gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proton recoil proportional counter measurements in the FFTF (1981)

We review what is known about amphibian limb regeneration from the prospective of developing strategies for the induction of regeneration in adult mammals. Prominent in urodele amphibian limb regeneration is the formation of a blastema of undifferentiated cells that goes on to reform the limb. The blastema shares many properties with the developing limb bud; thus, the outgrowth phase of regeneration can be thought of as cells going through development again, i.e., redevelopment. Getting to a redevelopment phase in mammals would be a major breakthrough given our extensive understanding of limb development. The formation of the blastema itself represents a transition phase in which limb cells respond to injury by dedifferentiating to become embryonic limb progenitor cells that can undergo redevelopment. During this phase, rapid wound closure is followed by the dedifferentiation of limb cells to form the blastema. Thus, the regeneration process can be divided into a wound-healing/dedifferentiation phase and a redevelopment phase, and we propose that the interface between the wound-healing response and gaining access to developmentally regulated programs (dedifferentiation) lies at the heart of the regeneration problem in mammals. In urodele amphibians, dedifferentiation can occur in all of the tissues of the limb; however, numerous studies lead us to focus on the epidermis, the dermis, and muscle as key regulators of regeneration. Among higher vertebrates, the digit tip in mammals, including humans, is regeneration-competent and offers a unique mammalian model for regeneration. Recent genetic studies in mice identify the Msx1 gene as playing a critical role in the injury response leading to digit tip regeneration. The results from regeneration studies ranging from amphibians to mammals can be integrated to develop a roadmap for mammalian regeneration that has as its focus understanding the phenomenon of dedifferentiation.
Azobenzene Polyesters Used as Gate‐Like Scaffolds in Nanoscopic Hybrid Systems (2012)

The synthesis and characterisation of new capped silica mesoporous nanoparticles for on-command delivery applications is reported. Functional capped hybrid systems consist of MCM-41 nanoparticles functionalised on the external surface with polyesters bearing azobenzene derivatives and rhodamine B inside the mesopores. Two solid materials, Rh-PAzo8-S and Rh-PAzo6-S, containing two closely related polymers, PAzo8 and PAzo6, in the pore outlets have been prepared. Materials Rh-PAzo8-S and Rh-PAzo6-S showed an almost zero release in water due to steric hindrance imposed by the presence of anchored bulky polyesters, whereas a large delivery of the cargo was observed in the presence of an esterase enzyme due to the progressive hydrolysis of polyester chains. Moreover, nanoparticles Rh-PAzo8-S and Rh-PAzo6-S were used to study the controlled release of the dye in intracellular media. Nanoparticles were not toxic for HeLa cells and endocytosis-mediated cell internalisation was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Furthermore, the possible use of capped materials as a drug-delivery system was demonstrated by the preparation of a new mesoporous silica nanoparticle functionalised with PAzo6 and loaded with the cytotoxic drug camptothecin (CPT-PAzo6-S). Following cell internalisation and lysosome resident enzyme-dependent gate opening, CPT-PAzo6-S induced CPT-dependent cell death in HeLa cells.
The role of ¹³C-methacetin breath test for the non-invasive evaluation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (2013)

Due to the impairment of microsomal function which occurs in NAFLD, ¹³C-MBT could be a reliable diagnostic and follow-up test for NAFLD patients.
Dual Constant Domain‐Fab: A novel strategy to improve half‐life and potency of a Met therapeutic antibody (2016)

The kinase receptor encoded by the Met oncogene is a sensible target for cancer therapy. The chimeric monovalent Fab fragment of the DN30 monoclonal antibody (MvDN30) has an odd mechanism of action, based on cell surface removal of Met via activation of specific plasma membrane proteases. However, the short half-life of the Fab, due to its low molecular weight, is a severe limitation for the deployment in therapy. This issue was addressed by increasing the Fab molecular weight above the glomerular filtration threshold through the duplication of the constant domains, in tandem (DCD-1) or reciprocally swapped (DCD-2). The two newly engineered molecules showed biochemical properties comparable to the original MvDN30 in vitro, acting as full Met antagonists, impairing Met phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling pathways. As a consequence, Met-mediated biological responses were inhibited, including anchorage-dependent and -independent cell growth. In vivo DCD-1 and DCD-2 showed a pharmacokinetic profile significantly improved over the original MvDN30, doubling the circulating half-life and reducing the clearance. In pre-clinical models of cancer, generated by injection of tumor cells or implant of patient-derived samples, systemic administration of the engineered molecules inhibited the growth of Met-addicted tumors.
X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy of new soluble polyaniline perchlorates: evidence for the coexistence of polarons and bipolarons (1991)

An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) study was carried out on the following soluble polyaniline perchlorates and polyaniline base: (A) a perchlorate prepared in a single step by the use of copper(II) perchlorate as an oxidative coupling agent; (B) a polyemeraldine base obtained by treating perchlorate A; and (C) a perchlorate obtained by the protonation of the polyemeraldine base. The N 1s XPS peak of perchlorate C exhibited a more intense envelope on the higher binding energy side than the N 1s peak of perchlorate A. The difference spectrum, with a peak maximum at 402.0 eV, can be assigned to the bipolaron nitrogen in perchlorate C, when referred to the previous spectroscopic study of the two perchlorates. The area of the bipolaron peak was 5% of the whole peak of perchlorate C, although the charged nitrogen was 30% of the total nitrogen. Polarons are the major charge carriers in the two conducting polyaniline perchlorates, and perchlorate C contains bipolarons (in 5% of the total nitrogen) that coexist with polarons.
REACTIVITY OF SULFUR HETEROCYCLES (1976)

Abstract The relationship between ring strain and the reactivity of alicyclic compounds has been of fundamental importance in the development of modern organic chemistry. Because of their biological interest, the reactivity and stereochemistry of cyclic phosphorus compounds have been extensively studied.1,2 In recent years the reactivity of cyclic sulfur compounds has also begun to attract considerable interest. In 1966 it was pointed out that the common feature of sulfur-containing heterocycles is that nucleophilic attack at sulfur, be it di-, tri-, or tetra-coordinated, is always faster than the corresponding open-chain analogues.3 The present review attempts to discuss some fo the factors which affect the reactivity of cyclic sulfur compounds towards nucleophilic attack and to draw attention to some of the recently observed exceptions to this generalization.
Factors Affecting the Differential Capture of Male and Female Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Traps Baited with Ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-Decadienoate (2005)

Studies were conducted in apple to evaluate factors that differentially affect the catch of male and female codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., in traps baited with ethyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester). We examined the time of moth capture in the diel cycle and the recapture rates of marked moths in sex pheromone mating disruption (MD) and untreated orchards. The attractiveness of pear ester–baited traps was compared among five apple cultivars. Experiments also assessed the influence of trap height, the distance of the trap from sex pheromone dispensers, proximity of foliage surrounding the trap, trap size, and proximity of adjacent clean and codling moth–injured fruit on moth captures. The responses of male and female moths significantly differed in response to many of these factors. For example, the time of peak female capture occurred earlier than for males. A higher proportion of recaptured, marked moths were females in MD versus untreated orchard plots. Significantly more male but not female moths were caught in traps placed high versus low in the tree canopy. Traps placed on the perimeter of the canopy caught significantly more female moths than traps placed within the canopy and surrounded by foliage. Smaller trap surfaces caught significantly more males than females. Traps placed adjacent to uninjured fruit caught significantly more females than traps placed away from fruit. No differences occurred between sexes in response to other factors: significantly higher counts of both sexes occurred in blocks of ‘Granny Smith’ versus four other apple cultivars; recapture rates of marked moths were not different at release points ranging from 10 to 50 m for either sex; and trap placement relative to MD dispensers or injured versus uninjured fruits was not a significant factor affecting moth catches or their sex ratio. Effective monitoring for either or both sexes of codling moth should consider standardizing these factors. Lure and kill strategies should include factors that optimize the captures of female moths.
Breast Reconstruction: Closing the Loop after Breast Cancer (2015)

It is winter and I'm assigned to cover some shifts in the radiation oncology clinic on a research project. A few months ago, I got to meet her as a patient for the first time, and today after several visits, I see her for the last time. Across her chest, she carries two large battle scars. Her eyes reflect deep sorrow and tremendous fatigue, but at the same time a strong desire to live. Having endured months of chemotherapy, radiation and surgery, she knows her personal crusade has finally come to an end. She has passed through the tough journey, at least for now. As her last radiotherapy session ends and she begins to walk away, she stops suddenly and turns back to face me. Looking into my eyes she says timidly: "Thank you. I've made it, I'm ready to move on".
Application of Bayesian Networks to Recommendations in Business Process Modeling. (2013)

Formalized process models help to handle, design and store processes in a form understandable for the designers and users. Modeling of business processes is a complex task, which can be supported by recommendations. It is important, as designers prefer to receive and use suggestions during the modeling process. Recommendations make modeling faster and less error-prone because a set of good models is automatically used to help the designer. In this paper, we propose a method that uses Bayesian Networks for recommendation purposes in process modeling. To create such a network, we use configurable business processes that combine a set of reference models.
Antithyroid Drugs and their Analogues Protect Against Peroxynitrite‐Mediated Protein Tyrosine Nitration—A Mechanistic Study (2009)

In this paper, the effect of some commonly used antithyroid drugs and their analogues on peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of proteins is described. The nitration of tyrosine residues in bovine serum albumin (BSA) and cytochrome c was studied by Western blot analysis. These studies reveal that the antithyroid drugs methimazole (MMI), 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), and 6-methyl-2-thiouracil (MTU), which contain thione moieties, significantly reduce the tyrosine nitration of both BSA and cytochrome c. While MMI exhibits good peroxynitrite (PN) scavenging activity, the thiouracil compounds PTU and MTU are slightly less effective than MMI. The S- and Se- methylated compounds show a weak inhibitory effect in the nitration of tyrosine, indicating that the presence of a thione or selone moiety is important for an efficient inhibition. Similarly, the replacement of N-H moiety in MMI by N-methyl or N-m-methoxybenzyl substituents dramatically reduces the antioxidant activity of the parent compound. Theoretical studies indicate that the substitution of N-H moiety by N-Me significantly increases the energy required for the oxidation of sulfur center by PN. However, such substitution in the selenium analogue of MMI increases the activity of parent compound. This is due to the facile oxidation of the selone moiety to the corresponding selenenic and seleninic acids. Unlike N,N'-disubstituted thiones, the corresponding selones efficiently scavenge PN, as they predominantly exist in their zwitterionic forms in which the selenium atom carries a large negative charge.
Thermally Reconfigurable Meta-Optics (2019)

Metasurfaces are two-dimensional nanostructures that allow unprecedented control of light through engineering the amplitude, phase, and polarization across meta-atom resonators. Adding tunability to metasurface components would boost their potential and unlock a vast array of new application possibilities such as dynamic beam steering, tunable metalenses, and reconfigurable meta-holograms, to name a few. We present here high-index meta-atoms, resonators, and metasurfaces reconfigured by thermal effects, across the near to mid-infrared spectral ranges. We study thermal tunability in group IV and group IV-VI semiconductors, as well as in phase-transition materials, and demonstrate large dynamic resonance frequency shifts accompanied by significant amplitude and phase modulation in metasurfaces and resonators. We highlight the importance of high-Q resonances along with peak performance of thermal and thermo-optic effects, for efficient and practical reconfigurable devices. This paper paves the way to efficient high-Q reconfigurable and active infrared metadevices.
A Semantic-based Medical Image Fusion Approach (2019)

It is necessary for clinicians to comprehensively analyze patient information from different sources. Medical image fusion is a promising approach to providing overall information from medical images of different modalities. However, existing medical image fusion approaches ignore the semantics of images, making the fused image difficult to understand. In this work, we propose a new evaluation index to measure the semantic loss of fused image, and put forward a Fusion W-Net (FW-Net) for multimodal medical image fusion. The experimental results are promising: the fused image generated by our approach greatly reduces the semantic information loss, and has better visual effects in contrast to five state-of-art approaches. Our approach and tool have great potential to be applied in the clinical setting.
Tailoring spontaneous infrared emission of HgTe quantum dots with laser-printed plasmonic arrays (2020)

Chemically synthesized near-infrared to mid-infrared (IR) colloidal quantum dots (QDs) offer a promising platform for the realization of devices including emitters, detectors, security, and sensor systems. However, at longer wavelengths, the quantum yield of such QDs decreases as the radiative emission rate drops following Fermi's golden rule, while non-radiative recombination channels compete with light emission. Control over the radiative and non-radiative channels of the IR-emitting QDs is crucially important to improve the performance of IR-range devices. Here, we demonstrate strong enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate of near- to mid-IR HgTe QDs coupled to periodically arranged plasmonic nanoantennas, in the form of nanobumps, produced on the surface of glass-supported Au films via ablation-free direct femtosecond laser printing. The enhancement is achieved by simultaneous radiative coupling of the emission that spectrally matches the first-order lattice resonance of the arrays, as well as more efficient photoluminescence excitation provided by coupling of the pump radiation to the local surface plasmon resonances of the isolated nanoantennas. Moreover, coupling of the HgTe QDs to the lattice plasmons reduces the influence of non-radiative decay losses mediated by the formation of polarons formed between QD surface-trapped carriers and the IR absorption bands of dodecanethiol used as a ligand on the QDs, allowing us to improve the shape of the emission spectrum through a reduction in the spectral dip related to this ligand coupling. Considering the ease of the chemical synthesis and processing of the HgTe QDs combined with the scalability of the direct laser fabrication of nanoantennas with tailored plasmonic responses, our results provide an important step towards the design of IR-range devices for various applications.
Characterization of phosphate crystal nucleation and growth on cold-rolled steel (1988)

The formation of a dense, phosphate crystal coating on a steel surface is of prime importance in paint technology to prevent corrosion and to provide a proper substrate for paint adhesion. Crystal nucleation and growth, from an immersion phosphating bath, was examined in detail by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron spectroscopy. The application of high-spatial-resolution Auger electron spectroscopy, which probes individual crystals and substrate regions between crystals, was especially useful and yielded new information on the growth of phosphate coatings. In the system studied, the 15-nm-thick native oxide layer is removed in the first 5 s of immersion as the iron surface dissolves in the bath. Phosphate crystals are identified as nearly all phosphophyllite [Zn2Fe(PO4)2⋅4H2O], but with surfaces enriched in Ni and depleted in Zn. No precursor species form prior to the phosphophyllite growth, in contrast to observations on other phosphating systems. The combined application of our instrumental characterization techniques, together with our experimental protocol, is a powerful method for examining the initial steps in the formation of many surface coating materials.
An ab Initio Study of the Energetics for Interfaces between Group V Transition Metal Carbides and bcc Iron (2006)

An ab initio study was carried out on interface energies, misfit strain energies, and electron structures at coherent interfaces between bcc Fe and MCs (NaCl structure, M=V, Nb, Ta). The interface energies at relaxed interfaces Fe/VC, Fe/NbC, and Fe/TaC were −0.120, −0.169 and −0.158 J/m2, respectively. Influence of bond energy was estimated using the discrete lattice plane/nearest neighbor broken bond (DLP/NNBB) model. It was found that the dependence of interface energy on the type of carbide was closely related to changes of the bond energies between Fe, M and C atoms before and after formation of the interfaces Fe/MC. The misfit strain energies in Fe/VC, Fe/NbC, and Fe/TaC systems were 0.086, 0.891 and 0.827 eV per 16 atoms (Fe; 8 atoms and MC; 8 atoms), respectively. The misfit strain energy became larger when difference of lattice parameters between the bulk Fe and the bulk MCs increased.
Speech on 2014 “Understanding and Cooperation” Dialogue (2014)

June 17,2014 Dear friends,ladies and gentlemen,Today,we are witnessing the opening of Rethinking Asia—Understanding and Cooperation Dialogue jointly organized by the Chinese Association for International Understanding and Friedrich Ebert Foundation of Germany.It is of special significance that via this occasion,statesmen,scholars,and other celebrities from China and Germany,Europe and Asia gathered
Evolutionary Relatedness of Viper and Primate Endogenous Retroviruses (1979)

A retrovirus previously isolated from a tumored Russell's viper is shown by molecular hybridization to be an endogenous virus of this reptilian species. Radio-immunologic techniques revealed that the viper retrovirus is immunologically and, hence, evolutionarily related to endogenous type D retorviruses of Old World primates. These findings extend the number of vertebrate classes possessing endogenous retroviruses and suggest that type D retroviruses may even be more widely distributed in nature than type C retroviruses.
The Pareto Optimization of Ultrawideband Polyfractal Arrays (2008)

The application of global optimization techniques, such as genetic algorithms, to antenna array layouts can provide versatile design methodologies for highly directive, thinned, frequency agile, and shaped-beam antenna systems. However, these methodologies have their limitations when applied to more demanding design scenarios. Global optimizations are not well equipped to handle the large number of parameters used to describe large- antenna arrays. To overcome this difficulty, a new class of arrays was recently introduced called polyfractal arrays that possess properties well suited for the optimization of large- arrays. Polyfractal arrays are uniformly excited with an underlying self-similar geometrical structure that leads to aperiodic element layouts. This paper expands on polyfractal array design methodologies by applying a robust Pareto optimization technique with the goal of reducing the peak sidelobe levels at several frequencies specified over a wide bandwidth. A recursive beamforming algorithm and an autopolyploidy based mutation native to polyfractal geometries are used to dramatically accelerate the genetic algorithm optimization process. This paper also demonstrates that the properties of polyfractal arrays can be exploited to create designs that possess no grating lobes and relatively low sidelobe levels over ultrawide bandwidths. The best example discussed in this paper maintains a dB peak sidelobe level with no grating lobes from a , to more than a minimum spacing between elements, which corresponds to at least a 40:1 bandwidth for the array.
Design and implementation of GRIP: a computerized glucose control system at a surgical intensive care unit (2005)

A computer driven protocol is a safe and effective means of glucose control at a surgical ICU. Future improvements in the recommendation algorithm may further improve safety and efficiency.
Visuohaptic simulation of bone surgery for training and evaluation (2006)

Visual and haptic simulation of bone surgery can support and extend current surgical training techniques. The authors present a system for simulating surgeries involving bone manipulation, such as temporal bone surgery and mandibular surgery, and discuss the automatic computation of surgical performance metrics. Experimental results confirm the system's construct validity.
Modeling of Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Processes in Crystal Growth of Silicon for Photovoltaic Applications (2008)

In this contribution a coupled local - global modeling approach is presented to compute the convective heat and C, N and O transfer and the formation of SiC and Si3N4 precipitates during crystallization of multicrystalline silicon ingots. Therefore, a local species transfer model of the hot zone region was developed and coupled to a global thermal model of the whole growth furnace. In a laboratory scale crystal growth facility multicrystalline silicon ingots with a diameter of 6 cm and a length of 4-5 cm were directionally solidified in Si3N4 coated silica crucibles. The experimentally obtained data (C, N and O distributions) were compared with numerical results. It will be shown that the amount of contaminants in the silicon ingot is mainly influenced by the initial feed stock quality, the Si3N4 coating, the incorporation of CO and the evaporation of SiO over the free melt surface. It will be demonstrated that melt convection plays an important role in the transport of the species in the silicon melt and that convection can explain the experimentally observed O, C, and N distributions as well as the formation of the SiC and Si3N4 precipitates.