gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of immunoglobulin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review (2009)

Clostridium difficile is the most common infectious cause of nosocomial healthcare-associated diarrhea. The increasing prevalence of C difficile, spread in the community, virulence and frequent relapse has created an urgent need to identify new effective treatments for C. difficile infection. Among these, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used for cases of severe C. difficile infection. We undertook a systematic review to examine the published literature pertaining to the use of immunoglobulin for C. difficile infection. Four retrospective studies and five case reports that addressed the use of IVIG for the treatment of C. difficile infection were identified. One study on the use of oral immunoglobulin was identified. Although overall there appear to be benefits to using IVIG in recurrent severe disease, the small sample sizes and lack of control groups in three of the four studies do not allow recommendations to be made regarding the use of immunoglobulin in C. difficile infection. Further research is urgently needed to clarify the role of immunoglobulin--intravenous or oral--for the treatment of C. difficile infection.
ASL Trigger Recognition in Mixed Activity/Signing Sequences for RF Sensor-Based User Interfaces (2021)

The past decade has seen great advancements in speech recognition for control of interactive devices, personal assistants, and computer interfaces. However, Deaf and hard-ofhearing (HoH) individuals, whose primary mode of communication is sign language, cannot use voice-controlled interfaces. Although there has been significant work in video-based sign language recognition, video is not effective in the dark and has raised privacy concerns in the Deaf community when used in the context of human ambient intelligence. RF sensors have been recently proposed as a new modality that can be effective under the circumstances where video is not. This paper considers the problem of recognizing a trigger sign (wake word) in the context of daily living, where gross motor activities are interwoven with signing sequences. The proposed approach exploits multiple RF data domain representations (time-frequency, range-Doppler, and range-angle) for sequential classification of mixed motion data streams. The recognition accuracy of signs with varying kinematic properties is compared and used to make recommendations on appropriate trigger sign selection for RFsensor based user interfaces. The proposed approach achieves a trigger sign detection rate of 98.9% and a classification accuracy of 92% for 15 ASL words and 3 gross motor activities.
Effect of a chemical inhomogeneity on steady-state detonation velocity (1980)

The detonation behavior of the liquid explosive, nitromethane, sensitized by the liquid organic base, diethylene triamine, has been studied experimentally. The work to be described complements earlier work concerning the effect of physical impurities on steady detonation behavior. By interpretation of detonation-velocity measurements, the following three goals are reached: (1) The evidence that physical inhomogeneities (usually voids) produce the downward concave region of the diameter-effect curves of condensed high explosives is enhanced; (2) the hypothesis that homogeneous materials have linear diameter-effect curves is placed on a firmer basis; and (3) the experimental evidence indicates that the sensitizing material has altered the effective chemical kinetics and consequently, has produced an explosive with a shorter one-dimensional reaction zone. A remarkably small amount of the chemical impurity produces a significant reduction of the nitromethane failure diameter; e.g., addition of one molecule of the amine to 5500 molecules of nitromethane reduces the failure diameter by 43%. A discussion is given which attempts to relate this high sensitivity to a molecular isomer of nitromethane (the ’’aci’’ form) whose presence is favored in basic solutions.
A process for mining science & technology documents databases, illustrated for the case of "knowledge discovery and data mining" (1999)

This paper presents a process of mining research & development abstract databases to profile current status and to project potential developments for target technologies, The process is called "technology opportunities analysis." This article steps through the process using a sample data set of abstracts from the INSPEC database on the topic o "knowledge discovery and data mining." The paper offers a set of specific indicators suitable for mining such databases to understand innovation prospects. In illustrating the uses of such indicators, it offers some insights into the status of knowledge discovery research*.
Maternal serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and fetal growth in a multicenter US study (2013)

We examined the association between maternal serum 25‐ hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and measures of newborn size. Data came from a randomized controlled trial of aspirin for the prevention of preeclampsia in women at high risk for the disorder in 13 US medical centers. A total of 574 women delivered singleton, live births at term and had a serum sample drawn at ≤26 weeks gestation. Serum 25(OH)D was assayed with LC/MS‐MS. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the association between 25(OH)D and birth weight, length, head circumference, and risk of small‐for‐gestational‐age after adjustment for maternal prepregnancy BMI, race/ethnicity, age, gestational age at blood draw, and treatment allocation. Median birth weight was lower for women with 25(OH)D &lt;30 nmol/L vs. ≥50 nmol/L (3200 g vs. 3395 g, p=0.004). After adjustment for confounders, 25(OH)D &lt;30 nmol/L vs. ≥50 nmol/L was associated with a 168 g decrease in birth weight (95% CI: −301, −34). Furthermore, 25(OH)D 30–49 nmol/L vs. ≥50 nmol/L was associated with a 0.63 cm decrease in length (95% CI: −1.16, – 0.11). No association was observed for head circumference or risk of small‐for‐gestational‐age. Our results suggest that maternal vitamin D status may influence physiologic fetal growth in full term infants of high risk mothers. Supported by the National Institutes of Health grant HD056999 (PI: Dr. Bodnar).
Narrow-Band KrF Excimer Laser -- Tunable And Wavelength Stabilized (1988)

A tunable and wavelength stabilized KrF excimer laser has been developed. Two Fabry-Perot etalons of 2.4 THz and 170 GHz FSR are placed inside of the laser cavity to reduce the lasing bandwidth to 0.003 nm (3 pm). The wavelength was found to be tunable over a range from 248.1 nm to 248.6 nm. Within this tuning range, a stable wavelength setting to ±0.5 pm was achieved with a feedback system composed of a wavelength detector and a controlling mechanism. This wavelength-stabilized tunable KrF excimer laser will find its applications in optical microlithography, plasma diagnostics and photochemical reactions.
A Micro Nuclear Battery Based on SiC Schottky Barrier Diode (2011)

Based on the betavoltaic and alphavoltaic effects, a 4H-SiC micronuclear battery was demonstrated. A Schottky barrier diode, in place of the previously used p-n junction diode, was utilized for carrier separation. A theoretical model was derived to predict the output electrical power. Using beta radioisotope <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">63</sup> Ni and alpha radioisotope <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">241</sup> Am as the radiation sources, the micro nuclear battery was tested and proved to be effective to transfer decay energy into electrical power. The experimental results show that the theoretical model can basically predict the performance of the micronuclear battery. Although the energy conversion efficiencies under illumination of <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">63</sup> Ni and <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">241</sup> Am are only 0.5% and 0.1% at current status, an improvement by an order of magnitude can be expected if the doping concentration of the epilayer can be decreased to the optimal value.
A robust real-time surface reconstruction method on point clouds captured from a 3D surface photogrammetry system (2016)

The authors have developed a fast and robust surface reconstruction method on point clouds captured from a 3D surface photogrammetry system, with demonstrated sub-millimeter reconstruction accuracy and subsecond reconstruction time. It is suitable for real-time motion tracking in radiotherapy, with clear surface structures for better quantifications.
Overcoming rituximab drug-resistance by the genetically engineered anti-CD20-hIFN-α fusion protein: Direct cytotoxicity and synergy with chemotherapy (2015)

Treatment of patients with B-NHL with rituximab and CHOP has resulted in significant clinical responses. However, a subset of patients develops resistance to further treatments. The mechanism of unresponsiveness in vivo is not known. We have reported the development of rituximab-resistant clones derived from B-NHL cell lines as models to investigate the mechanism of resistance. The resistant clones exhibit hyper-activated survival/anti-apoptotic pathways and no longer respond to a combination of rituximab and drugs. Recent studies reported the therapeutic efficacy in mice bearing B-cell lymphoma xenografts following treatment with the anti-CD20-hIFNα fusion protein. We hypothesized that the fusion protein may bypass rituximab resistance and inhibit survival signaling pathways. Treatment of the rituximab-resistant clones with anti-CD20-hIFNα, but not with rituximab, IFNα, or rituximab+IFNα resulted in significant inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell death. Treatment with anti-CD20-hIFNα sensitized the cells to apoptosis by CDDP, doxorubicin and Treanda. Treatment with anti-CD20-hIFNα inhibited the NF-κB and p38 MAPK activities and induced the activation of PKC-δ and Stat-1. These effects were corroborated by the use of the inhibitors SB203580 (p38 MAPK) and Rottlerin (PKC-δ). Treatment with SB203580 enhanced the sensitization of the resistant clone by anti-CD20-hIFNα to CDDP apoptosis. In contrast, treatment with Rotterin inhibited significantly the sensitization induced by anti-CD20-hIFNα. Overall, the findings demonstrate that treatment with anti-CD20-hIFNα reverses resistance of B-NHL. These findings suggest the potential application of anti-CD20-hIFNα in combination with drugs in patients unresponsive to rituximab-containing regimens.
Understanding the “Commoneome” Operative in Plants in Response to Various Abiotic Stresses (2012)

Environmental conditions do play a major role in the overall development and productivity of various crop species, but the exact relationship between the two has not been clearly defined. One of the major limiting factors in today's agriculture is salinity, which has not only led to loss of crop productivity but has also surmounted the economical loss. Various transgenic approaches have been undertaken to identify and establish the association between the stress tolerance of various crop plants and their environment. But limited success has been achieved because of the complex interplay of various genes and gene families in stress tolerance mechanism. Latest technological advancements such as genome sequencing and high-throughput expression profiling experiments have produced large amount of data, which can assist in elucidating stress responsive network of various genes and gene families related to stress tolerance. A newly established area commonly known as comparative genomics has laid the foundation for comparing various contrasting cultivars, in order to understand the mechanism of differential tolerance and susceptibility. A “commoneome” between various plant species can fill the gaps that have till now inhibited the knowledge of complex interplay of various genes. Earlier, commoneome between Arabidopsis, rice, and common ice plant has been analyzed, but in order to have a broader perspective, commoneome has been worked out from the barrier of monocot/dicot divide. Thus, this chapter would not only benefit the identification of newer gene families in plant species but also assist in hypothesizing various transgenic varieties with better stress tolerance.
Biodegradation of 2, 4 Dichlorophenol (2017)

The present study focuses on the optimization of process parameters of the aerobic biodegradation of 2, 4 Dichlorophenol (2, 4 DCP) by a commercial strain of P. putida immobilized in PVA gel matrix, using design of experiments by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The degradation rates obtained from these experiments were used to evaluate the effects of the main factors and their interactions during the biodegradation of 2, 4 DCP. An effective quadratic regression model predicting the rate in terms of the main independent variables, namely temperature, initial pH and initial concentration of 2, 4 DCP, was developed. The optimum conditions for DCP degradation were obtained as follows: Temperature 32.6C, pH 5.0 and initial DCP concentration 70.5 mg L -1 , resulting in a maximum predicted degradation rate of 41.8 mg L -1 h -1 . Under these optimized conditions, a degradation rate of 40.1 mg L -1 h -1 was experimentally obtained, thus validating the model.
Medical and Performance Problems of Acute High Altitude-Exposure, (1981)

Of the numerous medical problems associated with acute exposure to high terrestrial elevations, the Army's research efforts have focused principally, though not exclusively, on the most common of the disorders, acute mountain sickness (AMS) or soroche. This self-limiting syndrome of unacclimatized individuals is characterized by headache, lassitude, insomnia, gastrointestinal symptoms and general malaise which usually become manifest within 4 to 8 hours after arrival, peak between 24 and 48 hours and gradually remit over 4 to 8 days. Experience at our Pikes Peak Laboratory (4,300 meters) indicates that approximately 60 percent of the soldiers so exposed experience symptoms severe enough to functionally incapacitate them as efficient combat troops. At altitudes higher than 4,300 meters one can expect a disproportionate increase in both the severity of symptoms and the number of individuals in whom they will occur. Research efforts at our laboratory to prevent this illness have met with some success; we are now able to reduce symptom intensity at 4,300 meters by 85% through a combination of residence for 4 days at 1,600 meters plus the administration of 500 mg of acetazolamide b.i.d. for the last 2 days at 1,600 meters and the first 2 days at 4,300 meters.
Editor’s Highlight: Role of Spleen-Derived Macrophages in Ozone-Induced Lung Inflammation and Injury (2016)

Macrophages and inflammatory mediators have been implicated in ozone toxicity. In these studies, we used splenectomized (SPX) mice to assess the contribution of splenic monocytes to pulmonary inflammation and injury induced by ozone. Cells and tissue were collected 24-72 h after exposure of mice to air or ozone (0.8 ppm, 3 h). Following ozone exposure, increased numbers of pro-inflammatory CD11b <sup>+</sup> Ly6C<sup>Hi</sup> and anti-inflammatory CD11b <sup>+</sup> Ly6C<sup>Lo</sup> monocytes were observed in spleens of control (CTL) mice. CD11b <sup>+</sup> Ly6C<sup>Hi</sup> and MMP-9<sup>+ </sup>pro-inflammatory macrophages were also observed in lungs of CTL mice after ozone, along with CD11b <sup>+</sup> Ly6C<sup>Lo</sup> and mannose receptor (MR)<sup>+</sup> anti-inflammatory macrophages. This was accompanied by increased lung expression of proteins involved in monocyte/macrophage trafficking including CCL3, CCL4, CCR1, and AT1R. Splenectomy resulted in decreases in pro-inflammatory macrophages in the lung and down regulation of CCR2, CCL2, and CCL4, but increases in CD11b <sup>+</sup> Ly6C<sup>Lo</sup> anti-inflammatory macrophages. CD11b<sup>+</sup>Ly6G<sup>+</sup>Ly6C<sup>+</sup> granulocytic (G)- and monocytic (M)-myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC)s were also detected in the lungs and spleens of CTL mice; these increased after ozone exposure. Splenectomy was associated with a decrease in G-MDSCs in the lung, with no effect on M-MDSCs. Changes in lung macrophage subpopulations and MDSCs in SPX mice were correlated with reduced ozone toxicity, as measured by decreases in bronchoalveolar lavage protein content and reduced 4-hydroxynonenal expression in the lung. These data suggest that the spleen is a source of pro-inflammatory/cytotoxic macrophages that contribute to ozone-induced lung injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
Early gene expression events in the laminar abscission zone of abscission-promoted citrus leaves after a cycle of water stress/rehydration: involvement of CitbHLH1 (2012)

Leaf abscission is a common response of plants to drought stress. Some species, such as citrus, have evolved a specific behaviour in this respect, keeping their leaves attached to the plant body during water stress until this is released by irrigation or rain. This study successfully reproduced this phenomenon under controlled conditions (24h of water stress followed by 24h of rehydration) and used it to construct a suppression subtractive hybridization cDNA library enriched in genes involved in the early stages of rehydration-promoted leaf abscission after water stress. Sequencing of the library yielded 314 unigenes, which were spotted onto nylon membranes. Membrane hybridization with petiole (Pet)- and laminar abscission zone (LAZ)-enriched RNA samples corresponding to early steps in leaf abscission revealed an almost exclusive preferential gene expression programme in the LAZ. The data identified major processes such as protein metabolism, cell-wall modification, signalling, control of transcription and vesicle production, and transport as the main biological processes activated in LAZs during the early steps of rehydration-promoted leaf abscission after water stress. Based on these findings, a model for the early steps of citrus leaf abscission is proposed. In addition, it is suggested that CitbHLH1, the putative citrus orthologue of Arabidopsis BIGPETAL, may play major roles in the control of abscission-related events in citrus abscission zones.
Comparative activities of clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam against clinically important beta-lactamases (1994)

Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam are inhibitors of a variety of plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. However, inhibition data for these three inhibitors with a wide range of different plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases have not yet been compared under the same experimental conditions. A number of groups have inferred that clavulanic acid inhibits extended-spectrum TEM and SHV beta-lactamases, but inhibition data have rarely been published. In this study, the 50% inhibitory concentrations of these three beta-lactamase inhibitors for 35 plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases have been determined. Of these 35 beta-lactamases, 20 were extended-spectrum TEM- or SHV-derived beta-lactamases. The other 15 enzymes were conventional-spectrum beta-lactamases such as TEM-1 and SHV-1. Clavulanic acid was a more potent inhibitor than sulbactam for 32 of the 35 plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases tested. In particular, clavulanic acid was 60 and 580 times more potent than sulbactam against TEM-1 and SHV-1, respectively, currently the two most clinically prevalent gram-negative plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. Statistical analysis of the data of the 50% inhibitory concentrations showed that clavulanic acid was 20 times more active overall than sulbactam against the conventional-spectrum enzymes. In addition, clavulanic acid was 14 times more potent than sulbactam at inhibiting the extended-spectrum enzymes. Tazobactam also showed significantly greater activity than sulbactam against the two groups of beta-lactamases. There were no significant differences between the overall activities of tazobactam and clavulanic acid against the extended-spectrum TEM and SHV enzymes and conventional-spectrum enzymes, although differences in their inhibition profiles were observed.
Self-Healing of Microcracks in Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) Under a Natural Environment (2013)

This paper builds on previous self-healing engineered cementitious composites (ECC) research by allowing ECC to heal outdoors, in the natural environment, under random and sometimes extreme environmental conditions. Development of an ECC material that can heal itself in the natural environment could lower infrastructure maintenance costs and allow for more sustainable development in the future by increasing service life and decreasing the amount of resources and energy needed for repairs. Determining to what extent current ECC materials self-heal in the natural environment is the first step in the development of an ECC that can completely heal itself when exposed to everyday environmental conditions. This study monitored outdoor ECC specimens for one year using resonant frequency (RF) and mechanical reloading to determine the rate and extent of self-healing in the natural environment. It was found that the level of RF, stiffness, and first cracking strength recovery increased as the duration of natural environment exposure increased. For specimens that underwent multiple damage cycles, it was found that the level of recovery was highly dependent on the average temperature and amount of precipitation between each damage event. However, RF, stiffness, and first cracking strength recovery data for specimens that underwent multiple loading cycles suggest that self-healing functionality can be maintained under multiple damage events.
Sampled Data Control (1996)

The introduction to discrete-time control given in Chapter 8 followed the traditional pattern of focusing entirely on the sampled output response. Clearly this would be quite adequate if one could be certain that the response between samples would not deviate too dramatically from the response as seen at the sample points. However, there is no a-priori reason to presume that this will be true. Indeed, we shall see later in this chapter that it is quite possible for the intersample-response to be markedly different from the sampled response.
Expression of Estrogen Receptor a and Estrogen Receptor β in Fine Needle Aspirates of Breast Carcinoma (2010)

Demonstration of ERbeta on FNA smears is feasible. It helps identify the specific subcohort of ERbeta-positive tumors in ERalpha-negative breast cancers; that may have therapeutic importance.
Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells upregulate ACE2 expression in response to iron-regulatory elements: potential implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection of vascular endothelial cells (2021)

Abstract Emerging studies from the ongoing covid-19 pandemic have implicated vascular dysfunction and endotheliitis in many patients presenting with severe disease. However, there is limited evidence for the expression of ACE2 (the principal co-receptor for Sars-Cov-2 cellular attachment) in vascular endothelial cells which has prompted the suggestion that the virus does not infect these cell types. However, the studies presented here demonstrate enhanced expression of ACE2 at the level of both mRNA and protein, in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) challenged with either IL-6 or hepcidin. Notably elevated levels both these iron-regulatory elements have been described in Covid-19 patients with severe disease and are further associated with morbidity and mortality. Additionally, levels of both IL-6 and hepcidin are often elevated in the elderly and in chronic disease settings, these populations being at greater risk of adverse outcomes from Sars-Cov-2 infection. A role for IL-6 and hepcidin as modulators of ACE2 expression seems plausible, additional, studies are required to determine if viral infection can be demonstrated in PAECs challenged with either of these iron-regulatory elements.