gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessing the ligand properties of 1,3-dimesitylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene in ruthenium-catalyzed olefin metathesis (2012)

The deprotonation of 1,3-dimesitylbenzimidazolium tetrafluoroborate with a strong base afforded 1,3-dimesitylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene (BMes), which was further reacted in situ with rhodium or ruthenium complexes to afford three new organometallic products. The compounds [RhCl(COD)(BMes)] (COD is 1,5-cyclooctadiene) and cis-[RhCl(CO)2(BMes)] were used to probe the steric and electronic parameters of BMes. Comparison of the percentage of buried volume (%V(Bur)) and of the Tolman electronic parameter (TEP) of BMes with those determined previously for 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMes) and 1,3-dimesitylimidazolin-2-ylidene (SIMes) revealed that the three N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) had very similar profiles. Nonetheless, changes in the hydrocarbon backbone subtly affected the stereoelectronic properties of these ligands. Accordingly, the corresponding [RuCl2(PCy3)(NHC)(=CHPh)] complexes displayed different catalytic behaviors in the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) of α,ω-dienes. In the benchmark cyclization of diethyl 2,2-diallylmalonate, the new [RuCl2(PCy3)(BMes)(=CHPh)] compound (1d) performed slightly better than the Grubbs second-generation catalyst (1a), which was in turn significantly more active than the related [RuCl2(PCy3)(IMes)(=CHPh)] initiator (1b). For the formation of a model trisubstituted cycloolefin, complex 1d ranked in-between catalyst precursors 1a and 1b, whereas in the RCM of tetrasubstituted cycloalkenes it lost its catalytic efficiency much more rapidly.
A comprehensive payment model for short- and long-stay psychiatric patients. (1993)

In this article, a payment model is developed for a hospital system with both acute- and chronic-stay psychiatric patients. "Transition pricing" provides a balance between the incentives of an episode-based system and the necessity of per diem long-term payments. Payment is dependent on two new psychiatric resident classification systems for short- and long-term stays. Data on per diem cost of inpatient care, by day of stay, was computed from a sample of 2,968 patients from 100 psychiatric units in 51 Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers. Using a 9-month cohort of all VA psychiatric discharges nationwide (79,337 with non-chronic stays), profits and losses were simulated.
Cerebral blood flow and cardiovascular risk effects on resting brain regional homogeneity (2022)

Regional homogeneity (ReHo) is a measure of local functional brain connectivity that has been reported to be altered in a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Computed from brain resting-state functional MRI time series, ReHo is also sensitive to fluctuations in cerebral blood flow (CBF) that in turn may be influenced by cerebrovascular health. We accessed cerebrovascular health with Framingham cardiovascular risk score (FCVRS). We hypothesize that ReHo signal may be influenced by regional CBF; and that these associations can be summarized as FCVRS→CBF→ReHo. We used three independent samples to test this hypothesis. A test-retest sample of N = 30 healthy volunteers was used for test-retest evaluation of CBF effects on ReHo. Amish Connectome Project (ACP) sample (N = 204, healthy individuals) was used to evaluate association between FCVRS and ReHo and testing if the association diminishes given CBF. The UKBB sample (N = 6,285, healthy participants) was used to replicate the effects of FCVRS on ReHo. We observed strong CBF→ReHo links (p<2.5 × 10<sup>-3</sup>) using a three-point longitudinal sample. In ACP sample, marginal and partial correlations analyses demonstrated that both CBF and FCVRS were significantly correlated with the whole-brain average (p<10<sup>-6</sup>) and regional ReHo values, with the strongest correlations observed in frontal, parietal, and temporal areas. Yet, the association between ReHo and FCVRS became insignificant once the effect of CBF was accounted for. In contrast, CBF→ReHo remained significantly linked after adjusting for FCVRS and demographic covariates (p<10<sup>-6</sup>). Analysis in N = 6,285 replicated the FCVRS→ReHo effect (p = 2.7 × 10<sup>-27</sup>). In summary, ReHo alterations in health and neuropsychiatric illnesses may be partially driven by region-specific variability in CBF, which is, in turn, influenced by cardiovascular factors.
Binary-encounter-dipole model for electron-impact ionization (1994)

A theoretical model, which is free of adjustable or fitted parameters, for calculating electron-impact ionization cross sections for atoms and molecules is presented. This model combines the binary-encounter theory with the dipole interaction of the Bethe theory for fast incident electrons. The ratios of the contributions from distant and close collisions and interference between the direct and exchange terms are determined by using the asymptotic behaviors predicted by the Bethe theory for ionization and for stopping cross sections. Our model prescribes procedures to calculate the singly differential cross section (energy distribution) for each subshell using the binding energy, average kinetic energy, and the differential dipole oscillator strengths for that subshell. Then the singly differential cross section is integrated over the ejected electron energy to obtain the total ionization cross section. The resulting total ionization cross section near the threshold is proportional to the excess energy of the projectile electron. We found that this model yields total ionization cross sections for a variety of atoms and molecules from threshold to several keV which are in good agreement (\ensuremath{\sim}10% or better on average) with known experimental results. The energy distributions also exhibit the expected shapes and magnitudes. We offer a simpler version of the model that can be used when differential oscillator strengths are not known. For the ionization of ions with an open-shell configuration, we found that a minor modification of our theory greatly improves agreement with experiment.
Ceramic Proppant Dust Generation and Collection Methods for Falling Particle Receivers. (2021)

Abstract not provided.
Electric Fields and Interference Effects inside Noncentrosymmetric Multilayer Films at Electrode Surfaces from Electrochemically Modulated Surface Plasmon Resonance Experiments (1997)

The electric field profile inside a self-assembled noncentrosymmetric zirconium phosphonate (ZP) multilayer film at a gold electrode is determined by the in situ optical technique of electrochemically modulated surface plasmon resonance (EM-SPR). In these experiments, changes in the index of refraction (Δn) of a ZP film during potential modulation are measured via the EM-SPR differential reflectivity curves. Modulated SPR experiments on the ZP films incorporated into air-gap capacitors are used to relate Δn to changes in the electric field strength (ΔE) inside the film. The noncentrosymmetric ZP films utilize the nonlinear optical chromophores [5-[4-[[4-[(6-hydroxyhexyl)sulfonyl]phenyl]azo]phenyl]pentoxy]phosphonic acid (HAPA) and [1-[4-[4-[(N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl)amino]phenyl]azo](5-phosphonopentyl)]pyridinium bromide (PY-AZO). For a 6.7 nm ZP HAPA film, a change in electrode potential (Δφm) of 50 mV corresponds to a change in electric field strength (ΔE) of 1.4 × 104 V/cm. EM-SPR experiments on mixed ZP multilayers of HAPA and the centrosymmetric molecule 1,10-decanediylbis(phosphonate) are used to measure the spatial variations of the electric fields within the ultrathin films. Evidence for ion and solvent penetration into the ZP films is observed in the electrochemical environment. Additional studies of interference effects in mixed multilayers of HAPA and PY-AZO are used to verify the retention of directional order during the ZP multilayer deposition process.
Hierarchical Optimal Force–Position Control of Complex Manufacturing Processes (2012)

A hierarchical optimal controller is developed to regulate the cutting force and tool position, simultaneously, in a micro end milling process. The process is divided into two levels of decision making. The bottom level includes the measurable states, which in this work comprise the servomechanism positions. The top level includes the higher order objectives which can be derived from the bottom level objectives by an aggregation relationship. In this work the top level objective is concerned with cutting force regulation. The aggregation relations are linearized to fit into a linear optimal control problem to reduce the computational efforts. Reference velocity is calculated based on the force model, using the desired depth-of-cut and spindle speed. The proposed method is compared to a normal optimal controller without considering the top level objectives. Comparison between the two methods reveals the advantages of considering the top level objectives.
A measure of aliasing energy in multiresolution signal decomposition (1992)

An analysis of band energy distributions in perfect reconstruction (PR) multirate systems is presented, and the effects of aliasing are evaluated. A performance measure called nonaliasing energy ratio (NER) is defined. The merit of the new measure is emphasized with performance comparisons of the popular block transforms and two-band PR-QMF based hierarchical filter banks. It is shown that the new measure complements the widely used energy compaction measure and is consistent with the subjective performance results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Large-Scale Epidemiologic Studies of Cardiovascular Diseases in China: Need for Improved Data Collection, Methods, Transparency, and Documentation (2017)

With the advent of international precision medicine initiatives, it is important to evaluate existing large-scale studies to inform future investigation. This study sought to review, describe, and evaluate all large-scale cardiovascular disease (CVD) studies completed in China. We undertook a review of all large-scale CVD studies completed in China to describe and evaluate their design, implementation, and dissemination in published medical reports. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. There were substantial variations in study design, geographic location, and data collection. Most studies lacked standard study names, did not publish their methods, and provided no publicly available data. Few studies included underdeveloped regions or minority groups. Most published articles contained only descriptions of the average population at risk of CVD, and no study predicted individual CVD risk or identified people at high risk. Future CVD studies in China may need to incorporate stronger systematic data collection methods, increased data transparency, clearer documentation, and standard study names to most gain from China's burgeoning field of CVD research.
Long‐term outcomes in healthy adults after radiofrequency ablation of T 1a renal tumours (2013)

Objective To report the long‐term oncological and renal function outcomes in healthy adults treated with radiofrequency ablation ( RFA ) for small renal masses. Materials and Methods We retrospectively analysed the medical records of otherwise healthy patients (those with A merican S ociety of A nesthesiologists symptom score 1 or 2) with clinical T 1a renal tumours who underwent RFA at our institution between M arch 2001 and J uly 2012. Radiographic follow‐up with contrast imaging was performed at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year and annually thereafter. Local recurrence was defined as any new enhancing lesion (&gt;10 HU ) after the initial negative post‐treatment computed tomography results. The estimated glomerular filtration rates ( eGFRs ) before and after RFA were calculated using the C ockgroft– G ault equation. Results We performed RFA on 58 renal tumours in 52 patients. The mean tumour size was 2.2 cm with a median (interquartile range) follow‐up of 60 (48–90) months. Three (5.1%) of the treated masses had tumour recurrence after initial RFA . The 5‐ and 10‐year recurrence‐free survival rate was 94.2%. There were no recurrences after 3 years. Three (5.1%) patients died during the follow‐up, which gave 5‐ and 10‐year overall survival rates of 95.7% and 91.1%. No patient developed metastatic renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) and none died from RCC . Paired analysis showed that the eGFR values at a median follow‐up of 40 months did not differ significantly from those before RFA . Conclusion With long‐term follow‐up, RFA provides durable oncological and functional outcomes for selected T 1a renal tumours in otherwise healthy patients.
Enhancing steel properties through in situ formation of ultrahard ceramic surface (2016)

Abrasion and corrosion resistant steel has attracted considerable interest for industrial application as a means of minimising the costs associated with product/component failures and/or short replacement cycles. These classes of steels contain alloying elements that increase their resistance to abrasion and corrosion. Their benefits, however, currently come at a potentially prohibitive cost; such high performance steel products are both more technically challenging and more expensive to produce. Although these methods have proven effective in improving the performance of more expensive, high-grade steel components, they are not economically viable for relatively low cost steel products. New options are needed. In this study, a complex industrial waste stream has been transformed in situ via precisely controlled high temperature reactions to produce an ultrahard ceramic surface on steel. This innovative ultrahard ceramic surface increases both the hardness and compressive strength of the steel. Furthermore, by modifying the composition of the waste input and the processing parameters, the ceramic surface can be effectively customised to match the intended application of the steel. This economical new approach marries industry demands for more cost-effective, durable steel products with global imperatives to address resource depletion and environmental degradation through the recovery of resources from waste.
Parenteral irons versus transfused red blood cells for treatment of anemia during canine experimental bacterial pneumonia (2017)

During canine experimental bacterial pneumonia, treatment of mild anemia with IV iron significantly increased free iron levels, shock, lung injury, and mortality compared to transfusion of fresh RBCs. This was true for iron preparations that do or do not blunt circulating free iron level elevations. These findings suggest that treatment of anemia with IV iron during infection should be undertaken with caution.
Shielded Microstrip Array for 7T Human MR Imaging (2009)

The high-frequency transceiver array based on the microstrip transmission line design is a promising technique for ultrahigh field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal excitation and reception. However, with the increase of radio-frequency (RF) channels, the size of the ground plane in each microstrip coil element is usually not sufficient to provide a perfect ground. Consequently, the transceiver array may suffer from cable resonance, lower Q-factors, and imaging quality degradations. In this paper, we present an approach to improving the performance of microstrip transceiver arrays by introducing RF shielding outside the microstrip array and the feeding coaxial cables. This improvement reduced interactions among cables, increased resonance stability, and Q-factors, and thus improved imaging quality. An experimental method was also introduced and utilized for quantitative measurement and evaluation of RF coil resonance stability or "cable resonance" behavior.
Ground solar absorption observations of total column CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , and aerosol optical depth from California's Sequoia Lightning Complex Fire: emission factors and modified combustion efficiency at regional scales (2023)

Abstract. With global wildfires becoming more widespread and severe, tracking their emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants is becoming increasingly important. Wildfire emissions have primarily been characterized by in situ laboratory and field observations at fine scales. While this approach captures the mechanisms relating emissions to combustion phase and fuel properties, their evaluation on regional-scale plumes has been limited. In this study, we report remote observations of total column trace gases and aerosols during the 2020 wildfire season from smoke plumes in the Sierra Nevada of California with an EM27/SUN solar Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. We derive total column aerosol optical depth (AOD), emission factors (EFs) and modified combustion efficiency (MCE) for these fires and evaluate relationships between them, based on combustion phase at regional scales. We demonstrate that the EM27/SUN effectively detects changes in CO, CO2, and CH4 in the atmospheric column at ∼10 km horizontal scales that are attributed to wildfire emissions. These observations are used to derive total column EFCO of 120.5±12.2 and EFCH4 of 4.3±0.8 for a regional smoke plume event in mixed combustion phases. These values are consistent with in situ relationships measured in similar temperate coniferous forest wildfires. FTIR-derived AOD was compared to a nearby AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) station and observed ratios of XCO to AOD were consistent with those previously observed from satellites. We also show that co-located XCO observations from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite-based instrument are 9.7±1.3 % higher than our EM27/SUN observations during the wildfire period. Finally, we put wildfire CH4 emissions in context of the California state CH4 budget and estimate that 213.7±49.8 Gg CH4 were emitted by large wildfires in California during 2020, about 13.7 % of the total state CH4 emissions in 2020. Our work demonstrates a novel application of the ground-based EM27/SUN solar spectrometers in wildfire monitoring by integrating regional-scale measurements of trace gases and aerosols from smoke plumes.
On deriving the electrocardiogram from vectoradiographic leads. (1980)

The issue of whether a traditional or scientifically based system for applying electrodes to the body for routine electrocardiography may be resolved by deriving the 12-lead ECG from the Frank XYZ signals. The result, the ECGD, is sufficiently close to the ECG for serial comparisons to be valid. Reducing data acquisition to the XYZ signals alone has several technical advantages. These have been realized with the introduction of a computer system employing the ECGD at a large general hospital. Plotting the lead vectors of the ECGD on Aitoff's projection of the sphere brings out important relationships between the leads, one to another, and to the spatial directions of the QRS and T vectors. Reversing the polarity of a VR enhances the sequential relationship between the limb leads; this is taken advantage of in an educational display generated by the computer.
Increased risk of type 2 diabetes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A nationwide cohort study in Taiwan (2022)

Data on the risk of developing diabetes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are limited and have yielded mixed results. We conducted a nationwide cohort study to investigate the risk of subsequent type 2 diabetes in patients with SLE compared with matched non-SLE controls. Data were collected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Adult patients newly diagnosed with SLE between 2003 to 2010 were identified as the study cohort. The non-SLE group was matched for age, gender, and date of initial diagnosis as the comparison cohort. A total of 6159 SLE patients (87.90% female, mean age 38.79 years) were identified during this period. Of these, 206 (3.34%) developed type 2 diabetes. The 3-year incidence of type 2 diabetes was significantly higher in the SLE cohort than in the control group (130.26 vs 101.18 cases per 10,000 person-years), with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.44), after adjusting for age, gender, underlying comorbidities, and monthly income. Stratified analyses showed that women with SLE and low-income SLE patients (monthly income < 20,000 New Taiwan Dollar) had a higher risk of type 2 diabetes than non-SLE controls, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.21 (95% CI 1.01-1.45) and 1.36 (95% CI 1.10-1.69), respectively. Patients with newly diagnosed SLE had a 22% increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes during the 3-year follow-up period compared with matched controls.
The influence of proton pump inhibitors and other commonly used medication on the gut microbiota (2017)

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), used to treat gastro-esophageal reflux and prevent gastric ulcers, are among the most widely used drugs in the world. The use of PPIs is associated with an increased risk of enteric infections. Since the gut microbiota can, depending on composition, increase or decrease the risk of enteric infections, we investigated the effect of PPI-use on the gut microbiota. We discovered profound differences in the gut microbiota of PPI users: 20% of their bacterial taxa were statistically significantly altered compared with those of non-users. Moreover, we found that it is not only PPIs, but also antibiotics, antidepressants, statins and other commonly used medication were associated with distinct gut microbiota signatures. As a consequence, commonly used medications could affect how the gut microbiota resist enteric infections, promote or ameliorate gut inflammation, or change the host's metabolism. More studies are clearly needed to understand the role of commonly used medication in altering the gut microbiota as well as the subsequent health consequences.
Significance of Paper Properties on Print Quality in CIJ Printing (1998)

In this paper, we discuss the relationship between a high-speed continuous ink jet system and the printing substrate. Dense surfaces, with different kinds of topographies, were used to evaluate the importance of the droplet impact and spreading without capillary penetration. Commercial papers were also used to evaluate the potential of the existing grades and to find the key performance parameters.A laboratory-scale testing environment was used for the high-speed imaging of ink jet drops. The impact, spreading, absorption and drying of the ink droplets on the samples can be observed and analysed in this testing environment on the time scale of microseconds up to several minutes. The image technical performance of the samples was measured with an image analysis system which was specially designed for the analysis of print quality with non-impact printing techniques.
Targeting CD44-STAT3 Signaling by Gemini Vitamin D Analog Leads to Inhibition of Invasion in Basal-Like Breast Cancer (2013)

The present study identifies STAT3 as an important signaling molecule interacting with CD44 and demonstrates the essential role of CD44-STAT3 signaling in breast cancer invasion. It also suggests that repression of CD44-STAT3 signaling is a key molecular mechanism in the inhibition of breast cancer invasion by the Gemini vitamin D analog BXL0124.
Digital Pulley Reconstruction Using Pulley Allografts (2019)

Pulley reconstruction with allograft is an efficient, technically feasible, reconstructive technique that adheres to the principle of replacing like with like, while eliminating donor site morbidity. Overall operative and tourniquet times were significantly shorter using allograft pulleys for pulley reconstruction.
Clinical Evaluation of Recombinant Human Platelet-Derived Growth Factor for the Treatment of Lower Extremity Ulcers (2006)

PDGF applied once daily was effective in healing chronic diabetic neurotrophic foot ulcers when used in conjunction with good wound care.