gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electron Diffraction on Strained Cementite in Steels (1975)

In order to investigate the mutual relation between strained cementite and X-carbide, observations by transmission electron microscopy were made on internal defect structures and crystallographic natures of cementite in cold-rolled high carbon steels containing 0.86% and1.25% carbon. Thermomagnetic and X-ray diffraction measurements were also made for comparison's sake. The main results obtained are summarized as follows;1) The strained cementite in cold-rolled high carbon steels contains dislocation and the other defect structures of various types. The cementite which was suffered an extremely heavy straining has also fine strain markings and moire fringes of nearly 100Å in spacing.2) The electron diffraction pattern of strained cementite generally distorts as compared with that of cementite free from strain. The distorted electron diffraction pattern is, however, never agreeable with that of monoclinic X-carbide, showing that the strained cementite is not identified with X-carbide.3) Internal defect structures, the distortion of electron diffractin pattern, and the tangential spread ofdiffraction spot disappear by the annealing for 5 hr at 700°C.4) Raise in the curie point of cementite with the degree of cold-rolling is detected by the present thermomagnetic measurements. The result of X-ray diffraction of cementites in the cold-rolled steels shows peak shift, lowering of peak height, and broadening of diffraction line. Any peak from xcarbide is not detected. These results are consistent with the above electron microscopic observations.5) The strained cementite showing the distorted electron diffraction pattern is also observed in the tempered high carbon steels.From these experimental results, it is suggested that the strained cementite suffering some constraints from ferrite matrix in tempered steels is not regarded as X-carbide.
[Correction of autonomic reactions parameters in organism of cosmonaut with adaptive biocontrol method]. (2000)

Presented are results of testing the method of adaptive biocontrol during preflight training of cosmonauts. Within the MIR-25 crew, a high level of controllability of the autonomous reactions was characteristic of Flight Commanders MIR-23 and MIR-25 and flight Engineer MIR-23, while Flight Engineer MIR-25 displayed a weak intricate dependence of these reactions on the depth of relaxation or strain.
An analytical formulation for finding the proximity of two arbitrary cylinders in space (2013)

This paper presents an analytical formulation for finding the proximity of two cylinders in space. The cylinders are decomposed into four geometric primitives each. It is shown that the original problem is equivalent to finding the shortest distance between five distinct combinations of these primitives. Four of these subproblems are solved in closed form, while the remaining one requires the solution of an eight-degree polynomial equation. The analytical nature of the formulation allows the identification of the degenerate cases, e.g., partial/complete containment of one cylinder inside the other, in a guaranteed manner. The theoretical developments are illustrated with the help of examples depicting various configurations of the cylinders.
Motion Artifact Suppression in Breath Hold 3D Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography using ECG Ordering (2006)

Vascular pulsation and cardiac motion compromise image quality in contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) in the thorax, resulting in blurring and ghosting artifacts. The use of ECG gating has been proposed in the past to mitigate these artifacts but previous methods suffered from increased scanner time because only a fraction of the cardiac cycle was used for image acquisition and from loss of the study when gating failed. We propose a robust ECG ordering of k-space for breath hold CE-MRA that acquires the central part of k-space in a motion-free portion of diastole and fills in from the periphery of k-space at all other times. To make maximal use of the contrast enhancement, data is acquired continuously even when the ECG signal is lost. The proposed sequence is shown to allow thoracic and pulmonary MRA with a higher resolution when compared to the conventional gated sequence
Kinetic Trans-omic Analysis Reveals Key Regulatory Mechanisms for Insulin-Regulated Glucose Metabolism in Adipocytes (2020)

Insulin regulates glucose metabolism through thousands of regulatory mechanisms; however, which regulatory mechanisms are keys to control glucose metabolism remains unknown. Here, we performed kinetic trans-omic analysis by integrating isotope-tracing glucose flux and phosphoproteomic data from insulin-stimulated adipocytes and built a kinetic mathematical model to identify key allosteric regulatory and phosphorylation events for enzymes. We identified nine reactions regulated by allosteric effectors and one by enzyme phosphorylation and determined the regulatory mechanisms for three of these reactions. Insulin stimulated glycolysis by promoting Glut4 activity by enhancing phosphorylation of AS160 at S595, stimulated fatty acid synthesis by promoting Acly activity through allosteric activation by glucose 6-phosphate or fructose 6-phosphate, and stimulated glutamate synthesis by alleviating allosteric inhibition of Gls by glutamate. Most of glycolytic reactions were regulated by amounts of substrates and products. Thus, phosphorylation or allosteric modulator-based regulation of only a few key enzymes was sufficient to change insulin-induced metabolism.
Acetylcholinesterase secreted by intestinal nematodes: a reinterpretation of its putative role of “biochemical holdfast” (1984)

Journal Article Acetylcholinesterase secreted by intestinal nematodes: A reinterpretation of its putative role of “biochemical holdfast” Get access Mario Philipp Mario Philipp New England BioLabs, 32 Tozer Road, Beverley, MA 01915, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 78, Issue 1, 1984, Pages 138–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(84)90200-1 Published: 01 January 1984 Article history Accepted: 21 September 1983 Published: 01 January 1984
Fructose, insulin resistance, and metabolic dyslipidemia (2005)

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are occurring at epidemic rates in the United States and many parts of the world. The "obesity epidemic" appears to have emerged largely from changes in our diet and reduced physical activity. An important but not well-appreciated dietary change has been the substantial increase in the amount of dietary fructose consumption from high intake of sucrose and high fructose corn syrup, a common sweetener used in the food industry. A high flux of fructose to the liver, the main organ capable of metabolizing this simple carbohydrate, perturbs glucose metabolism and glucose uptake pathways, and leads to a significantly enhanced rate of de novo lipogenesis and triglyceride (TG) synthesis, driven by the high flux of glycerol and acyl portions of TG molecules from fructose catabolism. These metabolic disturbances appear to underlie the induction of insulin resistance commonly observed with high fructose feeding in both humans and animal models. Fructose-induced insulin resistant states are commonly characterized by a profound metabolic dyslipidemia, which appears to result from hepatic and intestinal overproduction of atherogenic lipoprotein particles. Thus, emerging evidence from recent epidemiological and biochemical studies clearly suggests that the high dietary intake of fructose has rapidly become an important causative factor in the development of the metabolic syndrome. There is an urgent need for increased public awareness of the risks associated with high fructose consumption and greater efforts should be made to curb the supplementation of packaged foods with high fructose additives. The present review will discuss the trends in fructose consumption, the metabolic consequences of increased fructose intake, and the molecular mechanisms leading to fructose-induced lipogenesis, insulin resistance and metabolic dyslipidemia.
Modeling the norketamine metabolite in children and the implications for analgesia (2007)

Ketamine has a longer elimination half-life (2.1 h) than norketamine (1.13 h). Simulation suggested that norketamine contributes to analgesia for 4 h after 2 mg.kg(-1) i.v. bolus, provided the assumption that a norketamine concentration above 0.1 mg.l(-1) contributes analgesia is true. Similarly, the norketamine metabolite may contribute to analgesia for 1.5 h after low-dose infusion (0.2 mg.kg(-1).h(-1)) cessation.
NECAP 1 Regulates AP-2 Interactions to Control Vesicle Size, Number, and Cargo During Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis (2013)

AP-2 is the core-organizing element in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. During the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles, clathrin and endocytic accessory proteins interact with AP-2 in a temporally and spatially controlled manner, yet it remains elusive as to how these interactions are regulated. Here, we demonstrate that the endocytic protein NECAP 1, which binds to the α-ear of AP-2 through a C-terminal WxxF motif, uses an N-terminal PH-like domain to compete with clathrin for access to the AP-2 β2-linker, revealing a means to allow AP-2-mediated coordination of accessory protein recruitment and clathrin polymerization at sites of vesicle formation. Knockdown and functional rescue studies demonstrate that through these interactions, NECAP 1 and AP-2 cooperate to increase the probability of clathrin-coated vesicle formation and to control the number, size, and cargo content of the vesicles. Together, our data demonstrate that NECAP 1 modulates the AP-2 interactome and reveal a new layer of organizational control within the endocytic machinery.
Immunological characterization of plasminogen activator activities in human tissues and body fluids. (1981)

Human plasminogen activators were compared immunologically in both a double-diffusion technique and quenching experiments on the fibrinolytic activities of the activators. Antisera against HMW and LMW urokinase and an antiserum against highly purified tissue plasminogen activator from human uterus were used. It was found that uterine tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase are two immunologically distinct plasminogen activators. The occurrence of the two kinds of plasminogen activators in human tissues and body fluids was studied on the basis of the quenching of the activities by antibodies. In tissue extracts, mainly tissue plasminogen activator was found. Seminal plasma exhibited a high plasminogen activator activity, consisting of both urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator-related activators. Urine contained a small amount of tissue plasminogen activator-related activator in addition to urokinase. The low plasminogen activator activities of saliva and tears were completely attributed to activators related to tissue plasminogen activator.
Determination of a Pain Substance Produced by the Photodegradation of Dacarbazine. (2001)

The anticancer drug, dacarbazine, is known to be photosensitive, and its photode-gradation products have been pointed out as the causes of side effects including local venous pain of injection site. In this study, we attempted to clarify the causative sub-stance of pain after photodegradation of dacarbazine. We synthesized five photodegrada-tion products of dacarbazine dimethylamine, 5-diazoimidazole-4-carboxamide (Diazo-IC), 4-carbamoylimidazolium-5-olate, 4-carbamoy1-2-(4-carbamoylimidazol-5-ylazo) imidazolium-5-olate and 2-azahypoxanthine, and examined pain reactions induced by these substances in mice. Mice were intraperitoneally administered each photodegrada-tion product, then number of stretching reactions or writhing reactions as types of pain behaviors was counted. Only Diazo-IC clearly induced the pain reactions in mice in a concentration-dependent manner the other products caused no pain reaction. The pain threshold of Diazo-IC in mice was estimated at between 0.1 mg/ml and 0.2 mg/ml. While diclofenac sodium significantly reduced acetic acid-induced pain reactions in mice, it did not influence the reactions induced by Diazo-IC. This result suggests that Diazo-IC-induced pain reactions represent a different mechanism from acetic acid-induced inflam-matory pain. Degradation rate constant of 0.1 mg/ml of dacarbazine solution was 10 times larger than 1 mg/ml of dacarbazine. Dacarbazine solution for drip infusion should be sufficiently shielded from light.
Collimator blurring reduction method using fine angular sampling projection data in SPECT (2002)

Due to the collimator aperture, the spatial resolution of SPECT data varies with source-to-detector distance. Since radius of detector rotation is bigger when scanning larger patients, the spatial resolution is degraded in these cases. Emitted gamma rays travel not only along the central axis of the collimator hole but also off-axis due to collimator aperture. However, an off-axis ray at one angle would be a central-axis ray at another angle; therefore, raw projection data at one angle can be thought of as an ensemble of central-axis rays collected from a small arc equal to collimator aperture. Thus, fine angular sampling can compensate for collimator blurring. By using sampling pitch of less than half the collimator aperture angle, compensation was performed by subtracting the weighted sum of the projection data from the raw projection data. Collimator geometry and detector rotation radius determined the weighting function. A cylindrical phantom with four different-sized rods and torso phantom for Tl-201 cardiac SPECT simulation were used for evaluation. Aperture angle of the collimator was 7 degrees. Projection sampling pitch was 2 degrees. In both phantom studies, the proposed method showed improvement in contrast and reduction of partial volume effect, thereby indicating that the proposed method can compensate adequately for image blurring caused by collimator aperture.
A Compact 118-GHz Radiometer Antenna for the Micro-Sized Microwave Atmospheric Satellite (2014)

A linear polarized 118-GHz antenna is designed for a radiometer payload hosted aboard a 3U atmospheric CubeSat. The radiometer antenna is a horn-fed offset parabolic reflector. The antenna has a maximum +37 dBi realized gain, 2.4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> half-power beamwidth, and a minimum 95% beam efficiency within the operational bandwidth. The antenna is compact, meeting the MicroMAS mission requirement for a highly integrated and ultra-compact radiometer. CubeSats present stringent size/volume and weight constraints on overall component design. We present our design, along with simulated and measured results, that meet the size/volume, weight, and electrical requirements for the radiometer antenna and comply with CubeSat standards.
[Usefulness of measurement of hepatic arterial blood flow during surgery to insert an arterial reservoir in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma]. (1989)

In a case of hepatocellular carcinoma, complicated with celiac arterial constriction, for which resection was impossible, we measured the blood flow in the hepatic artery using an ultrasonic, transit-time rheometer during surgery, and consequently inserted a reservoir safely. The measurement of the blood flow in this case demonstrated that the proper hepatic artery was provided with blood from superior mesenteric artery by the gastroduodenal artery and that the blood flow of the common hepatic artery was directed to the root part of the celiac artery. Moreover, because blood flow through the proper hepatic artery was greater while clamping the common hepatic artery than the gastroduodenal artery, cannulation was carried out from the common hepatic artery. Postoperatively, when recombinant interleukin-2(rIL-2) was infused from the reservoir, the tumor disappeared on imaging pictures, and the level of AFP (which was high preoperatively) was reduced, which was thus judged as a complete response. These results indicated the usefulness of measurement of blood flow in surgery of inserting a reservoir in cases with abnormal blood circulatory dynamics.
Self-Assembled Copolymer Adsorption Layer-Induced Block Copolymer Nanostructures in Thin Films (2019)

In polymer thin films, the bottom polymer chains are irreversibly adsorbed onto the substrates creating an ultrathin layer. Although this thin layer (only a few nanometers thick) governs all film properties, an understanding of this adsorbed layer remains elusive, and thus, its effective control has yet to be achieved, particularly in block copolymer (BCP) thin films. Herein, we employ self-assembled copolymer adsorption layers (SCALs), transferred from the air/water interfacial self-assembly of BCPs, as an effective control of the adsorbed layer in BCP thin films. SCALs replace the natural adsorbed layer, irreversibly adsorbing onto the substrates when other BCP is additionally coated on the SCALs. We further show that SCALs guide the thin film nanostructures because they provide topological restrictions and enthalpic/entropic preferences for a BCP self-assembly. The SCAL-induced self-assembly enables unprecedented control of nanostructures, creating novel nanopatterns such as spacing-controlled hole/dot patterns, dotted-line patterns, dash-line patterns, and anisotropic cluster patterns with exceptional controllability.
Effect of recombinant factor VIIa on melagatran-induced inhibition of thrombin generation and platelet activation in healthy volunteers (2004)

The objectives were to investigate whether activation of the extrinsic coagulation cascade by recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) reverses the inhibition of thrombin generation and platelet activation by melagatran, the active form of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran. In a single-blind, randomized, parallel-group study, volunteers (20 per group) received a 5-hour intravenous (i.v.) infusion to achieve steady-state melagatran plasma concentrations of approximately 0.5 micromol/L, with a single i.v. bolus of rFVIIa (90 microg/kg) or placebo at 60 minutes. Prothrombin fragment 1+2, thrombin-anti-thrombin complex, fibrinopeptide A, beta-thromboglobulin, and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor were quantified for venous and shed blood. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), endogenous thrombin potential, thrombus precursor protein (TpP), and plasmin-alpha(2)-antiplasmin complex concentrations were determined in venous blood. Shed blood volume was measured. Melagatran reduced markers of thrombin generation and platelet activation in shed blood and prolonged APTT. rFVIIa increased FVIIa activity, PT, and TpP in venous blood. All other parameters were unaffected. In conclusion, rFVIIa did not reverse the anticoagulant effects of high constant concentrations of melagatran. However, the potential value of higher, continuous or repeated doses of rFVIIa or its use with lower melagatran concentrations has not been excluded.
Gas Solubility in Synthetic Fluids: A Well Control Issue (2004)

Abstract More than 90% of Brazilian oil and gas reserves lie in offshore fields and over 60% of the total reserves are located in deep and ultradeep waters. Some of the important technical problems associated with deep and ultradeep water drilling involve: i) low formation fracture gradients; ii) long choke lines; and iii) low temperatures at the mud line. The well control planning and strategy for drilling exploratory and development wells in those fields should address those technical drawbacks in order to achieve the safety requirements in a cost-effective scenario. The better understanding of gas solubility in synthetic based drilling fluids plays a fundamental role in terms of preventive (kick detection) and corrective (kick circulation out of the hole) well control practices. The present work involves PVT characterization of two organic liquids (n-paraffin and ester) currently applied in drilling fluid systems for deep and ultradeep water drilling, in Campos Basin (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The measurement of thermodynamical properties of the methane-liquid mixtures, such as bubble point pressure, solubility, formation volume factor of oil, formation volume factor of gas and liquid density, were performed for 158°F and 194°F temperatures. The measurements were conducted in two different apparatuses: an Hg system and an Hg-free PVT system. The results showed that the correct accounting of formation gas solubility in downhole conditions and during the kick circulation is a very important issue for safely drill deep and ultradeep water wells.
High total-electrode and mass-specific capacitance cellulose nanocrystal-polypyrrole nanocomposites for supercapacitors (2013)

For practical applications, new supercapacitor electrode materials need to exhibit a high mass-specific capacitance (CM/F g−1), a high total-electrode capacitance (CE/F cm−2), and high stability during charge–discharge cycling. Very often, newly developed materials display high CM values for thin films (nm or μm thickness) but these rapidly drop off in the thicker electrode structures needed for commercial devices. In this work, we describe the fabrication of thick nanocomposites of polypyrrole (PPY) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNXLs) with consistently high capacitance (CM = 240 F g−1) and performance. CE of the PPY-CNXL nanocomposite increased linearly with increasing film thickness up to a value of 1.24 F cm−2 and this increased to a maximum of 1.54 F cm−2 for even thicker films where non-linear CE increases were due to electrolyte diffusion limitations. Testing of a symmetric supercapacitor with these high CE electrodes showed that it retained half of its initial capacity after 50 000 charge–discharge cycles, demonstrating the excellent stability of PPY-CNXL supercapacitor electrode materials.
Preparation of Ru/Graphene using Glucose as Carbon Source and Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid to γ‐Valerolactone (2016)

The preparation of functional materials and value-added chemicals using biomass-derived feedstocks is an interesting topic. Herein, we propose a method to prepare Ru/graphene catalyst using glucose as the carbon source. The catalyst was characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopies, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, and X-ray diffraction. It was found that Ru particles of 2-6 nm were supported uniformly on high-quality graphene. The performance of the Ru/graphene for hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone was studied. The Ru/graphene had much higher activity for the hydrogenation reaction than commercial Ru/C, and was active even at room temperature. The high activity was partially due to the unique structure of graphene, which resulted in an electron-enriched Ru nanocatalyst. In addition, the Ru/graphene could be reused at least four times without considerable decrease in activity, indicating the excellent stability of the catalyst under our conditions.