gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a PLL Based Frequency Synthesizer using Switched Loop Bandwidth for Mobile WiMAX (2014)

Abstract. This paper is focused on design aspects of a fractional-N PLL (Phase Locked Loop) based frequency synthesizer proposed for the Mobile WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Mobile Access) standard. Requirements in terms of phase noise, settling time, frequency resolution and frequency of operation for WiMAX frequency synthesizer are presented. Furthermore, a high-speed CP (Charge Pump) PLL based synthesizer with a switched loop bandwidth is proposed and simulated. It has a 32 MHz reference frequency and a 50 kHz loop bandwidth with frequency raster of 125 kHz and 14 µs settling time.
Evolving multimodal networks for multitask games (2011)

Intelligent opponent behavior helps make video games interesting to human players. Evolutionary computation can discover such behavior, especially when the game consists of a single task. However, multitask domains, in which separate tasks within the domain each have their own dynamics and objectives, can be challenging for evolution. This paper proposes two methods for meeting this challenge by evolving neural networks: 1) Multitask Learning provides a network with distinct outputs per task, thus evolving a separate policy for each task, and 2) Mode Mutation provides a means to evolve new output modes, as well as a way to select which mode to use at each moment. Multitask Learning assumes agents know which task they are currently facing; if such information is available and accurate, this approach works very well, as demonstrated in the Front/Back Ramming game of this paper. In contrast, Mode Mutation discovers an appropriate task division on its own, which may in some cases be even more powerful than a human-specified task division, as shown in the Predator/Prey game of this paper. These results demonstrate the importance of both Multitask Learning and Mode Mutation for learning intelligent behavior in complex games.
Isoflavone Content and Composition in Soybean (2011)

Soybean seed has been used in a diet of East-Asian population for centuries. Western population has raised interest in this item after numerous epidemiological and clinical studies have showed that, due to the large consumption of soybean, there is less incidence of cardio-vascular disease, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer in Japan and China, in comparison to western countries (Scheiber et al., 2001; Chiechi et al., 2002; Potter et al., 1998; Barnes et al, 1994; Adlercreutz & Mazur 1997; Sarkar & Li, 2003; Lee et al., 2003b; Moriguchi et al., 2004; Ikeda et al., 2006; Wu et al., 2008). Several classes of biologically active compounds are found in soybean, but it is considered that isoflavones are most responsible for its favourable influence on health (Crouse et al., 1999). Isoflavones are natural occurring substances, present in some plants, which are structurally similar to estrogens and can exibit weak estrogen-like effects. For this reason, they are classified as phytoestrogens: plant-derived compounds with activity similar to estrogens. Isoflavones are not widespread in nature and can be found almost exclusively in the plants of the Leguminosae family (Anderson & Wolf, 1995; Philips et al., 2002; Romani et al., 2003). In that sence soybean is one of few isoflavone sources in human nutrition, which explains its wide use through different food products and isoflavone-rich dietary supplements.
Hunsaker mon‐jet tube ventilation: A 15‐year experience (2012)

Although subglottic ventilation via an HMJT is a safe alternative to traditional endotracheal intubation in an appropriately selected population, practitioners should remain vigilant about the known complications.
Covariance matrix estimation errors and diagonal loading in adaptive arrays (1988)

Simulations were used to investigate the effect of covariance matrix sample size on the system performance of adaptive arrays using the sample matrix inversion (SMI) algorithm. Inadequate estimation of the covariance matrix results in adapted antenna patterns with high sidelobes and distorted mainbeams. A technique to reduce these effects by modifying the covariance matrix estimate is described from the point of view of eigenvector decomposition. This diagonal loading technique reduces the system nulling capability against low-level interference, but parametric studies show that it is an effective approach in many situations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of N-（（3-（2-nitrophenyl） propanoyl）oxy）-N-phenylbenzamide (2015)

The title compound N-((3-(2-nitrophenyl) propanoyl)oxy)-N-phenylbenzamide(C22H18N2O5,Mr = 390.38) was synthesized with nitrobenzene as the starting materials and structurally characterized by 1H NMR,13 C NMR,IR,H RMS(E-SI) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.The crystalline structure of the title compound was studied in detail.The single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that the compound crystallizes in monoclinic,space group P21/n,with a = 14.4481(7),b = 8.0089(5),c = 16.6808(9) ?,α = 90.00(5),β = 100.069(5),γ = 90.00(5)°,Mr = 390.38,V = 1900.46(18) ?3,Z = 4,Dc = 1.364 g/cm-3,μ = 0.098,F(000) = 816.0,the final R = 0.0530 and w R = 0.1141 for 2525 observed reflections(I > 2σ(I)),R(all data) = 0.0813,w R(all data) = 0.1335,completeness to theta of 26.020 is 99.8% and GOF = 1.085.The crystal structure contains three branched chains with its center placed at the midpoint of N.The phenyl ring(C(8)~C(13)) makes a dihedral angle of 83.5(1) ℃ with the phenyl ring(C(1)~C(6)),and 80.5(1) ℃with the nitro-substituted benzene ring(C(17)~C(22)),indicating that the three rings are not coplanar.Hydrogen bonds(C(10)–H(10)···O(3)),(C(15)–H(15B)···O(4) and C(16)–H(16B)···O(4)) together with π-π stacking interactions stabilize the structure of the molecule.The preliminary biological test shows that the title compound has good antitumor activity against A549 in vitro with the IC50 value of 3.17 μmol.
Secondary malignancies (1996)

Malignant diseases are of particular concern as increasing numbers of patients survive the early phase after transplantation and remain free of their original disease. This article summarizes recent articles published on this topic, with particular emphasis on those published during the past 12-month review period. These recent clinical and biologic data on secondary malignancies (leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors) occurring after either allogeneic or autologous stem cell transplantation are summarized in this review.
Innovative materials for aircraft morphing (1998)

Reported herein is an overview of the research being conducted within the materials division at NASA Langley Research Center on the development of smart material technologies for advanced airframe systems. The research is a part of the Aircraft Morphing Program which is a new six- year research program to develop smart components for self- adaptive airframe systems. The fundamental areas of materials research within the program are computational materials; advanced piezoelectric materials; advanced fiber optic sensing techniques; and fabrication of integrated composite structures. This paper presents a portion of the ongoing research in each of these areas of materials research.
α3‐Galactosylated glycoproteins can bind to the hepaticasialoglycoprotein receptor (2000)

In mammals, clearance of desialylated serum glycoproteins to the liver is mediated by a galactose-specific hepatic lectin, the 'asialoglycoprotein receptor'. In humans, serum glycoprotein glycans are usually capped with sialic acid, which protects these proteins against hepatic uptake. However, in most other species, an additional noncharged terminal element with the structure Galalpha1-->3Galbeta1-->4R is present on glycoprotein glycans. To investigate if alpha3-galactosylated glycoproteins, just like desialylated glycoproteins, could be cleared by the hepatic lectin, the affinities of alpha3-galactosylated compounds towards this lectin were determined using an in vitro inhibition assay, and were compared with those of the parent compounds terminating in Galbeta1-->4R. Diantennary, triantennary and tetraantennary oligosaccharides that form part of N-glycans were alpha3-galactosylated to completion by use of recombinant bovine alpha3-galactosyltransferase. Similarly, desialylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) was alpha3-galactosylated in vitro. The alpha3-galactosylation of a branched, Galbeta1-->4-terminated oligosaccharide lowered its affinity for the membrane-bound lectin on whole rat hepatocytes 50-250-fold, and for the detergent-solubilized hepatic lectin 7-50-fold. In contrast, alpha3-galactosylation of asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein caused only a minor decrease in affinity, increasing the IC50 from 5 to 15 nM. Fully alpha3-galactosylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein, intravenously injected into the mouse, was rapidly cleared from the circulation, with a clearance rate close to that of asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein (t1/2 of 0.42 min vs. 0.95 min). Its uptake was efficiently inhibited by pre-injection of an excess asialo-fetuin. Organ distribution analysis showed that the injected alpha1-acid glycoprotein accumulated predominantly in the liver. Taken together, these observations suggest that serum glycoproteins that are heavily alpha3-galactosylated will be rapidly cleared from the bloodstream via the hepatic lectin. It is suggested that glycosyltransferase expression in murine hepatocytes is tightly regulated in order to prevent undesired uptake of hepatocyte-derived, circulating glycoproteins.
Variations of SAT and MINSAT (2004)

This chapter contains sections titled: Overview Problem MAXCLS SAT Problem MINCLS UNSAT Problem MAXVAR SAT Problem MINVAR UNSAT Problem MAXSAT Further Reading Exercises
Programmable ring-type switched-capacitor dc-dc converters (1999)

New dc–dc converters are presented whose step-up and step-down ratio can be controlled easily by changing their external clocks. These converters consist of switched capacitors that form a ring connected by MOSFET switches (“ring-type SC”). The proposed circuits have the following features: (1) Their step-up and step-down ratios can be controlled programmably by changing the patterns of clocks because of their symmetry structure. (2) They can treat a wide input voltage range from low voltage to high voltage without changing their structures. (3) Various output voltages can be supplied by using DIP-switches or a computer control. (4) They can contribute to lower the costs of production, since they correspond to various input and output voltages with the same circuit. (5) A soft start circuit of the control apparatus can be easily realized. (6) They can be implemented in one-chip IC form together with other signal processing circuits such as a system-on-chip or a system integration including power supplies, since generation of a magnetic field is extremely low due to the coilless construction. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 82(11): 14–27, 1999
Comparison of metal matrix nanocomposite and microcomposite layers on aisi H13 tool steel surface by addition of TiC nanoparticles and microparticles by laser cladding (2012)

There is a need in different industry sectors (automotive, aeronautics, and tooling industries) to improve the performance of material surface under wear and corrosion environments, which cannot be fulfilled by conventional surface modifications and coatings. The aim of this work is to compare the performance of metal matrix nanocomposite and microcomposite layers on AISI H13 tool steel by laser cladding. They are obtained on the steel surface. The powderprecursor is obtained by mechanical milling of AISI H13 steel micropowder with titanium carbide nanopowder or micropowder. A comparison between AISI H13 tool steel substrate, AISI H13 tool steel laser cladded layers, and AISI H13 tool steel with either titanium carbide nanoparticles or microparticles laser cladded layers, regarding their microstructure and mechanical properties, is established.
Time dependent decomposition of ammonia borane for the controlled production of 2D hexagonal boron nitride (2017)

Ammonia borane (AB) is among the most promising precursors for the large-scale synthesis of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Its non-toxic and non-flammable properties make AB particularly attractive for industry. AB decomposition under CVD conditions, however, is complex and hence has hindered tailored h-BN production and its exploitation. To overcome this challenge, we report in-depth decomposition studies of AB under industrially safe growth conditions. In situ mass spectrometry revealed a time and temperature-dependent release of a plethora of N<sub>x</sub>B<sub>y</sub>-containing species and, as a result, significant changes of the N:B ratio during h-BN synthesis. Such fluctuations strongly influence the formation and morphology of 2D h-BN. By means of in situ gas monitoring and regulating the precursor temperature over time we achieve uniform release of volatile chemical species over many hours for the first time, paving the way towards the controlled, industrially viable production of h-BN.
An Intelligent Decision Support System Prototype for Asset Allocation (1999)

Asset allocation decision involves bringing together estimates of current capital conditions and investor considerations in order to determine the asset allocation mix that will provide maximum utility to the investor. This can be accomplished by either maximizing return for a given risk level or by minimizing the risk for a given return objective. The purpose of this study is to develop a prototype decision support system that will provide a model for an investor to use in determining the optimal asset allocation for an investment portfolio at a particular risk level. This DSS consisted of five primary components. In this paper, we limited our discussion to the neural network (NN) component. The results of NN model can then be used as input to a quadratic programming model to determine the optimal asset allocation.
An adaptive, soft-decision multiuser receiver for underwater acoustical channels (2003)

A technique for resolving the collision of inband and asynchronous packets, with the goal of demodulating both strong and weak signals within a fixed amount of time, is presented. The particular case of coherent, binary phase shift keying (BPSK) for each data packet is discussed. The transmitting waveforms are assumed to be known by the central receiver for all modems, but the amplitude, Doppler, fine synchronization, and phase are a priori unknown and slowly time-varying. It is shown that the proposed technique wastes far less signal energy for a given user to combat interference than algorithms of similar (linear) complexity and decoding delay and approaches the performance of dynamic programming detectors with unbounded demodulation delay and exponential complexity. The effectiveness of this scheme is demonstrated using an example in which a collision is resolved between two independent acoustic telemetry systems operating simultaneously in the same frequency band.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
NailDisplay (2013)

This work presents a novel and always-available nail mounted display known as NailDisplay. The proposed display augments the use of a finger by allowing for always-available visual feedback owing to its fast accessibility and binding user controls with the display, i.e. what you control is what you see (through the display). Potential benefits of NailDisplay are demonstrated in three applications: from displaying to combining it with user controls. In the first application, NailDisplay can reveal what is occluded under a finger touch, making it a solution to operate small UI elements. In the second application, NailDisplay is complementary to an imaginary interface, helping users to learn an imaginary interface (e.g., on the users' arms) and allowing them to reassure the interface when their memory of it becomes unclear. In the third application, NailDisplay is integrated with rich finger interactions, such as swiping in the air. We also report users' feedbacks gathered from an explorative user study.
Evaluation of a comparative pathogenesis between cancer-associated retinopathy in humans and sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome in dogs via diagnostic imaging and western blot analysis (2006)

The etiology of SARDS in dogs does not appear to be similar to cancer-associated retinopathy in humans on the basis of absence of differential antibody activity against retinal proteins. Although dogs with SARDS often have clinical signs compatible with hyperadrenocorticism, neoplasia of the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, or lungs was not detected.
Evaluation of Mechanical and Optical Properties of Hetero-Epitaxial Single Crystal 3C-SiC Squared-Membrane (2014)

The aim of this work is to develop the bulge test technique combined with the micro-Raman analysis and a refined load-deflection model for high quality 3C-SiC squared-membranes. By the minimization of the total elastic energy, starting from the isotropic relation between the stress tensor and the strain tensor, it is possible to calculate the relationship between the maximum deflection and the applied pressure, in both regime of small and large deflection. Furthermore, the relationship between the measured shift of Raman Transverse Optical (TO) phonon modes and the total residual strain (Δa/a) within the epitaxial 3C-SiC layer was found and in order to understand the stress distribution within the membrane, TO Raman shift maps were performed along the corner and the border of the membrane.
Role of the Active Species of Plasmas Involved in the Modification of Textile Materials (2007)

Abstract The role of the active species involved in the superficial modification of natural and manmade fibers is discussed for the example of wool and PA6 fabrics treated by means of post‐discharge plasmas (N 2 , N 2 + 23% O 2 , O 2 ) to avoid UV radiation, ions, electrons and other species present in direct plasma discharges. The active species present in the N 2 post‐discharge have been quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated by means of optical emission spectroscopy. Their action on the surface of the fibers has been analyzed by dynamic contact angle, revealing an improved wettability that has been attributed to the generation of new chemical groups and the reduction/elimination of the fatty layer on the surface of wool. magnified image
In vivo detection of substantia nigra and locus coeruleus volume loss in Parkinson’s disease using neuromelanin-sensitive MRI: Replication in two cohorts (2022)

Abstract Patients with Parkinson’s disease undergo a loss of melanized neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta and locus coeruleus. Very few studies have assessed substantia nigra pars compacta and locus coeruleus pathology in Parkinson’s disease simultaneously with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neuromelanin-sensitive MRI measures of substantia nigra pars compacta and locus coeruleus volume based on explicit magnetization transfer contrast have been shown to have high scan-rescan reproducibility in controls, but no study has replicated detection of Parkinson’s disease-associated volume loss in substantia nigra pars compacta and locus coeruleus in multiple cohorts with the same methodology. Two separate cohorts of Parkinson’s disease patients and controls were recruited from the Emory Movement Disorders Clinic and scanned on two different MRI scanners. In cohort 1, imaging data from 19 controls and 22 Parkinson’s disease patients were acquired with a Siemens Trio 3 Tesla scanner using a 2D gradient echo sequence with magnetization transfer preparation pulse. Cohort 2 consisted of 33 controls and 39 Parkinson’s disease patients who were scanned on a Siemens Prisma 3 Tesla scanner with a similar imaging protocol. Locus coeruleus and substantia nigra pars compacta volumes were segmented in both cohorts. Substantia nigra pars compacta volume (Cohort 1: p =0.0148; Cohort 2: p =0.0011) and locus coeruleus volume (Cohort 1: p =0.0412; Cohort 2: p =0.0056) were significantly reduced in the Parkinson’s disease group as compared to controls in both cohorts. This imaging approach robustly detects Parkinson’s disease effects on these structures, indicating that it is a promising marker for neurodegenerative neuromelanin loss.
Interactive document summarisation using automatically extracted keyphrases (2003)

This paper describes the Interactive Document Summariser (IDS). IDS provides dynamic control over document summary characteristics, such as length and topic focus, so that changes made by the user are instantly reflected in an on-screen summary. 'Summary-in-context' views allow users to move flexibly between summaries and their source documents. IDS adopts the technique of sentence extraction, exploiting keyphrases that are automatically extracted from document text as the primary attribute of a sentence extraction algorithm. We report an evaluation of IDS summaries, in which representative end-users of on-line documents identified relevant summary sentences in source documents. IDS summaries were then compared to the recommendations of the users and we report the efficacy of the summaries based on standard precision and recall measures. In addition, using established evaluation metrics we found that IDS summaries were better than baseline summaries based on within-document sentence ordering.
Characterization of Fog and Snow Attenuations for Free-Space Optical Propagation (2009)

Free Space Optics (FSO) is now a well established access technology, better known for its robustness in transmitting large data volumes in an energy efficient manner. However the BER performance of a FSO ground-link is adversely affected by cloud coverage, harsh weather conditions, and atmospheric turbulence. Fog, clouds and dry snow play a detrimental role by attenuating optical energy transmitted in terrestrial free-space and thus decrease the link availability and reliability. We measured the time variation of received optical signal level during continental fog and dry snowfall over a link distance of 80 m. We perform a detailed analysis of the continental fog and dry snow attenuation results and further characterise them by presenting some useful attenuation statistics and also showing their comparison with the corresponding measured density values collected by a particle sensor device. We propose also an empirical relationship between temperature, relative humidity and optical attenuation values for the continental fog case based on standard curve fitting technique.
The imperative for medical simulation (1998)

The practice of medicine has, for millennia, relied upon a master-apprentice system of learning, with patients providing the necessary anatomy from which one learns how to perform surgery and other procedures. The advent of high-power computing and real-time graphics representations allows medicine to advance beyond this traditional methods of teaching and to begin to educate physicians without putting patients at risk. With innovative haptics interface devices, computer-based training will enable novice physicians to learn procedures that have been developed since their training was completed. Specialty boards and credentialing organizations will, for the first, time, have metrics upon which to base the decisions regarding who is qualified to practice medicine, and both sides of the learning curve, the acquisition of skills and their deterioration, will be discovered. The paper presents the concepts, challenges, and visions of the authors, both of whom have been actively developing simulation for the specialty of interventional radiology. It includes expectations for the future of simulation in other procedural specialties.