gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Consensus Paper. Cerebellar Reserve: From Cerebellar Physiology to Cerebellar Disorders (2019)

Cerebellar reserve refers to the capacity of the cerebellum to compensate for tissue damage or loss of function resulting from many different etiologies. When the inciting event produces acute focal damage (e.g., stroke, trauma), impaired cerebellar function may be compensated for by other cerebellar areas or by extracerebellar structures (i.e., structural cerebellar reserve). In contrast, when pathological changes compromise cerebellar neuronal integrity gradually leading to cell death (e.g., metabolic and immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias, neurodegenerative ataxias), it is possible that the affected area itself can compensate for the slowly evolving cerebellar lesion (i.e., functional cerebellar reserve). Here, we examine cerebellar reserve from the perspective of the three cornerstones of clinical ataxiology: control of ocular movements, coordination of voluntary axial and appendicular movements, and cognitive functions. Current evidence indicates that cerebellar reserve is potentiated by environmental enrichment through the mechanisms of autophagy and synaptogenesis, suggesting that cerebellar reserve is not rigid or fixed, but exhibits plasticity potentiated by experience. These conclusions have therapeutic implications. During the period when cerebellar reserve is preserved, treatments should be directed at stopping disease progression and/or limiting the pathological process. Simultaneously, cerebellar reserve may be potentiated using multiple approaches. Potentiation of cerebellar reserve may lead to compensation and restoration of function in the setting of cerebellar diseases, and also in disorders primarily of the cerebral hemispheres by enhancing cerebellar mechanisms of action. It therefore appears that cerebellar reserve, and the underlying plasticity of cerebellar microcircuitry that enables it, may be of critical neurobiological importance to a wide range of neurological/neuropsychiatric conditions.
A framework for detecting performance design and deployment antipatterns in component based enterprise systems (2005)

In this paper a framework to automatically detect design and deployment antipatterns in component based enterprise systems is presented. The approach taken monitors a running system and makes use of statistical analysis and techniques from the field of data mining to summarise the performance data collected. Performance antipatterns are detected from the summarised data using a rule-engine approach and are assessed in terms of their performance impact using performance models. Any antipatterns found are presented to the user in a diagramatic format.
Dipole formation and yielding in a two-dimensional continuum dislocation model (2014)

While a Taylor-type yield stress, proportional to the square-root of the dislocation density, may appear at a macroscopic scale, it can be shown with discrete dislocation simulations that it does not accurately describe dislocation motion on the scale of individual dislocations. In this article, we first demonstrate that the Taylor term fails to capture a number of features of dislocation dynamics by comparing the results of a continuum formulation using this yield stress term to discrete dislocation dynamics simulations. We then present an alternate model, based on a mean free path formulation, and demonstrate that this model effectively reproduces the results of the discrete simulation. This mean free path model is proposed as an extension to an existing continuum theory, making use of the key fact that the velocity of dislocations in a realistic system is not single valued, but distributed over several values. The velocity distribution may also change with time. It is demonstrated that this formulation predicts features of both pileups and homogenous distributions which are in agreement with discrete dislocation simulations, but are not reproducible by traditional statistical continuum theories. Finally, possible extensions to this model are discussed, which may enhance the ability to reproduce key features of dislocation yielding.
Hospital-Acquired Respiratory Viral Infections: Incidence, Morbidity, and Mortality in Pediatric and Adult Patients (2017)

Nosocomial respiratory viral infections are an underappreciated cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized adult and pediatric patients. The incidence was nearly 10-fold higher in our pediatric hospital. We estimate there are approximately 18 955 pediatric and adult cases of nosocomial respiratory viral infections in US acute care hospitals each year.
THE MORAL CHALLENGE OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY (2006)

Sustainable development requires that private corporations adopt "green technology", which in many cases also improves firm profitability.When this occurs, the actions are simply good business and are morally neutral -neither good nor bad.If "greening" is expected to harm the company financially then green technology is typically not adopted, and this can be morally problematic.In this paper we discuss DuPont CEO Chad Holliday's decision not to withdraw from the market or redesign the highly profitable product Teflon® even though it may present significant public health concerns.We conclude that the unregulated free market system is incompatible with our search for sustainability.Experience has shown that if green technology threatens profits, green technology loses and profitability wins.
Emphysematous Cystitis: Mortality, Risk Factors, and Pathogens of a Rare Disease (2017)

Although high mortality rates have been reported for emphysematous pyelonephritis (EP), information on emphysematous cystitis (EC), which is less common, is sparse. Here, we report one new case of severe EC and 136 cases of EC that occurred between 2007 and 2016, and review information about the characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and mortality of these patients, and the pathogens found in these patients. The mean age of the 136 patients was 67.9±14.2 years. Concurrent emphysematous infections of other organs were found in 21 patients (15.4%), with emphysematous pyelonephritis being the most common of these infections. The primary pathogen identified was <i>Escherichia coli</i> (54.4%). Patients were mainly treated by conservative management that included antibiotics (n=105; 77.2%). Ten of the 136 patients with EC died, yielding a mortality rate of 7.4%. Despite the relatively low mortality rate of EC compared with that of EP, a high degree of suspicion must be maintained to facilitate successful and conservative management.
Improved AOAC First Action 2011.08 for the Analysis of Vitamin B12 in Infant Formula and Adult/Pediatric Formulas: First Action 2014.02 (2014)

This report documents improvement and single-laboratory validation performed on AOAC First Action Method 2011.08 for vitamin B12 in infant formula and adult/pediatric nutritional formula. The original validation study included a range of fortified products, from infant formulas to breakfast cereals or beverages. Extended validation data, including additional infant formulas and adult/pediatric nutritionals, has now been produced. In addition, the method has been modified to use ultra-HPLC and the calibration range extended in a multilevel calibration curve. Detection and quantification limits were also improved by increasing the sample weight used for analysis and the reconstitution rate adapted to the requirements. The Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals Test Material Kit, designed to represent a large range of products within the category (infant formula and adult nutritionals made from any combination of milk, soy, rice, whey, hydrolyzed protein, starch, and amino acids, with and without intact protein), was used to determine performance characteristics of the method. The modifications included allow now full compliance with standard method performance requirements established for vitamin B12 (SMPR 2011.005). LOQ was ≤0.01 μg/100 g, working range between 0.01 and 5.0 μg/100 g, repeatability ≤7%, and recovery in the range 90-110%. The method was granted AOAC First Action status 2014.02.
1,3-1,4-α-l-Fucosynthase That Specifically Introduces Lewis a/x Antigens into Type-1/2 Chains (2012)

α-L-fucosyl residues attached at the non-reducing ends of glycoconjugates constitute histo-blood group antigens Lewis (Le) and ABO and play fundamental roles in various biological processes. Therefore, establishing a method for synthesizing the antigens is important for functional glycomics studies. However, regiospecific synthesis of glycosyl linkages, especially α-L-fucosyl linkages, is quite difficult to control both by chemists and enzymologists. Here, we generated an α-L-fucosynthase that specifically introduces Le(a) and Le(x) antigens into the type-1 and type-2 chains, respectively; i.e. the enzyme specifically accepts the disaccharide structures (Galβ1-3/4GlcNAc) at the non-reducing ends and attaches a Fuc residue via an α-(1,4/3)-linkage to the GlcNAc. X-ray crystallographic studies revealed the structural basis of this strict regio- and acceptor specificity, which includes the induced fit movement of the catalytically important residues, and the difference between the active site structures of 1,3-1,4-α-L-fucosidase (EC 3.2.1.111) and α-L-fucosidase (EC 3.2.1.51) in glycoside hydrolase family 29. The glycosynthase developed in this study should serve as a potentially powerful tool to specifically introduce the Le(a/x) epitopes onto labile glycoconjugates including glycoproteins. Mining glycosidases with strict specificity may represent the most efficient route to the specific synthesis of glycosidic bonds.
Switching perception of musical meters by listening to different acoustic cues of biphasic sound stimulus (2020)

Meter is one of the core features of music perception. It is the cognitive grouping of regular sound sequences, typically for every 2, 3, or 4 beats. Previous studies have suggested that one can not only passively perceive the meter from acoustic cues such as loudness, pitch, and duration of sound elements, but also actively perceive it by paying attention to isochronous sound events without any acoustic cues. Studying the interaction of top-down and bottom-up processing in meter perception leads to understanding the cognitive system’s ability to perceive the entire structure of music. The present study aimed to demonstrate that meter perception requires the top-down process (which maintains and switches attention between cues) as well as the bottom-up process for discriminating acoustic cues. We created a “biphasic” sound stimulus, which consists of successive tone sequences designed to provide cues for both the triple and quadruple meters in different sound attributes, frequency, and duration, and measured how participants perceived meters from the stimulus in a five-point scale (ranged from “strongly triple” to “strongly quadruple”). Participants were asked to focus on differences in frequency and duration. We found that well-trained participants perceived different meters by switching their attention to specific cues, while untrained participants did not. This result provides evidence for the idea that meter perception involves the interaction between top-down and bottom-up processes, which training can facilitate.
Optical-Clock-Based Time Scale. (2019)

A time scale is a procedure for accurately and continuously marking the passage of time. It is exemplified by Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and provides the backbone for critical navigation tools such as the Global Positioning System. Present time scales employ microwave atomic clocks, whose attributes can be combined and averaged in a manner such that the composite is more stable, accurate, and reliable than the output of any individual clock. Over the past decade, clocks operating at optical frequencies have been introduced that are orders of magnitude more stable than any microwave clock. However, in spite of their great potential, these optical clocks cannot be operated continuously, which makes their use in a time scale problematic. We report the development of a hybrid microwave-optical time scale, which only requires the optical clock to run intermittently while relying upon the ensemble of microwave clocks to serve as the flywheel oscillator. The benefit of using a clock ensemble as the flywheel oscillator instead of a single clock can be understood by the Dick-effect limit. This time scale demonstrates for the first time subnanosecond accuracy over a few months, attaining a fractional frequency stability of 1.45 × 10<sup>-16</sup> at 30 days and reaching the 10<sup>-17</sup> decade at 50 days, with respect to UTC. This time scale significantly improves the accuracy in timekeeping and could change the existing time-scale architectures.
Efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (2007)

Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab may reduce the fluid from PCV but seems to be ineffective for diminishing its choroidal vascular changes.
A protocol for the induction of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal mice (2021)

Recapitulating human NEC using animal models has been insightful in dissecting the signaling pathways, immune-mediated mechanisms, genetic signatures, and the intestinal architecture of NEC. This protocol describes an <i>in vivo</i> murine NEC model, using hypoxia and formula containing lipopolysaccharide and enteric bacteria derived from an infant with NEC. With this mouse model, we aim to further dissect NEC pathogenesis and develop new therapeutic strategies. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Mihi et al. (2021).
Joint Bandwidth Allocation and Connection Admission Control for Polling Services in IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Networks (2006)

Although the medium access control (MAC) protocol and the physical layer are well defined in IEEE 802.16 standard, bandwidth allocation (BA) and connection admission control (CAC) remain as open research issues. In this paper, we present a joint adaptive bandwidth allocation and connection admission control method for real-time and non-real-time polling services in the IEEE 802.16-based broadband wireless networks which use adaptaive modulation and coding at the physical layer. This method is based on an optimization-based approach where the in-connection (i.e., packet-level) performances (i.e., delay and transmission rate for real-time and non-real-time polling services, respectively) are used as cost functions and decision criteria for allocating bandwidth and for accepting or blocking a new connection, respectively. A queueing model is used to analyze transmission delay and transmission rate under adaptive modulation and coding. Binary integer programming is used to obtain the solutions for the optimization formulation. Typical performance results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme over traditional static and adaptive band-width allocation schemes.
Learning-Based Adaptive IRS Control With Limited Feedback Codebooks (2022)

Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) consist of configurable meta-atoms, which can change the wireless propagation environment through design of their reflection coefficients. We consider a practical setting where (i) the IRS reflection coefficients are configured by adjusting tunable elements embedded in the meta-atoms, (ii) the IRS reflection coefficients are affected by the incident angles of the incoming signals, (iii) the IRS is deployed in multi-path, time-varying channels, and (iv) the feedback link from the base station to the IRS has a low data rate. Conventional optimization-based IRS control protocols, which rely on channel estimation and conveying the optimized variables to the IRS, are not applicable in this setting due to the difficulty of channel estimation and the low feedback rate. Therefore, we develop a novel adaptive codebook-based limited feedback protocol where only a codeword index is transferred to the IRS. We propose two solutions for adaptive codebook design, random adjacency (RA) and deep neural network policy-based IRS control (DPIC), both of which only require the end-to-end compound channels. We further develop several augmented schemes based on RA and DPIC. Numerical evaluations show that the data rate and average data rate over one coherence time are improved substantially by our schemes.
Fusing Pentagons in a Fullerene Cage by Chlorination: IPR D2‐C76 Rearranges into non‐IPR C76Cl24 (2009)

Spectacular skeletal rearrangement of the C76 fullerene cage was observed as a result of chlorination of D2-C76 to give C76Cl24 (see structure; gray C, green Cl, orange bonds highlight the pentagons), which features a significantly flattened carbon cage that violates the isolated pentagon rule. This transformation is likely to include seven single Stone–Wales rearrangements, which are facilitated by chlorination of the fullerene cage. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Differential induction of VCAM-1 on human iliac venous and arterial endothelial cells and its role in adhesion. (1993)

Venous and arterial large vessel endothelial cells (EC) were compared for their constitutive and TNF-alpha-induced expression of the cell-surface adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and -2, VCAM-1 and ELAM-1 by FACS analysis. Human iliac venous and arterial EC (HIVEC and HIAEC) constitutively express ICAM-1 and ICAM-2. TNF-alpha increases the expression of ICAM-1, but not ICAM-2, and induces the expression of ELAM-1 on both EC types. However, TNF-alpha induces VCAM-1 cell-surface expression and mRNA only in venous, but not in arterial EC. We next investigated the function of these adhesion molecules and their ligands, LFA-1, very late activation Ag (WLA-L) and sialylated Lewis x glycoprotein (sLe(x)), in adhesion assays with the monocyte-like cell line U937. Untreated U937 cells do not adhere to untreated HIVEC or HIAEC and adhesion is much lower to TNF-alpha-treated arterial than to TNF-alpha-treated venous EC. In adhesion-inhibition assays we demonstrate that U937 cell adhesion to TNF-alpha-treated HIVEC is mediated by VCAM-1/VLA-4 and ELAM-1/sLe(x) interaction, whereas the lower adhesion to TNF-alpha-treated HIAEC is only mediated by ELAM-1/sLe(x) interaction. U937 cells treated with the phorbol ester PMA for 3 days adhere to both HIVEC and HIAEC; this adhesion is mediated by LFA-1 interaction with ICAM-1 and/or -2. Adhesion of PMA-treated U937 cells is increased by TNF-alpha treatment of EC. This increased adhesion is mediated in part by the TNF-alpha-induced VCAM-1 expression on venous EC. Therefore, the cell-surface adhesion molecule VCAM-1 is differentially induced on these two EC types and the differential expression is functionally important in U937 cell adhesion.
Study on typical hole defects in AZ91D magnesium alloy prepared by low pressure lost, foam casting (2013)

The hole defects can easily occur in magnesium alloy castings that are prepared by low pressure lost foam casting(LP-LFC)process when the process parameters such as vacuum,pouring temperature and f illing velocity are not properly selected.In this study,the forming mechanism of the hole defects in AZ91D magnesium castings by LP-LFC process was investigated.The shape,location and surface appearance of the hole defects were observed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy,and the chemical composition on the surface of the holes was analyzed using energy spectrometer.The result indicates that there are two types of hole defects,i.e.,the pyrolysis products related hole defects,including concentrative hole and blow hole defects,and slag related hole defects.The concentrative hole and the blow-hole defects were formed either by the liquidEPS degradation products entrapped in the molten metal under the condition that the pouring temperature is equal to or lower than 730℃,or by the hindered transport of EPS pyrolysis products.Some irregular shape hole defects were caused by slag or by coating slough entrapment when the pouring temperature is equal to 750℃and the f illing velocity is equal to or greater than 100 mm·s-1.To reduce or eliminate the hole defects,the vacuum and f illing velocity must be properly chosen to ensure that the metal front prof ile exhibits convex shape and in laminar current state,and the pouring temperature should be just high enough to ensure that the molten melt has adequate heat energy to complete the foam pyrolysis and to fully occupy the mould.For AZ91D magnesium castings in this study,the parameters should be 730℃pouring temperature,0.02-0.03 MPa vacuum and 80mm·s-1f illing velocity.
Hirschsprung's disease genes and the development of the enteric nervous system (1998)

Hirschsprung's disease or aganglionic megacolon causes chronic, congenital obstipation at an incidence of 1 per 5000 live births. Two approaches have been vital to the present understanding of the pathogenesis and genetic background of the disease: disease linkage analyses and mouse models of aganglionic megacolon. Because the increasing number of transgenic or natural mouse strains with congenital megacolon has led to mutation screening in Hirschsprung's disease patients, almost every second patient could now receive a genetic explanation for his/her disease. The known disease genes include tyrosine kinase receptor Ret, endothelin receptor B and its ligand endothelin 3. In addition, mutations have been found in the gene encoding the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, the ligand for Ret, but these may only have a modifier effect. The mouse models have also provided insight into the developmental mechanisms of the normal intestinal innervation. We combine here the present clinical data on the gene mutations in Hirschsprung's disease with the experimental molecular biology data, and formulate a hypothesis on the pathogenesis of this multigenic-multifactorial disease.
Biomechanical basis of diazepam‐induced neural tube defects in early chick embryos: A morphometric study (1989)

The biomechanical basis of diazepam (Valium/Roche)-induced neural tube defects in the chick was investigated using a combination of electron microscopy and morphometry. Embryos at stage 8 (four-somite stage) of development were explanted and grown for 6 hr in nutrient medium containing 400 micrograms/ml diazepam. Nearly 80% of these embryos exhibited neural tube defects that were most pronounced in the forming midbrain region and typified by a "relaxation" or "collapse" of neural folds. The hindbrain and spinal cord regions were less affected. Electron microscopy revealed that neuroepithelial cells in diazepam-treated embryos had smoother apical surfaces and broader apical widths than did controls. Morphometric measurements supported this observation and further showed that these effects were focused at sites within the wall of the forming neural tube that typically exhibit the greatest degree of bending and apical constriction (i.e., the floor and midlateral walls). Overall results indicate that neural tube defects associated with exposure to diazepam are due largely to a general inhibition of the contractile activity of apical microfilament bundles in neuroepithelial cells. These findings 1) emphasize the important contribution of microfilament-mediated apical constriction of neuroepithelial cells in providing the driving forces for bending of the neuroepithelium during neural tube formation and 2) suggest that agents or conditions that impair their contractile activity could play a role in the pathogenesis of certain types of neural tube defects.