gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Projection displays and MEMS: timely convergence for a bright future (1995)

Projection displays and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have evolved independently, occasionally crossing paths as early as the 1950s. But the commercially viable use of MEMS for projection displays has been illusive until the recent invention of Texas Instruments Digital Light Processing <SUP>TM</SUP> (DLP) technology. DLP technology is based on the Digital Micromirror Device<SUP>TM</SUP> (DMD) microchip, a MEMS technology that is a semiconductor digital light switch that precisely controls a light source for projection display and hardcopy applications. DLP technology provides a unique business opportunity because of the timely convergence of market needs and technology advances. The world is rapidly moving to an all- digital communications and entertainment infrastructure. In the near future, most of the technologies necessary for this infrastrucutre will be available at the right performance and price levels. This will make commercially viable an all-digital chain (capture, compression, transmission, reception decompression, hearing, and viewing). Unfortunately, the digital images received today must be translated into analog signals for viewing on today's televisions. Digital video is the final link in the all-digital infrastructure and DLP technoogy provides that link. DLP technology is an enabler for digital, high-resolution, color projection displays that have high contrast, are bright, seamless, and have the accuracy of color and grayscale that can be achieved only by digital control. This paper contains an introduction to DMD and DLP technology, including the historical context from which to view their developemnt. The architecture, projection operation, and fabrication are presented. Finally, the paper includes an update about current DMD business opportunities in projection displays and hardcopy.
Integrating structure-based approaches in generative molecular design (2023)

Generative molecular design for drug discovery and development has seen a recent resurgence promising to improve the efficiency of the design-make-test-analyse cycle; by computationally exploring much larger chemical spaces than traditional virtual screening techniques. However, most generative models thus far have only utilized small-molecule information to train and condition de novo molecule generators. Here, we instead focus on recent approaches that incorporate protein structure into de novo molecule optimization in an attempt to maximize the predicted on-target binding affinity of generated molecules. We summarize these structure integration principles into either distribution learning or goal-directed optimization and for each case whether the approach is protein structure-explicit or implicit with respect to the generative model. We discuss recent approaches in the context of this categorization and provide our perspective on the future direction of the field.
Simulation of suspension of solids in a liquid in a mixing tank using SPH and comparison with physical modelling experiments (2007)

This paper demonstrates the use of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) to simulate a suspension of solids in a liquid mixing tank when the solids are large and have a high loading in comparison with the liquid in the tank. The simulations are validated by comparing the results with physical modelling experiments that shows a relationship between the submergence criterion of the solids and the impeller speed. The experiments were conducted using water as the fluid and cylindrical blocks of wood with a specific gravity of 0.5 with near identical conditions being used for the simulations.
Effect of Dietary Betaine on Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors in Asian (2016)

Objective: Betaine (trimethylglycine) is a naturally-occurring osmolyte and methyl donor with reported effects on liver metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and the effects of betaine administration to metabolic risk factors in Asian males.
Towards a Global Tractography-based Model of FA (2003)

A global tractography-based model of white matter derived from DTI has many potential applications in the study of aging. We present a method for optimizing a set of paths integrated within WM so that their density correlates with fractional anisotropy (FA) values globally. The optimization scheme improves the correlation between fiber density and FA.
Possible Chemotaxis of Human Monocytes by N -Acetylmuramyl- l -Alanyl- d -Isoglutamine (1983)

N-Acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine (MDP) induced the chemotaxis of human blood monocytes without mediation of serum complement. Specificity (dependency on chemical structure) of the chemotactic activity of MDP was evidenced by a negligible activity of analogs lacking most of the immunomodulating activities of MDP.
Foveal contrast processing of increment and decrement targets is equivalently reduced in glaucoma (2008)

This study found that increment and decrement targets can be used with equal effectiveness for detecting contrast processing deficits in early glaucoma. Outcomes further suggested that glaucoma affects On and Off subdivisions of the M-pathway equivalently.
Robust single-mode emission from mid-IR photonic crystal interband cascade lasers (2008)

Electrically-pumped photonic-crystal distributed-feedback lasers with interband-cascade active regions operating in single spectral mode at 3.3 &mu;m are demonstrated. At 78 K, a stripe of width 400 &mu;m emits up to 67 mW of cw power into a single spectral mode with side-mode suppression ratio &asymp; 27 dB. The full-width at half-maximum of the farfield divergence angle is &asymp; 0.5&deg;, which combined with the near-field profile yields an effective <i>M<sup>2</sup></i> of 1.7-2.0.
Transcriptome analysis reveals season‐specific rbcS gene expression profiles in diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (2006)

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a major grass species used for forage and turf throughout the world, and gains by conventional breeding have reached a plateau. Perennial ryegrass is an outcrossing, self-incompatible diploid (2n = 2x = 14) with a relatively large genome (4067 Mbp/diploid genome; Evans, G.M., Rees, H., Snell, C.L. and Sun, S. (1972) The relation between nuclear DNA amount and the duration of the mitotic cycle. Chrom. Today, 3, 24-31). Using tissues sourced from active pastures during the peak of the autumn, winter, spring and summer seasons, we analysed the ryegrass transcriptome employing a Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) protocol, with the dual goals of understanding the seasonal changes in perennial ryegrass gene expression and enhancing our ability to select genes for genetic manipulation. A total of 159,002 14-mer SAGE tags was sequenced and mapped to the perennial ryegrass DNA database, comprising methyl-filtered (GeneThresher) and expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences. The analysis of 14,559 unique SAGE tags, which were present more than once in our SAGE library, revealed 964, 1331, 346 and 131 exclusive transcripts to autumn, winter, spring and summer, respectively. Intriguingly, our analysis of the SAGE tags revealed season-specific expression profiles for the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), LprbcS. The transcript level for LprbcS was highest in spring, and then decreased gradually between summer and winter. Five different copies of LprbcS were revealed in ryegrass, with one possibly producing splice variant transcripts. Two highly expressed LprbcS genes were reported, one of which was not active in autumn. Another LprbcS gene showed an inverse expression profile to the autumn inactive LprbcS in a manner to compensate the expression level.
Specific accumulation of GFP in a non‐acidic vacuolar compartment via a C‐terminal propeptide‐mediated sorting pathway (1998)

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria can be detected in living plant cells after transient transformation of protoplasts. Expression of the GFP can be used to monitor protein trafficking in a mixed cell population and also to study the different function and importance of organelles in different cell types. We developed a vacuolar form of GFP that was obtained by replacing the C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-retention motif of mGFP5-ER by the vacuolar targeting peptide of tobacco chitinase A. The vacuolar GFP was transported and accumulated in the vacuole as expected. However, we found two patterns of GFP accumulation after prolonged incubation (18-24 h) depending on the cell type. Most chloroplast-rich protoplasts had a fluorescent large central vacuole. In contrast, most chloroplast-poor protoplasts accumulated the GFP in one smaller vacuole but not in the large central vacuole, which was visible under a light microscope in the same cell. This differential accumulation reflected the existence of two different vacuolar compartments as described recently by immunolocalization of several vacuolar markers. We were able to characterize the vacuolar compartment to which GFP is specifically targeted as non-acidic, since it did not accumulate neutral red while acidic vacuoles did not accumulate GFP.
Importance of exogenous saturated fatty acids during brain development and myelination in mice (1979)

The saturated fatty acid of exogenous origin of brain membranes is an important parameter in the synthesis of these membranes. After injection, labelled stearic acid was transported into the brain and incorporated into brain lipids. The labelled stearic acid taken up was partly metabolized in the brain either by elongation or by degradation and in situ resynthesis of fatty acids. The activity of oleic acid and mono-unsaturated chains was detectable. The labelled acids were incorporated into lipids or subcellular particles following characteristic kinetics, which showed a diminution by 24 hrs. When analyzing the evolution of each lipid, the phospholipids followed this pattern, but the cerebrosides and free fatty acids did not. The cerebrosides increased up to 50 hrs, while the free fatty acids remained stable, suggesting a physical binding between membranes and these acids. Myelin lipid radioactivity increased up to 3 days. Most of the activity was found in phospholipids; their fatty acids were labelled in saturated as well as in polyunsaturated homologues. However, sphingolipids, especially cerebrosides, also contained large amounts of radioactivity, mainly found in very long chain fatty acids such as lignoceric acid. The presence of unesterified fatty acids was observed. Unlike other lipids, these molecules were found in constant amounts, expressed in radioactivity per mg myelin lipid. The subcutaneously injected stearic acid was taken up by the brain through the blood-brain-barrier and incorporated into synaptosomal lipids as well as into other brain compartments. Phospholipids were potent acceptors. Moreover, a high level of radioactivity occurred in non-esterified fatty acids. A large amount of radioactivity was measured in isolated neurons and astrocytes. The blood- brain relationship for stearic acid varied during development. Subcutaneously injected (I-1 'C) stearic acid was taken up by brain with related changes from birth to maturity. Total
Classically and alternatively activated macrophages contribute to tissue remodelling after myocardial infarction (2009)

An important goal in cardiology is to minimize myocardial necrosis and to support a discrete but resilient scar formation after myocardial infarction (MI). Macrophages are a type of cells that influence cardiac remodelling during MI. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to investigate their transcriptional profile and to identify the type of activation during scar tissue formation. Ligature of the left anterior descending coronary artery was performed in mice. Macrophages were isolated from infarcted tissue using magnetic cell sorting after 5 days. The total RNA of macrophages was subjected to microarray analysis and compared with RNA from MI and LV-control. mRNA abundance of relevant targets was validated by quantitative real-time PCR 2, 5 and 10 days after MI (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize activation type-specific proteins. The genome scan revealed 68 targets predominantly expressed by macrophages after MI. Among these targets, an increased mRNA abundance of genes, involved in both the classically (tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, interleukin 1beta) and the alternatively (arginase 1 and 2, mannose receptor C type 1, chitinase 3-like 3) activated phenotype of macrophages, was found 5 days after MI. This observation was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Using immunohistochemistry, we confirmed that tumour necrosis factor alpha, representing the classical activation, is strongly transcribed early after ligature (2 days). It was decreased after 5 and 10 days. Five days after MI, we found a fundamental change towards alternative activation of macrophages with up-regulation of arginase 1. Our results demonstrate that macrophages are differentially activated during different phases of scar tissue formation after MI. During the early inflammatory phase, macrophages are predominantly classically activated, whereas their phenotype changes during the important transition from inflammation to scar tissue formation into an alternatively activated type.
Biophysically Realistic Neuron Models for Simulation of Cortical Stimulation (2018)

1. Abstract Objective We implemented computational models of human and rat cortical neurons for simulating the neural response to cortical stimulation with electromagnetic fields. Approach We adapted model neurons from the library of Blue Brain models to reflect biophysical and geometric properties of both adult rat and human cortical neurons and coupled the model neurons to exogenous electric fields (E-fields). The models included 3D reconstructed axonal and dendritic arbors, experimentally-validated electrophysiological behaviors, and multiple, morphological variants within cell types. Using these models, we characterized the single-cell responses to intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and uniform E-field with dc as well as pulsed currents. Main results The strength-duration and current-distance characteristics of the model neurons to ICMS agreed with published experimental results, as did the subthreshold polarization of cell bodies and axon terminals by uniform dc E-fields. For all forms of stimulation, the lowest threshold elements were terminals of the axon collaterals, and the dependence of threshold and polarization on spatial and temporal stimulation parameters was strongly affected by morphological features of the axonal arbor, including myelination, diameter, and branching. Significance These results provide key insights into the mechanisms of cortical stimulation. The presented models can be used to study various cortical stimulation modalities while incorporating detailed spatial and temporal features of the applied E-field.
LNDIR: A lightweight non-increasing delivery-latency interval-based routing for duty-cycled sensor networks (2018)

Wireless sensor networks are composed of low-energy, small-size, and low-range unattended sensor nodes. Recently, it has been observed that by periodically turning on and off the sensing and communication capabilities of sensor nodes, we can significantly reduce the active time and thus prolong network lifetime. However, this duty cycling may result in high network latency, routing overhead, and neighbor discovery delays due to asynchronous sleep and wake-up scheduling. These limitations call for a countermeasure for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks which should minimize routing information, routing traffic load, and energy consumption. In this article, we propose a lightweight non-increasing delivery-latency interval routing referred as LNDIR. This scheme can discover minimum latency routes at each non-increasing delivery-latency interval instead of each time slot. Simulation experiments demonstrated the validity of this novel approach in minimizing routing information stored at each sensor. Furthermore, this novel routing can also guarantee the minimum delivery latency from each source to the sink. Performance improvements of up to 12-fold and 11-fold are observed in terms of routing traffic load reduction and energy efficiency, respectively, as compared to existing schemes.
Development of the lymphatic system: new questions and paradigms (2016)

The lymphatic system is a blind-ended network of vessels that plays important roles in mediating tissue fluid homeostasis, intestinal lipid absorption and the immune response. A profound understanding of the development of lymphatic vessels, as well as of the molecular cues governing their formation and morphogenesis, might prove essential for our ability to treat lymphatic-related diseases. The embryonic origins of lymphatic vessels have been debated for over a century, with a model claiming a venous origin for the lymphatic endothelium being predominant. However, recent studies have provided new insights into the origins of lymphatic vessels. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms controlling lymphatic specification and sprouting, and we discuss exciting findings that shed new light on previously uncharacterized sources of lymphatic endothelial cells.
Physiological constraints in the aerobic performance of hummingbirds. (1996)

Hovering flight has been described as the most energetically expensive form of locomotion. Among the vertebrates, hummingbirds weighing only 1.5-20 g are the elite practitioners of this aerial art. Their flight muscles are, therefore, the most oxygen demanding locomotor muscles per unit tissue mass of all vertebrates. Tissue level functional and structural adaptations for oxygen transport are compared between hummingbirds and mammals in this paper. Hummingbirds present extreme structural adaptations in their flight muscles. Mitochondrial densities greater than 30% are observed in their pectoral muscles, and the surface area of the inner membrane of their mitochondria is twice that of mammals. This doubling of their mitochondrial oxidative capacity is accompanied by a proportional increase in the specific activity (per g tissue) of the mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD-Mn) in their flight muscles, thus indicating that oxygen toxicity is not a constraint in the aerobic performance of hummingbirds during hovering flight. Finally, the liver appears to play a major role in providing the necessary substrates for their high aerobic performance, and also in eliminating the oxygen free radicals formed during oxidative phosphorylation.
Triphenylamine-Based Push–Pull Molecule for Photovoltaic Applications: From Synthesis to Ultrafast Device Photophysics (2017)

Small push-pull molecules attract much attention as prospective donor materials for organic solar cells (OSCs). By chemical engineering, it is possible to combine a number of attractive properties such as broad absorption, efficient charge separation, and vacuum and solution processabilities in a single molecule. Here we report the synthesis and early time photophysics of such a molecule, TPA-2T-DCV-Me, based on the triphenylamine (TPA) donor core and dicyanovinyl (DCV) acceptor end group connected by a thiophene bridge. Using time-resolved photoinduced absorption and photoluminescence, we demonstrate that in blends with [70]PCBM the molecule works both as an electron donor and hole acceptor, thereby allowing for two independent channels of charge generation. The charge-generation process is followed by the recombination of interfacial charge transfer states that takes place on the subnanosecond time scale as revealed by time-resolved photoluminescence and nongeminate recombination as follows from the OSC performance. Our findings demonstrate the potential of TPA-DCV-based molecules as donor materials for both solution-processed and vacuum-deposited OSCs.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SOME 2,4‐BENZODIAZEPIN‐1‐ONES, POTENT CNS (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM) AGENTS (1976)

Abstract Aus dem Benzophenonamid (Ia) erhält man über (Ib) das Chlormethylderivat (Ic), das bei der Behandlung mit Ammoniak das Benzodiazepinon (II) ergibt.
Fundamental studies on electric stimulator used for acupuncture analgesia. (1978)

In order to perform safe and effective electric stimulation in acupuncture analgesia or therapy, basic knowledge concerning the electric stimulator is required. If direct current is used, a negative square wave with a pulse duration of 0.5 approximately 1.5 msec should be applied to the needle electrode to perform effective stimulation. Negative current is more effective at lower amperage than positive current and the possible corrosion hazard by the positive current can be avoided.
Abstract 77: Genomic characterization of aggressive subtype of neuroblastoma without MYCN amplification (2015)

Abstract Neuroblastoma is known to exhibit wide ranges of clinical behavior, from spontaneous regression to highly resistant to chemotherapy, and one of the challenges in the clinic is to develop adequate therapeutic strategies for the intermediate risk-type of patients (stage 3 or 4 without MYCN amplification) whose prognosis sometimes tends to be poor in long-time follow-up (10 years survival rate (SR) was 51% in our database, n = 161). To discover the key target genes or pathways for the unfavorable subset in this patient group, we have analyzed 44 primary tumors (dead:24, alive:20) without MYCN amplification nor ALK alteration by integrated genomic analyses such as array CGH, gene expression profiling and whole exome sequencing (SureSelect 50Mb, average read depth:157, x20 coverage:95%). We found 816 non-synonymous somatic single nucleotide variations (SNVs) in coding genes and alteration number in each tumor strongly associates with age at diagnosis (p&amp;lt;0.0001) and patient prognosis (p = 0.187). A novel ATRX mutation was identified in a tumor with 1p and 11q losses isolated from a male patient (age:93 months). Recurrent SNVs (n = 2 to n = 6) were found in 44 genes, 20 of those were involved only in the tumors from the patient with poor prognosis, in the 44 tumor set. Validation of these 20 SNVs is ongoing by using additional clinical samples. These features of genomic alterations could be useful for risk classification for each tumor and constructing new therapeutic strategies for aggressive neuroblastomas without MYCN amplification. Citation Format: Miki Ohira, Kenji Tatsuno, Shuichi Tsutsumi, Shogo Yamamoto, Yohko Nakamura, Takehiko Kamijo, Hiroyuki Aburatani, Akira Nakagawara. Genomic characterization of aggressive subtype of neuroblastoma without MYCN amplification. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 77. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-77
Clustering Algorithm for Large-Scale Databases (1997)

: Clustering systems can discover intentional structures in data and extract new knowledge from a database. Many incremental and non-incremental clustering algorithms have been proposed, but they have some problems. Incremental algorithms work very efficiently, but their performance is strongly affected by the input order of instances. On the other hand, non-incremental algorithms are independent of the input order of instances but often take a long time to build clusters for a large database. Moreover, most of incremental and non-incremental algorithms build concept hierarchies with single inheritance. Many real world problems require different points of view to be solved. Concept hierarchies with multiple inheritances are useful for such problems. We propose a non-incremental and efficient algorithm which builds concept hierarchies with multiple inheritances. Introduction Clustering systems can discover intentional structures in data. It groups instances which have similar feature...