gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A study on the discriminability of facs from spontaneous facial expressions (2016)

This paper investigates the discriminative capabilities of facial action units (AUs) exhibited by an individual while performing a task on a tablet computer in a semi-unconstrained environment. To that end, AUs are measured on a frame-by-frame basis from videos of 96 different subjects participating in a game-show-like quiz game that included a prize incentive. We propose a method that leverages the activation characteristics, as well as the temporal dynamics of facial behavior. In order to demonstrate the discriminative capabilities of the proposed approach, we perform identity matching across all subject pairs. Overall, the rank-1 matching performance of our algorithm ranges from 55% and up to 85%, on scenarios where the emotional disparity between the reference and query samples is largest and smallest, respectively. We believe these results represent a significant improvement relative to existing work relying on the use of AUs for human identification, in particular because the experimental settings guarantee that the facial expressions involved are spontaneous.
By the user, for the user: A user-centric approach to quantifying the privacy of websites (2019)

Third-party tracking is common on almost all commercially operated websites. Prior work has studied in detail the extent of third-party tracking on the web, detection of third-party trackers, and defending against third-party tracking. Existing research and tools have also attempted to inform web users of trackers and the extent of their privacy violations. However, existing tools do not take into account users' perceptions of and understanding of the extent of trackers on the web. Taking these factors into account is important for the usability of such tools so that users can be aware and protect themselves to a reasonable and necessary extent that aligns with their overall comfort with trackers. In this paper, we elicit user perceptions and preferences about different trackers on various websites through an online survey of 43 users. We use this data to bootstrap a privacy scoring system. This scoring system weights the usage of trackers and the dispersion of user data within a page to third parties, with the type of website being visited. Our work presents a proof-of-concept methodology and tool to calculate a user-centric privacy score with preliminary bootstrap user data. We conclude with concrete future directions.
Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). I. Effects on dorsal horn convergent neurones in the rat (1979)

(1) Sixty-eight convergent dorsal horn neurones have been recorded at the lumbar level in anaesthetized intact rats. All cells received prominent A alpha and C fibre afferents and correspondingly could be activated by high and low threshold stimuli applied to the peripheral excitatory receptive field. (2) The activity of 67/68 of these neurones was powerfully inhibited by noxious stimuli applied to various parts of the body. Since non-noxious stimuli were ineffective in this respect, the term "diffuse noxious inhibitory controls" (DNIC) is proposed. (3) DNIC could be evoked by noxious pinch applied to the tail, the contralateral hind paw, the forepaws, the ears and the muzzle; the most effective areas were the tail and muzzle. Noxious heat applied to and transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the tail were extemely effective in eliciting DNIC as was the intraperitoneal injection of bradykinin. (4) DNIC strongly depressed by 60-100% both the C fibre response following suprathreshold transcutaneous electrical stimulation and the responses to noxious radiant heat. (5) The spontaneous activity and the responses to low threshold afferents induced either by A alpha threshold electrical or natural stimulation were also powerfully inhibited. (6) In the majority of cases, long lasting post-effects directly related to the duration of conditioning painful stimulus were observed.
An object-oriented approach to directory systems (2002)

The author sums up the experience of designing and implementing a prototype directory system based on the standards jointly produced by CCITT and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The open systems approach is adopted in designing the system. The prototype includes an object-oriented database implemented on top of a commercial relational database for storing directory information and knowledge. With this design, a new communication stack would only mean a slightly different front-end process. The behavioral encapsulation provided by the object-oriented database guarantees that any object-oriented database can be used to replace the current back-end database system with a minimum of effort.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Intercomparison and evaluation of aerosol microphysical properties among AeroCom global models of a range of complexity (2013)

Abstract. Many of the next generation of global climate models will include aerosol schemes which explicitly simulate the microphysical processes that determine the particle size distribution. These models enable aerosol optical properties and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations to be determined by fundamental aerosol processes, which should lead to a more physically based simulation of aerosol direct and indirect radiative forcings. This study examines the global variation in particle size distribution simulated by twelve global aerosol microphysics models to quantify model diversity and to identify any common biases against observations. Evaluation against size distribution measurements from a new European network of aerosol supersites shows that the mean model agrees quite well with the observations at many sites on the annual mean, but there are some seasonal biases common to many sites. In particular, at many of these European sites, the accumulation mode number concentration is biased low during winter and Aitken mode concentrations tend to be overestimated in winter and underestimated in summer. At high northern latitudes, the models strongly underpredict Aitken and accumulation particle concentrations compared to the measurements, consistent with previous studies that have highlighted the poor performance of global aerosol models in the Arctic. In the marine boundary layer, the models capture the observed meridional variation in the size distribution, which is dominated by the Aitken mode at high latitudes, with an increasing concentration of accumulation particles with decreasing latitude. Considering vertical profiles, the models reproduce the observed peak in total particle concentrations in the upper troposphere due to new particle formation, although modelled peak concentrations tend to be biased high over Europe. Overall, the multi-model-mean dataset simulates the global variation of the particle size distribution with a good degree of skill, suggesting that most of the individual global aerosol microphysics models are performing well, although the large model diversity indicates that some models are in poor agreement with the observations. Further work is required to better constrain size-resolved primary and secondary particle number sources, and an improved understanding of nucleation and growth (e.g. the role of nitrate and secondary organics) will improve the fidelity of simulated particle size distributions.
Experimental comparison of advanced control techniques on a lab-scale distillation column (2005)

Nonlinear process-model based control (NPMBC), model predictive control (MPC) using Dynamic Matrix Control Corporation's DMC and an advanced conventional control (ACC) are compared for dual-composition control on a lab-scale methanol-water distillation column. Both setpoint tracking and disturbance rejection performances are evaluated for unconstrained control.
The Formation of Higher Order Structures of 1,3:2,4-cis-O-inside-bis-O-(p-methylbenzylidene)-D-sorbitol in Physical Gels of Molten Polymers and Organic Solvents. (1998)

1, 3: 2, 4-cis-O-インサイド-ビス-O- (p-メチルベンジリデン) -D-ソルビトール (PDTS) は, 広範囲の有機溶媒および高分子融液をゲル化する性質を有することがわかった. これらの物理ゲルのゾル-ゲル相転移温度 (Tfg) は落球法, 動的粘弾 (DVE) 法, および小角X線散乱 (SAXS) 法により測定することができた. 次に, PDTSゲル形成に固有の繊維状結晶の微細構造を配向ゲルのX線解析およびMOPACシステムの理論計算から求めた結果, 単位格子がa=b=31.5Å, c=4.4Å, γ=120°の六方晶で, 各格子点を分子双極子モーメントのベクトルをc-軸に平行で互いに反対にした水素結合した2分子会合体の4組が占有していると推定された. 特異的な繊維状結晶の形成は, 六方晶を形成する際に形成される繊維軸方向の分子間のポリメリックな水素結合が, 熱力学的に結晶成長速度を支配して, 結晶成長速度に異方性を生じたためであろう. つづいて, メゾスコピックなゲル網目構造の解析のため, 25%PDTS/ポリスチレン (PS) を選択して, ゲル化点のDVE解析を行った. その結果, メゾスコピックなゲル構造領域を次のように特徴づけた. ゲル網目はマスフラクタル網目で三次元空間におけるdf=2.4であり, 散乱法から得られるdf=2.3±0.2に一致した. また, DVE法によりPS/PDTSあるいはイソタクチックポリプロピレン (i-PP) /PDTS系について, ゲルおよびゾル温度領域で互いに異なるDVE関数のマスターカーブの作製ができ, ゲル部のマスターカーブは長時間側でほとんどPDTSゲル網目のDVE挙動を示した. 1.0, 1.25, および2.5%のPDTSが形成するPDTSゲル網目の強度は各々, 35×104, 4.3×105, および1.0×106Pa程度である.
The incidence, prevalence, and contributing factors of overweight and obesity among adolescent population of India: A scoping review protocol (2022)

The study will be conducted according to the Arksey and O'Malley scoping review framework and the Joanna Briggs institute Reviewers' manual. The Population, Concept and Context strategy (PCC) will ensure the review questions, eligibility criteria, and search strategy. The Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) will be used for the findings of the study of Scoping Review. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), Version- 2018 will be used to assess the methodological quality of all relevant studies. Literature search will be done using electronic databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Cochrane library by specific keywords such as "prevalence"; "overweight"; "obesity"; "obese"; "malnutrition"; "BMI"; "adolescent"; "teenager"; and "youth" etc. Additional studies will be considered using cross-references.
Promoting the Hydrosilylation of Benzaldehyde by Using a Dicationic Antimony‐Based Lewis Acid: Evidence for the Double Electrophilic Activation of the Carbonyl Substrate (2016)

The concomitant activation of carbonyl substrates by two Lewis acids has been investigated by using [1,2-(Ph2 MeSb)2 C6 H4 ](2+) ([1](2+) ), an antimony-based bidentate Lewis acid obtained by methylation of the corresponding distibine. Unlike the simple stibonium cation [Ph3 MeSb](+) , dication [1](2+) efficiently catalyzes the hydrosilylation of benzaldehyde under mild conditions. The catalytic activity of this dication is correlated to its ability to doubly activate the carbonyl functionality of the organic substrate. This view is supported by the isolation of [1-μ2 -DMF][OTf]2 , an adduct, in which the DMF oxygen atom bridges the two antimony centers.
Busulfan-induced chronic bone marrow failure: changes in cortical bone, marrow stromal cells, and adherent cell colonies (1984)

This study represented an effort to determine if there were quantitative or morphological changes in marrow stromal cells in busulfan-induced marrow failure and to relate these changes to other disturbances in blood and bone marrow. Mice received four busulfan (BU) injections at two-week intervals and were killed at various time points up to 40 weeks after the first injection. Evaluation techniques included complete blood counts, in vitro assay of short-term adherent cell colonies per femur (STACC per femur) and colony-forming unit- culture (CFU-C) per femur, light microscopy of sternebral marrow and spleen, and electron microscopy (EM) of sternebral marrow taken at 40 weeks. STACC per femur were acutely reduced to 25% of control, but recovered to 76% by 40 weeks. CFU-C per femur dropped to below 10% of control and never recovered. Histologically, we found that hypoplasia of acutely affected marrow was associated with heightened endosteum and cortical bone thickening. In the chronic phase of BU injury, bones became osteoporotic, and the frequency of adipocytes and mast cells rose. BU-affected spleens generally had enhanced erythropoiesis. No stromal cell changes in 40-week marrow were discernible by EM. We concluded that there were morphological changes in BU marrow stroma specifically involving endosteum, bone, adipocytes, and mast cells. Also, there was quantitative depression in stromal cells measured by the STACC assay, but this improved substantially with time, unlike damage to hematopoietic stem cells measured by the CFU-C.
Prostaglandin E2 potentiates platelet aggregation by priming protein kinase C (1993)

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is produced by activated platelets and by several other cells, including capillary endothelial cells. PGE2 exerts a dual effect on platelet aggregation: inhibitory, at high, supraphysiologic concentrations, and potentiating, at low concentrations. No information exists on the biochemical mechanisms through which PGE2 exerts its proaggregatory effect on human platelets. We have evaluated the activity of PGE2 on human platelets and have analyzed the second messenger pathways involved. PGE2 (5 to 500 nmol/L) significantly enhanced aggregation induced by subthreshold concentrations of U46619, thrombin, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) without simultaneously increasing calcium transients. At a high concentration (50 mumol/L), PGE2 inhibited both aggregation and calcium movements. PGE2 (5 to 500 nmol/L) significantly enhanced secretion of beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG) and adenosine triphosphate from U46619- and ADP-stimulated platelets, but it did not affect platelet shape change. PGE2 also increased the binding of radiolabeled fibrinogen to the platelet surface and increased the phosphorylation of the 47-kD protein in 32P-labeled platelets stimulated with subthreshold doses of U46619. Finally, the amplification of U46619-induced aggregation by PGE2 (500 nmol/L) was abolished by four different protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (calphostin C, staurosporine, H7, and TMB8). Our results suggest that PGE2 exerts its facilitating activity on agonist-induced platelet activation by priming PKC to activation by other agonists. PGE2 potentiates platelet activation at concentrations produced by activated platelets and may thus be of pathophysiologic relevance.
Herpes Encephalitis in Monoclonal Gammopathy (2009)

Fever, behavioral changes, and new-onset seizures in a 73-year-old man with a history monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) was traced to a herpes simplex virus infection. Although herpes encephalitis has not yet been reported in a patient with MGUS, it has been reported in persons with multiple myeloma and plasmacytoma. Immune system abnormalities associated with oncological conditions and MGUS may result in failure to suppress latent herpes virus infection.
Simple reaction times in subjects with steeply sloping hearing loss: Is there an alteration at the edge of the loss? (2006)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the simple reaction time (RT) performance of patients with steeply sloping sensorineural hearing loss. This kind of hearing loss has the particularity of inducing a reorganization of the primary auditory cortex (Dietrich et al, 2001), the edge frequency of the loss being over-represented. It is assumed that a consequence of this plasticity could be reflected in an improvement in frequency discrimination performances around the edge of the loss (McDermott et al, 1998). In the present study we used pure tones equalized in loudness to investigate whether RT might be altered at the cut-off frequency (Fc) of the loss, or at the frequency that presented the best discrimination-limen-for-frequency (bDLF). The effect of auditory rehabilitation on RT was also studied. A great variability in RT was noted in all our subjects. Our results demonstrated that RT was unmodified at Fc or bDLF, be it before or after hearing aid fitting. However, an improvement in the correlation between RT and frequency discrimination performance was observed at three months post-rehabilitation.
Real-time sono-elastography in the diagnosis of diffuse liver diseases (2010)

Transabdominal real-time elastography is certainly a very useful method in depicting liver hardness, although it is incompletely tested in large multicenter studies.
Dexamethasone Added to Lidocaine Prolongs Axillary Brachial Plexus Blockade (2005)

Different additives have been used to prolong regional blockade. We designed a prospective, randomized, double-blind study to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone added to lidocaine on the onset and duration of axillary brachial plexus block. Sixty patients scheduled for elective hand and forearm surgery under axillary brachial plexus block were randomly allocated to receive either 34 mL lidocaine 1.5% with 2 mL of isotonic saline chloride (control group, n = 30) or 34 mL lidocaine 1.5% with 2 mL of dexamethasone (8 mg) (dexamethasone group, n = 30). Neither epinephrine nor bicarbonate was added to the treatment mixture. We used a nerve stimulator and multiple stimulations technique in all of the patients. After performance of the block, sensory and motor blockade of radial, median, musculocutaneous, and ulnar nerves were recorded at 5, 15, and 30 min. The onset time of the sensory and motor blockade was defined as the time between last injection and the total abolition of the pinprick response and complete paralysis. The duration of sensory and motor blocks were considered as the time interval between the administration of the local anesthetic and the first postoperative pain and complete recovery of motor functions. Sixteen patients were excluded because of unsuccessful blockade. The duration of surgery and the onset times of sensory and motor block were similar in the two groups. The duration of sensory (242 +/- 76 versus 98 +/- 33 min) and motor (310 +/- 81 versus 130 +/- 31 min) blockade were significantly longer in the dexamethasone than in the control group (P < 0.01). We conclude that the addition of dexamethasone to lidocaine 1.5% solution in axillary brachial plexus block prolongs the duration of sensory and motor blockade.
Evaluation of an Enhanced Bank of Kalman Filters for In-Flight Aircraft Engine Sensor Fault Diagnostics (2005)

In this paper, an approach for in-flight fault detection and isolation (FDI) of aircraft engine sensors based on a bank of Kalman filters is developed. This approach utilizes multiple Kalman filters, each of which is designed based on a specific fault hypothesis. When the propulsion system experiences a fault, only one Kalman filter with the correct hypothesis is able to maintain the nominal estimation performance. Based on this knowledge, the isolation of faults is achieved. Since the propulsion system may experience component and actuator faults as well, a sensor FDI system must be robust in terms of avoiding misclassifications of any anomalies. The proposed approach utilizes a bank of m+1 Kalman filters where m is the number of sensors being monitored. One Kalman filter is used for the detection of component and actuator faults while each of the other m filters detects a fault in a specific sensor. With this setup, the overall robustness of the sensor FDI system to anomalies is enhanced. Moreover, numerous component fault events can be accounted for by the FDI system. The sensor FDI system is applied to a nonlinear simulation of a commercial aircraft gas turbine engine, and its performance is evaluated at multiple power settings at a cruise operating point using various fault scenarios.
Abstract 611: Blocking CD40-TRAF6 Signaling is a Novel Therapeutic Target in Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance (2014)

The immune system plays an instrumental role in obesity and insulin resistance. Here we unravel the role of the co-stimulatory molecule, CD40, and its signaling intermediates, TNF-Receptor-Associated-Factors (TRAFs), in diet-induced obesity (DIO). Although not exhibiting increased weight gain, male CD40-/- mice in DIO displayed worsened insulin resistance, as compared to wild type mice. This was associated with excessive inflammation of adipose tissue (AT), characterized by increased accumulation of CD8+ T cells and M1 macrophages, and enhanced hepatosteatosis. Mice with deficient CD40-TRAF2/3/5 signaling in MHCII+ cells exhibited a similar phenotype in DIO as CD40-/- mice. In contrast, mice with deficient CD40-TRAF6 signaling in MHCII+ cells displayed no insulin resistance, and showed a reduction in both AT inflammation and hepatosteatosis in DIO. To prove the therapeutic potential of inhibition of CD40-TRAF6 in obesity, DIO mice were treated with a small-molecule inhibitor that we designed to specifically block CD40-TRAF6 interactions; this improved insulin sensitivity, reduced AT inflammation and decreased hepatosteatosis. Our study reveals that the CD40-TRAF2/3/5 signaling pathway in MHCII+ cells protects against AT inflammation and metabolic complications associated with obesity, whereas CD40-TRAF6 interactions in MHCII+ cells aggravate these complications. Inhibition of CD40-TRAF6 signaling by our newly developed compound may provide a novel therapeutic option in obesity-associated insulin resistance.
Monoamineplatinum (II) complexes conjugated to water‐soluble carrier polymers for chemotherapeutic applications (1993)

Abstract In the light of the observed carcinostatic activity of the monoamineplatinum complexes K[PtCl 3 (NH 3 )] and K[PtCl 3 (t‐butylamine)], it has been of interest in this laboratory to develop water‐soluble, antineoplastic conjugates in which square‐planar platinum complex structures of the monoamineplatinum type are linked to suitable carrier polymers possessing water solubility for improved pharmacokinetics. In the present paper the synthesis is described of conjugates in which each platinum atom is coordinated to a single, primary amine ligand provided by a water‐soluble polyaspartamide‐type carrier. Microanalytical data suggest the remaining three coordination sites on the metal center to be occupied on average by one aquo and two chloro ligands. The carriers, prepared by a known method from polysuccinimide by stepwise aminolytic ring‐opening, are designed so as to feature randomly placed hydrosolubilizing units and metal‐binding units in a ratio of 3:1, thus providing spatial insulation between the latter and minimize intramolecular interaction between the platinum complexes incorporated subsequently. Platination of the carriers is brought about by treatment with K 2 PtCl 4 in aqueous solution at 25–60 °C in the pH range 5–6, and the polymer–platinum conjugates are purified and isolated in 50–70% yield by aqueous‐phase dialysis and freeze‐drying. The extent of platination attained depends inter alia on the Pt/NH 2 feed ratio (equivalents of tetrachloroplatinate per carrier base unit); in optimal cases complete metal coordination to the carrier‐attached primary‐amine ligands is achieved with a feed ratio of 1.4:1. The conjugates, initially showing complete solubility in water, tend to undergo an ageing process on storage believed to involve intermolecular solid‐state interaction of the bound platinum complexes with proximate amine sites, resulting in gradual loss of solubility. In frozen aqueous solution, however, the conjugates are stable for extended periods of time.