gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Democratizing Innovation (2005)

The process of user-centered innovation: how it can benefit both users and manufacturers and how its emergence will bring changes in business models and in public policy. Innovation is rapidly becoming democratized. Users, aided by improvements in computer and communications technology, increasingly can develop their own new products and services. These innovating users—both individuals and firms—often freely share their innovations with others, creating user-innovation communities and a rich intellectual commons. In Democratizing Innovation, Eric von Hippel looks closely at this emerging system of user-centered innovation. He explains why and when users find it profitable to develop new products and services for themselves, and why it often pays users to reveal their innovations freely for the use of all.The trend toward democratized innovation can be seen in software and information products—most notably in the free and open-source software movement—but also in physical products. Von Hippel's many examples of user innovation in action range from surgical equipment to surfboards to software security features. He shows that product and service development is concentrated among "lead users," who are ahead on marketplace trends and whose innovations are often commercially attractive. Von Hippel argues that manufacturers should redesign their innovation processes and that they should systematically seek out innovations developed by users. He points to businesses—the custom semiconductor industry is one example—that have learned to assist user-innovators by providing them with toolkits for developing new products. User innovation has a positive impact on social welfare, and von Hippel proposes that government policies, including R&amp;D subsidies and tax credits, should be realigned to eliminate biases against it. The goal of a democratized user-centered innovation system, says von Hippel, is well worth striving for. An electronic version of this book is available under a Creative Commons license.
Radar-based detection of thoracoabdominal asynchrony during breathing using autocorrelation function analysis (2018)

During periodic breathing motion, chest and abdomen do not necessarily move in a synchronous way. A large degree of asynchrony, which can be characterized by the value of the phase lag angle between the chest and the abdominal motion, indicates the presence of certain breathing disorders, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, certain neuromuscular diseases or an airway obstruction. In order to detect these abnormalities and decide on the course of treatment, it is necessary to determine the value of the phase lag. We propose to use a frequency shift keying radar-based sensor, which records the superposition of the reflected electromagnetic waves originating from the chest and the abdominal regions. Using an analytical model for the chest-abdomen motion, we have shown that the degree of thoracoabdominal asynchrony can be extracted by analyzing the changes in the features of the Fourier transform of the signal autocorrelation function, as the carrier frequency is varied. Our findings are corroborated by Matlab simulations.
Toward an Understanding of Wisdom in Nursing (2015)

As nurses, we seek to better understand how to gain nursing ‘wisdom’ and apply this wisdom in our daily practice. Yet the concept and experience of ‘wisdom in nursing practice’ has not been well defined. This article addresses wisdom-in-action for nursing practice. We briefly describe nursing theory, review the wisdom literature as presented in various disciplines, and identify characteristics of wisdom by analyzing four models of wisdom from other disciplines. We also present the ten antecedents of wisdom and the ten characteristics of wisdom identified in our analysis of the wisdom literature, discuss and summarize these antecedents, and conclude that understanding these ten antecedents and the ten characteristics of wisdom-in-action can both help nurses demonstrate wisdom as they provide nursing care and teach new nurses the process of becoming wise in nursing practice.
Precision and Disclosure in Text and Voice Interviews on Smartphones (2015)

As people increasingly communicate via asynchronous non-spoken modes on mobile devices, particularly text messaging (e.g., SMS), longstanding assumptions and practices of social measurement via telephone survey interviewing are being challenged. In the study reported here, 634 people who had agreed to participate in an interview on their iPhone were randomly assigned to answer 32 questions from US social surveys via text messaging or speech, administered either by a human interviewer or by an automated interviewing system. 10 interviewers from the University of Michigan Survey Research Center administered voice and text interviews; automated systems launched parallel text and voice interviews at the same time as the human interviews were launched. The key question was how the interview mode affected the quality of the response data, in particular the precision of numerical answers (how many were not rounded), variation in answers to multiple questions with the same response scale (differentiation), and disclosure of socially undesirable information. Texting led to higher quality data-fewer rounded numerical answers, more differentiated answers to a battery of questions, and more disclosure of sensitive information-than voice interviews, both with human and automated interviewers. Text respondents also reported a strong preference for future interviews by text. The findings suggest that people interviewed on mobile devices at a time and place that is convenient for them, even when they are multitasking, can give more trustworthy and accurate answers than those in more traditional spoken interviews. The findings also suggest that answers from text interviews, when aggregated across a sample, can tell a different story about a population than answers from voice interviews, potentially altering the policy implications from a survey.
Low Molecular Weight Organic Composition of Ethanol Stillage from Corn (1993)

Filtered stillage from the distillation of ethanol made by yeast fermentation of hydrolyzed corn starch was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and to high-performance liquid chromatography. Nearly all the major chromatographic peaks were identified and quantified. Low molecular weight organics in the soluble part of corn stillage were lactic acid, glycerol, and alanine, as well as smaller amounts of ethanol, and various nonnitrogenous and nitrogenous acids, polyhydroxy alcohols, sugars, and glucosides.
An Integrated CFD and Truck Simulation for 4 Vehicle Platoons (2018)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study was conducted on four-vehicle platoons, and the aerodynamic data is then coupled with a high-fidelity truck simulation software (TruckSim) to determine fuel efficiency. Previous studies typically have focused on identical two vehicle platoons, whereas this study accounted for more complex platoon configurations. Heavy duty vehicles (HDVs), both military and commercial, make up a significant percentage of fuel consumption. This study aimed to quantify fuel savings of a platoon consisting of dissimilar trucks and trailers, thus reducing vehicle operational cost. The vehicle platoon featured two M915 trucks and two Peterbilt 579 trucks with dissimilar trailer configurations. An unloaded flatbed trailer, a centered 20 ft shipping container, two 20 ft shipping containers, and a 53 ft box trailer configurations were utilized. The platoon vehicles were spaced evenly with 30 ft, 50 ft, and 100 ft gaps to characterize gap effects on drag reduction and broadly cover typical operational range. A grid refinement study was conducted to determine meshing requirements needed to properly predict drag profiles on each vehicle. The coefficient of drag from the CFD study was then used along with the mathematical models in TruckSim to provide an accurate predicted fuel efficiency for each vehicle in the platoon. Vehicle spacing and control was accomplished by use a cruise control system on the truck. This control, along with the CFD drag data, resulted in increased fuel savings for the vehicles of the platoon.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Direct imaging of propagation and damping of near-resonance surface plasmon polaritons using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (2006)

Cathodoluminescence imaging spectroscopy is used to determine the propagation distance of surface plasmon polaritons near the surface plasmon resonance on both silver and gold films. Surface plasmon polaritons are generated by a focused (diameter of 5nm) electron beam spot in the metal and coupled out through a grating. By gradually varying the distance between the excitation spot and the grating the damping is probed. Propagation lengths as small as several hundred nanometers are probed, and an increase in propagation length is observed if the wavelength is increased above resonance. The measured data are compared with the calculated propagation lengths taking into account both absorption in the film and leakage radiation, and it is found that other loss mechanisms appear to be significant as well.
Structural Studies of High-Performance Low-k Dielectric Materials Improved by Electron-Beam Curing (2005)

With the use of a newly developed electron beam (EB) curing process, an advanced methylsilsesquioxane (MSQ) low- k dielectric (LKD) film of k =2.9 was developed. It is noteworthy that the EB curing process can drastically improve the mechanical strength of LKD film and reduces the thermal budget without increasing the k value. The X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) study on the LKD was conducted to clarify the structural change upon EB curing. The structure of the film was compared with those of two different types of other MSQ films, the ladder-network structure and the random-network structure, and a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) film. The Si–O–Si bond angle and Si–O (Si–C) bond length were determined by fitting the Fourier transformed extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra. Si–O–Si bond angle of LKD film was found to be between those of the ladder and the random structure, which are 135° and 147°, respectively. The X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of LKD film revealed two broad features corresponding to a mixture of the two structures. In contrast, Si–O–Si angles of the EB-cured LKD film and the CVD film were similar, and the XANES features of both films were almost identical with those of the random structure. The electronic structure as determined from XANES spectra was also discussed by comparing three-dimensional-linkage models obtained by ab initio calculations. We confirmed that the EB curing process of LKD film causes a drastic structural change. The change from the mixture of ladder and random structures to the completely random structure was caused by C–H bond breaking followed by the formation of new polymer-like clusters with C–C bonds.
Hardware efficient algorithms and architectures for burst communications in cognitive radios (2018)

Wireless communications systems over the years have evolved to provide ubiquitous wireless connectivity for users who are increasingly mobile. More recently apart from the communication needs of the humans, data traffic originating and terminating from/to machines, machine to machine (M2M) communications, has increased. Furthermore, positioning and localization information have also been derived using the wireless communication signals. These diverse usage scenarios make the wireless modems necessary to operate in different channel environments meeting the ever increasing quality of service (QoS) requirements and with the decreasing availability of dedicated frequency spectrum. Burst communications with reconfigurable modems based on technologies such as Cognitive Radios (CR) and Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) could satisfy these diverse systems requirements by transmitting information in short intervals, detecting the available frequency bands for transmission and accurately estimating the burst signal's time-of-arrival at the receiver so that the receiver is synchronized for effective computation of the positioning information and demodulation of the transmitted data. For this purpose, there are many spectrum sensing, time of arrival and synchronization algorithms which have been proposed in literature. Most methods are based on covariance and/or correlation of the received signal with known features of the transmitted signal.
An MHC-restricted CD8+ T-cell response is induced in cattle by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection and also following vaccination with inactivated FMDV (2008)

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious disease of cloven-hooved animals that carries enormous economic consequences. CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes play an important role in protection and disease outcome in viral infections but, to date, the role of the CD8(+) T-cell immune response to FMDV remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted CD8(+) T-cell responses to FMDV in vaccinated and in infected cattle. An in vitro assay was used to detect antigen-specific gamma interferon release by CD8(+) T cells in FMDV-infected cattle of known MHC class I genotypes. A significant MHC class I-restricted CD8(+) T-cell response was detected to both FMDV strain O1 BFS and a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the structural proteins of FMDV. Antigen-specific MHC class I-restricted CD8(+) T-cell responses were also detected in cattle vaccinated with inactivated FMDV. These responses were shown to be directed, at least in part, to epitopes within the structural proteins (P12A region) of the virus. By using mouse cells expressing single cattle MHC class I alleles, it was possible to identify the restriction elements in each case. Identification of these epitopes will facilitate the quantitative and qualitative analysis of FMDV-specific memory CD8(+) T cells in cattle and help to ensure that potential vaccines induce a qualitatively appropriate CD8(+) T-cell response.
A Further Study of a Testosterone-binding Component of Human Pregnancy Serum (1969)

Equilibrium constants of association were determined by a technique based on the principle of equilibrium dialysis but utilizing Sephadex G-25 for the strong binding exhibited by human pregnancy serum (or by the material precipitated from late pregnancy serum by ammonium sulfate at 50% saturation) for: (a) testosterone-1,2-3H, (b) radioinert 17β-estradiol (in competition with testosterone-1,2-3H), and (c) 17β-estradiol-6,7-3H. The respective values for the intrinsic association constant, k, were all quite high: (a) 4.5 × 108M−1, (b) 1.35 × 108M−1, and (c) 0.4 × 108M−1. These findings are in accord with the view that the testosterone-binding component of pregnancy serum also binds 17β-estradiol but not as strongly. The binding of 17β-estradiol by bovine serum albumin, measured by the same technique, gave nk = 9 × 104M−1. Reagents which react with —SH groups, and other reagents which reduce the disulfide bonds, depressed in striking fashion the testosterone-binding activity of pregnancy serum. It is suggested that the testosterone-binding component contains both cysteine and cystine, and that their maintenance intact is important for steroid-binding activity.
Analysis of EUV mask durability under various absorber etch conditions (2013)

During EUV exposure, more frequent mask cleaning is essential for removing not only particles from lack of pellicle but also the carbon contamination due to accumulative EUV exposure. Because of this reason, process improvement for minimize corrosion and etching of the Ru capping layer is urgently needed. In this work, the influence of TaBN absorber etch condition on Ru integrity followed by repetitive cleaning was evaluated and the effects on long-term durability of Ru are compared under various cleaning conditions. Consequently, it was shown that Ru durability was strongly influenced by the gas contents and over etch time of absorber dry etch, not only as a function of cleaning conditions.
Direct glucosone-based synthesis and HILIC-ESI-MS/MS characterization of N-terminal fructosylated valine and valylhistidine for validation of enzymatic HbA1c assays in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (2019)

Naturally occurring fructosamines are of high clinical significance due to their potential use in diabetes mellitus monitoring (quantification of fructosylated hemoglobin, HbA<sub>1c</sub>) or for the investigation of their reactivity in consecutive reactions and harmfulness towards the organism. Here we report the specific synthesis of the fructosylated dipeptide L-valyl-L-histidine (Fru-Val-His) and fructosylated L-valine (Fru-Val). Both are basic tools for the development and validation of enzymatic HbA<sub>1c</sub> assays. The two fructosamine derivatives were synthesized via a protected glucosone intermediate which was coupled to the primary amine of Val or Val-His, performing a reductive amination reaction. Overall yields starting from fructose were 36% and 34% for Fru-Val and Fru-Val-His, respectively. Both compounds were achieved in purities > 90%. A HILIC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for routine analysis of the synthesized fructosamines, including starting materials and intermediates. The presented method provides a well-defined and efficient synthesis protocol with purification steps and characterization of the desired products. The functionality of the fructosylated dipeptide has been thoroughly tested in an enzymatic HbA<sub>1c</sub> assay, showing its concentration-dependent oxidative degradation by fructosyl-peptide oxidases (FPOX). Graphical abstract.
Corneal graft rejection in African Americans at Howard University Hospital (2011)

At 36% the prevalence of corneal graft rejection was one of the highest in the reported literature. But only 14% of those episodes resulted in graft failure which is one of the lowest in the published literature. This study demonstrates that patients of African ancestry may have a higher rejection rate which does not necessarily result in graft failure.
Curing mechanism and thermal properties of epoxy-imidazole systems (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCuring mechanism and thermal properties of epoxy-imidazole systemsM. S. Heise and G. C. MartinCite this: Macromolecules 1989, 22, 1, 99–104Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00191a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00191a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2397Altmetric-Citations163LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA) Is Likely to Represent a Mixed Population of Autoimmune (Type 1) and Nonautoimmune (Type 2) Diabetes (2021)

Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) is typically defined as a new diabetes diagnosis after 35 years of age, presenting with clinical features of type 2 diabetes, in whom a type 1 diabetes-associated islet autoantibody is detected. Identifying autoimmune diabetes is important since the prognosis and optimal therapy differ. However, the existing LADA definition identifies a group with clinical and genetic features intermediate between typical type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is unclear whether this is due to <i>1</i>) true autoimmune diabetes with a milder phenotype at older onset ages that initially appears similar to type 2 diabetes but later requires insulin, <i>2</i>) a disease syndrome where the pathophysiologies of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are both present in each patient, or <i>3</i>) a heterogeneous group resulting from difficulties in classification. Herein, we suggest that difficulties in classification are a major component resulting from defining LADA using a diagnostic test-islet autoantibody measurement-with imperfect specificity applied in low-prevalence populations. This yields a heterogeneous group of true positives (autoimmune type 1 diabetes) and false positives (nonautoimmune type 2 diabetes). For clinicians, this means that islet autoantibody testing should not be undertaken in patients who do not have clinical features suggestive of autoimmune diabetes: in an adult without clinical features of type 1 diabetes, it is likely that a single positive antibody will represent a false-positive result. This is in contrast to patients with features suggestive of type 1 diabetes, where false-positive results will be rare. For researchers, this means that current definitions of LADA are not appropriate for the study of autoimmune diabetes in later life. Approaches that increase test specificity, or prior likelihood of autoimmune diabetes, are needed to avoid inclusion of participants who have nonautoimmune (type 2) diabetes. Improved classification will allow improved assignment of prognosis and therapy as well as an improved cohort in which to analyze and better understand the detailed pathophysiological components acting at onset and during disease progression in late-onset autoimmune diabetes.
Nonprofits and Democratic Development: Lessons from the Czech Republic (1999)

This article argues that existing concepts of the civil society-democracy relationship are misleading guides for analyzing political development because they incorporate limited perspectives on the nature and activities of civil society, particularly the nonprofit sector. First, three contemporary conceptualizations of civil society are critiqued, and a contradiction is noted between the importance assigned to ideational functions and the inadequacy of reliance upon elections and party systems. Particular emphasis is placed on civil society’s involvement in policy formation, for it is there that a weak state—society connection may be discovered, with significant ramifications for democratic development. Second, recent political instability in the Czech Republic is related to negative trends in political attitudes, indicating a weak connection. Third, the general nature of Czech policy-making processes is examined, and then a closer look is taken at the formation of nonprofit legislation and environmental policy. Finally, implications for the future development of Czech democracy are drawn.