gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Good, the Bad and the Unknown of CD38 in the Metabolic Microenvironment and Immune Cell Functionality of Solid Tumors (2019)

The regulation of the immune microenvironment within solid tumors has received increasing attention with the development and clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade therapies, such as those that target the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. The metabolic microenvironment within solid tumors has proven to be an important regulator of both the natural suppression of immune cell functionality and the de novo or acquired resistance to immunotherapy. Enzymatic proteins that generate immunosuppressive metabolites like adenosine are thus attractive targets to couple with immunotherapies to improve clinical efficacy. CD38 is one such enzyme. While the role of CD38 in hematological malignancies has been extensively studied, the impact of CD38 expression within solid tumors is largely unknown, though most current data indicate an immunosuppressive role for CD38. However, CD38 is far from a simple enzyme, and there are several remaining questions that require further study. To effectively treat solid tumors, we must learn as much about this multifaceted protein as possible-i.e., which infiltrating immune cell types express CD38 for functional activities, the most effective CD38 inhibitor(s) to employ, and the influence of other similarly functioning enzymes that may also contribute towards an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Gathering knowledge such as this will allow for intelligent targeting of CD38, the reinvigoration of immune functionality and, ultimately, tumor elimination.
Local Harmonic Motion Monitoring of Focused Ultrasound Surgery—A Simulation Model (2009)

In this paper, a computational model for localized harmonic motion (LHM) imaging-based monitoring of high-intensity focused ultrasound surgery (FUS) is presented. The LHM technique is based on a focused, time-varying ultrasound radiation force excitation, which induces local oscillatory motions at the focal region. These vibrations are tracked, using pulse-echo imaging, and then, used to estimate the mechanical properties of the sonication region. LHM is feasible for FUS monitoring because changes in the material properties during the coagulation process affect the measured displacements. The presented model includes separate models to simulate acoustic sonication fields, sonication-induced temperature elevation and mechanical motion, and pulse-echo imaging of the induced motions. These 3-D simulation models are based on Rayleigh-Sommerfield integral, finite element, and spatial impulse response methods. Simulated-tissue temperature elevation and mechanical motion were compared with previously published in vivo measurements. Finally, the simulation model was used to simulate coagulation and LHM monitoring, as would occur with multiple, neighbouring sonication locations covering a large tumor.
Application of TRIZ in the Innovative Design of Pneumatic Exhaust Devices (2014)

This paper presents an innovative design of pneumatic exhaust devices,in order to solve the problems of excessive weight and slow movement of traditionalelectric exhaust devices. The research method was TRIZ. The inventionprinciples for systematic innovative design were identified by using improvedand worsened parameters of the contradiction matrix. The pneumatic exhaustdevice was 5 kg, and operated for 30 minutes at 1800RPM per 10kg of air amount.Its purpose was used to rescue persons trapped by dense smoke within shorttime. The proposed invention can be applied to dense-smoke place wherecombustible gas may leak, because the traditional electric exhaust devicesgenerate spark during operation which may cause gas explosion. Moreover, theproposed design uses pneumatic exhaust devices, which are especially used inplaces where gas explosion may occur, and has the advantages of flexibility, safety,and portability. The proposed design is an excellent fire protection device,and can be used to rescue persons trapped by dense smoke and fire within shorttime.
Skinfold Thickness (1982)

The paper by Heimler et al1 concerning thermal environmental effects on growth and increase in skinfold thickness in premature infants was of interest to us in relation to our own work on macronutrient and energy accretion in the very low-birth-weight preterm infant. We are having some difficulty in reconciling the increase in skinfold thickness measurement reported by Heimler et al with our own measurements as well as with those reported in the literature. For example, the figure given by Heimler et al for preterm infants (their group A) reared in incubators was 0.21-mm skinfold thickness increase per day (average of four sites).
Hardware support for concurrent garbage collection in SMP systems (2000)

In this paper we propose a heap partitioning scheme that can eliminate heap contentions in multithreaded applications. Heap partitioning allows each CPU to have its own heap space (called sub-heap). Thus, the heap contention can be completely eliminated. The proposed scheme utilizes the dynamic memory management unit (DMMU), a high-performance memory manager, to manage the sub-heap space assigned to each CPU. Programmers can make requests to allocate dynamic memory through h-malloc instruction extension. To perform garbage collection, programmers can invoke mark and sweep instruction extensions. The proposed scheme allows each thread to perform allocation and garbage collection concurrently and independently from one another.
A lightweight framework for source-to-sink data transfer in wireless sensor networks (2005)

Lightweight protocols that are both bandwidth and power thrifty are desirable for sensor networks. In addition, for many sensor network applications, timeliness of data delivery at a sink that collects and interprets raw sensor data is of great importance. In this work, we propose a lightweight framework for source-to-sink data transfer in a wireless sensor network that is geared towards achieving the above two objectives. Our integrated framework consists of three elements: 1) simple labels that eliminate complex addressing requirements, 2) implicit routing that provides an inherent robustness during sleep/wake schedules, and 3) MAC layer anycast to support routing. Our framework, in addition, facilitates the self-organization of sensor nodes into a network that efficiently relays information from the sources to the sink. The key idea of our framework is to associate each sensor node with a hierarchical level with respect to a sink and using MAC layer anycast to simply further packets to higher levels towards the sink. There are no explicit route tables created or maintained; this eliminates the overhead due to route queries or updates, the need for complex processing and the memory requirements for caching routing information. Furthermore, with our framework, the energy costs of data transmission are evenly distributed across the nodes, thereby improving the longevity of the network. Our MAC layer anycast mechanism not only facilitates routing, but also reduces the number of MAC layer back-offs incurred and, consequently, the waiting times for data transmission. This in turn, improves the timeliness of data delivery at the sink. To summarize, our framework is a) energy efficient, b) inherently robust, and c) conceptually simple. We qualitatively assess our scheme to show its efficiency in terms of power consumption, robustness to failure, ease of setup. The results from our simulations and assessments demonstrate the aforementioned benefits and the viability and potential of using our framework.
Space-Efficient, Fast and Exact Routing in Time-Dependent Road Networks (2020)

We study the problem of computing shortest paths in massive road networks with traffic predictions. Incorporating traffic predictions into routing allows, for example, to avoid commuter traffic congestions. Existing techniques follow a two-phase approach: In a preprocessing step, an index is built. The index depends on the road network and the traffic patterns but not on the path start and end. The latter are the input of the query phase, in which shortest paths are computed. All existing techniques have either large index size, slow query running times, or may compute suboptimal paths. In this work, we introduce CATCHUp (Customizable Approximated Time-dependent Contraction Hierarchies through Unpacking), the first algorithm that simultaneously achieves all three objectives. The core idea of CATCHUp is to store paths instead of travel times at shortcuts. Shortcut travel times are derived lazily from the stored paths. We perform an experimental study on a set of real world instances and compare our approach with state-of-the-art techniques. Our approach achieves the fastest preprocessing, competitive query running times and up to 30 times smaller indexes than competing approaches.
Polyetherimide (Ultem®) Spin Cast Films by XPS (1999)

A spin cast film of polyetherimide (Ultem® 1000, GE Plastics) was analyzed by XPS using monochromatic Al Kα excitation. The measured atomic composition closely matched the expected stoichiometry of the polymer. Peak positions of the individual chemically shifted C 1s, O 1s, and N 1s components are reported. The results are in general agreement with other reported spectra of polyetherimide polymers: experimental, C 83.0%, O 12.9%, and N 4.1%; theoretical, C 82.2%, O 13.3%, and N 4.3%.
Spatial and temporal expression of vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) in fetal and adult human cerebral cortex (2010)

Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) is a member of the Ena/VASP protein family and was for the first time identified in human platelets. VASP plays a role for cell adhesion and cell migration because of E/DFPPPPXD/E amino acid sequence in its structure which gives reaction with focal adhesion proteins. In this study we suggest that VASP expression may have important role for neural cell migration, differentiation, axonal growth and angiogenesis during prenatal cerebral cortical development. Our aim is to detect VASP expression by means of immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis in developing human neocortex and adult brain cortex (n=12 samples from first, second, and third trimesters and n=3 adult normal cerebral cortex). Our results suggest that VASP showed different immunostaining patterns between cerebral cortical plates in prenatal and adult human brain samples. We observed that the expression patterns of the VASP protein are clearly identified in fibers, cytoplasm of neural cells and endothelial cells of vessels. We detected that VASP indicates progressive expression from the adult brain to second trimester neocortexes. Therefore, we suggest that VASP may play a crucial role in the regulation of human neonatal cerebral cortical development.
OP05 Evaluating social and spatial inequalities of large scale rapid lateral flow SARS-CoV-2 antigen testing in COVID-19 management: an observational study of Liverpool, UK (November 2020 to January 2021) (2021)

<h3>Background</h3> Asymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 poses a significant burden on managing the spread of COVID-19. Few studies have evaluated the impact of testing for asymptomatic COVID-19 among large populations or whole cities using empirical data. No study to our knowledge has considered if such interventions result in or exacerbate existing socioeconomic inequalities. The aim of our study is to explore social and spatial inequalities in uptake and case-detection of rapid lateral flow SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests (LFTs) offered to people without symptoms of COVID-19 in Liverpool between 6th November 2020 and 31st January 2021. <h3>Methods</h3> Linked pseudonymised records for asymptomatic residents in Liverpool (UK) who received a LFT for COVID-19 between 6th November 2020 to 31st January 2021 were accessed using the Combined Intelligence for Population Health Action (CIPHA) data resource. Bayesian Hierarchical Poisson Besag, York, and Mollié models were used to estimate ecological associations for uptake and positivity of testing. <h3>Results</h3> 214 525 residents (43%) received a LFT identifying 5557 individuals as positive cases of COVID-19 (1.3%). Uptake was highest in November when there was military assistance. High uptake was observed again in the week preceding Christmas and was sustained into a national lockdown. Overall uptake and repeat testing were lower among males (e.g. 40% uptake over the whole period), Black Asian and other Minority Ethnic groups (e.g. 27% uptake for ‘Mixed’ ethnicity) and in the most deprived areas (e.g. 32% uptake in most deprived areas). These population groups were also more likely to have received positive tests for COVID-19. Models demonstrated that uptake and repeat testing were lower in areas of higher deprivation, areas located further from test sites and areas containing populations less confident in the using Internet technologies. Positive tests were spatially clustered in deprived areas. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Our study provides the first substantial evidence on inequalities involved in large-scale asymptomatic rapid testing of populations for SARS-CoV-2. Large-scale voluntary asymptomatic community testing saw social, ethnic, and spatial inequalities in an ‘inverse care’ pattern, but with an added digital exclusion factor. While test uptake was popular, there was a disconnect between the populations accessing testing and those experiencing harms relating to COVID-19. COVID-19 testing and support to isolate need to be more accessible to the vulnerable communities most impacted by the pandemic, including non-digital means of access.
Proteomic analysis of core breakdown disorder in Conference pears (Pyrus communis L.) (2007)

2-DE was applied to study core breakdown disorder in controlled atmosphere stored 'Conference' pears. This physiological disorder is characterized by internal browning of the fruit tissue and the development of cavities. Suitable protein phenol extraction/ammonium acetate-methanol precipitation and 2-DE protocols for a wide pH range were established for pear tissue. The protein expression profiles of healthy, sound (intact tissue of pears with core breakdown) and brown tissue were analyzed with the univariate non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and multivariate statistical techniques such as principal component analysis and partial least square discriminant analysis. Both statistical approaches revealed interesting differentially expressed proteins between healthy and disordered pears. LC-ESI-MS/MS identification of differentially expressed proteins between healthy and sound tissue revealed their participation in the energy metabolism, the antioxidant system and ethylene biosynthesis. Up-regulated characteristic proteins in brown tissue were mainly involved in energy metabolism and defense mechanisms. Proteomics coupled to univariate and multivariate statistical techniques seems to be an efficient approach to get a better insight into the different mechanisms and pathways leading to the core breakdown disorder.
Model and Expansion Based Methods of Detection of Small Masses in Radiographs of Dense Breasts (2000)

Abstract : This report describes progress made in during the first year of study. Our goal is to detect masses m dense mammograms having a diameter less than 1 Cm. The idea of this project is to detect subtle masses by tuning the central frequency and width of a basis function generating overcomplete expansions. By modeling the shape of a mass through this flexibility we hope to detect small and subtle masses in dense breasts and improve the chances of early detection in screening mammography. In the first part of our investigation, we first evaluated existing tools to compute overcomplete expansions of multiscale signals. We compared in one dimension the CwT and the DWT for a proof of concept concerning any advantage of pursuing refinement of scale. We processed phantom masses, and iD intensity profiles of real masses mammograms to evaluate feasibility. In order to identify the best scale, we evaluated the use of maxima singularities and a correlated model using three masses of different size. Our study answered the question of weather of not dyadic scales were sufficient to detect masses in a dense mammograms. We clearly showed that reasonable approximations of mass shapes could be obtained through overcomplete expansions that computed voices between the traditional dyadic scales.
Standards Address the Challenges of Drilling Automation (2011)

Abstract Sophisticated applications are now available to analyze the drilling process and provide advice on the optimum operating parameters to drill safely, efficiently and to maximize wellbore productivity. The use of these applications requires a great deal of cooperation and collaboration between drilling contractors, service companies and operator personnel and systems. Data must be exchanged between rig instrumentation systems, other rig sensors operated by service companies, downhole measurement systems, analysis applications and control systems. This data exchange must occur reliably and efficiently between different hardware systems and operating platforms. Over the last few years a number of standards have emerged in the IT world, in industrial automation and in the oil industry. The use of these standards has the potential to bring in new levels of drilling automation capability. There are however some gaps and overlaps in the functionality and application of these different standards and an effort is required to bring these to the stage that they can be implemented and operated together efficiently. This paper provides an overview of the work performed so far in various areas of standardization and presents some recommendations and guidelines for future development and adoption of standards that will enable reliable interoperation of drilling automation systems components.
Reticulate evolution in kiwifruit (Actinidia, Actinidiaceae) identified by comparing their maternal and paternal phylogenies (2004)

Evolutionary relationships within Actinidia, a genus known for the contrasting mode of inheritance of its plastids and mitochondria, were studied. The phylogenetic analysis is based on chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) restriction site and sequence data (matK, psbC-trnS, rbcL, and trnL-trnF for cpDNA; nad1-2/3 and nad4-1/2 for mtDNA). The analysis of cp sequence data confirms the hypothesis that the four currently recognized sections are not monophyletic. The detection of incongruences among phylogenies (mtDNA vs. cpDNA tree) coupled with the detection of intraspecific polymorphisms confirms some of the reticulations previously emphasized, diagnoses new hybridization/introgression events, and provides evidence for multiple origin of at least two polyploid taxa. A number of hybridization/introgression events at the diploid, tetraploid, and possibly hexaploid levels are documented. The extensive reticulate evolution undergone by Actinidia could account for the lack of clear morphological discontinuities at the species level.
System-Specific Interpreters Make Megasystems Friendlier (2022)

Modern operating systems, browsers, and office suites have become megasystems built on millions of lines of code. Their sheer size can intimidate even experienced users and programmers away from attempting to understand and modify the software running on their machines. This paper introduces system-specific interpreters (SSIs) as a tool to help users regain knowledge of and control over megasystems. SSIs directly execute individual modules of a megasystem in a gdb-like environment without forcing the user to build, run, and trace the entire system. A prototype framework to help write SSIs is described in this paper and available for download at https://github.com/matthewsot/ssi-live22.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNG DER RK. ZWISCHEN DEN HYDROLYSEPRODUKTEN DES IONS AETHYLZINN UND QUECKSILBER(II) IN WAESSRIGER LOESUNG (1972)

Abstract Neben einer Austauschreaktion des Äthylradikals zwischen Hg und Sn, die in neutralem Medium langsam verläuft, wird bei den Titeluntersuchungen in essigsaurer Lösung im pH‐Bereich 3,5 bis 5,7 die Bildung von zwei Komplexen polarographisch nachgewiesen.
Some remarks on the design of transonic tunnels with low levels of flow unsteadiness (1976)

The principal sources of flow unsteadiness in the circuit of a transonic wind tunnel are presented. Care must be taken to avoid flow separations, acoustic resonances and large scale turbulence. Some problems discussed are the elimination of diffuser separations, the aerodynamic design of coolers and the unsteadiness generated in ventilated working sections.
A Finite Element Stress Analysis of Spur Gears Including Fillet Radii and Rim Thickness Effects (1983)

Spur gear stress analysis results are presented for a variety of loading conditions, support conditions, fillet radii, and rim thickness. These results are obtained using the SAP IV finite-element code. The maximum stresses, occurring at the root surface, substantially increase with decreasing rim thickness for partially supported rims (that is, with loose-fitting hubs). For fully supported rims (that is, with tight-fitting hubs), the root surface stresses slightly decrease with decreasing rim thickness. The fillet radius is found to have a significant effect upon the maximum stresses at the root surface. These stresses increase with decreasing fillet radius. The fillet radius has little effect upon the internal root section stresses.
$\Upsilon$-DB: Managing scientific hypotheses as uncertain data (2014)

In view of the paradigm shift that makes science ever more data-driven, we\nconsider deterministic scientific hypotheses as uncertain data. This vision\ncomprises a probabilistic database (p-DB) design methodology for the systematic\nconstruction and management of U-relational hypothesis DBs, viz.,\n$\\Upsilon$-DBs. It introduces hypothesis management as a promising new class of\napplications for p-DBs. We illustrate the potential of $\\Upsilon$-DB as a tool\nfor deep predictive analytics.\n
Image reconstruction in SNR units: A general method for SNR measurement† (2005)

The method for phased array image reconstruction of uniform noise images may be used in conjunction with proper image scaling as a means of reconstructing images directly in SNR units. This facilitates accurate and precise SNR measurement on a per pixel basis. This method is applicable to root-sum-of-squares magnitude combining, B(1)-weighted combining, and parallel imaging such as SENSE. A procedure for image reconstruction and scaling is presented, and the method for SNR measurement is validated with phantom data. Alternative methods that rely on noise only regions are not appropriate for parallel imaging where the noise level is highly variable across the field-of-view. The purpose of this article is to provide a nuts and bolts procedure for calculating scale factors used for reconstructing images directly in SNR units. The procedure includes scaling for noise equivalent bandwidth of digital receivers, FFTs and associated window functions (raw data filters), and array combining.