gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Evolutionary Framework for Understanding Human Health and Disease (2016)

Abstract Medical practice and public health are primarily concerned with managing and preventing disease. This requires understanding of the determinants of individual phenotype and the factors that lead to variation in disease risk. Understanding why one person develops disease while another does not is improved by considering the evolutionary pathways to altered risk. The human phenotype at any age is a construct of inheritance and the consequences of developmental plasticity, itself informed by environmental history, and is defined further by the interaction with the current physical, biological, and social environments. Selection operates to enhance inclusive reproductive fitness, not necessarily health or longevity. Many traits are present because they were selected for some adaptive advantage in the past. Several non-mutually exclusive pathways can be identified by which ultimate causation affects disease risk, and they provide an important heuristic for medicine and public health.
How Important is Weight Symmetry in Backpropagation? (2015)

Gradient backpropagation (BP) requires symmetric feedforward and feedback connections -- the same weights must be used for forward and backward passes. This "weight transport problem" (Grossberg 1987) is thought to be one of the main reasons to doubt BP's biologically plausibility. Using 15 different classification datasets, we systematically investigate to what extent BP really depends on weight symmetry. In a study that turned out to be surprisingly similar in spirit to Lillicrap et al.'s demonstration (Lillicrap et al. 2014) but orthogonal in its results, our experiments indicate that: (1) the magnitudes of feedback weights do not matter to performance (2) the signs of feedback weights do matter -- the more concordant signs between feedforward and their corresponding feedback connections, the better (3) with feedback weights having random magnitudes and 100% concordant signs, we were able to achieve the same or even better performance than SGD. (4) some normalizations/stabilizations are indispensable for such asymmetric BP to work, namely Batch Normalization (BN) (Ioffe and Szegedy 2015) and/or a "Batch Manhattan" (BM) update rule.
Patterns of relapse in locally advanced head and neck cancer patients who achieved complete remission after combined modality therapy (1985)

Relapse patterns in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer who achieved complete remission were evaluated. After combined modality therapy with induction chemotherapy followed by surgery and/or radiotherapy, 71 of 103 patients were clinically free of disease. The 5-year recurrence rate was estimated at 51%, with a 39% local and 26% distant failure rate by 5 years. The factors significantly affecting the relapse patterns were: the site of the primary tumor (those with oral cavity lesions were more likely to fail locally, whereas hypopharynx patients had a higher risk of distant metastases); the type of definitive local treatment (those patients who received surgery and radiotherapy were at lower risk of pure local failure); TN Stage (patients with T4N3 or T3N3 tumor were at higher risk of both local and distant failure); and time to response and presence of oropharyngeal lesions (patients who had a longer period from diagnosis to final complete response [CR] and patients with oropharyngeal primaries were at higher risk for simultaneous local and distant failure). Type of chemotherapy, patient age, tumor differentiation, and response to induction chemotherapy did not significantly influence the patterns of relapse. A combined modality approach with induction chemotherapy, surgery, and/or radiotherapy does not seem to reduce the incidence of distant metastases significantly.
Terahertz radiation detection through a micro-scale antenna and a silicon-based quantum dot (2012)

We propose a new concept of THz radiation detector composed of a micro-scale THz antenna coupled to a silicon-based quantum dot. The antenna concentrates the incident THz radiation towards the quantum dot, allowing us to measure the current shift induced on the quantum dot Coulomb Oscillations.
Antimony Tin Oxide (ATO) Nanoparticle Formation from H2O2 Solutions: a New Generic Film Coating from Basic Solutions (2010)

A generic method for conductive film coating of minerals and acid-sensitive materials by antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) is introduced. The coating was performed from a hydrogen peroxide stabilized stannate and antimonate precursor solution. This is the first demonstration of ATO coating from an organic ligand-free solution. Uniform coating of different clays and other irregular configurations by monosized 5 nm ATO particles was demonstrated. The deposition mechanism and the observed preference for mineral surface coating over homogeneous agglomeration of the tin oxide particles are explained by a hydrogen peroxide capping mechanism and hydrogen bonding of the hydroperoxo nanoparticles to the H(2)O(2)-activated mineral surfaces.
Cerebral Asymmetry in Insomnia Sufferers (2012)

Cerebral asymmetry is used to describe the differences in electroencephalographic activity between regions of the brain. The objective of this study was to document frontal, central, and parietal asymmetry in psychophysiological (Psy-I) and paradoxical (Para-I) insomnia sufferers as well as good sleeper (GS) controls, and to compare their patterns of asymmetry to others already found in anxiety and depression. Additionally, asymmetry variations between nights were assessed. Participants were 17 Psy-I, 14 Para-I, and 19 GS (mean age = 40 years, SD = 9.4). They completed three nights of polysomnography (PSG) recordings following a clinical evaluation in a sleep laboratory. All sleep cycles of Nights 2 and 3 were retained for power spectral analysis. The absolute activity in frequency bands (0.00-125.00 Hz) was computed at multiple frontal, central, and parietal sites in rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement sleep to provide cerebral asymmetry measures. Mixed model ANOVAs were computed to assess differences between groups and nights. Correlations were performed with asymmetry and symptoms of depression and anxiety from self-reported questionnaires. Over the course of the two nights, Para-I tended to present hypoactivation of their left frontal region but hyperactivation of their right one compared with GS. As for Psy-I, they presented increased activation of their right parietal region compared with Para-I. Asymmetry at frontal, central, and parietal region differed between nights. On a more disrupted night of sleep, Psy-I had increased activity in their right parietal region while Para-I presented a decrease in cerebral activity in the right central region on their less disrupted night of sleep. Anxious and depressive symptoms did not correlate with asymmetry at any region. Therefore, Psy-I and Para-I present unique patterns of cerebral asymmetry that do not relate to depression or anxiety, and asymmetry varies between nights, maybe as a consequence of variability in objective sleep quality from night to night.
Synergistic combination of information from ground observations, geostationary satellite, and air quality modeling towards improved PM2.5 predictability (2022)

Abstract Concentrations of ambient particulate matter (such as PM 2.5 and PM 10 ) have come to represent a serious environmental problem worldwide, causing many deaths and economic losses. Because of the detrimental effects of PM 2.5 on human health, many countries and international organizations have developed and operated regional and global short-term PM 2.5 prediction systems. The short-term predictability of PM 2.5 (and PM 10 ) is determined by two main factors: the performance of the air quality model and the accuracy of the initial states. While specifically focusing on the latter factor, this study attempts to demonstrate how information from ‘classical’ ground observation networks, a ‘state-of-the-art’ geostationary (GEO) satellite sensor, and an advanced air quality modeling system can be synergistically combined to improve short-term PM 2.5 predictability over South Korea. Such a synergistic combination of information can effectively overcome the major obstacle of scarcity of information, which frequently occurs in PM 2.5 prediction systems using low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite-borne observations. This study first presents that the scarcity of information is mainly associated with cloud masking, sun-glint effect, and ill-location of satellite-borne data, and it then demonstrates that an advanced air quality modeling system equipped with synergistically-combined information can achieve substantially improved performances, producing enhancements of approximately 10%, 17%, 49%, and 19% in the predictability of PM 2.5 over South Korea in terms of IOA (index of agreement), R (correlation coefficient), MB (mean biases), and HR (hit rate), respectively, compared to PM 2.5 prediction systems using only LEO satellite-derived observations.
Flow controlled scalable optical packet switch for low latency flat data center network (2013)

Bandwidth-hungry internet services like cloud computing, social networking and video sharing generate large volumes of packetized traffic within data centers (DCs). Inter-cluster communication bottleneck of current DCs tree topology causes fragmented pools of servers and high latency by employing a large port count (100s) optical packet switch (OPS) to flatten the DC network topology. However, the reconfiguration time of several OPS architectures with centralized control is port count dependent. Scaling the port count causes larger latency, and thus larger buffers for storing the packets in a flow controlled operation. We present numerical and experimental results that validate the operation of a flow-controlled optical packet switch cross-connect with distributed control and nanosecond packet switching/retransmission. Real-time operation of a random packet traffic generator with variable load, FIFO queue packet storing with buffer managers for packet retransmission, contention resolution and fast switch reconfiguration control have been implemented by using an FPGA.
Experimental study of a generator of short bipolar voltage pulses based on the summation of two time-shifted opposite monopolar pulses (2022)

A generator of short bipolar voltage pulses based on the summation of two time-shifted monopolar pulses of positive and negative polarity has been developed. By changing the time of the mutual shift, it is possible to change the temporal waveform of the pulses. A multi-stage Wilkinson-type summation unit with a bandwidth of 0.03-3.7 GHz has been developed for summation of pulses and its characteristics have been studied. The results of an experimental study of the circuit of an ultra-wideband bipolar pulse generator based on the summation of monopolar pulses of two generators with variable delay are presented. Waveforms of output bipolar pulses with adjustable duration from 0.5 to 1.2 ns and variable sequence of positive and negative time lobes are given as well.
Comparing functional profiles of children with hemiplegic and diplegic cerebral palsy in GMFCS Levels I and II: are separate classifications needed? (2006)

The goal was to compare children with hemiplegia with those with diplegia within Gross Motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS) levels using multiple validated outcome tools. Specifically, we proposed that children with hemiplegia would have better gait and gross motor function within levels while upper extremity function would be poorer. Data were collected on 422 ambulatory children with cerebral palsy: 261 with diplegia and 161 with hemiplegia, across seven centers. Those with hemiplegia in each level performed significantly and consistently better on gait or lower extremity function and poorer on upper extremity and school function than those with diplegia. In GMFCS Level II, the group with hemiplegia walked faster ( p =0.017), scored 6.6 points higher on Dimension E of the Gross Motor Function Measure ( p =0.017), 6.7 points lower on Upper Extremity subscale of the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument, and 9.1 points lower on WeeFIM self‐care ( p =0.002). Basing motor prognosis on GMFCS level alone may underestimate lower extremity skills of children with hemiplegia, and overestimate those of children with diplegia.
mRNA accessible site tagging (MAST): a novel high throughput method for selecting effective antisense oligonucleotides (2003)

A solution-based method, mRNA accessible site tagging (MAST), has been developed to map the accessible sites of any given mRNA in high throughput fashion. mRNA molecules were immobilized and hybridized to randomized oligonucleotide libraries. Oligonucleotides specifically hybridized to the mRNA were sequenced and found to be able to precisely define the accessible sites of the mRNA. A number of ways were used to validate the accessible sites defined by the MAST process. Mapping of rabbit beta-globin mRNA demonstrates the efficacy and advantage of MAST over other technologies in identifying accessible sites. Antisense oligonucleotides designed according to the accessible site map of human RhoA and Renilla luciferase mRNA result in knockdown effects that are in good correlation with the degrees of accessibility. The MAST methodology can be applied to mRNA of any length using a universal protocol.
Numerical simulation of heat transfer by forced convection on mars rover (2017)

Numerical simulation have been undertaken to investigate the forced convention heat transfer of carbon dioxide flow over the Mars rover under the Martian conditions. The study is carried out based on a simplified Mars rover model which is a cuboid with longer and wider top surface and it is performed under the conditions of temperature 160 K and 290 K, Reynolds numbers of 6.64×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> to 7.01×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> and the pressure of 1000 Pa. Different directions of inflow are investigated in order to better reveal the complicated flow fields around the Mars rover. Results show that the heat transfer rate mainly depends on the inflow direction and there is a special angle that the heat transfer rate can reach its maximum. Another point of the conclusion is that the heat transfer coefficient is influenced by the separation and reattachment of turbulent flow. Additionally, the evolution of vortices cause the heat transfer coefficient increasing slightly. Based on the numerical simulation data, a correlation of the force convection heat transfer of carbon dioxide flowing over the Mars rover is developed. Compared with the empirical correlation from literature, the present correlation is more applicable under the Martian conditions.
Benzalconium tribromide, Synthesis and utilization in phenols bromination processes (2021)

The classic bromination of aromatic substrates is carried out, conventionally by using of bromine, a very toxic pollutant and hazard. Its manipulation is difficult and during bromination is necessary to use expensive catalysts that generate wastes with great environmental impact.
In the last years several catalysts have been introduced but their regioselectivity is not high and require bromine for their preparation. The polyhalide (perbromide) ammonium salts like piridinium tribromide and phenyltrimethylammonium tribromide have been used as brominating agents in mild conditions. These reagents can be used quantitatively in solid form, which facilitates their manipulation at laboratory scale. In the present communication a synthetic way for obtaining bromophenol derivatives using as brominating agent benzalkonium tribromide (Benzal-Br3) is reported. This compound is obtained starting from commercially available benzalkonium chloride and its treatment with NaBrO3-HBr in dichlorometane under simple conditions and with satisfactory yields. Its structural and physic-chemical characteristics (FTIR and NMR-H-C) which corroborate proposed structure are reported. The reaction of phenolic substrates with Benzal-Br3 in dichloromethane-methanol mixture during 1-3h at ambient temperature allows to obtain the corresponding bromoderivatives (>75%). This procedure allows, without special conditions, to synthesize a series ofbromosubstituted phenols on dependence of the brominating agent's molar quantity (1:1; 2:1; 3:1) vs. phenolic substrates used.
Synthesis of Disentangled Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene for Ultimate Tensile Properties (2017)

Ultra-High Molecular Weight PolyEthylene (UHMWPE) is known to be an engineering material rather than a commodity plastic due to its excellent mechanical properties together with the chemical and high abrasion resistance. The main drawback of this material is the processability due to the very high viscosity of the melt due to the large number of entanglements. Recently, a significant improvement in the processability has been reported. The fundamental concept is to reduce the formation of entanglements in the amorphous phase of the semi-crystalline polymer by fast crystallizing the growing chains during polymerization. The so-called disentangled UHMWPE can be processed in the nascent powder into high modulus/ high strength tapes [1]. Several catalytic systems are known to produce polyethylene, but few are reported to have ultra-high molecular weight capabilities, even fewer to produce disentangled UHMWPE. In the present study we have investigated the effect of some reaction conditions in the polymerization of ethylene using a bis(phenoxyimine) Titanium (IV) catalyst capable to synthesize disentangled UHMWPE. The polymers produced are characterized by rheology, DSC and SEM. The polymers synthesized can be solid state processed into uniaxially drawn tapes having high modulus/high strength making them suitable for extreme performance applications (Figure 1) [2].
Clustering and semantically filtering web images to create a large-scale image ontology (2006)

In our effort to contribute to the closing of the "semantic gap" between images and their semantic description, we are building a large-scale ontology of images of objects. This visual catalog will contain a large number of images of objects, structured in a hierarchical catalog, allowing image processing researchers to derive signatures for wide classes of objects. We are building this ontology using images found on the web. We describe in this article our initial approach for finding coherent sets of object images. We first perform two semantic filtering steps: the first involves deciding which words correspond to objects and using these words to access databases which index text found associated with an image (e.g. Google Image search) to find a set of candidate images; the second semantic filtering step involves using face recognition technology to remove images of people from the candidate set (we have found that often requests for objects return images of people). After these two steps, we have a cleaner set of candidate images for each object. We then index and cluster the remaining images using our system VIKA (VIsual KAtaloguer) to find coherent sets of objects.
Risk of Surgical Site Infection Following Open and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (2022)

Objective: The purpose of this research was to assess the risk for infection at the surgical site following open vs. laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Study Design: Randomized control trial Place and Duration: Data was collected from different hospitals including Department of Surgery, Khyber Teaching Hospital and Jinnah International Hospital, Abbottabad in the period from March, 2022 to August, 2022. Methods: Total 94 patients of both genders had age 18-70 years were included. We have taken informed written consent from the included patients for detailed demographics. We equally divided cases in two groups. Group I received open cholecystectomy in 47 patients and 47 patients of group II received laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Post-operative frequency of surgical site infection was compared among both groups. SPSS 23.0 was used to analyze all data. Results: In 94 included cases, 63 (67.02%) were females and 31 (32.98%) were males. Patients mean age in group I was 32.3±13.44 years while in group II mean age was 35.7±16.37 years. Diabetes, depression, hypertension and liver disease were the comorbidities among both groups. Post-operative duration of hospital stay was lower in group II 1.9±6.32 days as compared to group I 4.5±1.19 days. We found that frequency of surgical site infection in group I was higher in 12 (25.5%) cases as compared to group II in 3 (6.4%) cases. Conclusion: In this study, we found that laparoscopic cholecystectomy resulted in a lower rate of infection at the surgical site compared to open cholecystectomy. Keywords: Surgical Site Infection, Open cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Femtosecond Optical Code-Division Multiple-Access (1997)

We discuss a project aimed at demonstrating the physical feasibility of a novel, high-speed communications network based on encoding and decoding of coherent ultrashort light pulses. Relevant component technologies, such as fiber pigtailed pulse shapers, femtosecond dispersion compensation, and ultrafast optical thresholders, are also discussed.
Aspirin Has A Gender-Dependent Impact on Antiinflammatory 15-Epi-Lipoxin A 4 Formation (2005)

Low-dose aspirin has a gender-specific impact on aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxin A4 production, which may contribute to the gender-dependent clinical benefits of aspirin. Also, they may provide a molecular rationale for low-dose aspirin therapies in elderly women to reduce inflammation-related disorders.
Enhancing Use of Social Media in TV Broadcasting (2017)

Traditional linear TV is decreasing in popularity and the broadcast industry has identified the need to change communication with their audience as a way to counteract on this. Especially younger generations are using social media twenty-four-seven and would like to continue doing so while watching TV. The VisualMedia project accepts this challenge by enriching the TV experience with elements and information from social media in real-time during live broadcasts. It enables broadcasters to select and distribute posts and stats from various social media sources in a fast and reliable way. With the help of VisualMedia, posts and stats can be shown within live programs using enhanced graphical representations or on the second screen, with minimal latency. The goal of the project is to deliver a framework that combines all necessary steps from retrieving posts to delivering them into a live TV show. This gives broadcasters the opportunity to react fast on their audiences, and facilitates audiences to interact with their broadcaster.