gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Perceptual-Learning Evidence for Separate Processing of Asynchrony and Order Tasks (2006)

Normal perception depends, in part, on accurate judgments of the temporal relationships between sensory events. Two such relative-timing skills are the ability to detect stimulus asynchrony and to discriminate stimulus order. Here we investigated the neural processes contributing to the performance of auditory asynchrony and order tasks in humans, using a perceptual-learning paradigm. In each of two parallel experiments, we tested listeners on a pretest and a posttest consisting of auditory relative-timing conditions. Between these two tests, we trained a subset of listeners approximately 1 h/d for 6-8 d on a single relative-timing condition. The trained listeners practiced asynchrony detection in one experiment and order discrimination in the other. Both groups were trained at sound onset with tones at 0.25 and 4.0 kHz. The remaining listeners in each experiment, who served as controls, did not receive multihour training during the 8-10 d between the pretest and posttest. These controls improved even without intervening training, adding to evidence that a single session of exposure to perceptual tasks can yield learning. Most importantly, each of the two groups of trained listeners learned more on their respective trained conditions than controls, but this learning occurred only on the two trained conditions. Neither group of trained listeners generalized their learning to the other task (order or asynchrony), an untrained temporal position (sound offset), or untrained frequency pairs. Thus, it appears that multihour training on relative-timing skills affects task-specific neural circuits that are tuned to a given temporal position and combination of stimulus components.
Genetics of Congenital Heart Malformations: A Stochastic Modela (1985)

A stochastic model is proposed to explain how alterations in the properties of developing endocardial cells could control the outgrowth of endocardial cushions in normal persons, in subjects from families with a predisposition to congenital heart defects, and in subjects with trisomy 21. Normal and abnormal outgrowth of the endocardial cushions of the atrioventricular (AV) canal were modeled by computer simulations. Computer simulations depicted not only the sequence of normal AV valve development, but also illustrated how increased cellular adhesiveness of fibroblasts from the endocardial cushions of the AV canal--which we have observed in vitro among cultured cells from Down syndrome abortuses--may result in AV canal defects. The stochastic model so elaborated demonstrates how single gene changes may result in abnormalities in only a proportion of subjects carrying mutant alleles, yielding inheritance patterns characterized previously as being "multifactorial" in origin.
Study on robot path tracking based on work target area graph (2010)

In order to enhance the path tracking speed and accuracy of robot in complex farmland environment,a kind of agricultural robot path tracking principle based on work target area graph was put forward in this paper. The definition of work target area graph were presented, and how to generate, initialize, and fit work target area graph was described in detail. The possible relationship between real-time tracking path and optimal path was analyzed, and corresponding fitting method as well. Robot path tracking was realized through rotating the angle of robot position. The experimental results showed that the method was of fast measuring speed, high accuracy and small absolute error and no accumulated error.
Iron Availability from Whey Protein Hydrogels:  An in Vitro Study (2004)

The influence of whey protein hydrogel microstructure, filamentous versus particulate, on iron delivery was studied under different conditions, including simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Experiments were initially conducted to determine the impact of pH and enzymes on iron release. The results show that different iron release profiles can be obtained from filamentous and particulate gels. Particulate gels released more iron than filamentous gels at acidic pH, but the opposite was observed at alkaline pH. In the presence of pepsin at pH 1.2 or pancreatin at pH 7.5, both gel types showed increased protein hydrolysis, but only filamentous gels showed increased iron release, suggesting that matrix structure plays an important role in iron delivery. A dissolution test was carried out under gastrointestinal conditions to mimic the in vivo dissolution process. Filamentous gel released most of its iron during the intestinal phase of a simulated digestion, hence protecting iron during its transit in the gastric zone. Absorption of iron by the Caco-2 system, used to estimate intestinal absorption, revealed that filamentous gels favored intracellular iron absorption. These results suggest that filamentous gels show promise as matrices for transporting iron and promoting its absorption and therefore should be of major interest in the development of innovative functional foods.
&beta;-glycosphingolipids ameliorated non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the Psammomys obesus model (2014)

Liver steatosis is a common characteristic of obesity and type 2 diabetes, and fatty liver disease is increasingly recognized as a major health burden. Accumulating evidence suggests that β-glycosphingolipids play an important role in insulin sensitivity and thus could affect hepatic steatosis. To determine the effect associated with β-glycosphingolipid-mediated amelioration of liver injury, seven groups of Psammomys obesus on a high-energy diet were studied. Animals were treated with daily injections of β-glucosylceramide, β-lactosylceramide, or a combination of both. β-glycosphingolipids ameliorated the hepatic injury manifested by decreased liver enzymes, liver weight, and hepatic fat, and improved liver histology. Administration of both β-glucosylceramide and β-lactosylceramide also decreased interferon (IFN)-γ serum levels. These effects were associated with improved serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. These data suggest that β-glycosphingolipids ameliorate liver injury in an animal model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
SenticNet 5: Discovering Conceptual Primitives for Sentiment Analysis by Means of Context Embeddings (2018)

With the recent development of deep learning, research in AI has gained new vigor and prominence. While machine learning has succeeded in revitalizing many research fields, such as computer vision, speech recognition, and medical diagnosis, we are yet to witness impressive progress in natural language understanding. One of the reasons behind this unmatched expectation is that, while a bottom-up approach is feasible for pattern recognition, reasoning and understanding often require a top-down approach. In this work, we couple sub-symbolic and symbolic AI to automatically discover conceptual primitives from text and link them to commonsense concepts and named entities in a new three-level knowledge representation for sentiment analysis. In particular, we employ recurrent neural networks to infer primitives by lexical substitution and use them for grounding common and commonsense knowledge by means of multi-dimensional scaling.
Local representation of global diversity in a cosmopolitan lichen‐forming fungal species complex (Rhizoplaca, Ascomycota) (2013)

Abstract Aim The relative importance of long‐distance dispersal versus vicariance in determining the distribution of lichen‐forming fungi remains unresolved. Here, we examined diversity and distributions in a cosmopolitan lichen‐forming fungal species complex, Rhizoplaca melanophthalma sensu lato (Ascomycota), across a broad, intercontinental geographical distribution. We sought to determine the temporal context of diversification and the impacts of past climatic fluctuations on demographic dynamics within this group. Location Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. Methods We obtained molecular sequence data from a total of 240 specimens of R. melanophthalma s.l. collected across five continents. We assessed the monophyly of candidate species using individual gene trees and a tree from a seven‐locus concatenated data set. Divergence times and relationships among candidate species were evaluated using a multilocus coalescent‐based species tree approach. Speciation probabilities were estimated using the coalescent‐based species delimitation program bpp . We also calculated statistics on molecular diversity and population demographics for independent lineages. Main conclusions Our analyses of R. melanophthalma s.l. collected from five continents supported the presence of six species‐level lineages within this complex. Based on current sampling, two of these lineages were found to have broad intercontinental distributions, while the other four were limited to western North America. Of the six lineages, five were found on a single mountain in the western USA and the sixth occurred no more than 200 km away from this mountain. Our estimates of divergence times suggest that Pleistocene glacial cycles played an important role in species diversification within this group. At least three lineages show evidence of recent or ongoing population expansion.
Ex-vivo mechanical sealing properties and toxicity of a bioadhesive patch as sealing system for fetal membrane iatrogenic defects (2020)

Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) is the most frequent complication of fetal surgery. Strategies to seal the membrane defect created by fetoscopy aiming to reduce the occurrence of PPROM have been attempted with little success. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ex-vivo mechanical sealing properties and toxicity of four different bioadhesives integrated in semi-rigid patches for fetal membranes. We performed and ex-vivo study using term human fetal membranes to compare the four integrated patches composed of silicone or silicone-polyurethane combined with dopaminated-hyaluronic acid or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). For mechanical sealing properties, membranes were mounted in a multiaxial inflation device with saline, perforated and sealed with the 4 combinations. We measured bursting pressure and maximum pressure free of leakage (n = 8). For toxicity, an organ culture of membranes sealed with the patches was used to measure pyknotic index (PI) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration (n = 5). All bioadhesives achieved appropriate bursting pressures, but only HPMC forms achieved high maximum pressures free of leakage. Concerning toxicity, bioadhesives showed low PI and LDH levels, suggesting no cell toxicity. We conclude that a semi-rigid patch coated with HPMC achieved ex-vivo sealing of iatrogenic defects in fetal membranes with no signs of cell toxicity. These results warrant further research addressing long-term adhesiveness and feasibility as a sealing system for fetoscopy.
Calpains and Calpastatin in Human Blood Platelets (1995)

Calpain, a Ca(2+) activated intracellular protease and its endogeneous protein inhibitor, calpastatin are abundant in platelets. The structure and enzymological properties of calpain, including its isozymes, and of calpastatin in platelets have been fully characterized. Also, platelet calpain has been shown to cleave various endogeneous polypeptides. However, the mode of activation and the physiological function of platelet calpains have not been clarified. Our recent investigations on platelet calpains with cell permeable calpain antagonists and specific antibodies reveal that calpains are not involved in the early phases of platelet activation such as shape change and aggregation, but in the later phases of platelet activation such as cytoskeletal reorganization and Ca(2+) uptake.
13C NMR of Lignins in Aqueous Alkali. II. Ionization Effects on the Spectra of Technical Lignins (1997)

Aqueous alkali is a convenient medium for obtaining 13 C NMR spectra of lignins. The spectra of a series of model compounds were recorded in both aqueous alkali and a deuterated organic solvent that, with the data published previously, made up the basis for interpreting the spectra of lignins in aqueous alkali and changes in chemical shifts upon ionization of functional groups in the polymer. The spectra of sample lignins of distinctively different origin, i.e., ALCELL, oxygen-organosolv, and kraft lignins were recorded and interpreted. It is shown that the spectra in aqueous alkali can be used in lignin characterization exactly in the same manner as the spectra in an organic solvent. In addition, ionization chemical shifts may be used as a structural probe. This new technique brings valuable extention to 13 C NMR spectroscopy of lignins.
Studies on the Metabolism ofd-Limonene (p-mentha-1, 8-diene). IV Isolation and Characterization of New Metabolites and Species Differences in Metabolism (1976)

1. The main route of elimination of d-limonene administered orally was via the urine in animals and man, 75-95% of the administered radioactivity being excreted in the urine during 2-3 days. Faecal excretion accounted for less than 10% of the dose in animals during 2-3 days. 2. In addition to six metabolites, namely p-mentha-1,8-dien-10-ol (M-I), p-menth-1-ene-8,9-diol (M-II), perillic acid (M-III), perillic acid-8,9-diol (M-IV), p-mentha-1,8-dien-10-yl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (M-V) and 8-hydroxy-p-meth-1-en-9-yl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (M-VI) isolated from rabbit urine previously (Kodama et al., 1974), five new metabolites have been isolated from dog and rat urine, and which were characterized as 2-hydroxy-p-menth-8-en-7-oic acid (M-VII), perillylglycine (M-VIII), perillyl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (M-IX), p-mentha-1,8-dien-6-ol (M-X) and probably p-menth-1-ene-6,8,9-triol (M-XI). 3. The major metabolite of d-limonene in the urine was M-IV in rat and rabbit, M-IX in hamster, M-II in dog and M-VI in guinea pig and man.
Hydrogenation of Esters to Alcohols Catalyzed by Defined Manganese Pincer Complexes (2016)

Abstract The first manganese‐catalyzed hydrogenation of esters to alcohols has been developed. The combination of Mn(CO) 5 Br with [HN(CH 2 CH 2 P(Et) 2 ) 2 ] leads to a mixture of cationic and neutral Mn PNP pincer complexes, which enable the reduction of various ester substrates, including aromatic and aliphatic esters as well as diesters and lactones. Notably, related pincer complexes with isopropyl or cyclohexyl substituents showed very low activity.
Natural Convection of a Heat Generating Fluid in a Closed Cavity (1980)

Thermal convection of a heat generating fluid in a rectangular enclosure, cooled at the side walls, is investigated in the boundary-layer regime at large internal Rayleigh numbers. A boundary-layer analysis is employed to derive a system of equations valid near the vertical walls and a corresponding system valid in the core of the enclosure. The boundary-layer equations were solved using a modified Oseen linearization method. It was found that the primary convective flow consists of a bicellular circulation in which the cold, descending boundary layers at the lateral walls generate a nearly uniform, upward flow in the core. In addition, a strong, stable, vertical temperature gradient is established in the core by the process of upward transport of heat. The side-wall heat flux distribution shows that most of the heat generated within the cavity is removed along the upper one-half of each vertical wall. It is expected that the results of this work can be applied in studies of the containment of heat generating radioactive materials and in analyses of convection driven by electrical currents or exothermic chemical reactions.
Manipulation of Polyhydroxybutyrate Properties through Blending with Ethyl-Cellulose for a Composite Biomaterial (2011)

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is widely used as a biomaterial in medical and tissue-engineering applications, a relatively high crystallinity limits its application. Blending PHB with ethyl-cellulose (EtC) was readily achieved to reduce PHB crystallinity and promote its degradation under physiological conditions without undue influence on biocompatibility. Material strength of composite films remained unchanged at 6.5<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mo>±</mml:mo></mml:math>0.6 MPa with 40% (w/w) EtC loadings. Phase separation between the two biopolymers was determined with PHB crystallinity decreasing from 63% to 47% for films with the same loading. This reduction in crystallinity supported an increase in the degradation rates of composite films from 0.39 to 0.81% wk −1 for PHB and its composite, respectively. No significant change in morphology and proliferation of olfactory ensheathing cells were observed with the composites despite significant increases in average surface roughness ( R a ) of the films from 2.90 to 3.65 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi></mml:math>m for PHB and blends with 80% (w/w) EtC, respectively.
Construction of Transcription System and Comparison of Peak Extraction Methods (1993)

In the transcription system, peak frequency extraction is most important. Iguchi et al. have developed interpolation method in complex spectra. It is necessary for this method to calculate long data FFT to make frequency correction in low frequency range. So this method is not suitable for fast rhythm song. We have developed the adaptive method, by which frequency correction is not necessary. In this paper, we also use short time spectrum analysis method by complex first order system. We constructed transcription system and compared three peak extraction methods in calculation time and accuracy.
Phenotypic and functional characterization of corneal endothelial cells during in vitro expansion (2020)

The advent of cell culture-based methods for the establishment and expansion of human corneal endothelial cells (CEnC) has provided a source of transplantable corneal endothelium, with a significant potential to challenge the one donor-one recipient paradigm. However, concerns over cell identity remain, and a comprehensive characterization of the cultured CEnC across serial passages has not been performed. To this end, we compared two established CEnC culture methods by assessing the transcriptomic changes that occur during in vitro expansion. In confluent monolayers, low mitogenic culture conditions preserved corneal endothelial cell state identity better than culture in high mitogenic conditions. Expansion by continuous passaging induced replicative cell senescence. Transcriptomic analysis of the senescent phenotype identified a cell senescence signature distinct for CEnC. We identified activation of both classic and new cell signaling pathways that may be targeted to prevent senescence, a significant barrier to realizing the potential clinical utility of in vitro expansion.
Entscheider-Reise 2017: Was machen eigentlich die Amerikaner? (2017)

Eine deutschsprachige Delegation besuchte im Juli herausragende Gesundheitseinrichtungen in San Diego (USA). Das Ziel der 30 Klinikgeschäftsführer, IT-Leiter, Verbands- und Industrievertreter sowie Berater: die Strategien ihrer US-Kollegen mit Ansätzen im deutschsprachigen Markt zu vergleichen und Anregungen für eigene Strategien mitzunehmen.
Cloning of M-calpain 80 kD subunit from the axonal degeneration-resistant WLDs mouse mutant (1998)

Calpains are calcium-activated cysteine proteases that are involved in cellular degradation in models of neurodegeneration. Calpains are the effectors of cytoskeletal disruption during axonal degeneration, a pathological feature of many neurological disorders. The WLD(S) mouse mutant is resistant to axonal degeneration and demonstrates prolonged survival of the cytoskeleton after nerve injury. To investigate the possibility that a mutation in calpain or abnormalities in calpain protein expression is responsible for the resistance to axonal degeneration seen in the WLD(S) mouse mutant, we 1) cloned and sequenced the large subunit of the high calcium-requiring form of calpain (m-calpain) from nervous system tissues of WLD(S) and from wild-type C57BL/6 mice, and 2) generated polyclonal m-calpain antibodies for comparison of relative protein levels by Western blot. We found our sequence for mouse m-calpain to be almost identical to another recently published mouse sequence, and the wild-type and WLD(S) sequences to be identical. Our fusion protein and peptide polyclonal antibodies were specific for the 80 kD subunit and recognized appropriate protein bands from pure m-calpain, fusion protein, and in tissue. There was no apparent difference in m-calpain expression in nerve or spinal cord in noninjured adult animals. These data suggest that a defect in m-calpain 80 kD subunit does not likely underlie the WLD(S) phenotype, but raise questions about other subunits of calpain and possibly other proteases.
The interleukin-6 (IL-6)/IL-6-receptor system induces human chorionic gonadotropin production by activating tyrosine kinase-dependent signal transduction pathway different from pathways triggered by protein kinase activators including gonadotropin releasing hormone. (1993)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) may play an important role in human CG (hCG) production by activating the IL-6-receptor (-R) system on human trophoblasts. Trophoblasts produced hCG in response to rIL-6 as well as to 8-bromo cAMP (8-Br-cAMP), 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and calcium ionophore A23187. To determine whether the signal transduction pathway activated by the IL-6-R system depends on protein kinases such as protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase, trophoblasts were stimulated with recombinant (r-) IL-6 in the presence or absence of protein kinase inhibitors such as N(2-methyl-aminoethyl)-5-isoquinoline sulfonamide dihydrochloride (H8), and 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfomyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H7) and a calmodulin antagonist, N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1- napthalenesulfonamide (W7), H8, H7, and W7 failed to suppress rIL-6-induced hCG production but completely inhibited hCG production induced by 8-Br-cAMP, TPA, and the GnRH agonist (GnRHa), respectively. In contrast, genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, completely suppressed rIL-6-induced hCG production but failed to inhibit hCG production induced by 8-Br-cAMP, TPA, and A23187. Genistein also did not suppress GnRH-induced hCG production. The addition of genistein to rIL-1- and rTNF-alpha-stimulated trophoblasts inhibited rIL-1-induced and rTNF-alpha induced hCG production but maintained rIL-1- and rTNF-alpha-induced IL-6 production. These results show that the IL-6/IL-6-R system-induced signal transduction pathway in the placenta probably stimulates hCG production by activating a tyrosine kinase pathway. The experiment with genistein shows that the GnRH/GnRH-R system activates a signal transduction pathway distinct from that activated by the IL-6/IL-6-R system.