gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring Windows Opening Behaviour of Occupants of Residential Buildings Using Artificial Intelligence (2023)

Abstract The residential sector contributes significantly to the overall energy consumption in the UK. Occupant’s behaviour is a major factor that sometimes could be overlooked when considering energy efficiency of buildings. Although building simulations play a major role in the design of energy efficient buildings, significant discrepancies have been seen between the actual and predicted energy values in simulation models. This is because simulation does not consider occupant behaviour in many cases or finds it difficult to present such behaviour. This study attempts to investigate the reason behind occupant’s behaviour of windows opening; to analyse the collected data, to understand the occurrences that lead to an occupant opening window in a residential building. In this paper, data were collected from a selected house in Nottingham. Data were experimentally collected in peak winter of 2020, from end of Nov/20 to March/21 during Covid-19 pandemic. Sensors were fitted to measure radiator temperature, room temperature, room humidity and near-window temperature both upstairs and downstairs. Outdoor ambient temperature for the same period was also collected. Stochastic models were implemented with datasets with window opening behaviour as response. The input parameters to the model were the radiator temperature, room temperature, outside ambient temperature, and time. The predicated output was the window status (open/close). The prognostic precision of the suggested model was verified by testing the models with the rest of the collected data. The predicted values were compared with the actual measured values. The results show a strong prediction with success rate of 76.2%. The findings from this investigation have been found to be able to identify the factors that contribute to the ‘performance gap’ in energy efficiency of a building.
Modeling of Gas Flow (1995)

Gas flow is an essential mechanism of transporting react ants and materials to the surface of a wafer in microelectronic processes. Accurate modeling of these flows is therefore vital in a simulation to determine such properties as uniformity of deposition. In this chapter we present an overview of such flows and the equations and boundary conditions which describe them.
U.S. DOE FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Advanced Technology Development Program for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Gen 2 Performance Evaluation Interim Report (2003)

The Advanced Technology Development Program is currently evaluating the performance of the second generation of Lithium-ion cells (i.e., Gen 2 cells). The 18650-size Gen 2 cells consist of a baseline chemistry and one variant chemistry. These cells were distributed over a matrix consisting of three states-of-charge (SOC) (60, 80, and 100% SOC), four temperatures (25, 35, 45, and 55°C), and three life tests (calendar-, cycle-, and accelerated-life). The calendar-life cells are clamped at an opencircuit voltage corresponding to 60% SOC and undergo a once-per-day pulse profile. The cycle-life cells are continuously pulsed using a profile that is centered around 60% SOC. The accelerated-life cells are following the calendar-life test procedures, but using the cycle-life pulse profile. Life testing is interrupted every four weeks for reference performance tests (RPTs), which are used to quantify changes in capacity, resistance, and power. The RPTs consist of a C1/1 and C1/25 static capacity tests, a low-current hybrid pulse power characterization test, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at 60% SOC. Capacity-, power-, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-based performance results are reported.
Reactions of Beryllium in Oxidizing Environments (1964)

To evaluate the potential health hazard of beryllium under certain circumstances, a study was made of the interaction of metallic beryllium with oxidizing environments. This study consisted of two parts. Beryllium was subjected to the action of hydrocarbon/hydrogen/oxygen flames at temperatures below and above the melting point, A determination was made of the amount of contamination by the oxide of the downstream flue gases. The experiments indicated that the oxidation rates and the contamination are relatively low below the melting point of beryllium (1283 C). Above this temperature, however, it was found that the molten metal burned rapidly when unprotected by an oxide layer. This caused a sharp increase in both rate of oxidation and in downstream contamination.The second part of this study was concerned with the behavior of beryllium when surrounded by water substance. The experimental work was divided into two phases involving reaction in liquid water and in steam. In general, it was found that the oxide layer formed was at first tightly adherent and later became thick and porous. The time between these two conditions depended on temperature, decreasing sharply as the melting point was approached. Upon melting, the oxide layer tended to act as a crucible containing the liquid metal. Under suitable conditions, the liquid would break out of its cage and oxidize very rapidly. When this occurred, the surrounding steam was slightly contaminated with the oxide.
An Integrated Approach for Downhole Leak Detection (2015)

Abstract Effective well integrity practices ensure the protection of people, facilities and the environment from the risk of uncontrolled release of formation fluids throughout the life cycle of a well, so petroleum engineers are always required to ensure well integrity. Part of well integrity is to make sure downhole equipment and barriers are in excellent condition. Identifying the downhole leak source of pressure communication between tubingcasing and casing-casing annuli in any well is a huge challenge for petroleum engineers. Detecting any leak at the early stage is an important key to well integrity management. Two objectives were set in this paper as follows: The first objective is to develop a method that can detect downhole leaks by utilizing only rigless data based on full interpretation and evaluation of different logs in the field: temperature, noise, and corrosion log in different scenarios. The first scenario is shut-in condition while the second scenario is in flowing condition. The flowing condition will be either after bleeding off Tubing-Casing-Annulus or Casing-Casing-Annulus. This approach was implemented in a specific operation order to ensure job success. Also, the corrosion log was run to evaluate the condition of tubing and casing separately. The second objective of this study is to compare rigless approach results with the conventional rig approach for downhole leak detection, which will be completed by statistically analyzing corrosion, temperature, and noise surveys. Moreover, guidelines were set in each step of these surveys to confirm leak occurrence. This objective was achieved through developing a method and program for leak detection. Based on the conducted temperature, noise, and corrosion surveys, the integrated approach identified the leakage zones through the developed module in this report. The obtained results from the rigless approach were almost similar to the rig approach. The only difference between both approaches is that the developed method is more accurate, compared to the rig approach, since it can identify any corrosion or leak depth, while the rig approach will identify only leak zones. The paper will discuss in details the development of this method and its successful implementation in a few selected offshore wells in the same field of the Arabian Gulf.
Methyl {1-[2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-O-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-α-D-ribofuranosyl]-4-methoxycarbonyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl}acetate (2000)

In the title compound, C22H24N4O11, the N-glycosidic torsion angles O′—C′—N—C and O′—C′—N—N are −34.1 (6) and 148.8 (3)°, respectively. The mol­ecule displays an α-d configuration with the ribo­furan­ose moiety in an O′-exo–C′-endo pucker. There are only weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N intra- and intermolecular interactions.
The effect of architecture on the morphology and crystallization of oxyethylene/oxybutylene block copolymers from micelles in n-hexane (2003)

The effects of polymer architecture on the morphology and crystallization of oxyethylene/oxybutylene diblock copolymers, E76B38, E114B56 and E155B76, in a concentration series of n-hexane solution were investigated with simultaneous synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS). It is observed that all the block copolymers form spherical micelles at higher temperature and the core of the micelles is partially ordered in some cases. On cooling to room temperature, the core becomes more anisotropic and there is an increase in crystallinity. After crystallization the three block copolymers behave quite differently. E76B38 precipitates as plates from the solution very easily, E114B56 only forms plate-like precipitates at high concentration whereas E155B76 remains a micellar solution. Analysis of the SAXS data shows that the B block is highly stretched in the shorter block copolymer. This is interpreted in terms of the aggregation of E76B38 being driven by the need to reduce the total area of the lateral interface because of the unfavorable interaction between the core and the solvent. By contrast, in longer block copolymers the B block is densely packed and an “over-spilling” effect can prevent aggregation by prevention of the interaction between the lateral crystal surfaces and the solvent. The dimensions of precipitated crystals in the presence of solvent are determined and found to be in good agreement with those calculated from self-consistent field theory.
The Construction of the Heterostructural Bi2O3/g-C3N4 Composites with an Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity (2018)

A heterostructural composite composed of g-C 3 N 4 and Bi 2 O 3 was achieved by the one-pot and thermal-induced polycondensation method using melamine and Bi(NO[Formula: see text] as precursor at 550[Formula: see text]C under air atmosphere. The crystalline phase, components and morphologies of the as-prepared composites were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Besides, the photocatalytic activity of composites was evaluated by degrading RhB aqueous solution at room temperature under visible light irradiation. Compared with bulk g-C 3 N 4 , the photocatalytic efficiency of the 0.5% Bi 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 (Bi–CN) was increased by up to four times. The introduction of Bi 2 O 3 enhances not only the light absorption ability, but also the separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs.
Adrenergic regulation of the skeletal alpha-actin gene promoter during myocardial cell hypertrophy. (1991)

The skeletal alpha-actin gene is expressed in fetal rat heart and is induced during norepinephrine (NE)-stimulated hypertrophy in cultures of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Here we report that NE positively regulates the human skeletal alpha-actin gene promoter in transiently transfected neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. NE increased expression from the full-length promoter by 2.4-fold. A DNA region required for NE responsiveness but not for tissue-specific expression was located between base pair -2000 and base pair -1300. Distinct regions required for cardiac myocyte expression were located between -1300 to -710 and -153 to -87. None of these elements separately conferred tissue specificity or adrenergic responsiveness on a heterologous promoter, although the intact promoter from -2000 to -36 conferred both when cloned in its correct position and orientation. Additional elements in the basal promoter (-87 to +187) were required for maximal NE responsiveness. The NE induction was mediated by the beta-adrenergic receptor in high-density cultures (3-4 x 10(6) cells per 60-mm dish), as was induction of hypertrophy, contractility, and endogenous skeletal alpha-actin gene expression. The beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol was as potent as NE in inducing expression. Furthermore, beta-adrenergic antagonists inhibited the effects on skeletal alpha-actin gene expression but alpha 1-adrenergic antagonists did not. The alpha 1-adrenergic system was intact in these high-density cultures, since the effects of NE on the expression of another contractile protein gene, alpha-myosin heavy chain, were blocked by alpha 1- but not by beta-adrenergic antagonists. In these high-density cultures, cell contact and intermyocardiocyte bridging were prevalent. When cardiac myocytes were plated at a low density, minimizing cell contact, NE induction of skeletal alpha-actin gene expression and hypertrophy was mediated by the alpha 1-adrenoceptor. Factors related to cell communication may influence the pathways mediating NE-regulated gene transcription during cardiac myocyte hypertrophy.
A synthesis of (–)-(R)-trans-β-(1,2,3-trimethylcyclopent-2-enyl)acrylic acid (1973)

The synthesis of the title compound (21) from exo-2-hydroxybornan-3-one (1) is described. One stage, the Beckmann rearrangement of the oxime (8) of 5,8,8-trimethylbicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-2-one into the lactam, 6,9,9-trimethyl-2-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-4-en-3-one (12), was carried out in good yield, in spite of the fact that the ratio of the geometrical isomers present in the oxime mixture was unsuitable for rearrangement in this direction. The technique used involved the equilibration, in a mixture of hydrochloric and acetic acids at 95°, of the mixture of oxime toluene-p-sulphonates (9) and (10). Under these conditions, the minor oxime sulphonate gave the lactam (12) directly, whereas the major and more stable oxime sulphonate did not rearrange directly to a lactam. Instead, the major oxime sulphonate rearranged to the minor oxime sulphonate, which then rearranged to give more of the desired lactam (12).
Production performance and pattern of milk fat depression of high-yielding dairy cows supplemented with encapsulated conjugated linoleic acid (2009)

Several processes have been suggested to protect lipids from bioactivity of the rumen microorganisms. The majority of experiments with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were conducted using calcium salts of CLA. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of encapsulated CLA (E-CLA) that was supplemented during days 21 to 100 post partum (PP), on milk fat depression, recovery rate and performance parameters. Forty-two multiparous Israeli-Holstein cows were divided at day 21 PP into two treatment groups: (i) control - supplemented with 43 g/day per cow of calcium salts of fatty acids (FAs). (ii) E-CLA - supplemented with 50 g/day per cow of encapsulated lipid supplement providing 4.7 g/day per cow of trans-10, cis-12 CLA. Post-treatment cows were followed for recovery rate until 140 days PP. Dry matter intake (DMI) during the treatment period was reduced by 2.5%, and milk yield was enhanced by 4.5% in the E-CLA cows. Milk fat percentage and yield were reduced by 13% and 9%, respectively, in the E-CLA treatment as compared with the control. The energy-corrected milk output was 3.6% higher in the control group than in the E-CLA group. Yields of trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer in milk was 2.13-fold higher in the E-CLA cows than in the controls. Full recovery to milk fat percentage of the control group occurred 4 to 5 weeks after cessation of the E-CLA supplementation. No differences between groups were observed in any fertility parameter that was tested. In conclusion, the E-CLA supplement decreased DMI, enhanced milk yield, and decreased energy output in milk, and was effective in depressing milk fat. Full recovery to the milk fat content, but not yield, of the control group in the E-CLA group was relatively slow and occurred 4 to 5 weeks after termination of the supplementation.
Clinical Practice Patterns in Abdominoplasty: 16-Year Analysis of Continuous Certification Data from the American Board of Plastic Surgery (2023)

Analysis of these American Board of Plastic Surgery tracer data highlights important trends in clinical practice over the past 16 years. Abdominoplasty continues to be a safe and effective procedure with similar complication and revision rates over the 16-year period.
Activation of GIPR Exerts Analgesic and Anxiolytic-Like Effects in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Mice (2022)

GIPR activation was found to produce analgesic and anxiolytic effects, which were partially due to attenuation of neuroinflammation and inhibition of excitatory transmission in the ACC. GIPR may be a suitable target for treatment of chronic inflammatory pain and pain-related anxiety.
Polymers with mesogenic elements and flexible spacers in the main chain: Aromatic‐aliphatic polyesters (1981)

Abstract A new series of aromatic‐aliphatic polyesters of general structure: magnified image R 1 = terphenyl, biphenyl, stilbene R 2 = (CH 2 ) n ;  CH 2 C(Me) 2 CH 2 ;CH 2 ;C(Et) 2 CH 2 ; (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2  has been synthesised. The existence of thermotrpic liquid crystalline phases has been shown by polarised light microscopy. The texture observations have suggested the existence of nematic, S A or/and S C phases depending on the chemical structure. The temperature of transition between the phases and, as a consequence, the range of mesomorphism are highly dependent upon the chemical structure. The clearing point is high, even for the longest aliphatic group, while the melting point is depressed.
On the design of an interactive, patient-specific surgical simulator for mitral valve repair (2011)

Surgical repair of the mitral valve is a difficult procedure that is often avoided in favor of less effective valve replacement because of the associated technical challenges facing non-expert surgeons. In the interest of increasing the rate of valve repair, an accurate, interactive surgical simulator for mitral valve repair was developed. With a haptic interface, users can interact with a mechanical model during simulation to aid in the development of a surgical plan and then virtually implement the procedure to assess its efficacy. Sub-millimeter accuracy was achieved in a validation study, and the system was successfully used by a cardiac surgeon to repair three virtual pathological valves.
Pharmacokinetics of gliquidone, glibenclamide, gliclazide and glipizide in middle-aged and aged subjects. (1999)

Six middle-aged (42-59 years old) and six aged (71-75 years old) subjects received each, on separate days, an oral administration of gliquidone (30 mg), glibenclamide (5 mg), gliclazide (80 mg) and glipizide (5 mg). The plasma concentration of the drugs was measured before and at eight times (60 min to 24 h) thereafter. The half-life of gliclazide was higher than that of the other three hypoglycemic agents in middle-aged subjects and was the sole to be significantly increased in aged subjects. There is no obvious difference between sulfonylureas eliminated mainly by either the kidney (glibenclamide, gliclazide, glipizide) or the liver (gliquidone) in terms of the influence of aging upon their clearance.
Optical and Microstructural Investigations of Porous Silicon Coated with a-Si:H Using PECVD Technique (2008)

In the present work, the spectroscopic ellipsometry (1.5 - 5.5 eV) was used to investigate the effects of current density induced microstructural variations and their influence on the electronic states of as-prepared and a-Si:H coated porous silicon (PS). The pseudodielectric responses of the low and high current densities (5 and 40 mA/cm2) were analyzed using a multilayer model within the effective medium approximation. The FTIR investigation reveals the enhancement of surface oxide (Si-Ox) layer with current density and the improvement of the Si-Hx band after a-Si:H coating.
Synthesis, mesomorphism and electronic properties of nonaflate and cyano-substituted pentyloxy and 3-methylbutyloxy triphenylenes (2009)

Despite recent advances in the application of discotic liquid crystals (DLC) in organic electronic devices a better understanding of structure–property relationships is required for designing commercially viable discotic semiconductors. This is a complex task because a single structural change to the DLC may affect many relevant properties of the discotic material such as chemical stability, mesomorphism, alignment, and electronic properties. Presented here is a comprehensive study of hexa-substituted triphenylene derivatives containing pentyloxy and 3-methylbutyloxy groups as well as one or three nonaflate or cyano groups. The compounds are synthesized by both established and new synthetic approaches and are isolated as pure isomers. Their structure–mesomorphism relationship is studied by optical polarized microscopy, thermal analysis, and variable temperature X-ray diffraction and their relationships between structure and frontier orbital energies are investigated by cyclic voltammetry in solution, UV-Vis spectroscopy and computational studies at the DFT level. Both mesomorphism and frontier orbital energies of the compounds depend on the number and positions of nonaflate and cyano groups while only their mesomorphism is affected by a change from linear pentyloxy to branched 3-methylbutyloxy chains. To our surprise lowering the symmetry of the compounds is equally effective in lowering HOMO–LUMO gaps than the attachment of strongly π-electron withdrawing cyano groups. Consequently, the non-symmetrically substituted triphenylenes with three cyano groups are the most electron deficient and have the smallest HOMO–LUMO gap of the compounds prepared here but their ELUMO of about −2.8 eV is still high in comparison to typical electron acceptors (ELUMO below −3.5 eV). The computational approach established for the prepared compounds is also employed for the prediction of frontier orbital energies of new electron deficient discotic triphenylene derivatives.
Multicolor analysis of cell surface marker of human leukemia cell lines using flow cytometry. (2014)

Our study gives a useful guideline of standards for appropriate usage of leukemia cell lines for examining novel targets in vitro.
Copper Complexes with Diazoolefin Ligands and their Photochemical Conversion into Alkenylidene Complexes (2022)

Abstract Homometallic copper complexes with alkenylidene ligands are discussed as intermediates in catalysis but the isolation of such complexes has remained elusive. Herein, we report the structural characterization of copper complexes with bridging and terminal alkenylidene ligands. The compounds were obtained by irradiation of Cu I complexes with N‐heterocyclic diazoolefin ligands. The complex with a terminal alkenylidene ligand required isolation in a crystalline matrix, and its structural characterization was enabled by in crystallo photolysis at low temperature.
Composite Membrane Systems for High‐Temperature Chemical Catalytic Processing (1995)

Abstract A study has been carried out to assess the relative performance characteristics of dense and porous composite membranes for high‐temperature alkane dehydrogenation. Rigorous two‐dimensional mathematical models have been developed and applied to describe the various processes of transport and chemical reaction taking place in these complex novel reactor systems. The orthogonal collocation technique has been used to simulate the industrially important dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene as the model reaction. The results have clearly demonstrated superior performance of dense composite membranes below a thickness of 50 μm. However, above this thickness porous composite systems are preferable in terms of conversion enhancement, but all the systems depict identical performance at a separation layer thickness of 150 μm. The performance of the systems is also studied by obtaining the conversion level as a function of the contact time parameter using various feed compositions. These findings have demonstrated that exclusive hydrogen permeability is important, provided the separation layer thickness is not too great.