gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical characterization of free electron concentration in heteroepitaxial InN layers using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a 2 × 2 transfer-matrix algebra (2013)

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) reflectance spectroscopy has been implemented as a non-destructive, non-invasive, tool for the optical characterization of a set of c-plane InN single heteroepitaxial layers spanning a wide range of thicknesses (30–2000 nm). The c-plane (0001) InN epilayers were grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) on GaN(0001) buffer layers which had been grown on Al2O3(0001) substrates. It is shown that for arbitrary multilayers with homogeneous anisotropic layers having their principal axes coincident with the laboratory coordinates, a 2 × 2 matrix algebra based on a general transfer-matrix method (GTMM) is adequate to interpret their optical response. Analysis of optical reflectance in the far and mid infrared spectral range has been found capable to discriminate between the bulk, the surface and interface contributions of free carriers in the InN epilayers revealing the existence of electron accumulation layers with carrier concentrations in mid 1019 cm−3 at both the InN surface and the InN/GaN interface. The spectra could be fitted with a three-layer model, determining the different electron concentration and mobility values of the bulk and of the surface and the interface electron accumulation layers in the InN films. The variation of these values with increasing InN thickness could be also sensitively detected by the optical measurements. The comparison between the optically determined drift mobility and the Hall mobility of the thickest sample reveals a value of rH = 1.49 for the Hall factor of InN at a carrier concentration of 1.11 × 1019 cm−3 at 300° Κ.
Mobile computing and industrial augmented reality for real-time data access (2001)

Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that enhances the user's view of real world with virtual objects. AR is a relatively new field and seeks applications in a wide range of areas from medicine to industry. Applying AR with mobile computing, we present a new method for information access in industrial environments. We, in this paper, present a framework that is applicable to different scenarios in larger industrial settings for spatial data access, navigation, and image augmentation in realtime. In the core of our framework lies a mobile computer equipped with a camera. The camera observes the environment for visual coded markers. These markers are registered to a global coordinate system through available drawings or floor plans. The tracker software processes images coming from the camera at moderate frame rates (typically 12fps) and estimates the location of the user. The system then can guide the user through the environment, provide the user with location relevant data from a spatial database, and augment the view of the user through the camera. Data exchange is done via a wireless network and the user interface allows the user to access various types of data without considerable effort.
GNOSTRON: a framework for human-like machine understanding (2018)

Reports in the recent literature abundantly indicate that for many people, in the general public and scientific community alike, advances in machine intelligence present a disturbing prospect. Realizing that machines are devoid of understanding is likely to exacerbate the discomfort: the current generation of AI systems can accumulate knowledge but remains clueless about its meaning and incapable of explaining how it is used in making decisions. Machines can recognize familiar conditions and select appropriate responses but are incapable of responding adequately to novel situations. Humans encountering unfamiliar situations seek to understand them and optimize responses based on such understanding. All species can learn but understanding-based learning is a unique and definitive feature of human intelligence. The gnostron proposal strives to simulate brain mechanisms underlying human understanding. This paper summarizes some of the key ideas, aiming at facilitating further inquiries and accelerating progression from knowledge-based to understanding-based AI.
Ballistic Transport in Metallic Nanotubes with Reliable Pd Ohmic Contacts (2003)

Contacting metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes by palladium (Pd) affords highly reproducible ohmic contacts and allows for the detailed elucidation of ballistic transport in metallic nanotubes. The Pd ohmic contacts are more reliable than the titanium (Ti) previously used for ballistic nanotube devices. In contrast, Pt contacts appear to give nonohmic contacts to metallic nanotubes. For both ohmic and nonohmic contacts, the length of the nanotube under the metal contact area is electrically turned off. Transport occurs from metal to nanotube at the edges of the contacts. Measurements with large numbers of Pd-contacted nanotube samples reveal that the mean free path for defect scattering in SWNTs grown by chemical vapor deposition can be up to 4 μm. The mean free paths for acoustic phonon scattering are on the order of 500 nm at room temperature and ≫4 μm at low temperatures.
Divide and aggregate: caching multidimensional objects. (2000)

A common optimization technique in the OLAP application domain is the use of summary aggregate data. For an appropriate support of analysis hot spots, we propose a query based aggregate cache of ‘multidimensional objects’. The major drawback of previous query caching methods is that new queries must be completely subsumed by a single cached object in order to utilize it. Our solution is the introduction of ‘setderivability’ which allows the combination of several aggregates to derive a single query. The set of cached multidimensional objects is dynamically determined using both users access patterns and semantical knowledge of dimensional structures. Experimental results show that average cost reductions of over 50% are easily reached while spending only 10% of additional storage for summary data.
Acceleration of Large Transformer Model Training by Sensitivity-Based Layer Dropping (2023)

Transformer models are widely used in AI applications such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), Computer Vision (CV), etc. However, enormous computation workload be-comes an obstacle to train large transformer models efficiently. Recently, some methods focus on reducing the computation workload during the training by skipping some layers. How-ever, these methods use simple probability distribution and coarse-grained probability calculation, which significantly affect the model accuracy. To address the issue, in this paper we propose a novel method to accelerate training—Sensitivity-Based Layer Dropping (SBLD). SBLD uses lay-er-wise sensitivity data to switch on/off transformer layers in proper order to keep high accuracy. Besides, we adjust the probability of skipping transformer layers with a scheduler to accelerate training speed and get faster convergence. Our results show that SBLD solves the accuracy drop issue com-pared with prior layer dropping methods. Our SBLD method can decrease end-to-end training time by 19.67% during training of GPT-3 Medium model, the same time increasing the accuracy by 1.65% w.r.t. baseline. Furthermore, for SwinV2-L model the obtained Top-1 and Top-5 accuracies are also higher vs. the baseline. Thus, the proposed method is efficient and practical to improve the large transformer model training.
Neurophysiological Double-Blind Trial of a Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Free of Complexing Proteins (2007)

NT 201 is effective and safe in inducing the desired paretic effect.
Use of ultrasonographic guidance in interventional musculoskeletal procedures: a review from a single institution. (2001)

We have evaluated the utility of ultrasonographic guidance for intervention in the musculoskeletal system. All interventional musculoskeletal procedures using ultrasonographic guidance performed at our institution from July 1998 through November 1999 were reviewed. Examinations were performed using either a linear or curved phased array transducer, based on depth and local geometry. The choice of needle was likewise optimized for specific anatomic conditions. One hundred ninety-five procedures were performed on 167 patients from July 1998 through November 1999. Thirty-one procedures had magnetic resonance correlation within 6 months beforehand. Excluding large-joint aspirations and injections, we found that 180 of the procedures were more readily performed using ultrasonography than any other imaging modality. These included therapeutic injections into tendon sheaths (biceps, flexor digitorum longus, posterior tibial, and iliopsoas), Morton's neuromas, plantar fascia, wrist ganglia, and tarsal tunnel cysts; peritendinous hamstring injections; and synovial cyst and muscle biopsies. In all cases, the target of interest was identified easily with ultrasonography, and needle position was documented readily. Also in all cases, aspiration or medication delivery to the site of interest was observed during real time and was documented on postprocedure images of the area. No significant complications (e.g., bleeding, infection, and neurovascular compromise) were encountered during or immediately after any procedure. Ultrasonography is a readily available imaging modality useful for guiding interventional procedures in the musculoskeletal system. The ability to document exact needle placement in real time confirms accurate placement of therapeutic injections, fluid aspiration, and soft tissue biopsies.
Strangulation Forensic Examination (2013)

Strangulation is one of the most dangerous forms of interpersonal violence (IVP), yet it is often not reported and missed by the health care provider because of lack of visible injury. The victim of strangulation can have critical injuries and a late onset symptoms. Victims of IVP should be directly asked whether they were choked or whether during the assault they felt like they could not breathe because of pressure on their neck. The objective of this article is to summarize "best practice" for health care providers so that they are better prepared to care for victims who report a history of strangulation. A summary of how to perform a forensic examination of the strangled patient is provided along with important documentation takeaways and useful forms to ensure that the severity of the strangulation is assessed, that critical injuries are identified, and that all injuries and findings are accurately documented for legal proceedings.
3D printed self&#x2013;glazing ceramics: process and materials development (2015)

David Huson and Katie Vaughan David Huson and colleagues at the Centre for Fine Print Research at the University of the West of England are continuing their research into the 3D printing of ceramic bodies by investigating the possibilities of using techniques developed by the ancient Egyptians to produce a 3D printed ceramic body that will glaze itself during a single firing process. The Centre for Fine Print Research at the University of the West of England has funding from the Arts and Humanities Research Council for a three year research project entitled "Can Egyptian Paste Techniques (Faience) be used for 3D printed, Solid Free-form Fabrication of Ceramics?" Now in the final year of the project this research aims to create a set of functional ceramic materials through a process based upon historic Egyptian Faience techniques, which will allow ceramic artists, designers and craftspeople to 3D print actual objects in a material that can be glazed and vitrified in one firing; a breakthrough for ceramic design and manufacture. The two methods used in ancient Egypt to enable self-glazing in one firing are efflorescence glazing and cementation glazing: In efflorescence glazing soluble salts are introduced in to the body mix, after forming and during the drying stage these salts migrate to the surface of the formed article and during firing fuse and react with the body materials to form a glaze on the surface, by introducing colouring oxides such as cobalt, iron, manganese or copper into the mix a range of coloured glazes can be produced. In cementation glazing the article that has been formed is surrounded in a saggar (a refractory box used to support and protect a ceramic object during firing) by a powder consisting of a glaze precursor, during the firing process a reaction takes place between the ceramic article and the glaze precursor powder and a glaze is formed on to the surface of the ceramic article, the firing temperature is below the melting temperature of the glazing powder so that the glazed ceramic article can be removed from the powder bed in which it was fired. This paper will describe the development of a 3D printable ceramic body with a glaze precursor powder for the cementation glazing process. (the initial development work was described in a paper presented at DF2014) The process parameters, formulations and 3D printing settings required will be detailed and images and examples of artefacts made by this process will be included. This is a new area of research to create a functional 3D printed real ceramic material through a process based upon historic Egyptian Faience techniques, which will allow ceramic artists and designers to 3D print objects in a material that can be glazed and vitrified in one low temperature energy efficient firing process, a potential breakthrough for ceramic design and manufacture which will be applicable to the arts and wider industries.
Novel Antiwindup of a Current Regulator of a Surface-Mounted Permanent-Magnet Motor for Flux-Weakening Control (2006)

This paper proposes a novel antiwindup method of current regulator for the drive system of a surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous motor at flux-weakening region. It is designed in conjunction with the synchronous-frame proportional and integral current regulator and the space vector pulse width modulation. The difference between the regulator output voltage and the saturated voltage on the q-axis of the regulator is used for flux-weakening control, which modifies the d-axis current reference. With this method, the antiwindup and the flux-weakening control can be achieved simultaneously. Since the proposed method utilizes the dc-link voltage more efficiently, it makes the motor generate higher output torque than the conventional antiwindup and/or flux-weakening control methods under the same voltage and current limitation. The effectiveness of this method is confirmed by computer simulations and experiments
Freeform design and fabrication: Where the proof of the pudding is in verification (2018)

A freeform optical surface is typically defined as any surface that does not have an axis of rotational symmetry. These surfaces provide additional degrees of freedom that can lead to improved performance compared to systems that make use solely of conventional optics.
Impact of oral consumption of heat-treated Bacteroides xylanisolvens DSM 23964 on the level of natural TFα-specific antibodies in human adults (2016)

It is now generally accepted that the human body exists in close synergy with the gut microbiome and that this cross-talk plays an essential role in human health and disease. One facet from the many interactions between the microbiome and the immune system is the induction of natural antibodies to commensal bacterial glycans, such as blood group antigens, the alpha-Gal epitope or the Thomsen-Friedenreich (TFα) antigen. Since we have observed that certain species of the commensal genus Bacteroides express the TFα antigen, we examined whether the oral dietary supplementation of a pasteurised Bacteroides xylanisolvens strain might be able to enhance the level of natural anti-TFα antibodies in healthy adults. The data obtained from a double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 140 healthy volunteers and lasting 8 weeks revealed that the oral uptake of this strain was indeed able to increase the level of TFα-specific immunoglobulin M serum antibodies. The effect was dose-dependent but remained - at any doses - within the physiological range determined before intervention. Furthermore, the effect reverted after stopping the intake. The results support the idea of the microbiome inducing the generation of systemic antigen-specific antibodies against sugar epitopes. They also demonstrate the possibility to modulate essential regulatory or defence processes through dietary supplementation of selected commensal bacteria with the aim to assist human health.
Polarization characterized band model for layered semiconductors (2004)

We propose a band model for layered III-V semiconductors, by reconfiguring the conven-tional band structure according to the polarization properties of the optical transitions of the carriers. This band model enables to conveniently investigate the light cross phase modulation and cross gain modulation with different polarizations in semiconductor op-tical amplifiers. It also provides a simple tool to study related ultrafast processes in terms of the carrier dynamics in polarization characterized bands, interacting with the corre-sponding TE or TM polarized optical fields. corresponding polarized optical field.
Effect of Doxycycline Microencapsulation on Buccal Films: Stability, Mucoadhesion and In Vitro Drug Release (2021)

The aim of this work was to stabilize doxycycline in mucoadhesive buccal films at room temperature (25 °C). Since doxycycline is susceptible to degradation such as oxidation and epimerization, tablets are currently the only formulation that can keep the drug fully stable at room temperature, while liquid formulations are limited to refrigerated conditions (4 °C). In this study, the aim was to make formulations containing subclinical (antibiotic) doxycycline concentration that can act as matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPI) and can be stored at temperatures such as 25 °C. Here, doxycycline was complexed with excipients using three techniques and entrapped into microparticles that were stored at 4 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C. Effect of addition of precomplexed doxycycline microparticles on films: stability mucoadhesion capacity, tensile strength, swelling index and in vitro release was studied. The complexation efficiency between drug-excipients, microparticles and films was studied using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Two of the films were found to be stable at 4 °C but the film containing microparticle composed of precomplexed doxycycline with β-cyclodextrin, MgCl<sub>2</sub>, sodium thiosulfate, HPMC and Eudragit<sup>®</sup> RS 12.5 was found to be stable at 25 °C until 26 weeks. The addition of microparticles to the films was found to reduce the mucoadhesive capacity, peak detachment force, tensile strength and elasticity, but improved the stability at room temperature.
CINÉTICA DA DESSORÇÃO DO CARBAMATO FORMADO POR MONOETANOLAMINA (MEA) DIÓXIDO DE CARBONO (CO2) (2018)

a carência de informações na literatura quanto ao processo de dessorçãomotivou o objetivo deste trabalho. Com a aplicação de conceitos fundamentais deEngenharia Química estudou-se a cinética de recuperação de uma solução demonoetanolamina, referência nos processos de captura de CO2. Os experimentos foramrealizados em pressão ambiente e a temperatura de aquecimento máxima foi de 90ºC.Foram usadas soluções de carbamato na concentração de 1,16 mol L-1e 1,90 mol L-1.Para os testes usou-se um balão de três bocas com volume de 0,25 L. Cada pontocoletado no ensaio teve-se todos os produtos formados, bem como os residuaisquantificados por volumetria ácido-base. Os resultados obtidos e o comportamento dareação de recuperação da MEA foram comparados com as poucas informações que hána literatura e apresentaram comportamento semelhante.
Molten-Metal Electrodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (2010)

Molten In, Pb, and Sb were examined as anodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) that operate between 973 and 1173 K. The results for these metals were compared with those reported previously for molten Sn electrodes. Cells were operated under “battery” conditions, with dry He or N2 flow in the anode compartment, to characterize the electrochemical oxidation of the metals at the yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)-electrolyte interface. In most cases, the open-circuit voltages (OCVs) were close to that based on equilibrium between the metals and their oxides. With Sn and In, the cell impedances increased dramatically at all temperatures after drawing current due to formation of insulating, oxide barriers at the electrolyte interface. Similar results were observed for Pb at 973 and 1073 K, but the impedance remained low even after PbO formation at 1173 K because this is above the melting temperature of PbO. Similarly, the impedances of molten Sb electrodes at 973 K were low and unaffected by current flow because of the low melting temperature of Sb2O3. The potential of using molten-metal electrodes for direct-carbon fuel cells and for energy-storage systems is discussed.
(+)-Dinapsoline:  An Efficient Synthesis and Pharmacological Profile of a Novel Dopamine Agonist (2002)

A highly convergent synthesis was developed for the novel dopamine agonist dinapsoline (12) (Ghosh, D.; Snyder, S. E.; Watts, V. J.; Mailman, R. B.; Nichols, D. E. 8,9-Dihydroxy-2,3,7, 11b-tetrahydro-1H-naph[1,2,3-de]isoquinoline: A Potent Full Dopamine D(1) Agonist Containing a Rigid beta-Phenyldopamine Pharmacophore. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39 (2), 549-555). The crucial step in the new synthesis was a free radical-initiated cyclization to give the complete dinapsoline framework. The improved synthesis required half as many steps as the original procedure (Nichols, D. E.; Mailman, R.; Ghosh, D. Preparation of novel naphtho[1,2,3-de]isoquinolines as dopamine receptor ligands. PCT Int. Appl. WO 9706799 A1, Feb 27, 1997). One of the late-stage intermediates (11) was resolved into a pair of enantiomers. From there, the (R)-(+)-12 (absolute configuration by X-ray) of dinapsoline was identified as the active enantiomer. In unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats, (+)-dinapsoline showed robust rotational behavior comparable to that of an external benchmark, trans-4,5,5a,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2-propyl-benzo[f]thieno[2,3-c]quinoline-9,10-diol, hydrochloride 18 (Michaelides, M. R.; Hong, Y. Preparation of heterotetracyclic compounds as dopamine agonists. PCT Int. Appl. WO 9422858 A1, Oct 13, 1994).
Monoclonal antibody MS13 identifies a plasmatocyte membrane protein and inhibits encapsulation and spreading reactions ofManduca sexta hemocytes (2000)

Lepidopterans generally can successfully defend themselves against a variety of parasites or parasitoids. One mechanism they use is to encapsulate the invader in many layers of hemocytes. For encapsulation to occur, the hemocytes must attach to the foreign material, spread, and adhere to each other. The molecules that mediate these processes are not known. One method to identify proteins potentially necessary for adhesion, spreading, and, thus, encapsulation is to use monoclonal antibodies that interfere with these functions. In this paper, we report that a monoclonal antibody against Manduca sexta plasmatocytes effectively inhibited encapsulation of synthetic beads in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, it inhibited plasmatocyte spreading in vitro. Other anti-hemocyte antibodies did not have these effects. The plasmatocyte-specific monoclonal antibody, mAb MS13, recognized a protein of approximately 90,000 daltons as indicated by Western blot analysis of hemocyte lysate proteins. The epitope recognized by mAb MS13 was present on the exterior surface of plasmatocytes. Using indirect immunohistochemistry with hemocyte-specific antibodies, we also determined that during encapsulation plasmatocytes were the first cells bound to latex beads and later layers consisted of both plasmatocytes and granular cells. Arch.