gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Circadian-Related Sleep Disorders and Sleep Medication Use in the New Zealand Blind Population: An Observational Prevalence Survey (2011)

Extrapolations from the current study suggest that 3,000 blind and visually impaired New Zealanders may suffer from circadian-related sleep problems, and that of these, fewer than 15% have been prescribed melatonin. This may represent a therapeutic gap in the treatment of circadian-related sleep disorders in New Zealand, findings that may generalize to other countries.
Noise performance of distributed fibre amplifiers (1991)

Noise measurements on a distributed erbium-doped fibre amplifier are reported for the first time. Data are presented for fibre lengths up to 54 km, and are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
A new tier of health care management initiatives. (1988)

Some employers spend half their health benefits dollars on outpatient care. Utilization of ambulatory services is up, costs-per-case are escalating fast--with some procedures demonstrably costing 85%-95% of inpatient charges--and providers' profits are increasing. Executives of the Health Data Institute and The Associated Group describe a multi-pronged approached to managing the burgeoning costs of a health care delivery alternative that was supposed to save employers money.
Noise amplification during supercontinuum generation in microstructure fiber (2003)

Supercontinua generated by femtosecond pulses launched in microstructure fiber can exhibit significant low-frequency (<1-MHz) amplitude noise on the output pulse train. We show that this low-frequency noise is an amplified version of the amplitude noise that is already present on the input laser pulse train. Through both experimental measurements and numerical simulations, we quantify the noise amplification factor and its dependence on the supercontinuum wavelength and on the energy and duration of the input pulse. Interestingly, the dependence differs significantly from that of the broadband white-noise component, which arises from amplification of the input laser shot noise.
Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (2007)

In addition to malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus infection, several other infectious diseases are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. In particular, 13 tropical diseases infect billions of people and cause disabilities such as blindness and heart failure, especially in persons who live in impoverished conditions. This review article describes approaches to the global control of these diseases.
<title>Toward a perceptual video-quality metric</title> (1998)

The advent of widespread distribution of digital video creates a need for automated methods for evaluating the visual quality of digital video. This is particularly so since most digital video is compressed using lossy methods, which involve the controlled introduction of potentially visible artifacts. Compounding the problem is the bursty nature of digital video, which requires adaptive bit allocation based on visual quality metrics, and the economic need to reduce bit-rate to the lowest level that yields acceptable quality. In previous work, we have developed visual quality metrics for evaluating, controlling,a nd optimizing the quality of compressed still images. These metrics incorporate simplified models of human visual sensitivity to spatial and chromatic visual signals. Here I describe a new video quality metric that is an extension of these still image metrics into the time domain. Like the still image metrics, it is based on the Discrete Cosine Transform. An effort has been made to minimize the amount of memory and computation required by the metric, in order that might be applied in the widest range of applications. To calibrate the basic sensitivity of this metric to spatial and temporal signals we have made measurements of visual thresholds for temporally varying samples of DCT quantization noise.
Some possibilities for improving the holographic recording characteristics in Bi&lt;inf&gt;12&lt;/inf&gt;Si0&lt;inf&gt;20&lt;/inf&gt;monocrystals (1986)

On the basis of detailed consideration of the influence of a number of factors such as recording and readout light intensity, condition of preliminary illumination, electrical contact properties, parameters of the applied external electric field (direct and alternating), and the anisotropic properties of light diffraction from a simple hologram (diffraction grating), possibilities are sought for optimal conditions of holographic recording in crystal of the type Bi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</inf> (Si, Ge, Ti)O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">20</inf> .
The role of monoaminergic systems in central IL‐1β‐induced changes in intestinal motility (1994)

Abstract Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in fed rats induces stimulation of caecocolonic contractions, involving corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) and the reappearance of the fasted motor pattern (presence of migrating myoelectric complexes, MMCs) at the small intestinal level, which is mediated by prostaglandins (PGs). The mechanisms of these effects were further investigated by focusing on the possible involvement of central monoaminergic systems. Motility was appraised in conscious rats chronically implanted with electrodes in the jejunum and caecum, and a catheter in a lateral ventricle of the brain. IL‐1β (15 ng, i.c.v.) was administered in fed rats that were untreated, or after previous administration of either antagonists of α 1 and α 2 adrenergic (prazocin and yohimbine), D 1 and D 2 dopaminergic (SCH 23390 and sulpiride) and 5HT 3 serotonergic (granisetron) receptors. Only prazocin and yohimbine (1 mg kg −1 i.p.) significantly reduced the duration of the MMC pattern induced by IL‐1β at the jejunal level (78 ± 35 min and 40 ± 12 min, respectively, vs 223 ± 48 min in control studies). In contrast, the caecal stimulation triggered by IL‐1β was not only blocked by prazocin and yohimbine (1 mg kg −1 i.p.), but also by sulpiride (1 mg kg −1 i.p.) and granisetron (1 mg kg −1 i.p.). This study confirms that IL‐1‐induced changes in small and large intestinal motility are expressed through two separate pathways. We can suggest that mediators acting to modulate CRF release, such as catecholamines through α 1 and α 2 receptors, dopamine through D 2 receptors, and serotonin through 5HT 3 receptors, could be involved in the caecal stimulation. PG‐dependent changes in the jejunal motility pattern seem to be linked to activation of α adrenoceptors.
Regulation of the proliferation of spermatogonial stem cells (1988)

The proliferating cells in the seminiferous epithelium can be subdivided into the (morphologically) undifferentiated and the differentiating spermatogonia. In turn the undifferentiated spermatogonia can be subdivided according to their topographical arrangement into clones consisting of one cell, the A-single (As) spermatogonia, two cells, the A-paired (Apr) spermatogonia or groups of 4, 8 or 16 cells, the A-aligned (Aal) spermatogonia. Most likely the As spermatogonia are the stem cells of spermatogesis. When these cells divide their daughter cells can either migrate away from each other and become two new stem cells or stay together as Apr spermatogonia. The Apr spermatogonia can divide further to form Aal spermatogonia. Although suggestions have been made for the existence of a class of long-cycling stem cells with a higher probability for self-renewal, all cell kinetic data are still compatible with a homogeneous population of stem cells, the proliferative activity of which varies during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Radiobiological studies have revealed that the radiosensitivity of the stem cells varies with their proliferative activity and that there is no particular class of radioresistant stem cells. In both rat and Chinese hamster the cell cycle time of the undifferentiated spermatogonia appeared to be much longer than that of the differentiating spermatogonia. All types of undifferentiated spermatogonia have the same minimum cell cycle time. However, the As spermatogonia, the stem cells, generally divide after longer intervals. The proliferative activity of the undifferentiated spermatogonia varies during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. At a certain moment during the epithelial cycle the undifferentiated spermatogonia, including the stem cells, are stimulated to proliferate. After a period of active proliferation the Apr and Aal spermatogonia are arrested in G1 phase possibly by the production of a chalone by the differentiating spermatogonia. In both rat and Chinese hamster the As spermatogonia are less sensitive towards this inhibition and continue to proliferate for some time longer. In the normal epithelium the probability of self-renewal of the stem cells varies with their proliferative activity in such a way that is low during active proliferation. In the normal epithelium there appeared to be no regulatory mechanism to ensure an even density of the stem cells. A large variation in stem cell density was found between areas. However, after heavy cell loss, for example after irradiation, the probability of self-renewal was found to be close to 100%. In primates the undifferentiated spermatogonia are composed of the so-called Ap and Ad spermatogonia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Improved Digital Image Restoration Algorithm Based on Criminisi (2016)

Digital image inpainting pertains to the reconstruction of missing or damaged portions of images in a manner that is not detectable to the observer. This study evaluates the Criminisi algorithm for digital image inpainting and proposes four improvements. First, a new priority function was introduced using piecewise function to adjust the sequence of inpainting process and change the operation used from multiplication to addition under certain conditions. This adjustment improved the flexibility of the algorithm thereby avoiding incorrect filling sequence caused by rapid decay of data term. Second, Sobel operator instead of the traditional gradient direction was used to improve the computation of isophote. This approach first restored points on the isophote, which is beneficial to information fusion. Third, a new matching function was proposed and a new matching search method was employed to identify samples in the neighborhood of the damaged region based on similarity. This improvement created the nearest optimal matching block used for inpainting. Finally, a new formula of smoothing error propagation for updating confidence value was defined. This method ensured the correct sequence of synthesis from the periphery to the center. Experimental results show that this improved algorithm yields satisfactory inpainting results and improves repair efficiency.
Flow and Separation Characteristics of Three-dimensional Negatively Buoyant Wall Jets (1997)

This paper reports a study of the behavior of cold air jets, specifically three-dimensional, incompressible, negatively buoyant, turbulent wall jets, and their separation from horizontal surfaces. With a cold-air distribution system, both the supply air temperature and flow rate are lower than in conventional systems for the same cooling load. The cold air is supplied to a zone at temperatures between 39°F and 49°F (3°C and 9°C) instead of the conventional 55°F (13°C). As the building's ventilation and cooling airflow supply temperature and flow rate are reduced below the conventional values, indoor thermal environment considerations become increasingly important. An analysis using integral forms of the momentum and energy equations is presented for determination of the separation point of buoyant turbulent wall jets. The analysis shows that the separation point is a function of the outlet Richardson number in addition to the geometry of the outlet diffuser or nozzle. Also reported in this paper is an experimental investigation of the mixing and separation of three-dimensional buoyant turbulent wall jets of air discharging into a large room. Velocity and temperature difference profiles and half-width growth rates for these jets are presented. The separation distances are also measured, and compared to the predicted results.
Prediction of the Death Toll of Environmental Pollution in China’s Coal Mine Based on Metabolism-GM (1, n) Markov Model (2017)

The data of death toll in China’s coal mine cuased by environmental pollution is very difficult to predict because of its characteristics of small data volume, strong discreteness and non-linearity. In order to accurately predict the death toll in coal mine caused by environmental pollution, and take effective preventive measures to reduce casualties, in this paper, the grey GM (1, n) forecast model, Markov Theory and metabolic thought are combined. With the calculation of weight of grey Markov model by order relation analysis method, the predictive model is constructed, and a method which is suitable for predicting the death toll of environmental pollution in coal mineis proposed. Based on the death toll of coal mine traffic accidents from 2001 to 2013, the above model is used to predict the death toll of coal mine environmental pollution in 2014, and the result is compared with the actual data. The result shows that the relative error of the prediction on the death cuased by environmental pollution in China’s coal mine based on metabolism-GM (1, n) Markov model is 32.73% less than that of grey GM (1, n) prediction model. It can be seen that the proposed grey Markov model has high prediction accuracy and meets the actual demand. It is an effective method to predict the death of China’s coal mine generated by environmental pollution.
Average minimum transmit power to achieve SINR targets: performance comparison of various user selection algorithms (2011)

In multi-user communication from one base station (BS) to multiple users, the problem of minimizing the transmit power to achieve some target-guaranteed performance (rates) at users has been well investigated in the literature. Similarly, various user selection algorithms have been proposed and analyzed when the BS has to transmit to a subset of the users in the system, mostly for the objective of sum rate maximization. We study the joint problem of minimizing the transmit power at the BS to achieve specific signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) targets at users in conjunction with user scheduling. The general analytical results for the average transmit power required to meet guaranteed performance at the users' side are difficult to obtain even without user selection due to joint optimization required over beamforming vectors and power allocation scalars. We study the transmit power minimization problem employing non-linear dirty paper coding (DPC) technique and with various user selection algorithms, namely semi-orthogonal user selection (SUS), norm-based user selection (NUS), and angle-based user selection (AUS). Starting from the derivation of a transmit power upper bound (that becomes tight for large SINR targets), the average minimum transmit power is derived for NUS and SUS, for any number of users. For the special case when only two users are selected, we further derive a similar expression for AUS and a power lower bound, which may serve to benchmark the performance of any selection scheme. Simulation results performed under various settings indicate that SUS is by far the better user selection criterion.
2 × 2 MIMO radio-over-fiber system at 60 GHz employing frequency domain equalization (2011)

This work experimentally demonstrates the efficacy of the 2 × 2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique for capacity improvement of a 60-GHz radio-over-fiber (RoF) system employing single-carrier modulation format. We employ frequency domain equalization (FDE) to estimate the channel response, including frequency response of the 60 GHz RoF system and the MIMO wireless channel. Using FDE and MIMO techniques, we experimentally demonstrate the doubling the of wireless data capacity of a 60 GHz RoF system to 27.15 Gb/s using 16-QAM modulation format, with transmission over 25 km of standard single-mode fiber and 3 m wireless distance.
<title>Proton irradiation SEU test results for the SEDS MIL-STD-1773 fiber optic data bus: integrated optoelectronics</title> (1993)

The Small Explorer Data System (SEDS) is a spaceflight command and data handling system for the small explorer (SMEX) program at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). A key component in this system is the SEDS MIL-STD-1773 Fiber Optic Multiplexed Data Bus. The 1773 bus provides a means of passing telemetry and commands between spacecraft subsystems. This bus is currently being considered for additional spaceflight programs inside and outside of the NASA realm. The SEDS 1773 bus uses integrated optoelectronics as part of its electrical subsystem (or user) to optical interface. Generic proton and heavy ion test results have been previously reported. Herein is presented proton test results for continuing this investigation under actual subsystem interface conditions (MIL-STD-1773) as well as for generic devices using the proton test facilities at University of California, Davis (UCD). This testing was undertaken as a joint effort between NASA/GSFC and the Naval Research Laboratories (NRL).
The concept of attached processing and attached resource computer systems (1978)

Attached Processing, an innovative concept in business data processing demanding novel computer systems architecture, divides computing into three broadly specialized functions: applications processing, data storage and management, and communications. In its realization, the Attached Resource Computer, communications are handled by combining hardware and software in a high-speed, short-range interprocessor bus managed by bipolar microprocessors; data storage and management is the province of dedicated small processors attached to the interprocessor bus through the bipolar microprocessors; applications processing is done in other small processors similarly attached but entirely unburdened by communication processing requirements. The system is capable of indefinite extension and essentially unlimited throughput at very modest cost.
Obesity Associated Molecular Forms of C-Reactive Protein in Human (2014)

We have identified five new CRP-mfs out of which CRP-mf-4 was significantly associated with obesity. We have shown that oligomerization of CRP was not calcium dependent. We hypothesize that adipose tissue produces a factor which influences the formation of CRP mf-4. CRP-mfs might be used as an obesity-associated inflammatory marker.
Rechargeable battery using a novel iron oxide nanorods anode and a nickel hydroxide cathode in an aqueous electrolyte (2011)

A rechargeable battery using novel α-Fe(2)O(3)/CNFs composite as the anode, β-Ni(OH)(2) as the cathode and LiOH/KOH solution as the electrolyte in an aqueous rechargeable battery has been proposed. The Fe(2)O(3)/Ni(OH)(2) prototype cell exhibits a high average operational voltage of 1.5 V, high rate capability and good cycling performance.
A New Method for Measuring In-Place Density of Asphalt Pavements Using a Low-Activity Nuclear Density Gauge (2023)

In recent years, low-activity nuclear density gauges (LNDG) have become available and are used for soils and asphalt compaction testing. These gauges, which are exempt from licensing and other nuclear regulatory requirements in the United States, use gamma-ray scattering technique for measuring density. A new method was developed for using these gauges for agency acceptance testing of finished asphalt pavements. In this method, the gauge is used in transmission mode, placing the gamma-ray source at a depth of 12.5 mm (0.5 in.) in asphalt layer, using a predrilled hole with a diameter of 19 mm (0.75 in.). This paper presents the measurement method and properties of a gauge using this new method (LNDG/TM). The measurement properties were determined from laboratory and field studies conducted in North Carolina. An LNDG/TM was evaluated by side-by-side testing with a thin-lift type conventional nuclear gauge (TL-NDG) that is allowed to use for acceptance testing. These studies showed that the sensitivity and precision of measuring density by an LNDG/TM were similar to those by a TL-NDG. Based on measurements taken on a 100-mm-thick (4-in.) intermediate layer made from a 19-mm Superpave mix, the precision, repeatability standard deviation, for the LNDG/TM was 5 kg/m3 (0.3 lb/ft3). The measurement time including for site preparation was about 2.5 min. When gauge measurements were correlated to the industry-accepted core-extraction method, the agreement between LNDG/TM and a TL-NDG for measuring density was within 32 kg/m3 (2 lb/ft3).
Principles of biological microtechnique; a study of fixation and dyeing (1958)

Principles of biological microtechnique; a study of fixation and dyeing , Principles of biological microtechnique; a study of fixation and dyeing , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
The codA gene as a negative selection marker in Citrus (2015)

The use of positive selectable marker genes is widespread in plant genetic transformation allowing transgenic cells to grow while repressing non-transgenic cells. Negative selectable markers, on the contrary, allow the repression or ablation of transgenic cells. The codA gene of Escherichia coli encodes cytosine deaminase that hydrolyzes 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into the cytotoxic compound 5 fluorouracil. We tested the transgenic expression of the bacterial codA gene in citrus as a conditional negative selection marker, with the goal of selecting against plant tissues in which a transgenic cassette has not been successfully removed. We developed transgenic citrus lines containing the selection cassette, codA::nptII, driven by double enhanced CaMV35S promoter, verified by Southern blot analysis, RT-PCR, DsRed expression and subjected these transgenic lines to a 5-FC sensitivity assay. We found that, while non-transgenic citrus were unaffected by the presence of 5-FC, all of the transformed lines displayed symptoms of toxicity, indicating that the codA gene could be used as a negative selectable marker in Citrus, for post-transformation detection of the removal of undesired sequences.
Effect of Geometry on Energy Losses In Fused Silica Dual-Shell Gyroscopes (2022)

This paper studies the energy loss mechanism through the substrate in 3D Fused Silica dual-shell gyroscopes (DSGs), focusing on design and geometry of anchor structures. In dual-shell gyroscopes, the sensing shell element (inner shell) is anchored to a substrate through an inner stem and an outer cap shell. This configuration creates a double-end clamped anchor to enhance the robustness of the device under mechanical shock and vibrations. However, the double-ended anchor, if not optimized by design, can become a major contributor to the energy loss and adversely affect the sensor’s performance. In our analysis, we studied the effect of different anchor geometries on the anchor loss in the n=2 wineglass mode, using FEA and the Perfectly Matched Layer model. We identified the inner-to-outer shell junction as one of the key geometric characteristics in defining anchor losses in DSGs. Based on our parametric study, we confirmed the significance of location of junctions connecting the two shells on energy losses, identified a trend for optimization of geometry, and confirmed our findings experimentally.