gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Efficient Application of an Impulse Source Wavemaker to CFD Simulations (2019)

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models, are a useful tool for a wide range of coastal and offshore applications, providing a high fidelity representation of the underlying hydrodynamic processes. Generating input waves in the CFD simulation is performed by a Numerical Wavemaker (NWM), with a variety of different NWM methods existing for this task. While NWMs, based on impulse source methods, have been widely applied for wave generation in depth averaged, shallow water models, they have not seen the same level of adoption in the more general RANS-based CFD simulations, due to difficulties in relating the required impulse source function to the resulting free surface elevation for non-shallow water cases. This paper presents an implementation of an impulse source wavemaker, which is able to self-calibrate the impulse source function to produce a desired wave series in deep or shallow water at a specific point in time and space. Example applications are presented, for a Numerical Wave Tank (NWT), based on the open-source CFD software OpenFOAM, for wave packets in deep and shallow water, highlighting the correct calibration of phase and amplitude. Furthermore, the suitability for cases requiring very low reflection from NWT boundaries is demonstrated. Possible issues in the use of the method are discussed, and guidance for accurate application is given.
Hurricane Katrina Winds Damaged Longleaf Pine Less than Loblolly Pine (2009)

Abstract Some evidence suggests that longleaf pine might be more tolerant of high winds than either slash pine (Pinus elliotii Englem.) or loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). We studied wind damage to these three pine species in a common garden experiment in southeast Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina, a very large, Category 3 hurricane that directly affected the stand in August 2005. The experiment, a factorial arrangement of silvicultural treatments established in 1960, included 120 plots of 100 trees each, covering about 22 ha. Following the hurricane, dbh was measured on all trees, and each tree was rated with respect to mortality from wind damage. Longleaf pine suffered less mortality (7%) than the other two species (slash pine, 14%; loblolly pine, 26%), although the differences in mortality were statistically significant only between longleaf pine and loblolly pine. Longleaf pine lost significantly fewer stems per hectare and less basal area than the two other species. Differences in mortality among species were not a function of mean plot tree height or plot density. Our analyses indicate that longleaf pine is more resistant to wind damage than loblolly pine.
Localised to intraligand charge-transfer states in cyclometalated platinum complexes: an experimental and theoretical study into the influence of electron-rich pendants and modulation of excited states by ion binding (2009)

The neopentyl ester of 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene-5-boronic acid (dpy-B) is a useful intermediate in the divergent synthesis of N;C;N-coordinating, 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene ligands, HL(n), that carry aryl substituents at the 5-position of the central ring. The platinum(ii) complexes, PtL(n)Cl, of several such ligands have been prepared, incorporating pendant anisoles, arylamines, an oxacrown, and an azacrown, all of which are strongly luminescent in solution at 298 K. The emission of the complexes is partially quenched by oxygen, and all of the compounds are very efficient sensitisers of singlet oxygen. The quantum yields of (1)O(2) formation have been measured on the basis of the intensity of the O(2)(1)Delta(g) emission at 1270 nm, and are in the range 0.25-0.65. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been carried out that include the effect of the solvent, on the unsubstituted complex PtL(1)Cl and on the derivatives incorporating p-dimethylaminophenyl and phenyl-15-mono-N-azacrown-5 pendants (PtL(9)Cl and PtL(12)Cl respectively). Absorption spectra have been simulated on the basis of the calculated singlet excitations: they closely resemble the experimental spectra. In particular, the DFT successfully accounts for the appearance of low-energy absorption bands that accompany the introduction of the aryl pendants, indicating the participation of the aryl group in the HOMO but not significantly in the LUMO. The calculated lowest energy triplet excitation of PtL(1)Cl is close to the observed 0-0 emission maximum of this complex in solution. Taking together data for this series of complexes and related compounds previously studied, the energies of the lowest-energy spin-allowed absorption bands are shown to correlate approximately linearly with the oxidation peak potential. The emission energies show a similar correlation in toluene, but in CH2Cl2 the value for PtL(9)Cl is anomalously low. The differing emission properties of this complex in the two solvents suggest a switch to a TICT-like state in CH2Cl2 (TICT = twisted intramolecular charge transfer), stabilised in the more polar environment. Transient DC photoconductivity measurements confirm that the dipole moment of the triplet excited state is larger in CH2Cl2 than in toluene. The azacrown PtL(12)Cl displays similar behaviour. Binding of metal ions such as Ca2+ to the azacrown unit of this complex leads to a pronounced blue shift in the emission, which can be readily understood in terms of the large increase in the TICT energy that will accompany the binding of the metal ion to the lone pair of the azacrown nitrogen atom.
Investigation of Surface and Interface Morphology of Thermally Grown SiO<sub>2</sub> Dielectrics on 4H-SiC(0001) Substrates (2011)

Surface and interface morphology of thermal oxides grown on 4-off (0001) oriented 4H-SiC substrates by dry O2 oxidation was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). When step bunching was present on a starting wafer, oxide surface roughness was much larger than that of the starting 4H-SiC surface. This is attributed to the difference in oxidation rate between the terrace and the step face. A step-terrace structure on 4H-SiC(0001) was mostly preserved on the oxide surface, but pronounced oxidation occurred around the step bunching. Cross-sectional TEM observation showed that the SiO2/4H-SiC interface became smoother than the initial surface and the thickness of the SiO2 layer fluctuated. Such SiO2 thickness fluctuation may cause a local electric field concentration when a voltage was applied to the oxide, thus degrading the dielectric breakdown characteristics of 4H-SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices.
Glucose transport and metabolism in the brain (1986)

A model is proposed for the uptake and metabolism of cold and radiotracer glucose that takes into account the concentration profiles of the cold and tracer glucose as they pass through the capillary bed of the brain. The model incorporates capillary blood flow, nonlinear transport between blood and brain, and Michaelis-Menten kinetics for incorporation of glucose into the brain metabolic pool. Analytical equations are derived for the conditions of normoglycemia and hypoglycemia. In normoglycemia, cold glucose uptake is determined solely by metabolic demand and is relatively independent of fluctuations in plasma glucose levels. At lower glucose levels, transport of glucose across the blood-brain barrier becomes a progressively more important factor in determining uptake. Uptake of radiotracer glucose depends primarily on transport parameters. Functional heterogeneity of the capillary bed is considered both in relation to glucose uptake and parameter estimation.
Three‐dimensional solution structure of apo‐neocarzinostatin from Streptomyces carzinostaticus determined by NMR spectroscopy (1992)

The three-dimensional solution structure of apo-neocarzinostatin has been resolved from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data. Up to 1034 constraints were used to generate an initial set of 45 structures using a distance geometry algorithm (DSPACE). From this set, ten structures were subjected to refinement by restrained energy minimization and molecular dynamics. The average atomic root mean square deviations between the final ten structures and the mean structure obtained by averaging their coordinates run from 0.085 nm for the best defined beta-sheet regions of the protein to 0.227 nm for the side chains of the most flexible loops. The solution structure of apo-neocarzinostatin is closely similar to that of the related proteins, macromomycin and actinoxanthin. It contains a seven-stranded antiparallel beta-barrel which forms, together with two external loops, a deep cavity that is the chromophore binding site. It is noteworthy that aromatic side chains extend into the binding cleft. They may be responsible for the stabilization of the holo-protein complex and for the chromophore specificity within the antitumoral family.
Some Performance Characteristics of a Prussian Blue Battery (1985)

Neff (1978), Ellis et al. (1981), and Itaya et al,. (1982) have studied the thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of the electrochemical oxidation and reduction of thin films of Prussian blue (PB) on various substrates. The present note has the objective to point out the feasibility of a Prussian blue battery, taking into account also the determination of some preliminary performance characteristics of a Prussian blue battery. It is shown that two half-cells could be combined to make a PB battery which, in the uncharged state, would consist of PB as both anode and cathode. One of the major problems encountered is the adherence of the PB deposit on the carbon substrate. 9 references.
A Compact and Discriminative Face Track Descriptor (2014)

Our goal is to learn a compact, discriminative vector representation of a face track, suitable for the face recognition tasks of verification and classification. To this end, we propose a novel face track descriptor, based on the Fisher Vector representation, and demonstrate that it has a number of favourable properties. First, the descriptor is suitable for tracks of both frontal and profile faces, and is insensitive to their pose. Second, the descriptor is compact due to discriminative dimensionality reduction, and it can be further compressed using binarization. Third, the descriptor can be computed quickly (using hard quantization) and its compact size and fast computation render it very suitable for large scale visual repositories. Finally, the descriptor demonstrates good generalization when trained on one dataset and tested on another, reflecting its tolerance to the dataset bias. In the experiments we show that the descriptor exceeds the state of the art on both face verification task (YouTube Faces without outside training data, and INRIA-Buffy benchmarks), and face classification task (using the Oxford-Buffy dataset).
Selective Extraction of Collagen Peptides with High Purity from Cod Skins by Deep Eutectic Solvents (2017)

This paper reports an efficient and eco-friendly extraction and separation method of collagen peptides from cod skins based on a nascent class of green and sustainable deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Six kinds of DESs were designed and synthesized. On the basis of the principle of high extraction efficiency and high purity, choline chloride–oxalic acid was selected as the optimal extraction solvent. In the process of collagen peptides purification, ethanol was the optimal precipitation reagent due to the low toxicity. Afterward, single factor experiments proved that the extraction efficiency and purity of collagen peptides were influenced by the molar ratios of choline chloride–oxalic acid, extraction temperature, reaction time and solvent-to-solid ratio. Under the optimal conditions, higher and lower molecular weight collagen peptides were obtained. The values of their respective extraction efficiencies were up to 91.57% and 96.01% and the corresponding purity was up to 93.14% and 100%, respectively. Finally, UV–vis and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry were utilized to study the extraction mechanism. The results from this study demonstrate that choline chloride–oxalic acid is a green, efficient and promising solvent for extracting collagen peptides from cod skins.
Role of hypertension in chronic renal allograft dysfunction. (1995)

The damaging effects of essential hypertension and the central role of the kidney in its pathogenesis have long been recognized. Essential hypertension is the second leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States, with its prevalence increasing dramatically over the last decade. Similarly, the role of the transplanted kidney in the pathogenesis of hypertension has been demonstrated in animals and humans. Concerns over the inability of immunologic advancements to improve long-term allograft survival have focused attention on nonimmunologic factors, such as hypertension, and its contribution to chronic renal allograft injury. However, the complex nature of post-transplant hypertension has made it difficult to discern if its occurrence is the cause or the consequence of chronic allograft dysfunction. The possibility remains that, in many patients, the two processes are not mutually exclusive and coexist. Regardless, post-transplant hypertension negatively impacts long-term allograft and patient survival. Many questions regarding the etiology, optimal therapy and role of various growth factors in mediating the damaging effects of post-transplant hypertension remain unanswered and should serve as the focus for future studies.
Frequency stabilisation of semiconductor lasers for heterodyne-type optical communication systems (1980)

In the somewhat distant future, heterodyne-type optical communications will appear, increasing channel capacity and repeater separation. At present, the greatest difficulty is the frequency drift of lasers. The letter describes an a.f.c. (automatic frequency control) experiment using a Peltier cooling element; it is shown that the frequency fluctuation can be reduced to below 10 MHz.
The RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complex (2003)

Synthesis of eukaryotic mRNA by RNA polymerase II is an elaborate biochemical process that requires the concerted action of a large set of transcription factors. RNA polymerase II transcription proceeds through multiple stages designated preinitiation, initiation, and elongation. Historically, studies of the elongation stage of eukaryotic mRNA synthesis have lagged behind studies of the preinitiation and initiation stages; however, in recent years, efforts to elucidate the mechanisms governing elongation have led to the discovery of a diverse collection of transcription factors that directly regulate the activity of elongating RNA polymerase II. Moreover, these studies have revealed unanticipated roles for the RNA polymerase II elongation complex in such processes as DNA repair and recombination and the proper processing and nucleocytoplasmic transport of mRNA. Below we describe these recent advances, which highlight the important role of the RNA polymerase II elongation complex in regulation of eukaryotic gene expression.
New [Au(NHC)(OH)] Complexes for Silver-Free Protocols (2013)

Novel (NHC)gold(I) hydroxides are reported. Their differing tolerances to air and moisture are rationalized by the varying abilities of the NHC ligands to sterically protect the reactive metal center. A number of gold hydroxides were used in the silver-free preparation of Gagosz-type catalysts. This general procedure led to analytically pure products while avoiding the use of expensive silver reagents.
A novel framework for the 3D analysis of spine deformation modes. (2006)

Three-dimensional classification of scoliosis is important. However, analyzing large databases of 3D spine models is a difficult and time consuming task. To facilitate this task a method that automatically extracts the most important deformation modes from a set of 3D spine models is proposed. The 3D spine models are first converted into vertebrae relative positions and orientations. Then, a variability model composed of the Fréchet mean and of a generalized covariance is computed. A principal component analysis is applied to that variability model and the extracted components are converted into deformation modes. Those modes are visualized by animating a 3D spine model where the deformation strength varies (for a given mode). The proposed method was applied to a group of 307 scoliotic patients and meaningful deformation modes were successfully extracted. For example, patients' growth, double curves, simple thoracic curves and lumbar lordosis were extracted in the first four deformation modes. Moreover, the obtained deformation modes are not disconnected from conventional surgical classifications since a logistic regression confirmed that there is a statistically significant relation between King's classification and the first four principal deformation modes. The proposed method successfully extracted important deformation modes from a set of 3D spine models and can be used to refine arbitrary classes (King's or Lenke's classes, for instance), thus helping the design of new clinically relevant 3D classifications.
Degradations due to both dispersion and SPM/CPM on dispersion-managed WDM long-distance systems (2005)

Summary form only given. In long-distance and high-speed wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems, fiber dispersion and nonlinearities degrade system performance and limit the distance and speed of data transmission. The most important nonlinear effects include stimulated Raman scattering, four-wave mixing (FWM) and self- and cross-phase modulation (SPM/CPM). Various dispersion-management techniques have been successfully used to simultaneously minimize dispersion and negate FWM effects.
Compaction Characteristics of Contaminated Soils-Reuse as a Road Base Material (1998)

Contaminated soils generated from leaking underground storage tanks (USTs) sites are classified as solid waste or non-hazardous waste. Since petroleum contaminated soils are solid waste they cannot be used as clean fill material. A sub-base of a major freeway in New Jersey was built with petroleum contaminated soils. The petroleum soil was appropriately contained to prevent leaching of petroleum products. In order to understand the compaction behavior of petroleum contaminated soils, an extensive laboratory study was conducted. The following conclusions were drawn from the test results. When the soils are contaminated with non-polar organic liquids, due to the lubricating action, there is an improvement in compaction characteristics. This is not continued beyond the oil content value corresponding to the situation where all the soil particles are coated with oil. When the soils are contaminated with polar organic liquids, besides the above lubricating action, the soil structure tends to be dispersed. The dispersed soil structure produced low maximum dry density. However, if the pore liquid viscosity was high the soil structure effect is masked to improve the compaction characteristics. A 2.5% glycerol content improved the compaction characteristics of all the clayey soils tested.
Consideration of Accuracy of Quantitative X-Ray CT Analyses for Short-Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polymers (2015)

A novel methodology for the characterization of short fibre reinforced polymers using Xray computed tomography is introduced and evaluated. Scans with high resolution lead to data quality that allows for single fibre examination. Data analysis takes the information of local direction into account to determine centre lines and start- and endpoints. Reproducibility and accuracy are determined for glass fibre filled Polypropylene. Nine analyses of the same specimen show very small standard deviation for fibre length and orientation distribution. Accuracy of up to 97 % is determined by comparing the XCT result with semi-automatically generated ground truth. Variation of resolution shows no influence on fibre orientation but a decrease in mean fibre length for lower resolution. The proposed method leads to accurate results at 2 μm voxel edge length or below for the investigated material system.
TNP [N2-(m-Trifluorobenzyl), N6-(p-nitrobenzyl)purine] ameliorates diet induced obesity and insulin resistance via inhibition of the IP6K1 pathway (2016)

Pharmacologic inhibition of the inositol pyrophosphate pathway has strong therapeutic potential in obesity, T2D, and other metabolic diseases.
Noise emission of electric and hybrid electric vehicles : deliverable FOREVER (n° Forever WP2_D2-1-V4) (2015)

The project FOREVER aims primarily to provide data and information on the potential future noise impacts of electric vehicles on national roads. Work Package 2 (WP2) of the project is intended to identify the noise emission levels from electric and hybrid-electric vehicles. This involves a review of the state-of-the-art in vehicle noise evaluation methods and how these can be applied to electric vehicles, considering the issue from the perspective of operation in controlled conditions rather than just strict type-approval conditions. The study includes practical testing carried out on a range of electric and hybrid-electric vehicles to determine noise emission levels. The objective is to derive input data for use within noise prediction models such as CNOSSOS-EU. Two vehicle categories, light and medium heavy vehicles, are considered in the study which focuses entirely on external noise. The noise impacts from the perspective of human listeners, e.g. communities near national road ways, were also considered through a series of subjective participant trials. These studies investigated how the change in the character of noise emission of electric vehicles is perceived by human listeners. A system of perceptual dimensions similar to past research was used to assess the noise emission of electric vehicles.
Alignment of paired molecules of C60 within a hexagonal platform networked through hydrogen-bonds (2016)

We demonstrate, for the first time, that a hydrogen-bonded low-density organic framework can be applied as a platform to achieve periodic alignment of paired molecules of C60, which is the smallest example of a finite-numbered cluster of C60. The framework is a layered assembly of a hydrogen-bonded 2D hexagonal network (LA-H-HexNet) composed of dodecadehydrotribenzo[18]annulene derivatives.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Far-red photons have equivalent efficiency to traditional photosynthetic photons: Implications for redefining photosynthetically active radiation. (2020)

Read the full review for this Faculty Opinions recommended article: Far-red photons have equivalent efficiency to traditional photosynthetic photons: Implications for redefining photosynthetically active radiation.