gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanoencapsulation of Clobetasol Propionate Decreases Its Penetration to Skin Layers Without Changing Its Relative Skin Distribution (2014)

An immunosuppressive effect with drug release control and higher NTPDase activity in the treatment of contact dermatitis was previously reported for a hydrogel containing 0.05% clobetasol propionate-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules (HG-LNC-CP) compared to a hydrogel containing the non-encapsulated drug (HG-CP). In order to investigate the factors underlying this different performance, we evaluated the in vitro skin permeation/penetration of CP from both formulations (HG-LNC-CP and HG-CP). CP did not permeate to the receptor medium during the experiment (24 h), but penetrated into the stratum corneum and viable skin (epidermis and dermis) in significant amounts after 24 h, regardless the type of the formulation. Comparing both formulations, although the relative amount of CP in each skin layer was not affected by the nanoencapsulation, HG-LNC-CP was able to reduce in 5.8, 6.9 and 3.7 times the amount of CP released into the stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis respectively. In this way, the higher effect of HG-LNC-CP previously observed could be due to the controlled drug penetration rate into the skin layers. Moreover, HG-LNC-CP reduces the chances of the corticosteroid to be absorbed systemically as the amount of CP reaching the dermis was reduced. The study reinforces the HG-LNC-CP as a promising dermatological nanomedicine for the treatment of skin disorders.
Association between 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET/CT and histological grade of uterine endometrial carcinoma (2018)

PET/CT is a useful test for discriminating between G1 and G2 or higher cancer in patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus. In addition, the negative correlation identified between SUVmax and G6Pase-α activity in patients with well-differentiated endometrial cancer may be a novel finding.
Characterisation of the cyclin repertoire of the <i>Apicomplexa</i>. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;(A) Maximum likelihood phylogeny based on an alignment of cyclins from &lt;i&gt;Plasmodium falciparum&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Toxoplasma gondii&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Cryptosporidium parvum&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Homo sapiens&lt;/i&gt;. CYCP1 and CYCH1 from &lt;i&gt;Arabidopsis thaliana&lt;/i&gt; have been included for clarity. Topology support from bootstrapping is shown at nodes. (B) Distribution of cyclin families across &lt;i&gt;Apicomplexa&lt;/i&gt;. Presence (filled dot) or absence (empty circle) of specific families of cyclin in each predicted proteome is shown. Dot area is proportional to number of putative proteins. The Group I cyclins in &lt;i&gt;Cryptosporidium&lt;/i&gt; cannot be placed reliably into any specific families within the group (“Orphaned”). *The &lt;i&gt;Plasmodium berghei&lt;/i&gt; predicted proteome (release 9.3; plasmodb.org/) contains no apparent orthologue of CYC1, as the likely gene encoding the protein on Chromosome 13 (downstream of PBANKA_132730, syntenic with &lt;i&gt;cyc1&lt;/i&gt; in other &lt;i&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt; species) is interrupted by a sequence gap.&lt;/p&gt;
Simulation and analysis of back-to-back PWM converter for flywheel energy storage system (2012)

This paper presents a back-to-back pulse width modulation (PWM) converter for the flywheel energy storage system (FESS), which store energy in the form of kinetic energy. The permanent magnet brushless DC machine (BLDCM) is used for energy conversion. Back-to-back PWM converter used in FESS improves power factor, reduces the harmonic content and controls the bi-directional flow of energy. The principle of operation and control strategies are analyzed. Also, simulation results are provided to validate the theoretic analysis.
Immortalization of primary epithelial cells by E1A 12S requires late, second exon-encoded functions in addition to complex formation with pRB and p300. (1997)

Immortalization of primary cells is an early and important event in multistep tumorigenesis and is itself a multistep process. Adenovirus E1A 12S encodes an oncoprotein that can rescue cells from senescence and overcome apoptosis, leading to their immortalization. Five regions of 12S, located in both exons, are required for immortalization. Two regions in the first exon are necessary to activate the cell cycle, increase the number of population doublings, and overcome the M1 stage of mortality. However, extension of life span requires overcoming crisis or M2, which can be accomplished by the expression of the second exon. Several cellular proteins associate with the peptide encoded by the first exon of 12S including pRB, p107, p130, and p300. The importance of pRB-E1A and p300-E1A complexes in transformation is well established; however, their roles in 12S-mediated immortalization remain undefined. Results obtained from the present study using a panel of second exon immortalization-defective mutants demonstrate that formation of pRB-E1A and p300-E1A complexes is insufficient for immortalization of primary cells. We further demonstrate that the expression levels of another tumor suppressor protein, p53, also do not correlate with the inability of the mutants to immortalize. Thus, mutations in the second exon of 12S do not affect the early steps in the immortalization pathway. The second exon mutants are defective in performing a late function in immortalization, involving the reactivation of the cell cycle, indicating that it is a crucial event in immortalization.
Computed Tomography-Guided Stereotactic Systems (1984)

CT stereotactic guidance systems of modern design provide the neurosurgeon with a precise methodology in approaching intracranial targets. These systems eliminate the potential inaccuracy of freehand approach, no matter how skilled the neurosurgeon. System software which requires no specialized computer expertise has been developed. To accommodate the many requirements of operative manipulation, a total operating system using both standard and innovative surgical instruments has been adapted to the BRW frame. Utilizing the imaging mode for localizing data alone, the system can be used with multiple imaging modes and in multiple locations. Thus, the system can be used for standard methods of functional neurosurgery utilizing ventriculography, new methods of functional neurosurgery using either combined ventriculography and CT or CT alone, and for newer modes of imaging including ultrasound for real-time monitoring of the target lesion during surgery, and target localization using positron emission tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance. It is our belief that CT-guided stereotactic systems could become a standard technique for approaching all intraparenchymal brain targets.
Performance evaluation of a very high resolution small animal PET imager using silicon scatter detectors (2007)

A very high resolution positron emission tomography (PET) scanner for small animal imaging based on the idea of inserting a ring of high-granularity solid-state detectors into a conventional PET scanner is under investigation. A particularly interesting configuration of this concept, which takes the form of a degenerate Compton camera, is shown capable of providing sub-millimeter resolution with good sensitivity. We present a Compton PET system and estimate its performance using a proof-of-concept prototype. A prototype single-slice imaging instrument was constructed with two silicon detectors 1 mm thick, each having 512 1.4 mm x 1.4 mm pads arranged in a 32 x 16 array. The silicon detectors were located edgewise on opposite sides and flanked by two non-position sensitive BGO detectors. The scanner performance was measured for its sensitivity, energy, timing, spatial resolution and resolution uniformity. Using the experimental scanner, energy resolution for the silicon detectors is 1%. However, system energy resolution is dominated by the 23% FWHM BGO resolution. Timing resolution for silicon is 82.1 ns FWHM due to time-walk in trigger devices. Using the scattered photons, time resolution between the BGO detectors is 19.4 ns FWHM. Image resolution of 980 microm FWHM at the center of the field-of-view (FOV) is obtained from a 1D profile of a 0.254 mm diameter (18)F line source image reconstructed using the conventional 2D filtered back-projection (FBP). The 0.4 mm gap between two line sources is resolved in the image reconstructed with both FBP and the maximum likelihood expectation maximization (ML-EM) algorithm. The experimental instrument demonstrates sub-millimeter resolution. A prototype having sensitivity high enough for initial small animal images can be used for in vivo studies of small animal models of metabolism, molecular mechanism and the development of new radiotracers.
The Effects of Chewing Gum on Gastric Content Prior to Induction of General Anesthesia (1996)

Comment Preoperative gastric fluid volume and acidity have been widely discussed in recent years, especially with respect to fasting protocols. This paper examines the effect of chewing gum on the morning of surgery and also the effect of nicotine gum on the preoperative well-being of smokers. The gastric fluid volume (GFV) of the nonsmoking group who used chewing gum was significantly higher than the control group (30 ±19 ml) and, in its upper range, approaches the at-risk criterion for aspiration (i.e., > 50 ml). The authors' conclusion that chewing regular gum is probably best avoided is, therefore, reasonable. However, it is worth noting the origin of the at-risk criteria to give them some practical perspective. The traditional criteria were published by Roberts and Shirley in 1974.1 The figures of > 0.4 ml/kg and pH <2.5 were based on a single monkey experiment. Acid aspirate was introduced into the right main bronchus of the monkey, and the volume producing significant pneumonitis and death was noted. This experiment was repeated with groups of monkeys by Raidoo et al. in the 1980s.2 Varying volumes of aspirate were introduced, this time into the trachea of the monkeys, and the occurrence and severity of pneumonitis were noted. This produced the revised at-risk volume of 0.8 mL/kg at pH 1. After a case report of severe pneumonitis occurring with particulate aspirate of pH 3.5, the pH level was revised to <3.5. These data from monkeys have been extrapolated to humans. The relationship between the volume of
[Tumor, metastasis and what's in between]. (2013)

Cancer is a major factor of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over 90% of cancer-related deaths are due to metastatic disease. Observations made more than 140 years ago described cancer cells from solid tumors in the bloodstream. yet, the significance of these circulating and disseminated cells and their contribution to the generation of metastasis remained a mystery. Recently, substantial technological advances have enabled the detection and isolation of circulating tumor cells from the peripheral blood. Currently, this technology allows quantitative analysis of circulating cancer cell content and permits a view of the genetic and phenotypic changes in this accessible population. In the future, researchers hope to use circulating tumor cells as a powerful tool for early detection, prognosis, tumor response assessment and even for treatment selection. The discovery of cancer cells in the bloodstream holds many promises in the study, diagnosis and treatment of cancer, but, at the same time, raises difficult questions regarding the identity of these cells, their contribution to the process of metastasis and their ability to aid medical decisions. This review aims to introduce the topic of circulating tumor cells to the Israeli medical community and encourage active participation in basic and translational research in this field. We believe this field holds great potential for promoting the practice of surgical oncology, tumor surveillance and clinical oncology.
Experimental Study on the Flow Field of Particles Deposited on a Gasoline Particulate Filter (2019)

The abatement of particulate matter in gasoline vehicle exhaust has prompted the development of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs). The spatial distribution of the deposited particles inside a GPF has profound implications for its regeneration behavior, ash-induced aging, and multiscale modeling efforts. The connection cones will affect the flow into the monolith and the package structure needed to meet the system space requirements. In this paper, nonuniform rational B-splines (NURBSs) were applied to the cone design to optimize the flow uniformity and particle distribution inside a gasoline particulate filter. NURBS and conventional cones were manufactured using 3D printing, and the velocity profiles and pressure drops were measured under the loading of synthetic particles. The results shows that the cone shape will influence the pressure drop and the velocity profile, which is evaluated as the uniformity index. The test results indicate that better performance is achieved when using the NURBS cone, especially at low particle loads. The results also show that the cone shape (which determines the velocity profile) influences the particle deposition distribution, although the apparent pressure drops are similar. These results are important for exhaust aftertreatment system (EATS) design and optimization, where the NURBS cone can improve flow uniformity, which causes better particle deposition distribution and lower pressure drop.
Long‐Term Safety and Efficacy of Bixalomer in Hyperphosphatemic Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Not on Dialysis (2017)

Bixalomer, a metal-free, nonabsorbable phosphate binder, is approved in Japan to treat hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients. Bixalomer is effective and has a favorable safety profile in predialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia. This study examined the long-term effectiveness and safety of bixalomer in predialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia. This was a 48-week, multicenter, open-label, phase 3 study in Japanese predialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia. Patients received bixalomer at an initial dose of 1500 mg/day, which was titrated to a maximum of 7500 mg/day depending on patients' serum phosphorus responses to bixalomer. A total of 105 patients received bixalomer treatment, and 39 completed the study. The most common reason for discontinuation was initiation of dialysis. Mean serum phosphorus concentrations decreased from 5.15 mg/dL at baseline to 4.67 mg/dL at Week 12 and then fluctuated slightly around this level until it reached 4.58 mg/dL at Week 48. The proportion of total patients achieving the target serum phosphorus concentration (≥2.5 to <4.6 mg/dL) increased after treatment to a maximum of 66.2% at Week 20 and subsequently decreased to 51.3% by Week 48. Most adverse events (AEs) occurred in the first 12 weeks of treatment. The incidence of AEs did not increase with long-term treatment. Common AEs reported included nasopharyngitis (29.5%), constipation (19%), and upper respiratory tract inflammation (12.4%). These findings suggest that long-term treatment with bixalomer is effective, well tolerated, and has no new safety concerns. Bixalomer may be an alternative treatment option for the long-term management of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney diseases.
Sequence, Regulation, and Evolution of the Maize 22-kD α Zein Gene Family (2001)

We have isolated and sequenced all 23 members of the 22-kD alpha zein (z1C) gene family of maize. This is one of the largest plant gene families that has been sequenced from a single genetic background and includes the largest contiguous genomic DNA from maize with 346,292 bp to date. Twenty-two of the z1C members are found in a roughly tandem array on chromosome 4S forming a dense gene cluster 168,489-bp long. The twenty-third copy of the gene family is also located on chromosome 4S at a site approximately 20 cM closer to the centromere and appears to be the wild-type allele of the floury-2 (fl2) mutation. On the basis of an analysis of maize cDNA databases, only seven of these genes appear to be expressed including the fl2 allele. The expressed genes in the cluster are interspersed with nonexpressed genes. Interestingly, some of the expressed genes differ in their transcriptional regulation. Gene amplification appears to be in blocks of genes explaining the rapid and compact expansion of the cluster during the evolution of maize.
Reversible Cobalt−Carbon Bond Formation in Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerization (1999)

The reversible bond formation between cobalt(II) catalytic chain transfer agents and propagating radicals was studied using electron paramagnetic resonance and conventional kinetic measurements. It was found that this reversible cobalt−carbon bond formation has no significant effect on the catalytic chain transfer polymerization of methyl methacrylate but does affect the polymerization behavior of styrene. In both systems significant induction periods are observed which seem to disappear in the methyl methacrylate system but persist in the styrene system upon decreasing the initial concentration of the cobalt(II) complex. The overall rates of polymerizations are found to be readily described by “classical” free-radical polymerization kinetics, including a chain-length-dependent average termination rate coefficient. Furthermore, in contrast to the situation observed in methyl methacrylate polymerization where constant molecular weights are produced over the entire conversion range, it was found that the molecular weight in styrene increases with conversion until a constant molecular weight is obtained which is given by the Mayo equation. The kinetic behavior and the molecular weight evolution could simply be modeled by a reaction scheme providing a constant radical concentration and the presence of a chain transfer agent.
Advanced piezoelectric single crystal based transducers for naval sonar applications (2006)

Transducers incorporating single crystal piezoelectric Pb(Mg<sub>1/3</sub>Nb<sub>2/3</sub>)<sub>x-1</sub>Ti<sub>x</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (PMN-PT) exhibit significant advantages over ceramic piezoelectrics such as PZT, including both high electromechanical coupling (k<sub>33</sub> > 90%) and piezoelectric coefficients (d<sub>33</sub> > 2000 pC/N). Conventional <001> orientation gives inherently larger bandwidth and output power than PZT ceramics, however, the anisotropy of the crystal also allows for tailoring of the performance by orienting the crystal along different crystallographic axes. This attribute combined with composition refinements can be used to improve thermal or mechanical stability, which is important in high power, high duty cycle sonar applications. By utilizing the "31" resonance mode, the high power performance of PMN-PT can be improved over traditional "33" mode single crystal transducers, due to an improved aspect ratio. Utilizing novel geometries, effective piezoelectric constants of -600 pC/N to -1200 pC/N have been measured. The phase transition point induced by temperature, pre-stress or field is close to that in the "33" mode, and since the prestress is applied perpendicular to the poling direction in "31" mode elements, they exhibit lower loss and can therefore be driven harder. The high power characteristics of tonpilz transducers can also be affected by the composition of the PMN-PT crystal. TRS modified the composition of PMN-PT to improve the thermal stability of the material, while keeping the loss as low as possible. Three dimensional modeling shows that the useable bandwidth of these novel compositions nearly equals that of conventional PMN-PT. A decrease in the source level of up to 6 dB was calculated, which can be compensated for by the higher drive voltages possible.
Physics and Chemistry of Mineral Surfaces (2020)

Structure of Mineral Surfaces, A.S. Gibson and J.P. LaFemina Introduction Methods of Surface Structure Determination Structure of Mineral Surfaces Discussion Electronic Structure of Mineral Surfaces, V.E. Henrich Introduction Models of Electronic Structure Measurement Techniques Non-Transitional-Metal Oxides Transition-Metal Oxides SiO2 Application of X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy for Surface Complexation Modeling of Metal Ion Sorption, K.F. Hayes and L.E. Katz Introduction Sorption Behavior of Divalent Cations Structure of Surface Complexes Surface Complexation Modeling Overview Illustration of Surface Complexation Modeling Summary and Conclusions Appendix: Materials and Experimental Methods Surface-Controlled Dissolution and Growth of Minerals, P.V. Brady and W.A. House Introduction Rate Laws for Single (Hydr)oxide Dissolution Rate Laws for Multioxide Silicate Dissolution Glass Dissolution Ligand-Enhanced Dissolution of (Hydr)oxides and Silicates Dissolution of Carbonate Minerals Dissolution of Metal Sulfides Rates Near Equilibrium Crystal Growth Conclusion Geochemical Applications of Mineral Surface Science, P.V. Brady and J.M. Zachara Introduction Particle Surfaces, Ion Retention, and Chemical Transport in Soils and Groundwater Interfaces, Sediments, and Diagenesis Weathering Biomineralization Origins of Life Index
Trifluoroethylation of Alkynes: Synthesis of Allylic‐CF3 Compounds by Visible‐Light Photocatalysis (2016)

Abstract Two types of allylic trifluoromethylated compounds were synthesized by reacting alkynes with CF 3 CH 2 I using visible‐light photocatalysis. Subtle differences in the catalytic system controlled the selectivity of iodotrifluoroethylation and hydrotrifluoroethylation. The iodotrifluoroethylated products were obtained in the presence of [Ru(bpy) 3 ]Cl 2 and TMEDA in CH 3 CN under visible‐light irradiation, whereas hydrotrifluoroethylated products were synthesized using fac ‐[Ir(ppy) 3 ] and a mixture of DBU and K 2 CO 3 in DMF. The iodotrifluoroethylation reaction worked particularly well, even at gram‐scale, and the synthetic utility of iodotrifluoroethylated products was proved by their coupling reactions, providing complex CF 3 ‐containing products.
Optically Controlled Beam Steering System With 60-W Power-Over-Fiber Feed for Remote Antenna Units (2016)

We present an optically controlled beam steering system with 60-W power-over-fiber feed for remote antenna units. We experimentally demonstrate the tuning functionality of the true-time delay with high signal qualities under 60-W optical feeding.
24 T1 SENSITIVITY PROPERTIES IN RELATION TO INVERSION SPIN ECHO PULSE SEQUENCE (1985)

Tarr, R. W.; Mitchell, M. R.; Conturo, T. E.; Partain, C. L.; James, A. E. Jr. Author Information
The Electron Capture $^{163}$Ho Experiment ECHo (2013)

The determination of the absolute scale of the neutrino masses is one of the most challenging questions in particle physics. Different approaches are followed to achieve a sensitivity on neutrino masses in the sub-eV range. Among them, experiments exploring the beta decay and electron capture processes of suitable nuclides can provide necessary information on the electron neutrino mass value. In this talk we present the Electron Capture 163-Ho experiment ECHo, which aims to investigate the electron neutrino mass in the sub-eV range by means of the analysis of the calorimetrically measured energy spectrum following the electron capture process of 163-Ho. A high precision and high statistics spectrum will be measured by means of low temperature magnetic calorimeter arrays. We present preliminary results obtained with a first prototype of single channel detectors as well as the participating groups and their on-going developments.
Convection in vertically vibrated granular materials (1998)

This paper briefly reviews some recent experiments in which we were able to measure the flow patterns of granular materials within a vertically vibrated container. The measurement methods include the use both of tracer beads to measure the vertical velocity along the centre of the container and magnetic–resonance imaging to study the velocity profile in the radial direction. Most of the work concerns containers with vertical walls, although some results are mentioned that deal with convection in containers with walls that were splayed outwards.