gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dehalogenation of Chlorinated Organic Compounds by Strong Alkalis (1997)

Chlorinated organic compounds such as trichloroethylene (TCE) are the most prevalent contaminants found in soil and ground water, and pose serious health risks even at trace concentrations. This research reports a new chemical treatment technique for rapid degradation of TCE in strong alkaline solutions. Batch kinetic reactions between TCE and NaOH indicate that TCE can be rapidly and completely dechlorinated in NaOH at elevated temperatures. The reaction can be described by a pseudo-first-order rate kinetics with an estimated activation energy of ∼85 kJ/mol. The half-lives for TCE degradation in 2M NaOH at 40, 60, 80, and 100°C were approximately 347, 48.8, 4.0, and 2.4 min, respectively. The reaction end-products are primarily Cl− anions and Na-glycollate, both of which are nonhazardous. This treatment technique is applicable for degrading other halogenated organic compounds wherein a nucleophilic substitution or elimination is the major reaction mechanism or pathway. Potential applications of this technology includes the removal and destruction of vapor-phase chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in off-gases when soil vapor extraction or air-stripping techniques are used for remediating VOC-contaminated soils and ground water. A bench-scale alkaline destruction module was tested, and results indicated that ∼90% of TCE was destroyed when TCE vapor (10 mg/L) was passed through a destruction column with a retention time of ∼1 min at 95°C.
Experimental Investigation on the Wave Rotor Constant Volume Combustor (2010)

A wave rotor constant volume combustor was designed and built as a collaborative work of Rolls-Royce, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), and Purdue University. The experiment was designed to operate at rotational speeds of up to 4,200 rpm with air mass flow rates of approximately 18 lbm per second. Initial tests were conducted at 2,100 rpm with ethylene as fuel. The rig was operated with different fuel injection schemes to investigate operational characteristics of the combustor. Successful combustion and pressure gain were achieved over a range of operating conditions.
T Spaces: the next wave (2003)

Millions of small heterogeneous computers are poised to spread into the infrastructure of our society. Though mostly inconspicuous today, disguised as nothing more than PIM (personal information management) computers, these tiny processors will eventually pervade most aspects of civilized life. The one thing holding them back from being everyone's portal to the new electronic society and the access point to an infinite store of information is the lack of a high-quality logical link to the world's network backbone. Enter T Spaces, a network middleware package for the new age of ubiquitous computing. T Spaces is a tuple space-based network communication buffer with database capabilities that enables communication between applications and devices an a network of heterogeneous computers and operating systems. With T Spaces, it is possible to connect all computers together, which leads the way towards an infinitely large cluster of cooperating machines. In this paper, we describe the T Spaces package and explore some distributed applications that use T Spaces.
Mucin impedes cytotoxic effect of 5-FU against growth of human pancreatic cancer cells: overcoming cellular barriers for therapeutic gain (2007)

Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins expressed on the apical surface of normal epithelial cells. In cancer disease mucins are overexpressed on the entire cellular surface. Overexpression of MUC1 mucin in pancreatic tumours has been correlated with poor patient survival. Current chemotherapeutic approaches such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has produced limited clinical success. In this study we investigated the role of mucin in cytotoxic drug treatment to determine whether the extracellular domain of mucin impedes cytotoxic drug action of 5-FU. Human pancreatic cancer cells revealed high and relatively moderate MUC1 levels for Capan-1 and HPAF-II, respectively, compared to MUC1 negative control (U-87 MG glioblastoma) that showed relatively non-specific anti-MUC1 uptake. Benzyl-alpha-GalNAc (O-glycosylation inhibitor) was used to reduce mucin on cell surfaces, and neuraminidase was used to hydrolyse sialic acid at the distal end of carbohydrate chains. Benzyl-alpha-GalNAc had no effect on cell morphology or proliferation at the concentrations employed. The inhibition of O-glycosylation resulted in significant 5-FU antiproliferative activity against Capan-1 and HPAF-II, but not against U-87 MG. However, the exposure of cells to neuraminidase failed to improve the cytotoxic action of 5-FU. Our experimental findings suggest that the overexpression of mucin produced by human pancreatic tumours might limit the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
Biosynthesis of porphyrins and related macrocycles. Part 48.1,2 The rearrangement of 2H-pyrroles (pyrrolenines) related to the proposed spiro-intermediate for porphyrin biosynthesis (1998)

It is proposed that the biosynthesis of uroporphyrinogen III 3, the parent precursor of the natural porphyrins, chlorins and corrins, involves a 2H-pyrrole (pyrrolenine) 2 as a key intermediate. Model pyrrolenines have now been used to show that (a) pyrrolylmethylpyrrolenines, e.g. 32, readily undergo rearrangement in a way which matches that suggested in the biosynthetic proposal; (b) there is regioselectivity in the rearrangement which also parallels that required for the biosynthesis of uroporphyrinogen III. This work adds further support to the biosynthetic proposal by showing that all the required chemistry is both feasible and facile.
Human coronavirus NL63, a new respiratory virus (2006)

From the mid-1960s onwards, it was believed that only two human coronavirus species infect humans: HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. Then, in 2003, a novel member of the coronavirus family was introduced into the human population: SARS-CoV, causing an aggressive lung disease. Fortunately, this virus was soon expelled from the human population, but it quickly became clear that the human coronavirus group contains more members then previously assumed, with HCoV-NL63 identified in 2004. Despite its recent discovery, ample results from HCoV-NL63 research have been described. We present an overview of the publications on this novel coronavirus.
Wettbewerbsfähig und sozial? Die Lissabon-Strategie aus deutsch-französischer Perspektive (2007)

"Trotz ihrer Reform im März 2005 bleiben die Erfolge der Lissabon-Strategie, die die Europäische Union bis 2010 zum wettbewerbsfähigsten und dynamischsten Wirtschaftsraum der Welt machen soll, weiterhin aus. Die Ursachen des europäischen Rückstands vor allem gegenüber den USA sind bekannt: ein unvollendeter Binnenmarkt, ausufernde Sozialsysteme, die die öffentlichen Haushalte belasten, und unzureichende Forschungsinvestitionen. Um diese Schwächen in den Griff zu bekommen, sieht die Strategie eine grundlegende Reform der Wirtschafts- und Sozialsysteme vor. Dabei verfolgt sie einen umfassenden Ansatz mit Blick auf verschiedene Reformfelder. Gleichzeitig liegt die Verantwortung für die Ausgestaltung des auf EU-Ebene vertraglich vereinbarten Handlungsrahmens weiterhin bei den Mitgliedstaaten. Die Umsetzung der Lissabon-Strategie krankt daran, dass es weiterhin an einem proaktiven Engagement der Mitgliedstaaten fehlt und es darüber hinaus versäumt wurde, die Notwendigkeit konstruktiver Wirtschafts- und Sozialreformen der Öffentlichkeit zu vermitteln. Deutschland und Frankreich unterscheiden sich in vier zentralen Punkten: Das Subsidiaritätsprinzip wird in beiden Ländern unterschiedlich interpretiert. Dies betrifft die Aufgabenverteilung zwischen den unterschiedlichen Ebenen ebenso wie die Funktion der gesellschaftlichen Kräfte innerhalb des jeweiligen Wirtschafts- und Sozialmodells. Die Interpretationen des Begriffs der 'sozialen Marktwirtschaft' bzw. des ordnungspolitischen Ansatzes des europäischen Modells gehen deutlich auseinander. Beiden Ländern fehlt eine übereinstimmende Auffassung zu der Frage, was die europäische Integration im Kern ausmacht. Dahinter verbergen sich divergierende Vorstellungen zur politischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Finalität Europas. Vor allem in Frankreich taucht Europa in der politischen Debatte entweder nicht auf (obwohl es der eigentliche Reformmotor ist) oder wird den Bürgern als eine ferne Macht dargestellt, die ihnen sinnlose Zwänge auferlegt. Um Fortschritte zu erzielen, sollten diese fundamentalen Divergenzen auf politischer Ebene offen angesprochen werden. Nachhaltige Veränderungen können nur durch eine Politik der kleinen Schritte erreicht werden, die auf die Verantwortung der gesellschaftlichen Akteure aufbaut und somit die Bürgernähe weit effizienter fördert als viele Großprojekte." (Autorenreferat)
An Endophytic Bacterial Consortium modulates multiple strategies to improve Arsenic Phytoremediation Efficacy in Solanum nigrum (2018)

Endophytic microbes isolated from plants growing in contaminated habitats possess specialized properties that help their host detoxify the contaminant/s. The possibility of using microbe-assisted phytoremediation for the clean-up of Arsenic (As) contaminated soils of the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta of India, was explored using As-tolerant endophytic microbes from an As-tolerant plant Lantana camara collected from the contaminated site and an intermediate As-accumulator plant Solanum nigrum. Endophytes from L. camara established within S. nigrum as a surrogate host. The microbes most effectively improved plant growth besides increasing bioaccumulation and root-to-shoot transport of As when applied as a consortium. Better phosphate nutrition, photosynthetic performance, and elevated glutathione levels were observed in consortium-treated plants particularly under As-stress. The consortium maintained heightened ROS levels in the plant without any deleterious effect and concomitantly boosted distinct antioxidant defense mechanisms in the shoot and root of As-treated plants. Increased consortium-mediated As(V) to As(III) conversion appeared to be a crucial step in As-detoxification/translocation. Four aquaporins were differentially regulated by the endophytes and/or As. The most interesting finding was the strong upregulation of an MRP transporter in the root by the As + endophytes, which suggested a major alteration of As-detoxification/accumulation pattern upon endophyte treatment that improved As-phytoremediation.
Structure of a ganglioside with Cad blood group antigen activity (1988)

The Cad antigen is a rare erythrocyte blood group antigen expressed on both sialoglycoprotein and ganglioside structures. It is related both serologically and biochemically to the Sda blood group antigen expressed on over 90% of Caucasian erythrocytes. We reported previously that Cad erythrocytes contain a novel ganglioside that binds Helix pomatia lectin and inhibits human anti-Sda antibody. We have now purified the Cad ganglioside and determined its structure. The ganglioside contained Glc-Gal-GlcNAc-GalNAc-NeuAc in a molar ratio of 1.00:1.94:0.95:0.93:1.05. Its chromatographic mobility was between that of GM1 and GD3. After treatment with beta-hexosaminidase (human placenta Hex A), the product migrated with 2-3-sialosylparagloboside (IV3NeuAcnLc4OseCer), it no longer bound H. pomatia lectin, and it acquired the ability to bind an antibody to sialosylparagloboside. Treatment of this material with neuraminidase (Vibrio cholerae) yielded a product with the mobility of paragloboside (nLc4OseCer) that bound monoclonal antibody 1B2, which is specific for terminal N-acetyllactosaminyl structures. Treatment of the Cad ganglioside with Arthrobacter ureafaciens neuraminidase yielded a product reactive with monoclonal antibody 2D4, which is specific for terminal GalNAc beta (1-4)Gal structures. These data provide strong evidence that the Cad ganglioside structure is GalNAc beta (1-4)[NeuAc alpha (2-3)]Gal beta (1-3)Gal beta (1-4)GlcCer. 1H NMR analysis also supports the conclusion that the terminal GalNAc is linked beta (1-4) to Gal. High-performance thin-layer chromatographic ganglioside patterns from three blood group Cad individuals showed a direct correlation between the quantity of Cad ganglioside and the strength of Cad antigen expression on the erythrocytes, as measured by hemagglutination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Drilling Performance Improvements Using Downhole Thrusters (1995)

Abstract Thrusters generate weight-on-bit by using drilling fluid hydraulics. The pump-open behaviour of thrusters de-couples the lower part of the bottom hole assembly from the remainder of the drillstring, and in so doing provides a constant, controllable weight-on-bit (WOB) that dampens out axial vibrations and shocks. In more than one hundred and twenty jobs, thrusters have proven their ability significantly to improve drilling performance in holes with vibration- or shock-related problems. The technique has been used to increase overall penetration rates and bit lives, improve steerability and reduce downhole failures in hole sizes from 12 1/4" to 3 7/8" diameter, in both horizontal and vertical wells, and at depths to ~5400 m (1650 ft.). The system has been used mainly on fixed rigs, but also on floating rigs, substantially reducing cost per foot. As the thruster interacts with other hydraulic components of the drillstring (bit, mud motor, restrictor subs, MWD pulser), the proper tuning of the drilling system is required to obtain optimum performance. This paper shows the function and principle of thrusters, it explains possibilities and limits for their use, and details criteria for the optimum thruster in certain applications. Detailed field data from 4 wells in 4 geological areas are presented.
Regional Level Crash Induced Injury Metrics Implemented within THUMS v4.01 (2016)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Crash reconstructions using finite element (FE) vehicle and human body models (HBMs) allow researchers to investigate injury mechanisms, predict injury risk, and evaluate the effectiveness of injury mitigation systems, ultimately leading to a reduced risk of fatal and severe injury in motor vehicle crashes (MVCs). To predict injuries, regional-level injury metrics were implemented into the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) full body HBM. THUMS was virtually instrumented with cross-sectional planes to measure forces and moments in the femurs, upper and lower tibias, ankles, pelvis (pubic symphysis, ilium, ischium, sacrum, ischial tuberosity, and inferior and superior pubic ramus), and the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral discs. To measure accelerations, virtual accelerometers were implemented in the head, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and pelvis. Three chest bands and an abdominal band were implemented to measure chest and abdominal deflection. Organ injury is assessed with volumetric strain-based metrics in the lung, liver, and spleen. The kinematic and kinetic data described were batch-processed using a custom-built program known as the Injury Prediction Post-Processor (IPPP) to evaluate common injury metrics and risk probabilities from literature. A total of 30 injury metrics are currently implemented in the IPPP, including Head Injury Criterion (HIC), Combined Thoracic Index (CTI), and cross-sectional forces and moments. We have observed improved ability and accuracy in predicting real-world injury using stress and strain analysis compared to traditionally employed criteria for anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Interrogation of a dynamic multi-catalyst ensemble in asymmetric catalysis (2009)

The ‘Trost Standard Ligand’ (2) is a chiral diphosphine ligand that distinguishes itself by the high selectivity it induces in the Pd-catalysed reactions of allylic substrates that generate slim cyclic or small linear intermediates. However, a range of unusual features, including memory effects, inverse dependence of selectivity and rate on catalyst concentration, high sensitivity to counter-ion, particularly chloride, and decreasing enantioselectivities at lower temperatures, are often encountered, thus requiring considerable optimisation of reaction conditions to attain optimum selectivity. These features can be accounted for by a model involving a dynamic multi-catalyst ensemble. To gain evidence for this model, the manner in which diphosphine 2 interacts with Pd–allyl cations, and in particular the higher-order systems it generates, has been investigated by use of NMR, isotopic labelling, polarimetry, UV, neutron scattering, X-ray crystallography and molecular modeling. Ligand 2 coordinates to Pd–allyl cations to generate a mononuclear P,P-chelate. This is found to readily form non-chelate oligomers, present in a range of forms, including rings, for which high homochiral selectivity in oligomerisation is demonstrated by the technique of pseudoenantiomers. All of these species are in relatively rapid equilibrium, with half-lives for interconversion in the range 2–6 s. Higher-order aggregation is also detected, and thus at even moderate concentrations (>50 mM) large rod-like aggregates are formed.
3′:5′-Cyclic AMP-dependent 3′:5′-cyclic GMP accumulation in Dictyostelium discoideum (1977)

Suspensions of 3':5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP)-sensitive cells of Dictyostelium discoideum responded to a cAMP pulse with increased 3':5'-cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels. Under the assay conditions used (2 x 10(8) cells per ml in 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.0) cAMP (5 x 10(-8) M final concentration) increased cGMP levels from 1 pmol per 10(7) cells to 7 pmol per 10(7) cells in 10 sec and basal levels were recovered in 20-25 sec. cGMP accumulation did not occur when cells were in the cAMP-insensitive stage. cAMP-sensitive cells responded with increased cGMP levels when triggered by 5 x 10(-8) M 5'-CH(2)-cAMP or 10(-5) M adenosine-5'-methylmonophosphate (5'-AMPMe) but not after addition of 5 x 10(-8) M 3':5'-cyclic IMP (cIMP) or 5 x 10(-8) M 5'-AMP. As agonists of cAMP, 5'-CH(2)-cAMP and 5'-AMPMe have, respectively, more than 10% and 1% the chemotactic activity of cAMP, while cIMP has 0.01% the activity of cAMP and 5'-AMP is inactive up to a concentration of 10(-3) M. cAMP-mediated cGMP formation was dependent upon cAMP concentration, with a half-maximal cAMP concentration of about 10(-8) M. This cAMP concentration agrees closely with that necessary for half-maximal receptor occupation. cAMP-mediated cGMP formation was independent of the presence of extracellular Ca(2+); cell aggregation and chemotaxis were also independent of the presence of external Ca(2+). Therefore, cAMP action does not depend on stimulation of the Ca(2+) influx. cAMP was found to mediate desensitization of cAMP-dependent cGMP formation. Addition of 5 x 10(-8) M cAMP to sensitive cells induced a desensitization period that lasted 1-5 min. Desensitization was dependent on the cAMP concentration. Finally, we propose that the translation of a chemotactic signal from the cell surface to pseudopod formation in Dictyostelium involves changes in the levels of cGMP.
New Method for Improved Cathodic Protection Monitoring on a Rock Dumped Offshore Pipeline Corridor - A Case History (2018)

Abstract Objectives/Scope: This paper describes a project to facilitate cost effective and reliable surveillance of cathodic protection performance on two parallel rock dumped pipelines. The lines are located in Total's Edradour Glenlivet field one 12″ production flow line and one 6″ MEG line with a 2″ piggyback service line. The objective was to be able to verify that cathodic protection levels on all the lines met requirements. This method was selected based on shortcomings of other available survey techniques which are also discussed and compared. The broader implications of changing offshore pipeline survey methodology to reduce cost and improve accuracy are also covered. Methods, Procedures, Process: The basic approach is to place test stations at intervals along the route of the lines on the edge of the rock dump. These test points are electro-mechanically connected to the pipes prior to the rocks being installed. The ROV installable attachment clamp design is reviewed along with the key points of the installation procedure. The selection of test location spacing will be discussed along with the options for life cycle survey on the system. Results, Observations, Conclusions: Installation will be discussed along with the initial commissioning results. We will also look at the first verification survey on the system after the rock dump. The simplicity of the pipeline survey and the broader implications for integrity management cost reduction will be reviewed. Novel/Additive Information: The practice of installing test points on offshore pipelines is quite new but is gaining more momentum as the obvious cost and data value improvements become apparent. The currently used systems will soon evolve into smart systems that will allow autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV's) do the work. The method used on this particular project was the first time that the mattress based test stations have been applied to a newly installed pipeline, the first time under a rock dump and the first time on parallel pipelines.
A Gain-series Method for Accurate EMCCD Calibration (2021)

Abstract Calibration of the gain and digital conversion factor of an EMCCD is necessary for accurate photon counting. We present a new method to quickly calibrate multiple gain settings of an EMCCD camera. Acquiring gain-series calibration data and analyzing the resulting images with the EMCCD noise model more accurately estimates the gain response of the camera. Furthermore, we develop a method to compare the results from different calibration approaches. Gain-series calibration outperforms all other methods in this self-consistency test.
Characterization of Clinical Enterococcus faecalis Small-Colony Variants (2009)

In this report, we present a clinical case of chronic aortic valve endocarditis caused by Enterococcus faecalis small-colony variants (SCVs), with ensuing characterization of the SCV phenotype in comparison to the clonally related normal phenotype with respect to alterations in microscopic and ultrastructural morphology, growth behavior, and metabolic pathways. In contrast to the normal phenotype, light and electron microscopy of the Enterococcus SCVs demonstrated the presence of heterogeneous cells of different sizes with aberrant shapes. Furthermore, SCVs showed excessive production of an intercellular substance and alterations in cell division displayed by a thick, coarse cell wall and incomplete, branched, and multiple cross walls without obvious cell separation. In addition, empty "ghost" cells were visible. In growth experiments, SCVs displayed an extended lag phase with delayed entrance into the stationary phase. Interestingly, SCV cells growing under aerobic conditions did not attain the growth and viability of the normal phenotype or those of SCVs growing under microaerobic conditions, suggesting impaired growth behavior and enhanced vulnerability in the presence of oxygen. By metabolite analysis, SCVs failed to produce significant amounts of acetate or lactate under aerobic growth conditions but were able to produce lactate under microaerobic growth conditions, implicating the induction of a fermentative metabolism. In conclusion, the observed structural alterations and changes in the cellular growth and metabolic pathways facilitated the survival of Enterococcus SCVs under microaerobic conditions in vitro and thus presumably in vivo during endocarditis.