gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
France du Nord, France du Midi : Les luttes sociales dans les villes du Midi Français, XIIIe-XVe siècles (1947)

Les agitations urbaines qui, du XIII e à la fin du XV e siècle, jalonnent 1’ « automne du moyen âge », ont retenu l'attention des historiens. Ceux-ci n'ont pas eu de peine à en déterminer les principales zones d'extension : Pays-Bas, bords du Rhin, Italie. C'est là que l'essor économique médiéval a créé de grandes -villes industrielles, concentré dans leurs ateliers les premiers prolétariats urbains de l'Europe, tisserands et foulons de Florence, « ongles bleus » de Gand; là aussi qu'au cours du xiv” siècle les révolutions municipales ont jeté à bas les gouvernements oligarchiques. De ce grand drame social Henri Pirenne a tracé un tableau resté classique: Plus récemment, une étude minutieuse des sociétés urbaines a conduit à mieux distinguer des types d'évolution, opposer par exemple au destin d'un grand centre industriel comme Gand celui d'une ville avant tout commerciale comme Liège. Par ailleurs, les documents ont permis de préciser les formes d'exploitation sociale et de reconstituer, entre autres, l'inoubliable figure d'un Jehan Boinebroke, drapier de Douai.
Minimum Spanning Trees and Single Linkage Cluster Analysis (1969)

Minimum spanning trees (MST) and single linkage cluster analysis (SLCA) are explained and it is shown that all the information required for the SLCA of a set of points is contained in their MST. Known algorithms for finding the MST are discussed. They are efficient even when there are very many points; this makes a SLCA practicable when other methods of cluster analysis are not. The relevant computing procedures are published in the Algorithm section of the same issue of Applied Statistics. The use of the MST in the interpretation of vector diagrams arising in multivariate analysis is illustrated by an example.
Editors' Choice—Review—Cobalt Thin Films: Trends in Processing Technologies and Emerging Applications (2019)

Cobalt metallic films are the subject of an ever-expanding academic and industrial interest for incorporation into a multitude of new technological applications. This report reviews the state-of-the art chemistry and deposition techniques for cobalt thin films, highlighting innovations in cobalt metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), plasma and thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD), as well as pulsed MOCVD technologies, and focusing on cobalt source precursors, thin and ultrathin film growth processes, and the resulting effects on film composition, resistivity and other pertinent properties.
Changes in Sertraline Plasma Concentrations Across Pregnancy and Postpartum (2022)

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common disorder in pregnancy. Although sertraline is the most frequently prescribed antidepressant for pregnant people in the United States, limited information about its pharmacokinetics in pregnancy is available. Our objectives were to characterize plasma sertraline concentration to dose (C/D) ratios across pregnancy and postpartum and investigate the effect of pharmacogenetic variability on sertraline elimination. We performed a prospective observational cohort study in people with a singleton pregnancy ≤ 18 weeks gestation and a lifetime diagnosis of MDD at the 3 Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)-funded Obstetrical-Fetal Pharmacology Research Center sites. Subjects (N = 47) were receiving maintenance sertraline therapy and chose to continue it during pregnancy. Blood samples were obtained 24-hours postdose every 4 weeks across pregnancy and twice postpartum for measurement of plasma concentrations of sertraline and desmethylsertraline. Overall mean sertraline C/D ratios were decreased at study onset and remained consistently low until after delivery. During the last 4 weeks of pregnancy the mean sertraline C/D ratio (95% confidence interval (CI)), 0.25 (95% CI, 0.19, 0.3) ng/mL/dose (mg/day), was smaller than the mean ratio at ≥ 8 weeks after delivery, 0.32 (95% CI, 0.27, 0.37) ng/mL/dose (mg/day), a 22% difference. Mean sertraline/desmethylsertraline ratios were highest after birth, which confirmed increased sertraline elimination during pregnancy. Sertraline C/D ratios in participants with functional CYP2C19 activity did not change significantly during pregnancy, whereas ratios in participants with poor or intermediate CYP2C19 activity decreased by 51%. Exploratory pharmacogenomic analysis indicated that pregnant people with poor or intermediate CYP2C19 activity are at risk for subtherapeutic sertraline concentrations during pregnancy.
Exosomes isolated from two different cell lines using three different isolation techniques show variation in physical and molecular characteristics (2020)

Abstract Exosomes are the nanoscopic lipid bi-layered extracellular vesicles with the potential to be utilized as targeted therapeutics. In our investigation, we compared three major exosome isolation techniques that were Total Exosome Isolation reagent (TEI), Protein organic solvent precipitation (PROSPR) and differential ultracentrifugation (UC) based on the biophysical and physicochemical characteristics of exosomes isolated from COLO 205 and MCF-7 cancer cell’s conditioned media with an aim to select a suitable method for translational studies. 3D image analysis and particle size distribution of exosomes from their HRTEM images depicted the morphological differences. Molecular and analytical characterization of exosomes using western blotting, Raman and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and the multivariate analysis on the spectral data obtained, assessed for better molecular specifications and purity of particle. TEI method isolated exosomes with higher exosomal yield, purity, and recovery directly translatable into drug delivery and targeted therapeutics whereas ultracentrifuge had good recovery of particle morphology but showed particle aggregation and yielded exosomes with smaller mean size. PROSPR technique isolated a mixture of EVs, showed lower protein recovery in PAGE and western blotting but higher spectroscopic protein to lipid ratio and distinguishable EV population in multivariate analysis compared to exosomes isolated by TEI and UC. This comparative study should help in choosing a specific exosome isolation technique required for the objective of downstream applications.
Rule-based fuzzy inference system for estimating the influent COD/N ratio and ammonia load to a sequencing batch reactor (2006)

A fuzzy inference system using sensor measurements was developed to estimate the influent COD/N ratio and ammonia load. The sensors measured ORP, DO and pH. The sensor profiles had a close relationship with the influent COD/N ratio and ammonia load. To confirm this operational knowledge for constructing a rule set, a correlation analysis was conducted. The results showed that a rule generation method based only on operational knowledge did not generate a sufficiently accurate relationship between sensor measurements and target variables. To compensate for this defect, a decision tree algorithm was used as a standardized method for rule generation. Given a set of inputs, this algorithm was used to determine the output variables. However, the generated rules could not estimate the continuous influent COD/N ratio and ammonia load. Fuzzified rules and the fuzzy inference system were developed to overcome this problem. The fuzzy inference system estimated the influent COD/N ratio and ammonia load quite well. When these results were compared to the results from a predictive polynomial neural network model, the fuzzy inference system was more stable.
What is Special Education? (2015)

Historically, special education was whatever education was provided to children who had disabilities. It simply was whatever “those kids” got. Now the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 (IDEA) defi nes special education as “specially designed instruction . . . to meet the unique needs of a child who has a disability” (see Box 2.1 for the complete U.S. legal defi nition of “special education”). According to the dictionary defi nition, “specially” designed instruction means instruction that is different from the ordinary or usual instruction and “unique” needs are those that are singular and unparalleled, having no like or equal. So, bearing in mind those defi nitions, IDEA tells us that special education is recognizable by two criteria: (a) it is education that is different from the conventional general education and (b) it addresses unusual needs that not many children have.
Immunosuppression Withdrawal is an Effective Treatment of Relapse after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant for Myelofibrosis (2018)

Allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT) is the only potential curative treatment for myelofibrosis (MF). However, relapse after transplant remains one of the leading causes of death. Treatment options for relapsed patients are very limited with no standardized approaches. Immunomodulation has been used in this context, but there is no evidence to date to support the use of immunosuppression reduction/withdrawal alone as primary treatment for mixed chimerism (MM) and/or relapsed MF after transplant. We performed a retrospective analysis to examine the feasibility and efficacy of immunosuppression reduction as primary treatment for relapse after allo-SCT and/or MM. Between January 2005 and July 2015, we identified 92 consecutive patients with primary or secondary MF who underwent first allo-SCT at MD Anderson Cancer Center. All patients with disease relapse (morphologic and/or molecular) or MM (defined as less than 95% of donor cells origin) and who had immunosuppression reduction/withdrawal as primary therapeutic intervention were included. A total of 25 patients with a median age of 59 years were eligible for the final analysis. All patients were on tacrolimus as their primary GVHD prophylaxis, but none had active GVHD at time of relapse. Median time from allo-SCT to relapse/MM was 106 days (31-349) and median time from relapse to immunotherapy reduction was 11 days (0-76). None of the patients received additional simultaneous treatment. 48% (12 of 25) responded to tacrolimus reduction as primary intervention and achieved CR (MM, n = 6; molecular/morphologic relapse, n = 6). Among the responders, 3 died of GVHD complications and 9 remain alive requiring no subsequent treatment. All responders developed GVHD, with liver GVHD universal to all patients (100%). Tacrolimus was resumed (or dose increased) in all patients, and systemic steroids ± photophoresis were used in 7 patients, with no notable negative impact on graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effects. Among the non-responders (n = 13; MM, n = 6; molecular/morphologic relapse, n = 7), 8 died (6 of persistent/recurrent disease, and 2 of GVHD) and 5 remain alive at last follow-up. Of these 5 patients, 4 had a second allo-SCT and one patient received DLI. Only 4 (31%) of the nonresponding patients developed GVHD. With a median follow up of 52 months, the median OS was not reached for all patients and the 5-year OS rates were 73% and 37% among responders to tacrolimus withdrawal versus the nonresponders, respectively (Figure). No difference in outcomes by primary indication for immunosuppression reduction (MM versus relapsed disease) (Figure). In conclusion, these findings suggest a strong GVT effect in myelofibrosis and that immunosuppression reduction/withdrawal is an effective strategy to be used as an initial therapeutic intervention for relapsed MF patients post-transplant or those who are at high risk of relapse because of losing donor chimerism.
Characterization of a xenograft model of human ovarian carcinoma which produces intraperitoneal carcinomatosis and metastases in mice (1996)

A new xenograft model for human epithelial ovarian carcinoma, with extensive intraperitoneal (i.p.) carcinomatosis as the predominant disease manifestation, is described. Cells from the established NIH:OVCAR-5 cell line were injected i.p. into 6to 8-weeksld Swiss nude mice. Comparative analyses between cells cultured in vitro and tumor cells derived ex vivo were performed to assess histologic features, immunohistochemical cell markers, hormonal receptor expression, adhesion to extracellular matrix molecules and chromosomal constitution. Macroscopically, the extent of tumor development appeared to be site-dependent and tumor cell survival was dose-dependent. Advanced disease was characterized by extensive solid tumor burden and asciteswith parenchymal invasion, lymphatic metastases and vascular dissemination. Individual tumor nodules exhibited developing neovasculature characterized by the absence of mature basement membrane. Despite some histologic loss of cellular differentiation in advanced disease, antigenic expression was preserved, distinguishing these cells as epithelial in origin. Karyotyping of tumor cells demonstrated multiple numeric and structural chromosomal abnormalities. Serum and ascites CA I25 levels were consistently elevated only in tumorbearing mice. This new murine model closely resembles the aggressive disease process of human epithelial ovarian carcinoma, in which the efficacy of i.p. and systemic therapeutic modalities can be investigated.
The Prison Strike: Some General Considerations and a Case Study (1973)

This paper is concerned with the phenomenon of the prison work stoppage. It discusses the conditions which make prison strikes possible and invokes a general theory of strike action to account for the prevalence of prison strikes. In addition, it focusses on a particular, successful prison work stoppage in Massachusetts and analyzes both the extent to which it was organized and the nature of its leverage.
Surface characterisation of biofouled NF membranes: role of surface energy for improved rejection predictions (2012)

Biomass attachment and growth on high pressure membranes alter the surface characteristics and rejection performance of nanofiltration membranes. Along with electrostatic interaction and size exclusion, hydrophobic interaction between solutes and membrane surface play the major role in the separation process. Therefore, in attempt to properly quantify the surface energy of clean and biofouled membranes, different contact angle techniques were applied in this research. The surface energies of membranes were determined on dry, wet and hydrated surfaces. Results indicate that drying of the membrane surface leads to a modification of the surface properties, which are therefore not representative of the membrane in its operational conditions. Immersing the membrane in water resulted in detachment of biomass material into the surrounding liquid, thus hampering a correct estimation of the contact angle. Contact angle measurements on hydrated surfaces, on the contrary, produced reproducible results, which are consistent with current knowledge. In addition, when the values obtained by hydrated method were applied in a predictive model earlier developed, a significant improvement in predictions resulted.
Education Deans: Challenges and Stress. (2018)

Abstract: This study explored issues facing deans within higher education, specifically deans of doctoral granting schools/colleges of education. The study explored key challenges/issues and related stress education deans experience at research universities.
Reply to ‘‘Comment on ‘Energy-band equation for a general periodic potential’ ’’ (1989)

It is shown, by means of simple, soluble examples, that the argument of van Ek and Lodder’s preceding Comment is erroneous, as are their conclusions.Received 27 January 1989DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.40.1981©1989 American Physical Society
Anémométrie laser embarquée sur aéronef (2013)

Les techniques d'anémométrie à laser sont utilisées en laboratoire, notamment avec des modèles embarqués sur des aéronefs. L'évolution des techniques de laser liée aux télécommunications et les techniques d'intégration des composants optiques ont rendu possible une simplification et une miniaturisation extrêmement significative des équipements. Diverses applications sont envisageables, tant pour l'anémométrie de série des avions, que pour celle des hélicoptères, ou pour l'étalonnage et le calibrage lors des essais en vol. Une utilisation à plus long terme pour la mesure des hétérogénéités de vent est aussi envisagée.
Amorphous silicon thin-film transistors with 90° vertical nanoscale channel (2005)

This letter reports 100nm channel length vertical thin-film transistors (VTFTs) in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) technology. The channel length is defined by means of a dielectric film thickness, realized by an anisotropic reactive ion etching process to yield a 90° vertical transistor structure. Furthermore, the device area of the vertical TFT structure is less than ∼1∕3 that of the ubiquitous lateral TFT structure. The 100nm channel length VTFTs exhibit an ON/OFF current ratio of 108, a threshold voltage of 2.8V, and a subthreshold slope of 0.8V∕dec.
Determining T2 relaxation time and stroke onset relationship in ischaemic stroke within apparent diffusion coefficient-defined lesions. A user-independent method for quantifying the impact of stroke in the human brain (2019)

Data from the spherical reference method showed that the median T2 increase in the ischaemic lesion is correlated with stroke onset time in a rat as well as in a human patient cohort, opening the possibility of using the approach as a timing tool in clinics.
Anthropogenic, Carbon-Reinforced Soil as a Living Engineered Material (2023)

In recent years, the simple synthesis of artificial humic substances (A-HS) by alkaline hydrothermal processing of waste biomass was described. This A-HS was shown to support water and mineral binding, to change soil structure, to avoid fertilizer mineralization, and to support plant growth. Many of the observed macroscopic effects could, however, not be directly related to the minute amounts of A-HS which have been added, and an A-HS stimulated microbiome was found to be the key for understanding. In this review, we describe such anthropogenic soil in the language of the modern concept of living engineered materials and identify natural and artificial HS as the enabler to set up the interactive microbial system along the interfaces of the mineral grains. In that, old chemical concepts as surface activity, redox mediation, and pH buffering are the base of the system structure build-up and the complex self-adaptability of biological systems. The resulting chemical/biological hybrid system has the potential to address world problems as soil fertility, nutrition of a growing world population, and climate change.
Effect of a UV/Ozone Treatment on Siloxane-Containing Copolyimides:  Surface Modification and Gas Transport Characteristics (2003)

We have prepared poly(imide siloxane) (PIS) films having various siloxane contents using a two-step polymerization technique and subjected them to a UV/ozone treatment using UV excitation in the range λ = 185−254 nm to form an SiOx layer on the surface of the PIS films. From electron spectroscopy chemical analysis (ESCA), we have confirmed that the PDMS surface layer in the PIS films converts into silica as the UV/ozone treatment time increases. Solid-state 29Si NMR provides evidence that the PDMS and silica coexist in the bulk. Gas permeation experiments on non-UV/ozone-treated and on UV/ozone-treated PIS films were carried out using helium (He), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) penetrants. For PIS films having a high siloxane content (i.e., a volume fraction of 0.457), the UV/ozone treatment decreased the gas permeabilities, but increased the selectivity of several gas pairs owing to the formation of a dense silica layer, which increased with increasing treatment time.
Monitoring extracellular pH, oxygen, and dopamine during reward delivery in the striatum of primates (2012)

Dopamine projections that extend from the ventral tegmental area to the striatum have been implicated in the biological basis for behaviors associated with reward and addiction. Until recently, it has been difficult to evaluate the complex balance of energy utilization and neural activity in the striatum. Many techniques such as electrophysiology, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry have been employed to monitor these neurochemical and neurophysiological changes. In this brain region, physiological responses to cues and rewards cause local, transient pH changes. Oxygen and pH are coupled in the brain through a complex system of blood flow and metabolism as a result of transient neural activity. Indeed, this balance is at the heart of imaging studies such as fMRI. To this end, we measured pH and O(2) changes with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in the striatum as indices of changes in metabolism and blood flow in vivo in three Macaca mulatta monkeys during reward-based behaviors. Specifically, the animals were presented with Pavlovian conditioned cues that predicted different probabilities of liquid reward. They also received free reward without predictive cues. The primary detected change consisted of pH shifts in the striatal extracellular environment following the reward predicting cues or the free reward. We observed three types of cue responses that consisted of purely basic pH shifts, basic pH shifts followed by acidic pH shifts, and purely acidic pH shifts. These responses increased with reward probability, but were not significantly different from each other. The pH changes were accompanied by increases in extracellular O(2). The changes in pH and extracellular O(2) are consistent with current theories of metabolism and blood flow. However, they were of sufficient magnitude that they masked dopamine changes in the majority of cases. The findings suggest a role of these chemical responses in neuronal reward processing.
Palaeogenetics of western French sturgeons spotlights the relationships between Acipenser sturio and Acipenser oxyrinchus (2012)

Abstract Aim The Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus , was long considered an American species, but recent discoveries based on analyses of archaeological remains proved its presence in the Baltic Sea and in France. This came as a surprise, as the European sturgeon, Acipenser sturio , was thought to be the only sturgeon species present on the European Atlantic coast. It was hypothesized that migrants from North America founded the Baltic population of Atlantic sturgeons around 1200 years ago. Location The sampling is composed of five sturgeon archaeological remains (5000–1800 yr bp ) and 21 naturalized or ethanol‐preserved museum specimens from the 19th and 20th centuries, originating from the French Atlantic coast. Methods Analyses of ancient DNA were performed following the strict criteria of the field to avoid contamination and to ensure sequence authentication. A 210‐bp fragment of the control region ( CR ) was sequenced and three microsatellite loci were sized and sequenced. Results Out of a total of 26 samples, three archaeological remains and six museum specimens produced A. oxyrinchus mitochondrial or nuclear sequences; two of these museum samples showed signs of hybridization between A. sturio and A. oxyrinchus . All the other samples yielded only A. sturio DNA sequences, and a new CR haplotype was described in this species. Main conclusions Molecular evidence of sympatry and natural hybridization between A. sturio and A. oxyrinchus on the French Atlantic coast – specifically the hybrid evidence of two museum specimens collected from the Seine River in 1823 and 1858 – challenge our understanding of the species' past relationships. In light of these findings, new hypotheses are presented to explain the history and geographical range of A. oxyrinchus in Europe.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Accelerated Cognitive Decline With Aging (2013)

Baseline cardiorespiratory fitness is related to longitudinal neuropsychological performance, and memory appears to be a particularly vulnerable domain. Evidence that aerobic fitness is associated with accelerated cognitive decline emphasizes the possible importance of behavioral interventions to optimize cognitive aging over time.