gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cancer Stem Cells in Solid Tumors (2011)

The âcancer stem cellâ hypothesis postulates that cancer arises from a subpopulation of tumor-initiating cells or cancer stem cells (CSCs). While the idea of cancer stem cells has been around for more than a hundred years, evidence from the fields of hematology and cancer biology has now demonstrated the critical role of stem cells in hematological malignancies and suggested that these same mechanisms are also central to the initiation, progression, and treatment of solid cancers. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that CSCs exhibit many classical properties of normal stem cells, including a high self-renewal capacity and the ability to generate heterogeneous lineages; the requirement for a specific ânicheâ/microenvironment to grow; and an increased capacity for self-protection against harsh environments, toxins, and drugs. Â Cancer Stem Cells in Solid Tumors represents a detailed overview of cancer stem cells and their role in solid cancers. Comprised of 24 chapters, this volume will provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of this important and evolving field. Â Topics covered include: Introduction of the CSC hypothesis Historical perspectives and the contributing lessons from leukemia Current knowledge regarding the identification and role of CSCs in various forms of solid cancer including breast, brain, colorectal, pancreatic, prostate, melanoma, lung, ovarian, hepatocellular, and head and neck cancer Molecular pathways involved in driving CSC function, with a particular focus on the novel convergence of embryonic and tumorigenic signaling pathways In vitro and in vivo assays, model systems, and imaging modalities for studying CSCs The clinical importance of CSCs for cancer management and treatment, including important implications for prognosis, prediction, and treatment resistance Consideration of the controversy surrounding the CSC hypothesis and important unanswered questions in this field Â This collective work was written by a group of prominent international experts in cancer biology, oncology, and/or stem cell biology. It will serve as a valuable resource for established researchers, professors, health care professionals, and students in the medical and scientific community who are investigating stem cells and/or oncology.
Direct synergistic effects of IL-4 and IL-11 on proliferation of primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells. (1995)

The present studies have investigated, for the first time, the synergistic effects of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-11 on the growth of single murine bone marrow progenitor cells. These studies suggest that IL-4 and IL-11 are synergistic hematopoietic growth factors, enhancing colony formation of bone marrow progenitors from normal mice in the presence of colony-stimulating factors or stem cell factor, whereas neither IL-4 nor IL-11, alone or in combination, resulted in colony formation. However, in the presence of a neutralizing anti-TGF-beta antibody, IL-11 plus IL-4 induced clonal growth of primitive Lin-Sca1+ progenitors. Furthermore, here we report several observations extending the knowledge about IL-4 and IL-11 as synergistic factors. In addition to the established ability of IL-11 to enhance IL-3- and GM-CSF-induced colony formation, IL-11 also enhanced the number of G-CSF- and CSF-1-stimulated colonies of mature (Lin-) and primitive (Lin-Sca-1+) hematopoietic progenitors cultured at the single-cell level. In contrast, IL-4 bifunctionally regulated the growth of Lin- progenitors, whereas the growth of single Lin-Sca=1+ progenitors was unaffected or enhanced in the presence of IL-4. Finally, IL-4 and IL-11, in combination, potently synergized to enhance the high-proliferative-potential colony-forming cell colony formation of Lin-Sca-1+ progenitors in response to all four CSFs and to SCF.
To-date spacecraft applications and demonstration testing results, and future product development for new molecular adsorber technologies (1997)

The use of molecular adsorbers, in order to aid in the reduction of the spacecraft contamination levels, is discussed. Molecular adsorbers are characterized by an extremely large surface area, molecularly-porous substructure, and processing charged sites capable of retaining molecular contaminant species. Molecular adsorbers were applied on two Hubble Space Telescope servicing missions, as well as on the tropical rainfall measuring mission. The use of molecular adsorbers carries the potential for low cost, easy fabrication and integration of reliable means for reducing the contamination level around spacecraft.
Total synthesis of hydroxymethylacylfulvene, an antitumour derivative of illudin S (1997)

T. C. McMorris, Y. Hu, J. Yu and M. J. Kelner, Chem. Commun., 1997, 315 DOI: 10.1039/A607077I
Heat power source controller circuit (2004)

Experimental works on thermal management of electronic systems, such as thermal resistance or thermal conductivity measurement, often require a controlled heat power source. This article proposes a circuit based on an integral automatic controller that sets a heat power dissipation level of a power metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor used as a heating device. It can operate in dc mode, setting a steady power generation, and in pulsed mode, controlling a transient power wave form. The controller operation principle is established together with all details for its implementation and use.
Characterization of α‐1,6‐Mannosyltransferase Responsible for the Synthesis of Branched Side Chains in Candida albicans Mannan (1996)

A particulate insoluble fraction from Candida albicans NIH B-792 (serotype B) strain cells was obtained as the residue after extracting a 105000 x g pellet of cell homogenate with 1% Triton X-100. Incubation of this fraction with a mannopentaose, Man alpha 1-->3Man alpha 1-->2Man alpha 1-->Man alpha 1-->2Man, in the presence of GDP-mannose and Mn2+ at pH 6.0 gave a branched mannohexaose, [sequence: see text] 6 the structure of which was identified by means of sequential off assignment. However, the enzyme fraction obtained from Candida parapsilosis gave Man alpha 1-->2Man alpha 1-->3Man alpha 1-->2Man alpha 1-->2 Man alpha 1-->2Man under the same conditions. These results demonstrate the finding that the structural difference in the mannans of these two species is due to the presence of alpha-1.6-linked branching mannose units in the C. albicans mannan [Shibata, N., Ikuta, K., Imai, T., Satoh, Y., Satoh, R., Suzuki, A., Kojima, C., Kobayashi, H., Hisamichi, K. & Suzuki, S. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1113-1122]. The substrate-specificity study of the enzyme indicated that the structural requirement of the alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase is Man alpha 1-->3Man alpha 1-->. The alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase also transferred the alpha-1,6-linked branching mannose unit to the mannan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The transformation of the mannan was detected by the appearance of antigenic factor 4 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and two-dimensional homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy.
Asymptotic insensitivity of least-recently-used caching to statistical dependency (2004)

We investigate a widely popular least-recently-used (LRU) cache replacement algorithm with semiMarkov modulated requests. SemiMarkov processes provide the flexibility for modeling strong statistical correlation, including the broadly reported long-range dependence in the World Wide Web page request patterns. When the frequency of requesting a page n is equal to the generalized Zipf's law c/n/sup /spl alpha//, /spl alpha/ > 1, our main result shows that the cache fault probability is asymptotically, for large cache sizes, the same as in the corresponding LRU system with i.i.d. requests. This appears to be the first explicit average case analysis of LRU caching with statistically dependent request sequences. The surprising insensitivity of LRU caching performance demonstrates its robustness to changes in document popularity. Furthermore, we show that the derived asymptotic result and simulation experiments are in excellent agreement, even for relatively small cache sizes. The potential of using our results in predicting the behavior of Web caches is tested using actual, strongly correlated, proxy server access traces.
DELTA-VALIDATION OF ENVISAT SCIAMACHY TOTAL OZONE AND NO2 WITH THE DATA OF GROUND-BASED UV-VIS MEASUREMENTS (M-124 AND SAOZ) (2007)

The present study is focused on validation of the recent SCIAMACHY nadir level 2 data by means of comparisons with correlative ground-based measurements over Russia and Western Europe in 2004. The newly available validation dataset, based on the SCIAMACHY level 2 off-line processor version 3.00 (OL 3.00), was compared with the measurements of 14 Russian UV filter ozonometers M-124 and 3 French SAOZ UV-visible zenith-sky spectrometers. According to the results, the new SCIAMACHY dataset, OL 3.00, demonstrate better agreement with ground-based M-124 ozone measurements. In addition, our ground-based validation datasets were compared with correlative measurements of ERS-2 GOME, AURA OMI and SCIAMACHY stratospheric NO2 column (scientific product, University of Bremen).
Low-power Radar for Wireless Sensor Networks (2006)

This paper presents the results of a short study on the feasibility of radars as the primary means of sensing in ad-hoc wireless sensor networks. Radar offers distinct advantages over others means of sensing, normally found in this kind of networks. The sensor networks being considered consist of battery powered nodes. Hence, power consumption is of prime importance. A simple detector front-end has been built to serve as a proof of concept and to verify performance metrics such as power consumption and detection range. The results clearly indicate radar as a suitable sensor for wireless sensor networks
N‐α‐Tosyl‐L‐lysine chloromethyl ketone and N‐α‐tosyl‐L‐phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone inhibit protein kinase C (1985)

TLCK (N-alpha-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone) inhibits protein kinase C whether or not the enzyme is under the regulation of Ca2+ and phospholipid. TLCK (IC50 = 1 mM) is a much more potent inhibitor of protein kinase C than TPCK (N-alpha-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone) (IC50 = 8 mM), suggesting that the lysyl moiety of TLCK may be specifically recognized by the active site of protein kinase C. These results extend the evidence that the active site of protein kinase C recognizes basic amino acids, and suggest that the active sites of protein kinase C and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which is also inhibited by TLCK and TPCK, are structurally related.
Up‐Regulation of NR2B Subunit of NMDA Receptors in Cerebellar Granule Neurons by Ca2+/Calmodulin Kinase Inhibitor KN93 (1998)

Recordings of NMDA-activated currents from cerebellar granule neurons in culture revealed a developmental increase in current density accompanied by a slight decrease of the half-maximal effective concentration. At the same time, a decrease of NMDA receptors comprising NR2B subunits was demonstrated by the reduction in the antagonism of NMDA currents by ifenprodil. Ifenprodil antagonism increased after treatment for 24 h with KN93- and KN62-selective inhibitors of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases), indicating a selective increase of receptor containing NR2B subunit. This increase was observed at all ages tested: 4 days in vitro (DIV4), DIV6, and DIV13. Western blot analysis with specific NMDA receptor antibodies performed at DIV6 confirmed the electrophysiological data. At this age, the negative control KN92 was ineffective. The increasing ifenprodil antagonism after KN93 treatment was proportionally greater in cells at DIV13 than at DIV4. Treatment with NMDA (100 microM) of cerebellar cultures for 24 h produced a decrease in the NMDA-induced current density by almost 50% at all ages tested. Ifenprodil antagonism, however, was unchanged. We propose that the expression of NR2B subunits in cerebellar granule cells is selectively stimulated by the inhibition of CaM kinases.
A detergent-free method for purifying caveolae membrane from tissue culture cells. (1995)

Current methods for purifying caveolae from tissue culture cells take advantage of the Triton X-100 insolubility of this membrane domain. To circumvent the use of detergents, we have developed a method that depends upon the unique buoyant density of caveolae membrane. The caveolae fractions that we obtain are highly enriched in caveolin. As a consequence we are able to identify caveolae-associated proteins that had previously gone undetected. Moreover, resident caveolae proteins that are soluble in Triton X-100 are retained during the isolation.
Dose intensification of TRAIL-inducing ONC201 inhibits metastasis and promotes intratumoral NK cell recruitment (2018)

ONC201 is a first-in-class, orally active antitumor agent that upregulates cytotoxic TRAIL pathway signaling in cancer cells. ONC201 has demonstrated safety and preliminary efficacy in a first-in-human trial in which patients were dosed every 3 weeks. We hypothesized that dose intensification of ONC201 may impact antitumor efficacy. We discovered that ONC201 exerts dose- and schedule-dependent effects on tumor progression and cell death signaling in vivo. With dose intensification, we note a potent anti-metastasis effect and inhibition of cancer cell migration and invasion. Our preclinical results prompted a change in ONC201 dosing in all open clinical trials. We observed accumulation of activated NK+ and CD3+ cells within ONC201-treated tumors and that NK cell depletion inhibits ONC201 efficacy in vivo, including against TRAIL/ONC201-resistant Bax-/- tumors. Immunocompetent NCR1-GFP mice, in which NK cells express GFP, demonstrated GFP+ NK cell infiltration of syngeneic MC38 colorectal tumors. Activation of primary human NK cells and increased degranulation occurred in response to ONC201. Coculture experiments identified a role for TRAIL in human NK-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity. Preclinical results indicate the potential utility for ONC201 plus anti-PD-1 therapy. We observed an increase in activated TRAIL-secreting NK cells in the peripheral blood of patients after ONC201 treatment. The results offer what we believe to be a unique pathway of immune stimulation for cancer therapy.
Practical Aspects of Quantization and Tamper-Sensitivity for Physically Obfuscated Keys (2016)

This work deals with key generation based on Physically Obfuscated Keys (POKs), i.e., a certain type of tamper-evident Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) that can be used as protection against invasive physical attacks.
Recombination of Au20+at low electron–ion collision energies (2011)

The rate coefficient for the recombination of Au20+ with free electrons was measured in the electron–ion collision energy range of 0–10 eV by employing the electron–ion merged-beams technique at the heavy-ion storage ring TSR of the Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany. In contrast to earlier measurements with more highly charged Au25+ (Hoffknecht et al 1998 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 31 2415), sharp dielectric recombination resonance features are observed.
Heavy metal-free visible-to-UV photon upconversion with over 20% efficiency sensitized by a ketocoumarin derivative (2022)

The highest efficiency of heavy metal-free visible-to-UV photon upconversion is achieved by employing a ketocoumarin sensitizer with strong visible absorption, weak UV absorption, and high intersystem crossing efficiency.
Extralenticular and Lenticular Aspects of Accommodation and Presbyopia in Human Versus Monkey Eyes (2013)

Purpose.: To determine if the accommodative forward movements of the vitreous zonule and lens equator occur in the human eye, as they do in the rhesus monkey eye; to investigate the connection between the vitreous zonule posterior insertion zone and the posterior lens equator; and to determine which components—muscle apex width, lens thickness, lens equator position, vitreous zonule, circumlental space, and/or other intraocular dimensions, including those stated in the objectives above—are most important in predicting accommodative amplitude and presbyopia. Methods.: Accommodation was induced pharmacologically in 12 visually normal human subjects (ages 19–65 years) and by midbrain electrical stimulation in 11 rhesus monkeys (ages 6–27 years). Ultrasound biomicroscopy imaged the entire ciliary body, anterior and posterior lens surfaces, and the zonule. Relevant distances were measured in the resting and accommodated eyes. Stepwise regression analysis determined which variables were the most important predictors. Results.: The human vitreous zonule and lens equator move forward (anteriorly) during accommodation, and their movements decline with age, as in the monkey. Over all ages studied, age could explain accommodative amplitude, but not as well as accommodative lens thickening and resting muscle apex thickness did together. Accommodative change in distances between the vitreous zonule insertion zone and the posterior lens equator or muscle apex were important for predicting accommodative lens thickening. Conclusions.: Our findings quantify the movements of the zonule and ciliary muscle during accommodation, and identify their age-related changes that could impact the optical change that occurs during accommodation and IOL function.
<title>Detection of subsurface damage: studies in sapphire</title> (1997)

A variety of nondestructive characterization techniques has been used to detect and measure subsurface damage in single- crystal sapphire to develop methods suitable to inspect high performance optics for sub-surface damage. These techniques include polarized light microscopy, x-ray diffraction topography, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. TEM examination shows that for ground surfaces damage can extend up to 6 - 7 micrometers into the bulk and includes cracks, twins and dislocations, while under polished surfaces only dislocations are seen. X-ray diffraction topography can image defects such as long-range strain, dislocations, residual surface scratches (not visible optically) and low-angle grain boundaries (lineage). Polarized light is also sensitive to strain and provides a relatively easy method for detecting defects such as cracks and lineage. Of all of the techniques Raman spectroscopy offers the best potential for quantifying strain in terms of stress.
Biosensing Platforms Based on Graphene Field Effect Transistors (2020)

Since ion-sensitive field effect transistors (ISFETs) have been developed in 1970, much attention has been focused on FET-based biosensors. In particular, graphene is one of the promising candidates for FET-based biosensors owing to their high electron/hole mobilities and unique 2D nature. Herein, we report specific detection of biomolecules using sialylglycopeptide-modified graphene FET (G-FET) biosensors. In addition, we also present state-space models (SSMs) to analyze time-series data of G-FET biosensors. This computational approach helps to separate the response against target biomolecules from the baseline drifted data. G-FET biosensors open the door to a more versatile sensing platform for biomolecules and biological functions.
Endothelial Dysfunction in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Measured by Peripheral Arterial Tone Response in the Finger to Reactive Hyperemia (2005)

Measurements of the response of the peripheral arterial tone in the finger to reactive hyperemia can be used as a substitute for the brachial artery ultrasound technique to measure endothelial functioning in patients with sleep apnea.
Aldol Additions to Aldehydes with an Indathiazolidinethione Auxiliary (2008)

Diastereoselective acetate-type aldol reactions have generally been more challenging than the extensively studied analogous propionate-type aldol. The titanium-mediated aldol reaction with a range of aldehydes gave the chiral adducts 3 with diastereoselectivity comparable to other existing methods. However, the present method is advantageous in terms of cost and preparation of the chiral auxiliary. The chiral auxiliary was prepared in two steps from trans-1-amino-2-hydroxyindane, of which both enantiomers are commercially available.
Exposure to oxLDL impairs TGF-β activity in human tendon cells (2023)

Exposure to oxLDL in patients with hypercholesterolemia may adversely affect the mechanical and structural properties of tendon tissue through a direct action of oxLDL on tendon cells, including impairment of TGF-β expression. This impairment leads to disturbed matrix remodeling and synthesis, thereby potentially leading to increased risk of acute or chronic tendon injury. Our discovery may provide an opportunity for developing effective treatments for tendon injury in hypercholesterolemia patients by targeting the TGF-β pathway.
Selective oxidation of glycosides (2013)

Carbohydrates are the most abundant class of natural products and can be found in all forms of life. The chemical synthesis of carbohydrates due to the similar reactivity of the hydroxyl groups, relies often on long and inefficient protection and deprotection strategies. For that reason we developed a method for the selective oxidation of carbohydrates, which enables selective modification and rapid access to derivatives of commercial carbohydrates. As a first application we turned our attention to antibiotics. Multi-resistant bacteria form a major threat to mankind, therefore the development of novel antibiotics is highly desired. Aminoglycosides antibiotics are an important class of antibiotics, which are especially important in intensive care medication to treat a range of severe bacterial infections like e.g. endocarditis, sepsis or (resistant) mycobacterial infections and are used alone as well as in combination with other antibiotics. We successfully applied the concept of the selective oxidation to aminoglycosides. The impressive selectivity of the oxidation was shown by the transformation of several antibiotics to the corresponding keto-aminoglycosides, which allow further functionalization in a minimum of synthetic steps. Therefore giving chemist a new tool for the development of novel antibiotics against resistant strains of bacteria.
Cystamindi-ium tetrachlorocuprate [NH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 SS(CH 2 ) 2 NH 3 ][CuCl 4 ]: synthesis, crystal structure, and thermal decomposition (2015)

The salt [NH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 SS(CH 2 ) 2 NH 3 ][CuCl 4 ] was obtained by crystallization after adding CuCl 2 to cystamine (Cysta), solved in hydrochloric acid. The assumption of conserved disulfide connection (S–S) in the compound, made on the basis of infrared spectroscopy, is further supported by the crystal structure determined from X-ray powder diffraction data. The compound has an ionic structure. [CuCl 4 ] 2− and CystaH 2 2+ ions package in the form of inorganic and organic layers in the cell, interconnected through the formation of hydrogen bonds via NH 3 -groups and chlorine atoms of the complex [CuCl 4 ] 2− . Inorganic layers are additionally stabilized in the parquet package of [CuCl 4 ] 2− ions which provides a Cu-distorted octahedral coordination. CystaH 2 [CuCl 4 ] is stable in air up to 200 °C. Thermal decomposition occurs in several stages, accompanied by breaking of S–S bonds, releasing of the organic component and yielding CuO.