gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Resting Energy Expenditure in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a Clinical Setting (1992)

There is a growing tendency to estimate energy requirements by means of the assessment of resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry. In this study a computerized open-circuit ventilated hood system is described that was constructed for assessing REE in a clinical setting. Measurement error of the device, tested by ethanol combustion was +2% for VO2 and VCO2 and less than 1% for respiratory quotient. To assess the within-patient variability of REE measurements performed in a daily clinical routine, we studied the following aspects of the measurements in several groups of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: (1) reproducibility, (2) the influence of routine physical activities before the measurement, (3) measurement duration, and (4) difference between measurements using a ventilated hood or a mouthpiece. Reproducibility of measurements with a 2-month interval in 12 weight-stable patients was good (1415 +/- 128 and 1398 +/- 138 kcal/day). Variations due to limited activities and different measurement durations (between 10 and 30 minutes) were not significant. Variations between measurements with a mouthpiece and ventilated hood were larger in patients than in healthy control subjects, but for both groups no systematic difference was established. REE can be assessed reliably by short-term measurements with a ventilated hood in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients on an outpatient basis, provided a short rest is taken before the measurement.
Bone Mineral Density Measurements of Distal Radius in Saudi Arabian Females (1996)

A survey using Gammadensit x-ray bone mineralometer was conducted on 150 Saudi Arabian postmenopausal (PM) females and on another group of 150 females of menstruating age of around 30 years as the group with peak bone mass (PBM). The minimum age in the PM group was 44 years and maximum was 71 years (mean 54.08 years), SD +/- 7.02, whereas for the PBM group, the mean age was 29.15 years (range 24 to 33). The bone mineral density (BMD) for the PM group was 0.310 g/cm(2) minimum and the maximum ws 0.546 g/cm(2) (mean 0.440 g/cm(2)). In the PBM group, the mean BMD was 0.660 g/cm(2). Compared to Western females, the PM group BMD was 21% lower and the Saudi PBM group was 29% higher than in Western females of the same age and sex. The BMD of rural Saudi females was 0.479 g/cm(2) as compared to 0.359 g/cm(2) in the urban population. In females who had borne more than 10 children, the BMD was 0.483 g/cm(2), and was 0.354 g/cm(2) in females who had fewer than five children. There was no statistical significance in rural versus urban and </= 5 versus >/= 10 children (P value was <0.18 and <0.13). This study concludes that BMD of the PM Saudi females is lower than that of the Western females of the same age, making them more osteoporotic with a higher risk of osteoporotic-related fractures.
Harmonics reduction with defected ground structure for a microstrip patch antenna (2003)

A microstrip patch antenna using a defected ground structure (DGS) to suppress higher order harmonics is presented. An H-shaped defect on the ground plane with only one or more unit lattices has been utilized and yielded bandstop characteristics. Compared with a conventional microstrip patch antenna without the DGS unit cell, the radiated power of the DGS patch antenna at harmonic frequencies has been drastically decreased.
Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus (CIAV) in Broilers and Laying Hens in Sharkia Province, Egypt (2010)

CIAV was identified in three broiler flocks from different localities of Sharkia province, Egypt using PCR assay, where DNA extraction from liver, spleen, bone marrow, and thymus of examined chicken yielded positive reaction against primers. The flocks showed clinical signs and lesions suggestive to CIAV infection. The examined birds showed generalized weakness, depression, droopy appearance, pale comb and wattles, stunting, growth retardation, high mortalities, and markedly reduced packed cell volumes (average PCV was 17% - 22%). The necropsy findings were yellow fatty bone marrow, generalized lymphoid atrophy, and enlarged liver and spleen. Hypoplastic bone marrow and lymphocytic depletion were the most consistent histopathological findings. A serologic survey in unvaccinated commercial layer and broiler flocks from different localities of Sharkia province, Egypt was also performed using ELISA assay. Out of 180 tested serum samples of commercial layer flocks, 147 were positive (with percentage of 81.67% & ELISA titers ranging from 1582.74 to 2320.88) and 158 out of 180 tested serum samples of commercial broiler flocks, were positive (with percentage of 87.78% and ELISA titers ranging from 1821.04 to 2803.30). The present serological finding showed that CIAV was widely distributed in Sharkia province, Egypt. (Journal of American Science 2010; 6(9):752-761). (ISSN: 1545-1003).
Other Controlled Release Applications (2019)

Several medical applications of controlled release are in early stages of development and show promise. These include systems for the treatment of malaria, alcoholism, diabetes, and systems for eliciting immunity. The unreliability of self-administration of prophylactic antimalarial drugs is well recognized; an implanted controlled release drug delivery system would relieve the individual of responsibility for self-medication. A possible application for controlled release is the use of the drug disulfiram for the treatment of alcoholism. Disulfiram has been used in industry for many years in the vulcanization of rubber. Conventional methods for immunizing both animals and humans generally require multiple injections and often cause tissue irritation. In some cases, as in the treatment of allergies, shots have to be given weekly over a period of several years. Controlled release polymer formulations may find applications in other clinical areas. One such area that has received increasing attention is the controlled release of antibiotics.
A 38-Year History of Natural-Killer-Cell Lymphoma (2004)

To the Editor: In February 1965, a 19-year-old man presented with an extranodal natural-killer-cell–T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, affecting the nasal cavity. One of us made the diagnosis of “granuloma gangraenescens,” which was considered to be an unclassifiable sarcoma of the reticulohistiocytic system.1 The biopsy specimens (Figure 1) were also reviewed in 1965 by Friedrich Wegener, who confirmed the diagnosis and ruled out Wegener's granulomatosis. Surgical resection and radiotherapy induced a complete remission, which lasted for 33 years. In 1998, the now 52-year-old patient had a relapse with skin lesions, which responded to radiochemotherapy. In 2002, the disease progressed, with nasal . . .
Hollow-Cathode Based Electrical Discharge in Atmospheric Pressure Water Vapor at Wide Range of Temperature (2006)

Atmospheric pressure water vapor, in the temperature range from 150 to 700 °C, was used as the carrier gas for DC powered electrical discharge in hollow cathode configuration. The electrode assembly was constructed in usual hollow-cathode configuration by sandwiching a dielectric spacer, 200 µm thick, with two thin metal sheets and boring a micro hole of 300 µm diameter. The current–voltage profile of the discharge showed a positive differential resistivity characterizing an abnormal glow discharge. The power consumption for the water discharge at 700 °C was less than 50% the consumption at 150 °C. The reduction of the power for sustaining the discharge with increase of the gas temperature was partly explained by relating the ionic mobility and the distribution of ionic mean free path to the temperature.
Human papillomavirus infection and its association with cervical dysplasia in Ecuadorian women attending a private cancer screening clinic (2009)

Women living in Latin American countries bear a disproportionate burden of cervical cancer, a condition caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). We performed a study in Santa Elena, Guayas (currently Santa Elena Province), Ecuador, to determine how often HPV could be detected in women attending a private cancer screening clinic. Participants underwent a Pap test, and vaginal and cervical swabs were performed for HPV testing by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Each participant completed a verbally administered survey. The mean age of 302 participants was 37.7 years (range 18 to 78 years). The majority of cervical and vaginal specimens contained sufficient DNA to perform PCR. Overall, 24.2% of the participants had either a cervical or vaginal swab that tested positive for HPV. In general, there was a good correlation between the HPV types detected in the cervical and vaginal swabs from the participants, but vaginal swabs were more likely to contain HPV DNA than were cervical swabs. The high-risk HPV types 16, 52, 58, and 59 and the low-risk HPV types 62, 71, 72, and 83 were the most frequently detected HPV types. The number of lifetime sexual partners was positively associated with detection of any HPV type, detection of oncogenic HPV, and abnormal Pap smears. Further studies are needed to determine if these results are representative of all Ecuadorian women and to determine if cervical cancers in Ecuadorian women are caused by the same HPV types found in the swab specimens obtained in this study.
A RISC-Based Moving Tiny Threads Architecture (2011)

We describe a RISC-based architecture for moving tiny light-weight threads instead of data in the multicore context. We assume the architecture to consist of homogeneous cores that are connected with an on-chip network. A sparse 3D torus is considered as a network delivering enough bandwidth. Besides rather ordinary ALU capabilities, each core maintains a rather large set of threads, and has separate memory and instruction caches. For the data cache, we avoid coherence problems by partitioning the memory and assuming that a portion of the main memory can be accessed only via one specific data cache. Consequently, we need to move light-weight hardwaresupported threads between the cores in the on-chip network. Compared to approaches where all memory locations are accessible via each cache, we avoid coherence problems and do less loads to caches. The price is an additional network between the cores and possible inefficiencies due to moving threads between the cores. As the threads in each core are used to hide memory access and thread moving latencies, we characterize requirements for the amount of tiny threads.
Digital optical arithmetic processor based on symbolic substitution (2003)

The authors propose a digital optical arithmetic processor based on symbolic substitution using holographic matched and space-invariant filters. The proposed system performs Boolean logic, binary addition, and subtraction in a highly parallel manner, depending on the substitution rules for each operation. The processing time depends on the word size but not on the array size. Substitution rules for binary subtraction with conventional binary number representation are presented, and some advantages over other parallel arithmetic processing methods are discussed. Crosstalk in symbolic substitution and the operating principles of the proposed system are also described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor expression in cardiac fibroblasts is modulated by in vitro culture conditions (2007)

The bioactive molecule sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) binds with high affinity to five recognized receptors (S1P(1-5)) to affect various tissues, including cellular responses of cardiac fibroblasts (CFbs) and myocytes. CFbs are essential components of myocardium, and detailed study of their cell signaling and physiology is required for a number of emerging disciplines. Meaningful studies on CFbs, however, necessitate methods for selective, reproducible cell isolations. Macrophages reside within normal cardiac tissues and often are isolated with CFbs. A protocol was therefore developed that significantly reduces macrophage levels and utilizes more CFb-specific markers (discoidin domain receptor-2) instead of, or in addition to, more commonly used cytoskeletal markers. Our results demonstrate that primary isolated, purified CFbs express predominantly S1P(1-3); however, the relative levels of these receptor subtypes are modulated with time and by culture conditions. In coculture experiments, macrophages altered CFb S1P receptor levels relative to controls. Further investigations using known macrophage-secreted factors showed that S1P and H(2)O(2) had minimal effects on CFb S1P(1-3) expression, whereas transforming growth factor-beta1, TNF-alpha, and PDGF-BB significantly altered all S1P receptor subtypes. Lowering FBS concentrations from 10% to 0.1% increased S1P(2), whereas supplementation with either PDGF-BB or Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor Y-27632 significantly elevated S1P(3) levels. S1P(2) and S1P(3) receptor levels are known to regulate cell migration. Using cells isolated from either normal or S1P(3)-null mice, we demonstrate that S1P(3) is important and necessary for CFb migration. These results highlight the importance of demonstrating CFb culture purity in functional studies of S1P and also identify conditions that modulate S1P receptor expression in CFbs.
3-Methyl-1-butanol production in Escherichia coli: random mutagenesis and two-phase fermentation (2010)

Interest in producing biofuels from renewable sources has escalated due to energy and environmental concerns. Recently, the production of higher chain alcohols from 2-keto acid pathways has shown significant progress. In this paper, we demonstrate a mutagenesis approach in developing a strain of Escherichia coli for the production of 3-methyl-1-butanol by leveraging selective pressure toward L-leucine biosynthesis and screening for increased alcohol production. Random mutagenesis and selection with 4-aza-D,L-leucine, a structural analogue to L-leucine, resulted in the development of a new strain of E. coli able to produce 4.4 g/L of 3-methyl-1-butanol. Investigation of the host's sensitivity to 3-methyl-1-butanol directed development of a two-phase fermentation process in which titers reached 9.5 g/L of 3-methyl-1-butanol with a yield of 0.11 g/g glucose after 60 h.
INFERRING DIFFERENTIAL LEUKOCYTE ACTIVITY FROM ANTIBODY MICROARRAYS USING A LATENT VARIABLE MODEL (2008)

Recent development of cluster of differentiation (CD) antibody arrays has enabled ex-pression levels of many leukocyte surface CD antigens to be monitored simultaneously. Such membrane-proteome surveys have provided a powerful means to detect changes in leukocyte activity in various human diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular dis-eases. The challenge is to devise a computational method to infer differential leukocyte activity among multiple biological states based on antigen expression profiles. Standard DNA microarray analysis methods cannot accurately infer differential leukocyte activity because they often fail to take the cell-to-antigen relationships into account. Here we present a novel latent variable model (LVM) approach to tackle this problem. The idea is to model each cell type as a latent variable, and represent the class-to-cell and cell-to-antigen relationships as a LVM. Once the parameters of the LVM are learned from the data, differentially active leukocytes can be easily identified from the model. We describe the model formulation and assumptions which lead to an efficient expectation-maximization algorithm. Our LVM method was applied to re-analyze two cardiovascular disease datasets. We show that our results match existing biological knowledge better than other methods such as gene set enrichment analysis. Furthermore, we discuss how our approach can be extended to become a general framework for gene set analysis for DNA microarrays.
Ponderomotive acceleration by relativistic waves (2015)

In the extreme high intensity regime of electromagnetic (EM) waves in plasma, the acceleration process is found to be dominated by the ponderomotive acceleration (PA). While the wakefields driven by the ponderomotive force of the relativistic intensity EM waves are important, they may be overtaken by the PA itself in the extreme high intensity regime when the dimensionless vector potential ${a}_{0}$ of the EM waves far exceeds unity. The energy gain by this regime (in 1D) is shown to be (approximately) proportional to ${{a}_{0}}^{2}$. Before reaching this extreme regime, the coexistence of the PA and the wakefield acceleration is observed where the wave structures driven by the wakefields show the phenomenon of multiple and folded wave breakings. Investigated are various signatures of the acceleration processes such as the dependence on the mass ratio for the energy gain as well as the energy spectral features. The relevance to high energy cosmic ray acceleration and to the relativistic laser acceleration is considered.
Phenotype and genotype analysis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with TARDBP gene mutations (2012)

Differences in phenotype between the groups as well as the differential influence of TARBDP mutations on survival may help physicians in ALS management and allow refining the strategy of genetic diagnosis.
Optional exon in the 5'-untranslated region of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase gene: conserved sequence and splicing pattern in humans and hamsters. (1987)

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, EC 4.1.3.5) is a negatively regulated enzyme in the synthetic pathway for cholesterol, isopentenyl tRNA, and other isoprenoids. The 5'-untranslated region of the mRNA for Chinese hamster hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase contains an optional exon of 59 nucleotides located 10 nucleotides upstream of the translation start site. About 50% of the mRNAs contain this exon, and the other 50% lack it owing to differential intron splicing. We show that the two transcripts are found in similar ratios in multiple tissues of the Syrian hamster, including the brain. The relative amounts of the two transcripts in brain and liver are constant from day 0 to day 75 of life. A similar alternative splicing pattern for hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase was observed in three human tissues: cultured fibroblasts, fetal adrenal gland, and fetal liver. A cDNA for human synthase had 90% homology to the hamster sequence in the region corresponding to the optional exon. This sequence contains a 20 out of 26 nucleotide match with the sequence immediately upstream of the initiator AUG codon in the mRNA for hamster hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, the enzyme that follows the synthase in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. These findings raise the possibility that the optional exon plays an important, conserved functional role in humans and hamsters.
Induction of immune response to influenza virus with anti-idiotypic antibodies (1989)

Anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies were raised in rabbits against five monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for different antigenic sites on the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus Mem71H-BelN (H3N1) [A/Memphis/1/71 (H3N2) x A/Bel/42 (H1N1)]. Each of the anti-Id sera was directed predominantly towards a unique (private) idiotype of the immunizing MAb, none of the five idiotypes being detectable in pooled BALB/c antisera against Mem71H-BelN virus or on most other anti-HA MAbs tested. Partial idiotypic sharing was observed, however, between certain MAbs, from different mice, having the same or similar epitope specificity for HA. When used as immunogens in BALB/c mice, two of the five anti-Id preparations induced antibodies that reacted with Mem71H-BelN virus and displayed neutralizing activity. Mice of other inbred strains responded similarly, indicating that the response was not genetically restricted by the Igh locus. From their pattern of reactivity with mutants of Mem71H-BelN virus with known single amino acid substitutions in the HA molecule, the antiviral antibodies elicited by anti-Id antibodies were shown to be directed to the same antigenic site on A/Memphis/1/71 HA as the original immunizing MAb (site A or site E, respectively). However, several of these antisera were shown to contain additional distinct subpopulations of antibodies specific for heterologous influenza A virus strains, either of the H3 subtype or of a different HA subtype (H1 or H2). Since the induction of antibodies to HA of different subtypes is not a feature of the antibody response to influenza virus itself, their induction by anti-Id antibodies merits further investigation.
Diels-Alder Reactions in Water. Effects of Hydrophobicity and Hydrogen Bonding (1994)

In order to check whether the activated complex for the Diels-Alder reactions of 5-substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones with cyclopentadiene is more polar in water than in other solvents, we have determined the substituent effects in seven different solvents. The substituent effects gradually decrease with increasing rate of the reaction in a specific solvent, indicating that the charge separation in the activated complex in water is not much different from that in the other solvents. We also compared solvent effects on the Diels-Alder reaction of methyl vinyl ketone with cyclopentadiene with effects on the corresponding reaction of methyl vinyl sulfone. The medium effects were separated into effects on initial state and activated complex. The destabilization of the initial state by water and the stabilization of the activated complex by 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol were less pronounced for the sulfone than for the ketone. These results further underline the importance of enforced hydrophobic interactions and changes in hydrogen bonding during the activation process in explaining the acceleration of Diels-Alder reactions in water.
Genome-wide identification of aquaporin encoding genes in Brassica oleracea and their phylogenetic sequence comparison to Brassica crops and Arabidopsis (2015)

Aquaporins (AQPs) are essential channel proteins that regulate plant water homeostasis and the uptake and distribution of uncharged solutes such as metalloids, urea, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. Despite their importance as crop plants, little is known about AQP gene and protein function in cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and other Brassica species. The recent releases of the genome sequences of B. oleracea and Brassica rapa allow comparative genomic studies in these species to investigate the evolution and features of Brassica genes and proteins. In this study, we identified all AQP genes in B. oleracea by a genome-wide survey. In total, 67 genes of four plant AQP subfamilies were identified. Their full-length gene sequences and locations on chromosomes and scaffolds were manually curated. The identification of six additional full-length AQP sequences in the B. rapa genome added to the recently published AQP protein family of this species. A phylogenetic analysis of AQPs of Arabidopsis thaliana, B. oleracea, B. rapa allowed us to follow AQP evolution in closely related species and to systematically classify and (re-) name these isoforms. Thirty-three groups of AQP-orthologous genes were identified between B. oleracea and Arabidopsis and their expression was analyzed in different organs. The two selectivity filters, gene structure and coding sequences were highly conserved within each AQP subfamily while sequence variations in some introns and untranslated regions were frequent. These data suggest a similar substrate selectivity and function of Brassica AQPs compared to Arabidopsis orthologs. The comparative analyses of all AQP subfamilies in three Brassicaceae species give initial insights into AQP evolution in these taxa. Based on the genome-wide AQP identification in B. oleracea and the sequence analysis and reprocessing of Brassica AQP information, our dataset provides a sequence resource for further investigations of the physiological and molecular functions of Brassica crop AQPs.