gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Contrastive Examples for Addressing the Tyranny of the Majority (2020)

Computer vision algorithms, e.g. for face recognition, favour groups of individuals that are better represented in the training data. This happens because of the generalization that classifiers have to make. It is simpler to fit the majority groups as this fit is more important to overall error. We propose to create a balanced training dataset, consisting of the original dataset plus new data points in which the group memberships are intervened, minorities become majorities and vice versa. We show that current generative adversarial networks are a powerful tool for learning these data points, called contrastive examples. We experiment with the equalized odds bias measure on tabular data as well as image data (CelebA and Diversity in Faces datasets). Contrastive examples allow us to expose correlations between group membership and other seemingly neutral features. Whenever a causal graph is available, we can put those contrastive examples in the perspective of counterfactuals.
Miniature-Autopilot Evaluation System (2008)

This research describes a Hardware in the Loop Simulator (HILS) that was developed to enhance the quality of attitude data received from autopilots. The described system aided in adjusting the contribution of individual IMU sensors and thereby improved the accuracy of IMU data. The HILS system outlined in this research is a gimbaled platform equipped with four stepper motors and two optical shaft encoders. The stepper motors simulated flight, while the shaft encoders reported the platform's exact angular position. Having exact attitude information to compare with IMU data allowed for the filtering of IMU errors. The HILS system was also used as an inertial frame of reference to which IMU data was synchronized.
The Architecture of IBM's Early Computers (1981)

Most of the early computers made by IBM for commercial production are briefly described with an emphasis on architecture and performance. The description covers a period of fifteen years, starting with the design of an experimental machine in 1949 and extending to, but not including, the announcement in 1964 of System/360.
Peroxides and peroxide-forming compounds (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVFeatureNEXTPeroxides and peroxide-forming compoundsDonald E. ClarkDonald E. ClarkMore by Donald E. ClarkCite this: Chem. Health Saf. 2001, 8, 5, 12–22Publication Date (Web):September 1, 2001Publication History Published online1 September 2001Published inissue 1 September 2001https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-9098(01)00247-7Copyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1173Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (131 KB) Get e-Alerts
Genome-Wide Analysis of Serine Carboxypeptidase-Like Acyltransferase Gene Family for Evolution and Characterization of Enzymes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Galloylated Catechins in the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) (2020)

Tea (<i>Camellia sinensis</i> L.) leaves synthesize and concentrate a vast array of galloylated catechins (e.g., EGCG and ECG) and non-galloylated catechins (e.g., EGC, catechin, and epicatechin), together constituting 8%-24% of the dry leaf mass. Galloylated catechins account for a major portion of soluble catechins in tea leaves (up to 75%) and make a major contribution to the astringency and bitter taste of the green tea, and their pharmacological activity for human health. However, the catechin galloylation mechanism in tea plants is largely unknown at molecular levels. Previous studies indicated that glucosyltransferases and serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases (SCPL) might be involved in the process. However, details about the roles of SCPLs in the biosynthesis of galloylated catechins remain to be elucidated. Here, we performed the genome-wide identification of SCPL genes in the tea plant genome. Several SCPLs were grouped into clade IA, which encompasses previously characterized SCPL-IA enzymes with an acylation function. Twenty-eight tea genes in this clade were differentially expressed in young leaves and vegetative buds. We characterized three SCPL-IA enzymes (CsSCPL11-IA, CsSCPL13-IA, CsSCPL14-IA) with galloylation activity toward epicatechins using recombinant enzymes. Not only the expression levels of these SCPLIA genes coincide with the accumulation of galloylated catechins in tea plants, but their recombinant enzymes also displayed β-glucogallin:catechin galloyl acyltransferase activity. These findings provide the first insights into the identities of genes encoding glucogallin:catechin galloyl acyltransferases with an active role in the biosynthesis of galloylated catechins in tea plants.
Incidencia de las estrategias de alfabetización económica en el ámbito familiar sobre el desarrollo del pensamiento económico de los niños (2014)

Desde una perspectiva cognitivo, estructuralista, evolucionista, que resalta los aspectos cognitivos del proceso de comprensión de conceptos económicos y desde una perspectivas del aprendizaje social, que resalta los factores externos de la comprensión de conceptos económicos, el articulo tiene como propósito presentar los resultados de un estudio que se planteo como objetivo determinar la incidencia de las estrategias de alfabetización económica identificada por una muestra de de 150 niños entre los 10 y 14 años de edad, como utilizadas por sus padres para alfabetizarlos económicamente sobre el desarrollo de su pensamiento económico y la incidencia del nivel socioeconómico la estructura familiar y la edad, a través una guía de entrevista para hijos y del test de alfabetización económica para niños respectivamente. En síntesis el resultado del modelo que incluye toadas la variables independientes abordadas en el estudio y que explica el 62,81% de la variabilidad en el TAEN muestran que en primer lugar la edad, en segundo lugar el nivel socioeconómico bajo -en dirección negativa- y en tercer lugar el número total de estrategias percibidas por los niños como utilizadas por sus padres para alfabetizarlos económicamente, inciden de manera directa sobre el desarrollo de su pensamiento económico.
Sequence based analysis of U-2973, a cell line established from a double-hit B-cell lymphoma with concurrent MYC and BCL2 rearrangements (2012)

We describe the cell line in much greater detail, and pinpoint the exact locations of the chromosomal breakpoints. We also find several rearrangements within cancer-associated genes, which were not found using conventional tools, suggesting that high throughput sequencing may reveal novel targets for therapy, which could be used concurrently with existing treatments.
Catastrophic Optical Damage Generation Mechanism in (AlGa) As DH Lasers (1979)

Under high optical power operation, (AlGa)As DH lasers suffer from catastrophic optical damage (COD). When the COD occurs dark line defects are observed in the bulk crystal, as well as in mirror surface damage. The COD generation mechanism is clarified by TEM observation of the defects associated with the COD and by investigation on transient behaviors of lasing light excited by one-shot-pulse. It is confirmed that such defects are generated by local overheating up to the melting point of GaAs due to the thermal positive feed back and following transfer of molten zone.
C1‐(C84‐C2(11))(CF3)12: Trifluoromethylation Yields Structural Proof of a Minor C84 Cage and Reveals a Principle of Higher Fullerene Reactivity (2008)

Bändermuster: Ein C84(CF3)12-Fullerenisomer mit C84-C2(11)-Käfig (siehe röntgenkristallographisch bestimmte Molekülstruktur) zeigt ein neues Reaktivitätsprinzip für hohle höhere Fullerene: Bei 1,4-Additionen von sperrigen Gruppen, die zu Bändern oder Schleifen kantenverknüpfter p-C6X2-Sechsecke führen, bleiben die „reaktivsten“ Doppelbindungen intakt. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2008/z801777_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Aging does not impact drug--drug interaction magnitudes with antiretrovirals (2020)

: The risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is elevated in aging people living with HIV (PLWH) because of highly prevalent age-related comorbidities leading to more comedications. To investigate the impact of aging on DDI magnitudes between comedications (amlodipine, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin) and boosted darunavir, we conducted a clinical trial in aging PLWH aged at least 55 years. DDI magnitudes were comparable with those reported in young individuals supporting that the clinical management of DDIs in aging PLWH can be similar.
Dynamically evolvable distributed systems (2003)

Dynamic evolution allows designers to move logic from interpreted data structures into directly executed code. This provides the efficiency of code-driven security enforcement without sacrificing flexibility. The Evolvable Systems Project (ESP) at University of California, is developing techniques for safely and securely evolve distributed Java applications at runtime. We briefly describe the design and implementation of a type-safe model for dynamically modifying Java programs on a single host. We then describe how this model can be applied for building an adaptive security infrastructure. An extension of the single host model to a distributed environment is considered. Finally, we conclude with a brief outline of the project and the future work.
High-quality recording of a full-parallax holographic stereogram with a digital diffuser (1994)

A digital diffuser designed for the efficient recording of Fourier holography is applied to the exposure of full-parallax holographic stereograms. From experimental results we confirm that the gray-level characteristic is greatly improved with the digital diffuser. High-resolution three-dimensional imagery is obtained with suppression of speckle noise. The limitation of the resolution is also described.
Quantification of pulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass to permit direct comparison of the effectiveness of various types of "pulsatile" and "nonpulsatile" flow. (1985)

The relative merits of adding a "pulsatile" component to flow during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has long generated controversy, the resolution of which has been hampered by lack of quantification of the "pulsatility" delivered by different devices. The present experimental series had two goals: to quantify the "pulsatility" of blood flow during CPB in terms of pulse rate and pulsatility index (PI) and to examine which aspects of a "pulsed flow" provide clinical benefits. A flow waveform can be expressed in terms of its baseline rate and its PI, the sum of the square of its harmonics components divided by the square of the mean flow. We used PI to quantify the pulsatility of blood flow in the descending thoracic aorta and used changes in the serum lactate level as an indication of end organ flow. In one experimental series seven adult mongrel dogs were placed on roller pump CPB at a constant flow of 100 ml/kg/min. After a 20-minute stabilization period a roller pump wave and three different pulse shapes (generated by a computer-controlled hydraulic pump) were evaluated for 15 minutes each. The pulse wave shapes were graded, with C being the sharpest and A the least sharp. In a second series six other dogs were placed on CPB and were subjected to roller pump perfusion and three pulse waves of identical shape but at different rates. The results indicated that a combination of a minimum PI of 1.88 and a minimum rate of 80 bpm were necessary to significantly reduce lactate production as compared with roller pump perfusion. Thus the same mean flow can have very different physiologic effects depending on how it is delivered. This quantification method permits direct comparison of different "pulsatile waveforms" and provides a means for identification of optimal pulsatile flow.
Studies on the Pyrimidine Derivatives. XX. On the Studies of S-Alkoxycarbonylthiamine.(1) (1962)

Various kinds of S-alkoxycarbonylthiamine and O, S-bis (ethoxycarbonyl) thiamine were prepared. They showed a thiamine-like activity and were readily absorbed from the intestine. Some of them are excellent in regard to the increase and duration of thiamine blood levels when orally administered.
JOINT DETERMINATION OF PRICE, WAR RANTY LENGTH AND PRODUCTION QUANTITY FOR NEW PRODUCTS UNDER FREE RENEWAL WARRANTY POLICY (2010)

An optimal business strategy which integrates the decisions, such as pricing, production quantity, and custom er service, in or der to maximize profit is vital for any manufacturing industry. Post sale factors like warranty, spare parts availability, maintenance, service and cost play an important role in the sale of a product. As better warranty signals higher product quality which provides greater assurance to customers, warranty is an important factor in marketing new products. In this paper, a decision model with the price, warranty length and production quantity of a product as decision variables to maximize profit based on the pre-determined product life cycle is presented. The study considers free renewal warranty policy for producers in the static sales market. The expected number of renewals based on the warranty length is derived for lognormally distributed products. The effect of model parameters on the profit is studied.
Liraglutide Treatment Is Associated with a Low Frequency and Magnitude of Antibody Formation with No Apparent Impact on Glycemic Response or Increased Frequency of Adverse Events: Results from the Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes (LEAD) Trials (2011)

Liraglutide was less immunogenic than exenatide; the frequency and levels of anti-liraglutide antibodies were low and did not impact glycemic efficacy or safety.
Fowler-Nordheim Slope Dependence on Pressure in Controlled Poor Vacuum (2021)

We present the emission characteristics from a single Si emitter with integrated nanowire, obtained at different pressures by the influx of gases. This is enabled by a nanopositioning stage and a sharp tungsten anode. We compared emission characteristics in ultra-high vacuum to operation in Ar, O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> and H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> up to 10− <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> Torr. Our results indicate that emission characteristics improved in H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> but severely deteriorated in O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> . Original characteristics are recovered after measurements in O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> by performing multiple sweeps, implying the degradation is not permanent and due to adsorbed gas molecules.
Effects of Magnitude and Phase Distortion in 8-PSK Systems on Error Vector Magnitude Measurements (2001)

This work investigates the effects of magnitude and/or phase distortions, in 8-Phase Shift Keying (8-PSK) systems, due to Gaussian bandpass noise. Analytical expressions are derived to compute the performance of the distorted 8-PSK signals in terms of error vector magnitude (EVM), symbol error rate (SER) and Es/No. The results show that the same value of EVM may result in different SER values depending on the type of distortion. Simulations are carried out to confirm the results of the derived expressions. I.
Stretching-Robust Laplace Spectral Descriptor for Non-rigid 3D Shape Retrieval (2014)

This paper proposes a framework based on harmonic mean normalized Laplace-Beltrami spectral descriptor for non-rigid 3D shape retrieval. A series of experiments show harmonic mean normalization is suited to classification of stretched shapes, and is robust to isometric transformation, holes, local scaling, noise, shot noise and sampling. To better distinguish among shapes with fine or rough details, weighting method and fusion method are employed. We use the two methods to reduce the adverse impact of high frequency when the shapes with fine and rough details are distinguished. In the experiments, three 3D shape retrieval benchmarks are used, and our approach has better performance than other state-of-the-art methods on both retrieval accuracy and time performance for stretched non-rigid 3D shapes.
<title>Presentation and demonstration of a full-color ICVision holographic stereogram display</title> (1996)

The ICVision system provides the functional equivalent of a real-time holographic stereogram. Using diffractive optics, the system creates a set of discrete viewing regions called virtual viewing slits. Each pixel of the display fills each viewing slit with different image data. When the images presented in two virtual viewing slits separated by an interoccular distance are filled with stereoscopic pair images, the observer sees a 3D image. The images are computed so that a different stereo pair is presented each time the viewer moves approximately 1 eye pupil diameter (approximately 3 mm), thus providing a series of stereo views. The current embodiment of the ICVision display is realized by integrating a diffractive optical element with a conventional AMLCD. The authors have previously reported on the design of static displays and real-time monochromatic full motion displays. This paper discusses the design details of a full color display. The current system does not require the use of color filters within the AMLCD. A portable version of the real-time color display will be demonstrated at the conference.
Review of Cutaneous Lasers and Their Applications (1998)

Lasers, when properly used, offer clear advantages when compared with older, traditional approaches. Laser technology is clearly at its best when the characteristics of selectivity and specificity apply. Significant improvement and even elimination of many cutaneous lesions can now be accomplished with reduced risks to the patient when proper patient selection and laser treatment parameters are chosen.
Relative efficacy of training with low-contrast Gabors in subacute versus chronic cortically-induced blindness (2022)

Stroke damage to the primary visual cortex (V1) causes loss of vision known as cortically-induced blindness (CB). Our prior work showed that high-contrast visual training improves visual functions in both subacute (<6 months post-stroke) and chronic (>6 months post-stroke) CB patients. However, contrast sensitivity remained abnormal. Here, we asked if training patients to discriminate visual stimuli of progressively lower contrasts can further improve contrast sensitivity, whether this is equally effective in subacute and chronic participants, and whether temporal frequency and/or direction in the stimulus alters efficacy. Thirteen subacute (age:55±13yr, 9M/4F) and 11 chronic (age:56±13yr, 5M/6F) participants were trained at 2 non-overlapping blind-field locations on either orientation discrimination of static non-flickering Gabors (TF=0Hz, SF=1cpd), orientation discrimination of static flickering Gabors (TF=10Hz,SF=1cpd) or direction discrimination of drifting Gabors (TF=10Hz, SF=1cpd). Gabors were 4 or 5° in diameter, with blurred edges (sigma=1°). After daily home training for 3-6 months, we computed changes in contrast thresholds and contrast sensitivity functions at all trained locations and corresponding intact locations. Training with static Gabors (flickering and non-flickering) failed to improve contrast sensitivity in both subacute and chronic groups. Direction discrimination training also failed to improve contrast sensitivity in chronics. However, in subacutes, it did improve contrast thresholds (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p=0.01) and contrast sensitivity functions (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p<0.05). Our results suggest that training chronic CB participants with low-contrast Gabors does not restore basic discrimination performance on trained tasks, even when spatio-temporal frequency parameters optimal for blindsight are used. Only subacutes benefited from low-contrast training, and only when stimuli contained direction information. This may reflect relative preservation of motion-selective units in subacute participants, which could underlie a greater but time-limited potential to recover behavioral contrast sensitivity after V1 damage.
Automatic scenario generation based on laserscanner reference data and advanced offline processing (2013)

This paper presents the use of advanced perception systems for the automated generation of simulated driving scenarios. We describe our advances in the fields of laser scanning processing for reference generation, and illustrate the use of reference data for constructing simulated virtual scenarios that can be loaded, manipulated and used within a commercial simulator.
Haldane-gap chains in a magnetic field (2004)

We consider quasi one dimensional spin-1 Heisenberg chains with crystal field anisotropy in a uniform magnetic field. We determine the dynamical structure factor in various limits and obtain a fairly complete qualitative picture of how it changes with the applied field. In particular, we discuss how the width of the higher energy single magnon modes depends on the field. We consider the effects of a weak interchain coupling. We discuss the relevance of our results for recent neutron scattering experiments on the quasi-1D Haldane-gap compound NDMAP.
Application of NanoString technologies in companion diagnostic development (2019)

<b>Introduction</b>: NanoString nCounter technology, a novel molecular assay, is gaining prevalent use in clinical settings as it can overcome some common constraints that are associated with the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Compared to PCR, NanoString technology does not involve any amplification steps, which significantly minimizes the chance of contamination. NanoString measures the number of mRNA transcripts directly by 'molecular counting', as up to 800 colored probes can be run simultaneously in a single reaction. <b>Areas covered</b>: This manuscript reviews the principle of NanoString and covers the main applications of NanoString in companion diagnostics with a focus on cancer immunotherapy and disease prognosis estimation. This review has also taken a step in the direction of personalized medicine, with the application of NanoString on the realm of companion diagnostics. <b>Expert opinion</b>: NanoString is going to take a vital role in companion diagnostics and personalized medicine, owing to its simple and easy to use characteristics. Yet, the use of NanoString requires normalization of expression level, which is represented by the copy number of respective mRNA, with a reference gene. Furthermore, difficulty in probe design, which demands prior knowledge of known sequence, has also been a limitation of NanoString.