gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theory of semiconductor quantum wires (1995)

Quantum wires fabricated from semiconductors have stimulated tremendous interest among physicists because of their novel one-dimensional properties and potential device applications. This thesis presents theoretical studies of the electronic properties of quantum wires. The first project of this thesis is a numerical study of many-body effects in quantum wires. For the purpose of the calculations, we introduce a model of Coulomb-confined quantum wires, in which electrons are confined by Coulomb interactions. Based on the density functional theory of Hohenberg, Kohn and Sham, the electronic structure of a Coulombconfined quantum wire is calculated by solving self-consistently the Schrodinger and Poisson equations that describe the electrons. The calculations show that many-body effects are important in quantum wires of this type, and that the exchange and correlation energies should be included to obtain qualitatively accurate results. The second project is on correlations between interacting parallel quantum wires. It is motivated by an experimental observation of apparent energy level locking in two parallel quantum wires. We simulate a system of two parallel quantum wires numerically, using the Coulomb-confined model and the density functional theory. The calculated electronic structure clearly shows that transverse energy levels lock together in pairs when the two wires have similar widths. The energy level locking is a novel effect of Coulomb interactions between the quantum wires and of the density of states singularities that are characteristic of one-dimensional electronic systems. Several new methods for detecting such effects experimentally are suggested. The last project of this thesis is the establishment and solution of a realistic model of gated quantum wires, which is closely related to device applications. This model incorporates the properties of semiconductor donors and surfaces, and quasi-equilibrium considerations. Using the Green's function method, a general solution of the electrostatic potential has been obtained within the model. In particular, the depletion and pinchoff voltages are calculated analytically, and the calculated results agree well with experimental measurements. This model and its analytic solution provide both a general theoretical tool for studying gated semiconductor devices and important information for improving device performance.
Production of Pectolytic Enzymes by Botryosphaeria dothidea (1991)

Botryosphaeria dothidea causing apple fruit rot was cultured in pectin-polypectate mine­raI salts or apple mediumss, to investigate pectolytic enzyme production and activity. Exo-polygalactu­ronase(PG) and exo-polymethylgalacturonase (PMG) in apple medium showed maximum of activity to 6.4 and 7.2 units at six days of culture, respectively. Their maximum activity in pectin-polypectate mineral salts medium was 5.9 and 5.3 units at eight days of culture lower than in apple medium respectively. Endo-PG and endo-PMG in pecin-polypectate mineral salts medium were maximum of activity to 4.4 and 16.2 units at six and eight days of culture, respectively, but activities in apple medium were 3.2 and 6.7 units at eight days of culture. Activity of polygalacturonate-trans-­eliminase(PGTE) and pectinmethyl-trans-eliminase(PMTE) was higher in pectin-polypectate mineral salts medium than in apple medium. Fungal growth was maximum at six and eight days of culture in pectin-polypectate mineral salts and apple medium, respectively.
A reconfigurable multi-processor SoC for media applications (2010)

This paper proposes a reconfigurable multi-processor SoC for media applications called REMUS (REconfigurable Multi-media System), which consists of 512 processing engines and two ARMs. The processing engines are divided into two dynamic configuration groups, which can be easily tailored and extended. The processing engines, DBIs (Data Buffering Interface, DBI) and context interfaces build up a large throughput computing system with thread parallelism, algorithms parallelism and data parallelism. Different algorithms can be mapped in at the same time. REMUS is suitable for many applications such as media decoding and baseband processing, etc. Simulation results show that the processing capability of REMUS is to support 1920*1088 @30fps videos at 200 MHz in real-time decoding of H.264 high-profile streams.
Novel intramolecular radical displacement reactions of 2-indolyl aryl sulfides and sulfoxides (1995)

S. Caddick, K. Aboutayab and R. I. West, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 1353 DOI: 10.1039/C39950001353
A versatile expression vector for the in vitro study of protein-protein interactions: characterization of E47 mutant proteins. (1994)

Several mutants of the E47 protein, a member of the family of basic/helix-loop-helix (b-HLH) transcriptional regulators, were examined for their ability to homo- and heterodimerize with the protein product of the T-cell oncogene tal-1/SCL. For this purpose, a novel bacterial expression system was developed in which proteins are expressed as fusions appended to glutathione-S-transferase via a thrombin cleavage site and either one or four protein kinase recognition sites embedded in a glycine-rich domain. Since the interaction domain can be purified away from the glutathione-S-transferase moiety and the radioactive label is located in a flexible N-terminal tag, protein folding should occur normally. Our studies with E47 proteins prepared in this system indicate that the ratio between E47 homodimers and E47/tal-1 heterodimers can dramatically shift upon subtle mutations in the loop region and the second helix of the E47 protein. This unexpected results suggests a novel mechanism to alter the equilibrium between different transactivating protein complexes of the b-HLH class.
Towards testability in smart card operating system design (1994)

The operating system of a smart card is a safety critical system. Distributed in millions, smart cards with their small 8-bit CPU support applications where transferred values are only protected by the strength of a cryptographic protocol. This strength goes no further than the implementation of the software in the card and terminal allows. Because of its complexity, to guarantee absolute reliability of the smart card software is prohibitively expensive. Obtaining a high level of confidence in the implementation of a smart card application is essential for their widespread acceptance. A highly structured design of the smart card operating system gives the designer control over the complexity of the system. A functional language has been used to prototype a smart card operating system. The prototype has the same structure as the real operating systemand it offersmost of the functionality of the real system. The well defined semantics of pure functional languages and their compositionality in particular are instrumental to the structuring of the prototype. With the functional language implementation as reference, the reliability of the implementation can be assessed in detail.
Identification of the receptor subtype responsible for endothelin-mediated protein kinase C activation and atrial natriuretic factor secretion from atrial myocytes. (1993)

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent stimulator of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) secretion from myocardial cells. In heart tissue there are two ET receptor subtypes (ETA-R and ETB-R), which can be pharmacologically distinguished by the ET isopeptides ET-1 and ET-3. However, the identification of the ET-R subtype responsible for the rapid enhancement of ANF release, which occurs within minutes of exposing cardiac myocytes to ET, has not been investigated. In the present study ET-1 was about 100-fold more potent than ET-3 at stimulating membrane phosphoinositide hydrolysis, protein kinase C activation, and ANF release from purified primary atrial myocytes. These responses were completely abolished by BQ123, an ETA-R antagonist. Radioligand binding analyses showed that competitor peptides displaced 125I-ET-1 binding to atrial myocyte ET-Rs with a rank order of potency of ET-1 >> BQ123 > ET-3, a characteristic ETA-R pharmacological profile. While neither ET-1 or ET-3 altered forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels, suggesting the absence of the ETB-R, basal cAMP levels were also unaffected by the ETs. Northern analysis using ET-R subtype-specific probes demonstrated that the ETA-R transcript was present in the cultures at levels at least 50-fold greater than the ETB-R transcript. These findings demonstrate that the stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol/protein kinase C pathway, which is required for maximal ET-stimulated ANF release from primary atrial myocytes, is associated with the activation of only the ETA-R, thus defining a specific function for an endogenous ET-R in myocardial cells.
The Regulation of Gene Expression Required for C4Photosynthesis (2010)

C(4) photosynthesis is normally associated with the compartmentation of photosynthesis between mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells. The mechanisms regulating the differential accumulation of photosynthesis proteins in these specialized cells are fundamental to our understanding of how C(4) photosynthesis operates. Cell-specific accumulation of proteins in M or BS can be mediated by posttranscriptional processes and translational efficiency as well as by differences in transcription. Individual genes are likely regulated at multiple levels. Although cis-elements have been associated with cell-specific expression in C(4) leaves, there has been little progress in identifying trans-factors. When C(4) photosynthesis genes from C(4) species are placed in closely related C(3) species, they are often expressed in a manner faithful to the C(4) cycle. Next-generation sequencing and comprehensive analysis of the extent to which genes from C(4) species are expressed in M or BS cells of C(3) plants should provide insight into how the C(4) pathway is regulated and evolved.
Role of carboxylic organic molecules in interfibrillar collagen mineralization (2023)

Bone is a composite material made up of inorganic and organic counterparts. Most of the inorganic counterpart accounts for calcium phosphate (CaP) whereas the major organic part is composed of collagen. The interfibrillar mineralization of collagen is an important step in the biomineralization of bone and tooth. Studies have shown that synthetic CaP undergoes auto-transformation to apatite nanocrystals before entering the gap zone of collagen. Also, the synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate/collagen combination alone is not capable of initiating apatite nucleation rapidly. Therefore, it was understood that there is the presence of a nucleation catalyst obstructing the auto-transformation of CaP before entering the collagen gap zone and initiating rapid nucleation after entering the collagen gap zone. Therefore, studies were focused on finding the nucleation catalyst responsible for the regulation of interfibrillar collagen mineralization. Organic macromolecules and low-molecular-weight carboxylic compounds are predominantly present in the bone and tooth. These organic compounds can interact with both apatite and collagen. Adsorption of the organic compounds on the apatite nanocrystal governs the nucleation, crystal growth, lattice orientation, particle size, and distribution. Additionally, they prevent the auto-transformation of CaP into apatite before entering the interfibrillar compartment of the collagen fibril. Therefore, many carboxylic organic compounds have been utilized in developing CaP. In this review, we have covered different carboxylate organic compounds governing collagen interfibrillar mineralization.
From in vivo gene targeting of oestrogen receptors to optimization of their modulation in menopause (2011)

The ancestral status of oestrogen receptor (ER) in the family of the steroid receptors has probably contributed to the pleiotropic actions of oestrogens, and in particular, that of 17β-oestradiol (E2). Indeed, in addition to their well-described role in sexual development and reproduction, they influence most of the physiological processes. The pathophysiological counterpart of these actions includes prevention of osteoporosis, atheroma and type 2 diabetes, and also the promotion of uterus and breast cancer growth. Thus, the major challenge consists in uncoupling some beneficial actions from other deleterious ones, that is, selective ER modulation. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are already used, as they prevent the recurrence of breast cancer and mimic oestrogen action mainly on bone. Both E2 and tamoxifen exhibit a proliferative and, thus, a protumoural action on the endometrium. Activation of ERα and ERβ regulates target gene transcription (genomic action) through two independent activation functions, AF-1 and AF-2, but can also elicit rapid membrane-initiated steroid signals. In the present review, we attempted to summarize recent advances provided by the in vivo molecular 'dissection' of ERα, allowing the uncoupling of some of its actions and potentially paving the way to optimized selective ER modulators.
How to make a midbrain dopaminergic neuron (2015)

Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron development has been an intense area of research during recent years. This is due in part to a growing interest in regenerative medicine and the hope that treatment for diseases affecting mDA neurons, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), might be facilitated by a better understanding of how these neurons are specified, differentiated and maintained in vivo. This knowledge might help to instruct efforts to generate mDA neurons in vitro, which holds promise not only for cell replacement therapy, but also for disease modeling and drug discovery. In this Primer, we will focus on recent developments in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the development of mDA neurons in vivo, and how they have been used to generate human mDA neurons in vitro from pluripotent stem cells or from somatic cells via direct reprogramming. Current challenges and future avenues in the development of a regenerative medicine for PD will be identified and discussed.
Chloroplastic metabolic engineering coupled with isoprenoid pool enhancement for committed taxanes biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana (2019)

Production of the anticancer drug Taxol and its precursors in heterologous hosts is more sustainable than extraction from tissues of yew trees or chemical synthesis. Although attempts to engineer the Taxol pathway in microbes have made significant progress, challenges such as functional expression of plant P450 enzymes remain to be addressed. Here, we introduce taxadiene synthase, taxadiene-5α-hydroxylase, and cytochrome P450 reductase in a high biomass plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Using a chloroplastic compartmentalized metabolic engineering strategy, combined with enhancement of isoprenoid precursors, we show that the engineered plants can produce taxadiene and taxadiene-5α-ol, the committed taxol intermediates, at 56.6 μg g<sup>-1</sup> FW and 1.3 μg g<sup>-1</sup> FW, respectively. In addition to the tools and strategies reported here, this study highlights the potential of Nicotiana spp. as an alternative platform for Taxol production.
Highly Stable Monolayer Resists for Atomic Layer Deposition on Germanium and Silicon (2006)

In this paper, 1-alkenes and 1-alkynes are investigated for a new class of monolayer resists formed on the hydrogen-terminated surfaces of both germanium and silicon. A series of 1-alkenes and 1-alkynes with different chain lengths are explored as deactivating agents for atomic layer deposition of HfO2 and Pt films. It is shown that to achieve satisfactory blocking of atomic layer deposition, densely packed, highly hydrophobic monolayers must be formed. A mechanism for the film formation and blocking processes is discussed and compared with that of alkylsilane-based self-assembled monolayer resists.
NetWalk (2018)

Massive and dynamic networks arise in many practical applications such as social media, security and public health. Given an evolutionary network, it is crucial to detect structural anomalies, such as vertices and edges whose "behaviors" deviate from underlying majority of the network, in a real-time fashion. Recently, network embedding has proven a powerful tool in learning the low-dimensional representations of vertices in networks that can capture and preserve the network structure. However, most existing network embedding approaches are designed for static networks, and thus may not be perfectly suited for a dynamic environment in which the network representation has to be constantly updated. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, NetWalk, for anomaly detection in dynamic networks by learning network representations which can be updated dynamically as the network evolves. We first encode the vertices of the dynamic network to vector representations by clique embedding, which jointly minimizes the pairwise distance of vertex representations of each walk derived from the dynamic networks, and the deep autoencoder reconstruction error serving as a global regularization. The vector representations can be computed with constant space requirements using reservoir sampling. On the basis of the learned low-dimensional vertex representations, a clustering-based technique is employed to incrementally and dynamically detect network anomalies. Compared with existing approaches, NetWalk has several advantages: 1) the network embedding can be updated dynamically, 2) streaming network nodes and edges can be encoded efficiently with constant memory space usage, 3). flexible to be applied on different types of networks, and 4) network anomalies can be detected in realtime. Extensive experiments on four real datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of NetWalk.
Efficient management of PCM-based swap storage (2015)

This letter explores the performance of PCM-based swap storage and presents three management techniques. First, we attach PCM on DIMM slots to eliminate block I/O overhead and remove the context switching process while handling page faults. Second, we reduce the page size and turn off the read-ahead option to consider the high performance characteristics of PCM. Third, we decrease the DRAM memory size to save energy consumption without sacrificing the performance.
CD bias reduction in CD-SEM of very small line patterns: sidewall shape measurement using model-based library matching method (2010)

The purpose of this study is to reduce the critical-dimension (CD) bias (i.e., the difference between actual and measured CD values) for very small line patterns with line widths smaller than 15 nm. The model-based library (MBL) matching technique, which estimates the dimensions and shape of a target pattern by comparing a measured SEM image waveform with a library of simulated waveforms, was modified in two ways to enable it to accurately measure very small patterns. The first modification was the introduction of line-width variation into the library to overcome problems caused by significant changes in waveform due to changes in both sidewall shape and line width. This modification improved the measurement accuracy. The second modification was the fixation of MBL tool parameters that relate to signal-intensity conversion to overcome problems caused by the reduction in pattern shape information due to merging of right and left white bands. This modification reduced the solution space and improved the measurement stability. We confirmed the effectiveness of the modification by using simulated images. We then verified the effectiveness of the modified MBL matching by applying it to actual SEM images. Silicon line patterns with line widths in the range 10-30 nm were used in this experiment, and the CD bias was evaluated by one-to-one comparison with atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. The CD bias measured by MBL matching for three heights (20, 50, and 80%) was consistent with the AFM results. The CD biases at all heights were smaller than 0.5 nm and the slopes of the CD biases with respect to the CD were smaller than 3%.
Bone scintigraphy in uremic pulmonary calcification. (1979)

The value of Tc-99m HEDP bone scintigraphy as a means of detecting uremic pulmonary calcification was studied in 30 chronic dialysis patients. A high incidence of currently recognized predisposing factors for metastatic calcification was found and calcification was recorded at other sites. Scintigraphy was performed after reducing background activity by hemodialysis to levels found in normals. From chest images and chest-to-spine activity ratios, evidence of pulmonary calcification could be obtained in only one patient, and subsequent histologic examination revealed extensive calcification. High chest-to-spine activity ratios suggested increased pulmonary radionuclide uptake in several other patients, but these findings were not conclusive. These results indicate that uremic pulmonary calcification--which, according to autopsy studies, develops in about 60-75% of dialysis patients--cannot be detected with bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals, unless the calcification is severe. This is probably due to the unusual crystalline and chemical composition of uremic pulmonary calcification.
Model-Based Posturographic Sleepiness Monitor Tested on 20 Subjects (2007)

A previous posturographic force platform study verified that human balance deteriorates as a function of time awake (TA). It found that TA can be estimated with +/-2.5 h accuracy using 30 s trial length. For a fast, reliable and convenient sleepiness monitor even better TA estimation accuracy and shorter trial length is needed. We continued this quest by modeling the quiet stance test situation with a single-link inverted pendulum model (SLIPM). The center-of-mass (COM) trace in the AP (anterior-posterior) direction was calculated from the measured center-of-pressure (COP) trace. The sway angle theta, ankle torque tau and the horizontal force F acting on the COM were calculated from the SLIP equations--each analyzed with 13 different sway measures, i.e. variables that correlate with TA. The effect of circadian rhythm was separated from the sway measures. Twenty subjects' sway measures were analyzed. The SLIPM-based posturographic averaged TA estimation accuracy improved to +/-2.3 h. The trial length could be shortened to 21 s.
Infrared laser absorption eddy correlation measurement devices for trace atmospheric gases (1986)

We discuss the development of two open path IR absorption instruments for eddy correlation measurements of fluxes of atmospheric trace gases which impact greenhouse and acidic dry deposition problems. One instrument, designed for CH 4 measurements, uses a tunable IR He-Ne laser operating at 3.39/ µ m. The second, based on a tunable diode laser system, will be used to detect a variety of molecules including N 2 O, O 3 , and HNO 3 . Since these measurements are made in the free atmosphere, the instrument must discriminate against spectral features of the atmospheric background, especially water vapor. The chosen approaches to this problem are described, including the use of a frequency-modulated source and detection at both the first and second harmonic of the modulation frequency. The multipass cell must exhibit minimal sensitivity to the expected vibration of its supporting structure; methodsof achieving this are described.