gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Properties of Oxidized SnO2 Single Crystals (1971)

Undoped SnO 2 single crystals are heat-treated in high pressure oxygen gas for the purpose to “oxidize” the crystals. The decrease in carrier density with the advance of the oxidization is examined by means of infrared transmission measurements. It is concluded that the “oxidizing procedure” effectively diminishes the amount of native defects involved in the crystals. Spectral dependence of the ultraviolet photoconductivity of the oxidized crystals is analysed in relation to the band structure of the material.
THE ESSENCE OF THE FINANCIAL POTENTIAL OF THE INSURANCE COMPANY (2021)

The article describes the financial state of insurance services in the Ukrainian market. The reasons are substantiated for the formation of the financial potential of the insurance company.
Dap160, a Neural-specific Eps15 Homology and Multiple SH3 Domain-containing Protein That Interacts with DrosophilaDynamin (1998)

The discovery of overlapping hot spots of dynamin (Estes, P. S., Roos, J., van der Bliek, A., Kelly, R. B., Krishnan, K. S., and Ramaswami, M. (1996) J. Neurosci. 16, 5443-5456) and the heterotetrameric adaptor 2 complex (Gonzalez-Gaitan, M., and Jäckle, H. (1997) Cell 88, 767-776) in Drosophila nerve terminals led to the concept of zones of active endocytosis close to sites of active exocytosis. The proline-rich domain of Drosophila dynamin was used to identify and purify a third component of the endocytosis zones. Dap160 (dynamin-associated protein 160 kDa) is a membrane-associated, dynamin-binding protein of 160 kDa that has four putative src homology 3 domains and an Eps15 homology domain, motifs frequently found in proteins associated with endocytosis. The binding capacities of the four putative src homology 3 domains were examined individually and in combination and shown to bind known proteins that contained proline-rich domains. Each binding site, however, was different in its preference for binding partners. We suggest that Dap160 is a scaffolding protein that helps anchor proteins required for endocytosis at sites where they are needed in the Drosophila nerve terminal.
Consumer-data approach to assess the effect of residential grid-tied photovoltaic systems and electric vehicles on distribution transformers (2014)

The authors examine the impact of residential photovoltaic arrays and electric vehicles on distribution transformers by using 3-D surface and 2-D filled contour plots. These visualizations, somewhat unorthodox to power distribution analysis, elucidate the impact of hundreds of assets on distribution transformers on a single view. The visualizations are created with a smart grid computer model that accepts residential electrical recordings in one minute intervals. An analysis of simulation results shows that the electrical footprint experienced by a residential community and its distribution transformers stems from photovoltaic arrays rather than from electric vehicles. Additionally, the results indicate the existing distribution assets may be ready to support the proliferation of photovoltaic arrays and electric vehicles, a common concern across utilities in the United States.
Overcoming phosphorus emitter limitations in PERC Si solar cells by using a gallium-phosphide heteroemitter (2013)

The performance of PERC Si solar cells is often limited by recombination in the emitter. We use numerical device simulations to evaluate efficiency limits of different types of phosphorus emitters in an example of a realistic PERC cell. The resulting maximum efficiencies are between 20.5% and 21.2%. The same cell simulated with an emitter made of an n-doped crystalline gallium phosphide layer shows an efficiency limit of 21.6%. This hetero-emitter causes much lower recombination losses than a nearly ideal phosphorus emitter, resulting in a higher V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> . In addition a lower base doping is necessary which, in turn, reduces the impact of the boron-oxygen complex.
A comparison of magnetic resonance methods for spatially resolvedT2distribution measurements in porous media (2015)

Naturally occurring porous media are usually characterized by a distribution of pore sizes. If the material is fluid saturated, the 1H magnetic resonance (MR) signal depends on the pore size, the surface relaxivity and the fluid itself. Measurement of the transverse relaxation time T2 is a well-established technique to characterize material samples by means of MR. T2 distribution measurements, including T2 distribution mapping, are widely employed in clinical applications and in petroleum engineering. T2 distribution measurements are the most basic measurement employed to determine the fluid-matrix properties in MR core analysis. Three methods for T2 distribution mapping, namely spin-echo single point imaging (SE-SPI), DANTE-Z Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) and adiabatic inversion CPMG are compared in terms of spatial resolution, minimum observable T2 and sensitivity. Bulk CPMG measurement is considered to be the gold standard for T2 determination. Bulk measurement of uniform samples is compared to the three spatially resolved measurements. SE-SPI is an imaging method, which measures spatially resolved T2s in samples of interest. A variant is introduced in this work that employs pre-equalized magnetic field gradient waveforms and is therefore able to measure shorter T2s than previously reported. DANTE-Z CPMG and adiabatic inversion CPMG are faster, non-imaging, local T2 distribution measurements. The DANTE-Z pulse train and adiabatic inversion pulse are compared in terms of T1 or T2 relaxation time effects during the RF pulse application, minimum pulse duration, requisite RF pulse power, and inversion profile quality. In addition to experimental comparisons, simulation results are presented.
A prepaid architecture for solar electricity delivery in rural areas (2012)

This paper demonstrates a model for electricity delivery and revenue collection in a rural context with the potential to increase the reliability of service delivery and lower operating costs compared to traditional fixed monthly fee utilities. The microutility in this paper provides power on a pre-paid basis similar to the way cellular phone air-time is sold. This system uses Short Message Service (SMS) messages sent over the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) networks for communication allowing installation in any place within reach of a GSM tower. Several of these individual microutilities are monitored and administered via a central server. These consumers in these systems are using modest amounts of power consistent with lighting usage. Some customers are are unable to maintain positive account credit suggesting a benefit to the prepaid approach. These microutilities are currently installed and have been providing power to approximately 170 households in Mali and 38 households in Uganda beginning in April--August of 2011.
ChemInform Abstract: CONTROLLED CARBON‐SULFUR OR CARBON‐SILICON BOND CLEAVAGE IN THE REACTIONS OF ALKYLLITHIUM REAGENTS WITH A 1‐SILYL‐1‐THIOALLENE (1984)

Abstract Das Phenylthioallen (I) wird mit tert.‐Butyllithium unter Spaltung der C‐S‐Bindung zu (II) lithiiert, das mit Aldehyden und Ketonen, Dimethylformamid, Kohlendioxid bzw. Triethylchlorsilan zu den Acetylenen (III), (V) und (VI) bzw. zum Allen (VII) reagiert.
Reported Pain During Lumbar Discography As a Function of Anular Ruptures and Disc Degeneration (1994)

During discography, the outer anulus appears to be the origin of pain reproduction.
Distribution of perfluorocarboxylate isomers in select samples from the north american environment (2009)

Perfluorinated acids are anthropogenic pollutants with primarily two industrial synthetic routes: electrochemical fluorination (ECF) and telomerization. A mixture of structural isomers is produced by ECF, while telomerization conserves the geometry of its starting materials, which are typically linear. To contribute to a discussion on sources of perfluorinated acid pollution, isomer profiles of perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) were determined in a diverse set of environmental and biotic samples from remote to urban locations. Analysis was conducted on the derivatized extracts using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) isomer profile in most samples contained linear and branched isomers congruent with an ECF input, but linear PFOA (n-PFOA) predominated (>90%) greater than in the ECF technical product (78%). The perfluorononanoate (PFNA) isomer pattern varied from only n-PFNA, n- and iso-PFNA (isopropyl isomer), or n-PFNA and multiple branched isomers. At midlatitudes, PFNA isomer profiles containing multiple branched isomers are attributed to ECF sources such as impurities in ECF PFOA. In surface water from Lake Ontario (Canada) and an Arctic lake, only n- and iso-PFNA were observed. Human and dolphin blood contained multiple branched PFNA, consistent with an ECF signature albeit n-isomer enriched. Both n- and isopropyl isomers of longer-chain PFCAs were observed with a distinct pattern for dolphin and Arctic samples compared to those from the Lake Ontario ecosystem. These results support the hypothesis that long-range atmospheric transport of linear volatile precursors, subsequent degradation, and deposition contribute to the presence of n-PFCAs in the Arctic freshwater environment. The presence of longer-chain isopropyl isomers may be preliminary evidence of isopropyl fluorinated organic precursors.
Shape-controlled crystal growth of Sr<inf>3</inf>NbGa<inf>3</inf>Si<inf>2</inf>O<inf>14</inf> and Sr<inf>3</inf>TaGa<inf>3</inf>Si<inf>2</inf>O<inf>14</inf> piezoelectric single crystal by micro-pulling-down method (2011)

We have grown the shape-controlled Sr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> NbGa <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">14</sub> (SNGS) and Sr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> TaGa <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">14</sub> (STGS) langasite-type crystals by the μ-PD method. Columnar-shaped SNGS and STGS crystals were grown using the Pt-Rh crucible with a columnar die in 3 mm diameter. Grown crystals indicated high transparency and approximately 3 mm diameter. Chemical phases of grown crystals were identified as a single phase of langasite-type structure. The lattice parameters of grown crystals were almost consistent with those of crystals grown by Czochralski (Cz) method. In the X-ray rocking curve measurements, the grown crystals indicated equivalent crystallinity to the crystal grown by Cz method.
IL-33: an alarmin cytokine with crucial roles in innate immunity, inflammation and allergy (2014)

IL-33 is a nuclear cytokine from the IL-1 family constitutively expressed in epithelial barrier tissues and lymphoid organs, which plays important roles in type-2 innate immunity and human asthma. Recent studies indicate that IL-33 induces production of large amounts of IL-5 and IL-13 by group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), for initiation of allergic inflammation shortly after exposure to allergens or infection with parasites or viruses. IL-33 appears to function as an alarmin (alarm signal) rapidly released from producing cells upon cellular damage or cellular stress. In this review, we discuss the cellular sources, mode of action and regulation of IL-33, and we highlight its crucial roles in vivo with particular emphasis on results obtained using IL33-deficient mice.
Immunohistochemical localization of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase in conjunctival melanomas and primary acquired melanosis (2001)

NQO1 was detected by immunohistochemistry in every examined section of primary acquired melanosis and melanoma of the conjunctiva, suggesting that NQO1 may play a role in the bioactivation of mitomycin C in these tumors.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Quantitation of the Major Adducts Formed between Sulfur Mustard and DNA of Calf Thymus and Human Blood (1994)

As part of a program to develop methods for verification of alleged exposure to sulfur mustard, we synthesized and characterized the adducts most likely formed by alkylation of DNA with sulfur mustard: N7-[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]ethyl]guanine (1), bis[2-(guanin-7-yl)ethyl] sulfide (2), N3-[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]ethyl]adenine (3), and O6-[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]ethyl]-guanine and its 2'-deoxyguanosine derivative. Incubation of double-stranded calf thymus DNA and human blood with [35S]sulfur mustard in vitro followed by enzymatic degradation of the DNA and mild depurination afforded three major radioactive peaks upon HPLC analysis. These peaks were identified as 1-3 by coelution with the synthetic markers and mass spectrometric and electronic spectra. Compound 1 appeared to be the most abundant adduct, which is in agreement with previous investigations on DNA alkylation with sulfur mustard.
Simultaneous Triple Imaging with Two PARASHIFT Probes: Encoding Anatomical, pH and Temperature Information using Magnetic Resonance Shift Imaging (2017)

The chemical shift of paramagnetically shifted resonances in lanthanide(III) complexes encodes information about temperature and has also been made to report pH in parallel, through introduction of a single phosphonate group adjacent to the reporter tert-butyl resonance. The enhanced sensitivity of this new probe has allowed the simultaneous triple imaging of the water signal and the shifted tert-butyl signals of thulium and dysprosium complexes of a common ligand, separated by over 160 ppm. In parallel spectral imaging experiments, the temperature and pH dependence of the frequency of the Tm and Dy signals has been deconvoluted, allowing the pH and temperature in the liver, kidney and bladder to be measured.
The mononuclear phagocyte system revisited (2002)

The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) was defined as a family of cells comprising bone marrow progenitors, blood monocytes, and tissue macrophages. In this review, we briefly consider markers for cells of this lineage in the mouse, especially the F4/80 surface antigen and the receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The concept of the MPS is challenged by evidence that there is a separate embryonic phagocyte lineage, the blurring of the boundaries between macrophages and other cells types arising from phenotypic plasticity and transdifferentiation, and evidence of local renewal of tissue macrophage populations as opposed to monocyte recruitment. Nevertheless, there is a unity to cells of the MPS suggested by their location, morphology, and shared markers. We discuss the origins of macrophage heterogeneity and argue that macrophages and antigen-representing dendritic cells are closely related and part of the MPS.
STATIC MARGIN CONTROL FOR TAILLESS FLIGHT (1996)

Tailless flight has been with us since the first days of human aviation. A great variety of tailless designs have shown their viability but the idea gradually lost ground to the tailed or Penaud type aircraft. Better performance and handling of the tailed configuration has made it the dominant design. However, tailless flight has great performance potential. Tailless flight can evidently be successful yet it seems to have some shortcomings in human aviation. As the layout of birds such as the seagull or the albaiross evidently holds great poiential for tailless flitht, the option of development a full scale glider of that form was investigated in a research projectt at the University of Pretoria.
Enhanced Ignition for I. C. Engines with Premixed Gases (1981)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The development of lean charge, fast burn engines depends crucially on enhanced ignition, since one can obtain thereby proper means for increasing the rate of burn in mixtures characterized notoriously by low normal burning speeds. Enhanced ignition involves not only high energies and long duration of ignition, but also a wide dispersion of its sources, so that combustion is carried out at as many sites throughout the charge as possible. Upon this premise, various ignition systems for I.C. engines, operating with premixed charge, are reviewed.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The systems are grouped within the following categories: (1) high energy spark plugs; (2) plasma jet igniters; (3) photochemical, laser, and microwave ignition concepts; (4) torch cells; (5) divided chamber stratified charge engines; (6) flame jet igniters; (7) combustion jet ignition concepts; (8) EGR ignition system. The first three derive the power from electrical energy, the rest are powered by exothermic chemical reactions at a significantly lower, practically negligible, fuel consumption.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The review emphasizes the concept of &lt;u&gt;staging&lt;/u&gt; the processes of initiation and propagation of combustion. Relative positions of various ignition systems is expressed on the plane of relative energies (the ratio of energy consumed by the ignition system, or contained in a pre-chamber, to that of the compressed charge in the main chamber) and relative volumes (the ratio of the volume of the pre-chamber to that of the compressed charge).&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In principle, ignition systems for engines operating with premixed charge lie on the half-plane of relative energies below one, between 10&lt;sup&gt;-5&lt;/sup&gt; for standard spark plugs to 10&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for divided chamber stratified charge engines, while their relative volumes extend from 0 for spark igniters to 0.2 for stratified charge engines. This suggests that proper compartmentization of the combustion process may lead to significant improvements in both pollution emissions from the cylinder and specific fuel consumption of I.C. engines.&lt;/div&gt;
Disposition of 1,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-furoquinolinone in Normal and Ascitic Tumor Bearing Mice (2011)

1,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-2H-furo[2,3h]quinolin-2-one (FQ) belongs to a series of furocoumarin isosters, designed to obtain new drugs for photochemotherapy. The objective of this study was to characterize the disposition of orally administered 3H-FQ in normal and ascitic tumor bearing mice and to evaluate the influence of UVA irradiation in control mice. This compound was rapidly absorbed and its decay in serum was biphasic. Binding to serum proteins, which was maximum at 30 min (74 %), time-dependently declined. FQ was distributed to all the studied tissues, primarily to the liver and kidneys. The administered radioactivity was excreted mostly in the urine (43 %) and was associated with polar metabolites. The unchanged compound was not present to any detectable extent in the urine. Elimination in the faeces, that may include FQ not absorbed, was low (14 % of administered radioactivity), emphasizing the quantitatively efficient gastrointestinal absorption of the drug. UVA irradiation of FQ-treated mice for 2 h caused a significant increase in radioactivity measured in serum as well as in the liver. In mice bearing Ehrlich ascitic tumor, serum and tissue concentrations were lower than in control animals, possibly due to the larger volume of body fluids (10+/-4 ml of ascitic fluid) available for drug distribution.
'Candidatus Phytoplasma castaneae', a novel phytoplasma taxon associated with chestnut witches' broom disease (2002)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
On Distributed and Decentralized Estimation (1992)

This paper presents the information form of the decentralized and distributed Kalman filter. Use of the Information filter allows straightforward fusion of new observations. The minimal communication of information between reduced order, globally optimal fusion centers is explained using a transformation diagram.
Requirements-Led Project Management: Discovering David's Slingshot (2004)

Requirements are a crucial ingredient of any successful project. This is true for any product--software, hardware, consumer appliance, or large-scale construction. You have to understand its requirements--what is needed and desired--if you are to build the right product. Most developers recognize the truth in this statement, even if they don't always live up to it. Far less obvious, however, is the contribution that the requirements activity makes to project management. Requirements, along with other outputs from the requirements activity, are potent project management tools. In Requirements-Led Project Management, Suzanne and James Robertson show how to use requirements to manage the development lifecycle. They show program managers, product and project managers, team leaders, and business analysts specifically how to: Use requirements as input to project planning and decision-making Determine whether to invest in a project Deliver more appropriate products with a quick cycle time Measure and estimate the requirements effort Define the most effective requirements process for a project Manage stakeholder involvement and expectations Set requirements priorities Manage requirements across multiple domains and technologies Use requirements to communicate across business and technological boundaries In their previous book, Mastering the Requirements Process, the Robertsons defined Volere--their groundbreaking and now widely adopted requirements process. In this second book, they look at the outputs from the requirements process and demonstrate how you can take advantage of the all-important links between requirements and project success.