gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The influence of post quench ageing in the beta-phase on the transformation characteristics and the physical and mechanical properties of martensite in a Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys. (1989)

Fine grained Cu–Al–Ni–Ti alloys have been subjected to post quench ageing tretments in the β-phase. The resulting changes in transformation characteristics, particularly As, and the physical and mechanical properties of martensite have been studied. The As shifts are discussed in terms of quenched-in-short range disorder and the subsequent recovery on ageing of first and second neighbour order. The role of order and defects, particularly vacancies, is also discussed in relation to the observed changes in the physical and mechanical properties of martensite. It is also shown that optimising the ageing treatment can lead to the desired properties.
Vehicle sound signature recognition by frequency vector principal component analysis (2002)

The sound (engine, noise, etc.) of a working vehicle provides an important clue, e.g., for surveillance mission robots, to recognize the vehicle type. In this paper, we introduce the "eigenfaces method", originally used in human face recognition, to model the sound frequency distribution features. We show that it can be a simple and reliable acoustic identification method if the training samples can be properly chosen and classified. We treat the frequency spectra of about 200 ms of sound (a "frame") as a vector in a high-dimensional frequency feature space. In this space, we study the vector distribution for each kind of vehicle sound produced under similar working conditions. A collection of typical sound samples is used as the training data set. The mean frequency vector of the training set is first calculated, and subtracted from each vector in the set. To capture the frequency vectors' variation within the training set, we then calculate the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix of the zero-mean-adjusted sample data set. These eigenvectors represent the principal components of the vector distribution: for each such eigenvector, its corresponding eigenvalue indicates its importance in capturing the variation distribution, with the largest eigenvalues accounting for the most variance within this data set. Thus for each set of training data, its mean vector and its moat important eigenvectors together characterize its sound signature. When a new frame (not in the training set) is tested, its spectrum vector is compared against the mean vector; the difference vector is then projected into the principal component directions, and the residual is found. The coefficients of the unknown vector, in the training set eigenvector basis subspace, identify the unknown vehicle noise in terms of the classes represented in the training set. The magnitude of the residual vector measures the extent to which the unknown vehicle sound cannot be well characterized by the vehicle sounds included in the training set.
Realizing the potential of electron cryo-microscopy (2004)

Structural analysis by electron microscopy of biological macromolecules or macromolecular assemblies embedded in rapidly frozen, vitreous ice has made great advances during the last few years. Electron cryo-microscopy, or cryo-EM, can now be used to analyse the structures of molecules arranged in the form of two-dimensional crystals, helical arrays or as single particles with or without symmetry. Although it has been possible, using crystalline or helical specimens, to reach a resolution adequate to build atomic models (4 A), there is every hope this will soon also be possible with single particles. Small and large single particles present different obstacles to progress.
Using Fisher information to compute ideal-observer performance on detection tasks (2004)

In medical imaging, signal detection is one of the most important tasks. A common way to evaluate the performance of an imaging system for a signal-detection task is to calculate the detectability of the ideal observer. Since the detectability of an ideal observer is not always easy to calculate, it is useful to have approximations for it. These approximations can also be used to check the bias of numerical computations of the ideal-observer detectability. For signal detection tasks, we usually have two probability densities for the data vector, the signal-absent density and the signal-present density. In this work, we use a single probability density with a variable scalar or vector parameter to represent the corresponding densities under the two hypotheses. The ideal-observer detectability is derived from the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the ideal observer for the given detection task. We have found that we can develop expansions for the square of this detectability as a function of the signal parameter, and that the lowest order expansions involve the Fisher information matrix for the problem of estimating the signal parameter. There are four basic methods we have considered for deriving such expansions. We compute these approximations to ideal-observer detectability for several cases. We compare these to the exact detectability values for these same cases, derived from results in previous work, to examine the usefulness of these approaches. The idea of using one parameterized probability density function is introduced in order to relate detection performance to estimation performance. Even without an analytical expression for ideal-observer detectability we are able to compute analytical forms for its derivatives in terms of the Fisher information matrix and similarly defined statistical moments. The results suggest that there is a connection between the performance of a system on signal-detection tasks and signal-estimation tasks.
Real-Time Observation of Initial Thermal Oxidation on Si(110)-16×2 Surfaces by O1s Photoemission Spectroscopy Using Synchrotron Radiation (2006)

2006 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials,Real-Time Observation of Initial Thermal Oxidation on Si(110)-16×2 Surfaces by O1s Photoemission Spectroscopy Using Synchrotron Radiation
Conformational and Topographical Considerations in Designing Agonist Peptidomimetics from Peptide Leads (2000)

The design of peptidomimetic ligands with agonist biological activities in vitro and in vivo has been challenging. Lofty goals have been set for this research including high potency, high receptor type selectivity, high stability in vitro and in vivo, and high efficacy in vitro and in vivo for agonists. A systematic stepwise strategy has been developed to accomplish these goals. These include determining the primary amino acid side chain residues required for molecular recognition and, in the case of agonist activity, those required for information transduction. In addition to determining the preferred backbone conformation which can serve as a template for the bioactive conformation (an alpha-helix, beta-turn, beta-sheet, etc.), a strategy has been developed to examine and determine the preferred side chain conformations in chi space (chi1, chi2, etc.). These include specific covalent and non-covalent constraints which can place the constrained side chains at highly preferred gauche (-), or gauche (+), or trans conformations. Examples are provided that illustrate this methodology and provide insight into the topographical requirements for ligand receptor interactions. Often, at this juncture one can obtain a quite precise 3D pharmacophore for the ligand, as well as high stability to agonist biodegradation and good bioavailability including the ability to cross membrane barriers. If a non-peptide ligand is desired, efforts are in progress to develop templates, and aspects of conformational design that permit assembling of all components necessary for molecular recognition and transduction. Here the proper choice of template that can place the key side chain residue in 3D space is still difficult, and thus only partial success has been achieved in terms of potent and selective ligands. A few of these approaches are presented and discussed in some detail.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Induced Cyclotrimerization of a λ3‐Phosphaalkyne: Formation of a Mo‐Complexed 1,3,5‐Triphosphabenzene. (1987)

Abstract The η6‐cycloheptatriene‐Mo complex (I) reacts with an excess of tert. butylphosphaacetylene (II) to give the η6‐triphosphabenzene‐Mo complex (III).
Kinetics of the ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of a 7‐oxanorbornene derivative by Grubbs' catalyst (2003)

Abstract The kinetics of the initiation and propagation of the ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of exo,exo ‐5,6‐bis(methoxycarbonyl)‐7‐oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐ene catalyzed by Grubbs' catalyst (Cl 2 (PCy 3 ) 2 RuCHPh) were measured by ultraviolet–visible and 1 H NMR spectroscopy, respectively. Activation parameters for these processes were also determined. Although the ratio of the rate constant of initiation to the rate constant of propagation was determined to be less than 1 for this system, this polymerization showed many of the characteristics of a living system, including low polydispersities. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2125–2131, 2003
Nickel-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution of Simple Alkenes (2010)

The nickel-catalyzed intermolecular allylic substitution of simple alkenes (ethylene and terminal olefins) was investigated. This method describes a catalytic intermolecular process for direct allylation of nonconjugated, unstrained simple alkenes. Catalyst loadings as low as 2.5 mol% nickel afforded the desired products in 57-97% yield in both gram scale and smaller scale.
Use of the Cook airway exchange catheter in "bridging" the potentially difficult extubation: a case report. (2002)

The Cook airway exchange catheter (CAEC) is a long, flexible, hollow tube designed to facilitate the exchange of an in situ endotracheal tube. The primary use of the CAEC had been as a tube exchanger in the critical care setting. The unique characteristics of this device led us to use and report the use of the CAEC in the anesthetic management of a morbidly obese patient with significant tracheal deviation secondary to an enlarged thyroid gland. The potential strategies that we considered in this case were (1) extubating the patient in a deep plane of anesthesia; (2) extubating conventionally, with the patient awake; and (3) extubating the patient awake, with a "bridge" to full extubation. After carefully weighing the options, we decided to use the CAEC as a tool that would allow us, if the patient did well, to go forth to full extubation, or, if the patient's condition deteriorated, to return to reintubation, or even oxygen insufflation, which would create a "bridge" to extubation.
Continuous Delivery of IFN-β Promotes Sustained Maturation of Intratumoral Vasculature (2007)

IFNs have pleiotropic antitumor mechanisms of action. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the effects of IFN-beta on the vasculature of human xenografts in immunodeficient mice. We found that continuous, systemic IFN-beta delivery, established with liver-targeted adeno-associated virus vectors, led to sustained morphologic and functional changes of the tumor vasculature that were consistent with vessel maturation. These changes included increased smooth muscle cell coverage of tumor vessels, improved intratumoral blood flow, and decreased vessel permeability, tumor interstitial pressure, and intratumoral hypoxia. Although these changes in the tumor vasculature resulted in more efficient tumor perfusion, further tumor growth was restricted, as the mature vasculature seemed to be unable to expand to support further tumor growth. In addition, maturation of the intratumoral vasculature resulted in increased intratumoral penetration of systemically administered chemotherapy. Finally, molecular analysis revealed increased expression by treated tumors of angiopoietin-1, a cytokine known to promote vessel stabilization. Induction of angiopoietin-1 expression in response to IFN-beta was broadly observed in different tumor lines but not in those with defects in IFN signaling. In addition, IFN-beta-mediated vascular changes were prevented when angiopoietin signaling was blocked with a decoy receptor. Thus, we have identified an alternative approach for achieving sustained vascular remodeling-continuous delivery of IFN-beta. In addition to restricting tumor growth by inhibiting further angiogenesis, maturation of the tumor vasculature also improved the efficiency of delivery of adjuvant therapy. These results have significant implications for the planning of combination anticancer therapy.
The Urban Blind Spot in Environmental Ethics (2001)

In the past 30 years environmental ethics and political ecology have emerged as two of the most vibrant and exciting areas of applied philosophy. Several journals and hundreds of books testify to their growing importance inside and outside philosophical circles. But surprisingly very little has ever been said, in particular, by environmental ethicists about cities, and what has been written is largely negative. This contribution offers an explanation for why the urban environment has been ignored in environmental ethics; second, provides a series of ecological and social arguments for why urban issues cannot be overlooked in a complete environmental ethic; and finally, offers an example of the sorts of issues that an expanded environmental ethic, inclusive of urban environments, would need to focus on.
Relationship between time spent grazing, quality, quantity and availability of herbage consumed by grazing animals on kikuyu and coastcross ii (1981)

Abstract There is a need for the determination of supporting data in grazing trials in order to improve the reliability of conclusions which can be drawn. Variables selected by the researcher must depend on the objectives of the research and on the resources available. In this study time spent grazing (TSG), intake and the availability of herbage were measured during short grazing periods on kikuyu and Coastcross pastures. In each case there was a decrease in intake and TSG with decreasing herbage availability. The relationship between intake and availability (or disc height) was similar for both grasses in spite of the fact the Coastcross herbage was of considerably lower quality. However, TSG was higher on Coastcross. In order to achieve the same overall intake pattern, the rate of intake was thus higher on the kikuyu pasture. It seems that the variables determined were useful in explaining the different animal responses observed on the two pastures.
Uncatalyzed Oxidation of 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene with Molecular Oxygen (2007)

Cyclododecatriene was oxidized in liquid phase with molecular oxygen in a batch reactor, and the oxidation kinetics were studied under various reaction conditions. The reaction exhibits strong autocatalysis, thereby yielding epoxycyclododecadiene and cyclododecatryl hydroperoxide as oxidation products. The oxidation is found to exhibit strong selectivity toward epoxide. The batch kinetics were obtained and compared in glass and stainless steel reactors, and the effect of wall material on reaction rate and epoxide selectivity was explored. The kinetic data follows a first order autocatalytic rate equation, and the activation energy was determined and found to be higher for the steel reactor compared to the glass reactor.
Stability of chitosan and poly-L-lysine membranes coating DNA-alginate beads when exposed to hydrolytic enzymes (1999)

Soluble chitosan and poly-L-lysine are readily hydrolysed using lysozyme or chitosanase for chitosan, and trypsin, chymotrypsin or proteinase K for poly-L-lysine. For similar amounts of enzyme, chitosanase hydrolysed 57% of the chitosan, compared to 35% for lysozyme. In the case of poly-L-lysine, chymotrypsin and trypsin exhibited similar activities, hydrolysing approximately 41% of the polymer compared to proteinase K at only 16%. In contrast, chitosan and poly-L-lysine membranes, coating alginate beads, were almost totally inert to the respective hydrolytic enzymes. Less than 2% of the membrane weight was hydrolysed. It appears that either membrane material would be stable for in vivo application, and in particular in the protection of DNA during gastrointestinal transit. At chitosanase concentrations of 1.4 mg/ml and in the presence of sodium ions, 20% of the total double-stranded DNA was released from chitosan coated beads. An exchange of calcium for sodium within the bead liquefied the alginate core releasing DNA. The presence of calcium stabilized the alginate bead, retaining all the DNA. Highly pure DNA was recovered from beads through mechanical membrane disruption, core liquefaction in citrate and use of DNA spin-columns to separate DNA/alginate mixtures in a citrate buffer. DNA recovery efficiencies as high as 94% were achieved when the initial alginate/DNA weight ratio was 1000.
Light-cured dimethacrylate ocular prosthesis. (1993)

The use of a visible light-cure dental synthetic resin offers some advantages in the clinical delivery of an ocular prosthesis and a statistically significant reduction in the processing time.
yu fang nao xue guan jie ru shu huan zhe fa sheng xue niao de ji shu gan yu ce lue (2013)

目的 探讨预防脑血管介入术患者发生血尿的集束干预策略.方法 对2006年1月至2010年2月脑血管介入术患者发生血尿情况进行了回顾分析,找出原因并制定相应集束干预策略,于2010年3月开始实施,比较实施前后效果.结果 实施后血尿发生率由2.1％降至0,存在显著差异.结论 通过制定集束干预策略并使之成为规范化的护理程序,有效预防了脑血管介入术患者发生血尿.
Alternate Requirement for Vitamin B 12 or Methionine in Mutants of Pseudomonas denitrificans , a Vitamin B 12 -producing Bacterium (1969)

Experiments are described which indicate that Pseudomonas denitrificans, an organism that overproduces vitamin B(12), uses the B(12) pathway exclusively for methionine synthesis.
Visual Abstraction and Exploration of Multi-class Scatterplots (2014)

Scatterplots are widely used to visualize scatter dataset for exploring outliers, clusters, local trends, and correlations. Depicting multi-class scattered points within a single scatterplot view, however, may suffer from heavy overdraw, making it inefficient for data analysis. This paper presents a new visual abstraction scheme that employs a hierarchical multi-class sampling technique to show a feature-preserving simplification. To enhance the density contrast, the colors of multiple classes are optimized by taking the multi-class point distributions into account. We design a visual exploration system that supports visual inspection and quantitative analysis from different perspectives. We have applied our system to several challenging datasets, and the results demonstrate the efficiency of our approach.
Thermal Analysis of Cold Plate for Motor Controller Based on Fluent (2012)

Electronics cooling research has been largely focused on high heat flux removal from computer chips in the recent years. However, the equally important field of high-power electronic devices has been experiencing a major paradigm shift from air cooling to liquid cooling over the last decade. For example, multiple insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) used in a power drive for motor used in electric vehicle. Motor drive system plays an important impact on electric vehicle’ performance, so thermal design should be considered in the early stages during the motor controller design and layout of the devices. In this paper, a new type of water-cooled cold plate for motor controller was designed, and its cooling ability was analyzed by using different material base on Fluent. The results provide reference on the optimization design of cold plate.
Electrical Insulation of CMUT Elements Using DREM and Lapping (2020)

This paper demonstrates a novel fabrication process to implement a capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducer (CMUT) into a laparoscope. Due to the limited space in the laparoscope, a new method for electrically contacting the transducer elements is required. Using a state-of-the-art high aspect ratio dry etching process called Deposit, Remove, Etch, Multistep (DREM), it is possible to separate the bottom electrodes and use a common grounded top electrode, which allows for back side contacting of the device and mitigates the use of wire-bonds and external electromagnetic interference shielding to thereby reduce the footprint. DREM trenches that are 6.7 μm wide and approximately 143 μm deep have been etched into the substrate. The trenches are insulated using a thermally grown dry oxide before they are plugged through deposition of a high uniformity poly-silicon layer. To finalize the structure, the excess substrate is removed from the back side of the wafer until the bottom of the trenches are reached, and the elements become completely separated. This is done using lapping followed by polishing to reduce the surface roughness.
Effects of heat and pressure on hot-pressed geopolymer (2019)

Hot-pressed geopolymers have been introduced as ultra-high early strength ceramic-like materials with an almost pore-less structure. This study investigates the combined effects of pressure and heat on geopolymerization kinetics, microstructure, physical properties, and mechanical performance of geopolymers. The results demonstrate that about 65% of the trapped air is easily removed from the fresh geopolymer matrix using an initial impact pressure. When the pre-compacted matrix is subjected to the hot-pressing, it is further densified in the range of 1–10% as a result of continuous free-water evaporation and compaction. This process not only reduces the size and volume of porosity but also changes the continuous pore network to a closed one. Besides, the increase in hot-pressing promotes higher geopolymer gel formation and accelerates the polycondensation which possesses relatively high mechanical strength up to 160 MPa immediately after the processing. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the hot-pressing technique is a promising processing route for designing geopolymer with a diverse range of mechanical properties in a short and fast manner.
Growth hormone to catabolic patients revisited* (2008)

Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden The author has not disclosed any potential conflicts of interest.
Thermal isomerisation susceptibility of carotenoids in different tomato varieties (2001)

Abstract The susceptibility of predominant tomato carotenoids to thermal isomerisation during typical food preparation is reported for five varieties with distinctively different carotenoid distribution. The tomato varieties used contain distinct amounts of the following predominant carotenoids: all‐ trans lycopene, all‐ trans β‐carotene, all‐ trans δ‐carotene, all‐ trans lutein and the poly‐ cis geometrical isomer of lycopene, prolycopene. The tomatoes were subjected to thermal treatments and unit operations similar to those during food preparation: boiling, addition of vegetable cooking oil, chopping and agitation. The results indicated that, during typical cooking of tomatoes, common factors such as genotypic differences in overall carotenoid composition, the presence of oil and physical changes to tomato tissues did not result in the thermal isomerisation of all‐ trans lycopene, all‐ trans δ‐carotene, all‐ trans γ‐carotene or prolycopene. Significant amounts of all‐ trans β‐carotene and all‐ trans lutein, however, were converted to the cis configurations. The presence of vegetable cooking oil did not alter the thermal stability of any carotenoids being evaluated. Examination of samples by electron microscopy indicated that heat treatment imparted changes to the physical ultrastructure of the tomato tissue, such as cell wall and organelle deformation. The observed differences in these carotenoids' relative susceptibility to thermally induced isomerisation reactions might be attributable to their differences in physical state and cellular localisation. Thus, while thermal processing reportedly alters the bioavailability of carotenoids, its effect on the geometrical isomer distribution is selective and limited. These findings are important considerations in our overall effort to gain a better understanding of carotenoid metabolism in vivo and of the physical chemistry of lycopene in vitro . © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry