gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning from Easy to Complex: Adaptive Multi-Curricula Learning for Neural Dialogue Generation (2020)

Current state-of-the-art neural dialogue systems are mainly data-driven and are trained on human-generated responses. However, due to the subjectivity and open-ended nature of human conversations, the complexity of training dialogues varies greatly. The noise and uneven complexity of query-response pairs impede the learning efficiency and effects of the neural dialogue generation models. What is more, so far, there are no unified dialogue complexity measurements, and the dialogue complexity embodies multiple aspects of attributes—specificity, repetitiveness, relevance, etc. Inspired by human behaviors of learning to converse, where children learn from easy dialogues to complex ones and dynamically adjust their learning progress, in this paper, we first analyze five dialogue attributes to measure the dialogue complexity in multiple perspectives on three publicly available corpora. Then, we propose an adaptive multi-curricula learning framework to schedule a committee of the organized curricula. The framework is established upon the reinforcement learning paradigm, which automatically chooses different curricula at the evolving learning process according to the learning status of the neural dialogue generation model. Extensive experiments conducted on five state-of-the-art models demonstrate its learning efficiency and effectiveness with respect to 13 automatic evaluation metrics and human judgments.
Increased deposition of fibulin-2 in solar elastosis and its colocalization with elastic fibres (2001)

This study shows that deposition of fibulin-2 and elastin is highly co-ordinated, indicating that this protein plays an important role in elastic fibre and microfibril formation in normal and actinically damaged skin.
Efficient polynomial L-approximations (2007)

We address the problem of computing a good floating-point-coefficient polynomial approximation to a function, with respect to the supremum norm. This is a key step in most processes of evaluation of a function. We present a fast and efficient method, based on lattice basis reduction, that often gives the best polynomial possible and most of the time returns a very good approximation.
A Deep Learning Approach for Extracting Attributes of ABAC Policies (2018)

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has identified natural language policies as the preferred expression of policy and implicitly called for an automated translation of ABAC natural language access control policy (NLACP) to a machine-readable form. An essential step towards this automation is to automate the extraction of ABAC attributes from NLACPs, which is the focus of this paper. We, therefore, raise the question of: how can we automate the task of attributes extraction from natural language documents? Our proposed solution to this question is built upon the recent advancements in natural language processing and machine learning techniques. For such a solution, the lack of appropriate data often poses a bottleneck. Therefore, we decouple the primary contributions of this work into: (1) developing a practical framework to extract ABAC attributes from natural language artifacts, and (2) generating a set of realistic synthetic natural language access control policies (NLACPs) to evaluate the proposed framework. The experimental results are promising with regard to the potential automation of the task of interest. Using a convolutional neural network (CNN), we achieved - in average - an F1-score of 0.96 when extracting the attributes of subjects, and 0.91 when extracting the objects' attributes from natural language access control policies.
14-3-3 Binding to Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoform-1 Is Associated with Serum-dependent Activation of Na+/H+ Exchange (2001)

Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform-1 (NHE1), the ubiquitous form of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, has increased activity in hypertensive patients and in animal models of hypertension. Furthermore, NHE1 is activated in cells stimulated with growth factors. We showed previously that activation of the exchanger is dependent on phosphorylation of serine 703 (Ser(P)(703)) by p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK). Because the NHE1 sequence at Ser(P)(703) (RIGSDP) is similar to a consensus sequence (RSXSXP) specific for 14-3-3 ligands, we evaluated whether serum stimulated 14-3-3 binding to NHE1. Five different GST-NHE1 fusion proteins spanning amino acids 515-815 were phosphorylated by RSK and used as ligands in a far Western analysis; only those containing Ser(P)(703) exhibited high affinity 14-3-3 binding. In PS127A cells (NHE1-overexpressing Chinese hamster fibroblasts) stimulated with 20% serum, NHE1 co-precipitation with GST-14-3-3 fusion protein increased at 5 min (5.2 +/- 0.4-fold versus control; p < 0.01) and persisted at 40 min (3.9 +/- 0.3-fold; p < 0.01). We confirmed that binding occurs at the RIGSDP motif using PS120 (NHE1 null) cells transfected with S703A-NHE1 or P705A-NHE1 (based on data indicating that 14-3-3 binding requires phosphoserine and +2 proline). Serum failed to stimulate association of 14-3-3 with these mutants. A GST-NHE1 fusion protein was phosphorylated by RSK and used as a ligand to assess the effect of 14-3-3 on protein phosphatase 1-mediated dephosphorylation of Ser(P)(703). GST-14-3-3 limited dephosphorylation (66% of initial state at 60 min) compared with GST alone (27% of initial state; p < 0.01). The protective effect of GST-14-3-3 was lost in the GST-NHE1 P705A mutant. Finally, the base-line rate of pH recovery in acid-loaded cells was equal in unstimulated cells expressing wild-type or P705A-NHE1. However, activation of NHE1 by serum was dramatically inhibited in cells expressing P705A-NHE1 compared with wild-type (0.13 +/- 0.02 versus 0.48 +/- 0.06 mmol of H(+)/min/liter, p < 0.01). These data suggest that 14-3-3 binding to NHE1 participates in serum-stimulated exchanger activation, a new function for 14-3-3.
Humidified High Flow Nasal Cannula Supportive Therapy Improves Outcomes in Lung Transplant Recipients Readmitted to the Intensive Care Unit Because of Acute Respiratory Failure (2014)

HFNC O2 therapy is feasible and safe and may decrease the need for MV in LTx recipients readmitted to the ICU because of ARF.
Bicontinuous hydrogel–hydrophobic polymer systems through emulsion templated simultaneous polymerizations (2008)

Polymerization in the external phase of a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) yields an emulsion templated, porous polyHIPE. This work describes the synthesis of novel bicontinuous hydrogel–hydrophobic polymer systems through simultaneous polymerization and cross-linking reactions in the HIPE's external organic-phase (styrene or 2-ethylhexyl acrylate with divinylbenzene) and internal aqueous-phase (acrylamide with N,N-methylenebisacrylamide). The ability to reversibly dry and hydrate these materials demonstrates their potential for biomedical and separation applications. The unexpected and significant reduction in the hydrated polyHIPE modulus with increasing acrylamide content in the aqueous-phase indicated that the polymerizations were not mutually exclusive and that the acrylamide affected the molecular structure of the hydrophobic polymer synthesized in the external phase. The locus of initiation (which can be in the aqueous-phase, organic-phase, or both) was also shown to have a profound affect on the molecular structure, porous structure, and properties.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) in an Icelandic population: The role of HPV DNA testing based on hybrid capture and PCR assays among women with screen-detected abnormal pap smears (1997)

This study was based on 358 cases with abnormal smears referred for colposcopy and HPV DNA testing. We analysed: 1) the frequency of different grades of cyto- and histopathologic findings; 2) the frequency and relative amount of HPV DNA with the hybrid capture assay (HCA) in swabs, and the frequency of HPV with PCR in swabs (-S) and biopsies (-B); and 3) the frequency of HPV types according to the grade of the cyto- and histopathologic findings. Of all cases, 95% were positive with all HPV tests combined. The HCA (HPV: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 51, 52 and 56) and the PCR-S and PCR-B (HPV: 16, 18, 31, 33 and 35) tests for high-risk HPV exhibited sensitivities of 57%, 56% and 48%, respectively. The high-grade smears and the high-risk PCR-S HPV had about 80% sensitivity for histologic high-grade lesions compared with around 70% for HCA and the PCR-B. Combining the high-grade smears and the high-risk HPV increased the sensitivity to 93-96%. Among the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia I (CIN I) and the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) smears the sensitivity of high-risk HPV for high-grade histologic lesions was 63% for the HCA and 79% for the PCR-S. No correlation was found between the relative amount of HPV DNA detected by HCA and the grade of cyto- and histological lesions. We conclude that the results strongly indicate that HCA is less sensitive than PCR in the diagnosis of high-risk HPV, that swabs are more sensitive than biopsies as a sampling method, that high-risk HPV and high-grade smears are complementary for the diagnosis of high-grade histologic lesions and that the present role of HPV testing in screening could be limited to identifying women with low-grade smears and koilocytotic or low-grade colposcopic biopsies that are at risk of concealing or developing high-grade histologic lesions.
PD-1 Shapes B Cells as Evildoers in the Tumor Microenvironment (2016)

Protumorigenic PD-1(hi) B cells, induced in hepatocellular carcinoma, suppress tumor-specific T-cell response via IL10-dependent pathways upon PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies may function not only through blocking the PD-1 coinhibitory pathway in T cells but also via abolishing the suppressive function of regulatory B cells. Cancer Discov; 6(5); 477-8. ©2016 AACRSee related article by Xiao et al., p. 546.
Electron Beam Tuning of the Magnetic Anisotropy in Co/Cu(110) Films (2011)

The 90° in-plane spin reorientation transition caused by residual gas adsorption in the Co/Cu(110) system has been investigated using Mott electron polarimetry. The system displays a 3-D growth mode, forming islands with a preferential axis of elongation along the [1-10] direction. The adsorption of CO at the step edges is found to change the net anisotropy of the system and bring about the change in the relaxed magnetization direction. By carefully limiting the duration of electron beam exposure, it has been shown that this spin rotation can also be observed using Mott polarimetry, where it manifests itself as variations in the secondary electron spin polarization. Extended exposure of the switched film to an electron beam can reverse the easy axis direction, allowing local tuning of the magnetic anisotropy in this system.
Chronic unilateral occlusion of an extrapulmonary primary bronchus induces pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites) in male and female broilers (1997)

Previously, it was demonstrated that acute (4 min) and chronic (12 d) occlusion of an extrapulmonary primary bronchus triggers pulmonary hypertension but not pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS, ascites) in broilers. The present study was conducted to determine whether a more prolonged period of bronchus occlusion causes PHS similar to that induced by clamping one pulmonary artery. Male and female broiler chicks, 14 to 18 d old, were anesthetized, the thoracic inlet was opened, and a silver clip was positioned to fully obstruct the left extrapulmonary primary bronchus (BRONCHUS CLAMP group) or the left pulmonary artery (PA-CLAMP group). Sham-operated chicks were anesthetized and the thoracic inlet was opened; however, neither the pulmonary artery nor the bronchus was clamped (SHAM group). An electrocardiogram (ECG) was obtained whenever clinical ascites became apparent in individual broilers, or prior to the final necropsy for broilers surviving to the end (Day 36) of the experiment. The right:total ventricular weight ratio (RV:TV) was evaluated as an index of pulmonary arterial pressure. Early post-surgical mortality (up to 21 d of age) was higher in the PA-CLAMP group (27% for males and females combined) than in the BRONCHUS CLAMP (10%) and SHAM (2%) groups. Cumulative ascites mortality (Days 22 to 36) also was higher in the PA-CLAMP group (86% for males, 77% for females) than in the BRONCHUS CLAMP (69% for males, 41% for females) and SHAM (23% for males, 0% for females) groups. Ascitic birds in all treatment groups had higher RV:TV ratios and more negative ECG Lead II S-wave amplitudes than nonascitic birds, reflecting the right ventricular hypertrophy and generalized ventricular dilation typically associated with PHS. These results demonstrate that unilateral bronchus occlusion is an effective experimental model for triggering ascites at a lower incidence than that obtained by occluding one pulmonary artery. Following the onset of pulmonary hypertension, the pathophysiological progression leading to ascites appears to be similar for broilers with either unilateral bronchus or pulmonary artery occlusion.
State-space analysis of time-varying higher-order spike correlation for multiple neural spike train data (2012)

Precise spike coordination between the spiking activities of multiple neurons is suggested as an indication of coordinated network activity in active cell assemblies. Spike correlation analysis aims to identify such cooperative network activity by detecting excess spike synchrony in simultaneously recorded multiple neural spike sequences. Cooperative activity is expected to organize dynamically during behavior and cognition; therefore currently available analysis techniques must be extended to enable the estimation of multiple time-varying spike interactions between neurons simultaneously. In particular, new methods must take advantage of the simultaneous observations of multiple neurons by addressing their higher-order dependencies, which cannot be revealed by pairwise analyses alone. In this paper, we develop a method for estimating time-varying spike interactions by means of a state-space analysis. Discretized parallel spike sequences are modeled as multi-variate binary processes using a log-linear model that provides a well-defined measure of higher-order spike correlation in an information geometry framework. We construct a recursive Bayesian filter/smoother for the extraction of spike interaction parameters. This method can simultaneously estimate the dynamic pairwise spike interactions of multiple single neurons, thereby extending the Ising/spin-glass model analysis of multiple neural spike train data to a nonstationary analysis. Furthermore, the method can estimate dynamic higher-order spike interactions. To validate the inclusion of the higher-order terms in the model, we construct an approximation method to assess the goodness-of-fit to spike data. In addition, we formulate a test method for the presence of higher-order spike correlation even in nonstationary spike data, e.g., data from awake behaving animals. The utility of the proposed methods is tested using simulated spike data with known underlying correlation dynamics. Finally, we apply the methods to neural spike data simultaneously recorded from the motor cortex of an awake monkey and demonstrate that the higher-order spike correlation organizes dynamically in relation to a behavioral demand.
Sulfur Behavior in Rapid Pyrolysis of Coals with Chemical Pretreatments (1999)

Lignite, subbituminous, and bituminous coals were pyrolyzed rapidly in a free-fall reactor under a nitrogen stream at 1253 K in order to clarify pyrolysis desulfurization behavior. Chemical pretreatments were carried out to search the efficient desulfurization. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) was applied to the direct determination of the sulfur forms. XANES analysis indicated that lignite contained disulfide, which could contribute to the high extent of organic sulfur removal. Sulfone and sulfoxide formed by the pretreatments might also contribute to efficient desulfurization.
Distichlis palmeri: Perennial Grain Yields under Saline Paddy-style Cultivation of Grains on Seawater (2016)

Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology is a peer-reviewed international journal, which publishes original papers promoting theoretical, methodological and empirical developments in the discipline of socio-cultural anthropology.
Increased myometrial blood flow evoked by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the non‐pregnant goat (1981)

1. The effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on myometrial blood flow was evaluated in anaesthetized goats. A solution of VIP, or vehicle alone, was infused into the right internal iliac artery for a period of 10 min. The myometrial blood flow in both uterine horns was measured from the third to the seventh min of the infusion by the gas clearance technique after local injection of (133)xenon in 10 mul. saline solution. Blood samples were collected from both utero-ovarian veins 5 min from the onset of the infusion and the plasma concentration of VIP determined by radio-immunoassay.2. During infusion of vehicle before VIP, myometrial blood flow was of the same magnitude in both uterine horns, i.e. 0.06-0.12 ml./min per g. The blood flow of the right horn increased to 0.20-0.39 ml./min per g during infusion of VIP (300 p-mole/min) in the ipsilateral artery, whilst that of the left horn rose to 0.13-0.26 ml./min per g. The effect was sometimes observed to last for more than 40 min.3. Increased myometrial blood flow was observed with infusion rates down to 3 p-mole/min. Once a response to VIP had been provoked, however, the vasculature sometimes became refractory to further stimulation.4. The plasma concentration of VIP increased in both utero-ovarian veins during unilateral infusion of the peptide.5. Methylene blue given through the infusion catheter stained tissue in both uterine horns, further evidencing that their blood supply is not entirely separate.6. Uterine motility was observed to diminish during the VIP infusions.7. During infusion of VIP (300 p-mole/min) heart rate rose from 146 +/- 6 to 158 +/- 7 beats/min. No significant change occurred in arterial blood pressure.8. It is concluded that the increase in blood flow is due to a local response and that, since VIP has been demonstrated in uterine nerve endings, it may act as a neuro-transmitter mediating vasodilatation in the uterus.
Vibrations of soils and foundations (1970)

Chapter ten treats methods of analysis and design of dynamically loaded foundations. These methods depend on the design criteria, applied forces, soil response, and analytical procedures for relating these quantities. The design criteria were based on a failure criterion of a limiting amplitude of motion, or a limiting velocity or acceleration of the foundation. The analytical procedures for establishing the dynamic behavior of a foundation relate the applied forces, soil properties, and foundation weights and geometry to the response. By successive corrections of the design parameters, the analytical procedures provide a method for developing a dynamic response of the foundation which falls within the design limits. Several simplified methods of analysis have been discussed in Chapter ten; these have been found satisfactory when the prototype conditions correspond to the assumptions made in establishing the theory. Vibration from subways and a railway is reviewed in Table 10.6.
Conjugated bile acids promote ERK1/2 and AKT activation via a pertussis toxin–sensitive mechanism in murine and human hepatocytes† (2005)

Several studies have argued that G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) have the capacity to promote activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. The current studies were performed to examine the regulation of the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and AKT pathways by conjugated and unconjugated bile acids in primary hepatocytes. Deoxycholic acid (DCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) all activated ERK1/2 in primary rat hepatocytes that was abolished by inhibition of ERBB1, and significantly reduced by ROS quenching agents. Bile acid-induced AKT activation was blunted by preventing ERBB1 activation and ROS generation. Treatment of rat hepatocytes with pertussis toxin (PTX) did not alter ERK1/2 and AKT activation induced by DCA or CDCA but abolished pathway activations by conjugated bile acids. Similar data to those with PTX were obtained when a dominant negative form of G(i1alpha) was overexpressed. Treatment of rat hepatocytes with TDCA and TCA promoted guanosine triphosphate (GTP) loading of G(i1alpha), G(i2alpha), and G(i3alpha) in vitro. Treatment of rat hepatocytes with PTX abolished TDCA-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of ERBB1. Similar findings to those in rat hepatocytes were also obtained in primary mouse and human hepatocytes, but not in established rodent or human hepatoma cell lines. In conclusion, collectively our findings demonstrate that unconjugated bile acids activate hepatocyte receptor tyrosine kinases and intracellular signaling pathways in a ROS-dependent manner. In contrast, conjugated bile acids primarily activate receptor tyrosine kinases and intracellular signaling pathways in a GPCR (G(ialpha))-dependent and ROS-dependent manner.
Topographical and Functional Mapping of Epitopes on Hog Cholera Virus with Monoclonal Antibodies (1989)

Competitive binding studies and antigen capture assays were done with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against hog cholera virus (HCV) to map the corresponding epitopes. A model was constructed in which the 13 epitopes were situated in four distinct antigenic domains: A, B, C and D. Domain A was subdivided into A1, A2 and A3. The functional relevance of this model was assessed by the characterization of pestivirus strains, by neutralization studies with the MAbs, and by isolation of variants that escaped neutralization. The topographical arrangement of the epitopes, as constructed in the model, was corroborated by the functional assays. The MAbs that defined domains A1 and A2 recognized all 94 HCV strains tested. Domains A3, B, C and D varied among the HCV strains. Neutralization was observed with MAbs defining domains A1, B and C. Synergistic neutralization occurred using MAbs against domains A1 and B, and A1 and C, but not within the domains. With MAbs defining A1, B or C, variants could be isolated that escaped neutralization and immunostaining by these MAbs.
Effects of phosphodiesterase 10 inhibition on striatal cyclic AMP and peripheral physiology in rats (2010)

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) form a family of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of cyclic adenosine and guanosine monophosphate (cAMP and cGMP). PDE10A is a member of this family that is almost exclusively expressed in the striatum. Increasing cAMP/cGMP levels via inhibition of PDE10A is under consideration as a novel therapeutic avenue in the discovery of antipsychotics. Papaverine has been used as a pharmacological tool to establish the possible clinical use of PDE10A inhibitors as antipsychotics. Papaverine is known to increase cAMP levels in striatum and to decrease blood pressure, body temperature and locomotor activity after systemic administration. In this study, the effects of papaverine are compared to those of a more specific PDE10A inhibitor MP10. Papaverine raised striatal cAMP levels with hypothermia, hypoactivity and decreased cardiovascular responses. The more selective MP10 had significantly less effects on body temperature and cardiovascular functions, but reduced locomotor activity to a similar extend as papaverine.