gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: ACTIVATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE‐LIKE MOLECULES: SYNTHETIC AND STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON A η2‐CARBON, NITROGEN METAL‐BONDED CARBODIIMIDE AND ITS CONVERSION INTO A η2‐CARBON, NITROGEN METAL‐BONDED AMIDINYL LIGAND (1981)

Abstract Vanadocen reagiert mit p‐Tolylcarbodiimid in Toluol zu dem Metallaazacyclopropan‐ähnlichen Komplexen (I).
Evaluation of Escherichia coli STb toxin in an in vitro organ culture model (IVOC) / Avaliação de toxina STb de Escherichia coli em modelo de cultura de órgãos in vitro (IVOC) (2021)

ETEC pathogenesis comprises adhesion to the small intestine, colonization and enterotoxin production. STb is one of the heat-stable toxins produced by ETEC. Previous reports, using culture supernatants of STb-positive ETEC strains, indicated loss of villous absorptive cells causing mild atrophy and microscopic alterations in jejunum mucosa. These culture supernatants contained many other compounds beside STb toxin and in addition the quantity of toxin in these supernatants was not determined. Thus, this study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of pure STb toxin on piglet jejunum explants in an in vitro organ culture (IVOC) model. Tissues of piglets of 11 weeks were used and put into culture. Morphometric analysis of tissues revealed that villous epithelial area was reduced in tissues treated with pure STb after 3, 4 and 5 hours (p 0.0001) compared to untreated tissues. STb-treated tissues presented atrophic villi due to loss of villi tip. Our data shows that, in piglet jejunum explants, pure STb toxin can lead to cell modification and consequently to destruction, seen as villi atrophy. These changes result in a reduced absorptive area and could be partly responsible for the diarrhea observed in the animal following STb intoxication.
Structured soft margin confidence weighted learning for grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (2014)

In recent years, structured online discriminative learning methods using second order statistics have been shown to outperform conventional generative and discriminative models in the grapheme-to-phoneme (g2p) conversion task. However, these methods update the parameters by sequentially using N-best hypotheses predicted with the current parameters. Thus, the parameters appearing in early hypotheses are overfitted compared with those in later hypotheses. In this paper, we propose a novel method called structured soft margin confidence weighted learning, which extends multi-class confidence weighted learning to structured learning. The proposed method extends multiclass CW in two ways, allowing for improved robustness to overfitting: (1) regularization inspired by soft margin support vector machines, allowing for margin error, and (2) update using N-best hypotheses simultaneously and interdependently. In an evaluation experiment on the g2p conversion task, the proposed method improved over all other approaches in terms of phoneme error rate with a significant difference. Index Terms: g2p conversion, out-of-vocabulary word, online discriminative training, structured learning, confidence weighted algorithm
Observations on the reactions of chiral pyruvates. Synthesis of (-)- and (+)-citramalic acid (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleObservations on the reactions of chiral pyruvates. Synthesis of (-)- and (+)-citramalic acidJames K. Whitesell, Kathy Nabona, and Don DeyoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 9, 2258–2260Publication Date (Print):April 28, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 28 April 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00270a048https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00270a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views420Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Defending systems against viruses through cryptographic authentication (2003)

The author describes the use of cryptographic authentication for controlling computer viruses. The objective is to protect against viruses infecting software distributions, updates, and programs stored or executed on a system. The authentication determines the source and integrity of an executable, relying on the source to produce virus-free software. The scheme relies on a trusted (and verifiable, where possible) device, the authenticator, used to authenticate and update programs and convert programs between the various formats. In addition, each user's machine uses a similar device to perform run-time checking.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Discriminative Embeddings of Latent Variable Models for Structured Data (2016)

Kernel classifiers and regressors designed for structured data, such as sequences, trees and graphs, have significantly advanced a number of interdisciplinary areas such as computational biology and drug design. Typically, kernels are designed beforehand for a data type which either exploit statistics of the structures or make use of probabilistic generative models, and then a discriminative classifier is learned based on the kernels via convex optimization. However, such an elegant two-stage approach also limited kernel methods from scaling up to millions of data points, and exploiting discriminative information to learn feature representations. We propose, structure2vec, an effective and scalable approach for structured data representation based on the idea of embedding latent variable models into feature spaces, and learning such feature spaces using discriminative information. Interestingly, structure2vec extracts features by performing a sequence of function mappings in a way similar to graphical model inference procedures, such as mean field and belief propagation. In applications involving millions of data points, we showed that structure2vec runs 2 times faster, produces models which are $10,000$ times smaller, while at the same time achieving the state-of-the-art predictive performance.
Analysis of odour active compounds of roasted wheat germ (1998)

Aroma generation by roasting wheat germ (160 °C, 20 min) was investigated. Thin film vacuum distillation of the oil, obtained by Soxhlet extraction of roasted wheat germ, resulted in a volatile concentrate that was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography and analysed by gas chromatography (GC), coupled GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-olfactometry (GC-O). Application of aroma extract dilution analysis to the original concentrate revealed that 63 out of the 175 volatiles identified showed dilution factors >8; and 9 out of these showed a dilution factor in the range of 1024 to 2048: 2-methyl pyrazine (roasted, nutty), 2,6-diethyl pyrazine (roasted, bread), 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl pyrazine (roasted, bran), 2-methyl-5-propyl pyrazine (roasted, bread), 3,5-diethyl-2-methyl pyrazine (roasted, coffee), 2-acetyl-6-methyl pyrazine (roasted, cocoa), 2,3-dimethyl-5-isopentyl pyrazine (roasted, bread), an unknown pyrazine derivative (roasted, nutty), and an unknown acetyl furfural derivative (baked bread).
Floating reference position-based correction method for near-infrared spectroscopy in long-term glucose concentration monitoring (2017)

We present a floating reference position (FRP)-based drift correction method for near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy-based long-term blood glucose concentration (BGC) monitoring. Previously, we reported that it is difficult to quantify the systematic drift caused by the fluctuation of incident light intensity at different source–detector (SD) separations based on the absolute FRP change. We use the relative FRP change as a baseline reference to quantitatively characterize the signal drift at different SD separations. For the wavelengths that were used, a uniform equation was developed to describe the relationship between the drift and the relative FRP change. With the help of this equation, the correction can easily be performed by subtracting the systematic drift estimated by the equation. A theoretical analysis and an experimental phantom study demonstrated that our method could be used for systematic drift correction in NIR spectroscopy for long-term BGC monitoring. Moreover, the analysis method can also be referenced to reduce drifts from multiple sources.
One‐Dimensional Modeling and Simulation of Bubble Column Reactors (2010)

Abstract Für eine praktische Auslegung von Blasensäulen im (halb)technischen Maßstab existieren in der Fachliteratur bisher nur wenige Reaktormodelle. Durch Implementierung eines eindimensionalen Modells in die gleichungsorientierte Simulationssoftware ASPEN Custom Modeler TM wird ein Kompromiss aus Modellgenauigkeit und Berechnungsaufwand erreicht. Die Vorgänge in einem Blasensäulenreaktor werden mit hinreichender Genauigkeit quantitativ beschrieben.
Optical Design Challenges of Thermally Assisted Magnetic Recording Heads (2010)

We developed three home-made modeling programs to design thermally assisted magnetic recording heads: optical beam propagation method for waveguides, optical finite difference time domain method for plasmon generators, and thermal/micromagnetic finite difference method for the recording media. These models lead to the following results. To get higher throughput efficiency of the waveguide, the periodic wavy thickness of the inlet can provide better inlet coupling with laser diode light, and the wavy taper shape can improve the propagation efficiency. As for plasmon generators, the model requires waveguide, recording media and main-pole to estimate the correct performance, because the optimized design depends on all of these parts. Our proposed sharp pointed plasmon generator can provide tiny near field spot, and it must have good scalability for narrow track recording. In addition to these optics models, we performed recording process simulation. As a result, depending on the condition of the thermal spot and head field alignment, either thermal or magnetic field can be dominant in creating the final magnetic transition in the media. The signal to noise ratio and the transition curvature are greatly affected by the recording process.
Die Koordinationszahl 5 bei MnIII: Na4Mn2O5 [1,2] (1980)

Abstract Na 4 Mn 2 O 5 kristallisiert orthorhombisch, Raumgruppe Fddd mit a = 5,72 1 , b = 9,42 5 , c = 19,67 Å, Z = 8. Kristallstruktur wurde mit Hilfe von 222 unabhängigen Reflexen zu R = 0,018 verfeinert. Gemäß Na 4/6 Mn 2/6 O 5/6 □ 1/6 liegt eine geordnete NaCl‐Variante vor. Erstmals zeigt Mn 3+ in einem ternären Oxid die Koordinationszahl 5. Der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, sowie Effektive Koordinationszahlen, ECoN, werden berechnet und diskutiert.
759. The ortho: para-ratio in aromatic substitution. Part V. Nitration by mixed acid and acetyl nitrate (1961)

J. R. Knowles and R. O. C. Norman, J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 3888 DOI: 10.1039/JR9610003888
Milk Immunoglobulin with Specific Activity against Purified Colonization Factor Antigens Can Protect against Oral Challenge with EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli (1998)

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the most commonly isolated pathogen responsible for travelers' diarrhea and the cause of up to 650 million cases of pediatric diarrhea per year in the developing world. As a safe alternative to the prophylactic use of antibiotics, a hyperimmune bovine milk antibody product with specific activity against purified colonization factor antigens (CFAs) was developed and evaluated in a human challenge study. Twenty-five healthy adult volunteers were challenged orally with 10(9) cfu of a virulent CFA/I-bearing ETEC. In the randomized double-blind trial, 7 of 10 volunteers receiving a lactose-free placebo developed clinical diarrhea after challenge, compared with only 1 of 15 cases in volunteers receiving active product (Fisher's exact test, P < .0017). It is concluded that antibodies against CFAs alone are sufficient for protection and that prophylaxis with milk-derived immunoglobulin is a feasible alternative to existing drug interventions.
Synthesis of end‐functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) by ruthenium‐catalyzed living radical polymerization with functionalized initiators (2002)

Abstract A series of functionalized 2‐bromoisobutyrates and 2‐chloro‐2‐phenylacetates led to α‐end‐functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate)s in Ru(II)‐catalyzed living radical polymerization; the terminal functions included amine, hydroxyl, and amide. These initiators were effective in the presence of additives such as Al(O i ‐Pr) 3 and n ‐Bu 3 N. The chlorophenylacetate initiators especially coupled with the amine additive gave polymers with well‐controlled molecular weights ( M w / M n = 1.2–1.3) and high end functionality ( F n ∼ 1.0). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1937–1944, 2002
Fabrication of Patterned Inverse Opal Structure Through Physical Confinement Assembly and Selective Electrochemical Deposition (2007)

We develop a chemical modification‐free process for fabrication of patterned photonic crystals (PhCs) of inverse opal structure. This process, involving photolithography, colloidal assembly, and electrochemical deposition, is potentially applicable for fabrication of practical optical devices. Polystyrene (PS) spheres were self‐assembled onto pre‐patterned substrates to serve as the sacrificial template. This template was then converted into a patterned inverse opal structure with selective electrochemical deposition. The thickness of the inverse opal structure can be easily controlled by adjusting the time of electrodeposition. We demonstrated the process with fabrication of a T‐shape structure surrounded by an inverse opal structure of titania. Titania was chosen here as a representative demonstration material, and the process can be readily applied to other materials of desired characteristics.
Modes de défaillance induits par l'environnement radiatif naturel dans les mémoires DRAMs : étude, méthodologie de test et protection (2011)

DRAMs are frequently used in space and aeronautic systems. Their sensitivity to cosmic radiations have to be known in order to satisfy reliability requirements for critical applications. These evaluations are traditionally done with particle accelerators. However, devices become more complex with technology integration. Therefore new effects appear, inducing longer and more expensive tests. There is a complementary solution: the pulsed laser, which trigger similar effects as particles. Thanks to these two test tools, main DRAM radiation failure modes were studied: SEUs (Single Event Upset) in memory blocks, and SEFIs (Single Event Functional Interrupt) in peripheral circuits. This work demonstrates the influence of test patterns on SEU and SEFI sensitivities depending on technology used. In addition, this study identifies the origin of the most frequent type of SEFIs. Moreover, laser techniques were developed to quantify sensitive surfaces of the different effects. This work led to a new test methodology for industry, in order to optimize test cost and efficiency using both pulsed laser beams and particle accelerators. Finally, a new fault tolerant technique is proposed: based on DRAM cell radiation immunity when discharged, this technique allows to correct all bits of a logic word.
Frying oil use in China (2012)

Abstract The rapid development of China's economy has resulted in a dramatic increase in the production and purchase of instant fried food products by consumers. China's food industry has relied largely on the importation of soybean oil and palm oil. Palm oil is widely used by the commercial food industry because of its high oxidative stability and low cost. In contrast, the demand for rapeseed oil and peanut oil has gradually increased but only for domestic frying. In the future, specialized frying oils with improved stability and function will be developed for industrial and domestic frying in China.
Interfacial Engineering Approach to Pattern Resilient Polymer Photonic Crystals with Temperature‐Responsive Optical Properties (2022)

Abstract Planar, 1D photonic crystals (1D‐PCs) are stacks of alternating layers with different refractive indices, which can reflect specific wavelengths of light through the formation of a photonic bandgap. Typical systems for 1D‐PC fabrication possess relatively limited thermal and/or chemical stabilities and may require several steps for producing patterned features. Additionally, enabling stimuli‐responsive behaviors in 1D‐PCs are often achieved through relatively complex chemistries that might be difficult to scale‐up due to associated cost and energy consumption, presenting challenges toward their implementation in practical systems. Herein, through sequential depositions of phenolic resin (resol) and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐ co ‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP), two low‐cost chemical reagents which are broadly used in industry, bright 1D‐PCs are prepared with high thermal and chemical stability at long exposure times. Furthermore, spatial differences in the reflectance behavior of the 1D‐PCs and thus resulted patterns are demonstrated through a simple, generalizable interfacial engineering approach that controls the surface wettability of PVDF‐HFP layer. Stimuli‐responsive behavior is imparted into the 1D‐PC system by leveraging the semicrystalline nature of PVDF‐HFP to provide on‐demand switchable light‐reflecting behaviors upon exposure to elevated temperatures. Overall, this work demonstrates a simple and efficient technique to develop 1D‐PCs with excellent stability, ease of patterning, and thermoresponsive reflectance from low‐cost precursors, potentially enabling their broader use in a wide array of nanotechnological applications.
The synthesis of thebaine‐1‐3H (1989)

Abstract A synthesis of thebaine is described where the C‐1 position is labelled with tritium to specific activity of 16 Ci/mmole. From codeine ( 2 ), 1‐iodocodeine ( 3 ) was prepared and converted to 1‐iodothebaine ( 7 ) in 3 steps. The subsequent key reaction was the selective hydrogenolysis of the carbon‐iodine bond in 7 in the presence of the dienic‐enol ether system. Using 10% Pd/C as catalyst, the desired reaction occurs in about 80% yield.
Boosting Second-Harmonic Generation in Nonlinear Metasurfaces with Bound States in the Continuum (2019)

We apply the concept of bound states in the continuum to nonlinear metasurfaces with a broken in-plane symmetry and realize high-Q resonances boosting dramatically the SHG efficiency via a smart asymmetry engineering. © 2019 The Author(s)
Physiographie et dynamique sédimentaire actuelle dans la marge atlantique sud-ouest marocaine (Le bassin Tan Tan -Cap Juby) [Physiography and recent sedimentary dynamic in southwestern atlantic margin of Morocco (Tan Tan - Cape Juby basin)] (2001)

Le bassin étudié correspond à des plateaux côtiers qui se raccordent à une marge passive par des falaises calcaires vives plongeant dans l'océan. Son histoire géologique est liée à des structures héritées et un eustatisme reconnu sur toute la ligne du rivage nord-ouest africain. Ainsi, la topographie du plateau continental est accidentée de dépressions formant des pièges à sédiments, essentiellement bioclastiques, à l'image des lacs salés qui jalonnent sa bordure terrestre. De nombreux canyons l'incisent et permettent l'écoulement de turbidites sableuses. Ils jouent un rôle dans le forçage des courants d'upwelling en raccordant la plate-forme au système de la circulation générale profonde de l'Atlantique central. L'influence de l'eustatisme se traduit par deux niveaux morphologiques de stationnement marin (-70 m/-80 m et - 130 m) qu'on trouve classiquement sur les marges passives type Atlantique.
Sodium channel slow inactivation normalizes firing in axons with uneven conductance distributions (2023)

The Na<sup>+</sup> channels that are important for action potentials show rapid inactivation, a state in which they do not conduct, although the membrane potential remains depolarized.<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup> Rapid inactivation is a determinant of millisecond-scale phenomena, such as spike shape and refractory period. Na<sup>+</sup> channels also inactivate orders of magnitude more slowly, and this slow inactivation has impacts on excitability over much longer timescales than those of a single spike or a single inter-spike interval.<sup>3</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>4</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>5</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>6</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>7</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>8</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>9</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>10</sup> Here, we focus on the contribution of slow inactivation to the resilience of axonal excitability<sup>11</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>12</sup> when ion channels are unevenly distributed along the axon. We study models in which the voltage-gated Na<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> channels are unevenly distributed along axons with different variances, capturing the heterogeneity that biological axons display.<sup>13</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>14</sup> In the absence of slow inactivation, many conductance distributions result in spontaneous tonic activity. Faithful axonal propagation is achieved with the introduction of Na<sup>+</sup> channel slow inactivation. This "normalization" effect depends on relations between the kinetics of slow inactivation and the firing frequency. Consequently, neurons with characteristically different firing frequencies will need to implement different sets of channel properties to achieve resilience. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of the intrinsic biophysical properties of ion channels in normalizing axonal function.
Spacecraft anomalies on the CRRES satellite correlated with the environment and insulator samples (1993)

The CRRES (Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite) has been extensively surveyed for the occurrence of onboard anomalies. CRRES system and instrument responses which were not programmed or commanded are classified as anomalies. The history of anomalies is correlated with the history of plasmas, high-energy particles, and electromagnetic fields as measured on CRRES. The anomalies for each instrument on CRRES are compared with those from other instruments. As a group, the 674 anomalies correlate well with high levels of high-energy electron flux and poorly with every other environmental parameter.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>