gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anatomy-Based Algorithms for Detecting Oral Cancer Using Reflectance and Fluorescence Spectroscopy (2009)

Objective We used reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy to noninvasively and quantitatively distinguish benign from dysplastic/malignant oral lesions. We designed diagnostic algorithms to account for differences in the spectral properties among anatomic sites (gingiva, buccal mucosa, etc). Methods In vivo reflectance and fluorescence spectra were collected from 71 patients with oral lesions. The tissue was then biopsied and the specimen evaluated by histopathology. Quantitative parameters related to tissue morphology and biochemistry were extracted from the spectra. Diagnostic algorithms specific for combinations of sites with similar spectral properties were developed. Results Discrimination of benign from dysplastic/malignant lesions was most successful when algorithms were designed for individual sites (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve [ROC-AUC], 0.75 for the lateral surface of the tongue) and was least accurate when all sites were combined (ROC-AUC, 0.60). The combination of sites with similar spectral properties (floor of mouth and lateral surface of the tongue) yielded an ROC-AUC of 0.71. Conclusions Accurate spectroscopic detection of oral disease must account for spectral variations among anatomic sites. Anatomy-based algorithms for single sites or combinations of sites demonstrated good diagnostic performance in distinguishing benign lesions from dysplastic/malignant lesions and consistently performed better than algorithms developed for all sites combined.
Low-field vortex patterns in the multiband BaFe2−xNixAs2superconductor (x=0.1, 0.16) (2011)

The distribution of vortices at low magnetic fields in single crystals of multiband BaFe${}_{2\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{x}}$Ni${}_{\mathrm{x}}$As${}_{2}$ (x $=$ 0.1 and x $=$ 0.16) superconductors is studied by Bitter decoration. Highly inhomogeneous vortex patterns, including vortex stripes and vortex clusters, are observed. The origin of these inhomogeneous vortex arrays is likely to be due to strong flux pinning, as suggested by magnetization measurements performed at high fields. Alternative possible scenarios, such as type-1.5 superconductivity due to multiband effect, are also discussed.
An analytical electron microscopy investigation of amorphous structures in ion-implanted Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ (1987)

Recently characterization of the microstructure of as-implanted ceramics in order to understand the basic physical effects involved in this processing technique has been the subject of extensive investigation. Of equal importance is the behavior of the modified material during post-implantation treatments. Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) is ideally suited to this type of investigation. This paper describes the results of an AEM study of the difference between two types of amorphous Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/; the first made amorphous by implanting crystalline ..cap alpha..-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ with a stoichiometric ratio of aluminum and oxygen at -185/sup 0/C, and the second by implanting with iron at -185/sup 0/C. The different response of these two materials to post-implantation annealing suggests a fundamental chemical or structural difference in the as-implanted state. Analysis of the extended energy loss fine structure as well as the diffuse halos in selected area electron diffraction patterns indicate that structural differences do exist.
Blood pressure control with selective vagal nerve stimulation and minimal side effects (2014)

The presented method is robust to impedance changes, independent of the electrode's relative position, does not compromise the nerve and can run on implantable, ultra-low power signal processors.
Emerging concepts of how β-amyloid proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines might collaborate to produce an ‘Alzheimer brain’ (Review) (2008)

Three steps lead to the development of full-blown sporadic or late-onset Alzheimer's disease or dementia (AD). In the young brain, amyloid β-(1-42) (Aβ 42) is a normal aggregation-prone protein product of neuronal activity that is kept at a safe low level by proteolysis in neurons and glial cells, and by expulsion across the blood-brain barrier. But clearance declines with advancing age. Step 1: Because of the normal decline with age of the Aβ 42-clearing mechanisms, toxic amyloid-derived diffusible ligands (ADDLs) made of dodecamers of the aggregation-prone Aβ 42 start accumulating. These Aβ 42 dodecamers selectively target the initially huge numbers of excitatory synapses of neurons and cause them to start slowly dropping, which increasingly impairs plasticity and sooner or later starts noticeably affecting memory formation. At a certain point, this increasing loss of synapses induces the neurons to redirect their still-expressed cell cycle proteins from post-mitotic jobs, such as maintaining synapses, to starting a cell cycle and partially or completely replicating DNA without entering mitosis. The resulting aneuploid or tetraploid neurons survive for as long as 6-12 months as quasi-functional 'undead zombies', with developing tangles of hyperphosphorylated τ protein disrupting the vital anterograde axonal transport of mitochondria and other synapse-vital components. Step 2: The hallmark AD plaques appear as Aβ 42 clearance continues to decline and the formation of Aβ 42 non-diffusible fibrils begins in the aging brain. Step 3: A terminal cytokine-driven maëlstrom begins in the aging brain when microglia, the brain's professional macrophages, are activated in and around the plaques. They produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-1β and TNF-α. One of these, IFN-γ, causes the astrocytes enwrapping the neuronal synapses to express their β-secretase (BACE1) genes and produce and release Aβ 42, which can kill the closely apposed neurons by binding to their p75NTR receptors, which generate apoptogenic signals. Astrocytes are also stimulated by the same cytokines to turn on their nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-2 genes and start pouring large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and its cytocidal derivative peroxynitrite (ONOO-) directly out onto the closely apposed neurons.
LARS: An Absolute Reference Spectrograph for solar observations Upgrade from a prototype to a turn-key system (2017)

Context. We designed a Laser-based Absolute Reference Spectrograph (LARS) for ultra-precise solar observations. The high-resolution echelle spectrograph of the Vacuum Tower Telescope is supported by a laser frequency comb to calibrate the solar spectrum on an absolute wavelength scale. In this article, we describe the scientific instrument and focus on the upgrades carried out in the last two years to turn the prototype into a turn-key system.Aims. The goal was to improve the short-term and long-term stability of the systems, and to enable a user-friendly and more versatile operation of the instrument.Methods. The first upgrade involved the modernization of the frequency comb. The laser system generating the comb spectrum was renewed. The Fabry-Perot cavities were adjusted to filter to a repetition frequency of 8 GHz. A technologically matured photonic crystal fiber was implemented for spectral broadening which simplified and stabilized the setup. The new control software facilitates an automated operation of the frequency comb. The second, quite recent upgrade was performed on the optics which feed the sunlight into a single-mode fiber connected to the spectrograph. A motorized translation stage was deployed to allow the automated selection of three different fields of view with diameters of 1′′, 3′′, and 10′′ for the analysis of the solar spectrum.Results. The successful upgrades allow for long-term observations of up to several hours per day with a stable spectral accuracy of 1 m s-1 limited by the spectrograph. The instrument covers a wavelength range between 480 nm and 700 nm in the visible. Stable, user-friendly operation of the instrument is supported. The selection of the pre-aligned fiber to change the field of view can now be done within seconds.Conclusions. LARS offers the possibility to observe absolute wavelength positions of spectral lines and Doppler velocities in the solar atmosphere. First results demonstrate the capabilities of the instrument for solar science. The accurate measurement of the solar convection, p -modes, and atmospheric waves will enhance our knowledge of the solar atmosphere and its physical conditions to improve current atmospheric models.
An Augmented Lagrangian for Optimal Control of DAE Systems: Algorithm and Properties (2020)

This article proposes a relax-and-discretize approach for optimal control of continuous-time differential algebraic systems. It works by relaxing the algebraic equations and penalizing the violation into the objective function using the augmented Lagrangian, which converts the original problem into a sequence of optimal control problems (OCPs) of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The relax-and-discretize approach brings about flexibility, by allowing the OCPs of ODEs to be solved by the method of choice, such as direct or indirect methods. Conditions are developed for global, local, and suboptimal convergence in terms of the solution of the underlying OCPs. The method is applied to an illustrative example.
Carcass, Muscle and Meat Characteristics of Lean and Obese Pigs (1989)

Six pigs obtained from a lean selected strain and six pigs obtained from an obese selected strain were slaughtered at about 110 kg live-animal weight. Carcasses were evaluated; hams were dissected into bone, skin, fat and lean, and loin samples were obtained for fiber type characteristics, percentage of fat and moisture, collagen analysis, sensory characteristics, textural properties and objective color analysis. Carcasses from lean pigs were longer, had less backfat and larger longissimus muscle cross-sectional areas than carcasses obtained from obese pigs. Hams from lean pigs had less fat, more bone and more lean than hams from carcasses of obese pigs. The percentages and cross-sectional areas of red and white muscle fibers of the longissimus muscle from lean and obese pigs were not different. However, lean pigs had intermediate fibers that were only 79% as large (P less than .10) as intermediate muscle fibers from obese pigs. Intermediate fibers represented only 7 and 10% of total fiber area, whereas white fibers represented 84 and 79% of total fiber area in longissimus muscle of lean and obese pigs, respectively. Overall, lean pigs tended to possess fewer fibers (-16%) per unit of area than obese pigs, indicating that total muscle fiber hypertrophy was partially responsible for the increased longissimus muscle area of the lean strain. Sensory properties of longissimus meat samples from lean and obese strains were not different. However, the shear force requirement of the longissimus samples from the lean strain were slightly, but significantly (P less than .10), higher than those from the obese strain. No differences were observed in meat color.
GST Now Allowable on Magistrates Court Costs (2011)

The Law Society's Costs Committee draws the attention of all practitioners practising in the Civil Magistrates Court jurisdiction to a recent amendment to the Magistrates Court Rules.
Infektionen unter medikamentöser Immunsuppression bei transplantierten Intensivpatienten (2018)

Patienten sind nach einer soliden Organtransplantation anfälliger für Infektionen. Aufgrund oft untypischer klinischer Verläufe einer Infektion, erschwerter Diagnostik unter medikamentöser Immunsuppression und der Notwendigkeit zur Abklärung nichtinfektiöser Differenzialdiagnosen stellen diese eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Dieser Artikel soll für den auf der Intensivstation tätigen Arzt einen praxisbezogenen Überblick über Diagnose und Behandlung von Infektionen bei transplantierten Patienten geben.
Square-wave pulse with ultra-wide tuning range in a passively mode-locked fiber laser (2012)

We report the generation of ultrawide tunable square-wave pulse in an erbium-doped mode-locked fiber laser. The pulse width can be tuned in an ultrawide range of more than 1700 ns by simply increasing the pump power. The pulse-width tuning is 5.1 ns/mW. To the best of our knowledge, this is the widest pulse-width tuning range of any square-wave pulse in an all-fiber passively mode-locked fiber laser. Experimental results show that the fiber nonlinearity plays an important role in the tuning range of the output pulse width. The high nonlinearity helps to increase the tuning range of the pulse width.
Synthesis, Solid-State Structures, and Aggregation Motifs of Phosphines and Phosphine Oxides Bearing One 2-Pyridone Ring (2000)

Three phosphines and their corresponding oxides bearing one 2-pyridone ring and two benzene rings were synthesized. Their single-crystal X-ray analyses exhibited three kinds of molecular aggregation: bimolecular aggregates, chiral one-dimensional structures, and achiral one-dimensional structures. In the bimolecular aggregate of (2-oxo-1, 2-dihydro-x-pyridyl)diphenylphosphines (x = 3: 2a and 6: 2c), cyclic dimers that are derived from two 2-pyridone rings are observed. In contrast, (2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-5-pyridyl)diphenylphosphine (2b) molecules form a chiral one-dimensional chain via intermolecular hydrogen bonding. In the case of phosphine oxides, their oxygen always acts as a hydrogen acceptor of the hydrogen bonding. Thus, (2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-x-pyridyl)diphenylphosphine oxides (x = 3: 3a and 5: 3b) form hydrogen bonds intermolecularly between the oxygen atom on the phosphoryl group and the hydrogen atom on nitrogen to construct a chiral or an achiral one-dimensional chain. Interestingly, (2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-6-pyridyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (3c) exists as a 2-hydroxypyridine form (enol form) in a crystalline state, and intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the phosphoryl oxygen and the hydroxy proton construct an achiral one-dimensional chain.
Redox Potentials of Iron–Sulfur Clusters in Type I Photosynthetic Reaction Centers (2023)

The electron transfer pathways in type I photosynthetic reaction centers, such as photosystem I (PSI) and reaction centers from green sulfur bacteria (GsbRC), are terminated by two Fe<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub> clusters, F<sub>A</sub> and F<sub>B</sub>. The protein structures are the basis of understanding how the protein electrostatic environment interacts with the Fe<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub> clusters and facilitates electron transfer. Using the protein structures, we calculated the redox potential (<i>E</i><sub>m</sub>) values for F<sub>A</sub> and F<sub>B</sub> in PSI and GsbRC, solving the linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation. The F<sub>A</sub>-to-F<sub>B</sub> electron transfer is energetically downhill in the cyanobacterial PSI structure, while it is isoenergetic in the plant PSI structure. The discrepancy arises from differences in the electrostatic influences of conserved residues, including PsaC-Lys51 and PsaC-Arg52, located near F<sub>A</sub>. The F<sub>A</sub>-to-F<sub>B</sub> electron transfer is slightly downhill in the GsbRC structure. <i>E</i><sub>m</sub>(F<sub>A</sub>) and <i>E</i><sub>m</sub>(F<sub>B</sub>) exhibit similar levels upon isolation of the membrane-extrinsic PsaC and PscB subunits from the PSI and GsbRC reaction centers, respectively. The binding of the membrane-extrinsic subunit at the heterodimeric/homodimeric reaction center plays a key role in tuning <i>E</i><sub>m</sub>(F<sub>A</sub>) and <i>E</i><sub>m</sub>(F<sub>B</sub>).
Type IV collagen alpha 5 chain. Normal distribution and abnormalities in X-linked Alport syndrome revealed by monoclonal antibody. (1994)

Although the evidence indicates that mutation of the gene for the alpha 5 chain of type IV collagen, alpha 5-(IV), is the primary defect in X-linked Alport syndrome, protein data for the alpha 5(IV) chain with regard to its normal distribution and its distribution in patients with Alport syndrome is lacking. We produced a rat monoclonal antibody (H51) by immunizing rats with a synthetic peptide corresponding to the nonconsensus amino acid sequence of alpha 5(IV) NC1 domain. H51 reacted by Western blotting with 26-kd cationic monomers and associated dimers of human type IV collagen NC1 domain. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that in normal human kidney alpha 5(IV) was present in the glomerular basement membrane and basement membranes of the Bowman's capsule and in some tubules (collecting ducts). The alpha 5(IV) chain was also detected in the basement membranes of normal skin, eye, and lung. Male patients with X-linked Alport syndrome revealed no reactivity of renal and epidermal basement membranes with H51, whereas alpha 5(IV) staining was normal in the glomerular basement membrane of patients with other types of glomerular diseases, including benign familial hematuria. The staining was also normal in the skin of nonaffected males in X-linked Alport families. Female heterozygous for Alport syndrome exhibited a discontinuous or mosaic pattern in the immunofluorescent staining of the epidermal basement membrane. These findings confirm that in patients with X-linked Alport syndrome there are abnormalities in alpha 5(IV) in renal and epidermal basement membranes at the protein level. Immunofluorescent staining of skin biopsies with this antibody may be of value in making a diagnosis of Alport syndrome, and, furthermore, may aid in detecting carrier females in whom urinary abnormalities are often mild or silent.
A complete single supply CMOS 12 bit DAC (1989)

A complete 12-bit voltage-out digital-to-analog converter that is fabricated in a 2-μm CMOS process and operates from a single 5-V supply is described. A sequence was developed to turn on current source segments in the two-dimensional array, which suppresses the INL (integral nonlinearity) due to the current source mismatch to ±1 LSB (least significant bit) and allows ±2 LSB of overall INL to be obtained without trimming the core. The guaranteed-monotonic output ranges from 0 to 2.56 V with a settling time of 3.0 μs
Physisorption of Three Calix[4]arenes on Alkyl-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica for Biomimetic Ligand Development (2013)

Calixarene physisorption onto alkyl-functionalized silica support is presented as an alternative to tethering to reduce synthetic complexity. Three versions of calix[4]arene were synthesized with differing upper rim functional groups: aromatic amine, tert-butyl, and unfunctionalized. Calixarene molecules physisorbed throughout the alkyl layer on the silica following a linear isotherm with a maximum observed loading of 300 μmol g–1. Large exothermic adsorption enthalpies (−60 to −260 kJ mol–1), attributed to van der Waals interactions, were measured for the calixarene physisorption using flow microcalorimetry; large negative entropies were calculated (−140 to −780 J mol–1 K–1). Amine-calix[4]arene was physisorbed onto C18-silica (NCS) through solvent evaporation. The myoglobin uptake on NCS (47 μmol g–1) was twice that on C18-silica; additionally, a greater heat of adsorption (−16.9 ± 2.9 kJ mol–1) was observed on NCS than on C18-support (−12.7 ± 2.2 kJ mol–1).
Map Segmentation Algorithms for Geographic Resource Allocation (2012)

Dividing a given geographic region into pieces is a problem that arises in many contexts, such as congressional redistricting, wireless sensor placement, supply chain management, sales segmentation, and air traffic control. These also include problems that do not look like such initially, such as dividing a region among a set of vehicles in order to perform surveillance or to perform service among various customer locations. Often, some ways of dividing the region are better than others along one or more criteria. Current approaches to many of these problems involve first discretizing them and then solving the resulting large integer programs. We find that a geometric approach to certain problems using map segmentation leads to computationally tractable algorithms which give fast and competitive solutions. This thesis describes two algorithms for equitably partitioning a region with respect to two densities, motivated by a vehicle routing problem.
Direct connection of series self-excited generators and HVDC converters (1993)

An alternative and simpler solution is proposed for the direct connection of generators to HVDC converters. The generator exciter windings are connected in series with the output of the HVDC converter and take the place of the conventional smoothing reactor. Existing steady state and time domain simulation programs are modified to represent the behaviour of the series direct connection scheme. It is shown that series excitation naturally extends the power transmission capability and permits fast fault clearances.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Clay Assisted Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Conductive Epoxy Nanocomposites (2007)

Abstract Clay was introduced into single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)/epoxy composites to improve nanotube dispersion without harming electrical conductivity or mechanical performance. Unlike surfactant or polymer dispersants, clay is mechanically rigid and known to enhance the properties (e.g., modulus, gas barrier, and flame retardation) of polymer composites. Combining nanotubes and clay allows both electrical and mechanical behavior to be simultaneously enhanced. With just 0.05 wt % SWNT, electrical conductivity is increased by more than four orders of magnitude (from 10 –9 to 10 –5 S cm –1 ) with the addition of 0.2 wt % clay. Furthermore, the percolation threshold of these nanocomposites is reduced from 0.05 wt % SWNT to 0.01 wt % with the addition of clay. SWNTs appear to have an affinity for clay that causes them to become more exfoliated and better networked in these composites. This clay‐nanotube synergy may make these composites better suited for a variety of packaging, sensing, and shielding applications.
Emergency Department Diagnosis and Management of Skin Diseases With Real-Time Teledermatologic Expertise (2014)

Compared with standard hardware, new-generation mobile devices reduce the cost of videoconferencing, increase the versatility of teledermatology, and decrease general practitioner investment time.
A robust hybrid movement detection method in dynamic background (2009)

Motion segmentation is a very critical task in video surveillance system. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to detect moving objects in a complex background. Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is an effective way to extract moving objects from a video sequence. However, the conventional mixture Gaussian method suffers from false motion detection in complex backgrounds and slow convergence. This work, in order to achieve robust and accurate extraction of the shapes of moving objects, applies a hybrid method to remove noise from images. The proposed model consists of two stages. The first stage consists of a fourth order PDE and the second stage is a relaxed median filter, which processes the output of fourth order PDE. Experimental results show that the proposed model performs well even in the presence of higher levels of noise.
Scale Reduction for Modeling and Prototyping of Inductive Power Transfer System for EV Applications (2023)

In this article, the scale reduction method is applied to an induction power transfer system for electric vehicle (EV) charging for its rapid and low-cost prototyping. In addition, a co-simulation method is proposed, which is based on the coupling between a circuit analysis and a finite-element (FE) analysis. Then, it is proposed to combine the scale reduction method with the co-simulation method to consider, at the same time, the nonlinearities due to the power electronic converter and the magnetic material characteristics of the system. Finally, a 1 kW experimental IPT system is proposed to validate both methods.