gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gene therapy in clinical medicine (2004)

Although the field of gene therapy has experienced significant setbacks and limited success, it is one of the most promising and active research fields in medicine. Interest in this therapeutic modality is based on the potential for treatment and cure of some of the most malignant and devastating diseases affecting humans. Over the next decade, the relevance of gene therapy to medical practices will increase and it will become important for physicians to understand the basic principles and strategies that underlie the therapeutic intervention. This report reviews the history, basic strategies, tools, and several current clinical paradigms for application.
Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus as a Case Study: Using a Precautionary Risk Management Approach for Emerging Blood-Borne Pathogens in Canada (2012)

In October 2009 it was reported that 68 of 101 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in the United States, when tested, were infected with a novel gamma retrovirus, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) (Lombardi et al., 2009). XMRV is a recently discovered human gammaretrovirus first described in prostate cancers that shares significant homology with murine leukemia virus (MLV) (Ursiman et al., 2006). It is known that XMRV can cause leukemias and sarcomas in several rodent, feline, and primate species but has not been shown to cause disease in humans. XMRV was detectable in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma of individuals diagnosed with CFS (Lombardi et al., 2009). After this report was published there was a great deal of uncertainty surrounding this emergent virus and its involvement in the etiology of CFS. The uncertainty was, in part, due to CFS being a complex, poorly understood multi-system disorder with different disease criteria used for its diagnosis. CFS, also known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), is a debilitating disease of unknown origin that is estimated to affect 17 million people worldwide. The initial report connecting XMRV to prostate cancers and CFS garnered significant media and scientific interest since it provided a potential Susie ElSaadany2**, Tamer Oraby1 * Daniel Krewski1, 4 and Peter R. Ganz5 1McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 2Blood Safety Surveillance and Health Care Acquired Infections Division, Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 3Aspinall and Associates, Cleveland House, High Street, and Earth Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom 4Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 5Health Canada, Director’s Office, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada ** Corresponding Author , Marian Laderoute2 , Jun Wu2 , Willy Aspinall3 , www.intechopen.com 32 The Continuum of Health Risk Assessments explanation for the disease but also an avenue for possible therapeutic treatments since XMRV is known to be susceptible to some anti-retroviral drugs (Cohen, 2011).
Hybrid Silicon Evanescent Laser in a Silicon-on-Insulator Waveguide (2007)

We demonstrate electrically pumped silicon evanescent lasers operating cw at 40degC. Light is confined by SOI waveguides, and the evanescent tail is amplified by AlGalnAs quantum wells. This process is applicable to silicon-evanescent-photonic-integrated circuits.
Safety assessment of the substance ‘Tungsten Oxide’ for use in food contact materials (2017)

This scientific opinion of EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids (CEF Panel) deals with the risk assessment of the additive tungsten oxide, CAS No 39318-18-8 and FCM No 1064, for use in food contact materials as a reheat agent in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) at a maximum use level of 75 ppm (75 mg/kg PET). The substance is a mixture of tungsten oxides with tungsten at different oxidative levels. The average oxidation level of tungsten in the oxides is 2.86 corresponding to 19.93% oxygen content. Detailed information on impurities is provided as confidential. Specific migration from PET plaques with the substance at 150 mg/kg (double the maximum intended use level of 75 mg/kg) was determined into 95% ethanol, as a worst-case simulant for PET due to its swelling effect. Under these test conditions, the specific migration, measured as tungsten using ICP-MS, was at the level of 1 μg/kg. The Panel considered that due to the insolubility of the substance, this low migration will be typical for any foreseeable use as a reheat additive in PET. Two <i>in vitro</i> genotoxicity studies, a bacterial gene mutation test and an <i>in vitro</i> micronucleus assay, performed in accordance with the OECD Guidelines and in compliance with GLP, were provided by the applicant for the substance tungsten oxide and were considered negative by the CEF Panel. According to a scientific opinion on strategy for genotoxicity testing (EFSA, 2011), the three genotoxic endpoints, gene mutation, chromosomal and numerical aberrations, are covered by these two tests. The CEF Panel concluded that the substance tungsten oxide is not of safety concern for the consumer if the additive is used as a reheat agent in PET. For other technical functions or for use in other polymers, the migration should not exceed 50 μg/kg (expressed as tungsten).
A Study on the Fluoride Release, Microhardness and Cytotoxicity of Fluoride Releasing Restorative Materials (2016)

The objective of this study was to examine fluoride release, microhardness and cytotoxicity of three different types of restorative materials; giomer (Beautifil Ⅱ), composite resin (FiltekSUPTM/SUP Z250) and glass ionomer (Fuji Filling LC). Samples were prepared as disk-shaped specimens with diameter of 10 mm and thickness of 1 mm. Fluoride release was measured using pH meter (920A, Orion, Boston, USA) every 24 hours for the first 7 days followed by measurement every week until the 28th day. The Vickers hardness measurement was carried out for the microhardness, while in vitro cytotoxicity test of agar diffusion test was carried out according to ISO 10993-5 and ISO 7405. The results showed that microhardness of FiltekSUPTM/SUP Z250 was the highest, followed by Beautifil Ⅱ, and Fuji Filling LC, in order. All groups, except FiltekSUPTM/SUPSUP/SUP Z250 released most amount of fluoride during first 24 hours and the release level was decreased over time. Cytotoxicity test indicated that all experimental materials were mildly toxicity. This study confirmed the variability of fluoride release, microhardness and cytotoxicity in these restorative materials and therefore such features should be considered in clinical application.
CCL28 promotes breast cancer growth and metastasis through MAPK-mediated cellular anti-apoptosis and pro-metastasis (2017)

Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among females. CCL28 (mucosa-associated epithelial chemokine, MEC), a CC subfamily chemokine, has been well studied in the process of inflammation, and recently increasing evidence indicates that CCL28 is related to tumor progression. However, little is known concerning its function in breast cancer. In the present study, we generated a CCL28-overexpressing breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231HM/CCL28 from parental MDA-MB‑231HM cells. We found that overexpression of CCL28 promoted cell proliferation and tumor formation, and also enhanced migration, invasion and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed that CCL28 mediated intracellular activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway to promote breast cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by upregulating anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and suppressing cell adhesion protein β-catenin. However, overexpression of CCL28 did not influence the expression of metastasis‑related protein matrix metalloproteinase MMP2 and MMP9 and VEGF. Tissue sample analysis from animal models also indicated that overexpression of CCL28 was associated with enhanced pERK expression and reduced β-catenin expression in breast carcinomas. Thus, our results show for the first time that CCL28 contributes to breast cancer progression through the ERK/MAPK‑mediated anti-apoptotic and metastatic signaling pathway. Antagonists of CCL28 and the MAPK signaling pathway may be used synergistically to treat breast cancer patients.
An evolved cellular system architecture incorporating relay stations (2009)

Shrinking cell sizes, primarily a result of keeping up with the increasing demand for higher data rates, are stretching thin the notion of our traditional cellular system architecture. More and more base stations are serving smaller and smaller areas (cells) which in effect is driving up deployment costs. The option of deploying relay stations is increasingly beginning to look like a solution to the problem of providing a cost-effective way to extend the coverage and capacity in a cellular network. A relay station can be used to extend the point-to-multipoint link between the base station and mobile stations. Relay stations connect to the base stations without wires and are expected to be deployed to cover smaller geographic areas. Primarily the deployment costs but also the equipment costs are expected to be substantially lower than those of base stations. In this article we first introduce the relay station and discuss the place it is likely to carve out for itself in the traditional cellular architecture. We highlight the important economic and performance benefits relay stations could potentially offer, and outline a few scenarios where relays are likely to be deployed in the beginning. The multihop relay standard developed by the IEEE 802.16 working group is then used as a basis to provide an overview of the relay-enhanced cellular architecture and the key choices that can be made in developing relay support within a cellular system-a precursor to what can be expected in later releases of the Mobile WiMAX system. Finally, we discuss some future directions in the development of relay systems.
Hot-wire investigation of the wake behind cylinders at low Reynolds numbers (1949)

Abstract The hot-wire technique has been used to measure the regular vortex street pattern behind a cylinder at low Reynolds number. Measurements of mean velocity distribution were made both below and above the critical Reynolds number at which the periodic motion appears. Amplitude and phase measurements gave sufficient information for computation of the instantaneous flow pattern of the vortex system. The important points resulting from the investigation are that (i) the critical Reynolds number at which vortices are shed is 40, (ii) in the range of Reynolds numbers investigated the vortices are not shed directly from the cylinder but appear some distance downstream as an instability of the laminar wake.
Somatic ‘Soluble’ Adenylyl Cyclase Isoforms Are Unaffected in Sacytm1Lex/Sacytm1Lex ‘Knockout’ Mice (2008)

These studies reveal increased complexity at the sAC locus, and they suggest that the known isoforms of sAC play a unique function in male germ cells.
Cover Picture: From Packed “Sandwich” to “Russian Doll”: Assembly by Charge‐Transfer Interactions in Cucurbit[10]uril (Chem. Eur. J. 49/2016) (2016)

With the largest cavity in the cucurbituril family, cucurbit[10]uril (CB[10]) has been utilized to make supramolecular assemblies by host–guest-enhanced charge-transfer interactions. Two packed “sandwiches” have been assembled by forming a 1:2:1 or 1:1:1 complex between CB[10] and viologen derivatives and an electron-rich molecule in water. Amazingly, as a known building block for the construction of molecular machines, blue box can be encapsulated within CB[10]. By threading a guest through the cavities of both blue box and CB[10], a supramolecular “Russian doll” architecture has been built up. More information can be found in the Full Paper by L. Isaacs, S. Liu et al. on page 17612 ff. With the largest cavity in the cucurbituril family, cucurbit[10]uril (CB[10]) has been utilized to make supramolecular assemblies by host–guest-enhanced charge-transfer interactions. Two packed “sandwiches” have been assembled by forming a 1:2:1 or 1:1:1 complex between CB[10] and viologen derivatives and an electron-rich molecule in water. Amazingly, as a known building block for the construction of molecular machines, blue box can be encapsulated within CB[10]. By threading a guest through the cavities of both blue box and CB[10], a supramolecular “Russian doll” architecture has been built up. More information can be found in the Full Paper by L. Isaacs, S. Liu et al. on page 17612 ff.
Stress corrosion cracking of Zircaloys. Final report (1980)

The overall aim has been to develop an improved understanding of the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) mechanism considered to be responsible for pellet-cladding interaction (PCI) failures of nuclear fuel rods. The objective of the present phase of the project was to investigate the potential for improving the resistance of Zircaloy to iodine-induced SCC by modifying the manufacturing techniques used in the commercial production of fuel cladding. Several aspects of iodine SCC behavior of potential relevance to cladding performance were experimentally investigated. It was found that the SCC susceptibility of Zircaloy tubing is sensitive to crystallographic texture, surface condition, and residual stress distribution and that current specifications for Zircaloy tubing provide no assurance of an optimum resistance to SCC. Additional evidence was found that iodine-induced cracks initiate at local chemical inhomogeneities in the Zircaloy surface, but laser melting to produce a homogenized surface layer did not improve the SCC resistance. Several results were obtained that should be considered in models of PCI failure. The ratio of axial to hoop stress and the temperature were both shown to affect the SCC resistance whereas the difference in composition between Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4 had no detectable effect. Damage accumulation during iodine SCC was found to be nonlinear: generally, a given life fraction at low stress was more damaging than the same life fraction at higher stress. Studies of the thermochemistry of the zirconium-iodine system (performed under US Department of Energy sponsorship) revealed many errors in the literature and provided important new insights into the mechanism of iodine SCC of Zircaloys.
Few-view single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) reconstruction based on a blurred piecewise constant object model (2012)

A sparsity-exploiting algorithm intended for few-view Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) reconstruction is proposed and characterized. The algorithm models the object as piecewise constant subject to a blurring operation. To validate that the algorithm closely approximates the true object in the noiseless case, projection data were generated from an object assuming this model and using the system matrix. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to provide more realistic data of a phantom with varying smoothness across the field of view. Reconstructions were performed across a sweep of two primary design parameters. The results demonstrate that the algorithm recovers the object in a noiseless simulation case. While the algorithm assumes a specific blurring model, the results suggest that the algorithm may provide high reconstruction accuracy even when the object does not match the assumed blurring model. Generally, increased values of the blurring parameter and TV weighting parameters reduced noise and streaking artifacts, while decreasing spatial resolution. As the number of views decreased from 60 to 9 the accuracy of images reconstructed using the proposed algorithm varied by less than 3%. Overall, the results demonstrate preliminary feasibility of a sparsity-exploiting reconstruction algorithm which may be beneficial for few-view SPECT.
THz surface plasmon modes on planar Goubau lines (2012)

The dispersion relation and confinement of terahertz surface plasmon modes propagating along planar Goubau lines are studied using guided-wave time domain spectroscopy. We demonstrate the radial nature of the surface plasmon mode known as the Goubau mode and the transverse confinement of the electric field over a few tenths of microns (~l/10). We experimentally and computationally observed a transition of the shape of the THz pulses from unipolar to bipolar as the propagation distance increases, indicating that the Goubau line acts as a high-pass filter. The deviation of the dispersion relation curve from a linear law above 600 GHz is discussed.
Nickel-Aluminum Alloy Silicides with High Aluminum Content for Contact Resistance Reduction and Integration in n-Channel Field-Effect Transistors (2008)

10.1149/1.2823567
Effect of clenching with a mouthguard on head acceleration during heading of a soccer ball. (2017)

Concussions are acceleration-deceleration injuries that occur when biomechanical forces are transmitted to the cerebral tissues. By limiting acceleration of the head, enhanced cervical muscle activity derived from clenching with a mouthguard (MG) may reduce the incidence or severity of concussions following impact. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of voluntary clenching with a proper MG on acceleration of the head during "heading" of a soccer ball. Eleven male high school soccer players (mean age, 16.8 years) participated in the study. Each player was given a customized MG. An automated soccer machine was used to project the ball at the participants at a constant speed. The participants headed the ball under 3 different oral conditions: drill 1, heading freely performed without instruction and without the MG; drill 2, heading performed as the subject was instructed to clench the masseter muscles tightly while not wearing the MG; drill 3, heading performed as the subject was instructed to clench tightly while wearing the MG. Each participant repeated each drill 5 times. Linear acceleration of the head was measured with a 3-axis accelerometer. Activity of the masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscles was measured by wireless electromyography. Weak masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscle activity was observed during drill 1. After the soccer players had been instructed to clench their masseter muscles (drills 2 and 3), statistically significant decreases in head acceleration and increases in masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscle activity were observed (P < 0.05; paired t test). The effect was stronger when the players wore the MG. Dentists should encourage soccer players to habitually clench while wearing a proper mouthguard to strengthen cervical muscle resistance as a way to mitigate the damage caused by heading.
ChemInform Abstract: EPOXIDATION OF PROPYLENE BY DIPEROXOMOLYBDENUM(VI) COMPLEXES. ACCELERATING EFFECT OF PROPYLENE OXIDE AND PROPANE‐1,2‐DIOL (1983)

Abstract Der Diperoxo‐Mo‐Komplex (I), der als selektives Reagenz für die Olefin‐Epoxidierung fungiert, wird in seiner Reaktion mit Propylen in Dichlorethan untersucht.
Highly Active Crystalline Mesoporous TiO2 Films Coated onto Polycarbonate Substrates for Self-Cleaning Applications (2011)

SiO2 film precoating is found to be very effective for the protection of polycarbonate (PC) as a typical example for heat-sensitive substrate materials, thus preventing its photodegradation under UV light. Subsequently, transparent photoactive mesoporous TiO2 and Sachtleben Hombikat UV100 thin film coatings on SiO2/PC have been developed for self-cleaning applications. The newly prepared photocatalysts films have been compared with either a film prepared from a commercial photocatalyst (Sachtleben Hombikat UV-100), SG-TiO2, or Pilkington Glass ActivTM by the determination of their photonic efficiencies for degradation of methylene blue and the photoinduced surface wettability. The efficiency of the photocatalytic reactions was found to be about three times higher in the case of the mesoporous TiO2 films compared with films prepared from UV-100 or Pilkington Glass ActivTM. This is the first report focusing on the synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 films on polycarbonate substrates, and, to the best of our knowledge, the measured photonic efficiency of ζ = 0.078% for these meso-TiO2 films on PC is among the highest ζ-values reported up to now even when using soda-lime glass substrates.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Diverse Heterocycles by a Noncanonical Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase (2021)

Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are typically multimodular enzymes that assemble amino acids or carboxylic acids into complex natural products. Here, we characterize a monomodular NRPS, PvfC, encoded by the <i>Pseudomonas virulence factor</i> (<i>pvf</i>) gene cluster that is essential for virulence and signaling in different bacterial species. PvfC exhibits a unique adenylation-thiolation-reductase (ATR) domain architecture that is understudied in bacteria. We show that the activity of PvfC is essential in the production of seven leucine-derived heterocyclic natural products, including two pyrazines, a pyrazinone, and a rare disubstituted imidazole, as well as three pyrazine <i>N</i>-oxides that require an additional <i>N-</i>oxygenation step. Mechanistic studies reveal that PvfC, without a canonical peptide-forming domain, makes a dipeptide aldehyde intermediate en route to both the pyrazinone and imidazole. Our work identifies a novel biosynthetic route for the production of pyrazinones, an emerging class of signaling molecules and virulence factors. Our discovery also showcases the ability of monomodular NRPSs to generate amino acid- and dipeptide-aldehydes that lead to diverse natural products. The diversity-prone biosynthesis by the <i>pvf</i>-encoded enzymes sets the stage for further understanding the functions of <i>pvf</i> in bacterial cell-to-cell signaling.
Design and implementation of a standard care programme of therapeutic exercise and education for breast cancer survivors (2021)

NCT03879096, Registered 18th March 2019. Retrospectively registered.
Cover Feature: Silylene‐Bridged Tetranuclear Palladium Cluster as a Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Alkynes (ChemCatChem 1/2021) (2020)

The Cover Feature depicts a planar tetranuclear palladium cluster having bridging organosilylene ligand, which shows good catalytic performance in the hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes. In their Communication, C. Yanagisawa et al. explain that a planar tetranuclear palladium cluster, synthesized by the reaction of the palladium(0) precursor [Pd(CNtBu)2]3 with cyclotetrasilane via insertion of palladium species into the Si−Si bonds, acts as an efficient catalyst for the hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes, including sterically hindered tri- and tetra-substituted alkenes. More information can be found in the Communication by C. Yanagisawa et al.
Studies on Indole Derivatives. III. : Synthesis of 3'-Phenylspiro-[2-oxoindoline-3, 5'-pyrazole]Derivatives (1966)

2'-Benzoyl-spiro(2-oxoindoline-3, 3'-oxyrans) (III)(Table I) were prepared by the application of hydrogen peroxide to 3-phenacylideneoxindoles (I). Reaction of III with hydrazine hydrate afforded 3'-pheny1-4'-hydroxy-spiro[2-oxoindoline-3, 4'-(2'-pyrazolines)](IV) (Table II). Dehydration of IV with saturated methanolic hydrochloric acid gave 3'-phenylspiro-[2-oxoindoline-3', 5'-pyrazoles](V) (Table III).