconvenience that only one circle can be marked at each optimization cycle\ndemanding a longer execution time. On the other hand, Learning Automata (LA) is\na heuristic method to solve complex multi-modal optimization problems. Although\nLA converges to just one global minimum, the final probability distribution\nholds valuable information regarding other local minima which have emerged\nduring the optimization process. The detection process is considered as a\nmulti-modal optimization problem, allowing the detection of multiple circular\nshapes through only one optimization procedure. The algorithm uses a\ncombination of three edge points as parameters to determine circles candidates.\nA reinforcement signal determines if such circle candidates are actually\npresent at the image. Guided by the values of such reinforcement signal, the\nset of encoded candidate circles are evolved using the LA so that they can fit\ninto actual circular shapes over the edge-only map of the image. The overall\napproach is a fast multiple-circle detector despite facing complicated\nconditions.\n
Global Doctor's Role and Outcome-Based Medical Education (2013)

Since mid-20th century, many environmental changes in medicine have challenged the traditional role of doctors and the movement to outcome-based education (OBE) has progressed gradually but significantly. Over decades bilateral progression of defining the global doctor's role and developing OBE with implementation to medical schools has been spread world-widely. In this paper, we explored the history and contents of the doctor's role and OBE at various levels-international, national, institutional and medical schools. We conclude that the global doctor's role is composed of patient care, communication and professionals added by others related to their peculiar situation and should be linked to the outcomes of undergraduate, postgraduate and continuous medical education which are developed and implemented to the curriculum and program at any country in order to cope with the global challenges of the future.
Finite Dose In Vitro Percutaneous Permeation Based on the Diffusion Model: Estimation of Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Prediction of the Pharmacokinetic Profiles (2023)

Finite dose percutaneous absorption processes are often studied in in vitro experiments. This chapter describes the relationship between the &quot;terminal elimination rate constant&quot; and the pharmacokinetic parameter. It discusses the analytical method to introduce the concept, &quot;terminal elimination rate constant&quot; in the diffusion process. The chapter also describes &quot;model-independent&quot; methods to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters from the in vitro finite dose percutaneous permeation experiments. It also discusses the relation between the statistical moment theory and diffusion model as a theoretical basis of the parameter estimation method. The chapter discusses the methods to predict the percutaneous permeation pharmacokinetic profiles from the given parameter values based upon the diffusion model. It stresses that most of the proposed methods remain theoretical; only some have been used for few compounds.
A Quantized Neural Network Library for Proper Implementation of Hardware Emulation (2019)

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have recently shown outstanding performance in many domains. However, running DNN applications on mobile devices with limited hardware resources is difficult because DNN requires heavy computations. Quantization is one of network compression techniques to reduce the hardware requirements because it uses fewer bits, such as the 8-bit fixed points instead of 32-bit floating-point numbers. DNN libraries use floating-point numbers after quantization because they assume that all data to be calculated in floating-point format. Therefore, a mismatch occurs in running hardware emulation. In this paper, we propose a method of calculation for hardware emulation and developed a new DNNs library based on our method. We show that our library is capable of exact hardware emulation.
Knowledge set theory: a knowledge representation method based on extenics (2013)

Researchers put forward many knowledge representation methods according to specific problems for different domain. These methods according to their respective domain problem has different characteristic, each has its own strong points, suitable for different questions. This paper is research on a knowledge representation method based on extenics. Through the analysis of organizational knowledge system, the paper puts forward the related theory of knowledge set, and with the extenics theory gives the extension representation and the correlation analysis of knowledge set.
Bianisotropic Huygens’ Metasurface Pairs for Nonlocal Power-Conserving Wave Transformations (2018)

Bianisotropic Huygens’ metasurfaces are subwavelength thin surfaces that have been used to achieve wide-angle reflectionless refraction of plane waves, among other applications. These metasurfaces can realize any wave transformation, with a lossless and passive structure, provided that local power is conserved over the metasurface at every point. However, there are numerous practical wave transformations that satisfy total power conservation, but break this local power conservation requirement, such as antenna beamforming. In this letter, a method for realizing these wave transformations using a pair of cascaded bianisotropic Huygens’ metasurfaces is proposed. A summation of plane waves is assumed between the two metasurfaces, and their coefficients are obtained based on the stipulated input and output waves. Finally, a case study of converting a cylindrical wave to a truncated plane wave is presented with full-wave simulations.
Population Difference in the Associations of KLOTH Promoter Methylation with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Xinjiang Uygur and Han Populations (2015)

Our results showed that KLOTHO promoter hypermethylation contributed to the MCI risk in Xinjiang Han Chinese but not in Xinjiang Uygur Chinese. The population difference of KLOTHO methylation in the risk of MCI required further investigation in the future.
Ferritin-supported palladium nanoclusters: selective catalysts for aerobic oxidations in water (2012)

Confinement of nanometallic Pd within the core of a hyperthermophilic ferritin cage (from Pyrococcus furiosus) is reported. The resulting nanostructured hybrid catalysts can be used for highly specific aerobic oxidation of alcohols in water.
Ontology visualization methods and tools: a survey of the state of the art (2018)

Abstract Various ontology visualization tools using different visualization methods exist and new ones are being developed every year. The goal of this paper is to follow up on previous surveys with an updated classification of ontology visualization methods and a comprehensive survey of available tools. The tools are analyzed for the used visualization methods, interaction techniques and supported ontology constructs. It shows that most of the tools apply two-dimensional node-link visualizations with a focus on class hierarchies. Color and shape are used with little variation, support for constructs introduced with version 2 of the OWL Web Ontology Language is limited, and it often remains vague what tasks and use cases are supported by the visualizations. Major challenges are the limited maturity and usability of many of the tools as well as providing an overview of large ontologies while also showing details on demand. We see a high demand for a universal ontology visualization framework implementing a core set of visual and interactive features that can be extended and customized to respective use cases.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE DECARBOXYLIERUNG UND UMLAGERUNG VON 3,3‐DIALKYL‐2‐OXO‐CARBONSAEUREN (1971)

Abstract Aus den 3,3‐Dialkyl‐2‐oxo‐carbonsäuren (I) entstehen bei der Decarboxylierung unter gleichzeitiger Umlagerung die isomeren Ketone (II)‐(IV), deren Anteile in Relation zur Struktur bestimmt werden.
Effect of NaCl removal from biodiesel‐derived crude glycerol by ion exchange to enhance dihydroxyacetone production by Gluconobacter thailandicus in minimal medium (2019)

Abstract BACKGROUND Chloride salts are major impurities in biodiesel‐derived crude glycerol that can impact dihydroxyacetone (DHA) production. Ion exchange was performed to remove these salts. DHA production from crude glycerol was investigated, before and after an ion exchange treatment in shake‐flask fermentation and batch fermentation. DHA production from treated crude glycerol was further studied in fed‐batch fermentation. RESULTS In shake‐flask fermentation, the DHA production from the treated crude glycerol was 56.1 ± 1.87 g L −1 . This is 16.2 g L −1 (41%) higher than the DHA production from crude glycerol without the ion exchange treatment at 72 h. The DHA production from the treated crude glycerol was 61.9 ± 2.57 g L −1 , with a DHA production yield (DHA moles per glycerol moles) of &gt; 99 ± 4.4% at 138 h in the batch fermentation. The DHA concentration from the treated crude glycerol was 8.1 g L −1 higher than in the crude glycerol fermentation. In fed‐batch fermentation, the DHA production was not significantly higher than that in the batch fermentation due to product inhibition when the DHA concentration reaches 65.05 ± 4.52 g L −1 or more, after 156 h. CONCLUSION This study shows that salt impurities in crude glycerol negatively impact the DHA production by Gluconobacter thailandicus TBRC 3351 cultured in crude glycerol minimal media. Removing chloride salts from crude glycerol can improve the DHA yield, both in the shake‐flask and the batch fermentation. Fed‐batch fermentation can also increase the DHA production, but to a lesser extent because of the product inhibition mechanism. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Coal Tar, Pine Tar and Sulfonated Shale Oil Preparations: Comparative Activity, Efficacy and Safety (1996)

Primary sources of PAHs in the normal human environment are forest fires, cigarette smoke and combustion of fossil fuels for heating and energy. Thermal processing of fossil substances is also required for the production of tars and sulfonated shale oils. Due to individual manufacturing techniques, tars and sulfonated shale oils differ completely in their chemical composition. Still, sulfonated shale oils are often falsely grouped as tars because of their related origin and similar dermatologic indications. There is at least limited evidence of the activity and efficacy of various tars as well as sulfonated shale oil preparations in different frequent inflammatory skin diseases. This includes psoriasis vulgaris and atopic eczema of glabrous as well as hairy skin. There is still some concern about the long-term tolerability of tar preparations at least in some contexts. This, however, does not apply to sulfonated shale oil preparations. Consequently, at least their use should still be considered a rational drug treatment in dermatology.
Clinical effects of combined Lactobacillus paracasei and kestose on canine atopic dermatitis (2023)

Probiotics and prebiotics are viable bacteria with beneficial effects on the host and components that selectively act on the beneficial commensal bacteria, respectively. The combined use of probiotics and prebiotics is termed synbiotics. Probiotic intake improves dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota and can positively affect canine atopic dermatitis (CAD). However, clinical studies on improvements in CAD using synbiotics remain limited. In this study, 15 dogs with CAD who received prednisolone, a synthetic glucocorticoid (GC) used in the treatment of CAD, for more than 90 days were continuously treated with Lactobacillus paracasei M-1 from fermented food as a probiotic, and trisaccharide kestose as a prebiotic, for 90 days to determine their synbiotic effects on CAD. The CAD symptoms were evaluated using the canine atopic dermatitis lesion index (CADLI) and pruritus visual analog scores (PVAS) at 30, 60 and 90 days after synbiotic administration. The total prednisolone use for 90 days pre- and post-administration was also evaluated. Synbiotic administration significantly reduced the CADLI (pre: median, 28.0 [22.0-32.0]; 30 days: median, 20.0 [20.0-28.0]; 60 days: median, 20.0 [10.0-21.0]; 90 days: median, 12.0 [10.0-19.0]) and PVAS (pre: median, 6.0 [5.0-7.0]; 30 days: median, 3.0 [3.0-3.5]; 60 days: median, 3.0 [3.0-3.5]; 90 days: median, 2.0 [2.0-3.5]) scores, and reduced the total prednisone use over 90 days (pre: 112.0 [25-450] mg; post: 80.0 [18.-300.0] mg; p⟨0.001) in the 15 dogs. Thus, the synbiotic activity of L. paracasei M-1 and trisaccharide kestose can improve CAD.
Junction Diode Semiconductors for X- and Gamma-Ray Dosage Measurement (1962)

P-n junction diode semiconductors may offer advantages over more conventional radiation detectors for some in vivo measurements. They are rugged, tiny (about 1 mm. in diameter and 1 cm. long), electrically and thermally stable, and may be left in place with only two fine wires leading to a remote d. c. microvolt meter. However, there has been little experience with such units employed to measure photon radiation or discussion of their basic properties and limitations. Five gallium arsenide units previously described (1) were tested fairly extensively. This paper reports certain important facts regarding their electrical and radiation properties. Electrical Properties: As previously reported, all p-n junction diodes must be connected to a low impedance circuit (1–2). This is required to assure linearity of response with radiation intensity, as well as independence from variations in ambient temperature. In general agreement with others (1), we have found a 27,000-ohm load to yield good electrical characteristics. A Keithley Model 150A vibrator type microvolt ammeter was employed. Such instruments require a d. c. signal virtually free from any a. c. ripple like that in the electrical signal derived from radiation of x-ray tubes operated with pulsating rectified voltage supply. The simple filter shown in Figure 1 effectively solved this particular problem. Radiation Response: Marked photon energy dependence was found. A single average curve is shown in Figure 2, giving microvolts signal developed across 27,000 ohms with an exposure dose rate of one roentgen per minute vs. effective photon kev. (Sensitivity variations exist between detectors due to depletion region depth variations, but the basic curve is the same for all units.) Three clinically important applications are considered below: 1. The Diagnostic Range (25–70 kev). The curve peaks showing a region of relative energy independence. 2. Orthovoltage Range (70–150 kev). The curve has a steep slope in this energy interval, indicating these units are of limited usefulness in deep therapy. 3. Radium and Cobalt-60 Range. The response is very low for high-energy radiation. Moreover, any alteration in quality from modified scatter introduces substantial errors, rendering dosimetry in brachytherapy impractical. Conclusion and Discussion Gallium arsenide p-n junctions appear to offer most promise for dosimetry in the diagnostic range. This is a rather surprising result. While p-n junctions have excellent electrical properties, they exhibit marked energy dependence. This is aggravated in the test units by the use of gallium arsenide (atomic numbers 31 and 33 respectively). Silicon diodes should greatly reduce this effect; also the employment of drifted lithium junctions of deeper depletion regions should increase the sensitivity to gamma rays (2, 3). The use of pulse amplification by transistors has not yet been investigated by us.
Performance Comparison of Deep and Machine Learning Approaches Toward COVID-19 Detection (2023)

The coronavirus (COVID-19) is a disease declared a global pandemic that threatens the whole world. Since then, research has accelerated and varied to find practical solutions for the early detection and correct identification... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press
Dynamic range independent image quality assessment (2008)

The diversity of display technologies and introduction of high dynamic range imagery introduces the necessity of comparing images of radically different dynamic ranges. Current quality assessment metrics are not suitable for this task, as they assume that both reference and test images have the same dynamic range. Image fidelity measures employed by a majority of current metrics, based on the difference of pixel intensity or contrast values between test and reference images, result in meaningless predictions if this assumption does not hold. We present a novel image quality metric capable of operating on an image pair where both images have arbitrary dynamic ranges. Our metric utilizes a model of the human visual system, and its central idea is a new definition of visible distortion based on the detection and classification of visible changes in the image structure. Our metric is carefully calibrated and its performance is validated through perceptual experiments. We demonstrate possible applications of our metric to the evaluation of direct and inverse tone mapping operators as well as the analysis of the image appearance on displays with various characteristics.
Progress in the development and understanding of advanced low k and ultralow k dielectrics for very large-scale integrated interconnects—State of the art (2014)

The improved performance of the semiconductor microprocessors was achieved for several decades by continuous scaling of the device dimensions while using the same materials for all device generations. At the 0.25 μm technology node, the interconnect of the integrated circuit (IC) became the bottleneck to the improvement of IC performance. One solution was introduction of new materials to reduce the interconnect resistance-capacitance. After the replacement of Al with Cu in 1997, the inter- and intralevel dielectric insulator of the interconnect (ILD), SiO2, was replaced about 7 years later with the low dielectric constant (low-k) SiCOH at the 90 nm node. The subsequent scaling of the devices required the development of ultralow-k porous pSiCOH to maintain the capacitance of the interconnect as low as possible. The composition and porosity of pSiCOH dielectrics affected, among others, the resistance of the dielectrics to damage during integration processing and reduced their mechanical strength, thereby affecting the reliability of the VLSI microprocessor. New ILDs had to be developed to overcome such problems and enable the fabrication of reliable high performance devices. The capacitance of the interconnect is also affected by the dielectric caps separating the Cu conductor from the ILD. This effect has increasing impact as interconnect dimensions shrink further with each technology node. New caps with lower k values and smaller thickness have been developed to reduce the impact of the caps to the capacitance of the interconnect and enable fabrication of devices of high reliability. This paper reviews the development of advanced ultralow-k (ULK) ILD dielectrics and caps with reduced capacitance contributions and presents the state of the art of these interconnect dielectrics.
Investigations on theDischarge and Total Temperature Increase Characteristics of the Labyrinth Seals With Honeycomb andSmooth Lands (2009)

Abstract The viscous work generated by the rotating components of a seal not only represents a direct loss of power but also causes an increase in the total temperature of fluid (windage effect). In order to study the discharge and total temperature increase characteristics of the stepped labyrinth seals with smooth and honeycomb lands, 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solutions from CFX is used in this work. At first, the influences of the inlet preswirl, leakage flow rate, and rotational speed on the total temperature increase in the convergent and divergent stepped labyrinth seals with smooth and honeycomb lands are conducted. The obtained 3D numerical results are well in agreement with the referenced experimental data. It shows that the utilized numerical approach has sufficient precision to predict the total temperature increase in seals. Then, a range of pressure ratios and four sizes of sealing clearance are performed to investigate the effects of sealing clearances and pressure ratio impact on the discharge and total temperature increase of the stepped labyrinth seals with honeycomb and smooth liners.
Operational Modal Analysis of a Ship Model in the Presence of Harmonic Excitation (2013)

一艘轮船在极其复杂的环境下面被操作，并且波浪和风被假定是随机的刺激。而且，推进器，主人和机械设备能也导致泛音回答。以便减少结构的颤动，获得一艘轮船的形式的参数信息是重要的。然而，自从刺激信息是困难的获得，传统的形式的参数鉴定方法不是合适的。自然刺激 technique-eigensystem 实现算法(下时代) 是仅仅从反应信号提炼形式的参数的一个运作的形式的鉴定方法，并且它基于到结构的输入是纯白噪音的假设。因此，当把下时代方法用于轮船结构时，学习泛音刺激的影响是必要的。这篇研究论文的结果在周围的刺激下面显示实际经验，仅仅当泛音频率不离形式的频率太靠近时，轮船模型实验成功地在形式的参数鉴定被做。
Kernel based sub-pixel motion estimation (2009)

Modern video codecs such as MPEG2, MPEG4-ASP and H.264 depend on computationally complex sub-pixel motion estimation (ME) to optimise rate-distortion efficiency. Sub-pixel ME is implemented within these standards using interpolated values at 1/2 or 1/4 pixel accuracy. This paper presents a novel scheme for sub-pixel ME using a model free kernel method utilising the result of the whole-pixel SAD distribution applied to an H.264 encoder. While giving an equivalent rate distortion performance, this approach approximately halves the number of quarter-pixel search positions giving an overall speed up of approximately 10% compared to the EPZS quarter-pixel method (the state of the art H.264 optimised sub-pixel motion estimator).