gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pesticide Runoff from Paddy Field and Its Impact on Receiving Water (1992)

A mathematical model is developed to predict the runoff of pesticides from paddy field to a river. The model describes the long term runoff as a function of physical-chemical properties of pesticides, cultural practices and climatic conditions. It is assumed that the adsorption and desorption of pesticides between soil and water phases are in equilibrium state, while the degradation in water and soil and the evaporation from water to atmosphere are of first-order reaction. The model is used to examine the relationships between the seasonal amounts of pesticide runoff and their environmental dynamic factors. A four-stage evaluation system is proposed to assess the impact of the runoff on drinking water by taking into account the amount of application, runoff ratio, toxicity and the possibility of being removed from raw water by water purification processes. The model simulates the daily variation of contaminant level in river water, thereby providing a basis for making recommendations for pesticide usage and water management for rice cultivation.
Logo Code: a Common Language Based on 2D Barcodes (2008)

Logo Code is a logographic writing system based on 2D bar-coding. Its signs represent two meanings: a logo to be read by people and a numeral code for the computer. Some existing pictograms and ideograms can be used, while many new ones can be created. Digital readers, such as the camera on the mobile phone, can be used to read, translate and learn unfamiliar logos. Examples of usage are: direction signs, product information, art and games. But above all, it's a linguistic thought experiment.
Introduction (2010)

Consider this: Mr A. walks into a bank and asks for a mortgage loan to buy a home in a nice middle–high-income residential area. The loan officer asks Mr A. for proof of income to back the loan. But Mr A. mumbles and fails to provide any solid proof. The loan officer then asks Mr A. to confirm his repayment ability by merely stating that he makes $200,000 a month. Mr A. enters that figure on the mortgage application form and signs it. The loan officer then stamps the form and approves the loan. Mr A. happily walks away with a mortgage.
<title>New clutter-rejection algorithm for Doppler ultrasound</title> (2002)

Several strategies, known as clutter or wall Doppler filtering, were proposed to remove the strong echoes produced by stationary or slow moving tissue structures from the Doppler blood flow signal. In this study, the matching pursuit (MP) method is proposed to remove clutter components. The MP method decomposes the Doppler signal into wavelet atoms that are selected in a decreasing energy order. Thus, the high-energy clutter components are extracted first. In the present study, the pulsatile Doppler signal s(n) was simulated by a sum of random-phase sinusoids. Two types of high-amplitude clutter signals were then superimposed on s(n): a time-varying low frequency component (type 1), covering systole and early diastole, and short transient clutter signals (type 2), distributed within the whole cardiac cycle. The Doppler signals were modeled with the MP method and the most dominant atoms were subtracted until the signal-to-clutter (S/C) ratio reached a maximum. For the type 1 clutter signal, the improvement in the S/C ratio was 19.0 +/- 0.6 dB, and 72.0 +/- 4.5 atoms were required to reach this performance. For the transient type 2 clutter signal, exactly 10 atoms were required and the maximum improvement in S/C ratio was 5.5 +/- 0.5 dB. These results suggest the possibility of using this signal processing approach to implement clutter rejection filters on ultrasound commercial instruments.
Cerebellar modules operate at different frequencies (2014)

Due to the uniform cyto-architecture of the cerebellar cortex, its overall physiological characteristics have traditionally been considered to be homogeneous. In this study, we show in awake mice at rest that spiking activity of Purkinje cells, the sole output cells of the cerebellar cortex, differs between cerebellar modules and correlates with their expression of the glycolytic enzyme aldolase C or zebrin. Simple spike and complex spike frequencies were significantly higher in Purkinje cells located in zebrin-negative than zebrin-positive modules. The difference in simple spike frequency persisted when the synaptic input to, but not intrinsic activity of, Purkinje cells was manipulated. Blocking TRPC3, the effector channel of a cascade of proteins that have zebrin-like distribution patterns, attenuated the simple spike frequency difference. Our results indicate that zebrin-discriminated cerebellar modules operate at different frequencies, which depend on activation of TRPC3, and that this property is relevant for all cerebellar functions.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02536.001.
Design and Implementation of the AEGIS Single-Chip Secure Processor Using Physical Random Functions (2005)

Secure processors enable new applications by ensuring private and authentic program execution even in the face of physical attack. In this paper we present the AEGIS secure processor architecture, and evaluate its RTL implementation on FPGAs. By using Physical Random Functions, we propose a new way of reliably protecting and sharing secrets that is more secure than existing solutions based on non-volatile memory. Our architecture gives applications the flexibility of trusting and protecting only a portion of a given process, unlike prior proposals which require a process to be protected in entirety. We also put forward a specific model of how secure applications can be programmed in a high-level language and compiled to run on our system. Finally, we evaluate a fully functional FPGA implementation of our processor, assess the implementation tradeoffs, compare performance, and demonstrate the benefits of partially protecting a program.
Cerebral Microvascular Reactivity and Neurocognition in Childhood Cancer Survivors (2018)

PURPOSE: To determine the differences in cerebral microvascular reactivity (CVR) and neurocognition between childhood cancer survivors (CCS) and matched controls (CON). METHODS: Seven cancer survivors and seven matched [age, sex, and body mass index (BMI)]; healthy cancer-free controls were enrolled in the study. Each participant completed neurocognitive testing (i.e., IQ screening, memory, attention/executive, and fine motor) and a self-report survey of executive/self-regulation skills. A computer-controlled gas-blending device was used to evaluate baseline and manipulate end-tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO2). To alter brain blood flow, a PetCO2 gas challenge consisting of two square wave increases of 10 mmHg above baseline PetCO2 and a ramp protocol that decreased PetCO2 to 32 mmHg and then increased linearly to 50 mmHg over 7 mins was utilized. PetO2 was maintained at 100 mmHg. Each participant underwent brain imaging using a 3T MRI for structural and functional (BOLD) imaging. CVR (%BOLD signal change/mmHg CO2) was computed by using the robust linear least squares fit to the correlation between the two time courses. RESULTS: By design, CCS and CON were similar in age (27.1±1.1 vs. 26.0±0.8 y) and BMI (25.2±1.2 vs. 25.2±0.7 kg/m2) (all p>0.05). Baseline Pet CO2 (37.0±1.1 vs. 38.0±0.9 mmHg, p=0.34) was not significantly different between the two groups. Whole brain gray matter CVR was also not significantly different in CCS vs. CON groups for the full sequence (0.36±0.01 vs. 0.35±0.02 %BOLD/mmHg), squares waves only (0.37±0.02 vs. 0.36±0.02 %BOLD/mmHg) and ramp only (0.35±0.01 vs. 0.34±0.01 %BOLD/mmHg) (all p>0.05). The CVR variability (dCVR) was increased and model fit (R2) was significantly decreased in CCS compared with CON (p=0.004 and p=0.01, respectively) in the full sequence, but not in the square or ramp waveforms independently. No significant between-group differences were observed in neurocognitive testing. CONCLUSIONS: The data from this study suggest that childhood cancer survivors may have long-term treatment effects on microcirculation of the brain that affect CVR stability. Although this decline in brain microcirculation did not result in neurocognitive deficits, the long-term consequences of this decline in brain microvascular function have yet to be determined.
X-ray CT geometrical calibration via locally linear embedding (2016)

For X-ray computed tomography (CT), geometric calibration and rigid patient motion compensation are inter-related issues for optimization of image reconstruction quality. Non-calibrated system geometry and patient movement during a CT scan will result in streak-like, blurring and other artifacts in reconstructed images. In this paper, we propose a locally linear embedding based calibration approach to address this challenge under a rigid 2D object assumption and a more general way than what has been reported before. In this method, projections are linearly represented by up-sampled neighbors via locally linear embedding, and CT system parameters are iteratively estimated from projection data themselves. Numerical and experimental studies show that images reconstructed with calibrated parameters are in excellent agreement with the counterparts reconstructed with the true parameters.
Author response: The mini-IDLE 3D biomimetic culture assay enables interrogation of mechanisms governing muscle stem cell quiescence and niche repopulation (2022)

A user-friendly, and modular, 3D skeletal muscle culture assay enables iterative studies of murine muscle stem cell pool size regulation, functional heterogeneity, return to quiescence, and age-associated functional defects within a 96-well footprint.
Occupational Pesticide Use and Parkinson’s Disease in Central California (2016)

Introduction: The purpose of our study is to examine occupational pesticide use and Parkinson’s Disease (PD) in a population with considerable information on various sources of pesticide exposure. Methods: In a population-based case control study in Central California with 360 PD cases and 827 controls, we used structured interviews to collect occupational history details including pesticide uses in jobs, duration of use, product names, and personal protective equipment use. We linked reported products to California’s pesticide product label database to assess exposure to pesticide active ingredients and identified occupational uses of fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, and pesticide chemical classes. Using unconditional logistic regression, we estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals between PD and occupational pesticide use. Results: Using pesticides for &gt;10 years doubled the risk of PD compared with no occupational pesticide use. PD risk increased 29-89% with ever occupational use of fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides. Ever use of carbamates increased risk by 245%. Surprisingly, we found higher risk among those who reported using personal protective equipment (PPE). Comparing ever occupational pesticide users with never users with low exposures to pesticides from other sources, including ambient exposures at residences and workplaces and household use, we found 60-67% increases in PD risks for all occupational pesticide use categories, and use of organophosphorus (OP) and organochlorine (OC) pesticides doubled risk. Conclusions: Our findings support previous reports for occupational pesticide exposures and increased PD risk, provide evidence suggesting occupational use of carbamates, OPs, and OCs increase risk, and suggest that use of PPEs did not reduce risk in this population.
Flow Fields and Side Load in Compressed 2D Dual Bell Nozzles (2007)

In the present paper, the experimental and numerical investigations are described to clarify how the axial compression of the extension nozzle influences the unsteady flow fields and side load in startup and shutdown transients for a 2D dual bell nozzle. In the experiments, the flow fields were visualized and recorded by the schlieren method and the high-speed camera, respectively. Side loads were measured by a strain gauge. The flow visualizations show three flow patterns, i.e. an attached flow, an axial flow and a full flow, and the transients between the two flow patterns of those three. The strain gauge measurements indicate that side loads are produced by asymmetric transitions between the two flow patterns of the three The numerical results show the qualitative agreements with the experimental ones. They indicated that the jet oscillations are produced by vortices discharged from the extension nozzle exit alternatively and cause side loads. The axial compression of the extension nozzle changes the speed of the separation point movement.
Image Techniques for the Identification of Depressions and Other Obstacles in Automated Guidance of Roving Robots (1986)

L-MHV-H is safe and feasible for HL with certain advantages over TAH in improving the intraoperative stone clearance rate, reducing postoperative complication incidence and reducing stone and cholangitis recurrence rates.
The pig as a model for translational research: overview of porcine animal models at Jichi Medical University (2012)

To improve the welfare of experimental animals, investigators seek to respect the 3R principle (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement). Even when large animal studies are essential before moving to clinical trials, it is important to look for ways to reduce the number of experimental animals used. At the Center for the Development of Advanced Medical Technology, we consider 'medical' pigs to be ideal preclinical model systems.We have been using both wild-type and genetically modified pigs. We began using this approach about 10 years ago with a 'total pig system' to model human health and disease for the purposes of both medical skill education and the development of new devices and therapeutic strategies.At our Center, medical students and residents use pigs to gain experience with surgical skills and train for emergency procedures after appropriate simulation training. Senior clinicians have also used these models to advance the development of innovative tools for endo- and laparoscopic procedures. The Center focuses on translational research for organ transplantation and stem cell therapy. Several pig models have been established for liver, intestine, kidney, pancreas, and lung transplantation. Mesenchymal stromal cells have been established in green fluorescent protein- and red fluorescent protein-transgenic pigs and tested to trans-differentiate organogenesis. A program to establish induced pluripotent stem cells in the pig is ongoing at our Center.Here, we review our 10 years of activity in this field. Based on our experience in surgical education and research, experimental pigs are valuable models in translational research.
A model for hot-electron-induced MOSFET linear-current degradation based on mobility reduction due to interface-state generation (1991)

A simple model for the hot-electron degradation of MOSFET linear-current drive is developed on the basis of the reduction of the inversion-layer mobility due to the generation of interface states. The model can explain the observed dependence of the device hot-electron lifetime on the effective channel length and oxide thickness by taking into account both the relative nonscalability of the localized damage region and the dependence of the linear-current degradation on the effective vertical electric field E/sub eff/. The model is verified for deep-submicrometer non-LDD n-channel MOSFETs with L/sub eff/=0.2-1.5 mu m and T/sub ox/=3.6-21.0 nm. From the correlation between linear-current and charge-pumping degradation, the scattering coefficient alpha , which relates the number of generated interface states to the corresponding amount of inversion-layer mobility reduction, can be extracted and its dependence on E/sub eff/ determined. Using this linear-current degradation model, existing hot-electron lifetime prediction models are modified to account explicitly for the effects of L/sub eff/ and T/sub ox/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Improving nanotherapy delivery and action through image-guided systems pharmacology (2019)

Despite recent advances in the translation of therapeutic nanoparticles (TNPs) into the clinic, the field continues to face challenges in predictably and selectively delivering nanomaterials for the treatment of solid cancers. The concept of enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) has been coined as a convenient but simplistic descriptor of high TNP accumulation in some tumors. However, in practice EPR represents a number of physiological variables rather than a single one (including dysfunctional vasculature, compromised lymphatics and recruited host cells, among other aspects of the tumor microenvironment) - each of which can be highly heterogenous within a given tumor, patient and across patients. Therefore, a clear need exists to dissect the specific biophysical factors underlying the EPR effect, to formulate better TNP designs, and to identify patients with high-EPR tumors who are likely to respond to TNP. The overall pharmacology of TNP is governed by an interconnected set of spatially defined and dynamic processes that benefit from a systems-level quantitative approach, and insights into the physiology have profited from the marriage between <i>in vivo</i> imaging and quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) methodologies. In this article, we review recent developments pertinent to image-guided systems pharmacology of nanomedicines in oncology. We first discuss recent developments of quantitative imaging technologies that enable analysis of nanomaterial pharmacology at multiple spatiotemporal scales, and then examine reports that have adopted these imaging technologies to guide QSP approaches. In particular, we focus on studies that have integrated multi-scale imaging with computational modeling to derive insights about the EPR effect, as well as studies that have used modeling to guide the manipulation of the EPR effect and other aspects of the tumor microenvironment for improving TNP action. We anticipate that the synergistic combination of imaging with systems-level computational methods for effective clinical translation of TNPs will only grow in relevance as technologies increase in resolution, multiplexing capability, and in the ability to examine heterogeneous behaviors at the single-cell level.
An error correcting scheme for defective memory (1978)

A scheme for storing information in a memory system with defective memory ceils using "additive" codes was proposed by Kuznetsov and Tsybakov. When a source message is to be stored in a memory with defective cells, a code vector <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</tex> masking the defect pattern of the memory is formed by adding a vector defined by the message and the defect pattern to the encoded message, and then <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</tex> is stored. The decoding process does not require the defect information. Considerably better bounds on the information rate of codes of this type which are capable of masking multiple defects and correcting multiple temporary errors are presented. The difference between the upper and lower bounds approaches the difference between the known best upper and lower bounds for random error correcting linear codes as the word length becomes large. Examples of efficient codes for masking double or fewer defects and correcting multiple temporary errors are presented.
UAS Detect and Avoid: Efforts from NASA’s UAS Integration into the NAS Project (2018)

NASA's Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) integration into the National Air Space (NAS) project has been working closely with the FAA and RTCA Special Committee 228 to identify and break down barriers to UAS integration. A focus of this work is on detect and avoid (DAA) technologies. A pilot has responsibility to see and avoid other aircraft and to remain clear, using their best judgment (Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Sec. 91.113). For UAS to perform this function, the see function is replaced by sensors to detect the other aircraft. Secondly, the pilot judgment of well clear has to be replaced by a mathematical expression. For Phase 1 of this effort, a well clear violation was defined if all three of these conditions are true: a) the horizontal clearance is less than 4000 ft., and b) the vertical clearance is less than 450 ft., and c) the time to loss of well clear is less than 35 seconds. This definition was developed with a great deal of community input and testing to ensure interoperability with Air Traffic Control (ATC) and pilots of manned aircraft. Appropriate guidance, alerting and displays were developed to allow UAS, with the appropriate sensors, to effectively maintain well clear. This work contributed to FAA Technical Standard Orders: TSO-C211, Detect and Avoid and TSO-C212, ATAR for Traffic Surveillance. Phase 2 of this work extends the operational environment to include the terminal area and lesser capable aircraft that might not have the payload capability to carry the RADAR defined in Phase 1. This session reports on work from Phase 1 and initial work in Phase 2.
Fast and sensitive GCaMP calcium indicators for imaging neural populations (2021)

Abstract Calcium imaging with protein-based indicators is widely used to follow neural activity in intact nervous systems. The popular GCaMP indicators are based on the calcium-binding protein calmodulin and the RS20 peptide. These sensors report neural activity at timescales much slower than electrical signaling, limited by their biophysical properties and trade-offs between sensitivity and speed. We used large-scale screening and structure-guided mutagenesis to develop and optimize several fast and sensitive GCaMP-type indicators. The resulting ‘jGCaMP8’ sensors, based on calmodulin and a fragment of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, have ultra-fast kinetics (rise times, 2 ms) and still feature the highest sensitivity for neural activity reported for any protein-based sensor. jGCaMP8 sensors will allow tracking of larger populations of neurons on timescales relevant to neural computation.
The complete nucleotide sequence of region 1 of the CFA/I fimbria! operon of human enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli (1992)

The production of the plasmid-encoded fimbrial antigen CFA/I of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli requires two DNA regions: CFA/I region 1 and CFA/I region 2. These two regions are separated by about 40 kb on the wildtype plasmid. CFA/I region 1 contains the structural genes, whereas CFA/I region 2 contains a positive regulator. The first two genes (cfaA and cfaB) and the cfaD' sequence of region 1 have already been described. Here the total nucleotide sequence of region 1 is presented. Two new genes in region 1 are described, named cfaC and cfaE. The GC content of the genes in region 1 is 33.6% which is substantially lower than normally found in E. coli genes (50%). The codon usage also differs from the standard codons used in E. coli.
Kinetic Study on the γ-Radiolysis of 5-Fluorouracil Derivatives (1989)

Abstract The reactivity of 5-fluoro-1-(2-phenylethenesulfonyl)uracil (1) and 5-fluoro-1-phenylthioureidouracil (2) in the γ-radiolysis of their aqueous solutions was studied by a competitive kinetic method using nitrobenzene and acetone as reference compounds. The rate constants for the reactions of 1 and 2 with eaq− were of the same order of magnitude as that for nitrobenzene. The efficiencies of the conversion of intermediates generated from 1 and 2 into 5-fluorouracil were also estimated.