gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Substrate Size, Surface Area, and Density on Coat Thickness of Multi-Particulate Dosage Forms (2005)

Drugs layering experiments were performed in a fluid bed fitted with a rotor granulator insert using diltiazem as a model drug. The drug was applied in various quantities to sugar spheres of different mesh sizes to give a series of drug-layered sugar spheres (cores) of different potency, size, and weight per particle. The drug presence lowered the bulk density of the cores in proportion to the quantity of added drug. Polymer coating of each core lot was performed in a fluid bed fitted with a Wurster insert. A series of polymer-coated cores (pellets) was removed from each coating experiment. The mean diameter of each core and each pellet sample was determined by image analysis. The rate of change of diameter on polymer addition was determined for each starting size of core and compared to calculated values. The core diameter was displaced from the line of best fit through the pellet diameter data. Cores of different potency with the same size distribution were made by layering increasing quantities of drug onto sugar spheres of decreasing mesh size. Equal quantities of polymer were applied to the same-sized core lots and coat thickness was measured. Weight/weight calculations predict equal coat thickness under these conditions, but measurable differences were found. Simple corrections to core charge weight in the Wurster insert were successfully used to manufacture pellets having the same coat thickness. The sensitivity of the image analysis technique in measuring particle size distributions (PSDs) was demonstrated by measuring a displacement in PSD after addition of 0.5% w/w talc to a pellet sample.
Formulation and evaluation of dispersible taste masked tablet of roxithromycin (2008)

Roxithromycin is a broad spectrum, semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic, having bitter taste. In the present study, an attempt has been made to mask the bitter taste of roxithromycin by complexation technique. Weak cation exchange resins Indion 214 and Amberlite IRP64, polymer carbopol 934P were used in formulation of complexes with the drug. The loading process was optimized for the pH of loading solution and resin or polymer:drug ratio.The complexes were evaluated for bulk density, angle of repose, taste masking, and in vitro drug release. In vitro drug release studies showed more than 80% drug release from the optimized formulation within 30 min. Amberlite IRP64 was found to be better complexing agent for masking the bitter taste of roxithromycin.
Selective Stabilization of Triple‐Helical DNA by Diazoniapolycyclic Intercalators (2006)

No substituent required: In contrast to previous assumptions, unsubstituted dicationic penta- and hexacycles show preferential binding to triplex DNA with high affinity, as demonstrated by DNA melting studies and competition dialysis experiments.
Speech modeling and voiced/unvoiced/mixed/silence speech segmentation with fractionally Gaussian noise based models (2004)

The ARMA filtered fractionally differenced Gaussian noise (FdGn) model and a new AR filtered FdGn added up model are applied to a speech signal and performance of their parameters on speech unvoiced/voiced/mixed/silence classification is evaluated against the zero crossing rate (ZCR) feature. For parameter estimation of AR filtered FdGn model two methods were applied: the iterative maximum likelihood (ML) method of Tewfik (1993) and a new computationally efficient linear minimum square error (LMSE) algorithm. Also for parameter estimation of the new added up model two approaches were implemented: an expectation-maximization (EM) based approach and an iterative MSE approach. The described models and methods were applied to a speech signal and also its real cepstrum. The performance of the described models on V/U/M/S speech classification was obtained based on the J/sub 1/ parameter in this order: added up model on real cepstrum of speech, filtered FdGn model on real cepstrum of speech (LMSE method), filtered FdGn model on speech (LMSE method), ZCR, and filtered FdGn model on speech (Tewfik method).
Bridging the Gap between Eco-Design and the Human Thinking System (2016)

Technological progress has enabled widespread adoption and use of consumer electronics, changing how global society lives and works. This progress has come with immense environmental cost, including extraction of scarce materials, consumption of fossil fuels, and growing e-waste challenges. Eco-design has emerged as a promising approach to reduce the environmental footprint of electronics by integrating sustainability-oriented decisions early in the product realization process. However, most approaches focus on the product itself, not on the consumer who ultimately decides how to purchase, use, maintain, and dispose of the device. This article presents a new framework to guide designers in developing products with features that encourage consumers to use them in an environmentally sustainable manner. The Sustainable Behavior Design (SBD) framework links common design concepts (ergonomic, emotional, preventative, and interaction design) with core aspects of the human thinking system to create features to make users aware of their behavior and decisions (reflective thinking) or result in sustainable behaviors even when users are unaware (automatic thinking). The SBD framework is demonstrated using a case study on a smartphone, a high demand product. The reimagined smartphone design integrates solutions addressing both automatic and reflective thinking systems, potentially reducing life cycle impacts by almost 30%.
Characterisation and Emulsion Behaviour of Athabasca Extra-Heavy-Oil Produced by SAGD (2005)

Abstract The production of extra heavy oil (or bitumen) through the SAGD method (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) requires the generation and injection into the reservoir of a great quantity of steam. A typical value of the steam/oil ratio is around 3, which means that a 100,000 bopd development requires the injection of 300,000 bcwepd (barrels of cold water equivalent per day) of steam, and that a corresponding quantity of hot water will be co- produced with the oil. The production of extra heavy oil containing many active components with the tendency to form an emulsion combined with the high water-cut ratio (above 80%) leads to a phase separation process with specific issues. This study considers an extra heavy oil field produced in SAGD in Athabasca. The objective of the study was firstly to characterise the produced fluids and then to analyse their tendency to form an emulsion under controlled hydrodynamic conditions. An innovative technique - Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) - was used to characterise the emulsion. This method is able to define the water-in-oil or reverse emulsion nature and to quantify the water amount without sample dilution. DSC analysis combined with microscopy and image analysis treatments was used to determine the droplet size distribution. Reconstituted emulsions were then formed using a "Dispersion Rig" set-up that allows the simultaneous pumping of crude oil and water through a calibrated restriction in the pipe. The amount of energy dissipated to the fluids systems can be quantified due to the strict control of the hydrodynamic conditions. Consequently a relationship between granulometry distribution of the emulsion and the fixed energy or pressure drop can be established. The main experimental parameters investigated were the oil dilution and water-cut ratios. It is concluded that there is a residual emulsion in extra heavy oil which has a very small average droplet size whatever the temperature and solvent dilution ratio. This small droplet size results in a difficult oil/water separation which is only possible either by addition of large quantities of additives at high temperature and with long residence time and probably by applying an electrostatic field.
Thickness Measurement of Thin-metal Films by Optical Metrology (2009)

Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and resistivity measurements were used to characterize Nickel‐metal films used for self‐aligned silicidation process. Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometer (VASE) in the VUV range of wavelengths was used to measure the thickness and optical properties of Nickel films. The thickness‐dependent optical properties of thin‐metal films are shown to be correlated to the change in electron relaxation time and resistivity. The change in electron relaxation time and resistivity can be traced to the change in grain boundary reflection coefficient and grain size. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data aided with sputtering is used to show the evidence of the various stack layers that would be used in the VASE modeling. X‐ray reflectivity (XRR) and Rutherford backscattered spectroscopy (RBS) measurements on thin‐metal films were performed to complement the thickness measurements made with SE.
Tales of a department: how the COVID-19 pandemic transformed Detroit’s Henry Ford Hospital, Department of Neurology—part I: the surge (2020)

The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped the way healthcare systems operate around the world. The major hurdles faced have been availability of personal protective equipment, intensive care unit beds, ventilators, treatments and medical personnel. Detroit, Michigan has been an epidemic ‘hotspot’ in the USA with Wayne County among the hardest hit counties in the nation. The Department of Neurology at Henry Ford Hospital, in the heart of Detroit, has responded effectively to the pandemic by altering many aspects of its operations. The rapid engagement of the department and enhanced utilisation of teleneurology were two of the pivotal elements in the successful response to the pandemic. In this review, we describe the transformation our department has undergone, as it relates to its infrastructure redesigning, coverage restructuring, redeployment strategies, medical education adaptations and novel research initiatives.
Explorations in the Use of Augmented Reality for Geographic Visualization (2002)

In this paper, we describe two explorations in the use of hybrid user interfaces for collaborative geographic data visualization. Our first interface combines three technologies: augmented reality (AR), immersive virtual reality (VR), and computer vision-based hand and object tracking. Wearing a lightweight display with an attached camera, users can look at a real map and see three-dimensional virtual terrain models overlaid on the map. From this AR interface, they can fly in and experience the model immersively, or use free hand gestures or physical markers to change the data representation. Building on this work, our second interface explores alternative interface techniques, including a zoomable user interface, paddle interactions, and pen annotations. We describe the system hardware and software and the implications for GIS and spatial science applications.
Gated Tunability and Hybridization of Localized Plasmons in Nanostructured Graphene (2013)

Graphene has emerged as an outstanding material for optoelectronic applications due to its high electronic mobility and unique doping capabilities. Here we demonstrate electrical tunability and hybridization of plasmons in graphene nanodisks and nanorings down to 3.7 μm light wavelength. By electrically doping patterned graphene arrays with an applied gate voltage, we observe radical changes in the plasmon energy and strength, in excellent quantitative agreement with rigorous analytical theory. We further show evidence of an unexpected increase in plasmon lifetime with growing energy. Plasmon hybridization and electrical doping in nanorings of suitably chosen nanoscale dimensions are key elements for bringing the optical response of graphene closer to the near-infrared, where it can provide a robust, integrable platform for light modulation, switching, and sensing.
Microarray Data Analysis (2006)

Abstract Microarray analysis is an emerging field, simultaneously harnessing advances in semiconductor manufacturing, biochemistry, medicine, computation, and algorithms research. Microarrays now provide a platform for an unprecedented genome‐wide view of a biological sample. Microarray analysis makes use of the vast amounts of data that the microarray platform provides. It is through the intelligent combination of mathematical algorithms and clinical validation that microarray analysis provides a real opportunity to realize the goal of targeted personalized medicine. One day, the information from a single microarray might be able to tell a doctor if a patient has cancer, what type of cancer it is, what the prognosis is, and what drug to use to best fight the cancer. The foundation of this story is being built in laboratories across the world today and it starts with sound microarray analysis. Microarray analysis is a multistep process that converts raw microarray data into biomarkers for clinical use. First, noise must be removed from raw data using preprocessing methods, such as normalization and artifact removal. Clean data can then be used to select important features or to build predictive rules called classifiers. The results of feature selection and classification are lists of biomarkers that are appropriate for classifying the data into groups such as benign or malignant. These biomarkers must then be validated clinically or through knowledge‐based approaches. The results of validation can then be used as feedback in order to select better features or build better classifiers.
Pemetrexed conjugated with gold nanoparticles – Synthesis, characterization and a study of noncovalent interactions (2017)

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely used as nanocarriers in drug delivery application. However, the binding mechanism between AuNPs and drug bases still remains a puzzle. Our study included: (i) optimization of three synthesis of the AuNPs-pemetrexed (PE) nanocomposites formation which was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy, (ii) identification of PE in gold nanocomposites and mechanism of PE interaction with gold nanoparticles by electrochemistry, NMR and Raman measurements, (iii) characterization of the three nanocomposites by TEM, DSL, ESL, zeta potential, XRPD and TGA analysis. The obtained nanocomposites are homogeneously shaped and have a maximum diameter of around 14nm and 88nm, as measured by the TEM and DSL techniques, respectively. The zeta potential of the nanocomposites is -43mV and suggests a high stability of the nanoparticles and lower toxicity for the normal cells. Quantum chemical calculations were also performed on model systems to estimate the strength of the AuNPs-PE interaction. Taking into account the experimental and theoretical data a mechanism of the nanocomposites' formation has been proposed in which PE interacts with the gold surface by the COOH/COO<sup>-</sup> group.
Cytoskeletal Changes Underlie Estrogen's Acute Effects on Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity (2009)

Estrogen, in addition to its genomic effects in brain, causes rapid and reversible changes to synaptic operations. We report here that these acute actions are due to selective activation of an actin-signaling cascade normally used in the production of long-term potentiation (LTP). Estrogen, or a selective agonist of the steroid's beta-receptor, caused a modest increase in fast glutamatergic transmission and a pronounced facilitation of LTP in adult hippocampal slices; both effects were completely eliminated by latrunculin, a toxin that prevents actin filament assembly. Estrogen also increased spine concentrations of filamentous actin and strongly enhanced its polymerization in association with LTP. A search for the origins of these effects showed that estrogen activates the small GTPase RhoA and phosphorylates (inactivates) the actin severing protein cofilin, a downstream target of RhoA. Moreover, an antagonist of RhoA kinase (ROCK) blocked estrogen's synaptic effects. Estrogen thus emerges as a positive modulator of a RhoA>ROCK>LIM kinase>cofilin pathway that regulates the subsynaptic cytoskeleton. It does not, however, strongly affect a second LTP-related pathway, involving the GTPases Rac and Cdc42 and their effector p21-activated kinase, which may explain why its acute effects are reversible. Finally, ovariectomy depressed RhoA activity, spine cytoskeletal plasticity, and LTP, whereas brief infusions of estrogen rescued plasticity, suggesting that the deficits in plasticity arise from acute, as well as genomic, consequences of hormone loss.
Regulation of Transcription and Translation by Hypoxia (2004)

The maintenance of oxygen (O2) homeostasis is critical for embryonic development and postnatal life. In response to hypoxia, higher eukaryotes have developed coordinated mechanisms at both the transcriptional and translational levels to cope with this stress. Transcription of genes controlling glycolysis, glucose transport, cell survival and death, angiogenesis and erythropoiesis are activated (primarily by the hypoxia-inducible factor [HIF]) to facilitate cell survival and restore O2 homeostasis. During hypoxia, global protein synthesis is reduced to conserve ATP, while translation of factors like HIF-1alpha and VEGF that are critical for the hypoxic response is maintained by initiation via an internal ribosomal entry mechanism. This review addresses the regulatory effects of hypoxia on mRNA transcription and translation. As hypoxia is induced by tumor growth and affects tumor progression and metastasis, unraveling the basis of hypoxic control of transcription and translation will provide a better understanding of cancer physiology and development of anti-tumor therapies.
Development of closed loop voltage control simulator for medium voltage distribution (2009)

Queensland Distribution Network Service Providers (DNSPs) are required by law to maintain steady state voltages at customer premises within specified limits of currently 240V ± 6%. The utilisation of Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs) and distribution transformer Tap Plans have allowed DNSPs to mostly maintain voltages along network feeders within regulatory limits. Two main AVR methods employed for AVRs are a Setpoint bus voltage and Line Drop Compensation (LDC). With a growing influx of the embedded generation, historic voltage management may not be appropriate. This dissertation has focused on the development of a simulator for Closed Loop Voltage Control (CLVC) that utilises real-time data feedback from zone substations and ends of feeders to effectively manage and reduce customer over- and undervoltage issues.
Bond Order and Chemical Properties of BF, CO, and N2 (2011)

The traditional chemical approaches, Lewis electron dot structures and molecular orbital theory, predict the relative bond orders of boron monofluoride, carbon monoxide, and dinitrogen to be BF < CO < N2. This is quantified by quantum mechanical, theoretical studies that show the bond orders to be ∼1.4, ∼2.6, and ∼3.0, respectively. These results also confirm the chemical intuition that the change in bond order is primarily due to the π component. The differences in bond order have a dramatic effect on the ligand behavior of the three molecules, particularly the propensity of BF to function as a bridging ligand.
Self efficacy associated with regression from pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain and low back pain following pregnancy (2023)

Low self efficacy makes the women experience about two-fold risk to experience no regression from pregnancy-related back pain. Evaluation for self efficacy is simple enough to be used to improve perinatal health.
AN EFFICIENT PROCEDURE FOR ACETALIZATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS WITH P2O5/SiO2 (2004)

P2O5 as a dehydrating agent can be used for acetalization of carbonyl compounds. This reaction is very fast with high yield and also comparable with acetal formation by using microwave irradiation.
Scaling Bottlenecks in Thulium-doped Fiber Lasers (2013)

Thulium offers novel applications at 2 μm, and with continued developments, peak and average powers will increase to that of rival rare-earth dopants. Limitations that impede growth are namely; nonlinearities, thermal management, and fiberized components.
The Role of the Efficiency Defence in EU Merger Control Proceedings Following UPS/TNT, FedEx/TNT and UPS v Commission (2017)

The importance of efficiencies – synergies, cost savings – has long been recognised in the context of antitrust review of mergers, whether in the USA, Europe, or other jurisdictions. The use of efficiencies in defence of substantively-problematic mergers, as an antidote to the potential anticompetitive effects of a merger, has a much more chequered history. In Europe, outright denial of the pro-competitive effects of merger-related efficiencies has evolved through a phase of somewhat reluctant acceptance of the theoretical benefits of efficiencies, into what is currently a codified willingness to assess and accept efficiencies in defence of otherwise problematic mergers. On 7 March 2017 the General Court of the EU (‘Court’) issued its judgement1 on the matter of the appeal by United Parcel Service, Inc. (‘UPS’) against the Commission decision to prohibit its acquisition of TNT Express NV (‘TNT’) in January 2013.2 In that judgement, the Court annulled the Commission's prohibition decision, raising concerns about the lack of access afforded to the merging parties in UPS/TNT in respect of a finalised version of the econometric model used by the Commission as a basis for its blocking decision. Much of the economic evidence presented by the merging parties in that case had related to purported efficiencies that would be created by the merger, and the issue of whether those efficiencies would be sufficient to outweigh an expected negative effect on pricing as a result of the merger.
Machine Learning Methods for Diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Using Functional and Structural MRI: A Survey (2021)

Here we summarize recent progress in machine learning model for diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). We outline and describe the machine-learning, especially deep-learning, techniques that are suitable for addressing research questions in this domain, pitfalls of the available methods, as well as future directions for the field. We envision a future where the diagnosis of ASD, ADHD, and other mental disorders is accomplished, and quantified using imaging techniques, such as MRI, and machine-learning models.
Low-tortuosity and graded lithium ion battery cathodes by ice templating (2019)

Ultra-thick cathodes with a gradient pore structure and fast ion transport channels achieving high energy densities.
Adipogenic Phenotype of Hepatic Stellate Cells (2005)

Transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) constitutes a major cellular event in the genesis of alcoholic liver fibrosis and cirrhosis and molecular mechanisms underlying this process is incompletely understood. Our laboratory proposed several years ago that HSC quiescence requires the transcriptional program known to be integral to preadipocyte to adipocyte differentiation. In support of the hypothesis, our research demonstrates the expression of adipogenic transcription factors (C/EBPs, PPARgamma, SREBP-1c, LXRalpha) and adipocyte-specific genes (adipsin, resistin) are high in quiescent HSC and depleted in activated HSC. Three gain-of-function approaches have been taken to test this notion: the treatment of activated HSC with the adipocyte differentiation cocktail; ectopic expression of PPARgamma or SREBP-1c. All three treatments coordinately upregulate a panel of putative adipogenic transcription factors and cause morphologic and biochemical reversal of activated HSC to quiescent cells. These findings establish a new conceptual framework for the treatment of liver fibrosis and propose an intriguing notion concerning the plasticity of HSC.