gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Weber’s Law of perception is a consequence of resolving the intensity of natural scintillating light and sound with the least possible error (2023)

Efficient resolution of natural light and sound intensity is essential for organisms, systems and machines that rely on visual and auditory sensory perception to survive or function effectively in their environment. This resolution obeys Weber’s Law when the smallest resolvable change, a just-noticeable-difference, grows in direct proportion to the stimulus. Here, Weber’s Law is found to be a consequence of attaining the theoretical minimum mean-square error possible, the Cramer–Rao lower bound, in resolving the intensity of naturally scintillating light and sound. The finding is based on statistics from thousands of measurements of naturally scintillating environmental light and sound signals. Remarkably, just-noticeable-differences in light and sound intensity measured over decades of psychophysical experiments with artificial sources are also found to approximately attain the respective Cramer–Rao lower bounds. Human intensity resolution is in this way optimally adapted to the natural scintillation of light and sound. Pattern recognition by simple matched-filter correlation between measured and hypothetical images cancels natural scintillation. For intensity perception obeying Weber’s Law, this is found to be advantageous and statistically optimal because perceived scintillation is independent of the underlying signal pattern. A small visual patch change or acoustic signature truncation is shown to be lost in natural signal-dependent fluctuations if perception with constant intensity resolution is attempted.
Preparation, characterization, and metal ion retention capacity of Co(II) and Ni(II) from poly(p‐HO‐ and p‐Cl‐phenylmaleimide‐co‐2‐hydroxypropylmethacrylate) using the ultra filtration technique (2007)

Abstract p ‐Chlorophenylmaleimide and p ‐hydroxyphenylmaleimide with 2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate were synthesized by radical polymerization, and the metal ion retention capacity and thermal behavior of the copolymers were evaluated. The copolymers were obtained by solution radical polymerization with a 0.50 : 0.50 feed monomer ratio. The maximum retention capacity (MRC) for the removal of two metal ions, Co(II) and Ni(II) in aqueous phase were determined using the liquid‐phase polymer based retention technique. Inorganic ion interactions with the hydrophilic polymer were determined as a function of pH. The metal ion retention capacity does not depend strongly on the pH. Metal ion retention increased with an increase of pH for a copolymer composition 0.50 : 0.50. At different pH, the MRC of the poly( p ‐chlorophenylmaleimide‐ co ‐2‐hydroxypropylmethacrylate) for Co(II) and Ni(II) ions varied from 44.1 to 48.6 mg/g and from 41.5 mg/g to 46.0 mg/g, respectively; while the MRC of poly( p ‐hydroxyphenylmaleimide‐ co ‐2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate) for Co(II) and Ni(II) ions varied from 28.4 to 35.6 mg/g and from 27.2 to 30.8 mg/g, respectively. The copolymers and copolymer–metal complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, 1 H NMR spectroscopy, and thermal behavior. The thermal behavior of the copolymer and polymer–metal complexes were studied using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry techniques under nitrogen atmosphere. The thermal decomposition temperature and T g were influenced by the binding‐metal ion on the copolymer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Applications of thin-film sandwich crystallization platforms (2016)

Examples are shown of protein crystallization in, and data collection from, solutions sandwiched between thin polymer films using vapour-diffusion and batch methods. The crystallization platform is optimal for both visualization and in situ data collection, with the need for traditional harvesting being eliminated. In wells constructed from the thinnest plastic and with a minimum of aqueous liquid, flash-cooling to 100 K is possible without significant ice formation and without any degradation in crystal quality. The approach is simple; it utilizes low-cost consumables but yields high-quality data with minimal sample intervention and, with the very low levels of background X-ray scatter that are observed, is optimal for microcrystals.
The neuronal protein Kidins220 localizes in a raft compartment at the leading edge of motile immature dendritic cells (2003)

Kidins220, a protein predominantly expressed in neural tissues, is the first physiological substrate for protein kinase D (PKD). We show that Kidins220 is expressed in monocyte-derived and in peripheral blood immature dendritic cells (im DC). Immature DC (im DC) migrate onto extracellular matrices changing cyclically from a highly polarized morphology (monopolar (MP) stage) to a morphologically symmetrical shape (bipolar (BP) stage). Kidins220 was localized on membrane protrusions at the leading edge or on both poles in MP and BP cells, respectively. CD43, CD44, ICAM-3 and DC-SIGN, and signaling molecules PKD, Arp2/3 were found at the leading edge in MP or on both edges in BP cells, showing an intriguing parallelism between morphology and localization of molecular components on the poles of the motile DC. F-actin co-localized and it was necessary for Kidins220 localization on the membrane in MP and BP cells. Kidins220 was also found in a raft compartment. Disruption of rafts with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin induced rounding of the cells, inhibition of motility and lost of Kidins220 polarization. Our results describe for the first time the molecular components of the poles of motile im DC and indicate that a novel neuronal protein may be an important component among these molecules.
An Improved PCA Face Recognition Algorithm Based on the Discrete Wavelet Transform and the Support Vector Machines (2007)

In this paper, an improved PCA face recognition algorithm based on the Discrete Wavelet Transform and the Support Vector Machines is presented. The 2-D Discrete Wavelet Transform has been used to process the ORL standard face images to form the low frequency sub images by extracting the low frequency component. Then the PCA method is used to obtain the characterizations of these sub images. At last, the extracted eigenvectors are put into the SVM classifier for training and recognition. The experimental results indicate that this algorithm reduces the computational quantity because the dimension of the total population scatter matrix of the source images has deduced a lot and the performance of the SVM classifier is superior to many other classifiers. Compared with the traditional PCA face recognition algorithm, the calculation speed and the recognition efficiency here increase a lot.
Phase I/II Study of the Src Inhibitor Dasatinib in Combination With Erlotinib in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2010)

The combination of erlotinib and dasatinib is tolerable, with adverse effects consistent with the two agents. Disease control and inhibition of plasma angiogenesis markers were observed. Personalized strategies for deployment of SFK should receive further attention.
Multilevel Structural Design and Heterointerface Engineering of a Host–Guest Binary Aerogel toward Multifunctional Broadband Microwave Absorption (2022)

The design of aerogels featuring high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption, multifunctionality, and high mechanical strength is of great interest for applications in complex and extreme environments. To satisfy the above requirements, novel multifunctional microwave absorption aerogels based on a multilevel structural design and host–guest heterointerface engineering strategy are reported herein, in which a freeze–thaw-assembled reduced graphene oxide (rGO) aerogel as a host is confined in an in-situ-generated guest, bridged polysilsesquioxane (BPSi) aerogel. The resulting host–guest rGO-BPSi aerogel achieves a minimal reflection loss of −51.2 dB with a broad effective absorption bandwidth of 8.4 GHz at a low filling ratio (6.2 wt %), which is attributed to the enhanced impedance matching of the gradient composition, various dielectric losses, and multiple scattering occurring within hierarchically porous structures. Furthermore, the excellent structural robustness and machinability, as well as the superhydrophobicity, thermal insulation, and antifreezing performance, guarantee the stable and durable microwave absorption application of the aerogel and resistance against deformation, water, humidity, and cold and hot environments. This design integrates multiple functionalities into a host–guest aerogel-in-aerogel system, providing valuable insights for the creation of advanced functional aerogels for diverse applications.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Structure-Acoustic Coupling System : Acoustic Tube with a Flexible Panel at the One End (2002)

To study the sound field of a structure-acoustic coupling system, numerical analysis techniques are often used. But numerical analysis techniques are not fit to clarify systematically the features of the sound field. In this paper, an attempt is made to clarify systematically the features of the sound field in a rectangular parallelepiped with a flexible panel at one end. First, experimental study is conducted using an experimental model. Its eigenfrequencies, mode shapes are measured, and features of the sound field are discussed. It is found that in the response there is a fixed state, which is unaltered by a modification of the structure. Secondly, theoretical study is made using a one-dimensional mathematical model. It is found this model can explain all the features obtained experimentally.
Genetic associations with radiological damage in rheumatoid arthritis: Meta-analysis of seven genome-wide association studies of 2,775 cases (2019)

Our meta-analysis confirms the known association between the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope and RA radiological damage. The lack of replication of previously validated non-HLA markers highlights a requirement for further research to deliver clinically-useful prognostic genetic markers.
Fully printable hole-conductor-free mesoscopic perovskite solar cells based on mesoporous anatase single crystals (2018)

Mesoporous anatase single crystal titania with a small particle size was introduced into fully printable hole-conductor-free hybrid solar cells, which shows an optimal electron transport and carrier lifetime, leading to an enhanced device performance.
Dietary Indoles Suppress Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity by Inducing a Switch from Proinflammatory Th17 Cells to Anti-Inflammatory Regulatory T Cells through Regulation of MicroRNA (2015)

Abstract Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has been shown to have profound influence on T cell differentiation, and use of distinct AhR ligands has shown that whereas some ligands induce regulatory T cells (Tregs), others induce Th17 cells. In the present study, we tested the ability of dietary AhR ligands (indole-3-carbinol [I3C] and 3,3′-diindolylmethane [DIM]) and an endogenous AhR ligand, 6-formylindolo(3,2-b)carbazole (FICZ), on the differentiation and functions of Tregs and Th17 cells. Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with indoles (I3C or DIM) attenuated delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to methylated BSA and generation of Th17 cells while promoting Tregs. In contrast, FICZ exacerbated the DTH response and promoted Th17 cells. Indoles decreased the induction of IL-17 but promoted IL-10 and Foxp3 expression. Also, indoles caused reciprocal induction of Tregs and Th17 cells only in wild-type (AhR+/+) but not in AhR knockout (AhR−/−) mice. Upon analysis of microRNA (miR) profile in draining lymph nodes of mice with DTH, treatment with I3C and DIM decreased the expression of several miRs (miR-31, miR-219, and miR-490) that targeted Foxp3, whereas it increased the expression of miR-495 and miR-1192 that were specific to IL-17. Interestingly, treatment with FICZ had precisely the opposite effects on these miRs. Transfection studies using mature miR mimics of miR-490 and miR-1192 that target Foxp3 and IL-17, respectively, or scrambled miR (mock) or inhibitors confirmed that these miRs specifically targeted Foxp3 and IL-17 genes. Our studies demonstrate, to our knowledge for the first time, that the ability of AhR ligands to regulate the differentiation of Tregs versus Th17 cells may depend on miR signature profile.
Generation Of Coherent Extreme Ultraviolet And Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Using Pulsed Nozzles (1984)

We describe the application of pulsed free jets for the generation of the third harmonic of laser radiation. Using a supersonic expansion of Xe we have frequency tripled an 18 MW beam at 354.7 nm to obtain 5 x 10&quot; photons/pulse at 118.2 nm, while for CO we have obtained 1 x 10<sup>12</sup> photons/pulse at 98.5 nm for an input power of 2 MW at 295.6 nm. In the latter case the conversion efficiency is enhanced by a two-photon resonance via the CO A<sup>1</sup>II state. A simple model is outlined for third harmonic generation in a free jet, and the predictions of this model are tested against experiment.
Integrating urban ecological models (2004)

Over the past 20 years, understanding of the functioning of urban ecosystems has increased to the point where fairly sophisticated models of various subsystems have been developed by scientists working for federal, state, and local agencies, often in cooperation with university researchers. Each is designed to collect data and explore a specific urban/environmental system for issues related to the mandate of the sponsoring agency. These models are of value to science both for their insight into social and economic process as well as potential media for ecological monitoring data to be represented in environmental planning and decision-making.
RGD Peptide‐Based Target Drug Delivery of Doxorubicin Nanomedicine (2017)

Preclinical Research Doxorubicin (DOX) is commonly used for the treatment of breast cancer and lymphoma. However, its clinical use has been severely limited due to cardiotoxicity, requiring the development of safer and more efficient pharmaceutical formulations of DOX. Advances in nanotechnology have provided new ways to administer chemotherapeutic drugs like DOX are conveyed into the body and to tumor sites. These Nanotechnology approaches have aided in the selective accumulation of DOX into tumor sites via the enhanced permeability and retention. However, the absence of active targeting ligands still hinders the effective delivery of DOX. Among all active targeting ligands developed to date, RGD peptide (Arginylglycylaspartic acid) occupies a unique position owing to its inherent safety, biocompatibility, and targeting ability. Accordingly, modification of DOX with RGD ligand is anticipated to improve transport of DOX into tumor cells. In this review, we discuss using RGD peptide for improving the therapeutic efficacy of DOX nanomedicine. Drug Dev Res 78 : 283-291, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Local light-ray rotation around arbitrary axes (2010)

We present a sheet-structure design which rotates the direction of incident light rays by an arbitrary angle around an arbitrary, but local, rotation axis. The sheet structure consists of two different parallel Dove-prism sheets, each of which mirrors the light-ray direction with respect to different mirror planes. Together, they result in a rotation of the incident light ray by an arbitrary angle around the direction in which the different mirror planes intersect. We illustrate some of the properties of this sheet structure with images and movies calculated using rendering ray-tracing software.
Microstructure Characterization of Friction Stir Spot Welded TRIP Steel (2011)

Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels have not yet been successfully joined by any welding technique. It is desirable to search for a suitable welding technique that opens up for full usability of TRIP steels. In this study, the potential of joining TRIP steel with Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) is investigated. The aim of the study is to investigate whether acceptable welds can be produced, and additionally, to obtain an understanding of the microstructural changes during welding. The microstructure was investigated with a combination of microscopical techniques with the aim of identifying the transformations occurring during welding. Reflected light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction were among the methods applied for detailed investigations. The microstructure adjacent to the welds can generally be subdivided in two thermo-mechanically affected zones (TMAZ), and two heat-affected zones (HAZ). The dual behavior of the microstructure in the zones is related to the two transition temperatures in steel: A 1 and A 3 . In parts of the TMAZ the microstructure contains ultra fine-grained ferrite. This finding parallels the observation in thermo-mechanically processed steels, where severe deformation at elevated temperatures is used to produce ultra fine-grained microstructures. Several possible transformation mechanisms could in principle explain the development of ultra fine-grained ferrite, e.g. dynamic recrystallization, strain-induced ferrite transformation and dynamic recovery.
Thick Polyvinyl Alcohol Films Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals for Coating Applications (2021)

The strain-induced elastic buckling instability for mechanical measurements (SIEBIMM) method was used to quantify Young’s modulus of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) coatings reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). The effect of processing parameters, namely, deposition method and drying temperature, and changes in relative humidity were assessed. The coatings were relatively thick (0.6–17.6 μm) compared to freestanding PVOH/CNC nanocomposite films tested previously, and the ability to robustly measure the modulus of substrate-supported coatings without specialized equipment or the need for “model systems” offered new material insights. In solvent cast coatings, the addition of 10 wt % CNCs into PVOH increased Young’s modulus from 1.6 ± 0.1 GPa (neat PVOH) to 21 ± 2 GPa. The 13-fold increase in modulus is attributed to three factors: the rigid CNCs forming a percolated network, the high compatibility between CNCs and PVOH, and the CNCs nucleating PVOH crystallites—almost doubling the matrix degree of crystallinity. Bar coating further increased Young’s modulus of the coating by 3.5-fold (compared to solvent casting), likely due to alignment of CNCs and PVOH crystallites. Higher drying temperatures and lower relative humidity also improved the CNC/PVOH coating mechanical performance; annealing increased the matrix degree of crystallinity and the modulus (ca. 6 times more for CNC/PVOH coatings than for neat PVOH), and the modulus increased by 0.4 GPa per unit decrease in relative humidity (vs 0.1 GPa for neat PVOH). Overall, CNCs can be used to tailor coating moduli over a wide range and impart higher sensitivity to processing parameters; furthermore, SIEBIMM is a facile tool to quantify mechanical properties of nanocomposite coatings prepared in different ways, such that their performance and potential applications may be fully assessed.
Multiwavelength differential image motion monitor (2002)

Astronomical seeing measurements are usually made at a single wavelength and extrapolated to other wavelengths of interest using scaling laws that assume a specific energy spectrum for the atmospheric turbulence. We describe a variation of the Differential Image Motion Monitor system that provides a measure of the seeing and evaluation of the scaling law by simultaneously measuring the image motion at three different wavelengths.
Perspectives on cognitive informatics and its future development: Summary of plenary panel II of IEEE ICCI'10 (2010)

The contemporary wonder of sciences and engineering has recently refocused on the beginning point of them: how the brain processes internal and external information autonomously and cognitively rather than imperatively as those of conventional computers. Cognitive Informatics (CI) is a transdisciplinary enquiry of computer science, information sciences, cognitive science, and intelligence science that investigates into the internal information processing mechanisms and processes of the brain and natural intelligence, as well as their engineering applications in cognitive computing. This paper reports a set of 9 position statements presented in the plenary panel of ICCI'10 on Cognitive Informatics and Its Future Development contributed from invited panelists who are part of the world's renowned researchers and scholars in the field of cognitive informatics and cognitive computing.
Synthesis of Vanadium Nitride–Hard Carbon Composites from Cellulose and Their Performance for Sodium-Ion Batteries (2020)

A promising material for sodium-ion battery anodes has been developed through the controlled formation of a thin, uniformly dispersed layer of vanadium nitride (VN) nanoparticles onto a high-performance hard carbon. Hard carbon is the standard (pre)commercial material for sodium-ion negative electrodes, and our hard carbon electrodes exhibit an electrochemical performance comparable to the state-of-the-art. The introduction of VN produces an increased capacity: with addition of 8.6 wt % VN, the hard carbon-based electrode achieves a first cycle reversible (oxidation, desodiation) capacity of 354 mA h g–1 at 50 mA g–1, while with pure hard carbon it is 302 mA h g–1. The additional specific capacity achieved upon addition of VN, compared with the pure hard carbon, is 605 mA h g–1 when referred to the mass of VN only, which is the highest capacity of VN materials in sodium-ion batteries reported to date. In addition, VN also improves the capacity retention with cycling: after 50 cycles the reversible capacity of hard carbon electrodes with 8.6 wt % VN is 294 mA h g–1, while with pure hard carbon it is 239 mA h g–1. This promising new material is obtained via a new and easily scalable synthesis method in which cotton wool is reacted with a vanadium source (VOCl3), followed by a single firing step in N2. Insights into the reaction mechanism are obtained by ex situ characterization of the discharged and charged electrodes.
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Aided Hybrid Beamforming: Optimal Placement and Beamforming Design (2023)

We consider reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) aided sixth-generation (6G) terahertz (THz) communications for indoor environment in which a base station (BS) wishes to send independent messages to its serving users with the help of multiple RISs. For indoor environment, various obstacles such as pillars, walls, and other objects can result in no line-of-sight signal path between the BS and a user, which can significantly degrade performance. To overcome such limitation of indoor THz communication, we firstly optimize the placement of RISs to maximize the coverage area. Under the optimized RIS placement, we propose 3D hybrid beamforming at the BS and phase adjustment at RISs, which are jointly performed at the BS and RISs via codebook-based 3D beam scanning with low complexity. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly improves the average sum rate compared to the cases of no RIS and randomly deployed RISs. It is further shown that the proposed codebook-based 3D beam scanning efficiently aligns analog beams between BS--user links or BS--RIS--user links and, as a consequence, achieves the average sum rate close to that of coherent beam alignment requiring global channel state information.
Effect of oral curcumin administration on serum peroxides and cholesterol levels in human volunteers. (1992)

The effect of curcumin administration in reducing the serum levels of cholesterol and lipid peroxides was studied in ten healthy human volunteers, receiving 500 mg of curcumin per day for 7 days. A significant decrease in the level of serum lipid peroxides (33%), increase in HDL Cholesterol (29%), and a decrease in total serum cholesterol (11.63%) were noted. As curcumin reduced serum lipid peroxides and serum cholesterol, the study of curcumin as a chemopreventive substance against arterial diseases is suggested.