gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology and Prevention Particle Traps Prevent Adverse Vascular and Prothrombotic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust Inhalation in Men (2012)

Background—In controlled human exposure studies, diesel engine exhaust inhalation impairs vascular function and enhances thrombus formation. The aim of the present study was to establish whether an exhaust particle trap could prevent these adverse cardiovascular effects in men. Methods and Results—Nineteen healthy volunteers (mean age, 25 3 years) were exposed to filtered air and diesel exhaust in the presence or absence of a particle trap for 1 hour in a randomized, double-blind, 3-way crossover trial. Bilateral forearm blood flow and plasma fibrinolytic factors were assessed with venous occlusion plethysmography and blood sampling during intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine, bradykinin, sodium nitroprusside, and verapamil. Ex vivo thrombus formation was determined with the use of the Badimon chamber. Compared with filtered air, diesel exhaust inhalation was associated with reduced vasodilatation and increased ex vivo thrombus formation under both lowand high-shear conditions. The particle trap markedly reduced diesel exhaust particulate number (from 150 000 to 300 000/cm to 30 to 300/cm; P 0.001) and mass (320 10 to 7.2 2.0 g/m; P 0.001), and was associated with increased vasodilatation, reduced thrombus formation, and an increase in tissue-type plasminogen activator release. Conclusions—Exhaust particle traps are a highly efficient method of reducing particle emissions from diesel engines. With a range of surrogate measures, the use of a particle trap prevents several adverse cardiovascular effects of exhaust inhalation in men. Given these beneficial effects on biomarkers of cardiovascular health, the widespread use of particle traps on diesel-powered vehicles may have substantial public health benefits and reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease. Clinical Trial Registration—http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00745446. (Circulation. 2011;123:1721-1728.)
Novel unconditioned prosocial behavior in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) as a model for empathy (2018)

The consistency between neuroanatomical mechanisms linked to empathy, and the durations of time spent engaging in empathic contact, support the prediction that the empathic contact in this test is a distinct prosocial behavior, lacking prior behavioral training or the naturally occurring ethological relevance of other prosocial behaviors, and is a measure of empathy.
The annealing of stacking-fault tetrahedra in gold (1966)

Abstract The annealing of stacking-fault tetrahedra has been studied in bulk specimens of quenched gold. The results are interpreted in terms of a model involving the successive emission of vacancies, by the propagation of shear jog-lines, and a value of the energy of a shear jog-line of 0ċ07 ev atom plane is obtained. The results indicate that the activation energy for the annealing of stacking-fault tetrahedra is edge length dependent. The greater thermal stability of stacking-fault tetrahedra in silver than in gold is explained by the lower stacking-fault energy of silver.
Flow Separation Control by Plasma Actuator With Nanosecond Pulse Periodic Discharge (2008)

Currently, the problem of flow active control by low-temperature plasma is considered to be one of the most booming realms of aerodynamics . The paper presents a results on controlling boundary layer attachment by plasma actuator withhighvoltage pulsed periodic nanosecond excitation. Actuator-induced gas velocities show near-zero values for nanosecond pulses. The measurements performed show overheating in the discharge region at fast (T ? 1?s) thermalization of the plasma inputed energy. The mean values of such heating of the plasma layer can reach 70, 200, and even 400 K for 7-, 12-, and 50-ns pulse durations, respectively. The emerging shock wave together with the secondary vortex flows disturbs the main flow. The resulting pulsed-periodic disturbance causes an efficient transversal momentum transfer into the boundary layer and further flow attachment to the airfoil surface. Thus, for periodic pulsed nanosecond dielectric barrier discharge DBD, the main mechanism of impact is the energy transfer to and heating of the near-surface gas layer. The following pulse-periodic vortex movement stimulates redistribution of the main flow momentum. The experiments performed here have shown high efficiency of the given mechanism to control boundary layer separation, lift and drag force coefficients, and acoustic noise reduction in the Mach number range of 0.05 to 0.85. The design of the SDBD was typical asymmetric plasma actuator with one exposed and one covered electrodes . In our experiments, the exposed electrode was a cathode. The lower covered electrode was an anode. The experiments were carried out on the generator with a pulse length of 12 ns. Two regimes of the generator's operation were used. One was periodic, with a constant frequency of pulses fed onto the discharge gap. The other was burst mode, with impulses fed in bursts. The number of pulses in a burst varied from 1 to 100 with a repetition frequency of 100 kHz, and the time between the bursts being 1-100 ms. The number of pulses in the burst varied to produce constant averaged discharge power for various experimental conditions. The mean power in all burst regimes was equal to 25 W.The electrodes were made of 50 ?m aluminum foil. Their length was 90 cm and their widths were 15 and 10 mm for the lower and upper electrodes, respectively. The dielectric layer consisted of three PVC-films with a total thickness of 240 ?m.
Assignment of the gene for neutral alpha-glucosidase AB to chromosome 11 (1983)

Human tissues contain two isozymes of neutral a-glucosidase, neutral a-glucosidase AB and neutral a-glucosidase C (a-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.20). The two isozymes, initially defined on the basis of differences in electrophoretic mobility in starch gel, have also been shown to have other distinguishing biochemical characteristics including different substrate specificites. Rodent tissues contain apparently homologous isozymes of neutral a-glucosidase. The mouse and human a-glucosidase C isozymes, but not the AB isozyme(s), can be distinguished by the difference in their electrophoretic mobility. This difference has previously enabled us to use human-mouse somatic cell hybrids to assign the structural gene for human a-glucosidase C to chromosome 15. We now report the differentiation of mouse and human neutral a-glucosidase AB isozymes by rocket immunoelectrophoresis, using an antibody raised in mice against purified human placental neutral a-glucosidase AB. This antibody precipitated both the A and B bands of human neutral a-glucosidase AB and did not cross react with mouse enzyme as determined by Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion and by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Using this antibody, the segregation of human neutral a-glucosidase AB was examined in 41 mouse x human hybrid clones. Thirty-eight hybrid clones, derived from fusions of RAG x seven different human cells, showed 100% concordant segregation of human neutral a-glucosidase AB and the 11. Three additional clones, derived from a fusion of tetraploid murine erythroleukemia cells (2S-MEL) x diploid human fibroblasts carrying a translocation chromosome(s) allowed the regional localization of the gene to the long arm of 11 (11q13→11qter).
Secure Data Collection in Constrained Tree-Based Smart Grid Environments (2014)

To facilitate more efficient control, massive amounts of sensors or measurement devices will be deployed in the Smart Grid. Data collection then becomes non-trivial. In this paper, we study the scenario where a data collector is responsible for collecting data from multiple measurement devices, but only some of them can communicate with the data collector directly. Others have to rely on other devices to relay the data. We first develop a communication protocol so that the data reported by each device is protected again honest-but-curious data collector and devices. To reduce the time to collect data from all devices within a certain security level, we formulate our approach as an integer linear programming problem. As the problem is NP-hard, obtaining the optimal solution in a large network is not very feasible. We thus develop an approximation algorithm to solve the problem. We test the performance of our algorithm using real topologies. The results show that our algorithm successfully identifies good solutions within reasonable amount of time.
Coagulation Factor IXa Binding to Activated Platelets and Platelet-Derived Microparticles: A Flow Cytometric Study (1992)

Factor IX plays a central role in blood coagulation, since it can be activated by either XIa (intrinsic pathway) or tissue factor-VIIa (extrinsic pathway). Activated factor IX (IXa), in a surface-bound complex with factor VIIIa, then activates factor X. Platelets provide the catalytic surface upon which this Xase complex is assembled in vivo. We have used flow cytometry to examine binding of factor IXa to thrombin-activated platelets in the absence of added VIIIa. Platelet-bound IXa and platelet protein GPIb were detected by indirect immunofluorescence staining followed by two-color flow cytometric analysis. Microparticles were identified by their light scattering characteristics. Two binding sites for factor IXa were detected. The high affinity binding site saturated at about 10 nM, with a Kd of 1.6 nM. A second binding curve, with a Kd of about 100 nM, was observed at higher concentrations of IXa. The high affinity factor IXa binding sites comprise about 7% of the total factor IXa binding. Binding to both sites was dependent on the presence of calcium. Thus, we conclude that factor IXa, in addition to its high affinity binding, has a calcium-dependent low affinity association with activated platelets and microparticles. Sims et al, have shown that binding sites for a different coagulation factor, factor Va, are concentrated on microparticles relative to platelet membrane proteins, such as GPIb. GPIb is distributed on platelets and microparticle in proportion to plasma membrane surface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Obstacle-based self-calibration techniques for the determination of the permittivity of liquids (2007)

Abstract. In this contribution, different obstacle-based self-calibration techniques for the measurement of the dielectric properties of liquids are investigated at microwave frequencies. The liquid under test is contained inside a waveguide, which is connected to the ports of a vector network analyzer. The permittivity of the liquid is characterized on the basis of the measured scattering parameters. In order to extract the material parameters precisely and to eliminate systematic errors of the setup, calibration measurements have to be performed. For this purpose, different self-calibration methods based on the displacement of an obstacle are considered. The presented methods differ in that way, that either transmission and reflection measurements or purely reflection measurements are performed. All these methods have in common that the material parameters are already calculable within a so-called self-calibration procedure. Thus, a full two-port calibration of the whole setup is not necessary. Furthermore, the methods can be realized effectively in a practical setup having the advantage that a rearrangement of the setup is not needed for the material parameter measurements and that the liquid under investigation can pass continuously through the measurement cell. This might be of interest for the application in an industrial process, enabling the continuous flow of the material while the parameter characterization can take place at the same time.
Effect of Breast Cancer Screening after Age 65 (1995)

Women aged 65 or more who are regularly screened can expect a reduced risk of dying from breast cancer.
Learning to Remember Translation History with a Continuous Cache (2018)

Existing neural machine translation (NMT) models generally translate sentences in isolation, missing the opportunity to take advantage of document-level information. In this work, we propose to augment NMT models with a very light-weight cache-like memory network, which stores recent hidden representations as translation history. The probability distribution over generated words is updated online depending on the translation history retrieved from the memory, endowing NMT models with the capability to dynamically adapt over time. Experiments on multiple domains with different topics and styles show the effectiveness of the proposed approach with negligible impact on the computational cost.
Language as an Abstraction for Hierarchical Deep Reinforcement Learning (2019)

Solving complex, temporally-extended tasks is a long-standing problem in reinforcement learning (RL). We hypothesize that one critical element of solving such problems is the notion of compositionality. With the ability to learn concepts and sub-skills that can be composed to solve longer tasks, i.e. hierarchical RL, we can acquire temporally-extended behaviors. However, acquiring effective yet general abstractions for hierarchical RL is remarkably challenging. In this paper, we propose to use language as the abstraction, as it provides unique compositional structure, enabling fast learning and combinatorial generalization, while retaining tremendous flexibility, making it suitable for a variety of problems. Our approach learns an instruction-following low-level policy and a high-level policy that can reuse abstractions across tasks, in essence, permitting agents to reason using structured language. To study compositional task learning, we introduce an open-source object interaction environment built using the MuJoCo physics engine and the CLEVR engine. We find that, using our approach, agents can learn to solve to diverse, temporally-extended tasks such as object sorting and multi-object rearrangement, including from raw pixel observations. Our analysis reveals that the compositional nature of language is critical for learning diverse sub-skills and systematically generalizing to new sub-skills in comparison to non-compositional abstractions that use the same supervision.
Lumbar Pedicle Screw Salvage (1995)

Although research has determined pedicle screw pullout strengths for normal and osteoporotic bone, this study provides the first biomechanical analysis of pedicle screw salvage. Ten fresh frozen human lumbar spines were separated into individual vertebrae; 6.0 x 40 mm pedicle screws were placed in each pedicle; and an axial pullout test was performed to establish control values. Ultimate load, initial stiffness, work, and displacement data were calculated. Each vertebra was reinstrumented with one 7.0 x 40 mm variable screw placement (VSP) screw side by side with either a 7.0 mm Cotrel Dubousset sacral screw (CD) or a 7.0 mm Compact Cotrel Dubousset pedicle screw (CCD). Pullout tests were repeated and compared to control data for individual screws and for each VSP/CD or VSP/CCD pair. Vertebrae were then reinstrumented with 8.0 mm VSP and CD screws and paired pullouts repeated. Statistical analysis was carried out using a paired T test. Analysis of intravertebral and intergroup variation of controls was carried out using a Paired Two Sample T test. The 7.0 mm CCD screws restored pullout strength to 62% of control pullouts; 7.0 mm CD screws, to 85%; 7.0 mm VSP screws, to 99%; 8.0 mm CD screws, to 109%; and 8.0 mm VSP screws, to 148% of control pullouts. The 7.0 mm VSP salvage screws exceeded CD screws in ultimate load by 22.5% (p < .03) and CCD screws by 33.5% (p < .05). The 8.0 mm salvage screws significantly increased pullout relative to both controls and all 7.0 mm salvage screws, with 8.0 mm VSP exceeding 8.0 mm CD by 34% (p < .03). Initial stiffness was also significantly greater in VSP than CD screws. Although applied in a smaller number of vertebrae, 8.0 mm screws sufficiently outperformed smaller screws to provide statistically significant differences. The 7.0 mm VSP salvage screws restored pullout to control levels, roughly equivalent to outcomes previously obtained with unpressurized polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).
Metal and coke deactivation of resid hydroprocessing catalysts (1993)

Deactivation by coke can occur throughout the whole run in residual oil hydrotreating. In moderate severity operation, deactivation by coke occurs each time the operating temperature is increased to compensate for loss of activity due to metal deposition. In high severity operation, coke deactivation is more severe and is associated with larger amounts of coke and an increasing level of coke down through the catalyst bed
Supplementary Figure S3 from A Phase II Redifferentiation Trial with Dabrafenib-Trametinib and <sup>131</sup>I in Metastatic Radioactive Iodine Refractory <i>BRAF</i> p.V600E-Mutated Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Quality of life score changes&lt;/p&gt;
Two Mechanisms Determine Quantum Dot Blinking (2017)

&lt;p&gt;Many potential applications of quantum dots (QDs) can only be realized once the luminescence from single nanocrystals is understood. These applications include the development of quantum logic devices, single photon sources, long-life LEDs, and single molecule biolabels. At the singlenanocrystal level, random fluctuations in the QD photo-luminescence (PL) occur, a phenomenon termed blinking. There are two competing models to explain this blinking: Auger recombination and surface trap induced recombination. Here we use lifetime scaling on core-shell NCs with close to unity quantum yield to demonstrate that both types of blinking occur in the same QDs.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We prove that Auger-blinking can yield exponential on/off times in contrast to earlier work. The surface passivation strategy determines which blinking mechanism dominates. This study unifies earlier studies on blinking mechanisms and provides direct evidence that stable single QDs can be engineered for optoelectronic applications.&lt;/p&gt;
Application of spline functions to the correction of resolution errors in small-angle scattering (1971)

The concept of spline functions is introduced as a new tool for resolution error correction in small-angle scattering. After discussing the approximating properties with respect to the estimation of experimental distributions and their derivatives from statistical data natural cubic splines are applied to the closed solution of the slit-height effect with Gaussian weighting functions including infinite slit height and to the correction of the slit-width effect based on Sauder's unfolding series. On the basis of an extended variational problem with one constraint taking adequately into account the statistical errors of the data a general procedure using cubic splines is developed for the solution of the integral equations associated with the three distinct types of resolution errors and arbitrary weighting functions. Computer simulations of small-angle scattering experiments have been performed to demonstrate the efficiency of the spline function algorithms in the different applications using scattering functions and slit-height and slit-width distributions of various kinds.
Plant sphingolipid fatty acid 2-hydroxylases have unique characters unlike their animal and fungus counterparts (2012)

2-Hydroxy fatty acids mainly contained in sphingolipids are synthesized by a sphingolipid fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FAH). Recently, two FAH homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtFAH1 and AtFAH2), without any cytochrome b₅(Cb5)-like domains, which are essential for the function of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian FAH, were identified and both AtFAHs were shown to be activated by the interaction with Cb5. In this study, we compared FAHs of various plants, animals and fungi. Interestingly, only plants had two FAH homologs and none of plant FAHs had any Cb5-like domains. In addition, we showed from the interaction and expression analyses that AtFAHs interacted with multiple Cb5s probably in various tissues. Thus, plant FAHs may have evolved unlike animal and fungus FAHs.
Do Weighted Nasoenteric Feeding Tubes Facilitate Duodenal Intubations? (1988)

A widely held assumption is that postpyloric intubations occur more often with weighted than with unweighted nasally inserted feeding tubes. This randomized, prospective study compared the frequency of duodenal intubations using weighted and unweighted nasoenteric feeding tubes. One hundred sixteen patients had either weighted (61 patients) or unweighted (55 patients) 10F silicone elastomer feeding tubes inserted nasally 85 cm. Tubes were placed with wire stylets. Tube positions were verified radiographically within 4 hr after insertions. Radiographs were repeated daily for 3 days or until duodenal intubation occurred. Successful duodenal intubations were achieved in 35 patients (57%) with weighted feeding tubes and in 37 patients (67%) with unweighted feeding tubes. This difference was not significant. Weighted nasoenteric feeding tubes offer no advantage over unweighted tubes in achieving duodenal intubations.
Progress in efficient/reliable semiconductor laser-to-single-mode fiber coupler development (1984)

An efficient laser-to-single-mode fiber coupler is a key feature in the design and development of a practical semiconductor laser diode package for optical fiber communication applications. Various coupling techniques utilizing spherical,1,2 cylindrical, or Selfoc lenses,3-6 lens combinations,7,8 and microlenses fabricated on the fiber tips9-15 have been reported to demonstrate improved coupling efficiencies (ranging from−2 to−6 dB) over the simple butt-coupling method. The trade-off for higher coupling efficiencies is that all these techniques are associated with submicron type alignment accuracy requirements.
Oxidative Stress Reprograms Lipopolysaccharide Signaling via Src Kinase-dependent Pathway in RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cell Line (2003)

Oxidative stress generated during ischemia/reperfusion injury has been shown to augment cellular responsiveness. Whereas oxidants are themselves known to induce several intracellular signaling cascades, their effect on signaling pathways initiated by other inflammatory stimuli remains poorly elucidated. Previous work has suggested that oxidants are able to prime alveolar macrophages for increased NF-kappa B translocation in response to treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Because oxidants are known to stimulate the Src family of tyrosine kinases, we hypothesized that the oxidants might contribute to augmented NF-kappa B translocation by LPS via the involvement of Src family kinases. To model macrophage priming in vitro, the murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, was first incubated with various oxidants and then exposed to low dose LPS. These studies show that oxidant stress is able to augment macrophage responsiveness to LPS as evidenced by earlier and increased NF-kappa B translocation. Inhibition of the Src family kinases by either pharmacological inhibition using PP2 or through a molecular approach by cell transfection with Csk was found to prevent the augmented LPS-induced NF-kappa B translocation caused by oxidants. Interestingly, while Src kinase inhibition was able to prevent the LPS-induced NF-kappa B translocation in oxidant-treated macrophages, this strategy had no effect on NF-kappa B translocation caused by LPS in the absence of oxidants. These findings suggested that oxidative stress might divert LPS signaling along an alternative signaling pathway. Further studies demonstrated that the Src-dependent pathway induced by oxidant pretreatment involved the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Involvement of this pathway appeared to be independent of traditional LPS signaling. Together, these studies provide a novel potential mechanism whereby oxidants might prime alveolar macrophages for altered responsiveness to subsequent inflammatory stimuli and suggest different cellular targets for immunomodulation following ischemia/reperfusion.