gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A method to obtain the same levels of CT image noise for patients of various sizes, to minimize radiation dose (2002)

The aim of this study was to develop a method of obtaining the same levels of CT image noise for patients of various sizes to minimize radiation dose. Two CT systems were evaluated regarding noise characteristics using phantoms and dosimetric measurements. Both CT systems performed well at dose levels used in normal clinical imaging, but only one was found to be suitable for low radiation dose applications. The CT system with the lowest noise level was used for further detailed studies. A simple strategy for manual selection of patient-specific scan parameters, considering patient size and required image quality, was implemented and verified on 11 volunteers. Images were obtained with at least the prescribed image quality at significantly reduced radiation dose levels compared with standard scan parameters. Depending on the diameter of the tomographic section, i.e. size of the subject, the dose levels could be reduced to 1–45% of the radiation dose with standard scan parameters (120 kV, 250 mAs, 10 mm). The results indicate a general potential for dose reduction in CT for slim patients. For tissue volume determination, large dose reductions can be achieved by adjusting the scan parameters for each individual. The concept of patient-specific scan parameters could be fully automated in the CT system design, but would require the scan to be specified in terms of image quality rather than X-ray tube load.
Under‐Oil Autonomously Regulated Oxygen Microenvironments: A Goldilocks Principle‐Based Approach for Microscale Cell Culture (2022)

Oxygen levels in vivo are autonomously regulated by a supply-demand balance, which can be altered in disease states. However, the oxygen levels of in vitro cell culture systems, particularly microscale cell culture, are typically dominated by either supply or demand. Further, the oxygen microenvironment in these systems is rarely monitored or reported. Here, a method to establish and dynamically monitor autonomously regulated oxygen microenvironments (AROM) using an oil overlay in an open microscale cell culture system is presented. Using this method, the oxygen microenvironment is dynamically regulated via the supply-demand balance of the system. Numerical simulation and experimental validation of oxygen transport within multi-liquid-phase, microscale culture systems involving a variety of cell types, including mammalian, fungal, and bacterial cells are presented. Finally, AROM is applied to establish a coculture between cells with disparate oxygen demands-primary intestinal epithelial cells (oxygen consuming) and Bacteroides uniformis (an anaerobic species prevalent in the human gut).
Preparation of polyimide films via microwave-assisted thermal imidization (2019)

A series of polyimide (PI) films based on aromatic heterocyclic monomers of 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), <i>p</i>-phenylenediamine (p-PDA) and 4,4'-oxydianiline (ODA) were prepared <i>via</i> a microwave-assisted thermal imidization and conventional thermal imidization method at different temperatures. The effects of microwave irradiation on the imidization degree, microstructures, mechanical and thermal properties of PI films were investigated. The imidization degree of the PI films treated with microwave-assisted heating reached a relatively high value at 250 °C, which was twice as much as those treated with traditional thermal imidization. The tensile strength and modulus of PI films treated with microwave-assisted imidization at 300 °C were 187.61 MPa and 2.71 GPa respectively, which were 30% higher than those of PI films treated with thermal imidization. Moreover, the order degree of polymer chains was improved by the microwave-assisted imidization method. The PI films prepared by the microwave-assisted imidization method showed excellent thermal stability with a 5% weight loss temperature of 573 °C under N<sub>2</sub>. The microwave-assisted thermal imidization proved to be a rapid and efficient way to prepare high-performance polyimide materials.
Inhibition of metalloproteinases enhances the internalization of anti‐CD30 antibody Ki‐3 and the cytotoxic activity of Ki‐3 immunotoxin (2001)

CD30 is selectively expressed on the tumor cells of a variety of malignant disorders of the immune system and can therefore be used as a target for an anti-CD30 antibody-based immunotherapy. However, CD30 is cleaved at the cell surface by tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE). This metalloproteinase releases the soluble ectodomain of CD30 (sCD30), which is able to neutralize immunotherapeutic agents before these reach their target cells. Such constitutive CD30 cleavage is enhanced after binding of most anti-CD30 antibodies, leading to a downregulation of CD30 and an increase of sCD30 in the cell environment. Here, we demonstrate that CD30 shedding from the cell line Karpas 299 could effectively be blocked by the hydroxamic acid-based metalloproteinase inhibitors BB-3644 (IC50 = 180 nM), BB-2116 (IC50 = 230 nM), BB-94 (batimastat, IC50 = 230 nM) and BB-2516 (marimastat, IC50 = 1 microM). This inhibition reduced the concentration of sCD30 in the cell environment to the background level, prolonged the persistence of the anti-CD30 antibody Ki-3 on Karpas 299 cells and favored its internalization. Moreover, a nontoxic concentration of the inhibitor BB-3644 significantly increased the cytotoxic activity of the anti-CD30 ricin A-chain immunotoxin Ki-3.dgA towards the CD30(+) Hodgkin-derived cell line L540. Hence, the metalloproteinase inhibitor BB-3644 may be a promising compound to improve the immunotherapy of CD30(+) malignancies.
The tertiary structure of Aspergillus saitoi minor ribonuclease (Ms) predicted from the structure of RNase T1 (1988)

Ribonuclease Ms from Aspergillus saitoi is a small acidic protein (11,714 Da) containing 106 amino acids of known sequence. Unlike other enzymes belonging to the RNase T1 family this ribonuclease is base-unspecific. Using interactive computer graphics and energy minimisation we predicted the structure of RNase Ms on the basis of sequence homology to RNase T1 of known structure. In this report the predicted structure of this protein is presented and characterised.
Exosomes serve as nanoparticles to suppress tumor growth and angiogenesis in gastric cancer by delivering hepatocyte growth factor siRNA (2017)

Exosomes derived from cells have been found to mediate signal transduction between cells and to act as efficient carriers to deliver drugs and small RNA. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is known to promote the growth of both cancer cells and vascular cells, and the HGF-cMET pathway is a potential clinical target. Here, we characterized the inhibitory effect of HGF siRNA on tumor growth and angiogenesis in gastric cancer. In addition, we showed that HGF siRNA packed in exosomes can be transported into cancer cells, where it dramatically downregulates HGF expression. A cell co-culture model was used to show that exosomes loaded with HGF siRNA suppress proliferation and migration of both cancer cells and vascular cells. Moreover, exosomes were able to transfer HGF siRNA in vivo, decreasing the growth rates of tumors and blood vessels. The results of our study demonstrate that exosomes have potential for use in targeted cancer therapy by delivering siRNA.
Comparison of Neural and Statistical Classifiers - Theory and Practice (1996)

Pattern classification using neural networks and statistical methods is discussed. We first give a tutorial overview that groups popular classifiers according to their underlying mathematical principles into several distinct categories. Starting from the Bayes classifier, one division is whether the classifier is explicitly estimating class conditional densities, or directly estimating the posterior probabilities by regression. Another criterion is the flexibility of the architecture in the sense of how rich the discriminant function family is. Still one dimension is neural vs. nonneural learning: neural learning is characterized by simple local computations in a number of real or virtual processing elements. Based on these comparisons, a number of classification methods were selected for a case study that uses handwritten digit data. An effort was made to get fair estimates of their true classification performance, thus training set cross-validation was extensively used to design the various classifiers. The classification errors were estimated with an independent testing set. The performance of a number of most typical neural and statistical classifiers was compared. Also, four methods of our own were used in the comparisons: the Reduced Kernel Discriminant Analysis (RKDA), the Learning k-
Leukotrienes and the Pulmonary Microcirculation (1987)

"Leukotrienes and the Pulmonary Microcirculation." American Review of Respiratory Disease, 136(1), pp. 161–169
Effect of stereoregularity on the thermo‐oxidative degradation of poly(propylene)s estimated by chemiluminescence (1997)

Abstract The effect of stereoregularity on the thermo‐oxidative degradation of poly(propylene)s, isotactic (IPP) and syndiotactic (SPP), was compared with that of high density polyethylene (HDPE) by means of chemiluminescence (CL). SPP is extremely stable to thermal oxidation and CL signals appeared much later than in IPP and even later than in HDPE. For example, at 160°C the maximum intensity of CL was measured after only 13 min for IPP, 60 min for HDPE and 260 min for SPP. IR spectroscopic results support the conclusions drawn from CL results.
An Enhancement of Data Encryption Standards Algorithm (DES) (2018)

The Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm has been considered as the most popular symmetric key, blocks ciphering cryptographic. Even though the DES algorithm had still been used in some applications, it was considered unsafe because of the short key length (64 Bits), besides, the Brute force attack has shown that the DES practically can be attacked. In January 1999, the DES key was cracked in only (22 hours) and (15 minutes). The aim of this research is to improve the DES algorithm by increasing the key length (1024 bits) that is to be divided into 16 keys (64 bits each), each key is independently generated for the different algorithm cycles. The results of the proposed algorithm were much better than the old algorithm for detecting the encryption key or the total number of keys that could be generated by following Blind search method (try all possible keys), Increasing the key length (degree of complexity) makes it difficult to search in a vast space of numbers and attempts.
Air Pollution and Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Evidence of Higher Incidence of Cases Due to Brazilian Variant of SARS-CoV-2 Associated to Long-term Exposure to PM2.5 (2021)

Air pollution has been considered as a factor to spread infections with SARS-CoV-2. It has been suggested that Particulate Matters (PM) may act as aerosol carrying the virus and spreading the ratio of contagions. Other authors have suggested that long term exposure to air pollutants may sensitize individuals to be infected more easily with SARS-CoV-2.
INFLUENCE OF CULTIVAR, EXPLANT SOURCE AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR ON CALLUS INDUCTION AND PLANT REGENERATION OF CANNABIS SATIVA L. (2005)

The effects of different combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on callus induction and plant regeneration were investigated in five cultivars of Cannabis sativa L. Callus was induced from different explant sources (young leaves, petioles, internodes, axillary buds) on MS basal medium with various concentrations of PGRs (2,4-D, DICAMBA, KIN, NAA). The highest frequency of callus induction (avg. 82.7% of eight medium combinations) was exhibited by petiole explants of cv. Fibrimon-24. Plant regeneration was obtained from all studied cultivars. The highest number of plants was regenerated from callus tissue of petiole explants on MS medium containing DICAMBA. A total of 46 plants (1.35% of callus) were regenerated: 16 (0.47%) from cv. Silesia petioles, 7 (0.20%) from cv. Novosadska petioles, 6 (0.18%) from cv. Fedrina-74 petioles, 12 (0.35%) from cv. Fibrimon-24 axillary buds, and 5 (0.15%) from cv. Juso 15 internodes. Significant improvement of hemp plant regeneration in vitro was achieved.
Ion-beam modification of carbon textile Busofit T-040 (2018)

The results of the study of ion-beam modification of the carbon fiber surface of Busofit T-040 carbon textile using a 30 keV argon ion beam separated and unseparated by mass have been presented. Scanning electron microscopy showed a significant ion-induced change in the morphology from the smooth fiber surface to a developed surface with the nanowalls of submicron height. Ion irradiation has been led to significant changes in the Raman spectra, showing the formation of a graphite-like surface layer.
Cytokine priming enables triggering of autoreactive CD8 T lymphocytes by low affinity TCR ligands (83.7) (2010)

Abstract The cellular and molecular events preceding the initial activation of autoreactive CD8 T cells in several autoimmune diseases remain unclear. Recent reports have implicated IL-6, IL-21, IL-15 and IL-7 in the triggering of autoreactive CD8 T cells in mouse models of autoimmune diseases. We have shown that IL-21 and IL-6 synergize with IL-7 or IL-15 to induce antigen-independent proliferation of naive CD8 T cells, with a concomitant increase in antigen responsiveness. We postulated that the cytokine-induced augmentation of TCR sensitivity (referred herein as ‘cytokine priming’) might enable stimulation of potentially autoreactive CD8 T cells by low affinity self antigens. Here, we show that cytokine priming enables naive TCR transgenic CD8 T cells to respond to low affinity TCR ligands, resulting in proliferation and acquisition of effector functions. We have used a transgenic mouse model of autoimmune type 1 diabetes to show that cytokine-primed autoreactive CD8 T cells acquire the capacity to cause disease following stimulation with weak TCR agonists, and that the diabetogenic potential of these cells is dependent on the continuous availability of IL-15. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism by which cytokines contribute to the triggering of autoreactive CD8 T cells and have important implications for autoimmune diseases associated with infections and chronic inflammation.
Acyl-CoA measurements in plants suggest a role in regulating various cellular processes (2002)

Acyl-CoA esters have been shown to be involved in regulating metabolism and cell signalling in bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells, but little is known about their role in plants. Using a new method for the sensitive detection and quantification of acyl-CoA esters, we have recently shown that acyl-CoA pools can be dramatically altered in transgenic oilseed rape embryos, engineered to produce medium-chain fatty acids, and in mutant Arabidopsis seedlings that are unable to mobilize storage lipid. The consequences of these alterations are discussed in the context of oil yield and organelle biogenesis and the possible role of acyl-CoAs in regulating these processes.
Loss of Neutralizing Antibody Response to mRNA Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Differing Kinetics and Strong Boosting by Breakthrough Infection (2021)

The waning efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines combined with the continued emergence of variants resistant to vaccine-induced immunity has reignited debate over the need for booster vaccines. To address this, we examined the neutralizing antibody (nAb) response against four major SARS-CoV-2 variants-D614G, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.2)-in health care workers (HCWs) at pre-vaccination, post-first and post-second mRNA vaccine dose, and six months post-second mRNA vaccine dose. Neutralizing antibody titers against all variants, especially the Delta variant, declined dramatically from four weeks to six months post-second mRNA vaccine dose. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 infection enhanced vaccine durability, and mRNA-1273 vaccinated HCWs also exhibited ~2-fold higher nAb titers than BNT162b2 vaccinated HCWs. Together these results demonstrate possible waning of protection from infection against SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant based on decreased nAb titers, dependent on COVID-19 status and the mRNA vaccine received.
Dynamic regrasping by coordinated control of sliding for a multifingered hand (2003)

The authors consider the problem of grasp choice for an object held within a multifingered hand from the viewpoint of avoiding collisions between the manipulator links and the object during trajectory execution. A grasp planner is provided in the form of an algorithm that checks the feasibility of a given object trajectory and provides an envelope of feasible contact positions. During execution of the trajectory, contact positions of the fingertips on the object can be changed by sliding the fingertip along the object surface in a controlled manner. A dynamic control law that achieves this is presented and integrated with the grasp planner to determine a dynamic regrasping algorithm, which is illustrated by simulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Generation of 15 cycle pulses at 780 nm at oscillator repetition rates with stable carrier-envelope phase (2019)

We demonstrate a spectral broadening and compression setup for carrier-envelope phase (CEP) stable sub-10-fs Ti:sapphire oscillator pulses resulting in 3.9 fs pulses spectrally centered at 780 nm. Pulses from the oscillator with 2 nJ energy are launched into a 1 mm long all-normal dispersive solid-core photonic crystal fiber and spectrally broadened to more than one octave. Subsequent pulse compression is achieved with a phase-only 4f pulse shaper. Second harmonic frequency resolved optical gating with a ptychographic reconstruction algorithm is used to obtain the spectral phase, which is fed back as a phase mask to the shaper display for pulse compression. The compressed pulses are CEP stable with a long term standard deviation of 0.23 rad for the CEP noise and 0.32 rad for the integrated rms phase jitter. The high total throughput of 15% results in a remaining pulse energy of about 300 pJ at 80 MHz repetition rate. With these parameters and the ability to tailor the spectral phase, the system is well suited for waveform sensitive photoemission experiments with needle tips or nanostructures and can be easily adapted to other sub-10 fs ultra-broadband Ti:sapphire oscillators.
Detailed design of a 30-kW switched reluctance starter/generator system for a gas turbine engine application (1995)

A new switched reluctance starter/generator (SR S/G) system has been developed for an aircraft engine application. The system is rated at 30 kW, 270 Vdc, 52 k r/min maximum operating speed. The system also provides 17 hp to start the 1400-hp engine. The system consists of an SR machine directly coupled to the gas turbine engine, an inverter converter unit (ICU), and an electronic controller. The system is designed to meet requirements such as power quality per MIL-STD-704E, 30% (9 kW) step loads, 75% constant power loads, operation over a wide speed range, and a -51/spl deg/C to +125/spl deg/C environment. This paper focuses on the design and implementation of the system. The SR S/G system is currently undergoing design assurance tests. Test results are given to validate the system design and performance. System efficiency is about 80% when generating 30 kW.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Generalizing from sequencing studies (2013)

Several authors have suggested the use of case-control sequencing studies for rare diseases since they tend to enrich the sample for rare high-impact mutations. We demonstrate one price of this enrichment: case-control studies selectively ascertain risk-increasing SNPs, and when used for prediction tend underestimate the cumulative effect of SNPs which they observe and overestimate the effect of SNPs which are novel in other studies. This bias is functionally restricted to the set of SNPs with minor allele frequency (MAF) near 1 out of the sample size, and is exaggerated when SNP log-odds ratios come from a heavy-tailed distribution. Importantly, different MAF-dependent predictions are generated by different sample sizes. We illustrate how the effect of pooled rare SNPs varies with disease prevalence and the distribution of SNP effects even when the mean log odds ratio is zero, and how this effect interacts with the use of a case-control sample. We also show parallel effects on the power of allele-count tests. 2
Fast Variational Inference for Large-scale Internet Diagnosis (2007)

Web servers on the Internet need to maintain high reliability, but the cause of intermittent failures of web transactions is non-obvious. We use approximate Bayesian inference to diagnose problems with web services. This diagnosis problem is far larger than any previously attempted: it requires inference of 104 possible faults from 105 observations. Further, such inference must be performed in less than a second. Inference can be done at this speed by combining a mean-field variational approximation and the use of stochastic gradient descent to optimize a variational cost function. We use this fast inference to diagnose a time series of anomalous HTTP requests taken from a real web service. The inference is fast enough to analyze network logs with billions of entries in a matter of hours.
Magnetotransport and photoluminescence of two-dimensional hole gases in Si/Si1−xGex/Si heterostructures (1994)

The electrical and optical properties of Si/${\mathrm{Si}}_{0.8}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{0.2}$/Si p-type modulation-doped heterostructures grown on (001) Si using low-pressure chemical-vapor deposition are investigated by a variety of techniques. The thickness of the ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{\mathit{x}}$ quantum well was about 15 nm and the modulation-doping effect has been obtained by two remote boron-doped \ensuremath{\sim}10-nm-thick Si layers. We found a mobility enhancement at low temperatures in all modulation-doped heterostructures. Clear Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations and quantum Hall plateaus confirm the presence of a two-dimensional hole gas. From the Hall-effect measurements a hole mobility of 6870 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V s at a sheet-hole concentration of 4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{11}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ at 50 mK was obtained, which is comparable with the best published values for x=0.2. The experimental results were compared with self-consistent calculations of the valence-band diagram and hole concentration. The values for the effective mass used for the calculations were obtained by solving the 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}6 Luttinger-Kohn Hamiltonian. The photoluminescence from the ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{\mathit{x}}$ quantum well shows excitonic behavior according to its variation with excitation power. A general trend of increasing photoluminescence intensity with the mobility of the two-dimensional hole gas was observed. The high hole mobility and strong photoluminescence reflect the good interfacial quality of the Si/${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{\mathit{x}}$/Si heterointerfaces grown by low-pressure chemical-vapor deposition.
Neurocardiac and cerebral responses evoked by esophageal vago-afferent stimulation in humans: effect of varying intensities (1998)

These results indicate that electrical stimulation of the distal esophagus across a wide range of current intensities elicits a reproducible shift in the heart rate power spectrum towards enhanced vagal modulation. The data suggest a closed loop afferent/efferent circuitry wherein tonic visceral afferent impulses appear to elicit a phasic or modulatory vago-efferent cardiac response in healthy subjects.