gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combating Dependence Explosion in Forensic Analysis Using Alternative Tag Propagation Semantics (2020)

We are witnessing a rapid escalation in targeted cyber-attacks called Advanced and Persistent Threats (APTs). Carried out by skilled adversaries, these attacks take place over extended time periods, and remain undetected for months. A common approach for retracing the attacker's steps is to start with one or more suspicious events from system logs, and perform a dependence analysis to uncover the rest of attacker's actions. The accuracy of this analysis suffers from the dependence explosion problem, which causes a very large number of benign events to be flagged as part of the attack. In this paper, we propose two novel techniques, tag attenuation and tag decay, to mitigate dependence explosion. Our techniques take advantage of common behaviors of benign processes, while providing a conservative treatment of processes and data with suspicious provenance. Our system, called Morse, is able to construct a compact scenario graph that summarizes attacker activity by sifting through millions of system events in a matter of seconds. Our experimental evaluation, carried out using data from two government-agency sponsored red team exercises, demonstrates that our techniques are (a) effective in identifying stealthy attack campaigns, (b) reduce the false alarm rates by more than an order of magnitude, and (c) yield compact scenario graphs that capture the vast majority of the attack, while leaving out benign background activity.
Evidence of different magnetotail responses to small solar wind pressure pulses depending on IMF Bz polarity (2001)

The response of the magnetotail to small flux rope associated pressure pulses depends on the IMF Bz polarity. Clear and large amplitude magnetotail reverse polarity South‐then‐North traveling compression regions (SN TCRs) are observed when the pressure pulse is associated with the northward IMF interval of the flux rope. These tail signatures correspond to small‐scale (&lt;10 minute duration) pulses of the solar wind dynamic pressure located in front of and within the small‐scale flux ropes. Pressure pulses associated with IMF Bz southward are either absent or give rise to smaller amplitude compressions and less systematic lobe Bz rotations. These results suggest that the orientation of the IMF Bz plays a critical role in modulating the magnetotail response to solar wind dynamic pressure pulses.
Entwicklung einer mechanischen Bewegungseinrichtung zur Modulation DC-naher biomagnetischer Felder (1996)

Article Entwicklung einer mechanischen Bewegungseinrichtung zur Modulation DC-naher biomagnetischer Felder was published on January 1, 1996 in the journal Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik (volume 41, issue s1).
Detection of Coupling in Short Physiological Series by a Joint Distribution Entropy Method (2016)

This study suggested that our proposed JDistEn could be useful for continuous and even real-time coupling analysis for physiological signals in clinical practice.
Prevalence of IgM and IgG Antibody to HHV-6 and HHV-8 and Results of Plasma PCR to HHV-6 and HHV-7 in a Group of CFS Patients and Healthy Donors (2001)

Human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) is a beta herpes virus that was first described in 1986 and which occurs in the form of at least two variants, A and B. Healthy donors in the general population are carriers for mainly the B variant, in whom 90% harbor the DNA of this type in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC). A higher prevalence of this virus has been detected by testing of plasma and PBMNCs by IFA, ELISA and by the nested PCR technique, in addition to direct culture for HHV-6 in certain groups of immunesuppressed patients such as those with multiple sclerosis and HIV. It has also been isolated to a greater degree using these techniques from patients who meet the case definition for the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). We determined IgG and IgM antibody titers to HHV-6; IgG to HHV-8 and performed PCR testing for HHV-6 on the plasma of 46 patients with CFS and on 7 healthy donors (HD). We also performed PCR testing for HHV-7 on 15 CFS patients and on 4 HD(s). We found a higher prevalence of IgM antibody in CFS patients 23/36 (50%) versus 2/7 (28.5%) of HD. The prevalence of IgG antibody to HHV-8 was zero among both CFS patients and HD. Three out of forty six (6.5%) of CFS patients demonstrated a positive plasma by PCR to HHV-6 compared to zero out of 7 HD(s). Finally, four out of fifteen (26.7%) CFS patients and zero out of four HD(s) demonstrated a positive plasma PCR to HHV-7. Our results were influenced by the presence of various subpopulations of CFS patients among our study group, in addition to our reliance on the results of single specimens as opposed to a series of multiple samples over time in individual subjects, and by methodological variability (decreasing our yield because of diminished viral shedding in cell-free samples or increasing it compared to other research groups who failed to co-culture the PBMNCs with indicator cells, e.g., PHA-stimulated human cord blood cells or human fibroblasts for short-term culture [15 day]). Nevertheless, it is clear that the study of plasma and perhaps other tissue samples, such as cerebral spinal fluid and gastric mucosa from patients with CFS in better defined subgroups, as well as defined population of HDs using a variety of methodological techniques will increase our knowledge about the role of HHV-6 in this complex disorder.
Selective catalytic route to bifunctional silanes. Catalysis by rhodium and ruthenium complexes of the alcoholysis of diarylsilanes and the hydrosilylation of carbonyl compounds (1973)

Chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) and dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) are very effective catalysts for the alcoholysis of diarylsilanes and the hydrosilylation of carbonyl compounds, providing a selective route to diarylalkoxysilanes.
White upconversion luminescence in nanocrystalline (Ho,Tm,Yb):KLu(WO4)2 phosphor (2011)

Abstract Highly crystalline codoped Ho 3+ ,Tm 3+ ,Yb 3+ KLu(WO 4 ) 2 monoclinic nanocrystals with the C 2/ c space group symmetry were synthesized by the modified Pechini method. Powder X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, upconversion photoluminescence spectra, and kinetic decay were used to characterize the samples. The nanocrystals belonged to the monoclinic phase, with a crystallite size of 30‐70 nm. Under 930 nm laser excitation, red, green and blue upconversion emissions were simultaneously observed, due to the energy transfer from the Yb 3+ 2 F 5/2 excited level. The decay times of the emitting states were studied at room temperature to describe the photoluminescence dynamics. The influence of excitation power and calcination conditions on CIE chromaticity coordinates were evaluated. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pyrazolin‐5‐Ones (1964)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Unsubstituted Alkyl, Alicyclic, Aralkyl, Aryl and Heterocyclic Substituted Derivatives Hydroxy and Mercapto Derivatives Amino, Imino, Hydrazino, Azo and Related Derivatives Halogen Substituted Derivatives Nitroso Substituted Derivatives Nitro Substituted Derivatives Aldehydes and Ketones Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Sulfonic Acids and Derivatives Functional Group Substituents on Nitrogen Mercury Substituted Derivatives Metallic and Non-metallic Complexes Miscellaneous Derivatives
HMGB1 as a therapeutic target for sepsis: it's all in the timing! (2014)

Morbidity and mortality from severe sepsis remain high, despite decades of research and improvements in intensive care unit (ICU) care. There have been over 100 failed clinical trials of biological response modifiers aimed at single therapeutic targets, mostly to suppress the early pro-inflammatory responses. In the last decade, extracellular HMGB1 has emerged as a late mediator of sepsis in murine sepsis models, whose blockade improves mortality and has a wider therapeutic window than previous efforts. Although this review promulgates the use of HMGB1 inhibitor as a therapeutic target, it should be recognized that it may not be an optimal approach to the early systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) response and cytokine storm, but rather for those patients who survive their cytokine storm and present with a persistent inflammatory, immunosuppressive and catabolism response (PICS). With earlier implementation of evidence-based best care principles for treating sepsis, fewer patients are dying from early septic shock, and there is an endemic increase in sepsis survivors with dismal long-term outcomes. These patients have ongoing inflammatory processes that may well be driven by the late and continued release of HMGB1 and other damage-associated molecular patterns receptors (DAMPRs). HMGB1 therapeutics, whether antibodies or natural herbal approaches, may be one novel approach for targeting not the early, but the late persistent inflammation of sepsis survivors.
Collecting fingerprints for recognition using mobile phone cameras (2012)

We present in this paper a sample quality control approach for the case using a mobile phone's camera as a fingerprint sensor for fingerprint recognition. Our approach directly estimates the maximum ridge frequency orientation by the amplitude-frequency features of the Fast Fourier Transform and takes the frequency features' difference in two perpendicular orientations as a distinguishing feature for ridge-like patterns. Then a decision criterion which combines the frequency components' energy and ridge orientation features is used to determine if an image block should be classified as high-quality fingerprint area or not. The number of such high-quality blocks can thus be used to indicate the whole fingerprint sample's quality. Experiments show this approach's effectiveness in distinguishing the high-quality blocks from other low-quality ones or background area. Mapping the quality metric to the sample utility as derived from the the NIST minutiae extractor "mindtct" function is also given to verify the approach's quality prediction effectiveness. Keywords: Fingerprint, quality assessment, mobile phone camera
Root-associated fungal microbiota of nonmycorrhizal Arabis alpina and its contribution to plant phosphorus nutrition (2017)

Most land plants live in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rely on this symbiosis to scavenge phosphorus (P) from soil. The ability to establish this partnership has been lost in some plant lineages like the Brassicaceae, which raises the question of what alternative nutrition strategies such plants have to grow in P-impoverished soils. To understand the contribution of plant-microbiota interactions, we studied the root-associated fungal microbiome of <i>Arabis alpina</i> (Brassicaceae) with the hypothesis that some of its components can promote plant P acquisition. Using amplicon sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 2, we studied the root and rhizosphere fungal communities of <i>A. alpina</i> growing under natural and controlled conditions including low-P soils and identified a set of 15 fungal taxa consistently detected in its roots. This cohort included a Helotiales taxon exhibiting high abundance in roots of wild <i>A. alpina</i> growing in an extremely P-limited soil. Consequently, we isolated and subsequently reintroduced a specimen from this taxon into its native P-poor soil in which it improved plant growth and P uptake. The fungus exhibited mycorrhiza-like traits including colonization of the root endosphere and P transfer to the plant. Genome analysis revealed a link between its endophytic lifestyle and the expansion of its repertoire of carbohydrate-active enzymes. We report the discovery of a plant-fungus interaction facilitating the growth of a nonmycorrhizal plant under native P-limited conditions, thus uncovering a previously underestimated role of root fungal microbiota in P cycling.
RF MEMS: Theory, Design, and Technology (2003)

Ultrasmall Radio Frequency and Micro-wave Microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMs), such as switches, varactors, and phase shifters, exhibit nearly zero power consumption or loss. For this reason, they are being developed intensively by corporations worldwide for use in telecommunications equipment. This book acquaints readers with the basics of RF MEMs and describes how to design practical circuits and devices with them. The author, an acknowledged expert in the field, presents a range of real-world applications and shares many valuable tricks of the trade.
2D Vibrational Exciton nano-imaging as a molecular ruler of domain formation in self-assembled monolayers (2021)

We develop precision infrared nano-imaging and -spectroscopy to probe vibrational excitons and associated vibrational wavefunction delocalization as a molecular ruler to study order and domains in molecular materials and self-assembled monolayer on the molecular scale.
Brominated noscapine analogs dampen TLR-mediated IL-8 release. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;HEK293 cells stably transfected with human TLR4-MD-2-CD14 receptors were co-treated with 50 µM of noscapine analogs and LPS concentrations ranging from 10-0.31 pM and incubated overnight. IL-8 release in supernatants was determined by ELISA. No drug: RAW264.7 cells treated with DMSO (50 µM) alone followed by LPS or Pam3CSK4 induction. Nos: noscapine and the TLR ligand. Br-nos: 9-bromonoscapine and the TLR ligand. Red-Br-nos: Reduced bromonoscapine and the TLR ligand. Unstimulated cells were used as control and were treated either with DMSO only or Br-nos (50 µM) without the TLR ligand. &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; values were calculated with reference to no drug values and were &lt;0.0001 for Nos, Br-nos and Red-Br-nos drug treatment.&lt;/p&gt;
Improvement of Radiation Resistance of Pure Silica Core Fibers by Hydrogen Treatment (1985)

A pure silica core fiber with glass cladding is known to produce larger absorption in the visible wavelength region under γ-ray irradiation than a similar fiber with silicone cladding. This absorption is a serious problem, especially in image-guiding fibers used in radiation environments such as in nuclear power plants. The absorption is attributed to the formation of defect centers such as non-bridging oxygen hole centers and E' centers induced by bond scission. A new and simple method of hydrogen treatment to improve the radiation resistance of an optical fiber with a pure silica core has been proposed. Post-treatment by this method can significantly reduce existing radiation-induced absorption, while preliminary treatment can suppress the increase of the radiation-induced absorption.
Low-frequency noise in diamond solution-gated field effect transistors (2010)

Electronic noise is investigated in diamond solution-gated field effect transistors. They exhibit 1/f-type noise, which is evaluated according to Hooge’s empirical relation. Correcting for the contribution of access regions, the Hooge parameter is found to be inversely proportional to the carrier density, suggesting that the noise originates from fluctuations in the number of charge carriers. Trapping and detrapping of charge carriers at dislocations of the diamond crystal is considered the main source of noise. An effective gate voltage noise of 16 μV rms is observed, which is comparable to the noise of similar devices based on Si and GaN.
Response of periradicular tissues to growth factors introduced into the surgical site in the root‐end filling material (1999)

The use of specific growth factors, FGF and a combination of IGF/PDGF, delivered to the prepared root end in a collagen carrier did not initiate the desired periradicular tissue response of regeneration. Diaket, as used in this study, did stimulate a periradicular tissue response compatible with regeneration.
Functional consequences of somatic mutations in cancer using protein pocket-based prioritization approach (2014)

This study provides novel insights into the functional consequences of somatic mutations during tumorigenesis and for anticancer drug responses. The computational approach used might be beneficial to the study of somatic mutations in the era of cancer precision medicine.
The Half-Life of Maternal Transplacental Antibodies in infants from mothers vaccinated with diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis: An individual participant data meta-analysis (2020)

Aim: There are no reliable estimates of the half-lives of maternal antibodies to the antigens found in the primary series vaccines. We aimed to calculate the half-lives of passively acquired antibodies in infants born to mothers participating in studies of tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination during pregnancy. We aimed to determine whether decay rates varied according to maternal age, birthweight, sex, socioeconomic status, country, or vaccine received. Methods: De-identified individual participant data from infants born to women taking part in 9 studies of maternal immunization, in 8 countries (UK, Belgium, Thailand, Vietnam, Canada, Pakistan, USA and the Netherlands) were combined. Blood samples were taken at two timepoints before any Tdap containing vaccines were received by the infant: at birth and at 2-months of age. Decay rates for each antigen were log2-transformed and meta-analysis performed. Half-lives were calculated by taking the reciprocal of the absolute value of the mean decay rates. Results: A total of 4,091 samples were included in the analysis and there was significant variation between studies. There was significant variation in the half-lives of the 6 antigens of interest (p&lt;0.001), with estimates ranging from 28.1 days for diphtheria to 35.6 days for filamentous haemagglutinin. The decay of maternal antibodies did not significantly differ by country-level socioeconomic status, maternal age, sex, birthweight or maternal vaccination. Conclusion: Maternal antibodies decay at different rates for the different antigens, however the magnitude of the differences are small. Differences in laboratory techniques may account for some of the variability between studies.
Nalfurafine hydrochloride to treat pruritus: a review (2015)

Uremic pruritus has a great negative influence on quality of life in hemodialysis (HD) patients and, importantly, negatively affects mortality risk. Recently, nalfurafine hydrochloride, an opioid κ-selective agonist, has been officially approved for resistant pruritus in HD patients on the basis of a well-evidenced clinical trial in Japan. From clinical observation, it has been suggested that the upper neuron system plays a role in its pathogenesis. According to previous experimental results, using mice injected with opioids, dynorphin suppresses itch through binding κ-opioid receptors, suggesting that κ-opioid opioid receptor agonists act as potential therapeutic reagents for pruritus in HD patients. In Japan, a large-scale placebo-controlled study was performed to examine the efficacy and safety of oral nalfurafine hydrochloride for intractable pruritus in 337 HD patients. Two daily doses of 2.5 or 5 μg nalfurafine or placebo were orally administered for 2 weeks, and clinical responses were analyzed. The results showed that the mean decrease in the visual analog scale for pruritus from baseline was 22 mm in the 5 μg nalfurafine hydrochloride group (n=114) and 23 mm in the 2.5 μg group (n=112). These reductions were statistically significant compared with 13 mm, which is the mean decrease of visual analog scale in the placebo group (n=111), demonstrating that nalfurafine is an effective and safe drug for uremic pruritus in HD patients. Moreover, another open-label trial (n=145) examining the long-term effect of 5 μg oral nalfurafine revealed the maintenance of the antipruritic effect of nalfurafine for 52 weeks. In addition, on the basis of recent data showing κ-opioid receptor expression in the epidermis of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, nalfurafine hydrochloride also can be potentially used for these two skin diseases.
Persuasion Invasion (2020)

As civil discourse in America is becoming less substantive and respectful (Doherty, 2019), some educators have turned to educational games as a potential solution. However, providing effective instruction on key civic skills (e.g., perspective taking) requires a level of individualization that is unscalable in traditional classroom environments. Here we present Persuasion Invasion, an educational game that uses Value-Adaptive Instruction to help students learn to engage in productive civil discourse (i.e., discourse that fosters democratic goals (Papacharissi, 2004)). Throughout the game, players learn about the values that underpin our beliefs and barriers to productive discourse (e.g., tribalism and bias). We tested a scalable, value-adaptive intervention, and found that we were able to estimate and, in some cases, reduce the impact of bias when reasoning about political arguments.
Photochemical Ring Opening Rreactions of 3-Alkoxyisocoumarin and 3-Halo-1-isoquinolone (1982)

Irradiation of 3-methoxyisocoumarin ( ) in an alcohol afforded two kinds of diester of homophthalic acid (3 and 4) and the mechanism including novel 1.5-sigmatropic methoxy rearrangement from initially formed ketene (2) to the isomeric ketene (6) was proposed.Similar photochemical ring opening reaction of 3-chloroand -bromo-1-isoquinolones (3 and 9 ) as well as their novel photoalkoxylation reaction is also described.a-Pyrones upon irradiation are known to glve a variety of ring-opened products the initially formed ene-ketenes as intermediates.'Very recently, similar phato-2 chemical ring opening was also observed in some pyrimidones and 2-pyridones.3
Total Diastereofacial Selective Iodofunctionalization of Terpene Derivatives Based on Ipy2BF4. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Action Elimination and Stopping Conditions for the Multi-Armed Bandit and Reinforcement Learning Problems (2006)

We incorporate statistical confidence intervals in both the multi-armed bandit and the reinforcement learning problems. In the bandit problem we show that given n arms, it suffices to pull the arms a total of O((n/e2)log(1/δ)) times to find an e-optimal arm with probability of at least 1-δ. This bound matches the lower bound of Mannor and Tsitsiklis (2004) up to constants. We also devise action elimination procedures in reinforcement learning algorithms. We describe a framework that is based on learning the confidence interval around the value function or the Q-function and eliminating actions that are not optimal (with high probability). We provide a model-based and a model-free variants of the elimination method. We further derive stopping conditions guaranteeing that the learned policy is approximately optimal with high probability. Simulations demonstrate a considerable speedup and added robustness over e-greedy Q-learning.
Introduction (2010)

This book is a history of the Shiite community of what is today Lebanon in the early modern period. It traces the rise and fall of the Hamadas, Harfushes and other Shiite notable families as mukataacıs, agents invested by the Ottoman state to tax and police the rural highland districts of Tripoli, Damascus and Sidon that were not otherwise amenable to government control. Their co-optation by the authorities of the nominally Sunni empire beginning in the sixteenth century, and their displacement through other sectarian groups by the late eighteenth century, raise a number of important questions about Shiism in both Ottoman and Lebanese history.