gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generative Question Refinement with Deep Reinforcement Learning in Retrieval-based QA System (2019)

In real-world question-answering (QA) systems, ill-formed questions, such as wrong words, ill word order, and noisy expressions, are common and may prevent the QA systems from understanding and answering them accurately. In order to eliminate the effect of ill-formed questions, we approach the question refinement task and propose a unified model, QREFINE, to refine the ill-formed questions to well-formed question. The basic idea is to learn a Seq2Seq model to generate a new question from the original one. To improve the quality and retrieval performance of the generated questions, we make two major improvements: 1) To better encode the semantics of ill-formed questions, we enrich the representation of questions with character embedding and the recent proposed contextual word embedding such as BERT, besides the traditional context-free word embeddings; 2) To make it capable to generate desired questions, we train the model with deep reinforcement learning techniques that considers an appropriate wording of the generation as an immediate reward and the correlation between generated question and answer as time-delayed long-term rewards. Experimental results on real-world datasets show that the proposed QREFINE method can generate refined questions with more readability but fewer mistakes than the original questions provided by users. Moreover, the refined questions also significantly improve the accuracy of answer retrieval.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOZINK‐VERBINDUNGEN 14. MITT. ZINKORGANISCHKATALYSIERTE LACTONPOLYMERISATION, EINWIRKUNG VON METHYLAETHOXYZINK UND (AETHYLZINK)‐DIPHENYLAMIN AUF BETA‐PROPIOLACTON (1970)

Abstract Die C‐O‐Bindung im Ring des β‐Propiolactons (I) kann mit Äthylzinkmethylat selektiv gespalten werden, wobei nach Hydrolyse die Hydroxycarbonsäureester (II) und (III) entstehen.
Molecular Profiling of Clear Cell Myoepithelial Carcinoma of Salivary Glands With EWSR1 Rearrangement Identifies Frequent PLAG1 Gene Fusions But No EWSR1 Fusion Transcripts (2020)

Myoepithelial carcinoma of salivary glands is an underrecognized and challenging entity with a broad morphologic spectrum, including an EWSR1-rearranged clear cell variant. Myoepithelial carcinoma is generally aggressive with largely unknown genetic features. A retrospective review of Salivary Gland Tumor Registry in Pilsen searching for the key words "clear cell myoepithelial carcinoma," "hyalinizing clear cell," and "clear cell malignant myoepithelioma" yielded 94 clear cell myoepithelial carcinomas (CCMCs) for molecular analysis of EWSR1 rearrangement using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Tumors positive for EWSR1 gene rearrangement were tested by next-generation sequencing (NGS) using fusion-detecting panels. NGS results were confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction or by FISH. Twenty-six tumors originally diagnosed as CCMC (26/94, 27.6%) revealed split signals for EWSR1 by FISH. Six of these tumors (6/26, 23%) displayed amplification of the EWSR1 locus. Fifteen cases were analyzable by NGS, whereas 9 were not, and tissue was not available in 2 cases. None of the CCMCs with EWSR1 rearrangements detected by FISH had an EWSR1 fusion transcript. Fusion transcripts were detected in 6 cases (6/15, 40%), including LIFR-PLAG1 and CTNNB1-PLAG1, in 2 cases each, and CHCHD7-PLAG1 and EWSR1-ATF1 fusions were identified in 1 case each. Seven cases, including those with PLAG1 fusion, were positive for PLAG1 rearrangement by FISH, with notable exception of CHCHD7-PLAG1, which is an inversion not detectable by FISH. One single case with EWSR1-ATF1 fusion in NGS showed ATF1 gene rearrangement by FISH and was reclassified as clear cell carcinoma (CCC). In addition, another 4 cases revealed ATF1 rearrangement by FISH and were reclassified as CCC as well. Moreover, 12/68 (17%) CCMCs with intact EWSR1 gene were selected randomly and analyzed by NGS. PLAG1 fusions were found in 5 cases (5/12, 41.6%) with LIFR (2 cases), FGFR1 (2 cases), and CTNNB1 (1 case) as partner genes. Overall, PLAG1 gene rearrangements were detected in 10/38 (26%) tested cases. None of the tumors had SMARCB1 loss by immunohistochemistry as a possible explanation for the EWSR1 abnormalities in FISH. Novel findings in our NGS study suggest that EWSR1-FISH positive CCMC is a gene fusion-driven disease with frequent oncogenic PLAG1 fusions, including LIFR-PLAG1 and CTNNB1-PLAG1 in most cases. Productive EWSR1 fusions are found only in a minority of EWSR1-ATF1-rearranged cases, which were in part reclassifiable as CCCs. Detectable EWSR1-FISH abnormality in CCMCs without gene fusion perhaps represents a passenger mutation with minor or no oncologic effect.
Electrochemical Properties of Sn-Based Electrodes for Na-Ion Batteries (2012)

Abstract not Available.
Rhodopsin phosphorylation suggests biochemical heterogeneities of retinal rod disks (1979)

Frogs (Rana pipiens) were injected subcutaneously with (3H)-leucine and allowed to incorporate the radioactive amino acid into newly assembled disks in the retinal rod outer segment. The labeled disks served as a temporal marker for following the turnover of rod outer segments. Animals were killed at different times after injection and outer segments were isolated and phosphorylated with ATP in the light. The visual pigment (as isorhodopsin) was regenerated with 9-cis retinal, extracted, and chromatographed on epichlorohydrin triethanolamine cellulose so that phosphorylated pigment could be separated from unphosphorylated pigment. The ratio of (3H)-radioactivity of phosphorylated pigment to that of unphosphorylated pigment was then plotted against the time after injection. The ratio was high when (3H)-labeled disks were largely associated with the basal region of the rod and decreased as the labeled disks moved toward the rod apical region. The results were interpreted as suggesting that newer disks are phosphorylated preferentially to older disks. Papain digestion of (3H)-labeled disks indicated that rhodopsin in newer disks is more susceptible to proteolysis than that in older disks.
Lymphatic Vessel Hypertrophy in Inflamed Human Tonsils (2010)

The structural and molecular properties of the human tonsil lymphatic microvascular system are important to understand as these features likely contribute to fluid balance, immunity, and tumor metastasis. The tonsil is a unique lymphoid organ in that it is in intimate contact with the contents of the upper aerodigestive tract and that there are no identifiable afferent lymphatics. Conventional immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated a remarkable degree of lymphatic vessel architecture within the tonsil; LYVE-1-positive lymphatic vessels were detected around each germinal center and in the marginal regions between the follicles. High resolution confocal laser scanning immunofluoresence microscopy demonstrated that individual lymphatic endothelial cells had a classic 'oak leaf' shape and discontinuous expression of CD31 and VE-cadherin; characteristics hypothesized to be related to fluid and cellular transport. A comparative analysis demonstrated a dramatic increase in lymphatic but not blood vessel density and complexity in inflamed compared to noninflamed tonsil tissue. The results of this study describe the spatial organization of the tonsil lymphatic vasculature, discontinuous expression of CD31 and VE-cadherin in human lymphatic capillaries, and a change in lymphatic vessel morphology in response to inflammation.
10 Gb/s x 2 ch signal unrepeated transmission over 100 km of data rate enhanced time-spread/wavelength-hopping OCDM using 2.5-Gb/s-FBG en/decoder (2003)

We developed data rate enhanced time-spread/wavelength-hopping optical code-division multiplexing using 2.5-Gb/s fiber Bragg grating encoder/decoder and achieved 10 Gb/s /spl times/ 2 ch signal unrepeated transmission over 100 km distance. Five-chip multiwavelength prime hop code in the 1550.4-1553.6-nm region with spacing of 0.8 nm was used.
Doppler Activity and Ultrasonographic Detection of Intra-Abdominal Fistulas Are Predictors of Surgery in Crohn’s Disease (2020)

US features may potentially be used as point-of-care tools to aid clinicians in the assessment of the surgical risk in patients with SCD.
A method for correcting the functionality of a wire-pipelined circuit (2004)

As across-chip interconnect delays can exceed a clock cycle, wire pipelining becomes essential in high performance designs. Although it allows higher clock frequencies, it may change the microarchitecture altogether because of the arbitrary increase in the latencies of the paths and cycles of the circuit. This paper proposes a method to regain the functionality of a wire-pipelined circuit. In this approach, increased cycle latencies are compensated by slowing down the issue rate of the inputs. Our method finds the optimal value of the slowdown required for a circuit as it directly affects the throughput of the circuit. We also incorporate area minimization in our formulation to minimize the number of extra flip-flops added to the circuit. The formulation is tested on circuits derived from ISCAS benchmarks and the results suggest that wire pipelining increases the overall throughput in most of the cases.
The Logical Access Path Schema of a Database (1982)

A new schema which models the usage of the logical access paths of the database is proposed. The schema models all database activities (i.e., retrievals and updates), and integrates their logical access paths by recognizing common subpaths and increasing the "weight" of the shared subpaths. The logical access path schema provides a comprehensive picture of the logical access paths, and the cumulative usage of the shared subpaths and/or intermediate results. The schema serves a dual purpose. Firstly, it is used as a model of the access requirements during the database design, and secondly, as the basis for optimization during the operation of the database.
The Scsi Bus and Ide Interface: Protocols, Applications and Programming (1995)

From the Publisher:
As the pace of change in business and technology continues to quicken, the business systems that are key to the enterprise's ability to adapt and prosper must also change rapidly. The expansion of enterprise computing into the world of the Internet makes the task of developing, deploying, and maintaining today's information systems even more challenging. With its modular approach to programming and capacity to manage complexity, object technology holds the key to success for enterprise computing to meet these challenges. Enterprise Computing with Objects helps the reader place rapidly evolving technologies-the Internet, the World Wide Web, distributed computing, object technology and client/server systems-in their appropriate context in relation to modern information systems. The authors distinguish what is essential from what is incidental, while imparting a clear understanding of how the underlying technologies fit together. The book examines essential topics, including data persistence, security, performance, scalability, and development tools. Even readers with existing experience in object technology or client/server programming can benefit from the perspectives offered here. With this book as an aid, designers and developers can better transition their information systems into the twenty-first century.
Abstract 023: Quantification Of White Matter Lesion Volume From Clinical T1 Weighted Magnetic Resonance Images To Predict Functional Outcomes Post-thrombectomy (2022)

Background: Endovascular treatment (EVT) has immense benefits for patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO). However, many patients do not achieve functional independence despite successful EVT. This may be due to concurrent cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) mitigating recovery. CSVD manifests as white matter hypointensities on T1-weighted (T1w) MRI and is usually qualitatively assessed from clinical-quality MRI, which does not allow for objective quantification. Objectives: Implement a processing pipeline to quantify white matter hypointensity volume (WMHV) from clinical images and examine WMHV's influence on functional outcomes post successful EVT. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the Atrium Wake Forest Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm Registry (n=602) collected between 2015 - 2021. We selected patients with LVO who underwent successful EVT, defined as a Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score of 2B or better. Clinical T1w images were transformed into high-resolution images using the convolutional neural network SynthSR. Then, FreeSurfer was used to quantify baseline WMHV from the side of the brain contralateral to the stroke to minimize stroke interference. To correct for head size, WMHV was adjusted to the estimated total intracranial volume and then log-transformed to address skewness. Results: The analysis included 213 patients (mean age 67.5 ± 14.6, 49.3% (105 of 213) female) who had MRI of sufficient quality for assessment and 90-day mRS. Baseline WMHV was significantly predictive of 90-day mRS in an ordinal regression model adjusted for baseline mRS (p&lt;0.001). After adjusting for confounders and comorbidities, WMHV remained an independent predictor of 90-day mRS (p&lt;0.001). Conclusions: Increased volume of white matter hypointensities correlates with poorer functional outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy and may attenuate EVT benefit. Furthermore, advances in neural networks enable the quantification of cerebral small vessel disease from clinical T1w MRI. Such approaches expand the utility of clinical imaging for research purposes.
Electrical characterization of Ar-ion-bombardment-induced damage in Au/Si and PtSi/Si Schottky barrier contacts (2001)

Au/Si and PtSi/Si Schottky contacts were prepared on n-Si(100) substrates which had been previously subjected to an Ar ion bombardment with well defined energies ranging from 100 eV to 1.5 keV. Samples were investigated by current-voltage (I-V) measurements, ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Both I-V and BEEM results show that the effective Schottky barrier height (SBH) decreases with increasing Ar ion energy. The lowering of the barrier height is attributed to the bombardment-induced donor-like defects with relatively high densities near the silicon surface. DLTS spectra show the presence of defect levels both in the form of discrete energy levels and as a continuum of states. The oxygen-vacancy pair located at 0.16 eV below the conduction band is the dominant defect for the samples bombarded by 100 and 200 eV Ar ions and its peak signal intensity is similar for the two energies. For 300 eV or higher-energy ion-bombarded samples, other defects develop and become dominant. Their peak signal intensities increase monotonically with Ar ion energy. The variation of the DLTS spectra is in qualitative agreement with the tendency of effective SBH lowering for increasing energy of the bombarding Ar ions.
MAC implementation for IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN (2002)

This paper presents the implementation of IEEE 802.11 enhanced MAC (medium access control) layer that can be applied to wireless LAN for multimedia services. It is implemented in a hardware prototype that can interface with not only OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplex) physical layer at 5 GHz but also DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum) physical layer at 2.4 GHz. The prototype can easily support the interface between the MAC layer and one of the two physical layers by changing the logic in a FPGA (field programmable gate array). To meet the high-speed requirement of physical layers, we designed the MAC protocol layer with hardwired logic and embedded firmware. This prototype can be utilized to the development of System IC (integrated circuit) for wireless communication.
HOnnotate: A Method for 3D Annotation of Hand and Object Poses (2020)

We propose a method for annotating images of a hand manipulating an object with the 3D poses of both the hand and the object, together with a dataset created using this method. Our motivation is the current lack of annotated real images for this problem, as estimating the 3D poses is challenging, mostly because of the mutual occlusions between the hand and the object. To tackle this challenge, we capture sequences with one or several RGB-D cameras and jointly optimize the 3D hand and object poses over all the frames simultaneously. This method allows us to automatically annotate each frame with accurate estimates of the poses, despite large mutual occlusions. With this method, we created HO-3D, the first markerless dataset of color images with 3D annotations for both the hand and object. This dataset is currently made of 77,558 frames, 68 sequences, 10 persons, and 10 objects. Using our dataset, we develop a single RGB image-based method to predict the hand pose when interacting with objects under severe occlusions and show it generalizes to objects not seen in the dataset.
SHV-27, a novel cefotaxime-hydrolysing beta-lactamase, identified in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from a Brazilian hospital (2001)

From a collection of cefotaxime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from neonatal blood culture specimens in a maternity hospital in Aracaju, Brazil, two isolates (strains KPBRZ-842 and -843, indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) were found to produce beta-lactamases with isoelectric points (pI) of 5.4 and 8.2, respectively. Using a gel overlay method, cefotaxime hydrolysis was shown to be associated with the pI 8.2 protein. Nucleotide sequencing of the gene encoding the pI 8.2 beta-lactamase revealed a bla(SHV-ESBL)-type gene differing from the gene encoding SHV-1 by three silent point mutations, and a fourth that resulted in an amino acid substitution, aspartate for glycine, at position 156. This novel SHV-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase is designated SHV-27.
The Role of Topotecan in the Treatment of Brain Metastases (2004)

Despite advances in the treatment of systemic malignancies, the prognosis for patients with brain metastases continues to be dismal. Because the majority of cytotoxic agents seem to be unable to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, the role of chemotherapy in the treatment of brain metastases remains controversial. However, growing amounts of both laboratory and clinical data suggest that a few of the newly developed cytotoxic agents can cross the blood-brain barrier and may have a role in the treatment of patients with brain metastases. Topotecan, a novel topoisomerase I inhibitor, freely crosses the blood-brain barrier and may be clinically effective in both the therapeutic and prophylactic settings in patients with brain metastases. Recent studies have demonstrated the antitumor activity of topotecan against brain metastases, with objective response rates ranging from 33%-63% in patients with various solid tumors. The antitumor response in the central nervous system was often greater and occurred more quickly than the systemic antitumor response to topotecan treatment. This result may be explained by the lack of exposure of brain metastases to previous cytotoxic agents, suggesting a role for topotecan in patients with brain metastases. Early studies have also suggested that topotecan, an apparent radiosensitizer, may be particularly effective in combination with radiotherapy, the current standard of care for patients with brain metastases. In addition, preliminary data suggest that topotecan in combination with temozolomide (another cytotoxic agent that can cross the blood-brain barrier) may have synergistic antitumor activity against brain metastases. This review summarizes the available preclinical and clinical evidence for the role of topotecan in the treatment of brain metastases and concludes with three case studies.
Electrochemical Behaviour of Hydrogen in Low-Viscosity Phosphonium Ionic Liquids (2011)

The electrochemical and diffusive properties of hydrogen in low-viscosity phosphonium ionic liquids were investigated by the electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The hydrogen redox reactions were concluded to be a quasi-reversible system in phosphonium-based ionic liquids. The diffusion coefficients of hydrogen in these ionic liquids were of the order of 10 -10 m 2 s -1 at 25 ° C. Additionally, the obtained activation energy of the diffusion process for hydrogen was 11.2 - 15:9 kJ mol -1 estimated from the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients. A new type of proton conducting medium such as triethylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide was synthesized by the neutralization reaction, because the trialkylphosphine-based ionic liquids with good stability at higher temperature and high conductivity were appropriate candidates. This proton conducting membrane containing the ionic liquids with trialkylphosphine-based cations and the polyvinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene has been fabricated in the present study. The proton conducting membrane exhibits relatively high ionic conductivity along with good mechanical stability.
Current management of uveal melanoma (2007)

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary malignancy of the eye and frequently leads to metastatic death. Until the mid-20th Century, the only treatment for uveal melanoma was enucleation. Since then, many new globe-sparing options have been developed, including plaque brachytherapy, charged particle radiotherapy, transpupillary thermotherapy, stereotactic radiotherapy and local resection. Despite these advances, it remains unclear what effect they are having on patient survival. Recent research has identified highly accurate molecular markers of metastasis and has provided new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of uveal melanoma. Based on these discoveries, a new treatment paradigm is emerging that combines prompt treatment of the primary tumor with molecular predictive testing and, eventually, prophylactic systemic treatment in patients at high risk of metastasis. Here, we present an update of the outcomes, indications and complications of the current treatment options for uveal melanoma and speculate on likely improvements in management over the next 5 years.
Cask system design guidance for robotic handling (1990)

Remote automated cask handling has the potential to reduce both the occupational exposure and the time required to process a nuclear waste transport cask at a handling facility. The ongoing Advanced Handling Technologies Project (AHTP) at Sandia National Laboratories is described. AHTP was initiated to explore the use of advanced robotic systems to perform cask handling operations at handling facilities for radioactive waste, and to provide guidance to cask designers regarding the impact of robotic handling on cask design. The proof-of-concept robotic systems developed in AHTP are intended to extrapolate from currently available commercial systems to the systems that will be available by the time that a repository would be open for operation. The project investigates those cask handling operations that would be performed at a nuclear waste repository facility during cask receiving and handling. The ongoing AHTP indicates that design guidance, rather than design specification, is appropriate, since the requirements for robotic handling do not place severe restrictions on cask design but rather focus on attention to detail and design for limited dexterity. The cask system design features that facilitate robotic handling operations are discussed, and results obtained from AHTP design and operation experience are summarized. The application of these design considerations is illustrated by discussion of the robot systems and their operation on cask feature mock-ups used in the AHTP project. 11 refs., 11 figs.