gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CT2—The Clinical Trials Control Tower: Overcoming Barriers to Opening Oncology Clinical Trials (2007)

interest, and applaud the authors’ meticulous efforts and candor in illuminating the barriers that exist to opening oncology clinical trials in an academic health center setting. As a matrix cancer center reliant on interaction with other departments to execute the opening of clinical trials, the Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University (Atlanta, GA) realizes similar challenges to those reported at Vanderbilt. Several of these steps are difficult to circumvent in an academic health care center, and we believe that these processes make it more challenging for academic centers to attract pharmaceutical industry-sponsored clinical trials. We fully agree with the authors that overcoming the barriers to opening oncology clinical trials “is of critical importance for maintenance of core oncology research capabilities in the United States.” 1 At the Winship Cancer Institute, we have begun to develop and implement a method to improve the efficiency with which we open clinical trials. We have termed this process the CT2, the clinical trials control tower, since the management of clinical trials is somewhat akin to that of airport traffic, a process that has been described as managing controlled chaos. We have employed a program coordinator to electronically track the progress of each protocol from inception to closure, much like the tracking of moving aircraft on a radar screen. This control tower monitors and manages the functions of the key parties involved in the initiation of each protocol (the study investigator, the clinical trials office, other institutional departments and committees, and the study sponsor), and provides the communication within and between these parties necessary to streamline the progress of each protocol through the clinical trial initiation process. Clinical research can only succeed in increasing efficiency if we identify stop-gaps in the current process, and learn how to improve these procedures by critically evaluating their current quality and efficiency. Our tracking efforts show that we experience similar obstacles to those seen by the Vanderbilt Cancer Center (Nashville, TN) and its affiliates. In conclusion, we fully concur with the findings of this enlightening study regarding the barriers that exist in academia to opening oncology clinical trials. We believe academic institutions offer outstanding resources for the pharmaceutical industry to conduct clinical trials, but that we must strive to function more efficiently to attract the business of pharmaceutical sponsors. We hope that our CT2 model will facilitate a leaner process that will expedite the opening of both industry-sponsored and investigator-initiated clinical trials, ultimately providing more treatment options for cancer patients.
Efficient multi-rate multi-user detection for the asynchronous WCDMA uplink (1999)

Sub-optimal multi-user joint-detection (JD) is an effective technique for combating the effects of multiple-access interference in CDMA communication systems. Its implementation, however, is accompanied by a prohibitive computational complexity when supporting large numbers of asynchronous users and channels with long impulse responses. Two approaches for the reduction of this complexity are compared. The first is based on an approximate Cholesky factorization. The second is based on iterative schemes such as the method of conjugate gradients or the Jacobi algorithm and its derivatives. The two approaches result in significant reductions in complexity at the expense of little or no degradation in performance. Results are presented for the asynchronous multi-rate environment of the WCDMA uplink with exact and realistic channel estimates.
Near-field observations and source parameters of central California earthquakes (1974)

abstract This is a study of source characteristics of 13 earthquakes with magnitudes between 2.4 and 5.1 located near the San Andreas fault in central California. On the basis of hypocentral locations and fault-plane solutions the earthquakes separate into two source groups, one group clearly related to the throughgoing northwest-trending San Andreas fault zone and the other apparently associated with generally north-trending bifurcations such as the Calaveras fault. The basic data consist of broad-band recordings (0.03 to 10 Hz) of these earthquakes at two sites of the San Andreas Geophysical Observatory (SAGO). Epicentral distances range between 2 and 40 km, and maximum ground displacements from 4 to 4000 microns were recorded. The whole-record spectra computed from the seismograms lend themselves to source parameter studies in that they can be interpreted in terms of low-frequency level, corner frequency, and high-frequency slope. Synthetic seismograms have also been used to estimate source parameters in both the time domain and frequency domain, and the results compare favorably with those estimated directly from the spectra. The influences of tilts and nonlinear response of the seismometer were considered in the interpretation of the low frequencies. Seismic source moments estimated from the low-frequency levels of the spectra show a linear dependence on magnitude with a slope slightly greater than 1. The geology at the recording site can contribute an uncertainty factor of at least 3 to the estimated moments. Observed corner frequencies are only weakly dependent on magnitude. Interpreted in terms of source dimension, these corner frequencies imply values of 1 to 2 km for the earthquakes of this study. The corner frequencies may also be interpreted in terms of the rise time source function, yielding values in the range 0.5 to 1.0 sec. The data indicate that the earthquakes of this study are all surprisingly similar in their fundamental source parameters, with only the seismic moment showing a strong dependence on magnitude.
Hybrid Hydrogels with Extremely High Stiffness and Toughness (2014)

The development of hydrogels for cartilage replacement and soft robotics has highlighted a challenge: load-bearing hydrogels need to be both stiff and tough. Several approaches have been reported to improve the toughness of hydrogels, but simultaneously achieving high stiffness and toughness remains difficult. Here we report that alginate-polyacrylamide hydrogels can simultaneously achieve high stiffness and toughness. We combine short- and long-chain alginates to reduce the viscosity of pregel solutions and synthesize homogeneous hydrogels of high ionic cross-link density. The resulting hydrogels can have elastic moduli of ∼1 MPa and fracture energies of ∼4 kJ m<sup>-2</sup>. Furthermore, this approach breaks the inverse relation between stiffness and toughness: while maintaining constant elastic moduli, these hydrogels can achieve fracture energies up to ∼16 kJ m<sup>-2</sup>. These stiff and tough hydrogels hold promise for further development as load-bearing materials.
Deep Dyna-Reinforcement Learning Based on Random Access Control in LEO Satellite IoT Networks (2021)

Random access schemes in satellite Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks are being considered a key technology of new-type machine-to-machine (M2M) communications. However, the complicated situations and long-distance transmission can make the current random access schemes not suitable for the satellite IoT networks. The random access problem in the satellite IoT networks is studied in this article. A novel random access scheme for machine-type-communication devices (MTCDs) is proposed, to maximize the efficiency of random access for contention-based and contention-free random access. Under the set of random access opportunities (RAOs) and limited delay, the random access control model is designed via maximizing efficiency of random access. The model-free deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm is proposed to tackle the problem based on the random access model. Subsequently, the deep Dyna- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> learning algorithm is introduced to deal with the proposed random access control model. In this proposed scheme, the random access model-free DRL algorithm is developed using simulated experience. The proposed algorithms’ performances are discussed, and simulation results show the desirable performance of the proposed DRL methods on different system parameters.
Analysis of Laogang energy internet and construction of the cloud platform (2018)

Laogang solid waste recycling base deals with about 70% waste domestic garbage of Shanghai every day. By recycling the garbage, great amount of energy including electricity, heat and gas can be produced. Meanwhile, the base itself consumes much energy as well. Therefore, an energy internet has been designed for the base to analyse the output and usage of the energy so that the energy utilization rate can be enhanced. In addition, a cloud platform has been established basing on the three-layer cloud technology: IaaS, PaaS and SaaS. This cloud platform mainly analysing electricity will judge whether the energy has been used suitably form all sides and furthermore, improve the operation of the whole energy internet in the base.
ROSAT wide field camera mirrors (1988)

The ROSAT wide field camera (WFC) is an XUV telescope operating in the 12-250-eV energy band. The mirror system utilizes Wolter-Schwarzschild type I (WS I) grazing incidence optics with a focal length of 525 mm, comprised of three nested aluminum shells with an outermost diameter of 576 mm providing a geometric aperture area of 456 cm(2). The reflecting surfaces are electroless nickel plated and coated with gold to enhance their reflectivity in the XUV. The mirrors have undergone full aperture optical testing, narrow beam XUV testing, and full aperture XUV testing. Measurements of the reflectivity are compared to theoretical values derived from the optical constants of gold in the XUV range. Analysis of the focused distribution is used to estimate the surface roughness and figuring errors of the polished surfaces. The results are compared to the mechanical metrology data collected during manufacture of the shells and the power spectral density of the reflecting surfaces is found to have a power-law form.
Electromagnetic design of an all-diffractive millimeter-wave imaging system (2004)

We present the design and electromagnetic analysis of an all-diffractive millimeter-wave imaging system having a field of view of +/- 15 degrees. This system consists of two 16-level diffractive lenses, with the stop in contact with the first lens. By considering the Seidel aberrations for a diffractive lens and applying the corresponding stop shift formula, we established the expressions of third-order wave aberrations for this system. By setting all primary Seidel aberrations to zero and solving the corresponding system of equations, we obtained two sets of solutions for this two-element all-diffractive system, which totally compensate for all Seidel aberrations. To assess image system performance, we apply the finite-difference time-domain technique and a vector plane-wave spectrum method, in combination, to validate the performance of the system. To reduce the computational cost and thereby enable the complete electromagnetic analysis of the system, a four-step analysis procedure has been developed and applied as an electromagnetic system model.
Atrial fibrillation or flutter and stroke: a Danish population‐based study of the effectiveness of oral anticoagulation in clinical practice (2002)

The effectiveness of oral anticoagulation in clinical practice may be lesser than the efficacy of oral anticoagulation reported from randomized trials.
Abstract 13383: Atrial Fibrillation Alters Both Left and Right Atrial 3D Hemodynamics (2014)

Introduction: In patients with atrial fibrillation, pulmonary embolism and right atrial (RA) thrombus are less common than stroke and left atrial (LA) thrombus. Prior studies have linked thrombus formation to decreased blood flow velocity (stasis) promoting blood clotting. We hypothesized LA stasis is more evident than RA stasis. Methods: Whole heart 4D flow MRI was performed in n=70 subjects: 33 AF patients in sinus rhythm (SR) during imaging (AF-SR, age = 62±10 years), 29 AF patients in AF (AF-afib, age = 67±12 years), and 8 age-matched controls (age = 59±5 years). 3D segmentation (MIMICS, Materialise, USA) of the LA and RA geometry was performed to calculate the flow velocity distribution for all atrial voxels and cardiac time frames. Velocity histograms normalized by the total number of entries (figure 1A) were used to assess mean and median atrial velocities and the % of LA and RA with velocities &lt;0.2m/s (stasis). Results: Compared to controls (LA = 0.20±0.2m/s, RA = 0.19±0.02m/s), both LA and RA velocities were significantly reduced in AF-SR (LA = 0.16±0.03m/s, RA = 0.16±0.04m/s, p&lt;0.03) and even further in AF-afib patients (LA = 0.13±0.03m/s, RA = 0.13±0.04m/s, p&lt;0.001). Atrial stasis was more pronounced in AF-afib (LA = 82±13%, RA = 80±16%, p&lt;0.001) and AF-SR (LA = 72±15%, RA = 69±20%, p&lt;0.04) than in controls (LA = 53±10%, RA = 53±13%). No significant RA vs LA differences were noted, Figure 1 shows significant associations (p&lt;0.01) between LA and RA mean velocity (R2=0.40) and stasis (R2=0.36) in figure 1B. RA/LA mean velocity ratio (1.0±0.2, range=0.6-2.0) and RA/LA stasis ratio (1.0±0.3, range=0.3-2.2) were not significantly different. Conclusions: In both controls and AF patients, there was no evidence for increased stasis in the LA vs RA. Although stasis likely contributes to clot formation, other factors such as atrial geometry in combination with individual LA vs. RA flow differences may account for the more prevalent formations in the LA vs. the RA.
Influence of Sediment Components on the Immobilization of Zn during Microbial Fe−(Hydr)oxide Reduction (2006)

The fate of Zn and other sorbed heavy metals during microbial reduction of iron oxides is different when comparing synthetic Fe-(hydr)oxides and natural sediments undergoing a similar degree of iron reduction. Batch experiments with the iron-reducing organism Shewanella putrefaciens were conducted to examine the effects of an aqueous complexant (nitrilotriacetic acid or NTA), two solid-phase complexants (kaolinite and montmorillonite), an electron carrier (anthraquinone disulfonic acid or AQDS), and a humic acid on the speciation of Zn during microbial reduction of synthetic goethite. Compared to systems containing only goethite and Zn, microbial Fe(III) reduction in the presence of clay resulted in up to a 50% reduction in Zn immobilization (insoluble in a 2 h 0.5 M HCl extraction) without affecting Fe(II) production. NTA (3 mM) increased Fe(II) production 2-fold and resulted in recovery of nearly 75% of Zn in the aqueous fraction. AQDS (50 microM) resulted in a 12.5% decrease in Fe(II) production and a 44% reduction in Zn immobilization. Humic acid additions resulted in up to a 25% decrease in Fe(II) production and 51% decrease in Zn immobilization. The results suggest that all the components examined here as either complexing agents or electron shuttles reduce the degree of Zn immobilization by limiting the availability of Zn for incorporation into newly formed biogenic minerals. These results have implications for the remediation of heavy metals in a variety of natural sediments.
GABAA receptor subunit interactions important for benzodiazepine and zinc modulation: a patch‐clamp and single cell RT‐PCR study (2001)

The expression of mRNAs for the GABAA receptor subunits alpha1, alpha6, beta2, beta3, gamma2 and delta in single mouse cerebellar granule cells and cortical interneurons were analysed by RT-PCR and correlated to their midazolam and zinc modulation of agonist-induced receptor currents. The registration of molecular and electrophysiological data from each cell allowed us to estimate the significance of individual subunits and their two-factor interaction for modulation. The presence of alpha6 decreased midazolam modulation, but statistical analysis also suggested interactions of alpha6 with beta3 and gamma2 with respect to midazolam modulation. Zinc modulation was decreased by the presence of gamma2, and analysis points to an beta3 effect as well as an interaction between gamma2 and delta in zinc modulation. Thus, our model confirmed, in single native cells, the known effects of alpha6 in midazolam and gamma2 in zinc modulation, and additionally pointed to significant subunit interactions that need to be further tested in recombinant receptors. The present study offers a method to identify subunit interactions in heteromeric receptor complexes.
pH Regulation in the Intracellular Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium falciparum (1999)

The mechanism by which the intra-erythrocytic form of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, extrudes H(+) ions and thereby regulates its cytosolic pH (pH(i)), was investigated using saponin-permeabilized parasitized erythrocytes. The parasite was able both to maintain its resting pH(i) and to recover from an imposed intracellular acidification in the absence of extracellular Na(+), thus ruling out the involvement of a Na(+)/H(+) exchanger in both processes. Both phenomena were ATP-dependent. Amiloride and the related compound ethylisopropylamiloride caused a substantial reduction in the resting pH(i) of the parasite, whereas EMD 96785, a potent and allegedly selective inhibitor of Na(+)/H(+) exchange, had relatively little effect. The resting pH(i) of the parasite was also reduced by the sulfhydryl reagent N-ethylmaleimide, by the carboxyl group blocker N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and by bafilomycin A(1), a potent inhibitor of V-type H(+)-ATPases. Bafilomycin A(1) blocked pH(i) recovery in parasites subjected to an intracellular acidification and reduced the rate of acidification of a weakly buffered solution by parasites under resting conditions. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the malaria parasite, like other parasitic protozoa, has in its plasma membrane a V-type H(+)-ATPase, which serves as the major route for the efflux of H(+) ions.
Electronic-structure-based molecular-dynamics method for large biological systems: Application to the 10 basepair poly(dG)⋅poly(dC) DNA double helix (1997)

Combining several recently developed theoretical techniques, we have developed an electronic-structure-based method for performing molecular-dynamical simulations of large biological systems. The essence of the method can be summarized in three points: (i) There are two energy scales in the Hamiltonian and each is treated differently---the strong intramolecular interactions are treated within approximate density-functional theory, whereas the weak intermolecular interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonds) are described within a simple theory that accounts for Coulomb, exchange, and hopping interactions between the weakly interacting fragments. (ii) A localized basis of atomic states is used, yielding sparse Hamiltonian and overlap matrices. (iii) The total energies and forces from the sparse Hamiltonian and overlap matrices are solved using a linear scaling technique to avoid the ${\mathrm{N}}^{3}$ scaling problem of standard electronic structure methods. As an initial benchmark and test case of the method, we performed calculations of a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double-helix poly(dG)\ensuremath{\cdot}poly(dC) segment containing ten basepairs, with a total of 644 atoms. By a dynamical simulation, we obtained the minimum-energy geometry and the electronic structure of this DNA dehydrated segment, as well as the full dynamical matrix corresponding to the relaxed structure. The vibrational data and energy band gap obtained compare qualitatively well with previous experimental data and other theoretical results.
Invasive neurostimulation in facial pain and headache syndromes (2011)

In the mid of the 20th century various types of facial pains, not clearly originating from the teeth or the eyes, were often misdiagnosed as trigeminal neuralgia and treated with lesional techniques. Pains from the rest of the head were simply classified as “headache” and treated with the pharmaceutical means available at that time. For migraine there was often no effective therapy. Headache is a common reasons for patients to seek medical care. Migraine is the most common form of disabling primary headache that has been estimated to be the most costly neurological disorder in the European Community at more than €27 billion per year. While considerable developments have been made in understanding and treating primary headaches there remains a group of patients with difficult to treat headache problems. Facial pain is another complex pain problem and especially severe neuropathic facial pain with considerable deafferentation has been labelled “la bête noire” of pain surgery. Many of these headache and facial pain problems are refractory to pharmacotherapy. Interventional pain management using electrical stimulation techniques can be the solution for a selected portion of these patients. In this article we describe and discuss a “treatment ladder” from minimally invasive to more interventional stimulation techniques according to the diagnosis of the pain syndrome under consideration. For each type of procedure, indications, technique and complications are discussed based on the experience of the authors and a review of the literature.
Supplementary Figure 3 from <i>MET</i> and <i>KRAS</i> Gene Amplification Mediates Acquired Resistance to MET Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (2023)

Supplementary Figure 3 from &lt;i&gt;MET&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;KRAS&lt;/i&gt; Gene Amplification Mediates Acquired Resistance to MET Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Imagination (2023)

We do not just live with our sibling relationships, we also live with the idea of siblings. Sibling relationships are imbued with ideas, ideals and imagined connections. From, often contradictory, ideas about how siblingship ought to be done and what sibling roles should entail to lay theories about how being a sibling might affect the ways we ‘turn out’ in life, this chapter explores normative ideas about what sibling relationships should mean. The chapter indicates how, despite the differences, complexities and ambivalences in our ideas about what siblingship ought to entail, these ideals inform the ways we make sense of ourselves and our relationships. The chapter explores gaps between idealised and lived sibling relationships as well as considering the role of yearned-for or imagined siblings. The chapter concludes by unpacking the role of siblings in informing kinship expertise and lay understandings of how siblings (or an absence of siblings) affect how we ‘turn out’.
Photosynthetic Properties of ac-31, a Mutant Strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi Devoid of Chloroplast Membrane Stacking (1969)

A pale-green mutant strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi, ac-31, is characterized by the absence of any stacking of its chloroplast membranes. The capacity for photosynthetic electron transport, phosphorylation, and CO(2) fixation in ac-31 is substantial, and it is concluded that these photosynthetic activities occur within the single membrane. The photosynthetic capacities of wild type and ac-31 as a function of increasing light intensity are compared. Saturation is attained at higher light intensities in ac-31, and the kinetics of the 2 sets of curves are distinctly different. The possibility that energy transfer is enhanced by membrane stacking is suggested by these results. The repeatedly-observed correlation between reduced stacking and disfunctional Photosystem II activities is discussed in view of the observation that ac-31 has no stacking but retains a functional Photosystem II.