gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low Power 3D Serial TSV Link for High Bandwidth Cross-Chip Communication (2014)

3D-ICs based on TSV technology provide high bandwidth inter-chip connections. The drawback is that most of the existing TSVs consume a large amount of silicon real estate. We present circuit-level design and analysis of area efficient, low power, high-data-rate 3D serial TSV links. A design space exploration is performed and trade-offs in terms of area, power and performance are presented. Circuit simulations of RC-extracted layouts in 40nm CMOS-technology reveals that 8:1 serialization efficiently balances area consumption and energy efficiency. Using 10Î¼m-diameter TSV technology, an 8Gb/s serial link consumes only 84fJ/bit with 10X area reduction over 8b parallel bus.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Current Agents and Future Perspective (2001)

The objectives of medical treatment of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are relief of symptoms and healing of esophagitis, which can be achieved, at least in part, by drugs which suppress acid secretion. In patients with GERD symptoms and/or mild esophagitis, the best and most cost-effective therapeutic strategy is to start with a proton pump inhibitor with subsequent trial of step down of the intensity of therapy (e.g. H2-receptor antagonists). In patients with moderate or severe esophagitis, proton pump inhibitors are the mainstay of treatment and the most effective in preventing symptoms and esophagitis. In patients with mild disease, the recurrence of symptoms is less frequent and many patients may not need continuous maintenance therapy or may require treatment with either low dose proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists or cisapride only. H. pylori eradication might be needed in GERD patients on long-term treatment with proton pump inhibitors, but the benefit of this strategy has not yet been adequately demonstrated. Antireflux surgery is a maintenance option for the young patient on long-term medical therapy. Improved medical therapy for GERD might depend on future agents with different therapeutic targets, including GABA inhibitors and nitric oxide modulating drugs in the control of the lower sphincter esophagus and in motility disorders, free radical scavengers in the prevention of mucosal damage and COX-2 specific inhibitors in the prevention of the progression of Barret's esophagus to adenocarcinoma. Finally, the modulation of some growth factors might have a potential role in delayed esophageal ulcer healing, refractory esophagitis and in Barrett's esophagus.
Salmonella typhimurium induces IFN-gamma production in murine splenocytes. Role of natural killer cells and macrophages (1993)

IFN-gamma is a cytokine known to play an important role in host defense against Salmonella typhimurium. The lymphoid cells required for in vitro production of IFN-gamma after S. typhimurium stimulation of mouse spleen cells was investigated. Spleen cells depleted of cells bearing NK1.1, asialo GM1, Thy 1.2, or CD5 resulted in a significant reduction in IFN-gamma production after stimulation with S. typhimurium. In contrast, Con A-induced IFN-gamma production was only slightly reduced after depletion of NK1.1- or asialo GM1-bearing cells. Spleen cells from SCID mice produced elevated levels of IFN-gamma after stimulation with S. typhimurium. IFN-gamma production by SCID spleen cells was dependent upon asialo GM1+ T cells, suggesting that NK cells were the cells producing IFN-gamma in response to S. typhimurium. Splenic adherent cells were required for optimal IFN-gamma production. However, direct contact between the adherent and nylon wool nonadherent (NWNA) cell populations was not essential. IFN-gamma production was observed when the adherent and NWNA cell populations were physically separated or when supernatant from S. typhimurium-stimulated adherent cells was added to NWNA cells. Optimal IFN-gamma production was dependent on the presence of TNF-alpha, inasmuch as addition of antibody to TNF-alpha to spleen cell or NWNA cell cultures significantly reduced IFN-gamma production. However, addition of rTNF-alpha did not induce IFN-gamma production by NWNA cells. These findings document the existence of a T-independent mechanism for early IFN-gamma production in response to S. typhimurium, and show that TNF-alpha is necessary but not sufficient for the production of IFN-gamma.
Ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated cyclin C degradation promotes cell survival following nitrogen starvation (2020)

Environmental stress elicits well-orchestrated programs that either restore cellular homeostasis or induce cell death depending on the insult. Nutrient starvation triggers the autophagic pathway that requires the induction of several Autophagy (<i>ATG</i>) genes. Cyclin C-cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk8) is a component of the RNA polymerase II Mediator complex that predominantly represses the transcription of stress-responsive genes in yeast. To relieve this repression following oxidative stress, cyclin C translocates to the mitochondria where it induces organelle fragmentation and promotes cell death prior to its destruction by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Here we report that cyclin C-Cdk8, together with the Ume6-Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex, represses the essential autophagy gene <i>ATG8</i>. Similar to oxidative stress, cyclin C is destroyed by the UPS following nitrogen starvation. Removing this repression is important as deleting <i>CNC1</i> allows enhanced cell growth under mild starvation. However, unlike oxidative stress, cyclin C is destroyed prior to its cytoplasmic translocation. This is important as targeting cyclin C to the mitochondria induces both mitochondrial fragmentation and cell death following nitrogen starvation. These results indicate that cyclin C destruction pathways are fine tuned depending on the stress and that its terminal subcellular address influences the decision between initiating cell death or cell survival pathways.
Partialsynthese neuer Ergolinderivate aus Clavinalkoloiden, 5. Mitt. N‐1‐ und N‐6‐mono‐ und disubstituierte Festuclavine (1985)

Abstract Festuclavin ( 1 ), 6‐Cyano‐6‐nor‐ 1 (3) , 6‐Nor‐ 1 (5) und 6‐Allyl‐6‐nor‐ 1 (7) lassen sich in flüssigem Ammoniak mit Kalium und dem entsprechenden Iodid in ihre 1‐Allyl‐ und 1‐Propyl‐Derivate überführen. Die Darstellung von 7 aus 5 wird beschrieben.
Selective reductions. 37. Asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones with B-(3-pinanyl)-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelective reductions. 37. Asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones with B-(3-pinanyl)-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonaneHerbert C. Brown and G. Ganesh PaiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 9, 1384–1394Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00209a008https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00209a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2364Altmetric-Citations105LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
GPS spoofing attack characterization and detection in smart grids (2016)

The problem of global positioning system (GPS) spoofing attacks on smart grids endowed with phasor measurement units (PMUs) is addressed, taking into account the dynamical behavior of the states of the system. First, it is shown how GPS spoofing introduces a timing synchronization error in the phasor readings recorded by the PMUs and alters the measurement matrix of the dynamical model. Then, a generalized likelihood ratio-based hypotheses testing procedure is devised to detect changes in the measurement matrix when the system is subjected to a spoofing attack. Monte Carlo simulations are performed on the 9-bus, 3-machine test grid to demonstrate the implication of the spoofing attack on dynamic state estimation and to analyze the performance of the proposed hypotheses test.
Modelling Cationic Diffusion in Nickel-Based Honeycomb Layered Tellurates using Vashishta-Rahman Interatomic Potential and Relevant Insights (2021)

Although the fascinatingly rich crystal chemistry of honeycomb layered oxides has been accredited as the propelling force behind their remarkable electrochemistry, the atomistic mechanisms surrounding their operations remain unexplored. Thus, herein, we present an extensive molecular dynamics study performed systematically using a refined set of inter-atomic potential parameters of A2Ni2TeO6 (where A = Li, Na, and K). We demonstrate the effectiveness of the Vashishta-Rahman form of the interatomic potential in reproducing various structural and transport properties of this promising class of materials and predict an exponential increase in cationic diffusion with larger interlayer distances. The simulations further demonstrate the correlation between broadened inter-layer (inter-slab) distances associated with the larger ionic radii of K and Na compared to Li and the enhanced cationic conduction exhibited in K2Ni2TeO6 and Na2Ni2TeO6 relative to Li2Ni2TeO6. Whence, our findings connect lower potential energy barriers, favourable cationic paths and wider bottleneck size along the cationic diffusion channel within frameworks (comprised of larger mobile cations) to the improved cationic diffusion experimentally observed in honeycomb layered oxides. Furthermore, we explicitly study the role of inter-layer distance and cationic size in cationic diffusion. Our theoretical studies reveal the dominance of inter-layer distance over cationic size, a crucial insight into the further performance enhancement of honeycomb layered oxides.
BIS(PORPHYRIN)ACTINIDE COMPLEXES AND THEIR RADICAL CATIONS AND DICATIONS (1994)

Abstract The first bis(porphyrin)actinide complexes have been prepared by reaction of the diethylamide complexes M(NR2)4 (where M = Th, U and R = Me, Et) with 5, 10, 15, 20-tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) or 2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18-octaethylporphyrin (H2OEP). The coordination geometry of Th(TPP)2 is a distorted square-antiprism where the thorium center is displaced 1.47 Å from each of the porphyrin N4 planes; the porphyrin N4 planes are threrefore separated by 2.94 Å. In Th(OEP)2, the two porphyrin N4 planes are separated by 2.89 Å in a nearly perfect square-antiprismatic coordination geometry around the thorium center. The porphyrin macrocycles, held in such close proximity, interact electronically as shown by a blue-shift in the porphyrin Soret band and by unusually low oxidation potentials relative to related monoporphyrin species. Chemical oxidations of M(TPP)2 and of Th(OEP)(TPP) yield porphyrin-based radical cation complexes [M(porph)2 +][SbCl6 −] and dicationic complexes [M(porph)2 2+][SbCl6 −]2. The solid-state structure of [Th(TPP)2 +][SbCl6 −] is nearly identical to that of Th(TPP)2, but the separation between the N4 planes decreases to 2.89 Å. The EPR spectra of [Th(TPP)2 +] and [Th(OEP)(TPP)+] are characteristic of simple organic radicals, while [U(TPP)2 +] shows unusual signals at g∥ = 3.175 and g⊤ = 1.353. The magnetic susceptibility of the paramagnetic (S = 1/2) complex [Th(TPP)2 +][SbCl6 −] suggests that above 70 K there are thermally populated excited state(s) with f-orbital character. The uranium cation [U(TPP)2 +] apparently adopts an S = 1/2 ground state, in which the porphyrin radical is antiferromagnetically coupled to the f2 U1v center; at higher temperatures, the magnetic moment increases due to thermal population of S = 3/2 states. The thorium dicationic complexes are essentially diamagnetic. These results support the suggestion that direct porphyrin-porphyrin interactions yield new molecular orbitals that are composed of atomic orbitals from both porphyrin ligands; some contribution from metal f-orbitals is also possible. All of the oxidized complexes have near-IR absorptions due to transitions between these “supermolecular” orbitals. Crystal data for Th(TPP)2°C7H8 at −25°C: orthorhombic, space group Fddd with a = 21.635(5) Å, b = 21.859(5) Å, c = 31.119(6) Å, β = 90.59(2)°, V = 14716(5) Å3, Z = 8, R F = 0.054, and R wF = 0.069 for 333 variables and 3646 data with I>2.58 σ(I). Crystal data for Th(OEP)2 at 28°C: monoclinic, space group P21/n with a = 15.699(1) Å, b = 15.474(1) Å, c = 26.318(2) Å, β = 91.97(1)°, V = 6389(2) Å3, Z = 4, R F = 0.031, and R wF = 0.038 for 734 variables and 6059 data with I>2.58 σ(I). Crystal data for [Th(TPP)2 +][SbCl6 −]·2C7H8.CH2Cl2 at 26°C: tetragonal, space group P4/nnc with a = 19.104(3) Å, b = 19.104(3) Å, c = 26.335(3) Å, V = 9612(5) Å3, Z = 4, R F = 0.065, and R wF = 0.106 for 248 variables and 1894 data with I>2.58 σ(I).
Generalized Analysis of Gasifier Performance using Equilibrium Modeling (2011)

Thermodynamic modeling of gasification process provides a quick estimate of performance of the gasifier. Most of the earlier work on thermodynamic modeling is restricted to a particular feedstock–gasification agent combination and hence the results cannot be generalized. In the present work, the equilibrium modeling based on Gibb’s free energy minimization approach is used to analyze the performance of gasification of any fuel using oxygen or steam. The performance is analyzed at the carbon boundary point at which the cold gas efficiency is maximum. The gasification temperature, amount of gasification agent required, composition of syngas, and cold gas efficiency are predicted using Aspen Plus. The results are presented as contour plots on Van Krevelen coordinates (H/C vs O/C) and interpreted based on simplified gasification reactions. The performance for different feedstocks represented in Van Krevelen diagram is also analyzed. Finally, advantage of cogasification of feedstocks is highlighted.
Mobile Social Network Analysis (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: The Social Network Graph Centrality and Clustering Metrics Characterizations of Human Mobility Further Reading References
Designing stable circuits in the world of instability (2015)

As the technology scales, process variations and model inaccuracies impact design yield. In this paper, we demonstrate a statistical analysis methodology targeting both memory and custom logic design applications. For advanced technologies, we extend the methodology to enable key features such as FEOL and BEOL parasitic extraction and TCAD for manufacturability. This increases the statistical confidence in the functionality and operability of the system-on-chip as a whole. We present design case studies both in planar and non-planar technologies.
Free radicals produced in the interaction of cysteine with carbonyls of biological relevance (2009)

The free-radical-producing reactions between cysteine and the dicarbonyls glyoxal and methylglyoxal have been studied. Electron spin resonance data have allowed the radicals to be identified as complex substituted pyrazine cation radicals. A scheme for the production of these molecules is proposed, and a discussion of the relevance of such model reactions to biological charge-transfer processes is presented.
An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: research questions in COPD (2015)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and resource use worldwide. The goal of this official American Thoracic Society (ATS)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) research statement is to describe evidence related to diagnosis, assessment and management; identify gaps in knowledge; and make recommendations for future research. It is not intended to provide clinical practice recommendations on COPD diagnosis and management. Clinicians, researchers, and patient advocates with expertise in COPD were invited to participate. A literature search of Medline was performed, and studies deemed relevant were selected. The search was not a systematic review of the evidence. Existing evidence was appraised and summarised, and then salient knowledge gaps were identified. Recommendations for research that addresses important gaps in the evidence in all areas of COPD were formulated via discussion and consensus. Great strides have been made in the diagnosis, assessment and management of COPD, as well as understanding its pathogenesis. Despite this, many important questions remain unanswered. This ATS/ERS research statement highlights the types of research that leading clinicians, researchers, and patient advocates believe will have the greatest impact on patient-centred outcomes.
Microstructural Study of the Effect of Chloride Ion on Electroplating of Copper in Cupric Sulfate-Sulfuric Acid Bath (2005)

The purpose of this work is to study the electrocrystallization behavior of the copper deposit on pure titanium substrate. The electroplating was conducted at , 65°C in cupric sulfate-sulfuric acid bath with various chloride additions (45-350 ppm). Initial growth morphology and microstructure of the deposit were examined with a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and a high-resolution transmission electron microscope integrated with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Results of cathodic polarization and galvanostatic plating experiments show that the increasing concentration of chloride ions in the plating bath would significantly increase the cathodic potential. This cathodic potential increase was found to be induced by the presence of CuCl precipitates on the cathodic surface as well as on the copper cluster formed during the electrocrystallization process. At the initial plating stage, both copper and hexagonal-shaped CuCl precipitates were produced simultaneously. Eventually, the pyramid-shaped CuCl precipitates were observed, which consisted of many parallel hexagonal planes stemming from a screw dislocation. The polarization effect of CuCl precipitate on the Ti substrate was further confirmed and clarified. Through measurement of the electrode response and investigation of the deposit using FESEM, it was observed that under identical electroplating conditions, much less CuCl forms on a copper substrate in the initial stages than on a titanium substrate, leading to lower polarization.
Cellular Senescence as the Key Intermediate in Tau-Mediated Neurodegeneration (2018)

Neuroinflammation is thought to play a key role in the progression of neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given the apparent nexus of inflammatory disease with the secretory-associated senescence phenotype (SASP) of cellular senescence, two reports found that tau-mediated neurodegeneration involves induction of senescence in astrocytes, microglia, and possibly even neurons. Elimination of senescent cells by pharmacologically induced genetic ablation or by senolytic drugs blocks progression of mutant human tau-mediated neurodegeneration in mice. This work suggests a working hypothesis through which tau activation leads to senescence and then tau propagation throughout the brain is supported by, and neurotoxicity is caused by, SASP, forming a pathological positive feedback loop. Although preliminary, these data suggest that the development of senolytics for AD and other tauopathies, especially early disease, and possibly senomodulatory drugs for later stage neurodegenerative disease may prove fruitful.
Cloud computing and equal access for all (2008)

Web-2.0 applications use the Web as a platform for delivering end-user applications. This transformation has a profound impact on how applications are authored, deployed and consumed. Software applications in this environment are no longer monolithic --- instead, they are naturally separated into distributed components that implement application and interaction logic. The application logic along with user data resides in the network cloud; the user interface made up of presentation and interaction logic is delivered in a form best suited to the user's needs, e.g., via a universal client such as a Web browser.
Tunnel magnetoresistance with improved bias voltage dependence in lattice-matched Fe/spinel MgAl2O4/Fe(001) junctions (2010)

We fabricated fully epitaxial Fe/MgAl2O4/Fe(001) magnetic tunnel junctions using plasma oxidation of an Mg/Al bilayer. The MgAl2O4 showed a (001)-oriented spinel-type structure, and there were few misfit dislocations at the interfaces between the MgAl2O4 and the two Fe layers due to a small lattice mismatch (∼1%). Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratios up to 117% (165%) were obtained at room temperature (15 K). The bias voltage for one-half of the zero-bias TMR ratio (Vhalf) was relatively large, ranging from 1.0 to 1.3 V at room temperature, which is attributed to the small misfit dislocation density.
Multicomponent Synthesis of Substituted 3-Halofurans (2006)

A concise synthesis of substituted 3-halofurans in low to good yields is reported. The one-pot reaction involves sequential acylative Sonogashira coupling of acyl chlorides with terminal alkynes, followed by halide Michael addition, deprotection and cyclocondensation under the acidic conditions of the second step. In one of these sequences, concurrent electrophilic iodination was incorporated. The scope of the reaction has been tested with respect to benzoyl chlorides incorporating both EWGs and EDGs and, less extensively, heterocylic and non-aromatic acid chlorides.
Generating random bits from an arbitrary source: fundamental limits (1995)

Suppose we are given a random source and want to use it as a random number generator; at what rate can we generate fair bits from it? We address this question in an information-theoretic setting by allowing for some arbitrarily small but nonzero deviation from "ideal" random bits. We prove our results with three different measures of approximation between the ideal and the obtained probability distributions: the variational distance, the d-bar distance, and the normalized divergence. Two different contexts are studied: fixed-length and variable-length random number generation. The fixed-length results of this paper provide an operational characterization of the inf-entropy rate of a source, defined in Han and Verdu (see ibid., vol.39, no.3, p.752-772, 1993) and the variable-length results characterize the liminf of the entropy rate, thereby establishing a pleasing duality with the fundamental limits of source coding. A feature of our results is that we do not restrict ourselves to ergodic or to stationary sources.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Mechanischer Ileus - Differenzialdiagnosen und Therapie (2012)

Bei einem Ileus ist es wichtig, neben der Klärung der Ätiologie auch die Dringlichkeit richtig einzuschätzen. Zur Diagnostik gehören Laborwerte, Röntgen-Abdomenübersicht und die CT des Abdomens. Bei Verdacht auf eine Strangulation und/oder kompletten Darmverschluss sollte man sofort notfallmäßig operieren. Bei Verdacht auf einen partiellen Darmverschluss ist ein konservativer Therapieversuch mit einer Gastrografinpassage möglich. Liegt ein Dickdarmileus aufgrund eines Tumors oder Volvulus vor, sollte man eine endoskopische Dekompression versuchen, um dann im Intervall eine früh-elektive Darmresektion anzustreben.