gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Millimeter wave holographic imaging of concealed weapons (1971)

Experiments are described in which optical images of small metallic objects were reconstructed from millimeter wave phasigrams (phase-only holograms). Since the well-established term HOLOGRAM introduced first by Gabor implies a "total record," namely of amplitude and phase, the term phase-only hologram would be contradictory. The authors propose the term PHASIGRAM for a "phase record" based on the Greek work "phasis" for phase. Sufficient resolution is present in the images obtained to allow the identification of a toy metallic gun, even when covered with a layer of clothing or synthetic leather. The phase distribution of the 70-GHz millimeter wave field scattered by the object was determined by mechanically scanning a harmonic mixer over a 0.75-m diameter circular aperture in a spiral pattern. The resulting electrical phase signal was converted to a light intensity pattern which was recorded on photographic film. A He-Ne laser was used to illuminate a reduced transparency replica of the recorded phasigrams and reconstruct the images.
A Dirac-δ Function Notation for Source/Sink Terms in Groundwater Flow (2005)

The source/sink terms in groundwater flow are singularities that require special treatment in the numerical solution of a mathematical model. Except for the case of a point source, these singularities are not consistently defined in the governing partial differential equation or treated rigorously in the numerical solution of the governing equations. In this paper, we propose a consistent notation for handling the source/sink terms within the governing equation using the familiar Dirac-δ function notation for three-dimensional applications. We also present the domain integrals of these terms, similar to the ones that occur frequently in finite element solution of the mathematical model.
Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (2011)

The osteoporosis prevention should be based on the elimination of specific risk factors such as inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake, smoking and sedentary life. The use of pharmacological agents in subjects with BMD values >-2.5 is usually not justified. Pharmacological intervention: The use of drugs registered for the treatment of osteoporosis are recommended when the benefits overcome the risk. This is the case only when the risk of fracture is rather high. FRAX is recognized as a useful tool for easily estimate the long-term fracture risk. SIOMMMS with these guidelines is committed to validate and further develop this diagnostic tool.
Structural features of microsomal, synaptosomal, mitochondrial, and soluble glycoproteins of brain (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructural features of microsomal, synaptosomal, mitochondrial, and soluble glycoproteins of brainT. Krusius, J. Finne, R. U. Margolis, and R. K. MargolisCite this: Biochemistry 1978, 17, 18, 3849–3854Publication Date (Print):September 5, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 5 September 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00611a026https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00611a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views29Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Selective C3–C4 Cleavage via Glucose Photoreforming under the Effect of Nucleophilic Dimethyl Sulfoxide (2022)

Biomass photorefinery is an ideal concept to help alleviate the current energy crisis and move toward carbon neutrality. Nevertheless, limited by the complex structure and multiple functional groups of biomass and its derivatives, current biomass photorefinery still suffers from inefficient substrate conversion and product selectivity. In this work, we rationally design polymeric carbon nitride (CN) by supramolecular self-assembly coupled with an organic copolymerization process method to convert glucose, a widely used model biomass molecule, into glycerol which is a value-added photorefinery product. This molecularly engineered photocatalyst improves the charge separation efficiency and significantly enhances visible light absorption. Importantly, ∼95% glucose conversion is achieved by the photogenerated reactive species of •O2–, h+, and •OH under mild conditions with selective C3–C4 cleavage via a retro-aldol reaction pathway. The presence of O2 could provide favorable reactive oxygen species during the photoreforming process, and glycerol is the main product with >50% selectivity under the effect of nucleophilic dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which realizes the hydrogenation reaction of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and glyceraldehyde. Our density functional theory (DFT) analysis reveals that DHA is the more favored intermediate compared to glyceraldehyde. This work demonstrates an example of using engineered photocatalysts and reaction systems for selective biomass valorization into biofuels/chemicals via a mild photocatalytic process.
2D van der Waals Inorganic Oxychloride Proton Conductor (2022)

Inorganic solid ion conductors are attractive candidates as electrolytes for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and fuel cells (FCs), which are expected to operate at high voltage and temperature because of their high stability and oxidation resistance. However, in previously developed inorganic ion conductors derived from natural minerals, mobile ions are strongly bonded to anions, resulting in low conductivity. Thus, in this study, we present a two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) inorganic proton (H+) conductor for inserting protons into halogen vdW layers. In the best case, conductivity is ∼10 mS cm–1 at 120 °C, which is 2 orders of magnitude larger than that of inorganic conductors previously developed from natural minerals. The design of ion conductors using 2D-vdW inorganic materials can provide a route for high-performance LIBs and FCs.
GlcNAc-inspired cyclophellitol bound to NagZ (2018)

The development of a potent mechanism-based inactivator of NagZ, an enzyme critical to the production of inducible AmpC β-lactamase in Gram-negative bacteria, is presented. This inactivator significantly reduces MIC values for important β-lactams against a clinically relevant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Assessing goodness‐of‐fit for evaluation of dose‐proportionality (2020)

For the clinical development of a new drug, the determination of dose-proportionality is an essential part of the pharmacokinetic evaluations, which may provide early indications of non-linear pharmacokinetics and may help to identify sub-populations with divergent clearances. Prior to making any conclusions regarding dose-proportionality, the goodness-of-fit of the model must be assessed to evaluate the model performance. We propose the use of simulation-based visual predictive checks to improve the validity of dose-proportionality conclusions for complex designs. We provide an illustrative example and include a table to facilitate review by regulatory authorities.
PathFinder: Designing a Map-less Navigation System for Blind People in Unfamiliar Buildings (2023)

Indoor navigation systems with prebuilt maps have shown great potential in navigating blind people even in unfamiliar buildings. However, blind people cannot always benefit from them in every building, as prebuilt maps are expensive to build. This paper explores a map-less navigation system for blind people to reach destinations in unfamiliar buildings, which is implemented on a robot. We first conducted a participatory design with five blind people, which revealed that intersections and signs are the most relevant information in unfamiliar buildings. Then, we prototyped PathFinder, a navigation system that allows blind people to determine their way by detecting and conveying information about intersections and signs. Through a participatory study, we improved the interface of PathFinder, such as the feedback for conveying the detection results. Finally, a study with seven blind participants validated that PathFinder could assist users in navigating unfamiliar buildings with increased confidence compared to their regular aid.
Polysilicon thin-film transistors with channel length and width comparable to or smaller than the grain size of the thin film (1991)

Poly-Si thin-film transistors (TFTs) with channel dimensions (width W, and length L) comparable to or smaller than the grain size of the poly-Si film were fabricated and characterized. The grain size of the poly-Si film was enhanced by Si ion implantation followed by a low-temperature anneal and was typically 1 to 3 mu m in diameter. A remarkable improvement was observed in the device characteristics as the channel dimensions decreased to W=L=2 mu m. On the other hand, TFTs with submicrometer channel dimensions were characterized by an extremely abrupt switching in their I/sub D/ versus V/sub GS/ characteristics. The improvement was attributed to a reduction in the effect of the grain boundaries and to the effect of the device's floating body.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
AVOIDANCE OF PREY BY CAPTIVE COYOTES PUNISHED WITH ELECTRIC SHOCK (1976)

Four individually penned coyotes (Canis latrans) that had learned to kill live domestic rabbits for food were presented with one black and one white rabbit during daily 1-hour sessions and punished by a brief, severe shock from a high-voltage collar each time they attacked the black rabbit. One coyote did not learn the color association; after three shocks, it refused to kill either rabbit for 10 days but killed both indiscriminately when retested 4 weeks later. The other three coyotes learned to avoid black rabbits after only three to five shocks and, when repeatedly retested without shock at several-week intervals, did not begin killing them again until 3 to 9 months later. These animals' rapid acquisition and long retention of an avoidance response to a certain class of prey suggests a potential for aversive stimuli to reduce coyote attacks on livestock.
The emplacement of ophiolites by collision (1982)

Ophiolites, recognized in most of the world's orogenic belts, are generally interpreted to be oceanic crust and upper mantle (lithosphere) fragments that have been incorporated into continental margins at consuming plate boundaries. We suggest that the mechanism for ophiolite emplacement is the same in both the Alpine and Andean‐type orogenes. In both geological settings, obduction of oceanic lithosphere onto the continental lithosphere is caused by the convergence of light, buoyant bodies such as oceanic plateaus, continental slivers, island arcs, or old hot spot traces. For example, the Troodos ophiolite complex, previously interpreted by some workers as resulting from continental collision, may have been emplaced by the collision of Cyprus with the Eratosthenes Plateau embedded in the oceanic eastern Mediterranean crust. On the other hand, the Upper Jurassic Coast Range Ophiolites of California, previously interpreted as resulting from typical oceanic subduction, may be the result of a continuous injection of thick nonsubductable packages of light, continentally derived sedimentary rocks, seamounts, and plateaus into the subduction zones. Many other ophiolite complexes may be similarly related to accreted terranes.
Planar cell polarity signaling coordinates oriented cell division and cell rearrangement in clonally expanding growth plate cartilage (2017)

Both oriented cell divisions and cell rearrangements are critical for proper embryogenesis and organogenesis. However, little is known about how these two cellular events are integrated. Here we examine the linkage between these processes in chick limb cartilage. By combining retroviral-based multicolor clonal analysis with live imaging, the results show that single chondrocyte precursors can generate both single-column and multi-column clones through oriented division followed by cell rearrangements. Focusing on single column formation, we show that this stereotypical tissue architecture is established by a pivot-like process between sister cells. After mediolateral cell division, N-cadherin is enriched in the post-cleavage furrow; then one cell pivots around the other, resulting in stacking into a column. Perturbation analyses demonstrate that planar cell polarity signaling enables cells to pivot in the direction of limb elongation via this N-cadherin-mediated coupling. Our work provides new insights into the mechanisms generating appropriate tissue architecture of limb skeleton.
A New Class of Heterocyclic Compounds for Nonlinear Optics (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA New Class of Heterocyclic Compounds for Nonlinear OpticsHui Pan, Xuling Gao, Yue Zhang, Paras N. Prasad, Bruce Reinhardt, and Ram KannanCite this: Chem. Mater. 1995, 7, 5, 816–821Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00053a002https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00053a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views178Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Living Without Creatine (2013)

Creatine-deficient mice show unaltered maximal exercise capacity and response to chronic myocardial infarction, and no obvious metabolic adaptations. Our results question the paradigm that creatine is essential for high workload and chronic stress responses in heart and skeletal muscle.
Improvement of conjugation methods for Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strain DY89031 to identify avrXa21 clones (2000)

This article 'Improvement of conjugation methods for Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strain DY89031 to identify avrXa21 clones' appeared in the International Rice Research Notes series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based systems. The series is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported.
Simultaneous Coating of Silica Particles by Two Diblock Copolymers (2012)

Silica particles have been coated by two diblock copolymers, P1 and P2, through a one-pot reaction, and the resultant particles were characterized. The P1 and P2 used were synthesized by anionic polymerization and denote PIPSMA-b-PFOEMA and PIPSMA-b-PtBA, respectively. Here PIPSMA, PFOEMA, and PtBA correspond individually to poly[3-(triisopropyloxysilyl)propyl methacrylate], poly(perfluorooctylethyl methacrylate), and poly(tert-butyl acrylate). Catalyzed by HCl, the PIPSMA blocks of P1 and P2 co-condensed onto the surface of the same silica particles, exposing the PtBA and PFOEMA blocks. The relative amounts of grafted P1 and P2 could be tuned by changing the P1 to P2 weight ratio and were quantified by thermogravimetric analysis. The vertical segregation of the PFOEMA and PtBA chains could also be adjusted. Casting a dispersion of the coated particles in a solvent selective for either PFOEMA or PtBA onto glass plates or silicon wafers yielded films consisting of bumpy silica particles whose surfaces were enriched by the polymer that was soluble in the casting solvent. Particulate coatings with tunable surface wetting properties were obtained by changing either the proportion of grafted P1 and P2 or the casting solvent for coated silica. When a silica dispersion in perfluoromethylcychohexane (C(7)F(14)) was cast, films of coated silica that had P1 weight fractions of 25, 50, and 75% were all superhydrophobic because the particle surfaces were enriched by PFOEMA, which was selectively soluble in C(7)F(14).
Frontispiece: Covalently Modified Graphenes in Catalysis, Electrocatalysis and Photoresponsive Materials (2017)

The state of the art of covalently modified graphenes for applications such as the use as recoverable photo-, electrocatalysts as well as in nonlinear optics and to improve mechanical resistance and solubility of graphenes. The properties and characterization techniques of graphenes relevant to their use as supports and those general reactions and starting substrates to obtain the modified graphene conjugates are detailed, as well as the preparation and properties of covalently modified graphene depending on their use as catalyst, photocatalyst, photoresponsive material, non-linear optics, electrocatalyst and other uses. For more details see the Review by S. Navalón, H. García et al. on page 15244 ff.
Investigation of the performance of strained-SiGe vertical IMOS-transistors (2009)

A vertical IMOS transistor with a thin layer of strained SiGe in the impact ionization region near the drain is investigated by full-band Monte Carlo and hydrodynamic simulations for the first time. An anisotropic impact ionization model for strained SiGe based on the constant matrix approximation is applied in the Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that the reduced bandgap of the strained SiGe layer near the drain end of the channel could increase the impact ionization rate and thus improve the performance of the vertical IMOS.
Characterization of thermophysical properties of dry ice-based ethanol/ester oil and its influence on surface hardening of machined Ti-6Al-4V alloy (2023)

Recent pandemics played a cardinal role in developing health-conscious behavior and pushed the industries to seek eco-benign cutting fluids to improve machinability. Therefore, a sustainable hybrid lubri-coolant is proposed by mixing ethanol-biodegradable ester oil in varying proportions (1:0.25, 1:0.5, and 1:1). In this work, dry ice (solid CO2) has been added (-76°C) to improve the cooling capabilities by sublimation. The thermophysical properties along with the surface hardening of machined Ti-6Al-4V alloy was investigated experimentally and the results were compared to without dry ice. Experimental findings showed a reduction in specific heat, density, and viscosity while an enhancement in thermal conductivity by mixing dry ice. After dry ice was added, the specific heat of ethanol dropped by 40%. When ester oil was combined with dry ice, its specific heat also decreased by 50.4%. Therefore it is worthy to mention that the hybrid lubri coolant based on dry ice-based ethanol/ester oil could be an alternative to achieve high-speed machining parameters in machining hard to cut materials for aerospace Industry.
Stretchable Self‐Powered Fiber‐Based Strain Sensor (2015)

The rapid development of electrical skin and wearable electronics raises the requirement of stretchable strain sensors. In this study, an active fiber‐based strain sensor (AFSS) is fabricated by coiling a fiber‐based generator around a stretchable silicone fiber. The AFSS shows the sensitive and stable performance and has the ability to detect the strain up to 25%, which is also demonstrated to detect finger motion states. It may play an essential role in future self‐powered sensor system.
Vanadate inhibits degradation of short-lived, but not of long-lived, proteins in L-132 human cells (1989)

Vanadate, at concentrations higher than 0.04 mM, inhibits the intracellular degradation of short-lived proteins in exponentially growing L-132 human cells. The inhibition is not due to a decrease in viability or in the ATP contents of the cells. Since vanadate decreases proteolysis in cell extracts, the inhibition appears to affect the proteinases which degrade these proteins. Under optimal nutritional conditions, the degradation of long-lived proteins is accelerated by vanadate, thus providing additional evidence that in exponentially growing cultured cells degradation of short- and long-lived proteins occurs by different processes. Vanadate also efficiently inhibits the lysosomal degradation of endocytosed proteins and of long-lived proteins under step-down conditions. However, this effect seems to be unrelated to the observed inhibition of degradation of short-lived proteins, because chloroquine and leupeptin, which inhibit degradation of proteins by lysosomes, do not modify the degradation of these proteins. Our results provide for the first time a probe which, owing to its opposite effects on the degradation of short- and long-lived proteins, could be useful to clarify the mechanisms involved in protein degradation in cultured cells.
Model‐based Meta‐Analysis on the Efficacy of Pharmacological Treatments for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (2017)

Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first two drugs (pirfenidone and nintedanib) indicated for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The purpose of this analysis was to leverage publicly available data to quantify comparative efficacy of compounds that are approved or in development. An analysis-ready database was developed, and the analysis dataset is composed of summary-level data from 43 arms in 20 trials, with treatment durations ranging from 8-104 weeks. A hierarchical multivariable regression model with nonparametric placebo estimation was used to fit the longitudinal profile of change from baseline of percent predicted forced vital capacity (%predicted FVC) data. Pirfenidone and nintedanib were the only drugs identified to have significant estimated positive treatment effects. Model simulations were performed to further evaluate the covariate and time course of treatment effects on longitudinal change from baseline %predicted FVC to inform future trial designs and support decision making.