gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Linear Electron Accelerator as a Source of Fast Electrons for Cancer Therapy (1956)

In the quest for improvement of radiation therapy of malignant tumors the utilization of fast electrons has appeared to us particularly attractive (1). The knowledge that the biological effects of x-rays and radium are due to secondary electrons is, of course, not new; electrons with an equivalent of 1.2 MEV have been used for more than fifty years in the so-called beta plaques of radium sources. Free beams of electrons in the multimillion volt range, however, have found only limited use because until very recently the technical facilities for their production were not available. The advantages of utilizing electrons directly for treatment of malignant tumors localized in the depth of the body result from their characteristics. First, their range, and consequently their penetration, are determined by the primary energy. Second, the ionizing property in a free beam of electrons is not concentrated at its source, but is more homogeneously distributed and, therefore, more favorable than in the conventional beams of radiation produced by x-ray apparatus, radium, and cobalt-60 sources. The penetration of electrons was roughly calculated as being about half the distance in centimeters as the creating energy in MEV. For practical purposes it was assumed that the formula (MEV/2) — 1/2 would be correct, indicating that a beam produced with an energy of 10 MEV woul dpenetrate 4.5 cm., while a beam with an energy of 20 MEV would penetrate 9.5 cm., etc. A confirmation of such calculated data could, of course, be expected only after electrons in the multimillion-volt range had been produced. This was first accomplished in 1946, when a free beam of electrons was liberated from a 20-MEV betatron placed at our disposal by Kerst for experimental purposes. Electron beams exceeding energies of 16 MEV were produced by Skaggs (2) and co-workers, who also undertook the collimation of such beams and the determination of isodose curves. Continued research in this field convinced us that electron beams within this energy range were helpful but not sufficient for the clinical use which we visualized, and that electron sources with energies of at least 35 MEV and preferably higher should be available. The 20-MEV betatron used by us had never been intended for application in medical practice and offered no flexibility. Since we were fortunate in having the benefit of Kerst's knowledge, experience, and cooperation, we decided to develop a betatron with a capacity of 40 MEV or higher, specifically for medical purposes. This apparatus was intended to provide energies between 5 and 40 MEV and to have sufficient flexibility to permit convenient exposure of patients; it also should allow for easy determination of energy output and contain simple controls of the mechanical and electrical parts. Blueprints for such an electron betatron were developed in our laboratory by Skaggs and Mueller, with the advice of Kerst and his staff, and were finished in 1951.
Detection of lane markings based on ridgeness and RANSAC (2005)

Detection of lane markings based on a camera sensor can be a low cost solution to lane departure warning and lateral control. However, reliable detection is difficult due to cast shadows, vehicles occluding the marks, wear, vehicle motion, etc. The contribution of this paper is twofold. Firstly, we propose to explore another low-level image descriptor, namely, the ridgeness, instead of the gradient magnitude with the aim of getting a more reliable lane marking detection under adverse circumstances. Besides, the proposed measure comes with an associated orientation which is less noisy than the gradient one. Secondly, we have adapted RANSAC, a generic robust estimation method, to fit a parametric model to the image lane lines using both ridgeness and orientation as input data. In short, in this paper a better feature type and a robust fitting method are proposed, which contribute to improve the lane lines detection reliability, and still achieving real-time.
ESTIMATION OF RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED VALUE OF TIME (1996)

This paper outlines various models and empirical studies aiming to capture variations in value of time (VOT). Its motivation is to improve the estimation of the 'implied' VOT captured in travel choice models, allowing for substantial heterogeneity between travellers, which can now be handled by advances in data acquisition, estimation methods, and computing. Forms of heterogeneity that are being addressed include decision protocols, choice sets, perceptions, attitudes, and taste variations. The types of mathematical models considered are: (1) individual-specific models, which have repeated observations of each individual, and use a separate travel-choice model estimated for each individual; (2) a pooled model, which bases its estimates on pooled data, and assumes completely homogeneous tastes; (3) a prior segmentation model, which is a practical procedure for introducing heterogeneous tastes; (4) a random coefficients model, which attempts to capture taste variations that cannot be explained by observed individual characteristics; and (5) a latent class choice model, which includes a probabilistic model of class membership. The advantages and disadvantages of each type of model are listed, and examples of empirical studies are tabulated for each. Four conclusions are presented. For the covering abstract, see IRRD E100587.
IKEv2 Notification Codes for IPv4/IPv6 Coexistence (2018)

This document specifies new IKEv2 notification codes to better manage
IPv4 and IPv6 co-existence.
Predicting incorrect mappings (2018)

DBpedia releases consist of more than 70 multilingual datasets that cover data extracted from different language-specific Wikipedia instances. The data extracted from those Wikipedia instances are transformed into RDF using mappings created by the DBpedia community. Nevertheless, not all the mappings are correct and consistent across all the distinct language-specific DBpedia datasets. As these incorrect mappings are spread in a large number of mappings, it is not feasible to inspect all such mappings manually to ensure their correctness. Thus, the goal of this work is to propose a data-driven method to detect incorrect mappings automatically by analyzing the information from both instance data as well as ontological axioms. We propose a machine learning based approach to building a predictive model which can detect incorrect mappings. We have evaluated different supervised classification algorithms for this task and our best model achieves 93% accuracy. These results help us to detect incorrect mappings and achieve a high-quality DBpedia.
Ultra-Low-Power IoT Communications: A novel address decoding approach\n for wake-up receivers (2021)

Providing energy-efficient Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity has\nattracted significant attention in fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks and\nbeyond. A potential solution for realizing a long-lasting network of IoT\ndevices is to equip each IoT device with a wake-up receiver (WuR) to have\nalways-accessible devices instead of always-on devices. WuRs typically comprise\na radio frequency demodulator, sequence decoder, and digital address decoder\nand are provided with a unique authentication address in the network. Although\nthe literature on efficient demodulators is mature, it lacks research on fast,\nlow-power, and reliable address decoders. As this module continuously monitors\nthe received ambient energy for potential paging of the device, its\ncontribution to WuR's power consumption is crucial. Motivated by this need, a\nlow-power, reliable address decoder is developed in this paper. We further\ninvestigate the integration of WuR in low-power uplink/downlink communications\nand, using system-level energy analysis; we characterize operation regions in\nwhich WuR can contribute significantly to energy saving. The device-level\nenergy analysis confirms the superior performance of our decoder. The results\nshow that the proposed decoder significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art\nwith a power consumption of 60 nW, at cost of compromising a negligible\nincrease in decoding delay.\n
Variable Somatic <b><i>TIE2</i></b> Mutations in Half of Sporadic Venous Malformations (2013)

Venous malformations (VMs) are the most frequent vascular malformations referred to specialized vascular anomaly centers. A rare (1-2%) familial form, termed cutaneomucosal venous malformation (VMCM), is caused by gain-of-function mutations in TIE2. More recently, sporadic VMs, characterized by the presence of large unifocal lesions, were shown to be caused by somatic mutations in TIE2. These include a frequent L914F change, and a series of double mutations in cis. All of which cause ligand-independent receptor hyperphosphorylation in vitro. Here, we expanded our study to assess the range of mutations that cause sporadic VM. To test for somatic changes, we screened the entire coding region of TIE2 in cDNA from resected VMs by direct sequencing. We detected TIE2 mutations in 17/30 (56.7%) of the samples. In addition to previously detected mutations, we identified 7 novel somatic intracellular TIE2 mutations in sporadic VMs, including 3 that cause premature protein truncation.
Managing Performance Degradation of Collocated Virtual Machines in Private Cloud (2016)

Virtual machine (VM) consolidation is very popular in cloud computing systems for numerous reasons including improvement of resource utilization, saving of infrastructure costs and ease of management. However, consolidation also causes contention in virtualized environments such as causing to degradation of VM performance. In this paper, we present an effective consolidation system which is able to minimize performance degradation between consolidated VMs. In order to achieve this, we first investigate the relationship between physical resource contention and latency performance degradation for consolidated VMs by comparing VM performance in isolation and virtualization environments. Then, we focus on different existing schemes on the consolidation of VM performance optimization problems in virtualized environments. We attempt experimentally to find a better alternative method to minimize performance degradation and we notice that particle swarm optimization (PSO) has substantial potential. However, PSO must be improved to include redefining the operators and parameters to solve an optimization problem. Experimental evaluations on resource benchmarks using web service stacks, data-centric programming languages, Hadoop and JDK9 indicate that our system has attained encouraging result as compared to previous models.
Deposition of Various Shapes Particles on a Rough Surface in Turbulent Flow (2002)

An experiment set-up is used to study wall deposition rate of particles on a rough surface in a turbulent channel flow. Deposition velocities for three classes of particles, namely, spherical glass particles, irregular shape polymer particles, and fibrous silicon particles are studied. The particle concentration at the test section was measured with the aid of an isokinetic probe in conjunction with a digital image processing technique. The probe is made of sterile plastic and sticked to the sidewall of the wind tunnel. The deposition of spherical particles is found to increase with increasing in diameter. Also it is shown that the deposition velocity of spherical particles is affected by the surface roughness.
Localization of virus neutralizing I/LnJ H2-Oβ allele using confocal microscopy (2018)

Class II MHC peptide presentation is a key process in the adaptive immune response and maintenance of self-tolerance. The loading of peptides on to the class II MHC molecule is facilitated by the non-classical MHC molecule H2-M. The actions of H2-M are inhibited when complexed with another non-classical MHC molecule, H2-O. A functionally null H2-O molecule has been identified in the I/LnJ strain of mice; this strain has the ability to clear persistent retroviruses that other strains (B6 and BALB/cJ) cannot. This study aims to localize the I/LnJ H2-O peptide in dendritic cells using confocal microscopy in order to determine if mis-localization of free I/LnJ H2-O contributes to the ability of I/LnJ mice to produce retrovirus neutralizing antibodies. Preliminary data suggests that free I/LnJ H2-O is localized to compartments other than the endosome and endoplasmic reticulum, which has been previously reported. Data suggests that free I/LnJ H2-O may localize to mitochondria, which introduces the potential for a novel H2-O function in these mice.
Seeded melt texture growth processing of with coatings (1997)

In an attempt to minimize the occurrence of surface nucleation events, the effects of coatings on the surface of (Y-123) pellets processed by top-seeded melt texture growth processing were studied. During the melt processing of coated Y-123, coatings react to form and a Yb-containing liquid, which reduce the peritectic temperature below that of Y-123. As a result of this, during cooling, the coated surface regions will freeze last and allow the oriented domain nucleated at the seed to grow without any interference from domains nucleated at the periphery of the pellet.
The Transformation of Rural England: Farming and the Landscape, 1700–1870 (2002)

Book Review| October 01 2002 The Transformation of Rural England: Farming and the Landscape, 1700–1870 The Transformation of Rural England: Farming and the Landscape, 1700–1870. Tom Williamson. Marilyn Morris Marilyn Morris Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Agricultural History (2002) 76 (4): 741–742. https://doi.org/10.1215/00021482-76.4.741 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Marilyn Morris; The Transformation of Rural England: Farming and the Landscape, 1700–1870. Agricultural History 1 January 2002; 76 (4): 741–742. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00021482-76.4.741 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter Books & JournalsAll JournalsAgricultural History Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright 2002 Agricultural History Society2002 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Room-temperature 2-μm GeSn P-I-N homojunction light-emitting diode for inplane coupling to group-IV waveguides (2017)

We report the electroluminescence of a planar p-i-n diode based on an undoped GeSn layer where the p- and n-type electrodes are fabricated by using the CMOS process of ion implantation. The measurement shows a broad spectrum at a peak energy located below the bulk bandgap of Ge associated with indirect optical transition analyzed by taking into account composition- and strain-dependent modeling. This work provides an alternative approach to the fabrication of GeSn-based p-i-n light-emitting diodes as well as moving towards the integration with waveguided on-chip group IV photonic devices.
Organizational Obstacles and Product Design Innovation for a New Fixed-Split Ergonomic Keyboard (2006)

Fixed-split, ergonomic keyboards have been shown to reduce awkward wrist postures while maintain typing performance and improve the functional and medical status of those persons with hand pain as well as reduce the likelihood of developing signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome compared to typists using traditional, straight keyboards. Yet, the design can be improved. This paper describes the basic research, inspiration, and participatory design approach as well as the organizational obstacles in creating the new Microsoft® Natural® Ergonomic Keyboard 4000. The ergonomist had to overcome staid thinking in questioning the fundamental assumptions about the ergonomics of keyboard design and to overcome the product design paradigm of only fixing problems from stated and unstated user needs compared with realizing innovative designs that the average user cannot articulate or consider. An iterative design process resulted in a new ergonomic keyboard with a steeper gable angle, a curved key bed, a taller palm rest, and a palm rest lifter for a truly negative slope.
Shear Fatigue Performance of Epoxy Resin Waterproof Adhesive Layer on Steel Bridge Deck Pavement (2021)

In this study, the effects of temperature, shear stress, and coating quantity of waterproof adhesive layer on the shear fatigue performance of a steel bridge deck pavement were investigated. Direct shear fatigue tests of a pavement comprising an epoxy resin waterproof adhesive layer with stone matrix asphalt were conducted at different temperatures, stress levels, and coating quantities. The results show that temperature and stress have significant effects on the shear fatigue life. With increasing temperature and stress, the shear fatigue life of the waterproof adhesive layer decreased gradually. Therefore, for steel bridge deck pavements under high temperatures and heavy loads, the use of asphalt waterproof adhesive layers or pavement layers should be evaluated carefully while limiting the traffic of heavily loaded vehicles. Shear failure occurs at the waterproof adhesive layer–pavement interface and not at the steel–waterproof adhesive layer interface. The shear strength of the epoxy resin waterproof adhesive layer is mainly provided by the bond strength between the waterproof adhesive and pavement mixture as well as the interlocking force between the cured epoxy resin and the bottom interface of uneven pavement mixture. The shear strength increases with the coating quantity of the waterproof adhesive layer; however, after reaching the maximum value, the shear strength becomes stable. In contrast, the interlaminar shear fatigue life increases continuously with the coating quantity of the waterproof adhesive layer. Appropriately increasing the coating quantity is beneficial for improving the resistance of the waterproof adhesive layer to interlaminar shear fatigue failure.
The study of a ferrofluid exhibiting both Brownian and Neel relaxation (1989)

The low-field complex susceptibility curves of ferrofluids have in general a Debye-type profile with a loss component which peaks at a frequency from which it is possible to estimate the average relaxation time of the particles in the ferrofluid. The authors report on magnetic measurements on a water-based ferrofluid whose loss curve displayed two distinct peaks. It is concluded that one peak is due to Brownian relaxation and the other is due to a combination of Brownian and Neel relaxation.
W/WNx/poly-Si gate technology for future high speed deep submicron CMOS LSIs (2002)

In this paper, a new gate structure, W/WNx/poly-Si, was proposed as the breakthrough to combat the serious parasitic effect caused by RC delay of gate electrode in down-scaled CMOS devices. MOSFETs with the gate electrode structure were fabricated with a deep submicron CMOS process. As a result, 1.6/spl Omega//spl square/ gate sheet resistance without an increase in fine line gate was obtained. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the thin WNx layer formed by reactive sputtering can be an excellent barrier layer from the gate oxide integrity and W/poly-Si contact resistivity point of view.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Multi-scale Volumes for Deep Object Detection and Localization (2015)

This study aims to analyze the benefits of improved multi-scale reasoning for object detection and localization with deep convolutional neural networks. To that end, an efficient and general object detection framework which operates on scale volumes of a deep feature pyramid is proposed. In contrast to the proposed approach, most current state-of-the-art object detectors operate on a single-scale in training, while testing involves independent evaluation across scales. One benefit of the proposed approach is in better capturing of multi-scale contextual information, resulting in significant gains in both detection performance and localization quality of objects on the PASCAL VOC dataset and a multi-view highway vehicles dataset. The joint detection and localization scale-specific models are shown to especially benefit detection of challenging object categories which exhibit large scale variation as well as detection of small objects.
The Use of Microcomputers in Well Test Data Acquisition and Analysis (1986)

ABSTRACT The advent of small and portable microcomputers provides interesting new possibilities for the acquisition and analysis of well test data. In particular, there is a considerable saving in time if the data is transferred directly (or remotely using a modem link) to the computer for scaling, filtering and plotting. In addition, since present day microcomputers have considerable processing power, it is possible to perform all of the interpretation using the same portable microcomputer. The advantages of doing this are several. Computerized analysis using automated techniques can provide good estimates from much shorter test data than is required for standard graphical analysis. Thus it is possible to analyze the test at the same time data is being collected, and to terminate the test when the data are sufficient for interpretation. Examples given in the paper demonstrate that the well test can sometimes be shortened by an order of magnitude in this way. The cost saving could therefore easily pay for the computer itself. The advents of compact and powerful microcomputers, of computerized data acquisition and control, and of automated interpretation software represent major advances in the field of well test analysis.
Functionalization of a protosynaptic gene expression network (2012)

Assembly of a functioning neuronal synapse requires the precisely coordinated synthesis of many proteins. To understand the evolution of this complex cellular machine, we tracked the developmental expression patterns of a core set of conserved synaptic genes across a representative sampling of the animal kingdom. Coregulation, as measured by correlation of gene expression over development, showed a marked increase as functional nervous systems emerged. In the earliest branching animal phyla (Porifera), in which a nearly complete set of synaptic genes exists in the absence of morphological synapses, these "protosynaptic" genes displayed a lack of global coregulation although small modules of coexpressed genes are readily detectable by using network analysis techniques. These findings suggest that functional synapses evolved by exapting preexisting cellular machines, likely through some modification of regulatory circuitry. Evolutionarily ancient modules continue to operate seamlessly within the synapses of modern animals. This work shows that the application of network techniques to emerging genomic and expression data can provide insights into the evolution of complex cellular machines such as the synapse.
Spoken Language Understanding for Natural Interaction (2013)

Natural language interaction has the potential to considerably enhance user experience, especially in mobile devices like smartphones and electronic tablets. Recent advances in software integration and efforts toward more personalization and context awareness have brought closer the long-standing vision of the ubiquitous intelligent personal assistant. Multiple voice-driven initiatives by a number of well-known companies have now reached commercial deployment. In this talk, I will review the two major semantic interpretation frameworks underpinning virtual personal assistance, and reflect on the inherent complementarity in their respective advantages and drawbacks. I will then discuss some of the attendant choices made in the practical deployment of such systems, and speculate on their likely evolution going forward.