gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring the sampling coherence of a terahertz quantum cascade laser (2012)

The emission of a quantum cascade laser can be synchronized to the repetition rate of a femtosecond laser through the use of coherent injection seeding. This synchronization defines a sampling coherence between the terahertz laser emission and the femtosecond laser which enables coherent field detection. In this letter the sampling coherence is measured in the time-domain through the use of coherent and incoherent detection. For large seed amplitudes the emission is synchronized, while for small seed amplitudes the emission is non-synchronized. For intermediate seed amplitudes the emission exhibits a partial sampling coherence that is time-dependent.
A 4H-SiC BJT with an Epitaxially Regrown Extrinsic Base Layer (2005)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
The Potential Role of Sildenafil in Cancer Management through EPR Augmentation (2021)

Enhanced permeation retention (EPR) was a significant milestone discovery by Maeda et al. paving the path for the emerging field of nanomedicine to become a powerful tool in the fight against cancer. Sildenafil is a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE-5) used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) through the relaxation of smooth muscles and the modulation of vascular endothelial permeability. Overexpression of PDE-5 has been reported in lung, colon, metastatic breast cancers, and bladder squamous carcinoma. Moreover, sildenafil has been reported to increase the sensitivity of tumor cells of different origins to the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic agents with augmented apoptosis mediated through inducing the downregulation of Bcl-xL and FAP-1 expression, enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, phosphorylating BAD and Bcl-2, upregulating caspase-3,8,9 activities, and blocking cells at G0/G1 cell cycle phase. Sildenafil has also demonstrated inhibitory effects on the efflux activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters such as ABCC4, ABCC5, ABCB1, and ABCG2, ultimately reversing multidrug resistance. Accordingly, there has been a growing interest in using sildenafil as monotherapy or chemoadjuvant in EPR augmentation and management of different types of cancer. In this review, we critically examine the basic molecular mechanism of sildenafil related to cancer biology and discuss the overall potential of sildenafil in enhancing EPR-based anticancer drug delivery, pointing to the outcomes of the most important related preclinical and clinical studies.
Image extraction in digital documents (2008)

Images included in documents usually provide information that may not be readily expressible by words. For example, academic articles with similar pictures may be of interest for researchers. We deal with the problem of extracting images in digital document. Given a digital document, the optimal block size is first determined by finding the best fit of the horizontally projected gray-level pattern to a set of orthogonal basis vectors. Because the block with the optimal size is supposed to contain sufficient information to identify text regions, the proposed method is font-size independent regardless of the size of the words in the text lines. The blocks divided by the optimal block size are classified into one of image, text, and background blocks. This block classification result, in turn, is used for the initial configuration for blockwise document segmentation. The blockwise segmentation method is based on the maximum a posteriori (MAP) framework with a deterministic relaxation algorithm. After the blockwise segmentation, each boundary block in the image region is further divided into four subblocks and the class labels for these subblocks are updated. These subdivision and class updating processes are executed recursively until we have a pixel-level segmentation. Experimental results show that the proposed image extraction method yields 2.9% error rates for 232 documents in the Oulu database.
The Embryonic Function of Germ Cell Nuclear Factor Is Dependent on the DNA Binding Domain (2002)

Germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF), an orphan nuclear receptor, is essential for mouse embryogenesis. GCNF specifically binds to a DR0 response element via its DNA binding domain (DBD) in vitro and functions as a repressor of gene transcription. To further study the role of GCNF during embryogenesis, we have employed a Cre/loxP strategy and generated a line of GCNF mutant mice (GCNF(lox/lox)) in which the 243-base pair DBD-encoding exon has been deleted in the germline. However, the ligand binding domain (LBD) of GCNF is still expressed at the mRNA and protein levels in the GCNF(lox/lox) mice. GCNF(lox/lox) mice die at 9.5-10.5 days postcoitum. The tailbuds of these mutant embryos protrude outside the yolk sac. Expression of Oct-4 in the somatic cells of GCNF(lox/lox) embryos at 8.25 days postcoitum was not silenced as in the GCNF(+/+) embryos. Therefore, GCNF(lox/lox) mice phenocopy the GCNF(-/-) mice. Our results indicate that the DBD is essential for the function of GCNF during early mouse embryogenesis, and that the LBD does not mediate any function independent of the DBD at this stage of embryonic development. Our results also suggest that GCNF is indeed a transcriptional factor that represses gene transcription mediated via its DBD.
Evaluation of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composites for Use in Unlubricated Sliding Bearings (1974)

Conforming shoe-type specimens of radial fiber graphite/epoxy, tangential fiber graphite/epoxy, and radial fiber graphite/polyimide were fabricated and evaluated as bearing materials. Their performance was compared against that of specimens cut from commercially available Teflon-lined (TFE-lined) bearings of MS 21240 type. All the test specimens were run against hardened steel sleeves. Test conditions included bearing loads ranging from 9 to 30 ksi (6.2 × 107 to 20.7 × 107 N/m2); oscillatory motion of ±25 deg at 30 or 60 cpm (0.5 or 1.0 Hz); equilibrium sleeve temperatures at the start of test ranging from 80 to 400°F (300 to 477 K); and test durations of 2 h except where earlier specimen failure occurred. Compressive strength and thermal conductivity measurements were also made on the graphite/epoxy materials. At temperatures of 350°F (450 K) and lower, the TFE material exhibited the best friction and wear characteristics of the four materials tested. The graphite/polyimide material exhibited friction and wear performance superior to that of either of the graphite/epoxy materials over the range of conditions used. At combinations of high load and temperatures in excess of 350°F (450 K), the wear rate of graphite/polyimide material was comparable to that of the TFE material, although friction was higher.
The maxillary second molar: variations in the number of roots and canals (1996)

A retrospective study was undertaken of 520 completed endodontic treatments of maxillary second molar teeth which were selected from a specialty endodontic practice. Radiographs were reviewed and studied, a classification of antomical root and canal variations was devised, and the frequency with which each variant occurred was recorded. There were six variants which occurred frequently enough to be considered as separate anatomic categories and their frequency of occurrence is illustrated. The six variants found in the study and their frequency of occurrence are as follows: (1) three separate roots and three separate canals (56.9%); (2) three separate roots and four canals (two in the mesiobuccal root) (22.7%); (3) three roots and canals whose mesiobuccal and distobuccal canals combine to form a common buccal with a separate palatal (9%); (4) two separate roots with a single canal in each (6.9%); (5) one main root and canal (3.1%); and (6) four separate roots and four separate canals including two palatal (1.4%). Clinical examples of these deviant variations are also presented.
Collisional and Radiative Processes in High-Pressure Discharge Plasmas (2001)

Discharge plasmas at high pressures (up to and exceeding atmospheric pressure), where single collision conditions no longer prevail, provide a fertile environment for the experimental study of collisions and radiative processes dominated by (i) step-wise processes, i.e., the excitation of an already excited atomic/molecular state and by (ii) three-body collisions leading, for instance, to the formation of excimers. The dominance of collisional and radiative processes beyond binary collisions involving ground-state atoms and molecules in such environments allows for many interesting applications of high-pressure plasmas such as high power lasers, opening switches, novel plasma processing applications and sputtering, absorbers and reflectors for electromagnetic waves, remediation of pollutants and waste streams, and excimer lamps and other noncoherent vacuum-ultraviolet light sources. Here recent progress is summarized in the use of hollow cathode discharge devices with hole dimensions in the range 0.1-0.5 mm for the generation of vacuum-ultraviolet light.
A model for generating circadian rhythm by coupling ultradian oscillators (2006)

Abstract Background Organisms ranging from humans to cyanobacteria undergo circadian rhythm, that is, variations in behavior that cycle over a period about 24 hours in length. A fundamental property of circadian rhythm is that it is free-running, and continues with a period close to 24 hours in the absence of light cycles or other external cues. Regulatory networks involving feedback inhibition and feedforward stimulation of mRNA transcription and translation are thought to be critical for many circadian mechanisms, and genes coding for essential components of circadian rhythm have been identified in several organisms. However, it is not clear how such components are organized to generate a circadian oscillation. Results We propose a model in which two independent transcriptional-translational oscillators with periods much shorter than 24 hours are coupled to drive a forced oscillator that has a circadian period, using mechanisms and parameters of conventional molecular biology. Furthermore, the resulting circadian oscillator can be entrained by an external light-dark cycle through known mechanisms. We rationalize the mathematical basis for the observed behavior of the model, and show that the behavior is not dependent on the details of the component ultradian oscillators but occurs even if quite generalized basic oscillators are used. Conclusion We conclude that coupled, independent, transcriptional-translational oscillators with relatively short periods can be the basis for circadian oscillators. The resulting circadian oscillator can be entrained by 24-hour light-dark cycles, and the model suggests a mechanism for its evolution.
Coupling simulation of multistage pulse conflagration compression fracturing (2014)

Due to the transient and multi-field coupling complexity of the multistage pulse conflagration compression fracturing, the coupling solution method for it was established, and the simulation calculation and field application analysis was conducted. The whole process of conflagration compression fracturing was divided into five subsystems: propellants conflagration loading, piezoresistive liquid column movement, perforation discharge, fracture initiation and dynamic extension. Based on the given assumptions, the kinetic model of each subsystem was built, and the coupling solution method of multistage pulse deflagration compression fracturing process was obtained using the node system analysis method. With the coupling solution method, a reasonable range of propellants charge can be calculated and the dynamic prediction of the conflagration pressure and fracture shape can be realized. Through simulation calculation, the changes of propellants conflagration pressure, piezoresistive gas-liquid interface displacement and fracture length were analyzed, and the whole process was divided into five phases by the time. The field application results indicate that the multistage pulse conflagration compression fracturing conducted based on the coupling solution method can fracture the reservoir successfully and reduce the breakdown pressure, making sure that the follow-up measures are carried out smoothly.
Structure of HinP1I endonuclease reveals a striking similarity to the monomeric restriction enzyme MspI (2005)

HinP1I, a type II restriction endonuclease, recognizes and cleaves a palindromic tetranucleotide sequence (G/CGC) in double-stranded DNA, producing 2 nt 5' overhanging ends. Here, we report the structure of HinP1I crystallized as one protein monomer in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. HinP1I displays an elongated shape, with a conserved catalytic core domain containing an active-site motif of SDX18QXK and a putative DNA-binding domain. Without significant sequence homology, HinP1I displays striking structural similarity to MspI, an endonuclease that cleaves a similar palindromic DNA sequence (C/CGG) and binds to that sequence crystallographically as a monomer. Almost all the structural elements of MspI can be matched in HinP1I, including both the DNA recognition and catalytic elements. Examining the protein-protein interactions in the crystal lattice, HinP1I could be dimerized through two helices located on the opposite side of the protein to the active site, generating a molecule with two active sites and two DNA-binding surfaces opposite one another on the outer surfaces of the dimer. A possible functional link between this unusual dimerization mode and the tetrameric restriction enzymes is discussed.
Dispersion and attenuation of the eigenwaves for light propagation in heiicoidal liquid crystals (1986)

Abstract The dispersion curves and attenuation factors of the Bloch eigenwaves in heiicoidal liquid crystals (chiral smectic C and cholesterics) are calculated using the 4 × 4 characteristic matrix method. Four possible types of eigenmodes are seen to exist in the medium. The reflection peaks, which correspond to odd parts of the full pitch, are total reflection peaks, while those corresponding to even parts of the full pitch are composed of three branches at high incidence angles, where the outer branches are selective reflection and the central one is a total reflection peak. Selective reflection regions occur only at the edges of the Brillouin zones, while total reflections can occur anywhere inside the zones. The former are interpreted according to the coupled mode theory as resonant Bragg reflections, with the latter as exchange Bragg reflections. When the tilt direction exceeds the propagation direction, the central branch of the even sequence of peaks starts to be due to resonant Bragg reflections. The first order peak for cholesterics becomes strongly structured at large incidence angles.
INTRODUCTORY (2010)

“Books contain a potency of life in them to be as active as that soul was whose progeny they are…. “I know they are as lively and as vigorously productive as those fabulous dragon's teeth, and being sown up and down may chance to spring up armed men.”Milton, Areopagitica, §. 3
[Myxoma of the left ventricle. Apropos of a successfully operated case]. (1975)

Left ventricular myxomata are exceptional (12 published cases). In the case reported, the clinical picture included emboli (cerebral and coronary) and syncope. Auscultation, the electrocardiogram and the phonomechanocardiographic tracings suggested an impaired left ventricular ejection, while the left ventriculography demonstrated the tumour and the coronary arteriography its vascular relationship with the right coronary artery. Cure was obtained by surgical removal. In that respect, an attempt was made to describe the clinical and paraclinical bases for the diagnosis of the myxomata of the left ventricle.
An Introduction to the V-System (1986)

A distributed operating system runs on Sun and VAXstation-II workstations connected by an Ethernet. Its distributed kernel provides inexpensive processes and fast interprocess communication.
Machine learning–based prediction of outcomes of the endoscopic endonasal approach in Cushing disease: is the future coming? (2020)

ML algorithms were used to train and internally validate robust models for all the endpoints, giving accurate outcome predictions in CD cases. This analytical method seems promising for potentially improving future patient care and counseling; however, careful clinical interpretation of the results remains necessary before any clinical adoption of ML. Moreover, further studies and increased sample sizes are definitely required before the widespread adoption of ML to the study of CD.
Measurements of Standard Free Energies of Formation of Various Oxides by E.M.F. Method with Solid Oxide Electrolyte at Low Temperatures (1980)

The e.m.f. method using the zirconia solid electrolyte has been applied to the study of determination of the various thermodynamic values at the temperatures above 900 K.This work was done for the purpose of applying this method to obtain the fundamental data on practical lead refining at temperatures of 623∼773 K.In this work, it was recognized that the stabilized zirconia was useful as an electrolyte even at the lower temperature of about 673 K and the Y2O3 stabilized zirconia was found to be better than the CaO stabilized zirconia as the solid oxide electrolyte to be used at the temperature of 673∼773 K.For the measurement of the e.m.f. at the lower temperatures as this work, however, it must be considered to minimize the internal resistance of the cell.E.m.f.’s of galvanic cells with the solid oxide electrolyte (ZrO2+CaO) and (ZrO2+Y2O3) were measured to determine the standard free energies of formation of PbO, FexO, Fe3O4, Cu2O and Sb2O3 in the following temperature ranges.The cell used were as follows:(This article is not displayable. Please see full text pdf.) \ oindentThe results were represented by the following equations:(This article is not displayable. Please see full text pdf.)
Flip‐teaching engineering optimization, electromagnetic product design, and nondestructive evaluation in a semester's course (2014)

ABSTRACT Teaching practical design to students requires first a numerical course such as on finite elements and then a course on optimization. However, because of curricular constraints, it is very difficult to get students to take two courses. This paper describes a new semester's course at Michigan State University that accomplishes this through flip teaching to tackle the challenges of time. It is the flip teaching that made it possible to cover two large courses as one. The traditional order of (a) delivering theory (b) programming ancillary tools (mesh generators, solvers), and (c) programming and solving design problems, is flipped. Pre‐constructed meshes described by design parameters and ancillary programs (solvers, mesh generators, and equipotential plotters) are given to students. They familiarize themselves with these at home so that class discussion is focused on the tough concepts inherent to finite element optimization. Further to manage time, students do the massive homework in teams of two and in the last 3 weeks, each student master's one optimization method working closely with the instructor in face‐to‐face sessions. Flip teaching was praised by all students. The final assignment with a realistic design problem (using a method specific to each student) involved a seminar where students presented their results and taught their specific method to the others. A survey proved the learning accomplished. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:374–382, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae ; DOI 10.1002/cae.21607
Guest Editorial (2008)

The 17 papers in this special section focus on electric machinery and adjustable-speed motor drives.
The teacher's grammar of English : a course book and reference guide (2008)

The Teacher's Grammar of English is a comprehensive resource text designed to help ESL/EFL teachers understand and teach American English grammar. The Teacher's Grammar of English is a comprehensive resource text designed to help ESL/EFL teachers and teachers-in-training understand and teach American English grammar. In addition to complete, up-to-date coverage on form, meaning, and usage, each chapter includes practical suggestions for teaching, as well as a unique section that analyzes common errors made by learners from different first-language backgrounds, based on current research in second-language acquisition. Review exercises throughout each chapter make the book an ideal text for a course on English grammar. An answer key is included.
Stem cell paracrine actions in tissue regeneration and potential therapeutic effect in human endometrium: a retrospective study (2019)

CD133<sup>+</sup> BMDSC therapy regenerates endometrium, modifying the immunological milieu that precedes proliferation and angiogenesis.
Dissociation of IL-1 beta synthesis and secretion in human blood monocytes stimulated with bacterial cell wall products. (1993)

Human blood monocytes synthesize but do not secrete IL-1 beta in response to low doses of bacterial cell-wall products. With this observation, we have developed a two-step staged release assay that separates IL-1 beta synthesis from secretion. This assay can be used to identify secretagogues or inhibitors of IL-1 beta secretion as well as the biochemical events leading to IL-1 beta release. Human blood monocytes are first treated with low (< 50 pg/ml) doses of LPS, which causes the synthesis of intracellular proIL-1 beta. Release of intracellular IL-1 beta can be induced by further treatment with 100 ng/ml of LPS or 1 x 10(6) CFU/ml of heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus. The amount and the efficiency of IL-1 beta secretion in the staged release assay was comparable with that of a standard method of treating blood monocytes with a single dose of 100 ng/ml LPS. Ongoing protein synthesis was not required for IL-1 beta secretion because mature IL-1 beta release occurred in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. We have compared the effects of four different inhibitors of cytokine synthesis on IL-1 beta production in the standard and staged release assays. We find that dexamethasone or IL-10, when added together with 100 ng/ml LPS, inhibits IL-1 beta production with IC50 levels of 0.2 microM and 2.0 ng/ml, respectively. The IC50 levels increase greater than 50-fold when tested against monocytes pretreated with 50 pg/ml of LPS. These data suggest that dexamethasone and IL-10 have little effect on IL-1 beta secretion. Conversely, the IL-1 beta converting enzyme inhibitor, Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-CHO (L-709,049) and the anti-inflammatory agent [5-(4-pyridyl)6(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydroimidazo(2,1-b)thiazole] (SK&F 86002) inhibited IL-1 beta release in both the standard and staged release assays with IC50 of 1 microM. The data suggest that L-709,049 and SK&F 86002 interfere with steps involved in IL-1 beta secretion, as opposed to synthesis. The results also document a novel method for delineating separate events in the pathway required for IL-1 beta biosynthesis and further distinguish two classes of compounds capable of modulating IL-1 beta secretion.
Differential gene expression of flexor tenocytes and synovial sheath cells in vitro: the role of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms (2000)

Ngo, Mytien B.S.; Pham, Hung B.S.; Lorenz, Peter M.D.; Benhaim, Prosper M.D.; Hedrick, Marc M.D.; Jones, Neil Ford M.D.; Longaker, Michael T M.D.; Chang, James M.D. Author Information