gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the mercuration, palladation, transmetalation and direct auration of a C^N^C pincer ligand (2023)

The C^N^C pincer ligand shown may be aurated via a well-characterised dimercury( ii ) complex, a dinuclear palladium( ii ) complex or directly using a rhodium( iii ) catalyst.
Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Flowers of Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Bess. Growing Wild in Western Himalaya, India (2019)

The flowers of Artemisia dubia wall ex Bess., on hydrodistillation provided a refreshing violet-blue viscous essential oil with sweet woody odour. The oil was found to be a complex mixture of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and their esters. A total of 67 chemical constituents comprising 79.43 % of the oil were characterized with the help of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Major chemical constituents of the oil were characterized as nerylisovalerate (9.79 %), 1,8-cineole (8.32 %), neryl-2-methyl-butanoate (7.32 %), chamazulene (5.92 %), linalool (4.15 %), camphor (4.10 %), germacrene D (4.04 %), nerol (3.37 %), linalyl propionate (3.32 %). The investigations performed on the flower essential oil of A. dubia allowed the distinction of this plant growing in the temperate Kashmir region of western Himalayas from the same plant with different varieties growing in different parts of the world. The essential oil was evaluated for its antifungal activity against Candida species and was found to be active against the tested strains with more sensitivity against C. paropsilosis and C. krusei strains. The antioxidant activity evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay evidenced that the essential oil has moderate antioxidant activity. The antiproliferative ability of the oil was evaluated by MTT assay against the two cell lines A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells) and HCT-116 (human colon cancer cells). The essential oil effectively inhibits the growth of A549 and HCT-116 cancer cells at 62.5 and 31.25 μg/mL concentration, respectively.
Firm Photovoltaic Generation through Battery Storage, Overbuilding, and Proactive Curtailment (2022)

With the prevailing recognition and implementation of carbon-neutral policies, the proportion of solar photovoltaic (PV) in the energy mix continues to rise. To mitigate the negative impact of variable PV power injection into the power grid, firm solar power generation strategies receive more and more attention. This paper elaborates on a counter-intuitive but effective solution to reduce the firm-generation cost of PV, namely, battery storage, overbuilding, and proactive curtailment. A simulation case study considers a 1-MW PV plant in the cold climate of Harbin, China, whose annual generation equals the annual energy demand of a 0.17 MW constant load. Results show that a 3x-oversized PV plant paired with battery storage and proactive curtailment can reduce its firm-generation cost by 79.67% as compared to a PV plant with no overbuilding but with proactive curtailment and larger battery storage. In a future power grid dominated by variable renewable energy, battery storage, overbuilding, and proactive curtailment are profoundly rewarding.
[On the biological action of transition metal complexes. 1. The antiviral activity of palladium aminopyridin-complexes (author's transl)]. (1981)

Some aminopyridine complexes of palladium and PdCl2 showed an antiviral in vitro activity against enveloped DNA and RNA viruses such as vaccinia virus, pseudorabies virus, NDV and FPV. In contrast, naked RNA virus as mengovirus was not affected. The compounds were compatible for chicken embryo as well as FL cells in concentrations of 100-250 microM. The therapeutical index calculated from the maximally tolerated dose and the concentration causing a 50 per cent plaque reduction was determined with more than 45 for vaccinia virus, for example.
Nanometer-scale modification and characterization of lead-telluride surface by scanning tunneling microscope at 4.2 K (1996)

Nanometer scale features on the semiconductor p-PbTe single crystal surface were created and studied at 4.2 K by means of a scanning tunneling microscope. Local tunneling spectra were obtained simultaneously with the surface topographic image. The local tunneling density of states and the magnetotransport data reveal the amorphous state of the modified regions on the surface.
A module structure real‐time operating system for microcomputers (1987)

Abstract With the advent of large‐scale and complicated microcomputer application systems, the role of OS is becoming more important. An OS which can cope with various application requirements is strongly desired. This paper aims at the construction of OS which can be made optimum for various real‐time applications. A construction of real‐time modular structure OS using the microcomputer 68000 is proposed. The message‐passing and procedure‐call schemes are combined to connect the modules. A two‐layered hierarchy module structure is proposed, suppressing the increase of the overhead due to modular implementation, and also providing the flexibility for replacing modules. By this scheme, operating systems with capacity from 10 KB to 150 KB can be constructed, covering a wide range of applications from a small‐scale system with hardware built‐in structure to the relatively large‐scale system requiring programming functions, by simply modifying the combination of modules. To utilize commercial softwares or general‐purpose OS in the real‐time environment, a scheme is proposed in which the general‐purpose OS is executed as the secondary OS with the real‐time kernel. As a result of evaluation, when a general‐purpose OS, CP/M‐68K, is executed as the secondary OS, the processing time is increased by 12.7% compared with CP/M‐68K directly implemented on the 68000.
Frequency and Mechanisms of Spontaneous Fosfomycin Nonsusceptibility Observed upon Disk Diffusion Testing of Escherichia coli (2017)

Fosfomycin maintains activity against most <i>Escherichia coli</i> clinical isolates, but the growth of <i>E. coli</i> colonies within the zone of inhibition around the fosfomycin disk is occasionally observed upon susceptibility testing. We aimed to estimate the frequency of such nonsusceptible inner colony mutants and identify the underlying resistance mechanisms. Disk diffusion testing of fosfomycin was performed on 649 multidrug-resistant <i>E. coli</i> clinical isolates collected between 2011 and 2015. For those producing inner colonies inside the susceptible range, the parental strains and their representative inner colony mutants were subjected to MIC testing, whole-genome sequencing, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), and carbohydrate utilization studies. Of the 649 <i>E. coli</i> clinical isolates, 5 (0.8%) consistently produced nonsusceptible inner colonies. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the deletion of <i>uhpT</i> encoding hexose-6-phosphate antiporter in 4 of the <i>E. coli</i> inner colony mutants, while the remaining mutant contained a nonsense mutation in <i>uhpA</i> The expression of <i>uhpT</i> was absent in the mutant strains with <i>uhpT</i> deletion and was not inducible in the strain with the <i>uhpA</i> mutation, unlike in its parental strain. All 5 inner colony mutants had reduced growth on minimal medium supplemented with glucose-6-phosphate. In conclusion, fosfomycin-nonsusceptible inner colony mutants can occur due to the loss of function or induction of UhpT but are rare among multidrug-resistant <i>E. coli</i> clinical strains. Considering that these mutants carry high biological costs, we suggest that fosfomycin susceptibility of strains that generate inner colony mutants can be interpreted on the basis of the zone of inhibition without accounting for the inner colonies.
Pharmacological Doses of Testosterone Increase Brain Injury after Cardiac Arrest/Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CA/CPR) in Middle-aged Male Mice (2004)

s: 32nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Neurosurgical Anesthesia and Critical Care, Las Vegas, Nevada, October 22, 2004: CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA/MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis in an ex vivo porcine carotid artery model. (2010)

Ultrasound enhances recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) thrombolysis via a cavitational mechanism. An ex vivo porcine carotid arterial model incorporating physiologic flow and pressure was developed and stable cavitation promoted for thrombolysis. Aged, retracted whole blood clots were exposed to plasma alone, plasma containing rt-PA (3.15 μg/ml), or plasma with rt-PA and the Definity ultrasound contrast agent (0.31 μl/ml), with and without 120-kHz continuous wave ultrasound at a peak-to-peak pressure amplitude of 0.44 MPa. An insonation scheme was formulated to promote and maximize stable cavitation activity by incorporating ultrasound quiescent periods that allowed for the inflow of Definity-rich plasma. Cavitation was measured with a passive acoustic detector throughout thrombolytic treatment. Thrombolytic efficacy was measured by comparing clot mass before and after treatment. Average mass loss for clots exposed to rt-PA and Definity without ultrasound was 34%, and with ultrasound was 83%, which constituted a significant difference (n = 6, p&amp;lt;0.0001). Without Definity there was no thrombolytic enhancement by ultrasound exposure alone at this pressure amplitude (n = 6, p&amp;lt;0.0001). Acoustic stable cavitation nucleated by an infusion of Definity enhances rt-PA thrombolysis without apparent treatment-related damage in this ex vivo porcine carotid artery model. [Work supported by Grant Nos. NIH R01-NS047603 and NIH T32GM063483, the University of Cincinnati Neuroscience Institute, the Albert J. Ryan Foundation Fellowship, and the Rindsberg Memorial Fellowship.]
GaN-on-Si technology, a new approach for advanced devices in energy and communications (2010)

The Si substrate of GaN-on-Si wafers offers new opportunities to increase the functionality and performance of nitride-based devices. This paper will review three examples of these new devices/systems. First, GaN-on-Si substrates allow the on-chip heterogeneous integration of GaN and Si electronics. Second, the easy removal of the Si substrate through dry or wet etching gives access to the N-face of the GaN layer, and all the new device structures that this orientation enables. Finally, the use of Si substrates for the growth of GaN high voltage switches makes the cost of these devices competitive with Si devices, and the total or partial etch of Si brings a new degree of freedom to increase the breakdown and performance of GaN transistors.
CG-FFT algorithm for three-dimensional inhomogeneous and biaxial metamaterials (2009)

Abstract We propose an accurate numerical method to compute the electromagnetic scattering from three-dimensional (3D) arbitrarily shaped objects composed of inhomogeneous and biaxial metamaterials, whose permittivity and permeability are both anisotropic. The basic theory for the numerical method is to set up the linear equations by the method of moments (MOM) with pulse basis functions and point matching. The resulting matrix equation is solved by the conjugate gradient (CG) method combined with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to reduce the storage requirements and CPU time of the computer. The accuracy of the proposed CG-FFT method has been validated. We have applied the method to investigate scattering by penetrable particles with inhomogeneous and anisotropic permittivity and permeability, which will be important and helpful to analyse the scattering characteristics of metamaterials. Finally, a large 3D gradient-index lens has been investigated by using the proposed method, and the numerical result has a good match to the theoretical prediction. Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 60871016 and 60671015, in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Grant No. BK2008031, in part by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China under Grant No. 2004CB719802, and in part by the 111 Project under Grant No. 111-2-05.
Coping with TINA (2014)

From its origins as a revolutionary political movement in continental Europe, social democracy has gradually become a force integrated within the capitalist order. It will be tempting to assess the extent to which the 2008 crisis has forced the Labour Party to rethink its more recent pro-market philosophy and policies. In order to achieve this, this chapter attempts to understand the impact of the new major 'crisis of capitalism' on the British economy, the third one since the beginning of the twentieth century. It then examines how the Gordon Brown government tackled the crisis from 2008 onward. Finally, the chapter discusses the extent to which Ed Miliband, the New Labour leader, is committed to breaking away from 'There is no alternative' (TINA). In terms of policy objectives, an element of the old Labour 'ethos', which Tony Blair and Gordon Brown accepted, was endured.
Calcination temperature effect on dielectric, structural and morphology properties of BaTiO 3 nano-structure prepared by modified sol—gel technique (2020)

Abstract The motivation of this work was to improve the dielectric properties of nano-structure BaTiO 3 prepared in powder form, using a modified sol-gel method and calcinated in the air at different calcination temperatures between 350 and 1050 °C. For that, we choose to measure the dielectric properties over the high frequency range (10 6 –10 8 Hz) at room temperature (RT), which makes it the candidate for high-frequency ultrasonic and energy storage applications. The dielectric properties give remarkable results obtained maybe for the first time for this compound at the mentioned frequency range. Both the dielectric permittivity and AC conductivity were found to increase with the calcination temperature due to an increase in the crystallite size. Particularly, it has been reported that sample calcinated at 1050 °C shows high permittivity values. The effect of calcination temperature on the morphology, structure, and dielectric properties of the prepared BaTiO 3 nano-powdered was investigated. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) confirmed the nano-crystalline form of prepared samples. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) results revealed a pure tetragonal phase between 1000 °C and 1050 °C. However, more than one phase was detected at lower temperatures. Furthermore, Raman spectra showed that the tetragonal peaks at 306 and 715 cm −1 , increase with the increase of the calcination temperature. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the crystallinity improved, accompanied with a gradual disappearance of carbonates by increasing calcination temperature.
The Relationship between Fatigue Crack Propagation Property and Fatigue Life at Elevated Temperatures on P/M Ni-base Superalloy, AF 115. Through Fatigue and Creep Strain Energy Parameters, .DELTA.Wf and .DELTA.Wc. (1999)

Low cycle fatigue properties under pure fatigue and creep/fatigue conditions were evaluated using a powder metallurgy superalloy, AF 115, containing a variety of defect-types and defect-sizes. The relationship between life, defect size, and loading condition were analyzed on the basis of crack growth rules and strain energy parameters. Following results were obtained ; (1) Inclusions, micro porosities and prior particle boundaries were observed at the origin of fatigue specimens. (2) By treating these defects as either cracks or notches, the lower or upper boundary of fatigue life can be obtained from the elastic-plastic strain energy parameter, &lrtri;Wf, and the fatigue crack growth rule. (3) The introduction of a tension hold period to the stress cycle or a decrease in the strain rate in the strain cycle significantly affects the fatigue life. The linear summation rule for partitioned lives, based on the elastic-plastic and creep strain energy parameters, &lrtri;Wf and &lrtri;Wc, and fatigue and creep crack growth rules, is suitable for life estimation under creep/fatigue conditions.
Photocatalyzed Degradation of Agrochemicals in TiO<sub>2</sub> Aqueous Suspensions (1998)

The photocatalyzed degradation of ten agrhemicals(simazinebenthiarbthiramdiazinonfenitrothion isoprothiolanepropyzamidedichlorvQsfenobucarband iprobenfos)has ben investigated in an aqueous suspension of TiO2using a ultra high-pressure mercury lamp(290nm)The degradation is much faster than direct photolysis without TiO2and depen(1s on the structures of the agrhcmicalsAs for iprobenfosthe effects of light intensitywavelengthinitial concentrationpartial pressure of O2in bubbling gasesreaction temperatured pH on the degmdation rate are examined and a kinctic equation is proposed to explain the experimental resultsSeveral intermediates and probable pathways of the(1egradation are also proposed 1 1NTRODUCTION Large quantities of agrochemicals such as pesticides and herbici(les enter the water either directly from dusting or indirectly from the drainage of agricultural landsThe contamination of rivers and groundwater represents a very serious problem because of their toxicitypersistenceand widespread utilizationThe degradation of agrochemicals is pGssible through photocemical and biological processesbut most of these metho(ls require long treatment periods1) Among the several wastewater treatmentsphotocataysis using TiO2is of considerable interest because of its high oxi(1izing ability2 4)mineralization56)and use of solar energy5)Recent work has focused on understanding the basic process occurring during TiO2photocatalysis and how the various parameters affect the photocatalyzed reaction7)For some water contaminants degra(1ation intermediates have been identified and reaction mechanisms have been propose(1812)As for agrochemicalsmore than ten reports are knownhowever 1ittle is known conceming the reaction kinetics intermediatesand pathways of the(legradation For exampledegradation intermediates and pathways have been reporte(l for 245-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid(245-T)1)s-triazine13)pentachlorophenol6)propyzamide14)and DDT5)
Reliability Analysis of Emergency and Standby Power Systems (1997)

Different facilities have varying requirements for reliability of electric power supply. The reliability indices of an actual physical system can be estimated by collecting data on the occurrence of failures and the durations of repair. The Monte Carlo method mimics the failure and repair history of the components and the system by using the probability distributions of the component state durations. Statistics are then collected and indices estimated using statistical inference. There are two basic approaches for Monte Carlo simulation: (1) sequential simulation and (2) random sampling. The sequential simulation proceeds by generating a sequence of events using random numbers and probability distributions of random variables representing component state durations. In random sampling, states are drawn based on the probability distributions of component states and random numbers. Further, there are two methods for representing the passage of time in sequential simulation: (1) the fixed interval method, also called synchronous timing, and (2) the next event or asynchronous timing method. In the fixed interval method, time is advanced in steps of fixed length and the system state is updated. In the next event method, time is advanced to the occurrence of the next event. In actual implementations, it is likely that combinations of the timing controls may be used. The sampling method is generally faster than the sequential technique, but is suitable when component failures and repairs are independent. This article presents the sequential method for reliability analysis.
Aerosol Delivery of siRNA to the Lungs. Part 1: Rationale for Gene Delivery Systems (2015)

This article reviews the pulmonary route of administration, aerosol delivery devices, characterization of pulmonary drug delivery systems, and discusses the rationale for inhaled delivery of siRNA. Diseases with known protein malfunctions may be mitigated through the use of siRNA therapeutics. The inhalation route of administration provides local delivery of siRNA therapeutics for the treatment of various pulmonary diseases, however barriers to pulmonary delivery and intracellular delivery of siRNA exists. siRNA loaded nanocarriers can be used to overcome the barriers associated with the pulmonary route, such as anatomical barriers, mucociliary clearance, and alveolar macrophage clearance. Apart from naked siRNA aerosol delivery, previously studied siRNA carrier systems comprise of lipidic, polymeric, peptide, or inorganic origin. Such siRNA delivery systems formulated as aerosols can be successfully delivered via an inhaler or nebulizer to the pulmonary region. Preclinical animal investigations of inhaled siRNA therapeutics rely on intratracheal and intranasal siRNA and siRNA nanocarrier delivery. Aerosolized siRNA delivery systems may be characterized using in vitro techniques, such as dissolution test, inertial cascade impaction, delivered dose uniformity assay, laser diffraction, and laser Doppler velocimetry. The ex vivo techniques used to characterize pulmonary administered formulations include the isolated perfused lung model. In vivo techniques like gamma scintigraphy, 3D SPECT, PET, MRI, fluorescence imaging and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics analysis may be used for evaluation of aerosolized siRNA delivery systems. The use of inhalable siRNA delivery systems encounters barriers to their delivery, however overcoming the barriers while formulating a safe and effective delivery system will offer unique advances to the field of inhaled medicine.
Calibration of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization cutoff by mathematical models (2015)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) continues to play an important role in clinical investigations. Laboratories may create their own cutoff, a percentage of positive nuclei to determine whether a specimen is positive or negative, to eliminate false positives that are created by signal overlap in most cases. In some cases, it is difficult to determine the cutoff value because of differences in both the area of nuclei and the number of signals. To address these problems, we established two mathematical models using probability theory. To verify these two models, normal disomy cells from healthy individuals were used to simulate cells with different numbers of signals by hybridization with different probes. We used an X/Y probe to obtain the average distance between two signals and the probability of signal overlap in different nuclei area. Frequencies of all signal patterns were scored and compared with theoretical frequencies, and models were assessed using a goodness of fit test. We used five BCR/ABL1-positive samples, 20 BCR/ABL1-negative samples and two samples with ambiguous results to verify the cutoff calibrated by these two models. The models were in agreement with experimental results. The dynamic cutoff can classify cases in routine analysis correctly, and it can also correct for influences from nuclei area and the number of signals in some ambiguous cases. The probability models can be used to assess the effect of signal overlap and calibrate the cutoff.