gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Case of Leptospirosis with Pulmonary Involvement (2007)

The frequency of pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis is not well known in Japan. A 51-year-old man admitted with fever, bloody sputum, and general severe myalgia was found in laboratory studies to have thrombocytopenia, proteinuria, renal and liver dysfunction, and positive C-reactive protein. Chest computed tomography showed multiple tiny ill-defined nodules in both lungs. Intravenous ciprofloxacin treatment (600 mg/day) ameliorated symptoms and abnormal data. After starting therapy, we learned that he had been in contacted with rodents, and he was diagnosed with leptospirosis in a microscopic agglutination test.
Physical CAD changes to incorporate design for lithography and manufacturability (2005)

The next few process generations (65 nm and below) will have serious lithography and manufacturing constraints since the feature size is shrinking much more rapidly than the wavelengths used in manufacturing the chips. This paper starts with a quick tutorial on the Design for Manufacturability problems of these process generations, concentrating primarily on the limitations of optical lithography. The remainder of the talk covers the changes to physical design tools, such as placement and routing, that are needed to cope with these problems.
Spatial Distribution of CYP2B1/2 Messenger RNA within the Rat Liver Acinus following Exposure to the Inducers Phenobarbital and Dieldrin (2007)

Traditionally, the liver has been considered a homogeneous organ, but literature suggests that the cytochromes P450 are differentially distributed among the hepatocytes and that the pattern of this distribution is altered by various xenobiotics. In this study, the CYP2B1/2 messenger RNA (mRNA) in the hepatocytes was compared following treatment of rats with either of two inducers, phenobarbital (PB), or dieldrin. Adult male Sprague-Dawley-derived rats were treated with either ip PB in saline at 80 mg/kg/day for 5 days or dieldrin in corn oil by oral gavage at 2.5 mg/kg/day for 13 days. Control rats received ip saline or po corn oil for the same time. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) followed by duplex quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR was used to measure the CYP2B1/2 mRNA produced in bands of hepatocytes isolated from three locations along the sinusoidal path. The amounts of mRNA present in whole liver subsamples were also analyzed. CYP2B1/2 enzyme activity was determined by assaying 16beta-hydroxytestosterone formation. Whole liver mRNA samples exhibited significant induction in CYP2B1/2 transcript levels: sixfold for PB and 2200-fold for dieldrin. All the LCM band samples also showed significant fold induction in CYP2B1/2 mRNA compared to controls. Dieldrin caused marked increases in CYP2B1/2 mRNA levels in the direction of blood flow through the acinus: periportal, 300-fold; midzonal, 600-fold; and centrilobular, 1700-fold. A different pattern of induction was observed in the PB-treated rats: periportal, 1800-fold; midzonal, 8800-fold; and centrilobular, 1600-fold. The present study indicates the differences in spatial responses that can be exhibited within the liver following exposure to various xenobiotics. It also indicates the importance of examining xenobiotic metabolism in the liver in light of its nonhomogeneous, zoned microenvironment.
P4.14 Patterns of point of care test use among obstetricians and gynaecologists(OB-GYNS) in the u.s (2017)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Point of care tests (POCTs) for syphilis, HIV, and <i>Trichomonas</i> are currently available, easy-to-use and inexpensive. We surveyed practicing Ob-gyns to determine POCT current use and perceived barriers to use. <h3>Methods</h3> Between June and August 2016, 1000 members of the American College of Ob-gyns were randomly selected and invited to complete a Qualtrics survey: 600 were members of the Collaborative Ambulatory Research Network (CARN). Respondents completing at least 60% of the survey were included in analyses. <h3>Results</h3> 930 members had valid emails; 288 (31%) participated in and completed the survey. 70% were male. Average years in practice were 16 for males and 23 for females. 30% reported diagnosing STDs 1–2 times/week and 45% reported 1–2 times/month. POCTs used included pregnancy test (83%), urine dipstick (83%), wet mount test (79%) and the vagina pH test (54.8%). Few used Gram stain (5%) and stat RPRs (4%). Newer POCTs were used less frequently with 20% reporting Affirm VPIII test use, and only 9% using a rapid HIV test. Most common barriers were the amount of reimbursement received for performing the test (61.9%) and the payment coverage from the patient (61.3%). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Ob-gyns in the U.S. rely on laboratory test results and older traditional POCTs to diagnosis STDs. Future development and marketing of POCTs should consider not only ease and time of test performance but also cost of tests to the practice and the patient, as well as reimbursement.
Natalizumab: overview of its pharmacology and safety. (2007)

Natalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that is produced in murine myeloma cells. It functions in the body as an antagonist of integrin heterodimers that contain the a4 integrin subunit. These heterodimers include a4b1 integrin and a4b7 integrin, which are expressed on the surface of most leukocytes. When natalizumab binds to the a4-subunit of the integrin, it prevents the a4-mediated adhesion of the leukocytes to their counter-receptor(s) (eg, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1), thus preventing transmigration of the leukocytes across the endothelium and into the inflamed parenchymal tissue. Clinical trials with natalizumab for the treatment of the relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis have found the drug is capable of delaying the accumulation of physical disability and reducing the frequency of clinical exacerbations. Clinical trials of natalizumab for the treatment of Crohn's disease have found the drug, alone or in combination with infliximab, is effective in improving clinical response and remission rates as well as health-related quality of life in patients with Crohn's disease who have not been able to achieve remission with infliximab therapy alone. Like all drugs, natalizumab is not without risks. The drug was temporarily withdrawn from the market because of 3 reported cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Subsequent evaluations determined that the risk of this severe, but rare, adverse reaction did not justify keeping the drug off the market. When natalizumab was reintroduced, however, a closed prescribing and distribution program (Tysabri Outreach Unified Commitment to Health [TOUCH]) was also introduced. This program requires all patients prescribed natalizumab to be enrolled in and to receive their medication through the TOUCH system. Any serious adverse reactions must be reported to the TOUCH and MedWatch systems.
Mining Students Pre-instruction Beliefs for Improved Learning (2019)

In principle, learning can be increased by assessing the detailed state of student knowledge and mistaken knowledge with a pre-test and then optimizing instruction as measured by the post-test score. As a first step in this direction, we applied a Multidimensional Item Response Theory (MIRT) to 17,000 pre-instruction administrations of the Force Concept Inventory (FCI) to study students' initial knowledge in detail. Examination of Item Response Curves (IRCs) showed that even students scoring below chance are not randomly guessing, but instead preferentially select only one or two distractors. Two dimensional IRT applied to the entire set of 150 possible responses, rather than applied dichotomously to the thirty questions, revealed two skill dimensions of comparable variance. Perpendicular directions were identified within this space corresponding to Newtonian ability and propensity to select responses whose IRC's have a maximum at intermediate Newtonian ability rather than at the top of bottom of this dimension. These intermediate responses corresponded to known pre-Newtonian ideas, particularly the Medieval concept of impetus. The ability to measure the detailed misconceptions of individual students or classes will allow development and application of instructional interventions for such specific misunderstandings, which are typically unchanged by traditional instruction.
Small New Wearable Antennas for IOT, Medical and Sport Applications (2019)

Efficient small antennas are crucial in the development of wearable wireless communications and medical systems. Low efficiency is the major disadvantage of small antennas. Meta material and fractal technology are used to improve the efficiency bandwidth of small antennas. Moreover, the dynamic range and the efficiency of communication system may be improved by using active wearable antennas. Amplifiers may be connected to the wearable antenna feed line to increase the system dynamic range. Novel wideband passive and active efficient wearable antennas for IOT, BAN and 5G applications are presented in this paper. The gain and directivity of the patch antenna with Split-ring resonators, SRR, is higher by 2.5dB than the patch antenna without SRR. The resonant frequency of the antennas with SRR is lower by 5% to 10% than the antennas without SRR. Active small wearable antennas may be used in receiving or transmitting communication, IOT and medical systems. For example, the active slot antenna gain is 12±2dB for frequencies from 1.25GHz to 3.25GHz. The active slot antenna Noise Figure is 0.6±0.2dB for frequencies ranging from 1GHz to 3.3GHz.
Guidance in Elementary Schools (1963)

(1963). Guidance in Elementary Schools. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 111-116.
Measurement of Anti-Folate Analogs (1992)

Journal Article Measurement of Anti-Folate Analogs Get access M Fleisher, M Fleisher Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M K Schwartz M K Schwartz Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clinical Chemistry, Volume 38, Issue 4, 1 April 1992, Pages 609–610, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.4.609a Published: 01 April 1992
Relationships between Carbocation Stabilities and Electrophilic Reactivity Parameters,E:  Quantum Mechanical Studies of Benzhydryl Cation Structures and Stabilities (2002)

Quantum chemical calculations of the affinities of benzhydryl cations (XC6H4)2CH+ for the methyl anion, hydroxide, and hydride anion have been performed up to the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2pd)//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level and compared with rate and equilibrium constants in solution. An excellent linear correlation between the empirical electrophilicity parameter E (by log k = s(N + E); Mayr, H.; Bug, T.; Gotta, M. F.; Hering, N.; Irrgang, B.; Janker, B.; Kempf, B.; Loos, R.; Ofial, A. R.; Remennikov, R.; Schimmel, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 9500−9512) and the calculated methyl anion affinities ranging over 46.5 kcal mol-1 is found that reproduces the electrophilicity parameters E which range from −10 to +6 with a standard deviation of ±0.26 (11 points). The calculated OH- and H- affinities correlate with the calculated CH3- affinities with a slope of 1.00, indicating that the relative anion affinities of benzhydrylium ions are independent of the nature of the reference base. Linear correlations of the experimental pKR+ values and chloride ion affinities in solution with the calculated anion affinities in the gas phase indicate that solvation attenuates the differences of carbocation stabilization in the gas phase but does not affect the relative differences. Application of Marcus theory shows that only reaction series with α = ∂ΔG⧧/∂ΔrG° = 0.5 corresponding to a slope parameter of s = 0.67 can have constant intrinsic barriers. The slope parameters s found for π-nucleophiles and C−H hydride donors (s ≈ 1) are interpreted by a decrease of the intrinsic barriers with increasing electrophilicities of the carbocations. On the other hand, a value of s ≤ 0.67 as found for many n-nucleophiles as well as for Si−H, Ge−H, or Sn−H hydride donors is indicative of intrinsic barriers which are constant or slightly increase with increasing electrophilicity of the carbocation.
Color Television from Transparent Film — Theory and Practice (1972)

A system for recording color scenes using an ordinary camera with specially prepared monochrome film and a method for television projection are described. During camera exposure, the three color components of a scene modulate separate carrier gratings already present in each of three color-sensitized layers as preexposed latent images. After simple black-and-white processing, a clear transparency is produced, and a color television picture is obtained using a simple scanning system containing a flying-spot scanner and three photopickups.
Oxidative Stress and Photodynamic Therapy for Prostate Cancer (2011)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) takes advantage of the generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative effects to generate focal tissue damage. It involves the local activation of a chemical photosensitizer by a specific light wavelength corresponding to the absorption characteristics of the photosensitizer. The excited photosensitizer then transfers its energy to oxygen within the tissue, thereby creating the cytotoxic oxygen species. PDT is an established treatment modality for cancer, and its feasibility has been demonstrated for a variety of cancer types. Here, we briefly detail the known mechanisms of the photodynamic reaction, with particular attention to the role of reactive oxygen species in PDT-mediated cell death. We then describe the application of PDT in recent clinical studies for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Assessing special educational needs (1999)

It could be argued that all children have special needs at some time in their lives. However, some children's learning and development appears to be out of step with other children of the same age and is, in some ways, special or different.
Re-encryption Verifiability: How to Detect Malicious Activities of a Proxy in Proxy Re-encryption. (2015)

In this paper, we introduce a new functionality for proxy re-encryption (PRE) that we call re-encryption verifiability. In a PRE scheme with re-encryption verifiability (which we simply call verifiable PRE, or VPRE), a receiver of a re-encrypted ciphertext can verify whether the received ciphertext is correctly transformed from an original ciphertext by a proxy, and thus can detect illegal activities of the proxy. We formalize the security model for a VPRE scheme, and show that the single-hop uni-directional PRE scheme by Hanaoka et al. (CT-RSA 2012) can be extended to a secure VPRE scheme.
Low Temperature Deposition of Indium Tin Oxide Films by Plasma Ion-Assisted Evaporation (2007)

ITO films are suitable to achieve transparent and conductive thin films for a multiplicity of applications. Electrical and optical properties of ITO films prepared by plasma ion-assisted deposition at low substrate temperatures will be presented.
Desensitization and functional antagonism by β‐adrenoceptor and muscarinic receptor agonists, respectively: a comparison with receptor alkylation for calculation of apparent agonist affinity (1991)

1. Apparent affinity constants (KD) for prenalterol, an agonist of low intrinsic efficacy at beta 1-adrenoceptors in rat left atria, have been determined by use of receptor desensitization and functional antagonism induced by isoprenaline and carbachol, respectively. The values obtained have been compared to those values estimated with the irreversible beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, bromoacetylalprenololmenthane (BAAM). 2. The -log KD values for prenalterol estimated by desensitization or irreversible antagonism ranged from 6.8-7.1 and 6.2-7.1, respectively. 3. Carbachol produced functional antagonism of the response to prenalterol even though it was removed before addition of prenalterol. This effect was mediated by M2-muscarinic receptors. Pretreatment of animals with pertussis toxin did not affect the functional antagonism elicited by carbachol. The apparent KD value obtained after pre-exposure to carbachol (6.8) was similar to those estimated by use of either alkylation with BAAM or desensitization with isoprenaline (see above). 4. It is concluded that acute desensitization or functional antagonism of responses to agonists of low intrinsic efficacy provides a means to estimate apparent KD constants. This approach could be useful to characterize receptors for which an irreversible antagonist may not be available.
Glyproline Pro-Ampakine with Neuroprotective Activity (2020)

Previously it was shown that neuropeptide cyclo-L-prolylglycine (CPG) is a positive modulator of AMPA receptors, which increases BDNF level in neuronal cell cultures. The spectrum of CPG’s pharmacological effects corresponds to that of BDNF. Dipeptide N-phenylacetyl-glycyl-L-proline ethyl ester (GZK-111) was designed and synthesized as a linear analog of CPG. The aim of the present work was to reveal the pharmacological profile of GZK-111. Dipeptide GZK-111 was shown to metabolize into CPG in vitro and increased cell survival by 28% at concentrations of 10-7–10-6 M in a Parkinson’s disease cell model. In a model of cerebral ischemia, GZK-111, at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, i.p., was found to have neuroprotective effects, reducing the cerebral infarct volume by 1.6 times. Similar to CPG, GZK-111, at the range 0.1–1.0 mg/kg, i.p., possessed a stereospecific antiamnesic activity. A significant anxiolytic effect was observed at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg. GZK-111, at the range 0.5–4.0 mg/kg, i.p., demonstrated analgesic activity. GZK-111, at a dose of 10 mg/kg/7 days, i.p., possessed antidepressant-like activity. So, the neuroprotective, nootropic, antihypoxic, anxiolytic, antidepressant-like, and analgesic effects of GZK-111 were revealed. Thus, GZK-111 can be considered as a pharmacologically active pro-ampakine with a BDNF-ergic mechanism of action.
Modeling Atomistic Dynamic Fracture Mechanisms Using a Progressive Transformer Diffusion Model (2022)

Dynamic fracture is an important area of materials analysis, assessing the atomic-level mechanisms by which materials fail over time. Here, we focus on brittle materials failure and show that an atomistically derived progressive transformer diffusion machine learning model can effectively describe the dynamics of fracture, capturing important aspects such as crack dynamics, instabilities, and initiation mechanisms. Trained on a small dataset of atomistic simulations, the model generalizes well and offers a rapid assessment of dynamic fracture mechanisms for complex geometries, expanding well beyond the original set of atomistic simulation results. Various validation cases, progressively more distinct from the data used for training, are presented and analyzed. The validation cases feature distinct geometric details, including microstructures generated by a generative neural network used here to identify novel bio-inspired material designs for mechanical performance. For all cases, the model performs well and captures key aspects of material failure.
Observation of Power-Law Scaling for Phase Transitions in Linear Trapped Ion Crystals (2000)

We report an experimental confirmation of the power-law relationship between the critical anisotropy parameter and ion number for the linear-to-zigzag phase transition in an ionic crystal. Our experiment uses laser cooled calcium ions confined in a linear radio-frequency trap. Measurements for up to ten ions are in good agreement with theoretical and numeric predictions. Implications on an upper limit to the size of data registers in ion trap quantum computers are discussed.
Phosphorus‐Containing Polymeric Zwitterion: A Pioneering Bioresponsive Probe for 31P‐Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2022)

<sup>31</sup> P-magnetic resonance (MR) is an important diagnostic technique currently used for tissue metabolites assessing, but it also has great potential for visualizing the internal body structures. However, due to the low physiological level of phosphorus-containing biomolecules, precise imaging requires the administration of an exogenous probe. Herein, this work describes the synthesis and MR characterization of a pioneering metal-free <sup>31</sup> P-MR probe based on phosphorus-containing polymeric zwitterion. The developed probe (pTMPC) is a well-defined water-soluble macromolecule characterized by a high content of naturally rare phosphorothioate groups providing a high-intensity <sup>31</sup> P-MR signal clearly distinguishable from biological background both in vitro and in vitro. In addition, pTMPC can serve as a sensitive <sup>31</sup> P-MR sensor of pathological conditions in vivo because it undergoes oxidation-induced structural changes in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Add to this the favorable <sup>1</sup> H and <sup>31</sup> P T<sub>1</sub> /T<sub>2</sub> relaxation times and biocompatibility, pTMPC represents a conceptually new diagnostic, whose discovery opens up new possibilities in the field of <sup>31</sup> P-MR spectroscopy and imaging.
Epithelial–mesenchymal interconversions in normal ovarian surface epithelium and ovarian carcinomas: An exception to the norm (2007)

Cancer that arises from the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) accounts for approximately 90% of human ovarian cancer, and is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in developed countries. The pathophysiology of epithelial ovarian cancer is still unclear because of the poor understanding of the complex nature of its development and the unusual mechanism(s) of disease progression. Recent studies have reported epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cultured OSE and ovarian cancer cell lines in response to various stimuli, but our understanding of the importance of these observations for normal ovarian physiology and cancer progression is not well established. This review highlights the current literature on EMT-associated events in normal OSE and ovarian cancer cell lines, and discusses its implication for normal ovarian function as well as acquisition of neoplastic phenotypes. The pathological changes in OSE in response to EMT during neoplastic transformation and the contribution of hormones, growth factors, and cytokines that initiate and drive EMT to sustain normal ovarian function, as well as cancer development and progression are also discussed. Finally, emphasis is placed on the clinical implications of EMT and potential therapeutic opportunities that may arise from these observations have been proposed.
Solubilization of Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Compounds in Aqueous Surfactant Solutions (2012)

We study the micellar solubilization of three thermotropic liquid crystal compounds by immersing single drops in aqueous solutions of the ionic surfactant tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide. For both nematic and isotropic drops, we observe a linear decrease of the drop size with time as well as convective flows and self-propelled motions. The solubilization is accompanied by the appearance of small aqueous droplets within the nematic or isotropic drop. At low temperatures, nematic drops expell small nematic droplets into the aqueous environment. Smectic drops show the spontaneous formation of filament-like structures which resemble the myelin figures observed in lyotropic lamellar systems. In all cases, the liquid crystal drops become completely solubilized, provided the weight fraction of the liquid crystal in the system is not larger than a few percent. The solubilization of the liquid crystal drops is compared with earlier studies of the solubilization of alkanes in ionic surfactant solutions.