gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cancer Risks for Male Carriers of Germline Mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2: A Review of the Literature (2004)

Major risks conferred by BRCA1 and BRCA2 in women are for cancers of the breast, ovary, fallopian tube, and peritoneum. Male carriers of mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 are also susceptible to cancer; however, their risks remain poorly understood and their optimal clinical management has not yet been defined. This article reviews studies that estimate risk associated with mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2, with a focus on the cancer sites most relevant to men. Male BRCA1 mutation carriers are at increased risk of cancers of the prostate and breast. Evidence supporting increased susceptibility to colon cancer is limited. In contrast to women, who have a greater lifetime risk of cancer with mutations of the BRCA1 gene, BRCA2 is the more important gene for men. The spectrum of cancers is wide for BRCA2 and some studies report that the overall cancer risk for male BRCA2 carriers exceeds the risk for female carriers. In particular, the relative risk to male BRCA2 mutation carriers is high before age 65 years, largely attributable to breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. BRCA2 mutation carriers are also at risk of stomach cancer and melanoma (of the skin and eye). Additional research into risks to male BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers is necessary, specifically to determine the magnitude of excess cancer risk among BRCA2 carriers and to increase our understanding of the basis for the observed site-specificity in cancer development.
A comprehensive understanding of the forward scattering of radar signals at the rotor of a wind turbine (2015)

Based on an analytical description by Fresnel-Kirchhoff formula the dynamics of forward scattering of Wind turbine (WT) rotor is analyzed. This method is significantly faster than investigations by measurement or 3D numerical field simulation. Therefore, for the first time, a general comprehensive understanding of the signal modulation is presented which is beyond the investigation of a particular scenario.
RUNX1 Dosage in Development and Cancer. (2020)

The transcription factor RUNX1 first came to prominence due to its involvement in the t(8;21) translocation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Since this discovery, RUNX1 has been shown to play important roles not only in leukemia but also in the ontogeny of the normal hematopoietic system. Although it is currently still challenging to fully assess the different parameters regulating RUNX1 dosage, it has become clear that the dose of RUNX1 can greatly affect both leukemia and normal hematopoietic development. It is also becoming evident that varying levels of RUNX1 expression can be used as markers of tumor progression not only in the hematopoietic system, but also in non-hematopoietic cancers. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the effects of RUNX1 dosage in normal development of both hematopoietic and epithelial tissues and their associated cancers.
Antiproliferative gene BTG1 is highly expressed in apoptotic cells in macrophage-rich areas of advanced lesions in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit and human. (1998)

In the present study, the expression and potential role of the highly conserved antiproliferative gene BTG1 in the process of apoptosis as it occurs in atherosclerotic lesions was examined. In situ hybridization and immunodetection studies demonstrated that BTG1 localized to specific macrophage-rich regions of lesions in both Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits and humans. In addition, the spatial distribution of BTG1 mRNA was shown to colocalize not only with macrophage-rich regions but also to cells that exhibited changes consistent with apoptosis, such as DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation. In vitro studies demonstrated that forced overexpression of BTG1 induced a 3-fold increase in apoptosis in NIH/3T3 cells. Furthermore, significantly increased expression of BTG1 mRNA resulted from lipid loading of human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. The process of increasing lipid content in macrophages is frequently associated with decreased macrophage viability. Taken together, these data underscore a potentially important role for BTG1 in regulating the cellularity of advanced atherosclerotic lesions.
Picosecond dynamics of shock compressed and flash-heated nanometer thick films of δ-HMX (2014)

Progress towards probing molecular dynamics of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,4,7-tetrazocine (HMX) subjected to shock compression of a few GPa and/or temperature excursions exceeding thermal decomposition values (T > 500 K) is described. Due to shock velocities of a few nm/ps, nanometer-thick layers are needed for picosecond time resolution. Therefore, 5-10 nm thick films of S-HMX were deposited on metallic substrates with a template of a 4-nitrobenzoic acid monolayer. A polymer layer a few microns thick was spin-coated on top of S-HMX for shock confinement. The monolayer and HMX layer were probed simultaneously utilizing an ultrafast nonlinear coherent vibrational spectroscopy, termed vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG). Shock pressures were estimated via comparisons with the monolayer nitro transition frequency blueshift in hydrostatic pressure measurements. Temperature determinations were made based on the reflectance of the metallic substrate.
Alpha-1,4-transglycosylation Activity of GH57 Glycogen Branching Enzymes Is Higher in the Absence of a Flexible Loop with a Conserved Tyrosine Residue (2023)

Starch-like polymers can be created through the use of enzymatic modification with glycogen branching enzymes (GBEs). GBEs are categorized in the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 13 and 57. Both GH13 and GH57 GBEs exhibit branching and hydrolytic activity. While GH13 GBEs are also capable of α-1,4-transglycosylation, it is yet unknown whether GH57 share this capability. Among the four crystal structures of GH57 GBEs that have been solved, a flexible loop with a conserved tyrosine was identified to play a role in the branching activity. However, it remains unclear whether this flexible loop is also involved in α-1,4-transglycosylation activity. We hypothesize that GH57 GBEs with the flexible loop and tyrosine are also capable of α-1,4-transglycosylation, similar to GH13 GBEs. The aim of the present study was to characterize the activity of GH57 GBEs to investigate a possible α-1,4-transglycosylation activity. Three GH57 GBEs were selected, one from <i>Thermococcus kodakarensis</i> with the flexible loop and two beta-strands; one from <i>Thermotoga maritima</i>, missing the flexible loop and beta-strands; and one from <i>Meiothermus</i> sp., missing the flexible loop but with the two beta-strands. The analysis of chain length distribution over time of modified maltooctadecaose, revealed, for the first time, that all three GH57 GBEs can generate chains longer than the substrate itself, showing that α-1,4-transglycosylation activity is generally present in GH57 GBEs.
Annotation: From Paper Books to the Digital Library (1997)

Readers annotate paper books as a routine part of their engagement with the materials; it is a useful practice, manifested through a wide variety of markings made in service of very different purposes. This paper examines the practice of annotation in a particular situation: the markings students make in university-level textbooks. The study focuses on the form and function of these annotations, and their status within a community of fellow textbook readers. Using this study as a basis, I discuss issues and implications for the design of annotation tools for a digital library setting.
New Effective Stress Law for Predicting Perforation Depth at Downhole Conditions (2008)

Abstract For natural completions, well productivity is proportional to the depth of the perforation tunnels. Perforation depth, in turn, is generally inversely related to the formation effective stress. Accurate productivity modeling, therefore, requires accurate knowledge of the relationship between the downhole stress environment and perforation depth. A comprehensive experimental effort was recently conducted to evaluate the penetration performance of shaped charges into stressed Berea sandstone cores. Rock confining stress (σc) and pore fluid pressure (Pp) were varied from ambient to 10,000 psi, to simulate a range of downhole stress environments. This current work featured a broader and more systematic investigation of the influence of pore pressure than previous studies. Our experiments yielded the expected inverse correlation between penetration depth and effective stress (σeff). However, the data suggest a new definition of effective stress. Historically, the perforating community has defined σeff = σc - Pp, but a new treatment (σeff = σc - aPp; a=0.5) better fits present data. Furthermore, this new effective stress law better fits published historical penetration results. Pore pressure's influence on penetration depth is therefore weaker than previously thought; for a given confining stress, increasing pore pressure does increase penetration, but to a lesser extent than conventional models would indicate. The present work suggests that all shaped charges would be similarly affected. These findings are relevant to penetration modeling, and in turn to well productivity modeling and prediction. Further implications are to laboratory testing, regarding scaling of parameters to accurately simulate field conditions. This work culminates an initial application of combined penetration mechanics and geomechanics analyses to the investigation of shaped charge penetration into geologic materials. Future work will address different rock types, additional poroelastic quantities, and dynamic effects as they contribute to pressure-induced strengthening of reservoir rock.
Effects of Oil and Oil-Surfactant Combinations on Silverleaf Whitefly Nymphs (Homoptera: Aleyroididae) on Collards (1998)

Peggy J. Sieburth, William J. Schroeder, Richard T. Mayer, Effects of Oil and Oil-Surfactant Combinations on Silverleaf Whitefly Nymphs (Homoptera: Aleyroididae) on Collards, The Florida Entomologist, Vol. 81, No. 3 (Sep., 1998), pp. 446-450
Ensemble Force Spectroscopy of a G-Quadruplex Cluster on a Single-Molecule Platform (2022)

Single-molecule methods offer high sensitivities with precisions superior to bulk assays. However, these methods are low in throughput and cannot repetitively interrogate the same cluster of molecular units. In this work, we investigate a tandem array of G-quadruplexes on a single-molecule DNA template with a throughput of at least two orders of magnitude higher than single-molecule force spectroscopy. During mechanical unfolding by optical tweezers, the array of G-quadruplexes experiences identical force, temperature, and ionic conditions, which not only reduce environmental noise but also render unfolding transitions indistinguishable among individual G-quadruplexes. The resultant ensemble behaviors are analyzed by scanning force diagrams, which reveals accurate <i>F</i><sub>1/2</sub> values, where 50% of G-quadruplexes are unfolded. Independent of the number of G-quadruplexes (<i>n</i> > 15) contained in a cluster, <i>F</i><sub>1/2</sub> can effectively evaluate G-quadruplex ligands in a new method called differential scanning forcemetry. When the same G-quadruplex cluster is subject to a series of constant forces in force-jump experiments, unfolding rate constants of G-quadruplexes can be effectively evaluated as a function of force. The high precision demonstrated in all of these measurements reflects the power of repetitive sampling on the same cluster of single-molecule entities under identical conditions. Since biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins can be conveniently incorporated in a tandem array, we anticipate that this ensemble assay on single-molecule entities (EASE) provides a generic means of ensemble force spectroscopy to amalgamate the accuracy of ensemble measurements with the precision of single-molecule methods.
Repeated Electroacupuncture: An Effective Treatment for Hyperglycemia in a Rat Model (2014)

The effect of electroacupuncture (EA) in lowering blood glucose (BG) in eight fasted male obese Zucker diabetic rats aged 21-24 weeks was investigated. Group 1 (n = 4) received no EA and Group 2 (n = 4) received EA at the Zhongwan and Guanyuan acupoints on Day 1, Day 3, Day 6, Day 8, and Day 10. The BG level of the rats was measured at 10 minutes and 20 minutes after their nose had been inserted into the nose cone of an anesthetic apparatus; then, EA was applied for 30 minutes, and BG was measured again. At the end of the study, the animals were injected with sodium pentobarbitone (60 mg/mL, intraperitoneally), and blood and white adipose tissue were collected. On statistical analysis, Group 2 showed a significant decrease in mean BG at 20 minutes (baseline) and 50 minutes on Day 8 and Day 10 compared with Day 1 and Day 3, but such a decrease was not observed in Group 1. For Group 2, the baseline BG and the change in BG over 30 minutes were significantly lower on Day 8 and Day 10 compared with Day 1, Day 3, and Day 6, but not for Group 1. No significant differences were noted between the groups in serum insulin, glucose, insulin-to-glucose ratio, adiponectin, leptin, adiponectin-to-leptin ratio, and white adipose tissue.
Effects of Preoxygenation on Desaturation Time during Hemorrhagic Shock in Pigs (2010)

Findings from this swine hemorrhagic shock model confirm that Fio2 and the level of hemorrhagic shock, but not fluid resuscitation, influence the rate of apneic desaturation. A five-fold increase in time until critical oxygen desaturation occurs can be achieved when preoxygenating with 100% oxygen compared with room air, underscoring the importance of adequate preoxygenation before emergent airway management.
Ibuprofen: An inhibitor of alveolar bone resorption in beagles (1988)

The effect of the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, ibuprofen, on the progression of periodontal disease was studied in 22 beagle dogs over a 13‐month period. Standardized radiographs were used to measure the rate of bone loss. Following a 6‐month pretreatment baseline period. 6 dogs were treated daily with 4 mg/kg ibuprofen, 5 dogs were treated with 4 mg/kg ibuprofen in a sustained release preparation, 5 dogs were treated with 0.4 mg/kg ibuprofen and 6 untreated dogs served as controls. In the untreated control dogs the rate of bone loss in the treatment period did not change significantly from baseline, although the rate was increased. In both the 4.0 mg/kg and sustained release 4.0 mg/kg ibuprofen‐treated dogs the rate of bone loss in the treatment period was significantly less than the pretreatment period rate. In the 0.4 mg/kg ibuprofen‐treated dogs the rate of bone loss, although reduced, was not significantly less than the pretreatment rate. When the rate of bone loss in the control dogs was compared with the rate of bone loss in the ibuprofen‐treated dogs, all three ibuprofen‐treated groups of dogs had significantly less bone loss than the control dogs. The untreated control dogs lost 10 teeth during the treatment period, whereas the 4.0 mg/kg and 0.4 mg/kg ibuprofen‐treated dogs lost 6 teeth and the sustained release 4.0 mg/kg ibuprofen‐treated dogs lost 2 teeth during the treatment period. The data indicate that a propionic acid derivative, the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, ibuprofen, can significantly inhibit alveolar bone loss in beagles. Sustained release ibuprofen. which gave consistently greater blood levels over 24 h, was overall more effective.
Another look at non-uniformity (2013)

We argue that it is unnatural and undesirable to use the non-uniform model of complexity for practice-oriented security reductions in cryptography.
Circularly polarized lights illumination to fabricate helical surface relief in azo-polymer film (2017)

An organic azo-polymer [1], exhibiting surface relief formation arising from light-induced mass transport through cis-trans photo-isomerization, has been investigated for a variety of applications; this includes optical integrated circuits and holographic data storages. In general, the mass transport driving force acts along a gradient of the optical spatial intensity profile, and it is thus difficult to structure a helical surface relief in azo-polymer film. To-date, we and co-workers have reported that an optical vortex with orbital angular momentum can twist an azo-polymer to fabricate a helical surface relief arising from wavefront-sensitive mass transport [2, 3]. The spin angular momentum associated with a helical electric field also forces micro-particles to spin; however, there are no reports concerning helical surface relief formation due to spin angular momentum transfer effects [4].
Poly(propylene)/Carbon Nanofiber Nanocomposites: Ex Situ Solvent‐Assisted Preparation and Analysis of Electrical and Electronic Properties (2011)

Abstract CNF‐reinforced PP nanocomposites were fabricated from CNFs dispersed in a boiling PP/xylene solution. Their thermal properties were characterized by TGA and DSC and shown to exhibit improved thermal stability and higher crystallinity. They were further processed into thin films by compression molding. The electrical conductivity and dielectric property of the PP/CNF nanocomposite thin films were studied. Both electric conductivity and real permittivity increased with increasing fiber loading. Electrical conductivity percolation is observed between 3.0 and 5.0 wt.‐% fiber loading. The rheological behavior of the nanocomposite melts were also investigated. It was found that a small fiber concentration affects the modulus and viscosity of PP melt significantly. magnified image
Corona-Stabilized Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes of SiRNA with Nonimmunogenic, Hydrophilic/Cationic Block Copolymers Prepared by Aqueous RAFT Polymerization (2006)

The complexation of small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) with a series of specifically designed block copolymers consisting of the hydrophilic, nonimmunogenic monomer N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) and the cationic monomer N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide (DMAPMA) has been investigated for potential siRNA stabilization and delivery applications. Specific compositions of poly(HPMA-b-DMAPMA) copolymers were synthesized via aqueous reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and characterized using aqueous size exclusion chromatography with multiangle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS) and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The degree of soluble complex formation between a model siRNA and the polymers was determined by centrifugal membrane filtration experiments and quantitated by scintillation counting of 32P ATP-labeled siRNA to determine complex solubility and to estimate the degree of complexation relative to cationic and neutral block lengths. Dynamic and static light scattering methods were employed to determine the hydrodynamic radii, molecular weights, and second virial coefficients of the complexes and to demonstrate their unimodal size distributions. In vitro enzymatic degradation studies of selected siRNA/block copolymer complexes were conducted to demonstrate the enhanced stability of the siRNA/poly(HPMA-b-DMAPMA) complexes. Furthermore, the siRNA/polymer complexes dissociate slowly under gel electrophoresis conditions. Therefore, the siRNA/polymer complexes demonstrate some highly desirable properties for potential applications in therapeutic siRNA stabilization and delivery.
Revision of the chroma and hue scales of a nonlinear color‐appearance model (1995)

Abstract The following questions were raised to chroma and hue scales of the nonlinear color‐appearance model: 1) significant nonuniformities of the chroma scales for different hues, and 2) deviations of hue scale between the model and the Munsell and the NCS schemes. It was suggested that the problems were caused by the use of the coefficient e s (0) proposed by Hunt. Instead of e s (0), a new coefficient E s (0) was proposed, which corresponds to the chromatic strengths of spectral colors (including colors on the redpurple locus). By using E s (0), the nonlinear color‐appearance model could predict the hue and chroma scales of the Munsell and the NCS schemes quite nicely. the method in the present study is generally applicable for determining hue and chroma perceptions of object colors irrespective of the color‐appearance model used.
A Comparison of Different Types of Blocking Agents (1995)

Abstract Many different materials have been proposed to reduce channeling of fluids through fractures and streaks of very high permeability. These materials include gels, particulates, precipitates, microorganisms, foams and emulsions, In this paper, we compare the placement and permeability reduction properties of these different types of blocking agents. Comparisons were made of their selectivity in entering high-permeability rock in preference to low-permeability rock. We also examined their ability to reduce permeability to a greater extent in high-permeability, water-saturated zones than in low-permeability, oil-saturated zones. Concepts are identified that may lead to blocking agents with placement and/or permeability-reduction properties that are superior to those of gels.
Water-based synthesis of keratin micro- and nanoparticles with tunable mucoadhesive properties for drug delivery (2019)

A water-based synthesis to produce micro and nano particles of keratin, that can be easily loaded with drugs and showed a sustained release, is reported. The particles interaction with mucin could be altered to favor or decrease their mucoadhesion.
Multi-element superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (2009)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.
Photothermal Inhibition of Neural Activity with Near-Infrared-Sensitive Nanotransducers (2014)

A neural stimulation technique that can inhibit neural activity reversibly and directly without genetic modification is valuable for understating complex brain functions and treating brain diseases. Here, we propose a near-infrared (NIR)-activatable nanoplasmonic technique that can inhibit the electrical activity of neurons by utilizing gold nanorods (GNRs) as photothermal transducers on cellular membranes. The GNRs were bound onto the plasma membrane of neurons and irradiated with NIR light to induce GNR-mediated photothermal heating near the membrane. The electrical activity from the cultured neuronal networks pretreated with GNRs was immediately inhibited upon NIR irradiation, and fully restored when NIR light was removed. The degree of inhibition could be precisely modulated by tuning the laser intensity, thereby enabling restoration of firing of a hyperactive neuronal network with epileptiform activity. This nanotechnological approach to inhibit neural activity provides a powerful therapeutic platform to control cellular functions associated with disordered neural circuits.
Treatment of lumbar synovial cysts using minimally invasive surgical techniques (2006)

Synovial cysts can be safely and effectively treated using minimally invasive surgical techniques. Long-term follow up is required to determine whether this approach results in less need for fusion than conventional surgical approaches.
Micro-strain sensing using wrinkled stiff thin films on soft substrates as tunable optical grating (2013)

We report a strain sensing approach that utilizes wrinkled patterns on poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) as an optical grating to measure thermally-induced strain of different materials. The mechanism for the strain sensing and the effect of PDMS grating on strain sensing are discussed. By bonding the PDMS grating onto a copper or silicon substrate, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the substrates can be deduced by measuring the diffraction angle change due to the change in PDMS grating periodicity when thermal strain is introduced. The measured CTEs agree well with the known reference values.
Face Transplant: Extrapolation to Children and Teenagers (2016)

International audience