gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stationary Distribution of a Generalized LRU-MRU Content Cache (2017)

Many different caching mechanisms have been previously proposed, exploring different insertion and eviction policies and their performance individually and as part of caching networks. We obtain a novel closed-form stationary invariant distribution for a generalization of LRU and MRU caching nodes under a reference Markov model. Numerical comparisons are made with an "Incremental Rank Progress" (IRP a.k.a. CLIMB) and random eviction (a.k.a. random replacement) methods under a steady-state Zipf popularity distribution. The range of cache hit probabilities is smaller under MRU and larger under IRP compared to LRU. We conclude with the invariant distribution for a special case of a random-eviction caching tree-network and associated discussion.
Don’t You Know That You’re Toxic: Normalization of Toxicity in Online Gaming (2021)

Video game toxicity, endemic to online play, represents a pervasive and complex problem. Antisocial behaviours in online play directly harm player wellbeing, enjoyment, and retention—but research has also revealed that some players normalize toxicity as an inextricable and acceptable element of the competitive video game experience. In this work, we explore perceptions of toxicity and how they are predicted by player traits, demonstrating that participants reporting a higher tendency towards Conduct Reconstrual, Distorting Consequences, Dehumanization, and Toxic Online Disinhibition perceive online game interactions as less toxic. Through a thematic analysis on willingness to report, we also demonstrate that players abstain from reporting toxic content because they view it as acceptable, typical of games, as banter, or as not their concern. We propose that these traits and themes represent contributing factors to the cyclical normalization of toxicity. These findings further highlight the multifaceted nature of toxicity in online video games.
ChemInform Abstract: New Reactions of Quaternary Ammonium Salts Derived from Vinamidinium Salt Reduction Products and a Reassignment of Structure. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
<title>Matrix algebra approach to Gabor-type image representation</title> (1993)

Properties of basis functions which constitute a finite scheme of discrete Gabor representation are investigated. The approach is based on the concept of frames and utilizes the Piecewise Finite Zak Transform (PFZT). The frame operator associated with the Gabor-type frame is examined by representing it as a matrix-values function in the PFZT domain. The frame property of the Gabor representation functions are examined in relation to the properties of the matrix-valued function. The frame bounds are calculated by means of the eignevalues of the matrix-valued function, and the dual frame, which is used in calculation of the expansion coefficients, is expressed by means of the inverse matrix. DFT-based algorithms for computation of the expansion coefficients, and for the reconstruction of signals from these coefficients are generalized for the case of oversampling of the Gabor space. It is illustrated by an example that a better reconstruction is obtained in from the same number of coefficients in the case of oversampling.
Random Matrix-Improved Kernels For Large Dimensional Spectral Clustering (2018)

Leveraging on recent random matrix advances in the performance analysis of kernel methods for classification and clustering, this article proposes a new family of kernel functions theoretically largely outperforming standard kernels in the context of asymptotically large and numerous datasets. These kernels are designed to discriminate statistical means and covariances across data classes at a theoretically minimal rate (with respect to data size). Applied to spectral clustering, we demonstrate the validity of our theoretical findings both on synthetic and real-world datasets (here, the popular MNIST database as well as EEG recordings on epileptic patients).
CD20 monoclonal antibodies decrease interleukin‐4‐stimulated expression of the low‐affinity receptor for IgE (FcϵRII/CD23) in human B cells by increasing the extent of its cleavage (1995)

CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) B1 is known to inhibit B cell proliferation. We show that B1 reduced both anti-mu + interleukin-4 (IL-4)-induced DNA synthesis and the concomitant expression of CD23 at the surface of human tonsillar B cells. B1 mAb had no effect on CD23 mRNA levels. The disappearance of CD23 molecule from the surface correlates with an increase of soluble CD23 fragments in the culture medium, indicating that CD20 mAb B1 stimulated the cleavage of the molecule. B1 also inhibits IgE production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in the presence of IL-4. Suppression of IgE synthesis and enhancement of CD23 cleavage are concomitant but appear not to be functionally related.
Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Differences between Strains of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Susceptible or Resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis (1995)

Bacillus thuringiensis is a widely used biopesticide, but its success may be curtailed by evolution of resistance in pests. As a prelude to detailed genetic studies of resistance, we sought genetic markers in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), the first species in which resistance to B. thuringiensis has occurred in open field populations. DNA from susceptible and resistant strains was compared using optimized randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPID) methods. Of 117 primers tested, 75 produced 1 or more bands that were found in 1 strain but not the other. Of the 223 such bands, 105 were found only in the susceptible strain and 118 only in the resistant strain. These results show that the RAPD technique generates a sufficient number of DNA markers to allow a linkage analysis of the genes responsible for the differences in resistance among the 2 strains: assuming a random distribution of markers throughout the genome, screening of the 223 candidate RAPDs identified in this study is likely to produce several markers linked to 1 or more loci that influence susceptibility to B. thuringiensis in diamondback moth.
The repair of soft tissue defect in lower leg and ankle region using retrograde neurocutaneous flaps pedicled distal perforating branch blood vessel (2008)

Objective To explore the flap selection and operation tricks of flap elevation as well as clinical results of various retrograde neurocutaneous flaps pedicled distal perforating branch blood vessel which were used to reconstruct the soft tissue defects in foot and lower leg region.Methods Twenty-five cases were included in this group with an average age of 61,in which the soft tissue defects were resulted from tumor resection,trauma,infection and burn injuries.The dimension of soft tissue defects ranged from 3.0 cm×3.5 cm to 8.5 cm×9.0 cm in foot and lower leg region.The soft-tissue defects in the lower leg,ankle,heel and lateral side of foot were repaired by sural neurocutaneous flaps based on the distal peroneal perforators in 16 cases.The soft-tissue defects in the medial side of foot were covered by saphenous neurocutaneous flaps based on the distal perforators of posterior tibial artery in 6 cases.The soft-tissue defects located in the anterior-medial side were repaired by superficial peroneal neurocutaneous flaps based on the distal perforators of anterior tibial artery in 3 cases.Results All flaps survived,however,a distal venous congestion occurred in 2 cases and the wound healing was achieved after dressing change.In addition,a wound dehiscence happened after early weight-bearing walk and subsequently treated by a secondary suture.The follow-up duration ranged from 8 months to 5 years.All patients were satisfied with the flap appearance.There was a protective sensibility in all flaps without abrasion or ulceration.The walking pattern was as normal as before.Conclusion It is a reliable approach to reconstruct the soft-tissue defect in lower leg and foot region using neurocutaneous flaps based on distal perforators of peroneal artery,anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery,respectively.The advantages include simply procedures,reliable blood supply without sacrificing main arteries.Avoidance of flap tension is the key point for flap survival.
The potential therapeutic value of nociceptin receptor agonists and antagonists (2000)

Nociceptin (noc), a neuropeptide also known as orphanin FQ, is the endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ORL1 (Opioid Receptor-Like1). Noc (FGGFTGARKSARKLANQ) bears a structural resemblance to opioid peptides, notably dynorphin A, and is synthesised as a larger precursor polypeptide, prepro-nociceptin (pp-noc), which is widely distributed in the nervous system. Noc is primarily an inhibitory neuropeptide that acts on neurones to depress synaptic transmission, either presynaptically by inhibiting transmitter release or postsynaptically by decreasing neuronal excitability. The peptide has been variously shown to modulate nociception, locomotion, stress and anxiety, food intake, neuroendocrine secretion, learning and memory, and smooth musculature tone in the cardiovascular system and respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. Unlike opioids, the peptide appears to be free of abuse potential, and may indeed possess anti-opioid/anti-addictive properties. The broad spectrum of pharmacological effects of noc suggests multiple therapeutic applications for ORL1 receptor agonists and antagonists.
Divacancies in carbon nanotubes and their influence on electron scattering (2014)

First-principles calculations are applied to study the formation energies of various divacancy defects in armchair and zigzag carbon nanotubes of varying diameter, and the transport properties for the corresponding structures. Our explicit ab initio calculations confirm that the lateral 585 divacancy is the most stable defect in small diameter tubes, with the 555 777 divacancy becoming more stable in armchair tubes larger than (30, 30). Evaluating the electron transmission as a function of diameter and chirality for a range of defects, the strongest scattering is found for the 555 777 divacancy configuration, which is observable in electrical spectroscopy experiments. Finally, validation of an approximation relating contributions from independent scattering sites enables the study of the characteristic localization length in large diameter tubes. Despite the fixed number of channels, localization lengths increase with increasing diameter and can exceed 100 nm for typical defect densities.
Microcrystalline Silicon Germanium Thin Films Prepared by Reactive Sputtering (2008)

Microcrystalline silicon-germanium (μc-SiGe) films were fabricated on glass substrates by the RF reactive magnetron sputtering method using Ar and H2 mixtures. We could reduce the crystallization temperature to 100°C and obtained the photosensitivity in the μc-SiGe films with any Ge content from 0 to 100%. These results indicate that the H2 introduction into the sputtering gases has two important effects to decrease the crystallization temperature of the μc-SiGe films and to improve the film properties by the hydrogen termination of defects.
Role of the stereochemistry of 3′‐fluoro‐3′‐deoxy analogues of 2‐5A in binding to and activation of mouse RNase L (1995)

Abstract The synthesis of two sets of analogues of 2‐5A trimer containing 9‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐deoxy‐β‐D‐xylo‐furanosyl)adenine (A F ) or 3′‐fluoro‐3′‐deoxyadenosine (A F ) at different positions of the chain is described, along with the preparation of the corresponding 5′‐monophosphates and 5′‐diphosphorylated (core) trimers. The ability of each ribo and xylo isomeric pair of fluorodeoxy analogues of 2‐5A ( i ) to compete with p 3 (A2′p) 3 A3′[ 32 P]pC3′p for binding to RNase L in L 929 cell extracts, and ( ii ) to activate the partially purified RNase L from L 929 cell extracts to hydrolyze poly(U)[ 3 H], was compared to that of the related 3′‐deoxy analogue [ Torrence et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263 , 1131 (1988)] and the parent trimer, p 3 A 3 , using radiobinding and RNase L‐(2′,5′)pentaadenylate(core)‐agarose assays, respectively. Evidence is presented to show that the stereochemistry of the trimers plays an important role, specifically in the second process. The most striking observation is that, compared to 2‐5A, p 3 A(A F )A was found to be nine times more effective an activator of RNase L, whereas isomeric p 3 A(A F )A is 30 times less effective.
Diffraction by Diffusely Scattering Materials of High Transparency (1995)

Even with well aligned modern diffractometers, the wide-range diffraction patterns of diffusely scattering materials are distorted owing to factors associated with finite specimen length, strong Compton scattering, high X-ray transparency causing asymmetric broadening and displacement of interference maxima towards smaller angles, and possibly small-angle scattering. The small-angle scattering can extend far enough to overlap the first interference maximum and the peak displacement can lead to significant d-spacing errors. Simple methods of correcting for these distortions are presented. These corrections are especially important in situations where overlapping peaks are present.
High‐throughput serum proteomics for the identification of protein biomarkers of mortality in older men (2018)

The biological perturbations associated with incident mortality are not well elucidated, and there are limited biomarkers for the prediction of mortality. We used a novel high-throughput proteomics approach to identify serum peptides and proteins associated with 5-year mortality in community-dwelling men age ≥65 years who participated in a longitudinal observational study of musculoskeletal aging (Osteoporotic Fractures in Men: MrOS). In a discovery phase, serum specimens collected at baseline in 2473 men were analyzed using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry, and incident mortality in the subsequent 5 years was ascertained by tri-annual questionnaire. Rigorous statistical methods were utilized to identify 56 peptides (31 proteins) that were associated with 5-year mortality. In an independent replication phase, selected reaction monitoring was used to examine 21 of those peptides in baseline serum from 750 additional men; 81% of those peptides remained significantly associated with mortality. Mortality-associated proteins included a variety involved in inflammation or complement activation; several have been previously linked to mortality (e.g., C-reactive protein, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin) and others are not previously known to be associated with mortality. Other novel proteins of interest included pregnancy-associated plasma protein, VE-cadherin, leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1, vinculin, vitronectin, mast/stem cell growth factor receptor, and Saa4. A panel of peptides improved the predictive value of a commonly used clinical predictor of mortality. Overall, these results suggest that complex inflammatory pathways, and proteins in other pathways, are linked to 5-year mortality risk. This work may serve to identify novel biomarkers for near-term mortality.
Reconfigurable Wilkinson power divider with unity to 8dB output power differences using one varactor diode (2018)

A novel reconfigurable equal to unequal Wilkinson power divider is presented. The proposed power divider adopts coupled microstrip line technique to implement a high impedance section to have unequal output power ratio. A varactor diode is placed between the coupled lines to achieve reconfigurability by changing the reverse biasing voltage on the varactor diode. This enables equal to 8 dB power division ratios between the output ports. A wide range of biasing voltage is used to achieve the smooth power division ratio. A prototype hardware is designed, fabricated and measured to validate the proposed approach. In the equal power division ratio scenario, the measured performance shows a bandwidth of 600 MHz at 5.4 GHz centre frequency. A higher bandwidth of 750 MHz is obtained in the case of unequal power division ratios.
A Note from the Editors (2021)

As we are all well aware, the past year has had its ups and downs, both in academia and in a broader context.But despite the challenges that this year presented to the researchers and innovators in the cryptocurrency community-as well as to the editorial team here at Ledger, and to the ever-helpful staff at our publisher, the University Library System at the University of Pittsburgh-we are proud to have been able to bring another 150 pages of quality, peer-reviewed scholarship to the public.We began the year with a paper by Sungil Kim on the potential for a more stable way to collateralize cryptocurrency-backed loans, before moving on to the first of three papers on the topic of price fluctuations and trading.The work by Guglielmo Maria Caporale, Alex Plastun, and Viktor Oliinyk, and then later in the year by Giacomo De Nicola, both highlighted potential areas for prediction and exploitation of cryptocurrency markets through the application of fine-tuned analysis and modelling, and the paper by Nirvik Sinha and Yuan Yang (among other things) reaffirmed the importance of diversification for the reduction of trading risk.We also had papers extending beyond finance: one contribution, by Kees Leune, explored the potential application of blockchain technology to the world of electronic voting; another, by Konstantinos Stylianou, Leonhard Spiegelberg, Maurice Herlihy, and Nic Carter, demonstrated the limited extent to which network effects are shaping the cryptocurrency markets; and our final paper for the year, by Meng Kang and Victoria L. Lemieux, explored the way blockchain technology can be used to secure medical records and to empower patients to determine who has access to them and under what circumstances.Once again, we find ourselves deeply grateful that our authors have chosen Ledger as a home for their work.We would like to take a moment to thank those authors, our volunteer editors, and our distinguished editorial board.Furthermore, our open-access journal would not be possible without the generous support of our publisher, the University Library System of the University of Pittsburgh, and our sponsors, the Bitcoin Unlimited Community Organization and the Institute for Cyber Law, Policy, and Security at the University of Pittsburgh.We would also like to thank Celio Rübef for the use of his work Java (2020) for the cover of this year's volume.And, as every year, we are grateful for you, our readers, who give us a reason to bring this fascinating scholarship to the world.
Emulation of Neuron and Synaptic Functions in Spin-Orbit Torque Domain Wall Devices (2022)

Neuromorphic computing (NC) architecture has shown its suitability for energy-efficient computation. Amongst several systems, spin-orbit torque (SOT) based domain wall (DW) devices are one of the most energy-efficient contenders for NC. To realize spin-based NC architecture, the computing elements such as synthetic neurons and synapses need to be developed. However, there are very few experimental investigations on DW neurons and synapses. The present study demonstrates the energy-efficient operations of neurons and synapses by using novel reading and writing strategies. We have used a W/CoFeB-based energy-efficient SOT mechanism to drive the DWs at low current densities. We have used the concept of meander devices for achieving synaptic functions. By doing this, we have achieved 9 different resistive states in experiments. We have experimentally demonstrated the functional spike and step neurons. Additionally, we have engineered the anomalous Hall bars by incorporating several pairs, in comparison to conventional Hall crosses, to increase the sensitivity as well as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We performed micromagnetic simulations and transport measurements to demonstrate the above-mentioned functionalities.
Protein Adducts of Iso[4]levuglandin E2, a Product of the Isoprostane Pathway, in Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (1999)

Levuglandin (LG) E2, a cytotoxic seco prostanoic acid co-generated with prostaglandins by nonenzymatic rearrangements of the cyclooxygenase-derived endoperoxide, prostaglandin H2, avidly binds to proteins. That LGE2-protein adducts can also be generated nonenzymatically is demonstrated by their production during free radical-induced oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL). Like oxidized LDL, LGE2-LDL, but not native LDL, undergoes receptor-mediated uptake and impaired processing by macrophage cells. Since radical-induced lipid oxidation produces isomers of prostaglandins, isoprostanes (isoPs), via endoperoxide intermediates, we postulated previously that a similar family of LG isomers, isoLGs, is cogenerated with isoPs. Now iso[4]LGE2-protein epitopes produced by radical-induced oxidation of arachidonic acid in the presence of protein were detected with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Iso[4]LGE2-protein epitopes are also generated during free radical-induced oxidation of LDL. All of the LGE2 isomers generated upon oxidation of LDL are efficiently sequestered by covalent adduction with LDL-based amino groups. The potent electrophilic reactivity of iso-LGs can be anticipated to have biological consequences beyond their obvious potential as markers for specific arachidonate-derived protein modifications that may be of value for the quantitative assessment of oxidative injury.
Design and Analysis of Ultra-High-Speed Near-Ballistic Uni-Traveling-Carrier Photodiodes Under a 50-$\Omega$ Load for High-Power Performance (2011)

We demonstrate a near-ballistic uni-traveling-carrier photodiode (NBUTC-PD) with a scaled-down epi-layer structure designed for high-power performance in the sub-THz frequency regime. Compared with UTC-PDs, NBUTC-PDs offer a higher optimum bias voltage for the near-ballistic transport of electrons, which leads to improvement in the output power performance. Furthermore, a small load resistance ( <; 50 Ω), which would sacrifice the output power for minimizing the output ac voltage swing on dc bias point, is not necessary. By scaling down the collector layer thickness and active area of the NBUTC-PDs, we achieve a large optical-to-electrical bandwidth (250 GHz) and a high saturation current (17 mA), which is close to the theoretical maximum, under a 50-Ω load and -2-V bias.
Preparation and characterization of a nanoscale poly(vinyl alcohol) fiber aggregate produced by an electrospinning method (2002)

Abstract Nanoscale poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fiber (100–500 nm) aggregates were prepared with an electrospinning technique. Additionally, a chemical crosslinking method was used to crosslink the nanoscale PVA fiber aggregates. Differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques were employed to characterize the PVA fiber aggregates. The different crosslinking densities of the PVA fiber aggregates were obtained through the control of the weight percentage of glyoxal to PVA. The crosslinking densities due to heat treatment and chemical crosslinking were studied. The influence of heat treatment could be neglected in contrast to chemical crosslinking when the curing temperature was 120 °C. The primary factor that affected the crosslinking density was the volume of the chemical crosslinking agent. The results showed that the properly crosslinked PVA fiber aggregates had better antiwater solubility and mechanical properties than the noncrosslinked PVA fiber aggregates. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1261–1268, 2002
ChemInform Abstract: ENAMIN‐CHEMIE 13. MITT. RK. ALPHA,BETA‐UNGESAETTIGTER SAEURECHLORIDE MIT PRIMAEREN UND SEKUNDAEREN ENAMINEN, SYNTH. VON 2‐OXO‐TETRAHYDRO‐PYRIDINEN UND 2‐OXO‐OKTAHYDRO‐CHINOLINEN (1971)

Abstract Die Synthese des Chinolinderivates (III) gelingt aus dem Cyclohexenon (I) und Acryloylchlorid (II) in Benzol in 47%iger Ausbeute.