gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Front‐face Fluorescence for Assessing Thermal Processing of Milk (2006)

ABSTRACT The use of front‐face fluorescence spectroscopy (FFFS) was assessed for its ability to monitor the development of Maillard browning in milk during thermal processing. Skim milk was processed using a Microthermics thermal processing system for a range of conditions from 70 °C to 140 °C from 3 to 30 s. Milk was analyzed using FFFS Hunter L *, a *, b *, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), tryptophan, and optical density. FFFS and HMF were found to be the most sensitive methods for distinguishing the heat treatment of milk. Activation energies of 126 and 190 kJ/ mol were found for HMF and FFFS, respectively. A strong correlation was found between these 2 methods. As a fast nonpreparatory method, FFFS is quite useful for evaluating the effect on the 1st stages of the Maillard reaction caused by the heat processing of milk. This work indicates that FFFS with no sample preparation has the potential to be of use as an online instrument for monitoring and control of thermal processing of milk; it can be applied as a process analytical technology (PAT) as is being done in the pharmaceutical industry with other methods.
Weakly Supervised Object Detection with Posterior Regularization (2014)

© 2014. The copyright of this document resides with its authors. This paper focuses on the problem of object detection when the annotation at training time is restricted to presence or absence of object instances at image level. We present a method based on features extracted from a Convolutional Neural Network and latent SVM that can represent and exploit the presence of multiple object instances in an image. Moreover, the detection of the object instances in the image is improved by incorporating in the learning procedure additional constraints that represent domain-specific knowledge such as symmetry and mutual exclusion. We show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art in weakly-supervised object detection and object classification on the Pascal VOC 2007 dataset.
Dry bainitizing – a new process for bainitic microstructures (2009)

Abstract Bainitizing is used in today's industry when high toughness of steel components is required in combination with high hardness values. Compared to martensite, the main advantages of bainite are the higher toughness and the high level of compressive stresses on the surface of the components. Additionally, the distortion values after bainitizing are lower in most cases since smaller thermal and phase transformation stresses are generated. Currently applied technology uses a salt bath as quenching medium. The components are held at a temperature between 500 °C and the martensite start temperature. This technology is however often problematic since the salt can be environmentally hazardous, parts need to be washed after quenching and an integration into the production line is often very difficult. Therefore a Dry Bainitizing process (DryBain TM ) was developed. By using this new quenching process, the parts are not quenched in a liquid media but by using a high pressure gas stream. To avoid the formation of perlite the components are quenched rapidly. This is ensured by a high heat transfer coefficient, which is achieved by applying high gas velocities and high gas pressures. Furthermore it must be ensured that no section of the components falls below bainitizing temperature so that no martensite formation takes place. To achieve this, the quench cell is pre-heated before quenching and the temperature of the gas stream is kept at bainitizing temperature during the whole quenching process. The industrial furnace equpiment for the DryBain TM process is presented in this paper and an example of practical application is given.
An Improved Contact Algorithm for the Material Point Method and Application to Stress Propagation in Granular Material (2001)

Contact between deformable bodies is a dif- cult problem in the analysis of engineering systems. A new approach to contact has been implemented us- ing the Material Point Method for solid mechanics, Bar- denhagen, Brackbill, and Sulsky (2000a). Here two im- provements to the algorithm are described. The rst is to include the normal traction in the contact logic to more appropriately determine the free separation crite- rion. The second is to provide numerical stability by scaling the contact impulse when computational grid in- formation is suspect, a condition which can be expected to occur occasionally as material bodies move through the computational grid. The modications described preserve important properties of the original algorithm, namely conservation of momentum, and the use of global quantities which obviate the need for neighbor searches and result in the computational cost scaling linearly with the number of contacting bodies. The algorithm is demonstrated on several examples. Deformable body so- lutions compare favorably with several problems which, for rigid bodies, have analytical solutions. A much more demanding simulation of stress propagation through ide- alized granular material, for which high delity data has been obtained, is examined in detail. Excellent quali- tative agreement is found for a variety of contact con- ditions. Important material parameters needed for more quantitative comparisons are identied.
Kauf vom Bauträger (2017)

Das Werk erläutert alle praxisrelevanten Themen des Bauträgerrechts, z.B. Vertragsabschluss und rechtliche Grundlagen, die Fragen rund um die Erbringung der Bauleistung, Abnahme und Besitzübergang, Haftung des Bauträgers, Kaufpreiszahlung, Finanzierung, Finanzierungssicherheiten und Insolvenz. Besonders wichtig: Die brandaktuelle Reform des Werkvertrags-, Bauvertrags- und Bauträgerrechts mit den §§ 632a, 648a und 650a bis 650v BGB ist bereits voll eingearbeitet worden. Mit dem neuen Recht kommt auf alle Baubeteiligten ab dem 1.1.2018 eine Vielzahl von Neuerungen zu. Vom künftigen Anordnungsrecht des Bestellers über den Mehrvergütungsanspruch bis zu den wichtigen Neuregelungen bei der Abnahme findet der Leser zu allen Fragen die Informationen, die er für die rechtliche Begleitung aktueller und künftiger Bauträgerprojekte benötigt. Der Reithmann/Terbrack richtet sich an Notare und Rechtsanwälte, an die bei Banken mit dem Thema beschäftigten Juristen und Sachbearbeiter, sowie natürlich an die entsprechenden Mitarbeiter von Bauträgergesellschaften und an die Gerichte. Als Kernzielgruppe hat das Werk den mit den einschlägigen Problemen befassten Volljuristen im Auge, die Darstellung bleibt aber auch für den ambitionierten Sachbearbeiter mit rechtlichen Grundkenntnissen verständlich und nutzbar. Das kompakte Handbuch ist kein Formularbuch im engeren Sinne, enthält aber alle im Zusammenhang mit dem jeweiligen Problemkreis wichtigen Musterformulierungen.
ChemInform Abstract: EINE SCHUTZGRUPPE FUER INDOLE (1971)

Abstract Während Indol selbst mit p‐Toluolsulfonylchlorid (II) nur unter stark basischen Bedingungen (Natriumhydrid) reagiert, lassen sich in Stellung 3,4 oder 5 mit elektronenziehenden Resten substituierte Indole (I) mit (II) in Gegenwart von wasserfreiem Kaliumcarbonat in siedendem Methyläthylketon in die l‐(p‐Toluolsulfonyl)‐indole (III) (80‐90%) überführen, die beim Erhitzen mit 2 n Natronlauge oder mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid in Tetrahydrofuran den Tosylrest wieder abspalten.
Outpatient CPOE orders discontinued due to ‘erroneous entry’: prospective survey of prescribers’ explanations for errors (2017)

Drugs are not infrequently discontinued 'in error.' Wrong patient and wrong drug errors constitute the leading types of erroneous prescriptions recognised and discontinued by prescribers. Data regarding erroneous medication entries represent an important source of intelligence about how CPOE systems are functioning and malfunctioning, providing important insights regarding areas for designing CPOE more safely in the future.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 substrates in mood disorders and schizophrenia (2013)

The dominant genetic and environmental causes of mood disorders and schizophrenia have not been forthcoming, so alternative approaches are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these diseases and to develop improved treatments for use in the clinic. Pharmacological evidence implicates glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) as a key target of current therapeutics, and this is well supported by genetic studies in animal models. Several upstream regulators of GSK3 are also genetically associated with mood disorders and schizophrenia, further suggesting convergence on GSK3 signalling. Whereas pathways upstream of GSK3 are being elucidated, relatively little progress has been made in identifying targets downstream of GSK3 that mediate its functional effects. This is important, because these substrates themselves could become next-generation therapeutic targets that are more potent and specific than current therapeutics targeting GSK3. Here, a few likely candidates and their connection to mood disorders and schizophrenia are discussed.
Fast in vivo 23 Na imaging and T 2 * mapping using accelerated 2D-FID magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging at 3 T: Proof of concept and reliability study (2020)

Abstract Purpose To implement an accelerated MR-acquisition method allowing to map sodium T 2 * relaxation and absolute concentration within skeletal muscles at 3T. Methods A fast-2D density-weighted concentric-ring-trajectory 23 Na-MRSI technique was used to acquire 64 time-points of FID with a spectral bandwidth of 312.5 Hz from a 2.5 x 2.5 mm 2 in-plane resolution within about 15 minutes. The fast relaxing 23 Na signal was localized with a single-shot, inversion-recovery based, non-echo (SIRENE) OVS method. The sequence was verified using simulation and phantom studies before implementing it in human calf muscles. Within two same-day sessions, 2D-SIRENE-MRSI (UTE = 0.55 ms) and 3D-MRI (UTE = 0.3 ms) data were acquired. The T 2 * values were fitted voxel-by-voxel using a bi-exponential model for the 2D-MRSI data. Within-subject coefficients of variation were estimated for both acquisition methods. Results The MRSI-FID data allowed for fast and slow T 2 * mapping of the calf muscles in vivo with minimal sensitivity reduction. The spatial-distributions of 23 Na concentration for both in vivo MRSI and 3D-MRI acquisitions were significantly correlated (r = 0.7, P &lt;0.001). The test-retest results rendered high reliability for both MRSI (CV = 5%) and 3D MRI (CV = 6%). The mean in calf muscles was 0.7 ± 0.1 (contribution fraction = 37%), while was 13.2 ± 0.2 ms (63%). The mean absolute muscle 23 Na concentration calculated from the T 2 * -corrected data was 28.6 ± 3.3 mM. Conclusion The proposed MRSI technique is a reliable technique to map sodium’s absolute concentration and T 2 * within a clinically acceptable scan time at 3T.
An ultra-low dark current CMOS image sensor cell using n/sup +/ ring reset (2002)

We present in this letter for the first time a new CMOS image sensor cell using n/sup +/-ring-reset structure, which can isolate the photon-sensing area from the defective field oxide edge. The experimental results demonstrate that the severe dark current degradation of the conventional CMOS active pixel image sensor fabricated by a standard CMOS logic process is significantly alleviated. Through optimizing the layout arrangement, as high as 45% fill factor can be obtained. The dynamic range of this new cell can thus be improved by more than 10/spl times/ compared to a conventional cell.
Localization of Antibody-Secreting Cells against Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines Using the Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay (1988)

The enzyme-linked immunospot assay was used to detect antibody-secreting cells from mice immunized against three human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines (Colo-205, SW 620, and SW 1116) on dishes coated with these cell lines. Antibody-secreting cells were detected by the development of a dark granular precipitate ('spot') using immunoenzymatic techniques where secreted antibody had bound to cell surface antigen. Spots can be detected by the naked eye and can be enumerated under low-power magnification. This method is specific, easily performed, versatile, and, together with conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques, allows for quantification of secreted antibody.
Active Voltage Clamping of Series Connected 1.2kV SiC MOSFETs for Solid State Circuit Breaker Application (2019)

SiC based Solid State Circuit Breakers (SSCBs) have recently entered into the market at the low voltage end of the network, and their adoption is slowly moving upstream as higher voltage offerings mature. Unavailability of commercial medium voltage SiC devices and their low current handling capability and high dv/dt hinder medium voltage SSCB designs. However, series connection of low voltage devices can meet the required voltage level if dynamic and static voltage balancing is possible. In this paper, an active voltage clamping method is proposed to achieve balanced dynamic turn-off voltage sharing between cascaded devices (CREE 1.2kV/30A SiC MOSFETs). Also, this method minimizes the number of components, overall switching losses and delay time by avoiding bulky and expensive RC snubbers. Different possible reasons behind dynamic voltage unbalancing and the proposed balancing technique have been verified in the LTspice simulation software. In addition, experimental results have been carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Hypertonic saline inhibits the nuclear translocation of NF-kB and IRF-1 by selectively altering importin cellular distribution (2010)

Santiago, Luis A. MD; Moore, Ernest E. MD, FACS; Gamboni-Robertson, Fabia PhD; Banerjee, Anirban PhD Author Information
Comment on ‘‘Quantum capacitance of resonant tunneling diodes’’ (1991)

First Page
Studies on the Mixing of Pharmaceutical Powders. III. : The Behavior of Cohesive Powders in the V-type Mixer (1970)

Most of the fine powders used in pharmaceutical preparation are different in their cohesiveness and particle density from particulate solids in other industries, and it is assumed that the behavior of fine powder in the mixer differs from them. Very early stages of the progress of mixing were examined in the V-type mixer, using antipyrin and lactose powder screened into the fraction of -100/+150 mesh, and mixing ratio of 1 : 25. It has been observed that the circulating flows of a mass of particles exist in the V-type mixer and are independent of each shell in the case of such particulate solids as glass bead or Soma sand. This kind of flow was not observed in the present case when the active ingredient was charged to the bottom of mixer. Variation of concentration was traced at some places on the 1st and 2nd layers and results are shown in Fig.6(a)-(e). These peculiar trends auggest that the mixing process was just like 'diffusion' from the charging position of active ingredient. Another charging position (Fig.1) was employed to compare the mixing rate with this position.
The Functionalization of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Derivatives by Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling (2022)

Abstract Modified or unnatural amino acids and peptides are required for a number of applications, which include drug development, diagnostics, to study protein function, for vaccine development, and also for synthetic building blocks and catalysts. By joining two native CH bonds directly, cross‐dehydrogenative coupling provides an efficient, atom‐economical, and environmentally friendly methodology for the α‐functionalization of these substances. Many oxidants, including air, may be utilized to facilitate the loss of hydrogen, and several types of catalysts, metal or organocatalysts and even light, are now known that activate CH bonds for a variety of applications. Site‐selective peptide functionalization is possible in some cases, compatible with the presence of many functional groups in the molecules, and also asymmetric synthesis. This article revises the literature available on this topic, covering at the same time the reaction mechanisms involved and studies performed to elucidate them, aiming to interest the reader in potential future applications.
Graphene Mode-Locked Ultrafast Laser (2010)

Graphene is at the center of a significant research effort. Near-ballistic transport at room temperature and high mobility make it a potential material for nanoelectronics. Its electronic and mechanical properties are also ideal for micro- and nanomechanical systems, thin-film transistors, and transparent and conductive composites and electrodes. Here we exploit the optoelectronic properties of graphene to realize an ultrafast laser. A graphene-polymer composite is fabricated using wet-chemistry techniques. Pauli blocking following intense illumination results in saturable absorption, independent of wavelength. This is used to passively mode-lock an erbium-doped fiber laser working at 1559 nm, with a 5.24 nm spectral bandwidth and approximately 460 fs pulse duration, paving the way to graphene-based photonics.
Materials and processes for printed electronics: Evaluation of gravure printing in electronics manufacture (2007)

The primary goal of printing electronics is to create structures and devices that are functionally similar to conventional electronics, but at greater speed, lower cost and less production complexity. There are advantages and challenging disadvantages of using printing processes to manufacture electronic devices. Printing has been very well optimized for printing visual images that meet the requirements of human eye. However in the production of functional electronic devices, there are more stringent requirements on resolution, registration and quality of printed features and functional layers.\nThe main goal of this work is to form a starting point to a bigger picture of low-cost electronics. Before undertaking full scale printing research, initial screening experiments are required to identify suitable materials and determine other printing concerns. Present work considers gravure printing as the main manufacturing platform and its capabilities are evaluated. In addition, different functional materials were studied and optimized for gravure printing and some issues to be solved are presented.
SMALL HIVE BEETLE (NOTES) (2004)

The small hive beetle (Aethina tumida) was first discovered in the State of New South Wales, Australia, in October 2002. Evidence has emerged that this pest was present in colonies for a least twelve months before being reported by beekeepers. Detection, even though the beetle is easy to see can be difficult because the beetles hide when exposed to light. The paper will describe the best method to use to detect small numbers of beetles and surveying methods used to determine this pests spread. been possible to determine how this beetle entered Australia, hosts are colonies of bees, fruit, wax capping, comb and soil. Colonies of bees are not imported into Australia. The greatest impact following the discovery of this pest is the export of live bees and queens, worth over 2 million US dollars. To date, the beetles are not causing any major problems in commercial managed colonies or to fruit. Locating reproduction areas is proving difficult, as beetle numbers in colonies are very small. It is suspected ants may be having a very significant effect on reproduction, with the ants controlling the larval stage in the soil preventing pupation. A comprehensive research program is to be implemented, the paper discusses the impact of the small hive beetle on marketing, control options without using chemicals, observation in the colonies and the field, and conclusions.
Highly Activated T-Cell Receptor AV2S3+ CD4+ Lung T-Cell Expansions in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis (2001)

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disorder of unknown origin, primarily affecting the lungs. The granulomatous inflammation is driven by the interplay between various molecules and cells, including T cells. Previously, our group reported a close correlation between lung-restricted T-cell receptor (TCR) AV2S3 CD4-positive T-cell expansions and HLA-DR17 in active sarcoidosis. The aim of this study was to characterize phenotypically such AV2S3 lung T cells, to obtain more information about the state of activation of this intriguing T-cell subset. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed on sarcoidosis patients with active disease and on healthy control subjects (HC). The expression of activation and subset markers was evaluated and compared between BAL AV2S3-positive and AV2S3-negative T cells of patients with lung-restricted AV2S3 T-cell expansions, and between BAL and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of patients and HC. The frequency of cells expressing activation markers CD26, CD28, CD69, and HLA-DR was enhanced in AV2S3-positive versus AV2S3-negative BAL CD4(+) T-cell subsets. In contrast, CD25 (Il-2R) and CD27 were expressed at lower levels by the AV2S3-positive CD4(+) lung T cells. Our data confirm a substantial activation of BAL CD4(+) T cells of patients with sarcoidosis. Furthermore, the AV2S3 CD4-positive lung cells display a pattern of activation markers, suggesting that they are significantly more activated compared with lung CD4(+) T cells expressing other TCR V gene segments as well as compared with BAL CD4(+) T cells of HC. These results support our hypothesis of an ongoing and selective stimulation of AV2S3 T cells by a specific antigen and the participation of this subset in the inflammatory process in the lungs of patients with sarcoidosis.
Cyclopentadienyl-Silyl-Amido Niobium Complexes Prepared by a Transmetalation Reaction Using Ti{η5-C5H4SiMe2-η-N(CH2)2NRR‘}Cl2 (2005)

Reaction of Ti{η5-C5H4SiMe2-η-N(CH2)2NRR‘}Cl2 with Nb(η5-C5H4SiMe2Cl)Cl4 affords the tethered heterodinuclear complexes TiCl2{η5-C5H4SiMe2-η-N(CH2)2-κ-NRR‘}Nb(η5-C5H4SiMe2Cl)Cl4, which are thermally unstable in solution and evolve to render an equimolar mixture of Ti(η5-C5H4SiMe2Cl)Cl3 and the corresponding cyclopentadienyl-amido niobium compounds, Nb{η5-C5H4SiMe2-η-N(CH2)2NRR‘}Cl3. These compounds are straightforwardly obtained from the reaction of Nb(η5-C5H4SiMe2Cl)Cl4 with 1 equiv of the appropriate diamine, NH2(CH2)nNRR‘, in the presence of 2 equiv of NEt3, in high yield. In this reaction, the presence of the functional pendant chain plays a central role not only in determining the course of the reaction but also in stabilizing the final product, from both an electronic and a steric point of view. The molecular structure of Nb{η5-C5H4SiMe2-η-N(CH2)3-η-NH2}Cl3 has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods.
Advances and challenges: dendritic cell vaccination strategies for glioblastoma (2016)

Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and prognosis remains poor with a median survival of approximately 15-17 months. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the field of glioblastoma immunotherapy. Areas covered: Recent advances in dendritic cell vaccination immunotherapy are showing encouraging results in clinical trials and promise to extend patient survival. In this report we discuss current scientific knowledge regarding dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, including approaches to differentiating, priming, and injecting dendritic cells to achieve maximal anti-tumor efficacy in glioblastoma. These findings are compared to recently completed and currently ongoing glioblastoma clinical trials. Novel methods such as 'fastDCs' and vaccines targeting DCs in-vivo may offer more effective treatment when compared to traditional DC vaccines and have already entered the clinic. Expert commentary: Finally, we discuss the challenges of T-cell dysfunctions caused by glioblastoma immunosuppression and how they affect dendritic cell vaccinations approaches.
Special effects of 3D diffusion of plasma waves : non linear photoreflectance signal (1994)

Increasing the photon flux of the pump beam can lead to non linearities in the photoreflectance signal of semiconductor samples. We will show that it is more difficult to obtain the non-linear regime in the case of three dimensional diffusion than in the monodimensional case. This observation adds credit to our model which assumes that non-linear effects observed are due to Auger recombination.