gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Results of the second “clarity” enhancement challenge for hearing devices (2023)

The clarity enhancement challenges (CECs) seek to facilitate development of novel processing techniques for improving the intelligibility of speech in noise for hearing-aid users through a series of signal-processing challenges. Each challenge provides entrants with a set of stimuli for development and testing of their algorithms. The performance of the algorithms is assessed using objective measures of speech intelligibility and subjective measures conducted with a panel of hearing-impaired listeners. CEC2 featured more complex listening environments than CEC1 with multiple interfering sound sources (speech, music, household appliance sounds) within a simulated living-room environment at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) from −12 to + 4 dB. In addition, head rotation towards the target speech was introduced. Target speech came from a new dataset of 10,000 different English sentences spoken by 40 actors speaking 250 sentences each (Graetzer S et al., 2022 Data in Brief 41, 107961). The objective assessment was provided by HASPI (Kates &amp; Arehart, 2021 Speech Comm 131, 35–46). All 18 entries achieved substantial improvements in HASPI, averaging 0.55 across all systems and SNRs. Improvements were greatest (averaging 0.61) for SNRs between −8 and 0 dB. The best-performing system achieved HASPI scores above 0.9 for all SNRs. Listening-test data will be reported.
Influence of pedalling effectiveness on the inter-individual variations of muscular efficiency in cycling (2006)

The aim of this study was to determine if inter-individual differences in crank torque production and/or pedalling effectiveness influence the variations of muscular efficiency observed among subjects in cycling. Eleven subjects performed a 5 minutes
Simulation of Secondary Contact to Generate Very High Accelerations (2015)

This paper investigates the design of a typical commercially available drop system for generating very high shock and drop accelerations. Some commercially available drop towers produce accelerations greater than 5000 G by utilizing the dynamics of secondary impact, using an attachment termed a dual mass shock amplifier (DMSA). Depending on the design, some DMSAs are capable of repeatedly generating accelerations as high as 100,000 G. The results show that a finite element model (FEM) can capture the peak acceleration for the drop tower and the DMSA within 15%. In this paper, a detailed description of the test equipment and modeling techniques is provided. The effects of different design parameters, such as table mass, spring stiffness, and programmer material properties, on the drop profile, are investigated through parametric modeling. The effects of contact parameters on model accuracy are explored, including constraint enforcement algorithms, contact stiffness, and contact damping. Simple closed-form analytic models are developed, based on the basic principles of a single impact and the dynamics of secondary impact. Model predictions are compared with test results. Details of the test methodology and simulations guidelines are provided. Detailed finite element analysis (FEA) is conducted and validated against the experimental tests and compared to the simplified theoretical simulations. Benefits in exploring FEM to simulate contact between materials can be extrapolated to different architectures and materials such that with minimal experimental validation impact acceleration can be determined.
Inflammation, Pain, and Pressure—Purinergic Signaling in Oral Tissues (2012)

Signaling by extracellular purines such as ATP and adenosine has implications for dental research on multiple levels, with the association of purinergic signaling with inflammation, mechanical strain, and pain making the system particularly relevant for the specific challenges in the oral cavity. Oral tissues express a variety of G-protein-coupled P2Y receptors for ATP and P1 receptors for adenosine in addition to ionotropic P2X receptors for ATP. When these receptors are combined with the plethora of extracellular enzymes capable of manipulating extracellular agonist levels, a complex system for regulating oral health emerges, and recent findings have begun to identify a key role for purinergic signaling in oral pathophysiology. For example, the manipulation of extracellular ATP levels by P. gingivalis reduces inflammasome activation and apoptosis linked to P2X(7) receptor activation. Release of ATP by periodontal ligaments may link mechanical strain to bone remodeling. Activation of P2X receptors is implicated in dental pain, and receptor antagonists represent important targets for new analgesics. Altered levels of adenosine receptors in periodontal disease also suggest a role for nucleosides in dental signaling. The intricacies of the purinergic signaling system make it well-suited for the unique concerns of dental research, and future findings will doubtless confirm this importance.
Accelerated point spread function mapping using signal modeling for accurate echo‐planar imaging geometric distortion correction (2012)

Echo-planar imaging is a fast and commonly used magnetic resonance imaging technique with applications in diffusion weighted and functional MRI. Fast data acquisition in echo-planar imaging is accomplished by the extended readout, which also introduces sensitivity to off-resonance effects such as amplitude of static (polarizing) field inhomogeneities and eddy-currents. These off-resonance effects produce geometric distortions in the corresponding echo-planar images. To correct for these distortions, an acceleration of point spread function (PSF) acquisition using a special sampling pattern is presented in this work. The proposed technique allows for reliable and fully automated distortion correction of echo-planar images at a field strength of 3 T. Additionally, a new approach to visualize and determine the distortions in a hybrid (x, y, kPSF) three-dimensional space is proposed. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed technique is demonstrated in phantom and in vivo experiments. The accuracy of the presented method here is compared to previous techniques for echo-planar imaging distortion correction such as PLACE.
Nucleotide sequence of the gamma chain gene of rat fibrinogen: conserved intronic sequences (1987)

The complete nucleotide sequence of the rat y fibrinogen gene, including immediate 5' and 3' flanking regions has been determined. The gene is composed of a total of ten exons which by a process of alternative splicing produce two polypeptides called y and y' consisting of 412 and 420 amino acids respectively (1). The immediate 5' region of the gene possesses 3 areas of sequence homology common to the 5' flanking regions of the fibrinogen a and s chains (2). Sequence comparison to that of the human y fibrinogen gene shows that the third intron is highly conserved between the two genes (3). This intron is one of two introns highly conserved over one billion years of evolution (4).
Identification of a Cytotoxic Legionella pneumophila LpxB Paralogue in a Multicopy Suppressor Screen using Acanthamoeba castellanii as a Selective Host (2014)

The IcmG and IcmS proteins are not constituents of the membrane-spanning part of the Icm/Dot T4SS; rather, these proteins bind to secreted effector proteins, thus possibly facilitating their translocation. Perhaps this specific function accounts for the only partial phenotype in the amoebae plate test (APT) of Legionella pneumophila strains lacking IcmG or IcmS. We used icmS and icmG mutants to screen by the APT an L. pneumophila genomic library for multicopy suppressors. Overexpression of lcsC but not its paralogue lpxB in an L. pneumophila icmG mutant strain was cytotoxic for Acanthamoeba castellanii. L. pneumophila LcsC and its paralogue LpxB share 31% identity on an amino acid level and are 30% or 42% identical, respectively, to the LpxB orthologue from E. coli. A closer inspection revealed that this oxidoreductase is 39% identical to the GnnA protein of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, which together with the GnnB protein catalyzes the conversion of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) to UDP-GlcNAcN3. Finally, not only the glycosyl transferase gene lpxB but also the acyl trans-ferase genes lpxA and lpxD are present in at least two copies in the L. pneumophila genome. The Icm/Dot T4SS is not only required for the upregulation of phagocytosis and intracellular replication of L. pneumophila, but also for growth of L. pneumophila in the presence of A. castellanii on agar plates. The APT established here may prove useful to discover other bacterial factors relevant for interactions with amoeba.
Primeras causas de morbilidad en la Clínica del Colegio OdontológicoColombiano sede centro - primer semestre de 2004 (2008)

Proposito: Identificar las primeras causas de morbilidad en los pacientes que asistieron a la clinica integral de adultos del Colegio Odontologico Colombiano sede centro durante el primer semestre del 2004. Materiales y metodos: Se realizo un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en 1480 historias de los pacientes asistentes a la clinica del C.O.C sede centro las cuales cumplian con los criterios de inclusion y se obtuvieron datos referentes a las variables sociodemograficas y las patologias diagnosticadas en los pacientes de 18 a 86 anos. Resultados: De las 35 patologias establecidas segun la clasificacion internacional de enfermedades, se presentaron 18, siendo las mas frecuentes; gingivitis 74.5%, caries activa 62.1%, caries recurrente 53.9%. El 57.1% (845) de los pacientes registrados correspondian al genero Femenino y 42.9% (635) al genero Masculino. Las edades oscilaron entre 18 y 86 anos. Conclusiones: Se presenta de acuerdo a la clasificacion por tejidos, mayor prevalencia de las enfermedades de tejidos duros, y de tejidos periodontales. La caries activa y la gingivitis son la patologias con mayor frecuencia en el grupo etereo de 15-19 anos, la caries recurrente presento un alto porcentaje en el grupo de 20-44 anos y la periodontitis apical cronica supurativa y no supurativa se reporto con mayor frecuencia en el grupo de 45-54 anos.
Reply by the authors to A. Tarantola (1994)

We highly appreciate the piquant comment to our paper from Professor Tarantola. One of the first attempts to investigate systematically the sensitivity of seismic data to perturbations of different sizes was done by Jannane et al. (1989). What we found provocative in that paper was not the results, but the fact that general conclusions were drawn based on a single set of numerical experiments with only one measure of the sensitivity, the [Formula: see text] type objective function. The only reservation taken by the authors is that their results apply only to isotropic, perfectly elastic models of the earth. In general, the validity of a theory or a hypothesis cannot be demonstrated (proved) by performing numerical experiments of this type. Every (numerical) experiment supporting a theory (or a hypothesis) will strengthen the belief in it. However, only one (numerical) experiment with the opposite result can falsify a theory or a hypothesis.
Recurrent somatic mutations and low germline predisposition mutations in Korean ALL patients (2021)

In addition to somatic mutations, germline genetic predisposition to hematologic malignancies is currently emerging as an area attracting high research interest. In this study, we investigated genetic alterations in Korean acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALL) patients using targeted gene panel sequencing. To this end, a gene panel consisting of 81 genes that are known to be associated with 23 predisposition syndromes was investigated. In addition to sequence variants, gene-level copy number variations (CNVs) were investigated as well. We identified 197 somatic sequence variants and 223 somatic CNVs. The IKZF1 alteration was found to have an adverse effect on overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) in childhood ALL. We found recurrent somatic alterations in Korean ALL patients similar to previous studies on both prevalence and prognostic impact. Six patients were found to be carriers of variants in six genes associated with primary immunodeficiency disorder (PID). Of the 81 genes associated with 23 predisposition syndromes, this study found only one predisposition germline mutation (TP53) (1.1%). Altogether, our study demonstrated a low probability of germline mutation predisposition to ALL in Korean ALL patients.
Inhibition of β2-Microglobulin Amyloid Fibril Formation by α2-Macroglobulin (2011)

The relationship between various amyloidoses and chaperones is gathering attention. In patients with dialysis-related amyloidosis, α(2)-macroglobulin (α2M), an extracellular chaperone, forms a complex with β(2)-microglobulin (β2-m), a major component of amyloid fibrils, but the molecular mechanisms and biological implications of the complex formation remain unclear. Here, we found that α2M substoichiometrically inhibited the β2-m fibril formation at a neutral pH in the presence of SDS, a model for anionic lipids. Binding analysis showed that the binding affinity between α2M and β2-m in the presence of SDS was higher than that in the absence of SDS. Importantly, SDS dissociated tetrameric α2M into dimers with increased surface hydrophobicity. Western blot analysis revealed that both tetrameric and dimeric α2M interacted with SDS-denatured β2-m. At a physiologically relevant acidic pH and in the presence of heparin, α2M was also dissociated into dimers, and both tetrameric and dimeric α2M interacted with β2-m, resulting in the inhibition of fibril growth reaction. These results suggest that under conditions where native β2-m is denatured, tetrameric α2M is also converted to dimeric form with exposed hydrophobic surfaces to favor the hydrophobic interaction with denatured β2-m, thus dimeric α2M as well as tetrameric α2M may play an important role in controlling β2-m amyloid fibril formation.
Microcosm of living: evidence of nonobviousness (2008)

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New generation of multipass systems (1994)

This brief review deals with various types of new multipass system developed for urgent high resolution spectroscopic applications at the Institute of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Some of them have been widely acknowledged and independently applied in different fields of modern science and technology, i.e. laser technology, metrology, spectral instrument engineering and environment.
License Management in Grid and Cloud Computing (2010)

The lack of license management schemes in distributed environments is becoming a major obstacle for the commercial adoption of Grid or Cloud infrastructures. In this paper, we present a complete license management architecture that enables a pay-per-use license management which can be deployed together with an on-demand computing scenario. Our architecture enables authenticated access to a remote license server. The license management architecture can be deployed in any distributed environment. It supports existing client/server based software license management tools (for example FlexNet Publisher). This allows an easy transition from current software license business models which support only a local license management towards business models which support license management in distributed environments.
Mechanism of Action of a GluN2C- and GluN2D-Selective NMDA Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator (2016)

The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, fundamental for excitatory synaptic transmission, is a tetrameric assembly of two glycine-binding GluN1 subunits and two glutamate-binding GluN2 subunits, of which there are four subtypes (referred to as GluN2A–GluN2D). The GluN2 subunit endows the receptor with unique pharmacological properties and shows distinct developmental and regional expression profiles, which have led to interest in GluN2-selective modulators for the receptor. One recently described compound, (3-chlorophenyl)(6,7-dimethoxy-1-((4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)methanone (referred to as CIQ), selectively potentiates the response of GluN2C- and GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors to agonist activation. This tetrahydroisoquinoline compound has no agonist activity on its own, and is without effect on GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. CIQ was the first positive allosteric modulator for the GluN2C and GluN2D subunits reported in the literature, and since its discovery, multiple investigations have provided insight into its mechanism, site of action, pharmacokinetic properties, and off-target activity. CIQ has also been utilized as a tool compound in animal models of fear learning, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease. The compound is being used to elucidate the role of NMDA receptors in these diseases states and to demonstrate the potential therapeutic benefits of a NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator.
HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Incorporating Stereochemically Defined P2′ Ligands To Optimize Hydrogen Bonding in the Substrate Envelope (2019)

A structure-guided design strategy was used to improve the resistance profile of HIV-1 protease inhibitors by optimizing hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions with the protease while staying within the substrate envelope. Stereoisomers of 4-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene and 4-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)benzene moieties were explored as P2' ligands providing pairs of diastereoisomers epimeric at P2', which exhibited distinct potency profiles depending on the configuration of the hydroxyl group and size of the P1' group. While compounds with the 4-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene P2' moiety maintained excellent antiviral potency against a panel of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 strains, analogues with the polar 4-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)benzene moiety were less potent, and only the (<i>R</i>)-epimer incorporating a larger 2-ethylbutyl P1' group showed improved potency. Crystal structures of protease-inhibitor complexes revealed strong hydrogen bonding interactions of both (<i>R</i>)- and (<i>S</i>)-stereoisomers of the hydroxyethyl group with Asp30'. Notably, the (<i>R</i>)-dihydroxyethyl group was involved in a unique pattern of direct hydrogen bonding interactions with the backbone amides of Asp29' and Asp30'. The SAR data and analysis of crystal structures provide insights for optimizing these promising HIV-1 protease inhibitors.
Rapamycin-FKBP12 blocks proliferation, induces differentiation, and inhibits cdc2 kinase activity in a myogenic cell line. (1993)

Rapamycin is a potent immunosuppressant that binds to the cytosolic protein, FKBP12, and blocks T cell activation. Here we report that rapamycin also blocks myogenic proliferation and induces differentiation, associated with a decrease in p34cdc2 activity and cyclin A levels. In yeast and mammals, rapamycin blocks cell cycle progression by causing G1 arrest, arguing for a conserved signaling pathway governing the G1 to S transition. p34cdc2 has been shown to play a role in both the transition from G1 to S and from G2 to M in yeast. In higher eukaryotes the role of p34cdc2 in G1 to S transition is less clear. Rapamycin and the structurally related macrolide antibiotic FK506 both bind to a cytosolic protein, the FK506-binding protein (FKBP12). We show that inhibition of myogenic proliferation is achieved at low doses of rapamycin (< 1 ng/ml) and is competed by a molar excess of FK506, indicating specificity for FKBP12. The distinct FK506-calcineurin pathway did not affect myogenic proliferation, differentiation, or p34cdc2 kinase activity. Thus, the rapamycin-FKBP12 signaling pathway involves a specific and direct effect on p34cdc2 kinase activity at the G1 to S transition and identifies a regulatory step during myogenic differentiation.
Histamine‐induced biphasic macromolecular leakage in the microcirculation of the conscious hamster: evidence for a delayed nitric oxide‐dependent leakage (1998)

1. Late effects (up to 3 h) of intravenously-injected histamine on FITC-dextran extravasation were investigated in the conscious hamster, by use of computer-assisted image analysis of fluorescence distribution in a microscopic window of dorsal skin fold preparations. This analysis allowed measurement of local (skin) and general (all organs) extravasations caused by a bolus injection of histamine (1 mg kg(-1), i.v.) 2. Histamine doses higher than 0.01 mg kg(-1) caused biphasic local and general extravasations. Initial phases developed fully within 15 min (for local) and 60 min (for general) and were followed by late phases beginning 90 min after histamine injection. Although the initial and late phases of histamine-induced extravasations had differential apparent reactivities to the autacoid, all the effects of histamine on the microcirculation (1 mg kg[-1]) were inhibited by pyrilamine (1 mg kg(-1), i.v.) but not by cimetidine (1 mg kg(-1), i.v.). 3. Pretreatment with N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 30 mg kg(-1), i.v.) or N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 mg kg(-1), i.v.) did not affect the initial phases but did prevent the late phases of local and general extravasations triggered by 1 mg kg(-1) histamine. The inhibitory effects of L-NAME were reversed by L-arginine (30 mg kg[-1]) but not by D-arginine (30 mg kg[-1]) according to the enantioselectivity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). A late NO-mediated venular dilatation occurred in response to plasma histamine. 4. A low dose of aminoguanidine (1 mg kg(-1), i.v.), a selective inhibitor of the inducible isoform of NOS (iNOS), mimicked the inhibitory effects of L-NAME on the late phases of histamine-induced macromolecular extravasations and venular dilatation. 5. Pretreatment with dexamethasone (1 mg kg(-1), i.v.) prevented both the initial and late phases of histamine-induced extravasations. Fucoidan (1 or 25 mg kg(-1), i.v.) prevented the late phases without affecting initial phases, consistent with a role for leukocytes adhesion in the development of the late NO-mediated effects of histamine. 6. We conclude that intravenous injection of histamine triggers a biphasic inflammatory cascade via initial activation of H1 receptors which induces a late NO-mediated PMN-dependent extravasation process.
Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data using CANOCO (2003)

This book is primarily written for ecologists needing to analyse data resulting from field observations and experiments. It will be particularly useful for students and researchers dealing with complex ecological problems, such as the variation of biotic communities with environmental conditions or the response of biotic communities to experimental manipulation. Following a simple introduction to ordination methods, the text focuses on constrained ordination methods (RDA, CCA) and the use of permutation tests on statistical hypotheses of multivariate data. An overview of classification methods, or modern regression methods (GLM, GAM, loess), is provided and guidance on the correct interpretation of ordination diagrams is given. Seven case studies of varying difficulty help to illustrate the suggested analytical methods, using the Canoco for Windows software. The case studies utilise both the descriptive and manipulative approaches, and they are supported by data sets and project files available from the book website.
Dynamic activity management in many-to-one sensor networks (2005)

We consider a many-to-one sensor network in which a large number of sensors are deployed to monitor an environment. We study sensor activity management therein to maximize the network lifetime while meeting the network resolution requirement. Specifically, in each transmission round the sink estimates the number of active sensors and broadcasts control information to the sensors for activity management. We first consider the case with accurate estimation, and devise a sensor activity control scheme under which the number of active sensors would converge to the minimum one that can meet the requirement. Next, we study the case when the estimation is inaccurate, and propose a stochastic approximation method to minimize the average number of active sensors.