gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The impact of N-drain length and gate—drain/source overlap on submicrometer LDD devices for VLSI (1987)

To obtain optimal values for the key factors in enchancing the reliability and performance of deep submicrometer lightly doped drain (LDD) structures, the influence of LDD device parameters-n-drain length L <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</inf> , gate-drain/source overlap length Γ, and n- dose N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</inf> -on reliability and performance were investigated using a three-dimensional (3-D) device simulator and experiment. A new device structure is discussed as a guide for deep submicrometer LDD design. This structure makes an advantageous use of the gate-drain overlap effect without scaling of L <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</inf> and Γ.
Design of Aerosolized Amphotericin B Formulations for Prophylaxis Trials among Lung Transplant Recipients (2004)

This safe drug delivery at a local body site to directly protect the transplanted organ without systemic antifungal drug exposure is attractive from a cost and toxicity standpoint. However, careful multicenter, comparative studies are still needed to ensure that this strategy is consistently successful.
Jens Glad Balchen: A Norwegian Pioneer in Engineering Cybernetics (2009)

This paper tells the story of Jens Glad Balchen , a Norwegian research scientist and engineer who is widely regarded as the father of Engineering Cybernetics in Norway. In 1954, he founded what would later become the Department of Automatic Control at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in Trondheim. This name was changed to the Department of Engineering Cybernetics in 1972 to reflect the broader efforts being made, not only within the purely technical disciplines, but also within biology, oceanography and medicine. Balchen established an advanced research community in cybernetics in postwar Norway, whose applications span everything from the process industry and positioning of ships to control of fish and lobster farming. He was a chief among the tribe of Norwegian cybernetics engineers and made a strong impact on his colleagues worldwide. He planted the seeds of a whole generation of Norwegian industrial companies through his efforts of seeking applications for every scientific breakthrough. His strength and his wisdom in combination with his remarkable stubbornness gave extraordinary results.
Evaluating the impact of waiting time reliability on route choice using smart card data (2022)

&lt;p&gt;Unreliable waiting times may cause frustration and anxiety amongst public transport travellers. Although the effect of travel time reliability has been studied extensively, most studies have used stated preferences which have disadvantages, such as an inherent hypothetical bias, or have analysed revealed preferences for road traffic. Here, we derive revealed preferences from passively collected smart card data to analyse the role of waiting time reliability in public transport route choice. We study waiting time reliability as regular and irregular deviations from scheduled values, examining a number of indicators for the latter. Behaviour in morning peak and off-peak hours is contrasted and differences in reliability coefficients for different modes in the network, and for origin and transfer stops are reported. Results from The Hague indicate relatively low reliability ratios with travellers perceiving a 5-minute standard deviation in realised waiting times as an extra 1–5.6 min of planned waiting time.&lt;/p&gt;
Analysis and Optimization of Voltage Balancing Control Limits for Cascaded H-Bridge Rectifiers (2020)

Many methods have been studied to balance the capacitor voltage of the cascaded H-bridge rectifier (CHBR). However, these balancing control methods will fail while the difference of the dc-load connected in each cell exceeds the operating limitation. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and optimize the limitation of the balancing control quantitatively to avoid the failure of the control system. In this article, the voltage balancing limitation (VBL) is quantitatively derived and the stable operation region (SOR) is analyzed. Moreover, essential factors affecting the balancing ability are screened out. Then, the VBL and balancing dynamics of two typical methods are elaborated. And three novel methods (Methods 1-3) are proposed to improve the balancing dynamics and extend the VBL. The effects of the five methods are compared. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the theoretical calculation and optimization methods of VBL are verified by the simulation and experimental tests. The work of this article can provide a theoretical reference for the system parameter design of CHBR and the alternative control scheme under extreme load conditions.
CCDC 954776: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination (2013)

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Learning Single-view 3D Reconstruction of Objects and Scenes (2018)

We address the task of inferring the 3D structure underlying an image, in particular focusing on two questions -- how we can plausibly obtain supervisory signal for this task, and what forms of representation should we pursue. We first show that we can leverage image-based supervision to learn single-view 3D prediction, by using geometry as a bridge between the learning systems and the available indirect supervision. We demonstrate that this approach enables learning 3D structure across diverse setups e.g. learning deformable models, predctive models for volumetric 3D, or inferring textured meshes. We then advocate the case for inferring interpretable and compositional 3D representations. We present a method that discovers the coherent compositional structure across objects in a unsupervised manner by attempting to assemble shapes using volumetric primitives, and then demonstrate the advantages of predicting similar factored 3D representations for complex scenes.
Schottky-barrier height modulation of metal/In0.53Ga0.47As interfaces by insertion of atomic-layer deposited ultrathin Al2O3 (2011)

The improvement of the metal/InGaAs interface is essential for the future application of InGaAs metal source/drain Schottky-barrier metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors. In this article, on In0.53Ga0.47As, the authors examine the recently proposed method of inserting an ultrathin insulator to modulate the effective Schottky-barrier height (SBH) at the metal/semiconductor interface. Both n-type and p-type In0.53Ga0.47As are investigated by inserting an atomic-layer deposited Al2O3 interlayer. The results indicate that SBH modulation is more effective at the n-InGaAs interface than the p-InGaAs interface for the same Al2O3 thickness. However, the Fermi level at the metal/InGaAs interface is still weakly pinned even after inserting 2 nm Al2O3. The mechanism of the SBH modulation could be attributed to the creation of an electric dipole at the Al2O3/InGaAs interface, which induces a barrier shift.
Stewardship of quality of care in health systems: Core functions, common pitfalls, and potential solutions (2018)

Summary National Ministries of Health in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) have a key role to play as stewards of the quality agenda in their health systems. This paper uses a previously developed six‐point framework for stewardship (strategy formulation, intersectoral collaboration, governance and accountability, health system design, policy and regulation, and intelligence generation) and identifies specific examples of activities in LMICs in each of these domains, pitfalls to avoid, and possible solutions to these pitfalls. Many LMICs now have quality strategies with clear vision statements. There are good examples of quality agencies and donor collaboration councils to coordinate activities across different sectors. There are multiple options for accountability, including public reporting, community accountability structures, results‐based payment, accreditation, and inspection. To improve health system design, available tools include decision support tools, task‐shifting models, supply chain management, and programs to train quality improvement staff. Policy options include legislation on disclosure of adverse events, and regulations to ensure skills of health care providers. Lastly, health information tools include patient registries, facility surveys, hospital discharge abstracts, standardized population and patient surveys, and dedicated agencies for reporting on quality. Policy‐makers can use this article to identify options for driving the quality agenda and address anticipated implementation barriers.
Digital system robustness via design constraints: The lesson of formal methods (2015)

Current programming languages and programming models make it easy to create software and hardware systems that fulfill an intended function but also leave such systems open to unintended function and vulnerabilities. Software engineering and code hygiene may make systems incrementally safer, but do not produce the wholesale change necessary for secure systems from the outset. Yet there exists an approach with impressive results: We cite recent examples showing that formal methods, coupled with formally informed digital design, have produced objectively more robust code even beyond the properties directly proven. Though discovery of zero-day vulnerabilities is almost always a surprise and powerful tools like semantic fuzzers can cover a larger search space of vulnerabilities than a developer can conceive of, formal models seem to produce robustness of a higher qualitative order than traditionally developed digital systems. Because the claim is necessarily a qualitative one, we illustrate similar results with an idealized programming language in the form of Boolean networks where we have control of parameters related to stability and adaptability. We argue that verifiability with formal methods is an instance of broader design constraints that promote robustness. We draw analogies to real-world programming models and languages that can be mathematically reasoned about in contrast to ones that are essentially undecidable.
Glyphosate‐drift but not herbivory alters the rate of transgene flow from single and stacked trait transgenic canola (Brassica napus) to nontransgenic B. napus and B. rapa (2011)

• Transgenic plants can offer agricultural benefits, but the escape of transgenes is an environmental concern. In this study we tested the hypothesis that glyphosate drift and herbivory selective pressures can change the rate of transgene flow between the crop Brassica napus (canola), and weedy species and contribute to the potential for increased transgene escape risk and persistence outside of cultivation. • We constructed plant communities containing single transgenic B. napus genotypes expressing glyphosate herbicide resistance (CP4 EPSPS), lepidopteran insect resistance (Cry1Ac), or both traits ('stacked'), plus nontransgenic B. napus, Brassica rapa and Brassica nigra. Two different selective pressures, a sublethal glyphosate dose and lepidopteran herbivores (Plutella xylostella), were applied and rates of transgene flow and transgenic seed production were measured. • Selective treatments differed in the degree in which they affected gene flow and production of transgenic hybrid seed. Most notably, glyphosate-drift increased the incidence of transgenic seeds on nontransgenic B. napus by altering flowering phenology and reproductive function. • The findings of this study indicate that transgenic traits may be transmitted to wild populations and may increase in frequency in weedy populations through the direct and indirect effects of selection pressures on gene flow.
Adaptive RAKE-blind source recovery algorithms for 3GPP UMTS/WCDMA downlink receivers (2004)

Wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) is the dominant air interface for the Universal Mobile Telephone Services (UMTS) frequency domain duplex (FDD) mode and for future IMTS wireless networks. The transmitted CDMA signals from based station (BS) propagate through noisy multipath fading communication channels before arriving at the receiver of the mobile station (MS). In contrast to classical single-user detection (SUD) algorithms, which do not provide the requisite performance for modern high data rate applications, optimal multi-user detection (MUD) approaches require a lot of a-priori information not available to the user equipment (UE). We propose two adaptive approaches namely Rake-blind source recovery (RAKE-BSR) and RAKE-principal component analysis (RAKE-PCA) that fuse an info-theoretic stage into a standard RAKE receiver. This results in robust detection algorithms with performance exceeding the standard LMMSE detectors for WCDMA systems under conditions of congestion, imprecise channel estimation and unmodeled multiple access interference (MAI).
Ising Pyrochlore Magnets: Low-Temperature Properties, “Ice Rules,” and Beyond (1999)

Pyrochlore magnets are candidates for what Harris et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2554 (1997)] call ``spin-ice'' behavior. We present theoretical simulations of relevance for the pyrochlore family ${R}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ ( $R\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{rare}\mathrm{earth}$) supported by magnetothermal measurements on selected systems. By considering long-ranged dipole-dipole as well as short-ranged superexchange interactions, we get three distinct behaviors: (i) an ordered doubly degenerate state, (ii) a highly disordered state with a broad transition to paramagnetism, and (iii) a partially ordered state with a sharp transition to paramagnetism. Closely corresponding behavior is seen in the real compounds.
Crystallization of Spherical Single Crystal of Silicon from Undercooled Droplet under Containerless Processing (2005)

The images of the growing crystal in the growth process of the undercooled droplets of silicon were lively recorded by using a high-speed camera. The number of crystal that nucleated spontaneously from the undercooled liquid was found to decrease to 1 when the undercooling was higher than 5K. The morphology of the growing single crystal of silicon was a thin plate. A model for predicting the critical undercooling of growing single crystal of silicon from undercooled liquid has been developed. The theoretically predicted value of the undercooling from present model for silicon is in agreement with the experimentally measured result.
Viability and function of the cryopreserved whole ovary: in vitro studies in the sheep (2009)

In vitro perfusion may prove to be a suitable method to test viability and function of frozen-thawed whole ovaries contributing to the optimization of current cryopreservation protocols.
Recent advances in graphene-based materials for dye-sensitized solar cell fabrication (2020)

In the past few years, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have received considerable research attention, as potential alternatives to the commonly used, but expensive, silicon-based solar cells owing to the low-cost, facile fabrication procedures, less impact on the environment, capability of working even under low incoming light levels, and flexibility of DSSCs. However, the relatively low power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) and poor long-term operational stability of DSSCs still limit their large-scale and commercial applications. As a consequence, this has prompted tremendous research effort towards the realization of high performance and sustainable devices, through tailoring of the properties of the various DSSC components, <i>via</i> approaches such as introducing novel materials and new synthesis techniques. Among these, the application of novel materials, especially carbon-based materials, such as graphene and its derivatives, is more appealing due to their excellent optoelectronic, mechanical, thermal and chemical properties, which give them ample potential to replace or modify the traditional materials that are commonly used in the fabrication of the various DSSC components. In addition, the low-cost, abundance, non-toxicity, large specific surface area, flexibility and superior stability of graphene-based materials have enabled their recent use as photoanodes, <i>i.e.</i>, transparent conducting electrodes, semiconducting layers and dye-sensitizers, electrolytes and counter electrodes in DSSCs. Recently, the introduction of graphene-based materials into DSSCs resulted in a pronounced increase in PCE from ∼0.13 to above 12.00%. Thus, employing the recent breakthroughs can further improve the optoelectronic properties of the various DSSC components and, hence, close the gap between DSSCs and their silicon-based counterparts that are currently exhibiting desirable PCEs of above 26%. Therefore, this review focuses on the recent applications of graphene-based materials as photoanodes, electrolytes and counter electrodes, for the possible fabrication of all-carbon-based DSSCs. The limitations, merits and future prospects of graphene-based DSSCs are discussed, so as to improve their photovoltaic performance, sustainability and cost-effectiveness.
High-Pressure Synthesis of Novel Boron Oxynitride B6N4O3 with Sphalerite Type Structure (2015)

A novel crystalline boron oxynitride (BON) phase has been synthesized under static pressures exceeding 15 GPa and temperatures above 1900 °C, from molar mixtures of B2O3 and h-BN. The structure and composition of the synthesized product were studied using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, automated diffraction tomography, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). BON shows a hexagonal cell (R3m, Z = 3) with lattice parameters a = 2.55(5) Å and c = 6.37(13) Å, and a crystal structure closely related to the cubic sphalerite type. The EELS quantification yielded 42 at % B, 35 at % N, and 23 at % O (B:N:O ≈ 6:4:3). Electronic structure calculations in the framework of Density Functional Theory have been performed to assess the stabilities and properties of selected models with the composition B6N4O3. These models contain ordered structural vacancies and are superstructures of the sphalerite structure. The calculated bulk moduli of the structure models with the lowest formation enthalpies are around 300 GPa, higher than for any other known oxynitride.
Workflow for Processing Manuscripts in Automated Systems (1986)

In January of 1983, Stanford began formal involvement in the Title II-C RLIN Manuscripts format project which included Yale University, Cornell University, and the Hoover Institution, in addition to the Stanford University Archives and Department of Special Collections. The first year of the project at Stanford involved laying a solid foundation consisting of implementation of short-term project procedures and long range planning. The 1983 project report for the Stanford University Archives and Department of Special Collections stated, Integration of the RLIN format into existing departmental procedures was the goal towards which all newly instituted procedures, guidelines, and standards were pointed. . . .
SU‐FF‐T‐128: A Novel Approach for Measurement of Dosimetric Leaf Gap for a Rounded Leaf End Multi‐Leaf Collimator (2009)

Purpose: For Varian multi‐leaf collimators (MLCs), the rounded leaf ends of the MLC cause a mismatch between the edges of the light field and the radiation field in the plane of isocenter. The radiation field edge is defined as the point at the edge of the radiation field at which the intensity drops to 50% of the intensity within the field. The dosimetric leaf gap is defined in the Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) as twice the displacement between the leaf tip projection and the radiation field edge. Method and Materials: A step and shoot sequence of MLC fields generated nominally 2‐cm wide strips narrower at their tops and wider at their bottoms. Pairs of strips were abutted with a 2‐mm gap at the narrow ends. The gaps between the strips decreased by 0.1 mm for every subsequent leaf pair until the wide ends of the strips overlapped by 2 mm, creating a narrow under‐dose triangle at one end of the strips and a narrow over‐dose triangle at the other end. The dosimetric leaf gap was derived from the settings of the leaf pairs along the strips at which the tips of these triangles met. Results: To measure the location at which the triangles met, a region of interest (ROI) was drawn in imaging software and moved along the intensity strip pattern, measuring the standard deviation (SD) of intensity values within the ROI at each location. These SDs were fit to a second‐order polynomial whose minimum identified the leaf tip positions used to determine the dosimetric leaf gap. These measurements determined a 0.6‐mm dosimetric leaf gap. Conclusion: The dosimetric leaf gap value used for commissioning a TPS can be determined for a rounded‐leaf MLC by analyzing a step‐and‐shoot MLC sequence that employs abutting strips creating an over‐ and under‐dose pattern.
Aspergillosis of the nervous system (1982)

Cerebral aspergillosis currently occurs most frequently with disseminated aspergillosis in immunocompromised hosts. Twelve patients with cerebral aspergillosis in this setting were seen over 10 years. Underlying illnesses were renal transplantation in six cases and one case each of subacute hepatic necrosis, head trauma, glioblastoma, microglioma, and esthesioneuroblastoma. All patients were receiving high dose steroid therapy except one who had ectopic ACTH syndrome. Eleven patients were receiving broad spectrum antibiotics. All patients were febrile and developed progressive pulmonary infiltrates preceding or coincident with neurologic symptoms. Sudden onset of neurologic deficits or seizures occurred in nine of 11 clinically analyzable cases. Brainstem or cerebellar signs and symptoms were a presenting feature in three cases and were eventually seen in five cases. Cranial computerized tomography in four cases showed low absorption areas with minimal enhancement and little mass effect. Neurologic deterioration was rapid with nine of 11 patients dying within 6 days of onset. Neuropathologic examination showed multiple abscess formation in 11 cases and prominent blood vessel invasion in all cases. The sudden onset of stroke-like deficits and brainstem findings in a febrile immunocompromised host with pulmonary infiltrates suggests the diagnosis of cerebral aspergillosis. Two cases of aspergillus meningitis were also seen, one postoperatively.