gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective hemicellulose hydrolysis of Scots pine sawdust (2018)

The depletion of fossil resources is driving forward the search for new and alternative renewable feedstocks in the production of renewable chemicals, which could replace the petroleum-based ones. One such feedstock is pine (Pinus sylvestris) sawdust, which is generated enormous amounts in Finnish sawmills yearly. However, prior to the utilization in high-value applications, it needs to be fractionated into its constituents. In this work, the objective was to produce monomeric hemicellulose sugars from pine sawdust without degrading cellulose or lignin simultaneously. The influence of the reaction temperature and time, as well as acid type and concentration, was studied. Based on the results, the temperature was the main distinguishing feature between cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolysis. Promising results were achieved with acid mixtures consisting of 0.5% sulfuric acid and 5.5 or 10% formic acid. At 120 °C with the reaction time of 2 h, the mixtures produced hemicellulose sugars with the yields of 62%. These yields were comparable to the yields achieved in similar conditions with 1.5% sulfuric acid or 40% formic acid. Therefore, by using an acid mixture, the concentration of a single acid could be reduced significantly. The solid fractions remaining after the hydrolysis consisted mainly of cellulose and lignin, which verified the selectivity of the hemicellulose hydrolysis. Also, the fractionation of the remaining solids confirmed that the utilization of all the sawdust components is feasible.
Analysis of ADSL traffic on an IP backbone link (2004)

Measurements from an Internet backbone link carrying TCP traffic towards different ADSL areas are analyzed. For traffic analysis, we adopt a flow based approach and the popular mice/elephants dichotomy, where mice refer to short traffic transfers and elephants to long transfers. The originality of the reported experimental data, when compared with previous measurements from very high speed backbone links, is that the commercial traffic includes a significant part generated by peer-to-peer applications. This kind of traffic exhibits some remarkable properties in terms of mice and elephants, as we describe. It turns out that by adopting a suitable level of aggregation, the bit rate of mice can be described by means of a Gaussian process. The bit rate of elephants is smoother than that of mice and can also be well approximated by a Gaussian process.
Defect sizing by transient thermography. II. A numerical treatment (1995)

For pt I see ibid., vol. 27, p. 1063-9 (1994). A numerical finite difference approach is applied to the problem of defect sizing. The influence of size, depth, severity and material properties are investigated. Some agreement is found between the numerical results presented here, and an earlier analytical approach. Deviations from the are found, and explained in terms of simplifying assumptions model.
Knipholone and related 4-phenylanthraquinones: structurally, pharmacologically, and biosynthetically remarkable natural products (2008)

This review gives the first comprehensive overview of the rapidly emerging young class of 4-phenylanthraquinones isolated from the three genera Bulbine, Bulbinella, and Kniphofia, all from the plant family Aphodelaceae: their occurrence, structural elucidation (with particular emphasis on the phenomenon of axial chirality), partial and total synthesis, their pharmacological (i.a., antimalarial and antitumoral) activities, and their biosynthetic origin (from acetate units). Particular emphasis is given to the stereostructure of knipholone, the most abundant of these naturally occurring phenylanthraquinones. The most recent highlight is the discovery of the first dimeric representatives, named joziknipholones, involving interesting phenomena of--partially or fully restricted--rotation at the sp2-sp2 and sp2-sp3 axes.
Data from A Cell Proliferation Signature Is a Marker of Extremely Poor Outcome in a Subpopulation of Breast Cancer Patients (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Breast cancer comprises a group of distinct subtypes that despite having similar histologic appearances, have very different metastatic potentials. Being able to identify the biological driving force, even for a subset of patients, is crucially important given the large population of women diagnosed with breast cancer. Here, we show that within a subset of patients characterized by relatively high estrogen receptor expression for their age, the occurrence of metastases is strongly predicted by a homogeneous gene expression pattern almost entirely consisting of cell cycle genes (5-year odds ratio of metastasis, 24.0; 95% confidence interval, 6.0-95.5). Overexpression of this set of genes is clearly associated with an extremely poor outcome, with the 10-year metastasis-free probability being only 24% for the poor group, compared with 85% for the good group. In contrast, this gene expression pattern is much less correlated with the outcome in other patient subpopulations. The methods described here also illustrate the value of combining clinical variables, biological insight, and machine-learning to dissect biological complexity. Our work presented here may contribute a crucial step towards rational design of personalized treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Vapor−Hydrate Equilibrium Ratio Charts for Heavy Hydrocarbon Compounds. 1. Structure-II Hydrates:  Benzene, Cyclopentane, Cyclohexane, and Neopentane (1997)

The most successful empirical method for predicting hydrate-phase equilibrium in water−hydrocarbon system is based upon vapor−solid equilibrium ratio (Kvs values) correlations. Equilibrium ratio charts for known hydrate formers, with n-butane as the heaviest compound, are available in the literature. With the discovery of heavier hydrate-forming compounds, their equilibrium ratio charts are required for reliable prediction of the hydrate-free zone of hydrocarbon mixtures, particularly reservoir fluids. In this work, an in-house thermodynamic model, validated against experimental hydrate equilibrium data of four structure-II heavy hydrate formers (HHF), benzene, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and neopentane, has been used for generating their Kvs value charts. The resulting Kvs values have been used in predicting a hydrate-free zone of binary and ternary mixtures of HHF with methane and/or nitrogen, demonstrating success when compared with experimental data.
Surfactant inhibition in acute respiratory failure : consequences for exogenous surfactant therapy (1993)

The neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is characterized by immaturity of the\nlung, resulting in relative or absolute absence of pulmonary surfactant. Worldwide,\nneonates suffering from RDS have been treated successfully with exogenous surfactant\npreparations. Currently, exogenous surfactant administration has been accepted as a\nvaluable treatment for this syndrome. Nevertheless, many questions on exogenous\nsurfactant treatment remain unanswered.\nIt has been observed that some infants did not respond to, or had only transient\nimprovement after, a single dose of exogenous surfactant. In other studies it was\nobserved that better clinical outcome was seen in infants treated with either a higher\ndose of surfactant, or after repeated surfactant substitution. It was argued that exogenous\nsurfactant, after intratracheal substitution, was gradually inhibited by surfactant inhibitors\npresent in the terminal lung units. By giving more exogenous surfactant this inhibition\nwas abolished, resulting in improved lung function.\nThe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by acute\nrespiratory failure (ARF), and high-permeability edema fluid accumulating in the\nalveolar spaces. From experimental and clinical studies it is known that the pulmonary\nsurfactant system is also disturbed in this syndrome. Recently, a few patients suffering\nfrom ARDS have been treated with exogenous surfactant. Although these case reports\nare poorly documented, the best results were observed in patients treated with high doses\nof exogenous surfactant.\nThe work presented in this thesis focuses on the mechanisms of inhibition of\nsurfactant function in different animal models of acute respiratory failure. To overcome\nthis inhibition, different treatment modalities with an exogenous surfactant preparation\nwill be presented.
<title>Stereoscopic imaging via rotation and translation</title> (1995)

In some applications, such as industrial inspection, it is often convenient or necessary to generate a stereo pair of images with a single photographic, X-ray, or video camera. The left and right views are created by moving the objects or the camera. This paper discusses this method of stereo image acquisition, illustrates some pitfalls, and shows how to overcome them. Examples images are presented that have come from applying the methods to the radiographic inspection of armament and tires.
Management Pearls on the Treatment of Actinic Keratoses and Field Cancerization (2020)

Field cancerization (FC) is a chronic disease involving multiple clinical and subclinical actinic keratoses (AK) on large photo-exposed surfaces with multifocal areas of dysplasia and precancerous changes. Patients and treatment must be properly monitored and managed to avoid aggravation and progression of the disease. Management of actinic keratoses includes lesion-directed treatments, such as cryotherapy and field-directed therapies. Field-directed therapies may have the potential to address subclinical damage, reduce AK recurrence rates and potentially reduce the risk of squamous cell carcinoma development. Multiple studies have demonstrated the efficacy of field-directed treatments, including 5-fluorouracil, photodynamic therapy, imiquimod, chemical exfoliation with trichloroacetic acid and diclofenac gel, for multiple AK and FC. The choice of therapy should be based on multiple factors, such as efficacy, tolerability, patient risk profile, costs and cosmetic results. Management of AK includes not only treatment but also prevention. Medical devices, such as sunscreens containing liposome-encapsulated DNA repair enzymes, can repair DNA damage associated with chronic UV radiation and reduce the number of new AK lesions. Here we provide therapeutic pearls and expert opinions on the treatment of AK and FC (as monotherapy or in combination) with the overall aim to achieve better, faster, and well-tolerated clinical responses.
Comment on “Observations of low‐latitude electron precipitation” by R. Lieu, J. Watermann, K. Wilhelm, J. J. Quenby, and W. I. Axford (1989)

Observations made by an electron spectrometer aboard Spacelab 1 and presented by Lieu et al. (1988) are examined critically. The precipitation of electrons in the energy range of 0.1-12.5 keV was measured on December 6 and 7, 1983. Data for 16 passes near 240 km altitude, between + and - 30 deg geographic latitude, outside the South Atlantic Anomaly were included. It is argued that there is no geophysical confirmation of the large electron fluxes reported by Lieu et al. In their response, Lieu et al. discuss the sampling bias in the Spacelab 1 data and the magnetic shielding deficiencies of the calibration facility below about 500 eV.
Full Genomic Analysis of Human Rotavirus Strain B4106 and Lapine Rotavirus Strain 30/96 Provides Evidence for Interspecies Transmission (2006)

The Belgian rotavirus strain B4106, isolated from a child with gastroenteritis, was previously found to have VP7 (G3), VP4 (P[14]), and NSP4 (A genotype) genes closely related to those of lapine rotaviruses, suggesting a possible lapine origin or natural reassortment of strain B4106. To investigate the origin of this unusual strain, the gene sequences encoding VP1, VP2, VP3, VP6, NSP1, NSP2, NSP3, and NSP5/6 were also determined. To allow comparison to a lapine strain, the 11 double-stranded RNA segments of a European G3P[14] rabbit rotavirus strain 30/96 were also determined. The complete genome similarity between strains B4106 and 30/96 was 93.4% at the nucleotide level and 96.9% at the amino acid level. All 11 genome segments of strain B4106 were closely related to those of lapine rotaviruses and clustered with the lapine strains in phylogenetic analyses. In addition, sequence analyses of the NSP5 gene of strain B4106 revealed that the altered electrophoretic mobility of NSP5, resulting in a super-short pattern, was due to a gene rearrangement (head-to-tail partial duplication, combined with two short insertions and a deletion). Altogether, these findings confirm that a rotavirus strain with an entirely lapine genome complement was able to infect and cause severe disease in a human child.
Evaluation of covered metallic stents in malignant biliary stenosis--prominent effectiveness in gallbladder carcinoma. (2005)

The survival time of patients with unresectable malignant biliary stenosis and the patent period of metallic biliary stents are different in each disease. The efficacy of the covered metallic stent was analyzed according to the primary disease.Seventy-three patients with bile duct carcinoma (12 cases), gallbladder carcinoma (22 cases), and pancreas carcinoma (39 cases) were retrospectively enrolled. Covered metallic stents were used in 42 patients and uncovered metallic stents in 31 patients. The patency of covered stents was compared with that of uncovered stents for each disease.The patent rate at 6 months after insertion was 80.6% (95% CI [72.6%, 88.6%]) for the covered stent, and 49.5% (95% CI [37.6%, 61.4%]) for the uncovered stent. The mean patent periods of the covered stent and the uncovered stent were 14.6 and 27.6 months for bile duct carcinoma (p=0.424), 12.7 and 3.0 months for gallbladder carcinoma (p=0.003), and 11.9 and 9.6 months for pancreas carcinoma (p=0.919), respectively.The covered metallic stent was the most effective in patients with gallbladder carcinoma.
CAVITY SEGMENTATION AND STROKE VOLUME MEASUREMENT METHODS FROM ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC IMAGES: REVIEW (2014)

The complexity and criticality of heart disease diagnosis and treatment have frequently attracted the attention of researchers to develop approaches that can handle accurate clinical assessments. One of these complexities is measuring the Right Ventricle stroke volume. Therefore, different cardiac imaging techniques have been developed to help specialists in their regular clinical work and in the operating theatre to assist in the diagnosis, monitoring of the treatment and to ensure the success of a cardiac intervention as far as possible. Echocardiography is one of the cardiac imaging techniques and is considered as the most effective imaging technique as it is minimally invasive, quick and the cheapest method. Many studies have been conducted on Right Ventricle assessment from echocariographic images. This review is aimed at presenting the previous technical elements and algorithms used to measure the ventricle stroke volume from echocardiographic images. The review focuses on the five technical approaches that have been used, which are pre-processing, End-Distally (ED) and End-Systolic (ES) frame detection, cavity segmentation, the stoke volume measurement and 3D reconstruction. Finally, a summary will conclude this study.
Real-time moire interferometry (1986)

A high-frequency moire interferometric technique to continuously monitor in-plane surface displacement is presented. This technique employs fiber optics and a thermoplastic device to holographically record the initial carrier pattern produced on the surface of a test specimen. The carrier is modulated as the specimen deforms and moire fringes, indicative of in-plane displacement, are observed in real time. Unwanted holointerferometric patterns are eliminated by appropriately adjusting the polarization of the reference wavefront. This paper describes a demonstration of the real-time technique as applied to the study of deformations in a notched beam subjected to three-point loading.
Biofuel Cells for Self‐Powered Electrochemical Biosensing and Logic Biosensing: A Review (2012)

Abstract This article reviews recent advances and progress in developing electrochemical (EC) biosensing and logic biosensing systems based on self‐powered biofuel cells (BFCs). BFCs that exploit enzymes and microbes have attracted a considerable recent interest owing to their unique ability to provide sustainable energy from renewable fuel source under mild conditions. This review focuses on recently introduced novel concepts for using BFCs as the basic element for EC‐biosensing and especially EC‐logic biosensing applications. The fabrication and design of such self‐powered EC‐biosensing and EC‐logic biosensing are described along and different new approaches for BFCs‐based EC‐biosensing and EC‐logic biosensing involving substrate effects, inhibition effects, blocking effects and gene regulation effects. Latest advances in coupling a self‐powered diagnostic operation with logic‐activated drug release functionality are discussed. We conclude with the implications of the new self‐powered biosensing/logic‐biosensing platforms along with future prospects and challenges.
Volumetric determination of apolipoprotein stoichiometry of circulating HDL subspecies (2013)

Although HDL is inversely correlated with coronary heart disease, elevated HDL-cholesterol is not always protective. Additionally, HDL has biological functions that transcend any antiatherogenic role: shotgun proteomics show that HDL particles contain 84 proteins (latest count), many correlating with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of HDL. ApoA-I has been suggested to serve as a platform for the assembly of these protein components on HDL with specific functions - the HDL proteome. However, the stoichiometry of apoA-I in HDL subspecies is poorly understood. Here we use a combination of immunoaffinity chromatography data and volumetric analysis to evaluate the size and stoichiometry of LpA-I and LpA-I,A-II particles. We conclude that there are three major LpA-I subspecies: two major particles, HDL[4] in the HDL3 size range (d = 85.0 ± 1.2 Å) and HDL[7] in the HDL2 size range (d = 108.5 ± 3.8 Å) with apoA-I stoichiometries of 3 and 4, respectively, and a small minor particle, HDL[1] (d = 73.8 ± 2.1Å) with an apoA-I stoichiometry of 2. Additionally, we conclude that the molar ratio of apolipoprotein to surface lipid is significantly higher in circulating HDL subspecies than in reconstituted spherical HDL particles, presumably reflecting a lack of phospholipid transfer protein in reconstitution protocols.
Binding of solutes to poly(vinylbenzocrown ether)s and poly(vinylbenzoglyme)s in aqueous media (1982)

Abstract
Granularity effects in high-brightness electron beams (2012)

Electron sources based on laser-cooling and trapping techniques are a relatively new reality in the field of charge particle accelerators. The dynamics of these sources are governed by stochastic effects, and not by the usually dominant space-charge forces. As the high-brightness field moves towards increasingly higher brightness, these stochastic effects will play an increasingly important role. In this presentation I will discuss the physics of these granularity effects and show their effect using molecular dynamics simulations with the GPT code where we track each and every particle in realistic fields and including all pair-wise interactions.
DRAM plate electrode bias optimization for reducing leakage current in UV-O/sub 3/ and O/sub 2/ annealed CVD deposited Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ dielectric films (1995)

A new plate biasing scheme is described which allowed the use of 65% higher supply voltage without increasing the leakage current for the UV-O/sub 3/ and O/sub 2/ annealed chemical-vapor-deposited tantalum pentaoxide dielectric film capacitors in stacked DRAM cells. Dielectric leakage was reduced by biasing the capacitor plate electrode to a voltage lower than the conventionally used value of V/sub cc//2. Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ films with 3.9 nm effective gate oxide, 8.5 fF//spl mu/m/sup 2/ capacitance and <0.3 /spl mu/A/cm/sup 2/ leakage at 100/spl deg/C and 3.3 V supply are demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effects of treating processes on microstructure of commercial Al–10Sr master alloy and its refinement efficiency to AZ31 magnesium alloy (2007)

Abstract In the present paper, the effects of treating processes on the microstructure of commercial Al–10Sr master alloy and its refinement efficiency to AZ31 magnesium alloy are investigated. The results indicate that the solution heat treatment, rolling and remelting have significant effects on the morphology and/or size of Al4Sr phase in the commercial Al–10Sr master alloy. After being solutionised at 773 K for 4 h and followed by water quenching, the Al4Sr phases evolve from coarse blocks to relatively fine blocks. However, after being rolled at 573 K for a total reduction level of 50% or remelted and followed by rapid cooling, the Al4Sr phases respectively exhibit fine particles or fibre shapes. In addition, after the commercial Al–10Sr master alloy is solutionised, rolled or remelted, its refinement efficiency to AZ31 alloy is improved, and the improvement resulting from the remelting is the most significant, the next is rolling and solutionisation respectively.
Effect of Ubrogepant vs Placebo on Pain and the Most Bothersome Associated Symptom in the Acute Treatment of Migraine (2019)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02867709.
Narrowband Interference Mitigation in SC-FDMA Using Bayesian Sparse Recovery (2016)

This paper presents a novel narrowband interference (NBI) mitigation scheme for single carrier-frequency division multiple access systems. The proposed NBI cancellation scheme exploits the frequency-domain sparsity of the unknown signal and adopts a low complexity Bayesian sparse recovery procedure. At the transmitter, a few randomly chosen data locations are kept data free to sense the NBI signal at the receiver. Furthermore, it is noted that in practice, the sparsity of the NBI signal is destroyed by a grid mismatch between the NBI sources and the system under consideration. Toward this end, first, an accurate grid mismatch model is presented that is capable of assuming independent offsets for multiple NBI sources, and second, the sparsity of the unknown signal is restored prior to reconstruction using a sparsifying transform. To improve the spectral efficiency of the proposed scheme, a data-aided NBI recovery procedure is outlined that relies on adaptively selecting a subset of data-points and using them as additional measurements. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme for NBI mitigation.