gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Reordering Model Using a Source-Side Parse-Tree for Statistical Machine Translation (2009)

This paper presents a reordering model using a source-side parse-tree for phrase-based statistical machine translation. The proposed model is an extension of IST-ITG (imposing source tree on inversion transduction grammar) constraints. In the proposed method, the target-side word order is obtained by rotating nodes of the source-side parse-tree. We modeled the node rotation, monotone or swap, using word alignments based on a training parallel corpus and source-side parse-trees. The model efficiently suppresses erroneous target word orderings, especially global orderings. Furthermore, the proposed method conducts a probabilistic evaluation of target word reorderings. In English-to-Japanese and English-to-Chinese translation experiments, the proposed method resulted in a 0.49-point improvement (29.31 to 29.80) and a 0.33-point improvement (18.60 to 18.93) in word BLEU-4 compared with IST-ITG constraints, respectively. This indicates the validity of the proposed reordering model.
THE USE of PROPYLENE GLYCOL AND/OR LACTIC ACID IN CHILL WATER FOR REDUCING SALMONELLAE ON BROILERS (1990)

A study was conducted to determine the effects of propylene glycol (PG) and lactic acid (LA) alone, or in combination, on levels of salmonellae on broiler carcasses. Chicks were inoculated with salmonellae via the drinking water on days 2, 7, 14, and 21. At 49 days, birds were processed and the carcasses were subjected to chemical treatment in the chill water. Two treatments were effective in completely eliminating salmonellae from the carcass (0.25% LA + 20% PG or 0.50% LA + 20% PG). However, both levels of LA resulted in discoloration of the skin, and all levels of PG that were evaluated (5, 10, or 20%) produced carcasses that exhibited a sickeningly sweet odor. Color and odor problems did not diminish with time.
Avidity sequencing of whole genomes from retinal degeneration pedigrees identifies causal variants (2022)

Abstract Whole genome sequencing has been an effective tool in the discovery of variants that cause rare disease. In this study, we determined the suitability of a novel avidity sequencing approach for rare disease applications. We built a sample to results workflow, combining the novel sequencing technology with standard library preparation kits, analysis workflows, and interpretation tools. We applied the workflow to ten pedigrees with inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) phenotype. Candidate variants of interest identified through whole genome sequencing were further evaluated using segregation analysis. Mutations in known IRD genes were detected in five of the ten cases. Genes with identified high confidence variants associated with retinal degeneration included PEX6, ABCA4, CERKL, MAK , and RDH12 . Pending confirmatory clinical sequencing, we observed a 50% diagnostic yield, consistent with previously reported outcomes of IRD patient analysis. The study confirms that avidity sequencing is effective in detection of causal mutations when used for whole genome sequencing in rare disease applications.
Inhibitory neurons modulate spontaneous signaling in cultured cortical neurons: density-dependent regulation of excitatory neuronal signaling (2010)

Cortical neuronal activity depends on a balance between excitatory and inhibitory influences. Culturing of neurons on multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) has provided insight into the development and maintenance of neuronal networks. Herein, we seeded MEAs with murine embryonic cortical/hippocampal neurons at different densities (<150 or >1000 cells mm(-2)) and monitored resultant spontaneous signaling. Sparsely seeded cultures displayed a large number of bipolar, rapid, high-amplitude individual signals with no apparent temporal regularity. By contrast, densely seeded cultures instead displayed clusters of signals at regular intervals. These patterns were observed even within thinner and thicker areas of the same culture. GABAergic neurons (25% of total neurons in our cultures) mediated the differential signal patterns observed above, since addition of the inhibitory antagonist bicuculline to dense cultures and hippocampal slice cultures induced the signal pattern characteristic of sparse cultures. Sparsely seeded cultures likely lacked sufficient inhibitory neurons to modulate excitatory activity. Differential seeding of MEAs can provide a unique model for analyses of perturbation in the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory function during aging and neuropathological conditions where dysregulation of GABAergic neurons is a significant component.
Multiple nutritional requirements of lactobacilli: genetic lesions affecting amino acid biosynthetic pathways (1981)

Genetic lesions responsible for amino acid requirements in several species of multiple auxotrophic lactobacilli were investigated. Systematic attempts were made to isolate mutants that could grow in the absence of each of the amino acids required by the parental strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, L. helveticus, and L. acidophilus. After treatment with appropriate mutagens, such mutants could be obtained with respect to many but not all required amino acids. Successful isolation of mutants for a given amino acid means that a minor genetic lesion reparable by single-step mutations affects its biosynthesis; a failure to isolate mutants suggests the involvement of more extensive lesions. Analysis of these results as well as the specific requirements exhibited by the parental strains revealed certain regularities; some of the biosynthetic pathways for individual amino acids were virtually unaffected by more extensive lesions in at least species tested, whereas others were affected by more extensive lesions in at least some species. Both the number and the kind of pathways affected by extensive lesions differed appreciably among different species. Furthermore, the growth response of the parental strains to some putative amino acid precursors revealed a clear correlation between the extent of genetic lesions and the occurrence and location of a genetic block(s) for a given pathway. These findings are discussed in relation to the phylogeny, ecology, and evolution of lactic acid bacteria.
Geometrical resonances in the tunneling characteristics of superconducting Al films (1978)

Quasiparticle interference phenomena in thick Al films ($0.6\ensuremath{\le}{d}_{1}\ensuremath{\le}3.1$ \ensuremath{\mu}m) backed by thin Pb (${d}_{2}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.13$ \ensuremath{\mu}m) produce level structure which we employ to determine the dressed Fermi velocity ${v}_{F}^{*}$ and the electronphonon renormalization parameter ${Z}_{0}$ for films with pronounced [111] fiber textures. Although the proximity effect systematically enhances observed energy-gap values as Al-film thicknesses decrease, ${v}_{F}^{*}$ and ${Z}_{0}$ remain constant at (1.30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ m/sec and 1.56. We infer a BCS coherence length of ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}(\mathrm{Al})=1.54\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ \ensuremath{\mu}m and a pairing potential decay length (at $T=0.95$ K) of ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}1}(\mathrm{Al})=1.47\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$ \ensuremath{\mu}m. Values of the Pb energy gap inferred from virtual-state thresholds fall near the bulk average. Over the energy range investigated (0-7 meV), quasiparticles are not damped significantly by Pb phonon emission at the Al-Pb boundary.
Spin-flip excitations, spin waves, and magnetoexcitons in graphene Landau levels at integer filling factors (2010)

We study collective electronic excitations in graphene in the integer quantum-Hall regime, concentrating mainly on excitations with spin reversal such as spin-flip and spin-wave excitations. We show that these excitations are correctly accounted for in the time-dependent Hartree-Fock and strong magnetic field approximations, in contrast to spin-conserving (magnetoexciton) modes which involve a strong Landau-level mixing at nonzero wave vectors. The collective excitations are discussed in view of prominent theorems, such as Kohn's and Larmor's. Whereas the latter remains valid in graphene and yields insight into the understanding of spin-dependent modes, Kohn's theorem does not apply to relativistic electrons in graphene. We finally calculate the exchange correction to the chemical potential in the weak magnetic field limit.
Mutations affecting the quaternary structure of the lac repressor. (1976)

A new class of point mutations in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli is described which results in a lac repressor that is unable to form its normal tetrameric structure. Many of these mutations result in amino acid substitutions in the neighborhood of the tyrosine at residue 269. An amber mutation derived from the codon normally specifying tyrosine 269 has been suppressed with Sul, which inserts serine in response to the amber codon. The resulting altered lac repressor is also unable to form its normal tetrameric structure and can no longer bind to the lac operator. Two missense mutations which map in the part of the gene specifying amino acid residues 210 to 216 also produce repressors unable to form tetramers.
Ruxolitinib for the treatment of steroid refractory pediatric chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (2022)

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) of the skin is a serious cause of long-term morbidity and mortality among patients who receive hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Systemic corticosteroids remain first-line treatment for cutaneous cGVHD; however, there is currently no consensus on second-line therapy for steroid-refractory disease. We herein present a case of a pediatric patient with severe cGVHD of the skin, nonresponsive to corticosteroids, who was successfully treated with a prolonged course of ruxolitinib with minimal side effects.
Optimal Control of Mass Transport Time-Delay Model in an EGR (2020)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper touches on the mass transport phenomenon in the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) of a gasoline engine air path. It presents the control-oriented model and control design of the burned gas ratio (BGR) transport phenomenon, witnessed in the intake path of an internal combustion engine (ICE), due to the redirection of burned gases to the intake path by the low-pressure EGR (LP-EGR). Based on a nonlinear AMESim® model of the engine, the BGR in the intake manifold is modeled as a state-space (SS) output time-delay model, or alternatively as an ODE-PDE coupled system, that take into account the time delay between the moment at which the combusted gases leave the exhaust manifold and that at which they are readmitted in the intake manifold. In addition to their mass transport delay, the BGRs in the intake path are also subject to state and input inequality constraints. The objective of the control problem is to track a reference output profile of the BGR in the intake manifold, taking into account the transport delay and the state (output) and input constraints of the system. In this aim, two indirect optimal control approaches are implemented and compared, the discretize-then-optimize approach and the optimize-then-discretize approach. To account for the state inequality constraints, both methods are equipped with techniques for constrained optimization such as the augmented Lagrangian and the UZAWA methods. The necessary conditions of optimality are formulated, in each of both cases, and the resulting equations are solved numerically using the projected gradient-descent method, which ensures the non-violation of the input inequality constraints. The novelty of the work lies in considering the system’s constraints and the infinite-dimensionality of the mass transport phenomenon governing it. The merits of the time-delay model and the model-based control design are illustrated on the nonlinear® AMESim model on which the mathematical model is based.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Aptamer Arrays (2010)

In less than 40 years, aptamers have consolidated their role in biosensor development. Chemically related to nucleic acid probes, production of aptamers against targets of various sizes and compositions places them as ideal capture elements, alternative to more consolidated molecules such as antibodies. Thanks to their chemical simplicity and production, as well as their unique characteristics, aptamers have been successfully integrated in several innovative approaches. The incorporation of aptamers into the existing microarray technologies has lead to the reporting of various detection strategies, including direct fluorescence detection of fluorescent reporters, fluorescence anisotropy, FRET, SPR imaging, and electrochemical detection.
Note on the sensitive time of a Wilson expansion chamber (1939)

By “sensitive” time of a cloud chamber is meant the length of time for which the supersaturation in the chamber remains sufficient to cause condensation along the tracks of ionizing particles. If the cooling expansion is made rapidly this sensitive time depends on the rate at which the temperature of the gas in the chamber rises after the expansion. This problem of the warming of a gas in a vessel, after an initial cooling, has been previously considered by Rayleigh ( 1 ). To follow the whole history of the warming until the gas reaches the temperature of the vessel requires an elaborate mathematical treatment which can only be carried out for specially shaped vessels. Rayleigh considers two special cases, viz. a gas contained between two parallel infinite planes, and a gas contained in a spherical vessel. The results obtained by Rayleigh for these cases are, however, not very helpful in dealing with the cloud-chamber problem under consideration. This is so, not so much because specially shaped vessels are assumed, but because the treatment does not lend itself to an evaluation of the rate of warming in the early stages of the process. It is this initial warming that we are concerned with here, since a cloud chamber ceases to be sensitive when the average temperature of the gas has risen by only 5% or less of the cooling produced by the expansion. Rayleigh's result for the average rise in temperature of the gas at any instant is represented by an infinite series which converges very slowly when the rise in temperature is small.
An Acute Form of Transient Paralysis Induced by Highly Virulent Strains of Marek's Disease Virus (1999)

A novel syndrome was observed after inoculation of 3-wk-old chickens with highly virulent Marek's disease virus (MDV) strains. This syndrome was characterized by the acute onset of neurologic signs including flaccid paralysis of neck and limbs 9-10 days postinoculation, typically resulting in death 1-3 days after the onset of clinical signs. Most affected birds died, and spontaneous recovery was rare. Few if any gross tissue changes were found. Histologic brain lesions included acute vasculitis with vasogenic edema and perivascular cuffing. The syndrome was influenced by the virus strain and dose and by chicken strain and B haplotype and was prevented by vaccination with turkey herpesvirus. Chickens up to 18 wk of age were susceptible. On the basis of clinical signs and histopathology, the syndrome was determined to be an acute form of transient paralysis (TP); its more acute nature and virtual lack of spontaneous recovery differentiated this syndrome from classical TP. Affected birds were viremic, and brains were positive for viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction assays, but these tests were also positive in inoculated chickens without clinical signs and may have limited value for diagnosis. Although acute TP should occur only rarely in Marek's disease-vaccinated commercial flocks, this syndrome may be important in laboratory studies, where it could interfere with pathogenesis trials. Finally, acute TP appears to be one component in the pathogenesis of the early mortality syndrome, a previously described immunodepressive disease induced by inoculation of 1-day-old chicks with highly virulent MDV.
Consolidation of Sheathed Pure Iron Powders by Warm Caliber Rolling (2001)

: Metal powders produced by mechanical milling show the specific microstructures and properties. With these merits preserved, the powders should be combined into a large size compact. Saito et al. and Kimura et al. have succeeded in consolidating the iron powders into 1`2.5 mm thick sheets by sheath rolling at a relatively low temperature of 973K. Based upon their success, we have attempted to apply caliber rolling for consolidating the powders into a large bar ("U11 ~ 1 000 mm). The sheath can was filled with pure iron powders, sealed in vacuum, and then rolled. When the rolling temperature was 973K, rolling reduction of more than 80 % was enough to make sound compacts of > 10 mm diameter with fine microstructure and relative density larger than 99.6 %. When the rolling reduction was 90 %, the consolidation
<title>Using semantic treemaps to categorize and visualize bookmark files</title> (2002)

As more and more information is available on the Internet, search engines and bookmark tools become very popular. However, most search tools are based on character-level matching without any semantic analysis, and users have to manually organize their bookmarks or favorite collections without any convenient tool to help them identify the subjects of the Web pages. In this paper, we introduce an interactive tool that automatically analyzes, categorizes, and visualizes the semantic relationships of web pages in personal bookmark or favorites collections based on their semantic similarity. Sophisticated data analysis methods are applied to retrieve and analyze the full text of the Web pages. The Web pages are clustered hierarchically based on their semantic similarities. A utility measure is recursively applied to determine the best partitions that are visualized by what we call the Semantic Treemap. Various interaction methods such as scrolling, zooming, expanding, selecting, searching, filtering etc. are provided to facilitate viewing and querying for information. Furthermore, the hierarchical organization as well as the semantic similarities among Web pages can be exported and visualized in a collaborative 3D environment, allowing a group of people to compare and share each other's bookmarks.
A Comprehensive Survey of the Tactile Internet: State-of-the-Art and Research Directions (2020)

The Internet has made several giant leaps over the years, from a fixed to a mobile Internet, then to the Internet of Things, and now to a Tactile Internet. The Tactile Internet goes far beyond data, audio and video delivery over fixed and mobile networks, and even beyond allowing communication and collaboration among things. It is expected to enable haptic communications and allow skill set delivery over networks. Some examples of potential applications are tele-surgery, vehicle fleets, augmented reality and industrial process automation. Several papers already cover many of the Tactile Internet-related concepts and technologies, such as haptic codecs, applications, and supporting technologies. However, none of them offers a comprehensive survey of the Tactile Internet, including its architectures and algorithms. Furthermore, none of them provides a systematic and critical review of the existing solutions. To address these lacunae, we provide a comprehensive survey of the architectures and algorithms proposed to date for the Tactile Internet. In addition, we critically review them using a well-defined set of requirements and discuss some of the lessons learned as well as the most promising research directions.
Cervical Spine Clearance in Trauma Patients with an Unreliable Physical Examination (2019)

Time to collar removal was significantly greater in a trauma center utilizing a cervical spine clearance protocol based on CTCS. As patients may develop complications related to the collar, future studies should clarify how early removal can be implemented without increasing the risk of morbidity.
Oxidative and Nitrosative Modifications of Biliverdin Reductase-A in the Brain of Subjects with Alzheimer's Disease and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (2011)

Biliverdin reductase-A (BVR-A) is a pleiotropic enzyme and plays pivotal role in the antioxidant defense against free radicals as well as in cell homeostasis. Together with heme oxygenase, BVR-A forms a powerful system involved in the cell stress response during neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas due to the serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity the enzyme regulates glucose metabolism and cell proliferation. In this paper, we report results that demonstrate BVR-A undergoes post-translational oxidative and nitrosative modifications in the hippocampus, but not cerebellum, of subjects with AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). A significant increase of nitrated BVR-A was demonstrated only in AD and MCI hippocampi, whereas no significant modifications were found in cerebellar tissue. In addition, a significant reduction in protein carbonyl-derivatives of BVR-A was found in both AD and MCI hippocampi (15% and 18%, respectively). Biliverdin reductase-bound 4-hydroxynonenals were not modified in hippocampi and cerebella from AD and MCI subjects. These results supported the hypothesis of a prevalence of nitrosative stress-induced modifications on BVR-A structure, and this evidence was confirmed by a significant upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in hippocampal tissue of subjects with AD and MCI that was not present in cerebellum. In conclusion, nitrosative stress-induced modifications on hippocampal BVR-A are an early event in the pathogenesis of AD since they appear also in MCI subjects and could contribute to the antioxidant and metabolic derangement characteristic of these neurodegenerative disorders.
Sensitivity of Calculations of <sup>252</sup>Cf-Source-Driven Noise Analysis Measurements to Cross-Sections for Aqueous Fissile Plutonium Solutions (2023)

Previous experiments have shown large changes in noise-measured parameters for small changes in the measured configuration of fissile material. The sensitivity was investigated by the Monte Carlo code KENO-NR. This code calculates the noise data from the &lt;sup&gt;252&lt;/sup&gt;Cf-source-driven neutron noise measurement. These calculations have shown that noise-measured quantities are more sensitive to cross sections than the neutron multiplication factor by a factor of as much as ~50 for this fissile plutonium solution. This increased sensitivity means that for verifying calculational methods, a subcritical experiment at a &lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt; ~ 0.9 by the &lt;sup&gt;252&lt;/sup&gt;Cf-source-driven noise analysis method is more useful than experiments at &lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt; = 1.
Small Satellite Constellations for EHF Polar Coverage (2025)

Because atmospheric attenuation is greater for EHF frequencies than lower frequencies, it is necessary to design EHF satellite constellations so that the minimum elevation angles of the ground station antennas are larger than for satellite communication links using lower frequencies. The need for larger elevation angles reduces the coverage provided by geosynchronous equatorial satellites. This paper examines how the size of the polar regions not receiving adequate EHF coverage varies with the number of equally spaced equatorial satellites. The suitabilities of 24 hour Tundra, 12 hour Molniya, and six hour circular orbits for providing the missing coverage are then examined. The geographical location requirements for ground stations which link these satellites into global communication networks are analyzed. Three standard small satellite launch vehicles (SSLVs) can launch either three 12 hour Molniya satellites or six circular orbit satellites. While three Molniya satellites complete coverage of the northern hemisphere, six circular orbit satellites complete coverage of the entire globe. Finally, ground station location is shown to be critical for networking Molniya constellations, while circular orbit constellations offer the use of existing defense communication system architecture EHF terminals.