gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lanthanum(III) Chloride, Complex with Lithium Chloride, Solution in Tetrahydrofuran (2016)

[405204-22-0] Li2LaCl5 (MW 327.78) 1S/5ClH.La.2Li/h5*1H;;;/q;;;;;+3;2*+1/p-5 InChIKey = YSKOYVQYUJUXCN-UHFFFAOYSA-I (Soluble lanthanide salt, useful as an additive1 to reduce side reactions in the addition of lithium or Grignard reagents to carbonyl compounds) Physical Data: white, hygroscopic solid. Solubility: sol tetrahydrofuran. Form Supplied in: generally as a 0.3–0.5 M solution in tetrahydrofuran; in preparation, it is initially isolated as a hygroscopic white solid. Purification: filtration under argon through a Schlenk filter. See Preparative Methods. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: anhydrous LaCl3·2LiCl should be kept under an inert atmosphere and dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran as soon as possible after drying. Lanthanum(III) chloride is corrosive to metals and irritating to the skin and eyes. It can also be a skin sensitizer, and can be damaging to aquatic environments. Preparative Methods: commercially available LaCl3·6H2O is dissolved in water with 2 equiv of lithium chloride in a Schlenk flask, and then evaporated to a powder under high vacuum. While stirring, the powder is gradually warmed from ambient temperature by 20 °C increments every 4 h to a final temperature of 160 °C.1, 2 The solid is then cooled and dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran. The resulting solution is subsequently stirred under argon for 24 h in the presence of 4 Å molecular sieves. The solution is then filtered through a Schlenk filter to remove any insoluble materials, and can be used directly. The solution of LaCl3·2LiCl so obtained is stable under argon indefinitely.1 Another method, apparently used industrially, is to add anhydrous LaCl3 powder to a commercially available 0.5 M solution of lithium chloride in tetrahydrofuran, followed by warming at reflux for 12 h. The majority of the tetrahydrofuran is removed by distillation, and then the solution is diluted with fresh dry tetrahydrofuran until it is approximately 0.8 M in concentration as measured by ICP-MS. The solution is then held under nitrogen prior to use.3
Quantum interferometry with intense optical pulses (2003)

Abstract For intense optical pulses the optical Kerr interaction in matter such as an optical fiber is large enough to generate quantum states of light with significant non‐classical properties. On this basis pairs of entangled light pulses have been generated. This entanglement can be used for novel schemes in high precision interferometry and for quantum communication protocols such as quantum dense coding.
Are Medication Swallowing Lubricants Suitable for Use in Dysphagia? Consistency, Viscosity, Texture, and Application of the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) Framework (2020)

Medication lubricants are thick liquids or gels that are designed to aid swallowing of solid oral dosage forms. Tablets and capsules are placed within a spoonful of the product for swallowing. The aim of this study was to describe and compare commercially available medication lubricants in terms of textural suitability for patients with dysphagia. Twelve medication lubricants were characterised according to the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) framework. Apparent viscosity, yield stress, thickness consistency, and various texture features were compared. Gloup Forte was the only medication lubricant classified as IDDSI level 4 (pureed/extremely thick) at room (24 °C) temperature. Four other Gloup products were IDDSI level 3 (liquidised/moderately thick) at room temperature but testing at 4 °C or pouring from the container instead of using the pump dispenser resulted in classification as IDDSI level 4. The IDDSI Flow test would have classified MediSpend and Slo Tablets as IDDSI level 3, but their very low yield stress led to these fluids flowing too quickly through the prongs of a fork and so these were classified as <3. Severo was IDDSI level 2. Heyaxon and the two versions of Magic Jelly tested contained lumps, and Swallow Aid had exceptionally high viscosity, hardness, adhesiveness, and gumminess, classifying them as IDDSI Level 7 ("regular textures") and therefore as unsuitable for people with dysphagia according to IDDSI. This study provides valuable information to help with the selection of a safe medication lubricant with appropriate thickness level suited to each individual with dysphagia.
Interpretation of Shotgun Proteomic Data (2005)

The shotgun proteomic strategy based on digesting proteins into peptides and sequencing them using tandem mass spectrometry and automated database searching has become the method of choice for identifying proteins in most large scale studies. However, the peptide-centric nature of shotgun proteomics complicates the analysis and biological interpretation of the data especially in the case of higher eukaryote organisms. The same peptide sequence can be present in multiple different proteins or protein isoforms. Such shared peptides therefore can lead to ambiguities in determining the identities of sample proteins. In this article we illustrate the difficulties of interpreting shotgun proteomic data and discuss the need for common nomenclature and transparent informatic approaches. We also discuss related issues such as the state of protein sequence databases and their role in shotgun proteomic analysis, interpretation of relative peptide quantification data in the presence of multiple protein isoforms, the integration of proteomic and transcriptional data, and the development of a computational infrastructure for the integration of multiple diverse datasets.
RTL-TLM equivalence checking based on simulation (2008)

The always increasing complexity of digital systems is overcome in design flows based on Transaction Level Modeling (TLM) by designing and verifying the system at different abstraction levels above RTL. The bottom-up approach is often adopted in the design flow when already existing RTL IPs are abstracted to be reused into the TLM system. In this context, proving the equivalence between a model and its abstracted version is still an open problem. In fact, traditional equivalence definitions and formal equivalence checking methodologies presented in the literature cannot be applied due to the very different internal characteristics of the models. In this paper, we propose a methodology based on simulation which gives two important contributes. Firstly, it relies on a suite of tools to automate as much as possible the equivalence verification process. Then, a more accurate definition of the equivalence concept is proposed by giving two quality measures of stimuli automatically generated for checking the equivalence between the generated TLM and the RTL golden model.
Unified Configuration Knowledge Representation Using Weight Constraint Rules (2000)

Abstract. In this paper we present an approach to formally defin-ing different conceptualizations of configuration knowledge, mod-eling configuration knowledge, and implementing the configuration task on the basis of the formalization. The approach is based on a weight constraint rule language and its efficient implementation de-signed for representing different aspects of configuration knowledge uniformly and compactly. The use of the language to represent con-figuration knowledge is demonstrated through formalizing a unified configuration ontology. The language allows a compact and simple formalization. The complexity of the configuration task defined by the formalization is shown to be NP-complete. 1
Investigation using an advanced extremity gamma instrumentation system of options for shielding the hand during the preparation and injection of radiopharmaceuticals (2003)

Staff preparing and injecting radiopharmaceuticals in hospitals may receive significant radiation doses to their hands. These doses may be high enough to warrant that they be classified as radiation workers. The influence of local shielding on finger doses has been investigated. Staff preparing radioactive liquids in a radionuclide dispensary and drawing up and injecting radiopharmaceuticals in a nuclear medicine department have been studied. Measurements have been recorded with an electronic extremity dose monitor, an advanced extremity gamma instrumentation system (AEGIS), worn near to the finger tip. The electronic dosimeter allows the pattern of doses received during different procedures to be determined. Doses received for individual manipulations during many routine sessions have been recorded for different staff members. Dose distributions around shielded vials and syringes have also been measured using AEGIS. In the radionuclide dispensary the vials from which radioactive liquids are dispensed are held in tungsten shields, whereas in nuclear medicine simple lead pots are used. Syringe shields are employed for some parts of dispensing and patient injections. Data on dose distributions have been used in interpretation of results from monitoring. Use of syringe shields during dispensing reduced the finger dose by 75-85%. The peaks in dose rate were 60% lower, and periods of exposure to high dose rates were reduced in length by a third because of the restriction in the region of high dose rate. The extremity doses to staff dispensing and injecting radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine were of similar magnitude. Doses received during dispensing varied from 10 to 555 microGy depending upon whether the vial containing the radiopharmaceutical was directly handled or not. Dose received from individual injections varied from 1 to 150 microGy depending on the degree of difficulty experienced during the injection.
Hormone effects on NaCl permeability of rat inner medullary collecting duct (1988)

It has been proposed that regulation of NaCl excretion occurs in part by hormonal effects on NaCl permeability in the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD). We carried out experiments in isolated perfused terminal IMCDs to determine whether atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), vasopressin, or deoxycorticosterone (DOC) affects NaCl permeability. Apparent Cl- or Na+ permeabilities (PCl and PNa) were determined by measuring ion fluxes resulting from imposed electrochemical gradients. Transepithelial resistance (RT) was calculated from voltage deflections at the perfusion and collection ends of the tubule, which resulted from perfusion end current injection (cable analysis). ANF [rat ANF-(1-28), 100 nM in the peritubular bath] significantly decreased PCl from 2.20 to 1.84 x 10(-5) cm/s and did not alter PNa (1.11 to 1.18 x 10(-5) cm/s). ANF also decreased PCl in IMCDs from DOC-treated rats (1.14 to 0.98 x 10(-5) cm/s). Vasopressin (10 nM in the peritubular bath) did not affect PCl. RT averaged 39.3 omega.cm2 in IMCDs from control rats and was significantly increased to 62.3 omega.cm2 in tubules from DOC-treated rats. Neither ANF nor vasopressin significantly affected RT in either group. We conclude the following: 1) the results do not support the hypothesis that ANF causes natriuresis by increasing the NaCl permeability of the terminal IMCD. Instead, ANF significantly decreases the chloride permeability. 2) Vasopressin does not affect NaCl permeability. 3) Mineralocorticoid-induced antinatriuresis may be due in part to reduced NaCl permeability in the terminal IMCD.
Keynotes (2012)

These keynotes discusses the following: Cloud Computing & Applications; Cloud Collaboration Service-Earning From Cloud; UAE Educational Cloud over ANKABUT; Noisy Neighbors, Isolation and QoS in Cloud Infrastructures.
Critical Thickness Effects of NiFeCr–CoFe Seed Layers for Spin Valve Multilayers (2004)

In this article, we present data on the critical dependence of the magnetic, electrical and microstructural properties of spin-valves (SV) on seed-layer thicknesses. The SV structure is: seed-layer/PtMn 140 /spl Aring//CoFe 16 /Ru 8.5 /spl Aring/ /CoFe 21 /spl Aring/ /Cu 20 /spl Aring//CoFe 12 /spl Aring//NiFe 30 /spl Aring//Ta 30 /spl Aring/, where the seed layer is NiFeCr-CoFe or NiFeCr/NiFe. As the thickness of the bilayer seed layer is varied, it is found that a critical thickness boundary exists across which the film properties are radically different. The GMR ratio increased from 7% to 14% (a 100% change), the sheet resistance decreased by about 4 ohms/square and the crystalline texture transitioned from weak to extremely strong (111) texture. The critical thickness boundary is at a combined thickness of 37 /spl Aring/ to 40 /spl Aring/. These results suggest a mechanism at the boundary between NiFeCr and CoFe during film growth. A better lattice match between NiFeCr-CoFe, for example, NiFeCr 33 /spl Aring/ and CoFe 7 /spl Aring/, generates a strong (111) texture, which enhances the MR% as compared to NiFeCr 33 /spl Aring//CoFe 6 /spl Aring/. The H/sub 50/ (the field at 50% MR) also exceeds 2000 Oe. This also indicates enhancement of the PtMn fcc to fct transition based on the specifically combined thicknesses of NiFeCr-CoFe. With the NiFeCr-NiFe seed layer, the critical thickness effect is not observed within these thickness ranges.
Serotonin neurons and sleep. II. Time course of dorsal raphe discharge, PGO waves, and behavioral states. (1987)

This study documents the time course profiles for simultaneous measures of: the electrographic signs of sleep and wakefulness, ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves, and extracellular discharge potentials for single cells in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). These measures were obtained from intact, undrugged cats across 177 sleep cycles. Ninety-one of these sleep cycles were recorded with no prior forced activity. Forced activity previously has been shown to powerfully alter the temporal organization of sleep by shortening the duration of both the sleep cycle and the ultradian rhythm of DRN discharge. The present paper evaluated the hypothesis that DRN discharge time course might regulate the sleep cycle. These experiments documented the phase relationship between the time course of DRN discharge and the electrographic signs of sleep. These phase relationship were examined by determining whether forced locomotor activity could dissociate the time course profile for behavioral states, PGO waves, and DRN discharge. The results revealed that the time course of DRN discharge and PGO waves were always phase-locked to the time course of the ultradian sleep cycle. Furthermore, the results show that changes in DRN discharge consistently precede changes in PGO waves, and behavioral state. Since a cause must precede an effect, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that the DRN may be causally involved in sleep cycle regulation. These temporal data also provide parameter values for the continued evaluation of cellularly based, mathematical models of sleep cycle control.
pH-Induced Simultaneous Synthesis and Self-Assembly of 3D Layered β-FeOOH Nanorods (2009)

Higher-ordered architectures self-assembly of nanomaterials have recently attracted increasing attention. In this work, we report a spontaneous and efficient route to simultaneous synthesis and self-assembly of 3D layered beta-FeOOH nanorods depending on a pH-induced strategy, in which the continuous change of pH is achieved by hydrolysis of FeCl(3).6H(2)O in the presence of urea under hydrothermal conditions. The electron microscopy observations reveal that the square-prismic beta-FeOOH nanorods are self-assembled in a side-by-side fashion to form highly oriented 2D nanorod arrays, and the 2D nanorod arrays are further stacked in a face-to-face fashion to form the final 3D layered architectures. On the basis of time-dependent experiments, a multistage reaction mechanism for the formation of the 3D layered beta-FeOOH nanorods architecture is presented, involving the fast growth and synchronous self-assembly of the nanorods toward 1D, 2D, and 3D spontaneously. The experimental evidence further demonstrates that the urea-decomposition-dependent pH continuously changing in the solution, spontaneously altering the driving force competition between the electrostatic repulsive force and the attractive van der Waals force among the nanorods building blocks, is the essential factor to influence the self-assembly of the beta-FeOOH nanorods from 1D to 3D.
Studies on the Emulsion. I (1962)

It is well known that the homogenizer is a very effective equipment for O/W emulsification. However, when the preliminary emulsion containing a large amount of oil as the internal phase was processed with the Hydropulse homogenizer at high pressure, it happened to decrease the emulsion viscosity and increase the specific resistance. The phenomenon was found to be a phase inversion with partial separation of oil phase and this occurred at a lower processing pressure when the oil phase volume was larger and the preliminary emulsion temperature was higher. Tolerable maximum processing pressure at which phase inversion did not occur was called “critical processing pressure.”The data of this study were subjected to statistical evaluation and indicated that the first- and second-order term of oil phase volume and the first-order term of preliminary emulsion temperature significantly affected “critical processing pressure.” Moreover, the observation equation was introduced by the method of least squares, as follows: P=6.53V2-1100V-17T+47350 where P is the critical processing pressure (psi), V is the oil phase volume (in %), and T is the preliminary emulsion temperature (°C). The possibility that the hydrodynamic cavitation might be a significant factor in phase inversion was discussed.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS - TREATMENT (1995)

Journal Article RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS - TREATMENT Get access Rheumatology, Volume 34, Issue 7, July 1995, Pages 14–21, https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/34.7.14 Published: 01 July 1995
Micro-Holographic Data Storage: Materials and Systems (2010)

Research and development progress on micro-holographic data storage is reviewed. Basic concept of
A Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and an Improved Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (2017)

Rolling bearings are key components of rotary machines. To ensure early effective fault diagnosis for bearings, a new rolling bearing fault diagnosis method based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and an improved kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) is proposed in this paper. A fault signal is decomposed via VMD to obtain the intrinsic mode function (IMF) components, and the approximate entropy (ApEn) of the IMF component containing the main fault information is calculated. An eigenvector is created from the approximate entropy of each component. A bearing diagnosis model is created via a KELM; the KELM parameters are optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to obtain a KELM diagnosis model with optimal parameters. Finally, the effectiveness of the diagnosis method proposed in this paper is verified via a fan bearing fault diagnosis test. Under identical conditions, the result is compared with the results obtained using a back propagation (BP) neural network, a conventional extreme learning machine (ELM), and a support vector machine (SVM). The test result shows that the method proposed in this paper is superior to the other three methods in terms of diagnostic accuracy.
Multiantenna Adaptive Modulation With Beamforming Based on Bandwidth- Constrained Feedback (2005)

Adaptive modulation has the potential to increase system throughput considerably by adapting transmission parameters to the time-varying channel characteristics. Crucial to adaptive systems is the requirement of a feedback channel, that is often capable of carrying only a limited number of bits. Under such a bandwidth-constrained feedback link, we aim to optimize a multiantenna system based on transmit beamforming and adaptive modulation, where the transmit power, the signal constellation, the beamforming direction, and the feedback strategy, are designed jointly. Our proposed nested iterative approach leads to an approximate, yet practical, solution. Simulation results demonstrate considerable improvement in transmission rate, as the number of feedback bits increases.
Interlayer Mediated Epitaxy of Cobalt Silicide on Silicon (100) from Low Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition of Cobalt (2001)

This paper reports the development of a methodology for the growth of epitaxial CoSi2 that uses Co films deposited by low temperature (390°C) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) from cobalt tricarbonyl nitrosyl [Co(CO)3NO] as source precursor. This CVD process exploits the reaction kinetics associated with the adsorption and decomposition of CoCO)3NO on Si surfaces to ensure the in situ, sequential growth of an ultrathin interfacial oxide layer followed by a Co thin film in a single deposition step. It is demonstrated that this interlayer, consisting of a Si–O or a Co-Si-O phase, inhibits silicidation for uncapped CVD Co regardless of annealing times and temperatures. Instead, Co agglomeration is observed, with the degree of agglomeration being proportional to the annealing temperature. The agglomeration is due to a reduction in the overall energy of the system through decrease of the Co/substrate interfacial area. Alternatively, for Ti/TiN capped CVD Co samples, the interfacial layer appears to play a role similar to that observed for similar layers in interlayer mediated epitaxy (IME). This assessment is supported by the observation of epitaxial CoSi2 for capped CVD Co samples after a single-step anneal at 725°C for 30 s. In contrast, Ti/TiN capped PVD Co samples annealed under identical processing conditions exhibited a polycrystalline CoSi2 phase with a strong (200) texture. As such, the methodology presented herein represents a modified IME technique for the growth of high quality, epitaxial CoSi2 films for applications in emerging microelectronics device technologies.
Secondary intraocular lens implantation through tunnel incision on temporal clear cornea after lensectomy and vitrectomy (2007)

Objective To investigate the methods and effect of secondary intraocular lens (IOL)implantation through tunnel incision on the temporal clear cornea after lensectomy and vitrectomy.Methods 29 cases were implanted with secondary foldable IOL through tunnel incision on the temporal clear cornea after 6~12 months of traumatic lensectomy and vitrectomy,and IOL was fixed with polypropylene suture fixation at ciliary sulcus.Post-operative vision,IOL position,intraoperative and post-operative complications were observed for 6~18 months after the operation.Results Three months after surgery,the visual acuity were 0.5 in 16 eyes,0.3~0.5 in 12 eyes and 0.2~0.3 in 1 eye.There was no statistically significant difference between post and pre-operative corrected visual acuity (P0.05).The common complications were hemalopia(1 eye) and the IOL displacement(2 eyes).Conclusion Through tunnel incision on the temporal clear cornea,secondary foldable IOL implantation with polypropylene suture fixation at ciliary sulcus is successful to correct ametropia in aphakic eyes after traumatic lensectomy and vitrectomy.
The prospective relationship between low muscle mass and thyroid hormones among 198 069 euthyroid men and women; comparing different definitions of low muscle mass (2020)

Among euthyroid men, FT4 had inverse dose-response association with new onset of LMM defined with weight (LMM-W) and BMI (LMM-B). Height squared LMM (LMM-H) had no apparent relationship with any thyroid hormones. Euthyroid women had no dose-responsive association between thyroid hormones and incident LMM.