gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
N -Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as a Drinking Water Contaminant: A Review (2003)

N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a member of a family of extremely potent carcinogens, the N-nitrosamines. Until recently, concerns about NDMA mainly focused on the presence of NDMA in food, consumer products, and polluted air. However, current concern focuses on NDMA as a drinking water contaminant resulting from reactions occurring during chlorination or via direct industrial contamination. Because of the relatively high concentrations of NDMA formed during wastewater chlorination, the intentional and unintentional reuse of municipal wastewater is a particularly important area of concern. Although ultraviolet (UV) treatment can effectively remove NDMA, there is considerable interest in the development of less expensive alternative treatment technologies. These alternative technologies include approaches for removing organic nitrogen-containing NDMA precursors prior to chlorination and the use of sunlight photolysis, and in situ bioremediation to remove NDMA and its precursors. Key words: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); nitrosation; unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH); chlorination; photolysis; bioremediation
Modeling microwave propagation in a grass vegetation layer (1998)

A formulation is presented for evaluating the complex propagation constant describing a coherent electromagnetic wave propagating in a grass vegetation layer. This problem differs from that of many other vegetation media, in that the size of the constituent elements are of the same size as the vegetation layer. The key assumption in the formulation is that the diameters of the long, thin grass elements are electrically small, and thus can be considered electromagnetically as line-dipole structures. It is shown then that for a random media, consisting of line-dipole elements, the propagation can accurately be represented through an incremental layer of vegetation. However, the extinction due to scattering is underestimated using this Rayleigh formulation. Therefore, the scattering solution for a general line-dipole element was used to evaluate its extinction due to scattering, and this result was then used to modify the polarizability tensor expression in order to account for losses due to scattering.
La mayoría de los alumnos de biología valoran positivamente el aprendizaje mediante “estudio independiente” (2004)

Trabajo financiado por el “Programa de Investigacion Docente en Redes” del Instituto de Ciencias de la Educacion (ICE) de la Universidad de Alicante y por el “Programa de Ayudas para incrementar las posibilidades formativas y favorecer la adquisicion de capacidades profesionales no curriculares por parte de alumnos de tercer ciclo y de los profesores universitarios”, de la Secretaria de Estado de Educacion y Universidades del Ministerio de Educacion y Cultura de Espana.
Non‐Globular Organic Ionic Plastic Crystal Containing a Crown‐Ether Moiety – Tuning Its Behaviour Using Sodium Salts (2022)

Organic ionic plastic crystals (OIPCs) are a class of soft materials showing positional order while still allowing orientational freedom. Due to their motional freedom in the solid state, they possess plasticity, non-flammability and high ionic conductivity. OIPC behavior is typically exhibited by 'simple' globular molecules allowing molecular rotation, whereas the interactions that govern the formation of OIPC phases in complex non-globular molecules are less understood. To better understand these interactions, a new family of non-globular OIPCs containing a 15-crown-5 ether moiety was synthetized and characterized. The 15C5BA molecule prepared does not exhibit the sought-after behavior because of its non-globular nature and strong intermolecular H-bonds that restrict orientational motion. However, the OIPC behavior was successfully obtained through complexation of the crown-ether moiety with sodium salts containing chaotropic anions. Those anions weaken the interactions between the molecules, allowing rotational freedom and tuning of the thermal and morphological properties of the OIPC.
IL-1β regulates IL-33 mediated T helper 2 (Th2)-biased immunopathophysiology following respiratory syncytial virus infection in an age-dependent and caspase-1 independent manner (2019)

Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children is a substantial clinical and health economic burden worldwide. RSV-induced immunopathophysiology has been related to age-variable IL-33 mediated Th2-biased immune responses. However, the mechanisms of the age-dependent regulation of IL-33 remain unclear. Here, we show for the first time that elevated levels of IL-33 in nasal aspirates from RSV infected human infants are associated with the disease severity. We further demonstrate the correlation of IL-33 levels with IL-1β in RSV-infected infants. IL-1β has been shown to induce expression of IL-33 in lung cells. Indeed, we found that intranasal treatment of neonatal mice with IL-1β prior to RSV infection significantly boosted the production of pulmonary IL-33. IL-33 increases coincided with an increased frequency of pulmonary type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) at 1 day post-infection (dpi) and Th2 biased immunopathophysiology after reinfection. Conversely, antagonizing IL-1β signaling in adult mice with IL-1βR antagonist (Anakinra) prior to RSV infection significantly enhanced IL-33 mediated Th2 biased immunopathophysiology after reinfection. Although it has been shown that IL-1β and IL-33 were regulated at the post-translational level by inflammasome-mediated caspase-1 activation, in our study active caspase-1 was detected exclusively within IL-33negCD45+ cells in RSV-infected lungs and was independent of age at infection. These findings suggest that IL-1β responses regulate RSV-induced IL-33 production via caspase-1 independent mechanisms in an age-dependent manner. More importantly, our findings provide the first data on respiratory IL-33 responses in RSV-infected infants.
Turning a Suite of Modeling and Processing Tools Into a Production Grade System. (2014)

Abstract. The French national agency for old age pensions has evolved, along a systemic vision of all the issues to be covered, a generic set of tools to design and process structured file formats. This set of tools has turned into a produc-tion grade modeling and validating suite which relies for its distribution on the continuous integration of its various components. As such, continuous integra-tion has here turned into a system which industrializes the production of sys-tems of tools, each characterized by the file format it implements and the ver-sion under which it is released. 1
Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in elderly patients: the influence of maintenance therapy (BGM 84 protocol). (1990)

Ninety-two elderly patients (ages 50-70) with "de novo" acute myeloid leukemia were given induction chemotherapy consisting of aclacinomycin-A (ACLA) (100 mg/m2/day x 3) and cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) (100 mg/m2 day, continuous infusion, 7 days). Fifty-one patients (55%) achieved complete remission (CR), 8 patients exhibited drug resistance and 33 patients died during chemotherapy or aplasia. Three patients had severe cardiac toxicity. The only prognostic factor significantly affecting CR was the initial leukocyte count. After consolidation using ACLA (80 mg/m2/day x 2) and ARA-C (100 mg/m2/day x 5), 47 CR patients were randomly assigned to 2 different treatment arms: 23 patients (Group A) received intensive sequential chemotherapy consisting of 4 monthly courses of 8 different drugs while 24 other patients (Group B) were given ACLA and ARA-C at regular intervals, associated with continuous chemotherapy consisting of 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate and androgens. The probability of disease-free survival at 2 years was significantly higher (33 +/- 22%) for Group B patients than for Group A (13 +/- 16%) (P less than 0.05). We conclude that continuous maintenance chemotherapy may be useful in increasing the number of long-term survivors, at least in the elderly who have not received very intense consolidation chemotherapy following CR.
Ambiently and Mechanically Stable Ionogels for Soft Ionotronics (2021)

Abstract Stretchable ionic conductors such as hydrogels and ionic‐liquid‐based gels (aka ionogels) have garnered great attention as they enable the development of soft ionotronics. Notably, soft ionotronic devices inevitably operate in humid environments or under mechanical loads. However, many previously reported hydrogels and ionogels, however, are unstable in environments with varying humidity levels owing to hydrophilicity, and their liquid components (i.e., ionic liquid, water) may leak easily from polymer matrices under mechanical loads, causing deterioration of device performance. This work presents novel hydrophobic ionogels with strong ionic liquid retention capability. The ionogels are ambiently and mechanically stable, capable of not absorbing moisture in environments with high relative humidity and almost not losing liquid components during long periods of mechanical loading. Moreover, the ionogels exhibit desirable conductivity (10 −4 –10 −5 S cm −1 ), large rupturing strain (&gt;2000%), moderate fractocohesive length (0.51 – 1.03 mm), and wide working temperature range (−60 to 200 °C). An ionic skin is further designed by integrating the concept of sensory artificial skins and triboelectric nanogenerators, which can convert multiple stimuli into various types of signals, including resistance, capacitance, short‐circuit current, and open‐circuit voltage. This work may open new avenues for the development of soft ionotronics with stable performance.
Tug-of-war between driver and passenger mutations in cancer and other adaptive processes (2014)

Cancer progression is an example of a rapid adaptive process where evolving new traits is essential for survival and requires a high mutation rate. Precancerous cells acquire a few key mutations that drive rapid population growth and carcinogenesis. Cancer genomics demonstrates that these few driver mutations occur alongside thousands of random passenger mutations--a natural consequence of cancer's elevated mutation rate. Some passengers are deleterious to cancer cells, yet have been largely ignored in cancer research. In population genetics, however, the accumulation of mildly deleterious mutations has been shown to cause population meltdown. Here we develop a stochastic population model where beneficial drivers engage in a tug-of-war with frequent mildly deleterious passengers. These passengers present a barrier to cancer progression describable by a critical population size, below which most lesions fail to progress, and a critical mutation rate, above which cancers melt down. We find support for this model in cancer age-incidence and cancer genomics data that also allow us to estimate the fitness advantage of drivers and fitness costs of passengers. We identify two regimes of adaptive evolutionary dynamics and use these regimes to understand successes and failures of different treatment strategies. A tumor's load of deleterious passengers can explain previously paradoxical treatment outcomes and suggest that it could potentially serve as a biomarker of response to mutagenic therapies. The collective deleterious effect of passengers is currently an unexploited therapeutic target. We discuss how their effects might be exacerbated by current and future therapies.
ChemInform Abstract: THIOCYANATION OF INDOLES (1978)

Abstract Die 2‐substituierten Indole (I) reagieren mit Thiocyan in Eisessig zu den 3‐Thiocyanato‐indolen (II).
Human prostate cancer progression models and therapeutic intervention (2013)

Our laboratory has developed two cellular models of human prostate cancer progression. The LNCaP prostate cancer progression model is based upon the well-known cellular interaction between human prostate or bone stromal cells and LNCaP cells in vivo. The marginally tumorigenic LNCaP cells acquired tumorigenic and metastatic potential upon cellular interaction with either prostate or bone fibroblasts. A subline termed C4-2 was observed to grow readily in castrated animals and acquired metastatic potential spreading from the primary tumor site to the lymph node, the seminal vesicles, and the axial skeleton, resulting in an intense osteoblastic reaction. The second model is ARCaP, where prostate cancer cells derived from the ascites fluid of a man with metastatic disease exhibited an Androgen- and estrogen-Repressed Prostate Cancer cell growth and tumor formation in either a hormone-deficient or a castrated environment. However, the growth of either the tumor cells in vitro or the tumors in vivo was suppressed by both estrogen and androgen. While the tumor cells expressed low levels of androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), they were highly metastatic when inoculated orthotopically. Distant metastases to a number of organs were detected, including the liver, lung, kidney, and bone. We have employed a human prostate cancer progression model as a system to study the efficacy of gene therapy. Results of the study show that whereas universal promoters, such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) promoter-driven tumor suppressors (e.g. p53, p21, and p16), were effective in inhibiting prostate tumor growth, the advantages of driving the expression of therapeutic toxic genes using a tissue-specific promoter prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and a tumor--but not tissue-specific promoter, osteocalcin (OC), are preferred. In the case of the PSA promoter, we can achieve cell-kill in PSA-producing human prostate cancer cells. To circumvent the supporting role of bone stroma for prostate cancer epithelial growth, we have recently developed a novel concept where the expression of therapeutic toxic genes is driven by a tumor--but not a tissue-specific OC promoter. Osteocalcin-thymidine kinase (OC-TK) was found to efficiently eradicate the growth of osteosarcoma, prostate, and brain tumors both in vitro and in vivo. We observed that androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells lines expressed OC-TK at higher levels than androgen-dependent human prostate cancer cell lines. We have obtained data to suggest that Ad-OC-TK plus a pro-drug acyclovir (ACV) may be used as an effective therapy to treat prostate cancer bone metastasis in models where the growth of androgen-independent PC-3 and C4-2 tumors in the bone has occurred.
The Effect of Curvature on the Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Boundary Layer (1937)

In the flow over the upper surface of a wing, a discrepancy between the predicted and actual point of transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer was found. This effect may be due to the comparatively small radius of curvature of the upper surface of the wing. Tests were undertaken to investigate this effect. As far as the authors know, the present investigation is the first to show that curvature has a pronounced effect on the transition of the boundary layer from the laminar to the turbulent state. It appears that three important results have been obtained thus far. First, the experimental points for the convex and concave side of the sheet are consistent with each other and, with the experimental accuracy involved, lie on the same curve. Second, this curve can be approximated by a straight line. Third, the order of magnitude of the variation is such that the curvature ordinarily used on the upper surface of an airplane wing might double the critical Reynolds number.
Intracellular protein mass spectroscopy using mid-infrared laser ionization (2007)

Large-scale analysis of proteins, which can be regarded as functional biomolecule, assumes an important role in the life science. A MALDI using an ultraviolet laser (UV-MALDI) is one of ionization methods without fragmentation and has achieved conformation analysis of proteins. Recently, protein analysis has shifted from conformation analysis to functional and direct one that reserves posttranslational modifications such as the sugar chain addition and phosphorylation. We have proposed a MALDI using a mid-infrared tunable laser (IR-MALDI) as a new ionization method. IR-MALDI is promising because most biomolecules have a specific absorption in mid-infrared range, and IR-MALDI is expected to offer; (1) use of various matrices, (2) use of biomolecules such as water and lipid as the matrix, and (3) super-soft ionization. First, we evaluated the wavelength dependence of ionization of different matrices using a difference frequency generation (DFG) laser, which can tune the wavelength within a range from 5.5 to 10.0 μm. As results, ionization was specifically occurred at 5.8 μm which the C=O vibration stretching bond in matrix material and mass spectrum was observed. Next, protein mass spectrum was observed in the culture cells, MIN6, which secrete insulin, without the conventional cell-preparation processes. We demonstrate that the IR-MALDI has an advantage over the conventional method (UV-MALDI) in direct analysis of intracellular proteins.
An automatic indexing and neural network approach to concept retrieval and classification of multilingual (Chinese-English) documents (1996)

An automatic indexing and concept classification approach to a multilingual (Chinese and English) bibliographic database is presented. We introduced a multi-linear term-phrasing technique to extract concept descriptors (terms or keywords) from a Chinese-English bibliographic database. A concept space of related descriptors was then generated using a co-occurrence analysis technique. Like a man-made thesaurus, the system-generated concept space can be used to generate additional semantically-relevant terms for search. For concept classification and clustering, a variant of a Hopfield neural network was developed to cluster similar concept descriptors and to generate a small number of concept groups to represent (summarize) the subject matter of the database. The concept space approach to information classification and retrieval has been adopted by the authors in other scientific databases and business applications, but multilingual information retrieval presents a unique challenge. This research reports our experiment on multilingual databases. Our system was initially developed in the MS-DOS environment, running ETEN Chinese operating system. For performance reasons, it was then tested on a UNIX-based system. Due to the unique ideographic nature of the Chinese language, a Chinese term-phrase indexing paradigm considering the ideographic characteristics of Chinese was developed as a multilingual information classification model. By applying the neural network based concept classification technique, the model presents a novel way of organizing unstructured multilingual information.
Bioprocess and Fermentation Monitoring (2013)

Abstract The monitoring and control of biotech processes in different phases of the product lifecycle from early development to commercial production is key for accelerated development and stringent process controls. Effective methods of monitoring are required to develop, optimize, and maintain processes at a maximum efficiency and desired product quality. In the last decade more and more research has been devoted to developing specifically designed sensors, sampling strategies and integrated data management systems to allow better and more detailed process monitoring. Especially with the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) framework published by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2004 the measurement, monitoring, modeling and control of biotech processes has become more important. This article will describe general operational aspects of sensors, sampling technologies and methods of process monitoring, advanced applications like soft sensors and metabolic controls including integrated data management and analysis. Practical examples and case studies are used to illustrate the potential of soft sensors, models and advanced sensors.
Novel heteronuclear ruthenium–copper coordination compounds as efficient DNA-cleaving agents (2010)

The DNA-cleavage ability of novel bifunctional heterobimetallic copper-ruthenium complexes is demonstrated by using gel electrophoresis.
Recombinant Human Serum Albumin Fusion Proteins and Novel Applications in Drug Delivery and Therapy (2015)

Fusion proteins have been well-studied and widely applied in biopharmaceutics. Albumin fusion proteins are simple to construct, easy to purify, and stable to formulate. One main application of fusion protein is to extend the plasma half-life of therapeutic proteins and peptides. Albiglutide for diabetes treatment is the first albumin fusion protein drug approved by FDA. Balugrastim and other albumin fusion proteins have been evaluated in clinical trials. Taking advantage of the physiological functions of albumin, albumin fusion proteins can also been applied to act on an essential intracellular target and carry fatty acid-modified drugs. This novel approach makes it possible to co-deliver two different types of drug to one tumor cell for synergistic cytotoxicity.
Recent results from ATDNet: an operating transparent network (2003)

Summary form only given. The Advanced Technology Demonstration Network (ATDNet) is designed to investigate the advantages of a transparent optical layer for metropolitan area networks. ATDNet links 6 nodes from government agency laboratories throughout Washington, D.C. The physical topology is arranged as two fiber rings, the West Ring and the East Ring. The network infrastructure has supported many forward-looking optical network research projects, most notably the DARPA funded MONET program. A key requirement of MONET was a reconfigurable optical layer that could support transparent optical connections for client services. As part of a new experimental initiative, the LTS and NRL nodes are now evaluating prototype systems similar to the original MONET network elements but using state-of-the-art MEMS switch fabric technology. Because both the MONET and MEMS OXCs are optically transparent, upgrades to fine cards, protocols, and software features were not required to achieve interoperability.
A Noise-Insensitive Compromise Gradient Method for the Adjustment of Adaptive Echo Cancellers (1980)

The time-optimum gradient method for the coefficient adjustment of adaptive echo cancellers allows a fast adjustment and a high echo return loss enhancement (ERLE) in the noise-free case. If noise occurs on the echo path, a compromise is necessary between the relatively large step size needed for rapid convergence and the relatively small step size needed for noise insensitivity. In this paper a noise-insensitive compromise method is proposed, which guarantees an acceptable ERLE in the noise-free case, as well as under line noise conditions. The method has, furthermore, the advantage of being easily instrumented. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is determined by computer simulations under realistic conditions with two algorithms frequently used in previous publications: with the time-optimum gradient method and with a method with constant step-size factor. The simulations were carried out with floating-point arithmetic and with fixed-point arithmetic with 16 and 12 bit resolution to determine the maximum performance and necessary implementation expense of the different adjustment methods.