gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Procedural management of safety regulations and rules for the chemical industry (2018)

In recent years, the chemical companies in different countries have realized the significance of managing within safety regulations and rules. In China, investigation reports of major accidents showed that Chinese chemical companies often failed to comply with regulations before the accident. In fact, a majority of chemical companies are simultaneously regulated by different regulatory agencies. They must comply with an excess of safety regulations and standards promulgated by various regulatory agencies. A huge compliance burden for chemical companies is the result. To solve this problem, this article proposes a new classification method combining administrative ranks and scopes of chemical safety activities. This new classification helps chemical companies to identify and understand external regulations faster and more easily. A chemical industry park in Dalian was taken as an example to collect materials. It was found that there were 658 regulations and standards covering safety, environment and health. In addition, this article establishes a procedural framework for rules management that guides users of rules, which demonstrates the process of compliance management. It helps companies deal with situations where external regulations are absent or unreasonable. This article also suggests that regulators establish good communication with companies and increase the discretionary power of companies to promote the implementation of this framework. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 38: e11999, 2019
Modeling Acid Inactivation of Foodborne Microorganisms (2001)

Humans have struggled since ancient times to safeguard their food supply from spoilage and foodborne diseases. The development of relatively simple mathematical models that describe the response of microorganisms to thermal stresses was one of the key scientific developments that was instrumental in the widespread, systematic use of thermal processing as a preservation technique. The survival of foodborne pathogens under acidic conditions is a highly complex integration of several physiological processes, and a variety of factors influence inactivation kinetics. The concentration of the organic acid used as an acidulant also influences survival rates. A number of foodborne pathogens, including L. monocytogenes, Salmonella, E. coli, and Shigella, possess constitutive and inducible systems that increase their ability to survive in acidic environments. Before foods are eaten by a consumer, they may be processed, stored, and prepared by the manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer, restaurateur, and consumer.
T lymphocytes and the lack of activated macrophages in wound margin biopsies from chronic leg ulcers (1997)

The objective of this study was to characterize the leucocyte infiltrate which accumulates at the margin of chronic wounds. These leucocytes are a rich source of cytokines and growth factors, and an inappropriate function of these cells may contribute to the maintenance of wound chronicity. The leucocyte populations were stained immunohistochemically with monoclonal antibodies specific for surface receptors which give an indication of cellular function. Wound margin biopsies taken from chronic leg ulcers exhibited a localized infiltrate of CD45+ leucocytes associated with vascularized tissue in the dermis adjacent to the wound margin. Lymphocytes were identified in highest numbers in this area and CD45RO+ T lymphocytes predominated over B lymphocytes, which were either absent or present in very low numbers. In the majority of chronic wounds examined, CD4+ T lymphocytes were present in greater numbers than CD8+ T lymphocytes with a mean (+/-SD) ratio of CD4+:CD8+ of 1.5 +/- 0.6. CD68+ macrophages were identified in all layers of the dermis at the chronic wound margin. In 60% of wounds examined, macrophages were negative for the activation associated markers CD16 (Fc gamma III receptor) and CD35 (C3b receptor). In those biopsies where CD16 and CD35 positive macrophages were observed these were preferentially located in the perivascular regions. These data indicate that as monocytes extravasate into chronic wound tissue they may be subjected to microenvironmental influences which either suppress or do not induce macrophage activation. Suppression of macrophage activation may lead to an inappropriate cytokine/growth factor secretion and contribute to the maintenance of wound chronicity.
Optimum noise performance of transistor input circuits (1958)

The single common-emiter transistor amplifier fed from a resistive source exhibits a minimum noise figure, when the source resistance has an optimum value. A generalized amplifier is next shown that is fed from a complex source impedance and containing a single common-emitter transistor in the first stage. It is assumed that noise in succeeding stages is negligible. Various feedback paths to either the base or emitter of the first transistor are shown, and an effective shunt input resistor with thermal noise and an effective emitter degeneration resistor with thernlal noise are given. If the signal source is purely resistive, analysis of the circuit shows that a minimum noise figure is obtainable with an optimum source resistance. If the source is a complex impedance, the quantity of interest is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the output of the amplifier. This quantity will in general be dependent on the signal frequency chosen, and on the gain characteristics of the entire amplifier. An expression for SNR in the circuit is given. Again, the result is independent of any feedback, except insofar as the feedback affects the gain characteristic. It is to be emphasized that the criteria for best noise performance are in no way connected with the criteria for maximum power transfer from the source.
Treatment of Coronary In-Stent Restenosis with a Paclitaxel-Coated Balloon Catheter (2006)

Treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis with paclitaxel-coated balloon catheters significantly reduced the incidence of restenosis. These data suggest that the inhibition of restenosis by local drug delivery may not require stent implantation and sustained drug release at the site of injury. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00106587 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
Hepatitis B Virus: Update of Pathogenesis and New Target for Complete Cure (2017)

현재 B형 간염 바이러스(HBV) 치료제로 페그인터페론을 포함한 주사제인 인터페론 알파와 경구용 뉴클레오시(티)드가 있다. 하지만, 이들 약제로는 간 내의 cccDNA까지 제거하여 만성 B형 간염의 완치를 가능케 하지는 못하는 한계점이 있어, 새로운 형태의 항바이러스 제제의 개발이 필요한 상황이다. 2012년에 비로서 HBV의 간 내 유입의 수용체가 natrium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) 라는 사실이 밝혀지면서,1 최근 HBV 생활사와 면역체계와 관련해서 다각도로 접근, new polymerase inhibitor, entry inhibitor, cccDNA inhibitor, nucleocapsid assembly inhibitor, HBsAg secretion inhibitor, RNA interference, immune modulator/therapeutic vaccine 등이 개발되어 B형 간염 완치를 위한 노력이 진행되고 있다. 본 원고에서는 기존 약제 이외에 B형 간염 완치를 위한 여러 노력을 소개하고자 한다.
Safe Automatic Flight Back and Landing of Aircraft Flight Reconfiguration Function (FRF) (2008)

SOFIA (safe automatic flight back and landing of aircraft) project is a response to the challenge of developing concepts and techniques enabling the safe and automatic return to ground in the event of hostile actions. Activities in this sense have been started in the framework of the SAFEE SP3 (secure aircraft in the future european environment sub-project 3) project. SOFIA project is proposed as the continuation of the SAFEE works on FRF (flight reconfiguration function), the system to automatically return the aircraft to ground. SOFIA will design architectures for integrating the FRF system into several typologies of avionics for civil transport aircraft; development of one of this architectures; validation, following E-OCVM (european operational concept validation methodology) of the FRF concept and the means to integrate it in the current ATM (air traffic management); safety assessment of FRF at aircraft and operational (ATC-air traffic control) levels. The SOFIA product is the FRF system that will take the control of the aircraft and will manage to safely return it to ground under a security emergency (e.g. hijacking), disabling the control and command of the aircraft from the cockpit. This means to create and execute a new flight plan towards a secure airport and landing the aircraft at it. The flight plan can be generated in ground (ATC), or in a military airplane and transmitted to the aircraft, or created autonomously at the FRF.
Densities of Carbon Dioxide + Methane Mixtures from 225 K to 350 K at Pressures up to 35 MPa (1997)

This paper reports PVT measurements for five gravimetrically prepared CO2 + CH4 mixtures. A continuously-weighed, high-pressure pycnometer was used to measure densities at temperatures from 225 K to 350 K in 25 K increments and pressures to 35 MPa with one set of measurements to 69 MPa. A detailed error analysis indicates that the accuracy of the densities is better than ±0.1%.
Phosphine–Imidazolyl Ligands for the Efficient Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Esters (2012)

The synthesis of phosphine-imidazolyl ligands 1 and 2 in good yields is presented. In combination with [{Ru(benzene)Cl(2)}(2)], ligands 1 c and 1 e formed efficient catalyst systems for the selective hydrogenation of various carboxylic esters into their corresponding primary alcohols. Furthermore, the structures of four ruthenium complexes with ligands 1 b, 1 c, 1 d, and 1 e were determined by X-ray crystallography, which showed the formation of different coordination modes depending on the ligand structure.
Lightweight, compact 2D/3D autostereoscopic LCD backlight for games, monitor, and notebook applications (1997)

DTI has demonstrated a backlight for LCDs that creates autostereoscopic 3D with no sacrifice in quality to conventional 2D images. The new backlight is comparable in size and cost to standard 2D backlights and can be manufactured using similar processes. Prototypes have been used in amusement games, LCD desk top monitors, and PC Notebooks. An acrylic light guide accepts light from a miniature fluorescent lamp. Linear structures on one side of the guide reflect light traveling through it toward the LCD. A lenticular lens images the light from the structures into a much larger number of thin light lines within the LCD glass. These lines are spaced in a precise relationship with the pixels of the LCD so that an observer sitting in front of the display sees all the light lines through the odd columns of pixels with the left eye and through the even columns of pixels with the right eye. An electronic shutter is placed between the light guide and the lenticular lens. In the off state the shutter will diffuse the light from the light lines for 2D mode viewing. In the clear state (power on), the light lines are visible for 3D mode viewing.
Refresh Now and Then (2013)

DRAM stores information in electric charge. Because DRAM cells lose stored charge over time due to leakage, they have to be “refreshed” in a periodic manner to retain the stored information. This refresh activity is a source of increased energy consumption as the DRAM density grows. It also incurs nontrivial performance loss due to the unavailability of memory arrays during refresh. This paper first presents a comprehensive measurement-based characterization study of the cell-level data retention behavior of modern low-power DRAM chips. About 99.7% of the cells could retain the stored information for longer than 1 s at a high temperature. This average cell retention behavior strongly indicates that we can deeply reduce the energy and performance penalty of DRAM refreshing with proper system support. The second part of this paper, accordingly, develops two practical techniques to reduce the frequency of DRAM refresh operations by excluding a few leaky memory cells from use and by skipping refreshing of unused DRAM regions. We have implemented the proposed techniques completely in the Linux OS for experimentation, and measured performance improvement of up to 17.2% with the refresh operation reduction of 93.8% on smartphone like low-power platforms.
Calibration and cross-laboratory implementation of scintillating screens for electron bunch charge determination (2018)

We revise the calibration of scintillating screens commonly used to detect relativistic electron beams with low average current, e.g., from laser-plasma accelerators, based on new and expanded measurements that include higher charge density and different types of screens than previous work [Buck <i>et al.</i>, Rev. Sci. Instrum. <b>81</b>, 033301 (2010)]. Electron peak charge densities up to 10 nC/mm<sup>2</sup> were provided by focused picosecond-long electron beams delivered by the Electron Linac for beams with high Brilliance and low Emittance (ELBE) at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. At low charge densities, a linear scintillation response was found, followed by the onset of saturation in the range of nC/mm<sup>2</sup>. The absolute calibration factor (photons/sr/pC) in this linear regime was measured to be almost a factor of 2 lower than that reported by Buck <i>et al.</i> retrospectively implying a higher charge in the charge measurements performed with the former calibration. A good agreement was found with the results provided by Glinec <i>et al.</i> [Rev. Sci. Instrum. <b>77</b>, 103301 (2006)]. Furthermore long-term irradiation tests with an integrated dose of approximately 50 nC/mm<sup>2</sup> indicate a significant decrease of the scintillation efficiency over time. Finally, in order to enable the transfer of the absolute calibration between laboratories, a new constant reference light source has been developed.
Bifurcation mechanism and hybrid control strategy of a finance model with delays (2023)

Abstract Establishing financial models or economic models to describe economic phenomena in real life has become a heated discussion in society at present. From a mathematical point of view, the exploration on dynamics of financial models or economic models is a valuable work. In this study, we build a new delayed finance model and explore the dynamical behavior containing existence and uniqueness, boundedness of solution, Hopf bifurcation, and Hopf bifurcation control of the considered delayed finance model. By virtue of fixed point theorem, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution to the considered delayed finance model. Applying a suitable function, we obtain the boundedness of the solutions for the considered delayed finance model. Taking advantage of the stability criterion and bifurcation argument of delayed differential equation, we establish a delay-independent condition ensuring the stability and generation of Hopf bifurcation of the involved delayed finance model. Exploiting hybrid controller including state feedback and parameter perturbation, we efficaciously adjust the stability region and the time of occurrence of Hopf bifurcation of the involved delayed finance model. The study manifests that time delay is a fundamental parameter in controlling stability region and the time of onset of Hopf bifurcation of the involved delayed finance model. To examine the soundness of established key results, computer simulation figures are concretely displayed. The derived conclusions of this study are perfectly new and has momentous theoretical value in economical operation.
MS/MS analysis and imaging of lipids across Drosophila brain using secondary ion mass spectrometry (2017)

Lipids are abundant biomolecules performing central roles to maintain proper functioning of cells and biological bodies. Due to their highly complex composition, it is critical to obtain information of lipid structures in order to identify particular lipids which are relevant for a biological process or metabolic pathway under study. Among currently available molecular identification techniques, MS/MS in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging has been of high interest in the bioanalytical community as it allows visualization of intact molecules in biological samples as well as elucidation of their chemical structures. However, there have been few applications using SIMS and MS/MS owing to instrumental challenges for this capability. We performed MS and MS/MS imaging to study the lipid structures of Drosophila brain using the J105 and 40-keV Ar<sub>4000</sub><sup>+</sup> gas cluster ion source, with the novelty being the use of MS/MS SIMS analysis of intact lipids in the fly brain. Glycerophospholipids were identified by MS/MS profiling. MS/MS was also used to characterize diglyceride fragment ions and to identify them as triacylglyceride fragments. Moreover, MS/MS imaging offers a unique possibility for detailed elucidation of biomolecular distribution with high accuracy based on the ion images of its fragments. This is particularly useful in the presence of interferences which disturb the interpretation of biomolecular localization. Graphical abstract MS/MS was performed during time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analysis of Drosophila melongaster (fruit fly) to elucidate the structure and origin of different chemical species in the brain including a range of different phospholipid classes (PC, PI, PE) and di- and triacylglycerides (DAG & TAG) species where reference MS/MS spectra provided a potential means of discriminating between the isobaric [M-OH]<sup>+</sup> ion of DAGs and the [M-RCO]<sup>+</sup> ion of TAGs.
A Chemical Probe that Labels Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (2014)

A small-molecule fluorescent probe specific for human pluripotent stem cells would serve as a useful tool for basic cell biology research and stem cell therapy. Screening of fluorescent chemical libraries with human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and subsequent evaluation of hit molecules identified a fluorescent compound (Kyoto probe 1 [KP-1]) that selectively labels human pluripotent stem cells. Our analyses indicated that the selectivity results primarily from a distinct expression pattern of ABC transporters in human pluripotent stem cells and from the transporter selectivity of KP-1. Expression of ABCB1 (MDR1) and ABCG2 (BCRP), both of which cause the efflux of KP-1, is repressed in human pluripotent stem cells. Although KP-1, like other pluripotent markers, is not absolutely specific for pluripotent stem cells, the identified chemical probe may be used in conjunction with other reagents.
Channel Modeling and Multi-User Precoding for Tri-Polarized Holographic MIMO Communications (2023)

This paper studies the exploitation of triple polarization (TP) for multi-user (MU) holographic multiple-input multiple-output surface (HMIMOS) wireless communication systems, aiming at capacity boosting without enlarging the antenna array size. We specifically consider that both the transmitter and receiver are equipped with an HMIMOS comprising compact sub-wavelength TP patch antennas. To characterize TP MUHMIMOS systems, a TP near-field channel model is proposed using the dyadic Green's function, whose characteristics are leveraged to design a user-cluster-based precoding scheme for mitigating the cross-polarization and inter-user interference contributions. A theoretical correlation analysis for HMIMOS with infinitely small patch antennas is also presented. According to the proposed scheme, the users are assigned to one of the three polarizations, which is easy to implement, at the cost, however, of reducing the system's diversity. Our numerical results showcase that the cross-polarization channel components have a nonnegligible impact on the system performance, which is efficiently eliminated with the proposed MU precoding scheme.
Improving Penetration in Tumors With Nanoassemblies of Phospholipids and Doxorubicin (2007)

We have developed a novel PEG-PE-based nanocarrier of doxorubicin that increased cytotoxicity in vitro and enhanced antitumor activity in vivo with low systemic toxicity. This drug packaging technology may provide a new strategy for design of cancer therapies.
Rapid detection of glycoprotein G gene for the diagnosis and typing of herpes simplex virus infection in genital herpes (1999)

PCRgG is more sensitive than VI and PCRgG in detecting HSV in urogenital samples from subjects with GH. PCRgG is a convenient technique for the rapid detection and typing of GH.
Critical foliations (2001)

Critical foliations are special two-dimensional slices (planes of observation) of a three-dimensional optical field in which an infinitesimally small change in the angle of observation produces major qualitative differences in the observed field structure. They are common, but previously unrecognized, features of optical fields that contain vortices. An experimentally realizable, on-axis example of such a foliation is described for a paraxial Gaussian laser beam.
Patient satisfaction with participation in a randomized exercise trial: Effects of randomization and a usual care posttrial exercise program (2013)

Lymphoma patients randomized to UC viewed it as less rewarding and personally useful despite being offered a 4-week posttrial exercise program. UC participants who completed the 4-week program reported personal satisfaction levels similar to the AET group; however, the causal direction of this association is unknown. Researchers should continue to evaluate participant satisfaction in exercise trials.
P3‐031: THE CRITICAL PATH FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: HIPPOCAMPAL VOLUME AS AN ENRICHMENT BIOMARKER IN TRIALS OF PATIENTS WITH MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT (2018)

Hippocampal atrophy is associated with progression in Alzheimer disease (AD). The Critical Path for Alzheimer's Disease (CPAD) consortium is pursuing FDA qualification of baseline intracranial volume-adjusted hippocampal volume (ICV-HV) as an enrichment biomarker in clinical trials targeting mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Hence, the association between ICV-HV and disease progression was assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum-of-Boxes (CDR-SB). Data: Subject-level data from three sources – the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)-1 and ADNI-2 observational studies, and the Investigation Into Delay to Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease With Exelon (InDDEx) trial placebo arm – yielded a total of 1,051 aMCI subjects with 7,860 CDR-SB time points in the screening-to-48 months interval. The statistical model used ADNI-1/-2 (N=702), and InDDEx was reserved for external validation. Statistical Modeling: The time course of CDR-SB was described by a non-linear mixed-effects repeated measures model. Covariates were: baseline ICV-HV, sex, baseline mini-mental-state-examination (MMSE), baseline age, and apolipoprotein-E-encoding gene (APOE4) genotype. ICV-HV enrichment was compared between two image analysis algorithms (LEAP™ and FreeSurfer™). Monte Carlo clinical trial simulations were performed to compare the statistical power by sample size in trials with(out) ICV-HV enrichment. Non-enriched trials included subjects sampled from the whole distribution of ICV-HV in the analysis dataset. Enriched trials sampled subjects from truncated ICV-HV distributions based on different cut-off values. A hypothetical drug effect of 50% reduction in progression rate was assumed. In a generalized logistic model, accounting for all covariate effects, a 1 cm3 decrease in baseline ICV-HV was associated with a more than 50% increase in CDR-SB progression rate. In a simulated 24-month placebo-controlled parallel group clinical trial, ICV-HV enrichment yielded meaningful reduction in trial size, ∼63%, ∼35%, and ∼25%, respectively, when including only subjects with baseline ICV-HV lower than the 50th (median), 84.1th (+1 standard deviation, SD), and 97.7th (+2 SD) percentile of the ICV-HV distribution. The sample size savings between LEAP™ and FreeSurfer™ were similar (within 6-to-8% of each other). External validation with InDDEx is ongoing. ICV-HV serves as a prognostic indicator of MCI clinical progression, with utility to optimize the sample size to demonstrate the drug effects in clinical trials.