gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Superhalogen Passivation for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells (2022)

Metal‐halide perovskites are optoelectronic materials applied to solar cells as a light absorber due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) reaches 25.7% certified, which stands in comparison with Si solar cells. Importantly, compositional engineering of perovskites has been one of the keys to the breakthrough. However, the presence of defects within perovskites is a matter of importance as it can cause nonradiative recombination of charge carriers. In addition, defect migration can degrade the photovoltaic performance and stability of PSCs. Previous studies have commonly addressed that iodide‐related defects such as interstitial iodide and iodide vacancy are problematic due to their low formation energy. Thus, halide engineering is imperative to mitigate the defect‐related dynamics and improve the materials quality of perovskites. In this sense, superhalogen is a promising candidate for defect passivation and stabilization of perovskites based on its higher electronegativity and electron affinity than halides, which are beneficial to the formation of a more robust interaction with adjacent elements in perovskites. This perspective gives an overview of studies regarding the use of superhalogen to develop efficient and stable PSCs and concludes with an outlook of further research directions.
Regression-based Metric Learning (2018)

In this paper, we present a novel regression-based metric learning (RML) algorithm for solving the regression problems. Most of the metric learning (ML) algorithms can be used to solve the classification problems effectively, but none of them can be used to solve the regression problems. The main reason lies in the increasing difficulty brought by the establishment of the sample constraints for the regression problems. In order to overcome this obstacle, we establish the sample constraints in the objective space of the sample, instead of the feature space. Like most of the ML algorithms, the RML can also be used to reduce data dimensionality. It projects each sample point into a low-rank space through learning a proper Mahalanobis matrix. In addition, the RML can be applied to the arbitrary regression model. Simulation results based on various UCI datasets are provided to demonstrate that the proposed RML approach can obtain better performance.
High-Energy Subnanosecond Compact Laser System with Diode-Pumped, Q-Switched Nd:YV04 Laser (1996)

For a high-precision laser photomask repairing system, we have developed a high-energy, subnanosecond compact laser, consisting of a diode-pumped Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser with 700 ps, TEM00, 0.76 mJ/pulse (1.1 MW) at 1064 nm. Using a MOPA system by a Xe-flashlamp-pumped Nd:YAG amplifier, we have obtained an output laser pulse of 700 ps, 12 inJ/pulse.
Optical properties of thermally reduced bismuth-doped sodium aluminosilicate glasses (2012)

Heat-treatment of multivalent ion containing glasses in a hydrogen atmosphere may cause both reduction of the multivalent ions and ionic inward diffusion, resulting in improved glass properties. Bismuth-doped glasses are also interesting objects not only concerning the reduction induced diffusion, but also concerning the metal particle formation, and the broadband near infrared luminescence. Both the inward diffusion and the infrared luminescence depend on the bismuth oxidation state. The latter can be varied by adjusting the parameters of the heat-treatment, e.g., time, temperature, and partial pressure of hydrogen. Here, we present results on the effect of the heat-treatment on the optical properties of bismuth-doped sodium aluminosilicate glasses.
Molecular Descriptors Influencing Melting Point and Their Role in Classification of Solid Drugs (2003)

The aim of the study was to investigate whether easily and rapidly calculated 2D and 3D molecular descriptors could predict the melting point of drug-like compounds, to allow a melting point classification of solid drugs. The melting points for 277 structurally diverse model drugs were extracted from the 12th edition of the Merck Index. 2D descriptors mainly representing electrotopology and electron accessibilities were calculated by Molconn-Z and the AstraZeneca in-house program Selma. 3D descriptors for molecular surface areas were generated using the programs MacroModel and Marea. Correlations between the calculated descriptors and the melting point values were established with partial least squares projection to latent structures (PLS) using training and test sets. Three different descriptor matrixes were studied, and the models obtained were used for consensus modeling. The calculated properties were shown to explain 63% of the melting point. Descriptors for hydrophilicity, polarity, partial atom charge, and molecular rigidity were found to be positively correlated with melting point, whereas nonpolar atoms and high flexibility within the molecule were negatively correlated to this solid-state characteristic. Moreover, the studied descriptors were successful in providing a qualitative ranking of compounds into classes displaying a low, intermediate, or high melting point. Finally, a mechanism for the relation between the molecular descriptors and their effect on the melting point and the aqueous solubility was proposed.
Laparoscopic Reduction of Gastric Volvulus and Repair of Giant Hiatal Hernia in a Neonate (2003)

Intrathoracic gastric volvulus in the neonatal period is an extremely rare surgical problem that may present with acute respiratory decompensation or be discovered incidentally. Previously, only one report has described the laparoscopic evaluation and management of this problem in the newborn. The authors present the case of a 3-week-old term infant who presented with failure to thrive, tachypnea during feedings, and frequent emesis. Chest radiography revealed an intrathoracic stomach, which was confirmed on barium swallow and demonstrated no obstruction or gastroesophageal reflux. Laparoscopic gastric reduction, repair of a large hiatal hernia defect, and gastrostomy tube placement were performed. One week after the initial procedure, emesis recurred, and the infant was found to have hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, which was managed by laparoscopic pyloromyotomy. During the next few weeks, the infant initially fed well, but then severe gastroesophageal reflux developed, with failure to sustain adequate weight gain. At this point, a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication was performed, which has allowed her to achieve full feedings and attain adequate nutrition and growth.
Gene expression profiling in acute respiratory distress syndrome: Pathways to future interventions* (2008)

Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL The author has not disclosed any potential conflicts of interest.
43.3: A Rugged Conformable Backplane Fabricated with an a‐Si:H TFT Array on a Polyimide Substrate (2002)

Abstract Flexible active matrix TFT array backplanes were fabricated on 51 μm thick polyimide foil (Kapton®E) substrates. Expected applications include low cost flexible lightweight displays using electrophoretic, OLED, and PDLC displays. TFT performance of the Kapton backplane is nearly identically to the same structure fabricated on a glass substrate. Measurement of the transfer and output characteristics while the sample was bent at an inward radius of curvature of 2.5 cm indicate no loss in TFT performance.
ACQUISITION OF TOLERANCE TO COWʼS MILK ANTIGENS INVOLVES IMMUNE MECHANISMS OF THE GUT IN COWʼS MILK ALLERGY (CMA) (1991)

Isolauri, E.; Suomalainen, H.; Jalonen, T.; Kaila, M.; Soppi, E.; Virtanen, E.; Arvjlommi, H. Author Information
The effect of binary cosolvent systems (glycerol–sucrose mixtures) on the heat‐induced gelation mechanism of bovine serum albumin (2005)

Summary The influence of cosolvent composition on the thermal denaturation and gelation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been studied. Cosolvent composition was varied by changing the ratio of glycerol to sucrose in 40 wt% cosolvent solutions containing BSA. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements on 0.5 wt% BSA solutions showed that the thermal denaturation temperature of the protein increased with increasing sucrose content. Temperature scanning dynamic shear rheology and turbidity measurements on 4 wt% BSA solutions showed that the gelation temperature and final gel strength increased with increasing sucrose concentration. These observations were attributed to the fact that sucrose was more effective than glycerol at increasing the thermal stability and attraction between globular BSA molecules through a steric exclusion effect. The molecular origin of these effects is the tendency for the system to minimize the contact area of the protein molecules with the surrounding cosolvent solution.
Application of Recognition of Individual Genes-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (RING-FISH) To Detect Nitrite Reductase Genes (nirK) of Denitrifiers in Pure Cultures and Environmental Samples (2008)

Denitrification is an alternative type of anaerobic respiration in which nitrate is reduced to gaseous products via nitrite. The key step in this process is the reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide, which is catalyzed by two structurally different but functionally equivalent forms of nitrite reductase encoded by the nirK and nirS genes. Cultivation-independent studies based on these functional marker genes showed that in the environment there was a dominance of organisms with nirK and nirS genes presumably derived from organisms that have not been cultured yet. However, the phylogenetic affiliation of these organisms has not been resolved since the ability to denitrify is widespread in phylogenetically unrelated organisms. To unravel the phylogeny of the organisms from which the nitrite reductase (nirK) genes originated, one option is to use a special variant of whole-cell hybridization termed recognition of individual genes-fluorescence in situ hybridization (RING-FISH). In RING-FISH a multiply labeled transcript polynucleotide probe is used to detect a single gene on the bacterial chromosome during FISH. Here, RING-FISH was used with laboratory cultures and environmental samples, such as activated sludge. Furthermore, probe-based cell sorting using magnetic beads could also be carried out with mixtures of pure cultures, which led to effective depletion of the nirK-negative organism but capture of the nirK-positive organism, which was demonstrated by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis based on 16S rRNA genes. The results indicate that RING-FISH coupled with probe-based cell sorting could be used with environmental samples, which could provide a means for phylogenetic classification of nirK-type denitrifiers. Thus, the results of RING-FISH could increase our understanding of the phylogeny and function of denitrifying microorganisms in the environment.
Non–lineage/stage-restricted effects of a gain-of-function mutation in tyrosine phosphatase Ptpn11 (Shp2) on malignant transformation of hematopoietic cells (2011)

Activating mutations in protein tyrosine phosphatase 11 (Ptpn11) have been identified in childhood acute leukemias, in addition to juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), which is a myeloproliferative disorder (MPD). It is not clear whether activating mutations of this phosphatase play a causal role in the pathogenesis of acute leukemias. If so, the cell origin of leukemia-initiating stem cells (LSCs) remains to be determined. Ptpn11(E76K) mutation is the most common and most active Ptpn11 mutation found in JMML and acute leukemias. However, the pathogenic effects of this mutation have not been well characterized. We have created Ptpn11(E76K) conditional knock-in mice. Global Ptpn11(E76K/+) mutation results in early embryonic lethality. Induced knock-in of this mutation in pan hematopoietic cells leads to MPD as a result of aberrant activation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and myeloid progenitors. These animals subsequently progress to acute leukemias. Intriguingly, in addition to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL) and B-ALL are evolved. Moreover, tissue-specific knock-in of Ptpn11(E76K/+) mutation in lineage-committed myeloid, T lymphoid, and B lymphoid progenitors also results in AML, T-ALL, and B-ALL, respectively. Further analyses have revealed that Shp2 (encoded by Ptpn11) is distributed to centrosomes and that Ptpn11(E76K/+) mutation promotes LSC development, partly by causing centrosome amplification and genomic instability. Thus, Ptpn11(E76K) mutation has non-lineage-specific effects on malignant transformation of hematopoietic cells and initiates acute leukemias at various stages of hematopoiesis.
Gastrointestinal function development and microbiota (2013)

The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the development of post-natal gastrointestinal functions of the host. Recent advances in our capability to identify microbes and their function offer exciting opportunities to evaluate the complex cross talk between microbiota, intestinal barrier, immune system and the gut-brain axis. This review summarizes these interactions in the early colonization of gastrointestinal tract with a major focus on the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of feeding intolerance in preterm newborn. The potential benefit of early probiotic supplementation opens new perspectives in case of altered intestinal colonization at birth as preventive and therapeutic agents.
Genome-wide analyses identify SCN5A as a susceptibility locus for premature atrial contraction frequency (2022)

Premature atrial contractions (PACs) are frequently observed on electrocardiograms and are associated with increased risks of atrial fibrillation (AF), stroke, and mortality. In this study, we aimed to identify genetic susceptibility loci for PAC frequency. We performed a genome-wide association study meta-analysis with PAC frequency obtained from ambulatory cardiac monitoring in 4,831 individuals of European ancestry. We identified a genome-wide significant locus at the <i>SCN5A</i> gene. The lead variant, rs7373862, located in an intron of <i>SCN5A</i>, was associated with an increase of 0.12 [95% CI 0.08-0.16] standard deviations of the normalized PAC frequency per risk allele. Among genetic variants previously associated with AF, there was a significant enrichment in concordance of effect for PAC frequency (n = 73/106, p = 5.1 × 10<sup>-5</sup>). However, several AF risk loci, including <i>PITX2</i>, were not associated with PAC frequency. These findings suggest the existence of both shared and distinct genetic mechanisms for PAC frequency and AF.
Constructors, Sufficient Completeness and Deadlock Freedom of Generalized Rewrite Theories (2010)

Sufficient completeness has been throughly studied for equational&#13;\nspecifications, where function symbols are classified into&#13;\n{\\em constructors} and {\\em defined} symbols. But what should &#13;\nsufficient completeness mean for a rewrite theory $\\rcal = &#13;\n(\\Sigma,E,R)$ with equations $E$ and non-equational rules $R$ &#13;\ndescribing concurrent transitions in a system? The present &#13;\nwork argues that a rewrite theory naturally has {\\em two} &#13;\nnotions of constructor: the usual one for its equations $E$, &#13;\nand a more restrictive one for its rules $R$. The intuition &#13;\nis that a function symbol $f$ that is a constructor for the &#13;\nequations $E$ may be a {\\em defined symbol} for the rules $R$. &#13;\nAll this can be very useful both to check the completeness of &#13;\nspecification with non-equational rules, and for inductive &#13;\nreasoning purposes in rewriting logic. This paper studies &#13;\nthe relation between these two notions in the more general &#13;\ncase when rewrite theories can have (i) a frozenness map &#13;\nrestricting rewriting with $R$, and (ii) a context-sensitive &#13;\nmap restricting rewriting with the equations $E$, as it is &#13;\npossible for specifications in the Maude language. &#13;\nIt also investigates a syntactic &#13;\ncharacterization for the notion of deadlock states of a &#13;\nrewrite theory, which appears promising for solving some &#13;\nreachability problems. Sufficient conditions allowing the &#13;\nautomatic checking of sufficient completeness, and other &#13;\nrelated properties, by equational tree automata modulo &#13;\nequational axioms such as as associativity, commutativity, &#13;\nand identity are also given. They are used to extend the &#13;\nMaude Sufficient Completeness Checker from the checking of &#13;\nequational theories to that of both equational and rewrite &#13;\ntheories. Finally, the usefulness of the proposed notion &#13;\nof constructors in proving inductive theorems about the &#13;\nreachability rewrite relation $\\rightarrow_\\rcal$ associated to a rewrite &#13;\ntheory $\\rcal$ (and also about the joinability relation &#13;\n$\\downarrow_\\rcal$) is both characterized and illustrated &#13;\nwith examples.
The Use of a 3‐D Laser Scanner to Document Ephemeral Evidence at Crime Scenes and Postmortem Examinations (2011)

Proper documentation of physical evidence at both crimes scenes and postmortem examination is crucial for downstream analysis, interpretation, and presentation in court. Ephemeral or transient evidence poses particular challenges to investigators, as its very nature renders it difficult or impossible to seize and maintain in its original physical state. The use of a hand-held three-dimensional (3-D) laser scanner is proposed to capture and document such evidence, both in the field and at autopsy. Advantages of the scanner over traditional means of documentation such as photography or casting include the ability to obtain measurements in all dimensions, the ability to reconstruct missing elements, and the ease with which generated images can be interpreted by the jury at trial. Potential scenarios warranting the use of the scanner are identified, and the limitations of its use are discussed.
A Nerve Growth Factor‐Sensitive S6 Kinase in Cell‐Free Extracts from PC 12 Cells (1986)

Soluble extracts from nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulated PC12 cells prepared by alkaline lysis show a two- to 10-fold greater ability to phosphorylate the 40S ribosomal protein S6 than do extracts from control cells. The alkaline lysis method yields a preparation of much higher specific activity than does sonication. Half-maximal incorporation of 32P from [32P]ATP into S6 occurred after 4-7 min of NGF treatment. The partially purified NGF-sensitive S6 kinase has a molecular weight of 45,000. It is not inhibited by NaCl, chlorpromazine, or the specific inhibitor of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase, nor is it activated by addition of diolein plus phosphatidylserine. Trypsin treatment of either crude extracts or partially purified S6 kinase from control or NGF-treated cells was without effect. These data suggest that the S6 kinase stimulated by NGF is neither cAMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase C nor the result of tryptic activation of an inactive proenzyme. Treatment of intact cells with dibutyryl cAMP or 5'-N-ethylcarboxamideadenosine also increases the subsequent cell-free phosphorylation of S6. This observation suggests that cAMP-dependent protein kinase may be involved in the phosphorylation of S6 kinase.
Characterization of ramie fiber/soy protein concentrate (SPC) resin interface (2004)

Abstract Ramie fiber/soy protein concentrate (SPC) polymer (resin) interfacial shear strength (IFSS) was measured using the microbond technique. To characterize the effect of plasticization, SPC resin was mixed with glycerin. Fibers were also treated with ethylene plasma polymer to reduce fiber surface roughness and polar nature to control the IFSS. Fiber surfaces after ethylene plasma polymerization, and fracture surfaces of specimens before and after the microbond tests were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Some specimens were also characterized using electron microprobe analyzer (EMPA) to map the residual resin on the fiber surface after the microbond test. Effects of glycerin concentration in SPC and ethylene plasma fiber surface treatment time on the IFSS were investigated. Preparation of SPC resin requires a large amount of water. As expected, during drying of SPC resin, the microdrops shrank significantly. The high IFSS values indicate strong interfacial interaction in the ramie fiber/SPC resin system. This strong interfacial interaction is a result of a highly polar nature of both the ramie fiber and the SPC resin and rough fiber surface. Ethylene plasma polymerization was used to control the IFSS. The plasma polymer imparted a polyethylene-like, non-polar polymer coating on the fiber surface. As a result, the fiber surface became smoother compared to the untreated fiber. Both fiber smoothness and non-polar nature of the coating reduced the ramie fiber/SPC resin IFSS. Plasticization of the SPC resin by glycerin also decreased the adhesion strength of the ramie fibers with the SPC resin. The load-displacement plots for IFSS tests obtained for different resin and fiber combinations indicate different interfacial failure modes. Keywords: RAMIE FIBERSSOY PROTEIN CONCENTRATEINTERFACIAL SHEAR STRENGTHETHYLENE PLASMA POLYMERIZATIONSURFACE ENERGY
The impact of loss on plasmonic resonances in a slit in a real metal (2021)

There is a common misconception that a narrower slit leads to more enhancement but in the presence of loss, the narrowest slit does not give the highest field enhancement which is important for SERS and nonlinear optics applications. Here, the impact of loss on the plasmonic resonances in metal-insulator-metal slits is analyzed. The reflection of TM light in a subwavelength slit in a real metal has been calculated using mode matching theory and orthogonality principle of electric and magnetic field for a real metal exhibiting both dispersion and loss. Then the calculated reflection phase has been used to calculate plasmonic resonances. The impact of metal loss and the presented theory on plasmonic resonances is investigated. The theoretical calculations agree well with comprehensive simulations, but differ substantially from the conjugated orthogonality result, as was used in past analytical works, showing promise for simple theoretical investigation of future plasmonic MDM structures.
Expression of translation initiation factor eIF‐2α is increased in benign and malignant melanocytic and colonic epithelial neoplasms (2003)

Increased expression of eIF-2alpha took place in both benign and malignant neoplasms of melanocytes and colonic epithelium. These findings suggest that elevated expression of this translation initiation factor may contribute to tumor initiation and progression but that it is not sufficient for establishing a malignant phenotype in the tumors analyzed in this study.
Mode matching of terahertz radiation to cylindrical wire waveguides (2006)

We describe a method for dramatically enhancing the coupling of THz radiation to a wire waveguide using a radially symmetric photoconductive antenna. We present both numerical simulations and experimental results showing enhanced coupling.