gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurement of Self-Assembled Micellar Tubules of the Amphiphilic Decyl Ester of D-Tyrosine and Their Enzymatic Polymerization (1999)

Amphiphilic decyl derivatives of D-tyrosine self-assemble into long rodlike or tubular aggregate structures in aqueous buffered solution. In this report we demonstrate the novel use of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to measure the presence in solution, and subequent enzymatic polymerization, of long rodlike monomer aggregates of the decyl ester of D-tyrosine (DEDT) as a function of their formation and increasing surface binding level as pH values increase from 3 to 7. From these data, using the Sauerbray equation to calculate the effective elastic mass surface binding of deprotonated DEDT aggregates, a pKapp of 8.3 is obtained for the DEDT alpha-NH2 group protonation-deprotonation and subsequent aggregation equilibrium. Furthermore, once aggregates are bound to the QCM surface, we initiate and subsequently monitor enzymatic polymerization of the DEDT monomers by horseradish peroxidase through the measurement of significant changes in the quartz crystal frequency and motional resistance. Following the onset of polymerization, the viscoelastic properties of the bound monomer aggregates change. A final polymerized state is achieved in which the altered physical properties of the polymerized rodlike aggregates make the solution immediately above the QCM surface-solution interface behave as a Newtonian fluid, producing a nearly pure viscosity-density energy dissipative effect on the measured crystal frequency and motional resistance values.
Supporting narrative flow in presentation software (2001)

Commercial presentation software focuses on authoring, rather than on supporting the presentation process itself. Typical slide navigation tools are disruptive to the presentational flow and could disclose slides early. We present a navigation tool for slide presentations based on design principles such as "never hide the current slide." We kept the tool simple and easy to use to decrease the presenter's stress during a presentation.
Simultaneous measurement of optical properties and geometry of resist using multiple scatterometry targets (2010)

Optical properties (n and k) of the material films under measurement are commonly assumed invariant and fixed in scatterometry modeling. This assumption keeps the modeling simple by limiting the number of floating parameters in the model. Such scatterometry measurement has the potential to measure with high precision some of the profile parameters (critical dimension, sidewall angle). The question is: if the optical properties modeled as "fixed" are actually changing, would this modeling assumption impact the accuracy of reported geometrical parameters? Using the example of a resist profile measurement, we quantify the "bias" effect of unmodeled variation of optical properties on the accuracy of the reported geometry by utilizing a traditional fixed n and k model. With a second model, we float an additional optical parameter and lower the bias of the reported values, at the expense of slightly increased "noise" of the measurement (more floating parameters, less precision). Finally, we extend our multistack approach (previously introduced as an enabler to the product-driven material characterization methodology) to augment the spectral information and increase both precision and accuracy through the simultaneous modeling of multiple targets.
Resonant level formed by tin inBi2Te3and the enhancement of room-temperature thermoelectric power (2009)

Tin is a known resonant impurity in the valence band of ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{Te}}_{3}$ that was previously reported to enhance the thermoelectric power $S$ of the host material at cryogenic temperatures through resonant scattering. We show here that Sn provides an excess density of states (DOS) about 15 meV below the valence band edge and that it is the increases in DOS itself that enhances $S$ of this technologically important semiconductor even at room temperature. The experimental proof for the existence of this resonant level comes from Shubnikov-de Haas measurements combined with galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic properties measurements.
Problem Solving and Environmentally Benign Approach toward Diversity Oriented Synthesis of Novel 2-Amino-3-phenyl (or Alkyl) Sulfonyl-4H-chromenes at Ambient Temperature (2016)

A problem solving, environmentally benign, and diversity oriented protocol has been described for multicomponent synthesis of medicinally privileged 2-amino-3-phenyl (or methyl) sulfonyl-4H-chromenes by one-pot, three component condensation among aldehydes, phenyl (or methyl) sulphonyl acetonitrile, and α-naphthol, 3-dimethylamino phenol, 4-hydroxy-N-methyl-quinoline-2-one as well as 4-hydroxycarbazole, using diethylamine as an efficient organo catalyst. The catalyst employed is commercially available, inexpensive, and nontoxic. Ambient reaction conditions, very high yields, wide scope, and avoidance of conventional isolation as well as chromatographic purification have improved the practical utility of this protocol manifold.
Treebeard: An Optimizing Compiler for Decision Tree Based ML Inference (2022)

Decision tree ensembles are among the most commonly used machine learning models. These models are used in a wide range of applications and are deployed at scale. Decision tree ensemble inference is usually performed with libraries such as XGBoost, LightGBM, and Sklearn. These libraries incorporate a fixed set of optimizations for the hardware targets they support. However, maintaining these optimizations is prohibitively expensive with the evolution of hardware. Further, they do not specialize the inference code to the model being used, leaving significant performance on the table. This paper presents TREEBEARD, an optimizing compiler that progressively lowers the inference computation to optimized CPU code through multiple intermediate abstractions. By applying model-specific optimizations at the higher levels, tree walk optimizations at the middle level, and machine-specific optimizations lower down, TREEBEARD can specialize inference code for each model on each supported CPU target. TREEBEARD combines several novel optimizations at various abstraction levels to mitigate architectural bottlenecks and enable SIMD vectorization of tree walks. We implement TREEBEARD using the MLIR compiler infrastructure and demonstrate its utility by evaluating it on a diverse set of benchmarks. TREEBEARD is significantly faster than state-of-the-art systems, XGBoost, Treelite and Hummingbird, by 2.6×, 4.7× and 5.4× respectively in a single-core execution setting, and by 2.3×, 2.7× and 14× respectively in multi-core settings.
The local environment of metal sites in intracellular granules investigated by using X-ray-absorption spectroscopy (1984)

We report the use of X-ray-absorption spectroscopy (x.a.s.) to study the local atomic environment of cations in intracellular granules from the hepatopancreas of Helix aspersa. Both the calcium K-edge in these concretions and the manganese K-edge in doped specimens were measured. Electron-microprobe measurements confirm that the introduced Mn2+ is concentrated in irregular growths on the surfaces of the granules. The near-edge structure (x.a.n.e.s.) of calcium is similar to that of manganese, indicating that the oxygen-co-ordination spheres of both cations share a similar symmetry. From the extended structure (e.x.a.f.s.) the metal-oxygen bond lengths of 0.230 nm (2.30A) for Ca-O and 0.218 nm (2.18A) for Mn-O [+/- 0.004 nm (0.04A)] were determined, reference being made to a variety of model compounds. The low density of the granules (2.07 g/cm3), together with the local atomic distribution, suggest an open hydrated structure for these phosphate deposits. Detailed analysis of the distribution of nearest-neighbour oxygen atoms demonstrates that this is asymmetric and considerably broader for Ca2+ than for Mn2+. Compared with the model compounds, the Ca2+ environment in the granules is similar to that observed in Ca2P2O7. I.r. spectra indicate the presence of condensed phosphate groups in the granules, with the strong possibility these are pyrophosphate (P2O7(4-) groups.
Human-like Autonomous Vehicle Speed Control by Deep Reinforcement Learning with Double Q-Learning (2018)

Autonomous driving has become a popular research project. How to control vehicle speed is a core problem in autonomous driving. Automatic decision-making approaches, such as reinforcement learning (RL), have been applied to control the vehicle speed. However, the popular Q-learning algorithm is unstable in some games in the Atari 2600 domain. In this paper, a reinforcement learning approach called Double Q-learning is used to control a vehicle's speed based on the environment constructed by naturalistic driving data. Depending on the concept of the direct perception approach, we propose a new method called integrated perception approach to construct the environment. The input of the model is made up of high dimensional data including road information processed from the video data and the low dimensional data processed from the sensors. During experiment, compared with deep Q-learning algorithm, double deep Q-learning has improvements both in terms of value accuracy and policy quality. Our model's score is 271.73% times that of deep Q-learning.
Some new techniques in the dynamic programming solution of variational problems (1958)

In previous papers, it has been shown that the functional equation technique of dynamic programming may be applied to yield the numerical solution of a wide class of variational problems of the type occurring in mathematical physics, engineering, and economics.
An Atlas of Gastroenterology: A Guide to Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis (2002)

The Patient with Difficulty or Pain During Swallowing The Patient with Heartburn The Dyspeptic Patient The Patient with Chronic Diarrhea The Patient with Abdominal Pain and Weight Loss Anemia - A Presentation of Gastrointestinal Disease The Patient with Acute Rectal Bleeding Maladies due to Gall Stones and Things that May Mimic Them The Acute Abdomen - A Potpourri
Target Code Guided Binary Hashing Representations with Deep Neural Network (2017)

Most existing hashing approaches usually impose some artificial constraints (e.g., uncorrelated and balanced) on hash functions to learn high-quality binary codes, and utilize an optimization strategy which is typically compatible with these hash functions. However, these tight constraints potentially restrict the flexibility of hash functions to fit training data, and result in complicated optimization problem. In this paper, we propose a learning-based hashing method called 'deep supervised hashing with target code'(DSHT) to distill the desirable property in the target coding into hash functions to generate high-quality binary codes. Meanwhile, we incorporate the disparity learning of the intra-class into our proposed method for its generalization. Benefiting from recent advances in deep learning, our framework constructs hash functions as a latent hashing layer in a deep neural network in which binary hashing representations are learned with the guide of target code and semantic information. Experiments on two two large-scale image dataset (MNIST, CIFAR-10) demonstrate that the proposed framework is available, flexible and show comparable performance against other state-of-the-art hashing methods.
Macroporous Titania Monolith Prepared via Sol‐gel Process with Polymer Foam as the Template (2006)

Abstract Macroporous titania monoliths were prepared via sol‐gel method using polymer foam as templates. The polymer foam polymerized via concentrated emulsion polymerization was immerged in a solution of titanium(IV) isopropoxide in 2‐propanol, which underwent a sol‐gel process. The organic components were subsequently removed by calcination. The effects of various parameters, including the nature of the monomer, the volume fraction of dispersed phase of the concentrated emulsion, and concentration of the sol‐gel solution were investigated. The SEM micrographs of the macroporous titania monoliths thus obtained showed that the porous structure of the final material was effectively controllable.
Overview of Different Flow Diverters and Flow Dynamics (2019)

Over the past decade, flow diverter technology for endocranial aneurysms has seen rapid evolution, with the development of new devices quickly outpacing the clinical evidence base. However, flow diversion has not yet been directly compared to surgical aneurysm clipping or other endovascular procedures. The oldest and most well-studied device is the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED; Medtronic), recently transitioned to the Pipeline Flex (Medtronic), which still has sparse data regarding outcomes. To date, other flow diverting devices have not been shown to outperform the PED, although information comes primarily from retrospective studies with short follow-up, which are not always comparable. Because of this lack of high-quality outcome data, no reliable recommendations can be made for choosing among flow diversion devices yet. Moreover, the decision to proceed with flow diversion should be individualized to each patient. In this work, we wish to provide a comprehensive overview of the technical specifications of all flow diverter devices currently available, accompanied by a succinct description of the evidence base surrounding each device.
A Computer-Based System for Measuring the Masseteric Silent Period (1985)

Measurement of the masseter muscle's silent period may become an important tool in the diagnosis and prognosis of dysfunction of the stomatognathic system. It is therefore important that a standardized method be used to measure this phenomenon. This article describes a system in which a two-channel visual biofeedback electromyograph is used so that the subject can exert the same force each time the silent period is elicited by the clinician's tapping on the subject's chin with a reflex hammer. Raw EMG signals are recorded from both masseter muscles. The signals are then rectified and fed into a computer that is programmed to detect periods in which the EMG activity is lower than the activity due to clenching. The signals are sampled every 0.4 msec, and they are then expressed graphically and in numerical values.
Antibody cross-reactivities between gangliosides and lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni serotypes associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome (1995)

Ganglioside-antibodies produced subsequent to Campylobacter jejuni infection may play a role in the pathogenesis of the neurological disorder Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Since lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of certain C. jejuni serotypes associated with GBS (O:2, O:4, O:19) exhibit structural mimicry of gangliosides in their core oligosaccharides, we investigated antibody and ligand cross-reactivities between gangliosides and LPS of these C. jejuni serotypes. GM1-antibody reacted with O:19 LPS reflecting GM1 mimicry by the O:19 core oligosaccharide. On the other hand, asialoGM1-antibody bound to O:2 and O:19 LPS indicating a shared epitope not dependent on ganglioside mimicry. Serum IgA from GBS patients after C. jejuni infection reacted with gangliosides, predominantly GM1, and LPS of all three serotypes. Cholera toxin (GM1 ligand) recognized O:4 and O:19 LPS, whereas peanut agglutinin (Galβ1-3GalNAc ligand) recognized LPS of all three serotypes, thereby confirming structural mimicry. These results suggest that LPS from certain C. jejuni strains may function as cross-reactive antigens for anti-ganglioside B cells.
Analysis of tooth formation by reaggregated dental mesenchyme from mouse embryo (2003)

Tooth morphogenesis is a well-known developmental system related to epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. In mice, the dental epithelium has the potential to induce tooth formation prior to the bud stage, whereas this potential shifts to the dental mesenchyme from the dental epithelium. The reaggregation of mesenchymal tissue leads to previous memories of individual cells being reset, which is useful for studying the predetermination of mesenchyme. Here, the mesenchyme was triturated into single cells after separation of the epithelium and the mesenchyme. These single cells were repelleted and combined with the epithelium. The reaggregated tooth was transplanted into a mice kidney capsule. In order to investigate the essential functions of both the dental epithelium and the dental mesenchyme regarding their mutual interaction, a reaggregation system was introduced using the late bud stage of the mouse first molar. Amelogenin expression was examined to confirm the cytodifferentiation in the reaggregated tooth. The results showed that a new tooth formed after reaggregating the dental mesenchyme. This tooth contained enamel, dentin, dentinal tubules and dental pulp. The inner enamel epithelium of the reaggregated tooth differentiated into ameloblasts. Immunohistochemistry for amelogenin was observed both in the ameloblasts and the enamel. However, the structure of the enamel was different from that of the normal tooth, with the thickness of the predentin becoming wider. These findings suggest that reaggregated dental mesenchyme cells can produce a tooth. The fate of dental epithelium was not affected by reaggregated dental mesenchyme, although the dental mesenchyme appears to lose the information from the dental epithelium.
Active relevance feedback for difficult queries (2008)

Relevance feedback has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy for improving retrieval accuracy. The existing relevance feedback algorithms based on language models and vector space models are not effective in learning from negative feedback documents, which are abundant if the initial query is difficult. The probabilistic retrieval model has the advantage of being able to naturally improve the estimation of both the relevant and non-relevant models. The Dirichlet compound multinomial (DCM) distribution, which relies on hierarchical Bayesian modeling techniques, is a more appropriate generative model for the probabilistic retrieval model than the traditional multinomial distribution. We propose a new relevance feedback algorithm, based on a mixture model of the DCM distribution, to effectively model the overlaps between the positive and negative feedback documents. Consequently, the new algorithm improves the retrieval performance substantially for difficult queries. To further reduce human relevance evaluation, we propose a new active learning algorithm in conjunction with the new relevance feedback model. The new active learning algorithm implicitly models the diversity, density and relevance of unlabeled data in a transductive experimental design framework. Experimental results on several TREC datasets show that both the relevance feedback and active learning algorithm significantly improve retrieval accuracy.
Aberrant splicing of intron 1 leads to the heterogeneous 5′ UTR and decreased expression of waxy gene in rice cultivars of intermediate amylose content (1998)

Summary We have previously reported that three distinct patterns of waxy ( Wx ) gene transcript accumulation were present in 31 rice cultivars. The cultivars with high amylose content (group I) contain a 2.3 kb mature Wx mRNA, cultivars with intermediate amylose content (group II) produce both a 3.3 kb Wx pre‐mRNA, which contains intron 1, and the 2.3 kb Wx mature mRNA, and cultivars with no amylose (group III) accumulate only the 3.3 kb Wx pre‐mRNA. Analyses of the cDNAs reveals that four splice donor sites and three splice acceptor sites in intron 1 give rise to six splicing patterns in 2.3 kb Wx mRNA of group II cultivars. In addition, aberrant intron 1 excision causes either deletion of 4 or 5 nucleotides, or addition of 7 and 13 nucleotides at the junction of exon 1 and exon 2 of the 2.3 kb mRNA. In contrast, only one normal splicing pattern (one splice donor site and one splice acceptor site) was found in the 2.3 kb mRNA of group I cultivars. Nucleotide sequences of the Wx intron 1 in group I and group II cultivars differ by 16 individual bases. We suggest that these deletions or additions contribute to inefficient splicing of intron 1 from the 3.3 kb Wx pre‐mRNA, as well as an aberrant splicing of the Wx intron 1 to produce the 2.3 kb mRNA with a heterogeneous 5′ untranslated region (5′‐UTR). As a consequence, the total amount of translatable Wx mRNA, and therefore the Wx protein and amylose content, are reduced in the group II cultivars compared with the group I cultivars.
A prediction rule for disease outcome in patients with Recent‐onset undifferentiated arthritis: How to guide individual treatment decisions (2007)

In patients who present with UA, the risk of developing RA can be predicted, thereby allowing individualized decisions regarding the initiation of treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in such patients.
Scatter Fraction of the J-PET Tomography Scanner (2016)

A novel Positron Emission Tomography system, based on plastic scintillators, is being developed by the J-PET Collaboration. In this article, we present the simulation results of the scatter fraction, representing one of the parameters crucial for background studies defined in the NEMA-NU-2-2012 norm. We elaborate an event selection methods allowing to suppress events in which gamma quanta were scattered in the phantom or underwent the multiple scattering in the detector. The estimated scatter fraction for the single-layer J-PET scanner varies from 37% to 53% depending on the applied energy threshold.
O2376 HA-TCP BONE SUBSTITUTE TO FILL ACETABULAR DEFECTS IN HIP REVISION (2004)

Aims: This prospective study investigated the possibilities of substitute osteointegration in an unfavourable environment. Methods: 26 patients aged 57 to 92 years (average 80) have been followed up from 6 to 24 months with serial AP and lateral X-rays. The acetabular damages were: 2 SOFCOT grade I, 9 grade II, and 15 grade III.Granules ofTriosite¨ þlled the cavitary defects mixed with and covered by cancellous bone. One pack was used 13 times; two,6 times; three, 6 times; and four, once. An HA coated hemispherical cementless cup was pressþtted, stable without screws 8 times. Results: In other cases the acetabular cup remained stable without any lucency. Disappearance of the granules was observed only 4 times. In 14 cases osteo-integration seemed in progress, but the granular shape was still discernable. In 8 cases, even at 2 years follow-up, the granules were well visible (those were cases of grade III defects). Conclusion: In acetabular revision of a total hip replacement, the size of the defect may need a large amount of cancellous autograft. Bone substitutes seem an elegant means of sparing the patientOs bone. The rstþpapers on this topic seemed rather enthusiastic, but our experience is more contrasted. It seems that the speed of resorption of this bone substitute be volume-dependant: the bigger the defect, the slower the osteo-integration. May be growth factors should be added to speed up the process.