gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Hard Segment Chemical Structure on the Processibility of Organo-Siloxane Block Copolymers (1977)

A series of polydimethylsiloxane based multiblock [AB]n copolymers was prepared and characterized. The hard blocks included poly(aryl ethers), poly(aryl esters), poly(aryl carbonates), a poly(cycloaliphatic carbonate), polystyrene, and poly(α-methylsytrene). All of these materials could be solution cast into films which had attractive physical properties and which displayed two-phase behavior. However, their rheological characteristics (in particular their melt processibility) were found to differ dramatically when the chemical structure of the hard block was varied. Thus, the polysulfone-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer could not even be satisfactorily compression molded owing to its inordinately high melt viscosity and melt elasticity. On the other hand, the copolymer prepared from the polycarbonate of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol could be readily molded and extruded. The behavior is believed to be related to the retention of a physical network at temperatures well above the upper glass transition. Available data are in agreement with this interpretation. It is proposed that processibility characteristics of block copolymers are related to the intersegment solubility parameter differential, Δ. Our preliminary results suggest that an optimum balance of engineering properties and processibility in two-phase block or graft copolymers should be observed when the value of Δ is approximately unity. For crystallizable systems, the Δ value in the polymer melt should be essentially zero, if one or both of the segments can subsequently crystallize and hence induce microphase separation.
Transcription blockage by homopurine DNA sequences: role of sequence composition and single-strand breaks (2012)

The ability of DNA to adopt non-canonical structures can affect transcription and has broad implications for genome functioning. We have recently reported that guanine-rich (G-rich) homopurine-homopyrimidine sequences cause significant blockage of transcription in vitro in a strictly orientation-dependent manner: when the G-rich strand serves as the non-template strand [Belotserkovskii et al. (2010) Mechanisms and implications of transcription blockage by guanine-rich DNA sequences., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 12816-12821]. We have now systematically studied the effect of the sequence composition and single-stranded breaks on this blockage. Although substitution of guanine by any other base reduced the blockage, cytosine and thymine reduced the blockage more significantly than adenine substitutions, affirming the importance of both G-richness and the homopurine-homopyrimidine character of the sequence for this effect. A single-strand break in the non-template strand adjacent to the G-rich stretch dramatically increased the blockage. Breaks in the non-template strand result in much weaker blockage signals extending downstream from the break even in the absence of the G-rich stretch. Our combined data support the notion that transcription blockage at homopurine-homopyrimidine sequences is caused by R-loop formation.
Ethosuximide (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Chemistry Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics Drug interactions Serum level monitoring Efficacy Adverse effects Place in current therapy References
Towards Biomimetic Virtual Constraint Control of a Powered Prosthetic Leg (2013)

This brief presents a novel control strategy for a powered prosthetic ankle based on a biomimetic virtual constraint. We first derive a kinematic constraint for the "effective shape" of the human ankle-foot complex during locomotion. This shape characterizes ankle motion as a function of the Center of Pressure (COP)-the point on the foot sole where the resultant ground reaction force is imparted. Since the COP moves monotonically from heel to toe during steady walking, we adopt the COP as a mechanical representation of the gait cycle phase in an autonomous feedback controller. We show that our kinematic constraint can be enforced as a virtual constraint by an output linearizing controller that uses only feedback available to sensors onboard a prosthetic leg. Using simulations of a passive walking model with feet, we show that this novel controller exactly enforces the desired effective shape whereas a standard impedance (i.e., proportional-derivative) controller cannot. This work provides a single, biomimetic control law for the entire single-support period during robot-assisted locomotion.
New Approach to Exclude the Left Atrial Appendage during Minimally Invasive Cryothermic Surgical Ablation (2015)

The development of a reliable approach to LAA management during minimally invasive surgical ablation through right minithoracotomy has been challenging. This new approach is safe and effective and should offer a superior and consistent early and long-term solution compared with the current approach of endocardial stitch closure.
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Bond Functionalization in Water Catalyzed by Carboxylato Ruthenium(II) Systems. (2010)

Abstract A new catalyst system in situ generated from [Ru 2 Cl 4 (p‐cymene) 2 ] and potassium pivalate efficiently mediates the direct ortho‐arylation of functional arenes with aryl halides in water.
Foam drainage in the presence of solid particles (2016)

We conducted forced drainage experiments to study the liquid flow within the foams stabilized by a cationic surfactant (CTAB) in the presence of partially hydrophobic silica particles. The results show that the presence of solid particles, even when present in small amounts (0.0932 g L(-1) foam), can significantly decrease the foam permeability. The scaling behaviour (power law) between the drainage velocity and the imposed flow rate indicates that the presence of solid particles in the foams triggers a transition of the foam drainage regime from a node-dominated regime to a Plateau border-dominated regime. We applied two foam drainage equations for aqueous foams to simulate the experimental data and interpret the transition. The simulation results show that the presence of solid particles in the foams increases the rigidity of the interfaces and the viscous losses in the channels (the Plateau borders) of the foams, and decreases the foam permeability. We also generalize the theory for the effects of unattached hydrophilic particles on foam drainage by considering the effects of hydrophobicity and concentration of solid particles on the confinement of foam networks. This study explores liquid drainage in three-phase foams and is relevant to the field of hydrophobic particle separation by froth flotation, in which the wash water is commonly applied to the froth layer to improve the product grade.
Modal Technique for Active Control of Tones Radiated from a Ducted Fan (1998)

This paper describes research in the development of a modal technique considered appropriate for the active noise control (ANC) of fan tones. Two essential issues were addressed to establish this technique. The e rst was to develop a waveform generation system, which can produce the arbitrary spinning modes necessary for tone cancellation. The second was to develop a modal detection system for the spinning modes. An examination of two systems showed that the desired spinning modes in the circumferential direction of a duct could be produced, and that the contents of the acoustic spinning modes in the duct could be determined with a high accuracy. A technological assessment of the modal technique composed of the two systems was challenged using a ducted fan. At a fan speed of 4125 rpm, the noise reduction in the blade-passage frequency could be achieved ranging from 2 to 10 dB without spillover caused by a secondary sound source. Although these experimental results are limited, they suggest that the modal technique for ANC of acoustic spinning modes in fan tones may be feasible. Additional technical issues such as the simultaneous noise reduction of higher harmonics and the sound power needed for the secondary sound sources should be resolved for further noise reduction.
Heteroepitaxial growth of single-phase ε-Ga2O3 thin films on c-plane sapphire by mist chemical vapor deposition using a NiO buffer layer (2018)

In this study, single-phase ε-gallium oxide (Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) thin films were heteroepitaxially grown on <italic>c</italic>-plane sapphire substrates.
The molecular basis of antibody formation: a paradox. (1965)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Strain-induced two-dimensional electron gas in [111] growth-axis strained-layer structures (1990)

It is demonstrated that strain-induced electric fields in [111] growth-axis strained-layer structures can be used to induce a two-dimensional electron gas without the necessity of modulation doping. A simple analytic expression is derived for the density of the two-dimensional electron gas. The density has a simple linear relationship to the strain-induced electric fields. The calculation predicts that two-dimensional densities in the range 1011–1012 cm−2 should be easily realized in strained-layer structures. Results are calculated for a variety of material systems.
CTR Bunch Length Measurement of Monoenergetic and Maxwellian Electron Beams from Laser Plasma Cathode (2006)

Recently, several plasma cathodes at universities and institutes can generate a monoenergetic electron beam. LBL measured the bunch length by the CTR (Coherent Transition Radiation) interferometer to determine it as about 50 fs (FWHM). We are trying to carry out a single‐shot measurement of the bunch length by a infrared polychromator. As the first step forward it, we measured the CTR spectra emitted at a 300microm‐thick Ti foil by the electron beams from our plasma cathode. The laser parameters are 12 TW, 50fs, 3×1019W/cm2. He gas‐jet is used and the electron density is 6×1019cm−3. By using the liquid He bolometer and several optical low‐pass filter, we measured the spectra of the CTR. We can clearly classify the difference of the spectrum and bunch length for the monoenergetic and Maxwellian beams. The numerical analysis of the bunch elongation due to the energy spread confirms the experimental results. The bunch length of the monoenergetic beam is less than 100 fs at FWHM with about 10 pC per bunch, which is consistent with the PIC simulation. The next single‐shot measurement with the FIR (Far‐Ingfra‐Red) polychomator and application to a pump‐and‐probe experiment for radiation chemsitry are also discussed.
UTX and MLL4 Coordinately Regulate Transcriptional Programs for Cell Proliferation and Invasiveness in Breast Cancer Cells (2014)

Histone methyltransferases and demethylases reversibly modulate histone lysine methylation, which is considered a key epigenetic mark associated with gene regulation. Recently, aberrant regulation of gene expression by histone methylation modifiers has emerged as an important mechanism for tumorigenesis. However, it remains largely unknown how histone methyltransferases and demethylases coregulate transcriptional profiles for cancer cell characteristics. Here, we show that in breast cancer cells, the histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylase UTX (also known as KDM6A) positively regulates gene expression programs associated with cell proliferation and invasion. The majority of UTX-controlled genes, including a cohort of oncogenes and prometastatic genes, are coregulated by the H3K4 methyltransferase mixed lineage leukemia 4 (MLL4, also called ALR, KMT2D, and MLL2). UTX interacted with a C-terminal region of MLL4. UTX knockdown resulted in significant decreases in the proliferation and invasiveness of breast cancer cells in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model. Such defective cellular characteristics of UTX-depleted cells were phenocopied by MLL4 knockdown cells. UTX-catalyzed demethylation of trimethylated H3K27 and MLL4-mediated trimethylation at H3K4 occurred interdependently at cotarget genes of UTX and MLL4. Clinically, high levels of UTX or MLL4 were associated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. Taken together, these findings uncover that coordinated regulation of gene expression programs by a histone methyltransferase and a histone demethylase is coupled to the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells.
Tumor cells with organ-specific metastatic ability show distinctive trafficking in vivo: analyses by positron emission tomography and bioimaging. (1997)

To elucidate the behavior of various metastatic tumor cells with different characteristics in the blood flow, we have developed a system to investigate real-time trafficking using positron emission tomography. In this study, positron-labeled cells, i.e., lung-metastatic B16BL6 melanoma and two sublines of liver-metastatic RAW117 large cell lymphoma, were injected i.v., and the trafficking of these cells was noninvasively determined. All sublines tested accumulated in the lungs immediately after injection, presumably because the lungs were the first organ passed through after i.v. injection. The elimination of RAW117 cells from the lungs, however, was fast compared with that of B16BL6 cells. The latter showed a release rate from the lungs of less than 1%/min, whereas that of RAW117 cells was greater than 2%/min. Reflecting the elimination from lungs, RAW117 cells accumulated in the liver in a time-dependent manner. Biodistribution of metastatic cells was also analyzed by whole-body autoradiography after injection of 5-[125I]iodo-2'-deoxyuridine-labeled cells, using a bioimaging analyzer system. The method is invasive; however, it enables a precise determination of the biodistribution of metastatic cells. Bioimaging analyzer system analysis also showed the organ-specific accumulation of these metastatic cells. Furthermore, colonized distribution of B16BL6 cells in the lungs and that of RAW117 cells in the liver were observed. The present data suggest that the trafficking of metastatic tumor cells greatly influences the organ specificity of cancer metastasis.
Determination of low levels of poly(ethylene glycol) 400 in plasma and urine by capillary gas chromatography-selected ion-monitoring mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction (1997)

A convenient and sensitive method for the quantitative determination of poly(ethylene glycol) 400 in plasma and urine with capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been developed. The sample preparation involves solid-phase extraction with subsequent derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, which proved to give the most stable derivative. The derivatization procedure was optimized using experimental design, and different solid-phase extraction columns were evaluated. The limit of quantitation was 1 p.mol/1 (0.4 ixg/ml) for both plasma and urine. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
IL-10 Producing Regulatory T Cells Alter Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Reduce Inflammation and Fibrosis in Murine Wounds (2021)

Short, Walker D. MD; Wang, Xinyi PhD; Yu, Ling MD; Kaul, Aditya BS; Balaji, Swathi PhD; Keswani, Sundeep G. MD, FACS Author Information
Bronchial responses to enalapril in asthmatic, hypertensive patients. (1990)

The subjects, six asthmatic patients with mild essential hypertension, were aged 48 to 63 years and each was being treated with theophylline. Five patients received 10 mg of enalapril daily for two weeks and one received 5 mg for four weeks. Their bronchial responses to inhaled methacholine were measured with a modification of the 3-Hz oscillation method before and after the enalapril treatment. The patients' mean blood pressures decreased significantly from 180.7/100.3 to 152.0/93.3 mmHg after treatment. No treatment-associated changes in the frequency of coughing, the number of asthmatic attacks, or use of antiasthmatic drugs were noted. The results of the bronchial provocation tests revealed no changes in bronchial sensitivity or reactivity during treatment. Serum substance P levels were 61.3 pg/ml before treatment and 60.2 pg/ml after treatment. It is concluded that therapeutic doses of enalapril did not exacerbate asthmatic attacks or increase bronchial hypersensitivity in these asthmatic, hypertensive patients.
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 4a Protein Is a Double-Stranded RNA-Binding Protein That Suppresses PACT-Induced Activation of RIG-I and MDA5 in the Innate Antiviral Response (2014)

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging and highly lethal human pathogen. Why MERS-CoV causes severe disease in human is unclear, and one possibility is that MERS-CoV is particularly efficient in counteracting host immunity, including the sensing of virus invasion. It will therefore be critical to clarify how MERS-CoV cripples the host proteins that sense viruses and to compare MERS-CoV with its ancestral viruses in bats in the counteraction of virus sensing. This work not only provides a new understanding of the abilities of MERS-CoV and closely related bat viruses to subvert virus sensing but also might prove useful in revealing new strategies for the development of vaccines and antivirals.
Game-Theoretic Modeling of Driver and Vehicle Interactions for Verification and Validation of Autonomous Vehicle Control Systems (2016)

Autonomous driving has been the subject of increased interest in recent years both in industry and in academia. Serious efforts are being pursued to address legal, technical and logistical problems and make autonomous cars a viable option for everyday transportation. One significant challenge is the time and effort required for the verification and validation of the decision and control algorithms employed in these vehicles to ensure a safe and comfortable driving experience. Hundreds of thousands of miles of driving tests are required to achieve a well calibrated control system that is capable of operating an autonomous vehicle in an uncertain traffic environment where multiple interactions between vehicles and drivers simultaneously occur. Traffic simulators where these interactions can be modeled and represented with reasonable fidelity can help decrease the time and effort necessary for the development of the autonomous driving control algorithms by providing a venue where acceptable initial control calibrations can be achieved quickly and safely before actual road tests. In this paper, we present a game theoretic traffic model that can be used to 1) test and compare various autonomous vehicle decision and control systems and 2) calibrate the parameters of an existing control system. We demonstrate two example case studies, where, in the first case, we test and quantitatively compare two autonomous vehicle control systems in terms of their safety and performance, and, in the second case, we optimize the parameters of an autonomous vehicle control system, utilizing the proposed traffic model and simulation environment.
A new cold-adapted β-D-galactosidase from the Antarctic Arthrobacter sp. 32c – gene cloning, overexpression, purification and properties (2009)

Abstract Background The development of a new cold-active β-D-galactosidases and microorganisms that efficiently ferment lactose is of high biotechnological interest, particularly for lactose removal in milk and dairy products at low temperatures and for cheese whey bioremediation processes with simultaneous bio-ethanol production. Results In this article, we present a new β-D-galactosidase as a candidate to be applied in the above mentioned biotechnological processes. The gene encoding this β-D-galactosidase has been isolated from the genomic DNA library of Antarctic bacterium Arthrobacter sp. 32c, sequenced, cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris , purified and characterized. 27 mg of β-D-galactosidase was purified from 1 L of culture with the use of an intracellular E. coli expression system. The protein was also produced extracellularly by P. pastoris in high amounts giving approximately 137 mg and 97 mg of purified enzyme from 1 L of P. pastoris culture for the AOX1 and a constitutive system, respectively. The enzyme was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by using either one step- or a fast two step- procedure including protein precipitation and affinity chromatography. The enzyme was found to be active as a homotrimeric protein consisting of 695 amino acid residues in each monomer. Although, the maximum activity of the enzyme was determined at pH 6.5 and 50°C, 60% of the maximum activity of the enzyme was determined at 25°C and 15% of the maximum activity was detected at 0°C. Conclusion The properties of Arthrobacter sp. 32cβ-D-galactosidase suggest that this enzyme could be useful for low-cost, industrial conversion of lactose into galactose and glucose in milk products and could be an interesting alternative for the production of ethanol from lactose-based feedstock.
Inflow versus deoxyhemoglobin effects in bold functional MRI using gradient echoes at 1.5 T (1994)

Modified gradient-echo MR techniques were applied to study the effects of inflow on functional brain imaging studies using visual and motor cortex stimulation. The results demonstrate that the large signal changes, seen in previously reported gradient-echo studies at 1.5-2.0 T, are dominated by direct inflow effects, in particular when using a large flip angle and a thin slice. The findings suggest that inflow-based functional imaging, along with Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) functional MRI, may play an important role in future research towards the functional organization of the human brain.