gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Mucocutaneous Herpes Simplex Virus Infections Unresponsive to Acyclovir With Topical Foscarnet Cream in AIDS Patients: A Phase I/II Study (1999)

The efficacy and toxicity of foscarnet cream for the treatment of mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus lesions or lesions that were clinically unresponsive to systemic acyclovir treatment (median, 30.5 days) in AIDS patients were studied in a phase I/II, open-label, nonrandomized multicenter trial. In the study, 20 patients with advanced stages of AIDS were treated with foscarnet 1% cream five times a day for a mean duration of 34.5 days. Response of index lesions (n = 20) was judged to be completely healed (8 lesions), excellent (4 lesions), or good (1 lesion) in 65% of lesions. The median time to first negative herpes simplex virus culture of index lesion was 8 days. Among 15 patients with pain at baseline, 11 had complete resolution of pain and 2 had at least a 50% reduction. Clinical adverse events included skin ulceration (4 patients), application site reactions (3 patients), fever (3 patients), and headache (3 patients). Five (25%) patients developed new lesions due to herpes simplex virus at sites other than those being treated topically while enrolled in the study. Topical foscarnet 1% cream appears to be a safe and effective treatment for acyclovir-unresponsive mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in AIDS patients.
Interfacial geometry in particle-forming phases of diblock copolymers (2022)

Frank-Kasper phases are complex particle packings known to form in a wide variety of hard and soft materials, including single-component AB diblock copolymer melts. An important open question in the context of this system is why these lower-symmetry packings are selected over the classical, higher-symmetry, body-centered cubic phase. To address this question, we simulated a library of diblock copolymer melts under intermediate-segregation conditions using self-consistent field theory and performed a combination of geometric and thermodynamic analyses. Our findings show that imprinting of the enclosing Voronoi polyhedra onto the micelle core is generally weak, but nonetheless coincides with sharpening of the interface between A and B monomers compared to more spherical cores. The corresponding reduction in enthalpy, which is the dominant contribution to the free energy, drives the bcc-$\ensuremath{\sigma}$ transition, overcoming increases in stretching penalties and giving way to more polyhedral micelle cores. These results offer insight into the stability and formation of Frank-Kasper phases under experimentally realistic conditions.
Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics of Artemisinin and its Derivatives in Cancer Cells (2006)

Secondary metabolites from plants can serve as defense against herbivores, microbes, viruses or competing plants. Many compounds from medicinal plants have pharmacological activities and thus may be a source for novel anti-tumor agents. We have analyzed natural products from traditional Chinese medicine during the past decade and focused our interest on the compound artemisinin from Artemisia annua L. (qinghao, sweet wormwood) and its derivatives. In addition to their anti-malarial properties, artemisinins are cytotoxic for cancer cells. The present review focuses on the mechanisms of action of artemisinins in cancer cells relating to: 1. anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects, 2. induction of apoptosis, 3. oxidative stress, 4. oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, and 5. multidrug resistance. Data on putative target molecules of artemisinins are presented and discussed, e.g. the translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP). Emphasis is given to pharmacogenomic approaches to analyze the pleiotropic nature of mechanisms of artemisinins in cancer cells.
On incorporating reliability considerations into control system designs (1981)

This paper considers reliability in designing control systems for large orbital structures that are expected to have appreciable flexibility. Reliability is considered for both the control configuration (i.e. selecting sensor and actuator locations over an admissible set) and the ultimate operation of the system. The approach presented is to construct a cost function that indicates the absolute goal of the system and, for a given structural design, to determine the lowest achievable costs conditioned on the failure states of the system (i.e. which actuators and sensors are operational). These costs are then weighted and summed to provide an overall system performance measure. This measure is then minimized over the set of admissible control configurations. The approach is illustrated using a beam that has four actuators with the goal of achieving a given parabolic shape.
Brake Perception-Reaction Times of Older and Younger Drivers (1993)

The time drivers require to react in braking situations underlies many practices in highway design and operations. There is concern whether the perception-reaction time (PRT) values used in current practice adequately meet the requirements of many older drivers. This study compared on-the-road brake PRTs for unsuspecting drivers in three age groups: 20–40, 65–69, and 70-plus years old. The method included features to enhance the ecological validity of the observed reactions: subjects drove their own vehicles in their normal manner; driving was on actual roadways; extended preliminary driving put the driver at ease and without expectation of unusual events at the time of the braking incident; the incident occurred at a location lacking features that might enhance alertness (e.g., curves, crests, driveways). Subjects drove an extended route, under the guise that they were making periodic judgments about “road quality.” At one point, a large crash barrel was remotely released from behind brush on a berm and rolled toward the driver's path. Although most of the fastest observed PRTs were from the young group, there were no differences in central tendency (mean = 1.5 s) or upper percentile values (85th percentile = 1.9 s) among the age groups. Furthermore, the current highway design value of 2.5 seconds for brake PRT appears adequate to cover the full range of drivers.
Haptoglobin phenotypes, which one is better and when? (2006)

Haptoglobin (Hp) phenotype 2-2 presents characteristics of being an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and more significant in diabetic CVD. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), due to various processes that take place simultaneously, the combined effect is different in the elderly and the young. In older patients (> 60 years), Hp 2-2 is associated with a greater risk for cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality. In younger (< 60 years) hemodialysis patients, infections and high hemoglobin turnover are predominant, and patients with Hp 2-2 have a longer survivorship than those with Hp 1-1. The functional differences between the Hp phenotypes are most probably due to their antioxidative property and to macrophage activation with differential release of cytokines.
Towards subpercentage uncertainty proton stopping‐power mapping via dual‐energy CT: Direct experimental validation and uncertainty analysis of a statistical iterative image reconstruction method (2022)

Observed JSIR-BVM SPR estimation errors were all less than 50% of the estimated k = 1 total uncertainty of our benchmarking experiment, demonstrating that JSIR-BVM high spatial resolution, low-noise SPR mapping is feasible and is robust to variations in the geometry of the scanned object. In contrast, the much larger H-S SPR estimation errors are dominated by imaging noise and residual beam-hardening artifacts. While the uncertainties characteristic of our current JSIR-BVM implementation can be as large as 1.5%, achieving < 1% total uncertainty is feasible by improving the accuracy of scanner-specific scatter-profile and photon-spectrum estimates. With its robustness to beam-hardening artifact, image noise, and variations in phantom size and geometry, JSIR-BVM has the potential to achieve high spatial-resolution SPR mapping with subpercentage accuracy and estimated uncertainty in the clinical setting.
Stichprobengewichtung: Ist Repräsentativität machbar? (1994)

Bei der Analyse repräsentativer Stichprobenerhebungen werden zur Schätzung von Populationsmerkmalen in der Regel Gewichtungsvariablen herangezogen. Im folgenden Beitrag werden — sowohl theoretisch begründbare wie auch rein pragmatische — Ansätze zur Konstruktion von Gewichtsvariablen untersucht und die Probleme, die durch ihre Anwendung auftreten können, diskutiert: Die erwünschte Verbesserung erfolgt oft nur unter speziellen Modellannahmen von deren Gültigkeit in der Regel nicht ausgegangen werden kann.
Twist-induced guidance in coreless photonic crystal fiber: A helical channel for light (2016)

A century ago, Einstein proposed that gravitational forces were the result of the curvature of space-time and predicted that light rays would deflect when passing a massive celestial object. We report that twisting the periodically structured "space" within a coreless photonic crystal fiber creates a helical channel where guided modes can form despite the absence of any discernible core structure. Using a Hamiltonian optics analysis, we show that the light rays follow closed spiral or oscillatory paths within the helical channel, in close analogy with the geodesics of motion in a two-dimensional gravitational field. The mode diameter shrinks, and its refractive index rises, as the twist rate increases. The birefringence, orbital angular momentum, and dispersion of these unusual modes are explored.
Preferred hexoses influence long-term memory and induction of lactose catabolism by Streptococcus mutans (2018)

ABSTRACT Bacteria prioritize sugar metabolism via carbohydrate catabolite repression, which regulates global gene expression to optimize the catabolism of preferred substrates. Here, we report an unusual long-term memory effect in certain Streptococcus mutans strains that alters adaptation to growth on lactose after prior exposure to glucose or fructose. In strain GS-5, cells that were first cultured on fructose then transferred to lactose displayed an exceptionally long lag (&gt;11 h) and slower growth, compared to cells first cultured on glucose or cellobiose, which displayed a reduction in lag phase by as much as 10 h. Mutants lacking the cellobiose-PTS or phospho-β-glucosidase lost the accelerated growth on lactose associated with prior culturing on glucose. The memory effects of glucose or fructose on lactose catabolism were not as profound in strain UA159, but the lag phase was considerably shorter in mutants lacking the glucose-PTS EII Man . Interestingly, when S . mutans was cultivated on lactose, significant quantities of free glucose accumulated in the medium, with higher levels found in the cultures of strains lacking EII Man , glucokinase, or both. Free glucose was also detected in cultures that were utilizing cellobiose or trehalose, albeit at lower levels. Such release of hexoses by S . mutans is likely of biological significance as it was found that cells required small amounts of glucose or other preferred carbohydrates to initiate efficient growth on lactose. These findings suggest that S . mutans modulates the induction of lactose utilization based on its prior exposure to glucose or fructose, which can be liberated from common disaccharides. IMPORTANCE Understanding the molecular mechanisms employed by oral bacteria to control sugar metabolism is key to developing novel therapies for management of dental caries and other oral diseases. Lactose is a naturally occurring disaccharide that is abundant in dairy products and commonly ingested by humans. However, for the dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans , relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate expression of genes required for lactose uptake and catabolism. Two peculiarities of lactose utilization by S . mutans are explored here: a) S . mutans excretes glucose that it cleaves from lactose and b) prior exposure to certain carbohydrates can result in a long-term inability to use lactose. The study begins to shed light on how S . mutans may bet-hedge to optimize its persistence and virulence in the human oral cavity.
[Tutorials: 2 abstracts] (2015)

These tutorial discuss the following: reliability engineering in Web applications; and key principles in good governance of open source software and services at enterprises.
Low-Temperature Preparation of Highly Conductive Thin Films from Acrylic Acid-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles Prepared through Ligand Exchange (2010)

The preparation of AcA-stabilized Ag nanoparticles and its application to make highly conductive thin films are reported. The AcA-stabilized Ag nanoparticles were prepared through a ligand exchange of original oleylamine (OLA)-coated Ag nanoparticles with acrylic acid (AcA), which acted as both an antisolvent and a modifying ligand during the ligand exchange process. Efficiencies of the ligand exchange as well as the properties of Ag nanoparticles were analyzed using various techniques including TEM, FT-IR, XPS, TGA, and UV-vis methods. The thin films were fabricated by annealing spin-coated AcA-stabilized Ag nanoparticles. Further, the effects of annealing temperature, time, and film thickness on both the film morphology and electrical conductivity have been investigated. In this work, due to the low boiling temperature of stabilizer (AcA) and adjustment of annealing conditions, high electrical conductivity was obtained for the Ag thin films. For example, when annealing at 175 °C for 30 min, a 70 nm thick film showed a maximum electrical conductivity of 1.12 × 10(5) S cm(-1). A conductive layer on a flexible polymer substrate (e.g., PET) sheet has been successfully prepared by annealing a spin-coated film at 140 °C for 30 min. The combined advantages of long-term stability of the AcA-stabilized Ag nanoparticles, low annealing temperature, and high conductivity of the prepared thin films make this relatively simple method attractive for applications in flexible electronics.
Mammalian cones: disc shedding, phagocytosis, and renewal. (1978)

During the past several years we have examined a variety of different mammalian retinas for ultrastructural evidence of cone disc shedding and RPE phagocytosis. In this paper we review our previously published evidence from squirrel and human retinas as well as present new evidence of cone disc shedding in rhesus monkey and cat. All these species show definitive evidence for the shedding of discs from cone outer segments and the phagocytosis of shed discs by apical processes of the RPE; both of these events closely resemble those described for mammalian rods. The occurrence of cone disc shedding leads directly to the conclusion that new membrane must be added to the cone outer segment in order to maintain its length. The successive evaginations, which are observed at the bases of cone outer segments, we consider to be indirect evidence for the addition of new discs. Finally, we propose a model for the structural organization of mammalian cone outer segments.
Design of a differential image motion monitor for measurement of optical turbulence in support of dynamic range tests (2011)

We report on the development, construction, and use of a Differential Image Motion Monitor (DIMM) for measuring optical atmospheric turbulence over static and dynamic maritime ranges. The optical properties of the DIMM that make it suitable for such measurements will be presented along with a detailed overview of its software systems. Particular emphasis will be given to the numerical methods, image feature recognition, and learning filters implemented in the DIMM software.
Towards Improved Understanding of the Applicability of Uncertainty Forecasts in the Electric Power Industry (2017)

Around the world wind energy is starting to become a major energy provider in electricity markets, as well as participating in ancillary services markets to help maintain grid stability. The reliability of system operations and smooth integration of wind energy into electricity markets has been strongly supported by years of improvement in weather and wind power forecasting systems. Deterministic forecasts are still predominant in utility practice although truly optimal decisions and risk hedging are only possible with the adoption of uncertainty forecasts. One of the main barriers for the industrial adoption of uncertainty forecasts is the lack of understanding of its information content (e.g., its physical and statistical modeling) and standardization of uncertainty forecast products, which frequently leads to mistrust towards uncertainty forecasts and their applicability in practice. This paper aims at improving this understanding by establishing a common terminology and reviewing the methods to determine, estimate, and communicate the uncertainty in weather and wind power forecasts. This conceptual analysis of the state of the art highlights that: (i) end-users should start to look at the forecast’s properties in order to map different uncertainty representations to specific wind energy-related user requirements; (ii) a multidisciplinary team is required to foster the integration of stochastic methods in the industry sector. A set of recommendations for standardization and improved training of operators are provided along with examples of best practices.
Trend of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy: Isoform Selectivity or Multitargeted Strategy (2014)

Pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has been successfully applied in the treatment of a wide range of disorders, including Parkinson's disease, infection, cardiac diseases, inflammation, and especially cancer. HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) have been proved to be effective antitumor agents by various stages of investigation. At present, there are two opposite focuses of HDACI design in the cancer therapy, highly selective inhibitor strategy and dual- or multitargeted inhibitors. The former method, which is supposed to elucidate the function of individual HDAC and provide candidate inhibitors with fewer side effects, has been widely accepted by the inhibitor developer. The latter approach, though less practiced, has promising potential for the antitumor therapy based on HDACIs. Effective HDACIs, some of which are in clinic anticancer research, have been developed by both methods. In order to gain insight into HDACI design, the strategies and achievements of the two diverse methods are reviewed.
Extremely Regioselective Intramolecular Silylformylation of Alkynes (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExtremely Regioselective Intramolecular Silylformylation of AlkynesIwao Ojima, Ephraim Vidal, Maria Tzamarioudaki, and Isamu MatsudaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 25, 6797–6798Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00130a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00130a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views348Altmetric-Citations66LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
An H/sub /spl infin// deconvolution filter and its application to ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation of materials (1999)

Deconvolution can be a valuable technique for interpreting results of ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) tests of materials. This is especially true for state-of-the-art hybrid materials. In this paper, a new H/sub /spl infin// deconvolution filter is presented. The filter is applied to typical ultrasonic NDE data, including through-transmission data for aluminum and composite samples. The results are compared to those obtained from a Wiener deconvolution filter. The performance of the H/sub /spl infin// filter is as good or better than the performance of the Wiener filter.
Dynamics of Atomic Stick-Slip Friction Examined with Atomic Force Microscopy and Atomistic Simulations at Overlapping Speeds (2015)

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and atomistic simulations of atomic friction with silicon oxide tips sliding on Au(111) are conducted at overlapping speeds. Experimental data unambiguously reveal a stick-slip friction plateau above a critical scanning speed, in agreement with the thermally activated Prandtl-Tomlinson (PTT) model. However, friction in experiments is larger than in simulations. PTT energetic parameters for the two are comparable, with minor differences attributable to the contact area's influence on the barrier to slip. Recognizing that the attempt frequency may be determined by thermal vibrations of the larger AFM tip mass or instrument noise fully resolves the discrepancy. Thus, atomic stick-slip is well described by the PTT model if sources of slip-assisting energy are accounted for.
Access to artificial reproduction technology in the Nordic countries in 2004 (2009)

The main differences among the countries concern the legislation, the cost of the treatments and how those are subsidized.
Rate-distortion optimized video peer-to-peer multicast streaming (2005)

We study peer-to-peer multicast streaming, where a source distributes real-time video to a large population of hosts by making use of their forwarding capacity rather than relying on dedicated media servers. Hosts which may disconnect at any time, therefore a robust control protocol is needed to maintain connectivity among peers. This work presents a new peer-to-peer multicast protocol and analyzes the gains that video coding and prioritized packet scheduling at the application layer can bring to the overall streaming performance. A rate-distortion model which predicts end-to-end video quality in throughput limited environments is presented and used to determine the over-provisioning necessary to avoid self-inflicted congestion. The video stream transmitted by the source contains H.264 SP and SI frames, which are used to adaptively stop error propagation due to packet loss. Distortion-optimized retransmission requests are issued by receiving hosts to recover the most important missing packets while limiting the induced congestion. Experiments for several hundred hosts simulated in NS-2 illustrate the benefits of our system. We achieve typical end-to-end delays of 1 sec, and a stable video quality with less than 2.5% of frames lost to playout interruptions.