gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solid Oxide Based Electrolysis and Stack Technology with Ultra-High Electrolysis Current Density (>3A/cm<sup>2</sup>) and Efficiency (2018)

Hydrogen, a valuable commodity gas, is increasingly recognized as an important fuel and energy storage pathway of the future. This project aims to develop an innovative solid oxide based electrolysis cell and stack technology with ultra-high steam electrolysis current (>3A/cm2) for potentially ultra-low-cost, highly efficient hydrogen production from diverse renewable sources. In this project, solid oxide based high power density cells (HiPoD cells) were developed. Those cells demonstrated capability of operating at ultra-high electrolysis current density of 6 A/cm2 at 1.67V. During a long term steady state electrolysis test, a HiPoD cell was operated for more than 1000 hours at 3 A/cm2 with a low degradation rate of 1.8% per 1000 hours. A 20-cell electrolysis stack was built using HiPoD cells and an ultra-compact, low-cost stack design platform. This stack was used to explore the boundaries of high current density electrolysis operation and achieved an incredible stack current density of 3 A/cm2 with an average cell voltage of only 1.493 V. The stack was further operated in steady-state electrolysis at 2 A/cm2 for more than 1000 hours with an overall degradation of 0.57% per 1000 hours. With an improved understanding of electrolysis operation at ultra-high current density, a new compact stack architecture (CSA) design with scalability up to 55 kW (or 38 kg H2 per day) was tested. A number of 45-cell CSA stack was built and demonstrated 10 kW and 245 g/hr hydrogen production at 1.8 A/cm2 electrolysis current density. In addition to cell and stack development, a preliminary system design was developed by integrating the inputs from electrochemistry, cell/stack performance data, and system level implications of configuration and operational parameters. A module design was created based on a circular array of six stacks surrounded in a cool pressure vessel. Further architectural and controls strategies such as stack power control and instrumentation were determined through the development of the module. A comprehensive techno-economic study of an ultra-high current density SOEC system integrated with renewable energy sources has been conducted. To determine the estimated cost of hydrogen for the system, the H2A Current Distributed Hydrogen Production Model version 3.101 was applied. Annual system production cases at both commercial and industrial electricity rates as per the H2A model was analyzed. The option of meeting DOE 2020 Advanced Electrolysis Technologies targets were discussed. Feedstock electricity represents the bulk of projected hydrogen cost with either electricity rate. At an annual production volume of 250 units, H2A hydrogen cost of $2.3/kg can be achieved at electricity cost around 3.5¢/kWh.
Phase Relationships in the In-S System (1971)

Three binary compounds, , , and are stable in the system. Solid solution was found only in , which contains up to 1.0 m/o (mole per cent) more indium than does stoichiometric . A rapid decrease in indium solubility, probably due to the inversion of tetragonal to isometric symmetry, occurs at 837°C. A high‐temperature form of may be present in the temperature range 657°–679°C. The compounds and , noted in previous studies, were not found. The electrical properties of are probably strongly affected by the deviation from stoichiometry as outlined in this study.
A Comparison of Anapron with Seven other Name-Pronunciation Systems (1993)

This paper presents an experiment comparing a new name-pronunciation system, Anapron, with seven existing systems: three state-of-the-art commercial systems (from Bellcore Bell Labs, and Dec), two variants of a machine-learning system (NETtalk), and two humans. Anapron works by combining rule-based and case-based reasoning. It is based on the idea that it is much easier to improve a rule-based system by adding case-based reasoning to it than by tuning the rules to deal with every exception. In the experiment described here, Anapron used a set of rules adapted from MITalk and elementary foreign-language textbooks, and a case library of 5000 names. With these components -- which required relatively little knowledge engineering -- Anapron was found to perform almost at the level of the commercial systems, and significantly better than the two versions of NETtalk.
Targeting Protein-Protein Interaction with Covalent Small-Molecule Inhibitors (2019)

PPIs are involved in diverse biochemical events and perform their functions through the formation of protein-protein complexes or PPI networks. The large and flat interacting surfaces of PPIs make discovery of small-molecule modulators a challenging task. New strategies and more effective chemical technologies are needed to facilitate the development of PPIs small-molecule inhibitors. Covalent modification of a nucleophilic residue located proximally to the immediate vicinity of PPIs can overcome the disadvantages of large interacting surfaces and provides high-affinity inhibitors with increased duration of action and prolonged target modulation. On the other hand, covalent inhibitors that target non-conserved protein residues demonstrate improved selectivity over related protein family members. Herein, we highlight the latest progress of small-molecule covalent PPIs inhibitors and hope to shed light on future PPIs inhibitor design and development. The relevant challenges and opportunities are also discussed.
Assessment of Pulsatile Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics of the Human Brain using CArdiac-cycle Resolved Diffusion-weighted Imaging (CARDI) (2023)

We introduce an MRI technique named CARDI, for in-vivo assessment of pulsatile fluid dynamics in the surface paravascular spaces of the pial arteries. A pair of pulsed gradient spin echo was used to detect the slow flow of CSF while suppressing the fast flow of adjacent arterial blood. Waveform of CSF over a cardiac cycle is revealed. The shape of the CSF waveforms closely resembles the pressure waveforms of the artery wall, suggesting that CSF dynamics is tightly related to artery wall mechanics. The comparison of CSF waveforms in an aging group revealed a significant age-dependency of the CSF waveforms.
Hepatic Steatosis and Steatohepatitis in a Large North American Cohort of Adults With Chronic Hepatitis B (2021)

Coexisting steatosis occurred in nearly a third of adults (13% had steatohepatitis) with chronic HBV in this North American cohort who underwent liver biopsies. Steatohepatitis was associated with advanced fibrosis and higher biochemical measures of hepatic inflammation over time. Therefore, in addition to viral suppression, screening for and managing metabolic abnormalities is important to prevent disease progression in HBV.
A Novel S-Adenosyl-l-methionine:Arsenic(III) Methyltransferase from Rat Liver Cytosol (2002)

S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet):arsenic(III) methyltransferase, purified from liver cytosol of adult male Fischer 344 rats, catalyzes transfer of a methyl group from AdoMet to trivalent arsenicals producing methylated and dimethylated arsenicals. The kinetics of production of methylated arsenicals in reaction mixtures containing enzyme, AdoMet, dithiothreitol, glutathione (GSH), and arsenite are consistent with a scheme in which monomethylated arsenical produced from arsenite is the substrate for a second methylation reaction that yields dimethylated arsenical. The mRNA for this protein predicts a 369-amino acid residue protein (molecular mass 41056) that contains common methyltransferase sequence motifs. Its sequence is similar to Cyt19, a putative methyltransferase, expressed in human and mouse tissues. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detects S-adenosyl-l-methionine:arsenic(III) methyltransferase mRNA in rat tissues and in HepG2 cells, a human cell line that methylates arsenite and methylarsonous acid. S-Adenosyl-l-methionine:arsenic(III) methyltransferase mRNA is not detected in UROtsa cells, an immortalized human urothelial cell line that does not methylate arsenite. Because methylation of arsenic is a critical feature of its metabolism, characterization of this enzyme will improve our understanding of this metalloid's metabolism and its actions as a toxin and a carcinogen.
Carrier Transport in Films of Alkyl-Ligand-Terminated Silicon Nanocrystals (2014)

Silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) have shown great promise for electroluminescent and photoluminescent applications. In order to optimize the properties of Si NC devices, however, electronic transport in Si NC films needs to be thoroughly understood. Here we present a systematic study of the temperature and electric field dependence of conductivity in films of alkyl-ligand-terminated Si NCs, which to date have shown the highest potential for device applications. Our measurements suggest that the conductivity is limited by the ionization of rare NCs containing donor impurities. At low bias, this ionization is thermally activated, with an ionization energy equal to twice the NC charging energy. As the bias is increased, the ionization energy is reduced by the electric field, as determined by the Poole–Frenkel effect. At large bias and sufficiently low temperature, we observe cold ionization of electrons from donor-containing NCs, with a characteristic tunneling length of about 1 nm. The temperature- and electric-field-dependent conductance measurements presented here provide a systematic and comprehensive picture for electron transport in lightly doped nanocrystal films.
Secretin and Calcium Provocative Tests in the Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (1989)

The secretin test is preferred over the calcium test because of its greater sensitivity and simplicity. The recommended criteria are a 200 pg/mL increase for the secretin test and a 395 pg/mL increase for the calcium test. The calcium test should be reserved for patients having a negative secretin test, gastric acid hypersecretion, and a strong clinical suspicion of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Multiple block-size search algorithm for fast block motion estimation (2009)

Although variable block-size motion estimation provides significant video quality and coding efficiency improvement, it requires much higher computational complexity compared with fixed block size motion estimation. The reason is that the current motion estimation algorithms are mainly designed for fixed block size. Current variable block-size motion estimation implementation simply applies these existing motion estimation algorithms independently for different block sizes to find the best block size and the corresponding motion vector. Substantial computation is wasted because distortion data reuse among motion searches of different block sizes is not considered. In this paper, a motion estimation algorithm intrinsically designed for variable block-size video coding is presented. The proposed multiple block-size search (MBSS) algorithm unifies the motion searches for different block sizes into a single searching process instead of independently performing the search for each block size. In this unified search, the suboptimal motion vectors for different block sizes are used to determine the next search steps. Its prediction quality is comparable with that obtained by performing motion search for different block sizes independently while the computational load is substantially reduced. Experimental results show that the prediction quality of MBSS is similar to full search.
Monitoring laser cladding (2005)

Laser cladding is used in the repair of high value industrial components such as rollers, axles and turbine blades. The absence of defects is essential to the remanufacturing process. Consequently, a non-intrusive cladding monitor that is robust in detecting defects and minimizes false positives is very desirable. We report in this work a method for the monitoring of laser cladding. It is an adaptation of a commercially available weld monitoring technique that has been successfully implemented for the laser welding of automotive components. The principal is based on the sensing of the infrared energy emitted during the cladding process.
Differential release of calcitonin gene‐related peptide and neuropeptide Y from the isolated heart by capsaicin, ischaemia, nicotine, bradykinin and ouabain (1989)

The influence of various drugs as well as total ischaemia on the outflow of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which is present in sensory nerves, and neuropeptide Y (NPY), which is co-stored with noradrenaline (NA), from the isolated guinea-pig heart, was studied in vitro. Capsaicin exposure and total ischaemia for 5-30 min induced a Ca2+-dependent increase in the outflow, suggesting release, of CGRP- but not NPY-like immunoreactivity (LI) from the heart. When characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the CGRP-LI present in heart extracts and the released CGRP-LI by capsaicin eluted in a major peak corresponding to synthetic CGRP. Incubation with morphine, indomethacin or reserpine pretreatment did not influence the capsaicin-evoked release of CGRP-LI. Capsaicin pretreatment depleted the cardiac content of CGRP-LI but not NPY-LI. The increase in perfusate volume observed after 30 min ischaemia in controls was reduced after capsaicin pretreatment. Nicotine exposure induced release of CGRP- as well as NPY-LI in a concentration- and Ca2+-dependent manner. The increased outflow of NPY-LI was not influenced by capsaicin pretreatment. Among other agents tested, bradykinin and ouabain caused increased outflow of CGRP but not of NPY-LI. Noradrenaline, tyramine, histamine, vasopressin, alpha,beta methylene ATP, ATP or adenosine induced changes in cardiac contractility or flow but did not evoke any detectable release of CGRP- or NPY-LI. In conclusion, the release of multiple neuropeptides can be studied in combination with contractile recordings using the isolated perfused guinea-pig whole heart preparation. Activation of cardiac sensory nerves by capsaicin, nicotine, bradykinin and ouabain, as well as ischaemia, induced release of CGRP while nicotine also evoked NPY release.
Extracting Short Stories from Large Data Sets (2014)

In this position paper, we discuss the challenge of processing large data sets to extract short stories that an analyst can use to understand and communicate effectively. We argue that many analytic tools, while valuable for aggregating data and showing the big picture, result in abstracting away the key pieces of information required to explain the behaviors and interactions of agents. Instead, we propose tools that extract and present information as short stories within the data.
Multiple twisted dataline techniques for multigigabit DRAMs (1999)

To provide reliable scaled DRAMs, new multiple twisted dataline techniques are proposed and analyzed. Their effectiveness in reducing both the bitline (BL) and wordline (WL) coupling noises in scaled DRAM's was evaluated by means of soft-error-rate measurements on 256-Mbit and 1-Gbit DRAM test chips. At the 1-Gbit level of integration, in our proposed scheme-compared to the conventional twisted bitline (TBL) scheme-the chip area penalty due to twisting is reduced by 66% and the BL coupling noise is reduced by 45%. At the 256-Mbit level, when the proposed technique is applied to both the BL and WL structures, we achieved a 64% coupling noise reduction compared to the conventional TBL and WL schemes. Faster data access time can also be expected when the proposed technique is applied to BL and/or WL structures.
On the presence of calmodulin-like protein in mycobacteria (1988)

A heat-stable factor, antigenically cross-reacting with calmodulin, was found mainly in the soluble fraction of Mycobacterium smegmatis ATTC 14468 and Mycobacterium bovis BCG 14 004 001. Maximum amounts of calmodulin were found in the early logarithmic phase of growth. The cell-free extract of M. smegmatis did not stimulate, rather inhibited cAMP phosphodiesterase due to the presence of certain endogenous inhibitory protein(s). However, the cAMP phosphodiesterase stimulation could be observed, after the removal of inhibitor(s). This is the first report indicating the presence of calmodulin in mycobacteria, a member of the prokaryotes.
20nm DRAM: A new beginning of another revolution (2015)

For the first time, 20nm DRAM has been developed and fabricated successfully without extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography using the honeycomb structure (HCS) and the air-spacer technology. The cell capacitance (Cs) can be increased by 21% at the same cell size using a novel low-cost HCS technology with one argon fluoride immersion (ArF-i) lithography layer. The parasitic bit-line (BL) capacitance is reduced by 34% using an air-spacer technology whose breakdown voltage is 30% better than that of conventional technology.
Low doses of ultraviolet-B or ultraviolet-C radiation affect phytohormones in young pea plants (2009)

Pea (Pisum sativum L., cv. Scinado) seedlings were exposed to low doses of ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 4.4 and 13.3 kJ m-2 d-1) or UV-C (0.1 and 0.3 kJ m-2 d-1) radiation for 14 d. Aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC), indoleacetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) contents were quantified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The accumulation of ACC upon irradiation was dose-dependent. ABA content was reduced and IAA content increased upon UV-C treatment whereas the UV-B doses used did not cause significant changes in ABA and IAA contents.
Effects on gastric mucosa induced by dental bleaching – an experimental study with 6% hydrogen peroxide in rats (2015)

Therefore, it seems that there are some signs of toxicity 3 to 4 days after administration of 6% hydrogen peroxide. The prescription of these therapies must be controlled by the clinician and the risks must be minimized.
Application of field-modulated birefringence and light scattering to biosensing (2011)

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) coated with surface ligands are shown to be an effective means to impart magnetic field modulation to optical signals from targeted receptor complexes. The modulated signals they produce can be used for a number of important high throughput applications in bio-sensing including: detecting (weaponized) viruses, screening recombinant libraries of proteins, identifying pathogenic conversions of microbes, and monitoring gene amplification. We compare the results of two dynamic methods of measuring target binding to NPs: birefringence and field modulated light scattering (FMLS). These measurements reflect complementary manifestations of NP alignment (orientation) and de-alignment (relaxation) dynamics. Birefringence originates from the specific crystalline properties of a small subset of paramagnetic NPs (for example, maghemite) when oriented in a magnetic field. Upon quenching the field, it decays at a rate exhibiting the Debye-Stokes-Einstein rotational relaxation constant of target-NP complexes. Birefringence relaxation reflects the particle dynamics of the mixed suspension of NPs, with signal components weighted in proportion to the free and complexed NP size distributions. FMLS relaxation signals, on the other hand, originate predominately from the inherent optical anisotropy of the target complexes, show little contribution from non-complexed NPs when the targets are more optically anisotropic than the NPs, and provide a more direct and accurate method for determining target receptor concentrations. Several illustrations of the broad range of applications possible using these dynamic measurements and the kind of information to be derived from each detection modality will be discussed.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐DQA1*01:49 allele by sequencing‐based typing (2020)

HLA-DQA1*01:49 differs from HLA-DQA1*01:01:01:06 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 9 in exon 2.
Dispersion in Optical Fibers With Scaled Microstructure (2006)

Dispersion in a novel microstructured optical fiber in which the cladding structure scales with distance from the core is analyzed. The fiber’s properties diverge from those of standard microstructured fibers at long wavelengths.
A Novel Definition of Equivalent Uniform Dose Based on Volume Dose Curve (2019)

With the improvement of mobile device performance, the requirement of equivalent dose description in intensity-modulated radiation therapy is increasing in mobile multimedia for healthcare. The emergence of mobile cloud computing will provide cloud servers and storage for intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) mobile applications, thus realizing visualized radiotherapy in a real sense. Equivalent uniform dose (EUD) is a biomedical indicator based on the dose measure. In this paper, the dose volume histogram is used to describe the dose distribution of different tissues in target and nontarget regions. The traditional definition of EUD, such as the exponential form and the linear form, has only a few parameters in the model for fast calculation. However, there is no close relationship between this traditional definition and the dose volume histogram. In order to establish the consistency between the EUD and the dose volume histogram, this paper proposes a novel definition of EUD based on the volume dose curve, called VD-EUD. By using a unique organic volume weight curve, it is easy to calculate VD-EUD for different dose distributions. In definition, different weight curves are used to represent the biological effects of different organs. For the target area, we should be more careful about those voxels with a low dose (cold point); thus, the weight curve is monotonically decreasing. While for the nontarget area, the curve is monotonically increasing. Furthermore, we present the curves for parallel, serial, and mixed organs of nontarget areas separately, and we define the weight curve form with only two parameters. Medical doctors can adjust the curve interactively according to different patients and organs. We also propose a fluence map optimization model with the VD-EUD constraint, which means that the proposed EUD constraint will lead to a large feasible solution space. We compare the generalized EUD (gEUD) and the proposed VD-EUD by experiments, which show that the VD-EUD has a closer relationship with the dose volume histogram. If the biological survival probability is equivalent to the VD-EUD, the feasible solution space would be large, and the target areas can be covered. By establishing a personalized organic weight curve, medical doctors can have a unique VD-EUD for each patient. By using the flexible and adjustable EUD definition, we can establish the VD-EUD-based fluence map optimization model, which will lead to a larger solution space than the traditional dose volume constraint-based model. The VD-EUD is a new definition; thus, we need more clinical testing and verification.
Alfalfa Controls Nodulation during the Onset of Rhizobium-induced Cortical Cell Division (1991)

The formation of first nodules inhibits subsequent nodulation in younger regions of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots by a feedback regulatory mechanism that controls nodule number systemically (G Caetano-Anollés, WD Bauer [1988] Planta 175: 546-557). Following inoculation with wild-type Rhizobium meliloti, almost all infections associated with cortical cell division developed into mature nodules. While the distribution of Rhizobium- induced cell divisions closely paralleled the distribution of first emergent nodules, only 9 to 15% of total cell division foci failed to become functional nodules. Nodule formation was restricted to the primary root when plants were inoculated before lateral root emergence. Excision of these primary root nodules allowed nodules to reappear in lateral roots clustered around the location of the root tip at the time of nodule removal. Apparently, this region regained susceptibility to infection within the first hours after excision of primary nodules and suppression of nodulation was restored a day later probably due to the development of new infection foci. Our results suggest that alfalfa controls nodulation during the onset of cell division in the root cortex and not during infection development as in soybean.