gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxidation of 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulphenamide in the presence of alkenes: formation of aziridines (1979)

Oxidation of 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulphenamide in the presence of electron-rich alkenes yields N-2,4-dinitrophenylthioaziridines which have been converted into the corresponding N–H aziridines by reduction.
Grounded Coplanar Waveguide Feeds Phased-Array Antenna (1993)

Prototype electronically steerable K-band end-fire antenna includes phased array of four printed-circuit linear dipole elements fed by grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW). Distribution-and-phasing network of antenna fed through single entering antenna split equally by three GCPW T junctions onto four GCPW transmission lines.
Producing KDP and DKDP crystals for the NIF laser (1999)

The cost and physics requirements of the NIF have established two important roles for potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals. 1. To extract more laser energy per unit of flashlamp light and laser glass, the NIF has adopted a multipass architecture as shown in Figure 1. Light is injected in the transport spatial filter, first traverses the power amplifiers, and then is directed to main amplifiers, where it makes four passes before being redirected through the power amplifiers towards the target. To enable the multipass of the main amplifiers, a KDP-containing Pockels cell rotates the polarization of the beam to make it either transmit through or reflect off a polarizer held at Brewster's angle within the main laser cavity. If transmitted, the light reflects off a mirror and makes another pass through the cavity. If reflected, it proceeds through the power amplifier to the target. the original seed crystal as the pyramid faces grow. Unfortunately, this pyramidal growth is very slow, and it takes about two years to grow a crystal to NIF size. To provide more programmatic flexibility and reduce costs in the long run, we have developed an alternative technology commonly called rapid growth. Through a combination of higher temperatures and higher supersaturation of the growth solution, a NIF-size boule can be grown in 1 to 2 months from a small ''point'' seed. However, growing boules of adequate size is not sufficient. Care must be taken to prevent inclusions of growth solution and incorporation of atomically substituted 2. Implosions for ICF work far better at shorter wavelengths due to less generation of hot electrons, which preheat the fuel and make it harder to compress. Compromising between optic lifetime and implosion efficiency, both Nova and the NIF operate at a tripled frequency of the 1053-nm fundamental frequency of a neodymium glass laser. This tripling is accomplished by two crystals, one made of KDP and one made of deuterated KDP (DKDP). The first one mixes two 1053-nm photons to make 526-nm light, and the second one combines a residual 1053-nm photon with a 526-nm photon to make 351-nm light.
Performance limits of matching pursuit algorithms (2008)

In this paper, we examine the performance limits of the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) algorithm, which has proven to be effective in solving for sparse solutions to inverse problem arising in overcomplete representations. To identify these limits, we exploit the connection between sparse solution problem and multiple access channel (MAC) in wireless communication domain. The forward selective nature of OMP helps it to be recognized as a successive interference cancellation (SIC) scheme that decodes non-zero entries one at a time in a specific order. We leverage this SIC decoding order and utilize the criterion for successful decoding to develop the information-theoretic performance limitation for OMP, which involves factors such as dictionary dimension, signal-to-noise-ratio, and importantly, the relative behavior of the non-zeros entries. Supported by computer simulations, our proposed criterion is demonstrated to be asymptotically effective in explaining the behavior of OMP.
Artificial Intelligence in Brain Tumour Surgery—An Emerging Paradigm (2021)

Artificial intelligence (AI) platforms have the potential to cause a paradigm shift in brain tumour surgery. Brain tumour surgery augmented with AI can result in safer and more effective treatment. In this review article, we explore the current and future role of AI in patients undergoing brain tumour surgery, including aiding diagnosis, optimising the surgical plan, providing support during the operation, and better predicting the prognosis. Finally, we discuss barriers to the successful clinical implementation, the ethical concerns, and we provide our perspective on how the field could be advanced.
CROW 2 : Internet of Humans-based Platform for Disaster Relief and Emergency Communication. (2017)

International audience
Medical Examination of Sexually Abused Children Andi Taroli (2008)

There is perhaps no greater need for communication and cooperation than in child sexual abuse investigations. No one (except the sex offender) benefits from a clumsy, disjointed process that retraumatizes child victims and creates roadblocks to investigation and successful prosecution.
Physiological observations in Sydenham's chorea. (1981)

Involuntary movements in a patient with Sydenham's chorea were usually characterised by bursts of EMG activity lasting more than 100 ms, occurring asynchronously in antagonist muscles. The "hung-up" knee jerk was a choreic movement induced by the tendon tap. Exaggerated voluntary movements were produced with EMG burst longer than normal.
Many-particle entanglement in two-component Bose-Einstein condensates (2003)

We investigate schemes to dynamically create many-particle entangled states of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate in a very short time proportional to $1/N,$ where N is the number of condensate particles. For small N we compare exact numerical calculations with analytical semiclassical estimates and find very good agreement for $N&gt;~50.$ We also estimate the effect of decoherence on our scheme, study possible scenarios for measuring the entangled states, and investigate experimental imperfections.
First-generation versus second-generation drug-eluting stents in current clinical practice: updated evidence from a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials comprising 31 379 patients (2014)

Second-generation EES and ZES-R offer similar levels of efficacy compared with first-generation SES, but are more effective than PES; however, only second-generation EES significantly reduced the incidence of MI and ST, and therefore should be perceived as the safest DES to date.
Tmem65 is critical for the structure and function of the intercalated discs in mouse hearts (2022)

The intercalated disc (ICD) is a unique membrane structure that is indispensable to normal heart function, yet its structural organization is not completely understood. Previously, we showed that the ICD-bound transmembrane protein 65 (Tmem65) was required for connexin43 (Cx43) localization and function in cultured mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes. Here, we investigate the functional and cellular effects of Tmem65 reductions on the myocardium in a mouse model by injecting CD1 mouse pups (3-7 days after birth) with recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 (rAAV9) harboring Tmem65 shRNA, which reduces Tmem65 expression by 90% in mouse ventricles compared to scrambled shRNA injection. Tmem65 knockdown (KD) results in increased mortality which is accompanied by eccentric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy within 3 weeks of injection and progression to dilated cardiomyopathy with severe cardiac fibrosis by 7 weeks post-injection. Tmem65 KD hearts display depressed hemodynamics as measured echocardiographically as well as slowed conduction in optical recording accompanied by prolonged PR intervals and QRS duration in electrocardiograms. Immunoprecipitation and super-resolution microscopy demonstrate a physical interaction between Tmem65 and sodium channel β subunit (β1) in mouse hearts and this interaction appears to be required for both the establishment of perinexal nanodomain structure and the localization of both voltage-gated sodium channel 1.5 (NaV1.5) and Cx43 to ICDs. Despite the loss of NaV1.5 at ICDs, whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology did not reveal reductions in Na<sup>+</sup> currents but did show reduced Ca<sup>2+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> currents in Tmem65 KD cardiomyocytes in comparison to control cells. We conclude that disrupting Tmem65 function results in impaired ICD structure, abnormal cardiac electrophysiology, and ultimately cardiomyopathy.
Geometrical Non-Linearity of Textile Composites in Large Deformation (2000)

In considering small deformation of solids, it is common to assume linear elasticity. Where large deformation is concerned, material non-linearity – whether hyper elasticity, strain hardening, etc – must be considered. In large deformation of textile composites, overall material non-linearity consists of (a) constituent material non-linearity, and (b) geometrical non-linearity due to strain-deformation relation. This paper firstly proposes a finite element procedure for obtaining the stiffness matrix of a representative volume element. The procedure involved is simple due to an effective decoupling methodology. Secondly, co-ordinate updating of the FE mesh is performed to allow readjustment to the fibre bundle elements in the RVE. This enables the process of fabric realignment to be theoretically mimicked to consider the influence of fibre bundle reorganisation on the overall stiffness of the textile composite – hence geometrical non-linearity.
ESRA19-0563 The role of intermediate and medial femoral cutaneous nerve blocks in anesthesia of the anteromedial knee region (2019)

<h3>Background and aims</h3> Incisional and anteromedial pain is often present after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) despite a saphenous and medial vastus nerve block at midthigh level (distal femoral triangle block, FTB). We aimed to investigate whether a block of the intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve branches (IFCNB) would increase the area of anesthesia and whether this would be further improved by replacing the traditional FTB with a more proximal approach (i.e. proximal FTB) thereby in addition anesthetizing the medial femoral cutaneous nerve. <h3>Methods</h3> Forty healthy volunteers were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind trial. the standard midline incision for TKA was drawn on the skin. Volunteers were randomized (group 1–4) receiving active distal FTB on one side and active proximal FTB on the other combined with active IFCNB on one side (figures 1, 2). Primary outcome was anesthesia of the incision with proximal FTB and IFCNB versus proximal FTB. Secondary outcomes included reduction in muscle strength, and the coverage of the incision line and anteromedial aspect with distal FTB. <h3>Results</h3> Addition of IFCNB to proximal FTB significantly increased complete anesthesia of the incision line. After distal FTB and IFCNB a non-anesthetized area was present anteromedially in 90% of cases (Figure 3). After proximal and distal FTB muscle strength was significantly reduced, however, ambulation was maintained. Addition of IFCNB did not cause further reduction. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Proximal FTB combined with IFCNB had a high success rate of anesthetizing the incision line and anteromedial aspect of the knee. In contrast, distal FTB and IFCNB did not produce relevant anesthesia.
Predicting post-operative right ventricular failure using video-based deep learning (2021)

Despite progressive improvements over the decades, the rich temporally resolved data in an echocardiogram remain underutilized. Human assessments reduce the complex patterns of cardiac wall motion, to a small list of measurements of heart function. All modern echocardiography artificial intelligence (AI) systems are similarly limited by design - automating measurements of the same reductionist metrics rather than utilizing the embedded wealth of data. This underutilization is most evident where clinical decision making is guided by subjective assessments of disease acuity. Predicting the likelihood of developing post-operative right ventricular failure (RV failure) in the setting of mechanical circulatory support is one such example. Here we describe a video AI system trained to predict post-operative RV failure using the full spatiotemporal density of information in pre-operative echocardiography. We achieve an AUC of 0.729, and show that this ML system significantly outperforms a team of human experts at the same task on independent evaluation.
McKernel: A Library for Approximate Kernel Expansions in Log-linear Time (2017)

McKernel introduces a framework to use kernel approximates in the mini-batch setting with Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) as an alternative to Deep Learning. Based on Random Kitchen Sinks [Rahimi and Recht 2007], we provide a C++ library for Large-scale Machine Learning. It contains a CPU optimized implementation of the algorithm in [Le et al. 2013], that allows the computation of approximated kernel expansions in log-linear time. The algorithm requires to compute the product of matrices Walsh Hadamard. A cache friendly Fast Walsh Hadamard that achieves compelling speed and outperforms current state-of-the-art methods has been developed. McKernel establishes the foundation of a new architecture of learning that allows to obtain large-scale non-linear classification combining lightning kernel expansions and a linear classifier. It travails in the mini-batch setting working analogously to Neural Networks. We show the validity of our method through extensive experiments on MNIST and FASHION MNIST [Xiao et al. 2017].
Soft Contact Transplanted Nanocrystal Quantum Dots for Light-Emitting Diodes: Effect of Surface Energy on Device Performance (2015)

To realize the full-color displays using colloidal nanocrystal quantum dot (QD)-based light emitting diodes (QLEDs), the emissive QD layer should be patterned to red (R), green (G), and blue (B) subpixels on a micrometer scale by the solution process. Here, we introduced a soft contact QD-transplanting technique onto the vacuum-deposited small molecules without pressure to pattern the QD layer without any damage to the prior organic layers. We examined the patternability of QDs by studying the surface properties of various organic layers systematically. As a result, we found that the vacuum-deposited 4,4',4″-tri(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA) layer is suitable for QD-transplanting. A uniform and homogeneous QD patterns down to 2 μm could be formed for all the RGB QDs (CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe@ZnS, and Cd1-xZnxS@ZnS, respectively) with this method. Finally, we demonstrated the R, G, and B QLEDs by transplanting each QD onto the soft TCTA layer, exhibiting higher brightness (2497, 14 102, and 265 cd m(-2), respectively) and efficiency (1.83, 8.07, and 0.19 cd A(-1), respectively) than those of the previous QLEDs fabricated by other patterning methods. Because this pressure-free technique is essential for patterning and stacking the QDs onto the soft organic layer, we believe that both fundamental study and the engineering approach presented here are meaningful for the realization of the colloidal QD-based full-color displays and other optoelectronic devices.
Catalytic Activity and Stability of Nickel-Modified Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts for Steam Reforming of Methanol (2014)

Molybdenum carbides were modified by nickel with different doping amounts by using a temperature-programmed reaction (TPRe) process and used for steam reforming of methanol (SRM). XRD analysis results indicated that the β-Mo2C phase was easily formed in Ni-modified carbide samples. The doping amount of Ni had great effect not only on the activity of the molybdenum carbide catalyst, but also on the catalyst stability. For relatively lower Ni doping amounts, i.e., Ni/Mo molar ratio = 0.8/99.2 to 2.4/97.6, the catalysts exhibited almost the same methanol conversion in the reaction temperature range. Meanwhile, when the Ni/Mo molar ratio was over 5/95, the catalytic activity was decreased greatly. Furthermore, Ni–Mo2C with Ni/Mo molar ratios of 1.6/98.4 and 2.4/97.6 showed longer term stability than other samples. Compared with the pure β-Mo2C and other iron group element modified carbide samples, the Ni-modified one showed higher catalytic activity and stability. The fresh and spent catalysts were characterized by XRD, XPS, BET, and TEM and it is found that the resistance to the oxidation of molybdenum carbide and carbon deposition could be enhanced by the loading of Ni with low amounts.
Tuning the Atrazine Binding Sites in an Indium-Based Flexible Metal–Organic Framework (2020)

Constructing flexible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with targeted properties is of high interest given their demonstrated potential as smart materials that undergo structural transformations in response to external stimuli. Herein, we report a flexible and interpenetrated indium-based MOF, <b>NU-50</b>, comprising four-connected [In(CO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>-</sup> nodes and tetracarboxylate pyrene-based ligands assembled in the <b>pts</b> topology. The flexible framework of <b>NU-50</b> exhibits intricate structural transformations upon exposure to external stimuli, namely, guest solvent molecules and elevated temperatures. The high density of pyrene moieties throughout the interpenetrated framework offers numerous sites for the adsorption of highly conjugated guest molecules such as atrazine via π-π interactions. As a result, <b>NU-50</b> efficiently removes atrazine from water, achieving a maximum atrazine uptake capacity of 74 mg of atrazine per gram of <b>NU-50</b>. Molecular simulations reveal that the dynamic behavior of <b>NU-50</b> involves the distortion of metal-ligand bonds, resulting in a narrow pore structure that affords effective adsorption of atrazine molecules in a sandwich-like geometry. Moreover, washing in acetone quickly regenerates the sorbent.
Fluorescence Imaging Technology for High-Power Laser Beam Profiling (2021)

Fluorescence imaging technology combined with a &gt;2MW/cm 2 damage threshold, fluorescent plate and a CMOS camera was developed for real-time 2D beam profiling of high-power lasers without any attenuators and any image reconstructions.
The Diels–Alder adduct of C60 and 4,5‐dimethoxy‐o‐quinodimethane—synthesis, crystal structure, and donor–acceptor behavior (1993)

Covalent linking of C 60 to electron donors is expected to create attractive substrates for the study of electron or energy transfer. The successful synthesis of a 4,5‐dimethoxy‐ o ‐quinodimethane‐C 60 adduct is described. The unique crystal structure has been determined and the bandgap measured by ESCA. One of the most interesting features of the crystal structure of the mono‐adduct is the close contact of one of the methoxy groups to a neighboring C 60 , leading to the formation of a chain of interacting fullerene cages.
Crystal structures of three substituted 3-aryl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-1,3-benzothiazin-4-ones (2016)

Three ring-substituted 3-aryl analogs of 2-phenyl-2,3-di-hydro-4H-1,3-benzo-thia-zin-4-one, namely 3-(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-2-phenyl-4H-1,3-benzo-thia-zin-4-one, C21H17NO2S, (I), 2-phenyl-3-[4-(tri-fluoro-meth-yl)phen-yl]-2,3-di-hydro-4H-1,3-benzo-thia-zin-4-one toluene hemisolvate, C21H14F3NOS·0.5C7H8, (II), and 3-(3-bromo-phen-yl)-2-phenyl-2,3-di-hydro-4H-1,3-benzo-thia-zin-4-one toluene hemisolvate, C20H14BrNOS·0.5C7H8, (III), were synthesized and their crystal structures determined. The hemisolvates differ in that in (II), the asymmetric unit comprises two molecules of the benzo-thia-zinone compound and a toluene solvent mol-ecule, whereas in (III), the unit comprises one benzo-thia-zinone mol-ecule and a half-occupancy toluene solvent mol-ecule. All crystals are of racemic mixtures of the chiral 2-C atom of the thia-zine moiety, which in all structures has a screw-boat puckering, with the puckering amplitude values within the range 0.575-0.603 Å. In all three structures, the benzene plane of the benzo-thia-zine system makes a dihedral angle in the range 78.60 (5) to 98.40 (5)° with the unsubstituted benzene plane and in the range 70.50 (1) to 121.00 (5)° with the substituted benzene plane. The CF3 substituent group in one of the mol-ecules of (II) shows positional disorder, with an occupancy ratio of 0.57 (3):0.43 (3). In the crystals of (I) and (II), weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O inter-actions are present, giving in (I), mol-ecules arranged in a plane parallel to (010), and in (II), chains along a. In addition, all three structures show weak C-H⋯π inter-actions involving various aromatic rings.
Self‐Assembly of a Spin‐Coupled Octanuclear Copper(II) Circular Array from a Single‐Stranded Ligand (2004)

You're round and bound: A bowed arrangement of bridging bidentate binding sites on a ligand framework precludes a linear arrangement of metal ions. This conformation allows a spin-coupled octanuclear copper(II) circular array to be formed from a single-stranded ligand (see picture); this circular array displays weak ferromagnetic exchange between metal centers and is a rare example of such an array containing more than six centers. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2004/z52554_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Modern Lead Generation Strategies (2016)

Lead generation (LG) plays a key role in defining the chemotype of a future candidate drug. Traditionally, lead generation has relied strongly on screening larger compound libraries such as high- or medium-throughput screening against a target of interest, followed by analysis of the singleton or cluster actives or hits, and followed by hit expansion and lead series development. In addition to the traditional compound screening, today the lead generation chemist has several powerful lead generation methods to choose from, for example, fragment-based lead generation (FBLG), rational lead design, competitive intelligence-based lead generation (CILG) and selective optimization of side activities (SOSA). The ultimate goal of every LG chemist is to deliver a choice of high quality lead series to the lead optimization colleagues in order to enable the successful delivery of a clinical candidate that can test a target hypothesis in a disease.
Solar energy research at LASL. Progress report, October 1, 1979-March 31, 1980 (1980)

The work of Q-11, the Solar Energy Group of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, is documented for October 1979 through March 1980. Q-11 conducted passive solar heating research and collector testing. In addition, the group provided technical support to the Department of Energy, Office of Solar Applications for Buildings, for both solar collector and passive system development.