gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of EUVL mask pattern defect inspection using 199nm inspection tool with super-resolution method (2009)

In this paper, we will report on our experimental and simulation results on the impact of EUVL mask absorber structure and of inspection system optics on mask defect detection sensitivity. We employed a commercial simulator EM-Suite (Panoramic Technology, Inc.) which calculated rigorously using FDTD (Finite-difference time-domain) method. By using various optical constants of absorber stacks, we calculated image contrasts and defect image signals as obtained from the mask defect inspection system. We evaluated the image contrast and the capability of detecting defects on the EUVL masks by using a new inspection tool made by NuFlare Technology, Inc. (NFT) and Advanced Mask Inspection Technology, Inc. (AMiT). This tool is based on NPI-5000 which is the leading-edge photomask defect inspection system using 199nm wavelength inspection optics. The programmed defect masks with LR-TaBN and LRTaSi absorbers were used which had various sized opaque and clear extension defects on hp-160nm, hp-225nm, and hp- 325nm line and space patterns. According to the analysis, reflectivity of EUVL mask absorber structures and the inspection optics have large influence on image contrast and defect sensitivity. It is very important to optimize absorber structure and inspection optics for the development of EUVL mask inspection technology, and for the improvement of performance of EUV lithographic systems.
Q&A: Mesenchymal stem cells — where do they come from and is it important? (2015)

Mesenchymal stem - or stromal - cells (MSCs) have been administered in hundreds of clinical trials for multiple indications, making them some of the most commonly used selected regenerative cells. Paradoxically, MSCs have also long remained the least characterized stem cells regarding native identity and natural function, being isolated retrospectively in long-term culture. Recent years have seen progress in our understanding of the natural history of these cells, and candidate native MSCs have been identified within fetal and adult organs. Beyond basic knowledge, deciphering the biology of innate MSCs may have important positive consequences for the therapeutic use of these cells.
Effects of calcium entry blockers on tension development and calcium influx in rat uterus (1986)

Spontaneous and potassium chloride (KCl)-induced tension development of strips of whole uterus from the day-22 pregnant rat was reduced when the tissues were incubated in a calcium ion (Ca2+)-free medium. Strips of whole uterus, in an initially Ca2+-free medium, responded to the cumulative addition of Ca2+ with graded phasic tension development and associated rapid electrical discharges. The spasms were inhibited by gallopamil (100 nM) and diltiazem (1 microM). Strips of whole uterus in a depolarizing (40 mM K+) medium, which was initially Ca2+-free, responded to the cumulative addition of Ca2+ with graded tonic tension development without associated electrical discharges. These spasms were inhibited by calcium entry blockers with a rank order of potency of nifedipine = gallopamil greater than diltiazem greater than cinnarizine. KCl-induced tension development in endometrium-free uterine strips was antagonized by calcium entry blockers with a rank order of potency of nifedipine greater than gallopamil greater than diltiazem greater than cinnarizine. Ca2+ influx into endometrium-free uterine strips was assessed by means of the 'lanthanum method'. KCl induced a concentration-dependent increase in 45Ca2+ influx which was suppressed or abolished by nifedipine (2.5 nM), gallopamil (100 nM), diltiazem (500 nM) or cinnarizine (5 microM). It is concluded that spontaneous and KCl-induced tension development of rat uterus involves Ca2+ influx from the extracellular medium into the myometrial cell. These results support the hypothesis that nifedipine, gallopamil, diltiazem and cinnarizine inhibit Ca2+- and KCl-induced tension development of rat uterus by reduction of Ca2+ influx.
Dosimetric model for locoregional treatments of brain tumors with 90Y-conjugates: clinical application with 90Y-DOTATOC. (2006)

The model proved to be suitable for the dosimetry of several LR therapies with (90)Y-conjugates. According to our results, LR treatment with (90)Y-DOTATOC can safely deliver very high doses to target tissue, sparing normal organs including brain.
Rings in Drugs (2014)

We have analyzed the rings, ring systems, and frameworks in drugs listed in the FDA Orange Book to understand the frequency, timelines, molecular property space, and the application of these rings in different therapeutic areas and target classes. This analysis shows that there are only 351 ring systems and 1197 frameworks in drugs that came onto the market before 2013. Furthermore, on average six new ring systems enter drug space each year and approximately 28% of new drugs contain a new ring system. Moreover, it is very unusual for a drug to contain more than one new ring system and the majority of the most frequently used ring systems (83%) were first used in drugs developed prior to 1983. These observations give insight into the chemical novelty of drugs and potentially efficient ways to assess compound libraries and develop compounds from hit identification to lead optimization and beyond.
Selection and Application of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys (1990)

Abstract Magnesium and magnesium alloys are used in a wide variety of structural and nonstructural applications. This article provides information on selection and application of magnesium and magnesium alloys, mainly, casting alloys and wrought alloys. It also provides tabulated data for the composition, properties of these alloys, including compressive strength, bearing strength, shear strength, hardness, wear resistance, and fatigue strength. The article describes the selection of product forms (castings, extrusions, forgings) for structural applications which is based on mechanical property requirements, cost, availability, and fabricability. It also discusses the types of inserts used in magnesium. The article also deals with the joining of magnesium alloys by welding, adhesive bonding, and riveting. It concludes by describing the formability and machinability of magnesium and magnesium alloys, and explains the role of magnesium in design and weight reduction.
The Spatial Organization of the VirR Boxes Is Critical for VirR-Mediated Expression of the Perfringolysin O Gene, pfoA , from Clostridium perfringens (2004)

The transcriptional regulation of toxin production in the gram-positive anaerobe Clostridium perfringens involves a two-component signal transduction system that comprises the VirS sensor histidine kinase and its cognate response regulator, VirR. Previous studies showed that VirR binds independently to a pair of imperfect direct repeats, now designated VirR box 1 and VirR box 2, located immediately upstream of the promoter of the pfoA gene, which encodes the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, perfringolysin O. For this study, we introduced mutated VirR boxes into a C. perfringens pfoA mutant and found that both VirR boxes are essential for transcriptional activation. Furthermore, the spacing between the VirR boxes and the distance between the VirR boxes and the -35 region are shown to be critical for perfringolysin O production. Other VirR boxes that were previously identified from the strain 13 genome sequence were also analyzed, with perfringolysin O production used as a reporter system. The results showed that placement of the different VirR boxes at the same position upstream of the pfoA promoter yields different levels of perfringolysin O activity. In all of these constructs, VirR was still capable of binding to the target DNA, indicating that DNA binding alone is not sufficient for transcriptional activation. Finally, we show that the C. perfringens RNA polymerase binds more efficiently to the pfoA promoter in the presence of VirR, indicating that interactions must occur between these proteins. We propose that these interactions are required for VirR-mediated transcriptional activation.
Selective blockade of mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors protects rat hepatocytes against hypoxic damage (2000)

Western blot analysis of protein extracts from rat liver revealed the presence of the mGlu5 receptor, one of the G-protein-coupled receptors activated by glutamate (named "metabotropic glutamate receptors" or mGlu receptors). mGlu5 expression was particularly high in extracts from isolated hepatocytes, where levels were comparable with those seen in the rat cerebral cortex. The presence of mGlu5 receptors in hepatocytes was confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, immunohistochemistry in neonate or adult rat liver, as well as by immunocytochemical analysis in HepG2 hepatoma cells, where the receptor appeared to be preferentially distributed in cell membranes. Interestingly, mGlu1 receptors (which are structurally and functionally homologous to mGlu5 receptors) were never found in rat liver or hepatocytes. In hepatocytes exposed to anoxic conditions for 90 minutes, glutamate, (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) and quisqualate, which all activate mGlu5 receptors, accelerated the onset and increased the extent of cell damage, while 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine (4C3HPG), an agonist of mGlu2/3 receptors, was inactive. 2-methyl-6-(2-phenyl-1-ethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP), a novel, noncompetitive, highly selective mGlu5 receptor antagonist, not only abolished the toxic effect of 1S,3R-ACPD, but, unexpectedly, was protective by itself against anoxic damage. This suggests that hepatocytes express mGlu5 receptors and that activation of these receptors by endogenous glutamate facilitates the development of anoxic damage in hepatocytes.
Prostate Cancer Cell Adhesion to Bone Marrow Endothelium (2004)

Bone metastasis is the most frequent complication of prostate cancer (PC). Elucidation of the biological basis of this specificity is required for the development of approaches for metastatic inhibition. We investigated the possibility that the preferential attachment of PC cells to bone marrow endothelium (as opposed to endothelium from other organs) affects this specificity. We selected, from peptide phage-displayed libraries, peptide ligands to surfaces of PC cells (C4-2B) attenuated (30-40%) binding of C4-2B cells to bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs). We then determined the molecules on the surface of C4-2B cells interacted with the selected peptides using column affinity chromatography and a cDNA expression phage-displayed library generated from C4-2B cells in T7 phage. We identified a phage from the cDNA library that specifically bound to one of the selected peptides-L11. This phage displayed the amino acid sequence homologous for the COOH-terminal portion of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). To examine the possible direct involvement of PSA in the interactions between PC and BMECs, we performed a cell-cell adhesion assay. Antibodies to PSA attenuated PC cells adhesion to BMECs. In addition, exogenous proteolytically active PSA modulated this adhesion. Finally, inactivation of mRNA coding PSA by a small interfering RNA (siRNA) diminished C4-2B cell adhesion to BMECs. These results indicate that PSA expressed as secreted and surface-associated molecules in C4-2B cells is involved in cell-cell interactions and/or digests components of bone marrow endothelium for preferential adhesion and penetration of PC cells. The suggested experimental approach is a promising strategy for identification of cell surface molecules involved in intercellular interactions.
Assessment of Provider Adherence to Recommended Monitoring Parameters for Oral Anticancer Medications (2018)

This study revealed low compliance with FDA-recommended monitoring parameters for commonly dispensed OAMs at our institution. In addition, this study confirmed national concerns about adherence to oral regimens. It also suggests that provider compliance with monitoring parameters is an area that needs to be addressed in order to improve the ambulatory OAM process.
Hyperthyroid-associated osteoporosis is exacerbated by the loss of TSH signaling (2012)

The osteoporosis associated with human hyperthyroidism has traditionally been attributed to elevated thyroid hormone levels. There is evidence, however, that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is low in most hyperthyroid states, directly affects the skeleton. Importantly, Tshr-knockout mice are osteopenic. In order to determine whether low TSH levels contribute to bone loss in hyperthyroidism, we compared the skeletal phenotypes of wild-type and Tshr-knockout mice that were rendered hyperthyroid. We found that hyperthyroid mice lacking TSHR had greater bone loss and resorption than hyperthyroid wild-type mice, thereby demonstrating that the absence of TSH signaling contributes to bone loss. Further, we identified a TSH-like factor that may confer osteoprotection. These studies suggest that therapeutic suppression of TSH to very low levels may contribute to bone loss in people.
Internet pricing with a game theoretical approach: concepts and examples (2002)

The basic concepts of three branches of game theory, leader-follower, cooperative, and two-person nonzero sum games, are reviewed and applied to the study of the Internet pricing issue. In particular, we emphasize that the cooperative game (also called the bargaining problem) provides an overall picture for the issue. With a simple model for Internet quality of service (QoS), we demonstrate that the leader-follower game may lead to a solution that is not Pareto optimal and in some cases may be "unfair," and that the cooperative game may provide a better solution for both the Internet service provider (ISP) and the user. The practical implication of the results is that government regulation or arbitration may be helpful. The QoS model is also applied to study the competition between two ISPs, and we find a Nash equilibrium point from which the two ISPs would not move out without cooperation. The proposed approaches can be applied to other Internet pricing problems such as the Paris Metro pricing scheme.
Effects of Sparse Long Chain Branching on the Spinning Stability of LLDPEs (2004)

Abstract The influence of sparse long chain branching on the onset and propagation of isothermal draw resonance in fiber spinning of polyethylene melts was investigated. Six polyethylene melts were used in this study: three sparsely branched metallocene polyethylenes, a linear low-density metallocene polyethylene, a conventional linear low-density polyethylene, and a conventional low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The sparsely branched metallocene polyethylenes have almost identical shear rheology and molecular weight distributions, but strain harden to different extents under extensional deformation because of slight differences in the amount of sparse long chain branching. Critical draw ratios and the ratios of minimum to maximum diameter were found to be different for each of these polyethylenes. The two linear low-density polyethylenes, which have no long chain branching, had critical draw ratios similar to those of the sparsely branched polyethylenes, but failed (necked to the point of filament breakage) during monofilament extrusion at draw ratios significantly lower than those measured for the sparsely branched polyethylenes. In contrast, the LDPE, which has the highest degree of branching and largest molecular weight distribution, had a much higher critical draw ratio than that obtained for the other five polyethylenes. These results suggest that the degree of extensional strain hardening, arising from differences in long chain branching, has a significant effect on the onset and propagation of draw resonance in isothermal fiber spinning. In the case of LLDPE, broadening the MWD seemed to affect the drawability of LLDPE, but had no effect on the critical draw ratio.
Effect of Oolong Tea on Plasma Lipids and Lipoprotein Lipase Activity in Young Women. (1991)

実験1健康な成人女子を被験者とし, 日常飲用する濃度の3または5倍量の茶葉を浸出させた濃い濃度の烏龍茶を負荷したときの血漿脂質の経時変化を, 空腹時ならびに脂肪食経口負荷時において観察した。1) 血漿中の総コレステロール, HDLコレステロール, 中性脂肪およびリン脂質は, 空腹時および脂肪食負荷時ともに烏龍茶負荷の影響はみられなかった。2) 空腹時において血漿中のFFA量は時間の経過とともに上昇するが, 鳥龍茶負荷によりFFAはさらに高値を示し, 血中への放出が有意に増加した。脂肪食経口負荷時においても烏龍茶負荷によりFFAの放出が明らかに増加した。実験2健康な成人女子を被験者とし, 日常飲用する普通濃度の鳥龍茶を1日7杯, 6週間飲用させ血漿脂質ならびに血中LPL, H-TGL活性の変化を観察した。1) 烏龍茶の飲用により中性脂肪ならびにリン脂質は低値を示した。総コレステロールに変化はみられなかったが, 飲用後6週の時点において動脈硬化指数が改善された。2) 血中のH-TGL活性には有意な変化は認められなかったが, LPL活性は烏龍茶の飲用により高い活性値を示し, その傾向は烏龍茶の飲用終了後も引き続き観察された。
Substrates do influence the ordering of mesoporous thin films (2005)

Two kinds of ordered structures, a cylindrical hexagonal and a compact hexagonal arrangement of micelles, were synthesized using either CTAB or a Pluronic block copolymer as templating agents. The ordering of thin films deposited on glass, dielectrics (Si3N4, SiTiOx) and a metal with a native oxide (Ti) were compared. We observed that the ordered texture of the films was greatly influenced by the substrate. In order to differentiate the effects of surface roughness and surface forces, glass substrates were systematically modified by grafting ethylene oxide/propylene oxide (EO/PO) statistical copolymers. Varying the EO content allowed fine tuning of the hydrophilicity of the surface. In this case, the same phase and quality of ordering as on bare glass is observed but with a systematic higher contraction of the ordered structure. This is ascribed to the similar chemical nature between the grafted substrate and the templating molecules, which fasten the formation of the ordered structure.
Grundlagen und Entwicklung des Verfahrens zur Trennung der Elemente Zirkonium und Hafnium durch Verteilen ihrer Thiocyanate (1966)

Abstract Die Verteilungsgleichgewichte von Zirkonium‐ und Hafniumthiocyanat zwischen Wasser und Methyl‐isobutyl‐keton werden in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Versuchsbedingungen untersucht. Da das System in extremer Weise vom Nernstschen Verteilungssatz abweicht, ist eine weitgehende Trennung der beiden Elemente durch vielstufige Verteilung in einem Arbeitsgang nicht ohne weiteres möglich. Durch geeignete Zusätze und eine neue Art der Phasenführung gelang es jedoch, ein kontinuierliches Verfahren für präparative und technische Zwecke zu entwickeln, mit dem sich mit 23 Mischer‐Absetzern aus einem Zirkonium‐Hafnium‐Gemisch (Hafnium‐Gehalt: 1 bis 2%) ein ZrO 2 ‐Präparat mit &lt; 10 ppm HfO 2 und gleichzeitig ein HfO 2 ‐Präparat mit 0,3% ZrO 2 gewinnen läßt.
Synthesis and Copper Coordination Chemistry of Hindered 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane Ligands with Amide Appendages (1998)

Copper complexes of the new ligands1a LPiv and LRAmR‘ that comprise 1,4-diisopropyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononanes linked to secondary and tertiary amide groups were prepared and characterized, with a particular view toward evaluating amide structural, spectroscopic, and potential hydrogen-bonding influences of relevance to ongoing copper−dioxygen reactivity studies. X-ray crystal structures of the Cu(I) complexes [LCu(CH3CN)]X (L = LHAmMe, X = ClO4; L = LPiv, X = CF3SO3) revealed typical 4-coordinate geometries with the amide dangling free, while those of the Cu(II) compounds [LCuCl]X (L = LHAmMe, X = ClO4; L = LMeAmH, X = PF6) and [LPivCu(O3SCF3)]O3SCF3 showed 5-coordinate square pyramidal geometries with the amide coordinated to the metal via its carbonyl oxygen atom. Analysis of FTIR spectra of the aforementioned compounds and the carbon monoxide adducts [LMeAmR‘Cu(CO)]SbF6 (R‘ = H or Me) allowed (i) identification of signatures of amide structural features, hydrogen bonding, and metal coordination and (ii) classification of the amide ligands as generally electron withdrawing relative to alkyl-substituted counterparts (e.g., 1,4,7-triisopropyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane).
Mammalian Reoviruses: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage (2023)

Mammalian reoviruses are pathogens that cause gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. In humans, the mammalian reoviruses usually cause mild or subclinical disease, and they are ubiquitous, with most people mounting immunity at a young age. Reoviruses are prototypic representations of the Reoviridae family, which contains many highly pathogenic viruses. This article describes techniques for culturing mouse fibroblast L929 cell lines, the preferred cell line in which most mammalian reovirus studies take place. In addition, mammalian reovirus propagation, quantification, purification, and storage are described. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Propagation of mammalian reoviruses in cell culture from virus stocks Alternate Protocol 1: Large-scale propagation (and purification) of mammalian reoviruses in cell culture from virus stocks Basic Protocol 2: Quantification of mammalian reoviruses by plaque assay with neutral red staining Alternate Protocol 2: Quantification of mammalian reoviruses by plaque assay with crystal violet staining Basic Protocol 3: Storage of mammalian reoviruses Support Protocol 1: Growth and maintenance of mouse L929 cells Support Protocol 2: Plating L929 cells.
Facile Synthesis of Rhodamine Esters using Acetyl Chloride in Alcohol Solution (2006)

Abstract The rhodamines are a highly fluorescent class of compound used in many different fields of research, from the lasing medium in dye lasers to biological stains and markers for cellular drug resistance. In this study, esters (2–7) of rhodamine 110 (1) were conveniently prepared via the addition of acetyl chloride to a solution of the free acid (1) in the appropriate alcohol. This method conferred several advantages over previous preparations, namely that for low boiling alcohols, simple evaporation of the solution afforded the ester in quantitative yield with no need for purification. For higher boiling point alcohols, a method has been developed which allows the separation of longer chain esters from the alcohol solvent.
The relationship between phosphate status and cyanide‐resistant respiration in bean roots (1990)

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings were cultured on complete or phosphate-deficient nutrient medium. After 14 days of culture on phosphate-deficient medium the visible symptoms of P(i) deficiency were observed only in the shoot, the fresh and dry weights of the roots were slightly higher than in control plants. The decreased P(i) content in the roots had little effect on total respiration rate but had an effect on the level of inhibition of respiration by cyanide. The high resistance of respiration to cyanide observed in P(i) -deficient roots was the result of the suppression of cytochrome path activity and an increased participation of the alternative, cyanide-resistant pathway. The cytochrome pathway activity increased when inorganic phosphate was supplied to P(i) -deficient roots for 1 or 3.5 h. It is speculated that the suppression of cytochrome pathway in P(i) -deficient roots may result from restriction of the phosphorylating capacity or a partial inhibition of cytochrome oxidase activity.
A MICROFABRICATION-FREE PROCEDURE TO FABRICATE 3- DIMENSIONAL MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES USING HYDROGEL MOLDS (2011)

We present an original microfabrication-free procedure to flexibly design and fabricate 3-dimensional microchannels in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer with a single-step process using hydrogel molds. In this process, arranged small wires of agarose-gel serve as a mold for a microchannel formed within a piece of PDMS. The advantages of the method are that 3-dimensional microchannels can be flexibly designed and fabricated by a simple procedure without using any specialized equipment or processes. This method would make microfluidic processes more accessible for laboratories of a variety of fields, and would also provide an attractive educational material for students.