gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo modelling of radiotherapy kV x-ray units (1999)

To obtain accurate information for absorbed dose calculations in water for kilovoltage x-rays, the photon spectrum, planar fluence and the angular distribution of the photons at the collimator exit of the x-ray unit have to be known. The only way to obtain this information is by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. Compared with the situation for high-energy photons and electrons, where in recent years numerous papers have been devoted to MC modelling of complete clinical accelerator units, there is a lack of similar work for kV x-ray units. A reliable MC model for a kV x-ray unit would allow the output information to be used in a treatment planning system for regular and irregular treatment fields. Furthermore, with MC simulation, perturbation factors of dose-measuring devices, such as those specified in codes of practice, can be calculated. In this work, the MC code EGS4/BEAM was used to build realistic models of two complete x-ray units. The tungsten target, exit window, collimator, additional filtration and applicator were taken into account. For some aspects of the work, a comparison was made with the simulations from another MC code, MCNP4B. The contribution to the characteristic radiation from electron impact ionization and from the photoelectric effect of reabsorbed bremsstrahlung photons was studied. Calculated and measured photon fluence spectra in air and half-value layers for a Philips MCN410 tube were compared for several anode voltages and additional filtrations. Results from the two codes agreed well, and the agreement with measured spectra was found to be good for energies above 50 keV but rather less good below that energy. For a Siemens Stabilipan 2 Th300 x-ray tube, HVLs and dose distributions in water were compared with measurements for several clinical x-ray qualities. For most of the combinations of radiation qualities and applicators, good agreement was obtained, although there were also some cases where the agreement was not so good. Electron contamination and photon build-up at the water surface were studied using MC simulation. The influence of depth on the photon spectral distribution was investigated. Both EGS4/BEAM and MCNP4B, in their default versions, handle inadequately the production of characteristic x-rays. This was found to have only a minor influence on the calculated dosimetric quantities. Simulations with MCNP4B required the use of several variance reduction techniques in order to obtain results within reasonable calculation times.
Study of boron-lined straw-tube detector array for neutron scattering measurement (2012)

Boron-Lined neutron detector may be a substitute of <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> He proportional counter in the field of thermal neutron detection. We present in this paper the simulation results of the detection efficiency and energy response of the boron-lined detector. Thickness of natural or enriched B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> C, which is used as the neutron converter to emit charged particles to form signals in proportional gas, is researched to achieve the optimized efficiency for a single detector or the whole detector array. The relationships between the rate of spurious events caused by scattering and row number or thickness of the substrate of the detectors are also researched.
On the nature of s hape‐fixing in semicrystalline shape‐memory networks (2020)

Crystallization of polymer strands within elastically strained cross-linked networks can lower tension, leading to stabilization of mechanically deformed states. This process, referred to as shape-fixing, is sensitive to thermomechanical path because both mechanical strain and thermal undercooling affect crystallization kinetics. In the present study, shape-fixing of a well-defined poly(caprolactone) network is examined at fixed strains ranging from 25 to 100%. Isothermal crystallization kinetics were studied using wide angle X-ray scattering while simultaneously monitoring tension loss. Plots of tensile stress versus degree of crystallization show that significant stress reduction occurs at only a few percent crystallinity (<0.05). The development of Young's modulus under identical conditions was evaluated, and results are combined to estimate the shape-fixity at different crystallization conditions and times. This study contributes to understanding the interrelationship between crystallization, stress reduction, and material stiffening to support further development of semicrystalline shape-memory networks.
Solidification of a binary eutectic in a three-component system (2013)

The change in mass and composition of the phases during the equilibrium solidification of eutectic alloys in three-component systems is considered. For the model system A-B-C, we show that equilibrium solidification of binary eutectics in three-component systems is determined by processes of decomposition and interaction, as in the crystallization of a solid solution. Eutectic transformation is generally associated with equilibrium solidification, since decomposition dominates over interaction. These findings are confirmed by studying solidification in the Al-Si-Cu system.
Spark-DIY: A Framework for Interoperable Spark Operations with High Performance Block-Based Data Models (2018)

Today's scientific applications are increasingly relying on a variety of data sources, storage facilities, and computing infrastructures, and there is a growing demand for data analysis and visualization for these applications. In this context, exploiting Big Data frameworks for scientific computing is an opportunity to incorporate high-level libraries, platforms, and algorithms for machine learning, graph processing, and streaming; inherit their data awareness and fault-tolerance; and increase productivity. Nevertheless, limitations exist when Big Data platforms are integrated with an HPC environment, namely poor scalability, severe memory overhead, and huge development effort. This paper focuses on a popular Big Data framework -Apache Spark- and proposes an architecture to support the integration of highly scalable MPI block-based data models and communication patterns with a map-reduce-based programming model. The resulting platform preserves the data abstraction and programming interface of Spark, without conducting any changes in the framework, but allows the user to delegate operations to the MPI layer. The evaluation of our prototype shows that our approach integrates Spark and MPI efficiently at scale, so end users can take advantage of the productivity facilitated by the rich ecosystem of high-level Big Data tools and libraries based on Spark, without compromising efficiency and scalability.
DHCAL with minimal absorber: measurements with positrons (2017)

In special tests, the active layers of the CALICE Digital Hadron Calorimeter prototype, the DHCAL, were exposed to low energy particle beams, without being interleaved by absorber plates. The thickness of each layer corresponded approximately to 0.29 radiation lengths or 0.034 nuclear interaction lengths, defined mostly by the copper and steel skins of the detector cassettes. This paper reports on measurements performed with this device in the Fermilab test beam with positrons in the energy range of 1 to 10 GeV. The measurements are compared to simulations based on GEANT4 and a standalone program to emulate the detailed response of the active elements.
Challenges on a global implementation of ERP software (2003)

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software packages, originally developed in one country addressing unique requirements of the businesses in that country, have matured significantly. In the new global economy this software is implemented in global corporations and used in multiple countries from one installation in a shared mode. Most of these corporations are implementing with out any customization or with minimal customization to avoid high maintenance costs and other reasons. Project managers of these implementations in a global environment face some unique uncertainties and challenges different from any custom software development and implementation projects which was part of the old economy. Some of the unique challenges are satisfying multiple countries' statutory requirements and reporting to the corporate headquarters from one installation of the software, conflicting interests between different business entities, lack of experienced implementators in all the countries, and efficient use of metanational advantages. We discuss different aspects of these challenges in detail and point out that ERP software can provide only one solution for a particular business process unless workarounds are available from experienced implementators. Different counties adopt different reporting and accounting practices and therefore an ERP implementation cannot solve all problems that a global corporation may have in multiple countries in the scope of the project due to the absence of standard global processes across the organization. We conclude that the most important critical success factor of these international implementations are how quickly these corporations can reengineer existing business process to adopt best practices of using an ERP system.
Interactive maps for a digital video library (2000)

To improve library access, the Informedia Digital Video Library uses automatic processing to derive descriptors for video. A new extension to the video processing extracts geographic references from these descriptors. The operational library interface shows the geographic entities addressed in a given story, highlighting the regions discussed in the video through a map display synchronized with the video playback. The map can also serve as a query mechanism, allowing users to search the terabyte library for stories taking place in a selected area of interest. This article discusses using interactive maps with the Informedia Digital Video Library.
Prophylaxis of Gonococcal and Chlamydial Ophthalmia Neonatorum (1988)

We evaluated the use of silver nitrate drops and tetracycline ointment for the prophylaxis of ophthalmia neonatorum in a controlled trial involving 2732 newborns in Nairobi, Kenya. The overall rates of prevalence of intrapartum maternal gonococcal and chlamydial infection were 6.4 and 8.9 percent, respectively. After prophylaxis with silver nitrate, the incidence rates of gonococcal, chlamydial, and nongonococcal, nonchlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum were 0.4, 0.7, and 6.2 percent, respectively, whereas after prophylaxis with tetracycline, the rates were 0.1, 0.5, and 4.5 percent. The attack rates of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum in newborns exposed to Neisseria gonorrhoeae at birth were 7.0 percent in those receiving silver nitrate and 3.0 percent in those receiving tetracycline (95 percent confidence interval for the difference in rates, -3.4 to 11.4 percent). As compared with historical controls, the incidence of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum decreased 83 percent among infants treated with silver nitrate and 93 percent among those treated with tetracycline. Failure of prophylaxis was associated with postpartum maternal endometritis (P = 0.05). Among newborns exposed to maternal infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, chlamydial conjunctivitis developed in 10.1 percent given silver nitrate and in 7.2 percent given tetracycline (95 percent confidence interval for the difference in rates, -4.7 to 10.5 percent), yielding reductions in the incidence of chlamydial ophthalmia of 68 and 77 percent, respectively, as compared with the historical controls. We conclude that tetracycline is as effective as silver nitrate in preventing gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.
[Effects of glycation process on the macromolecular structure of the glomerular basement membranes and on the glomerular functions in aging and diabetes mellitus]. (1995)

Three stages can be distinguished during the glycation process: initiation with the formation of Amadori product; spreading with glyco-oxidation reactions; terminal formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Some AGEs have been isolated and characterized: pyrraline linked to one aminoacid, pentosidine linked to two aminoacids and forming a cross-link between peptidic chains. The AGE-induced cross-links alter the biophysical properties of the proteins with increased stiffness of the fibrous proteins and resistance to proteases. Glycation of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) macromolecules modifies the architecture of the glomerular filtration barrier. Type IV collagen is the major constituent of the GBM and the mesangial matrix and is a substrate for prolonged glycation, due to its long half-life. In the GBM, AGE level (particularly pentosidine level per mg collagen) increases with age; it is higher in diabetic or uremic patients than in age-matched controls. In insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, a correlation has been shown between the pentosidine level of skin collagen and the severity of vascular complications. Glycation inhibits the homotypic polymerization interactions between two type IV collagen molecules through their NC1 ends. Glycation also affects the heterotypic interactions between different GBM macromolecules: the affinity of glycated fibronectin for type IV collagen is diminished. Besides, glycation modifies the interactions between type IV collagen and adjacent cells: mesangial and endothelial cells are less adherent on a glycated type IV collagen matrix and their morphology modified. GBM treated with dimethylmalonimidate, which induces cross-links between amines as does advanced glycation, are more permeable to proteins.
Designing Green Procurement System Based On Enterprise Resources Planning For The Rubber Processing Industry (2019)

The rubber processing industry is one of the manufacturing industries that pay attention to every activity on its production process that occurs during rubber processing. The work done in the production process at manufacturing, such as the rubber processing industry, produces waste that harms the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor business activities. In this study focuses on designing application based on Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) by running a green procurement system therein. Green procurement provides solutions to the selection of materials and services that can minimize the impact on the environment and provide benefits for the company. In implementing of green procurement system, ISO 14000 standardization data to determine the green supplier and the green material attributes data are needed to use for the Key Performance Indicator (KPI) report. The ERP-based application can generate report Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for green materials and green suppliers to help the company to monitor business processes in green procurement. However, the process of measuring the percentage of green materials and green suppliers is out of the scope of the discussion in this study, because this study only provides designing an application to implement green procurement. The selection of application based on Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) is due to an ERP system that can add and also update data and information without duplication so that it can improve employee efficiency in monitoring business process activities with data integration in application based on Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP). The design of this application is tailored to the user requirements for green procurement that focus on the ability of the application system to provide purchase requisition, request for quotation, supplier selection, purchase order and integrating data such as payment of materials with the finance division, integrating data material that enters warehouse with the warehouse division. In addition, the aim of this study is to have an information system in monitoring business process activities carried out during the procurement process in the rubber processing industry using the Key Performance Indicator report, to assist in the management of procurement business processes using Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system.
A Virtual Impedance Comprehensive Control Strategy for the Controllably Inductive Power Filtering System (2016)

In this letter, a virtual impedance comprehensive control (VICC) strategy is proposed for the controllably inductive power filtering (CIPF) system with a new filtering mechanism. This control strategy aims to satisfy the zero-impedance design precondition of the inductive power filtering system, and can dampen the harmonic resonance at the grid side. By the proposed zero-impedance control, the quality factor of the passive power device can be adjustable, and the single-tuned filter can be multituned. First, the main circuit topology for implementing the VICC-based CIPF is presented. Then, on the basis of the multipurpose control, the VICC strategy is designed. Furthermore, by means of the established equivalent circuit model and the corresponding mathematical model, the principles of the harmonic damping and the zero-impedance realization are revealed. Finally, the experimental results verify that the proposed control strategy can weaken the harmonic amplification effectively, and improve the filtering performance significantly.
Quantifying the propagation of parametric uncertainty on flux balance analysis (2021)

Abstract Flux balance analysis (FBA) and associated techniques operating on stoichiometric genome-scale metabolic models play a central role in quantifying metabolic flows and constraining feasible phenotypes. At the heart of these methods lie two important assumptions: (i) the biomass precursors and energy requirements neither change in response to growth conditions nor environmental/genetic perturbations, and (ii) metabolite production and consumption rates are equal at all times (i.e., steady-state). Despite the stringency of these two assumptions, FBA has been shown to be surprisingly robust at predicting cellular phenotypes. In this paper, we formally assess the impact of these two assumptions on FBA results by quantifying how uncertainty in biomass reaction coefficients, and departures from steady-state due to temporal fluctuations could propagate to FBA results. In the first case, conditional sampling of parameter space is required to re-weigh the biomass reaction so as the molecular weight remains equal to 1 g/mmol, and in the second case, metabolite (and elemental) pool conservation must be imposed under temporally varying conditions. Results confirm the importance of enforcing the aforementioned constraints and explain the robustness of FBA biomass yield predictions.
Isolation of Sphingoid Bases of Sea Cucumber Cerebrosides and Their Cytotoxicity against Human Colon Cancer Cells (2006)

Sea cucumber is a health-beneficial food, and contains a variety of physiologically active substances including glycosphingolipids. We show here the sphingoid base composition of cerebrosides prepared from sea cucumber and the cytotoxicity against human colon cancer cell lines. The composition of sphingoid bases prepared from sea cucumber was different from that of mammals, and the major constituents estimated from mass spectra had a branched C17–19 alkyl chain with 1–3 double bonds. The viability of DLD-1, WiDr and Caco-2 cells treated with sea cucumber sphingoid bases was reduced in a dose-dependent manner and was similar to that of cells treated with sphingosine. The sphingoid bases induced such a morphological change as condensed chromatin fragments and increased the caspase-3 activity, indicating that the sphingoid bases reduced the cell viability by causing apoptosis in these cells. Sphingolipids of sea cucumber might therefore serve as bioactive dietary components to suppress colon cancer.
Einfluss von Kolostrum auf die Entzündungsaktivität der murinen DSS-Kolitis (2010)

Einleitung: Epidemiologische Daten belegen einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Stillverhalten und der Manifestation chronisch-entzündlicher Darmerkrankungen.
Metabonomics: Evaluation of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Pattern Recognition Technology for Rapid in Vivo Screening of Liver and Kidney Toxicants (2000)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of metabonomics technology for developing a rapid-throughput toxicity screen using 2 known hepatotoxicants: carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) and 2 known nephrotoxicants: 2-bromoethylamine (BEA) and 4-aminophenol (PAP). In addition, the diuretic furosemide (FURO) was also studied. Single doses of CCl(4) (0.1 and 0.5 ml/kg), ANIT (10 and 100 mg/kg), BEA (15 and 150 mg/kg), PAP (15 and 150 mg/kg) and FURO (1 and 5 mg) were administered as single IP or oral doses to groups of 4 male Wistar rats/dose. Twenty-four-h urine samples were collected pretest, daily through Day 4, and on Day 10 (high dose CCl(4) and BEA only). Blood samples were taken on Days 1, 2, and 4 or 1, 4, and 10 for clinical chemistry assessment, and the appropriate target organ was examined microscopically. NMR spectra of urine were acquired and the data processed and subjected to principal component analyses (PCA). The results demonstrated that the metabonomic approach could readily distinguish the onset and reversal of toxicity with good agreement between clinical chemistry and PCA data. In at least 2 instances (ANIT and BEA), PCA analysis suggested effects at low doses, which were not as evident by clinical chemistry or microscopic analysis. Furosemide, which had no effect at the doses employed, did not produce any changes in PCA patterns. These data support the contention that the metabonomic approach represents a promising new technology for the development of a rapid throughput in vivo toxicity screen.
CdSe−ZnS Quantum Dots as Resonance Energy Transfer Donors in a Model Protein−Protein Binding Assay (2001)

Specific binding of biotinilated bovine serum albumin (bBSA) and tetramethylrhodamine-labeled streptavidin (SAv−TMR) was observed by conjugating bBSA to CdSe−ZnS core−shell quantum dots (QDs) and observing enhanced TMR fluorescence caused by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the QD donors to the TMR acceptors. Because of the broad absorption spectrum of the QDs, efficient donor excitation could occur at a wavelength that was well resolved from the absorption spectrum of the acceptor, thereby minimizing direct acceptor excitation. Appreciable overlap of the donor emission and acceptor absorption spectra was achieved by size-tuning the QD emission spectrum into resonance with the acceptor absorption spectrum, and cross-talk between the donor and acceptor emission was minimized because of the narrow, symmetrically shaped QD emission spectrum. Evidence for an additional, nonspecific QD−TMR energy transfer mechanism that caused quenching of the QD emission without a corresponding TMR fluorescence enhancement was also observed.
Tailoring of a highly stable Mn1−x−y(CexLay)O2−δ pseudocapacitor thin-film and rare earth oxide nanospheres through selective purification of rare earth oxides derived from Ni–MH batteries (2022)

High-yield fabrication of two value-added functional nanostructures including a defect-rich Mn 1− x − y (Ce x La y )O 2− δ film and rare earth oxide (REO) nanospheres via selective purification of REO isolated from end-of-life nickel–metal hydride batteries.
A mouse model of acute biliary pancreatitis induced by retrograde pancreatic duct infusion of Na-taurocholate (2007)

This clinically relevant model of acute biliary pancreatitis yields reproducible results and its severity can be easily manipulated. It is ideally suited for use in mechanistic studies employing genetically modified mouse strains.