gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acute Inhalation Injury (2010)

Inhaled substances may cause injury in pulmonary epithelium at various levels of respiratory tract, leading from simple symptoms to severe disease. Acute inhalation injury (AII) is not uncommon condition. There are certain high risk groups but AII may occur at various places including home or workplace. Environmental exposure is also possible. In addition to individual susceptibility, the characteristics of inhaled substances such as water solubility, size of substances and chemical properties may affect disease severity as well as its location. Although AII cases may recover in a few days but AII may cause long-term complications, even death. We aimed to discuss the effects of short-term exposures (minutes to hours) to toxic substances on the lungs.
Bit-Error-Rate Evaluation of Super-Resolution Near-Field Structure Read-Only Memory Discs with Semiconductive Material InSb (2010)

Bit-error-rate (bER) evaluation using hardware (H/W) evaluation system is described for super-resolution near-field structure (super-RENS) read-only-memory (ROM) discs fabricated with a semiconductor material, In–Sb, as the super-resolution active layer. bER on the order of 10 -5 below a criterion of 3.0×10 -4 is obtained with the super-RENS ROM discs having random pattern data including a minimum pit length of 80 nm in partial response maximum likelihood of the (1,2,2,1) type. The disc tilt, focus offset, and read power offset margins based on bER of readout signals are measured for the super-RENS ROM discs and are almost acceptable for practical use. Significant improvement of read stability up to 40,000 cycles realized by introducing the ZrO 2 interface layer is confirmed using the H/W evaluation system.
Analysis of the IPSec key exchange standard (2002)

The paper describes the purpose, history, and analysis of IKE (D. Harkins and D. Carrel, 1998), the current standard for key exchange for the IPSec protocol. We discuss some issues concerning the rest of IPSec, such as what services it can offer without changing the applications, and whether the AH header is necessary. Then we discuss the various protocols of IKE, and make suggestions for improvement and simplification.
Electron beam crystallized silicon solar cells on glass substrates (2003)

For solar cells on low cost glass substrates a thickness of 20 /spl mu/m of a poly silicon film is sufficient as light absorber. Efficient deposition rates for the absorber up to 300 nm/min are achieved by means of a PECVD process in a mixture of trichlorosilane and hydrogen. For in-situ p-doping boron trichloride is added. An adjacent thin graphite layer is realized in the same plasma reactor by the addition of acetylene to improve the wetting of the silicon melt. The active silicon film is melted and crystallized by a line shaped electron beam which crosses the substrate at high velocities of up to 10 cm/s. A metal nitride film covering a glass substrate is used as a supporting mechanical layer and diffusion barrier during the crystallization process as well as electrical backside contact and backsurface reflector.
Surface processing of TlBr for improved gamma spectroscopy (2010)

Planar detectors have been fabricated on 0.5 mm thick TlBr crystals grown by Radiation Monitoring Devices (RMD). The crystals have been characterized by microhardness measurements. A surface damage layer resulting from mechanical polishing has been measured to be approximately 3.7 μm thick. We have removed this layer with H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> chemical etching and compared device performance with and without the presence of the surface damage layer and found significant differences in the initial and long term current-voltage behavior and radiation response. Detectors treated with H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> to remove this layer have been shown to display superior performance as compared to unetched detectors followed a period of “field annealing”.
Enzymatic Mechanism of Thyroxine Biosynthesis. Identification of the “Lost Three-Carbon Fragment” (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTEnzymatic Mechanism of Thyroxine Biosynthesis. Identification of the “Lost Three-Carbon Fragment”You-An Ma, Charles J. Sih, and Amy HarmsView Author Information School of Pharmacy, 425 North Charter Street and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Biotechnology Center 425 Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1515 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 38, 8967–8968Publication Date (Web):September 11, 1999Publication History Received17 June 1999Published online11 September 1999Published inissue 1 September 1999https://doi.org/10.1021/ja992052yCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views343Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (64 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Biosynthesis,Mixtures,Molecules,Oxidative coupling,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Economic Considerations in the Recovery of Magnesia from Dolomite (1943)

Report issued by the U.S. Bureau of Mines discussing the recovery of magnesia from dolomite. Processes and methods of recovery are described. This report includes tables.
Spontaneous Germ Line Virus Infection and Retroviral Insertional Mutagenesis in Eighteen Transgenic Srev Lines of Mice (1989)

SWR/J-RF/J hybrid mice spontaneously acquire new germ line ecotropic proviruses at high frequency. In the studies described here, we used these hybrids to produce 18 transgenic mouse lines, each carrying a single newly acquired Srev locus (SWR/J-RF/J ecotropic proviral locus). All of the newly acquired proviruses identified in mosaic founder SWR/J-RF/J mice that could be transmitted through the germ line were also present in somatic tissues, demonstrating that viral integration occurred before the germ line was set aside from the somatic lineages. Quantitative analysis of proviral DNA copy numbers in somatic and germinal tissues of mosaic founder parents combined with structural analysis of Srev loci indicated that these proviruses are acquired after multiple rounds of somatic viral reinfection and that most of these viral integration events occurred after DNA replication in the zygote and before DNA replication in the four-cell embryo. The frequency of provirus acquisition in Srev lines that expressed the infectious ecotropic virus was similar to that in SWR.RF mice carrying Emv-16 and Emv-17, suggesting that the chromosomal integration site of the parental locus is not an important determinant for high-frequency provirus acquisition. The frequency of recessive lethal mutations induced by spontaneous viral integration was 5%, which was similar to that induced by preimplantation embryo infection. This approach represents a simple and viable strategy for inducing and studying mutations that affect mammalian development.
2-Amino-3-carboxypyrazin-1-ium nitrate monohydrate (2011)

In crystal structure of the title compound, C5H6N3O2+·NO3−·H2O, inter­molecular N—H⋯O, O—H⋯N and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the cations, anions and water mol­ecules into ribbons extending in [\overline{1}10]. Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds further link these ribbons into sheets parallel to (\overline{1}\overline{1}3).
Synthesis and Reactions of Hepta-t-Butylcyclotetragermane (1999)

Hepta-t-butylcyclotetragermane 1 was synthesized from 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetra-t-butyldigermane. The generation of hepta-t-butylcyclotetragermanyllithium 2 was observed by NMR spectra, and also confirmed by the trapping reactions. Thermal reaction of 1 gave two isomers of hexa-t-butylcyclotetragermane, 2,4-trans-3 and 2,4-cis-3. Chlorination reaction of 1 with carbon tetrachloride gave hepta-t-butylchlorocyclotetragermane 4. The structure of 1, 2,4-cis-3, and 4 was determined by X-ray crystallography.
Comprehensive investigation of genetic variation in the 8q24 region and multiple myeloma risk in the IMMEnSE consortium (2012)

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that the 8q24 region harbours multiple independent cancer susceptibility loci, even though it is devoid of genes. Given that no GWAS data are currently available for multiple myeloma (MM), we tested the hypothesis that genetic variants in this region could play a role in MM risk. We genotyped 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms of 8q24 in 1188 MM cases and 2465 controls and found a statistically significant (P = 0·0022) association between rs2456449 and MM risk. These data provide further evidence that the genetic variability in the 8q24 region is associated with cancer risk, particularly haematological malignancies.
Differentiating characterization of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro (2006)

It has been demonstrated that the number and differentiating potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) decrease with age. Therefore, the search for alternative sources of MSCs is of significant value. In the present study, MSCs were isolated from umbilical cord blood (UCB) by combining gradient density centrifugation with plastic adherence. Cultured cells were treated with ascorbate acid-2-phosphate, dexamethasone, beta-glycerophosphate dexamethasone, insulin, 1-methyl-3-isobutylxamthine, indomethacin, beta-mercaptoethanol, butylated hydroxyanisole, FGF-4 and HGF. Differentiating characterization of UCB-derived MSCs were detected by cytochemistry, immunocytochemistry, radioimmunoassay, RT-PCR and urea assay. The results showed UCB-derived MSCs could differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes and neuron-like cells. When MSCs were cultured with FGF-4 and HGF, approximately 63.6% of cells became small, round and epithelioid on day 28 by morphology. Compared with the control, levels of AFP in the supernatant liquid increased significantly from day 12 and were higher on day 28 (P<0.01). Albumin increased significantly from day 16 (P<0.01). Urea was first detected on day 20 (P<0.01), and continued to increase on day 28 (P<0.01). Cells first expressed CK-18 on day 16 through immunocytochemistry analysis. RT-PCR analysis showed that differentiated cells could express a number of hepatocyte-specific genes in a time-dependent manner. Glycogen storage was first seen on day 24. Our results suggest that UCB-derived MSCs can differentiate not only into osteoblasts, adipocytes and neuron-like cells, but also into hepatocytes. Human UCB-derived MSCs are a new source of cell types for cell transplantation and therapy.
Multifeature Contrast Enhancement Algorithm for Digital Media Images Based on the Diffusion Equation (2022)

This paper studies the processing of digital media images using a diffusion equation to increase the contrast of the image by stretching or extending the distribution of luminance data of the image to obtain clearer information of digital media images. In this paper, the image enhancement algorithm of nonlinear diffusion filtering is used to add a velocity term to the diffusion function using a coupled denoising model, which makes the diffusion of the original model smooth, and the interferogram is solved numerically with the help of numerical simulation to verify the denoising processing effect before and after the model correction. To meet the real-time applications in the field of video surveillance, this paper focuses on the optimization of the algorithm program, including software pipeline optimization, operation unit balancing, single instruction multiple data optimization, arithmetic operation optimization, and onchip storage optimization. These optimizations enable the nonlinear diffusion filter-based image enhancement algorithm to achieve high processing efficiency on the C674xDSP, with a processing speed of 25 posts per second for <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <a:mn>640</a:mn> <a:mo>×</a:mo> <a:mn>480</a:mn> </a:math> size video images. Finally, the significance means a value of super pixel blocks is calculated in superpixel units, and the image is segmented into objects and backgrounds by combining with the Otsu threshold segmentation algorithm to mention the image. In this paper, the proposed algorithm experiments with several sets of Kor Kor resolution remote sensing images, respectively, and the Markov random field model and fully convolutional network (FCN) algorithm are used as the comparison algorithm. By comparing the experimental results qualitatively and quantitatively, it is shown that the algorithm in this paper has an obvious practical effect on contrast enhancement of digital media images and has certain practicality and superiority.
Tape medium noise measurements and analysis (2001)

Tape medium noise is extremely important in high-density tape recording systems. Here, AC and DC noise spectra are measured in MP tapes and analyzed assuming tape particle clustering. Measured DC noise of a saturated tape is larger than AC bulk erase noise. At long wavelengths, both spectra are larger than simple theoretical estimates that assume independent particles. At short wavelengths, the measurements are below the theory. Data fitting yields mean cluster lengths in the range of two to four particles. A small percentage of the tape is shown to be in "pole-free" pairs for the AC noise.
New insights into aldosterone-producing adenomas and hereditary aldosteronism (2013)

These findings provide fundamental insight into the pathogenesis of APAs and primary aldosteronism, and have implications for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Reduced sexual maturation in male post-smolt 1+ Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) by dietary tetradecylthioacetic acid (2008)

In the present study, the possible effect of dietary treatment on early sexual maturation in post-smolt Atlantic salmon, without any negative effect regarding growth, was investigated. The experiment was performed using 4400 individually marked (Pit tag) 1+ salmon, fed either a control diet or a diet supplemented with 0.5% tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) in duplicates for 3, 6 or 12 weeks after sea transfer. Compared with the control, dietary supplementation of TTA resulted in a threefold reduction in incidence of sexual mature males (0.6% vs. 1.8%). A curve-linear relationship between relative reduction in maturation and weeks of feeding TTA was found, indicating that the effect is most marked as a result of the first weeks of feeding and then levelling off. No negative dietary impact on growth was observed. As the level of fat in the muscle was reduced by dietary TTA, it seems that post-smolt supplemented dietary TTA do not accumulate high enough energy stores to start the maturation process, whereas the energy-enhancing effect of TTA due to increased fatty acid oxidation capacity may maintain the growth potential. Compared with immature salmon, sexually maturing fish revealed increased spring growth before the onset of maturation.
Integrating through user interface: a flexible integration framework for third-party software (2002)

The current trend of constructing new systems from collections of pre-existing third-party software and commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) products presents serious challenges to existing integration technology. We present a flexible integration framework which has general applicability for pre-existing third-party and COTS software (often highly interactive, with graphical user interface, and without source code access), supports users by allowing them to easily change the way software interacts (thus supporting system evolution and component reusability), and is easily programmable by end-users. Specifically we describe the Tool Integration Language (TIL) and the Tool Integration Server System (TISS) which provide flexible integration mechanisms for our framework and show how they can be used to integrate a set of existing applications and COTS.
Impact of Embedding View on Cross Mapping Convergence (2019)

Convergent cross mapping (CCM) provides a powerful technique for exploring causal relationships in nonlinear coupled systems. The method relies on Takens' theorem exploiting that time delay embeddings of infinite length general observations of smooth nonlinear coupled systems are diffeomorphic to the original coupled state space attractor. However, for finite length data that is corrupted by quantization and noise, not every view of the embedding is equally useful at identifying the system dynamics. Classically, the heuristic of the first minimum of mutual information (MI) has been proposed as a means to select appropriate lags for time delay embedding methods. This criteria is sensitive to additive noise and known to fail for systems with monotonically decreasing MI. In this work, alternative heuristics on MI for identifying useful embedding views are explored. The impact of coordinate system and noise level on the identification of a useful time lag representative of the structure in chaotic data is studied. The impact of selecting the first minimum of MI relative to several alternate heuristics for the appropriate time lag in the context of of CCM method is then presented. Both simple dynamical systems as well as experimental data derived from observations of a Hall Effect Thruster plasma propulsion device are used. It is found that the shorter of the two global maxima of MI from signal pairs in a stretched discrete Legendre orthonormal coordinate system is a more robust option relative to the alternatives studied for selecting embedding lag for use with the CCM method. The choice identifies time lags commensurate with the brute force maximum bidirectional CCM correlation results generated. This enhanced performance results from a decreased sensitivity to noise and fluctuations in the estimates of MI when compared to lags derived from local criteria on MI.
Monoclonal antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity against human malignant gliomas (1990)

Two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), IgG2a MAb ASHG4 and IgG2b MAb ASHE2, were produced in mice immunized with cultured human malignant glioma cells. Both MAbs bound strongly to the surfaces of long-term cultured glioma cells, and MAb ASHE2 also bound strongly to short-term cultured glioma cells. Sections of frozen glioma tissues bound both MAbs strongly, whereas normal brain tissues showed weaker reactivities, and tissues derived from carcinomas of various histological types were completely unreactive. Furthermore, the MAbs did not bind to peripheral blood cells or bone marrow cells. Although both MAbs bound to the same Mr 27,000-29,000 protein, they may detect different or overlapping epitopes on this antigen. Because MAbs ASHE2 and ASHG4 lysed cultured glioma cells with human peripheral blood lymphocytes as effector cells, they are promising reagents for approaches to immunotherapy of human malignant gliomas.
CX 3 CR1 Is Dispensable for Control of Mucosal Candida albicans Infections in Mice and Humans (2014)

Candida albicans is part of the normal commensal microbiota of mucosal surfaces in a large percentage of the human population. However, perturbations of the host's immune response or bacterial microbiota have been shown to predispose individuals to the development of opportunistic Candida infections. It was recently discovered that a defect in the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 increases susceptibility of mice and humans to systemic candidiasis. However, whether CX3CR1 confers protection against mucosal C. albicans infection has not been investigated. Using two different mouse models, we found that Cx3cr1 is dispensable for the induction of interleukin 17A (IL-17A), IL-22, and IL-23 in the tongue after infection, as well as for the clearance of mucosal candidiasis from the tongue or lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract colonization. Furthermore, the dysfunctional human CX3CR1 allele CX3CR1-M280 was not associated with development of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) in women. Taken together, these data indicate that CX3CR1 is not essential for protection of the host against mucosal candidiasis, underscoring the dependence on different mammalian immune factors for control of mucosal versus systemic Candida infections.
Infection prophylaxis in lung transplantation (2002)

Heart-lung and lung transplantation became therapeutic options for end-stage pulmonary diseases due to improved surgical technique, perioperative management and the availability of potent immunosuppressive agents. Successful therapy and control of acute rejection episodes is counterbalanced by an increase in infectious complications. The first few months after transplantation remain a very sensitive period for infections due to the surgical procedure, intensive immunosuppression, reactivation of latent viral infections and transmission of microorganisms from donors [5]. Furthermore after lung transplantation the same organ is the target for rejection and infection. Therefore pulmonary infections are frequent in lung transplant recipients. Despite the limited therapeutic response to immunosuppressive agents, chronic rejection is usually treated with enhanced immunosuppression followed by a higher risk of infectious complications (Table 1). The organic changes in bronchiolitis obliterans decrease bronchiolar mucous clearance and further facilitate bacterial and fungal infection. To adequately treat infectious complications after transplantation, aggressive diagnostic approaches are needed. In recent years it also became clear that transplant associated malignancies are most often triggered by viral infections. Prophylactic strategies (Table 2) against infections have to consider the time after transplantation, the specific risk of different patient groups and the intensity of immunosuppression including antirejection treatment. The manner of drug administration and the overall costs have also to be considered. In viral infections, prophylactic strategies have partly been replaced by pre-emptive treatment approches further specifying the patients at highest risk to develop diseases (Table 3). Another approach to prevent infection in some patient groups is to match the recipients to the serostatus of the donors.
Rate-dependent plasticity models derived from potential functions (2002)

In this paper we describe a method for the derivation of the constitutive behavior of rate-dependent materials from two potential functions. Once the potentials have been specified an entirely standardized procedure can be adopted to derive the response, and no additional assumptions are necessary. There is some freedom in the choice of which potential functions to specify: the first is one of four energy potentials, and the second, which specifies the dissipative behavior, is either the force or flow potential. The method allows alternative models to be quickly compared and set within an appropriate hierarchy. This work extends previous work on rate-independent materials, for which the force potentials take a special form. We illustrate the method with four examples of different viscoplastic models.