gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vaginitis (1997)

Symptoms of vaginitis are nonspecific, and neither self-diagnosis nor diagnosis by a physician is reliable without laboratory confirmation. The management of vaginitis remains largely empirical, and many assume that vaginitis is never life-threatening and that empirical therapy is always harmless. Vulvovaginitis, although frequently the result of infection, may also have noninfectious causes (Table 1); moreover, mixed infections are not uncommon.Candida VulvovaginitisThe epidemiologic data on candida vulvovaginitis, a nonreportable disease, are incomplete. Prevalence estimates rely mainly on self-reported histories of diagnosis by a physician. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is routinely diagnosed without the benefit of microscopy or culture, and as many . . .
Altered Frontal Cortical Volume and Decision Making in Adolescent Cannabis Users (2010)

Anticipating future outcomes is central to decision making and a failure to consider long-term consequences may lead to impulsive choices. Adolescence is a vulnerable period during which underdeveloped prefrontal cortical systems may contribute to poor judgment, impulsive choices, and substance abuse. Conversely, substance abuse during this period may alter neural systems involved in decision making and lead to greater impulsivity. Although a broad neural network which supports decision making undergoes extensive change during adolescent development, one region that may be critical is the medial prefrontal cortex. Altered functional integrity of this region may be specifically related to reward perception, substance abuse, and dependence. In the present investigation, we acquired structural magnetic resonance images (MRI), using a 3T Siemens Trio scanner, from 18 cannabis abusing adolescents (CA; 2 female and 16 male subjects; mean age, 17.7 years; range 16-19 years), and 18 healthy controls (HC; 6 female and 12 male subjects; mean age, 17.2 years; range 16-19 years). In order to measure medial orbital prefrontal cortex (moPFC) morphology related to substance abuse and impulsivity, semi-automated cortical reconstruction and volumetric segmentation of MRIs was performed with FreeSurfer. Impulsivity was evaluated with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). Our results indicate that cannabis abusing adolescents have decreased right moPFC volume compared to controls, p = 0.01, d = 0.92, CI(0.95) = 0.21, 1.59. Cannabis abusing adolescents also show decreased future orientation, as indexed by the BIS non-planning subscale, when compared to controls, p = 0.01, d = 0.89, CI(0.95) = 0.23, 1.55. Moreover, total moPFC volume was positively correlated with age of first use r (18) = 0.49, p < 0.03, suggesting that alterations in this region may be related to initiation of cannabis use or that early initiation may lead to reduced moPFC volume.
Preparation of electrospun fiber mats using siloxane‐containing vaterite and biodegradable polymer hybrids for bone regeneration (2013)

An electrospun fiber mat using a new composite consisting of siloxane-containing vaterite (SiV) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (denoted by SiPLGVH) was prepared with the aim of applying it as a membrane for use in a guided bone regeneration (GBR) system. Another electrospun fiber mat using a previously described composite consisting of SiV and poly(L-lactic acid) (denoted by SiPVH) was also prepared as a comparative sample. SiPLG VH fiber mats showed superior results in terms of mechanical tensile properties and cellular behavior. Their elongation before failure was about eight times higher than that of SiPVH. The numbers of osteoblast-like cells that proliferated on the SiPLGVH fiber mats, regardless of the hydroxyapatite coating, were comparable to that of SiPVH. The cells spread more, two dimensionally, on the SiPLGVH fiber mats, since the pores between fibers were narrowed down because of swelling of the PLGA matrix during cell culture. This two-dimensional cellular proliferation quality on the SiPLGVH fiber mats is expected to be suitable for materials used in GBR, leading to control of infiltration of the soft tissue and great tissue integration with the surrounding tissue.
Fate of sperm components during assisted reproduction: Implications for infertility (2002)

Studies in non-human primates highlight their suitability as preclinical models for investigating assisted reproduction techniques. The cytoskeletal events of fertilization in non-human primates are similar to those in humans in that they require a paternally derived centrosome. The centrosome, introduced by the sperm at fertilization, organizes a microtubule array that is responsible for bringing the parental genomes together at first mitosis. Incomplete functioning of the sperm centrosome during fertilization has been identified as a novel form of infertility that would not necessarily benefit from intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The global use of ICSI to overcome male infertility has been very successful, although concerns remain regarding the long-term effects on children born after ICSI. The cytoskeletal events that occur during ICSI are quite different from the events of in vitro fertilization: a sperm selected for ICSI does not undergo typical oocyte interactions, and abnormal remodelling of the male pronucleus may result. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the safety of the ICSI technique.
The drug self‐administration assay measures the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic potencies of receptor antagonists (2008)

According to pharmacological theory, competitive antagonists increase the concentration of agonist required to produce a defined magnitude of response. In the drug self‐administration paradigm, the maximum concentration of drug that induces lever pressing represents the satiety threshold, an equieffective drug concentration. In rats trained to self‐administer cocaine or apomorphine, SCH23390 and (‐)eticlopride at doses between 5 and 30 nmol/kg i.v. produced acceleration of self‐administration with a concomitant increase in the satiety thresholds, which rapidly increased and then gradually decreased over time. The magnitude of the maximal increase in the satiety thresholds was proportional to the dose of antagonist. A plot of the agonist dose ratio as a function of the antagonist dose according to the method of Schild should represent the dose of antagonist required to occupy 50% of the receptors underlying the satiety response (Kdose), a measure of antagonist pharmacodynamic potency. Furthermore, the absorption and elimination t1/2s for the antagonists, calculated from pharmacokinetic modeling of the time courses of the antagonist effects, were approximately 5–7 min and 40–50 min, respectively. Both rate constants for each antagonist were independent of the agonist and of the dose of antagonist. Self‐administration is regulated according to pharmacological principles. Supported by PHS grant DA018538.
Wireless Physical-layer Security Using Precoding and an Active Eavesdropper (2017)

The wireless physical layer security can assist traditional encryption mechanisms by generating the keys, for instance.However, some techniques allow hiding information directly in the physical layer, such as performing precoding at the legitimate user using information about the channel, such as the received signal strength or the phase response.Most works on this kind of precoding also considers a passive eavesdropper.This work considers an active eavesdropper and proposes the use of a precoder based on the full channel impulse response.The results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique to secure the information transmission.
Cross-Linked PEG via Degradable Phosphate Ester Bond: Synthesis, Water-Swelling, and Application as Drug Carrier (2011)

A new series of degradable and water-swellable cross-linked PEG phosphoester polymers (CPPs) based on a facile cross-linked reaction between diphosphoesters of polyethylene glycol (P-PEG-P) and diglycidyl ether of polyethylene glycol (E-PEG-E) has been prepared and characterized. The molecular weights and ratios of the prepolymers played an important role for the properties of CPPs polymers, such as mechanical property, swelling, and degradation rates. In the curing process, the glycidyl ether was consumed by both hydroxyl of the phosphoester (P-OH) and hydroxyl generated from the opened glycidyl ethers (C-OH) with the presence of acid, which generated degradable phosphate esters as cross-linked points and ether bonds as the short branches, respectively. Drug entrapment and release test and biological cytotoxicity studies in vitro suggested that the polymers and generated hydrogels have great potential applications in drug delivery system and biological materials.
Endometriosis related to infertility (1991)

Endometriosis is a disease affecting fertility in many women. However, the mere presence of what is defined as endometriosis cannot be accepted per se as a cause of infertility or an indication for therapy. In the minimal or mild stage the activity rather than the presence should be the criterion for diagnosis as a disease. It is also clear that the endpoint of treatment of endometriosis in infertility is not the elimination of the implants but rather the inactivation or neutralization of its activity.
A Chromanol Type of K<sup>+</sup> Channel Blocker Inhibits Forskolin- but Not Carbachol-Mediated Cl- Secretion in Rat and Rabbit Colon (1995)

In a previous study [Lohrmann et al: Pflügers Arch Eur J Physiol 1995;429:517-530] we have shown that chromanol K+ channel blockers inhibit Cl– secretion in rabbit colon. Their effect was easily demonstrable after stimulation by hormones acting through increases of cytosolic cAMP. The present study was undertaken to test in more detail the mechanism of action of one of these compounds (293 B). Two types of studies were performed: Ussing chamber experiments in rabbit distal colon and whole cell patch clamp studies in the isolated in vitro perfused rat colonic crypts. Carbachol (CCH, 100 µmol/l) enhanced Cl– secretion, quantified as equivalent short circuit current (Isc), in rabbit colon significantly more than did prosta-glandin E2 (PGE2). In whole cell patch clamp studies in rat colonic crypt cells from the base, CCH hyperpolarized the membrane voltage (Vm) and enhanced whole cell conductance (Gm). In agreement with previous impalement studies, 10 µmol/l 293 B depolarized Vm in forskolin-treated rat colonic crypt base cells even further and reduced Gm. In Ussing chamber experiments in rabbit colon, 293 B abolished the Isc induced by PGE2. CCH, in the continued presence of 293 B, still induced a large Isc. These data indicate that 293 B specifically inhibits the forskolin- but not the CCH-induced Cl– secretion, and supports our previous conclusion that this class of substances inhibits a cAMP-regulated K+ conductance.
A Framework for the Development, Design and Implementation of a Sustained Arctic Ocean Observing System (2019)

Rapid Arctic warming drives profound change in the marine environment that have significant socio-economic impacts within the Arctic and beyond, including climate and weather hazards, food security, transportation, infrastructure planning and resource extraction. These concerns drive efforts to understand and predict Arctic environmental change and motivate development of an Arctic Region Component of the Global Ocean Observing System (ARCGOOS) capable of collecting the broad, sustained observations needed to support these endeavors. This paper provides a roadmap for establishing the ARCGOOS. ARCGOOS development must be underpinned by a broadly-endorsed framework grounded in high-level policy drivers and the scientific and operational objectives that stem from them. This should be guided by a transparent, internationally accepted governance structure with recognized authority and organizational relationships with the national agencies that ultimately execute network plans. A governance model for ARCGOOS must guide selection of objectives, assess performance and fitness-to-purpose, and advocate for resources. A requirements-based framework for an ARCGOOS begins with the Societal Benefit Areas (SBAs) that underpin the system. SBAs motivate investments and define the system’s science and operational objectives. Objectives can then be used to identify key observables and their scope. The domains of planning/policy, strategy, and tactics define scope ranging from decades and basins to focused observing with near real time data delivery. Patterns emerge when this analysis is integrated across an appropriate set of SBAs and science/operational objectives, identifying impactful variables and the scope of the measurements. When weighted for technological readiness and logistical feasibility, this can be used to select Essential ARCGOOS Variables, analogous to Essential Ocean Variables of the Global Ocean Observing System. The Arctic presents distinct needs and challenges, demanding novel observing strategies. Cost, traceability and ability to integrate region-specific knowledge have to be balanced, in an approach that builds on existing and new observing infrastructure. ARCGOOS should benefit from established data infrastructures following the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reuseable Principles to ensure preservation and sharing of data and derived products. Linking to the Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON) process and involving Arctic stakeholders, for example through liaison with the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), can help ensure success.
Maintaining electronic commerce systems: the legal issues (2003)

Abstract Electronic commerce over the Internet is growing at an increasing pace worldwide. Maintenance of electronic commerce systems is thus becoming an increasingly important IT activity. In this paper the legal issues concerned with the maintenance of electronic commerce systems are examined based on detailed case studies in two U.K.‐based organizations, a marketing organization and a retail organization. Even seemingly trivial maintenance activities of electronic commerce systems such as changing Web site text can have legal implications due to the variety of advertising, consumer protection, data protection and other legislation and regulation that potentially applies to electronic commerce activities. In addition, the potentially global nature of electronic commerce activities implies that maintenance activities of electronic commerce systems need to comply not only with the legislation and regulation within the country of the seller, but also potentially with the legislation and regulation within the country of the consumer as well. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
A cryopreservative procedure for storing cultivated and uncultivated amniotic fluid cells in liquid nitrogen. (1980)

The cryopreservation of cultured and uncultured amniotic fluid cells is of special importance in prenatal diagnosis. The freezing procedure presented gave a cell recovery of about 95% for cultivated human amniotic fluid cells combined with a rapid appearance of mitosis after inoculation.
Webwatch (2002)

This is the web site for the Collaborative Group for Learning Disability Research in the north west of the UK. The web site is well designed and straightforward, without fancy graphics, colour or movement. The home page is generally clear. It shows the contributing organisations and outlines the contents of some, but not all, the pages.
<title>Fiber optical Bragg grating sensors embedded in CFRP wires</title> (1999)

Based on the example application of Emmenbridge, a newly built steel-concrete-composite bridge in Switzerland with 47 m long built-in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) prestressing cables, we will present and analyze the process chain leading to a reliable surveillance of modern civil engineering structures with embedded fiber optical Bragg gratings. This consists first in the embedding of optical fibers and in-fiber Bragg gratings in long CFRP wires in an industrial environment, including fiber optical monitoring of the curing process. Then, various qualifying tests were done: annealing experiments for determining optical lifetime of the Bragg gratings used, dynamic and static tensile tests for estimating their mechanical lifetime under operation, push-out experiments to check adhesion of fiber/coating/matrix interfaces, and performance tests to determine strain and temperature sensitivity of the embedded Bragg gratings. Finally, the prestressing cables were equipped with the CFRP sensor wires and built into the bridge.
CHINA SURVEY OF FITNESS TRENDS FOR 2020 (2019)

Apply It! • Nation specificity of fitness trends should be considered by international fitness organizations or companies when making strategic plans in other countries. • Ten trends can be recognized as the current stable trends within the health/fitness industry in China.
Internet Exchange Route Server (2011)

The growing popularity of Internet exchange points (IXPs) brings a new
set of requirements to interconnect participating networks. While
bilateral exterior BGP sessions between exchange participants were
previously the most common means of exchanging reachability
information, the overhead associated with dense interconnection has
caused substantial operational scaling problems for IXP participants.
This document outlines a specification for multilateral
interconnections at IXPs. Multilateral interconnection describes a
method of exchanging routing information between three or more BGP
speakers using a single intermediate broker system, referred to as a
route server. Route servers are typically used on shared access media
networks such as Internet Exchanges (IXPs), to facilitate simplified
interconnection between multiple Internet routers on such a network.
Untangling the complexity of opioid receptor function (2018)

Mu opioid receptor agonists are among the most powerful analgesic medications but also among the most addictive. The current opioid crisis has energized a quest to develop opioid analgesics that are devoid of untoward effects. Since their discovery in the 1970's, there have been major advances in our understanding of the endogenous opioid systems that these drugs target. Yet many questions remain and the development of non-addictive opioid analgesics has not been achieved. However, access to new molecular, genetic and computational tools have begun to elucidate the structural dynamics of opioid receptors, the scaffolding that links them to intracellular signaling cascades, their cellular trafficking and the distinct ways that various opioid drugs modify them. This mini-review highlights some of the chemical and pharmacological findings and new perspectives that have arisen from studies using these tools. They reveal multiple layers of complexity of opioid receptor function, including a spatiotemporal specificity in opioid receptor-induced cellular signaling, ligand-directed biased signaling, allosteric modulation of ligand interactions, heterodimerization of different opioid receptors, and the existence of slice variants with different ligand specificity. By untangling these layers, basic research into the chemistry and pharmacology of opioid receptors is guiding the way towards deciphering the mysteries of tolerance and physical dependence that have plagued the field and is providing a platform for the development of more effective and safer opioids.
Embedded a low area 32-bit AES for image encryption/decryption application (2009)

Advance Encryption Standard (AES) hardware implementation in FPGA as well as in ASIC has been intensely discussing, especially in high-throughput over several tens Giga bit per second (Gbps). However, lower throughput and low area designs have also been investigated in recent years for the embedded hardware applications. This paper presents a 32-bit AES implementation with a low area of 110 slices which is the smallest design among the literature reports. This small core, suitable for inexpensive small size FPGA chip implementation, is embedded in Xilinx Spartan3E with MicroBlaze processor for image encryption/decryption applications.
Reduction of bias in neutron multiplicity assay using a weighted point model (2004)

Accurate assay of most common plutonium samples was the development goal for the nondestructive assay technique of neutron multiplicity counting. Over the past 20 years the technique has been proven for relatively pure oxides and small metal items. Unfortunately, the technique results in large biases when assaying large metal items. Limiting assumptions, such as unifoh multiplication, in the point model used to derive the multiplicity equations causes these biases for large dense items. A weighted point model has been developed to overcome some of the limitations in the standard point model. Weighting factors are detemiined from Monte Carlo calculations using the MCNPX code. Monte Carlo calculations give the dependence of the weighting factors on sample mass and geometry, and simulated assays using Monte Carlo give the theoretical accuracy of the weighted-point-model assay. Measured multiplicity data evaluated with both the standard and weighted point models are compared to reference values to give the experimental accuracy of the assay. Initial results show significant promise for the weighted point model in reducing or eliminating biases in the neutron multiplicity assay of metal items. The negative biases observed in the assay of plutonium metal samples are caused by variations in the neutron multiplication for neutrons originating in various locations in the sample. The bias depends on the mass and shape of the sample and depends on the amount and energy distribution of the ({alpha},n) neutrons in the sample. When the standard point model is used, this variable-multiplication bias overestimates the multiplication and alpha values of the sample, and underestimates the plutonium mass. The weighted point model potentially can provide assay accuracy of {approx}2% (1 {sigma}) for cylindrical plutonium metal samples &lt; 4 kg with {alpha} &lt; 1 without knowing the exact shape of the samples, provided that the ({alpha},n) source is uniformly distributed throughout the sample and has an average neutron energy close to the O({alpha},n) average neutron energy. Better assay results can be obtained if there is some knowledge of the plutonium geometry, because weighting factor curves can be calculated for any specified geometry.
Immune responses to model antigen elicited by immunization via conjunctiva associated lymphoid tissue (2012)

Abstract Purpose There is an excessive demand to develop vaccines against many of the pathogens that infect mucosal tissues or have a mucosal port of entry. Parenteral vaccination may protect in some instances, but usually a mucosal vaccination route is of vital importance as the strongest immune response is obtained at the site of vaccine application and in anatomically adjacent mucosae. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of conjunctiva‐associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) as a mucosal route of immunization. Methods BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were immunized via conjunctiva with tetanus toxoid (TTd) as a model antigen. 100 μg/mouse of TTd was applied onto conjunctiva of each eye, together with merthiolate‐inactivated B. pertussis, which served as adjuvant. Control mice were immunized subcutaneously with 100 μg/mouse of TTd. Results We found TTd‐specific IgG and IgA in tears and sera of both mice strains, in addition to IgG positive TTd‐specific cells. There was strong correlation between the amount of TTd‐specific antibodies in sera and the presence of TTd‐specific B cells in draining lymph nodes. B. pertussis enhanced IgG and IgA immune responses in both mouse strains. T cell activation (increase in CD25 expression and in percentages of CD4+, CD8+, and CD3+ cells) and B cell activation (increase in percentages of CD19+ CD25+ cells) occurred in all mice, but mice immunized with TTd in combination with B. pertussis had the strongest responses. Conclusion Immunization via conjunctiva induced TTd‐specific local and systemic immune responses. The strongest immune responses developed in mice that received TTd together with B. pertussis.