gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spherical indentation testing of poroelastic relaxations in thin hydrogel layers (2011)

In this work, we present the Poroelastic Relaxation Indentation (PRI) testing approach for quantifying the mechanical and transport properties of thin layers of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels with thicknesses on the order of 200 μm. Specifically, PRI characterizes poroelastic relaxation in hydrogels by indenting the material at fixed depth and measuring the contact area-dependent load relaxation process as a function of time. With the aid of a linear poroelastic theory developed for thin or geometrically confined swollen polymer networks, we demonstrate that PRI can quantify the water diffusion coefficient, shear modulus and average pore size of the hydrogel layer. This approach provides a simple methodology to quantify the material properties of thin swollen polymer networks relevant to transport phenomena.
Nucleation and growth of Si quantum nanocrystals in silicon-rich oxide films (1996)

The observation of photoluminescence and electroluminescence in Si nanocrystals has generated renewed interest in these novel silicon based materials for their possible application as light emitters and detectors. Silicon Rich Oxide (SRO) films with a uniform dispersion of silicon nanocrystallites in a wider bandgap SiO 2 matrix manifest electroluminescence and photoluminescence in the infrared and visible portions of the spectrum. Understanding the nucleation and growth kinetics of these crystallites in amorphous matrix is of critical importance in the fabrication of future optoelectronic devices. One route to the fabrication of Si nanocrystals is by the crystallization of amorphous SiO 2-x . Consider the case when x=1. The reaction leading to the formation of Si crystallites can be written as; (1) The nucleation, growth and coarsening processes of Si nanocrystals each require bulk diffusion of Si atoms through the amorphous matrix.
YKL-40, a mammalian member of the chitinase family, is a matrix protein of specific granules in human neutrophils. (1999)

YKL-40, also called human cartilage glycoprotein-39 (HC gp-39), is a member of family 18 glycosyl hydrolases. YKL-40 is secreted by chondrocytes, synovial cells, and macrophages, and recently it has been reported that YKL-40 has a role as an autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The function of YKL-40 is unknown, but the pattern of its expression in normal and disease states suggests that it could function in remodeling or degradation of the extracellular matrix. High levels of YKL-40 are found in synovial fluid from patients with active RA. Neutrophils are abundant in synovial fluid of patients with RA, and the cells are assumed to play a role in joint destruction in that disorder. Therefore, we examined whether neutrophils are a source of YKL-40. YKL-40 was found to colocalize and comobilize with lactoferrin (the most abundant protein of specific granules) but not with gelatinase in subcellular fractionation studies on stimulated and unstimulated neutrophils. Double-labeling immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the colocalization of YKL-40 and lactoferrin in specific granules of neutrophils. Immunohistochemistry on bone marrow cells showed that neutrophil precursors begin to synthesize YKL-40 at the myelocyte-metamyelocyte stage, the stage of maturation at which other specific granule proteins are formed. Assuming that YKL-40 has a role as an autoantigen in RA by inducing T cell-mediated autoimmune response, YKL-40 released from neutrophils in the inflamed joint could be essential for this response. In RA and other inflammatory diseases, YKL-40 released from specific granules of neutrophils may be involved in tissue remodeling or degradation.
Critical Practices in Rigorously Assessing the Inherent Activity of Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts (2020)

Accurate activity measurements for electrocatalytic materials are the backbone of impactful electrocatalyst research. Inherent to accurate measurements is the correct accounting of the active catalyst sites and the design of experiments to ensure that these sites are participating in the measured reaction. Improvements in electrocatalyst activity for fuel cell reactions (hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction) are essential for the widespread adoption of this carbon-neutral energy source. Activities for these half-reactions can be reported in a variety of ways including specific activities, mass activities, volumetric activities, and half-wave potentials. These values are traditionally measured with a rotating disk electrode (RDE) in which the electrocatalyst is supported on a porous active layer film attached to the RDE. To accurately measure electrocatalyst activity with an RDE, two major sources of errors must be addressed: (i) accurate electrochemical surface area (ECSA) quantification and (ii) fast diffusion of reactants through the active layer film. In this contribution, we first aim to detail through RDE experiments and mass transport modeling the potential errors that can be observed when these factors are not properly addressed. We then present recommendations and discuss techniques for properly constructing electrocatalyst thin films and characterizing the ECSA on monometallic and novel alloy electrocatalysts. These practices, when adopted, ensure greater confidence and reliability in reports of electrocatalyst activity.
A combined focusing x-ray diffractometer and nondispersive x-ray spectrometer for remote analysis- a preliminary report (1965)

Combined focusing X-ray diffractometer and nondispersive X-ray spectrometer for remote analysis
Characterizing methamphetamine withdrawal in recently abstinent methamphetamine users: a pilot field study (2011)

This study extends the literature by pointing toward a methamphetamine withdrawal syndrome that includes alterations in measures of sleep quality and refreshed sleep, early improvement in depression and anxiety symptoms, most striking during the first week, but persisting into the second week.
Data from Patched1 Inhibits Epidermal Progenitor Cell Expansion and Basal Cell Carcinoma Formation by Limiting Igfbp2 Activity (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is the most common form of cancer, with the majority being caused by mutations in the Patched1 (&lt;i&gt;Ptch1&lt;/i&gt;) gene, leading to activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Hh signaling is implicated in many tumor types; thus, defining the mechanisms by which Ptch1 regulates tissue proliferation is of paramount importance. Here, we show that the key role of Ptch1 in the skin is to limit the size of the epidermal stem/progenitor compartment and allow hair follicle differentiation. Specifically, loss of Ptch1 leads to the promotion of progenitor cell fate by increasing basal cell proliferation and limiting the progression of basal cells into differentiated hair follicle cell types. Our data indicate that BCCs likely result from hair follicle progenitor cells that, due to Hh signal activation, cannot progress through normal hair follicle differentiation. These data confirm the role of Ptch1 as a negative regulator of epidermal progenitor turnover and also show for the first time that Ptch1 plays a role in the differentiation of the hair follicle lineage. In addition, we show that insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (Igfbp2) is upregulated in both murine and human BCCs and that blocking Igfbp2 activity reduces the Hh-mediated expansion of epidermal progenitor cells. We propose that Igfbp2 mediates epidermal progenitor cell expansion and therefore represents an epidermal progenitor cell–specific target of Hh signaling that promotes BCC development. Cancer Prev Res; 3(10); 1222–34. ©2010 AACR.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Creation of a library of induced pluripotent stem cells from Parkinsonian patients (2016)

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are becoming an important source of pre-clinical models for research focusing on neurodegeneration. They offer the possibility for better understanding of common and divergent pathogenic mechanisms of brain diseases. Moreover, iPSCs provide a unique opportunity to develop personalized therapeutic strategies, as well as explore early pathogenic mechanisms, since they rely on the use of patients' own cells that are otherwise accessible only post-mortem, when neuronal death-related cellular pathways and processes are advanced and adaptive. Neurodegenerative diseases are in majority of unknown cause, but mutations in specific genes can lead to familial forms of these diseases. For example, mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 gene lead to the motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), while mutations in the <i>SNCA</i> gene encoding for alpha-synuclein protein lead to familial Parkinson's disease (PD). The generations of libraries of familial human ALS iPSC lines have been described, and the iPSCs rapidly became useful models for studying cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms of the disease. Here we report the generation of a comprehensive library of iPSC lines of familial PD and an associated synucleinopathy, multiple system atrophy (MSA). In addition, we provide examples of relevant neural cell types these iPSC can be differentiated into, and which could be used to further explore early disease mechanisms. These human cellular models will be a valuable resource for identifying common and divergent mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration in PD and MSA.
Blocking cell microtubule assembly inhibits the alloimmune response in vitro and prolongs renal allograft survival by inhibition of Th1 and sparing of Th2 cell function in vivo. (1995)

Colchicine inhibits cell microtubule assembly by binding to and preventing the polymerization of tubulin monomers. Although there are data to indicate that colchicine inhibits a variety of cell-mediated immune responses, the effects and mechanisms of inhibiting cell microtubule assembly on the alloimmune response have not been thoroughly investigated. It has recently been shown that colchicine prevents acute rejection and promotes the long-term survival of rat renal allografts. In this study, the effects and mechanisms of inhibiting cell microtubule assembly by colchicine on the alloimmune response in vitro and in vivo were examined. First, the effects of colchicine on T lymphocyte response to alloantigen in vitro were tested. In the standard one-way mixed lymphocyte response (MLR), responder Lewis rat lymph node cells were cultured with irradiated Brown-Norway stimulators. Colchicine inhibited the MLR in a dose-dependent manner, with 100% inhibition at a concentration of 25 ng/mL (6.25 x 10(-8) M) and 50% inhibition at a concentration of approximately 5 to 10 ng/mL. Colchicine also inhibited the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes as well as cytotoxic T cell effector function in vitro in a dose-dependent fashion. Second, detailed immunohistologic studies of renal allografts harvested from unmodified control (acutely rejecting) and colchicine-treated rats (Day 15 or 30) were performed. These studies showed that grafts from colchicine-treated animals had significantly fewer mononuclear cell infiltrates and less edema, and moderately decreased deposition of immunoglobulin M, C3, and fibrin, as compared with acutely rejecting control grafts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Role of Intrinsic Photogeneration in Single Layer and Bilayer Solar Cells with C60 and PCBM (2016)

In an endeavor to examine how optical excitation of C60 and PCBM contribute to the photogeneration of charge carriers in organic solar cells, we investigated stationary photogeneration in single-layer C60 and PCBM films over a broad spectrum as a function of the electric field. We find that intrinsic photogeneration starts at a photon energy of about 2.25 eV, i.e., about 0.4 eV above the first singlet excited state. It originates from charge transfer type states that can autoionize before relaxing to the lower-energy singlet S1 state, in the spirit of Onsager’s 1938 theory. We analyze the internal quantum efficiency as a function of electric field and photon energy to determine (1) the Coulombic binding and separation of the electron–hole pairs, (2) the value of the electrical gap, and (3) which fraction of photoexcitations can fully separate at a given photon energy. The latter depends on the coupling between the photogenerated charge transfer states and the eventual charge transporting states. It is by a factor of 3 lower in PCBM. Close to the threshold energy for intrinsic photoconduction (2.25 eV), the generating entity is a photogenerated electron–hole pair with roughly 2 nm separation. At higher photon energy, more expanded pairs are produced incoherently via thermalization.
A calibration method for power metering system with electronic instrument transformers (2012)

High-voltage power metering systems based on electronic instrument transformers (EITs) have some advantages compared to the conventional ones. This paper describes an unique calibration method and device for the power metering system. High accuracy with the calibration method can be achieved. The estimated relative uncertainty of the device is about 200&#x00D7;10<sup>&#x2212;6</sup> in magnitude and less than 110 &#x00B5;rad in phase.
Neck Injury Biomechanics (2009)

Includes 40 papers covering more than 15 years (1993 to 2009) of research on the biomechanics of neck injuries from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), the Stapp Car Crash Conference, and the International Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI).
Influence of dietary factors on nitrogen partitioning and composition of urine and feces of fattening pigs. (1997)

An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary factors on the partitioning of nitrogen excretion and on the pH and composition of urine and feces of fattening pigs. Sixteen male hybrid pigs of 80 to 90 kg BW were allotted to one of four diets: based on grains, by-products, grains plus tapioca, or grains plus sugar beet pulp. Diets were formulated to have similar contents of NE and CP and a similar lysine:NE ratio. Diets differed in nonstarch polysaccharide content (NSP) and dietary electrolyte balance (dEB). During an 8-d period, urine and feces were quantitatively collected daily in metabolism cages and mixed to a slurry. There was no effect of the diet on total nitrogen excretion (P > .05). However, the nitrogen excretion pattern differed between diets (P < .001). Pigs fed the by-product- and the sugar beet pulp-based diets excreted less nitrogen via urine and more nitrogen via feces than pigs fed the grain- and tapioca-based diets. The type of diet significantly affected the pH of urine, feces, and slurry. The pH of slurry from pigs fed the sugar beet pulp-based diet was .44 to 1.13 units lower than that of slurry from pigs fed the other three diets. An increased dietary NSP content reduced the pH of feces and slurry. A decreased dEB reduced the pH of urine and slurry. We conclude that dietary NSP influences the partitioning of excretory nitrogen between urine and feces. Dietary NSP and dEB can influence the pH of urine, feces, and slurry.
Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in the Asia–Pacific region (2000)

There is a wide variation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the Asia-Pacific region. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection is lowest (<1%) in North America, Australia and New Zealand, 2-4% in Japan, 5-18% in China and highest (15-20%) in Taiwan as well as several other countries in South East Asia. Perinatal transmission is common in HBV-hyperendemic areas. Geographical clusters of horizontal HBV infection have been reported in both high- and low-risk countries. Common sources of infection, including iatrogenic and sexual transmission, have been implicated. Migrant studies indicate the importance of childhood environments in the determination of HBV infection. Rural urban and ethnic differences in the prevalence of HBV infection have also been reported. There has been a decrease in the prevalence of HBV infection after mass HBV vaccination programmes in some Asia-Pacific countries, which may be due to the intervention of possible transmission routes through the use of disposable syringes and needles, screening of HBV infection markers in blood banks, and prevention of high-risk tattooing, acupuncture, ear-piercing and sexual contact. A striking decrease in the incidence of HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma has been observed among children in Taiwan and other areas where mass vaccination programmes have been implemented.
Fluid loading effects for acoustical sensors in the atmospheres of Mars, Venus, Titan, and Jupiter (2009)

This paper shows that corrections for fluid loading must be undertaken to Earth-based calibrations for planetary probe sensors, which rely on accurate and precise predictions of mechanical vibrations. These sensors include acoustical instrumentation, and sensors for the mass change resulting from species accumulation upon oscillating plates. Some published designs are particularly susceptible (an example leading to around an octave error in the frequency calibration for Venus is shown). Because such corrections have not previously been raised, and would be almost impossible to incorporate into drop tests of probes, this paper demonstrates the surprising results of applying well-established formulations.
The Origin of Red Luminescence from Mg-Doped GaN (1999)

In addition to broad photoluminescence (PL) bands at 3.2 and 2.8 eV, Mg-doped GaN also exhibits a characteristic red PL band centered around 1.75 eV. Using optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR), a deep defect with an isotropic g-value of 2.001 and a linewidth of 5 mT is found to be responsible for the red luminescence. Various shallow and deep donors are also found to participate in this radiative transition. The results are compared to the ODMR of n-type GaN.
Hairless mutation: a driving force of humanization from a human–ape common ancestor by enforcing upright walking while holding a baby with both hands (2012)

Three major characteristics distinguish humans from other primates: bipedality, practical nakedness, and the family as a social unit. A hairless mutation introduced into the chimpanzee/human last common ancestor (CLCA) 6 million years ago (Mya) diverged hairless human and hairy chimpanzee lineages. All primates except humans can carry their babies without using their hands. A hairless mother would be forced to stand and walk upright. Her activities would be markedly limited. The male partner would have to collect food and carry it to her by hand to keep her and their baby from starving; irresponsible and selfish males could not have left their offspring. The mother would have sexually accepted her partner at any time as a reward for food. Sexual relations irrespective of estrus cycles might have strengthened the pair bond. Molecular and paleontological dating indicates that CLCA existed 6 Mya, and early hominin fossils show that they were bipeds, indicating that humanization from CLCA occurred rapidly. A single mutation in animals with scalp hair is known to induce hairless phenotype (ectodermal dysplasia). Bipedalism and hairlessness are disadvantageous traits; only those who could survive trials and tribulations in cooperation with family members must have been able to evolve as humans.
Assessment of tissue biochemical and optical scattering changes due to hypothermic organ preservation: a preliminary study in mouse organs (2021)

Abstract Clinical transplantation medicine currently faces a significant shortage of organ donors to supply the need of an increasingly aged population. Despite this, organs are still discarded due to graft stress induced by hypoxia or ischemia prior to procurement. Approaches to minimize donor organ discard include appropriate organ preservation and monitoring of organ function. Predominant organ preservation strategies involve hypothermia between 0 °C and 12 °C. In this study, we investigate the effect of temperature alone on tissue microstructural and biochemical parameters during cold preservation of mouse organs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating this cooling effect on multiple tissue parameters such as blood oxygenation, concentrations of blood, methemoglobin, water, lipid, and bile as well as scattering amplitude, Mie scattering power and fraction of Rayleigh scattering. These parameters were extracted by using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy spectral fitting at an extended wavelength range between 450 and 1590 nm and a Monte Carlo look-up table including a wide range of tissue optical properties compared to previous studies. Our findings can be used to understand biological processes undertaking cooling to propose new strategies involving optimized cold storage times and composition of organ preservation solutions for minimized cellular and tissue damage.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Induction of Rac1b, a Key Effector of Lung Cancer Progression (2012)

Lung cancer is more deadly than colon, breast, and prostate cancers combined, and treatment improvements have failed to improve prognosis significantly. Here, we identify a critical mediator of lung cancer progression, Rac1b, a tumor-associated protein with cell-transforming properties that are linked to the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung epithelial cells. We show that expression of mouse Rac1b in lung epithelial cells of transgenic mice stimulated EMT and spontaneous tumor development and that activation of EMT by MMP-induced expression of Rac1b gave rise to lung adenocarcinoma in the transgenic mice through bypassing oncogene-induced senescence. Rac1b is expressed abundantly in stages 1 and 2 of human lung adenocarcinomas and, hence, is an attractive molecular target for the development of new therapies that prevent progression to later-stage lung cancers.
Cross-language query classification using web search for exogenous knowledge (2009)

The non-English Web is growing at phenomenal speed, but available language processing tools and resources are predominantly English-based. Taxonomies are a case in point: while there are plenty of commercial and non-commercial taxonomies for the English Web, taxonomies for other languages are either not available or of arguable quality. Given that building comprehensive taxonomies for each language is prohibitively expensive, it is natural to ask whether existing English taxonomies can be leveraged, possibly via machine translation, to enable text processing tasks in other languages. Our experimental results confirm that the answer is affirmative with respect to at least one task. In this study we focus on query classification, which is essential for understanding the user intent both in Web search and in online advertising. We propose a robust method for classifying non-English queries into an English taxonomy, using an existing English text classifier and off-the-shelf machine translation systems. In particular, we show that by considering the Web search results in the query's original language as additional sources of information, we can alleviate the effect of erroneous machine translation. Empirical evaluation on query sets in languages as diverse as Chinese and Russian yields very encouraging results; consequently, we believe that our approach is also applicable to many additional languages.