gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PS3-16: Access and Collaboration with the Kaiser Permanente Research Program on Genes, Environment, and Health (RPGEH) (2013)

Background/Aims: The Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort has genotyped data on over 100,000 participants. In order to characterize many health conditions of interest found among respondents for sample-size estimation and GWAS, we sought to extend methodologies that utilized the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) in an automated way to characterize many diseases without the expense and limitation of numerous, complex algorithms specific to individual diseases and conditions. Methods: We tested a probabilistic approach that scored clinical decisions recorded in the EMR to capture specific diagnostic and treatment domains. We first considered physician diagnosis alone. We assessed sensitivity and specificity against internal registries at the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research. We also used the methodology to characterize phenotypes for Types 1 and 2 diabetes for GWAS. We tested a single diagnostic domain in a logistic model based on an ICD-9-CM taxonomy and found high sensitivity and specificity when compared with internal registries for breast, lung, colon and prostate cancers; Barrett's esophagus; HIV; Crohn's disease; ulcerative colitis, and diabetes. We then assessed a logistic regression model to distinguish among members with Types 1 and 2 diabetes in the genotyped cohort, utilizing the ICD-9 taxonomy, the earliest age at diagnosis available in the EMR or by selfreport, and pharmacy prescription utilization of anti-diabetic drugs. Results: The model exhibited a sensitivity of 96.3% and specificity of 99.6% for Type 1 diabetes and a sensitivity of 94.0% and specificity of 98.4% for Type 2 diabetes when compared with the gold standard internal diabetes registry. We identified an additional 60 cases of Type 1 diabetes and conducted comparative GWAS. Conclusions: Utilizing diagnostic information in the EMR as independent domains in probabilistic models to accomplish phenotype creation appears to be a reliable approach to facilitate robust characterization for evaluation, analysis and mapping of numerous disease phenotypes. The method is agnostic to input taxonomies as long as the EMR record contains sufficient and reliable atomic detail. It can also be adapted for machine learning given expert user feedback when gold standard databases are not available.
Asymptomatic sensorimotor polyneuropathy in workers exposed to elemental mercury (1982)

Neurologic and electrodiagnostic evaluations and urine mercury level determinations were performed on 138 chlor-alkali plant workers, some of whom were chronically exposed to inorganic mercury vapor. Eighteen subjects had a mild polyneuropathy on clinical examination. These subjects had significantly (p less than 0.05) elevated urine mercury indexes, reduced sensation on quantitative testing, prolonged distal latencies with reduced sensory evoked response amplitudes, and increased likelihood of abnormal needle electromyography compared with the remaining 120 subjects. Similar results were found for subgroups matched by sex and age. We conclude that elemental mercury exposure is associated with a sensorimotor polyneuropathy of the axonal type; the degree of neurologic impairment appears related to the magnitude of exposure.
Suppression of measurement errors in effective-MOSFET-channel-length extraction (2003)

The effects of measurement errors in effective-MOSFET-channel-length extraction are estimated, both numerically and experimentally. In the numerical estimation, the errors in the least-squares method, which was used twice in the extraction, are calculated for several reference MOSFET combinations. In the experimental estimation, the errors in the extracted channel lengths were estimated, changing the reference MOSFET combinations. It is found, from these estimations, that choosing both short- and long-channel MOSFETs as reference MOSFETs is effective in suppressing measurement errors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
ICRF heating in Alcator C-Mod: Present status and future prospects (1999)

Alcator C-Mod, the high field, high density, diverted, compact tokamak in the world’s portfolio of high performance plasma fusion devices, is heated exclusively with ICRF auxiliary power. In this paper an overview of recent results is summarized, with particular attention given to the importance of RF operation and the flexibility afforded by different heating scenarios. Besides the routine minority heating operation, results in the mode conversion heating regime are also presented (mainly direct electron heating through mode converted ion Bernstein waves). Recent attempts at improving plasma performance by establishing internal transport barriers (ITBs) by various transient profile control techniques (the so-called Advanced Tokamak mode of operation) are also presented. Future improvements in performance afforded by the recent addition of a new 4-strap antenna and 4 MW of tunable (40–80 MHz) ICRF power are also discussed. Mode-conversion current drive (MCCD) and fast wave current drive (FWCD) will be among the many new options that will be tested with the goal of improving plasma performance.
Extraction of Absolute Electron Self-Energy from Angle-Resolved Photoemission Measurements on Pb-Bi220 (2010)

Catheter type has a significant impact on microsphere administrations in an in-vitro hepatic arterial model. A within-patient randomized controlled trial has been initiated to investigate clinical catheter-related effects during radioembolization treatment.
New Horizons of Carbohydrate Bioengineering. An Approach for Introducing a Different Function to an Industrial Enzyme. (2000)

糖質はヒトの生命維持に不可欠であり、常に十分な量を確保する目的から、糖質関連酵素の研究は歴史が長く、その情報量は膨大である。また、これらの酵素について工業的利用の立場に立った研究も多く成されている。α-アミラーゼやサイクロデキストリングルカノトランスフェラーゼ(CGTase)といった糖化産業の根幹を成す実用酵素は、酵素の機能改変といった基礎的研究の対象としても興味深い材料である。本レビューでは、工業用酵素として広く使用されているα-アミラーゼにCGTaseの持つ生デンプン吸着能および分解能を導入した一成功例を紹介するとともに、ドメインレベルにおける酵素の構造と機能の相関について議論する。
Acute induction of anomalous blood clotting by molecular amplification of highly substoichiometric levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (2016)

ABSTRACT It is well known that a variety of inflammatory diseases are accompanied by hypercoagulability, and a number of more-or-less longer-term signalling pathways have been shown to be involved. In recent work, we have suggested a direct and primary role for bacterial lipopolysaccharide in this hypercoagulability, but it seems never to have been tested directly. Here we show that the addition of tiny concentrations (0.2 ng.L −1 ) of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to both whole blood and platelet-poor plasma of normal, healthy donors leads to marked changes in the nature of the fibrin fibres so formed, as observed by ultrastructural and fluorescence microscopy (the latter implying that the fibrin is actually in an amyloid β-sheet-rich form. They resemble those seen in a number of inflammatory (and also amyloid) diseases, consistent with an involvement of LPS in their aetiology. These changes are mirrored by changes in their viscoelastic properties as measured by thromboelastography. Since the terminal stages of coagulation involve the polymerisation of fibrinogen into fibrin fibres, we tested whether LPS would bind to fibrinogen directly. We demonstrated this using isothermal calorimetry. Finally, we show that these changes in fibre structure are mirrored when the experiment is done simply with purified fibrinogen and thrombin (± 0.2 ng.L −1 LPS). This ratio of concentrations of LPS:fibrinogen in vivo represents a molecular amplification by the LPS of more than 10 8 -fold, a number that is probably unparalleled in biology. The observation of a direct effect of such highly substoichiometric amounts of LPS on both fibrinogen and coagulation can account for the role of very small numbers of dormant bacteria in disease progression, and opens up this process to further mechanistic analysis and possible treatment. Significance statement Most chronic diseases (including those classified as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, or autoimmune) are accompanied by long-term inflammation. Although typically mediated by ‘inflammatory’ cytokines, the origin of this inflammation is unclear. We have suggested that one explanation is a dormant microbiome that can shed the highly inflammatory lipopolysaccharide LPS. Such inflammatory diseases are also accompanied by a hypercoagulable phenotype. We here show directly (using 6 different methods) that very low concentrations of LPS can affect the terminal stages of the coagulation properties of blood and plasma significantly, and that this may be mediated via a direct binding of LPS to a small fraction of fibrinogen monomers as assessed biophysically. Such amplification methods may be of more general significance.
Acute Coronary Events (2012)

In the United States alone, more than 400,000 Americans die annually from coronary artery disease and more than 1,000,000 suffer acute coronary events, i.e., myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death.1 Considering the aging of our population and increasing incidence of diabetes and obesity, the morbidity from coronary artery disease, and its associated costs, will place an increasing, substantial burden on our society.2 Between 2010 and 2030, total direct medical costs spent in the US for cardiovascular diseases are projected to triple from 273 to 818 billion dollars.2 Although effective treatments are available and considerable efforts are ongoing to identify new strategies for the prevention of coronary events, predicting such events in an individual has been challenging.3 In hopes of improving our ability to determine the risk of coronary events, it is prudent to review our knowledge of factors that lead to acute coronary events.
Persistence of Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease (Buruli Ulcer) in the Historical Focus of Kasongo Territory, the Democratic Republic of Congo (2009)

Fifty years after the last report of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections (Buruli ulcer [BU]) in Kasongo Territory, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we conducted a small-scale cross-sectional survey to assess if this historical BU focus was still active and if so to explore the disease epidemiology. Seventy-five active and inactive BU cases were identified on clinical grounds of which two of 28 BU active cases were laboratory confirmed. We used a modified BU02 form to reconstruct the local disease dynamics and we believe that the horrific conflict in eastern DRC and exceptional flooding were the most likely causes of the re-emergence of the disease. There is a need in the DRC to decentralize and integrate surveillance and control activities at local level to increase the effectiveness of patient management.
Directionally convex ordering of random measures, shot noise fields, and some applications to wireless communications (2009)

Directionally convex ordering is a useful tool for comparing the dependence structure of random vectors, which also takes into account the variability of the marginal distributions. It can be extended to random fields by comparing all finite-dimensional distributions. Viewing locally finite measures as nonnegative fields of measure values indexed by the bounded Borel subsets of the space, in this paper we formulate and study directionally convex ordering of random measures on locally compact spaces. We show that the directionally convex order is preserved under some of the natural operations considered on random measures and point processes, such as deterministic displacement of points, independent superposition, and thinning, as well as independent, identically distributed marking. Further operations on Cox point processes such as position-dependent marking and displacement of points are shown to preserve the order. We also examine the impact of the directionally convex order on the second moment properties, in particular on clustering and on Palm distributions. Comparisons of Ripley's functions and pair correlation functions, as well as examples, seem to indicate that point processes higher in the directionally convex order cluster more. In our main result we show that nonnegative integral shot noise fields with respect to the directionally convex ordered random measures inherit this ordering from the measures. Numerous applications of this result are shown, in particular to comparison of various Cox processes and some performance measures of wireless networks, in both of which shot noise fields appear as key ingredients. We also mention a few pertinent open questions.
Determination of ten haloacetic acids in water using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (2013)

A sensitive detection method for ten haloacetic acids (HAAs) in drinking water and wastewater has been developed based on liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) followed by acidic methanol derivatization and gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS). Precursor ions and product ions of the ten HAA esters were identified based on the mass spectra of the GC-QqQ-MS/MS; separation chromatograms for these analytes have been established for water samples of complex matrices. The ratio of acidic methanol to MTBE extract of the HAAs appeared to have profound effects on the HAAs methylation process and higher ratios were found to favor the detection of these analytes. The linear calibration range extended from 0.5 up to 100 μg L−1 (r2 = 0.9952–0.9998, n = 8), and limits of detection (LODs) were between 0.012 and 0.079 μg L−1 for all the ten HAAs. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 1.02–6.86% and 1.58–8.16%, respectively. The method was validated by the analysis of surface water, groundwater and wastewater effluent samples spiked with 2.5 and 25 μg L−1 individual HAAs, with the relative analyte recoveries being in the ranges of 90.3–100.2%, 90.5–107.5% and 76.9–101.7%, for the three kinds of water samples respectively.
Purification of Measles Virus Glycoproteins and their Integration into Artificial Lipid Membranes (1981)

We report a simple method for the isolation of the measles virus glycoproteins, and their subsequent incorporation into artificial lipid bilayers. The two viral glycoproteins, HA and F, were isolated in preparative amounts from disrupted purified virus by lentil lectin affinity chromatography. The proteins were reconstituted into single bilayer lipid vesicles by: (i) exchanging the non-dialysable detergent Nonidet P40 (NP40) for a dialysable one, octylglucoside, while the proteins were immobilized on the lectin column and (ii) co-dialysis of the eluted glycoproteins in octylglucoside with phosphatidylcholine. The resultant 'virosomes' had visible 'spikes' and possessed haemagglutinating activity. These measles virosomes should provide a useful reagent for studying immune responses to measles virus, independent of the immunosuppressive effects of the whole virus.
Analyzing Driving and Road Events via Smartphone (2014)

Travelling in India by road is considered dangerous as traffic conditions are chaotic, the drivers drive recklessly, and the roads are poorly maintained. Therefore, there is need to monitor driver behavior and road condition regularly. In this work, we developed a method that collects data using accelerometer sensor present in Smartphone and analyze driving events and road anomalies. This paper presents the patterns of driving events, such as left turn, right turn, sudden braking and sudden forward acceleration, and road conditions, such as pothole, bump and rough patch, detected in the data set. This work will help in analyzing driving behavior and road anomalies to ensure driver safety and maintenance of roads.
0001 Activation of Nociceptin/Orphanin-FQ Peptide (NOP) Receptors Produces an Increase in Non-REM Sleep in Rats and Constitutes a Novel and Attractive Target for the Treatment of Insomnia (2020)

Abstract Introduction Treatments for insomnia have targeted GABA, histamine, serotonin, melatonin and orexin receptors. The nociceptin/orphanin-FQ peptide (NOP) receptor is widely expressed in the nervous system. High doses of NOP agonists administered systemically or locally into the CNS can result in sedation, however, the utility of targeting this receptor to treat insomnia has not been fully described. Methods V117957 is a recently described investigational oral, potent and selective NOP receptor partial agonist. We determined the brain Kp in whole brain and multiple sub-regions (50mg/kg) and receptor occupancy in the hypothalamus (30, 300mg/kg) via in vivo displacement using [3H]-NOP-1A. EEG/EMG were determined in rats chronically implanted with electrodes (cortex and dorsal neck muscle) and recorded via telemetry following dosing (3, 30, 300mg/kg); sleep stage was determined from visual analysis of EEG level. Sleep parameters were also assessed in NOP receptor knock-out rats (300mg/kg). The side-effect profile for V117957 was determined by functional observation battery, whole-body plethysmography, Morris water maze (MWM) (up to 600mg/kg) and conditioned place preference (CPP) assay (up to 300mg/kg). Results V117957 displayed limited distribution into the CNS but achieved a high level of receptor occupancy (75% at 30mg/kg). Administration of V117957 produced dose-dependent and statistically significant increases in non-REM sleep with a minimally efficacious dose of 30mg/kg; a coincident dose-dependent and statistically significant decrease in wakefulness and a non-dose-dependent effect on REM sleep occurred. These changes were not seen in knock-out animals demonstrating effects are via NOP receptors. At doses higher than those that increased non-REM sleep, V117957 had no effects in a functional observational battery, did not affect escape latency in MWM or produce CPP; additionally, V117957 did not affect respiratory parameters. Conclusion We conclude that activation of NOP receptors decreases wakefulness and increases non-REM sleep in rats with an improved preclinical profile compared to historical profiles of current treatments and, therefore, may represent a novel and attractive target for the treatment of insomnia. Support Funded by Shionogi and Imbrium Therapeutics, a subsidiary of Purdue Pharma L.P.
A meta-analysis of catalytic literature data reveals property-performance correlations for the OCM reaction (2019)

Decades of catalysis research have created vast amounts of experimental data. Within these data, new insights into property-performance correlations are hidden. However, the incomplete nature and undefined structure of the data has so far prevented comprehensive knowledge extraction. We propose a meta-analysis method that identifies correlations between a catalyst's physico-chemical properties and its performance in a particular reaction. The method unites literature data with textbook knowledge and statistical tools. Starting from a researcher's chemical intuition, a hypothesis is formulated and tested against the data for statistical significance. Iterative hypothesis refinement yields simple, robust and interpretable chemical models. The derived insights can guide new fundamental research and the discovery of improved catalysts. We demonstrate and validate the method for the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM). The final model indicates that only well-performing catalysts provide under reaction conditions two independent functionalities, i.e. a thermodynamically stable carbonate and a thermally stable oxide support.
Is Variation in the GABA(B) Receptor 1 Gene Associated with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy? (2005)

We did not replicate the reported associations between the c.1465G-->A variant and susceptibility to TLE. We suggest that the initial positive association may be due to undetected population stratification; the importance of genomic control is emphasized. Population-specific effects also may play a role, and we highlight the need to demonstrate an in vitro functional effect to give biologic meaning to any proposed association.
Prevalence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts and characterization of Giardia spp. isolated from drinking water in Canada (1996)

This study was carried out to estimate the prevalence and potential for human infectivity of Giardia cysts in Canadian drinking water supplies. The presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was also noted, but isolates were not collected for further study. A total of 1,760 raw water samples, treated water samples, and raw sewage samples were collected from 72 municipalities across Canada for analysis, 58 of which treat their water by chlorination alone. Giardia cysts were found in 73% of raw sewage samples, 21% of raw water samples, and 18.2% of treated water samples. There was a trend to higher concentration and more frequent incidence of Giardia cysts in the spring and fall, but positive samples were found in all seasons. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 6.1% of raw sewage samples, 4.5% of raw water samples, and 3.5% of treated water samples. Giardia cyst viability was assessed by infecting Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) and by use of a modified propidium iodide dye exclusion test, and the results were not always in agreement. No Cryptosporidium isolates were recovered from gerbils, but 8 of 276 (3%) water samples and 19 of 113 (17%) sewage samples resulted in positive Giardia infections. Most of the water samples contained a low number of cysts, and 12 Giardia isolates were successfully recovered from gerbils and cultured. Biotyping of these isolates by isoenzyme analysis and karyotyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis separated the isolates into the same three discrete groups. Karyotyping revealed four or five chromosomal bands ranging in size from 0.9 to 2 Mb, and four of the isolates had the same banding pattern as that of the WB strain. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the 16S DNA coding for rRNA divided the isolates into two distinct groups corresponding to the Polish and Belgian designations found by other investigators. The occurrence of these biotypes and karyotypes appeared to be random and was not related to geographic or other factors (e.g., different types were found in both drinking water and sewage from the same community). Biotyping and karyotyping showed that isolates from this study were genetically and biochemically similar to those found elsewhere, including well-described human source strains such as WB. We conclude that potentially human-infective Giardia cysts are commonly found in raw surface waters and sewage in Canada, although cyst viability is frequently low. Cryptosporidium oocysts are less common in Canada. An action level of three to five Giardia cysts per 100 liters in treated drinking water is proposed on the basis of the monitoring data from outbreak situations. This action level is lower than that proposed by Haas and Rose (C. N. Haas and J. B. Rose, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 87(9):81-84, 1995) for Cryptosporidium spp. (10 to 30 oocysts per 100 liters).
HTTP Session Management: Architecture and Cookies Security (2011)

Web applications are an important target for security attacks. Most of these applications make use of cookies to maintain user state. Many attacks are carried out over these cookies in order to compromise network security. In this paper, we propose an architecture and a method of cookies security. This method aims to enforce cookies with integrity and confidentiality services. It was necessary to review the behavior of Reverse Proxy in order to apply these contributions. The approach has been quantitatively and qualitatively validated. The results of this validation are analyzed in this article.