gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement system Characterization in the Presence of Measurement Errors (2012)

In the calibration of a measurement system, data are collected in order to estimate a mathematical model between one or more factors of interest and a response. Ordinary least squares is a method employed to estimate the regression coefficients in the model. The method assumes that the factors are known without error; yet, it is implicitly known that the factors contain some uncertainty. In the literature, this uncertainty is known as measurement error. The measurement error affects both the estimates of the model coefficients and the prediction, or residual, errors. There are some methods, such as orthogonal least squares, that are employed in situations where measurement errors exist, but these methods do not directly incorporate the magnitude of the measurement errors. This research proposes a new method, known as modified least squares, that combines the principles of least squares with knowledge about the measurement errors. This knowledge is expressed in terms of the variance ratio - the ratio of response error variance to measurement error variance. The variance ratio takes on values between 0 and 1, and for calibration applications, the ratio is typically less than 0.0625. In addition to modified least squares, a new definition of residual errors based on the variance ratio is proposed. Through several simulation studies, it is observed that the new estimator can yield different estimates of the regression coefficients and improve the residual error over ordinary least squares. As a result, modified least squares is shown to be an alternative estimation method in the presence of measurement errors.
Amidon d'igname de Côte d'Ivoire (Dioscorea sp) : diversité biologique et variabilité des propriétés physico-chimiques et fonctionnelles (2003)

Les amidons natifs de 21 cultivars ont été extraits de 4 espèces d'igname de Côte d'Ivoire. Afin de caractériser ces échantillons, des analyses chimiques, physiques, morphologiques et rhéologiques ont été réalisées. Les gels d'amidon de l'espèce D. alata sont les plus visqueux (valeur moyenne: 292 mPa.s; 4% bs) alors que le gel d'amidon de D. dumetorum ne dépasse pas 61 mPa.s . La clarté des gels varie de 9% chez D. dumetorum à 40,7% de transmitance chez D. cayenensis-rotundata. L'étude de la diffraction aux rayons X met en évidence une cristallinité de 36% pour toutes les espèces. Une analyse en composantes principales (ACP) montre que les amidons d'igname de Côte d'Ivoire peuvent être regroupés en 3 classes homogènes: 1) La classe regroupant la totalité des amidons d'igname des espèces D. alata et D. cayenensis-rotundata, est caractérisée par un grain de gros diamètre (25 [mu]m environ), une teneur élevées en amylose (voisin de 26% bs), une forte viscosité intrinsèque (190 cm3.g-1 en moyenne), une viscosité apparente élevée, et une enthalpie de gélatinisation faible (?H = 15 j.g-1), 2) la classe regroupant les D. esculenta, est caractérisée par une petite taille de grains (Ø 6 [mu]m), une viscosité intrinsèque faible (121 cm3.g-1), un ?H élevé (19 J.g-1); 3) la classe de D. dumetorum se différencie de la classe des D. esculenta par un type cristallin de type A pur. Une régression multiple montre que la viscosité apparente des gels est a la fois liée à la fraction dispersée et à la taille des grains d'amidon. Cette étude met en évidence la grande diversité des propriétés physico-chimiques et fonctionnelles des amidons d'igname et ouvre des perspectives de valorisation spécifique en industrie alimentaire.
Tension optimization of the 6-DOF cable-driven boat motion simulator (2021)

The 6 degrees of freedom cable-driven boat motion simulator has eight cables and a moving platform in replicating the boat motion. The platform is connected to cables and is moved by adjusting the length of the cables. The simulator has more cables than its degrees of freedom is defined as an underdetermined system, which means the tension solution is not unique and can be optimized while controlling the platform to the desired position. Leveraging the equilibrium condition and the dynamic equation of tensegrity systems, linearized equations of motion of the moving platform were derived. A Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI)-based controller design and a convex optimization validated to stabilizing the system and optimizing cable tensions. A simulation model is suggested to verify optimized cable tension solutions and the feasibility of the LMI based controller.
Tsga8 is required for spermatid morphogenesis and male fertility in mice (2021)

During spermatogenesis, intricate gene expression is coordinately regulated by epigenetic modifiers, which are required for differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) contained among undifferentiated spermatogonia. We have previously found that KMT2B conveys H3K4me3 at bivalent and monovalent promoters in undifferentiated spermatogonia. Because these genes are expressed late in spermatogenesis or during embryogenesis, we expect that many of them are potentially programmed by KMT2B for future expression. Here, we show that one of the genes targeted by KMT2B, Tsga8, plays an essential role in spermatid morphogenesis. Loss of Tsga8 in mice leads to male infertility associated with abnormal chromosomal distribution in round spermatids, malformation of elongating spermatid heads and spermiation failure. Tsga8 depletion leads to dysregulation of thousands of genes, including the X-chromosome genes that are reactivated in spermatids, and insufficient nuclear condensation accompanied by reductions of TNP1 and PRM1, key factors for histone-to-protamine transition. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of spermatids rescued the infertility phenotype, suggesting competency of the spermatid genome for fertilization. Thus, Tsga8 is a KMT2B target that is vitally necessary for spermiogenesis and fertility.
Comparing Appearance Models Using Pictorial Images (1993)

Eight different color appearance models were tested using pictorial images. A psychophysical paired comparison experiment was performed where 30 color-normal observers judged reference and test images via successive-Ganzfeld haploscopic viewing such that each eye maintained constant chromatic adaptation and inter-ocular interactions were minimized. It was found that models based on von Kries had best performance, specifically CIELAB, HUNT, RLAB, and von Kries.
Visible light communication based on space-division multiple access optical beamforming (2014)

We propose and demonstrate a visible light communication (VLC) scheme based on space-division multiple access (SDMA) optical beamforming to accommodate multiple user devices in the VLC based on optical beamforming. SDMA optical beamforming is a technique which separates light-emitting diode light spatially and focuses each part on different target devices simultaneously. We show the experimental results of the VLC signal amplitudes, the optical power densities, and the bit-error rate performance as a function of transmission distance before and after the SDMA optical beamforming. The results show that the VLC signal amplitudes and optical power densities are improved by 8-2 and 3.8-5 dB, respectively, with the help of SDMA optical beamforming.
On: “Straightforward inversion of vertical electrical sounding data”; discussion and reply (1998)

Abstract Reading the paper by Pravin K. Gupta, Sri Niwas, and Vinod Gaur in Geophysics, I came to the opinion that, although the proposed algorithm is interesting and may inspire interpreters of electrical data in the future, a number of misleading and even contradictory statements are present in the text. Here are two examples.
MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE Disease burden and treatment challenges in patients with both Addison’s disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus (2020)

Concurrent type 1 diabetes (T1D) and Addison's disease (AD) is a rare combination of diseases and, in approximately one third of these patients, it is also combined with an autoimmune thyroid disease. Recently, it was shown that patients with both T1D and AD have a higher risk of premature death compared to patients with T1D alone, the most common causes of death being due to diabetic complications and cardiovascular disease. These patients receiving replacement therapies with both insulin and glucocorticoids face an increased risk of hypo- and hyperglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis and have a higher risk of adrenal crisis than patients with AD alone. Treatment challenges include the opposing effects of insulin and glucocorticoids on glucose homeostasis and the need to balance and synchronize these two treatments. The rarity of this disease combination may explain the paucity of data on outcome and specific treatment strategies in this patient group. Based on this review, we suggest management strategies for their insulin and glucocorticoid replacement therapies and indicate future areas of research.
Extracts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Isoliquiritigenin Counteract Amyloid-β Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans (2015)

Alzheimer's disease is a rising threat for modern societies as more and more people reach old age. To date, there is no effective treatment for this condition. In this study, we investigated the potential of Glycyrrhiza uralensis to counteract amyloid-β toxicity, one of the key features of Alzheimer's disease. An LC-MS/MS analysis revealed glycyrrhizic acid and glycosylated forms of isoliquiritigenin and liquiritigenin as major constituents of water and methanol extracts of G. uralensis. These extracts and the pure compounds were tested for their activity in two Caenorhabditis elegans models of amyloid-β aggregation and amyloid-β toxicity, respectively. The number of amyloid-β aggregates decreased by 30% after treatment with isoliquiritigenin, the methanol extract could reduce the number by 14%, liquiritigenin and glycyrrhizic acid by 15%, and the aglycon of glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, by 20%. Both extracts and isoliquiritigenin also showed significant activity against acute amyloid-β toxicity in transgenic C. elegans that express human amyloid-β peptides, delaying the paralysis in this model by 1.8 h and 1.1 h, respectively. We conclude that secondary compounds of G. uralensis may become interesting drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, which, however, need further analysis in other model systems.
SKYSURF-4: Panchromatic HST All-Sky Surface-Brightness Measurement Methods and Results (2022)

The diffuse, unresolved sky provides most of the photons that the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) receives, yet remains poorly understood. HST Archival Legacy program SKYSURF aims to measure the 0.2-1.6 $μ$m sky surface brightness (sky-SB) from over 140,000 HST images. We describe a sky-SB measurement algorithm designed for SKYSURF that is able to recover the input sky-SB from simulated images to within 1% uncertainty. We present our sky-SB measurements estimated using this algorithm on the entire SKYSURF database. Comparing our sky-SB spectral energy distribution (SED) to measurements from the literature shows general agreements. Our SKYSURF SED also reveals a possible dependence on Sun angle, indicating either non-isotropic scattering of solar photons off interplanetary dust or an additional component to Zodiacal Light. Finally, we update Diffuse Light limits in the near-IR based on the methods from Carleton et al. (2022), with values of 0.009 MJy sr$^{-1}$ (22 nW m$^{-2}$ sr$^{-1}$) at 1.25 $μ$m, 0.015 MJy sr$^{-1}$ (32 nW m$^{-2}$ sr$^{-1}$) at 1.4 $μ$m, and 0.013 MJy sr$^{-1}$ (25 nW m$^{-2}$ sr$^{-1}$) at 1.6 $μ$m. These estimates provide the most stringent all-sky constraints to date in this wavelength range. SKYSURF sky-SB measurements are made public on the official SKYSURF website and will be used to constrain Diffuse Light in future papers.
Optimizing a Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Combined Cycle With Gas Turbine Topping Cycle (1993)

Combined Cycles for the generation of electricity or co-generation of heat and power with Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) of coal and a gas turbine topping cycle fired with a fuel suitable for gas turbines have been studied to set up optimum process parameters with respect to net efficiency, emissions including CO2, and keeping in mind the feasibility of the plant components. As a basic approach, natural gas has been considered as a fuel for the topping gas turbine. Net efficiencies up to 50% (LHV) are acheived. For the calculations, a Recursive Equality Constraint Quadratic Programming Method (RECQPM) is applied. The method is semi-implicit, i. e. the equations describing the process are solved using a non-linear equations system solver; the modular structure of the cycle is, however, made up for by programme modules set up for the relevant components/units. With the process layouts studied, the PFBC should be operated at a pressure level to allow for a compact design of the PFBC steam generator and the Hot Gas Clean-Up Unit (HGCU), and to take advantage of the pressure with respect to combustion efficiency, in-bed sulfur retention and NOx-reduction. The overall pressure ratio of the topping gas turbine, e. g. consisting of an LP-compressor plus a free running HP spool, and exhausting to the PFB combustor, should be in the range of 30. Further developments of gas turbine technology with respect to pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature can be incorporated into the process and will be associated with an increase of overall efficiency. The heat to be extracted from the coal fired PFBC at the typical combustion temperature of 850°C allows for steam generation at conventional live steam and reheat temperatures (and pressures). The incorporation of advanced steam cycle parameters, as actually considered for pulverized coal fired boilers, would again increase the overall net efficiency of the cycle by some 5% with an increase of both the live steam and the reheat temperature from 540°C to 600°C. In contrast to conventional combined cycles with an unfired waste heat boiler for steam generation, the overall efficiency of the PFBC combined cycle with gas turbine topping cycle is only marginally affected by dual pressure steam cycle arrangements, except for very sophisticated and costly designs. To use gas from an integrated coal gasification unit rather than natural gas as a fuel for the topping gas turbine would result in an entirely coal based process. Due to the capability of the PFBC to burn residues of coal gasification and gas purification, this process, compared to pure Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles (IGCC), is less sensitive to the carbon conversion acheived. Even more, the raw gas purification might be simplified, and the process efficiency might be increased as a result of the sulphur removal to be acheived in the PFBC rather than in a raw gas sweetening process. Some preliminary findings for a process with an integrated partial gasification unit are discussed.
The photodynamic action of rose bengal on Trypanosoma cruzi. (1984)

In the presence of light and oxygen, rose bengal causes oxidative damage to Trypanosoma cruzi. The production of lipid hydroperoxides was demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography, and severe ultrastructural alterations compatible with an increased permeability of the cells, which led to gradual osmotic swelling and ultimately to lysis, were observed by electron microscopy. As a result of this treatment, the infectivity of T. cruzi trypomastigotes in mice was abolished. In addition, under anaerobic conditions, rose bengal was found to undergo a one-electron reduction in intact T. cruzi epimastigotes to produce a carbon-centered free radical as demonstrated by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The formation of this radical was also enhanced by light.
Detección de Salmonella y coliformes fecales en agua de uso agrícola para la producción de melón "Cantaloupe" (2008)

El agua que se utiliza en la produccion de cultivos hortofruticolas representa una fuente potencial de microorganismos que ocasionan enfermedades de transmision alimentaria. Con el objetivo de evaluar la calidad sanitaria de diferentes fuentes de agua empleadas en la produccion de melon Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. [grupo reticulatus] cv. Ovacion y Caminos), en Zirandaro de los Chavez, Guerrero, se analizaron 71 muestras de agua provenientes de dos unidades de campo (23) y de una unidad de empaque (48) mediante metodos bacteriologicos convencionales para la deteccion de Salmonella spp, y por el metodo de filtracion en membrana y el crecimiento en medios selectivos, para la deteccion de coliformes fecales, como indicadores de contaminacion fecal. Del total de muestras de agua analizadas solo tres muestras de campo resultaron positivas a la presencia de Salmonella spp. y nueve muestras, siete de campo y dos de la unidad de empaque, resultaron positivas a coliformes fecales. Salmonella spp. y coliformes fecales se detectaron principalmente en muestras de agua no clorada a 29 °C y 7.5 de pH, en promedio. En pruebas de reaccion en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), dos de cuatro cepas presuntivas de Salmonella ssp. dieron amplificaciones positivas con los iniciadores Sal-3 y Sal-4, y invA-1 e invA-2; de las otras dos, solo dieron amplificacion positiva con Sal-3 y Sal-4. Aparentemente se tiene mas de una raza o serovar de Salmonella en la region. Estos resultados sugieren que algunas de las fuentes de agua empleadas en la produccion de melon Cantaloupe en Zirandaro de los Chavez, Guerrero, no cumplen con la normatividad sanitaria por lo que estas fuentes deben establecerse como puntos prerequisitos de control para evitar la contaminacion de melones frescos con patogenos de humanos.
Functional Differentiation of Peroxisomes Revealed by Expression Profiles of Peroxisomal Genes in Arabidopsis thaliana (2003)

It is well known that peroxisomal matrix proteins contain one of two targeting signals, PTS1 and PTS2. We comprehensively surveyed genes related to peroxisomal function and biogenesis in the entire Arabidopsis genome sequence. Here, we identified 256 gene candidates of PTS1- and PTS2-containing proteins and another 30 genes of non-PTS-containing proteins. Of these, only 29 proteins have been reported to be functionally characterized as peroxisomal proteins in higher plants. We extensively investigated expression profiles of genes described above in various organs of Arabidopsis: Statistical analyses of these expression profiles revealed that peroxisomal genes could be divided into five groups. One group showed ubiquitous expression in all organs examined, while the other four were classified as showing organ-specific expression in seedlings, cotyledons, roots and in both cotyledons and leaves. These data proposed more detailed description of differentiation of plant peroxisomes.
A Randomized, Prospective Cross-Over Trial Comparing Methylene Blue-Directed Biopsy and Conventional Random Biopsy for Detecting Intestinal Metaplasia and Dysplasia in Barrett’s Esophagus (2003)

The diagnostic accuracy of the MBDB technique was superior to that of the random biopsy technique for identifying specialized intestinal metaplasia, but not dysplasia or carcinoma. The intensity of methylene blue staining has an influence on the detection of specialized intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia or carcinoma, which may help in targeting the biopsies. Although MBDB prolongs the endoscopy procedure slightly, it is a safe and well-tolerated procedure. Further clinical studies on the MBDB technique exclusively in endoscopically normal dysplastic Barrett's esophagus are needed.
Pain complaint-exercise performance relationship in chronic pain (1981)

Chronic pain patients typically display reduced activity level attributed to pain and implying a positive correlation between exercise or activity and pain complaints. This study correlated observed pain complaints with amount of prescribed exercise performed by chronic pain patients when exercising to tolerance. Patients were in evaluation of earliest stages of multi-modal treatment. Exercises were physician prescribed to assess use of involved body parts and to promote general activity level. Patients were instructed to do exercise repetitions until pain, weakness or fatigue caused them to stop. Patients decided when to stop. Observations of amount of exercise performed were correlated with observed visible or audible indications of pain or suffering (pain behaviors). Results indicate a consistent negative relationship, i.e., the more exercise performed, the fewer the pain behaviors. This finding is contrary to the frequently observed physician prescription with chronic pain to limit exercise when pain increases.
Unit Test Case Generation with Transformers and Focal Context (2020)

Automated unit test case generation tools facilitate test-driven development and support developers by suggesting tests intended to identify flaws in their code. Existing approaches are usually guided by the test coverage criteria, generating synthetic test cases that are often difficult for developers to read or understand. In this paper we propose AthenaTest, an approach that aims to generate unit test cases by learning from real-world focal methods and developer-written testcases. We formulate unit test case generation as a sequence-to-sequence learning task, adopting a two-step training procedure consisting of denoising pretraining on a large unsupervised Java corpus, and supervised finetuning for a downstream translation task of generating unit tests. We investigate the impact of natural language and source code pretraining, as well as the focal context information surrounding the focal method. Both techniques provide improvements in terms of validation loss, with pretraining yielding 25% relative improvement and focal context providing additional 11.1% improvement. We also introduce Methods2Test, the largest publicly available supervised parallel corpus of unit test case methods and corresponding focal methods in Java, which comprises 780K test cases mined from 91K open-source repositories from GitHub. We evaluate AthenaTest on five defects4j projects, generating 25K passing test cases covering 43.7% of the focal methods with only 30 attempts. We execute the test cases, collect test coverage information, and compare them with test cases generated by EvoSuite and GPT-3, finding that our approach outperforms GPT-3 and has comparable coverage w.r.t. EvoSuite. Finally, we survey professional developers on their preference in terms of readability, understandability, and testing effectiveness of the generated tests, showing overwhelmingly preference towards AthenaTest.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Is Neuroprotective when Administered Either before or after Injury in a Focal Cortical Cold Lesion Model (2005)

Dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate (DHEAS) are sex hormone precursors that exert marked neurotrophic and/or neuroprotective activity in the central nervous system. The present study evaluated the effects of DHEAS and 17beta-estradiol (E2) in a focal cortical cold lesion model, in which DHEAS (50 mg/kg, sc) and E2 (35 mg/kg, sc) were administered either as pretreatment (two subsequent injections 1 d and 1 h before lesion induction) or posttreatment (immediately after lesion induction). The focal cortical cold lesion was induced in the primary motor cortex by means of a cooled copper cylinder placed directly onto the cortical surface. One hour later, the animals were killed, the brains cut into 0.4-mm-thick slices, and the sections stained with 1% triphenyltetrazolium chloride. The volume of the hemispheric lesion was calculated for each animal. The results demonstrated that the lesion area was significantly attenuated in both the DHEAS- and E2- pre- and posttreated groups and that in the presence of letrozole, a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor, no neuroprotection was observed, suggesting that the beneficial effect of DHEAS on the cold injury might depend on the conversion of DHEAS to E2 within the brain. It is concluded that even a single posttraumatic administration of DHEAS may be of substantial therapeutic benefit in the treatment of focal brain injury with vasogenic edema.