gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of High Energy Protons and Neutrons on the Tensile Properties of Materials Selected for the Target and Blanket Components in the Accelerator Production of Tritium Project (2001)

The Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) project proposes to use a 1.0 GeV, 100 mA proton beam to produce neutrons via spallation reactions in a tungsten target. The neutrons are multiplied and moderated in a lead/aluminum/water blanket and then captured in 3He to form tritium. The materials in the target and blanket region are exposed to protons and neutrons with energies into the GeV range. The effect of irradiation on the tensile properties of candidate APT materials, 316L and 304L stainless steel (annealed), modified (Mod) 9Cr-1Mo steel, and Alloy 718 (precipitation hardened), was measured on tensile specimens irradiated in the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center accelerator, which operates at an energy of 800 MeV and a current of 1 mA. The irradiation temperatures ranged from 50–164°C, prototypic of those expected in the APT target/blanket. The maximum achieved proton fluence was 4.5 × 1021 p/cm2 for the materials in the center of the beam. This maximum exposure translates to a dpa of 12 and the generation of 10,000 appm H and 1,000 appm He for the Type 304L stainless steel tensile specimens. Specimens were tested at the irradiation temperature of 50-164°C. Less than 1 dpa of exposure reduced the uniform elongation of Alloy 718 (precipitation hardened) and mod 9Cr-lMo to less than 2%. Approximately 4 dpa of exposure was required to reduce the uniform elongation of the austenitic stainless steels (304L and 316L) to less than 2%. The yield stress of the austenitic steels increased to more than twice its non-irradiated value after less than 1 dpa. These results are discussed and compared with results of similar materials irradiated in fission reactor environments.
A comparative study for beams on elastic foundation models to analysis of mode-I delamination in DCB specimens (2011)

The aim of this research is a comprehensive review and evaluation of beam theories resting on elastic foundations that used to model mode-I delamination in multidirectional laminated composite by DCB specimen. A compliance based approach is used to calculate critical strain energy release rate (SERR). Two well-known beam theories, i.e. Euler-Bernoulli (EB) and Timoshenko beams (TB), on Winkler and Pasternak elastic foundations (WEF and PEF) are considered. In each case, a closed-form solution is presented for compliance versus crack length, effective material properties and geometrical dimensions. Effective flexural modulus (Efx) and out-of-plane extensional stiffness (Ez) are used in all models instead of transversely isotropic assumption in composite laminates. Eventually, the analytical solutions are compared with experimental results available in the literature for unidirectional ((0 o )6) and antisymmetric angle-ply ((±30 o )5, and (±45 o )5) lay-ups. TB on WEF is a simple model that predicts more accurate results for compliance and SERR in unidirectional laminates in comparison to other models. TB on PEF, in accordance with Williams (1989) assumptions, is too stiff for unidirectional DCB specimens, whereas in angle-ply DCB specimens it gives more reliable results. That it shows the effects of transverse shear deformation and root rotation on SERR value in composite DCB specimens.
Biosynthesis of the 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate Moieties of Petrobactin by Bacillus anthracis (2008)

The biosynthesis of the 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate moieties of the siderophore petrobactin, produced by B. anthracis str. Sterne, was probed by isotopic feeding experiments in iron-deficient media with a mixture of unlabeled and D-[(13)C6]glucose at a ratio of 5:1 (w/w). After isolation of the labeled siderophore, analysis of the isotopomers was conducted via one-dimensional (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, as well as (13)C-(13)C DQFCOSY spectroscopy. Isotopic enrichment and (13)C-(13)C coupling constants in the aromatic ring of the isolated siderophore suggested the predominant route for the construction of the carbon backbone of 3,4-DHB (1) involved phosphoenol pyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate as ultimate precursors. This observation is consistent with that expected if the shikimate pathway is involved in the biosynthesis of these moieties. Enrichment attributable to phosphoenol pyruvate precursors was observed at C1 and C6 of the aromatic ring, as well as into the carboxylate group, while scrambling of the label into C2 was not. This pattern suggests 1 was biosynthesized from early intermediates of the shikimate pathway and not through later shikimate intermediates or aromatic amino acid precursors.
Determination of Diffusion Profiles in Altered Wellbore Cement Using X-ray Computed Tomography Methods (2014)

The development of accurate, predictive models for use in determining wellbore integrity requires detailed information about the chemical and mechanical changes occurring in hardened Portland cements. X-ray computed tomography (XRCT) provides a method that can nondestructively probe these changes in three dimensions. Here, we describe a method for extracting subvoxel mineralogical and chemical information from synchrotron XRCT images by combining advanced image segmentation with geochemical models of cement alteration. The method relies on determining "effective linear activity coefficients" (ELAC) for the white light source to generate calibration curves that relate the image grayscales to material composition. The resulting data set supports the modeling of cement alteration by CO2-rich brine with discrete increases in calcium concentration at reaction boundaries. The results of these XRCT analyses can be used to further improve coupled geochemical and mechanical models of cement alteration in the wellbore environment.
FACS Quantitation of Leucine Aminopeptidase and Acid Phosphatase on Tumor-Associated Macrophages From Metastatic and Nonmetastatic Mouse Mammary Tumors (1985)

Macrophages were isolated by adherence from tumors produced by a number of murine mammary carcinoma lines and were examined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting for quantitation of leucine aminopeptidase and acid phosphatase. The tumors included three lines, 66, 67, and 168, which were originally derived from a single, spontaneously arising tumor in a BALB/cfC3H mouse and two other lines, D2A1 and D2F2, which were derived from a single tumor arising from the transplantable hyperplastic alveolar nodule line, D2. These five lines differ from one another in a number of characteristics, including the ability to metastasize spontaneously to the lung from subcutaneous implants and to form experimental metastases in lungs following intravenous injection. Line 67 is nonmetastatic under both circumstances, whereas lines 66, D2A1, and D2F2 are metastatic under the same conditions. Intermediate to these is line 168, which is nonmetastatic from the subcutaneous site but capable of colonizing the lung with an efficiency similar to 66 when injected IV. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) from lines 66, D2A1, and D2F2 contained the greatest amounts of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and those from line 67 the least, with TAM from 168 being intermediate. Conversely, the TAM from line 67 had the greatest amounts of acid phosphatase (APTase) and those from line 168 the least. In addition to differences among tumors in enzyme levels of the adherent TAM, the precentages of TAM that were adherent were also different among the tumors. Only 12% of TAM from line 67 were recovered in the adherent fraction as opposed to 35-38% of TAM from lines 66 and 168. These results confirm and extend our previous findings that TAM from metastatic tumors have increased levels of LAP compared to TAM from nonmetastatic tumors. They also demonstrate noncoordinate expression of LAP and APTase in TAM, and illustrate how a population of TAM can be homogeneous for one enzyme and heterogeneous for another. Furthermore, the difference in the percentage of macrophages that are adherent between metastatic and nonmetastatic tumors is another indication both of the heterogeneous nature of TAM and of the role of a tumor in determining the type of host infiltrate with which it is associated.
Fuzzy models induced by alternative defuzzification methods (2002)

This paper discusses the main classes of simplified fuzzy models with respect to the general understanding of the defuzzification process. We demonstrate the relationship between the main fuzzy models and the basic steps of defuzzification process-transformation of the possibility distribution inferred by the rule-base of a fuzzy model, conversion into a probability distribution, selection and evaluation of the compatibility between the defuzzified value and the fuzzy subset. As a result we point out how the concept of defuzzification can applied for deriving alternative modifications of the known fuzzy models.
Erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport in insulin-dependent diabetics (1993)

Lijnen, Paul; Bex, Maria; Bouillon, Roger; Fenyvesi, András; Amery, Antoon Author Information
Acute respiratory distress syndrome following cutaneous exposure to Lysol: a case report. (1999)

Lysol (mixed cresols) is a brand of popular detergent commonly used to disinfect toilets and floors in Taiwan. We report a patient with acute respiratory failure immediately following chemical burns caused by skin contact with Lysol solution. On admission, chest radiography showed bilateral diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and an arterial blood gas analysis disclosed hypoxemia refractory to a high concentration of oxygen by inhalation. Under the impression of acute respiratory distress syndrome, our patient was admitted to the intensive care unit for respiratory care. Poor clinical improvement was noted, despite aggressive respiratory therapy. High-dose steroid therapy (hydrocortisone 30 mg/kg/day) was administered from the seventh day after mechanical ventilation began and the ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired gas improved thereafter. The amount of steroid was gradually tapered to the maintenance dose and the patient was successfully weaned from the ventilator after a 93-day course of mechanical ventilation.
Optimal Inverter VAR Control in Distribution Systems with High PV Penetration (2011)

The intent of the study detailed in this paper is to demonstrate the benefits of inverter var control on a fast timescale to mitigate rapid and large voltage fluctuations due to the high penetration of photovoltaic generation and the resulting reverse power flow. Our approach is to formulate the volt/var control as a radial optimal power flow (OPF) problem to minimize line losses and energy consumption, subject to constraints on voltage magnitudes. An efficient solution to the radial OPF problem is presented and used to study the structure of optimal inverter var injection and the net benefits, taking into account the additional cost of inverter losses when operating at non-unity power factor. This paper will illustrate how, depending on the circuit topology and its loading condition, the inverter's optimal reactive power injection is not necessarily monotone with respect to their real power output. The results are demonstrated on a distribution feeder on the Southern California Edison system that has a very light load and a 5 MW photovoltaic (PV) system installed away from the substation.
Damage Localization for Structural Health Monitoring Using Retrospective Cost Model Refinement (2010)

Model refinement is directly applicable to health monitoring, where the goal is to determine changes in a system that may reflect damage. As data become available, an initial model for the undamaged system is updated; the updated model is then compared with the original model, and changes in the model are analyzed to deduce potential damage. Our goal is to use data to recursively refine a model that is physically representative of a structure. Specifically, we refine an initial model by first estimating the internal state of the physical system using an adaptive feedback control structure, and then using these state estimates we apply the same control structure to identify parameter updates to correct the initial model. In the case of a physically motivated model, updating these parameters allows system changes, such as damage to a system, to be localized. We demonstrate the method on several numerical and experimental problems.
Informe del GTM sobre Atmósfera y Covid-19 (2020)

El informe solicitado por parte del Gobierno al GTM pretende conocer con la máxima certidumbre científica cuáles son las condiciones atmosféricas de supervivencia del virus, y su interacción con la calidad del aire, hasta el punto de proponer experimentos que pudieran conducir a una mayor evidencia científica. El GTM ha realizado un informe que contiene una exhaustiva recopilación de toda la información disponible, en el mismo se proponen nuevas medidas y se sugiere realizar nuevos estudios empíricos. Este informe analiza dos cuestiones relacionadas con el clima y la contaminación atmosférica y su relación con la enfermedad COVID -19: 1. ¿Es estacional el virus SARS-Cov-2? 2. ¿Cuál es el impacto de la COVID-19 sobre el clima y la calidad del aire? Para cada una de las cuestiones, se ha revisado en profundidad la evidencia disponible en la literatura científica (incluyendo literatura gris y pre-prints) y, cuando es posible, se plantean experimentos factibles para una mejor dilucidación de las posibles respuestas. A continuación, se expone a modo de resumen las principales conclusiones sobre ambas cuestiones y posteriormente el documento describe de forma detallada el análisis llevado a cabo en los dos ámbitos.
Cell culture (1997)

As explained in Chapter 1, one of the advantages of cell culture is that it may be used, in many cases, as an alternative technique to the use of live animals for studying models of physiological function in vivo. It is therefore essential that in vitro conditions mimic as closely as possible those that the cell would encounter in vivo. An exact replica of these conditions cannot be achieved, and consequently there will inevitably be changes in cell characteristics. Cell-to-cell interactions are reduced and cells which would not normally proliferate in vivo will do so under in vitro situations. This eventually leads to the growth of unspecialized cells rather than the expression of differentiated functions, which is why it is important to check cell characteristics regularly when cells have been cultured for any length of time. (Further discussion on this and other related factors will be covered in Chapter 8, Quality Control.)
Equivalence of Smoothing Parameter Selectors in Density and Intensity Estimation (1988)

Abstract Kernel smoothing is an attractive method for the nonparametric estimation of either a probability density function or the intensity function of a nonstationary Poisson process. In each case the amount of smoothing, controlled by the bandwidth, that is, smoothing parameter, is crucial to the performance of the estimator. Bandwidth selection by cross-validation has been widely studied in the context of density estimation. A bandwidth selector in the intensity estimation case has been proposed that minimizes an estimate of the mean squared error under the assumption that the data are generated by a stationary Cox process. This article shows that these two methods each select the same bandwidth, even though they are motivated in much different ways. In addition to providing further justification of each method, this equivalence of smoothing parameter selectors yields new insights for both density and intensity estimation. A benefit for intensity estimation is that this equivalence makes it clear how the Cox process method may be applied to kernels that are nonuniform, or even of higher order. Another benefit is that this duality between problems makes it clear how to apply the well-developed asymptotic methods for understanding density estimation in the intensity setting. A benefit for density estimation is that it motivates an analog of the Cox process method, which provides a useful nonasymptotic means of studying that problem. The specific forms of the estimators and smoothing parameter selectors are introduced in Section 1. The basic equivalence result is stated in Section 2. Sections 3 and 4 describe new insights that follow for intensity and density estimation, respectively. Section 5 discusses modification of these ideas to take boundary effects into consideration and shows how they can be used to motivate new boundary adjustments in intensity estimation. Key Words: Cox processCross-validationKernel estimatorsNonparametric density estimationPoisson intensity estimationSmoothing
Conversion of a PI-Anchored Protein to an Integral Membrane Protein by a Single Amino Acid Mutation (1988)

Qa-2, a cell-surface glycoprotein anchored by phosphatidylinositol (PI), is structurally related to the class I transplantation antigens H-2 K, D, and L, which are integral membrane glycoproteins. The predicted transmembrane segment of Qa-2 differs from those of H-2 K, D, and L by the presence of an aspartate in place of a valine at position 295. A single base change that replaced this aspartate with valine resulted in cell-surface Qa-2 molecules that were insensitive to hydrolysis by a PI-specific phospholipase C and more resistant to papain cleavage, properties shared by H-2D. Cells expressing Asp----Val mutant Qa-2 proteins were still able to attach a PI anchor to endogenous proteins such as Thy-1 and J11D. It therefore appears that this single amino acid change converts Qa-2 from a PI-linked form into an integral membrane protein.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AN HPLC METHOD WITH POST-COLUMN DERIVATISATION FOR ASSAY OF N-ACETYLCYSTEINE IN PLASMA (2004)

SUMMARY A quantitative reversed-phase HPLC method has been developed that enables determination of both low endogenous and high therapeutic concentrations of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in plasma. The compound is detected fluorimetrically after derivatisation with ortho-phthalaldehyde in the presence of a primary amine. Validation of the method revealed injection and method repeatability were good. The linear range was adequate and the limit of quantification was between 0.4 and 0.6 µM. Recovery of N-acetylcysteine from plasma samples was also acceptable. This method was applied to plasma samples from patients with a clinical septic shock who had received very high doses of N-acetylcysteine. Six samples were taken at different times after administration of Nacetylcysteine. The blood-concentration profiles obtained indicate the method is suitable for following the evolution of NAC in plasma under these conditions and can therefore be used for pharmacokinetic profiling.
Mechanical behavior and rupture of a porous media based on a cohesive granular media approach (2020)

This paper deals with an experimental and numerical investigation of mechanical behavior and rupture of cohesive granular media. Cohesion is characterized experimentally, from a reference medium made of aluminum cylinders glued together with an epoxy resin. For each degree of freedom (tension/compression, shearing and couple), experiments give a force-displacement relation, as well as a failure criterion. This local mechanical behavior is then introduced in a numerical code based on a discrete element method. From a comparison between numerical and experimental compression test on a granular media, we present a validation of the mechanical approach. A first application has been carried out to numerically investigate the biaxial behavior of a random cohesive granular media, in order to derive macroscopic cohesion and friction characteristics. Generally, this approach enables to analyze the localization of the deformation as well as the initiation and propagation of fractures in natural porous media like soils, etc.
Pharmacy-based management for depression in adults (2019)

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: We will examine the effects of pharmacy‐based management interventions compared to an active control, treatment as usual or no intervention/ waiting list, at improving depression outcomes in adults.
In-Situ Study on Coaxing During Vibration-Based Bending Fatigue of Inconel 625 and 718 (2013)

This study observes coaxing effects on aerospace nickel alloys during vibration-based bending fatigue loading. The purpose of this analysis is to determine if Goodman diagrams can be constructed using bending fatigue life data at experimentally defined cycles to failure. The methodology for controlling the number of cycles to failure requires a series of understressing steps, where stress amplitude is incrementally increased at each step. This method, known as the step-test procedure, states that, for some materials, the stress amplitude corresponding to the controlled cycles-to-failure can be determined through linear interpolation between the failure step and the previous non-failure step. Using the step-test procedure, experimental bending fatigue life results were gathered from cold-rolled Inconel 625 and 718 plate specimens. These bending loads are applied with a vibration-based experimental method, known as the George fatigue method, which utilizes modal vibration for fatigue loading. The fatigue life results from the George fatigue method are compared to life data from previously published constant stress amplitude experiments to determine if coaxing affects the fatigue performance of the Inconel materials. Results show that Inconel 625 has an improved fatigue performance that could be attributed to several possible factors, including coaxing, while the Inconel 718 data is shown to be within a 50% confidence band of constant stress amplitude data from the same material stock. The findings in this study increases the knowledge necessary to attain more relevant and less conservative empirical data for designing against high cycle fatigue (HCF) failure of complex gas turbine engine components.
Design, implementation and evaluation of congestion control for multipath TCP (2011)

Multipath TCP, as proposed by the IETF working group mptcp, allows a single data stream to be split across multiple paths. This has obvious benefits for reliability, and it can also lead to more efficient use of networked resources. We describe the design of a multipath congestion control algorithm, we implement it in Linux, and we evaluate it for multihomed servers, data centers and mobile clients. We show that some 'obvious' solutions for multipath congestion control can be harmful, but that our algorithm improves throughput and fairness compared to single-path TCP. Our algorithmis a drop-in replacement for TCP, and we believe it is safe to deploy.
Low Temperature Gold-to-Gold Bonded Semiconductor Disk Laser (2013)

We present a gold-to-gold bonding method that combines features of surface activated bonding and capillary bonding. The process is performed at a relatively low temperature of 150°C and therefore allows the integration of materials with highly mismatched coefficients of thermal expansion. In this letter, the potential of this technique is illustrated by assembling a high-power flip chip semiconductor disk laser utilizing a chemical vapor deposition diamond heat spreader. The laser produces up to 14 W of output power at 15°C gain element temperature with a nearly diffraction-limited output beam. Further scaling of bonding area to wafer-level could make this method useful in the packaging of various optoelectronic and microelectronic components.