gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Moving in the cold (2012)

This article presents the findings of a new study showing that pervious concrete can drain in regions with freeze-thaw. The following issues were encompassed in the findings: pervious concrete air entrainment; measuring pervious concrete workability; pervious concrete overlay mixture development; pervious concrete curing and surface durability; pervious concrete durability to deicers; design considerations to reduce potential clogging; pervious concrete overlay construction; pervious concrete overlay field durability and perfomance; and pervious concrete overlay noise characteristics. In addition to answering many questions surrounding pervious concrete construction and applications, areas for improvement in future applications were also identified.
Software Defined Open Architecture Modem development at CMRE (2014)

This paper covers the first steps in creating a Software Defined Open Architecture Modem (SDOAM). Potentially useful operating environments, platforms and approaches are reviewed as well as relevant work on underwater digital communications at CMRE, including JANUS. A high-level architectural structure, based on a generalisation of the classic OSI communications stack, is proposed, identifying the modules that will make up the system and taking care to include all the features that the major stakeholders will want to see while minimising the investment that will need to be made to migrate from existing systems to SDOAMs. A key new element is the provision of policy engines that will negotiate the switching between different modules in the OSI-like layers. We also propose to formalise the cross-layer linking that is typically found in practical implementations by providing a fully-connected cross-layer framework for all processes to access. Finally, future developments and research directions are identified. The exact definitions of the interfaces between these modules remain to be specified, as is the software support environment on which they will operate.
Towards improved social distancing guidelines: Space and time dependence of virus transmission from speech-driven aerosol transport between two individuals (2020)

An examination of the concentration of a pathogen exhaled while speaking in a poorly ventilated space suggests that the probability of infection is relatively high for a few minutes of contact time at a separation of 1 meter separation distance and double that time at a separation of 2 meters.
The loss of blood‐brain barrier integrity as an essential event in the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (2008)

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is widely employed as an animal model of multiple sclerosis. To establish the relative contributions of T cell reactivity, the loss of blood‐brain barrier (BBB) integrity, CNS inflammation, and lesion formation toward the pathogenesis of EAE we assessed the incidence of EAE and these parameters in mice lacking nuclear factor‐kappa B, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon alpha beta receptors, interferon gamma receptors, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Increased MOG‐specific T cell reactivity was generally associated with a more rapid onset or increased disease severity. The loss of BBB integrity and cell accumulation in spinal cord tissues was invariably associated with the development of neurological disease signs. Histological and real time RT‐PCR analyses revealed differences in the nature of immune/inflammatory cell accumulation in the spinal cord tissues of the different mouse strains. Disease severity during the acute phase of EAE directly correlated with the extent of BBB permeability. Thus, the loss of BBB integrity appears to be a requisite event in the development of EAE and can occur in the absence of important inflammatory mediators. This research was supported by a grant from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.
Abstract 481: Characteristics of Two Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) Syndromes Associated with Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel: Results From the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Risk Factors for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (SERF-TTP) Research Group (2006)

Background: Most idiopathic TTP cases have ADAMTS13 deficiency. We evaluated clinical and laboratory findings for patients with TTP caused by the thienopyridines, ticlopidine and clopidogrel, the m...
Investigating the nature of chiral near-field interactions (2018)

In recent years, there have been reports of enhanced chiroptical interactions in the near-fields of antennas, postulated to be mediated by high spatial gradients in the electromagnetic fields. Here, using gigahertz experimentation, we investigate the nature of the chiral near-field generated by an array of staggered-rod antennas through its interaction with an array of aligned, subwavelength metallic helices. This allows us to eliminate many potential origins of enhancements, such as those associated with plasmon-exciton interactions, and search solely for enhancements due to the high spatial gradients in the chirality of the fields around chiral antennas (so-called `superchiral fields'). By comparing the strength of the chiral interaction with our helices to that of a homogeneous chiral layer with effective material parameters, we find that the strength of this chiral interaction can be predicted using a completely local effective medium approximation. This suggests no obvious enhancement in the chiral interaction in the near-field and indicates that nonlocal interactions are negligible in this system.
A Shock Loss Model for Supersonic Compressor Cascades (1997)

Loss models used in compression system performance prediction codes are often developed from the study of two-dimensional cascades. In this paper, compressible fluid mechanics has been applied to the changes in shock geometry that are known to occur with back pressure for unstarted operation of supersonic compressor cascades. This physics-based engineering shock loss model is applicable to cascades with arbitrary airfoil shapes. Predictions from the present method have been compared to measurements and Navier-Stokes analyses of the L030-4 and L030-6 cascades, and very good agreement was demonstrated for unstarted operation. A clear improvement has been demonstrated over previously published shock loss models for unstarted operation, both in the accuracy of the predictions and in the range of applicability. The dramatic increase in overall loss with increasing inlet flow angle is shown to be primarily the result of increased shock loss, and much of this increase is caused by the detached bow shock. For a given Mach number, the viscous profile loss is nearly constant over the entire unstarted operating range of the cascade, unless a shock-induced boundary layer separation occurs near stall. Shock loss is much more sensitive to inlet Mach number than is viscous profile loss.
<title>High-power laser material for 944-nm emission</title> (2001)

A tunable laser operating near 944nm is important for micro LIDAR systems. In this work, we have carried out a systematic study of Nd and Yb doped fiber glass materials which can be used for this purpose. The emission cross- sections of these materials at 944nm have been calculated. The wavelength dependence of emission of these materials has been studied. Among the silica based material Nd doped silica fiber glass has the largest cross section for 944 nm laser emission. The co-dopants reduce this cross section. Some Nd doped non-silica materials have higher stimulated emission cross section than silica based materials.
Why bother with x-ray lithography? (1992)

The manufacture of state-of-the-art integrated circuits uses UV optical projection lithography. Conventional wisdom (i.e., the trade journals) holds that this technology will take the industry to quarter-micrometer minimum features sizes and below. So, why bother with X-ray lithography? The reason is that lithography is a 'system problem', and proximity X-ray lithography is better matched to that system problem than any other technology, once the initial investment is surmounted. X-ray lithography offers the most cost-effective path to the future of ultra-large-scale integrated circuits with feature sizes of tenth micrometer and below (i.e., gigascale electronics and quantum-effect electronics).
Theory of strain and electronic structure ofSi1−yCyandSi1−x−yGexCyalloys (1998)

We examine the strain-composition relation and band gap/deep-level properties of ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}{\mathrm{C}}_{y}$ alloys using a local-orbital density-functional scheme. For purely substitutional carbon, a strong nonlinearity in the dependence of the bulk-alloy lattice constant on the concentration is found. In the linear regime of small carbon concentrations, this leads to a much more rapid decrease of the lattice constant with carbon concentration than predicted by Vegard's law. A comparison of our dependence of the lattice constants in ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}$ and ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{C}}_{y}$ alloys on the concentrations suggests a germanium-carbon strain compensation ratio of $(15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)$:1. This ratio is found to decrease when interstitial carbon is present. These results are compared with recent experiments, where the strain as well as the fraction of interstitial carbon have been measured. We also examine the band structure of ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{C}}_{y}$ alloys in the technically interesting concentration range of a few percent carbon. We find that the carbon-induced states are highly localized, and can form a deep level in the band gap of silicon. We show that these findings are an important step toward an understanding of recent experimental photoluminescence spectra.
Determination of enzyme activity in biological fluids by means of electrochemical oxidation of NADH at a modified glassy carbon electrode. (1984)

This amperometric technique for the determination of enzyme activity is based on detecting a decrease in the concentration of the NADH co-factor of the enzyme reaction. A glassy carbon electrode, modified by adsorption of Mg2+ and NADH, is used to measure the anodic peak current that corresponds to the oxidation of NADH. We found no significant difference between the enzyme activity of lactate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.27) preparations as measured by the above amperometric technique and by a spectrophotometric method.
Data from Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-κB Activity by Temozolomide Involves <i>O</i><sup>6</sup>-Methylguanine–Induced Inhibition of p65 DNA Binding (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;The alkylating agent temozolomide, commonly used in the treatment of malignant glioma, causes cellular cytotoxicity by forming &lt;i&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;-methylguanine adducts. In this report, we investigated whether temozolomide alters the activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Temozolomide inhibits basal and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)–induced NF-κB transcriptional activity without altering phosphorylation or degradation of inhibitor of κB-α. Inhibition of NF-κB is secondary to attenuation of p65 DNA binding, not nuclear translocation. Inhibition of DNA binding is shown both &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;, with gel shift studies and DNA binding assays, and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; at κB sites. Consistent with inhibition of NF-κB activity, temozolomide reduces basal and TNFα-induced κB-dependent gene expression. Temozolomide also inhibits NF-κB activated by inducers other than TNFα, including lipopolysaccharide, doxorubicin, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The inhibitory action of temozolomide on NF-κB is observed to be maximal following pretreatment of cells with temozolomide for 16 h and is also seen with the S&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt;1-type methylating agent methylnitrosourea. The ability of temozolomide to form &lt;i&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;-methylguanine adducts is important for inhibition of NF-κB as is the presence of a functioning mismatch repair system. Activation of NF-κB with TNFα before administration of temozolomide reduces the cytotoxicity of temozolomide, whereas 16-h pretreatment with temozolomide resensitizes cells to killing. This work shows a mechanism whereby &lt;i&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;-methylguanine adducts formed by temozolomide lead to inhibition of NF-κB activity and illustrates a link between mismatch repair processing of alkylator-induced DNA damage and cell death. [Cancer Res 2007;67(14):6889–98]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Tendon Involvement in Pedal Infection: MR Analysis of Frequency, Distribution, and Spread of Infection (2002)

MR evidence of tendon infection is present in approximately half the patients who require surgery for pedal infection. Evidence of spread of the infection along tendons is seen infrequently on MR imaging. Detection of a tendon infection could influence surgical therapy.
(R. C.) Evans. An introduction to crystal chemistry. 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, 1964. 410 pp. Price: 52s. 6d. (1965)

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Three-Legged Converter for Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (2018)

This paper presents a new method to drive transmitters used in dynamic wireless power transfer for Electric Vehicle (EV) applications. Using a three-legged converter, transmitter currents can be controlled so that by reducing the current in the weakly coupled transmitters with the pickup, the efficiency can be increased, and the null points of transferred power to the load can be removed. Along with these features, this technique boasts a simple coil in the receiver and lower number of switches to drive the transmitters. To show the validity of this approach, mathematical analysis and simulation results are presented.
Experimental investigation of the effects of atmospheric scintillation on image synthesis with intensity interferometer data (1988)

Since the average brightness distribution of astronomical objects and the mutual intensity (complex coherence function) of the observed field are related by a Fourier transform, it is possible to synthesize images from far-field correlation measurements. Owing to the fact that detected intensities (rather than complex fields) are correlated at the receiver, intensity interferometry is an approach to measuring such correlations, which is largely insensitive to the effects of the earth’s atmosphere. We investigate the effect that atmosphere-induced fluctuations in the detected field amplitude (i.e., atmospheric scintillation) have on one’s ability to recover imagery using intensity interferometer data. To model the effects of the atmosphere on two-point intensity correlation measurements, we have adopted the theory of Beran and Whitman 1 which provides expressions for the scintillation covariance function (in the case of isoplanaticity) and a first-order isoplanatic correction. We report on our attempt to verify these relations in a laboratory setting using Gaussian phase screens of known statistics 2 and an image recovery methodology known as imaging correlography. 3 We also investigate the performance of postdetection processing schemes applied to compensate for the effects of scintillation in the digitally recovered imagery.
Adaptive Filters for Detection of Gravitational Waves from Coalescing Binaries (2005)

In this work we propose a new strategy for gravitational waves detection from coalescing binaries, using Adaptive Line Enhancer filters. An analysis of the filters performance is shown in terms of the tracking capability and determination of filter parameters. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristics are derived, by extensive Monte Carlo simulation studies. Some tests have been performed on simulated Virgo noise, demonstrating that adaptive filters are promising both for the small computational power needed (with respect to the matched filter) and for the statistical robustness of the algorithms used.
Trivalent Iron Ion Substituted Co2Z Hexagonal Ferrites for Ultra High Frequency Applications. (1999)

Z-type hexagonal ferrites for ultra high frequency of gigahertz range were prepared by substitution of trivalent iron ions for various metal ions. Thereby improving a sintering process and the addition of lwt.% BaCO3 to calcined powder, single-phase Z-type ferrite was obtained even when we used the conventional ceramic techniques. Initial permeability of Z-type ferrites with composition of Ba3Co2Cux/2Six/2Fe24-xO41 (X=0) was 17.8 which was sufficiently larger than the value previously reported. Moreover, the limit of frequency was 0.635GHz which was as large as previously reported value. In spite of low bulk density (4.28g/cm3), initial permeability of Z-type ferrites with composition of Ba3Co2Cux/2Six/2Fe24-xO41 (X=1) was 9.51 and the limit of frequency was 1.5GHz which were useful and practical values as magnetic materials for ultra high frequency. When the amount of substitutional metal ions increased, initial permeability and resonance frequency were decreased. In substitution by Cu2+ ion and Nbs5+ ion, initial permeability of Z-type ferrite with composition of Ba3Co2Cu2X/3NbX/3Fe24-XO41 (X=1) was 8.1 and the limit of frequency was 1.2GHz which was less than the values of Ba3Co2CuX/2SiX/2Fe24-XO41 (X=0, 1). Quantitative and qualitative analysis indicated that various substitutions have led to the formation of two hexagonal structures.
Formation of γ-Lactones through CAN-Mediated Oxidative Cleavage of Hemiketals (2008)

The generation of substituted gamma-lactones can be accomplished through application of a tandem chain extension-aldol reaction, followed by CAN-mediated oxidative cleavage of the aldol product. The oxidative cleavage requires the intermediacy of a hemiketal and the presence of an alpha-heteroatom. Formation of the gamma-lactone through the oxidative cleavage is used to assign stereochemistry of the aldol reaction and as the final step in a short synthesis of members of the phaseolinic acid family of natural products.
Towards Reliable Thermal Spray Coatings: An Integrated Approach (2000)

Abstract Thermal sprayed coatings are used extensively in engineering components for a variety of protective coating applications. Thermal spraying is a highly dynamic process resulting from rapid heating /accelerating of powder particles in a flame, followed by impact and rapid solidification of the droplets (splats). A splat resulting from the flattening of an individual droplet is the basic building block (unit cell) of the thermal sprayed microstructure. Phase and microstructure of the splats (intrinsic) and the integration of the splats (extrinsic) are both affected by processing condition and the properties of a plasma sprayed deposit are directly related to this complex anisotropic microstructure. These affect both performance and reliability of sprayed surfaces.
Capillary electrophoresis/tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of proteins from two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1999)

Capillary electrophoresis/time-of-flight mass spectrometry(CE/TOFMS) has been used for analysis of in-gel digests of protein spots excised from two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D SDS-PAGE). An off-line purification and preconcentration procedure with a Zip Tip is used before CE/TOFMS analysis which allows for detection of protein spots with <1 picomole of material from 2-D gels. The off-line procedure provides sufficient purification for analysis while maintaining the quality of the CE separation. Using this procedure, several proteins from Coomassie Blue and zinc negatively stained gels are identified by the peptide maps generated and database searching. CE/TOF tandem mass spectrometry is used for the confirmation of database searching results and structural analysis of peptides that do not match the expected peptide maps obtained from the database in order to identify structural modifications. Several modifications were pinpointed and identified by this method.
Broadband Spectrometer with Single-Photon Sensitivity Exploiting Tailored Disorder (2020)

Harnessing tailored disorder for broadband light scattering enables high-resolution signal analysis in nanophotonic spectrometers with a small device footprint. Multiple scattering events in the disordered medium enhance the effective path length which leads to increased resolution. Here we demonstrate an on-chip random spectrometer cointegrated with superconducting single-photon detectors suitable for photon-scarce environments. We combine an efficient broadband fiber-to-chip coupling approach with a random scattering area and broadband transparent silicon nitride waveguides to operate the spectrometer in a diffusive regime. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors at each output waveguide are used to perform spectral-to-spatial mapping via the transmission matrix at the system, allowing us to reconstruct a given probe signal. We show operation over a wide spectral range with sensitivity down to powers of -111.5 dBm in the telecom band.
Uncovering Molecular Mechanisms of Quantitative Disease Resistance Using Nested Association Mapping. (2008)

Jesse A. Poland1, The Maize Diversity Project 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and Rebecca J. Nelson1 1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; 2USDA-Agricultural Research Service; 3Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; 4University of California-Irvine; 5North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC ; 6University of Missouri, Columbia, MO ; 7University of Wisconsin, Madison, W
Further study on noble gases in shock-produced diamond. (1989)

We measured noble gases in artificially shock-produced diamonds in order to examine the size effect of diamond grains on noble gas concentrations and to get the diffusion coefficients of noble gases in diamonds. Noble gases in diamonds were degassed by diffusion process at low temperature below 1700°C, while major degassing occurred at 1700-1900°C by the graphitization of diamonds. As the shock-produced diamonds contain large amounts of noble gases, the diffusion coefficients can be determined at low temperatures even for heavy noble gases. The diffusion coefficients of Ne, Ar and Kr have been estimated to be lower than 10-21 to 10-18 (cm2/sec) at 1000-1400°C.
Development and Evaluation of Zeolites and Metal–Organic Frameworks for Carbon Dioxide Separation and Capture (2016)

Abstract With increasing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from the combustion of fossil‐based fuels, the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere is growing at 407.54 parts per million, as released in May 2016. Accordingly, the reduction of CO 2 emissions is an essential issue for global climate changes. Tremendous efforts have been directed towards the goal of CO 2 separation and capture. These have led to the development of novel classes of porous materials that possess unique potential applications in the capture and sequestration of CO 2 . Hence, this comprehensive review focuses on studying and analyzing newly developed methods to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to sequester CO 2 released from anthropogenic activities. It compares and analyzes, in terms of storage capacity and adsorption selectivity, the innovative technologies that capture CO 2 . Also described are the key advancements in CO 2 capture from chemical absorption post‐ and precombustion industrial units and its subsequent physical adsorption by using various zeolites and metal–organic framework (MOF) materials for CO 2 adsorption, storage, and separation. Current progress in MOF materials for CO 2 capture is considered, and the potentials and limitations of new discoveries in the area are addressed, as it is a rapidly growing area. Furthermore, trends in the design of various kinds of porous structures with tailored macro‐ and microstructures and target surface properties are examined.