gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An intelligent system for polyp detection in wireless capsule endoscopy images (2013)

Recent years have witnessed some development on automatic inspection of WCE images (see Li and Meng 2012, Figueiredo et al. 2013, Coimbra and Cunha 2006, Alexandre et al. 2008, Liedlgruber and Uhl 2011, Hwang and Celebi 2010, Karargyris and Bourbakis 2010). In this article, we focus on colonic polyp detection in WCE images. In particular, the images are acquired by the PillCam Colon capsule, produced by Given Imaging. This device, released first in 2006 and subsequently improved in 2009, was specifically developed for colon visualization and also with the purpose of screening for colorectal cancer, as an alternative to conventional colonoscopy. The polyps to be detected in the images are characterized by physicians according to human perception of their distinctive shapes, color and texture on these geometric objects. In effect,1 INTRODUCTIONColon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. A colon polyp is a growth on the surface of the colon (also known as the large intestine). Some colon polyps are benign, which means they are not cancer. But some types of polyps may already be cancer or can become cancer. For this reason it is important to identify and remove these polyps to prevent colon cancer developing. Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is a new imaging technique that allows the visualization of the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract, without pain and sedation. It was first invented by Given Imaging, Yoqneam, Israel in 2000 (Idan et al. 2000) and the first device got approval from the US food and drug administration (FDA) in 2001 During the procedure, patients swallow a multivitamin size capsule, consisting of a miniaturized camera, a light source and a wireless circuit for the acquisition and transmission of signals. As the capsule moves through the GI tract, due to peristalsis, images are wirelessly transmitted to a portable recording device. The stored images are transferred to a computer workstation, where physicians can view the images and analyze the potential sources of differentaccording to medical information, the geometry of colonic polyps can be classified essentially in two types: pedunculate polyps, which are mushroomlike structures attached by a thin stalk to the colon mucosa, and sessile polyps, which are like caps (mushroom structures with no stalk). Their color is in general red, reddish or rose, and their texture can be very similar to a human brain.
Ten-year clinical outcomes of polymer-free versus durable polymer new-generation drug-eluting stent in patients with coronary artery disease with and without diabetes mellitus (2021)

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00598533, Registered 10 January 2008, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00598533?term=NCT00598533 Kaplan-Meier estimates of endpoints of interest for patients with vs. without diabetes mellitus treated with PF-SES vs. DP-ZES. Bar graphs: Kaplan-Meier estimates as percentages. PF-SES: polymer-free sirolimus-eluting stent; DP-ZES: durable polymer zotarolimus-eluting stent; DM: diabetes mellitus. Comparison of event rates of individual endpoints in patients with and without diabetes mellitus treated with PF-SES vs. DP-ZES all without statistically significant differences. Comparison of event rates of individual endpoints in overall patients with vs. without diabetes mellitus significantly different (P ≤ 0.01 for all comparisons).
The role of circadian rhythm in male reproduction (2019)

Current data support the modest effect of the circadian clock on male reproductive potential; however, the evidence available is still fragmented and inconclusive. Additional well designed and sufficiently powered studies are needed to delineate the role of the circadian clock both in cause and potential interventional and preventive approaches in male subfertility.
Theoretical description of two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy by infrared-infrared-visible sum frequency generation (2000)

The two-dimensional infrared-infrared-visible (IIV) sum frequency generation (SFG) is theoretically considered. IIV-SFG is a two-dimensional extension of the infrared-visible SFG, since it involves two vibrationally resonant infrared fields of which frequencies are experimentally controlled. An additional visible field is used to probe the vibrational coherence dynamics. This IIV-SFG technique can be used in studying intramolecular and intermolecular vibrational interactions in isotropic condensed phases as well as on surfaces and interfaces. Due to the selection rules that are quite different from the one-dimensional vibrational spectroscopies, the IIV-SFG signal intensity is determined by the vibrational anharmonic couplings and nonlinearities of the polarizability and dipole moments with respect to the vibrational coordinates. In particular, for a model system consisting of two neighboring molecules or subgroups in a macromolecule, how the spatial and structural information can be extracted from the IIV-SFG measurement is discussed.
Rabbit conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells belong to two separate lineages. (1996)

To determine whether distinct phenotypes are caused by intrinsic divergence or by environmental modulation, the behavior of cells can be monitored in an identical in vivo growth environment. The athymic mouse provides such a permissive growth environment for cultured corneal, limbal, and conjunctival epithelial cells. All these cells reproduced their in vivo phenotype when placed in the athymic mouse. Thus, these findings provide the strongest evidence to date that the corneal-limbal lineage is distinct from the conjunctival lineage. These data also support the idea that the progenitor of goblet cells does not reside in the corneal-limbal epithelial compartment.
Designing Action Games for Appealing to Buyers (2005)

This study aims to identify design features for action games that would appeal to game-buyers, rather than game-players. Sixteen frequent-buyers of computer games identified 39 design features that appeal to buyers by contrasting different versions of Pacman games. Twenty-eight versions of Pacman were then evaluated in terms of the identified design features by 45 participants (27 male and 18 female college students). Qnet2000 neural network software was used to determine the relative importance of these design features. The results indicated that the top 10 most important design features could account for more than 50% of "perceived fun" among these 39 design features. The feature of avatar is important to game-buyers, yet not revealed in previous player-oriented studies. Moreover, six design factors underlying the 39 features were identified through factor analysis. These factors included "novelty and powerfulness," "appealing presentation," "interactivity," "challenging," "sense of control," and "rewarding," and could account for 54% of total variance. Among these six factors, appealing presentation has not been emphasized by player-oriented research. Implications of the findings were discussed.
Ultrathin Flexible Graphene Film: An Excellent Thermal Conducting Material with Efficient EMI Shielding (2014)

As the portable device hardware has been increasing at a noticeable rate, ultrathin thermal conducting materials (TCMs) with the combination of high thermal conductivity and excellent electromagnetic interface (EMI) shielding performance, which are used to efficiently dissipate heat and minimize EMI problems generated from electronic components (such as high speed processors), are urgently needed. In this work, graphene oxide (GO) films are fabricated by direct evaporation of GO suspension under mild heating, and ultrathin graphite‐like graphene films are produced by graphitizing GO films. Further investigation demonstrates that the resulting graphene film with only ≈8.4 μm in thickness not only possesses excellent EMI shielding effectiveness of ≈20 dB and high in‐plane thermal conductivity of ≈1100 W m ‐1 K ‐1 , but also shows excellent mechanical flexibility and structure integrity during bending, indicating that the graphitization of GO film could be considered as a new alternative way to produce excellent TCMs with efficient EMI shielding.
High efficiency Lifter based on the Biefeld-Brown effect (2014)

The Biefeld-Brown is a fascinating effect with which levitation can be reached without moving or rotating elements. Static voltage is applied between asymmetric electrodes and a force towards the small electrode is generated. This effect is studied experimentally in this paper. Using this effect a set of experiments is conducted trying to clarify the relation of the model geometry to the induced force. The results show clear relations of the generated force to the model structure and dimensions. As the asymmetry is stronger, the force is stronger. According to the experimental results, a set of preferred parameters is given to strength the effect. Choosing the geometrical properties properly led to improvement of factor ∼9 in the generated force and efficiency. Nevertheless, some results provides contradictions to earlier models of electrohydrodynamicmic (EHD) describing the effect and reveal unresolved questions regarding this effect.
The He I photoelectron spectra of mixed boron trihalides and the microwave spectrum of BClF2 (1975)

Although the mixed boron halides BXnX′3 – n cannot be isolated pure, but exist in essentially statistical equilibrium with BX3 and BX′3, it is shown that their He I photoelectron (p.e.) spectra, as well as their microwave spectra, can be measured; the p.e. spectra of BC1F2 and BC12F, and the microwave spectrum, structure, and quadrupole interaction data for BC1F2 are described and are supported by ab initio SCF MO calculations.
Subband gap photoresponse of nanocrystalline silicon in a metal-oxide-semiconductor device (2008)

In this paper we report on the photoconduction and photovoltaic properties of nanocrystalline silicon. Silicon nanocrystals (Si-ncs) have been prepared by using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on a p-type silicon substrate. The Si-ncs have been formed into the dielectric of a metal-oxide-semiconductor device. I-V characteristics of the devices have been studied under dark and illumination. Illumination was performed with light in the wavelength range of 350–1630 nm. A photovoltaic effect has been observed in the illuminated I-V characteristics in the range of 350–1100 nm. For longer wavelengths no measurable photovoltaic effect has been observed, but considerable photocurrent has been measured for 1300–1630 nm light under reverse bias condition. This photoresponse is attributed to absorption through subband gap states at the Si-nc and silicon oxynitride matrix interface.
Valvulogenesis: the moving target (2007)

Valvulogenesis is an extremely complex process by which a fragile gelatinous matrix is populated and remodelled during embryonic development into thin fibrous leaflets capable of maintaining unidirectional flow over a lifetime. This process occurs during exposure to constantly changing haemodynamic forces, with a success rate of approximately 99%. Defective valvulogenesis results in impaired cardiac function and lifelong complications. This review integrates what is known about the roles of genetics and mechanics in the development of valves and how changes in either result in impaired morphogenesis. It is hoped that appropriate developmental cues and phenotypic endpoints could help engineers and clinicians in their efforts to regenerate living valve alternatives.
Linear Thermodynamics of Rodlike DNA Filtration (2007)

Linear thermodynamics transportation theory is employed to study filtration of rodlike DNA molecules. Using the repeated nanoarray consisting of alternate deep and shallow regions, it is demonstrated that the complex partitioning of rodlike DNA molecules of different lengths can be described by traditional transport theory with the configurational entropy properly quantified. Unlike most studies at mesoscopic level, this theory focuses on the macroscopic group behavior of DNA transportation. It is therefore easier to conduct validation analysis through comparison with experimental results. It is also promising in design and optimization of DNA filtration devices through computer simulation.
The effect of neonicotinoids over the biological properties of Chilean native honeys (2014)

In Chile, honeys are produced from native species with important attributes due to its phenolic compounds inherited from specific floral sources.
CUFFLESS DEVICES CAN OPEN A NEW CHAPTER IN AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING ONLY IF VALIDATED RIGOROUSLY: DESIGN OF A CHALLENGING PROTOCOL FOR AKTIIA BRACELET (2021)

Objective: Cuffless wrist-based blood pressure (BP) monitors have a great potential to make ambulatory monitoring more appealing to patients and provide clinicians with better BP profiling. Investigators must be vigilant to validate these devices properly, as little guidance has been published. We propose a protocol that addresses ambulatory environment challenges, such as body posture changes and variable arm position. In addition to reporting the accuracy, we suggest reporting the number of successful automated measurements – the acceptance rate. Design and method: We tested the Aktiia Bracelet, a cuffless automated device that records optical signals at the wrist and requires an initial calibration, with the proposed protocol on 10 healthy volunteers. We simultaneously recorded the signals from the Aktiia Bracelet and a reference volume-clamp device positioned on the contralateral arm during the following interventions: sitting, lying supine, standing with both arms positioned at heart level; sitting with the Aktiia bracelet wrist positioned 30 cm lower than heart level; isometric leg extension inducing large BP changes. We calculated the mean and standard deviations of the error between Aktiia bracelet and the reference, as well as the acceptance rates in different measurement scenarios. Results: The figure illustrates the mean and standard deviation (STD) of the error between Aktiia bracelet and the reference, as well as the acceptance rate (Acc) for the diastolic BP (DBP). The dashed area illustrates the expected hydrostatic bias. The mean and the standard deviation of the error fell within ISO81060-2 limits. Aktiia bracelet readings were not affected by the hydrostatic bias intervention, even though one could expect an error of more than 20 mmHg. The maximum of the accepted measurements was achieved when patients were lying supine (67%) and sitting (52%). Thus, the user can expect a high density of measurements during night-time. However, when standing, the acceptance dropped (27%). Conclusions: This protocol provides more realistic testing of cuffless wrist-based BP monitors and suggests a way to improve the validation of this new family of devices.
Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis of Bifurcation Loci Characterizing Nonlinear Landing-Gear Dynamics (2017)

A methodology is developed to efficiently, yet accurately, determine the uncertainty bounds of the bifurcation loci of nonlinear dynamic systems subjected to parametric variations. The chosen approach makes use of numerical continuation, higher-order singular-value decomposition, and surrogate modeling. The technique is demonstrated on a representative model of an aircraft undercarriage, where the effect of uncertainty in the structural parameters is propagated onto the prediction of the conditions for the onset of shimmy. Comparison with numerical integration results demonstrates the accuracy of the methodology.
Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. (1998)

The authors investigated the emergence of gender differences in clinical depression and the overall development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood among members of a complete birth cohort using a prospective longitudinal approach with structured diagnostic interviews administered 5 times over the course of 10 years. Small gender differences in depression (females greater than males) first began to emerge between the ages of 13 and 15. However, the greatest increase in this gender difference occurred between ages 15 and 18. Depression rates and accompanying gender differences for a university student subsample were no different than for a nonuniversity subsample. There was no gender difference for depression recurrence or for depression symptom severity. The peak increase in both overall rates of depression and new cases of depression occurred between the ages of 15 and 18. Results suggest that middle-to-late adolescence (ages 15-18) may be a critical time for studying vulnerability to depression because of the higher depression rates and the greater risk for depression onset and dramatic increase in gender differences in depression during this period.
In vivo optical imaging and dynamic contrast methods for biomedical research (2011)

This paper provides an overview of optical imaging methods commonly applied to basic research applications. Optical imaging is well suited for non-clinical use, since it can exploit an enormous range of endogenous and exogenous forms of contrast that provide information about the structure and function of tissues ranging from single cells to entire organisms. An additional benefit of optical imaging that is often under-exploited is its ability to acquire data at high speeds; a feature that enables it to not only observe static distributions of contrast, but to probe and characterize dynamic events related to physiology, disease progression and acute interventions in real time. The benefits and limitations of in vivo optical imaging for biomedical research applications are described, followed by a perspective on future applications of optical imaging for basic research centred on a recently introduced real-time imaging technique called dynamic contrast-enhanced small animal molecular imaging (DyCE).
Coherent polarization locking of multimode beams in a diode bar (2011)

We demonstrate coherent polarization locking of multimode beams from four broad area emitters in a diode bar. The beams are overlapped into single output by using walk-off crystals and waveplates while their phases are locked via polarization discrimination. Coherent locking of multimode beams enabled power scaling of coherent diode output while retaining beam quality of single emitter. We obtained power of 7.2 W with M<sup>2</sup> of 1.5 x 11.5 from a 980 nm diode laser. This corresponds to brightness improvement of more than an order of magnitude.
Adversarial Attacks on Camera-LiDAR Models for 3D Car Detection (2021)

Most autonomous vehicles (AVs) rely on LiDAR and RGB camera sensors for perception. Using these point cloud and image data, perception models based on deep neural nets (DNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in 3D detection. The vulnerability of DNNs to adversarial attacks has been heavily investigated in the RGB image domain and more recently in the point cloud domain, but rarely in both domains simultaneously. Multi-modal perception systems used in AVs can be divided into two broad types: cascaded models which use each modality independently, and fusion models which learn from different modalities simultaneously. We propose a universal and physically realizable adversarial attack for each type, and study and contrast their respective vulnerabilities to attacks. We place a single adversarial object with specific shape and texture on top of a car with the objective of making this car evade detection. Evaluating on the popular KITTI benchmark, our adversarial object made the host vehicle escape detection by each model type more than 50% of the time. The dense RGB input contributed more to the success of the adversarial attacks on both cascaded and fusion models.
Quantitative proteomic approaches in biomarker discovery of inflammatory bowel disease (2012)

Proteomics offers considerable opportunities for either enhancing our biological understanding or discovering biomarkers, blood and biopsied specimen-based proteomic approaches, provide reproducible and quantitative tools that can complement clinical assessments and aid clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Sometimes a differential diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and the prediction of treatment response can be deduced by finding meaningful biomarkers, for which the central platform for proteomics is tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). A range of workflows are available for protein (or peptide) separation prior to MS/MS as well as bioinformatics analysis to achieve protein identification, for which two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and subsequent mass spectrometry (MS), liquid chromatography-MS, difference gel electrophoresis following 2-DE, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), stable isotope labeling by amino acids and label-free quantification are under development. In this article, the current status and perspective of these advanced proteomic technologies are introduced, with examples of recent biomarkers focused on the diagnosis, treatment response, prognosis of IBD, and even colitis-associated carcinogenesis in both animal models and human patients.
High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy (2012)

The technology of high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) has reached maturity. HS-AFM enables us to directly visualize the structure and dynamics of biological molecules in physiological solutions at subsecond to sub-100 ms temporal resolution. By this microscopy, dynamically acting molecules such as myosin V walking on an actin filament and bacteriorhodopsin in response to light are successfully visualized. High-resolution molecular movies reveal the dynamic behavior of molecules in action in great detail. Inferences no longer have to be made from static snapshots of molecular structures and from the dynamic behavior of optical markers attached to biomolecules. In this review, we first describe theoretical considerations for the highest possible imaging rate, then summarize techniques involved in HS-AFM and highlight recent imaging studies. Finally, we briefly discuss future challenges to explore.
Design and Optimization for a Cardiac Active Stabilizer Based on Planar Parallel Compliant Mechanisms (2012)

Giving assistance to surgeons during beating heart procedures is currently a great challenge in medical robotics: a high level of safety is required while the beating heart yields high forces and dynamics. In this article, we investigate the design of an active cardiac stabilizer that will provide a motionless area of interest during the surgery. A device architecture is introduced that is based on planar parallel mechanisms. Such mechanisms are particularly interesting for their manufacturing simplicity and compactness. With the considered architecture, spherical compliant joints based on a planar structure need to be designed. Here we present the use of a 3-RRR spherical parallel mechanism. Its kinematic and stiffness analysis are performed using pseudo-rigid body modeling. An optimization of the mechanism is then achieved, using a modified ant colony optimization technique. The achievable performance of this type of compliant spherical joint is then discussed before concluding on the device adequacy with respect to the surgical requirements.
Single-pixel, MEMS scanning mirror camera (2011)

In this summary we describe and demonstrate a “single-pixel camera,” where a single photodiode, imaging lens, and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) bi-axial scanning mirror are used to create a passive imaging system that collects environmental light in a scanned-detection scheme. The image is reconstructed from the photodiode signal by assuming a repeatable mirror tilt-position in time. The single-pixel camera described possesses great flexibility, in that the photodiode could easily be swapped for one, or more, detectors, enabling imaging in other spectral ranges.