gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photochemical degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate). IV. Surface changes (1973)

Abstract The chemical, physical, and mechanical changes in the surface properties of poly‐(ethylene terephthalate) film produced by ultraviolet light have been examined. Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy has indicated that numerous chemical scission reactions occur in the front surface layer facing the source of irradiation, resulting in the formation of carboxylic acid endgroups. This preferential surface phtodegradation has been confirmed by examining the cross section of irradiated film by electron beam‐induced luminescence. Conventional electron microscopy revealed little changes in the surface appearance of irradiated film. However, indirect techniques were devised which indicated that changes do occur in the physical properties of the surface. These observed changes are believed to be responsible for the decrease in film tensile strength, which has been shown to be a surface phenomenon and not a bulk property.
Population-wide analysis of differences in disease progression patterns in men and women (2019)

Sex-stratified medicine is a fundamentally important, yet understudied, facet of modern medical care. A data-driven model for how to systematically analyze population-wide, longitudinal differences in hospital admissions between men and women is needed. Here, we demonstrate a systematic analysis of all diseases and disease co-occurrences in the complete Danish population using the ICD-10 and Global Burden of Disease terminologies. Incidence rates of single diagnoses are different for men and women in most cases. The age at first diagnosis is typically lower for men, compared to women. Men and women share many disease co-occurrences. However, many sex-associated incongruities not linked directly to anatomical or genomic differences are also found. Analysis of multi-step trajectories uncover differences in longitudinal patterns, for example concerning injuries and substance abuse, cancer, and osteoporosis. The results point towards the need for an increased focus on sex-stratified medicine to elucidate the origins of the socio-economic and ethological differences.
Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) RSVP-TE Signaling Extensions in Support of Calls (2007)

In certain networking topologies, it may be advantageous to maintain
associations between endpoints and key transit points to support an
instance of a service. Such associations are known as Calls. A Call
does not provide the actual connectivity for transmitting user
traffic, but only builds a relationship by which subsequent
Connections may be made. In Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) such Connections
are known as Label Switched Paths (LSPs). This document specifies how
GMPLS Resource Reservation Protocol - Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE)
signaling may be used and extended to support Calls. These mechanisms
provide full and logical Call/Connection separation. The mechanisms
proposed in this document are applicable to any environment (including
multi-area), and for any type of interface: packet, layer-2, time-
division multiplexed, lambda, or fiber switching. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
Diagnosing autonomous vehicle driving criteria with an adversarial evolutionary algorithm (2021)

We repurposed an adversarial evolutionary algorithm, Gremlin, from finding driving scenarios where a model of an autonomous vehicle drove poorly to troubleshooting driving quality evaluation criteria. We evaluated the driving performance of a "perfect driver" robot in a virtual town environment using the same fitness criteria intended for a deep learner (DL) trained driver. We found that the fitness evaluation criteria poorly handled turns, and used Gremlin to iteratively improve that criteria. We were confident that the same criteria could then be applied to the DL-based models as originally intended, and that this approach could be used as a general means of troubleshooting autonomous vehicle driving criteria.
One– and Three–Hour PM2.5Characterization, Speciation, and Source Apportionment Using Continuous and Integrated Samplers (2005)

Ammonium nitrate and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) are significant components of fine particles in many urban atmospheres. These components, however, are not properly measured by current EPA accepted methods, such as the R&P TEOM monitor, due to loss of semivolatile material (SVM) from particles in the heated environment of the filter during sampling. The accurate determination of semivolatile material is important due to the possible effects of these species on human health, visibility, and global climate change. The concentration and composition of fine particulate material were determined using a combination of continuous and integrated samplers at the Brigham Young University–EPA Environmental Monitoring for Public Access and Community Tracking (BYU–EPA EMPACT) monitoring site in Salt Lake City, Utah over a six–day sampling period (30 January to 4 February) during the winter of 2001. Continuous samples were collected using a RAMS (total PM2.5 mass), a TEOM monitor (nonvolatile PM2.5 mass), an Aethalometer (elemental carbon), a TSI CPC (particle count), and a Nephelometer (light scattering by particles, bsp). Fine particle composition and mass were determined on a three–hour basis using the PC–BOSS diffusion denuder sampler. Total PM2.5 mass–determined with the RAMS agreed with constructed mass determined from the chemical composition measured in collocated PC–BOSS–integrated samples. Results from this study indicate that semivolatile material (ammonium nitrate and semivolatile organic compounds) is a significant component of fine particle mass. Semivolatile organic compounds were the major contributor to light scattering during the six–day sampling period. Semivolatile nitrate, but not organic material, was suggested to be hygroscopic by the nephelometric data. The majority of the SVM observed appeared to be secondary material formed from photochemical reactions of the organic and NOx emissions from mobile sources and wood smoke combustion.
Xerxes: Distributed Load Generator for Cloud-scale Experimentation (2012)

With the growing acceptance of cloud computing as a viable computing paradigm, a number of research and real-life-dynamic cloud-scale resource allocation and management systems have been developed over the last few years. An important problem facing system developers is the evaluation of such systems at scale. In this paper we present the design of a distributed load generation framework, Xerxes, that can generate appropriate resource load patterns across varying data center scales, thereby representing various cloud load scenarios. Toward this end, we first characterize the resource consumption of four distributed cloud applications that represent some of the most widely used classes of applications in the cloud. We then demonstrate how, using Xerxes, these patterns can be directly replayed at scale, potentially even beyond what is easily achievable through application reconfiguration. Furthermore, Xerxes allows for additional parameter manipulation and exploration of a wide range of load scenarios. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to use Xerxes with publicly available data center traces which can be replayed across data centers with different configurations. Our experiments are conducted on a 700-node 2800-core private cloud data center, virtualized with the VMware vSphere virtualization stack. The benefits of such a microbenchmark for cloud-scale experimentation include: (i) decoupling load scaling from application logic, (ii) resilience to faults and failures, since applications tend to crash altogether when some components fail,particularly at scales, and (iii) ease of testing and the ability to understand system behavior in a variety of actual or anticipated scenarios.
Active DC filter for HVDC systems (1994)

In pursuit of higher performance and lower cost for harmonic filtering in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission systems, a prototype of an active DC filter was developed and installed on the DC line at the Lindome converter station of the KontiSkan 2 HVDC link between Sweden and Denmark at the end of 1991. This installation provides practical evidence that an active filter is possible for high voltage transmission systems and that this could be a better and cheaper alternative than the conventional passive filter. The filter is described as is its control and protection.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Comparison of mRNA and Protein Measures of Cytokines following Vaccination with Human Papillomavirus-16 L1 Virus-like Particles (2010)

Researchers should be cautious when using mRNA expression array results as a proxy for protein levels using existing technologies.
Improved Census Transforms for Resource-Optimized Stereo Vision (2012)

Real-time stereo vision has proven to be a useful technology with many applications. However, the computationally intensive nature of stereo vision algorithms makes real-time implementation difficult in resource-limited systems. The field-programmable gate array (FPGA) has proven to be very useful in the implementation of local stereo methods, yet the resource requirements can still be a significant challenge. This paper proposes a variety of sparse census transforms that dramatically reduce the resource requirements of census-based stereo systems while maintaining stereo correlation accuracy. This paper also proposes and analyzes a new class of census-like transforms, called the generalized census transforms. This new transform allows a variety of very sparse census-like stereo correlation algorithms to be implemented while demonstrating increased robustness and flexibility. The resource savings and performance of these transforms is demonstrated by the design and implementation of a parameterizable stereo system that can implement stereo correlation using any census transform. Several optimizations for typical FPGA-based correlation systems are also proposed. The resulting system is capable of running at over 500 MHz on a modern FPGA, resulting in a throughput of over 500 million input pixel pairs per second.
High strength Ni matrix TiO2 composites by supercritical CO2 assisted Co-electrodeposition with different sizes of TiO2 particle (2023)

High strength Ni matrix TiO2 composites are prepared by co-electrodeposition with an electrolyte composed of Ni Watts bath, surfactants, CO2 in the supercritical fluid state and various sizes of TiO2 particles. The surfactants and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) are used to emulsify the aqueous Ni Watts bath to promote the incorporation of TiO2 particles into the Ni matrix. TiO2 particles with three different average sizes are used in the co-electrodeposition to evaluate the effect on properties of the Ni-TiO2 composites. The grain sizes of the Ni matrix in the composites are compared from the X-ray diffraction results and the Scherrer eq. A refined average grain size in the Ni matrix is observed when using TiO2 particles with a larger size. The TiO2 is evaluated by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and the TiO2 distribution is quantified by the coefficient of variation (cov) of the local density of Ti from the EDX result. The TiO2 content attained 4.5 wt% with the lowest cov value (which suggests the most uniform distribution) in the composite when the smallest (21 nm) TiO2 particles are used. The TiO2 content achieves 22.3 wt% with the highest cov value (which suggests the least uniform distribution) when the largest (5 μm) TiO2 particles are used. Microhardness of the Ni-TiO2 composites is found to be highly depended on the cov value. Hence, the Ni-TiO2 composite prepared with the smallest TiO2 particles shows the highest microhardness at 1274 HV.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Role for Immunosenescence? (2010)

Aging is accompanied by a progressive decline in the integrity of the immune system, a process known as immunosenescence. Pathological features typical of immune dysfunction in older adults, encompassing dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, characterize rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease whose incidence increases with age. Recent evidence suggests that certain features of immunosenescence, such as the decrease in T-cell generation and diversity, may contribute to the development of RA. Thus, physiological immunosenescence may render older adults susceptible to RA, and premature immunosenescence may contribute to the development of RA in young adults. In addition, other features of immunosenescence may result from the chronic immune stimulation that occurs in RA and lead to worsening of the disease. This article reviews the immunopathological features common to aging and RA and discusses the mechanisms by which immunosenescence may contribute to the development or progression of RA.
High performance CMOSFET technology for 45nm generation and scalability of stress-induced mobility enhancement technique (2005)

High performance CMOSFET technology for 45nm generation is demonstrated. The key device strategies for junction scaling, gate stack scaling and stress-induced mobility enhancement are discussed. Reversed-order junction formation improves short channel effect (SCE) drastically. Novel SiON with improved poly-Si gate depletion improves the drive current by 8%. The systematic study on the process-induced mobility enhancement is performed and it is confirmed that the new scheme such as eSiGe and stress liner techniques are suitable for 45nm technology CMOSFET. It is confirmed that the stress enhancement factors using multiple booster techniques remain valid, which proves that these techniques are scalable for future technology
Sub-class Recognition from Aggregate Class Labels: Preliminary Results (2008)

In many practical situations it is not feasible to collect labeled samples for all available classes in a domain. Especially in supervised classification of remotely sensed images it is impossible to collect ground truth information over large geographic regions for all thematic classes. As a result often analysts collect labels for aggregate classes. In this paper we present a novel learning scheme that automatically learns sub-classes from the user given aggregate classes. We model each aggregate class as finite Gaussian mixture instead of classical assumption of unimodal Gaussian per class. The number of components in each finite Gaussian mixture are automatically estimated. Experimental results on real remotely sensed image classification showed not only improved accuracy in aggregate class classification but the proposed method also recognized sub-classes.
The relevance of rich club regions for functional outcome post-stroke is enhanced in women (2022)

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the influence of stroke lesions in pre-defined highly interconnected (rich club) brain regions on functional outcome post-stroke, determine their spatial specificity and explore the effects of biological sex on their relevance. We analyzed MRI data recorded at index stroke and ∼3-months modified Rankin Scale (mRS) data from patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) enrolled in the multisite MRI-GENIE study. Structural stroke lesions were spatially normalized and parcellated into 108 atlas-defined bilateral (sub)cortical brain regions. Unfavorable outcome (mRS&gt;2) was modeled in a Bayesian logistic regression framework that relied on both lesion location, as well as the covariates: age, sex, total DWI lesion volume and comorbidities. Effects of individual brain regions were captured as two compound effects for (i) six bilateral rich club and (ii) all further non-rich club regions. Via model comparisons, we first tested whether the rich club region model was superior to a baseline model considering clinical covariates and lesion volume only. In spatial specificity analyses, we randomized the split into “rich club” and “non-rich club” regions and compared the effect of the actual rich club regions to the distribution of effects from 1,000 combinations of six random regions. In sex-specific analyses, we introduced an additional hierarchical level in our model structure to compare male and female-specific rich club region effects. A total of 822 patients (age: 64.7 (standard deviation: 15.0), 39% women, 27.7% with mRS&gt;2) were analyzed. The rich club model substantially outperformed the baseline model (weights of model comparison: rich club model: 0.96; baseline: 0.04). Rich club regions had substantial relevance in explaining unfavorable functional outcome (mean of posterior distribution: 0.08, area under the curve: 0.8). In particular, the rich club-combination had a higher relevance than 98.4% of random constellations (15/1,000 random constellations with higher mean posterior values). Among the these 15 random constellations with higher means, the most frequently selected regions were the inferior temporal gyrus (posterior division, 8/15), the putamen (8/15), the cingulate gyrus (7/15) and the superior parietal lobule (6/15). Rich club regions were substantially more important in explaining long-term outcome in women than in men (mean of the difference distribution:-0.107, 90%-HDPI:-0.193 to -0.0124). Lesions in rich club regions were associated with increased odds of unfavorable outcome. These effects were spatially specific, i.e., the majority of random combinations of six regions had comparably smaller effects on long-term outcome. Effects were substantially more pronounced in women.
PID Control Design for a Temperature Control System (2018)

The PID controller are long in use for improving the temperature industrial and domestic applications. This is a tedious task to tune the controller parameters to obtain an optimum performance for a system in this paper Ziglor-Nicholos method of tuning PID controller parameters has been done for temperature control of plant. The results have been obtained experimentally for proportional (P), proportional integral (PI), proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers. The PID control scheme gives the best transient as well as study state performance.
Supplementary information from MAPK Pathway Alterations Correlate with Poor Survival and Drive Resistance to Therapy in Patients with Lung Cancers Driven by <i>ROS1</i> Fusions (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary case reports, supplementary materials and methods and supplementary figure legends are included.&lt;/p&gt;
Daily expression of clock genes in whole blood cells in healthy subjects and a patient with circadian rhythm sleep disorder (2005)

In recent years, circadian rhythm sleep disorders in humans have been increasing. Clinical features characteristic of this disorder are well known, but the specific causes remain unknown. However, various derangements of circadian expression of the clock gene are a probable cause of this disease. We have attempted to elucidate the relationship between the expression of the clock genes in whole blood cells and the clinical features characteristic of this disorder. In this study, we indicate the daily expression of clock genes period (Per) 1, 2, 3, Bmal1, and Clock in whole blood cells in 12 healthy male subjects. The peak phase of Per1, Per2, and Per3 appeared in the early morning, whereas that of Bmal1 and Clock appeared in the midnight hours. Furthermore, in one patient case with circadian rhythm sleep disorder, we observed variations of the peak phase in clock genes by treatments such as light therapy, exercise therapy, and medicinal therapy. This study suggested that the monitoring of human clock genes in whole blood cells, which may be functionally important for the molecular control of the circadian pacemaker as well as in suprachiasmatic nucleus, might be useful to evaluate internal synchronization.
How to interpret a small increase in AUC with an additional risk prediction marker: decision analysis comes through (2014)

An important question in the evaluation of an additional risk prediction marker is how to interpret a small increase in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Many researchers believe that a change in AUC is a poor metric because it increases only slightly with the addition of a marker with a large odds ratio. Because it is not possible on purely statistical grounds to choose between the odds ratio and AUC, we invoke decision analysis, which incorporates costs and benefits. For example, a timely estimate of the risk of later non-elective operative delivery can help a woman in labor decide if she wants an early elective cesarean section to avoid greater complications from possible later non-elective operative delivery. A basic risk prediction model for later non-elective operative delivery involves only antepartum markers. Because adding intrapartum markers to this risk prediction model increases AUC by 0.02, we questioned whether this small improvement is worthwhile. A key decision-analytic quantity is the risk threshold, here the risk of later non-elective operative delivery at which a patient would be indifferent between an early elective cesarean section and usual care. For a range of risk thresholds, we found that an increase in the net benefit of risk prediction requires collecting intrapartum marker data on 68 to 124 women for every correct prediction of later non-elective operative delivery. Because data collection is non-invasive, this test tradeoff of 68 to 124 is clinically acceptable, indicating the value of adding intrapartum markers to the risk prediction model.
Renal transplantation at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center: an update of results in the cyclosporine era. (1992)

This chapter presents a summary of living-related, living-unrelated, and cadaver renal transplantation performed at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center between January 1984 and October 1992. Over the past 9 years, 895 patients (557 males, 338 females, mean age 42 yrs) received 942 renal transplants; 599 patients received kidneys from cadaver donors (n = 627) and 296 patients received kidneys (n = 315) from living donors of all types. During this period, 151 patients were retransplanted, sometimes more than once (159 total retransplants, 124 secondary grafts, and 35 third or more transplants). An analysis of patient ant graft survival rates (calculated by actuarial methods) for different categories of transplant recipients was performed. Black recipients, as a racial subcategory, had the poorest graft outcome, especially when followed over the long term. Graft survival rates for Black recipients who were retransplanted with cadaver grafts were even worse and were noted to be similar to the diabetic population that received cadaver retransplants (66% vs 62% at 1 yr and 32% vs 25% at 5 yrs). Diabetic recipients of living-donor transplants had excellent graft survival results, similar to nondiabetic, living-donor recipients (patient survival rates 98% and 92% vs 97% and 92% at 1 and 5 yrs; graft survival rates 92% and 82% vs 92% and 82% at 1 and 5 yrs). HLA-identical recipients of first cadaver grafts demonstrated the best outcome in the entire cadaver series (graft survival rates 91% and 83% at 1 and 5 yrs, respectively). HLA-identical recipients of second or more cadaver grafts had poorer results than expected (50% graft survival at 1 yr) despite a 100% patient survival rate. HLA-identical recipients of living-related grafts had the best graft survival rates (96% at 1 yr and 94% at 5 yrs) and superior graft survival rates for retransplanted grafts as well (100% at 1 and 5 yrs). We conclude that in the last decade, patient and graft survival rates for cadaveric and living-donor renal transplants have improved dramatically relative to the results obtained in the pre-CsA era. Long-term graft survival in Black recipients remains lower than in other races, suggesting the need to analyze other factors to explain poorer graft survival in this recipient population. Results in diabetic recipients continue to be excellent at our center, encouraging the continuation of our aggressive approach to try to transplant diabetics as early as possible, particularly when a living donor is available.