gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytokine expression in the brain during the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (1992)

The pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) disease in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is poorly understood but may be related to specific effects of the immune system. Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 may have toxic effects on CNS cells and have been postulated to contribute to the pathogenesis of the neurological complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To characterize viral and immunological activity in the CNS, frozen specimens taken at autopsy from the cerebral cortex and white matter of HIV-seropositive and -seronegative individuals were stained immunocytochemically for mononuclear cells, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, HIV, astrocytes, and the cytokines interleukin-1 and -6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and -beta, and interferon gamma. Levels of soluble CD4, CD8, and interleukin-2 receptor, as well as interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, beta 2-microglobulin, neopterin, and interleukin-6 and -1 beta were assayed in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of many of these individuals during life. The HIV-seropositive group included individuals without neurological disease, those with CNS opportunistic infections, and those with HIV encephalopathy. Perivascular cells, consisting primarily of macrophages with some CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and rare B cells, were consistently MHC class II positive. MHC class II antigen was also present on microglial cells, which were frequently positive for tumor necrosis factor-alpha. HIV p24 antigen, when present, was found on macrophages and microglia. Endothelial cells were frequently positive for interleukin-1 and interferon gamma and less frequently for tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6. There were gliosis and significant increases in MHC class II antigen, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in HIV-positive patients compared to HIV-negative brains. Cerebrospinal fluid from most of the patients tested had increased levels of tumor necrosis factor, beta 2-microglobulin, and neopterin. There was no correlation in HIV-positive individuals between levels of cytokines and the presence or absence of CNS disease. These data indicate that there is a relative state of "immune activation" in the brains of HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative individuals, and suggest a potential role for the immune system in the pathogenesis of HIV encephalopathy.
ChemInform Abstract: Cross‐Metathesis of α‐Methylene‐β‐lactams: The First Tetrasubstituted Alkenes by CM. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Effect of Gas Pressure on Electron Field Emission from Carbon Nanotube Forests (2010)

This article quantifies the effect of the operating pressure of the H2 + C2H4 gas mixture on the current density and threshold voltage of the electron emission from dense forests of multiwalled carbon nanotubes synthesized using thermal catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition under near atmospheric pressure process conditions. The results suggest that in the pressure range of interest 400-700 Torr the field emission properties can be substantially improved by operating the process at lower gas pressures when the nanostructure aspect ratios are higher. The obtained threshold voltage approximately 1.75 V/microm and the emission current densities approximately 10 mA/cm2 offer competitive advantages compared with the results reported by other authors.
Electrochemical Characterizations and CMP Performance of Ru Slurry (2013)

Currently, the manufacture of integrated circuits and fabrication of electronic devices requires the use of various types of chemical mechanical polishing compositions to selectively remove different metal, barrier, dielectric, low-k, ultra-low-k and other films at desirable rates to achieve the global planarization goal on the surfaces of patterned wafers. For more advanced node processing and applications, the copper metal lines are getting thinner and narrower, which leads to increased resistivity and causes electrical signal loss in the interconnection lines of the fabricated electronic devices. Therefore, new barrier layer materials other than Ta, TaN, Ti and TiN have been introduced in order to reduce the electrical signal loss beyond 20nm node applications. Ruthenium (Ru) has been used and tested as one of the new promising barrier layer materials. The introduction of Ru as a new barrier layer further complicates electrochemical and chemical reactions involved in a barrier chemical mechanical planarization process. Our studies focused on discovering the effects of key chemical components used in the CMP polishing compositions for polishing copper/ruthenium films and the effects of such polishing compositions on corrosion current, open circuit potential, galvanic corrosion and AC impedance on both ruthenium and copper films. The chemical mechanical polish results are reported together with these electrochemical studies. Using electrochemical studies, the effects of corrosion inhibitors on galvanic corrosion behavior at the Cu/Ru interface enables a more effective selection of suitable corrosion inhibitors for polishing Cu/Ru films.
Dilatancy and its relation to thixotropy (1938)

H. Freundlich and H. L. Röder, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1938, 34, 308 DOI: 10.1039/TF9383400308
Augmented-Reality Displays (1995)

Recent technological advancements in virtual environment equipment have led to the development of augmented reality displays for applications in medicine, manufacturing, and scientific visualization (Bajura et al., 1992; Janin et al., 1993; Milgram et al., 1991; Lion et al., 1993). However, even with technological advances in virtual environment equipment, the development of augmented reality displays are still in the early stages of development, primarily demonstrating the possibilities, the use, and the technical realization of the concept. The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature on the design and use of augmented reality displays, to suggest applications for this technology, and to suggest new techniques to create these displays. In addition, the chapter also discusses the technological issues associated with creating augmented realities such as image registration, update rate, and the range and sensitivity of position sensors. Furthermore, the chapter discusses humanfactors issues and visual requirements that should be considered when creating augmented-reality displays. Essentially, an augmented-reality display allows a designer to combine part or all of a real-world visual scene, with synthetic imagery. Typically, the real-world visual scene in an augmented-reality display is captured by video or directly viewed. In terms of descriptions of augmented reality found in the literature, Janin et al. (1993) used the term “augmented reality” to signify a see-through head-mounted display (HMD) which allowed the user to view his surroundings with the addition of computer graphics overlaid on the real-world scene. Similarly, Robinett (1992) suggested the term “augmented reality” for a real image that was being enhanced with synthetic parts; he called the result a “merged representation”. Finally, Fuchs and Neuman (1993) observed that an augmented-reality display combined a simulated environment with direct perception of the world with the capability to interactively manipulate the real or virtual object(s). Based on the above descriptions, most current augmented-reality displays are designed using see-through HMDs which allow the observer to view the real world directly with the naked eye. However, if video is used to capture the real world, one may use either an opaque HMD or a screen-based system to view the scene (Lion et al., 1993).
Fast progressive wavelet coding (1999)

Fast and efficient image compression can be achieved with the progressive wavelet coder (PWC) introduced. Unlike many previous wavelet coders, PWC does not rely on zerotrees or other ordering schemes based on parent-child wavelet relationships. PWC has a very simple structure, based on two key concepts: (1) data-independent reordering and blocking, and (2) low-complexity independent encoding of each block via adaptive Rice coding of bit planes. In that way, PWC allows for progressive image encoding that is scalable both in resolution and bit rate, with a fully embedded bitstream. PWC achieves a rate/distortion performance that is comparable to that of the state-of-the-art SPIHT (set partitioning in hierarchical trees) coder, but with a better performance/complexity ratio.
Does the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib sensitize to DNA-damaging therapy in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms? – A preclinical assessment in vitro and in vivo (2020)

We demonstrated that bortezomib has short-term sensitizing effects when combined with DNA damaging therapy by interfering with DNA repair in vitro and in ovo. Nevertheless, due to high tumor heterogeneity after PRRT in long-term observations, we were not able to prove a therapeutic advantage of bortezomib-combined PRRT in an in vivo mouse model.
Modulated backscatter for ultra-low power uplinks from wearable and implantable devices (2012)

Wearable and implantable wireless biomedical devices are often constrained by the limited bandwidth and high power consumption of their communication links. The VHF or UHF transceivers (e.g. MICS radios) traditionally used for this communication function have relatively high power consumption, on the order of mW, due to the high bias currents required for the analog sections of the radio. To reduce overall power consumption, both the data rate and the duty cycle of the radio are usually minimized, because the lifetime of the device is limited by the energy density of available battery technologies.
Execution trace graph based interface synthesis of signal processing dataflow programs for heterogeneous MPSoCs (2017)

Heterogeneous multiprocessor system-on-chip MPSoCs platforms can provide effective implementation solutions for a wide range of applications. Such processing platform potentially provides low-power massive parallelism capabilities, but the real challenge is the difficulty of programming applications so as to fully exploit their capabilities. Dataflow programming approaches, including the ones based on the CAL dataflow programming language, provides a solution for effectively designing both the reconfigurable hardware processing components such as FPGAs and the sequential multi-core CPU components. One of the more challenging design task for heterogeneous platforms is the configuration of the interface between each processing or storage component. It consists of determining the number and type of interfaces for the communication between the reconfigurable hardware and the sequential processor arrays of the MPSoCs. In this paper, a methodology that systematically identify and synthesizes the necessary interfaces when a dataflow program is first partitioned and mapped on the processing component of a MPSoCs. The methodology is based on the analysis of the data exchanges extracted by the abstract Execution Trace Graph of the dataflow program.
Single-wall carbon nanotubes and peapods investigated by EPR (2007)

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) prepared by the "super growth" method developed recently exhibit electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals, which can be attributed to itinerant spins. EPR results indicate very low defect and catalyst concentrations in this superior material. Under these conditions EPR can be used to study details of charge transport properties over a wide temperature range, although the material is still very "heterogeneous" with respect to tube diameter and chirality. Non-resonant microwave absorption in the temperature range below 20 K is indicative for the opening of a small gap at the Fermi energy for tubes of metallic character, which is indicative for a transition into a superconducting state. Using SWNT filled partially with an endohedral spin probe like N@C(60), such "peapods" can be investigated "from the inside". Continuous-wave (cw) and pulsed EPR was used to investigate localization dynamics within the tubes or to check for interaction with itinerant electrons. Using SWNT grown by different methods, the dominant influence of tube diameter on fullerene dynamics was revealed by temperature dependent pulsed EPR experiments. These differences can be correlated with the interactions between the endohedral observer spin and spins on the SWNT.
Ant Venoms: Chemical and Pharmacological Properties (1992)

AbstractStinging ants are now recognized as being of considerable public health significance in both temperate and tropical regions. Many species of ants produce venoms that contain powerful algogens and these secretions may cause severe systemic reactions as well. Venoms of fire ants (Solenopsis species) are fortified with unique necrotoxins that produce conspicuous lesions at the sting sites. The diverse pharmacological properties of ant venoms are mirrored by the varied biological activities that these secretions possess.The poison gland products of selected ant venoms are cytotoxic and hemolytic against a variety of red blood cells. Some venoms are potently bactericidal and fungicidal against a variety of microorganisms. Venoms of Solenopsis and Monomorium species are highly effective contact insecticides and repellents as well. In addition, these secretions can also inhibit enzymes (e.g., Na+ ATPase), uncouple oxidative phosphorylation, reduce mitochondrial respiration, and release histamine from mast cells.The constituents in ant venoms are characterized by far greater structural diversity than has been reported for those of bees and wasps. Some ant venoms are fortified with proteins that include a variety of enzymes (e.g., lipase). Formicine ants produce cytotoxic venoms that contain up to 60% formic acid. Ants in several myrmicine genera synthesize venoms that are dominated by novel alkaloids that include piperidines, pyrrolidines, indolizidines, and pyrrolidines. Pseudomyrmecine ants generate unique tricyclic alkaloids in their poison gland as further testimony to the biosynthetic versatility of ants. These alkaloidal natural products can serve as useful models for developing new pharmacological agents.
Promoter methylation and transgene copy numbers predict unstable protein production in recombinant chinese hamster ovary cell lines (2011)

Mammalian cell lines for recombinant protein production need to maintain productivity over extended cultivation times. Long-term stability studies are time and resource intensive, but are widely performed to identify and eliminate unstable candidates during cell line development. Production instability of manufacturing cell lines can be associated with methylation and silencing of the heterologous promoter. We have identified CpG dinucleotides within the human cytomegalovirus major immediate early promoter/enhancer (hCMV-MIE) that are frequently methylated in unstable antibody-producing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. We have established methylation-specific real-time qPCR for the rapid and sensitive measurement of hCMV-MIE methylation in multiple cell lines and provide evidence that hCMV-MIE methylation and transgene copy numbers can be used as early markers to predict production instability of recombinant CHO cell lines. These markers should provide the opportunity to enrich stable producers early in cell line development and allow developers to put more emphasis on other criteria, such as product quality and bioprocess robustness.
Kinetics of radical copolymerization of [1‐(fluoromethyl)vinyl]benzene with chlorotrifluoroethylene (2007)

Abstract The synthesis of [1‐(fluoromethyl)vinyl]benzene (or α‐(fluoromethyl)styrene, FMB) and its radical copolymerization with chlorotrifluorethylene (CTFE), initiated by tert ‐butyl peroxypivalate (TBPPi) are presented. The allyl monomer [H 2 C = C(CH 2 F)C 6 H 5 ] was obtained by electrophilic fluorodesilylation of trimethyl(2‐phenylprop‐2‐en‐1‐yl)silane in 93% yield. A series of seven copolymerization reactions were carried out starting from initial [CTFE] 0 /([FMB] 0 + [CTFE] 0 ) molar ratios ranging from 19.6 to 90.0 mol %. The molar compositions of the obtained poly(CTFE‐ co ‐FMB) copolymers were assessed by means of 19 F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Statistic copolymers were produced with molar masses ranging between 13,800 and 25,600 g/mol. From the Kelen and Tudos method, the kinetics of the copolymerization led to the determination of the reactivity ratios, r i , of both comonomers ( r CTFE = 0.4 ± 0.2 and r FMB = 3.7 ± 1.8 at 74 °C) showing that FMB is more reactive than CTFE as well as other halogenated or nonhalogenated monomers involved in the radical copolymerization with CTFE. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3843–3850, 2007
Efficient extraction of JSON information in SAS ® using the SCANOVER function (2013)

JSON, otherwise known as JavaScript Object Notation, is a popular data interchange format which provides a human readable format. It is language independent and can be read easily in a variety of computer languages. With the rise of Twitter and other unstructured data, there has been a move to incorporate such data as a way of disseminating information. Twitter currently provides a simple API for users to extract tweets using JSON format. While SAS does not currently have a direct way of reading JSON, the SCANOVER function in SAS data step provides user with a simple and effective approach to getting JSON information into SAS datasets. In this paper, we will illustrate two examples using this technique.
Maligne Knochentumoren der Hand (2014)

Maligne Knochentumore sind vergleichsweise selten. Die histologischen Subtypen (Chondrosarkom, Osteosarkom, Ewing-Sarkom) manifestieren sich bevorzugt an verschiedenen Skelettabschnitten. An der Hand sind Chondrosarkome der häufigste maligne Tumortyp. Leitsymptome maligner Knochentumore an der Hand wie allgemein sind eine neu aufgetretene Schwellung sowie Schmerzen am betroffenen Knochenabschnitt. Diagnostisch wird durch bildgebende Verfahren (Röntgen, CT, MRT) der Lokalstatus erhoben und das onkologische Staging durchgeführt. Die definitive Therapie maligner Knochentumore sollte – aufgrund der Seltenheit – in spezialisierten Zentren erfolgen. Je nach histologischem Tumortyp und lokaler und systemischer Ausbreitung wird die chirurgische Therapie durch Chemo- bzw. Radiotherapie komplettiert. Auch an der Hand ist die onkologisch sichere Resektion gegenüber funktionserhaltenden Resektionsmöglichkeiten vorzuziehen, was den Erhalt von Funktionseinheiten wenn immer möglich nicht ausschließt.
FePt:SiO 2 granular thin film for high density magnetic recording (2000)

Nanocomposite FePt:SiO2 thin films consisting of high anisotropy FePt particles embedded in a SiO2 matrix have been successfully fabricated by annealing the as-deposited FePt/SiO2 multilayers. By adjusting the annealing temperatures and compositions, films were obtained with coercivity of 3.8 kOe and grain size of 10 nm, which are suitable for high-density magnetic recording. Magnetic activation volumes were measured and thermal stability is discussed.
The Impact of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway on DNA Repair Mechanisms in Human Cancer (2015)

Defined cellular mechanisms have evolved that recognize and repair DNA to protect the integrity of its structure and sequence when encountering assaults from endogenous and exogenous sources. There are five major DNA repair pathways: mismatch repair, nucleotide excision repair, direct repair, base excision repair and DNA double strand break repair (including non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination repair). Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is a feature of many cancer types. The Hh pathway has been documented to be indispensable for epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and metastasis, cancer stemness, and chemoresistance. The functional transcription activators of the Hh pathway include the GLI proteins. Inhibition of the activity of GLI can interfere with almost all DNA repair types in human cancer, indicating that Hh/GLI functions may play an important role in enabling tumor cells to survive lethal types of DNA damage induced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thus, Hh signaling presents an important therapeutic target to overcome DNA repair-enabled multi-drug resistance and consequently increase chemotherapeutic response in the treatment of cancer.
Inside Front Cover: Modulating Neuronal Responses by Controlled Integration of Acetylcholine‐like Functionalities in Biomimetic Polymers (Adv. Mater. 24/2007) (2007)

Abstract Primary neurons respond to acetylcholine functionalities in polymers in a dose‐dependent manner, report Christiane Gumera and Yadong Wang on p. 4404. The control of the interactions between a biomaterial and neurons may enable novel clinical treatments for neurological disorders. Here, the repeating unit of the polymer is shown on top of neurites extending from the dorsal root ganglia cultured on the polymer.
Cellular Regulation of the Metabolism of Androgens in Rat Oral Mucosa: I. Effect of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) on the Soluble Supernatant (Cytosol) Activating Microsomal Δ4-3-Ketosteroid-5α-Reductase and 17β -Hydroxysteroid Oxidoreductase Enzyme Systems (1978)

Soluble supernatant (cytosol) of rat oral mucosa was found to contain a factor accelerating the activity of microsomal Δ 4 -3-ketosteroid-5α-reductase and 17β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase enzymes metabolizing testosterone. Systemic administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate further increased this cytosolic activity.
Prostaglandin Production and Contractile Response of Umbilical Arteries in Preeclamptic Pregnancies with and Without Intrauterine Growth Retardation (1988)

Biochemical and biophysical properties of umbilical arteries from normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies were examined. The production of prostaglandins E and F, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, and thromboxane B2 by umbilical arteries from normotensive, mildly preeclamptic, and severely preeclamptic pregnancies were measured in incubation media at baseline and after addition of arachidonic acid. The initial baseline values of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha were decreased in the severely preeclamptic patients with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) but not in any of the other groups. Addition of arachidonic acid resulted in a significant increase in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha production over initial baseline in all groups except in the severely preeclamptic pregnancies without IUGR. These results suggest a differential defect in the 6-keto-PGF1 alpha metabolic pathway in severely preeclamptic patients with IUGR compared with those without IUGR. The stretch response curve to serotonin was decreased in the severely preeclamptic group with IUGR compared with the control group. The contractile response to individual vasoactive agents (serotonin, prostaglandin F2, norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and arachidonic acid) showed no significant difference between the normotensive and preeclamptic groups.