gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Common Functional Brain States Encode both Perceived Emotion and the Psychophysiological Response to Affective Stimuli (2018)

Abstract Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data has critically advanced the neuroanatomical understanding of affect processing in the human brain. Central to these advancements is the brain state, a temporally-succinct fMRI-derived pattern of neural activation, which serves as a processing unit. Establishing the brain state’s central role in affect processing, however, requires that it predicts multiple independent measures of affect. We employed MVPA-based regression to predict the valence and arousal properties of visual stimuli sampled from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) along with the corollary skin conductance response (SCR) for demographically diverse healthy human participants (n = 19). We found that brain states significantly predicted the normative valence and arousal scores of the stimuli as well as the attendant individual SCRs. In contrast, SCRs significantly predicted arousal only. The prediction effect size of the brain state was more than three times greater than that of SCR. Moreover, neuroanatomical analysis of the regression parameters found remarkable agreement with regions long-established by fMRI univariate analyses in the emotion processing literature. Finally, geometric analysis of these parameters also found that the neuroanatomical encodings of valence and arousal are orthogonal as originally posited by the circumplex model of dimensional emotion.
Activity-Dependent Phosphorylation of p70 Ribosomal s6 Kinase (p70S6K) by Cdk5 Is Required for Dendritic Spine Maturation (2013)

The maturation and maintenance of dendritic spines depends on neuronal activity and protein synthesis. One potential mechanism involves mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which promotes protein synthesis through phosphorylation of 4E-BP and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K). Upon extracellular stimulation, mTOR phosphorylates S6K at Thr-389. S6K also undergoes phosphorylation at other sites, including four serine residues in the auto-inhibitory domain. Despite extensive biochemical studies, the importance of phosphorylation in the auto-inhibitory domain on S6K function remains unresolved, and its role has not been explored in the cellular context. Here we demonstrated that S6K in neuron was phosphorylated at Ser-411 within the auto-inhibitory domain by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). Ser-411 phosphorylation was regulated by neuronal activity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Knockdown of S6K in hippocampal neurons by RNAi led to loss of dendritic spines, an effect that mimics neuronal activity blockade by tetrodotoxin (TTX). Notably, co-expression of wild-type S6K, but not the phospho-deficient S411A mutant, could rescue the spine defects. These findings reveal the importance of Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of S6K at Ser-411 in spine morphogenesis driven by BDNF and neuronal activity.
MAC OS in a nutshell (2000)

From the Publisher:
Mac OS in a Nutshell is a comprehensive, compact referencethat systematically reveals what serious users of Mac OS will find interesting and useful. It includes the essential details of the operating system, utility programs, and configuration settings, all captured in a consistent reference format. 
O'Reilly's In a Nutshell series revolutionized computer book publishing with their common-sense approach, depth of detail, and focus on practical information that can really use. This style is perfect for the intuitive and deep Macintosh user. If it's true you can learn the Mac in two hours, it is also true that this operating system has hidden depths that the reader will be able to plumb with Mac OS in a Nutshell. If want to truly know Mac OS and its integrated system of hardware and software, will need this book. Up-to-date with information on the iMac and System9, Mac OS in a Nutshellopens the world of Apple computing to a new audience. 
It contains:
New changes for Mac OS 9, including information on the revamped Sherlock A fast-paced introduction to the operating system for new users Detailed documentation on User Interface including clipboard and memory management A look at almost every command and utility available with Mac OS, including window behaviors, universal commands, and important documentation on programs such as QuickTime Detailed advice and documentation on multimedia and printing, including color management and fonts A detailed treatment of Internet configuration and access via Dial-Up Networking. Also covers peer-to-peer and client-server file sharing Lots of tips, gotchas, and clever ways to do familiar and not-so-familiar tasks Pointers to useful online sites that contain additional information

This book follows the commonsense O'Reilly approach, cutting through the hype and giving practical details can use every day. Any user who wants to make the most of Mac OS will love this book.
Investigation of Symmetries of Second-Order Nonlinear Susceptibility Tensor Based on THz Generation (2010)

We demonstrate that THz generation can be a sensitive technique for investigating symmetries of second-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor.
Preference queries in large multi-cost transportation networks (2010)

Research on spatial network databases has so far considered that there is a single cost value associated with each road segment of the network. In most real-world situations, however, there may exist multiple cost types involved in transportation decision making. For example, the different costs of a road segment could be its Euclidean length, the driving time, the walking time, possible toll fee, etc. The relative significance of these cost types may vary from user to user. In this paper we consider such multi-cost transportation networks (MCN), where each edge (road segment) is associated with multiple cost values. We formulate skyline and top-k queries in MCNs and design algorithms for their efficient processing. Our solutions have two important properties in preference-based querying; the skyline methods are progressive and the top-k ones are incremental. The performance of our techniques is evaluated with experiments on a real road network.
An interactive model based vision system for vehicle tracking (2002)

An architecture for an interactive model-based vision system and its application for vehicle tracking are described. A human specifies a limited amount of information which establishes a context for autonomous interpretation of images obtained by a telerobot. Object models are described by constraints specifying necessary geometrical properties and relationships between objects. The use of constraints allows for flexible object instantiation. A user can indicate a vehicle and this directs perceptual processing routines to determine the corresponding local surface orientation and roads, or the user can instantiate a road segment to direct the extraction and tracking of vehicles. A processing example based upon implemented components is given, and a brief discussion of future work is provided.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Thresholds of polarization vision in octopuses (2021)

Polarization vision is widespread in nature, mainly among invertebrates, and is used for a range of tasks including navigation, habitat localization and communication. In marine environments, some species such as those from the Crustacea and Cephalopoda that are principally monochromatic, have evolved to use this adaptation to discriminate objects across the whole visual field, an ability similar to our own use of colour vision. The performance of these polarization vision systems varies, and the few cephalopod species tested so far have notably acute thresholds of discrimination. However, most studies to date have used artificial sources of polarized light that produce levels of polarization much higher than found in nature. In this study, the ability of octopuses to detect polarization contrasts varying in angle of polarization (AoP) was investigated over a range of different degrees of linear polarization (DoLP) to better judge their visual ability in more ecologically relevant conditions. The 'just-noticeable-differences' (JND) of AoP contrasts varied consistently with DoLP. These JND thresholds could be largely explained by their 'polarization distance', a neurophysical model that effectively calculates the level of activity in opposing horizontally and vertically oriented polarization channels in the cephalopod visual system. Imaging polarimetry from the animals' natural environment was then used to illustrate the functional advantage that these polarization thresholds may confer in behaviourally relevant contexts.
A Hydraulic Circuit for Single Rod Cylinders (2011)

This paper proposes a novel hydraulic circuit for a single rod cylinder controlled by a variable displacement pump. The circuit arrangement not only gives the system high energy efficiency but also improves upon the internal instability of traditional circuits. Stability is illustrated by comparing traditional circuits with the proposed circuit. The motivations, derivations, and proofs of the system dynamical stabilities are presented. Control algorithms including stability control and sliding to the desired working region are presented. Experiments are conducted to verify the circuit, and results show that the circuit has good performance.
Modeling the dynamics of visuo-motor adaptation behavior with a Kalman Filter (2006)

When the introduction of a prism makes visually guided reaching biased and inaccurate, adaptation occurs to restore accuracy. Bias in everyday life usually accumulates from a series of small changes, a process well simulated with a random walk. If bias were the only source of error, recalibration would be simple: correct the last error. But reaching behavior is also subject to random error. How does the visuo-motor system balance the need to filter random error with the need to adapt to time-varying bias? We investigated whether the Kalman filter, the optimal algorithm for this problem, models the dynamics of visuo-motor adaptation. The filter predicts that adaptation rate will be determined by the relative variances of current measurements and changing bias: rate should decrease with feedback variance and increase with variance in bias. Subjects pointed rapidly with an unseen hand to a brief visual target. Visual feedback indicated the endpoint of the motor movement. Feedback variance was increased with blur. The relationship between visual feedback location and the movement endpoint was altered with a random walk. Trial-by-trial pointing was measured. Subjects performed with a high level of efficiency and responded to changes in relative variances as predicted by the Kalman filter.
The effect of deep brain stimulation randomized by site on balance in Parkinson's disease (2014)

Clinical measures of balance function for both the STN and GPi sites showed that balance did not improve beyond the best medically treated state before surgery. Both clinical balance testing in the off/off state and self-reported balance confidence after surgery showed better performance in the GPi than the STN group.
X-ray study of ferroic octupole order producing anomalous Hall effect (2021)

Recently found anomalous Hall, Nernst, magnetooptical Kerr, and spin Hall effects in the antiferromagnets Mn<sub>3</sub>X (X = Sn, Ge) are attracting much attention for spintronics and energy harvesting. Since these materials are antiferromagnets, the origin of these functionalities is expected to be different from that of conventional ferromagnets. Here, we report the observation of ferroic order of magnetic octupole in Mn<sub>3</sub>Sn by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism, which is only predicted theoretically so far. The observed signals are clearly decoupled with the behaviors of uniform magnetization, indicating that the present X-ray magnetic circular dichroism is not arising from the conventional magnetization. We have found that the appearance of this anomalous signal coincides with the time reversal symmetry broken cluster magnetic octupole order. Our study demonstrates that the exotic material functionalities are closely related to the multipole order, which can produce unconventional cross correlation functionalities.
Strategies for Modifying TiO2 Based Electron Transport Layers to Boost Perovskite Solar Cells (2019)

The research on solution processed metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as a new type of solar cells has experienced explosive growth since the first report in 2009. It is impressive that solar energy conversion efficiency has increased to over 23%. Outstanding optoelectronic properties including high absorption coefficient, high mobility, and long diffusion length of charge carriers have been revealed in the family of hybrid organic inorganic halide perovskite materials that are considered the heart of solar cells. A long-anticipated feature for solar cells that the diffusion lengths of charge carriers outstrip the active layer thickness of a device has been demonstrated in PSCs so that the efficiency of extracting photocarriers, particularly electrons at the interfaces becomes a key parameter controlling global device performance. The n-type semiconductor TiO2 with the merits of thermal and chemical stability, low cost, and suitable band edge positions has been regarded an ideal electron transporting layer (ETL) material in PSCs performing the function of selectively extracting photoelectrons and subsequently delivering them toward a current collector. Besides the highly concerning energy conversion efficiency of PSCs, the challenge of the current–voltage hysteresis phenomenon and instability of PSCs are also revealed to be closely related with TiO2 ETLs. In this review, the recent progress on strategies for modifying TiO2 ETLs by controlling morphology, surface modification, doping, and constructing composites to improve global performance of PSCs is reviewed. Moreover, the perspective on future development of TiO2 based ETLs for high performance PSCs is proposed on the basis of the comprehensive and deep understanding of TiO2 from the area of photocatalysis. It is anticipated that finely tailoring the features and properties of TiO2 ETLs will further release large room for exciting enhancements in the global performance of PSCs.
Systemic Inflammation and the Brain: Novel Roles of Genetic, Molecular, and Environmental Cues as Drivers of Neurodegeneration (2015)

The nervous and immune systems have evolved in parallel from the early bilaterians, in which innate immunity and a central nervous system (CNS) coexisted for the first time, to jawed vertebrates and the appearance of adaptive immunity. The CNS feeds from, and integrates efferent signals in response to, somatic and autonomic sensory information. The CNS receives input also from the periphery about inflammation and infection. Cytokines, chemokines, and damage-associated soluble mediators of systemic inflammation can also gain access to the CNS via blood flow. In response to systemic inflammation, those soluble mediators can access directly through the circumventricular organs, as well as open the blood-brain barrier. The resulting translocation of inflammatory mediators can interfere with neuronal and glial well-being, leading to a break of balance in brain homeostasis. This in turn results in cognitive and behavioral manifestations commonly present during acute infections - including anorexia, malaise, depression, and decreased physical activity - collectively known as the sickness behavior (SB). While SB manifestations are transient and self-limited, under states of persistent systemic inflammatory response the cognitive and behavioral changes can become permanent. For example, cognitive decline is almost universal in sepsis survivors, and a common finding in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Here, we review recent genetic evidence suggesting an association between neurodegenerative disorders and persistent immune activation; clinical and experimental evidence indicating previously unidentified immune-mediated pathways of neurodegeneration; and novel immunomodulatory targets and their potential relevance for neurodegenerative disorders.
Reflectance confocal microscopy as a second‐level examination in skin oncology improves diagnostic accuracy and saves unnecessary excisions: a longitudinal prospective study (2014)

Reflectance confocal microscopy as a second-level examination to dermatoscopy proved to be highly accurate in diagnosis and reduced the number of unnecessary excisions. Improved accuracy, considering that RCM enabled the detection of the six melanomas (2%) in the group of 308 lesions eligible for follow-up, also minimizes the risk of referring a melanoma to digital dermatoscopy monitoring, and potentially losing the patient to follow-up.
Inhibition of CYP2D6 Activity by Bupropion (2005)

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of bupropion on cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) activity. Twenty-one subjects completed this repeated-measures study in which dextromethorphan (30-mg oral dose) was administered to smokers at baseline and after 17 days of treatment with either bupropion sustained-release (150 mg twice daily) or matching placebo. Subjects quit smoking 3 days before the second dextromethorphan administration. To assess CYP2D6 activity, urinary dextromethorphan/dextrorphan metabolic ratios were calculated after an 8-hour urine collection. Thirteen subjects received bupropion, and 8 received placebo. In those receiving active medication, the dextromethorphan/dextrorphan ratio increased significantly at the second assessment relative to the first (0.012 +/- 0.012 vs. 0.418 +/- 0.302; P < 0.0004). No such change was observed in those randomized to placebo (0.009 +/- 0.010 vs. 0.017 +/- 0.015; P = NS). At baseline, all subjects were phenotypically extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers (metabolic ratio <0.3); after treatment, 6 of 13 subjects receiving bupropion, but none of those receiving placebo, had metabolic ratios consistent with poor CYP2D6 metabolizers. Bupropion is therefore a potent inhibitor of CYP2D6 activity, and care should be exercised when initiating or discontinuing bupropion use in patients taking drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
Decreased Levels of Plasma Vitamin C and Increased Concentrations of Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers After Stroke (2003)

Lower vitamin C concentration, higher serum levels of inflammatory (CRP, ICAM-1, MCP-1) and oxidative stress (8-epiPGF2alpha) markers, and lower PGI2 and PGE2 concentrations among stroke patients indicate the presence of an inflammatory response associated with stroke.
Phagocytosis of apoptotic inflammatory cells by microglia and its therapeutic implications: Termination of CNS autoimmune inflammation and modulation by interferon‐beta (2003)

Apoptosis of autoaggressive T-cells in the CNS is an effective, noninflammatory mechanism for the resolution of T-cell infiltrates, contributing to clinical recovery in T-cell-mediated neuroinflammatory diseases. The clearance of apoptotic leukocytes by tissue-specific phagocytes is critical in the resolution of the inflammatory infiltrate and leads to a profound downregulation of phagocyte immune functions. Adult human microglia from surgically removed normal brain tissue was used in a standardized, light-microscopic in vitro phagocytosis assay of apoptotic autologous peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells (MNCs). Microglia from five different patients had a high capacity for the uptake of apoptotic MNCs in contrast to nonapoptotic target cells with the phagocytosis rate for nonapoptotic MNCs amounting to only 61.6% of the apoptotic MNCs. A newly described phosphatidylserine receptor, critical in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages, is also expressed at similar levels on human microglia. The effects of the therapeutically used immunomodulatory agent interferon-beta (IFNbeta) were investigated using Lewis rat microglia and apoptotic, encephalitogenic, myelin basic protein-specific autologous T-cells. Also, rat microglia had a high capacity to phagocytose apoptotic T-cells specifically. IFNbeta increased the phagocytosis of apoptotic T-cells to 36.8% above the untreated controls. The enhanced phagocytic activity was selective for apoptotic T-cells and was not mediated by increased IL-10 secretion. Apoptotic inflammatory cells may be efficiently and rapidly removed by microglial cells in the autoimmune-inflamed human CNS. The in vitro increase of phagocytosis by IFNbeta merits further investigations whether this mechanism could also be therapeutically exploited.
Towards the development of an error checker for radiotherapy treatment plans: a preliminary study (2007)

Major accidents can happen during radiotherapy, with an extremely severe consequence to both patients and clinical professionals. We propose to use machine learning and data mining techniques to help detect large human errors in a radiotherapy treatment plan, as a complement to human inspection. One such technique is computer clustering. The basic idea of using clustering algorithms for outlier detection is to first cluster (based on the treatment parameters) a large number of patient treatment plans. Then, when checking a new treatment plan, the parameters of the plan will be tested to see whether or not they belong to the established clusters. If not, they will be considered as 'outliers' and therefore highlighted to catch the attention of the human chart checkers. As a preliminary study, we applied the K-means clustering algorithm to a simple patient model, i.e., 'four-field' box prostate treatment. One thousand plans were used to build the clusters while another 650 plans were used to test the proposed method. It was found that there are eight distinct clusters. At the error levels of +/-100% of the original values of the monitor unit, the detection rate is about 100%. At +/-50% error level, the detection rate is about 80%. The false positive rate is about 10%. When purposely changing the beam energy to a value different from that in the treatment plan, the detection rate is 100% for posterior, right-lateral and left-lateral fields, and about 77% for the anterior field. This preliminary work has shown promise for developing the proposed automatic outlier detection software, although more efforts will still be required.
Mitochondrial superoxide generation in the rat pup kidney during sepsis (1063.7) (2014)

Sepsis is a leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) and mortality in children. In order to develop new therapies, it is critical to understand the development of pediatric sepsis and its effects. In this study, we used a clinically relevant cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of peritonitis in rat pups 17‐19 days old to characterize the development of sepsis‐induced AKI. CLP produced severe sepsis demonstrated by hypothermia and a time‐dependent renal microcirculatory failure. Analysis of the renal microcirculation using intravital video microscopy showed a decrease in the number of continuously flowing cortical capillaries and an increase in capillaries with no flow. Renal microcirculatory failure was associated with an increase in mitochondrial superoxide generation as measured using MitoSOX Red. These effects were observed as early as 6h after CLP and were sustained through 18h. To determine if mitochondria dysfunction leads to superoxide generation, high‐resolution respirometry (HRR) was used in fresh tissue biopsies to measure the activities of complexes I, II/III, and IV. HRR showed that CLP did not produce changes in any of the mitochondrial complexes at these early time points studied. Therefore, sepsis does not appear to cause severe mitochondrial dysfunction in rat pups despite an increase in mitochondrial superoxide generation. Grant Funding Source : Supported by NIH/NIDDK R01 DK075991