gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wide range work function modulation of binary alloys for MOSFET application (2003)

This paper explores the characteristics of the binary alloys Ta-Pt and Ta-Ti for gate electrode application. With a proper composition of high and low work function metals, the work function of the metal alloys can be modulated from 4.16 eV to 5.05 eV continuously. The alloys show good thermal stability and inner chemical activity on both silicon dioxide and hafnium dioxide. Thermal stress generated from the alloy film increases interface state density and hence effective oxide charges. This problem can be greatly reduced with a W/Ta-Pt stack structure, where W acts as the main conducting metal and Ta-Pt acts as work function control metal. All of these properties make them suitable for use in all device applications.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Phenylpyrrole and Pyrazole Amidines and Related Diamines. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Synthesis of All Eight Stereoisomers of the Germination Stimulant Sorgolactone (1998)

The naturally occurring sesquiterpene sorgolactone (2) belongs to the class of “strigolactones”, which are highly potent germination stimulants for seeds of the parasitic weeds Striga and Orobanche. The aim of the present work was to synthesize all eight stereoisomers of sorgolactone and to evaluate their activities in the stimulation of germination of S. hermontica and O. crenata. Two racemic diastereomers of the ABC part of sorgolactone, rac.10a and rac.10b respectively, were prepared and coupled with homochiral latent D-ring synthons 12 and ent.12. In this manner, four mixtures of two separable (protected) sorgolactone diastereomers were obtained. Deprotection gave all eight target compounds as single isomers. Bioassays revealed that only those isomers possessing the same stereochemistry as natural sorgolactone at two adjacent chiral centers exhibit high biological activities.
Comparison of solid and liquid fractions of pretreated Norway spruce as reductants in LPMO-supported saccharification of cellulose (2022)

The role of lignin in enzymatic saccharification of cellulose involving lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) was investigated in experiments with the solid and liquid fractions of pretreated Norway spruce from a biorefinery demonstration plant using hydrothermal pretreatment and impregnation with sulfur dioxide. Pretreated biomass before and after enzymatic saccharification was characterized using HPAEC, HPLC, <i>Py</i>-GC/MS, 2D-HSQC NMR, FTIR, and SEM. Chemical characterization indicated that relatively harsh pretreatment conditions resulted in that the solid phase contained no or very little hemicellulose but considerable amounts of pseudo-lignin, and that the liquid phase contained a relatively high concentration (∼5 g/L) of lignin-derived phenolics. As judged from reactions continuously supplied with either air or nitrogen gas, lignin and lignin fragments from both the solid and the liquid phases efficiently served as reductants in LPMO-supported saccharification. When air was used to promote LPMO activity, the enzymatic conversion of cellulose after 72 h was 25% higher in reactions with pretreated solids and buffer, and 14% higher in reactions with pretreatment liquid and microcrystalline cellulose. Research in this area is useful for designing efficient saccharification steps in biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass.
A Self‐Contained Microelectrochemical Cavity System Comprised of a Polymer and Phospholipid Membrane Suspended over a Picoliter Volume (2004)

Abstract A 2‐dimensional framework of UV‐polymerized 10,12‐pentacosadiynoic acid integrated with dipalmitoylphophatidyl choline phospholipids was suspended over a ca. 10 μm‐diameter and 8‐μm‐deep microcavity that contained electrodes. The membrane was assembled at the air‐water interface of a Langmuir‐Blodgett trough and deposited onto a mercaptoundecanoic‐acid‐modified gold surface that surrounds the microcavity opening during an upward stroke from a subphase of 10 mM potassium ferrocyanide in 0.1 M KCl and 1 mM CaCl 2 , and covered with a drop of pure electrolyte to minimize evaporation. Cyclic voltammetry confirmed that the redox solution was trapped beneath the membrane and was calculated to be only ca. 0.6 pL volume, consistent with the geometry of the microcavity. Such interfaces to microstructures hold promise for novel biosensor materials and biomimetic phospholipid membranes.
Exercise effects on mucosal immunity (2000)

The present review examines the effects of exercise on mucosal immunity in recreational and elite athletes and the role of mucosal immunity in respiratory illness. Habitual exercise at an intense level can cause suppression of mucosal immune parameters, while moderate exercise may have positive effects. Saliva is the most commonly used secretion for measurement of secretory antibodies in the assessment of mucosal immune status. Salivary IgA and IgM concentrations decline immediately after a bout of intense exercise, but usually recover within 24 h. Training at an intense level over many years can result in a chronic suppression of salivary immunoglobulin levels. The degree of immune suppression and the recovery rates after exercise are associated with the intensity of exercise and the duration or volume of the training. Low levels of salivary IgM and IgA, particularly the IgA1 subclass, are associated with an increased risk of respiratory illness in athletes. Monitoring mucosal immune parameters during critical periods of training provides an assessment of the upper respiratory tract illness risk status of an individual athlete. The mechanisms underlying the mucosal immune suppression are unknown.
Efficient Stereospecific Syntheses of Chiral Ruthenium Dimers (1996)

The stereospecific synthesis of three isomeric Ru dimers, Δ,Δ-[(phen)2Ru(tpphz)Ru(phen)2]4+ (Δ,Δ-4) (where tpphz = tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2‘,3‘-c:3‘‘,2‘‘-h:2‘‘,3‘‘-j]phenazine), Λ,Λ-4, and Λ,Δ-4, can be accomplished in high yield with retention of optical activity by the formation of a phenazine ring between appropriately functionalized chiral precursors.
Approximating Zeros of Accretive Operators (1975)

Let $A$ be an $m$-accretive set in a reflexive Banach space $E$ with a Gateaux differentiable norm. For positive $r$ let ${J_r}$ denote the resolvent of $A$. If the duality mapping of $E$ is weakly sequentially continuous and 0 is in the range of $A$, then for each $x$ in $E$ the strong ${\lim _{r \to \infty }}{J_r}x$ exists and belongs to ${A^{ - 1}}(0)$. This is an extension to a Banach space setting of a result previously known only for Hilbert space.
Light Incoupling & Optical Optimisation of Organic Solar Cells (2010)

Small-molecule organic solar cells (OSC) are developing towards maturity. For top-illuminated devices, device optimisation and tandem OSCs, interference effects, light trapping and thin film optics are decisive for optimal utilisation of the absorbing layers. We present transparent capping layers that allow for reduced external reflection and improved light incoupling when used in combination with thin metal top contacts. Similarly, transparent spacer layers are used in tandem devices to place the subcells at specific positions in the stack such as to utilise optical field maxima. The results are solar cells with high transparency in the visible region of the light spectrum and as well as world record tandem devices.
Uncoupling Environmental pH and Intrabacterial Acidification from Pyrazinamide Susceptibility in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2015)

Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a first-line antitubercular drug for which the mode of action remains unresolved. Mycobacterium tuberculosis lacks measurable susceptibility to PZA under standard laboratory growth conditions. However, susceptibility to this drug can be induced by cultivation of the bacilli in an acidified growth medium. Previous reports suggested that the active form of PZA, pyrazinoic acid (POA), operates as a proton ionophore that confers cytoplasmic acidification when M. tuberculosis is exposed to an acidic environment. In this study, we demonstrate that overexpression of the PZA-activating enzyme PncA can confer PZA susceptibility to M. tuberculosis under neutral and even alkaline growth conditions. Furthermore, we find that wild-type M. tuberculosis displays increased susceptibility to POA relative to PZA in neutral and alkaline media. Utilizing a strain of M. tuberculosis that expresses a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein (GFP), we find that unlike the bona fide ionophores monensin and carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone, PZA and POA do not induce rapid uncoupling or cytoplasmic acidification under conditions that promote susceptibility. Thus, based on these observations, we conclude that the antitubercular action of POA is independent of environmental pH and intrabacterial acidification.
Benzene C−H Bond Activation in Carboxylic Acids Catalyzed by O-Donor Iridium(III) Complexes: An Experimental and Density Functional Study (2010)

The mechanism of benzene C−H bond activation by [Ir(μ-acac-O,O,C3)(acac-O,O)(OAc)]2 (4) and [Ir(μ-acac-O,O,C3)(acac-O,O)(TFA)]2 (5) complexes (acac = acetylacetonato, OAc = acetate, and TFA = trifluoroacetate) was studied experimentally and theoretically. Hydrogen−deuterium (H/D) exchange between benzene and CD3COOD solvent catalyzed by 4 (ΔH‡ = 28.3 ± 1.1 kcal/mol, ΔS‡ = 3.9 ± 3.0 cal K−1 mol−1) results in a monotonic increase of all benzene isotopologues, suggesting that once benzene coordinates to the iridium center, there are multiple H/D exchange events prior to benzene dissociation. B3LYP density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that this benzene isotopologue pattern is due to a rate-determining step that involves acetate ligand dissociation and benzene coordination, which is then followed by heterolytic C−H bond cleavage to generate an iridium-phenyl intermediate. A synthesized iridium-phenyl intermediate was also shown to be competent for H/D exchange, giving similar rates to the proposed catalytic systems. This mechanism nicely explains why hydroarylation between benzene and alkenes is suppressed in the presence of acetic acid when catalyzed by [Ir(μ-acac-O,O,C3)(acac-O,O)(acac-C3)]2 (3) (Matsumoto et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 7414). Benzene H/D exchange in CF3COOD solvent catalyzed by 5 (ΔH‡ = 15.3 ± 3.5 kcal/mol, ΔS‡ = −30.0 ± 5.1 cal K−1 mol−1) results in significantly elevated H/D exchange rates and the formation of only a single benzene isotopologue, (C6H5D). DFT calculations show that this is due to a change in the rate-determining step. Now equilibrium between coordinated and uncoordinated benzene precedes a single rate-determining heterolytic C−H bond cleavage step.
Constructing Covering Designs by Simulated Annealing (1993)

A t \\Gamma (v; m; k; ) covering design is a pair (X; A), where X is a set of v elements (called points) and A is a multiset of k-subsets of X (called blocks), such that every m- subset of X intersects at least members of A in at least t points. It is required that v k t and v m t. Such a covering design gives an upper bound on C (v; m; k; t), the number of blocks in a minimal t \\Gamma (v; m; k; ) covering design. In this work it is shown how simulated annealing can be used in searches for covering designs. A cost function and a neighborhood structure needed by the algorithm are presented. The space complexity of the implementation and the time complexity of the cost change calculation are also given. Several options to increase the performance of the algorithm are tested. A performance comparison to local optimization is carried out. Finally, a description how to obtain, compile and use the computer program cover, which has been developed during the research, is given.
Experimental investigation of the free electron laser (1982)

Abstract : An e-gun, depressed collector and guide-field solenoid has been designed for operation at a maximum of 400 kV and 38 A. The results of experiments with this brassboard system include demonstration of depressed collector recovery efficiencies of over 90% for e-beam voltages from 160 to 300 keV and currents up to o25 A. We have also confirmed Hughes computer-code predictions that a space-charge depression in the collector (which is essential to efficient collection) forms at a collector-voltage setting of 1% of the beam voltage. These results demonstrate the validity of substantially increasing the efficiency of FEL systems, by using depressed collectors to recover the bulk of the energy which is left in the e-beam after it leaves the laser resonator. Preliminary indications are that the recovery efficiency (recovered current/cathode-emission current) increases gradually with beam voltage (reaching 94% at 300 keV) as beam spreading due to thermal effects and sensitivity to the focusing-field strength are reduced. We expect to translate these results into FEL-system efficiencies of an order of magnitude higher per stage than would be possible without the use of depressed collection. End-on Thomson scattering was identified as the most feasible technique for this measurement. A Thomson scattering experiment has been designed and hardware implemented into the brassboard system.
Neurofibromatosis-1 regulates neuroglial progenitor proliferation and glial differentiation in a brain region-specific manner (2010)

Recent studies have shown that neuroglial progenitor/stem cells (NSCs) from different brain regions exhibit varying capacities for self-renewal and differentiation. In this study, we used neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1) as a model system to elucidate a novel molecular mechanism underlying brain region-specific NSC functional heterogeneity. We demonstrate that Nf1 loss leads to increased NSC proliferation and gliogenesis in the brainstem, but not in the cortex. Using Nf1 genetically engineered mice and derivative NSC neurosphere cultures, we show that this brain region-specific increase in NSC proliferation and gliogenesis results from selective Akt hyperactivation. The molecular basis for the increased brainstem-specific Akt activation in brainstem NSCs is the consequence of differential rictor expression, leading to region-specific mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/rictor-mediated Akt phosphorylation and Akt-regulated p27 phosphorylation. Collectively, these findings establish mTOR/rictor-mediated Akt activation as a key driver of NSC proliferation and gliogenesis, and identify a unique mechanism for conferring brain region-specific responses to cancer-causing genetic changes.
Monitoring and Improving Coal-Fired Power Plants Using the Input/Loss Method: Part IV (2004)

The Input/Loss Method is a unique process which allows for complete thermal understanding of a power plant through explicit determinations of fuel chemistry including fuel water and mineral matter, fuel heating (calorific) value, As-Fired fuel flow, effluent flow, boiler efficiency and system heat rate. Input consists of routine plant data and any parameter which effects system stoichiometrics, including: Stack CO2, Boiler or Stack O2, and, generally, Stack H2O. It is intended for on-line monitoring of coal-fired systems; effluent flow is not measured, plant indicated fuel flow is typically used only for comparison to the computed. The base technology of the Input/Loss Method was documented in companion ASME papers: Parts I, II and III (IJPGC 1998-Pwr-33, IJPGC 1999-Pwr-34 and IJPGC 2000-15079/CD). The Input/Loss Method is protected by US and foreign patents (1994–2004). This Part IV presents details of the Method’s ability to correct any data which effects system stoichiometrics, data obtained either by direct measurements or by assumptions, using multi-dimensional minimization techniques. This is termed the Error Analysis feature of the Input/Loss Method. Addressing errors in combustion effluent measurements is of critical importance for any practical on-line monitoring of a coal-fired unit in which fuel chemistry is being computed. It is based, in part, on an “L Factor” which has been proven to be remarkably constant for a given source of coal; and, indeed, even constant for entire Ranks. The Error Analysis feature assures that every computed fuel chemistry is the most applicable for a given set of system stoichiometrics and effluents. In addition, this paper presents comparisons of computed heating values to grab samples obtained from train deliveries. Such comparisons would not be possible without the Error Analysis.
Starmaker Exhibits Properties of an Intrinsically Disordered Protein (2008)

Fish otoliths composed of calcium carbonate and an organic matrix play a primary role in gravity sensing and the perception of sound. Starmaker (Stm) was the first protein found to be capable of influencing the process of biomineralization of otoliths. Stm dictates the shape, size, and selection of calcium carbonate polymorphs in a concentration-dependent manner. To facilitate exploration of the molecular basis of Stm function, we have developed and optimized a protocol for efficient expression and purification of the homogeneous nontagged Stm. The homogeneous nontagged Stm corresponds to its functional form, which is devoid of a signal peptide. A comprehensive biochemical and biophysical analysis of recombinant Stm, along with in silico examinations, indicate for the first time that Stm exhibits the properties of intrinsically disordered proteins. The functional significance of Stm having intrinsically disordered protein properties and its possible role in controlling the formation of otoliths is discussed.
Temperature-dependent magnetization in bimagnetic nanoparticles with antiferromagnetic interfacial exchange (2016)

We present a self-consistent local mean-field analysis of core-shell nanoparticles with ferromagnetic materials but with antiferromagnetic interface exchange coupling. The importance of this type of structure for a variety of applications, including biomedical applications and magnetic recording, has been emphasized in recent studies of core-shell nanoparticles of iron and manganese oxides. We develop theoretical results for a different combination of materials that also have antiferromagnetic coupling, namely nanoparticles composed of Fe and Gd, and show how the magnetic properties depend on temperature and applied field. We examine results for the case where Gd is the core material and Fe is the shell and vice versa, as well as the results for an Fe/Gd alloy. We find that the size of the core (typically 4--5 nm in diameter) and shell (typically 2 nm wide) and the combined size of the nanoparticle all affect the magnetic behavior of the system. As the temperature is varied, the particles go through multiple phases, including one where the core magnetic moment is aligned with an external field, one where the shell magnetic moment is aligned with an external field, and one where the core and shell magnetic moments are in a canted state (occurring for fields larger than 2 kOe). In addition, we calculate the net magnetic moment versus temperature for the various structures and show that the compensation temperature (where the net magnetic moments of the Fe and Gd nearly cancel) depends on all the material parameters---the core radius, the shell radius, and the magnetic field. We also examine the thermal stability of these structures and show that the nanoparticles can effectively be ferromagnetic at both low and high temperatures and show superparamagnetic-like behavior in the 200--300 K range.
Effects of Sodium Alginate on Absorption and Deposition of Radioactive Cations in the Chick (1967)

Data from an investigation of the effects of sodium alginate on the intestinal absorption and skeletal deposition of orally administered Sr89 and Ca45 indicated that sodium alginate was not effective in selectively inhibiting the absorption of Sr89 while permitting Ca43 to proceed unhindered. The skeletal deposition of Sr89 was essentially unchanged, whereas, Ca45 deposition was reduced by increased amounts of dietary sodium alginate. An amount of dietary kelp equivalent to 1% sodium alginate decreased Ca45 deposition, but increased Sr89 deposition.
Anaphylaxis and Food Allergy (2013)

The prevalence of food allergy and the number of visits to emergency departments and hospital admissions for food-induced anaphylaxis have increased over the past 10 years. However, due to improved awareness, better education, and increasing prescriptions for emergency medications, for example, epinephrine autoinjectors, and dissemination of emergency plans, recent studies indicate that fatalities due to food-induced anaphylaxis have not increased. The previously published National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network (NIAID-FAAN) algorithm for diagnosing anaphylaxis has been validated and provides a very useful tool for diagnosing anaphylaxis in the clinical setting. Allergic reactions to peanuts, tree nuts, milk, fish, and shellfish remain the leading causes of severe food-induced anaphylaxis. The underlying mechanisms responsible for anaphylaxis, as opposed to allergic reactions, remain to be elucidated. With improved understanding of basic mechanisms, more effective therapeutic and preventative strategies should follow.
Septic shock. (1991)

Septic shock (SS) is the most common type of shock encountered by internists, and its prevalence appears to be increasing. SS complicates all types of infections. The hemodynamic characteristics of SS include a low systemic vascular resistance and an elevated, but relatively inadequate, cardiac output. A cardiomyopathy frequently occurs. The major endogenous mediator of SS is tumor necrosis factor, and interleukins-1 and -2 may also contribute. Important secondary phenomena include release of platelet activating factor, vasodilator prostaglandins, and upregulation of adhesion molecules on polymorphonuclear leukocytes and endothelial cells. Current therapy is often ineffectual, and potentially promising new therapeutic approaches are reviewed.
Recent extensions to the SimpleScalar tool suite (2004)

Over the past eight years, the SimpleScalar Tool suite has become the most widely used set of simulation tools in the computer architecture research community. The authors have recently completed an NSF-funded project to extend and improve the SimpleScalar tools. In this paper, we describe the extensions and improvements to the tools, which include the capability to simulate more instruction sets, graphical support for performance viewing, and more simulators that model different types of machines, including embedded systems, ISA-specific systems, systems with operating system, and multiprocessing systems.
Sprocket (2018)

Sprocket is a highly configurable, stage-based, scalable, serverless video processing framework that exploits intra-video parallelism to achieve low latency. Sprocket enables developers to program a series of operations over video content in a modular, extensible manner. Programmers implement custom operations, ranging from simple video transformations to more complex computer vision tasks, in a simple pipeline specification language to construct custom video processing pipelines. Sprocket then handles the underlying access, encoding and decoding, and processing of video and image content across operations in a highly parallel manner. In this paper we describe the design and implementation of the Sprocket system on the AWS Lambda serverless cloud infrastructure, and evaluate Sprocket under a variety of conditions to show that it delivers its performance goals of high parallelism, low latency, and low cost (10s of seconds to process a 3,600 second video 1000-way parallel for less than $3).