gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Response of retinal terminals to loss of postsynaptic target neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the adult cat (1992)

We have used the neurotoxin kainic acid to produce rapid degeneration of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the adult cat. This degeneration mimics the rapid loss of geniculate neurons seen after visual cortex ablation in the neonate. Subsequent anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase injected into the eye was used to reveal the projection patterns of retinal ganglion cell axons at different survival periods after the kainic acid injection. The density of retinal projections to the degenerated regions of the geniculate was reduced considerably at 4 and 6 months survival, but at 2 months was not significantly different from normal. The laminar pattern of projections to degenerated regions of the geniculate did not change in any animals studied, even when an adjacent lamina contained surviving cells. Electron microscopic examination of degenerated dLGN revealed intact retinal (RLP) and RSD terminals at all survival times, although the density of terminals appeared much reduced when compared to controls. Some RLP terminals exhibited the "dark reaction" of degeneration and these degenerating terminals were most numerous at 2 months survival. These findings demonstrate that, in response to degeneration of their usual target cells, mature retinal ganglion cells with withdraw their axon terminals from these regions of degeneration. We conclude that mature retinal ganglion cells continue to be dependent on target integrity for the maintenance of a normal axonal arborization.
Deep Networks with Internal Selective Attention through Feedback Connections (2014)

Traditional convolutional neural networks (CNN) are stationary and feedforward. They neither change their parameters during evaluation nor use feedback from higher to lower layers. Real brains, however, do. So does our Deep Attention Selective Network (dasNet) architecture. DasNets feedback structure can dynamically alter its convolutional filter sensitivities during classification. It harnesses the power of sequential processing to improve classification performance, by allowing the network to iteratively focus its internal attention on some of its convolutional filters. Feedback is trained through direct policy search in a huge million-dimensional parameter space, through scalable natural evolution strategies (SNES). On the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets, dasNet outperforms the previous state-of-the-art model.
Frequency and Duration of Fecal Shedding ofSalmonellaSerovars Heidelberg and Typhimurium by Experimentally Infected Laying Hens Housed in Enriched Colony Cages at Different Stocking Densities (2017)

Eggs contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis are leading sources of human salmonellosis, but Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium are also egg-associated pathogens. The management practices and housing facilities characterizing different systems for housing commercial egg flocks can influence Salmonella persistence and transmission. Animal welfare aspects of poultry housing have been widely debated, but their food safety ramifications are not thoroughly understood. The present study assessed the effects of two different bird stocking densities on the frequency and duration of fecal shedding of strains of Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium in groups of experimentally infected laying hens housed in colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas. In separate trials, laying hens were distributed into two groups housed in enriched colony cages at stocking densities of 648 and 973 cm<sup>2</sup>/bird, and a third group was housed in conventional cages at 648 cm<sup>2</sup>/bird. All hens were orally inoculated with doses of 10<sup>8</sup> colony-forming units (CFU) of either Salmonella Heidelberg or Salmonella Typhimurium. At eight weekly postinoculation intervals, samples of voided feces were collected from beneath each cage and cultured to detect Salmonella. Fecal shedding of Salmonella Heidelberg continued for 8 wk in all housing groups, but Salmonella Typhimurium shedding ceased after as little as 5 wk in enriched colony cages at low stocking density. After Salmonella Heidelberg infection, the overall frequency of positive fecal cultures for all sampling dates combined was significantly (P < 0.05) greater from either conventional cages (51.0%) or enriched colony cages (46.5%) at high stocking density than from enriched colony cages at low stocking density (33.3%). No significant differences in Salmonella Typhimurium fecal isolation were identified between housing groups. These results demonstrate that stocking density can affect intestinal colonization and fecal shedding in laying hens for some (but not necessarily all) Salmonella serovars or strains.
Cosegregation of the endothelin-3 locus with blood pressure and relative heart weight in inbred Dahl rats (1994)

The endothelin-3 gene is, or is linked to, a locus on chromosome 3 that regulates blood pressure and relative heart weight in inbred Dahl rats, and these effects were strongly dependent on the genetic background.
Low energy compact power modulators for transient plasma ignition (2011)

In this paper recent studies of compact power modulators, used to produce nonequilibrium plasma in the transient, formative phase of an arc, and applied to ignition of a quiescent fuel-air mixture in a constant-volume reactor, are reported. In this work, ignition delays produced by transient plasma were measured and compared in pre-mixed C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> -air at atmospheric pressure. Two compact power modulators studied included; 1) a 54 ns pseudospark switched line-type power modulator that delivered 365 mJ per pulse, and 2) a 12 ns SCR-switched magnetic compression based power modulator that delivered 75 mJ per pulse. Despite the difference in energy delivered, both systems achieved similar ignition delays across a broad range of fuel-air equivalence ratios, and produced ignition delays up to two times shorter than those produced using traditional spark ignition. The results indicate that lower energy and therefore more compact power modulators may be used for this application.
Synthesis of $CF_3I$ by Direct Iodination of $CF_3COOH$ on Solid Catalyst (2001)

Synthesis of CF3I by direct iodination of CF 3COOH with iodine was carried out in a flow reactor over various salt-impregnated catalysts. In this experiment, the effects of support types, salt types and salt contents for the manufactured cat- alysts and also those of reaction conditions such as reaction temperature, contact time and feeding mole ratio of reactant were tested. A longer contact time led to the higher yield of CF 3 I. The optimized reaction conditions were above 1 of I 2 /CF 3 COOH mole ratio and about 400 o C of reaction temperature. Active-carbon as a support showed better performance than alumina. For the salt impregnated on support, the best results of both salt content and salt type were 7.5 weight percentage and CuI type,
Identification of Ascorbic Acid and Its Degradation Products in Black Powder Substitutes (2004)

Low explosives such as smokeless powder, black powder, and black powder substitutes have been used in illicit pipe bombings throughout the United States. Some of the newer black powder substitutes are formulated with ascorbic acid, which gradually decomposes as the powder ages, making it difficult if not impossible for the forensic chemist to identify it by traditional bulk techniques. A sensitive method for the identification of residual levels of ascorbic acid in black powder substitutes is presented. Powder samples are extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile and bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA), which converts carboxylic acid and alcohol functional groups to trimethylsilyl esters and ethers, respectively. Samples are then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results have shown that trace amounts of ascorbic acid can be identified at detection limits that are well below those for traditional bulk techniques. Degradation products for ascorbic acid (hydroxylated carboxylic acids, furanones, and lactones) can also be detected.
Age-related guanine nucleotide exchange factor, mouse Zizimin2, induces filopodia in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (2012)

These data suggest that Zizimin2 is an immune-related and age-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor, which facilitates filopodial formation through activation of Cdc42, which results in activation of cell migration.
Tidal Volume in Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Supported with Conventional Mechanical Ventilation (2015)

Infants with CDH require similar VT to clear their CO2 production compared with infants of similar size without pulmonary hypoplasia. These are the first reference values to guide selection of VT in infants with CDH.
Access to cerebrospinal fluid absorption sites by infusion into vascular channels of the skull diploë (2007)

The diploic vascular channels of the human skull may represent an indirect pathway into the dural venous sinuses. Intraosseous skull infusion may represent another possible strategy for diversion of CSF into the vascular system in the treatment of hydrocephalus.
X-Ray Diffraction Study of Martensitic Phase Transition in In–23 at.%Tl Alloy (1994)

With the use of the X-ray diffraction technique, we have observed temperature-independent extra diffuse scattering (EDS) close to Bragg reflections in the face centered cubic (fcc) phase of an In-23 at.% Tl alloy in addition to ordinary thermal diffuse scattering (TDS). The EDS is understood to originate from the intrinsic deformations in the specimen. No diffuse scattering due to precursor phenomena was detected in the diffraction pattern. An incubation time of more than several hours for which the crystal temperature was maintained at 256±0.02 K, its martensite start temperature M s , was required to transform from the fcc structure to face centered tetragonal (fct) structure. The fcc structure was completely recovered from the fct structure on warming the crystal from a temperature below M s back to room temperature.
Nanobiotechnology-based Blood Substitutes and the Cardiovascular Systems in Transfusion Medicine (2011)

Red blood cell membrane contains blood group antigens, and typing and matching are needed before donor blood can be transfused into patients. This results in delays in emergency situations. Donor blood requires storage at 4ºC using standard methods and is good for less than 42 d. Red blood cells cannot be sterilized to remove hepatitis viruses, HIV and other potential emerging infective agents. There is also a shortage of donor blood especially in emergencies, war or disasters. Nanobiotechnology has allowed the development of different types of red blood cell substitutes. The fi rst-generation type is a simple modifi ed hemoglobin oxygen carrier that has immediate potential for clinical uses. In particular, such substitutes do not have blood group antigens and can beDirector, Artifi cial Cells and Organs Research Centre, Professor Emeritus, Departments of Physiology, Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Drummond Street, 10th fl oor, Room 1004, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G1Y6; E-mail: Artcell.med@mcgill.caList of abbreviations after the text.
Cognitive profile of Parkinson's disease patients: a comparative study between early-onset and late-onset Parkinson's disease (2015)

The current findings demonstrated that cognitive dysfunction progressed more slowly in the EOPD group. Although the LOPD patients exhibited shorter disease durations, their cognitive abilities, including executive function, visuospatial function and attention, may have been impaired.
Hydrogenolysis of dimethyl disulfide in the presence of bimetallic sulfide catalysts (2007)

The hydrogenolysis of dimethyl disulfide in the presence of Ni,Mo and Co,Mo bimetallic sulfide catalysts was studied at atmospheric pressure and T = 160–400°C. At T ≤ 200°C, dimethyl disulfide undergoes hydrogenolysis at the S-S bond, yielding methanethiol in 95–100% yield. The selectivity of the reaction decreases with increasing residence time and temperature due to methanethiol undergoing condensation to dimethyl disulfide and hydrogenolysis at the C-S bond to yield methane and hydrogen sulfide. The specific activity of the Co,Mo/Al2O3 catalyst in hydrogenolysis at the S-S and C-S bonds is equal to or lower than the total activity of the monometallic catalysts. The Ni,Mo/Al2O3 catalyst is twice as active as the Ni/Al2O3 + Mo/Al2O3 or the cobalt-molybdenum bimetallic catalyst.
A case of Castleman's disease arising from the lesser omentum. (2005)

A 29-year-old female presented with upper abdominal pain. An upper gastrointestinal radiograph and endoscopy revealed an extra compression in the lesser curvature of the body of the stomach. A computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a tumor located between the left lobe of the liver and the lesser omentum of the stomach. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography revealed high uptake at the tumor in the upper abdomen. In an angiogram, a large hypervascular mass had a prominent vascular supply from the left gastric artery; venous pooling and an enlarged feeding vessel were also apparent. From these results, we suspected that the patient had Castleman's disease arising from the lesser omentum. The patient underwent hand-assisted laparoscopic tumor resection. The resected tumor was an encapsulated mass, the surface of which was smooth and the dimensions of which were 77 x 51 x 43 mm. Based on microscopic findings, we diagnosed hyaline vascular type Castleman's disease. Since surgical intervention, the patient has remained asymptomatic, with no pathologic clinical or laboratory findings. Castleman's disease that occurs in the lesser omentum is extremely rare, and the preoperative diagnosis is very difficult. For the localized type of Castleman's disease, clinical findings are usually improved by complete surgical resection.
Rainfall Spatial Estimations: A Review from Spatial Interpolation to Multi-Source Data Merging (2019)

Rainfall is one of the most basic meteorological and hydrological elements. Quantitative rainfall estimation has always been a common concern in many fields of research and practice, such as meteorology, hydrology, and environment, as well as being one of the most important research hotspots in various fields nowadays. Due to the development of space observation technology and statistics, progress has been made in rainfall quantitative spatial estimation, which has continuously deepened our understanding of the water cycle across different space-time scales. In light of the information sources used in rainfall spatial estimation, this paper summarized the research progress in traditional spatial interpolation, remote sensing retrieval, atmospheric reanalysis rainfall, and multi-source rainfall merging since 2000. However, because of the extremely complex spatiotemporal variability and physical mechanism of rainfall, it is still quite challenging to obtain rainfall spatial distribution with high quality and resolution. Therefore, we present existing problems that require further exploration, including the improvement of interpolation and merging methods, the comprehensive evaluation of remote sensing, and the reanalysis of rainfall data and in-depth application of non-gauge based rainfall data.
Design of polyazamacrocyclic Gd 3+ theranostic agents combining magnetic resonance imaging and two-photon photodynamic therapy (2021)

New “all-in-one” theranostic systems, combining a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent with a biphotonic photodynamic therapy photosensitiser generating cytotoxic singlet oxygen, were successfully developed and characterized.
High-density memory packaging technology high-speed imaging applications (1991)

Advancements in image acquisition and processing technology are exceeding the capability of traditional magnetic tape recording. For scientific industrial and military applications a solid state high-density recording medium is required to store data generated at a rate of tens of Gigabits per second from moderate resolution high frame rate imagers. This paper discusses a three-dimensional (3-D) approach to memory packaging developed jointly by DARPA and Texas Instruments (TI). This packaging approach makes it feasible to economically produce a small rugged recorder for high speed solid state imaging applications. 1.
Biosynthesis of Poly(3HB-co-3HP) with Variable Monomer Composition in Recombinant Cupriavidus necator H16 (2021)

Polyhydroxyalkanoates are attractive alternatives to traditional plastics. However, although polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is produced in large quantities by <i>Cupriavidus necator</i> H16, its properties are far from ideal for the manufacture of plastic products. These properties may be improved through its coproduction with 3-hydroxypropionate (3HP), which leads to the formation of the copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxypropionate) (poly(3HB-<i>co</i>-3HP). To achieve this, a pathway was designed to enable <i>C. necator</i> H16 to convert β-alanine to 3HP. The initial low levels of incorporation of 3HP into the copolymer were overcome by the overproduction of the native propionyl-CoA transferase together with PHA synthase from <i>Chromobacterium</i> sp. USM2. Following optimization of 3HP incorporation into the copolymer, the molar fraction of 3HP could be controlled by cultivation in medium containing different concentrations of β-alanine. Between 0 and 80 mol % 3HP could be achieved. Further supplementation with 2 mM cysteine increased the maximum 3HP molar fraction to 89%. Additionally, the effect of deletions of the <i>phaA</i> and <i>phaB</i>1 genes of the <i>phaCAB</i> operon on 3HP molar fraction were investigated. A <i>phaAB1</i> double knockout resulted in a copolymer containing 91 mol % 3HP without the need for cysteine supplementation.
Entwicklung, Charakterisierung und Evaluierung neuartiger auf Naturstoffen basierender Histondeacetylase-Inhibitoren für die Therapie solider Tumore (2012)

Fragestellung: Epigenetische Wirkstoffe stehen aktuell im Fokus neuer innovativer Therapiekonzepte in der klinischen Onkologie. Hierbei weisen insbesondere Histondeacetylase Inhibitoren (HDACi) ein potenziell breites Anwendungsspektrum bei gleichzeitig geringer Toxizität auf. Erste Hinweise deuten drauf hin, dass HDACi speziell bei Chemotherapie-resistenten Tumoren eingesetzt werden können; daher wird intensiv nach neuen Substanzen mit HDACi Aktivität gesucht.
Biodegradable polymers: Which, when and why? (2007)

The plethora of drug therapies and types of drugs demand different formulations, fabrications conditions and release kinetics. No single polymer can satisfy all the requirements. Therefore there have been tremendous advances in area of biodegradable copolymers over the last 30 years. This article reviews current research on biodegradable polymers, focusing their potential as drug carries. The major classes of polymers are briefly discussed with regard to synthesis, properties and biodegradability, and known degradation modes and products are indicated based on studies reported in the literature. A vast majority of biodegradable polymers studied belongs to the polyester family, which includes polyglycolides and polylactides. Other degradable polymers such as polyorthoesters, polyanhydrides and polyphosphazenes are also discussed and their advantages and disadvantages are summarized.
Cymetra (2004)

Soft tissue replacement using a filler as a temporary scaffold to encourage revascularization and tissue in growth is an exciting concept. Sheets of acellular human dermal matrix, called Alloderm (Lifecell Corp, Branchburg, NJ), have been shown to do just that. When implanted into a patient, tissue growth and revascularization have both been observed. The company manufactures a micronized or injectable form called Cymetra. This article reviews the manufacturing, tissue interaction, clinical applications, and anticipated clinical results.
Polyphenols as novel treatment options for dermatological diseases: A systematic review of clinical trials (2014)

Evidence-based knowledge regarding the effectiveness, indications and side effects of polyphenol-based phytochemicals is needed as their clinical use increases within dermatology. We qualitatively conclude that polyphenols may be effective in treating certain dermatological conditions. Additional rigorously conducted clinical trials are needed to further evaluate efficacy.
Altered Blood Flow in the Ophthalmic and Internal Carotid Arteries in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration Measured Using Noncontrast MR Angiography at 7T (2021)

These findings support the hypothesis that vascular changes upstream to the eye are associated with the severity of age-related macular degeneration. Additional investigation into the potential causality of this relationship and whether treatments that improve ocular circulation slow disease progression is warranted.
Waterborne polyurethane/oil fly ash composite: a new environmentally friendly coating material (2015)

A series of waterborne polyurethane/oil fly ash composites were prepared with different content of OFA through in situ polymerization. A homogeneous OFA distribution was found for all composite coatings. The mechanical strength, adhesive strength, and wet resistance all improved using proper OFA content (above 1 wt%). The coated specimens were immersed in artificial salt water for one month. The adhesive strength changed for all of the coatings in this condition. However, the coating adhesive strength was almost unaffected, when a 2 wt% OFA content was used.
Translational value of choroid plexus imaging for tracking neuroinflammation in mice and humans (2021)

Neuroinflammation is a pathophysiological hallmark of multiple sclerosis and has a close mechanistic link to neurodegeneration. Although this link is potentially targetable, robust translatable models to reliably quantify and track neuroinflammation in both mice and humans are lacking. The choroid plexus (ChP) plays a pivotal role in regulating the trafficking of immune cells from the brain parenchyma into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and has recently attracted attention as a key structure in the initiation of inflammatory brain responses. In a translational framework, we here address the integrity and multidimensional characteristics of the ChP under inflammatory conditions and question whether ChP volumes could act as an interspecies marker of neuroinflammation that closely interrelates with functional impairment. Therefore, we explore ChP characteristics in neuroinflammation in patients with multiple sclerosis and in two experimental mouse models, cuprizone diet-related demyelination and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We demonstrate that ChP enlargement-reconstructed from MRI-is highly associated with acute disease activity, both in the studied mouse models and in humans. A close dependency of ChP integrity and molecular signatures of neuroinflammation is shown in the performed transcriptomic analyses. Moreover, pharmacological modulation of the blood-CSF barrier with natalizumab prevents an increase of the ChP volume. ChP enlargement is strongly linked to emerging functional impairment as depicted in the mouse models and in multiple sclerosis patients. Our findings identify ChP characteristics as robust and translatable hallmarks of acute and ongoing neuroinflammatory activity in mice and humans that could serve as a promising interspecies marker for translational and reverse-translational approaches.