gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Zeolite L Etching with Ammonium Fluoride and Ammonium Bifluoride Solutions (2020)

Abstract A commercial zeolite L is subjected to chemical etching with aqueous solutions of NH 4 F and NH 4 HF 2 to generate secondary porosity. The derived samples are characterized by X‐ray diffraction, N 2 adsorption, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy, 27 Al MAS NMR, thermogravimetric analysis, and their acid sites are quantified by FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed basic probe molecules. The catalytic properties of the pristine and modified zeolites are evaluated in the dealkylation of 1,3,5‐triisopropylbenzene. Tuning the etching conditions allows to generate hierarchical zeolites without losing micropore volume. Furthermore, both fluoride etchants do not change the acid properties of the zeolite substantially, which is confirmed by chemical composition analysis (ICP‐OES) and by FTIR spectroscopy of pyridine. The dissolution rate of zeolite L is much faster with NH 4 HF 2 than NH 4 F. The set of experimental data shows that the 1 wt% NH 4 HF 2 solution is an efficient etchant able to generate mesopores without affecting the parent zeolite properties as lower amounts of fluoride source are required than with concentrated (20–40 wt%) NH 4 F solutions.
Modellierung eines Spindel-Werkzeug-Systems (2008)

Kurzfassung Die Prognose von Stabilitätsgrenzen für hochtourig geführte Fräsprozesse erfordert die Berücksichtigung des drehzahlabhängigen Übertragungsverhaltens des Spindel-Werkzeug-Systems. Zur Abbildung dieses Verhaltens bezüglich der für die Prozess-Struktur-Kopplung interessierenden Werkzeugspitze sind jedoch auch Kenntnisse über die Struktur des Gesamtsystems notwendig. Eine Möglichkeit zur strukturbasierten Modellierung des Spindelverhaltens ist die Abbildung der Spindel als Mehrkörpermodell. Für eine reale Werkzeugmaschinenspindel erweist sich der Abgleich eines solchen Modells allerdings als schwierig, da die Einbausituation die Zugänglichkeit für messtechnische Untersuchungen stark einschränkt. Der Beitrag zeigt am Beispiel einer HF-Motorspindel die Modellierung und den Parameterabgleich, die dem Parameterabgleich vorangestellten Sensitivitätsanalysen am Modell sowie die messtechnischen Untersuchungen an der rotierenden Spindel.
A Detection and Prevention Technique for Man in the Middle Attack in Fog Computing (2018)

Due to the large number of IoT devices available, data needed to be processed by cloud service providers has grown exponentially. This leads to increase in the latency of cloud services and by extension latency in many IoT applications. To reduce this latency, computing devices are installed at the edge of the network close to the user. These devices are called "Fog Nodes". They allow the user to process some data without going all the way to the data center. While the data centers are equipped with abundant resources (i.e. processors, energy and memory), the fog devices are not. This means traditional techniques for preventing intrusion are not applicable at the fog level, because they will incur more latency and/or energy consumption. Therefore, there is a need for low resource demanding, yet strong security system that will protect the fog layer from being attacked. This paper proposes an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) for Man in the Middle (MitM) attack at the fog layer. The IDS consists of IDS nodes that periodically interrogate nodes one hop away. The IPS uses lightweight encryption to prevent Man in the Middle attack and its variants (i.e. Eavesdropping, Packet Modification and Wormhole attack).
Tire/road noise reduction (2008)

Traffic running on high speed roads is a considerable source of noise annoyance and is frequently a source of complaint by the general public. One of the components of this noise is generated by the interaction between motor vehicles tires and the road surface. The amplitude and frequency content of this noise is a function of many parameters, including the road surface texture, tire dimensions, tire materials, and construction and the tread pattern design. The paper provides detailed insight concerning the factors influencing exterior (environmental) and interior (vehicle) tire/road noise reduction and includes recommendations with regard to optimize tire design.
Length bias in Encoder Decoder Models and a Case for Global Conditioning (2016)

Encoder-decoder networks are popular for modeling sequences probabilistically in many applications. These models use the power of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) architecture to capture the full dependence among variables, unlike earlier models like CRFs that typically assumed conditional independence among non-adjacent variables. However in practice encoder-decoder models exhibit a bias towards short sequences that surprisingly gets worse with increasing beam size. In this paper we show that such phenomenon is due to a discrepancy between the full sequence margin and the per-element margin enforced by the locally conditioned training objective of a encoder-decoder model. The discrepancy more adversely impacts long sequences, explaining the bias towards predicting short sequences. For the case where the predicted sequences come from a closed set, we show that a globally conditioned model alleviates the above problems of encoder-decoder models. From a practical point of view, our proposed model also eliminates the need for a beam-search during inference, which reduces to an efficient dot-product based search in a vector-space.
Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer Cells using Silica Nanowires and CA125 Biomarkers (2006)

Abstract not Available.
Prognostic significance of microvessel density and other variables in Japanese and British patients with primary invasive breast cancer (2007)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the associations of microvessel density (MVD) and other pathological variables with survival, and whether they accounted for survival differences between Japanese and British patients. One hundred seventy-three Japanese and 184 British patients were included in the study. British patients were significantly older (56.3+/-11.4 years vs 52.5+/-12.9 years; P<0.01) and had smaller tumours (2.2+/-1.3 vs 2.7+/-1.8 cm; P<0.01), which were more frequently oestrogen receptor positive (78.8 vs 57.2%, P<0.01), had more grade III tumours (29.9 vs 21.4%, P=0.04) and more infiltrating lobular carcinomas (13.6 vs 4.0%, P<0.01) and a higher MVD compared with Japanese patients (57.9+/-19.8 vs 53.2+/-18.6; P=0.01). However, no difference in the prevalence of lymph-node metastasis was found between them (39.1 vs 37.5%, P=0.75). Younger British patients (age <50 years) had the highest MVD compared with Japanese and older British patients (P<0.01). Japanese patients were proportionately more likely to receive chemotherapy than endocrine therapy (P<0.01). British patients had a significantly worse relapse-free survival and overall survival compared with Japanese patients, after statistical adjustment for variables (hazard ratio=2.1, 2.4, P<0.01, P<0.01, respectively), especially, in T2 stage, low MVD and older subgroup (HR: 3.6, 5.0; 3.1, 3.3; 3.2, 3.9, respectively), but only in ER negative cases (P=0.04, P=0.01, respectively). The present study shows that MVD contributes to the Japanese-British disparity in breast cancer. However, the MVD variability did not explain the survival differences between Japanese and British patients.
The Antiatherogenic Effect of Iridium192 upon the Cholesterolfed Rabbit* (1964)

A 20-cm length of Ir192 wire was placed for 48 hours in the proximal portion of the aortas of a series of rabbits. The rabbits, when subsequently fed a diet containing excess cholesterol, failed to exhibit significant atherosclerosis, as compared to the control animals, in that pontion of the aorta which received the irradiation. The histological and chemical studies performed upon these rabbits suggest that the antiatherogenic effect of the irradiation was due primarily to the suppression of the intimal hyperplastic response to a persistent hypercholesteremia usually observed in the rabbit's aorta.
Millijoule pulse energy Q-switched short-length fiber laser (2007)

We report on a Q-switched short-length fiber laser producing 100 W of average output power at 100 kHz repetition rate and pulse durations as short as 17 ns. Up to 2 mJ of energy and sub-10-ns pulse duration are extracted at lower repetition rates. This performance is obtained by employing a rod-type ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber with a 70 microm core as gain medium, allowing for very short pulse durations, high energy storage, and emission of a single-transverse-mode beam.
Local charge trapping and detection of trapped charge by scanning capacitance microscope in the SiO2/Si system (1999)

Charge trapping induced by hot carriers in a metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitor was studied with a scanning capacitance microscope (SCM). The local charge trapping/detrapping and the readout of the trapped charge in SiO2 was performed using a SCM combined with an atomic force microscope. When applying a voltage between the conductive probe tip and the p-type silicon substrate, hot carriers injected from silicon substrate into the SiO2 generated a positive trapped charge in the 10-nm-thick SiO2 layer. The resulting shift in capacitance–voltage (C–V) curves due to the locally trapped charge was measured by the high-frequency C–V measurement. For an application to the ultrahigh density data storage field, we investigated how the charge trapping and detrapping characteristics depend on the writing speed and bias voltage.
Translational infidelity and human cancer: role of the PTI-1 oncogene (1999)

Several components of the eukaryotic protein synthesis apparatus have been associated with oncogenic transformation of cells. Altered expression of translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1 alpha), a core component of protein synthesis and closely related sequences have been linked with transformed phenotypes by several independent studies, in diverse systems. A dominant acting oncogene, prostate tumor inducing gene-1 (PTI-1) has provided further evidence for this link. PTI-1 appears to be a hybrid molecule with components derived from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic origins. The predicted protein coding moiety represents an EF-1 alpha molecule, truncated N-terminal to amino acid residue 68 and having six additional point mutations. This coding sequence is fused to a 5' untranslated region (UTR) showing strongest homology to ribosomal RNA derived from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Expression studies using the cloned cDNA in nude mouse tumor formation assays have confirmed the oncogenic nature of the molecule. A broad spectrum of tumor derived cell lines, from varied tissue sources and blood samples from patients having confirmed prostate carcinoma, all scored positive for expression of PTI-1, while corresponding normal tissues or blood samples were negative. Based on its near identity to EF-1 alpha, it is proposed that PTI-1 represents a new class of oncogene whose transforming capacity probably arises through mechanisms including: (i) protein translational infidelity, resulting in the synthesis of mutant polypeptides due to loss of proofreading function during peptide chain elongation, (ii) by its association with and alteration of the cytoskeleton, (iii) by impinging on one particular or several different signal transduction pathways through its properties as a G-protein.
Contribution of spinal galectin-3 to acute herpetic allodynia in mice (2011)

To identify endogenous factors involved in herpetic pain, we performed genome-wide microarray analysis of the spinal cord of mice that suffered from herpetic allodynia induced by inoculation with herpes simplex virus type 1, which revealed marked induction of galectin-3, a β-galactoside-binding lectin. Therefore, we investigated the role of galectin-3 in herpetic allodynia. The expression levels of galectin-3 mRNA and protein were increased with a temporal pattern similar to that of herpetic allodynia. Galectin-3-expressing cells were mainly localized in the superficial dorsal horn, round in shape, and positive for the macrophage/microglia markers Iba-1 and F4/80. In the deep dorsal horn, there were Iba-1-positive cells with ramified and stout processes, which were negative for galectin-3. In the superficial dorsal horn, there were many CD3-positive T cells, but most of the galectin-3-expressing cells were negative for CD3. Galectin-3-expressing cells were negative for the neuronal marker NeuN and the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein antibody. Deficiency in galectin-3 markedly reduced herpetic allodynia, without showing an effect on herpes zoster-like skin lesions. Intrathecal injection of galectin-3 produced mechanical allodynia in naive mice, and intrathecal injections of anti-galectin-3 antibodies significantly reduced herpetic allodynia. The present results suggest that galectin-3 in infiltrating macrophages and/or resident microglia in the spinal dorsal horn contributes to herpetic allodynia. Galectin-3 may be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of herpes zoster-associated pain.
Effects of overproduction of tobacco MnSOD in maize chloroplasts on foliar tolerance to cold and oxidative stress (1999)

Transgenic maize plants have been generated by particle gun bombardment that overproduce a Nicotiana plumbaginifolia L. manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). To target this mitochondrial enzyme into chloroplasts, the mature MnSOD-coding sequence was fused to a chloroplast transit peptide from a pea ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase gene, whereas expression of the chimeric gene was driven by the CaMV 35S promoter. Transgenic MnSOD activity contributed to 20% of the total SOD activity. The presence of transgenic MnSOD had clear effects on foliar tolerance to chilling and oxidative stress. The results suggest that overproduction of MnSOD in the chloroplasts increases the antioxidant capacity of the leaves.
On Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides in Heavy-Duty Engines: with NOx Model Feedback, PPC and SNCR (2018)

European emission legislation has in recent years put a strict limit on NOx emissionsfrom heavy-duty truck engines. EGR and selective catalytic reduction are the two mostcommon technologies applied in a modern heavy-duty diesel engine to fulfill the legislation.The scope of this thesis is to explore other ways of reducing NOx emissions emittedby a heavy-duty engine. Several technology options are studied with this particular taskin mind. First, a NOx model was developed and implemented for fast execution on afield-programmable gate array (FPGA). Model validation showed that a good fit to datacould be achieved with the NOx modeling approach suggested in this thesis. The modelwas then used for split fuel injection control strategy in a Scania D13 to reduce NOxformation during combustion by defining a threshold value. In order to obtain controllabilitywith this type of strategy, the net indicated load had to be above 20 bar with afuel injection pressure of 700 bar. Still, very little could be done to reduce the formationof nitrogen oxides with this strategy.If exhaust temperatures are above 700 ◦C it is possible to obtain thermal reduction(SNCR) when an ammonia based reductant is added to the exhaust gases. The cylinderhead of the Scania D13 was modified to inject AUS 32 directly into the combustioncylinder, using the FPGA NOx model as input. However, in most cases only a 15 %reduction was achieved with SNCR. The SNCR was then tested in a novel split-cycleengine concept where a large tank is used between the combustion cylinder and expander.The gas temperature in the tank is high enough for SNCR to occur. In this case, both experimentsand simulations showed high reduction of 40 % to 50 % when the normalizedstoichiometric ration (NSR) is 1. The experiments were run on a modified Volvo HD13single-cylinder engine. For NSR = 2 and 3, above 85 % reduction of NOx was obtained inboth simulations and experiments. A problem with the strategy was that large amountsof NH3 would be released into the air. The results suggest that an SCR and ammonia slipcatalyst would still be needed in the final design of the double compression expansionengine.Lastly, partially premixed combustion (PPC) was studied in a multi-cylinder VGT VolvoHD13 engine with respect to soot-NOx trade-off using PRF70 fuel and a novel pistondesign. A brake specific NOx emission of approximately 0.4 g/kWh could be achievedat 1000 Nm with 0.07 g/kWh soot.
Molecular Functions of the Iron-Regulated Metastasis Suppressor Ndrg1 (2012)

NDRG1 is a molecule that was found to function as a growth and metastasis suppressor in a number of different neoplasms. However, despite the mounting evidence that NDRG1 is able to inhibit tumour progression, the molecular mechanisms that are involved in its anti-tumour activity remain elusive and are important to establish. The data presented within this book demonstrates that the metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, is intricately involved in numerous molecular pathways that govern cell proliferation, migration, adhesion and metastasis. Moreover, the function of NDRG1 was found to be pleiotropic and largely dependent on the genetic background of the cells examined. We have also identified the potential for NDRG1 to be utilized as a molecular target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer using a novel thiosemicarbazone compound that selectively up-regulates this metastasis suppressor in cancer cells.
Outage Performance of Uplink User-Assisted Relaying in 5G Cellular Networks (2015)

We use stochastic geometry to analyze the performance of a user-assisted decode-and-forward (DF) relaying scheme where an active user relays data through another idle user in uplink cellular communication. We propose a new geometric policy based on the random selection of an idle user within a certain area mid-way between the active user and base station, and compare this policy to the common nearest neighbor geometric policy. These probabilities are further used in the analytical derivation of the moments of inter-cell interference power caused by system-wide deployment of this user-assisted DF relaying. We then numerically evaluate the outage probability performance and show that user-assisted relaying can significantly improve reliability for active users near the cell edge. We also show that the proposed mid-way policy significantly improves outage performance over the nearest neighbor policy even when the nearest neighbor cooperation probability is higher. This result suggests that mid-way relay selection is a highly effective cooperation policy.
Effects of Topical Application of Clonidine Cream on Pain Behaviors and Spinal Fos Protein Expression in Rat Models of Neuropathic Pain, Postoperative Pain, and Inflammatory Pain (2007)

Topical CC in concentrations examined significantly reduced hypersensitivity and lumbar spinal Fos-like immunoreactivity in rats with neuropathic pain, probably through activation of peripherally located alpha2 adrenoceptors. However, CC was only partially effective and totally ineffective in rats with postoperative pain and inflammatory pain, respectively.
High-voltage technology offers new solutions for interface integrated circuits (1986)

A BIMOS IC technology improving the design of interface circuits that require either high-voltage (up to 120 V) of current (up to a few amperes per output) has been developed. Both bipolar and MOS complementary components are processed together on the same chip for low- and high-voltage applications. Various BIMOS power interface circuits are now in production, e.g., a motor driver, a high-voltage plasma display driver, and a printer head driver. This paper describes the BIMOS technology and the characteristics of its components. As applications, two circuits are presented: the UEB 4732 (plasma display driver) with complementary MOS push-pull output stages (120 V), and the UAA 2081 (stepper motor driver) with power bipolar transistors (1 A per output). Both circuits have a logical part designed with low-voltage CMOS (5-12 V).
Genetic characteristics of innate and adaptive immunity in coeliac disease (2006)

Background/Aim: Beside the central role of the adaptive immune system disturbances of innate immunity is also responsible for the pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD), in which the activation of CD14 and TLR4 receptors may be key factors. As CD and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) can coexist frequently our aim was to study the frequency of CD14 (C-260T) and TLR4 (A+896G) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in children with CD, T1DM and with the coexistence of CD and T1DM. The distribution of HLA-DQ alleles in the same groups was also studied.
Tapping Genomics to Unravel Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis (2011)

Given recent technological advances, we are in a golden era of cell and whole organism research. With the availability of so many sequenced genomes, and the data that has been mined there-in, it is easy to gain the impression that all our work as scientists is complete. Instead, such work and results have now provided oceans of data, but with minimal functional information. We also do not have a full grasp on the working relationships within a number of different plant developmental pathways. This is especially true in the study of the symbiotic interaction between ectomycorrhizal fungi and their plant hosts. One of the current interests in symbiotic and pathogenic interactions between plants and fungi is the role of small, secreted proteins. What makes fungal small secreted proteins so interesting is that only a few of them share sequence homology to any other known proteins, but some may act as effectors modulating plant metabolism and development. Therefore, it is difficult to make predictions as to the action of these proteins without functional analysis. For this reason, we created a pipeline to analyze the role and function of these proteins. Typically, this involves transcriptional analysis of genes followed by protein localization, identification of protein-protein interactions, and functional analysis of the protein through heterologous expression in yeast among many other different procedures. Due to the physiology of mycorrhizal root tips, there are a number of unique challenges that must be overcome to properly study a fungal effector. Here, we outline some of the methods, and hopefully helpful tips, that we are currently using to pursue the study of different effectors in the Laccaria-Populus interaction.
Activation Stoichiometry and Pore Architecture of TRPA1 Probed with Channel Concatemers (2018)

The nociceptor ion channel TRPA1 detects a wide range of hazardous chemicals, including reactive electrophiles such as cinnamaldehyde, which gate the channel allowing Na<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup> entry. TRPA1 assembles as a tetramer, with a central pore within which an aspartate residue (D918) determines Ca<sup>2+</sup> permeability. Here, we report that introduction of histidine at this position, D918H, makes TRPA1 channels sensitive to block by nanomolar concentration of Zn<sup>2+</sup> and can be used to functionally tag subunits in concatemers. Concatemers with increasing numbers of D918H subunits display increasing sensitivity to Zn<sup>2+</sup> inhibition, indicating that the four side chains at position 918 of the tetramer directly coordinate Zn<sup>2+</sup> and other permeating divalent cations. In the published structure of TRPA1, this requires a rearrangement of the pore region which may represent the true open state of the channel. Concatemeric channels containing subunits mutated to be insensitive to reactive electrophiles (C622S) could be activated by cinnamaldehyde when as few as two subunits contained intact ligand binding sites. Activation upon liganding of just two of the four possible subunits may represent an optimal strategy to rapidly and reliably detect noxious chemicals.