gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Major histocompatibility complex class II alleles in an Uygur population in the Silk Route of Northwest China (1998)

HLA class II (DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 and DPB1) genotyping was performed in 57 unrelated Uygur individuals inhabiting the northwestern China area by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Among 98 DRB1 alleles tested, 23 alleles were detected, and DRB1*0701 (16.7%) and DRB1*0301 (14.0%) were the most and the second most common alleles, respectively. In 8 DQA1 alleles detected, DQA1*05 (26.3%), DQA1*03 (21.9%) and DQA1*0201 (21.1%) were very frequent. Of 21 DQB1 alleles tested, 13 were observed. Among them, DQB1*02 was highly predominant with the gene frequency of 32.5%. Of 46 DPB1 alleles tested, 15 were detected, among which DPB1*0401 (31.6%) was the most frequent. Two haplotypes predominate clearly; DRB1*0701-DQA1*0201-DQB1*02 (15.5%) and DRB1*0301-DQA1*05-DQB1*02 (12.6%). The dendrogram constructed by the neighbour-joining (NJ) method based on the allele frequencies of the DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 and DPB1 genes of 13 representative populations all over the world suggested that Uygur belonged to the Asian group and lay at the closest genetic distance to a Kazak population inhabiting the same area.
Retrospective correction of intensity inhomogeneities in MRI (1995)

Medical imaging data sets are often corrupted by multiplicative inhomogeneities, often referred to as nonuniformities or intensity variations, that hamper the use of quantitative analyses. The authors describe an automatic technique that not only improves the worst situations, such as those encountered with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) surface coils, but also corrects typical inhomogeneities encountered in routine volume data sets, such as MRI head scans, without generating additional artifact. Because the technique uses only the patient data set, the technique can be applied retrospectively to all data sets, and corrects both patient independent effects, such as rf coil design, and patient dependent effects, such as attenuation of overlying tissue experienced both in high field MRI and X-ray computed tomography (CT). The authors show results for several MRI imaging situations including thorax, head, and breast. Following such corrections, region of interest analyses, volume histograms, and thresholding techniques are more meaningful. The value of such correction algorithms may increase dramatically with increased use of high field strength magnets and associated patient-dependent rf attenuation in overlying tissues.
Omega-3, Omega-6 and Omega-9 Fatty Acids: Implications for Cardiovascular and Other Diseases (2014)

The relationship between diet and disease has long been established, with epidemiological and clinical evidence affirming the role of certain dietary fatty acid classes in disease pathogenesis. Within the same class, different fatty acids may exhibit beneficial or deleterious effects, with implications on disease progression or prevention. In conjunction with other fatty acids and lipids, the omega-3, -6 and -9 fatty acids make up the lipidome, and with the conversion and storage of excess carbohydrates into fats, transcendence of the glycome into the lipidome occurs. The essential omega-3 fatty acids are typically associated with initiating anti-inflammatory responses, while omega-6 fatty acids are associated with pro-inflammatory responses. Non-essential, omega-9 fatty acids serve as necessary components for other metabolic pathways, which may affect disease risk. These fatty acids which act as independent, yet synergistic lipid moieties that interact with other biomolecules within the cellular ecosystem epitomize the critical role of these fatty acids in homeostasis and overall health. This review focuses on the functional roles and potential mechanisms of omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids in regard to inflammation and disease pathogenesis. A particular emphasis is placed on cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States.
Long-term processes in a stabilized coal-waste block exposed to seawater (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLong-term processes in a stabilized coal-waste block exposed to seawaterDaryl E. Hockley and Hans A. Van der SlootCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25, 8, 1408–1414Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1991https://doi.org/10.1021/es00020a007Request reuse permissionsArticle Views138Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (6 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroxamic Acids as Potent Inhibitors of Endothelin‐Converting Enzyme from Human Bronchiolar Smooth Muscle. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
How severe space weather can disrupt global supply chains (2014)

Abstract. Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) strong enough to create electromagnetic effects at latitudes below the auroral oval are frequent events that could soon have substantial impacts on electrical grids. Modern society's heavy reliance on these domestic and international networks increases our susceptibility to such a severe space-weather event. Using a new high-resolution model of the global economy, we simulate the economic impact of strong CMEs for three different planetary orientations. We account for the economic impacts within the countries directly affected, as well as the post-disaster economic shock in partner economies linked by international trade. For a 1989 Quebec-like event, the global economic impacts would range from USD 2.4 to 3.4 trillion over a year. Of this total economic shock, about 50% would be felt in countries outside the zone of direct impact, leading to a loss in global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 3.9 to 5.6%. The global economic damage is of the same order as wars, extreme financial crisis and estimated for future climate change.
Biomarkers in precision therapy in colorectal cancer (2013)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Europe. Because CRC is also a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, a lot of research has been focused on the discovery and development of biomarkers to improve the diagnostic process and to predict treatment outcomes. Up till now only a few biomarkers are recommended by expert panels. Current TNM criteria, however, cause substantial under- and overtreatment of CRC patients. Consequently, there is a growing need for new and efficient biomarkers to ensure optimal treatment allocation. An ideal biomarker should be easily translated into clinical practice, to identify patients who can be spared from treatment or benefit from therapy, ultimately resulting in precision medicine in the future. In this review we aim to provide an overview of a number of frequently studied biomarkers in CRC and, at the same time, we will emphasize the challenges and controversies that withhold the clinical introduction of these biomarkers. We will discuss both prognostic and predictive markers of chemotherapy, aspirin therapy as well as overall therapy toxicity. Currently, only mutant KRAS, mutant BRAF, MSI and the Oncotype DX® Colon Cancer Assay are used in clinical practice. Other biomarker studies showed insufficient evidence to be introduced into clinical practice. Divergent patient selection criteria, absence of validation studies and a large number of single biomarker studies are possibly responsible. We therefore recommend that future studies focus on combining key markers, rather than analysing single markers, standardizing study protocols, and validate the results in independent study cohorts, followed by prospective clinical trials.
In vitro and in vivo α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibiting activities of the protein extracts from two varieties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) (2016)

Protein extracts from the fruits of the two varieties of bitter gourd inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase in vitro and lowered the blood glucose level in vivo on par with Acarbose when orally administrated to Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Further studies on mechanism of action and methods of safe and biologically active delivery will help to develop an anti-diabetic oral protein drug from these plants.
On Hydrodynamics Generated from Electrostatic Discharges: A Heat Source Perspective (2020)

A parameter space map of a heat source depositing energy into a cylindrical spark channel modeling the hydrodynamic effects of an electrostatic discharge event is explored. The four parameters of spatial weight, λR, rise time, τr, fall time, τf, and energy per unit length deposited in to the system, E0/h, were varied to observe resulting hydrodynamic phenomena. The energy budget con-sequences of the associated hydrodynamic flow are discussed in terms of the remaining electrical energy available for the joule heating of sensitive energetic materials (or “victims”) are discussed,where hydrodynamic simulations are validated by experimental data. Future results and conclusions will be added to this report as they are produced.
The role of surveillance in the treatment of patients with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer after chemotherapy (2009)

Previous studies suggest that surveillance can be a reasonable option for patients with muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder who show no evidence of disease on TUR after chemotherapy. Patients with persistent bladder cancer on re-biopsy after chemotherapy tend to fare poorly even with immediate cystectomy.
DYNAMICS OF PHONON INTERACTIONS IN ORGANIC SOLIDS (1981)

Investigations carried out on three aspects of phonon interactions are presented in this paper. The phonon dephasing induced by anharmonic phonon-phonon scattering is investigateci by temperature dependence of linewidths, lineshapes and frequencies in the Raman spectra. The dephasing of phonons in organic solids is found to be primarily caused by a T1-relaxation involving a three-phonon inelastic scattering. Second, a similar investigation on dephasing of vibrations within the molecule suggests that for these intramolecular vibrations with frequencies greater than twice the Debye cut-off frequency, it is the fourth-order anharmonic coupling with phonons leading to an elastic scattering which provide the dominant mechanism for dephasing in organic solids. Finally, the role of phonon interactions in determining solid state reactivity is discussed and a new concept of phonon assisted reaction is introduced. A thermal intermolecular reaction is found to be assisted by a phonon mode softening. A photochemical dimerization reaction is shown to be assisted by a strong-electron phonon coupling in the excited state whereby a polaron is formed.
Lithium intercalation intoWO3and the phase diagram ofLixWO3 (1992)

We report studies of the electrochemical intercalation of lithium in ${\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$ powder and in polycrystalline evaporated ${\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$ films. Electrochemical cells with beryllium x-ray windows were used to study the structure changes in the ${\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$ host in situ. Rietveld profile refinement was used to analyze the x-ray-diffraction patterns of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$ after correcting for the absorption of the beryllium window. Upon the intercalation of Li, the monoclinic structure of ${\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$ proceeds to higher and higher symmetry. First a first-order phase transition to a tetragonal phase with x\ensuremath{\sim}0.1 in ${\mathrm{Li}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$ occurs. Then another first-order phase transition to a cubic phase with x\ensuremath{\sim}0.36 occurs. The cubic phase can accommodate further Li, up to a maximum of about x=0.5. All the phase transitions can be reversed, although some hysteresis is observed; upon complete deintercalation, monoclinic ${\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$ is recovered. We report the structural changes, prove that the transitions are first order, and give a phase diagram for ${\mathrm{Li}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$ as a function of x. Our results suggest that the formation of the tetragonal phase upon intercalation of Li in ${\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$ is responsible for the electrochromatic properties of crystalline ${\mathrm{Li}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$, and that conventional interpretations that ignore the existence of this phase are most likely in error.
Improving Cell-Adhesive Properties of Recombinant Bombyx mori Silk by Incorporation of Collagen or Fibronectin Derived Peptides Produced by Transgenic Silkworms (2007)

Silk of Bombyx mori can be used as various biomaterials. Especially, it is useful as a protein for coating the surface of cell culture plates since the silk possesses a biocompatibility to the cultured cells. However, the cell-adhesive ability is weaker than collagen or fibronectin, which are used for coating the plate more frequently (Yao et al. J. Biochem., 2004, 136, 643-649). To increase the biocompatibility of the silk, we constructed transgenic silkworms, inserting the modified fibroin light-chain genes for making recombinant silks that possessed partial collagen or fibronectin sequences, that is, [GERGDLGPQGIAGQRGVV(GER)3GAS]8GPPGPCCGGG or [TGRGDSPAS]8, respectively. Films were made from the recombinant silks, and the cell-adhesive activity for cultured mammalian cells was observed. The results showed that the two types of recombinant silk films possessed a much higher cell-adhesive activity as compared to the original unmodified silk. Especially, the recombinant silk with the sequence [TGRGDSPAS]8, produced by a transgenic Nd-sD mutant, gave a 6 times higher activity than the original unmodified silk.
Interindividual Variability in Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Health after Consumption of Major Plant-Food Bioactive Compounds and the Determinants Involved (2017)

Cardiometabolic disease, comprising cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and their associated risk factors including metabolic syndrome and obesity, is the leading cause of death worldwide. Plant foods are rich sources of different groups of bioactive compounds, which might not be essential throughout life but promote health and well-being by reducing the risk of age-related chronic diseases. However, heterogeneity in the responsiveness to bioactive compounds can obscure associations between their intakes and health outcomes, resulting in the hiding of health benefits for specific population groups and thereby limiting our knowledge of the exact role of the different bioactive compounds for health. The heterogeneity in response suggests that some individuals may benefit more than others from the health effects of these bioactive compounds. However, to date, this interindividual variation after habitual intake of plant bioactive compounds has been little explored. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the existing research that has revealed interindividual variability in the responsiveness to plant-food bioactive compound consumption regarding cardiometabolic outcomes, focusing on polyphenols, caffeine and plant sterols, and the identified potential determinants involved.
Chest drainage systems in use. (2015)

A chest tube is a flexible plastic tube that is inserted through the chest wall and into the pleural space or mediastinum. It is used to remove air in the case of pneumothorax or fluid such as in the case of pleural effusion, blood, chyle, or pus when empyema occurs from the intrathoracic space. It is also known as a Bülau drain or an intercostal catheter. Insertion of chest tubes is widely performed by radiologists, pulmonary physicians and thoracic surgeons. Large catheters or small catheters are used based on each situation that the medical doctor encounters. In the current review we will focus on the chest drain systems that are in use.
JSON Web Key (JWK) (2015)

A JSON Web Key (JWK) is a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) data structure that represents a cryptographic key. This specification also defines a JWK Set JSON data structure that represents a set of JWKs. Cryptographic algorithms and identifiers for use with this specification are described in the separate JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification and IANA registries established by that specification.
A novel and naturally occurring transposon, ISRpe1 in the Rickettsia peacockii genome disrupting the rickA gene involved in actin‐based motility (2005)

While examining the molecular basis for the lack of actin-based motility for the non-pathogenic spotted fever group (SFG) R. peacockii, we identified a novel insertion sequence (IS) element, ISRpe1, disrupting the coding sequence of rickA, demonstrated to induce actin-tail polymerization for the SFG rickettsiae. This rickettsial IS element appears to be active in that complete terminal inverted repeat and recombinase/transposase open reading frame sequences are present and the transposase is transcriptionally expressed. Phylogenetically, ISRpe1 belongs to a new IS family that is most closely related to those transposable elements of other intracellular bacteria like Wolbachia spp. ISRpe1 was demonstrated to be present in at least 10 locations throughout the R. peacockii genome, including one that disrupted the putative cell surface antigen encoding gene, sca1 considered to be involved in adhesion and virulence of the rickettsiae. Additionally, three IS sites demonstrated rearrangements/relocations of the R. peacockii genome when compared to those of other SFG rickettsiae. Our findings of the disruptions of rickA and sca1 along with the comparative genomic reassortments associated with ISRpe1 in the non-virulent R. peacockii provides opportunities to uncover molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and evolution of rickettsiae as well as its potential to be used in rickettsial transposon-based mutagenesis.
Three‐dimensional multiplanar sonohysterography: comparison with conventional two‐dimensional sonohysterography and X‐ray hysterosalpingography. (2001)

The objective of this study was to assess the value of combining transvaginal sonohysterography with three-dimensional multiplanar ultrasonography to optimize assessment of the uterus. To make this assessment, we compared findings on three-dimensional sonohysterography with those on two-dimensional sonohysterography and X-ray hysterosalpingography. Of 20 women who underwent three-dimensional sonohysterography for various indications, 13 also underwent two-dimensional sonohysterography, and 12 had X-ray hysterosalpingography. We reviewed the 3 types of examinations separately and compared the standard techniques with three-dimensional sonohysterography to determine whether three-dimensional sonohysterography provided additional information. In 9 (69%) of 13 comparisons between three-dimensional sonohysterography and two-dimensional sonohysterography and in 11 (92%) of 12 comparisons between three-dimensional sonohysterography and X-ray hysterosalpingography, three-dimensional sonohysterography was advantageous. The coronal plane was most useful for displaying the relationship between lesions and the uterine cavity. Three-dimensional sonohysterography provided additional information compared with standard accepted techniques in the vast majority of women.
Discovery and Early Clinical Evaluation of BMS-605339, a Potent and Orally Efficacious Tripeptidic Acylsulfonamide NS3 Protease Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection (2014)

The discovery of BMS-605339 (35), a tripeptidic inhibitor of the NS3/4A enzyme, is described. This compound incorporates a cyclopropylacylsulfonamide moiety that was designed to improve the potency of carboxylic acid prototypes through the introduction of favorable nonbonding interactions within the S1' site of the protease. The identification of 35 was enabled through the optimization and balance of critical properties including potency and pharmacokinetics (PK). This was achieved through modulation of the P2* subsite of the inhibitor which identified the isoquinoline ring system as a key template for improving PK properties with further optimization achieved through functionalization. A methoxy moiety at the C6 position of this isoquinoline ring system proved to be optimal with respect to potency and PK, thus providing the clinical compound 35 which demonstrated antiviral activity in HCV-infected patients.
Alzheimer Disease (2000)

Research into the molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer disease (AD) continues to clarify important issues in aberrant protein processing while seeking to identify therapeutic targets. Mutations of genes on chromosomes 1, 14 (presenilins 1 and 2), and 21 (the amyloid-beta [Abeta] amyloid precursor protein [APP]) cause the familial forms of AD that often begin before age 65. An allelic polymorphism on chromosome 19 (apolipoprotein E ) affects the age of onset of the more common forms of sporadic AD. Multiple studies in transgenic mice provide strong evidence to support the view that Abeta amyloid formation is an early and critical pathogenic event: mice expressing pathogenic human APP mutations develop Abeta deposits; coexpression of mutant presenilin genes accelerates the rate of Abeta deposition; and apolipoprotein E plays a role in this process. Thus, the 3 established genetic causes or risk factors for AD affect Abeta deposition. The fact that elevation of the Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio (differing only in 2 amino acids in length) is also linked to amyloid deposition in the APP mice and is temporally linked to cognitive impairment suggests that Abeta42 may be a principal inducing factor of AD. The exact sequence of events is still unknown, but the transgenic models generated so far have shown their usefulness in clarifying this complex part of the pathology. The continuing progress in elucidation of the molecular pathogenesis of AD suggests a range of rational pharmacological interventions for this disorder. The most promising strategy involves the development of approaches to retard, halt, or prevent Abeta-mediated disease progression, and these can now be tested in transgenic animals.