gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Back to School: The Effect of School Visits During COVID-19 on COVID-19 Transmission (2021)

Schools across the United States and the world have been closed in an effort to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. However, the effect of school closure on COVID-19 transmission remains unclear. We estimate the causal effect of changes in the number of weekly visits to schools on COVID-19 transmission using a triple difference approach. In particular, we measure the effect of changes in county-level visits to schools on changes in COVID-19 diagnoses for households with school-age children relative to changes in COVID-19 diagnoses for households without school-age children. We use a data set from the first 46 weeks of 2020 with 130 million household-week level observations that includes COVID-19 diagnoses merged to school visit tracking data from millions of mobile phones. We find that increases in county-level in-person visits to schools lead to an increase in COVID-19 diagnoses among households with children relative to households without school-age children. However, the effects are small in magnitude. A move from the 25th to the 75th percentile of county-level school visits translates to a 0.3 per 10, 000 household increase in COVID-19 diagnoses. This change translates to a 3.2 percent relative increase. We find larger differences in low-income counties, in counties with higher COVID-19 prevalence, and at later stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Uncertainty in real-time voltage stability assessment methods based on Thévenin equivalent due to PMU's accuracy (2014)

This article studies the influence of PMU's accuracy in voltage stability assessment, considering the specific case of Thévenin equivalent based methods that include wide-area information in its calculations. The objective was achieved by producing a set of synthesized PMU measurements from a time domain simulation and using the Monte Carlo method to reflect the accuracy for the PMUs. This is given by the maximum value for the Total Vector Error defined in the IEEE standard C37.118. Those measurements allowed to estimate the distribution parameters (mean and standard deviation) of the studied voltage stability indices and grid transformation coefficients which have applications in voltage stability assessment. The obtained distributions have a direct impact in the number of samples needed for estimating system parameters and compromise between time-scale and uncertainty in those estimations is shown.
Fucoxanthin and Fucoxanthinol Enhance the Amount of Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Liver of KKAy Obese/Diabetic Mice (2007)

This study examined the effect of dietary fucoxanthin or fucoxanthinol on the amount of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the liver of KKAy mice, a model for obese/type II diabetes. In the first experiment, mice were fed diets containing crude fucoxanthin or glyceroglycolipid for 4 weeks. Results showed a significant increase in the level of DHA in mice fed 0.53% crude fucoxanthin, from 2.3% in control mice to 5.1% of fatty acid composition of total liver lipids. On the other hand, in mice fed crude glyceroglycolipid, the level of DHA as a proportion of total liver fatty acids remained unchanged. To clarify the enhancement of hepatic DHA, in the second experiment, KKAy mice were fed a diet containing purified fucoxanthin or its deacetylated derivative, fucoxanthinol. Results from a quantitative analysis using an internal standard showed that in mice fed 0.2% fucoxanthin, the amount of hepatic DHA was 2-fold higher than in control mice, whereas DHA levels in the small intestine remained unchanged. Furthermore, 0.2% fucoxanthinol led to 1.8- and 1.2-fold increases in the amount of hepatic DHA and arachidonic acid compared to control mice, respectively. These results indicate for the first time that dietary fucoxanthin and fucoxanthinol enhance the amount of DHA in the liver of KKAy mice.
Reduction of in vitro clastogenicity induced by the mixture of optical isomers of nadifloxacin during storage. (1995)

The fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, nadifloxacin (NDFX, CAS 124858-35-1), is a racemic compound. The storage effect on the in vitro clastogenicity of a solution of the racemic compound and a mixture solution of the optical isomers of NDFX, prepared by mixing equal amounts of S- and R-enantiomers, was investigated. The potential of NDFX and the enantiomer mixture, prepared from equal amounts of each S- and R-enantiomer, to induce chromosomal aberrations in vitro was investigated in cultured fibroblasts derived from Chinese hamster lung cells immediately, 2 and 4 weeks after preparation of the test solutions (stored at 20 degrees C, protected from light) using 24 h of continuous treatment method. In the results, NDFX did not significantly increase the incidence of chromosomal aberrations at 200 micrograms/ml regardless of the storage period. On the other hand, the mixture significantly increased the incidence of chromosomal aberrations at 200 micrograms/ml immediately after preparation to an extent similar to that of S-enantiomer alone, but the mixture did not do so after 2 and 4 weeks of storage. Neither S- nor R-enantiomer changed the chromosomal aberration inducibility during storage. The content and optical purity of the test substances in each test solution also did not change during storage. These facts suggested that the molecular condition of each optical isomer in the mixture solution became equivalent to that in the racemic solution during storage periods.
Assignment of the stereochemistry of spiroxamine by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and stereoselective chemical synthesis (1998)

Spiroxamine is a new powdery mildew fungicide in cereals consisting of four biologically active isomers (two diastereomers, four enantiomers). The four isomers were separated by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a chiral stationary phase. At this stage it was not possible to assign their stereochemistry. Using stereoselective synthesis starting with the corresponding chirally pure glycerol derivates, the configuration at the asymmetric center, could be fixed. The resulting diastereomers were separated by preparative HPLC. Using COSY, HSQC and NOESY NMR spectroscopy it was possible to assign the configuration of the amino residue relative to the cyclohexyl ring. The 600 MHz 1H NMR spectra permitted a complete assignment of all proton signals. The stereochemical assignment is based on NOEs observed in the NOESY spectrum. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties and Effects of Rinse Water Additives on the Corrosion Rates of Structural Metals Used for Marine Corps Ground Vehicles (2003)

Abstract : Corrosion of military equipment remains a serious problem. It affects both operational readiness and life cycle costs. Commercial additives have been proposed for inclusion in fresh water rinses used to inhibit corrosion of military vehicles exposed to marine environments. The performance data available for these products are qualitative and do not permit reliable assessment of their utility or the anticipated level of protection. Investigation of the problem is complicated by the fact that during operations, military vehicles usually experience a wide range of environments that influence corrosion behavior. This work investigates the properties of commercial rinse additives and their influence on the corrosion rates of aluminum and steel samples. The properties examined were the ability of additives to affect seawater-induced corrosion processes, the level of inhibition observed as a function of salinity of seawater, and adherence of additive to the metal surface. An attempt was made to establish a basis for predicting and ranking the value added by wash additives during practical application.
Clouds and trace gas distributions during TRACE‐P (2003)

This paper addresses the question: To what extent do trace gas distributions correspond to cloudiness? Observations taken during NASA's TRACE‐P experiment indicate that there can be statistically significant differences in trace gas concentrations between clear‐sky and cloudy areas. During the TRACE‐P mission, frontal outflow of Asian emissions from the Pacific Rim to the western, North Pacific was sampled by NASA's DC‐8 and P‐3B aircraft. On several occasions, enhanced CO mixing ratios were observed in and around frontal clouds. A more detailed analysis of trace gas distributions revealed CO enhancements of 30% in the lower free troposphere (1–5 km) for cloudy regions as compared to clear areas. These enhancements exist within clouds as well as above and below clouds. In the upper free troposphere (5–11 km), overall enhancement in CO of 15% was observed although enhancements are mainly restricted to observations within clouds. These in‐cloud observations were enhanced by factors of 1.5 to 2 over clear air data. Similar enhancements were seen for many other anthropogenic tracers. By contrast, distributions for O 3 revealed no clear differences between cloudy and clear regions suggesting that other influences (e.g., stratosphere‐troposphere exchange) might complicate any correspondence with local cloudiness. Expected cloud influences on oxidation chemistry were evident in enhanced OH concentrations above clouds and depressed OH below clouds. These findings are particularly relevant to current and future satellite investigations of the troposphere. Understanding the potential biases created by the inability to probe cloudy regions will improve the interpretation of regional and globally averaged satellite observations.
Table ST1 from Plexin-B1 Mutation Drives Metastasis in Prostate Cancer Mouse Models (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Summary of age of mice and weight of primary tumours&lt;/p&gt;
Characterization of an antigen secreted by Chlamydia-infected cell culture. (1987)

A soluble genus-specific chlamydial antigen has been isolated from the supernatants of cultures infected with Chlamydia trachomatis and from other sources. The antigen is a glycolipid that is secreted during the infective cycle. This exoglycolipid can be hydrolysed and fractionated into polysaccharide and lipid components. Both fractions retain antigenic activity. An immunodominant antigenic determinant of the lipid component contains fatty acids of C17 and C18:1. The polysaccharide immunodominant epitope gives rise to gulose when derivatives are formed. The secretion of the antigen into the media supernatant, the presence of gulose and the observed molecular weight are consistent with properties of alginate secreted by Gram-negative bacteria. Chemical analyses and SDS-PAGE indicate that the exoglycolipid is markedly different from LPS.
Low Cost, High Efficiency RF Sources Using Multiple Beam Triodes (2020)

Calabazas Creek Research, in collaboration with Communications & Power Industries and JP Accelerator Works, is developing low cost, high efficiency RF sources using multiple beam triodes. Triodes are very low cost and operate at efficiencies approaching 90%. Single beam triodes generate beam power to approximately 40 kW, which is insufficient for many accelerator and industrial applications. This program is incorporating eight triode grid-cathode assemblies into a single package to provide up to 250 kW of beam power.
Risk Factors for the Development of Osteoarthrosis of the Knee (1990)

The roles of physical activity (both work and leisure time), obesity, and history of significant knee injury on the development of severe osteoarthrosis (OA) of the knee were evaluated. A case-control design compared 46 cases with a history of severe OA of the knee with 46 community controls matched for age and gender. Data were gathered with a self-administered questionnaire. The OA cases were 3.5 times more likely than controls to have been obese at 20 years of age, two to three times more likely than controls to have performed heavy work, and almost five times more likely than controls to have had a significant knee injury. In contrast, leisure-time physical activity was not significantly different in cases compared with controls. Obesity, significant knee injury, and long-term heavy physical activity are important risk factors for the development of OA of the knee.
Antigenic changes of L1210 leukemia in mice treated with 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide. (1972)

Strong antigenic changes were induced in two L1210 leukemia lines (L1210 Cr and L1210 Ha) after several passages in CDF1 and BDF1 mice treated with 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DIC). The leukemic cells of both lines originally compatible with DBA/2 and related hybrid hosts elicited a pronounced allograft reaction in the same animals. The L1210 Cr line was sensitive to the antitumor activity of DIC while L1210 Ha was not. Since no specific relationship could be found between the origin of drug resistance and the appearance of antigenic changes, any hypothesis based on selection of spontaneous mutants by DIC would appear to be excluded. In addition the possibility that DIC might play a direct role as a hapten on tumor cells was ruled out. DIC was found to exert a strong inhibition of the allograft reaction. However, the origin of antigenic lines could not be attributed to the immunosuppressive activity of DIC. It would appear that DIC acts in some way on tumor cells, changing their antigenic properties and preventing the immunoselection of the transformed cells by the host. It was suggested that DIC could activate a latent virus of L1210 leukemic cells or induce somatic mutation at the level of histocompatibility antigens.
Electrophysiological verification of enhanced S-cone syndrome caused by a novel c.755T>C NR2E3 missense variant (2018)

With the recent clinical endorsement of a gene therapy for RPE65 related-inherited retinal degeneration it is of paramount importance to correctly identify the pathogenic genetic mutation. In this particular syndrome, we highlight the value of electrophysiology to confirm the pathogenicity of a novel mutation in NR2E3 and aid the diagnosis of ESCS, with potential for gene therapy in the future.
Structure and mechanism of action of the histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 and similarity to other N -acetyltransferases (1999)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Design and Analysis of a New Type of Electromagnetic Damper With Increased Energy Density (2011)

Eddy current dampers, or electromagnetic dampers, have advantages of no mechanical contact, high reliability, and stability, but require a relatively large volume and mass to attain a given amount of damping. In this paper, we present the design and analysis of a new type of eddy current damper with remarkably high efficiency and compactness. Instead of orienting the magnetic field in a uniform direction, we split the magnetic field into multiple ones with alternating directions so as to reduce the electrical resistance of the eddy current loops and increase the damping force and damping coefficient. In this paper, an analytical model based on the electromagnetic theory for this type of eddy current damper is proposed, and a finite-element analysis (FEA) is carried out to predict the magnetic field and current density. Experimental results agree well with the analytical model and FEA predictions. We demonstrate that the proposed eddy current damper achieves a damping density (N s/m m3) and a dimensionless damping constant as much as 3–5 times as those in the literature. The dependence of damping on velocity and frequency is also examined.
Modeling of Water Migration during Internal Curing with Superabsorbent Polymers (2011)

The mobility of water in hardening cement paste is an important aspect in view of the effectiveness of internal curing. A mechanistic-type numerical model of cementitious materials is applied for the analysis of water migration kinetics from internal curing agents [superabsorbent polymers (SAP)] into hydrating cement pastes with a low water-to-cement ratio. It is shown that the release of curing water at early age (i.e., during approximately the first day of hydration) allows for a uniform and practically instantaneous distribution of water within the whole volume of cured paste, even if the distances for water migration are as high as 2–3 mm. The evolution of permeability as a result of the hydration process is shown to have a major impact on the mobility of water in the cement paste. The depercolation of capillary porosity may substantially inhibit the water transport. The analysis shows that a part of the water first received by the paste in the proximity of the SAP can be later redistributed to a large volume of hardening paste, even after the permeability has become very low.
Inspiratory muscle strength and body composition in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition therapy. (1984)

We examined the relationship between inspiratory muscle strength and body composition in 59 patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Inspiratory muscle strength was assessed by measuring maximal inspiratory pressure (Pm) after a tidal expiration, with the patient supine and the nose occluded. Body composition was determined by multiple isotope dilution. Body cell mass (BCM) and extracellular mass were estimated by measuring total exchangeable potassium (Ke) and total exchangeable sodium (Nae), respectively; Nae/Ke, an index of the nutritional state, was calculated from these values. The effect of changes in muscle mass was evaluated in 29 of the patients by simultaneous determination of Pm and body composition, prior to and at 2-wk intervals during TPN therapy. The Pm was lower (mean +/- 1 SE:33.5 +/- 2.8 cm H2O) in malnourished patients than in those who were in the normal Nae/Ke range (45.3 +/- 4.8 cm H2O, p less than 0.05). Loss of strength was related to reduction in muscle mass because BCM was also reduced in malnourished patients (15.6 +/- 0.8 kg) when compared to those with normal Nae/Ke (19.3 +/- 0.9 kg), (p less than 0.05), and Pm was positively correlated with BCM (r = 0.27, p less than 0.01). Changes in BCM were accompanied by appropriate changes in Pm during the study period (r = 0.44, p less than 0.01); the majority (21 patients) showed improvement in both BCM and Pm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Positive and Negative Regulation of Gli Activity by Kif7 in the Zebrafish Embryo (2013)

Loss of function mutations of Kif7, the vertebrate orthologue of the Drosophila Hh pathway component Costal2, cause defects in the limbs and neural tubes of mice, attributable to ectopic expression of Hh target genes. While this implies a functional conservation of Cos2 and Kif7 between flies and vertebrates, the association of Kif7 with the primary cilium, an organelle absent from most Drosophila cells, suggests their mechanisms of action may have diverged. Here, using mutant alleles induced by Zinc Finger Nuclease-mediated targeted mutagenesis, we show that in zebrafish, Kif7 acts principally to suppress the activity of the Gli1 transcription factor. Notably, we find that endogenous Kif7 protein accumulates not only in the primary cilium, as previously observed in mammalian cells, but also in cytoplasmic puncta that disperse in response to Hh pathway activation. Moreover, we show that Drosophila Costal2 can substitute for Kif7, suggesting a conserved mode of action of the two proteins. We show that Kif7 interacts with both Gli1 and Gli2a and suggest that it functions to sequester Gli proteins in the cytoplasm, in a manner analogous to the regulation of Ci by Cos2 in Drosophila. We also show that zebrafish Kif7 potentiates Gli2a activity by promoting its dissociation from the Suppressor of Fused (Sufu) protein and present evidence that it mediates a Smo dependent modification of the full length form of Gli2a. Surprisingly, the function of Kif7 in the zebrafish embryo appears restricted principally to mesodermal derivatives, its inactivation having little effect on neural tube patterning, even when Sufu protein levels are depleted. Remarkably, zebrafish lacking all Kif7 function are viable, in contrast to the peri-natal lethality of mouse kif7 mutants but similar to some Acrocallosal or Joubert syndrome patients who are homozygous for loss of function KIF7 alleles.
Highly Scalable Tensor Factorization for Prediction of Drug-Protein Interaction Type (2015)

The understanding of the type of inhibitory interaction plays an important role in drug design. Therefore, researchers are interested to know whether a drug has competitive or non-competitive interaction to particular protein targets. Method: to analyze the interaction types we propose factorization method Macau which allows us to combine different measurement types into a single tensor together with proteins and compounds. The compounds are characterized by high dimensional 2D ECFP fingerprints. The novelty of the proposed method is that using a specially designed noise injection MCMC sampler it can incorporate high dimensional side information, i.e., millions of unique 2D ECFP compound features, even for large scale datasets of millions of compounds. Without the side information, in this case, the tensor factorization would be practically futile. Results: using public IC50 and Ki data from ChEMBL we trained a model from where we can identify the latent subspace separating the two measurement types (IC50 and Ki). The results suggest the proposed method can detect the competitive inhibitory activity between compounds and proteins.
Generating Landmark Navigation Instructions from Maps as a Graph-to-Text\n Problem (2020)

Car-focused navigation services are based on turns and distances of named\nstreets, whereas navigation instructions naturally used by humans are centered\naround physical objects called landmarks. We present a neural model that takes\nOpenStreetMap representations as input and learns to generate navigation\ninstructions that contain visible and salient landmarks from human natural\nlanguage instructions. Routes on the map are encoded in a location- and\nrotation-invariant graph representation that is decoded into natural language\ninstructions. Our work is based on a novel dataset of 7,672 crowd-sourced\ninstances that have been verified by human navigation in Street View. Our\nevaluation shows that the navigation instructions generated by our system have\nsimilar properties as human-generated instructions, and lead to successful\nhuman navigation in Street View.\n
Expression of E-cadherin in Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma and Its Prognostic Implication (2009)

Background: Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma is a category of renal cell carcinoma composed of histologically characteristic tumor cells. E-cadherin is an intercellular adhesion protein that has been correlated with tumor aggressiveness in many carcinomas, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma. However, the significance of an E-cadherin expression in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma is not known. Methods : We evaluated the E-cadherin expression status of 65 chromophobe renal cell carcinomas by performing immunohistochemical staining with the tissue microarray method. The percentage of positively stained tumor cells was evaluated and this was then classified into two categories: a low expression where 0 to 25% of the cells are positive, and a high expression where more than 25% of the cells are positive. Results : Among 65 cases, 11 cases (17%) showed a low expression, and 54 cases (83.0%) showed a high expression. The tumors with low expression were more likely to have a higher stage but this was not significant (p=0.056). On the survival analysis, a low E-cadherin expression was significantly associated with poor cancer-specific survival (p=0.005) and progression-free survival (p=0.003). Conclusions : The E-cadherin expression is a good prognostic marker for survival in patients with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.