gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The 'understanding' of natural language in CAI and analogous mental processes (2003)

The use of open-ended natural language interaction is essential in computer-assisted instruction (CAI) aimed at teaching clinical decision-making and in interactive tests that emulate oral examinations. Lessons learned in developing CASIP (computer-assisted socratic instructional program) a CAI authoring tool, about the scope and limitations of computerized natural language interaction are examined. Different approaches were tested, and the most effective of these was found to involve a conditionally branched search of key words from among clusters of contextually synonymous words. This mode of man-machine interaction offers a multistage model for certain aspects of human verbal interaction. Possible ways of testing this model are suggested as well as uses for diagnosing certain cognitive dysfunctions, especially in children.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Traversing with quantitative fidelity through the glass transition of amorphous polymers: Modeling the thermodynamic dilatational flow of polycarbonate (2023)

We follow the assumption that the dilatational response of glassy polymers can be characterized by a back-stress type analog that includes a thermal expansion for each elastic component and with a viscosity that is dependent on the expansion of the elastic back-stress component. To this, we add the assumption of an unloaded equilibrium temperature that correlates to the past processing through the viscous flow. After setting this in a thermodynamically consistent structure, elastic, elastic back-stress, thermal expansion, back-stress thermal expansion, heat capacity, and viscous damping are evaluated using existing experiments for the response of polycarbonate over the glassy and rubbery ranges. For the demonstration, this is done entirely using a WLF shift factor that is augmented to include, in addition, back strain superposition. We then examine the resulting model under different thermal and mechanical loadings that have the material passing through the glass transition.
Neuroectodermal differentiation from mouse multipotent adult progenitor cells (2003)

We recently showed that a rare cell from murine bone marrow, which we termed multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs), can be expanded for >120 population doublings. Mouse (m)MAPCs differentiate into mesenchymal lineage cells as well as endothelium and endoderm, and, when injected in the blastocyst, mMAPCs contribute to most if not all somatic cell lineages including the different cell types of the brain. Our results, reported herein, demonstrate that mMAPCs can also be induced to differentiate into cells having anatomical and electrophysiological characteristics similar to those of midbrain neurons. Differentiation to a neuronal phenotype was achieved by coculturing mMAPCs with astrocytes, suggesting that neuronal differentiation may require astrocyte-derived factors similar to what is required for the differentiation of embryonic stem cells and neural stem cells to neurons. Differentiation of mMAPCs to neuron-like cells follows similar developmental steps as described for embryonic stem cells and neural stem cells. MAPCs therefore may constitute a source of cells for treatment of central nervous system disorders.
Design of fast dissolving amlodipine besylate tablet formulations (2012)

The demand for fast disintegrating tablets has been growing during the last decade especially for geriatric and pediatric patients because of swallowing difficulties. Amlodipine besylate is used commonly for the treatment angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, which is chest pain due to ischemia of the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries. Hence, in the present work an attempt has been made to formulate fast dissolving tablets of amlodipine besylate by direct compression technique using various concentration of super disintegrants like cross carmellose sodium (Ac-Di-Sol), polyplasdone R-XL and sodium starch glycolate (SSG). The formulated tablets were evaluated for crushing strength, friability, thickness, diameter, weight variation, drug content, wetting time, water absorption ratio, disintegration time, and percentage of drug release. All formulations showed satisfactory result. Among them formulation F3 containing 3% of Ac-Di-Sol exhibited complete release within 12 minutes and disintegration time was within 10 seconds. Dissolution data was compared with innovator for similarity factor (f2) exhibited an acceptable value >50 (82). Accelerated stability study indicated no significant difference in assay and crushing strength. Hence, three production validation scale batches were designed based on lab scale best batch (F3) and charged for stability. All parameters were within the limit of acceptance. There was no chemical interaction between the drug and excipients during FT-IR study; considered in the present investigation.
ActiveVessel: a new multimedia workstation for intravascular ultrasound and angiography fusion (2003)

ActiveVessel is a new multimedia workstation which enables the visualization, acquisition and handling of both image modalities, on- and offline. It enables DICOM v3.0 decompression and browsing, video acquisition, reproduction and storage for intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and angiograms with their corresponding ECG, automatic catheter segmentation in angiography images (using fast marching algorithm), BSpline models definition for vessel layers on IVUS images sequence and an extensively validated tool to fuse information. This approach defines the correspondence of every IVUS image with its correspondent point in the angiograms and vice versa. The 3D reconstruction of the IVUS catheter/vessel enables real distance measurements as well as three-dimensional visualization showing vessel tortuosity in the space.
RON (MST1R) and HGFL (MST1) Co-Overexpression Supports Breast Tumorigenesis through Autocrine and Paracrine Cellular Crosstalk (2022)

Co-overexpression of RON and HGFL in breast cancer cells (augmented by physiologic sources of HGFL) promotes tumorigenesis through autocrine-mediated RON activation/RON-dependent secretome changes and paracrine activation of macrophage RON to promote breast cancer stem cell self-renewal.
Exploring Ridge Curvature for Fingerprint Indexing (2008)

One of the main challenges in building an efficient and scalable automatic fingerprint identification system is to identify features which are highly discriminative and are reproducible across different prints of the same finger. Most existing fingerprint matching approaches rely on minutiae geometry. Relatively, little effort has gone into analyzing ridge flow patterns present in the fingerprint, partly due to difficulty in extracting robust discriminative features from the fingerprint images. In this paper, we analyze the usefulness of ridge curvature information for fingerprint matching and classification applications. Specifically, for an indexing framework, we explore whether the curvature information can be utilized along with the existing minutiae geometry-based features for further reducing the number of potential candidates for fingerprint identification. Experimental results indicate the robustness of the proposed curvature-based characterization and its usefulness in improving the efficiency of existing fingerprint-based identification systems.
Efficient Transformers in Reinforcement Learning using Actor-Learner\n Distillation (2021)

Many real-world applications such as robotics provide hard constraints on\npower and compute that limit the viable model complexity of Reinforcement\nLearning (RL) agents. Similarly, in many distributed RL settings, acting is\ndone on un-accelerated hardware such as CPUs, which likewise restricts model\nsize to prevent intractable experiment run times. These "actor-latency"\nconstrained settings present a major obstruction to the scaling up of model\ncomplexity that has recently been extremely successful in supervised learning.\nTo be able to utilize large model capacity while still operating within the\nlimits imposed by the system during acting, we develop an "Actor-Learner\nDistillation" (ALD) procedure that leverages a continual form of distillation\nthat transfers learning progress from a large capacity learner model to a small\ncapacity actor model. As a case study, we develop this procedure in the context\nof partially-observable environments, where transformer models have had large\nimprovements over LSTMs recently, at the cost of significantly higher\ncomputational complexity. With transformer models as the learner and LSTMs as\nthe actor, we demonstrate in several challenging memory environments that using\nActor-Learner Distillation recovers the clear sample-efficiency gains of the\ntransformer learner model while maintaining the fast inference and reduced\ntotal training time of the LSTM actor model.\n
ChemInform Abstract: Diaryl Ether Containing N‐Hydroxycarbamates from Nitroso Cycloadducts. (2011)

Abstract Regioselective copper‐catalyzed ring‐opening alkylation of cycloadducts such as (I) with chloride (II) is optimized and applied to the synthesis of the phenolic intermediate (V), which serves as starting material for a series of potential inhibitors (VI) of 5‐lipoxygenase.
Modeling pulsed-laser melting of embedded semiconductor nanoparticles (2011)

Pulsed-laser melting (PLM) is commonly used to achieve a fast quench rate in both thin films and nanoparticles. A model for the size evolution during PLM of nanoparticles confined in a transparent matrix, such as those created by ion-beam synthesis, is presented. A self-consistent mean-field rate equations approach that has been used successfully to model ion beam synthesis of germanium nanoparticles in silica is extended to include the PLM process. The PLM model includes classical optical absorption, multiscale heat transport by both analytical and finite difference methods, and melting kinetics for confined nanoparticles. The treatment of nucleation and coarsening behavior developed for the ion beam synthesis model is modified to allow for a nonuniform temperature gradient and for interacting liquid and solid particles with different properties. The model allows prediction of the particle size distribution after PLM under various laser fluences, starting from any particle size distribution including as-implanted or annealed simulated samples. A route for narrowing the size distribution of embedded nanoparticles is suggested, with simulated distribution widths as low as 15% of the average size.
Characteristics of clinical Helicobacter pylori strains from Ecuador (2002)

In Ecuador, Helicobacter pylori infections are highly prevalent. A total of 42 H. pylori clinical isolates from 86 patients attending the outpatient clinic of the gastroenterology department of the university hospital of Guayaquil in Ecuador were characterized. Their susceptibility, and cagA and vacA status were determined. Resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin was found in 80.9% and 9.5% of strains, respectively. Neither amoxicillin- nor tetracycline-resistant strains were found. The most prevalent genotype was the cagA(+), vacA s1b,m1 type. This genotype was associated with gastric cancer and peptic ulcer. Typing by random amplified polymorphic DNA showed no genetic relationship among the strains.
Innervation of the human gastric wall. (1980)

The intrinsic innervation of the human gastric wall was studied by means of (1) demonstration of the acetylcholinesterase activity, (2) fluorescence microscopy, and (3) electron microscopy. The cholinergic innervation was rich: in the mucosa, a dense three dimensional network consisting of single delicate varicose acetylcholinesterase-positive axons and small nerve fascicles was observed in close relation to the gastric glands. In the submucosa, large nerve trunks and densely woven plexuses mainly consisting of single varicose axons (obviously perivascular plexuses)) were seen. In the muscularis external, a small-meshed net consisting of single varicose axons and nerve fascicles was observed. The ganglia of the myenteric plexus were small and scattered irregularly between and within the muscle layers. Most of the nerve cells exhibited moderate to intense acetylcholinesterase activity. In the serosa, only a few nerves were observed. By fluorescence microscopy, an abundance of brightly yellow fluorescing irregularly fusiform enterochromaffin cells was observed in the epithelial lining of the antral glands. The parietal cells of the fundic glands exhibited a granular, yellow to orange autofluorescence. Fluorescing axons were seen in intimate relation to some enterochromaffin cells, whereas most enterochromaffin cells and parietal cells did not receive any direct functional adrenergic innervation. In the other tissue layers, only a few fluorescing nerves were seen. The main ultrastructural characteristics of the intrinsic innervation of the mucosa were: (1) 'Innervation fasciculée'; (2) the axons were unmyelinated; (3) two main types of nerve terminals were identified according to their vesicle population(s): (a) nerve terminals containing only clear vesicles, (b) nerve terminals containing clear vesicles and large dense-cored vesicles. Most of the axons and nerve terminals within the nerve fascicles were acetylcholinesterase-positive. The nerve terminals were separated from the gastric glands (and the parietal cells, chief cells and endocrine cells of their epithelial lining) by a considerable gap so that it seems unlikely that the gastric glands, parietal cells, chief cells and endocrine cells receive a direct innervation in the sense of synaptic neurotransmission; the transmitter substance must diffuse across a wide gap. In contrast, the endocrine cells were in close contact with the parietal cells and chief cells, and occasional membrane specialization (desmosomes) reinforce the assumption that (also) direct local humoral interaction may be possible. In addition, a large number of mast cells was observed in the lamina propria, many lying as close to glandular cells (parietal cells, chief cells and endocrine cells) as were the nearest nerve terminals.
Inhibition of human cancer cell growth by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 metabolites. (1983)

Specific high-affinity 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] receptors, which can undergo hormone-dependent activation and nuclear localization, have been demonstrated in a wide variety of established human cancer cell lines and surgically obtained human cancer tissues. 1,25-(OH)2D3 has been reported by some workers to stimulate cancer cell replication at low "physiological" concentrations and by ourselves and others to inhibit at higher concentrations. We report here that 1,25-(OH)2D3 had a biphasic effect on the replication of two distinct human cancer cell lines, i.e., the breast cancer T-47D and the malignant melanoma MM96, an effect analogous to that of estrogens on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. These inhibitory effects were accompanied by marked morphological changes. Furthermore, two known metabolites of 1,25-(OH)2D3, i.e., 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25,26-trihydroxyvitamin D3, which compete for binding to the 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor, did not stimulate but were almost equipotent with 1,25-(OH)2D3 in inhibiting the replication of both cell lines. The stimulatory but not the inhibitory effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 was abolished by cortisone. These 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 metabolites show promise for the inhibition of cancer growth, analogous to the effect of estrogens and antiestrogens in breast cancer but with potential application in a much wider range of human cancers.
A case study in embedded-system design: The VuMan 2 wearable computer (1993)

The development of an embedded-computer system with a visual interface is described. The authors detail the use of a target system simulator and a prototype printed circuit board (PCB), which facilitated a concurrent approach to the design of the hardware, software, and housing. They outline this codesign process and illustrate its effects with comparative data from the earlier VuMan 1 project.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Sequence-to-Sequence Prediction of Vehicle Trajectory via LSTM Encoder-Decoder Architecture (2018)

In this paper, we propose a deep learning based vehicle trajectory prediction technique which can generate the future trajectory sequence of surrounding vehicles in real time. We employ the encoder-decoder architecture which analyzes the pattern underlying in the past trajectory using the long short-term memory (LSTM) based encoder and generates the future trajectory sequence using the LSTM based decoder. This structure produces the K most likely trajectory candidates over occupancy grid map by employing the beam search technique which keeps the K locally best candidates from the decoder output. The experiments conducted on highway traffic scenarios show that the prediction accuracy of the proposed method is significantly higher than the conventional trajectory prediction techniques.
Effluent levels of hyaluronic acid can predict ultimate graft outcome after clinical liver transplantation: a prospective series. (1993)

Primary nonfunction (PNF) of the liver is an inexact term and investigators continue to debate the site and origin of preservation injury. Some grafts with PNF fail in the operating room, while other grafts have to be replaced between 1 and 14 days postoperatively. The pathology of such grafts displays a spectrum of findings ranging from marked hepatocellular swelling and cholestasis to massive ischemic necrosis. Both recipient and donor etiological factors potentially contribute to PNF. Donor factors include the physiological condition of the heart-beating cadaver before organ procurement, the methods of preservation, period of cold ischemia, and various reperfusion phenomena. To date, there has been no proven method to discriminate in advance of transplantation between clinically acceptable and unacceptable liver allografts.

Because the critical target of preservation injury has been increasingly perceived to be the hepatocyte microvasculature (HMV),1,2 we attempted in this study to correlate hyaluronic acid (HA), an HMV-specific marker,3–5 with ultimate graft outcome.

Hyaluronic acid is a glycosoaminoglycan weighing 4 to 8 million kd. It is synthesized in the cell plasma membrane, deposited in the extracellular matrix, transported by the lymphatics, and uniquely catabolized by the liver HMV.3–5 Serum HA has been used to monitor liver graft function6 and as a prognostic marker after Tylenol poisoning. 7 Because HA is concentrated in HMV cells, the rationale for the present study was that preservation injury to these cells will result in the leakage of this substance into the organ effluent, where it can be collected and assayed on the backtable before liver transplantation.

In a preliminary retrospective study, the feasibility was demonstrated of correlating effluent HA levels with graft function and viability in an accurate and reproducible manner. Effluent HA values of ≤400 µg/L were associated with unequivocal early graft function, and grafts with HA values of >400 µg/L were at high risk of developing PNF.8 Therefore, we undertook the following prospective study.
Technical Note: Evaluation of a 160-mm/256-row CT scanner for whole-heart quantitative myocardial perfusion imaging (2016)

The study demonstrates that this CT system can provide accurate and reproducible CT numbers during cardiac gated acquisitions across a wide axial field of view. This CT number fidelity will enable this imaging tool to assess contrast enhancement, potentially providing valuable added information beyond anatomic evaluation of coronary stenoses. Furthermore, their results collectively suggested that the 100 kVp/25 mAs protocol run on this CT system provides sufficient image accuracy at a low radiation dose (<3 mSv) for whole-heart quantitative CT MP imaging.
The importance of ligand kinetic basicity on the preparation of surface-supported zirconium complexes by proton transfer from hydroxylated aluminum or silicon (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe importance of ligand kinetic basicity on the preparation of surface-supported zirconium complexes by proton transfer from hydroxylated aluminum or siliconJohn B. Miller, Jeffrey Schwartz, and Steven L. BernasekCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 18, 8239–8247Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00071a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00071a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views308Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Cisplatin-vincristine-bleomycin therapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. (1983)

Seventy patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with a 24-hour infusion of cisplatin, followed by vincristine and bleomycin. Among 37 patients with no prior treatment who had stage III (2) or stage IV (35) disease, there were 2 complete responders and 23 with a partial response, for an overall response frequency of 67%. Among 27 patients with recurrent disease after radiotherapy and/or surgery, there were 9 (33%) partial responses. Among 6 patients having failed prior chemotherapy, there was 1 complete responder, still in remission at 26 months. Response frequency was highly dependent on performance status and stage of disease, with a response of 80% in the 0 performance status group and 83% for stages less than T4N3M0. Among 18 patients with resectable disease, 51% remain disease-free at 12 months with an overall median survival at 16 months. Among the 33 patients with recurrent disease, the median duration of response and survival was 4 and 12 months for responders, respectively; nonresponders had a median survival of 5 months. The toxicity of this regimen was generally mild, with 21% of patients having no vomiting and 91% never having a serum creatinine over 2.0 mg/dL. There were 2 cases of pulmonary fibrosis. This chemotherapy regimen compares favorably with other published regimens for head and neck cancer with respect to activity and may be less toxic.