gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Multicomponent Analysis of the Sorption of Polydisperse Ethoxylated Nonionic Surfactants to Aquifer Materials:  Equilibrium Sorption Behavior (1997)

Surfactant-based aquifer remediation methods have been the subject of a substantial amount of research in recent years due to the growing awareness that traditional remediation methods are often inadequate for the restoration of contaminated aquifers, particularly when nonaqueous-phase organic liquid contaminants are present. Ethoxylated nonionic surfactants are often suggested for aquifer remediation applications because many exhibit high solubilization capacities for organic contaminants and are readily biodegradable. A property of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants that is often overlooked when their behavior in the subsurface is considered is the fact that they are nearly always broadly distributed mixtures, often containing as many as 40 separate surfactant components. The work described here examines the influence of the surfactant distribution on the mixed sorption behavior of ethoxylated linear alcohol surfactants. It is found that selective sorption can be significant, particularly for broadly distributed mixtures. The greatest difference between sorbed and solution surfactant distributions is found to occur at solution concentrations near the surfactant critical micelle concentration. At high surfactant concentrations, the sorbed and solution distributions approach the initial distribution. The presence of an organic coating on the aquifer material is found to significantly increase the extent of sorption, but to have little effect on the observed selective sorption behavior. Implications of these trends for the use of ethoxylated nonionic surfactant mixtures for aquifer remediation applications are discussed.
Determinants of Platelet Intracellular Free Calcium in Essential Hypertension and Effect of Stimulation by Arginine Vasopressin (1993)

The aim of this study was to determine platelet intracellular free calcium with respect to age, sex, race, and agonist stimulation in patients with essential hypertension compared with normotensive subjects. Intracellular free calcium was measured, using Fura-2-AM, in 42 normotensive and 52 patients with untreated essential hypertension. Of these, 22 pairs were age, sex, and race matched. The intracellular free calcium response to agonist stimulation was measured in the presence of 1 mumol/L arginine vasopressin (AVP). Intracellular calcium was significantly raised in patients with hypertension in both the matched and unmatched groups with values (means +/- SEM) in the matched group of 68.4 +/- 2.6 nmol/L for the hypertensives and 60.2 +/- 2.1 nmol/L for the normotensives (n = 22; P < or = .02) and in the unmatched group of 63.3 +/- 1.8 nmol/L (n = 52) and 57.6 +/- 1.4 nmol/L (n = 42, P < or = .02), respectively. There was no sex difference but intracellular calcium was significantly lower in black hypertensives compared with white hypertensives (P < .005). A significant correlation with blood pressure was only observed in the combined normotensive and hypertensive group (r = 0.23; P = .030). There was no significant correlation with age in any group (even when excluding the black individuals), but in the hypertensive group there was a significant correlation with serum cholesterol (r = 0.34, P = .02; n = 46).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 contributes to the regulation of 7-oxysterol levels in the arterial wall through the inter-conversion of 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol (2012)

The atherogenic 7-oxysterols, 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7βOHC), can directly impair arterial function. Inter-conversion of 7-KC and 7βOHC has recently been shown as a novel role for the glucocorticoid-metabolizing enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Since this enzyme is expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells, we addressed the hypothesis that inter-conversion of 7-KC and 7βOHC by 11β-HSD1 may contribute to regulation of arterial function. Incubation (4-24 h) of aortic rings with either 7-KC (25 μM) or 7βOHC (20 μM) had no effect on endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine) or -independent (sodium nitroprusside) relaxation. In contrast, exposure to 7-KC (but not to 7βOHC) attenuated noradrenaline-induced contraction (E(max)) after 4 h (0.78 ± 0.28 vs 0.40 ± 0.08 mN/mm; p < 0.05) and 24 h (2.28 ± 0.34 vs 1.56 ± 0.48 mN/mm; p < 0.05). Both 7-oxysterols were detected by GCMS in the aortic wall of chow-fed C57Bl6/J mice, with concentrations of 7-KC (1.41 ± 0.81 ng/mg) higher (p = 0.05) than 7βOHC (0.16 ± 0.06 ng/mg). In isolated mouse aortic rings 11β-HSD1 was shown to act as an oxo-reductase, inter-converting 7-KC and 7βOHC. This activity was lost in aorta from 11β-HSD1(-/-) mice, which had low oxysterol levels. Renal homogenates from 11β-HSD1(-/-) mice were used to confirm that the type 2 isozyme of 11β-HSD does not inter-convert 7-KC and 7βOHC. These results demonstrate that 7-KC has greater effects than 7βOHC on vascular function, and that 11β-HSD1 can inter-convert 7-KC and 7βOHC in the arterial wall, contributing to the regulation of 7-oxysterol levels and potentially influencing vascular function. This mechanism may be important in the cardioprotective effects of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors.
Uniform coating of TiO2 on high aspect ratio substrates with complex morphology by vertical forced-flow atomic layer deposition (2017)

A forced-flow ALD system equipped with multiple reactors where the precursors are forced to flow vertically through porous substrate.
The crystal structure of hollandite, the related manganese oxide minerals, and α-MnO2 (1950)

Hollandite cryptomelane, coronadite and alpha-MnO 2 form an isostructural series of the general formula A 2-y B 8-z X 16 , A being large ions such as Ba 2+ , Pb 2+ , and K + , B small and medium-sized ions such as Mn 4+ , Fe 3+ , Mn 2+ , and X in the cases investigated O 2- and OH - ions. The unit cell, which contains one formula unit, is tetragonal or pseudotetragonal, in the latter case monoclinic. Approximate dimensions of the tetragonal unit cell are a=9.8 and c=2. 86 A. When deformed the short axis will be the b axis of the monoclinic cell. The deviation of beta from 90° is 0.5-1.5°, and the difference a-c is 0. 1-0.2 A. The space group of the tetragonal cell is C 4h 5 -I4/m and the atomic positions are (0, 0, 0; 1/2, 1/2, 1/2) + (2-y A in 2 (b): 0, 0, 1/2); (8-z B in 8 (h): x 1 , y 1 , 0; y 1 , x 1 , 0; y 2 , x 2 , 0); (8 X in 8 (h): x 2 , y 2 , 0; etc.); (8 X in 8 (h): x 3 , y 3 , 0, etc.). For a hollandite specimen the parameters were calculated to be x 1 =0.348, x 2 =0.153, x 3 =0.542, y 1 =0.167, y 2 =0.180, y 3 =0.167. The A ion is surrounded by eight oxygen ions at a distance of 2. 74 A forming a cube and at a greater distance (3.31 A) by four oxygen ions forming a square at the same z level as the A ion. The B ion is surrounded by six oxygen ions forming a octahedron, and with a mean distance of B-O=1.98 A. In the cases investigated, the variable y in the general formula varies from 0.8 and 1.3 and z from 0.1 to 0.5.
In situ investigations of the metal/atmophere interface (1999)

This thesis presents a new experimental setup for surfaceanalysis studies, incorporating chemical information frominfrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) andquantitative information from quartz crystal microbalance(QCM). The integrated IRAS/QCM surface analysis system enablesin situstudies to be conducted of the metal/atmosphereinteraction on a sub-monolayer level. In combination withtopographical information from tapping mode atomic forcemicroscopy (TM-AFM), it was possible to follow the formation ofcorrosion products providing information about chemicalidentity, quantity and lateral distribution. The newlydeveloped system was used to study the influence of relativehumidity (RH) and levels of sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3)and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) down to concentrations of subparts-per-million (ppm), on the initial stages of atmosphericcorrosion of copper. Exposure to RH led to the formation of small grains ofcuprous oxide (Cu2O), with an average diameter of approximately40 nm. The grain nucleation rate increased with increasing RHdue to the increasing amount of physisorbed water on thesurface. Exposure to RH and SO2 led to the formation of coppersulfite (CuSO3xH2O) species as well as reduction in therate of Cu2O formation. The formation of CuSO3xH2Ooccurred through the dissolution and consecutive precipitationof surface-bound copper sulfite complexes. The roles of O3 and NO2 in the SO2-induced atmosphericcorrosion of copper was also investigated. O3 was found to havea two-fold effect, resulting in the oxidation of the coppersulfite species to copper sulfate and the enhancement of Cu2Oformation. NO2 promoted the oxidation of copper sulfitespecies, though less efficiently than O3, and reduced Cu2Oformation. In addition, copper nitrate formation wasobserved. IRAS was also used to investigate the interaction betweenSO2 and surfaces made of platinum and palladium. Sulfuric acidformation was observed on both metals, showing the importanceof the surface on the formation of the metal/atmospherereaction products. &lt;b&gt;Keywords:&lt;/b&gt;Atmospheric corrosion, IR-spectroscopy, IRAS,QCM, AFM, SO2, O3, NO2, Cu.
A novel approach to tube design via von Mises probability distribution (2022)

Discharge tube is a critical component in a reciprocating compressor that carries the refrigerant. It also transmits vibrations from compressor body to housing, making the design of tube a complex engineering problem combining static, modal and flow behaviour. This study proposes a novel design algorithm for discharge tube, to decrease the dependency on the trial-and-error approach commonly used by manufacturers. The computational approach creates a tube that connects the inlet and outlet using von Mises probability distribution. The created geometries are checked for static and dynamic properties using FEA. The algorithm continues until a candidate design passes the imposed thresholds. The candidate designs perform similarly to benchmark in evaluated aspects, demonstrating promising results. The presented algorithm is successful in generating alternative tube designs from scratch and can accommodate varying requirements. The main novelty of this study is the development of a comprehensive decision algorithm that considers multiple engineering parameters simultaneously.
Joint Learning of Answer Selection and Answer Summary Generation in Community Question Answering (2019)

Community question answering (CQA) gains increasing popularity in both academy and industry recently. However, the redundancy and lengthiness issues of crowdsourced answers limit the performance of answer selection and lead to reading difficulties and misunderstandings for community users. To solve these problems, we tackle the tasks of answer selection and answer summary generation in CQA with a novel joint learning model. Specifically, we design a question-driven pointer-generator network, which exploits the correlation information between question-answer pairs to aid in attending the essential information when generating answer summaries. Meanwhile, we leverage the answer summaries to alleviate noise in original lengthy answers when ranking the relevancy degrees of question-answer pairs. In addition, we construct a new large-scale CQA corpus, WikiHowQA, which contains long answers for answer selection as well as reference summaries for answer summarization. The experimental results show that the joint learning method can effectively address the answer redundancy issue in CQA and achieves state-of-the-art results on both answer selection and text summarization tasks. Furthermore, the proposed model is shown to be of great transferring ability and applicability for resource-poor CQA tasks, which lack of reference answer summaries.
Cultural Studies on the Fomitopsis rosea Complex (1989)

Cultural studies confirmed the separation of seven species of the Fomitopsis rosea complex. These fungi are all brown-rotters, and can be placed in three groups according to their optimum temperature for growth. Decay tests showed that Fomitopsis feei and F. lilacino-gilva reported only on hardwoods are also capable of decaying conifers “in vitro.”A heterothallic, bipolar mating system was demonstrated for F. feei. Vegetative incompatibility was found when pairing dikaryons of different isolates of the same species.
Life, activation and death of intrahepatic lymphocytes in chronic hepatitis C (2000)

The healthy liver of adult humans has little or no lymphocyte component and the histological finding of intrahepatic lymphocytes (IHL) is evidence of liver pathology. In a liver injured by chronic hepatitis C, the most common chronic liver disease, most IHL are activated/pro-inflammatory cells, which are particularly enriched for effectors of innate immunity (natural killer (NK), natural T, and other NK-like T cells). IHL do not undergo clonal expansion in the liver but migrate from extrahepatic sites to the chronically infected liver, where they display effector function and subsequently die, suggesting that maintenance of the IHL pool depends on continuous lymphocyte migration. The cytotoxic and inflammatory functions of these IHL have three potential outcomes: 1) they could be helpful in clearing the virus (a rare case in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection); 2) they could be useless and have no effect on the infection; or 3) they could be harmful, whereby overaggressive lymphocyte responses destroy the liver in a continuous and unsuccessful attempt to clear the virus. Unfortunately, we do not know as of yet which of these possibilities is the case and, therefore, a more complete picture of the intrahepatic immune response will be relevant to the development of new therapeutic strategies against HCV. Additionally and from a more general perspective, due to the availability of biopsied material and the high prevalence (approximately 3%) of HCV infection worldwide, studying the chronically inflamed liver of hepatitis C patients is an ideal model to investigate the poorly understood processes of lymphocyte trafficking, activation and death to non-lymphoid sites of chronic inflammation in man.
Video Quality Evaluation Methodology and Verification Testing of HEVC Compression Performance (2015)

The High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard (ITU-T H.265 and ISO/IEC 23008-2) has been developed with the main goal of providing significantly improved video compression compared with its predecessors. In order to evaluate this goal, verification tests were conducted by the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding of ITU-T SG 16 WP 3 and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29. This paper presents the subjective and objective results of a verification test in which the performance of the new standard is compared with its highly successful predecessor, the Advanced Video Coding (AVC) video compression standard (ITU-T H.264 and ISO/IEC 14496-10). The test used video sequences with resolutions ranging from 480p up to ultra-high definition, encoded at various quality levels using the HEVC Main profile and the AVC High profile. In order to provide a clear evaluation, this paper also discusses various aspects for the analysis of the test results. The tests showed that bit rate savings of 59% on average can be achieved by HEVC for the same perceived video quality, which is higher than a bit rate saving of 44% demonstrated with the PSNR objective quality metric. However, it has been shown that the bit rates required to achieve good quality of compressed content, as well as the bit rate savings relative to AVC, are highly dependent on the characteristics of the tested content.
Delayed Brain Injury after Head Trauma (1992)

We reviewed the records of 253 patients with head injury who required serial computed tomographic (CT) scans; 123 (48.6%) developed delayed brain injury as evidenced by new or progressive lesions after a CT scan. An abnormality in the prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, or platelet count at admission was present in 55% of the patients who showed evidence of delayed injury, and only 9% of those whose subsequent CT scans were unchanged or improved from the time of admission (P less than 0.001). Among patients developing delayed injury, mean prothrombin time at admission was significantly longer (14.6 vs. 12.6 s, P less than 0.001) and partial thromboplastin time was significantly longer (36.9 vs. 29.2 s, P less than 0.001) than patients who did not have delayed injury. If coagulation studies at admission were normal, a patient with head injury had a 31% risk of developing delayed insults. This risk rose to almost 85% if at least one clotting test at admission was abnormal (P less than 0.001). We conclude that clotting studies at admission are of value in predicting the occurrence of delayed injury. If coagulopathy is discovered in the patient with head injury early follow-up CT scanning is advocated to discover progressive and new intracranial lesions that are likely to occur.
Oxidative Stress in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (2022)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a challenging disease caused by multiple factors, which may partly explain why it still remains an orphan of adequate therapies. This review highlights the interaction between oxidative stress (OS) and disturbed lipid metabolism. Several reactive oxygen species generators, including those produced in the gastrointestinal tract, contribute to the lipotoxic hepatic (and extrahepatic) damage by fatty acids and a great variety of their biologically active metabolites in a “multiple parallel-hit model”. This leads to inflammation and fibrogenesis and contributes to NAFLD progression. The alterations of the oxidant/antioxidant balance affect also metabolism-related organelles, leading to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This OS-induced damage is at least partially counteracted by the physiological antioxidant response. Therefore, modulation of this defense system emerges as an interesting target to prevent NAFLD development and progression. For instance, probiotics, prebiotics, diet, and fecal microbiota transplantation represent new therapeutic approaches targeting the gut microbiota dysbiosis. The OS and its counter-regulation are under the influence of individual genetic and epigenetic factors as well. In the near future, precision medicine taking into consideration genetic or environmental epigenetic risk factors, coupled with new OS biomarkers, will likely assist in noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring of NAFLD progression and in further personalizing treatments.
Human Theta Burst Stimulation Enhances Subsequent Motor Learning and Increases Performance Variability (2010)

Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) transiently increases motor cortex excitability in healthy humans by a process thought to involve synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP), and this is enhanced by nicotine. Acquisition of a ballistic motor task is likewise accompanied by increased excitability and presumed intracortical LTP. Here, we test how iTBS and nicotine influences subsequent motor learning. Ten healthy subjects participated in a double-blinded placebo-controlled trial testing the effects of iTBS and nicotine. iTBS alone increased the rate of learning but this increase was blocked by nicotine. We then investigated factors other than synaptic strengthening that may play a role. Behavioral analysis and modeling suggested that iTBS increased performance variability, which correlated with learning outcome. A control experiment confirmed the increase in motor output variability by showing that iTBS increased the dispersion of involuntary transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked thumb movements. We suggest that in addition to the effect on synaptic plasticity, iTBS may have facilitated performance by increasing motor output variability; nicotine negated this effect on variability perhaps via increasing the signal-to-noise ratio in cerebral cortex.
Real-Time Separation of Perfusion and Oxygenation Signals for an Implantable Sensor Using Adaptive Filtering (2005)

In this paper, an adaptive filtering algorithm to separate signals due to perfusion and oxygenation has been developed using an 810-nm source, in addition to 660-nm and 940-nm sources, as an internal reference due to its limited oxygen sensitivity. The newly developed algorithm was tested using Monte Carlo simulated data to prove the effectiveness of the 810-nm reference and adaptive algorithm. Following the simulation, an in vitro model was developed to test the algorithm that used a blood flow through system wrapped with tissue. The system had the ability to isolate the effects of perfusion and oxygenation and the algorithm accurately captured the changes in these signals with reliable consistency. Using the serosal surface of the swine jejunum, in vivo data was also taken to analyze the algorithms response to fluctuating perfusion levels like that seen in hemorrhaging or failing transplants. The algorithm was able to extract the perfusion information from the oxygenation information in this in vivo study. Overall, it was shown that an adaptive filtering algorithm using an 810-nm reference has provided a means to separate oxygenation and perfusion.
MAVEN IUVS observation of the hot oxygen corona at Mars (2015)

Abstract Observation of the hot oxygen corona at Mars has been an elusive measurement in planetary science. Characterizing this component of the planet's exosphere provides insight into the processes driving loss of oxygen at the current time, which informs understanding of the planet's climatic evolution. The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) instrument is now regularly collecting altitude profiles of the hot oxygen corona as part of its investigation of atmospheric escape from Mars. Observations obtained thus far have been examined and found to display the expected gross structure and variability with EUV forcing anticipated by theory. The quality and quantity of the data set provides valuable constraints for the coronal modeling community.
Abstract 12797: Characteristics and Outcomes of Emergency Department Patients Treated with Thienopyridines: Results from the NCDR(R) (2011)

Background: Over the last 10 years the AHA/ACC guidelines have evolved to recommend that patients with definite unstable angina or Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) receive dual antiplatelet therapy that may include a thienopyridine on presentation . to the hospital. Determinants and outcomes associated with the administration of thienopyridines in the emergency department (ED) have not been well characterized. Methods: We examined thienopyridine use in 39,543 patients with NSTEMI included in the NCDR’s ACTION Registry®-GWTG™ (430 US hospitals) between1/2007 and 6/2010. Patients not seen initially in the ED, transferred in, not administered Clopidogrel or Prasugrel within 24 hours of presentation, or missing time data were excluded. We analyzed the patient demographics associated with ED administration and impact of ED thienopyridine administration on in-hospital outcomes. Results: Of the cohort 9564 (24.2%) received a thienopyridine in the ED. Factors independently associated with t...