gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Early Vision Loss After Trabeculectomy (2013)

“This surgery is designed to help you preserve the vision you have. If we are completely successful, you will not see worse once we are done.” Hardly an encouraging message we give to patients needing glaucoma surgery. An experienced glaucoma surgeon knows that aqueous diversion procedures are fraught with complications, including the ever terrifying loss of vision. Early complications of trabeculectomy that can lead to vision loss can be categorized as refractive, inflammatory/infectious, hemorrhagic, and other. It is important to recognize these complications promptly and understand the appropriate time to intervene. Thoughtful preoperative planning, meticulous technique, and a dose of good luck can help prevent these complications. It is the ability to anticipate, avoid, and manage complications that distinguishes the successful and satisfied glaucoma surgeon from a frustrated one. Trabeculectomy may induce new spherical and cylindrical aberrations. When intraocular pressure (IOP) is reduced, and particularly if there is overfiltration, the lens-iris diaphragm moves forward, and the anterior chamber shallows. These combined actions usually induce a spherical refractive error (myopic shift). The clinical signs of a myopic shift will be a shallow anterior chamber and visual acuity that will improve with a pinhole occluder or refraction. Interestingly, should the overfiltration be accompanied by macular edema, the myopic effect may be counteracted by a hyperopic shift due to macular elevation and shortening of axial length, and the patient may not have any change in refraction or may even have a hyperopic shift. For more information about axial length and changes in refraction, including after trabeculectomy, see Chapter 41. Astigmatic shift can have several origins. If a trabeculectomy flap is dissected too far anteriorly into the peripheral cornea and not sutured securely back to its origin, “against the rule” astigmatism can be induced. If a superiorly located flap is sutured with too much tension, astigmatism can be induced along the axis of the tightest suture(s), usually “with the rule.” (See Chapter 26.) Additionally, uneven suture tension in the conjunctival closure (whether limbus- or fornix-based) can affect the degree of postoperative astigmatism.
Surviving the Blockbuster Syndrome (2004)

New technologies have sent drug company R&D costs soaring, but with no corresponding rise as yet in the number of new drugs. Executives are talking about mergers, reorganization, and other ways to kick-start their production engines
Postoperative ileus: mechanisms and future directions for research (2014)

Postoperative ileus (POI) is an abnormal pattern of gastrointestinal motility characterized by nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension and/or delayed passage of flatus or stool, which may occur following surgery. Postoperative ileus slows recovery, increases the risk of developing postoperative complications and confers a significant financial load on healthcare institutions. The aim of the present review is to provide a succinct overview of the clinical features and pathophysiological mechanisms of POI, with final comment on selected directions for future research.Terminology used when describing POI is inconsistent, with little differentiation made between the obligatory period of gut dysfunction seen after surgery ('normal POI') and the more clinically and pathologically significant entity of a 'prolonged POI'. Both normal and prolonged POI represent a fundamentally similar pathophysiological phenomenon. The aetiology of POI is postulated to be multifactorial, with principal mediators being inflammatory cell activation, autonomic dysfunction (both primarily and as part of the surgical stress response), agonism at gut opioid receptors, modulation of gastrointestinal hormone activity and electrolyte derangements. A final common pathway for these effectors is impaired contractility and motility and gut wall oedema. There are many potential directions for future research. In particular, there remains scope to accurately characterize the gastrointestinal dysfunction that underscores an ileus, development of an accurate risk stratification tool will facilitate early implementation of preventive measures and clinical appraisal of novel therapeutic strategies that target individual pathways in the pathogenesis of ileus warrant further investigation.
Alteration of the physical pathways through the gastric mucosa by sodium taurocholate. (1974)

The effect of sodium taurocholate (Tch) on gastric mucosal permeability was investigated using an in vitro preparation of rabbit fundic gastric mucosa mounted in an Ussing chamber, and perfused with a physiological solution at 37°C. The permeability was measured by the mucosal to serosal flux of [14C]erythritol, a water-soluble, non-lipidsoluble molecule. The flux rate of erythritol in normal tissue was 1.85 ± 0.25 pmoles per cm2 per sec. and was increased by 20 mM Tch in the mucosal solution at pH 7.0 and pH 3.0, to 5.46 ± 0.54, and 25.48 ± 4.71 pmoles per cm2 per sec, respectively, after 1 hr, demonstrating a pH-dependent effect. At pH 3.0, Tch in the mucosal solution at doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mM increased the mucosal to serosal flux rate to 3.98 ± 1.29, 5.81 ± 1.37, and 13.52 ± 2.31 pmoles per cm2 per sec, respectively, after 1 hr, demonstrating a dose-related effect. There was no statistical difference between the mucosal to serosal flux of erythritol with 20 mM Tch in the mucosal or serosal solutions. The fluxes of [14C]mannitol and [14C]lactose were altered in a similar direction by Tch, but the absolute flux of these substances was less than that of erythritol because of the larger size of the molecule. It is suggested that Tch causes an increase in permeability of the gastric mucosa through water-filled channels, which may be responsible for the increased transmucosal flux of hydrogen and sodium ions caused by bile salts.
Q-band antenna-feed system for the Large Scale Polarization Explorer balloon experiment (2015)

This work will present the corrugated-horns, polarizers and ortho-mode transducers developed for the 49-element coherent polarimeter array working in [39, 48] GHz to be embarked in the Large Scale Polarization Explorer. The latter is an ASI-funded balloon experiment designed to measure the CMB B-modes on large angular scales. The presentation will focus on the analysis, design, manufacturing and measurements of these components.
Shock Calibration with Zero Shift Using a Digital Filter Technique (2015)

In compliance with ISO 16063-13, a shock calibration system for accelerometers ranging from 50 to 10,000 m/s2 and with pulse widths more than several milliseconds was developed. However, a piezoelectric accelerometer output voltage with zero shift was induced by the low-frequency response of the charge amplifier. So we designed a virtual amplifier with infinite impulse response filters as a digital replica of the charge amplifier. Since the virtual amplifier has the same input–output characteristics as the real charge amplifier, we can obtain the shock sensitivity of a piezoelectric accelerometer by applying the input acceleration to the virtual amplifier. As a result, we obtain flat charge sensitivities from 50 to 10,000 m/s2, which are comparable to the vibration calibration results.
Current trends in sonochemistry (1992)

Quantitative homogeneous sonochemistry - scope and limitations, L. Broeckaert, et al cavitation phenomena, S. Leeman and P.W. Vaughan new orientations in sonochemistry, J.L. Luche ultrasound in synthesis - an overview, R. Bowser and R.S. Davidson ultrasound in synthesis - sonochemistry as a tool for organic chemistry, C.M.R. Low ultrasonically assisted polymer synthesis, G.J. Price organometallic procsses promoted by ultrasound, P. Boudjouk ultrasound in catalytic and solid supported reagent reactions, J. Lindley NMR spectroscopy with ultrasound, J. Homer, et al ultrasound in industrial processes - the problems of scale-up, T.J. Mason and J. Berlan sonochemistry - a chemical engineer's view, P.D. Martin sonochemistry - current trends and future prospects, T.J. Mason
Transformations and Affinities for Sulfur of Chinese Shenmu Coal Ash in a Pulverized Coal-Fired Boiler (2009)

Abstract The self-desulfurization efficiency of Shenmu coal with a high initial Ca/S molar ratio of 2.02 was measured in a 1,025 t/h pulverized coal-fired boiler. It increases from 29% to 32% when the power capacity decreases from 100% to 70%. About 60% of the mineral matter and calcium element fed into the furnace is retained in the fly ash, while less than 10% is retained in the bottom ash. About 70% of the sulfur element fed into the furnace is emitted as SO2 in the flue gas, while less than 10% is retained in the fly ash and less than 1% is retained in the bottom ash. The mineralogical compositions of feed coal, fly ash, and bottom ash were obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis. It is found that the initial amorphous phase content is 91.17% and the initial CaCO3 phase content is 2.07% in Shenmu coal. The vitreous phase and sulfation product CaSO4 contents are, respectively, 70.47% and 3.36% in the fly ash obtained at full capacity, while the retained CaCO3 and CaO contents are, respectively, 4.73% and 2.15%. However, the vitreous phase content is only 25.68% and no CaSO4 is detected in the bottom ash obtained at full capacity. When the power capacity decreases from 100% to 70%, the vitreous phase content in fly ash decreases from 70.47% to 67.41% and that in bottom ash increases from 25.68% to 28.10%. Keywords: boilercoal ashcombustionsulfurXRD Acknowledgments This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50525620, 50476059), National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2006BAA01B06), the Special Funds for Major State Basic Research Projects of China(2006CB200300), Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China (NCET-04-0533).
Spatiotemporal ablation of myelinating glia-specific neurofascin (Nfasc NF155 ) in mice reveals gradual loss of paranodal axoglial junctions and concomitant disorganization of axonal domains (2020)

The evolutionary demand for rapid nerve impulse conduction led to the process of myelination-dependent organization of axons into distinct molecular domains. These domains include the node of Ranvier flanked by highly specialized paranodal domains where myelin loops and axolemma orchestrate the axoglial septate junctions. These junctions are formed by interactions between a glial isoform of neurofascin (NfascNF155) and axonal Caspr and Cont. Here we report the generation of myelinating glia-specific NfascNF155 null mouse mutants. These mice exhibit severe ataxia, motor paresis, and death before the third postnatal week. In the absence of glial NfascNF155, paranodal axoglial junctions fail to form, axonal domains fail to segregate, and myelinated axons undergo degeneration. Electrophysiological measurements of peripheral nerves from NfascNF155 mutants revealed dramatic reductions in nerve conduction velocities. By using inducible PLP-CreER recombinase to ablate NfascNF155 in adult myelinating glia, we demonstrate that paranodal axoglial junctions disorganize gradually as the levels of NfascNF155 protein at the paranodes begin to drop. This coincides with the loss of the paranodal region and concomitant disorganization of the axonal domains. Our results provide the first direct evidence that the maintenance of axonal domains requires the fence function of the paranodal axoglial junctions. Together, our studies establish a central role for paranodal axoglial junctions in both the organization and the maintenance of axonal domains in myelinated axons.
Fabrication ofPDMS Scaffold withControlled Configurations (2007)

support theadhesion ofthecells, aswellastheir growth, Inthisstudy, we tried tocreate a polydimethylmigration, and differentiation towarda specific -siloxane (PDMS)scaffold withcontrolled pore phenotype. Although previous studies haveshownthat configurations toinvestigate theproliferation and scaffold architecture affected cellspatial organization differentiation ofthecells seeded 3-dimensionally. within thethree-dimensional space, andthemorphology The three-dimensional scaffold was designed to and functions, itseffects on cellgrowthand investigate theeffect ofmechanical stress tothecells organization arestill notclear because mostofthe byutilizing theintrinsic elasticity ofthePDMS.We scaffolds wereanisotropic constructs withvarious pore usedacombination ofcasting moldandlamination structures andcomplicated distribution [5]. However, process tofabricate PDMS scaffold withcontrolledourknowledge about thebiology oftissue formation is poreconfiguration. Thelamination ofeachPDMS still empirical andnotwellunderstood enough todefine layer resulted inaconstruct withthree-directionally thedesign constraints inthescaffold thatcontrols the interconnected micropores (600x600 [tm insection) growth andfunction ofcells. Although optimization of asaPDMS body. scaffold design isnecessary toachieve manyof requirements: pore size, totalporosity, pore
Development of a Detection Algorithm for Use with Reflectance-Based, Real-Time Chemical Sensing (2016)

Here, we describe our efforts focused on development of an algorithm for identification of detection events in a real-time sensing application relying on reporting of color values using commercially available color sensing chips. The effort focuses on the identification of event occurrence, rather than target identification, and utilizes approaches suitable to onboard device incorporation to facilitate portable and autonomous use. The described algorithm first excludes electronic noise generated by the sensor system and determines response thresholds. This automatic adjustment provides the potential for use with device variations as well as accommodating differing indicator behaviors. Multiple signal channels (RGB) as well as multiple indicator array elements are combined for reporting of an event with a minimum of false responses. While the method reported was developed for use with paper-supported porphyrin and metalloporphyrin indicators, it should be equally applicable to other colorimetric indicators. Depending on device configurations, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) sensitivities of 1 could be obtained with specificities of 0.87 (threshold 160 ppb, ethanol).
Somatic Sequence Variation at the Friedreich Ataxia Locus Includes Complete Contraction of the Expanded GAA Triplet Repeat, Significant Length Variation in Serially Passaged Lymphoblasts and Enhanced Mutagenesis in the Flanking Sequence (1999)

The vast majority of Friedreich ataxia patients are homozygous for large GAA triplet repeat expansions in intron 1 of the X25 gene. Instability of the expanded GAA repeat was examined in 23 chromosomes bearing 97-1250 triplets in lymphoblastoid cell lines passaged 20-39 times. Southern analyses revealed 18 events of significant changes in length ranging from 69 to 633 triplets, wherein the de novo allele gradually replaced the original over 1-6 passages. Contractions and expansions occurred with equal frequency and magnitude. This behavior is unique in comparison with other large, non-coding triplet repeat expansions [(CGG)(n)and (CTG)(n)] which remain relatively stable under similar conditions. We also report a rare patient who, having inherited two expanded alleles, showed evidence of contracted GAA repeats ranging from nine to 29 triplets in DNA from two independent peripheral blood samples. The GAA triplet repeat is known to adopt a triplex structure, and triplexes in transcribed templates cause enhanced mutagenesis. The poly(A) tract and a 135 bp sequence, both situated immediately upstream of the GAA triplet repeat, were therefore examined for somatic mutations. The poly(A) tract showed enhanced instability when in cis with the GAA expansion. The 135 bp upstream sequence was found to harbor a 3-fold excess of point mutations in DNA derived from individuals homozygous for the GAA triplet repeat expansion compared with normal controls. These data are likely to have important mechanistic and clinical implications.
In vivo three‐dimensional knee kinematics in goats with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection (2020)

Although the goat is an established animal model in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) research, in vivo kinematics associated with ACL deficiency have not been previously described in this species. Three-dimensional knee kinematics were determined before and after unilateral ACL transection in eight goats. Fluoroscopic imaging of the knees during treadmill walking and force-platform gait analysis during over-ground walking were performed prior to ACL transection, and 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after ACL transection. Transient lameness of the ACL-transected limb was noted in all goats but resolved by 3 months post-ACL transection. Increased extension of 8.7° to 17.0° was noted throughout the gait cycle in both the ACL-transected and the contralateral unaffected knees by 3 months post-ACL transection, in a bilaterally symmetric pattern. Peak anterior tibial translation increased by 3 to 6 mm after ACL transection and persisted over the 6-month study period. No changes in axial rotation or abduction angle were observed after ACL transection. Unilateral ACL deficiency in goats resulted in persistent kinematic alterations, despite the resolution of lameness by 3 months post-ACL transection.
Immunoregulation and blocking antibodies induced by interferon beta treatment in MS (2000)

Treatment with IFN beta alters the cytokine profile by enhancing the production of IL-10 and downregulating Th1 cytokines, which may contribute to clinical benefit in MS. The treatment also induces blocking antibodies that impair the immunoregulatory properties of IFN beta in some individuals.
Evaporitic Subtidal Stromatolites Produced by in situ Precipitation: Textures, Facies Associations, and Temporal Significance (2000)

ABSTRACT The transition between carbonate platforms or isolated carbonate buildups and overlying evaporites commonly is marked by assemblages of stromatolites and interlaminated carbonates and evaporites. Stromatolites display lamination textures that vary from peloidal and discontinuous on a scale of a millimeter to a few centimeters, to isopachous and continuously laminated on a scale of a centimeter to a few meters. The isopachous lamination texture may be composed of either: (1) micritic or radial-fibrous calcite, or (2) dolomite. Isopachous stromatolitic laminae are remarkably uniform, varying little in thickness over a given lateral distance, in contrast to stromatolites formed of peloidal laminae, which show marked variation in thickness over an equivalent lateral distance. These isopachous textures are uncommon on most open-marine carbonate platforms and apparently developed in transitional carbonate-to-evaporite settings because of increasing temperature, salinity, and anoxia related to water stratification, which would have created ecologic restriction and an opportunity for stromatolite growth. Stromatolites with isopachous lamination are here interpreted to have formed as a result of in situ precipitation of sea-floor-encrusting calcite and possibly dolomite, whereas the stromatolites composed of peloidal, discontinuous lamination are inferred to have formed by trapping and binding of loose carbonate sediment in microbial mats. While the presence of microbes in almost all near-surface environments nullifies use of the term abiotic to describe most precipitated minerals, we interpret growth of the isopachous stromatolites to have been dominated by chemogenic precipitation in the absence of microbial mats, and the growth of peloidal stromatolites to have been controlled by sedimentation in the presence of microbial mats. These transitional stromatolite facies are best developed atop Proterozoic and Paleozoic carbonate platforms that underlie major evaporite successions. However, inspection of Jurassic and younger evaporite basins, such as the Messinian of the Mediterranean region, shows that stromatolites with thin, isopachous lamination and radial-fibrous textures, though present, are rare. Instead, these facies may have been replaced by stromatolites with peloidal, clastic textures and by low-diversity diatomaceous and coccolith mudstones. Accumulation of the mudstones would have imposed two important effects: (1) Production of coccoliths would have helped extract calcium carbonate from seawater, thus lowering the growth potential for precipitation of sea-floor-encrusting stromatolites. (2) Settling of both coccoliths and diatoms would have created a sediment flux to the sea floor, which would have served to impede growth of precipitated stromatolites because of smothering of growing crystals.
MODL-09. MODELLING MIGRATION OF GLIOBLASTOMA PATIENT-DERIVED CELLS USING HUMAN IPSC-DERIVED NEURAL SPHEROID AND HIGH CONTENT IMAGING (2022)

Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumour in adults. Despite current advances, the existing standard of treatment is ineffective, and the survival prognosis remains 18 months on average from diagnosis. Migrating tumour cells have been implicated in the therapeutic resistance of GBM. They spread by interacting with structures such as white matter tracts and inevitably cause recurrence of the tumour. Valuable cell models able to capture the invasiveness of GBM are critically needed to develop innovative therapies targeting migrating GBM cells. We established an in vitro model mimicking the GBM microenvironment by co-culturing patient-derived GBM cells and human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neural spheroids with radiating axons. Using high content imaging, we developed a robust workflow to quantify the GBM cells' infiltration of the neural spheroid in endpoint assays. Images were acquired on the Operetta CLS and analysed using Harmony Imaging and Analysis Software. We also performed live imaging assays using the Phasefocus Livecyte, in which we studied the directionality, displacement and speed of the GBM cells engaged on axons. Our data indicate that GBM cells change morphology when cultured on axons and that they migrated towards the neural spheroid once engaged on axons. We showed that patient derived-cell lines representing different subtypes vary in migratory properties as well as in levels of infiltration capability. Finally, we used this model to test antagonists inhibiting pathways involved in the migration of GBM cells. To summarise, we developed a novel model able to mimic the GBM migration on axons and able to screen for compounds affecting cell migration which could potentially offer innovative precision-medicine therapies.
Video Compression through Image Interpolation (2018)

An ever increasing amount of our digital communication, media consumption, and content creation revolves around videos. We share, watch, and archive many aspects of our lives through them, all of which are powered by strong video compression. Traditional video compression is laboriously hand designed and hand optimized. This paper presents an alternative in an end-to-end deep learning codec. Our codec builds on one simple idea: Video compression is repeated image interpolation. It thus benefits from recent advances in deep image interpolation and generation. Our deep video codec outperforms today's prevailing codecs, such as H.261, MPEG-4 Part 2, and performs on par with H.264.