gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The fight against rheumatism: from willow bark to COX-1 sparing drugs. (2000)

Man has been fighting rheumatism for thousands of years. Early therapy began with the use around the world of decoctions or extracts of herbs or plants such as willow bark or leaves. Most or all of these turned out to contain salicylates. The first record was about 3,500 years ago in the Ebers papyrus. Hippocrates, Celsus, Pliny the Elder, Dioscorides and Galen all recommended decoctions containing salicylate for rheumatic pain. A country parson, the Reverend Edward Stone of Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire, made the first "clinical trial" of willow bark (1). He was surprised by its bitter taste, which reminded him of cinchona bark (containing quinine), then being used to treat malaria. He harvested a pound of willow bark, dried it, pulverized it and dispersed it in tea, small beer or water. He found in 50 patients that doses of 1 dram (1.8g) cured their fever. He concluded "I have no other motives for publishing this valuable specific, than that it may have a fair and full trial in all its variety of circumstances and situations, and that the world may reap the benefits accruing from it". Salicylic acid was chemically synthesised in 1860 by Kolbe in Germany and its ready supply led to even more extended usage as an external antiseptic, as an antipyretic and in the treatment of rheumatism.
Trace Concentrations of Anesthetic Gases (1978)

Only high levels of anesthetics and long times of exposure cause significant histotoxicity in laboratory studies on cells and animals. The disease-provoking mechanism involves profound physiological phenomena associated with anesthesia. Trace concentrations of anesthetics produce none of these effects. Therefore, studies using high concentrations have no value in predicting the effects of trace concentrations. Laboratory studies show that none of the most commonly used halogenated anesthetics produces cancer in animals. Epidemiological studies show no correlation between anesthetics and cancer in men and only a dubious correlation in women. The epidemiological studies to date on reproductive disease are inconclusive. They have not been designed to eliminate errors of data gathering or statistics. Nor have they been designed to test the cause-effect relationship between trace concentrations of anesthetics and reproductive disease. Anesthesiologists have a lower mortality rate than physicians as a whole. Conservative environmental health standards suggest that anesthetic levels in excess of those found in unscavenged operating rooms should be nontoxic. There are no statistically sound studies which prove that trace concentrations of anesthetic gases exert harmful effects.
Purification of Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxins I and II by receptor analog affinity chromatography with immobilized P1 glycoprotein and production of cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (1989)

Shiga toxin from Shigella dysenteriae 60R was purified to homogeneity by a novel one-step receptor analog affinity chromatography method. The method was based on the binding affinity of Shiga toxin for a specific disaccharide, Gal alpha 1----4Gal, which was also present in glycoproteins with P1 blood group seroreactivity produced in hydatid cysts from sheep infected with Echinococcus granulosus. Having shown that cyst fluid P1 glycoprotein bound Shiga toxin on a solid phase, a P1 glycoprotein affinity column was made by coupling P1-active substance to Sepharose 4B. Shiga toxin was purified by this method in large quantities (5 to 10 mg/20-liter batch) with a consistently good yield (greater than 80% of starting toxin). Shiga-like toxins I and II (SLT-I and -II, respectively) from Escherichia coli were also purified by the same method. A preparation containing SLT-II and SLT-I purified by receptor analog affinity chromatography was used to raise four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that were reactive with SLT-II by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Three of these antibodies also reacted with Shiga toxin, which was the first clear demonstration of cross-reactivity between these toxins. One MAb, 4D1, which was specific for the B subunit of SLT-II and Shiga toxin, neutralized both toxins in a HeLa cell cytotoxicity assay. Two MAbs recognized the A subunit of both SLT-II and Shiga toxin by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis but were unable to neutralize either toxin. In addition, one B-subunit-specific MAb neutralized SLT-II alone, and a previously described Shiga toxin B-subunit-specific MAb was shown to be specific for Shiga toxin but not SLT-II.
Stabiler Verlauf einer hochaktiven schubförmigen MS unter Natalizumab seit mehr als 4 Jahren (2014)

Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel: Anhand eines Fallberichtes einer Patientin mit einer hochaktiven schubförmigen Multiplen Sklerose, deren Erkrankung unter einer Langzeittherapie mit Natalizumab anhaltend stabilisiert werden konnte, sollen die Überlegungen zu Nutzen und Risiken der Natalizumabtherapie verdeutlicht werden. Material und Methoden: Dem Fallbericht werden Anamnese, klinische Befunde sowie MRT-Aufnahmen zugrunde gelegt. Ergebnisse: Unter der Therapie mit Natalizumab konnte eine anhaltende Stabilisierung des Krankheitsverlaufes ohne klinische und paraklinische Krankheitsaktivität über den Zeitraum von 54 Infusionszyklen erreicht werden. Bis auf nicht behandlungsbedürftige Infektionskrankheiten konnten keine schweren Nebenwirkungen eruiert werden. Schlussfolgerungen/klinische Relevanz: Eine langjährige Therapie mit Natalizumab, über 24 Monate hinweg, ist abhängig vom initialen Krankheitsverlauf, dem Ansprechen auf die Therapie, der Risikostratifzierung einer PML und dem individuellen Patientenwunsch auch trotz erhöhter Risiken zu erwägen.
Cryptanalysis of Four-Round DES Based on Genetic Algorithm (2007)

In this paper, we present a new approach for cryptanalysis of four-round DES based on genetic algorithm. An efficient fitness measure is used to find some optimum keys with higher fitness values. Some valuable bits in these optimum keys which generate apparent deviation from the other observed bits will turn up. Then, these valuable bits can be applied to find other bits. The results indicate that genetic algorithm is successful at breaking the four-round DES cipher, but perhaps more significantly, this is a promising method applied to break other Feistel block cipher.
Summary of Multilateral Completion Strategies Used in Heavy Oil Field Development (2004)

Abstract In heavy oilfield development, optimal flow rates usually directly correlate to reservoir exposure. In the case of heavy-oil development, reservoir exposure will play an even greater role because of the inherent flow-resistant characteristics of this type of hydrocarbon. For this reason, heavy oil completions have not been exploited fully. However, by implementing horizontal drilling and the state-of-the-art completion methods now available, heavy oil fields are now being revitalized. By employing multilateral technology (MLT), the benefits of horizontal drilling and state-of-the-art completion practices can be magnified still further. A drastic increase in the reservoir exposure from a single surface location can be strategically placed within the reservoir using multiple horizontal laterals. This development strategy reduces the number of surface locations and facilities, subsequently decreasing the overall field development costs. The added benefits are accelerated production and enhanced oil recovery, which increase the net present value of the asset. In multilateral implementation, the reservoir characteristics will always dictate the lateral window placement relative to the reservoir body along with the type of lateral interface with the parent bore. There are various types of lateral interfaces with the parent bore, which have been classified by the Technology Advancement of Multi-Lateral (TAML) Organization. This paper will review various heavy-oil multilateral applications and will include window construction and the integration of lateral completion strategies such as openhole liners and gravel-pack applications. It will also focus on other multilateral issues such as lateral accessibility and isolation techniques, remedial options, and guidelines for selecting a "fit-for-purpose" lateral window system.
Analysis of T-cell receptor beta chains of CD8+ suppressor T cells induced by tolerogenic conjugates of antigen and monomethoxypolyethylene glycol. Involvement of TCR alpha -CDR3 domain in immunosuppression. (1993)

Abstract A number of investigators have demonstrated that there exists a relationship between Ag receptors of Ts cells (TCR) and their soluble suppressor factors. With a view to elucidating this relationship, the primary structures of receptors of Ts cells, induced in mice by tolerogenic conjugates of Ag and monomethoxypolyethylene glycol, were characterized in this study. The cDNA encoding the alpha and beta chains of TCR of cloned Ts cells specific for (i) OVA and (ii) human monoclonal (myeloma) IgG (HIgG) were produced by polymerase chain reaction. From the analysis of the V alpha genes of TCR of Ts cells it was deduced that these receptors utilized a new member of the V alpha 15 gene family, which was productively joined to the J alpha genes that differed for each of the Ts cells of the two distinct specificities. Similarly, sequence analysis of the beta chain cDNA of the two Ts cell clones revealed that both clones utilized the V beta 8.2 gene, and that their J beta gene differed from each other. It is inferred that the Ts cells generated in response to the different tolerogenic Ag(mPEG)n conjugates belonged to a subset of T cells utilizing similar TCR alpha beta chains and differed only in their J alpha/J beta regions. Most importantly, pretreatment of mice with a mixture of pentadecapeptides comprising the TCR alpha chain of the OVA-Ts cells, down-regulated the immune response specific to OVA, but not to HIgG. Moreover, injection of mice with a pentadecapeptide corresponding to the CDR3 region of the TCR alpha chain of either OVA-Ts or HIgG-Ts suppressed specifically the Ab response to OVA or HIgG, respectively. On the basis of all these results, it is concluded that the CDR3 of the TCR-alpha chain of Ts cells plays a pivotal role in the Ts network underlying the specific down-regulation of the immune responses induced by tolerogenic Ag(mPEG)n conjugates.
Nonlinear multiscale filtering (2002)

In this article, we give an overview of scale-spaces and their application to noise suppression and segmentation of 1-D signals and 2-D images. Several prototypical problems serve as our motivation. We review several scale-spaces (linear Gaussian, Perona-Malik, and SIDE-stabilized inverse diffusion equation) and discuss their advantages and shortcomings. We describe our previous work and argue that a very simple nonlinear scale-space leads to a fast estimation algorithm which produces accurate segmentations and estimates of signals and images.
Implementation of a triple modular redundant FPGA based safety critical system for reliable software execution (2007)

This paper describes the implementation of a TMR (Triple Modular Redundant) microprocessor system on a FPGA. The system exhibits true redundancy in that three instances of the same processor system (both software and hardware) are executed in parallel. The described system uses software to control external peripherals and a voter is used to output correct results. An error indication is asserted whenever two of the three outputs match or all three outputs disagree. The software has been implemented to conform to a particular safety critical coding guideline/standard which is popular in industry. The system was verified by injecting various faults into it.
The Emerging Role of Software Testing in Curricula (2010)

In order to produce quality products, companies require new engineering students that have good problem solving, debugging, and analysis skills. Many graduates enter the work force with exceptional development skills, but lack proficiency in test, debugging, and analysis skills. This is in part because academic curricula emphasize development at the expense of teaching software testing as a formal engineering discipline. The majority of curricula today emphasize the initial phases of a development life cycle, namely: requirements gathering, architecture design, and implementation. The skills which are retained in this area of test are often learned ad-hoc while working on solutions for an implementation-oriented course. The lack of formal test education among graduates forces industry to spend substantial resources to properly educate graduates in the art and science of software testing. The contribution of this paper to the literature includes an evaluation of software testing as an industry profession, a survey of current curricula guidelines, a survey of software testing education in practice today, and a discussion of ongoing efforts to advance the status of software testing in academic curricula through a novel, crowd-sourced, industry-expert, approach to software test education.
Design and synthesis of chiral poly(binaphthyl salen zinc complex) and application of the asymmetric field based on its helical conformation to a catalytic asymmetric reaction (2004)

Abstract According to a rational design of helices (i.e., fusing C 2 chiral binaphthyl units and metallosalen complexes inevitably results in the formation of helical polymers), chiral poly(binaphthyl salen zinc complex)es ( 3 ‐Zn) were synthesized from an ( R )‐3,3′‐diformylbinaphthol derivative, α,ω‐diamines, and zinc acetate or diethylzinc. Their helical structures were well supported by their infrared, ultraviolet, and circular dichroism spectra, in addition to MM calculations and a CPK model study. The catalysis of 3 ‐Zn during the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes was investigated. In the presence of 5 unit mol % 3 ‐Zn, diethylzinc reacted with benzaldehyde to yield 1‐phenyl‐1‐propanol in high yields (∼100%) and with high enantioselectivity (∼95%). The asymmetric yield of 1‐phenyl‐1‐propanol increased significantly as the temperature was lowered, whereas both the asymmetric yield and the absolute configuration were drastically changed as the structure of the diamine unit of 3 ‐Zn was varied. Several aromatic aldehydes were converted into their corresponding alcohols with high enantioselectivity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 4693–4703, 2004
Calcium channels from Cyprinus carpio skeletal muscle. (1991)

The complete amino acid sequence of the L-type calcium channel alpha 1 subunit from the carp (Cyprinus carpio) white skeletal muscle was deduced by cDNA cloning and sequence analysis. The open reading frame encodes 1852 amino acids (Mr 210,060). A 155-amino acid COOH-terminal sequence (after the fourth internal repeat) is evolutionarily preserved (90% homology) and may represent an important functional domain of L-type calcium channels. The photolabeled, membrane-bound, and purified carp alpha 1 subunits have masses of 211 and 190 kDa. The purified channel could not be phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Two glycoproteins (alpha 2 subunits) are associated with the alpha 1 subunit and change their apparent masses from 235 and 220 kDa to 159 kDa upon reduction of disulfide bonds. Nucleic acid hybridization with alpha 2 cDNA revealed an 8.0-kilobase transcript in carp skeletal muscle. Evidence for a copurification of subunits similar in size to mammalian beta or gamma subunits was not obtained.
Stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of high strength duplex and austenitic stainless steels in simulated concrete pore solution (2011)

Stainless steels are playing an increasingly role in civil engineering, especially in coastal and marine constructions, where the concentration of chloride ions is higher. Their use as concrete reinforcement rebar is an interesting example of that idea. However, although some studies about the use of stainless steels in prestressing are emerging, no realistic realization has been performed. This might be due to technical lock as the high mechanical strength needed for prestressing seems to be difficult to achieve with stainless steels. Moreover, even if these mechanical characteristics could be obtain, the stress corrosion cracking behavior of this kind of grade in simu-lated concrete pore solution is unknown. In this context, the aim of this work is to study, regarding hydrogen embrittlement (HE) and chloride stress corrosion cracking (SCC), two stainless steel grades (austenitic and duplex) which were formed to pre-sent high strength. Hydrogen embrittlement resistance of the two grades was studied thanks to the ISO 15630-3 standard stress corrosion cracking test where a corrosive solution of ammonium thiocyanate NH4SCN was used. A more realistic environment was used to evaluate their susceptibility to SCC. Thus, slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were performed in a simulated degraded concrete pore solution (pH = 8) with high chlorides content ([Cl-]=17,5g.L-1). In the two cases, the results are presented and discussed with respect to the microstructure of the two stainless steel grades.
Medium and atmospheric pressure plasma treatment for improvement of adhesion of PDMS used for flexible and stretchable electronics (2008)

Stretchable electronics consist of a stretchable substrate material with embedded electronic components connected by electronic interconnections. Since little or no stretchable electronic components are available, it is vital to engineer electronic interconnections which are stretchable. Today metals (copper, nickel and gold) are the best option to realize the interconnections with high performance and low cost. However, metals are not intrinsically stretchable, therefore, a suitable design such as a meander-shaped horseshoe structure is necessary. This structure can be reproducibly stretched and released many times without breaking. Among the identified stretchable substrate materials appropriate for the fabrication of implantable electronic systems, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is one of the most promising due to its specific mechanical properties (compliance, softness) and its good biocompatibility.
Electron energy analysis by phase-space shaping with THz field cycles (2018)

Time-resolved electron energy analysis and loss spectroscopy can reveal a wealth of information about material properties and dynamical light-matter interactions. Here, we report an all-optical concept for measuring energy spectra of femtosecond electron pulses with sub-eV resolution. Laser-generated terahertz radiation is used to measure arrival time differences within electron pulses with few-femtosecond precision. Controlled dispersion and subsequent compression of the electron pulses provide almost any desired compromise of energy resolution, signal strength, and time resolution. A proof-of-concept experiment on aluminum reveals an energy resolution of <3.5 eV (rms) at 70-keV after a drift distance of only 0.5 m. Simulations of a two-stage scheme reveal that pre-stretched pulses can be used to achieve <10 meV resolution, independent of the source's initial energy spread and limited only by the achievable THz field strength and measuring time.
Lipoprotein Lipase Gene Variation Is Associated With a Paternal History of Premature Coronary Artery Disease and Fasting and Postprandial Plasma Triglycerides (1998)

The H-allele of the intron 8 HindIII polymorphism in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene has been associated with a lower risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and plasma levels of triglycerides (TG). To test whether the HindIII site was in linkage disequilibrium with the functional variant LPL Serine447Stop (S447X), subjects from the European Atherosclerosis Research Study (EARS I) were genotyped for both polymorphic sites. This study included 515 offspring of fathers with a premature (<55 years old) MI, who were designated cases, and 930 age- and sex-matched control subjects from five different regions of Europe. Linkage disequilibrium between the two sites was very strong (>.99), with only three of the four possible haplotypes identified: H+S447, H-S447, and H-X447. The frequency of the H-X447 but not of the H-S447 haplotype was significantly lower in cases than in control subjects (.090 versus .117, P<.01) suggesting a protective effect for MI, with this difference being consistent in all five regions of Europe. Compared with individuals homozygous for the H+S447 haplotype, the odds ratio of having a paternal history of premature MI for H-X447 heterozygotes (approximately 20% of the population) was 0.71 (95% confidence interval, 0.55 to 0.92). In addition, there was an increase of the H-X447 haplotype frequency from north to south in control subjects (0.119 in Finland to 0.143 in the Mediterranean region, P<.01). Compared with the H+S447 haplotype, the H-X447 haplotype was associated with significantly lower concentrations of plasma TGs (5.4% lower, P=.01), with this effect being consistent over the regions of Europe. There was no significant evidence for a heterogeneity of effect between males and females or between cases and control subjects, although the effect on TG levels appeared to be the greatest in male cases (11% lower, P=.05). In a second study (EARS II), of 332 cases and 342 control subjects, postprandial clearance of TGs after a standard fat meal was examined. The H-X447 haplotype was associated with significantly lower postprandial triglyceride levels than was the H+S447 haplotype (9.4% smaller area under the curve, P<.05). Thus, the effects on MI risk and plasma lipids associated with the H allele appeared to be mainly mediated by the X447 mutation, and although the lowering effects associated with the H-X447 haplotype on fasting and postprandial TGs are not large, they are consistent with the lowering effect observed on MI risk throughout Europe.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of U‐100592 and U‐100766, Two Oxazolidinone Antibacterial Agents for the Potential Treatment of Multidrug‐Resistant Gram‐Positive Bacterial Infections. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Carrier frequency offset compensation for uplink of OFDM-FDMA systems (2000)

A frequency offset compensation method for OFDM-FDMA, that can correct offsets after the DFT via circular convolution, is proposed as an alternative to the direct method that corrects frequency offsets by multiplying the complex exponents of the offset estimates before the DFT. In contrast to the direct method whose complexity increases proportional to the number of users, the computational load of the proposed scheme decreases as the number of users increases. It is shown that the proposed method is simpler to implement than the direct method when the number of users is greater than two. Furthermore, the former can outperform the latter, because a frequency offset compensation for one user after the DFT does not affect the data of other users. Computer simulation results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method.
Somersault: Enabling Fault-Tolerant Distributed Software Systems (1998)

fault-tolerant, CORBA, process replication, process mirroring, high availability Somersault is a platform for developing distributed fault-tolerant software components and integrating these critical components with other components into distributed system solutions. Critical application processes are mirrored across a network, with each critical process being replicated in a primary and secondary. Replication of processes and recovery from the failure of a replica are handled transparently. Somersault provides a fault-tolerant communication transport protocol, which can be plugged into an Object Request Broker, a combination which achieves replication transparency.