gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The status of clinical trials: Cause for concern (2010)

This finding most likely has occurred for several reasons. One reason is that the physician lacks an infrastructure for designing and carrying out trials. This lack is because of an absence of a coordinated effort to train clinical trialists. It is clear that the Nation needs a more purposeful approach to developing and maintaining the infrastructure for designing and conducting clinical trials. Building it de novo trial by trial is profoundly inefficient, to say nothing about time consuming and error prone.
THE CYTOTOXIC AND MUTAGENIC EFFECTS OF UVA RADIATION ON L5178Y MOUSE LYMPHOMA CELLS (1986)

Abstract— A broad‐band UVA source that emits primarily350–400 nm radiation and no measurable radiation below 340 nm was used to test toxicity and mutagenicity at the thymidine kinase locus in L5178Y, subclone 3.7.2C (TK + / ‐ ) mouse lymphoma cells. Cells were exposed to a fluence of 0 to 80 × 10 4 J/m 2 . The relationship between UVA fluence and survival was found to have a shoulder region followed by an exponential decrease in survival at higher fluence levels. An exposure‐dependent increase in mutation was observed with increasing fluences from 0 to about 60 × 10 4 J/m 2 . An approximately 3‐ to 4‐fold increase in mutations (trifluorothymidine resistance) over unexposed, control cells was seen at a fluence that resulted in 90% cell killing. We conclude that UVA radiation is a mutagen in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells used in this study.
Titanosilsesquioxanes Embedded in Synthetic Clay as a Hybrid Material for Polymer Science (2009)

Between the sheets: A novel hybrid material (see graphical representation) was prepared by the intercalation of a bifunctional titanosilsesquioxane in synthetic sodium saponite. The hybrid was used as a filler of polystyrene to create a polymer nanocomposite with enhanced thermooxidative properties. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Influence of Si Substrate Temperature and Bias Voltage on Surface Reaction of Br Radical in HBr Inductively Coupled plasma (2014)

HBr inductively coupled plasma has been extensively used to etch Si in RIE process. Recent ULSI fabrication technology requires more sophisticated control of the etching plasma and deep understanding of HBr plasma becomes more important. In this study, influence of Si substrate temperature and bias voltage on Br radical density in HBr/Ar and HBr/Ar/O2 inductively coupled plasma was investigated by appearance mass spectrometry. In HBr/Ar plasma, temperature dependence of Br radical density was weak both with and without substrate bias. When O2 was added, however, Br radical density decreased with increasing Si substrate temperature (Fig.1(a)) in the case of no bias. QMS ion mass spectrum at m/e=18 indicated that H2O signal intensity increased monotonically with increasing the substrate temperature in HBr/Ar/O2 plasma only in the case of no substrate bias(Fig.1(b)) . The results suggests that the Br radical density is influenced by H2O absorption on Si surface .
Hardware acceleration for Just-In-Time compilation on heterogeneous embedded systems (2013)

Embedded systems are increasingly complex and heterogeneous to deal with increasing performance requirements along with wider ranges of application domains. The architecture of such systems often includes different kinds of computing resources and accelerators (DSPs, GPUs, etc.). Thus, application developers are facing important portability issues to adapt their software code to take maximum advantage of available processing elements. Consequently, software stacks rely more and more on virtualization technologies, leveraging Just-In-Time compilation to maximize performance of applications. Nevertheless, the efficiency of Just-In-Time compilation depends on the ability to compensate its overhead with execution speedups of generated code. In this paper, we propose a solution based on a dedicated processor with specialized instructions for critical functions to improve efficiency of code generators. These specialized instructions provide an average 5× speedup on manipulations of associative arrays and dynamic memory allocation. Based on the LLVM framework, we show a 15% overall speedup on code generator's execution time. Because our specialized instructions are hidden behind standard libraries, we also argue that these instructions may be transparently reused for a wider range of applications.
AML1 is expressed in skeletal muscle and is regulated by innervation. (1994)

Although most skeletal muscle genes are expressed at similar levels in electrically active, innervated muscle and in electrically inactive, denervated muscle, a small number of genes, including those encoding the acetylcholine receptor, N-CAM, and myogenin, are expressed at significantly higher levels in denervated than in innervated muscle. The mechanisms that mediate electrical activity-dependent gene regulation are not understood, but these mechanisms are likely to be responsible, at least in part, for the changes in muscle structure and function that accompany a decrease in myofiber electrical activity. To understand how muscle activity regulates muscle structure and function, we used a subtractive-hybridization and cloning strategy to identify and isolate genes that are expressed preferentially in innervated or denervated muscle. One of the genes which we found to be regulated by electrical activity is the recently discovered acute myeloid leukemia 1 (AML1) gene. Disruption and translocation of the human AML1 gene are responsible for a form of acute myeloid leukemia. AML1 is a DNA-binding protein, but its normal function is not known and its expression and regulation in skeletal muscle were not previously appreciated. Because of its potential role as a transcriptional mediator of electrical activity, we characterized expression of the AML1 gene in innervated, denervated, and developing skeletal muscle. We show that AML1 is expressed at low levels in innervated skeletal muscle and at 50- to 100-fold-higher levels in denervated muscle. Four AML1 transcripts are expressed in denervated muscle, and the abundance of each transcript increases after denervation. We transfected C2 muscle cells with an expression vector encoding AML1, tagged with an epitope from hemagglutinin, and we show that AML1 is a nuclear protein in muscle. AML1 dimerizes with core-binding factor beta (CBF beta), and we show that CGF beta is expressed at high levels in both innervated and denervated skeletal muscle. PEBP2 alpha, which is structurally related to AML1 and which also dimerizes with CBF beta, is expressed at low levels in skeletal muscle and is up-regulated only weakly by denervation. These results are consistent with the idea that AML1 may have a role in regulating gene expression in skeletal muscle.
Tribological properties of self-lubricating fluoride-metal composites to 900 C (1650 F): A review and some new developments (1974)

The friction and wear behavior of some fluoride-metal, self-lubricating composites are summarized. Fluoride-infiltrated sintered nickel alloy composites and plasma-sprayed, co-deposited fluoride-nickel alloy composites are described. The importance of proper surface-conditioning of the composites is stressed. Performance of fluoride-metal composites in some machine application evaluation is discussed.
Optimum near-field response for microphone arrays (2002)

This paper describes the effects of optimizing the weights of an arbitrary microphone array for near-field target locations. Optimum near-field weights are shown to provide increased gain for near-field sources when compared to a uniformly weighted delay-and-sum beamformer. Practical improvements in array gain due to constrained optimization are shown to be greatest at locations close to the array and for microphone spacing which is small in relation to the operating wavelength.
Water‐Rich Fluid Material Containing Orderly Condensed Proteins (2016)

A fluid material with high protein content (120-310 mg mL<sup>-1</sup> ) was formed through the ordered self-assembly of native proteins segregated from water. This material is instantly prepared by the simple mixing of a protein solution with anionic and cationic surfactants. By changing the ratio of the surfactants based on the electrostatic characteristics of the target protein, we observed that the surfactants could function as a versatile molecular glue for protein assembly. Moreover, these protein assemblies could be disassembled back into an aqueous solution depending on the salt conditions. Owing to the water-retaining properties of the hydrophilic part of surfactants, the proteins in this material are in a water-rich environment, which maintains their native structure and function. The inclusion of water also provides functional extensibility to this material, as demonstrated by the preparation of an enzymatically active gel. We anticipate that the unique features of this material will permit the use of proteins not only in solution but also as elements of integrated functionalized materials.
Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene‐Like Nanoparticles at the Crossroad between Materials Science and Nanotechnology and Their Applications with Regard to Sustainability (2017)

This chapter focuses on recent developments in inorganic nanotubes (INTs) and fullerene-like nanostructures (IFs) from layered materials. It reviews recent developments in the synthesis and doping of MoS2 and WS2 fullerenes and nanotubes. The chapter then presents characterizing low dimensional structures at individual particle level by various techniques, especially transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, IF/INT from WS2 and MoS2 show great promise for future energy saving and reducing the reliance on energy supply from fossil sources, in particular. WS2 and MoS2 fullerene-like particles were shown to exhibit excellent tribological properties superior to all known solid lubricants, mostly under high loads. This attribute of the IFs nanoparticles has been effectively used in various potential applications, such as lubricating additives. The chapter further describes the latest development in synthesizing nanotubular forms and characterization of these unique one-dimensional misfit compounds.
Locating Need-to-Externalize Constant Strings for Software Internationalization with Generalized String-Taint Analysis (2012)

Nowadays, a software product usually faces a global market. To meet the requirements of different local users, the software product must be internationalized. In an internationalized software product, user-visible hard-coded constant strings are externalized to resource files so that local versions can be generated by translating the resource files. In many cases, a software product is not internationalized at the beginning of the software development process. To internationalize an existing product, the developers must locate the user-visible constant strings that should be externalized. This locating process is tedious and error-prone due to 1) the large number of both user-visible and non-user-visible constant strings and 2) the complex data flows from constant strings to the Graphical User Interface (GUI). In this paper, we propose an automatic approach to locating need-to-externalize constant strings in the source code of a software product. Given a list of precollected API methods that output values of their string argument variables to the GUI and the source code of the software product under analysis, our approach traces from the invocation sites (within the source code) of these methods back to the need-to-externalize constant strings using generalized string-taint analysis. In our empirical evaluation, we used our approach to locate need-to-externalize constant strings in the uninternationalized versions of seven real-world open source software products. The results of our evaluation demonstrate that our approach is able to effectively locate need-to-externalize constant strings in uninternationalized software products. Furthermore, to help developers understand why a constant string requires translation and properly translate the need-to-externalize strings, we provide visual representation of the string dependencies related to the need-to-externalize strings.
Dynamic Macromolecular Material Design—The Versatility of Cyclodextrin‐Based Host–Guest Chemistry (2017)

Dynamic and adaptive materials are powerful constructs in macromolecular and polymer chemistry with a wide array of applications in drug delivery, bioactive systems, and self-healing materials. Very often, dynamic materials are based on carefully tailored cyclodextrin host-guest interactions. The precise incorporation of these host and guest moieties into macromolecular building blocks allows the formation of complex macromolecular structures with predefined functions. Thus, dynamic materials with extraordinary adaptive property profiles-responsive to thermal, chemical, and photonic fields-become accessible. This Review explores the hierarchical formation of dynamic materials and complex macromolecular structures from the molecular via the macromolecular to the colloidal and macroscopic level, with a specific emphasis on the functionality and responsiveness of the assemblies, specifically in biological contexts.
Pain stimulation by using synchronised somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and contact heat evoked potentials (CHEPs) (2005)

Debatisse, D.; Marcucci, C.; Villemure, J. G.; Spahn, D.; Pralong, E. Author Information
Syntheses and thermal properties of poly(hydroxy)urethanes by polyaddition reaction of bis(cyclic carbonate) and diamines (2001)

Abstract In this study, we synthesized poly(hydroxy)urethanes by the polyaddition reaction of bis(cyclic carbonate) and diamine. Bis(cyclic carbonate) was prepared from diglycidyl ether based on bisphenol S and carbon dioxide. Thermal properties and solubilities of the poly(hydroxy)urethanes of five different diamines were compared. The thermal properties of the poly(hydroxy)urethanes depended on the structure of the diamine as well as the structure of the monomer. These poly(hydroxy)urethanes were soluble only in aprotic solvents because of the hydrophilic character of the hydroxy group. © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2735–2743, 2001
Integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in response to Cd exposure in rice seedlings (2014)

This study is the first to use high throughput DNA sequencing to simultaneously detect changes in miRNA and mRNA expression patterns in the root and shoot in response to Cd treatment. These integrated high-throughput expression data provide a valuable resource to examine global genome expression changes in response to Cd treatment and how these are regulated by miRNAs.
Extending support for contracts in ebXML (2001)

This paper describes our proposal for extending the current ebXML standard - to provide more comprehensive support for electronic contracts. The paper first presents the current status of major B2B initiatives, focusing on their support for electronic contracts. Having found the ebXML meta-model to provide a suitable contractual foundation, we examine the full extent of the requirements for supporting electronic contracts, and propose extensions to the ebXML meta-model to facilitate these requirements.
Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Separately Regulates NFκB p65RelA Activation and Cytokine Interleukin (IL)-10/IL-12 Production in TLR9-stimulated B Cells (2008)

B lymphocytes express both B cell receptor and Toll-like receptors (TLR). We show here that Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), a critical component in B cell receptor signaling, is also involved in TLR9 signaling in B cells. Stimulation of B cells with TLR9 ligand CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) leads to transient phosphorylation of Btk, and in the absence of Btk, TLR9-induced proliferation of B cells is impaired. Interestingly, Btk(-/-) B cells secrete significantly more interleukin (IL)-12 but much less IL-10 compared with wild type B cells upon TLR9 stimulation. Immunization of Btk(-/-) mice with CpG ODN also leads to elevated levels of IL-12 in vivo and consequently, a greater -fold increment in the production of Th1 type IgG2b and IgG3 antibodies in these mice compared with wild type controls. The addition of exogenous recombinant IL-10 could suppress IL-12 production by TLR9-activated Btk(-/-) B cells, suggesting that in B cells, Btk negatively regulates IL-12 through the induction of autocrine IL-10 production. TLR9 signaling also leads to the activation of NFkappaB, including the p65RelA subunit in wild type B cells. The lack of Btk signaling affects the activation of NFkappaB and impairs the translocation of the p65RelA subunit to the nucleus of B cells upon TLR9 stimulation. However, p65RelA(-/-) B cells could respond similarly to wild type B cells in terms of IL-10 and IL-12 secretion when stimulated with CpG ODN, suggesting that the defect in NFkappaB p65RelA activation is additional to the impairment in cytokine production in TLR9-activated Btk(-/-) B cells. Thus, Btk plays an important role in TLR9 signaling and acts separately to regulate NFkappaB RelA activation as well as IL-10 and IL-12 production in B cells.
Selective MOCVD growth of ZnO nanotips (2003)

ZnO is a wide bandgap semiconductor with a direct bandgap of 3.32eV at room temperature. It is a candidate material for ultraviolet LED and laser. ZnO has an exciton binding energy of 60 meV, much higher than that of GaN. It is found to be significantly more radiation hard than Si, GaAs, and GaN, which is critical against wearing out during field emission. Furthermore, ZnO can also be made as transparent and highly conductive, or piezoelectric. ZnO nanotips can be grown at relatively low temperatures, giving ZnO a unique advantage over the other nanostructures of wide bandgap semiconductors, such as GaN and SiC. In the present work, we report the selective growth of ZnO nanotips on various substrates using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. ZnO nanotips grown on various substrates are single crystalline, n-type conductive and show good optical properties. The average size of the base of the nanotips is 40 nm. The room temperature photoluminescence peak is very intense and sharp with a full-width-half-maximum of 120 meV. These nanotips have potential applications in field emission devices, near-field microscopy, and UV photonics.
Sugar printing rheumatic diseases: A potential method for disease differentiation using immunoglobulin G oligosaccharides (1999)

The data suggest that each disease is associated with a specific mechanism that gives rise to alterations in the normal glycosylation pattern of IgG. Sugar printing of IgG is therefore a potential means for the differentiation of rheumatic diseases and may provide insight into disease pathogenesis.
Covalent immobilization of pullulanase on alginate and study of its hydrolysis of pullulan (2015)

The immobilization of pullulanase from Klebsiella pneumoniae by grafting was investigated. Pullulanase was linked after activation of alginate via a covalent bond between the amine groups of the enzyme and the carboxylic acid groups of alginate. The immobilization yield was 60%. The activity of free pullulanase and immobilized pullulanase was followed by the quantification of reducing ends by colorimetric assay and the determination of the molar masses of the hydrolyzed pullulan by SEC/MALS/DRI. Compared to free pullulanase, the kinetics is largely slowed. The evolution of the weight average molar mass of pullulan leading to high production of shorter oligosaccharides during hydrolysis is not the same as that obtained with free enzyme. Immobilized pullulanase retained 75% and 30% of its initial activity after 24 h and 14 days of incubation at 60°C, respectively while free pullulanase lost its activity after 5 h of hydrolysis at the same temperature. The kinetic parameters of immobilized pullulanase were also investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The affinity of immobilized enzyme to its substrate was reduced compared to the free pullulanase due to steric hindrance and chemical links.
The Sandwich Method—A Proposed Approach to the Measurement of Oxygen Transmission Rate Through Moisture-Sensitive Barrier Films (1984)

Abstract A technique for measuring the oxygen transmission rate characteristics of moisture-sensitive barrier films is described. In this method, the operator constructs a thin sandwich in which the test specimen is confined between moist tissues and cover slips of an oxygen-transparent material. The assembled “sandwich” is tested in a conventional manner using the ASTM Test for Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Coulometric Sensor (D 3985). Using appropriate salt solutions, it has been found possible to develop profiles and measure the transmission characteristics of films exposed to different humidity environments. Preliminary tests using specimen duplicates indicate that the method is reproducible.
Flexible electronics for commercial and defense applications (2015)

To date, there has been a strong consensus that U.S. flexible electronics technology and manufacturing efforts have demonstrated the potential for significant US-based job creation in small businesses to Fortune-500 companies. These jobs will impact across product supply chains, from raw materials production to retail sales of new devices. Flexible electronics is enabling a technology base that has the opportunity for the next high-tech manufacturing job creation. Early silicon CMOS manufacturing created high paying manufacturing jobs in US fabrication lines. Today, many of these jobs are moving to foreign Countries. Flexible electronics manufacturing approaches open the opportunity for innovative, low-cost fabrication techniques combining traditional US-strengths in plate-to-plate semiconductor manufacturing with roll-to-roll printing. Such approaches will enable mid-size companies to enter into manufacturing thereby broadening the job creation within the US. These innovative approaches to achieve the low-cost and high volume products will enable a US manufacturing dominance in an emerging Global industry. Future flexible electronics commercial and Defense Department applications include; wearable and medical sensors, structural monitoring devices, medical sensors, soft robotics, Internet of Things, and integrated array antennas on structures.
The MSOM Society Student Paper Competition: Extended Abstracts of 1999 Winners (2000)

wepublished the extended abstracts of the 1999 winners in the hopes that this could becomean annual event. Our hopes have become a reality.Sridhar Seshadri and Ravi Anupindi, New York University, cochaired the 2000 competi-tion. The judges for the ﬁnal round were Garrett van Ryzin, Columbia University; YehudaBassok, University of Southern California; and Michael Pinedo, New York University.The ﬁrst-prize winner received $400, while second prize received $200. Prizes were award-ed at the INFORMS meeting in San Antonio, Texas in November 2000. All ﬁnalists receiveda $50.00 discount coupon redeemable at an ‘‘e-tailer.’’The winners and their faculty mentors were: