gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Schluß (1998)

„Berlin — die überschätzte Metropole“ und „Weltmetropole Berlin?“ — wichtig ist hier das Fragezeichen - heißt es in den Titeln zweier Aufsätze, die sich mit dem nationalen und internationalen Stellenwert der Stadt bis zur Zeit zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen befassen. Verglichen wird Berlin mit anderen wichtigen deutschen Städten, von Hamburg über Köln, Frankfurt am Main, Leipzig bis München, und international mit Paris und London. Das Fazit lautet: Berlin sei zwar, früher als meist angenommen, die bedeutendste deutsche Stadt gewesen, war aber, mit Ausnahme der politischen Leitungsfunktionen und ihres Umfeldes an Interessenverbänden, nie dominierend. Seine nationalen Konkurrenten, die es nicht habe abschütteln können, seien zumindest in der Summe ebenso bedeutend gewesen wie Berlin, das daher im Vergleich zu in Jahrhunderten ihre Funktionen behauptenden Kapitalen wie Paris und London als nationale Hauptstadt eher als „defizitär“zu bezeichnen sei.
Left-sided substrate binding of lysozyme: Evidence for the involvement of asparagine-46 in the initial binding of substrate to chicken lysozyme (1992)

The "right-sided" and "left-sided" substrate binding modes at the lower saccharide binding subsites (D-F sites) of chicken lysozyme were investigated by utilizing mutant lysozymes secreted from yeast. We constructed the following mutant lysozymes; "left-sided" substitution of Asn46 to Asp, deletion of Thr47, and insertion of Gly between Thr47 and Asp48 and "right-sided" substitution of Asn37 to Gly. Analyses of their activities and substrate binding abilities showed that Asn46 and Thr47 are involved in the initial enzyme-substrate complex and Asn37 is involved in the transition state. These results support an earlier proposal that interactions between substrate and residues at the left side of lysozyme stabilize a catalytically inactive enzyme-substrate complex, while interactions between substrate and residues at the right side stabilize the catalytically active complex [Pincus, M. R., & Scheraga, H. A. (1979) Macromolecules 12, 633-644]. These results are also consistent with the proposed kinetic mechanism for lysozyme reaction that the rearrangement of an initial enzyme-substrate complex (beta-complex) to another complex (gamma-complex) is required for catalytic hydrolysis [Banerjee S. K., Holler, E., Hess, G. P., & Rupley, J. A. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4355-4367].
Safety of nitric oxide added to the ECMO circuit: a pilot study in children (2017)

We describe our experience of 30 consecutive children supported with ECMO and receiving 20 ppm of nitric oxide in the oxygenator of the ECMO circuit. Administration of nitric oxide into the ECMO circuit is safe and could potentially mitigate ischaemia reperfusion injury and end-organ dysfunction of children requiring mechanical support.
Spatial bandwidth-optimized compression of image plane off-axis holograms with image and video codecs (2020)

Image plane off-axis holograms (IP-OAH) are the most common data captured in digital holographic microscopy and tomography. Due to increasing storage and data transmission requirements, lossy compression of such holograms has been subject of earlier investigations. However, hologram compression can not be allowed to hinder the metrological capabilities of the measurement technique itself. In this work, we present lossy and lossless IP-OAH compression approaches that are based on conventional compression codecs, but optimized with regard to bandwidth of the signal. Both approaches outperform respective conventional codecs, while the lossy approach is shown to uphold the accuracy of holographic phase measurements.
Optimizing utilization efficiencies in electronegative discharges: The importance of the impedance phase angle (1999)

We have investigated the operating conditions that result in the greatest utilization efficiencies (UEs) of NF3, CF4, and C2F6 in a capacitively coupled GEC reference cell. We have also independently measured the rf electrical characteristics and optical emission spectra of the plasmas. To avoid inadvertently attributing changes in the UE, discharge impedance, rf currents, or atomic emission intensities to parasitic losses in the matching network or rf delivery system, the rf generator was adjusted to ensure that the same amount of power was dissipated within each discharge. For the NF3 plasmas, argon was used as a diluent and both the NF3 concentration and reactor pressure were varied. For the CF4 and C2F6 based plasmas, the gas compositions were fixed (86 mol % CF4/O2 and 50 mol % C2F6/O2) and the reactor pressure was varied. The greatest NF3 UEs occurred within a narrow range of NF3 partial pressures. The greatest CF4 and C2F6 UEs occurred within a narrow range of reactor pressures. For all mixtures, operating conditions that yielded the highest UEs also yielded the brightest plasmas, the lowest impedance magnitudes, the greatest fraction of current flowing to the grounded electrode, and impedance phase angles within a narrow window centered near φpe=−40°. Within this region, plasma power is most efficiently utilized to dissociate the source gas and excite the atoms that emit light. Collapsed plasmas, observed for high pressure highly electronegative conditions, exhibited very low UEs. At optimal operating conditions the UE of the fluorinated source gases were found to decrease in the order: NF3&amp;gt;C2F6&amp;gt;CF4. The results of this study suggest that the baseline corrected fluorine atom emission intensity (703.7 nm), the magnitude of the discharge impedance, or phase angle of the discharge impedance could be monitored to determine the relative fluorinated source gas UE in an arbitrary plasma reactor as the operating conditions are varied. The concept of an ideal NF3 partial pressure could prove to be a useful strategy to prevent the formation of collapsed plasmas at high reactor pressures while maintaining high NF3UEs.
InGaN MQW laser diode with integrated intracavity electroabsorption modulator (2003)

Summary form only given. We demonstrate a two-section InGaN multiple-quantum-well (MQW) laser diode comprised of an amplifier section and a monolithically integrated electroabsorption (EA) modulator. Modulator and gain sections are electrically separated by a narrow dry etched trench, but are optically coupled and share the same InGaN MQW active region. The basic concept of the device is to utilize the strong built-in piezoelectric fields in the InGaN MQW active region to achieve the necessary wavelength offset between the emission wavelength of the amplifier section and the absorption edge of the EA modulator.
A wind-up restraint control of disturbance observer system for saturation of actuator torque (2003)

When a control system has integral compensators and saturation in the control object, the response will become unstable for the worst case, known as the wind-up phenomenon. There is little research about wind-up phenomenon for a disturbance observer system, which realizes high speed and high accuracy control. The wind-up phenomenon of the disturbance observer system is more violent than that of a PI control system because of the positive feedback of the disturbance compensation loop. In this paper an easy method, which prevents the wind-up phenomenon using a saturation model in the disturbance observer is proposed. When the saturation model in the disturbance observer is used and the input to the control object with saturation is much larger than the saturation value, the response becomes oscillatory due to the outer loop PD controller. To prevent the oscillation a new method which inverts the servo motor torque at a proper time using a predicted future response, is proposed. This method is applied to both intermittent motion and continuous motion. The simulation results and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A Bidirectional Readout Integrated Circuit (ROIC) with Capacitance-to-Time Conversion Operation for High Performance Capacitive MEMS Accelerometers (2007)

In this paper, a bidirectional readout integrated circuit (ROIC) with capacitance-to-time conversion operation has been proposed and demonstrated for high performance capacitive micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) accelerometers, which is implemented by a 0.35-mum CMOS EEPROM process. For the desired performance of the proposed ROIC, a bidirectional time-to-digital conversion (TDC) method with a capacitance-to-time (C-T) conversion operation is employed for the detection of the directions. At the condition of the reference capacitance (C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Ref.</sub> ) of 20 pF, the new ROIC shows the positive sign-bit ('1') for the case of the sensor capacitance (C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Sen.</sub> ) < 20 pF and the negative sign-bit ('0') for the case of C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Sen.</sub> > 20 pF, which lead to the bidirectional accelerometer operation. Consequently, the new proposed ROIC exhibits the bidirectional readout operation by the bidirectional TDC operation with the C-T conversion.
10Gb/s and 40Gb/s ultra-long haul transmission on a common all-Raman single-wide-band platform (2002)

Design trade-offs of a common all-Raman single-wide-band (53 nm) platform for 10 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s transmission are discussed. Ample OSNR margins for inserting add/drop sites and design simplicity are highlights of this approach
SIGNAL_VARIANCE IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY THE N SYNDROME (1980)

Department of Medical Physics, Royal Postgraduate Medical School and Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 OHS, England.
On Steering Swarms (2019)

The main contribution of this paper is a novel method allowing an external observer/controller to steer and guide swarms of identical and indistinguishable agents, in spite of the agents' lack of information on absolute location and orientation. Importantly, this is done via simple global broadcast signals, based on the observed average swarm location, with no need to send control signals to any specific agent in the swarm.
Automatic rule refinement for information extraction (2010)

Rule-based information extraction from text is increasingly being used to populate databases and to support structured queries on unstructured text. Specification of suitable information extraction rules requires considerable skill and standard practice is to refine rules iteratively, with substantial effort. In this paper, we show that techniques developed in the context of data provenance, to determine the lineage of a tuple in a database, can be leveraged to assist in rule refinement. Specifically, given a set of extraction rules and correct and incorrect extracted data, we have developed a technique to suggest a ranked list of rule modifications that an expert rule specifier can consider. We implemented our technique in the SystemT information extraction system developed at IBM Research -- Almaden and experimentally demonstrate its effectiveness.
PRINCIPLES OF MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: LUMINESCENCE OF ORGANIZED DYE MOLECULES (2004)

The student computer class presented in this paper demonstrates how to apply the principles of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations to study some chemical and physical processes in the Physical chemistry discipline. In particular the principles of MC simulations are demonstrated by several examples oriented on luminescence decay analysis of organized dye molecules: simulation of fluorescence decay, simulation of energy transfer (EnT) process, fluorescence decay fitting, simulation of the pyronine (Py+) fluorescence emission in the Py+-zeolite L material. This computer class is a good tool for introducing the MC technique to the students and provides a considerable feeling on the fluorescence spectroscopy method.
Copper/oxygen glow‐discharge spectrometry (1977)

The reactive sputtering of copper in an oxygen/neon rf discharge has been studied using glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDS). Ionized molecular species incident on the substrate table were monitored during sputter deposition of films onto silicon substrates. Films were prepared over an oxygen pressure range that exhibited significant variations in GDS signal levels. These films were characterized by AES, XPS, XRD, and electron microprobe. Good correlation was found between film composition and GDS signal levels.
QValue and Half-Lives for the Double-β-Decay NuclidePd110 (2012)

The 110Pd double-β decay Q value was measured with the Penning-trap mass spectrometer ISOLTRAP to be Q=2017.85(64) keV. This value shifted by 14 keV compared with the literature value and is 17 times more precise, resulting in new phase-space factors for the two-neutrino and neutrinoless decay modes. In addition a new set of the relevant matrix elements has been calculated. The expected half-life of the two-neutrino mode was reevaluated as 1.5(6)×10(20) yr. With its high natural abundance, the new results reveal 110Pd to be an excellent candidate for double-β decay studies.
Polymerization kinetics and thermal properties of poly(alkyl methacrylate)/organomodified montmorillonite nanocomposites (2012)

Abstract The effect of the presence of organomodified nano‐montmorillonite (MMT) on the free radical polymerization kinetics of either ethyl methacrylate or butyl methacrylate was investigated. The in situ polymerization technique was selected with dispersion of the MMT nanoparticles into the corresponding monomer and subsequent bulk radical polymerization. Different types and amounts of MMT were used, including a sodium and several organomodified clays under the trade names Cloisite Na + and Cloisite 15A, 25A and 30B. Reaction kinetics was measured gravimetrically and the nanocomposites formed were characterized with X‐ray diffraction (structure), gel permeation chromatography (molar mass distribution) and differential scanning calorimetry (glass transition temperature). Thermal degradation characteristics were measured with thermogravimetric analysis. Additional experiments with styrene as monomer were carried out in order to make clear the effect of the nanofiller on the polymerization kinetics. It was found that the presence of the bulk ammonium salt used as the organic modifier in MMT could influence the reaction kinetics when diffusion‐controlled phenomena occur. Reaction rate was slightly enhanced and nanocomposites with improved thermal stability were formed. In addition, the average molar mass and glass transition temperature of the polymer in the nanocomposites were slightly higher compared to the neat polymer. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Genetic Analysis of the Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Glycoprotein K in Infectious Virus Production and Egress (1999)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (KOS)DeltagK is a mutant virus which lacks glycoprotein K (gK) and exhibits defects in virion egress (S. Jayachandra, A. Baghian, and K. G. Kousoulas, J. Virol. 69:5401-5413, 1997). To further understand the role of gK in virus egress, we constructed recombinant viruses, DeltagKhpd-1, -2, -3, and -4, that specified gK amino-terminal portions of 139, 239, 268, and 326 amino acids, respectively, corresponding to truncations immediately after each of the four putative membrane-spanning domains of gK. DeltagKhpd-1 and DeltagKhpd-2 viruses produced lower yields and smaller plaques than DeltagK. Numerous DeltagKhpd-1 capsids accumulated predominately within large double-membrane vesicles of which the inner membrane appeared to be derived from viral envelopes while the outer membrane appeared to originate from the outer nuclear membrane. The mutant virus DeltagKhpd-3 produced higher yields and larger plaques than the DeltagK virus. The mutant virus DeltagKhpd-4 produced yields and plaques similar to those of the wild-type virus strain KOS, indicating that deletion of the carboxy-terminal 12 amino acids did not adversely affect virus replication and egress. Comparisons of the gK primary sequences specified by alphaherpesviruses revealed the presence of a cysteine-rich motif (CXXCC), located within domain III in the lumen side of gK, and a tyrosine-based motif, YTKPhi (where Phi is any bulky hydrophobic amino acid), located between the second and third hydrophobic domains (domain II) in the cytoplasmic side of gK. The mutant virus gK/Y183S, which was constructed to specify gK with a single-amino-acid change (Y to S) within the YTKPhi motif, replicated less efficiently than the DeltagK virus. The mutant virus gK/C304S-C307S, which was constructed to specify two serine instead of cysteine residues within the cysteine-rich motif (CXXCC changed to SXXSC) of gK domain III, replicated more efficiently than the DeltagK virus. Our data suggests that gK contains domains in its amino-terminal portion that promote aberrant nucleocapsid envelopment and/or membrane fusion between different virion envelopes and contains domains within its domains II and III that function in virus replication and egress.
Resolving protein structure‐function‐binding site relationships from a binding site similarity network perspective (2017)

Functional annotation is seldom straightforward with complexities arising due to functional divergence in protein families or functional convergence between non-homologous protein families, leading to mis-annotations. An enzyme may contain multiple domains and not all domains may be involved in a given function, adding to the complexity in function annotation. To address this, we use binding site information from bound cognate ligands and catalytic residues, since it can help in resolving fold-function relationships at a finer level and with higher confidence. A comprehensive database of 2,020 fold-function-binding site relationships has been systematically generated. A network-based approach is employed to capture the complexity in these relationships, from which different types of associations are deciphered, that identify versatile protein folds performing diverse functions, same function associated with multiple folds and one-to-one relationships. Binding site similarity networks integrated with fold, function, and ligand similarity information are generated to understand the depth of these relationships. Apart from the observed continuity in the functional site space, network properties of these revealed versatile families with topologically different or dissimilar binding sites and structural families that perform very similar functions. As a case study, subtle changes in the active site of a set of evolutionarily related superfamilies are studied using these networks. Tracing of such similarities in evolutionarily related proteins provide clues into the transition and evolution of protein functions. Insights from this study will be helpful in accurate and reliable functional annotations of uncharacterized proteins, poly-pharmacology, and designing enzymes with new functional capabilities. Proteins 2017; 85:1319-1335. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laboratory investigations of low frequency sound attenuation over combustion flat perforated wall sheet (2012)

Steel perforated liners have been used in turbine combustions for several years. The main purpose of the holes on the chambers is for cooling the combustion wall by inducing cooling air flows through the holes. It would be very useful if the steel perforated liners could be used for attenuating the combustion noise too, especially for the low frequency noise. This paper presents a series of acoustic attenuation measurements which were carried out in a 500 mm (width) × 500 mm (height) × 6000 mm (length) impedance tube on flat perforated steel plates with various geometric parameters. The measured absorption coefficient and impedance show that the steel perforated plates have strong sound attenuation on a certain frequency bandwidth. Experimental data were compared with the predicted data that concerned the effects of air inertia and viscosity in apertures. The results show reasonable agreement with the prediction. The acoustic attenuation properties, inferred from normal surface resistance and absorption coefficient data on perforation panels with different plate thickness, perforation, aperture diameter and aperture distribution are presented. The measurement results and analyses show that with careful design the cooling holes on the combustion wall can be used to attenuate the noise efficiently.
The evolving view of replay and its functions in wake and sleep (2020)

The term hippocampal replay originally referred to the temporally compressed reinstantiation, during rest, of sequential neural activity observed during prior active wake. Since its description in the 1990s, hippocampal replay has often been viewed as the key mechanism by which a memory trace is repeatedly rehearsed at high speeds during sleep and gradually transferred to neocortical circuits. However, the methods used to measure the occurrence of replay remain debated, and it is now clear that the underlying neural events are considerably more complicated than the traditional narratives had suggested. "Replay-like" activity happens during wake, can play out in reverse order, may represent trajectories never taken by the animal, and may have additional functions beyond memory consolidation, from learning values and solving the problem of credit assignment to decision-making and planning. Still, we know little about the role of replay in cognition, and to what extent it differs between wake and sleep. This may soon change, however, because decades-long efforts to explain replay in terms of reinforcement learning (RL) have started to yield testable predictions and possible explanations for a diverse set of observations. Here, we (1) survey the diverse features of replay, focusing especially on the latest findings; (2) discuss recent attempts at unifying disparate experimental results and putatively different cognitive functions under the banner of RL; (3) discuss methodological issues and theoretical biases that impede progress or may warrant a partial revaluation of the current literature, and finally; (4) highlight areas of considerable uncertainty and promising avenues of inquiry.
Lifetimes of Lanthanide(III) Triboluminescence Excited by Aerodynamic Shock Waves (2019)

Triboluminescence (TL) has been known since the 17th century and is observed in various solid-state materials, but the fundamental mechanisms have still not been elucidated due to the limited access to quantitative photophysical information compared to that for photoluminescence (PL). With the aim of determining the difference between TL and PL using general photophysical parameters, we used aerodynamic shock waves as pulsed mechanical forces to estimate the TL lifetimes (τTL) of lanthanide(III) coordination polymers [Ln(hfa)3(dpf)]n (Ln = Eu, Tb, or mixture thereof; hfa = hexafluoroacetylacetonate; dpf = 2,5-bis(diphenylphosphoryl)furan). Interestingly, the Tb(III)-centered τTL of Tb(III)/Eu(III) mixed compounds showed a slight difference from that of a Tb(III) pure compound, being in agreement with a previous observation that the green emission from Tb(III) ions was more dominant in TL than in PL. The results strongly indicated that Tb(III)-to-Eu(III) excited energy transfer was reduced under the condition of grinding.