gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epidemiologic Investigations of Rhinovirus Infections (1964)

The epidemiology in 93 proved rhinovirus infections caused by 46 different serotypes among 7 different child or adult population groups studied during 3 successive respiratory disease seasons is described. Multiple serotypes were found to circulate simultaneously in the populations and sero-types tended to disappear and not to be represented in successive seasons. Essentially all patients with rhinovirus infection responded serologically. This response was extremely homotypic and appeared to persist, though in diminished amount, for at least 4 years. The low proportion of cases of common cold yielding a rhinovirus suggests either that the diagnostic efficiency of the virus isolation method is poor or that as yet undiscovered viruses may be responsible for the marjority of such illnesses or perhaps both situations prevail. About ½ of children with rhinovirus infection in the present study displayed lower respiratory tract involvement and their illness was diagnosed as croup, bronchitis, bronchiolitis or bronchopneumonia. Little hope is held for development of rhinovirus vaccines containing a sufficient spectrum of serotypes; vaccine development must await clarification of epidemiology and must rest on future guidelines.
Wafer Polishing Process with Signal Analysis and Monitoring for Optimum Condition of Machining (2010)

The polishing process of a silicon wafer is a critical factor in the fabrication of semiconductor. Because a globally planar and mirror-like wafer surface are achieved in this process. The surface roughness in the wafer depends on the surface properties of the carrier head unit along with other machining conditions such as working velocity, polishing pad, temperature, down-force, etc. In this paper, the wafer surface is investigated according to several parameters and experimental data. Experiments were performed to observe the down-force and temperature when the wafer carrier head unit was pressed down onto the polishing pad. A loadcell was employed to obtain the signal of the applied pressure against the polishing pad. Also, working temperature was detected using an infrared sensor. To study on the optimum conditions of machining, monitoring system is coded in Ch and the results of experiment present data using Ch.
Perpetuation of inflammation associated with experimental arthritis: the role of macrophage activation by neutrophilic myeloperoxidase (1998)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by an abnormal cellular and cytokine infiltration of inflamed joints. This study addresses a previously unrecognized interaction between neutrophilic-myeloperoxidase (MPO) and macrophages (Mphi) which could explain the perpetuation of inflammation associated with RA. A monoarticular arthritis was induced in female Lewis rats by injection of streptococcal cell wall extracts (PG-APS). After swelling and erythema subsided, joints were re-injected with one of the following: porcine MPO or partially inactivated MPO (iMPO). Injection with either MPO or iMPO induced a 'flare' of experimental RA. Blocking the Mphi-mannose receptor by mannans, ablated exacerbation of disease. These results indicate that MPO or iMPO can play a pivotal role in the perpetuation but not initiation of this RA model.
Cell Culture Systems of HCV Using JFH-1 and Other Strains (2019)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is seen worldwide and is a significant cause of severe chronic liver diseases. Recently, a large number of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have been developed against HCV infection, resulting in significant improvements in treatment efficacy. Rapid progress in HCV research has been largely dependent on the development of HCV culture systems and small animal infection models. In the development of HCV cell culture systems, the discovery of the JFH-1 clone, an HCV strain isolated from a fulminant hepatitis C patient, was a key finding. The JFH-1 strain was the first infectious HCV strain belonging to genotype 2a. JFH-1 replicated efficiently in cultured cell lines without acquiring adaptive mutations, providing the secretion of infectious viral particles into the culture medium. Recently, other HCV strains also were reported to be infectious in cultured cells with adaptive viral mutations, but genotype-1b infectious HCV clones and virus culture systems for clinical isolates are still missing. These infectious HCV systems have provided powerful tools to study the viral life cycle, to construct antiviral strategies, and to develop effective vaccines.
<title>Online fluorescence-based coating thickness measurement in the production of hot stamping foils</title> (2000)

Hot stamping foils are used in the printing industry to achieve metallic effects on packaging, pseudo-holographic images for security applications, and other products. The performance of the foil in the stamping process is in part determined by the thickness of the release coating on the carrier foil. This coating is too thin (approximately 10nm) for successful application of conventional measurement methods. We describe a fluorescence-based optical technique to measure the thickness of this release coating on-line. A fluorescent rhodamine dye added to the release coating allows excitation and detection in the visible part of the spectrum. Multimode optical fibre is used for excitation beam delivery and signal collection from a probe head situated on the coating machine. We outline the system calibration and show some representative results form industrial trials.
Igniters for Liquid Oxygen/Liquid Methane Technology Development (2008)

As part of NASA's technology development of liquid methane / liquid oxygen engines for future exploration missions, two different igniters were recently studied at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. The first igniter tested was an impinging injection, spark-initiated torch igniter, and the second was a microwave-generated plasma igniter. The purpose of the ignition tests was to define the ignition limits under vacuum conditions and characterize the transient start-up performance as a function of propellant mixture ratio (MR), mass flow rates, inlet temperatures, and pre-ignition chamber pressure. In addition, for the impinging igniter two different spark plugs were tested, and for the microwave igniter the magnetron filament warm-up time and the magnetron input power were both varied. The results gathered from these tests indicated that the impinging igniter is capable of operating over an MR range of 2 - 27, with methane and oxygen inlet temperatures as low as -161 F and -233 F, respectively. The microwave igniter was tested over an MR range of 2 - 9, with methane and oxygen inlet temperatures as low as -90 F and -200 F, respectively. The microwave igniter achieved ignition over this range, although an upper ignition limit was determined for the oxidizer mass flow rate. In general, the torch exhaust temperatures for the microwave igniter were not as high as those attained with the impinging igniter. The microwave igniter, however, was hot-fired 17 times and was still operational, whereas the impinging igniter spark plugs experienced thermal shock and erosion over nine hot-fire tests. It was concluded that for the microwave igniter better mixing of the propellants might be required in order to both raise the torch exhaust temperature and decrease the required magnetron input power, and for the impinging igniter the spark plug position within the igniter chamber should be varied in future tests to identify a more optimal location. All of the igniter tests were supported by the Propulsion & Cryogenics Advanced Development project, which is part of NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program.
DEGREE: Decomposition Based Explanation For Graph Neural Networks (2023)

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are gaining extensive attention for their application in graph data. However, the black-box nature of GNNs prevents users from understanding and trusting the models, thus hampering their applicability. Whereas explaining GNNs remains a challenge, most existing methods fall into approximation based and perturbation based approaches with suffer from faithfulness problems and unnatural artifacts, respectively. To tackle these problems, we propose DEGREE \degree to provide a faithful explanation for GNN predictions. By decomposing the information generation and aggregation mechanism of GNNs, DEGREE allows tracking the contributions of specific components of the input graph to the final prediction. Based on this, we further design a subgraph level interpretation algorithm to reveal complex interactions between graph nodes that are overlooked by previous methods. The efficiency of our algorithm can be further improved by utilizing GNN characteristics. Finally, we conduct quantitative and qualitative experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of DEGREE on node classification and graph classification tasks.
Robust motion control with consideration algorithm of joint torque saturation for redundant manipulator (2002)

As each joint actuator of robot manipulator has a limit value of torque, the motion control system, should consider the torque saturation. In order to consider the torque saturation in transient state. this paper proposes a new redundant motion control system. using the autonomous consideration algorithm on torque saturation. Jacobian matrix of redundant robot manipulator can select the optimal one considering it's motion energy in steady state. When the motion control system carries out the fast motion and the quick disturbance suppression, the high joint torque is required in transient state. In the experimental results, on condition of having a large payload torque and a fast motion reference, the proposed redundant manipulator control well realizes the quick; robot motion robustly and smoothly.
Deciphering myeloid-derived suppressor cells: isolation and markers in humans, mice and non-human primates (2019)

In cancer, infection and inflammation, the immune system's function can be dysregulated. Instead of fighting disease, immune cells may increase pathology and suppress host-protective immune responses. Myeloid cells show high plasticity and adapt to changing conditions and pathological challenges. Despite their relevance in disease pathophysiology, the identity, heterogeneity and biology of myeloid cells is still poorly understood. We will focus on phenotypical and functional markers of one of the key myeloid regulatory subtypes, the myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), in humans, mice and non-human primates. Technical issues regarding the isolation of the cells from tissues and blood, timing and sample handling of MDSC will be detailed. Localization of MDSC in a tissue context is of crucial importance and immunohistochemistry approaches for this purpose are discussed. A minimal antibody panel for MDSC research is provided as part of the Mye-EUNITER COST action. Strategies for the identification of additional markers applying state of the art technologies such as mass cytometry will be highlighted. Such marker sets can be used to study MDSC phenotypes across tissues, diseases as well as species and will be crucial to accelerate MDSC research in health and disease.
Multiaxial fatigue crack path prediction using critical plane concept (2015)

Prediction of fatigue crack orientation can be an essential step for estimating fatigue crack path. Critical plane concept is widely used due to its physical basis that fatigue failure is associated with certain plane(s). However, recent investigations suggest that critical plane concept might need revision. In this paper, fatigue experiments that involve careful measurement of fatigue crack were reviewed. Predictions of fatigue crack orientation using critical plane concept were examined. Projected length and angle were used to characterize fatigue crack. Considering the entire fatigue life, this average representation suggests that it is more reasonable to assume the plane of maximum normal strain as the critical plane even though fundamentally the plane of maximum shear strain is more likely to be the critical one at early initiation stage.
Progress report on the experimental evaluation of security inspection guidance (2009)

Although security inspections have proven to be a very efficient means for assuring software security early in the software development lifecycle, they are not used extensively because they usually need to be performed by security experts, who are few and thus expensive. Adoption of security inspections could be facilitated if one could encapsulate the expertise and experience of security experts as guidance for security inspections performed by software developers. Our approach to addressing this challenge consists of two different kinds of reading support that provide the required guidance to software developers: Vulnerability Inspection Diagram (VID) and Security Inspection Scenario (SIS). In this article, we sketch our initial experimental evaluation of VIDs and SIS with a group of software developers of an industrial project partner. We present the setup and the experiment's results. In addition, we describe the implications of our results on future work regarding the approach and further evaluation.
Wetting transitions: First order or second order? (1982)

A generalization of Sullivan’s recently proposed theory of the equilibrium contact angle, the angle at which a fluid interface meets a solid surface, is investigated. The generalized theory admits either a first-order or second-order transition from a nonzero contact angle to perfect wetting as a critical point is approached, in contrast to Sullivan’s original theory, which predicts only a second-order transition. The predictions of this computationally convenient theory are in qualitative agreement with a more rigorous theory to be presented in a future publication.
Growth stimulation leads to cellular senescence when the cell cycle is blocked (2008)

We tested a hypothesis that activation of growth-promoting pathways is required for cellular senescence. In the presence of serum, induction of p21 caused senescence, characterized by beta-Galactosidase staining, cell hypertrophy, increased levels of cyclin D1 and active TOR (target of rapamycin, also known as mTOR). Serum starvation and rapamycin inhibited TOR and prevented the expression of some senescent markers, despite high levels of p21 and cell cycle arrest. In the presence of serum, p21-arrested cells irreversibly lost proliferative potential. In contrast, when cells were arrested by p21 in the absence of serum, they retained the capacity to resume proliferation upon termination of p21 induction. In normal human cells such as WI38 fibroblasts and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, serum starvation caused quiescence, which was associated with low levels of cyclin D1, inactive TOR and slim-cell morphology. In contrast, cellular senescence with high levels of TOR activity was induced by doxorubicin (DOX), a DNA damaging agent, in the presence of serum. Inhibition of TOR partially prevented senescent phenotype caused by DOX. Thus growth stimulation coupled with cell cycle arrest leads to senescence, whereas quiescence (a condition with inactive TOR) prevents senescence.
Memory Array Debug Strategies using FIB Assisted Milling (2022)

Abstract Modern processors rely heavily on memory arrays close to the logical processers to have minimal latencies and highest bandwidth for optimal performance. There are memory arrays in the client and server which are configured to different levels based on the size and latency required for the tasks. These memory arrays are separated into bit lines and word lines to address single bits and retrieve required data from the address of the memory location. In any new server validation, a memory access error can happen if the logical to physical memory address is not confirmed. This can lead to corrupt data and operation failure. We have employed here, novel targeted Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling techniques for Logical to Physical (L2P) memory addressing validation and correction.
[Immune cell activation in cardiovascular disease: new pathophysiological mechanisms explained]. (2021)

Optimal treatment of classical risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, cannot completely prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which is called residual cardiovascular risk. The anti-inflammatory drugs colchicine and canakinumab can lower this residual risk, illustrating the importance of inflammation in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Circulating granulocytes and activated monocytes are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in observational studies. In the past few years, two mechanisms have been discovered that contribute to monocyte and neutrophil activation in the context of atherosclerosis, namely trained immunity and clonal hematopoiesis. In this Perspective, we discuss these mechanisms, since we foresee that in the near future knowledge of these mechanisms could improve cardiovascular risk prediction and provide targets for novel drugs to prevent or treat cardiovascular diseases.
Viral Titer Determines the Placental Expression of a Transgene Following Lentivirus-Mediated Transgenesis of Mouse Blastocysts. (2012)

Lentiviral mediated transgenesis of trophectoderm in mouse blastocysts is a powerful means for exploring the roles of a candidate gene in placenta. When zona-denuded blastocysts are transduced with lentiviral vectors carrying a transgene, the tight junctions of the epithelial trophectoderm impede access to the inner cell mass and restrict transgenesis to trophoblast derivatives. However, the transgene may insert in genomic regions that eventually become heterochromatic, resulting in transgene silencing. In this study, we sought to determine the optimal dose of viral particles to overcome subsequent silencing, thereby providing uniform and consistent transgenesis of placental tissue. In an initial experiment, in vivo derived, zona-free, mouse blastocysts were co-incubated for 7 h with a lentivirus designed to express EGFP under the regulation of a constitutive EF1a promoter at three different viral concentrations (7, 70 and 350 ng/ml), with 40 blastocyst per group in three independent replicates. Uniform EGFP could be detected by fluorescence evaluation 24 h after viral transduction in the trophectoderm of all embryos exposed to 70 and 350 ng/ml virus but not after infection at 7 ng/ml. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed expression of the transgene encoding EGFP expression in all experimental groups and was correlated with the viral concentration employed (ANOVA P<0.05; mean±SEM; 7 ng/ml 1±0.3 vs 70 ng/ml 4.59±1.1 vs 350 ng/ml 9.88±0.8). In a separate experiment, blastocysts were incubated with lentiviral vectors at the two higher concentrations and transferred to surrogate dams (30 blastocysts/group, 10 blastocysts/recipient). Recipients were sacrificed on D12 of pregnancy and conceptuses evaluated for EGFP expression. The number of viable fetuses did not differ between the two groups (24/30 in 70 ng/ml vs 20/30 in 350 ng/ml), but less than half of the placentas obtained from blastocysts incubated in 70 ng/ml (10/24) expressed EGFP, whereas all 20 placentas from the 350 ng/ml group showed green fluorescence. In conclusion, efficient transgene expression assessed at the blastocyst stage does not ensure later expression in placenta, and higher viral concentrations can overcome transgene silencing. Supported by a fellowship from the Lalor Foundation (PBA), and grants from the Preeclampsia Foundation (BT) and NIH HD067759 (RMR).
Flotation science and engineering (1995)

Part 1 Fundamentals/mineral processing: theory of flotation complex pyritic ores oxide and silicate ores salt-type minerals gold-bearing ores. Part 2 Flotation units - cells: flotation design development of flotation equipment column flotation the Jameson cell. Part 3 Wastewater engineering/new processes: removal of oil from industrial wastewaters removal of organics by solvent sublation dissolved-air flotation of fine particles electrolytic flotation metal ion flotation in hydrometallurgy - the case of Ge fines flotation bioflotation electrochemistry in mineral flotation flocculation/flotation the role of interfacial surface tension the use of nitrogen in flotation an overview of the process.
Chronic escitalopram treatment attenuated the accelerated rapid eye movement sleep transitions after selective rapid eye movement sleep deprivation: a model-based analysis using Markov chains (2014)

In conclusion, chronic SSRI treatment is capable of reducing several effects on sleep which might be the consequence of the sub-chronic stress caused by the flower pot method. These data might support the antidepressant activity of SSRIs, and may allude that investigating the rebound period following the flower pot protocol could be useful to detect antidepressant drug response. Markov analysis is a suitable method to study the sleep pattern.
Quantum random number generation (2016)

Abstract Quantum physics can be exploited to generate true random numbers, which have important roles in many applications, especially in cryptography. Genuine randomness from the measurement of a quantum system reveals the inherent nature of quantumness—coherence, an important feature that differentiates quantum mechanics from classical physics. The generation of genuine randomness is generally considered impossible with only classical means. On the basis of the degree of trustworthiness on devices, quantum random number generators (QRNGs) can be grouped into three categories. The first category, practical QRNG, is built on fully trusted and calibrated devices and typically can generate randomness at a high speed by properly modelling the devices. The second category is self-testing QRNG, in which verifiable randomness can be generated without trusting the actual implementation. The third category, semi-self-testing QRNG, is an intermediate category that provides a tradeoff between the trustworthiness on the device and the random number generation speed.
Poly(p-phenylene alkylene)s – A forgotten class of polymers (2000)

Within the wealth of hydrocarbon polymers, poly(p-phenylene alkylene)s (“alkarotics”) hold a special position since they have been a long forgotten class of hydrophobic polymers. This is somewhat surprising, since the cornerstones of this polymer family cover extremely broad materials properties and the few known representatives attract attention with very favorable characteristics. In the course of this article, four new representatives of this family are presented. Whereas poly(p-phenylene octylene) (PPPO; 90°C), poly(p-phenylene hexylene) (PPPH; 120°C) and poly(p-phenylene propylene) (PPPPr; 110–130°C) have surprisingly low melting temperatures, the highly crystalline poly(p-phenylene butylene) (PPPB), melting between 200 and 225°C, meets many of the requirements that are essential for a novel, hydrophobic, processable, engineering polymer. In connection with the efforts to tailor the melting temperature of these polymers, a simple, semi-empirical methodology to estimate melting temperatures of unknown representatives of homologous series of polymers was developed and verified. By means of this approach, the melting temperatures of PPPH and PPPB could be predicted with remarkable accuracy. In addition, it was shown that the method is not restricted to the present alkarotic polymers, but it seems to have a rather broad range of applications as shown by the successful description of the polymer series, including various liquid-crystalline hydrocarbon polymers and different polyamides.