gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Backward-Looking Social Control (1993)

Rational-choice theorists stress the need for social control to overcome the free-rider problem in collective action. Critics counter that mechanisms for monitoring and enforcement are themselves public goods that presume collective action rather than explain it. In response Heckathorn (1989) proposed an analytic solution based on « hypocritical cooperation » in which rational actors calculate the optimal allocation of resources between compliance with collective obligations and their enforcement. I relax these « forward-looking » behavioral assumptions and show how social control might evolve among « backward-looking » pragmatists. Computers simulations test the ability of various sanctioning regimes to generate cooperation as well as resist stampedes that risk overcooperation and needless sacrifice. External moral sanctions produce too little cooperation, while internalized sanctions produce too much.
Manipulations of the olfactory circuit highlight the role of sensory stimulation in regulating sleep amount (2020)

These findings demonstrate that Drosophila sleep is sensitive to sensory stimulation, and identify novel sleep-regulating neurons in the olfactory circuit. Scaling of signals across the circuit may explain the lack of bidirectional effects when neuronal activity is manipulated. We propose that olfactory inputs act through specific circuit components to modulate sleep in flies.
Fast adaptive media scheduling based on expected run-time distortion (2003)

In delay-constrained multimedia communications over the Internet, scalable compressed media formats are useful in that they allow the rate and quality of video delivery to adapt to the changes in the available bandwidth. Previously, we introduced the expected run-time distortion based scheduling (ERDBS) algorithm (Miao and Ortega, Proc. 12th Int. Packet Video Workshop, 2002), which allowed the media source to select in what order packets should be transmitted, where packets contain different "layers" in the scalable representation of the transmitted signal. The basic idea of ERDBS was to calculate at any given time the "importance" of each candidate packet in the transmission buffer, and then proceed to send the most important packet. We now present techniques to reduce the complexity of the ERDBS approach, which could be significant when the set of candidate packets is large. Our proposed algorithm decomposes the packet importance calculation into several stages. We show how, through a proper decomposition of these calculations, the results obtained for some stages during past iterations can be re-used, with updates based on the new information received in the meantime. With this recursive definition of the packet importance calculation, we show that the complexity of ERDBS is reduced without sacrificing its performance.
Comparison of the AMICA and the InfoMax algorithm for the reduction of electromyogenic artifacts in EEG data (2013)

Electromyogenic or muscle artifacts constitute a major problem in studies involving electroencephalography (EEG) measurements. This is because the rather low signal activity of the brain is overlaid by comparably high signal activity of muscles, especially neck muscles. Hence, recording an artifact-free EEG signal during movement or physical exercise is not, to the best knowledge of the authors, feasible at the moment. Nevertheless, EEG measurements are used in a variety of different fields like diagnosing epilepsy and other brain related diseases or in biofeedback for athletes. Muscle artifacts can be recorded using electromyography (EMG). Various computational methods for the reduction of muscle artifacts in EEG data exist like the ICA algorithm InfoMax and the AMICA algorithm. However, there exists no objective measure to compare different algorithms concerning their performance on EEG data. We defined a test protocol with specific neck and body movements and measured EEG and EMG simultaneously to compare the InfoMax algorithm and the AMICA algorithm. A novel objective measure enabled to compare both algorithms according to their performance. Results showed that the AMICA algorithm outperformed the InfoMax algorithm. In further research, we will continue using the established objective measure to test the performance of other algorithms for the reduction of artifacts.
Screening of Korean plants against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease (1999)

With the aim of finding novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus agents from natural products, 93 MeOH extracts of Korean plants were screened for their inhibitory activities against HIV-1 protease. The most potent inhibition was shown by the root of Rodiola rosea with 70.4% inhibition at a concentration of 100 microg/mL.
The immediate nucleotide precursor, guanosine triphosphate, in the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway. (1977)

In the present paper, the nucleotide precursor of riboflavin was investigated by experiments with labeled purines using non-growing
Enhanced spectral shaping in steady‐state free precession imaging (2007)

Balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) is hindered by the inherent off-resonance sensitivity and unwanted bright fat signal. Multiple-acquisition SSFP combination methods, where multiple datasets with different fixed RF phase increments are acquired, have been used for shaping the SSFP spectrum to solve both problems. We present a new combination method (weighted-combination SSFP or WC-SSFP) that preserves SSFP contrast and enables banding-reduction and fat-water separation. Methods addressing the banding artifact have focused on either getting robust banding-reduction (complex-sum SSFP) or improved SNR efficiency (sum-of-squares SSFP). The proposed method achieves both robust banding-reduction and an SNR efficiency close to that of the sum-of-squares method. A drawback of fat suppression methods that create a broad stop-band around the fat resonance is the wedge shape of the stop-band leading to imperfect suppression. WC-SSFP improves the suppression of the stop-band without affecting the pass-band performance, and prevents fat signal from obscuring the tissues of interest in the presence of considerable resonant frequency variations. The method further facilitates the use of SSFP imaging by providing a control parameter to adjust the level of banding-reduction or fat suppression to application-specific needs.
Ultrastructure of Rickettsia sibirica during interaction with the host cell. (1986)

Rickettsia sibirica (strain Netsvetaev) was found within large translucent spaces in the cytoplasm of L-929 cell monolayer cultures on day 6 postinfection (p.i.). These rickettsiae were rod shaped 0.3 X 10 microns in size encircled by a halo of up to 200 nm wide corresponding to a capsule-like coat. Directly on the cell wall was a 12 nm thick microcapsule in which subunit structures with 12 nm thick spacing could be recognized. The cell wall membrane was 14 nm thick with a wider internal layer occasionally in a section found split into two electron-dense lamels; the internal layer corresponded to peptidoglycan. The periplasmic space with an average thickness of 5 nm separated the cell wall from a 7 nm thick cytoplasmic membrane. The ultrastructure of R. sibirica was similar to that of other rickettsiae, although the capsule-like coat was thicker than in spotted fever (SF) group rickettsiae.
Neoplasms in rats treated with pituitary growth hormone. V. Absence of neoplasms in hypophysectomized rats. (1951)

This study is concerned with the absence of neoplasms in hypophysectomized rats treated with pituitary growth hormone. A group of adult female rats of the Long-Evans strain 148-237 days old were hypophysectomized physico-chemically pure pituitary growth hormone was given to a group of 15 female rats daily for 6 days/week at a dosage of 0.4 mg increased to a maximum of 2.5 mg. The control group of 15 hypophysectomized rats received human serum albumin. The control showed no significant weight change but the experimental group doubled the weight and also gained in length. The lymph nodes thymus glands and spleens were relatively and absolutely larger in the hypophysectomized rats receiving growth hormone than in the controls but the peribronchial lymphoid tissue did not show the hyperplasia previously noted in rats with intact pituitary glands when treated with growth hormone. The adrenal medullae of the hypophysectomized rats injected with growth hormone were larger than in the hypophysectomized controls and there were no medullary tumors. Also the ovaries of the animals receiving growth hormone were larger than those of controls and a tumor was present in 1 rats ovary receiving growth hormone and in 1 control hypophysectomized rat. In both groups transformation of interstitial tissue into cords and tubules was noted but this occurred more often in rats injected with growth hormone.
Brillouin-scattering determination of the acoustic properties and their pressure dependence for three polymeric elastomers (2007)

The acoustic properties of three polymer elastomers, a cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) (Sylgard 184), a cross-linked terpolymer poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate-vinyl alcohol), and a segmented thermoplastic poly(ester urethane) copolymer (Estane 5703), have been measured from ambient pressure to approximately 12 GPa by using Brillouin scattering in high-pressure diamond anvil cells. The Brillouin-scattering technique is a powerful tool for aiding in the determination of equations of state for a variety of materials, but to date has not been applied to polymers at pressures exceeding a few kilobars. For the three elastomers, both transverse and longitudinal acoustic modes were observed, though the transverse modes were observed only at elevated pressures (>0.7 GPa) in all cases. From the Brillouin frequency shifts, longitudinal and transverse sound speeds were calculated, as were the C(11) and C(12) elastic constants, bulk, shear, and Young's moduli, and Poisson's ratios, and their respective pressure dependencies. P-V isotherms were then constructed, and fit to several empirical/semiempirical equations of state to extract the isothermal bulk modulus and its pressure derivative for each material. Finally, the lack of shear waves observed for any polymer at ambient pressure, and the pressure dependency of their appearance is discussed with regard to instrumental and material considerations.
Perioperative Complications of Radical Cystectomy After Induction Chemoradiotherapy in Bladder-sparing Protocol Against Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Single Institutional Retrospective Comparative Study with Primary Radical Cystectomy (2011)

Induction chemoradiotherapy at 40 Gy in bladder-sparing protocols against MIBC is unlikely to increase the rate of severe complications of radical cystectomy.
review of material properties, past experiences, procedures, issues and results for a possible solder filled cable as Plan B conductor for the EFDA dipole magnet (Draft Vs 1) (2007)

Keywords: LRP 830 Reference CRPP-REPORT-2007-001 Record created on 2008-04-18, modified on 2017-05-12
Βio-Based Epoxy/Amine Reinforced with Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) or GLYMO-rGO: Study of Curing Kinetics, Mechanical Properties, Lamination and Bonding Performance (2022)

In this work, we report the synthesis and study of nanocomposites with a biobased epoxy/amine (Epilok 60-600G/Curamine 30-952) matrix reinforced with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) or functionalised with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GLYMO-rGO). These graphene related materials (GRMs) were first dispersed into a Curamine hardener using bath ultrasonication, followed by the addition of epoxy resin. Curing kinetics were studied by DSC under non-isothermal and isothermal conditions. The addition of 1.5 wt% of GLYMO-rGO into the epoxy matrix was found to increase the degree of cure by up to 12% and glass transition temperature by 14 °C. Mechanical testing showed that the addition of 0.05 wt% GLYMO-rGO improves Young's modulus and tensile strength by 60% and 16%, respectively, compared to neat epoxy. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates were prepared via hand lay up, using the nanocomposite system GRM/Epilok/Curamine as matrix, and were cut as CFRP adherents for lap shear joints. GRM/Epilok/Curamine was also used as adhesive to bond CFRP/CFRP and CFRP/aluminium adherents. The addition of 0.1 wt% GLYMO-rGO into the adhesive and CRFP adherents showed improved lap shear strength by 23.6% compared to neat resin, while in the case of CFRP/Aluminium joints the increase was 21.2%.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Liquid Biopsy in Endometrial Cancer (2021)

Liquid biopsies show potential in EC diagnosis. Both TEPs and ctDNA profiles coupled with artificial intelligence constitute a source of useful information. Further work involving more cases is warranted.
Optimal sequences for CDMA with decision-feedback receivers (2003)

We consider a symbol-synchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system that is equipped with a multiuser decision-feedback receiver and for which power control is available. The users are each assigned a quality-of-service (QoS) threshold to be guaranteed by the system, and to cover scenarios for which there are multiple classes of users, these are not required to be equal to each other. For an ideal decision-feedback receiver, it is known that with enough power the system can always meet the users' QoS thresholds, so we instead minimize the sum of the users' received powers over system designs (i.e., signature sequences, power-control policy, and decision-feedback receiver) which guarantee the QoS requirements. It is found that the optimal design produces two classes of users, those whose sequences and powers satisfy with equality the generalized Welch bound inequality and those oversized users that are mutually orthogonal to each other and the rest of the users. In terms of power and bandwidth savings, the optimal sequences for the decision-feedback receiver are found to compare very favorably to optimal designs for linear receivers and to random sequences for the decision-feedback receiver.
Model Generation and Performance with CIFER (2005)

This paper describes the generation of a mathematical model for the Thunder Tiger Raptor 50 V2 remote control helicopter using a Comprehensive Identification method based on FrEquency Response (CIFER). The scope of this paper is to point out the advantages and the problems of creating a canonical helicopter model for the purpose of flight simulation and robust algorithm design with a method based on the frequency response of the system. This is compared with a more traditional approach using a linear parameter varying model (LPV). With CIFER, it was possible to develop accurate and simple models of the helicopter which sufficiently predicts the actual helicopter response. Three different models were obtained. One is a singleinput single-output transfer function hover model, either simulating the pitch rate, roll rate, or yaw rate response. The second model is a six degree of freedom multiple-input single-output state space model of the Raptor 50 V2 in hover. The third model is a six degree of freedom multiple-input single-output state space model of the helicopter in forward flight. The responses from the models are compared with actual flight data. The similarity of the simulation with responses implies a great capability of the model to predict the helicopter response.
Cardiac Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor: A “Benign” Neoplasm That May Result in Syncope, Myocardial Infarction, and Sudden Death (2007)

Cardiac tumors other than myxomas are rare. We report a series of 10 intracavitary polypoid myofibroblastic proliferations in children and young adults emphasizing gross, histologic, and clinical features. There were 6 females and 4 males, with a mean age of 10 years (range 5 wk to 21 y). All lesions were endocardial-based, located in the right atrium (1), right ventricular inflow/tricuspid valve (1), right ventricular outflow (3), mitral valve (3), aortic valve/left coronary sinus (1), and left ventricular free wall (1). Symptoms included shortness of breath or dyspnea (3), syncope (2), chest pain (1), transient ischemic attacks (1), and fever with myalgias (1). All tumors were surgical resections, except 1 tumor that resulted in sudden coronary death and that was diagnosed at autopsy, and 1 tumor that embolized into the coronary artery and was treated by cardiac transplant. Two tumors, present in the aortic and mitral valves, respectively, caused cardiac ischemia. The tumors were polypoid or filiform and histologically resembled inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of extracardiac sites, with loose spindle cell growth with sparse inflammation. Although there were frequent collagen bundles interspersed among the tumor cells, there were no large areas of dense fibrosis. Surface fibrin was present on the polypoid projections in 7 cases. Symptoms resulted from prolapse into coronary ostia or embolization, but no patient developed metastasis. Long-term follow-up in 2 patients demonstrated no evidence of disease or recurrence. Although metastatic potential was not identified, these tumors may result in serious symptoms, including myocardial infarct, syncope, and sudden death. These cardiac myofibroblastic tumors are readily distinguished from other endocardial-based cardiac tumors, including papillary fibroelastoma and myxoma, which may present clinically in the same manner.
Performance of Sulfonated Phenylated Polyphenylene Membrane As a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for Water Electrolysis (2020)

Traditionally perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes such as Nafion are used as membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) due to their excellent chemical stability, good mechanical strength and high ionic conductivity [1], and low hydrogen permeation. The issue of hydrogen crossover, especially at low current densities or high operating pressures is still of concern since it represents product loss and reduced efficiency. Sulfonated phenylated polyphenylene (sPPP) membranes have been found to be promising electrolyte membranes for electrochemical applications. These sPPPs display significantly less gas crossover compared to Nafion. In addition, they also have high proton conductivity, and are resilient to free radical attack [2]. These properties make them particularly attractive for use in water electrolysis. Tantalum carbide supported iridium based catalysts (IrO x /TaC) have been shown to be potential candidates for use as oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts for water electrolysis [3]. In this study, the use of IrO x /TaC catalyst used in conjunction with sulfonated phenylated polyphenylene membranes as alternative materials for PEMWE to achieve improved performance (utilization and reduced gas crossover) and reduce material costs was investigated. The IrO x /TaC was synthesized in-house using a surfactant mediated method. At low loading, the IrO x /TaC has shown performance comparable to state-of-the-art catalysts. Electrolyser membrane electrode assemblies (MEA)s were fabricated using sPPP membranes, IrO x /TaC (anode) and carbon supported platinum (Pt/C) catalyst (cathode). The electrochemical performance of the MEAs was tested in a single cell electrolyser equipped with an in-situ reference electrode. Current-voltage (I-V) curves were obtained potentiostatically at 80 °C. The I-V performance curves obtained were compared with Nafion based MEAs fabricated using the same IrO x /TaC catalyst. The conductivity of the MEAs was also determined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the morphology and elemental distribution of the electrode surfaces and the cross-section of the MEAs. References [1] A. Nikiforov, E. Christensen, I. Petrushina, J. Oluf, and N. J., “Advanced Construction Materials for High Temperature Steam PEM Electrolysers,” in Electrolysis , InTech, 2012, pp. 61–86. [2] M. Adamski, T. J. G. Skalski, B. Britton, T. J. Peckham, L. Metzler, and S. Holdcroft, “Highly Stable, Low Gas Crossover, Proton-Conducting Phenylated Polyphenylenes,” Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. , vol. 56, no. 31, pp. 9058–9061, Jul. 2017. [3] F. Karimi and B. A. Peppley, “Metal Carbide and Oxide Supports for Iridium-Based Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts for Polymer-Electrolyte-Membrane Water Electrolysis,” Electrochim. Acta , vol. 246, pp. 654–670, Aug. 2017.
Proof of concept testing of an integrated dry injection system for SO{sub x}/NO{sub x} control. Quarterly technical progress report, July--September 1990 (1990)

The objective of the subscale test program were designed to provide sorbent and additive selection guidance, and, in so doing, supply answers to the questions posed in the preceding section. The objectives are: Identify the best commercial hydrate sorbent and the best enhanced hydrate sorbent from a list of nine types, based upon S0{sub 2} removal at Ca/S=2. Determine the relative effectiveness of sodium sesquicarbonate versus sodium bicarbonate for S0{sub 2} and NO{sub x} control over the temperature range of 200{degrees}F--400{degrees}F. Identify the best NO{sub 2} suppressing additive among the group of ammonia, urea, and activated carbon.
Low‐magnitude high‐frequency mechanical signals accelerate and augment endochondral bone repair: Preliminary evidence of efficacy (2008)

n = 4). These 25-microm displacements, induced by a ferroactive shape-memory alloy ("smart" material) incorporated into the body of the external fixator, were less than 1% of the 3-mm fracture gap, and less than 6% of the 0.45-mm displacement measured at the site during ambulation (p < 0.001). At 10-weeks post-op, the callus in the EXPERIMENTAL group was 3.6-fold stiffer (p < 0.03), 2.5-fold stronger (p = 0.05), and 29% larger (p < 0.01) than Controls. Bone mineral content was 52% greater in the EXPERIMENTAL group (p < 0.02), with a 2.6-fold increase in bone mineral content (BMC) in the region of the periosteum (p < 0.001). These data reinforce the critical role of mechanical factors in the enhancement of fracture healing, and emphasize that the signals need not be large to be influential and potentially clinically advantageous to the restoration of function.
Biomechanical Effect of Patch Graft for Large Rotator Cuff Tears: A Cadaver Study (2003)

It is not possible for some rotator cuff tears to be repaired because of a large defect associated with muscle retraction. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the use of a synthetic patch graft to restore abduction force transmission in the glenohumeral joint with a rotator cuff defect. Shoulders from cadavers (n = 10) were fixed in the hanging arm and in neutral rotation, and loading was applied to the rotator cuff tendons and middle deltoid. After a simulated supraspinatus tendon defect and retraction, a patch graft was inserted into the defect and the effects of reattachment to the greater tuberosity, narrowing of the defect by using a smaller graft, and anterior graft attachment (rotator interval tissue versus subscapularis) were investigated. Abduction torque generation was measured and normalized to the intact condition. Compared with torque generation after creation of a supraspinatus defect (61% of normal torque), abduction torque increased with a graft between the infraspinatus and either the rotator interval (68% of normal) or subscapularis (80% of normal). The optimum grafting technique for abduction torque restoration occurred with a reduced size patch connected anteriorly to the subscapularis and sutured to the greater tuberosity (107% of normal). The patch graft acts to redirect force transmission, thereby providing a potential treatment option for otherwise irreparable defects. These same principles can be applied when tendon transfers are used to reconstruct large or massive cuff tears.