gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Motor vehicle accidents: How should cirrhotic patients be managed? (2012)

Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are serious social issues worldwide and driver illness is an important cause of MVAs. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is a complex cognitive dysfunction with attention deficit, which frequently occurs in cirrhotic patients independent of severity of liver disease. Although MHE is known as a risk factor for MVAs, the impact of diagnosis and treatment of MHE on MVA-related societal costs is largely unknown. Recently, Bajaj et al demonstrated valuable findings that the diagnosis of MHE by rapid screening using the inhibitory control test (ICT), and subsequent treatment with lactulose could substantially reduce the societal costs by preventing MVAs. Besides the ICT and lactulose, there are various diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies for MHE. In this commentary, we discussed a current issue of diagnostic tools for MHE, including neuropsychological tests. We also discussed the advantages of the other therapeutic strategies for MHE, such as intake of a regular breakfast and coffee, and supplementation with zinc and branched chain amino acids, on the MVA-related societal costs.
An experimental study of the influence of dynamic compiler optimizations on Scala performance (2013)

Java Virtual Machines are optimized for performing well on traditional Java benchmarks, which consist almost exclusively of code generated by the Java source compiler (javac). Code generated by compilers for other languages has not received nearly as much attention, which results in performance problems for those languages.
Sonochemistry: Scope, Limitations… and Artifacts (2000)

Heterogeneous sonochemistry, generally described as the most useful aspect of sonochemistry, suffers from the difficulty of defining the experimental conditions for the reference (silent) reaction. Clearly the use of an efficient agitation system for the silent reaction strongly reduces the value of the so-called sonochemical effect, which becomes in some cases, less than 1 (anti-sonochemical effect!).The 'cleaning' effect of ultrasound is extremely efficient to expel micro-crystals from the surface of an electrode which is simultaneously an immersion ultrasonic horn. By sending out-of-phase electric pulses and acoustic pulses, new nano materials (metals, alloys, semiconductors, oxides) are easily prepared in high purity.
Modified LMS algorithms for speech processing with an adaptive noise canceller (1998)

A desired signal corrupted by additive noise can often be recovered by an adaptive noise canceller using the least mean squares (LMS) algorithm. A major disadvantage of the LMS algorithm is its excess mean-squared error, or misadjustment, which increases linearly with the desired signal power, This leads to degrading performance when the desired signal exhibits large power fluctuations and is a serious problem in many speech processing applications. This work considers two modified LMS algorithms, the weighted sum and sum methods, designed to solve this problem by reducing the size of the steps in the weight update equation when the desired signal is strong. The weighted sum method is derived from an optimal method (also developed in this work), which is not generally applicable because it requires quantities unavailable in a practical system. The previously proposed, but ad hoc, sum method is analyzed and compared to the weighted sum method. Analysis of the two modified LMS algorithms indicates that either one provides substantial improvements in the presence of strong desired signals and similar performance in the presence of weak desired signals, relative to the unmodified LMS algorithm. Computer simulations with both uncorrelated Gaussian noise and speech signals confirm the results of the analysis and demonstrate the effectiveness of the modified algorithms. The modified LMS algorithms are particularly suited for signals (such as speech) that exhibit large fluctuations in short-time power levels.
Hypoxia tolerance in mammalian heterotherms (2004)

Heterothermic mammals tolerate severe hypoxia, as well as a variety of central nervous system insults, better than homeothermic mammals. Tolerance to hypoxia may stem from adaptations associated with the ability to survive hibernation and periodic arousal thermogenesis. Here, we review evidence and mechanisms of hypoxia tolerance during hibernation, euthermy and arousal in heterothermic mammals and consider potential mechanisms for regenerative-like processes, such as synaptogenesis, observed within hours of hypoxic stress associated with arousal thermogenesis.
Estimating the Shape of Covert Networks (2003)

Social network analysis has been used to understand groups of individuals and how they operate. Most of the literature in social networks has dealt with overt organizations with an easily discernable network structure. This paper examines the possibilities of using the inherent structures observed in social networks to make predictions of networks using limited and missing information. The model is based on empirical network data exhibiting the structural properties of triad closure and adjacency. Triad closure indicates that if person i has a dyad with person j and person j has a dyad with person k, then there is a higher than chance likelihood that person i and person k have a dyad. Adjacency is a corollary of triad closure stating that if person i has a dyad with person j, it is more than likely that person i has a dyad with person k. The model exploits these properties using an inference model to update adjacent dyads given information on a reference dyad. The model is tested against several networks to understand and discern its behavior. The paper illustrates that if the model is built with careful consideration towards the network being predicted, it may assist in making better decisions regarding uncertain organizational phenomenon. However, the model performs relatively poorly if there is a disproportionate amount of information either supporting or not supporting a dyad and/or if
Interaction of organic cation transporter 3 (SLC22A3) and amphetamine (2010)

The organic cation transporter (OCT) 3 is widely expressed in various organs in humans, and involved in the disposition of many exogenous and endogenous compounds. Several lines of evidence have suggested that OCT3 expressed in the brain plays an important role in the regulation of neurotransmission. Relative to wild-type (WT) animals, Oct3 knockout (KO) mice have displayed altered behavioral and neurochemical responses to psychostimulants such as amphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine. In the present study, both in vitro and in vivo approaches were utilized to explore potential mechanisms underlying the disparate neuropharmacological effects observed following AMPH exposure in Oct3 KO mice. In vitro uptake studies conducted in OCT3 transfected cells indicated that dextroamphetamine (d-AMPH) is not a substrate of OCT3. However, OCT3 was determined to be a high-capacity and low-affinity transporter for the neurotransmitters dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT). Inhibition studies demonstrated that d-AMPH exerts relatively weak inhibitory effects on the OCT3-mediated uptake of DA, NE, 5-HT, and the model OCT3 substrate 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide. The IC(50) values were determined to be 41.5 +/- 7.5 and 24.1 +/- 7.0 microM for inhibiting DA and 5-HT uptake, respectively, while 50% inhibition of NE and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide uptake was not achieved by even the highest concentration of d-AMPH applied (100 microM). Furthermore, the disposition of d-AMPH in various tissues including the brain, liver, heart, kidney, muscle, intestine, spleen, testis, uterus, and plasma were determined in both male and female Oct3 KO and WT mice. No significant difference was observed between either genotypes or sex in all tested organs and tissues. Our findings suggest that OCT3 is not a prominent factor influencing the disposition of d-AMPH. Additionally, based upon the inhibitory potency observed in vitro, d-AMPH is unlikely to inhibit the uptake of monoamines mediated by OCT3 in the brain. Differentiated neuropharmacological effects of AMPHs noted between Oct3 KO and WT mice appear to be due to the absence of Oct3 mediated uptake of neurotransmitters in the KO mice.
Sea surface state measured using GPS reflected signals (2002)

We discuss an airborne experiment aimed to establish the potential of the PARIS concept (PAssive Reflectometry and Interferometry System) to retrieve small features in the sea surface topography. The date and location were chosen to coincide with a TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) overflight. The signals of the Global Positioning System (GPS) reflected off the sea surface are tracked and compared to the directly received ones, to compute the relative delays. The features detected in the peak tracking are likely caused by topographic and sea roughness variations. While very promising, these results open the challenge to use additional information to appropriately separate both contributions.
Expression, inculcation et éducation : de l’art de devenir soi-même (2011)

The education can be understood as inculcation or as self-expression. The author shows that it is not a contradiction but a simple tension between two poles which organizes our experience. He explains the valuation of self-expression by a cultural phenomenon which Charles Taylor calls «the expressivist turn», and shows that the order to become oneself does not enter conflict with the social standards. It is possible to reconcile the education and the idea of a subject which autoformulates. The example of this conciliation is given by the moral education described by Kolberg that is more well-known under the name of «philosophy at school». This method indeed rests on the idea that the child must be invited to appeal to his internal resources to resolve moral questions. The author concludes that, by speaking of the rise of a threatening «culture of the expression», we risk to assimilate too fast individualism and subjectivism, instead of thinking of the individualism in a complex way and in its historicity. The works of G. Simmel allows such an analysis, that distinguishes a «Latin individualism» immortalizing the inheritance of the Lights and a «Germanic individualism» of romantic inspiration.
HPLC of fluoroquinolone antibacterials using chiral stationary phase based on enantiomeric (3,3′‐diphenyl‐1,1′‐binaphthyl)‐20‐crown‐6 (2009)

A residual silanol group-protecting chiral stationary phase (CSP) based on optically active (3,3'-diphenyl-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6 was successfully applied to the resolution of fluoroquinolone compounds including gemifloxacin mesylate. The chiral recognition ability of the residual silanol group-protecting CSP was generally greater than that of the residual silanol group-containing CSP. From these results, it was concluded that the simple protection of the residual silanol groups of the latter CSP with lipophilic n-octyl groups can improve its chiral recognition ability for the resolution of racemic fluoroquinolone compounds. The chromatographic resolution behaviors were investigated as a function of the content and type of organic and acidic modifiers and the ammonium acetate concentration in aqueous mobile phase and the column temperature. Especially, the addition of ammonium acetate to the mobile phase was found to be a quite effective means of reducing the enantiomer retentions without sacrificing the chiral recognition efficiency of the CSP.
Cloning and Characterization of a Probenazole-Inducible Gene for an Intracellular Pathogenesis-Related Protein in Rice (1996)

Probenazole (3-allyloxy-1,2-benzisothiazole-1,1-dioxide) induces disease resistance in rice against rice blast fungus. To investigate the molecular mechanism of probenazole-induced resistance, we isolated and characterized a cDNA clone of a probenazole-inducible gene in rice, which encoded a protein designated PBZ1. Sequence analysis revealed that significant homology at the amino acid level exists between the predicted PBZ1 protein and intracellular pathogenesis-related (IPR) proteins. Accumulation of PBZ1 mRNA was not induced by wounding, but markedly induced by inoculation with rice blast fungus. In addition, it was induced sooner by inoculation with an incompatible race than that with a compatible race. On the other hand, when the accumulation of the PBZ1 mRNA was examined after treatment with probenazole-related compounds, it was not fully correlated with anti-rice blast activity. However, it was induced after treatment with N-cyano-methyl-2-chloro-isonicotinamide (NCI), which belongs to another group of compounds known to induce disease resistance. Thus, although the accumulation of the PBZ1 mRNA was not fully correlated with anti-rice blast activity, our findings suggest that the PBZ1 gene has an important function during the disease resistance response in rice.
Meso-size Effect from Self-assembled Carbon Structures and Their Device Applications (2013)

Abstract : Despite remarkable developments in the field of carbon nanomaterials, our ability to control and assemble these materials in the meso-size scale is still limited, a problem made more difficult by the lack of imaging tools with necessary resolution and speed. Therefore, there have been constant needs for the development of powerful new imaging and spectroscopy tools. Our main research achievement is the development of new imaging techniques for better mesoscale control of the growth and assembly of carbon nanotubes and graphene, one- and two-dimensional sp2 carbon nanostructures. More specifically, we have developed two new optical imaging techniques, widefield Raman imaging and DUV-Vis-IR hyperspectral imaging, for direct, high-throughput imaging of these 1D and 2D materials. Our new techniques have allowed the investigation of novel physical phenomena, including the angle dependent optical resonances in twisted bilayer graphene. These well-defined carbon nanostructures and their mesoscale assembly will lead to exciting new device applications in energy conversion and energy transfer.
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2010)

It appears that the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has reached a ceiling due to the limited absorption spectrum of currently available dyes. To achieve new record efficiencies, light absorption must be extended into the near-infrared region of the spectrum without sacrificing performance in the visible region. No single dye has this ability, but there is greater strength in numbers. Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) may be used to link two or more materials to provide strong absorption across a broad portion of the solar spectrum. This process has been shown to be effective and efficient, and a recent breakthrough in FRET-enhanced DSSCs is presented in this issue. This Perspective explores the background of this topic and considers directions for future development.
High-Dose Statin Therapy in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease (2013)

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifiers: NCT00327691 and NCT00159835.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Preparation of Glycidic Esters from 2‐Chloro‐3‐ hydroxyesters. Application to the Synthesis of (2R,3S)‐3‐ Phenylisoserine. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
6-MethoxyquinolineN-oxide–hydroquinone (2/1) (2007)

The title cocrystal, 2C10H9NO2·C6H6O2, belongs to a series of mol­ecular systems based on quinoline N-oxide. The hydroquinone molecule lies on an inversion centre. The cocrystal structure is held together by an O—H⋯O hydrogen bond, with a donor–acceptor distance of 2.6118 (18) Å. The dihedral angle formed by the mean planes of the two mol­ecules is 83.5 (1)°. In the crystal structure, the title complex is stabilized by weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Mol­ecules of methoxy­quinoline N-oxide and hydro­quinone are inter­twined, forming chains along the [010] direction.
Scatterometry for post-etch polysilicon gate metrology (1999)

The use of scatterometry as a rapid and non-destructive technique for the characterization of grating structures has received significant attention in recent years. The problems of mask alignment, overlay, latent image monitoring, and others have been investigate using scatterometry. Research is currently underway at TI which extends the state of the art by using scatterometry for the measurement of very small dimension gate-level polysilicon gratings on a thin oxide under-layer. The measurements were taken after etch and cleanup on typical process development test wafers used at TI and were acquired using a Bio-Rad CDS-2 scatterometer. A variety of gratin pitches and grating line widths were measured and compared to duplicate measurements obtained from top-down SEM. A total of 2,975 non-repeated measurements were collected on each metrology tool. The large range of line width result in overlapping measurements for each pitch, so linearity with pitch can be evaluated. The results from the scatterometer are in excellent agreement with the SEM in nearly all cases. For certain line widths, regardless of the grating pitch, a discrepancy can be seen between the measurement for the scatterometer and the SEM. The reason for this is currently under investigation. If side wall angle is treat as a fixed parameter, the discrepancies are removed. Example measurements and corresponding theoretical traces will ge shown for process development samples measured at TI. Some result from an extended gauge study will also be shown to provide estimates of the precision of the scatterometric measurements.
Improvement of delay spread immunity by using symbol timing synchronisation based on maximum likelihood estimation for 16QAM/TDMA diversity receivers (1993)

Symbol timing synchronisation (STSYNC) based on maximum likelihood estimation and a receiver configuration in which each branch independently estimates optimum STSYNC timing are proposed to improve delay spread immunity for 16QAM/TDMA diversity receivers. Computer simulation confirms that the proposed STSYNC and receiver configuration can improve delay spread immunity by ∼30%.
Role of Toll‐Like Receptors on Human Adipose‐Derived Stromal Cells (2006)

Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising tools for such applications as tissue engineering and cellular therapy. It is not clear how stem cells exposed to unfavorable conditions (e.g., hypoxia or inflammation) respond to signals of danger after in vivo transplantation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a major role in the immune system, participating in the initial recognition of microbial pathogens and pathogen-associated components. This study was designated to determine the role of TLRs in human MSCs. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that MSCs derived from human adipose tissue and bone marrow express TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4, TLR-5, TLR-6, and TLR-9. We investigated induction of the differentiation and proliferation of human adipose tissue stromal cells (hADSCs) by TLR agonists, including flagellin, peptidoglycans (PGN), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the synthetic double-stranded RNA analog poly(I:C), and synthetic CpG oligodeoxydinucleotide (CpG-ODN). None of these agonists, except ODN, affected the proliferation of hADSCs. LPS and PGN increased osteogenic differentiation, but CpG-ODN decreased it. Poly(I:C) itself did not affect adipogenic or osteogenic differentiations, but exerted a synergistic effect on LPS- or PGN-induced osteogenic differentiation. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that LPS and PGN induce osteogenic markers in hADSCs. TLR agonists affected the expression of chemokines and cytokines differentially. Furthermore, hADSCs affected the expression of specific TLRs in vitro under hypoxic conditions. These data provide evidence of a nonimmune role for TLR signaling on MSCs and may provide clues to the behavior of transplanted MSCs in vivo.
Reduction of maximal coronary vasodilator capacity in conscious dogs with severe right ventricular hypertrophy. (1981)

Right coronary reactive hyperemia and the maximal coronary vasodilator response to adenosine were examined in conscious, normal dogs and dogs with right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy. RV hypertrophy was induced by chronic (5-7 months) pulmonary artery stenosis. With RV hypertrophy, RV weight to body weight ratio rose by 70% (P < 0.001), right coronary artery blood flow (Doppler ultrasonic technique) rose from 17 +/- 1 to 51 +/- 5 ml/min, and RV transmural blood flow (radioactive microsphere technique) increased from 0.78 +/- 0.06 to 1.62 +/- 0.10 ml/min per g, while the RV endocardial:epicardial perfusion ratio decreased from 1.36 +/- 0.04 to 1.0 +/- 0.02. Excess blood flow debt repayment following release of a 15-second right main coronary artery occlusion was attenuated markedly (P < 0.001) to 107 +/- 22% from the normal value of 325 +/- 41%. Maximal coronary vasodilator capacity (to iv adenosine) was reduced in the hypertrophied right ventricle, as reflected by a lower (P < 0.05) level of maximal transmural blood flow and a higher (P < 0.02) level of minimum coronary vascular resistance per gram of hypertrophied right ventricle compared to normal. During maximal coronary vasodilation, the endocardial:epicardial perfusion ratio decreased (P < 0.001) below unity in the hypertrophied right ventricle to a level (0.83 +/- 0.06) significantly lower (P < 0.001) than normal (1.16 +/- 0.03). Thus, the development of severe RV hypertrophy is characterized by an attenuated coronary response to acute ischemia and by a reduction in maximal coronary vasodilator capacity. We conclude that the increase in cardiac mass which results from chronic pulmonary artery stenosis is not accompanied by a proportionate increase in cross-sectional area of coronary vessels supplying the hypertrophied ventricle.
Avian homologs of the mammalian low-density lipoprotein receptor family bind minor receptor group human rhinovirus (1995)

Avian oocyte-specific very low density lipoprotein receptor specifically binds human rhinovirus of the minor receptor group on ligand blots and in solution. The solubilized receptor protects cell against infection in a dose-dependent manner.
ChemInform Abstract: ν‐Triazolines. Part 41. A New Synthesis of 2‐Alkylquinazolines and 2,9‐Dialkylpyrimido[4,5‐b]indoles. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.