gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellulose Solvents – Remarkable History, Bright Future (2010)

The paper summarizes different approaches for the dissolution of cellulose and the use of these cellulose solutions for analysis, regeneration, and homogeneous modification of the polymer. Aqueous and non-aqueous solvents, melts, and soluble cellulose intermediates are discussed with the focus on new developments for the shaping and the homogeneous conversion of cellulose. It will be shown that these media open up new paths towards nanostructured regenerated cellulose and tailored cellulose derivatives not accessible via heterogeneous reactions. Moreover, the preparation of conventional cellulose products with new structural features obtainable by conversion in cellulose solvents will be illustrated.
Near Infrared Single Photon Detector Using an InGaAs/InP Avalanche Photodiode Operated with a Bipolar Gating Signal (2012)

We report a near infrared (NIR) single photon detector (SPD) using an InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode (APD) operated with a bipolar rectangular gating signal. The use of the bipolar gating pulse enabled us to operate the APD well below the breakdown voltage during the gate-off time. As a result, it permits to decrease the lifetime of the trapped carriers, and then reduces the after-pulse noise of the detector. At a repetition rate of 200 MHz, the after-pulse probability is 8.2% less comparing to that of conventional gating signal SPD.
Singles-prompt: a novel method to estimate random coincidences by using prompts and singles information (2011)

Random coincidences are one of the main sources of image degradation in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging. This aspect becomes especially important when high image quality is needed or accurate quantitative analysis is undertaken. To correct for these degradation effects, an accurate method to estimate the contribution of random events is necessary. A common method of choice is the so called "Singles Rate" method (SR), widely used because of its good statistical properties. SR is based on the measurement of the singles count rate in each detector, <i>R<sup>SR</sup>/<sub>ij</sub> = 2&tau;S<sub>i</sub>S<sub>j</sub></i>. However, the SR method always overestimates the correct randoms rate value, especially for non-extended sources close to the center field of view of the scanner. In this work an extension of the SR method is proposed. The novel method, called "Singles-Prompts" (SP) takes advantage of the extra information provided by the measured prompts. Changing SR by SP is straightforward since only two simple replacements in the SR formula are required. To validate the method, Monte Carlo simulations have been performed. A small animal PET has been used together with three source geometries that cover two limiting cases: from a point-like source to an extended source. The results show that the SP estimation is more accurate than that of SR and always has a smaller variance. More importantly, for energy windows that prevent to register multiple events caused by inter-crystal scatter (ICS), the SP method provides an estimation compatible with the correct value regardless of the geometry of the source.
Minimum-variance phase prediction and frame interpolation algorithms for low bit rate sinusoidal speech coding (2002)

A number of improved algorithms for phase prediction and frame interpolation in the context of sinusoidal speech coding are presented. A minimum-variance sinusoidal phase estimation scheme is proposed. It is shown that reasonably accurate estimates for short-time sinusoidal phases corresponding to voiced frames can be obtained. In addition, improved algorithms for interpolation of sine wave parameters are presented which result in further reduction in bit rate while preserving the subjective equality of the reproduced speech at low bit rates. The performance of the proposed algorithms were evaluated on a large speech database and the results of statistical analysis are provided. The proposed algorithms were successfully integrated into a 2.4 kbps sinusoidal coder, where speech of good quality intelligibility, and naturalness was obtained.
Growth from Solution, Structure, and Optical Properties of Single-Crystal para-Quaterphenyl Films (2018)

Samples of single-crystal para-quaterphenyl films up to 8 mm long and 50 μm thick have been obtained for the first time by the solvent‒antisolvent growth method. The films have been grown both on the liquid–air interface and in the solution bulk. The morphology, surface quality, and thickness of crystal films have been investigated by the optical, laser confocal, and atomic force microscopies. The structure of the para-quaterphenyl single crystal at room temperature has been refined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The formation and growth mechanisms of crystal films on the liquid–air interface have been discussed. The opticalabsorption and photoluminescence spectra of the solutions and crystal samples have been investigated.
A Computerized Alert Program for Acutely Ill Patients (1980)

Johnson, Dickey Seidlitz; Ranzenberger, Jane; Herbert, Ruth D.; Gardner, Reed M.; Clemmer, Terry P. Author Information
Identification of the Nanogold Particle-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by Omic Techniques and Systems Biology Analysis (2011)

Growth inhibition and apoptotic/necrotic phenotype was observed in nanogold particle (AuNP)-treated human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. To elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms, proteomic techniques including two-dimensional electrophoresis/mass spectrometry and protein microarrays were utilized to study the differentially expressed proteome and phosphoproteome, respectively. Systems biology analysis of the proteomic data revealed that unfolded protein-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response was the predominant event. Concomitant with transcriptomic analysis using mRNA expression, microarrays show ER stress response in the AuNP-treated cells. The ER stress protein markers' expression assay unveiled AuNPs as an efficient cellular ER stress elicitor. Upon ER stress, cellular responses, including reactive oxygen species increase, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and mitochondria damage, chronologically occurred in the AuNP-treated cells. Conclusively, this study demonstrates that AuNPs cause cell death through induction of unmanageable ER stress.
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (1995)

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) occurs when there is compromised blood supply to the optic nerve and can result in visual loss. Ophthalmic nurses are key health professionals to recognize this entity and triage the patient accordingly. A case study of a patient with non-arteritic AION is presented.
Uses and limitations of bone mineral density measurements in the management of osteoporosis. (2005)

BMD measurement remains the most useful diagnostic tool for identifying patients with osteoporosis. Although they are helpful in guiding decisions to initiate osteoporosis treatment, subsequent changes in BMD provide an imperfect indicator of treatment efficacy. Analyses of clinical trials show an inconsistent relationship between increased spinal BMD and a decreased risk of vertebral fracture. Increased BMD accounts for less than 25% of the overall reduction in fracture risk in most instances. Consequently, fracture risk reduction itself remains the most clinically relevant therapeutic outcome of osteoporosis therapy.
Genetic mapping of the human amphiphysin gene (AMPH) at 7p14-p13 excludes its involvement in retinitis pigmentosa 9 or dominant cystoid macular dystrophy. (1995)

Amphiphysin is a protein concentrated in neuronal synapses and peripherally associated with synaptic vesicles. It is expressed in many neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems and also in the adrenal medulla, the anterior and posterior pituitary, cell lines of the endocrine pancreas, and male germ cells. Its subcellular localization and tissue distribution indicate a potential involvement in mechanisms of regulated exocytosis. A role in the dynamic organization of the membrane-associated cytoskeleton is suggested by sequence similarity to the products of two yeast genes, RVS161 and RVS167. Mutation of either of these results in an abnormal actin distribution, disturbs budding morphology, and impairs cell entry into stationary phase. Amphiphysin is the dominant autoantigen in paraneoplastic Stiff-Man syndrome, a neurological autoimmune disorder characterized by progressive rigidity of the body musculature with superimposed painful spasms. 9 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.
Diode-pumped passively Q-switched high-brightness microchip lasers (2006)

We have demonstrated the diode end-pumped high-brightness Nd <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> :YAG microchip lasers, passively Q-switched by Cr <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4+</sup> :YAG as a saturable absorber (SA). In order to optimize the output characteristic of the laser, we have investigated the transmission of Cr <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4+</sup> :YAG, and acquired the dependence of the pulse energy density on the initial transmission with the final transmission that was provided from the measurement. As a result, its maximum output pulse energy was 0.95 mJ with the pulse width of 480 ps and the peak power was 1.7 MW and a beam quality was M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> = 1.05 with 100 Hz repetition frequency.
Specific enhancement of drug delivery to AKR lymphoma by antibody-targeted small unilamellar vesicles. (1984)

Antibody targeting of drug-containing liposomes to specific cell populations provides the opportunity to improve cancer chemotherapy. We report here the efficacy of targeted liposomes containing methotrexate-gamma-aspartate against two murine T-lymphomas, AKR/J SL2 and R1.1. Both large and small unilamellar vesicles conjugated to anti-Thy-1.1 antibody associated with AKR lymphoma cells in 10-fold greater amounts than nonconjugated liposomes or liposomes conjugated to a nonspecific antibody. Cell association was inhibited by two different anti-Thy-1.1 monoclonal antibodies, but not by nonspecific antibody. Vesicle size is the critical factor determining drug delivery of targeted liposomes to both AKR and R1.1 T-lymphoma cells. Although targeted large unilamellar vesicles (mean diameter, 0.45 micron) specifically bind to lymphoma cells, they probably are not internalized, because they fail to enhance the efficacy of the drug for growth inhibition of either AKR or R1.1 cells. In contrast, drug encapsulated in targeted small unilamellar vesicles (mean diameter, 0.053 micron) is up to 22 times more effective than free drug against AKR cells, and is 40 times more effective against R1.1 cells. We have also demonstrated the efficacy of small compared to large unilamellar vesicles using two different target antigens, Thy-1.1 for AKR cells and H-2Kk for R1.1 cells. These experiments establish a system which can be used to test the antitumor efficacy of targeted liposomes against AKR/J SL2 lymphoma implanted in AKR/Cu mice.
Difference in gene expression between human fetal liver and adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (2005)

This study reports the first extensive investigation of the differences in gene expression profiles between fetal and adult MSC. The results suggest that fetal MSC have higher proliferative capacity and are less lineage committed than adult MSC.
Genotype/Phenotype Correlations for Coagulation Factor XIII: Specific Normal Polymorphisms Are Associated With High or Low Factor XIII Specific Activity (1999)

Factor XIII is a transglutaminase essential for normal hemostasis. We have studied the plasma FXIII levels and FXIII activity in 71 individuals and found these to be normally distributed. FXIII specific activity is also normally distributed. However, we show that FXIII activity is not directly dependent on FXIII levels, and individuals with low FXIII levels may have high FXIII activity and vice versa. We have determined the FXIIIA genotype in these individuals to assess whether the variation observed in FXIII specific activity is dependent on specific polymorphisms in the FXIIIA gene. Our data show that the Leu34 and Leu564 variants give rise to increased FXIII specific activity, while the Phe204 variant results in lower FXIII specific activity. We also report preliminary evidence that the Phe204 polymorphism may be associated with recurrent miscarriage. Overall, we have identified 23 unique FXIIIA genotypes. Certain specific FXIIIA genotypes consistently give rise to high, low, or median FXIII specific activity levels, while others appear to have little or no consistent influence on the FXIII phenotype. These genotype to phenotype relationships are discussed in light of the growing interest in the role of FXIII in clinical problems involving an increased thrombotic tendency.
Cytotoxicity of KDEL-terminated ricin toxins correlates with distribution of the KDEL receptor in the Golgi. (1996)

DNAs encoding ricin toxin A chain (RTA), with or without a C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum retention signal KDEL, were subcloned into pGEX2T bacterial expression plasmid. After transformation of JM105 E. coli cells and induction with isopropylthio-beta-galactoside (IPTG), fusion proteins were bound to an immobilized glutathione matrix and recombinant ricin A chains released with thrombin. Both recombinant wild-type RTA and RTA with KDEL had immunological reactivity and catalytic activity indistinguishable from plant RTA. The bacterial RTA products reassociated with plant ricin B chain (RTB) similarly to plant RTA. Cell cytotoxicities were measured on seven cell lines for each A-chain and heterodimer. Although KDEL sequences enhanced cytotoxicity in most cases, significant variability was observed. In each case, addition of KDEL enhanced A-chain cytotoxicity more than holotoxin cytotoxicity. Three cell lines showed reduced KDEL enhancement of both RTA and ricin cytotoxicity. The concentration of KDEL receptor was examined on each cell line by immunofluorescence microscopy with an antireceptor monoclonal antibody. Differences in sensitivity to KDEL-containing toxins correlated with altered distribution of KDEL receptor between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi compartments.
Genes specifying cytokinin biosynthesis in prokaryotes (1987)

Abstract Cytokinins are plant hormones which have long been associated with cell division and plastid differentiation. Recently, they have been found to play a central role also in the growth of plant tumors. Certain phytopathogenic bacteria, notably Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi , can incite tumors on dicotyledonous plants and such tumors exhibit growth which is characteristic of the presence of excess auxin and cytokinin. Genes specifying cytokinin biosynthesis have now been isolated from both sets of bacteria. The genes encode prenyl transferase responsible for cytokinin biosynthesis which, upon expression in E. coli ,cause the production of the active cytokinin, zeatin. Expression of these genes in association with the plant is responsible for at least part of the tumor phenotype, although the molecular mechanisms of infection by these bacteria are apparently quite dissimilar. There is extensive homology between the cytokinin biosynthetic genes from the two sets of bacteria.
Synthesis of 7-Alkyl-6-amino-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carbonitriles by the Copper-Catalyzed Reaction of 4-(Alkylamino)-5-iodopyrimidines with Propanedinitrile (2014)

A convenient sequence for the first general preparation of 6-aminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives has been developed.Thus, treatment of 4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidines with lithium diisopropylamide in THF at -78 °C lithiated the 5-position to generate 4-chloro-5-lithio-6methoxypyrimidines, which were allowed to react with iodine to give 4-chloro-5-iodo-6-methoxypyrimidines in good yields.Substitution of the 4-chloro group of these compounds with primary amines in the presence of triethylamine in refluxing THF afforded 4-(alkylamino)-5-iodo-6methoxypyrimidines.The reaction of these aminated compounds with propanedinitrile (malononitrile) in the presence of a catalytic amount of copper(I) iodide and excess potassium carbonate in dimethyl sulfoxide at 100 °C provided 7-alkyl-6-amino-4-methoxypyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5-carbonitriles in moderate yields.
Fat accretion and the regulation of insulin-mediated glycogen synthesis after puberty in rats (1997)

Peripheral insulin sensitivity decreases after puberty in both humans and rodents and can be explained mostly by a reduction in insulin-mediated glycogen synthesis. We tested the hypothesis that the increase in postpubertal fat mass (FM), reflecting an alternative energy store, regulates a decrease in the capacity to store muscle glycogen. We studied Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 21) before puberty (Pre) or after puberty (at 4 mo of age) in groups that were either ad libitum fed (Post) or moderately caloric restricted (CR). FM (by 3H2O isotope dilution technique) was decreased by >40% in CR compared with Post. Glucose uptake (Rd, by 18 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1) hyperinsulinemic clamp) was 63 +/- 8 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1) in Pre and decreased to 39 +/- 2 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1) in Post (P < 0.001). However, it increased in CR to 53 +/- 2 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1) (P < 0.001 vs. Post). This increase in Rd was mainly accounted for by an increase in glycogen synthesis (Rd glycolysis determined by the rate of conversion of 3H-labeled glucose to 3H2O) from 23 +/- 2 in Post to 33 +/- 2 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1) in CR (P < 0.001; 38 +/- 7 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1) in Pre). Correction of glycogen synthesis in CR to near-prepubertal levels was further supported by directly assayed muscle glycogen content after insulin stimulation that was 45% higher and by a 35% enhanced accumulation of [3H]glucose into glycogen. No changes in the enzyme kinetics of glycogen synthase or phosphorylase were observed. An additional group of 2-mo-old postpubertal ad libitum-fed rats was matched with CR for lean body mass but had more FM. This group demonstrated 25% lower rates of insulin-mediated glycogen synthesis compared with CR, further supporting the notion that a moderate reduction of FM prevents the decline in insulin responsiveness and glycogen synthesis occurring after puberty. These data suggest a cause-effect relationship between the increased deposition of fat and the reduced ability to store glucose in skeletal muscle after puberty.
COMPARISON OF COUNTER ROTATING AND TRADITIONAL AXIAL AIRCRAFT LOW-PRESSURE TURBINES INTEGRAL AND DETAILED PERFORMACNES (2009)

Raising requirements for aircraft engine efficiency and fuel consumption level combined with strong restrictions to engine weight and geometrical dimension pose serious challenges for engineers who are working under the new generation of engine development. These tasks require brand new flow path design approaches. The usage of a counter-rotating turbine is one of the possible ways to successfully match all these requirements. Modern aerodynamic design computational and optimization methodologies allow to fulfil this task in the shortest period of time with the highest gain in turbine performances. A counter-rotating turbine means that blade rows are joined to two shafts with opposite rotation direction and different rotation speeds. Vanes elimination in a counter-rotating turbine helps to solve three important tasks of turbine improvement:
Enantioselective Protonations: Fundamental Insights and New Concepts (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Natriuretic Peptides (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: History Natriuretic Peptides: Structure, Processing and Expression Natriuretic Peptide Receptors Physiological Effects of the Natriuretic Peptide System Natriuretic Peptides as Diagnostic Indicators of Heart Failure NPRs and Heart Failure Therapeutic Applications and Future Directions References
Role of oxidative stress in surgical cavernous nerve injury in a rat model (2015)

This study investigates the role of oxidative stress in surgical cavernous nerve (CN) injury in a rat model. Eighty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: group 1, sham-operated rats; group 2, bilateral CN-crushed rats; and group 3, bilateral CN-transection-and-sutured-immediately rats. Oxidative stress was evaluated by malondialdehyde levels, super oxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities in serum. Erectile function was assessed by CN electrostimulation at 3 months with mean maximal intracavernous pressure (ICP) and maximal ICP per mean arterial pressure. Nerve injury was assessed by toluidine blue staining of CNs and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase staining of penile tissue. GPX protein expression and nitrotyrosine-3 (NT-3) levels in penile tissue were measured. Erectile function and the number of myelinated axons of CNs and NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers were statistically decreased between groups, from sham to crush to transection. For markers, both nerve-injury groups showed increased oxidative stress markers at early time points, with the transection group showing greater oxidative stress than the crushed group and values normalizing to sham levels by week 12. GPX expression and NT-3 levels in penile tissue were in concordance with the results of SOD and GPX. These results show that oxidative stress plays an important role in injured CNs, and different methods of CN injury can lead to different degrees of oxidative stress in a rat model.
Effects of High-Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin on Virus Load in HIV-Infected Children (1999)

*Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy Childrens Hospital Los Angeles University of Southern California School of Medicine Los Angeles, California †Baxter Health Care Corporation Glendale, California
Bronchial Cuff Inflation Technique for Proper Positioning of Double-lumen Endobronchial Tube (1996)

Background: Accurate placement of double-lumen endobronchial tube(DLT) is essential for successful one-lung anesthesia. This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of bronchial cuff inflation technique for accurate placement of DLT. Methods: One hundred and five patients undergoing elective thoracotomy which required the use of DLTs were studied. Following induction of anesthesia, the tip of the left-sided DLT was advanced just past the vocal cords, the stylet in the endobronchial lumen was removed and the tube was rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise. After rotation of DLT, the bronchial cuff was inflated with air(4-6 ml) and the tube was advanced until resistance to further passage was encountered. After deflating of the bronchial cuff, the tube was advanced 2 cm more distally. The fiberoptic bronchoscopy was then introduced into the tracheal lumen of the tube and the tube's position was evaluated. Results: In the 100 patients out of 105 patients, the tube was inserted into the left side bronchus correctly. In the 77 patients(77 %) out of 100 patients, the position of DLTs was evaluated as ideally placed. In the l6 patients(16 %), the tube was evaluated as too deeply inserted into the appropriate bronchus and in the other 7 patients, the tube was too shallow. But only one patient needed repositioning. Conclusions: Bronchial cuff inflation technique may be useful for accurate placement of DLT for the one-lung anesthesia in the situation without fiberoptic bronchoscope. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1996; 31: 330-333)