gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The search for the ideal influenza vaccine (1979)

The history of the development of influenza virus vaccine is traced from its origin with experimental studies of influenza virus in ferrets and mice and the first trials in man. Knowledge of the basis of immunity to the viruses in experimental animals and in man has grown steadily over the years and has been essential to successful immunization. Virus variation affecting the surface antigens of the virus is seen as the principal obstacle to the application of vaccines in man. So significant are the changes occurring during antigenic drift that former concepts of a polyvalent vaccine cannot provide a solution of the problem of the composition of vaccines. Disrupted virus vaccines appear to provide the answer to the prevention of vaccine reactions.
Development of a Decision Support Model Based on Machine Learning for Applying Greenhouse Gas Reduction Technology (2020)

Multiple nations have implemented policies for greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction since the 21st Conference of Parties (COP 21) at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2015. In this convention, participants voluntarily agreed to a new climate regime that aimed to decrease GHG emissions. Subsequently, a reduction in GHG emissions with specific reduction technologies (renewable energy) to decrease energy consumption has become a necessity and not a choice. With the launch of the Korean Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS) in 2015, Korea has certified and financed GHG reduction projects to decrease emissions. To help the user make informed decisions for economic and environmental benefits from the use of renewable energy, an assessment model was developed. This study establishes a simple assessment method (SAM), an assessment database (DB) of 1199 GHG reduction technologies implemented in Korea, and a machine learning-based GHG reduction technology assessment model (GRTM). Additionally, we make suggestions on how to evaluate economic benefits, which can be obtained in conjunction with the environmental benefits of GHG reduction technology. Finally, we validate the applicability of the assessment model on a public building in Korea.
Optical waveguiding using thermal gradients across homogeneous liquids in microfluidic channels (2006)

This letter describes the design and operation of a liquid-core liquid-cladding (L2) optical waveguide composed of a thermal gradient across a compositionally homogeneous liquid flowing in a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number. Two streams of liquid at a higher temperature (the cladding) sandwich a stream of liquid at a lower temperature (the core). This temperature difference results in a contrast in refractive index across the width of the channel that is sufficient to guide light. The use of a single homogeneous liquid in this L2 system simplifies recycling, and facilitates closed-loop operation. Furthermore, with radiative and inline heating of the liquids, it should be possible to reconfigure this optical system with considerable flexibility.
Semantic blocking for Record Linkage (2007)

Record Linkage (RL) is an important component of data cleaning and integration and data processing in general. For years, many efforts have focused on improving the performance of the RL process, either by reducing the number of record comparisons or reducing the number of attribute comparisons, which reduces the computational time, but increases the amount of error. However, the real bottleneck of RL is the post-process, where the results have to be reviewed by experts that decide which pairs or groups of records are real links and which are false hits.

In this paper we show that exploiting the semantic relationships (e.g. foreign key), established between one or more data sources, makes it possible to find a new sort of semantic blocking method that improves the number of hits and reduces the amount of review effort.
Effect of exogenously added rhamnolipids on citric acid production yield (2013)

The influence of a biosurfactant (rhamnolipids) on the effectiveness of citric acid production by Yarrowia lipolytica from sunflower oil was studied. The surfactant-mediated solubilization of the hydrophobic substrate was assessed by particle size distribution characteristics with and without the presence of sunflower oil hydrolization products. The presence of rhamnolipids contributed to a decrease of the oil droplet size, most notably for samples containing sunflower oil and its hydrolization products. The citric acid yield for cultures not supplemented with rhamnolipids was at 82.9 g/l, with a 1:0.04 citric acid to isocitric acid ratio (CA:ICA). The addition of rhamnolipids at 1 g/l resulted in a 5% increased citric acid yield (87.1 g/l), however a decrease (79.0 g/l) was observed for samples containing 5 g/l of rhamnolipids. The rhamnolipids-induced emulsification of sunflower oil did not seem to influence the citric acid production efficiency. Additional research revealed that the biosurfactant was degraded by yeast cells during the bioconversion process. The possible explanations of this phenomenon include the utilization of rhamnolipids as an alternative carbon source or microbial destabilization of micelles formed by this biosurfactant due to potential bioavailability issues. Keywords : Yarrowia lipolytica , citric acid, rhamnolipids, sunflower oil African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(21), pp. 3313-3320
Evaluation of an independent linear model for acoustic noise on a conventional MRI scanner and implications for acoustic noise reduction (2013)

The independent linear model predicts MRI acoustic noise with less than 4% error. Acoustic transfer functions are highly sensitive to body habitus and position within the bore, making it challenging to produce a general approach to acoustic noise reduction based on avoiding system resonance peaks.
The spectrum of ATM gene mutations in Iranian patients with ataxia‐telangiectasia (2021)

Molecular analysis provides the opportunity for accurate diagnosis and timely management in A-T patients with chronic progressive disease, especially infections and the risk of malignancies. This study characterizes for the first time the broad spectrum of mutations and phenotypes in Iranian A-T patients, which is required for carrier detection and reducing the burden of disease in the future using the patients' families and for the public healthcare system.
Data from Association between Lifestyle Factors and CpG Island Methylation in a Cancer-Free Population (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Background: Many risk factors have been associated with cancer, such as age, family history, race, smoking, high-fat diet, and poor nutrition. It is important to reveal the molecular changes related to risk factors that could facilitate early detection, prevention, and overall control of cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Methods: We selected six cancer-specific methylated genes that have previously been reported in primary tumors and have also been detected in different bodily fluids of cancer patients. Here, we used quantitative fluorogenic real-time methylation-specific PCR in plasma DNA samples for the detection of methylation changes from an asymptomatic population who do not have any known cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Results: The promoter methylation frequencies of the studied genes were as follows: &lt;i&gt;APC&lt;/i&gt; (7%), &lt;i&gt;CCND2&lt;/i&gt; (22%), &lt;i&gt;GSTP1&lt;/i&gt; (2%), &lt;i&gt;MGMT&lt;/i&gt; (9%), &lt;i&gt;RARβ2&lt;/i&gt; (29%), and &lt;i&gt;P16&lt;/i&gt; (3%). Promoter methylation of at least one of the genes analyzed was observed in ∼46% (72 of 157) of the samples by binary dichotomization. Promoter hypermethylation of at least two genes was detected in 17% (26 of 157) of the samples. &lt;i&gt;RARβ2&lt;/i&gt; methylation was observed in 45% of subjects who had a high-fat diet in contrast with those who had a low-fat diet (23%; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.007).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Discussion: Our findings may help to elucidate early methylation changes that may lead to cancer development. These methylation changes could be due to exposure to risk factors and may be useful for cancer prevention measures such as changes in lifestyle. Longitudinal follow-up of a high-risk population is needed to understand the association of methylation of candidate genes in cancer development. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(11):2984–91)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
PS-341 Induces Selective Radiosensitization of Multiple Myeloma Cells. (2004)

Abstract Sublethal doses of ionizing radiation induce a complex cellular survival response, one component of which is activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway. PS-341 is a selective inhibitor of the 26S proteasome which prevents the proteasomal degradation of I-kB and thereby inhibits the activation of NF-kB. We therefore hypothesized that PS-341 should synergistically enhance the anti-myeloma effect of ionizing radiation (IR). The individual and combined effects of PS-341 and IR were analyzed using human MM cell lines (MM1, RPMI 8226, JJN-3 and ARH-77) and bone marrow samples from myeloma patients. Treatment of myeloma cell lines with 10nM PS-341 produced a modest anti-proliferative effect with G2/M-phase arrest and p21cip/waf-1 induction but minimal procaspase-3 cleavage and minimal apoptotic cell death: Similar sublethal damage was observed after single exposure to IR at a dose of 6 Gy. In contrast, sequential exposure to PS-341 (10 nM) and IR (6 Gy) resulted in potent (synergistic) induction of apoptosis, assayed by both fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated annexin V-propidium iodide assay and cell cycle analysis. Overall cell viability was greatly reduced by the combination of PS3451 and IR, but not by either modality alone, as determined by 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2yl) 2–5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and analysis of polyadenosine-5′-diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage -product after 72 hours. As predicted, exposure to 6 Gy IR led to potent induction of nuclear NF-kB activity and this response was almost completely inhibited by simultaneous treatment with PS-341. The combination of PS341 and IR was next evaluated on CD138+ve and CD138-ve cell fractions from bone marrow aspirates of myeloma patients. Synergistic killing of primary myeloma (CD138+) cells was observed with relative sparing of normal marrow elements (CD138−). We conclude that PS-341 is a potent radiosensitizer for myeloma cell lines and primary myeloma cells. This provides a strong rationale to combine PS-341 with conventional external beam or with targeted radionuclide therapy for effective treatment of MM patients.
Quenching and Cold-Work Residual Stresses in Aluminum Hand Forgings: Contour Method Measurement and FEM Prediction (2003)

The cold-compression stress relief process used to reduce the quench-induced stresses in high-strength aerospace aluminum alloy forgings does not fully relieve the stresses. This study measured and predicted the residual stress in 7050-T74 (solution heat treated, quenched, and artificially overaged) and 7050-T7452 (cold compressed prior to aging) hand forgings. The manufacturing process was simulated by finite element analysis. First, a thermal analysis simulated the quench using appropriate thermal boundary conditions and temperature dependent material properties. Second, a structural analysis used the thermal history and a temperature and strain-rate dependent constitutive model to predict the stresses after quenching. Third, the structural analysis was continued to simulate the multiple cold compressions of the stress relief process. Experimentally, the residual stresses in the forgings were mapped using the contour method, which involved cutting the forgings using wire EDM and then measuring the contour of the cut surface using a CMM. Multiple cuts were used to map different stress components. The results show a spatially periodic variation of stresses that results from the periodic nature of the cold work stress relief process. The results compare favorably with the finite element prediction of the stresses.
Surface Acoustic Waves Grant Superior Spatial Control of Cells Embedded in Hydrogel Fibers (2016)

By exploiting surface acoustic waves and a coupling layer technique, cells are patterned within a photosensitive hydrogel fiber to mimic physiological cell arrangement in tissues. The aligned cell-polymer matrix is polymerized with short exposure to UV light and the fiber is extracted. These patterned cell fibers are manipulated into simple and complex architectures, demonstrating feasibility for tissue-engineering applications.
Pre-task planning time and working memory as predictors of accuracy, fluency, and complexity (2012)

Working memory, which accounts for the ability to process information in the face of interference, is critical to second language acquisition (SLA) and use. The interaction of working memory capacity (WMC) with specific pedagogical interventions is a logical place for empirical SLA research, both to examine the cognitive processes underpinning second language performance and to identify instructional treatments that may differentiate learners based on their WMC. A good candidate for such an examination is planning time, a pedagogical intervention that has been the subject of extensive empirical research, which has, thus far, been largely unrelated to WMC. The study undertaken here considers WMC along with two different types of pre-task planning time (guided and unguided) as predictors of the accuracy, fluency, and complexity of learners' discourse. Ninety-two intermediate ESL students from seven classes at a community college participated in this study by completing two different working memory span tasks as well as two different "there-and-then" oral story-telling tasks. The treatment condition of the story-telling tasks was manipulated so that learners' performance could be considered in terms of provision of pre-task planning (&plusmn; planning), type of planning (guided vs. unguided), and order of planning (planning first or planning second). The results demonstrate that the relationship among type of planning time, order of planning time, and WMC is complex. Task order had a clear effect on learners' production, regardless of the provision of planning time. When learners began the series of story-telling tasks under the + planning condition, their output on the subsequent, unplanned task varied according to whether they had first received guided or unguided planning time. In addition, guided planning time and unguided planning time also have very different effects on learners' production, with guided planning time promoting a focus on accuracy at the expense of complexity and unguided planning time fostering fluency. Finally, this study indicates that task conditions can affect learners with high and low WMC in different ways. Learners with high WMC are more likely to comply with complex story-telling instructions, improving their focus on grammatical form at the expense of fluency, whereas learners with low WMC are more likely to improve their fluency as a result of task repetition, regardless of the task conditions.
Two Dimensional Polymerization of Graphene and its Oxide: Bottom-up Approach (2012)

We demonstrate a bottom-up synthesis of graphene oxide via a two dimensional poly-merization. Experimental evidence is conveyed as well as a general framework of the two dimensional polymerization within which an improved bottom-up procedure for the synthesis of graphene and its oxide can emerge. The synergy between unmatched electrical, optical and mechanical properties of graphene has re-sulted in vigorous research into methods for its large-scale production.1,2 All of the established procedures are physical in nature (exfoliation, CVD and thermal decomposition of SiC). An al-ternative method is chemical in nature and rests upon the reduction of graphene oxide which is produced by chemical exfoliation of graphite to form a dispersion of graphene oxide platelets.3 Sheets of graphene oxide (GO) with atomic thickness have established themselves as a new carbon-based nanoscale material that also paves the route to an alternative production of graphene. ∗To whom correspondence should be addressed †Sofia University ‡Sofia University
Ohmic contacts for microwave diodes (2002)

Au-TiN-n/sup +/-Si and Au-Ti-Pd/sub 2/Si-n/sup +/-Si ohmic contacts were fabricated using thermal and magnetron evaporation onto n/sup +/-silicon substrates with various concentrations of free electrons. Diode test structures with such contacts were fabricated using photolithography. The effect of thermal annealing and /sup 60/Co /spl gamma/-irradiation on the I-V curves and stability of both contacts and test structures was investigated. The data obtained were compared to the results of mathematical simulation of both tight contacts and those with a SiO/sub 2/ interlayer. The calculations and experiments demonstrated that such tight low-resistance contacts with Schottky barrier based on palladium silicides are tolerant to short-term thermal annealing up to 600/spl deg/C and to /spl gamma/-irradiation in the 10/sup 2/ to 3/spl times/10/sup 5/ Gy total dose range.
3D reconstruction based on underwater video from ROV Kiel 6000 considering underwater imaging conditions (2009)

This work presents a system for 3D reconstruction from underwater images or video. Aside from a camera in an underwater housing, no special equipment is required. However, if navigational data is available, it is utilized in the algorithm. The algorithm is in essence a classical structure from motion approach, which is adapted to account for the special imaging conditions. Hence, there is no need for the camera to follow a specialized trajectory. Adaptions to the underwater imaging environment include a special filtering of background and floating particles, which allows a robust estimation of the camera poses and a sparse set of 3D points. Based on the estimated camera track, dense image correspondence computation enables building a detailed 3D surface model. Once the 3D surface model is completed, the colors of the texture are corrected by a physical model for underwater light propagation, allowing to view the model without the effects of scattering and attenuation or to simulate the effects of water on light in a 3D viewer.
Mitochondrial DNA divergence between wild and laboratory populations of Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann (Diptera: Culicidae) (2005)

Studies of insect vectors may be facilitated by using laboratory colonies. However, it has been suggested that the colony insects are not representative of natural populations, sometimes yealding to erroneous interpretations of the intraspecific genetic variation between the individuals. In the present study the variability of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b was evaluated among a closed laboratory colony of Anopheles albimanus that was founded 20 years ago and the field population from which it was derived. The analyses revealed the presence of five and three nucleotide haplotypes in the wild and colony populations, respectively. Wild individuals presented greater variability than those of the colony based on the number of polymorphic sites, haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity and mean values of nucleotide differences. The mean and net numbers of nucleotide substitutions per site between populations and the significant F ST value calculated (0,37179, P = 0.05) indicate that there is a considerable degree of genetic differentiation between them. The phylogenetic tree showed that the colony haplotypes appear to be derived from the wild population. These results suggest a great genetic variability in wild specimens compared with the laboratory ones as a consequence of a long time of colonization.
A model for drying of viscoelastic polymer coatings (1996)

Abstract Drying of polymeric coatings often occurs under conditions where the relaxation time of polymer molecules is significant with respect to the processing time scales. The nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory of Durning and Tabor (1986) is applied to model 1‐D drying of viscoelastic solutions with concentration‐dependent physical properties. Transport of solvent to the surface of the coating occurs by viscoelastic diffusion down the gradient of a diffusion potential with a relaxing, nonequilibrium contribution. Galerkin's method with finite‐element basis functions and a differential/algebraic equation system solver enable efficient solution of this stiff nonlinear model. Predictions show that elasticity enhances diffusion within the coating. At high Deborah numbers, however, a fall in the surface activity slows the rate of desorption. The coating thickness after a specified time under fixed total driving force is the smallest at intermediate Deborah numbers, showing that a small amount of viscoelasticity actually aids in drying. This can be interpreted as a skinning effect.
Safe Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning via Shielding (2021)

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has been increasingly used in a wide range of safety-critical applications, which require guaranteed safety (e.g., no unsafe states are ever visited) during the learning process.Unfortunately, current MARL methods do not have safety guarantees. Therefore, we present two shielding approaches for safe MARL. In centralized shielding, we synthesize a single shield to monitor all agents' joint actions and correct any unsafe action if necessary. In factored shielding, we synthesize multiple shields based on a factorization of the joint state space observed by all agents; the set of shields monitors agents concurrently and each shield is only responsible for a subset of agents at each step.Experimental results show that both approaches can guarantee the safety of agents during learning without compromising the quality of learned policies; moreover, factored shielding is more scalable in the number of agents than centralized shielding.
Inductive links and drivers for remotely-powered telemetry systems (2002)

During the last ten years research has progressed on a number of commercially available and research-laboratory based devices that require power and communication through an inductive link. These include radio-frequency identification (RFID) transponders, and biomedical implants for use as neuroprostheses. For most of these size is often intimately related to function; the trend is towards smaller, more sophisticated, and less invasive devices.
Quantitative Proteomic Analyses of Influenza Virus-Infected Cultured Human Lung Cells (2010)

Because they are obligate intracellular parasites, all viruses are exclusively and intimately dependent upon host cells for replication. Viruses, in turn, induce profound changes within cells, including apoptosis, morphological changes, and activation of signaling pathways. Many of these alterations have been analyzed by gene arrays, which measure the cellular "transcriptome." Until recently, it has not been possible to extend comparable types of studies to globally examine all the host cellular proteins, which are the actual effector molecules. We have used stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), combined with high-throughput two-dimensional (2-D) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/mass spectrometry, to determine quantitative differences in host proteins after infection of human lung A549 cells with human influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) for 24 h. Of the 4,689 identified and measured cytosolic protein pairs, 127 were significantly upregulated at >95% confidence, 153 were significantly downregulated at >95% confidence, and a total of 87 proteins were upregulated or downregulated more than 5-fold at >99% confidence. Gene ontology and pathway analyses indicated differentially regulated proteins and included those involved in host cell immunity and antigen presentation, cell adhesion, metabolism, protein function, signal transduction, and transcription pathways.