gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Carbohydrate-Based Mono- and Bidentate Oligosilyl Ethers (2006)

Regioselective one-pot O-silylation reactions of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-glucofuranose and 1,2-O-isopropylidene-β-d-fructopyranose using bulky oligosilyl groups are described. Some new silylating reagents (oligosilyl bistriflates), which were generated in situ from readily available phenylsilanes, resulted in 5,6-O-(glucofuranose) and 4,5-O-bridged (fructopyranose) carbohydrates with favoured seven- and eight-membered rings. In these cyclic oligosilyl diethers, three and four ring atoms, respectively, are Si atoms. It is noteworthy, that the seven-membered ring of 5,6-O-[2,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,1,1,3,3,5,5,5-octamethylpentasilan-2,4-diyl]-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-glucofuranose was expanded to an eight-membered ring by regioselective insertion of aerial oxygen into one of the Si-Si bonds. X-ray analyses of some derivatives are presented.
Biochemical Tests in the Diagnosis of Childhood Growth Hormone Deficiency (1997)

GH stimulation tests are widely used in the diagnosis of GH deficiency (GHD), although they are associated with a high false positive rate. We have examined, therefore, the performance of other tests of the GH axis [urinary GH excretion, serum insulin-like growth factor I(IGF-I), and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels] compared with GH stimulation tests in identifying children defined clinically as GH deficient. Group I comprised 60 children (mean age, 10.3 ± 4.8 yr) whose diagnosis of GHD was based on a medical history indicative of pituitary dysfunction (n = 43) or on the typical phenotypic features and appropriate auxological characteristics of isolated GHD (n = 17). Group II comprised 110 short children (mean age, 9.8 ± 4 yr) in whom GHD was not suspected, but needed exclusion. The best sensitivity for a single GH test was 85% at a peak GH cut-off level of 10 ng/mL, whereas the best specificity was 92% at 5 ng/mL. The sensitivities of IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and urinary GH, using a cut-off of -2 SD score were poor at 34%, 22%, and 25%, respectively, with specificities of 72%, 92%, and 76% respectively. Only 2 of 21 pubertal children in group I and none of the 27 subjects with radiation- induced GHD had an IGFBP-3 SD score less than -1.5. We devised a scoring system based on the positive predictive value of each test, incorporating data from the GH test and the IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels. A specificity of 94% could be achieved with a score of 10 or more (maximum 17) (sensitivity 34%). The latter could not be improved above 81% with a score of 5 points or more (specificity, 69%). A high score was, therefore, highly indicative of GHD, but was achieved by few patients. A normal IGFBP-3 level, however, did not exclude GHD, particularly in patients with radiation-induced GHD and those in puberty. A GH test with a peak level more than 10 ng/mL was the most useful single investigation to exclude a diagnosis of GHD.
Optimal Parameter Estimation Method for Different Types of Resonant Liquid Sensors (2014)

The performance of a recently introduced method to estimate the resonance parameters from complex spectral data and the error propagation for viscosity and density parameters of liquids are examined. The method is known to produce excellent results when used for piezoelectric and Lorentz force actuated sensors for single port or two-port devices. The method is also suited for very low quality factors (< 10) which extends the usable measurement range of many sensor concepts, especially for fluid sensing applications. Generally valid expressions for the measurement accuracy are stated and compared to measurement results obtained with a piezoelectric tuning fork and a Lorentz force actuated and inductively read out platelet sensor.
Empty Helical Nanochannels with Adjustable Order from Low‐Symmetry Macrocycles (2011)

Ring auf Ring: Durch Selbstorganisation formbeständiger Makrocyclen in der flüssigkristallinen Phase unter π-π-Stapelung entstehen leere Nanokanäle mit einem Innendurchmesser von mehr als einem Nanometer und entweder dichten oder durchlässigen Wänden (siehe Bild). Festkörper-NMR-spektroskopischen Studien zufolge befinden sich weder Lösungsmittelmoleküle noch Alkylketten in den Kanälen. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Purification of Basolateral Integral Membrane Proteins by Cationic Colloidal Silica-Based Apical Membrane Subtraction (2009)

Epithelial cell polarity mediates many essential biological functions and perturbation of the apical/basolateral divide is a hallmark of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in carcinoma. Therefore, correct targeting of proteins to the apical and basolateral surfaces is essential to proper epithelial cell function. However, proteomic characterisation of apical/basolateral sorting has been largely ignored, due to ineffectual separation techniques and contamination of plasma-membrane preparations with housekeeping proteins. Here we describe a method that strips the apical membrane from the adherent cells and releases the intracellular contents, thereby leaving the basolateral membrane available for stringent washes and collection. Analysis of the basolateral membrane of an adherent colon adenocarcinoma cell line resulted in 66% of identified proteins being integral membrane proteins, which possessed either a transmembrane domain or lipid modification, including 35 CD antigens. Based on the abundance of peptides from basolateral marker proteins, this method efficiently captures basolateral integral membrane proteins, with minimal contamination from other membranes and basic proteins.
Candida Biofilms: Threats, Challenges, and Promising Strategies (2018)

<i>Candida</i> species are fungal pathogens known for their ability to cause superficial and systemic infections in the human host. These pathogens are able to persist inside the host due to the development of pathogenicity and multidrug resistance traits, often leading to the failure of therapeutic strategies. One specific feature of <i>Candida</i> species pathogenicity is their ability to form biofilms, which protects them from external factors such as host immune system defenses and antifungal drugs. This review focuses on the current threats and challenges when dealing with biofilms formed by <i>Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis</i>, and <i>Candida parapsilosis</i>, highlighting the differences between the four species. Biofilm characteristics depend on the ability of each species to produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and display dimorphic growth, but also on the biofilm substratum, carbon source availability and other factors. Additionally, the transcriptional control over processes like adhesion, biofilm formation, filamentation, and EPS production displays great complexity and diversity within pathogenic yeasts of the <i>Candida</i> genus. These differences not only have implications in the persistence of colonization and infections but also on antifungal resistance typically found in <i>Candida</i> biofilm cells, potentiated by EPS, that functions as a barrier to drug diffusion, and by the overexpression of drug resistance transporters. The ability to interact with different species in <i>in vivo Candida</i> biofilms is also a key factor to consider when dealing with this problem. Despite many challenges, the most promising strategies that are currently available or under development to limit biofilm formation or to eradicate mature biofilms are discussed.
A scintillator-coated phototransistor pixel sensor with dark current cancellation (2002)

An investigation of a prototype integrating phototransistor-based CMOS Active Pixel Sensor (APS) circuit coated with scintillating material for intra-oral dental X-ray imaging is presented. Cancellation of the leakage current using a dummy phototransistor technique was tested and proved efficient. Measured results showed a minimal dark current whose value is in the photodiodes ranges. The low values of the leakage current that was achieved together with the low X-ray direct absorption results in a high input dynamic range which, in addition to its high optical sensitivity, makes the phototransistor an excellent candidate to replace the presently dominating CCD systems.
Camera Style Adaptation for Person Re-identification (2018)

Being a cross-camera retrieval task, person re-identification suffers from image style variations caused by different cameras. The art implicitly addresses this problem by learning a camera-invariant descriptor subspace. In this paper, we explicitly consider this challenge by introducing camera style (CamStyle) adaptation. CamStyle can serve as a data augmentation approach that smooths the camera style disparities. Specifically, with CycleGAN, labeled training images can be style-transferred to each camera, and, along with the original training samples, form the augmented training set. This method, while increasing data diversity against over-fitting, also incurs a considerable level of noise. In the effort to alleviate the impact of noise, the label smooth regularization (LSR) is adopted. The vanilla version of our method (without LSR) performs reasonably well on few-camera systems in which over-fitting often occurs. With LSR, we demonstrate consistent improvement in all systems regardless of the extent of over-fitting. We also report competitive accuracy compared with the state of the art. Code is available at: https://github.com/zhunzhong07/CamStyle.
Clinical Disorders of the Endometrium and Menstrual Cycle (1997)

Abstract Disorders of menstruation are a major cause of morbidity in women. The treatment of such conditions presents an enormous clinical challenge, especially since some of the treatments used can themself result in further menstrual and hormonal complications. Clinical disorders of the endometrium and menstrual cycle provides the first in-depth review of current knowledge of the pathophysiology, investigation, and treatment of menstruation disorders encompassing menorrhagia, premenstrual syndrome, amenorrhoea and troublesome bleeding with contraceptive steroids or hormone replacement therapy. The emphasis of the book is on the practical management of these common clinical conditions. Included are chapter outlining menstruation from a cultural and historical perspective, as well as from the woman's point of view. Whilst this is an important work for gynaecologists and family practitioners, it will also be of great interest to a wider audience concerned with women’s health.
Evaluation of a novel antimicrobial polymer for the control of porcine postweaning colibacillosis (2000)

CHEMYDERTM polymer has potential for use in the control of PWC.
The MESFET as an optically activated microwave switch-theory and experiment (2002)

A novel model for the optical switching of the MESFET is presented. The model is based on basic principles, and predicts the optical switching performance as a function of the optical signal parameters, the bias level, and the device physics and geometry. The results and conclusions from the theory are verified by measurements. Both the theoretical and experimental results indicate that standard commercially available microwave MESFETs are not fast optical switches, and that their response time runs in the microsecond range. The proposed model can serve as a tool for designing an optimal MESFET for optical switching purposes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Preparation of SnO2 Films with Thermally Stable Nanoparticles (2003)

Different regimes of preparations of nano-sized particles of SnO2 are considered. The films technology ensuring weak dependence of grains size on films calcinations temperature is offered.
Investigation of AC losses in horizontally parallel HTS tapes (2017)

This paper presents an AC loss study of horizontally parallel HTS tapes. We proposed to use three parallel HTS tapes as an example. The AC losses of the middle and end tape of three parallel tapes have been measured using the electrical method and compared to those of an individual tape. The effect of the interaction between tapes on AC losses has been analysed, and compared with finite-element method (FEM) simulations using the 2D H -formulation implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics. By using FEM simulations, the cases of increasing number of parallel tapes have been considered, and the normalised ratio between the total average AC losses per tape and the AC losses of an individual single tape has been calculated for different gap distances. We proposed a new parameter, Ns , a turning point for number of tapes, to divide Stage 1 and Stage 2 for the AC loss study of horizontally parallel tapes. For Stage 1, N &lt; Ns , the total average losses per tape increased with the increasing number of tapes. For Stage 2, N &gt; Ns , the total average losses per tape decrease with the increasing number of tapes. The analysis demonstrates that horizontally parallel HTS tapes could be potentially used in superconducting devices like HTS transformers, which could retain or even reduce the total average AC losses per tape with large number of parallel tapes.
Androgen-Uterine Interaction: Nuclear Translocation of the Estrogen Receptor and Induction of the Synthesis of the Uterine-Induced Protein (IP) by High Concentrations of Androgens in Vitro but not in Vivo (1976)

High concentrations of androgens in vitro [10(-6) and 10(-7)M 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T)] translocate the estrogen receptor from cytoplasmic to the nuclear fraction of the immature rat uterus, and the androgen translocated sites are capable of eliciting the synthesis of the specific uterine "induced protein" (IP), formerly attributed to estrogenic compounds only. The magnitude of receptor translocation and IP synthesis induction is related to the concentration of androgen, and, at equal concentrations, DHT is more effective than T. Competitive protein-binding asssays with cell-free uterine cytosol indicate that DHT and T bind with barely detectable affinity to the cytosol estrogen receptor detectable affinity to the cytosol estrogen receptor [relative binding ability ca. 0.001% that of estradiol (E2)], and radioactive E2 uptake into whole uterus after pretreatment with androgens indicates that the androgen-translocated nuclear sites are readily filled by E2. DHT and T translocate the estrogen receptor to the nucleus in vitro, and the salt-extracted nuclear receptor is present as a 5 S ("transformed") receptor; however, concentrations of DHT and T that effect translocation are unable to elicit the heat-activated transformation of the estrogen receptor in cell free cytosol under conditions in which low concentrations of E2 fully transform the receptor. Under in vivo conditions, high levels of androgens (5--2,000 mug DHT or T) do not evoke any detectable translocation of the estrogen receptor and do not elicit any IP synthesis induction although uterine weight is increased (greater than 200 mug androgen) in long-term (2--3 day) assays. The analysis of androgen uptake and metabolism indicates that 500 mug or higher doses of DHT or T in vivo result in uterine concentrations of unmetabolized DHT or T equal to those seen after exposure to 5 X 10(-7) - 1 X 10(-6)M DHT or T in vitro. Hence, under conditions where in vivo and in vitro tissue uptake of androgen is equivalent, in vivo androgens are unable to affect the estrogen receptor system as is seen in vitro. These studies indicate that the in vitro and in vivo effects of androgens on the uterus are clearly different and suggest that the actions of androgens on the uterus in vivo are probably not directly mediated through the estrogen receptor system.
Role Of Protein Kinase C, KATP Channels And Dna Fragmentation In The Infarct Size‐Reducing Effects Of The Free Radical Scavenger T‐0970 (2001)

1. In the present study, we investigated the effect of 1-(3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-3-(3-pyridylmethyl) urea hydrocloride (T-0970), a novel water-soluble low-molecular weight free radical scavenger, on the generation of hydroxyl radicals in vivo and on myocardial infarct size in an in vivo model of myocardial infarction in rabbits. 2. T-0970 scavenged hydroxyl radicals generated in the myocardium during reperfusion, as assessed by using a microdialysis technique and HPLC in an in vivo model with 30 min coronary occlusion and 30 min reperfusion in rabbits. 3. Another group of rabbits was subjected to 30 min coronary occlusion and 48 h reperfusion. The control group (n = 10) was infused with saline for 190 min from 10 min before occlusion to 180 min after reperfusion. The treatment group (T-0970 group; n = 10) was injected with a bolus 2.5 mg/kg T-0970 and then infused with T-0970 for 190 min from 10 min before reperfusion to 180 min after reperfusion at a rate of 100 microg/kg per min. The T-0970 + CHE group (n = 5) was given chelerythrine (CHE; a selective inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC); 5 mg/kg, i.v.) 10 min before the administration of T-0970. The T-0970 + 5-HD group (n = 5) was given 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD; an inhibitor of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels; 5 mg/kg, i.v.) 10 min before the administration of T-0970. The CHE and 5-HD groups were given CHE (5 mg/kg, i.v.) and 5-HD (5 mg/kg, i.v.) 20 min before reperfusion, respectively. After 48 h reperfusion, infarct size was measured histologically and expressed as a percentage of the area at risk (AAR). In another series of experiments, the control (n = 5) and T-0970 (n = 5) groups were killed 4 h after reperfusion following 30 min coronary occlusion and DNA fragmentation in myocytes was assessed using in situ dUTP nick end-labelling (TUNEL) at the light microscopic level. 4. Infarct size, as a percentage of AAR, in the T-0970 group was significantly reduced compared with the control group (21+/-4 vs 41+/-4%, respectively; P<0.05). This reduction of infarct size by T-0970 was abolished by pretreatment with CHE and 5-HD. Neither CHE nor 5-HD alone had any effect on infarct size. The percentage of infarcted myocytes with DNA fragmentation by TUNEL in the T-0970 group was significantly reduced compared with the number in the control group (4.0+/-1.5 vs 10.7+/-1.9%, respectively; P<0.05). 5. T-0970, a free radical scavenger, improved reperfusion injury. This effect seemed to be mediated by activation of PKC, the opening of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels and inhibition of DNA fragmentation.
Transit Defect of Potassium-Chloride Co-transporter 3 Is a Major Pathogenic Mechanism in Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy with Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum (2011)

Missense and protein-truncating mutations of the human potassium-chloride co-transporter 3 gene (KCC3) cause hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with agenesis of the corpus callosum (HMSN/ACC), which is a severe neurodegenerative disease characterized by axonal dysfunction and neurodevelopmental defects. We previously reported that KCC3-truncating mutations disrupt brain-type creatine kinase-dependent activation of the co-transporter through the loss of its last 140 amino acids. Here, we report a novel and more distal HMSN/ACC-truncating mutation (3402C → T; R1134X) that eliminates only the last 17 residues of the protein. This small truncation disrupts the interaction with brain-type creatine kinase in mammalian cells but also affects plasma membrane localization of the mutant transporter. Although it is not truncated, the previously reported HMSN/ACC-causing 619C → T (R207C) missense mutation also leads to KCC3 loss of function in Xenopus oocyte flux assay. Immunodetection in Xenopus oocytes and in mammalian cultured cells revealed a decreased amount of R207C at the plasma membrane, with significant retention of the mutant proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. In mammalian cells, curcumin partially corrected these mutant protein mislocalizations, with more protein reaching the plasma membrane. These findings suggest that mis-trafficking of mutant protein is an important pathophysiological feature of HMSN/ACC causative KCC3 mutations.
Recognizing the Illegal Parking Patterns of Cars on the Road in Front of the Bus Stop Using the Support Vector Machine (2019)

Traffic jams are a major problem in the lives of people in the capital. The occurrence of such problems is due to drivers who do not respect traffic laws, inappropriate behavior of the driver, and the cause of illegal parking at prohibited parking, resulting in the rear car unable to move further. Possible or the car must change lanes to another lane. Therefore, to reduce such problems, we have developed an illegal parking pattern recognition system for cars on the road. We have applied the Support Vector Machine (SVM) to the signal from CCTV cameras and find important characteristics of illegal car parked at the bus stop. Then use those images to learn to recognize the parking behavior of cars with Linear Regression. From the experiment, it is found that the recognition of cars parked on the road in front of the bus stop has an accuracy rate of 82.22 percent which can be used to detect the soaking of personal cars in real life.
Quantifying extreme behavior in geomagnetic activity (2011)

Understanding the extremes in geomagnetic activity is an important component in understanding just how severe conditions can become in the terrestrial space environment. Extreme activity also has consequences for technological systems. On the ground, extreme geomagnetic behavior has an impact on navigation and position accuracy and the operation of power grids and pipeline networks. We therefore use a number of decades of one‐minute mean magnetic data from magnetic observatories in Europe, together with the technique of extreme value statistics, to provide a preliminary exploration of the extremes in magnetic field variations and their one‐minute rates of change. These extremes are expressed in terms of the variations that might be observed every 100 and 200 years in the horizontal strength and in the declination of the field. We find that both measured and extrapolated extreme values generally increase with geomagnetic latitude (as might be expected), though there is a marked maximum in estimated extreme levels between about 53 and 62 degrees north. At typical midlatitude European observatories (55–60 degrees geomagnetic latitude), compass variations may reach approximately 3–8 degrees/minute, and horizontal field changes may reach 1000–4000 nT/minute, in one magnetic storm once every 100 years. For storm return periods of 200 years the equivalent figures are 4–11 degrees/minute and 1000–6000 nT/minute.
Diffraction of an extremely short optical pulse (1998)

We provide a rigorous, closed-form mathematical model of pulsed diffraction in both time and frequency domains and interpret its anomalies. The customary continuous-wave (cw) approximation is corrected for the regime below 3 fs in pulse width, the present state of the art. The time-differentiated aspect of diffraction is linked with old theory and the conservation of energy. Convolution of the pulse with differentiated aperture edges produces traveling waves in the focal plane. Their collision near the focal point corresponds to the cw case. (This is generalized for a Gaussian beam.) Spectral sampling depicts a mode-locked laser of extremely broad spectrum, validating the nonintuitive phenomena. The square-modulus tool is validated for these pulses. Ultrashort pulses are related to data transmission rates above 100 THz. Diffraction anomalies cause confusion and loss of information in the sidelobes. Anomalous diffraction may provide new diagnostics. Diffracted energy (salient sidelobes versus continuum) can measure transform-limited pulse width.