gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stability of Like and Oppositely Charged Organic Ion Pairs in Aqueous Solution (1997)

To investigate the stability of ionic pairs in aqueous solution, polarizable continuum-model (PCM) ab initio molecular orbital calculations were carried out. Ion pairs formed from three organic ions, methylacetate, methylammonium, and guanidinium, were treated. The methylacetate ion pair forms a stable complex when the two methyl groups are in contact. When the charged groups of methylacetate and methylammonium are in contact, this pair does not form a stable complex in aqueous solution. When the methyl group of methylacetate is in contact with that of methylammonium, the ionic groups are far apart, and a stable complex is not formed, even though the complex involves a strong attractive electrostatic interaction. The guanidinium pair forms a stable complex in aqueous solution at all conformations investigated in this work even though a strong repulsive electrostatic interaction is present in this complex.
Progresses and future prospects in biodegradation of marine biopolymers and emerging biopolymer-based materials for sustainable marine ecosystems (2022)

With approximately 250 000 marine species, the ocean is a vast reservoir of biodiversity and an abundant biological resource of natural polymers and microorganisms producing biopolymer-degrading enzymes.
The homelessness of adult education: Some lessons from the folk development colleges of Tanzania (2019)

This paper re-examines the position of the Tanzanian Folk Development Colleges, a national network of adult education institutions, at a time when their long-term financial assistance by the Swedish International Development Agency has come to an end and they are being transferred from the Tanzanian Government Ministry of Community Development to the Vocational Training Department in the Ministry of Education. Two key questions are whether, under the vocational training wing of the Ministry of Education, they can continue to implement a liberal adult education programme, flexible ways of working, and a commitment to social transformation, using their sectorwide networks and links with international NGO adult education movements such as the Folk High Schools of Sweden, which have made them centres for a number of nation-wide innovations; and secondly, where they can best be located within governmental administrative and budgetary regimes.
Targeting Hypoxia to Augment Mucosal Barrier Function (2012)

Sites of inflammation are associated with profound changes in tissue metabolism. Studies <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> have shown that the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) serves as an adaptive pathway for the resolution of inflammation associated with various murine disease models. The resolution of disease occurs, at least in part, through transcriptional regulation of non-classical epithelial barrier genes. There is significant recent interest in harnessing hypoxia-inducible pathways, including targeting the HIF and the proyl-hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes that stabilize HIF, to promote mucosal healing. Here, we review the signaling pathways involved and define how hypoxia-associated signaling provides mechanistic insight into augmenting barrier function in mucosal inflammatory disease.
New error detection techniques and stopping criteria for turbo decoding (2002)

In this paper we combine techniques for early stopping and error detection in order to stop the iterative turbo code decoding process and detect if errors are present in the decoded bit sequence. The simple and efficient approaches we introduce are based on monitoring the mean of the absolute values of the log-likelihood ratios at the output of the component decoders over each frame.
A space-time constant modulus algorithm for SDMA systems (2002)

We consider the problem of blind recovery of p synchronous i.i.d. communication signals that are transmitted through a linear spatio-temporal channel and captured by an m-element array. Such a situation may arise for example in a space-division-multiple-access (SDMA) mobile communication system. We propose an approach of the constant-modulus (CM) type in order to construct optimization criteria that may allow joint blind recovery of the transmitted signals with low computational complexity. Several aspects of the proposed algorithms related to their convergence and implementation are discussed and computer simulations are provided as experimental evidence to the algorithms' performance.
Properties of Hexagonal Ba(Ti1-xMnx)O3 Ceramics: Effects of Sintering Temperature and Mn Content (2007)

The effects of sintering conditions on the densification, microstructural evolution and microwave properties of Ba(Ti1-xMnx)O3 ceramics were investigated in this study. For x≦0.25, densification is achieved at a temperature as low as 1250 °C. For x> 0.25, a significant densification starts only at temperatures above 1350 °C, owing to the existence of a Ba2Ti5O12 phase. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results manifest a change in the chemical state of Mn from Mn2+ to Mn4+ when the Mn content in the Ba(Ti1-xMnx)O3 ceramics is increased. A ≈0.9 wt % weight gain is obtained when Ba(Ti0.85Mn0.15)O3 powder is heated to 1500 °C, presumably owing to the transformation of Ba(Ti0.85Mn0.15)O2.85 to Ba(Ti0.85Mn0.15)O3, associated with the conversion of Mn2+ to Mn4+ as temperature increases. The microstructural evolution and microwave dielectric properties of the Ba(Ti1-xMnx)O3 ceramics are also affected by sintering temperature and Mn content. For Ba(Ti0.85Mn0.15)O3 ceramics, as a typical example, εr varies from 52 to 60 and Q·fr changes from 2,000 to 12,000 as sintering temperature increases from 1200 to 1500 °C. However, τf ranges from 200 to 250 ppm/°C, which is independent of sintering temperature.
An Operational Approach to Risk-Screening (1978)

This publication contains reprint articles for which IEEE does not hold copyright. Full text is not available on IEEE Xplore for these articles.
Inhibition of Central Sympathetic and Somatic Outflow to the Lower Urinary Tract of the Cat by the Alpha sub 1 Adrenergic Receptor Antagonist Prazosin (1995)

Selective alpha 1 adrenergic receptor antagonists are used to reduce the dynamic component of urethral obstruction in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Their effectiveness is presumed to result from blockade of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors within the prostatic smooth muscle. However, a reduction in central sympathetic tone to the prostate might also contribute to their effectiveness. The present experiments examined the effects of the selective alpha 1 adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin on sympathetic activity recorded from the hypogastric nerve in chloralose-anesthetized cats. For comparison, the effects of prazosin were also examined on somatic activity recorded from the pudendal nerve. When the urinary bladder was empty, prazosin reduced spontaneous activity recorded from the hypogastric nerve (to 65% of control) and reduced evoked reflex activity recorded from the hypogastric nerve (to 44% of control) and the pudendal nerve (to 48% of control). Interestingly, when the urinary bladder was filled, the inhibitory effects of prazosin on the pelvic to hypogastric reflex were overcome. These experiments indicate that central noradrenergic neurons mediate a tonic facilitation of sympathetic and somatic activity to pelvic viscera via activation of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors. Thus, alpha 1 adrenergic receptor antagonists may reduce the dynamic component of urethral outlet obstruction in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia through dual mechanisms: first, through a blockade of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors on the prostatic smooth muscle itself and, second, by reducing the activity of the sympathetic neurons that innervate the prostate. Additional therapeutic relief may be provided through reduction of somatic neural activity to the external urethral sphincter, which might also reduce outlet resistance and improve flow.
Preliminary Investigation into Pyrotechnic Chemical Products via Mass Spectrometry Techniques (2015)

Abstract : It is imperative for pyrotechnic testing facilities to operate with relatively low concentrations of any potentially hazardous chemical contamination. New regulations are already impacting the operation of these facilities and accordingly are driving toward the elimination of several currently utilized components (e.g., perchlorates and chromates) within pyrotechnic formulations. Meanwhile, the actual byproducts of many in-service multi-component pyrotechnics remain relatively unknown. Thus, it is important to characterize the gaseous and condensed-phase chemical species that arise following the deployment of pyrotechnic energetic materials to more adequately understand the potential impact that these species can present to the environment. These environmentally-objectionable chemical species can potentially arise from unreacted components of the original pyrotechnic formulation or as lower abundance species from undesirable side reactions within the combustion. Mass spectrometry (MS) enables the rapid analysis of these products with instrumentation that offers unparalleled sensitivity and techniques that provide exceptional information content. Here, we explore the utility of these measurements to qualitatively differentiate between unique pyrotechnic formulations that are designed to produce the emission of visible yellow light while eliminating the use of the perchlorate oxidizer that is currently included within the composition for the in-service yellow signal flare. Individual samples for each reacted pyrotechnic composition will be collected directly into a water???filled vessel, where these resulting aqueous samples can be introduced into the mass spectrometer via electrospray ionization. Pyrolysis-MS is then used to investigate the gaseous products that are formed from thermal decomposition of several individual components of the pyrotechnic formulation (e.g., epoxy binders, asphaltum, etc.). The identity and quantity of these che
Heavy crude conversion. [catalytic hydroconversion of 1050/sup 0/F/sup +/ material] (1976)

Two distinct types of catalysts useful for the catalytic hydroconversion of the 1050/sup 0/F+ hydrocarbon material contained in heavy crudes and residual fuels are discussed. The resultant product from the catalytic hydroconversion will be suitable for further processing in conventional refinery operations allowing maximization of clean liquid products. Catalysts which include Group VIB and Group VIII metals, preferably in admixture, and preferably including a Group IVA metal, notably germanium, having certain critical ranges of physical characteristics inclusive of large uniform pore sizes, are used for the conversion. Novel methods are described for the preparation of such catalysts, as well as for use of such catalysts. One of the catalysts i.e., one having properties inclusive of a large number of pores in the 100-275A pore size diameter range, is particularly suitable as a first stage catalyst and the other, which has properties inclusive of a large number of pores in the 100-200A pore size diameter, is especially suitable as a second stage catalyst for use in processing the effluent of said first stage. 16 Claims, No Drawings.
0193 SPRINT ABILITY AND REACTION TIME FOLLOWING A 2-HOUR NAP IN SOCCER PLAYERS. (2017)

Athletes may use daytime napping to supplement their night time sleep; however the time to optimal performance after waking from a nap is not known. The aim of this study was to examine sprint ability and reaction time at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after waking from a daytime nap. Twelve well-trained soccer players (18.3 ± 1.0 years) completed two conditions in a randomised order. In one condition, participants had nine hours time in bed (22:00-07:00h) without napping the next day, and in the other condition participants had seven hours time in bed (00:00-07:00h) with a two-hour nap the next day (14:00-16:00h). Sleep was assessed using polysomnography. Each day, participants completed four 30-minute test sessions (every 30 min starting at 16:15h) that included a seven-minute warm up, two 10-metre sprints, and a 90-second reaction time task. Total sleep time was compared between conditions using a paired t-test. The effect of condition (no nap vs. nap) and test session (30, 60, 90, 120 min) on fastest sprint, and mean reaction time were assessed by separate repeated ANOVAs. Total sleep time was similar between conditions (no nap 8.1 ± 0.7 h vs. nap 8.0 ± 1.0 h, p=0.87). There was a main effect of test session (p=0.02) on reaction time, but no effect of condition (p=0.84) and no interaction between condition and session (p=0.26). Reaction time was faster at 120 minutes (211.3 ± 20.0 ms) vs. 30 minutes (219.5 ± 20.5 ms, p=0.01) and 60 minutes (219.8 ± 20.8 ms, p=0.01). There were no main effects of condition (p=0.17) or time (p=0.37), and no interaction between condition and session (p=0.84) on sprint ability. Based on these data sprint ability and reaction time are not inhibited by a daytime nap in the afternoon. Athletes may perform sprint and reaction time tasks within 30 minutes of waking from an afternoon nap. Time of day or previous exercise completed may influence reaction time. This study received funding from Central Queensland University and the Australian Institute of Sport.
Roles for Serotonin in Neurodevelopment: More than just Neural Transmission (2004)

During pre- and early postnatal development, the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) modulates cell proliferation, migration and programmed cell death, as well as cell shape and cell-cell coupling. These “trophic” effects of 5-HT, involving the cytoskeletal function, the cell cycle, and programmed cell death, can be both dependent and independent of the changes in resting membrane potential that typically define neurotransmitter action. The morphogenetic role of 5-HT is neither limited to the central nervous system (CNS), nor does it impinge upon just a single aspect of cell biology. Ontogenic differences in regional and temporal expression patterns of 5-HT receptors mediating these effects in different systems add further complexity. This review summarizes neurobiological evidence for the trophic involvement of 5-HT during development and discusses related medical issues, including potential teratological risks and possible novel therapeutic indications of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) administration. Keywords: 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-ht receptor, actin, barrel, monoamine oxidase a, serotonin transporter, vesicular monoamine transporter, whisker
Initial observation and analysis of dielectric-charging effects on RF MEMS capacitive switches (2004)

Capacitance voltage and RF-output characteristics of electrostatically actuated MEMS switches were measured under different control and stress voltages. It was found that positive voltage stress caused negative charging of the dielectric whereas negative voltage stress caused positive charging of the dielectric. This is consistent with the amphoteric nature of traps in the silicon oxynitride dielectric used for the switches. A hypothesis of charge injection in minutes and charge migration in milliseconds was proposed to explain real-time and nonsymmetrical drift of pull-down and hold-down voltages of the switches.
The strength of ball joints in space trusses – Part III (2021)

The strength of hollow steel spheres used as nodes in tubular space trusses is investigated. The authors (1987, 1993) have previously reported experimental and analytical studies of the strength of balls without any stiffener. In the practice, as a ball is generally fabricated from two cold-formed hemispheres, the ball has often an interior diaphragm in its equatorial plane for the purpose of easily fabricating as well as reinforcement. This paper describes experimental and analytical studies on the reinforcement of the ball joints with an interior diaphragm. Uniaxial compressive tests of the ball joint with/without an interior diaphragm were carried out to investigate the effect of the reinforcement. Method of limit analysis is used to estimate the effect of the reinforcement by the interior diaphragm. Further, a practical formula is proposed for predicting the strength of the balls with the interior diaphragm.
Reactions of Potassium Iron Carbonylate with Olefins and Alkyl Halides (1970)

Abstract Potassium iron carbonylate, KHFe(CO)4, reacted with ethyl acrylate, crotonate, 3-butenoate, styrene, and α-olefins at 40–70°C under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide. Methylmalonate was selectively obtained from the acrylate by treatment of the reaction mixture with an alcoholic iodine and hydrogen chloride solutions. Dipotassium iron carbonylate, K2Fe(CO)4, reacted with β-bromopropionate to give mainly methylmalonate. Isomerization of β-ethoxycarbonylpropionyliron carbonylate to the α-isomer occurred readily in contrast to isomerization of acylcobalt carbonyl. Both crotonate and 3-butenoate gave ethylmalonate as a major product and methylsuccinate and glutarate as minor ones. The results suggest that α-ethoxycarbonylbutyliron carbonylate is more predominant than the corresponding β- and γ-isomers in equilibrium state. This is in striking contrast to the case of acylcobalt carbonyl. Styrene yielded two isomeric aldehydes, α- and β-phenylpropionaldehydes. Ethyl caproate and enanthate were obtained from 1-pentene and 1-hexene, respectively in poor yield.
The EcoRI restriction endonuclease, covalently closed DNA and ethidium bromide (1981)

The reactions of the EcoRI restriction endonuclease on the covalently closed DNA of plasmid pMB9 were studied in the presence of ethidium bromide. At the concentrations of ethidium bromide tested, which covered the range over which the DNA is changed from negatively to positively supercoiled, the dye caused no alteration to the rate at which this enzyme cleaved the covalently closed DNA to yield the open-circle form, but the rate at which these open circles were cleaved to the linear product could be inhibited. The fluorescence change, caused by ethidium bromide binding with different stoichiometries to covalently closed and open-circle DNA, provided a direct and sensitive signal for monitoring the cleavage of DNA by this enzyme. This method was used for a steady-state kinetic analysis of the reaction catalysed by the EcoRI restriction enzyme. Reaction mechanisms where a complex between DNA and Mg2+ is the substrate for this enzyme were eliminated, and instead DNA and Mg2+ must bind to the enzyme in separate stages. The requisite controls for this fluorimetric assay in both steady-state and transient kinetics studies, and its application to other enzymes that alter the structure of covalently closed DNA, are described.
Effect of the Nature of Catalysts on Their Properties in the Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide (2018)

The effect the nature of a metal has on the activity and selectivity of the catalysts in hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into carbon oxide and hydrocarbons under high pressure is studied for the catalysts containing Au, Pt, Fe, and Co. Based on a comparison of measured values of СО2 conversion and calculated data, it is concluded that only the catalysts containing Fe and Co display pronounced bifunctional properties. These catalysts exhibit activity in both hydrogenation and subsequent CO conversion to С2+ hydrocarbons, shifting the equilibrium toward the formation of products.
Decoding ChatGPT: A taxonomy of existing research, current challenges, and possible future directions (2023)

Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) has gained significant interest and attention since its launch in November 2022. It has shown impressive performance in various domains, including passing exams and creative writing. However, challenges and concerns related to biases and trust persist. In this work, we present a comprehensive review of over 100 Scopus-indexed publications on ChatGPT, aiming to provide a taxonomy of ChatGPT research and explore its applications. We critically analyze the existing literature, identifying common approaches employed in the studies. Additionally, we investigate diverse application areas where ChatGPT has found utility, such as healthcare, marketing and financial services, software engineering, academic and scientific writing, research and education, environmental science, and natural language processing. Through examining these applications, we gain valuable insights into the potential of ChatGPT in addressing real-world challenges. We also discuss crucial issues related to ChatGPT, including biases and trustworthiness, emphasizing the need for further research and development in these areas. Furthermore, we identify potential future directions for ChatGPT research, proposing solutions to current challenges and speculating on expected advancements. By fully leveraging the capabilities of ChatGPT, we can unlock its potential across various domains, leading to advancements in conversational AI and transformative impacts in society.
Silicon solar cell process development, fabrication and analysis (1982)

For UCP Si, randomly selected wafers and wafers cut from two specific ingots were studied. For the randomly selected wafers, a moderate gettering diffusion had little effect. Moreover, an efficiency up to 14% AMI was achieved with advanced processes. For the two specific UCP ingots, ingot #5848-13C displayed severe impurity effects as shown by lower 3sc in the middle of the ingot and low CFF in the top of the ingot. Also the middle portions of this ingot responded to a series of progressively more severe gettering diffusion. Unexplained was the fact that severely gettered samples of this ingot displayed a negative light biased effect on the minority carrier diffusion length while the nongettered or moderately gettered ones had the more conventional positive light biased effect on diffusion length. On the other hand, ingot C-4-21A did not have the problem of ingot 5848-13C and behaved like to the randomly selected wafers. The top half of the ingot was shown to be slightly superior to the bottom half, but moderate gettering helped to narrow the gap.
Nucleotide Sequence of the Capsid Protein Gene of Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus (1989)

The sequence of the 3'-terminal 1370 nucleotides of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) RNA 1 was determined. The sequence contains a long open reading frame (ORF) of 1137 nucleotides and a non-coding region of 231 nucleotides upstream of the poly(A) tail. Mapping of the partial amino acid sequences of the capsid protein onto the putative translational product of the ORF indicates that the 3'-proximal region of RNA 1 encodes the capsid protein which consists of 297 amino acids with an Mr of 32334; the capsid protein is produced by proteolytic processing from a precursor polypeptide at a glutamine-alanine dipeptide. The removal of the N- and C-terminal regions of the capsid protein by mild proteolysis of intact virus particles indicates that both terminal regions are exposed on the external surfaces of virus particles. Alignment of the BaYMV capsid protein sequence with those of some potyviruses showed only small blocks of homology which contrast with the extensive matches among potyviruses. This fact together with the genome organization and the vector specificity clearly distinguishes BaYMV from potyviruses.