gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatial Distribution and Multiscale Transport Characteristics of PM2.5 in China (2019)

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution and the multiscale transport patterns of PM2.5 in 2 large regions (“NORTH” and “SOUTH”), 7 small regions (“North,” “Northeast,” “East,” “Center,” “South,” “Southwest,” and “Northwest”) and 31 provinces in China during January and July of 2015. The simulated PM2.5 concentrations were compared with the observed values to assess the accuracy of WRF-CMAQ. During January and July, local emissions contributed the majority of the PM2.5, with their percentage exceeding 60% in 7 of the regions. External transport was the dominant source of PM2.5 in some of the provinces, such as Shanghai and Qinghai, whereas local emission was the main contributor in others, such as Hebei and Xinjiang. We also identified the primary PM2.5 source in each region, the results of which indicated distinctly different regional transport patterns among the provinces and regions of China.
New Polys for Old: Contribution or Caveat? (2001)

Committee on Biomedical Engineering and the Committee on Hip and Knee Arthritis; Greenwald, A. Seth DPhil(Oxon); Bauer, Thomas W. MD, PhD; Ries, Michael D. MD Author Information
A novel multi-element fractal PIFA with wide pattern coverage for 915 MHz RFID wireless sensors (2009)

The performance of a single-element PIFA and a multi-element PIFA are studied and compared to determine their suitability in RFID sensor tags for placement on rotating platforms. Each antenna operates in the 915 MHz frequency band and occupies a maximum area of 90 by 90 sq. mm. It is demonstrated that using the multi-element PIFA in place of the single-element PIFA, 33.33% bandwidth enhancement and superior radiation pattern coverage can be obtained.
15.4b incremental sigma-delta capacitance-to-digital converter with zoom-in 9b asynchronous SAR (2014)

An incremental zoom-in capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) is proposed. By using a 9b SAR, the OSR can be reduced to only 32, significantly improving conversion energy. We show how the OTA in the SAR is bypassed for the CDC further reducing energy and propose a novel matrix based 512-element unit-cap structure for dynamic element matching. The CDC achieves 94.7dB SNR and 33.7µW power consumption with 175fJ/conv-step at 1.4V supply.
Kinematics model of unmanned driving vehicle (2010)

A kinematics characteristic of unmanned driving vehicle based on Ackerman principle was analyzed in this paper, and then the kinematics model was set up. Considering that the vehicle is influenced by different errors such as: side slip, brake or slider, nonholonomic restriction of vehicle is always destroyed, then analyzing this instance and setting up kinematics model of vehicle considering error. Math formulas about turning angle, direction angle and turning radius were given to declare the movement status of robot, mapping error vector from local coordinate frame to global coordinate frame. Finally, the conclusion was validated through the simulation experiment.
Assessment of Automated Fiber Placement for the Fabrication of Composite Wind Tunnel Blades (2019)

Composite wind tunnel blades are frequently fabricated by hand layup of prepreg fabrics. Though well proven, this fabrication method is laborious and expensive. The study described in this paper used the Integrated Structural Assembly of Advanced Composites (ISAAC) facility at the NASA Langley Research Center to explore whether automated fiber placement (AFP) could reduce manufacturing time and cost for production of wind tunnel blades. Two blades, taken from two NASA wind tunnels, were investigated as representative geometries. Computer-aided design models of the blade surfaces were created, and AFP process planning and programming were employed to study the manufacturability of the shapes. A placement/cure tool was manufactured for the chosen blade surface from thermoplastic material using an additive manufacturing process. The present study revealed that the AFP head geometry, primarily the heater configuration of the ISAAC system, is the primary constraint that limits the ability to manufacture the selected wind tunnel fan blades using AFP.
U.S. trade preferences: all are not created equal (2004)

The United States imports around 25 percent of its merchandise under some form of preferential trade agreement. This paper examines the relative impacts of these programs on the value of imports from different trading partners. We address four technical but policy-relevant issues: (1) We consider not only country eligibility in assessing impact of various programs, but also the extent of utilization of these programs, which depends on the relevant rules of origin and other compliance costs. (2) Trade preferences are granted for non-economic motivations that are correlated with variables included in gravity models. We provide new estimates that control for this potential source of selection bias. (3) We provide new estimates of the impact of transport and transactions costs beyond distance. (4) Finally, we control the censoring of trade flows at zero which tends to bias estimates of key coefficients in gravity models. In the standard gravity estimation, we find that beneficiaries of these preferences, except the GSP, export between 2-3 times more than the excluded countries. However, these levels go down considerably when utilization ratios and selection biases are taken into account. These results are robust to the various estimation techniques as well as endogenous treatment and Heckman-selection estimates that control for the selection biases mentioned above.
Image registration and calculation of a biologically effective dose for multisession radiosurgical treatments (2000)

✓ The purpose of this study was to develop techniques for registering image sets associated with staged or multifraction radiosurgical treatments of large targets with the Leksell gamma knife to transform shot coordinates between treatment sessions and produce cumulative dose distributions and to investigate the theoretical biological effects of such protracted treatments by means of such concepts as the linear—quadratic model and biologically effective dose. An image registration technique based on normalized mutual information was adapted to produce one fused-image study from an imaging series acquired during distinct treatment sessions. A spreadsheet computer program was developed to determine coordinate transformations between the associated stereotactic coordinate systems based on digitized coordinates of fiducial markers appearing on the fused images. Coordinates of shots used during one treatment session could then be transformed to the stereotactic space of another session, and cumulative dose distributions could be computed. The procedure was applied to the two-stage treatment of a giant arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Overall uncertainty in each transformed shot position is approximately 0.7 mm. An effective single-fraction dose (D eff ) was defined and computed for the two-stage AVM treatment. The simple summed dose distribution was compared with the D eff distribution. Because dose values differ significantly in overlap regions between the individual distributions, the clinical usefulness of the simple cumulative distribution is dubious. It may be useful for a future update of the GammaPlan treatment planning software to generate effective single-session dose distributions for such cases.
Prototype of an ICN based approach for flexible service chaining in SDN (2015)

With the widespread use of middleboxes in communication networks (e.g., for services such as Firewall, DPI, accounting, proxies, caching), additional processing beyond simple forwarding has become common. With the emergence of Network Function Virtualization (NFV), dynamically instantiating these functions becomes even more feasible. In addition, chaining such services for packet flows is key to efficiently delivering Internet services. In addition, Software Defined Networking (SDN) gives Internet Service Providers greater flexibility to provision such middlebox based services and route flows through them. However, with the dynamic instantiation of network functions, efficient and scalable use of these services requires separation of the services from their location. In this work, we implement and demonstrate an Information Centric Networking based solution that complements SDN for service chaining and provides benefits such as scalability, flexibility and reliability.
Characterization of Mouse nNOS2, a Natural Variant of Neuronal Nitric-oxide Synthase Produced in the Central Nervous System by Selective Alternative Splicing (1999)

Mouse neuronal nitric-oxide synthase 2 (nNOS2) is a unique natural variant of constitutive neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS) specifically expressed in the central nervous system having a 105-amino acid deletion in the heme-binding domain as a result of in-frame mutation by specific alternative splicing. The mouse nNOS2 cDNA gene was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the resultant product was characterized spectroscopically in detail. Purified recombinant nNOS2 contained heme but showed no L-arginine- and NADPH-dependent citrulline-forming activity in the presence of Ca2+-promoted calmodulin, elicited a sharp electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal at g = 6.0 indicating the presence of a high spin ferriheme as isolated and showed a peak at around 420 nm in the CO difference spectrum, instead of a 443-nm peak detected with the recombinant wild-type nNOS1 enzyme. Thus, although the heme domain of nNOS2 is capable of binding heme, the heme coordination geometry is highly abnormal in that it probably has a proximal non-cysteine thiolate ligand both in the ferric and ferrous states. Moreover, negligible spectral perturbation of the nNOS2 ferriheme was detected upon addition of either L-arginine or imidazole. These provide a possible rational explanation for the inability of nNOS2 to catalyze the cytochrome P450-type monooxygenase reaction.
Y1Ba2Cu3O7-δ Film Formation by an OM-CVD Method (1988)

In this letter, we report further studies on Y-Ba-Cu-O film formation by OM-CVD (Organometallic Chemical Vapor Deposition). Without postannealing, Y-Ba-Cu-O films grown on MgO(100) single-crystal substrates at a substrate temperature of 780°C showed an onset temperature of 85 K and zero resistance at 65 K. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed well-ordered crystallinity for films grown at substrate temperatures higher than 700°C. XRD results indicated that Y-Ba-Cu-O films with (110) orientation were grown on SrTiO 3 (110) single-crystal substrates.
Carbonated hydroxyapatite nanopowders for preparation of bioresorbable materials (2008)

Abstract Incorporation of carbonate ions to the crystal structure of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHAp) leads to the formation of point defects (vacancies) in Ca‐ and OH‐sublattices as well as to microstrains revealed in CHAp nanocrystals. Various techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, TEM, FESEM/EDX, TG/DTA, AES (ICP), wet chemical analysis, Ca‐ionometry, microvolumetric analysis of evolved CO 2 , BET adsorption, were applied to determine an efficiency of carbonate substitution, and to quantify the elemental composition, as well as to characterize the structure of the carbonated hydroxyapatite and the site(s) of carbonate substitution. It was shown that there is insignificant incorporation of Na into the crystal structure of HAp. Over the range of 0–4 % wt. ( x &lt;0.25), the substitution of OH‐ by CO 3 2‐ takes place leading to A‐Type of CHAp, further increase of CO 3 2‐ ‐content enhances PO 4 3‐ ‐substitution giving AB‐type of CHAp. According to in vitro test, the bioactivity of the samples is increasing with the growth of carbonate content due to accumulation of the defects in CHAp nanocrystals.
Extrusion 3D Printing of Polybutyrate-Adipate-Terephthalate-Polymer Composites in the Pellet Form (2018)

Fused deposition modelling is a common 3D printing technique used for the freeform fabrication of complex shapes based on polymers. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is the common material option, though polylactide (PLA) has also proved to be a successful candidate. There is an ever increasing demand to harness new materials as possible candidates for fused deposition. The current research is focused on evaluating polybutyrate-adipate-terephthalate⁻polymer (PBAT) for fused deposition modelling. Both neat and composite PBAT filled with varying wood flour fillers were experimentally analyzed for 3D printing by extrusion from the pellet forms. The results are positive and the addition of small quantities of the wood flour filler material was found to improve the thixotropic nature of the polymer composite and consequently the inter-strand and inter-layer coalescence.
A Novel Prioritization Technique for Solving Markov Decision Processes (2008)

We address the problem of computing an optimal value func-tion for Markov decision processes. Since finding this func-tion quickly and accurately requires substantial computa-tion effort, techniques that accelerate fundamental algorithms have been a main focus of research. Among them prioriti-zation solvers suggest solutions to the problem of ordering backup operations. Prioritization techniques for ordering the sequence of backup operations reduce the number of needed backups considerably, but involve significant overhead. This paper provides a new way to order backups, based on a map-ping of states space into a metric space. Empirical evaluation verifies that our method achieves the best balance between the number of backups executed and the effort required to prior-itized backups, showing order of magnitude improvement in runtime over number of benchmarks.
Three‐Fluid 2.5‐dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Model of the Effective Temperature in Coronal Holes (2001)

Recent SOHO Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) observations show that protons and minor ions are hot (Tp > 106 K, Ti > 107 K) and anisotropic in coronal holes. A possible cause of the large perpendicular motions is unresolved Alfvénic fluctuations in the solar wind. Using the three-fluid 2.5-dimensional MHD model, we have shown that the unresolved Alfvénic fluctuations lead to apparent proton temperature and anisotropy consistent with UVCS observations. However, Alfvén waves with realistic amplitudes cannot reproduce the O5+ perpendicular temperature and anisotropy deduced from UVCS observations. This suggests that the minor ions are heated by a different mechanism than protons.
Multi-UAVs Collaboration System based on Machine Learning for Throughput Maximization (2019)

Due to commercialization of the 5G network, many base stations need to enhance a reliable communication quality. Thus, many studies have still worked to provide mobility and economic benefits to the VAVs-Base Station (VAVs-BS) on behalf of ground base stations. In this paper, we propose a system to find a location where multiple users can have an optimal service throughput by considering users' requirements in Multi-VAVs communication. Based on the Air-To-Ground Path Loss Model, the virtual communication environment is established and Airtime Fairness is applied for equitable channel usage time distribution according to user requirements. Thus, we apply a collaborative algorithm with modified K-means that can distribute users to each VAV and solve communication overload problems. In addition, the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm is applied to set an optimal location with the maximum throughput. As a result, the proposed systems allow the Multi-VAVs to be in the locations with high service throughput for users with different demands.
Long-term results of a randomized phase III trial of TPF induction chemotherapy followed by surgery and radiation in locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (2015)

Previously, we conducted a randomized phase III trial of TPF (docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil) induction chemotherapy in surgically managed locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and found no improvement in overall survival. This study reports long-term follow-up results from our initial trial. All patients had clinical stage III or IVA locally advanced OSCC. In the experimental group, patients received two cycles of TPF induction chemotherapy (75mg/m2 docetaxel d1, 75mg/m2 cisplatin d1, and 750mg/m2/day 5-fluorouracil d1-5) followed by radical surgery and post-operative radiotherapy; in the control group, patients received upfront radical surgery and post-operative radiotherapy. The primary endpoint was overall survival. Among 256 enrolled patients with a median follow-up of 70 months, estimated 5-year overall survival, disease-free survival, locoregional recurrence-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival rates were 61.1%, 52.7%, 55.2%, and 60.4%, respectively. There were no significant differences in survival rates between experimental and control groups. However, patients with favorable pathologic responses had improved outcomes compared to those with unfavorable pathologic responses and to those in the control group. Although TPF induction chemotherapy did not improve long-term survival compared to surgery upfront in patients with stage III and IVA OSCC, a favorable pathologic response after induction chemotherapy may be used as a major endpoint and prognosticator in future studies. Furthermore, the negative results observed in this trial may be represent type II error from an underpowered study. Future larger scale phase III trials are warranted to investigate whether a significant benefit exists for TPF induction chemotherapy in surgically managed OSCC.
Network Coding for Multi-Resolution Multicast (2010)

Multi-resolution codes enable multicast at different rates to different receivers, a setup that is often desirable for graphics or video streaming. We propose a simple, distributed, two-stage message passing algorithm to generate network codes for single-source multicast of multi-resolution codes. The goal of this pushback algorithm is to maximize the total rate achieved by all receivers, while guaranteeing decodability of the base layer at each receiver. By conducting pushback and code assignment stages, this algorithm takes advantage of inter-layer as well as intra-layer coding. Numerical simulations show that in terms of total rate achieved, the pushback algorithm outperforms routing and intra-layer coding schemes, even with field sizes as small as 2^10(10 bits). In addition, the performance gap widens as the number of receivers and the number of nodes in the network increases. We also observe that naive inter-layer coding schemes may perform worse than intra-layer schemes under certain network conditions.
Referral Source and Outcomes of Physical Therapy Care in Patients With Low Back Pain (2012)

Prognosis, level 2c.
The Influence of Cuff Volume and Anatomic Location on Pharyngeal, Esophageal, and Tracheal Mucosal Pressures with the Esophageal Tracheal Combitube (2002)

We conclude that mucosal pressures for the esophageal tracheal combitube increase with cuff volume, are highest where the cuff is adjacent to rigid anatomic structures, and potentially exceed mucosal perfusion pressure even when cuff volumes are limited to achieving an oropharyngeal seal of 30 cm H2O.
Early osmoregulatory stimulation of neurohypophyseal hormone secretion and thirst after gastric NaCl loads (2002)

Cerebral osmoreceptors mediate thirst and neurohypophyseal secretion stimulated by increases in the effective osmolality of plasma (P(osmol)). The present experiments determined whether an intragastric load of hypertonic saline (ig HS; 0.5 M NaCl, 4 ml) would potentiate these responses before induced increases in P(osmol) in the general circulation could be detected by cerebral osmoreceptors. Adult rats deprived of water overnight and then given intragastric HS consumed much more water in 15-30 min than rats given either pretreatment alone, even though systemic P(osmol) had not yet increased significantly because of the gastric load. In other rats pretreated with an intravenous infusion of 1 M NaCl (2 ml/h for 2 h), plasma levels of vasopressin and oxytocin were considerably elevated 15 and 25 min after intragastric HS treatment, whereas systemic P(osmol) was not increased further. These and other findings are consistent with previous reports that hepatic portal osmoreceptors (or Na(+) receptors) stimulate thirst and neurohypophyseal hormone secretion in euhydrated rats given gastric NaCl loads and indicate that these effects are potentiated when animals are dehydrated.
DNA adducts of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) in colon, bladder, and kidney of congenic mice differing in Ah responsiveness and N-acetyltransferase genotype. (1995)

Heterocyclic amines, suspected as cancer initiators, require metabolic activation to exert genotoxicity. The food carcinogen 2-amino-3-methyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) undergoes activation via N-hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 1A2, followed by O-esterification by N-acetyltransferase. We examined the effects of the Ah locus and acetylator polymorphisms (implicated in human colon and bladder cancer risk) on levels of 32P-postlabeled IQ-DNA adducts in C57BL/6 mice congenic for slow acetylation and/or Ah nonresponsiveness. Some were pretreated with beta-naphthoflavone (beta NF), an inducer of cytochromes P450 1A. Guanine adducts were detected in all organs, the predominant one corresponding to N2-(deoxyguanosine-8-yl)-IQ. In the kidney, beta NF pretreatment reduced total adducts by 50% in Ah-responsive animals (P = 0.021); the Ah or acetylator phenotype did not otherwise affect total adducts. In the colon of Ah-nonresponsive animals, rapid acetylators had 3-fold more adducts than slow acetylators (P = 0.0001, vehicle-pretreated; P = 0.0031, beta NF-pretreated). In Ah-responsive mice of either acetylator phenotype, beta NF pretreatment reduced total adducts in the colon by 70% (P = 0.0003). A significant interaction of phenotypes occurred in the bladder; beta NF-pretreatment caused a 2.5-fold increase in adducts but only in the Ah-responsive, rapid acetylator mice. In sum, these polymorphisms influenced the level of IQ-DNA adducts in the kidney, urinary bladder, and colon in complex ways.
Angular Accuracy of Steerable Feature Detectors (2019)

The detection of landmarks or patterns is of interest for extracting features in biological images. Hence, algorithms for finding these keypoints have been extensively investigated in the literature, and their localization and detection properties are well known. In this paper, we study the complementary topic of local orientation estimation, which has not received similar attention. Simply stated, the problem that we address is the following: estimate the angle of rotation of a pattern with steerable filters centered at the same location, where the image is corrupted by colored isotropic Gaussian noise. For this problem, we propose an estimator formulated as linear combinations of circular harmonics with given radial profiles. We prove that the proposed estimator is unbiased. This property allows us to use a statistical framework based on the Cramér--Rao lower bound (CRLB) to study the limits on the accuracy of the corresponding class of estimators. We aim at evaluating the performance of detection methods based on steerable filters in terms of angular accuracy (as a lower bound), while considering the connection to maximum likelihood estimation. Beyond the general results, we analyze the asymptotic behavior of the lower bound in terms of the order of steerablility and propose an optimal subset of components that minimizes the bound. We define a mechanism for selecting optimal subspaces of the span of the detectors. These are characterized by the most relevant angular frequencies. Finally, we project our template to the span of circular harmonics with given radial profiles and experimentally show that the prediction accuracy achieves the predicted CRLB. As an extension, we also consider steerable wavelet detectors.