gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydraulic Fracture Design in the Presence of Highly-Stressed Layers: A Case Study of Stress Interference in a Multi-Horizontal Well Pad (2018)

Abstract A design of hydraulic fracturing in variably-stressed zones is one of key components for an effective multi-zone, multi-horizontal well pad treatment. In the recent literature, optimum completion strategies catering for stimulation-induced in-situ stress changes are discussed, however, only few of these focus on vertical stress changes and its impact on multi-zone fracture geometries. In this paper, we present an approach to design contained hydraulic fractures in a high stress layers by studying the role of vertical stress shadowing on actual field data. In modeling hydraulic fractures with pseudo-3D models, if fracture simulations are initiated in high stress zones, "artificially" unbounded height growth results in very limited lateral propagation. On the other hand, 3D hydraulic fracturing models are too computationally expensive to optimize large design jobs, for example, in multi-horizontal well pads. In this paper, we employ a Stacked Height Growth Model, whereby fractures are also discretized vertically yet retain the numerical formulation pseudo-3D models. Coupling with finite element stress solvers then allows to identify vertical stress changes in the vicinity of induced hydraulic fractures and to understand the interference between hydraulic fracture sequences and their respective microseismic signatures. Considering a potential combination of fracturing sequences, it was revealed that stress perturbations from the neighboring well hydraulic fractures initiating from low stress layers can be used to increase stress within the same zone and also potentially reduce stresses in higher-stress layers above and below. By modeling and calibrating an actual multi-zone, multi-horizontal stimulation job, we elaborate on the benefits of increasing stress barriers before fracturing in higher-stress layer to avoid the chances of re-fracturing from high stress zones. Regarding hydraulic fracture geometries, we explain our results by analyzing actual microseismic observations with respect to simulated stress patterns after stimulation. We explore the notion of deliberately ordering hydraulic fracture to manage vertical interference and create more contained fractures in a multi-zone horizontal well pad. Fracturing in a higher-stress zone will naturally divert the energy into low stress, potentially unproductive zones. In an effort to manage this phenomenon, this paper presents one of the few data-rich case studies on multi-zone, multi-well engineered stimulation design. The approach shown in this paper can be a helpful reference to understand fracture height growth in the presence of both vertical and horizontal stress shadowing.
Effects of S Content and Surface Finish on Pitting Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels Containing Mo in Chloride and Bromide Solutions (2005)

Pitting corrosion behavior of austenitic stainless steels with Mo was investigated in chloride and bromide solutions. The steels with higher S content as 0.009 mass% showed higher pitting potential in 1 kmol/m3 bromide solution than 1 kmol/m3 chloride solution. On the other hand, the steels with lower S content as 0.0003 mass% showed opposite results. The higher pitting potential was observed in chloride solution. This tendency became profound with passivation treatment by nitric acid. From the experimental results above, it is highly believed that chloride ions are more detrimental to sulfide inclusions induced pitting than bromide ions, whereas pitting due to breakdown of passive film other than sulfide inclusion is more easily caused in solutions containing bromide ions than chloride ions.
Smart Core−Shell Hybrid Nanogels with Ag Nanoparticle Core for Cancer Cell Imaging and Gel Shell for pH-Regulated Drug Delivery (2010)

Multifunctional nanoparticles that can provide long circulation and specific accumulation, illuminate the targeted object, and intelligently dose the pathological zones will enable major advancements in diagnosis and therapy. To facilitate a simultaneous tumor-cell imaging and adequate local delivery to the tumor site, we develop core−shell structured hybrid nanogels (40−80 nm) composed of a Ag nanoparticle (NP) as core and smart gel of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) as shell. The pH-induced shrinkage of the nanogel increases the UV−vis absorption intensity and causes a blue shift of the surface plasmon bands of the Ag NP core. The smart nanogel can overcome cellular barriers to enter the intracellular region and light up the mouse melanoma B16F10 cells, including the nuclear regions. The surface property and concentrations of the hybrid nanogels influences their interactions with cells, resulting in different cell morphology and selective cell staining. The pH-responsive hybrid nanogels exhibit not only a high drug loading capacity but also a pH-controllable drug releasing behavior. Smart hybrid nanogels with optical and therapeutic functionality, designed by integration of functional building blocks, offer broad opportunities for biomedical applications.
The Mechanism of Sulfate Adsorption on Iron Oxides (1978)

Abstract Adsorption isotherms were determined for sulfate adsorption on iron oxides under acid conditions. The product of the surface reaction between the iron oxides and sulfate ions was examined by infrared spectroscopy which showed four bands in the v S‐O stretching region. Thus a structural model could be obtained for the reaction. Two surface hydroxyl groups (or OH 2 + ions) are replaced by one sulfate ion, and two oxygen atoms of the sulfate ion are coordinated each to a different Fe 3+ ion, resulting in the binuclear bridging surface complex Fe‐O‐S(O 2 )‐O‐Fe. The complex is formed on the surfaces of goethite (α‐FeOOH), akaganéite (β‐FeOOH), lepidocrocite (γ‐FeOOH), hematite (α‐Fe 2 O 3 ) and amorphous ferric hydroxide.
Spiral scanning: An alternative to conventional raster scanning in high-speed scanning probe microscopes (2010)

A spiral scanning method for high-speed Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is described in this paper. In this method, the sample is scanned in a spiral pattern instead of the conventional raster pattern. A spiral scan can be produced by applying single frequency cosine and sine signals with slowly varying amplitudes to the x axis and y axis of an AFM scanner respectively. The use of the single tone input signals allows the scanner to move at high speeds without exciting the mechanical resonance of the device and with relatively small control efforts. These scan methods can be incorporated into most modern AFMs with minimal effort since they can be implemented in software using the existing hardware. Experimental results obtained by implementing this scanning method on a commercial AFM indicate that the obtained images are of a good quality and the profile of the calibration grating is well captured up to scan frequency of 120 Hz with a scanner where the first resonance frequency is 580 Hz.
Sensorless V-type vector-controlled IM drive with inherent flux-weakening capability (2008)

The paper deals with a voltage-fed (V-type) vector-controlled induction motor drive without speed or position sensors.At first, the drive algorithm is briefly described.Details are then given about the capability of the proposed drive to operate in the flux-weakening region with full inverter output voltage.The parameter sensitivity is also discussed and experimental results are given to validate the proposed control scheme.
Numerical quantification and minimization of perimeter losses in high-efficiency silicon solar cells (1996)

This paper presents a quantitative analysis of perimeter losses in high-efficiency silicon solar cells. A new method of numerical modelling is used, which provides the means to simulate a full-sized solar cell, including its perimeter region. We analyse the reduction in efficiency due to perimeter losses as a function of the distance between the active cell area and the cut edge. It is shown how the optimum distance depends on whether the cells in the panel are shingled or not. The simulations also indicate that passivating the cut-face with a thermal oxide does not increase cell efficiency substantially. Therefore, doping schemes for the perimeter domain are suggested in order to increase efficiency levels above present standards. Finally, perimeter effects in cells that remain embedded in the wafer during the efficiency measurement are outlined.
Physiologic Pacing: New Modalities and Pacing Sites (2006)

Right ventricular (RV) apical pacing impairs left ventricular function by inducing dys-synchronous contraction and relaxation. Chronic RV apical pacing is associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation, morbidity, and even mortality. These observations have raised questions regarding the appropriate pacing mode and site, leading to the introduction of algorithms and new pacing modes to reduce the ventricular pacing burden in dual chamber devices, and a shift of the pacing site away from the RV apex. However, further investigations are required to assess the long-term results of pacing from alternative sites in the right ventricle, because long-term results so far are equivocal. The potential benefit of prophylactic biventricular, mono-chamber left ventricular, and bifocal RV pacing should be explored in selected patients with a narrow QRS complex, especially those with impaired left ventricular function. His bundle pacing is a promising and evolving technique that requires improvements in lead technology.
Emulsion-Derived Foams (PolyHIPEs) Containing Poly(ε-caprolactone) as Matrixes for Tissue Engineering (2001)

The preparation of PolyHIPE foams containing poly(epsilon-caprolactone) from macromonomers by free radical homo- or copolymerization is described. The macromonomers are synthesized from PCL diols and are polymerized in the continuous phase of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). Subsequent drying yields low-density foams with cell diameters of 5-100 microm. Foam morphology, as determined by scanning electron microscopy, depends on the type of diluent (styrene, methyl methacrylate, or toluene) added to the emulsion organic phase and on the PCL content. Increasing the latter increases the continuous phase viscosity to a point where emulsion formation is impeded. Foam swelling in toluene, 2-propanol, and water was investigated by solvent imbibition and increased with increasing solvent hydrophobicity. Furthermore, it was found generally to decrease with increasing PCL content, due to increasing cross-link density. Swelling generally increased when higher molar mass PCL macromonomer was used due to the formation of a less tightly cross-linked network. One type of foam sample was shown to support the growth of human fibroblasts over a period of 2.5 days.
The Coming of Age of Topical Gene Therapy for Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (2022)

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is a genetic disorder in which there is a loss of anchoring fibrils and structural integrity in the superficial layers of the dermis owing to mutations in the gene encoding type VII collagen (COL7A1), as explained by Payne in this issue of the Journal.1 This process leads to the development of painful skin blisters along with a range of secondary illnesses.2 The condition can be inherited in dominant or recessive patterns and in varying degrees of severity. There are currently no approved therapies for the disorder. Gene therapy has made strides in recent years, and in a . . .
Bim deficiency leads to exacerbation and prolongation of joint inflammation in experimental arthritis (2006)

These studies are the first to demonstrate a role for the proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein Bim in the effector phase of RA. The findings indicate that Bim potentially functions to repress the effector phase of arthritis by regulating the milieu of the joint and serum, and by inducing apoptosis.
Joint Inter-flow Network Coding and Opportunistic Routing in Multi-hop\n Wireless Mesh Networks: A Comprehensive Survey (2018)

Network coding and opportunistic routing are two recognized innovative ideas\nto improve the performance of wireless networks by utilizing the broadcast\nnature of the wireless medium. In the last decade, there has been considerable\nresearch on how to synergize inter-flow network coding and opportunistic\nrouting in a single joint protocol outperforming each in any scenario. This\npaper explains the motivation behind the integration of these two techniques,\nand highlights certain scenarios in which the joint approach may even degrade\nthe performance, emphasizing the fact that their synergistic effect cannot be\naccomplished with a naive and perfunctory combination. This survey paper also\nprovides a comprehensive taxonomy of the joint protocols in terms of their\nfundamental components and associated challenges, and compares existing joint\nprotocols. We also present concluding remarks along with an outline of future\nresearch directions.\n
Spectral classification of crop groups for land use identification with temporally sparse time-series satellite images (2013)

In previous work we demonstrated the use of temporal image sequences to identify broad land use classes [1]. The approach aims to provide information critical to modeling land use impacts while minimizing reliance on collecting ground control for individual images. Here, we extend the method to include spectral information taken at the peak NDVI stage for each field. Results show the level of spectral separability of various key crops and pastures, and how we have grouped certain crops that are not spectrally separable. Whereas we obtained only 42% classification accuracy when attempting to classify crops individually, the classification accuracy for our crop groups was 81%. A major challenge is that image datasets are typically sparse - due to cloud cover in New Zealand - so the growth stage, and therefore appearance, of individual crops can vary widely in the ‘peak’ NDVI image.
Request for Information on Establishing a New Manufacturing Institute (DE-FOA-0002564) (2021)

Deep decarbonization of major industries such as metals manufacturing requires extensive process integration and controls to manage feedstocks, side reactions, heat, water, and waste streams. The scale of the energy and capital investment requires that process integration be validated to a high level of confidence with no bias. Industries such as steel production have very thin profit margins. Therefore, lack of confidence in process integration, product quality, and economics is a major deterrence to changes in manufacturing capital investment. Public sector investment in reconfigurable pilot testbeds and a first-of-a-kind plant would be necessary to de-risk technical and financial barriers prior to industry-wide buildout. DOE should consider a National Lab-led hub for the testbeds. Lab testbeds could be utilized in campaigns and allow multiple industrial partners to evaluate and validate technologies prior to making major capital investments.
SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR VERY THIN SiO2 FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS (1967)

The thickness of films (&amp;lt;900 Å) of silicon dioxide on silicon can be determined by observation near Brewster's angle for silicon with the light polarized in the plane of incidence. Since the intensity of the reflected light increases with thickness for these films, the measurement is made by direct comparison of the light reflected by a sample with a calibrated SiO2 on silicon ``thickness gauge.'' Film thicknesses can be estimated to an accuracy of about±30 Å for thicknesses less than 150 Å and±50 Å for thicknesses between 150 Å and 900 Å.
Matched/Mismatched Interactions in Chiral Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Glycosylation Reactions with 2-Deoxy-Sugar Trichloroacetimidate Donors (2014)

The stereochemical outcome of glycosylation reactions of 2-deoxy-sugar trichloroacetimidates promoted by chiral Brønsted acids is shown to be dependent on both the chirality of the catalyst and the configuration of the leaving group. High levels of selectivity (1:16 α:β) can be obtained with (S)-catalysts and an α-trichloroacetimidate donor. Conversely, (R)-catalysts require longer reaction times and provide the product in much lower selectivity (6.6:1 α:β). These observations demonstrate that stereochemical “match” and “mismatch” between donor and acceptor are important factors in chiral Brønsted acid-promoted glycosylations.
TensorFlow Estimators: Managing Simplicity vs. Flexibility in High-Level Machine Learning Frameworks (2017)

We present a framework for specifying, training, evaluating, and deploying machine learning models. Our focus is on simplifying cutting edge machine learning for practitioners in order to bring such technologies into production. Recognizing the fast evolution of the field of deep learning, we make no attempt to capture the design space of all possible model architectures in a domain- specific language (DSL) or similar configuration language. We allow users to write code to define their models, but provide abstractions that guide develop- ers to write models in ways conducive to productionization. We also provide a unifying Estimator interface, making it possible to write downstream infrastructure (e.g. distributed training, hyperparameter tuning) independent of the model implementation. We balance the competing demands for flexibility and simplicity by offering APIs at different levels of abstraction, making common model architectures available out of the box, while providing a library of utilities designed to speed up experimentation with model architectures. To make out of the box models flexible and usable across a wide range of problems, these canned Estimators are parameterized not only over traditional hyperparameters, but also using feature columns, a declarative specification describing how to interpret input data. We discuss our experience in using this framework in re- search and production environments, and show the impact on code health, maintainability, and development speed.
Table S1 from Small-Molecule–Mediated Stabilization of PP2A Modulates the Homologous Recombination Pathway and Potentiates DNA Damage-Induced Cell Death (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Table S1&lt;/p&gt;
Photoluminescence Study of Ion Implantation Damage in Gallium Arsenide. (1981)

The 5 deg photoluminescence (PL) from 1.55 eV to 1.36 eV of semi-insulating bulk GaAs implanted with Si was observed, using the 488 nm line of an argon-ion laser. Implant dosages were 10 to the 12th power, 10 to the 13th power, 10 to the 14th power, and 10 to the 15th power ions/sq cm. Separate sets of samples were annealed at 750 deg C and 900 deg C. The virgin unannealed sample spectrum contained a shallow donor peak at 1.513 eV, a carbon donor-to-carbon acceptor peak at 1.490 eV, a possible carbon donor-to-zinc acceptor peak at 1.487 eV, and an optical phonon peak at 1.454 eV. The virgin annealed sample spectra included, additionally, a vacancy complex-to-silicon acceptor peak at 1.406 eV, a Ga vacancy complex peak at 1.358 eV and a phonon replica at 1.322 eV. The spectra of the implanted unannealed samples showed an increasing quenching of native peaks with increasing dosage, and included no new damage related peaks. The spectra of the implanted samples showed an increase in the native peaks due to annealing but not due to Si dosage increases. The increase in Si dosage caused an increase in low energy broad peaks. A temperature study (5 deg K to 77 deg K), and chemical etching depth resolved study of a sample implanated with 10 to the 15th power ions sq cm and annealed at 900 deg C showed two broads peaks: one near 1.38 eV and one near 1.42 eV. (Author)
Formal Properties of the Metathesaurus: An Update* (1995)

The formality of the Metathesaurus stems from the way that its concepts are related to one another. Thus our first interest is in the relative stability of those concepts. In 1994, we observed that atoms, names in a constituent terminology, are being added to the Metathesaurus faster than concepts, unique, named meanings. Figure 1 shows the number of atoms and concepts in the reviewed portion of the six versions of the Metathesaurus, and the 1995 Metathesaurus continues the trend toward convergence. If this continues for future versions of the Metathesaurus, it may indicate the emergence of an empirical consensus on the identity of biomedical concepts independent of what they are called.
A Comparative Evaluation of Blockchain Systems for Application Sharing Using Containers (2017)

The Cloud computing paradigm is built on the concept of virtualization, allowing multiple virtual machines to cohabit on one physical device to enable the scaling up and down of applications through elastic on-demand provisioning. More recently containers e.g. Docker, have been shown to enable a more lightweight mechanism than hypervisors and proved to be a viable alternative for virtualization, based on shared operating systems. The advent of such lightweight environments has brought a multitude of application uses in research, science and industry, enabling pre-configured operating environments to be shared, reused and instantiated on demand. The sharing of containers has currently been exposed using centralized repositories (e.g. Dockerhub), which allows containers to be shared and to form the building blocks for further development. In this paper, we take a look at the next evolution of this lifecycle and consider whether it is viable to securely share container-based applications within a decentralized group of individuals and to provide an audit trail recording exactly who has shared what, and with whom. For this purpose we consider the use of Blockchain technologies, and consequently perform a comparative analysis of Blockchain technologies for this use case. The paper provides mostly a review and taxonomy of different ledger systems, which we believe may be of interest to the SafeData Workshop participants.
Preparation and Characterization of a pH-Responsive Nanogel Based on a Photo-Cross-Linked Micelle Formed From Block Copolymers with Controlled Structure (2009)

Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-2-cinnamoyloxyethyl acrylate) (PEG-b-P(DEAEMA/CEA)) was prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-controlled radical polymerization. As solution pH is increased from an acidic pH, the hydrodynamic radius (R(h)) increases abruptly near pH 7, indicative of the micelle formation at pH > 7. The micelle formation at pH > 7 was supported by (1)H NMR and light scattering data. Upon irradiation of light, polymer chains in the core of the polymer micelle are cross-linked as a result of the photodimerization of the cinnamoyl groups, yielding a nanogel. The nanogel was characterized by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and fluorescence techniques. The nanogel displayed an ability to solubilize N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (PNA) and 1-pyrenemethanol (hydrophobic guest molecules) into the hydrophobic core at pH > 7. It was confirmed with PNA that the solubilization of a guest molecule occurred at polymer concentrations (C(p)) lower than the critical micelle concentration (cmc) for PEG-b-P(DEAEMA/CEA) because the nanogel retains its micellar structure at C(p) < cmc. 1-Pyrenemethanol is strongly captured by the nanogel at pH 10, whereas it is easily released from the nanogel when pH is reduced to 3. This indicates that the hydrophobicity of the core of the nanogel can be modulated by a change in the degree of protonation of the DEAEMA units in the core, and thus the capture of a guest molecule and its release can be controlled by a change in solution pH.