gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detonation waves in pentaerythritol tetranitrate (1997)

Fabry–Perot laser interferometry was used to obtain nanosecond time resolved particle velocity histories of the free surfaces of tantalum discs accelerated by detonating pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) charges and of the interfaces between PETN detonation products and lithium fluoride crystals. The experimental records were compared to particle velocity histories calculated using very finely zoned meshes of the exact dimensions with the DYNA2D hydrodynamic code. The duration of the PETN detonation reaction zone was demonstrated to be less than the 5 ns initial resolution of the Fabry–Perot technique, because the experimental records were accurately calculated using an instantaneous chemical reaction, the Chapman–Jouguet (C-J) model of detonation, and the reaction product Jones–Wilkins–Lee (JWL) equation of state for PETN detonation products previously determined by supracompression (overdriven detonation) studies. Some of the PETN charges were pressed to densities approaching the crystal density and exhibited the phenomenon of superdetonation. An ignition and growth Zeldovich–von Neumann–Doring (ZND) reactive flow model was developed to explain these experimental records and the results of previous PETN shock initiation experiments on single crystals of PETN. Good agreement was obtained for the induction time delays preceding chemical reaction, the run distances at which the initial shock waves were overtaken by the detonation waves in the compressed PETN, and the measured particle velocity histories produced by the overdriven detonation waves before they could relax to steady state C-J velocity and pressure.
The Free Energy Principle drives neuromorphic development (2022)

We show how any system with morphological degrees of freedom and locally limited free energy will, under the constraints of the free energy principle, evolve toward a neuromorphic morphology that supports hierarchical computations in which each level of the hierarchy enacts a coarse-graining of its inputs, and dually a fine-graining of its outputs. Such hierarchies occur throughout biology, from the architectures of intracellular signal transduction pathways to the large-scale organization of perception and action cycles in the mammalian brain. Formally, the close formal connections between cone-cocone diagrams (CCCD) as models of quantum reference frames on the one hand, and between CCCDs and topological quantum field theories on the other, allow the representation of such computations in the fully-general quantum-computational framework of topological quantum neural networks.
Impact of embedded systems evolution on RTOS use and design (2005)

In this paper, we discuss how the evolution of embedded systems has impacted on the design and usage of Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS). Specifically, we consider issues that result from the integration of complex requirements for embedded systems. Integration has been identified as a complex issue in various fields such as automotive, critical systems (aerospace, nuclear etc) and consumer electronics. In addition, the pressure on time-to-market, the emergence of multi-site development, and the ever-increasing size of software stacks are driving radical changes in the development approaches of modern applications. These complex requirements have placed greater requirements on Operating Systems with respect to how interfaces are defined and how resources are managed. These requirements are expanded and justified through the course of this paper. The requirements are then discussed in the context of emerging solutions from a number of domains.
Fecal microbiota transplantation results in bacterial strain displacement in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (2019)

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which is thought to have the potential to correct dysbiosis of gut microbiota, has been used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) for almost a decade. Here, we report an interventional prospective cohort study performed to elucidate the extent of and processes underlying microbiota engraftment in IBD patients after FMT treatment. The cohort included two categories of patients: (a) patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease (CD) (Harvey-Bradshaw Index ≥ 7, n = 11) and (b) patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) (Montreal classification S2 and S3, n = 4). All patients were treated with a single FMT (via mid-gut, from healthy donors), and follow-up visits were performed at baseline, 3 days, 1 week, and 1 month after FMT (missing time points included). At each follow-up time point, fecal samples and clinical metadata were collected. For comparative analysis, 10 fecal samples from 10 healthy donors were included to represent the diversity level of normal gut microbiota. Additionally, the metagenomic data of 25 fecal samples from five individuals with metabolic syndrome who underwent autologous FMT treatment were downloaded from a previous published paper to represent fluctuations in microbiota induced during FMT. All fecal samples underwent shotgun metagenomic sequencing. We found that 3 days after FMT, 11 out of 15 recipients were in remission (three out of four UC recipients; 8 out of 11 CD recipients). Generally, bacterial colonization was observed to be lower in CD recipients than in UC recipients at both species and strain levels. Furthermore, across species, different strains displayed disease-specific displacement advantages under two-disease status. Finally, most post-FMT species (> 80%) could be properly predicted (area under the curve > 85%) using a random forest classification model, with the gut microbiota composition and clinical parameters of pre-FMT recipients acting as factors that contribute to prediction accuracy.
Dendritic Cells from Nonobese Diabetic Mice Exhibit a Defect in NF-κB Regulation Due to a Hyperactive IκB Kinase (2001)

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is characterized by the T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Accordingly, APCs, such as macrophage, have also been shown to be important in the disease process. However, the role(s) of dendritic cells (DCs) that exhibit potent APC function remains undefined in IDDM. Here we demonstrate that DCs derived from nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model for IDDM, are more sensitive to various forms of stimulation compared with those from C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, resulting in increased IL-12 secretion. This property is a consequence of hyperactivation of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor known to regulate IL-12 gene expression. Specifically, NOD DCs exhibit persistent hyperactivation of both IkappaB kinase and NF-kappaB in response to stimuli, in addition to selective degradation of IkappaBepsilon. Transfection of NOD DCs with a modified form of IkappaBalpha significantly reduced IL-12 secretion, suggesting that hyperactivation of NF-kappaB was in part responsible for increased IL-12 production. An enhanced capacity of NOD DCs to secrete IL-12 would be expected to contribute to the development of pathogenic Th1 (Tc1) cells during the diabetogenic response.
IRS-1 Functions as a Molecular Scaffold to Coordinate IGF-I/IGFBP-2 Signaling During Osteoblast Differentiation (2019)

A reader of JBMR informed the editors about concern regarding possible image duplication in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 8. In consultation with the COPE guidelines, the editors sought an explanation from the authors for this error. H. C. D. F. The authors acknowledge errors made in Figs. 2H, 3C, 5D, and 8F, as published in.1 The multiple errors were caused by the inclusion of incorrect images for four panels, as explained herein: Fig. 2H. The original exposure was labeled with the incorrect film number and that image was a light exposure for Fig. 1C loading control. Fig. 3C. The image for the control panel in Fig. 3D was copied and pasted to build panel C, which has the same labels. However, the loading control image was not substituted with the correct one for panel C. Fig. 5D. As was the case for the error in Fig. 3C, the image for the control lane was copied from panel E as a template and inadvertently left in place in panel D. Fig. 8F. Again, the control panel B of Fig. 7 was copied as a template and pasted to make Fig. 8F, but the image was not replaced with the corresponding correct one. The incorrect images have now been replaced with the correct ones in all these figures, as shown below. The errors in the original figures did not negate the data or undermine the conclusions of the article, but the authors regret any confusion and inconvenience this may have caused the readers of JBMR.
Bounded Pre-Image Awareness and the Security of Hash-Tree Keyless Signatures. (2014)

Abstract. We present a new tighter security proof for unbounded hash tree keyless signature (time-stamping) schemes that use Merkle-Damg̊ard (MD) hash functions with Preimage Aware (PrA) com-pression functions. It is known that the PrA assumption alone is insufficient for proving the security of unbounded hash tree schemes against back-dating attacks. We show that many known PrA construc-tions satisfy a stronger Bounded Pre-Image Awareness (BPrA) condition that assumes the existence of an extractor E that is bounded in the sense that for any efficiently computable query string α, the number of outputs y for which E(y, α) succeeds does not exceed the number of queries in α. We show that blockcipher based MD-hash functions with rate-1 compression functions (such as Davies-Meyer and Miyaguchi-Preneel) of both type I and type II are BPrA. We also show that the compression function of Shrimpton-Stam that uses non-compressing components is BPrA. The security proof for unbounded hash-tree schemes is very tight under the BPrA assumption. In order to have 2s-security against back-dating, the hash function must have n = 2s+ 4 output bits, assuming that the security of the hash function is close to the birthday barrier, i.e. that there are no structural weaknesses in the hash function itself. Note that the previous proofs that assume PrA gave the estimation n = 2s+2 log2 C+2, where C is the maximum allowed size of the hash tree. For example, if s = 100 (2100-security) and C = 250, the previous proofs require n = 302 output bits, while the new proof requires n = 204 output bits. 1
Glucocorticoid effects on the edrophonium responsiveness of normal and degenerating mammalian motor nerve terminals (1977)

An intensive short-term triamcinolone regimen in cats preserves the prejunctional actions of edrophonium in degenerating motor nerves. These edrophonium actions include the induction of a stimulus-dependent afterdischarge and the initiation of fasciculations. The relationship between fasciculations and stimulus-dependent afterdischarge is discussed. The glucocorticoid preservation of these edrophonium effects is like that previously reported for the preservation of posttetanic facilitation in motor nerves equally compromised. The results therefore show that glucocorticoid and facilitatory drug actions synergize to increase facilitation in degenerating but still functional motor nerves. This drug synergy is comparable to that which occurs in normal motor nerves. This interaction may provide a basis for effectively combining glucocorticoid and facilitatory drugs in the treatment of myasthenia gravis.
The effects of exercise and education, individually or combined, in women with fibromyalgia. (2002)

The only significant group time interaction was reported with the compliance analysis for the Self-Efficacy Coping with Other Symptoms subscale and the Six Minute Walk. If the program was followed, the combination of a supervised exercise program and group education provided persons with FM with a better sense of control over their symptoms. Fitness improved in the 2 groups undergoing supervised aerobic exercise programs. However, the improvement in fitness was maintained at followup in the exercise-only group and not the combined group. Conclusion. Subjects receiving the combination of exercise and education and who complied with the treatment protocol improved their perceived ability to cope with other symptoms. In addition, a supervised exercise program increased walking distance at post-test, an increase that was maintained at followup in the exercise-only group. Results demonstrate the challenges with conducting exercise and education studies in persons with FM.
Trogocytosis of MHC-I/Peptide Complexes Derived from Tumors and Infected Cells Enhances Dendritic Cell Cross-Priming and Promotes Adaptive T Cell Responses (2008)

The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), two important components of the MHC-I antigen presentation pathway, are often deficient in tumor cells. The restoration of their expression has been shown to restore the antigenicity and immunogenicity of tumor cells. However, it is unclear whether TAP and MHC-I expression in tumor cells can affect the induction phase of the T cell response. To address this issue, we expressed viral antigens in tumors that are either deficient or proficient in TAP and MHC-I expression. The relative efficiency of direct immunization or immunization through cross-presentation in promoting adaptive T cell responses was compared. The results demonstrated that stimulation of animals with TAP and MHC-I proficient tumor cells generated antigen specific T cells with greater killing activities than those of TAP and MHC-I deficient tumor cells. This discrepancy was traced to differences in the ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to access and sample different antigen reservoirs in TAP and MHC-I proficient versus deficient cells and thereby stimulate adaptive immune responses through the process of cross-presentation. In addition, our data suggest that the increased activity of T cells is caused by the enhanced DC uptake and utilization of MHC-I/peptide complexes from the proficient cells as an additional source of processed antigen. Furthermore, we demonstrate that immune-escape and metastasis are promoted in the absence of this DC 'arming' mechanism. Physiologically, this novel form of DC antigen sampling resembles trogocytosis, and acts to enhance T cell priming and increase the efficacy of adaptive immune responses against tumors and infectious pathogens.
Spirocerca longispiculata n. sp. (1939)

Description-.Body reddish-brown, translucent. Cuticle rather thick, with very fine transverse striations. Pseudolabia and interlabia present but not prominent. Pseudolabia reniform with tips directed forward. Amphids and external cephalic papillae on pseudolabia. Laterodorsal and lateroventral papillae prominent. Dorsodorsal and ventroventral papillae rudimentary but recognizable. Internal papillae, 3 pairs, small but well defined. Dorsodorsal, laterodorsal, and internodorsal papillae on either side connected to a single, large cephalic pulp. Ventral papillae likewise associated with a single pair of pulps.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Protected Indoles from N‐(tert‐Butoxycarbonyl)‐2‐alkylanilines. (1990)

Abstract Consecutive treatment of the N‐(tert‐butoxycarbonyl)‐2‐alkylanilines (I) with sec‐butyllithium (II), N,N‐dimethylformamide (IV), and conc.
Variable deletion and duplication at recombination junction ends: Implication for staggered double-strand cleavage in class-switch recombination (2001)

Immunoglobulin class-switch recombination (CSR) gives rise to looped-out circular DNA of a cleaved S segment, which is lost eventually after cell divisions. To understand the molecular mechanism of S region cleavage during CSR, we constructed artificial CSR substrates in which inversion-type CSR takes place to retain the cleaved S segment. Sequencing analyses of recombinant clones of these substrates revealed that varying degrees of deletions and duplications exist at CSR breakpoints, suggesting the involvement of staggered cleavage of the S region in CSR. In addition, mutations frequently found near junctions showed a similar profile of base replacement to Ig somatic hypermutation. These findings suggest that single-strand tails of staggered cleavage may be repaired by error-prone DNA synthesis.
Anticorps monoclonaux en infectiologie (2019)

Development of therapeutic antibodies for treating infectious diseases is more recent than for cancer and inflammatory diseases. To date, seven antibodies have been approved worldwide and only five in France. Medical indications are so far limited to the prophylaxis of bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), treatment of multidrug-resistant HIV disease, exposure to rabies and anthrax pulmonary disease, prevention of diarrhea recurrence due to Clostridium difficile, and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Escherichia coli. In a near future, new technologies would allow accelerating the development of anti-infectious monoclonal antibodies to improve the anti-bacterial and anti-viral therapeutic arsenal.
Modeling air inclusions in high-performance objective lenses (2004)

Performances of high quality imaging systems are often affected by surface or glass defects, like scratches, bubbles or other localized disturbances. The goal of the present investigation is the modeling of air inclusions in the lens material and analyzing the resulting changes in the wavefront distortion and in the diffraction spot quality. CD and DVD focusing objectives are especially sensitive to this type of defect, since the size of the diffraction spot and the power-density distribution determines the quality of both the written pits and received signal. We used OSLO and ZEMAX optical design software to model these errors. This model includes the DVD objective lens and the disc. The objective lens is a plano-convex lens made of glass with an aspheric layer on its convex side. Bubbles are incorporated as ball-shaped air inclusions. The computations are based on ray tracing and physical optics propagation methods. From these computations we can calculate the intensity distribution in the focal spot and the encircled energy in the Airy disk. These calculations help us determine the tolerances of DVD objective lenses to air inclusions in function of the bubble size, shape and position. The practical application of the model will allow us to redefine the quality criteria for the used DVD lenses.
Maneuvering platform high-squint SAR imaging method based on perturbation KT and subregion phase filtering (2021)

The imaging parameters of high-squint synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mounted on maneuvering platforms have obvious spatial variability, which cannot be effectively solved by traditional SAR imaging algorithms and limits the focus depth. To extend the focus depth of maneuvering SAR, an imaging method is proposed based on perturbation keystone transform (KT) and subregion phase filtering (SRPF). In the process of range cell migration correction, the azimuth-dependent range curvature is corrected by introducing the perturbation factor in two-dimensional (2-D) frequency domain, and then the linear range cell migration is corrected by conducting the azimuth KT. In the process of azimuth compression, after removing the negative influence generated by the 2-D frequency-domain perturbation, the precise azimuth time-domain phase is reconstructed. And then, the method of SRPF is proposed to extend the azimuth focus depth. This method divides the range cell into several subregions and carries out the phase filtering and deramp process in each subregion. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed method has high efficiency and can effectively expand the focus depth of high-squint SAR mounted on maneuvering platforms.
Efficient carrier blocking by an attractive potential in strained Si1−xGex/Si single quantum well (1996)

Efficient carrier blocking by a single ‘‘attractive’’ potential is demonstrated using a strained Si0.85Ge0.15/Si quantum well (QW). The carrier blocking becomes pronounced at increased temperatures as most of the carriers at the QW bound state are thermalized with the barrier band edge. The carrier blocking efficiency at 100 K is almost of the order of unity as compared to insufficient carrier blocking due to a large ‘‘repulsive’’ potential associated with SiO2. The carrier blocking arises from efficient hole reemission from the QW that reflects a highly efficient carrier capture to the strained Si1−xGex/Si QWs from Si barriers. It is further shown that a single QW is the optimized geometry for efficient carrier blocking and that multiple well potentials lead only to a reduced blocking efficiency.
Needle Insertion Force Estimation Model using Procedure-specific and Patient-specific Criteria (2006)

Placement accuracy of different types of surgical needles in soft biological tissues depends on a variety of factors. The needles used for prostate brachytherapy procedures are typically about 200 mm in length and 1.27-1.47 mm in diameter. These needles are prone to deflection and thereby depositing the seeds at a location other than the planned one. Thus tumorous tissues may not receive the planned dose whereas the critical organs may be over-dosed. A significant amount of needle deflection and target movement is related to some procedure-specific criteria and some patient-specific criteria. In this paper we have developed needle insertion force models taking both procedure-specific criteria and patient-specific criteria. These statistical models can be used to estimate the force that the needle will experience during insertion and thereby control the needle to reduce the needle deflection and enhance seed delivery accuracy.
Target-driven Visual Navigation in Indoor Scenes using Deep Reinforcement Learning (2016)

Two less addressed issues of deep reinforcement learning are (1) lack of generalization capability to new target goals, and (2) data inefficiency i.e., the model requires several (and often costly) episodes of trial and error to converge, which makes it impractical to be applied to real-world scenarios. In this paper, we address these two issues and apply our model to the task of target-driven visual navigation. To address the first issue, we propose an actor-critic model whose policy is a function of the goal as well as the current state, which allows to better generalize. To address the second issue, we propose AI2-THOR framework, which provides an environment with high-quality 3D scenes and physics engine. Our framework enables agents to take actions and interact with objects. Hence, we can collect a huge number of training samples efficiently. We show that our proposed method (1) converges faster than the state-of-the-art deep reinforcement learning methods, (2) generalizes across targets and across scenes, (3) generalizes to a real robot scenario with a small amount of fine-tuning (although the model is trained in simulation), (4) is end-to-end trainable and does not need feature engineering, feature matching between frames or 3D reconstruction of the environment. The supplementary video can be accessed at the following link: https://youtu.be/SmBxMDiOrvs.
Molecular Characterization Related to Ovary Early Development Mechanisms after Eyestalk Ablation in Exopalaemon carinicauda (2023)

Eyestalk ablation is an effective method to promote ovarian development in crustaceans. Herein, we performed transcriptome sequencing of ovary and hepatopancreas tissues after eyestalk ablation in <i>Exopalaemon carinicauda</i> to identify genes related to ovarian development. Our analyses led to the identification of 97,383 unigenes and 190,757 transcripts, with an average N50 length of 1757 bp. In the ovary, four pathways related to oogenesis and three related to oocyte rapid growth were enriched. In the hepatopancreas, two vitellogenesis-associated transcripts were identified. Furthermore, short time-series expression miner (STEM) and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses revealed five terms related to gamete generation. In addition, two-color fluorescent in situ hybridization results suggested that <i>dmrt1</i> might play a vital role in oogenesis during the early stage of ovarian development. Overall, our insights should support future studies focusing on investigating oogenesis and ovarian development in <i>E. carinicauda.</i>