gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exchange reactions of zirconium tetrakistetrahydroborate (1970)

Zirconium hydroborate, Zr(BH4)4, undergoes exchange reactions with lithium hydroborate (and deuterioborate) in ether solution, which probably involve an intermediate of the type Li[Zr(BH4)5]. In the gas phase exchange occurs in the mixtures Zr(BH4)4–Zr(BD4)4 and Zr(BD4)4–B2H6, and a different mechanism is suggested which involves initial dissociation of the zirconium hydroborate compound. The results are compared with similar exchange reactions observed for aluminium hydroborate. The preparation and i.r. spectrum of the hitherto unreported zirconium deuterioborate are also described.
Mechanism of Antibody Synthesis: Size Differences between Mouse Kappa Chains (1967)

Structural analysis of immunoglobulin light chains has been carried out in an attempt to elucidate the genetic mechanisms involved in antibody synthesis. Analysis of two mouse kappa-chain proteins is almost complete. The differences are localized in one-half of the molecules, and do not reflect the operation of any one mutational mechanism. The peculiar character of the differences is discussed with reference to various theories of antibody formation. The finding that the two proteins differ in size is incompatible with certain proposed theories.
Innentitelbild: Isolation of a Neutral P8 Cluster by [2+2] Cycloaddition of a Diphosphene Facilitated by Carbene Activation of White Phosphorus (Angew. Chem. 16/2013) (2013)

Das Zusammenfügen eines Carbonyl-funktionalisierten Carbens mit P4 ergibt zwei kurzlebige Diphosphene (Puzzleteile im Vordergrund), die schnell zu einem P8-Allotrop dimerisieren (Röntgenstruktur). Nucleophile Carbene stabilisieren bekanntlich Hauptgruppenallotrope, und T. W. Hudnall et al. zeigen nun in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 4558 ff., wie die Elektrophilie von Carbenen die Reaktivität bezüglich P4 bestimmt. Durch Veränderung der Elektrophilie lassen sich zwei Allotrope von Phosphor isolieren und charakterisieren.
Learning from Implicit Information in Natural Language Instructions for\n Robotic Manipulations (2019)

Human-robot interaction often occurs in the form of instructions given from a\nhuman to a robot. For a robot to successfully follow instructions, a common\nrepresentation of the world and objects in it should be shared between humans\nand the robot so that the instructions can be grounded. Achieving this\nrepresentation can be done via learning, where both the world representation\nand the language grounding are learned simultaneously. However, in robotics\nthis can be a difficult task due to the cost and scarcity of data. In this\npaper, we tackle the problem by separately learning the world representation of\nthe robot and the language grounding. While this approach can address the\nchallenges in getting sufficient data, it may give rise to inconsistencies\nbetween both learned components. Therefore, we further propose Bayesian\nlearning to resolve such inconsistencies between the natural language grounding\nand a robot's world representation by exploiting spatio-relational information\nthat is implicitly present in instructions given by a human. Moreover, we\ndemonstrate the feasibility of our approach on a scenario involving a robotic\narm in the physical world.\n
CD277 reduces B cell Activation by HIV Env Immunogens (2016)

Abstract CD277 is a human B7-like molecule. involved in activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Its counter-receptor is unknown and its role in B cell activation has not been described. B cell lines were stably transduced with the IgG isotype of the inferred germline B cell receptor (BCR) form of the broad and potent HIV-1 neutralizing antibody, VRC01, and stimulated with recombinant HIV Env in Ca2+-dependent activation assays. CD277 ectodomain proteins partially inhibited Ca2+ flux in response to heptameric and trimeric HIV Env. Similar observations were made with B cells expressing an anti-HA BCR, when stimulated with recombinant HA. We conclude that the reduction in B cell activation recorded in the presence of CD277 was not specific for the HIV Env. In contrast, CD277 completely abolished B cell activation that was induced by cross-linking the same BCRs with anti-Fab antibodies. To identify molecules that may serve as counter-receptors for CD277 binding, a fluorescently coupled CD277 ectodomain was utilized to conduct a FACs-based negative selection screen from a pooled lentiCRISPR-Cas9 knockout library (GeCKO). This strategy resulted in a significant reduction in library diversity with the overall sgRNA pool by the end of the screen restricted to a few, highly abundant sgRNAs. Specific binding assays among putative counter-receptors are ongoing. Once identified, CD277 counter-receptors could be targeted for inhibition in vaccination studies, to enhance B cell responses to antigen such as HIV Env. These data indicate an important physiological role for CD277 in inhibiting B cell activation and its role in influencing the B cell repertoire should be pursued.
SiO2 Atomic Layer Deposition Using Tris(dimethylamino)silane and Hydrogen Peroxide Studied by in Situ Transmission FTIR Spectroscopy (2009)

The atomic layer deposition (ALD) of silicon dioxide (SiO2) was initially explored using a variety of silicon precursors with H2O as the oxidant. The silicon precursors were (N,N-dimethylamino)trimethylsilane) (CH3)3SiN(CH3)2, vinyltrimethoxysilane CH2═CHSi(OCH3)3, trivinylmethoxysilane (CH2═CH)3SiOCH3, tetrakis(dimethylamino)silane Si(N(CH3)2)4, and tris(dimethylamino)silane (TDMAS) SiH(N(CH3)2)3. TDMAS was determined to be the most effective of these precursors. However, additional studies determined that SiH* surface species from TDMAS were difficult to remove using only H2O. Subsequent studies utilized TDMAS and H2O2 as the oxidant and explored SiO2 ALD in the temperature range of 150−550 °C. The exposures required for the TDMAS and H2O2 surface reactions to reach completion were monitored using in situ FTIR spectroscopy. The FTIR vibrational spectra following the TDMAS exposures showed a loss of absorbance for O−H stretching vibrations and a gain of absorbance for C−Hx and Si−H stretching vibrations. The FTIR vibrational spectra following the H2O2 exposures displayed a loss of absorbance for C−Hx and Si−H stretching vibrations and an increase of absorbance for the O−H stretching vibrations. The SiH* surface species were completely removed only at temperatures >450 °C. The bulk vibrational modes of SiO2 were observed between 1000−1250 cm−1 and grew progressively with number of TDMAS and H2O2 reaction cycles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed after 50 TDMAS and H2O2 reaction cycles on ZrO2 nanoparticles at temperatures between 150−550 °C. The film thickness determined by TEM at each temperature was used to obtain the SiO2 ALD growth rate. The growth per cycle varied from 0.8 Å/cycle at 150 °C to 1.8 Å/cycle at 550 °C and was correlated with the removal of the SiH* surface species. SiO2 ALD using TDMAS and H2O2 should be valuable for SiO2 ALD at temperatures >450 °C.
Differences in phagocytosis and killing by alveolar macrophages from humans, rabbits, rats, and hamsters (1982)

Phagocytosis and killing by alveolar macrophages from humans, rabbits, rats, and hamsters, were compared in vitro. In the absence of serum opsonins, human alveolar macrophages could phagocytize Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (protein A positive), but not S. aureus EMS (protein A negative) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa MN. In contrast, rabbit, rat, and hamster alveolar macrophages did not phagocytize S. aureus Cowan I or other nonopsonized bacteria. Human alveolar macrophages, but not other species, stained positively with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated protein A. When opsonized bacterial were studied, phagocytosis by human, rabbit, and hamster alveolar macrophages was found to be mediated by both Fc and C3 receptors. However, only Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis of bacteria was demonstrated for rat alveolar macrophages. Differences were also found in the kinetics of bacterial killing by alveolar macrophages from different species. Human and rabbit alveolar macrophages rapidly killed opsonized S. aureus Cowan I. However, bacterial killing by hamster alveolar macrophages proceeded at a slower rate, and rat alveolar macrophages completely failed to kill S. aureus. These significant differences in the function of alveolar macrophages from four different species emphasize the need to document the appropriateness of animal models before using them to predict the biological activities of human alveolar macrophages.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Oligonucleotide therapy mitigates disease in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 mice. (2018)

Objective-Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), also known as Machado-Joseph disease, is the most common dominantly inherited ataxia. Despite advances in understanding this CAG repeat/ polyglutamine expansion disease, there are still no therapies to alter its progressive fatal course.
<b>Characterization of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antibacterial potential the extract of acerola bagasse flour (2017)

The agro-industrial waste from fruit presents as a promising source for the extraction of active principles with biological activity. This study evaluated the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the extract of acerola bagasse flour (ABF) and characterized phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the free-radical scavenging activity using the ABTS+ procedure and by β-carotene/linoleic acid system. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar-well diffusion method, using the microorganisms Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 and Salmonella cholerasuis ATCC 6539. In ABF extract were identified phenolic compounds, in order of increasing concentration: quercetin, p-cumárico acid, gallic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, catechin, syringic acid and epicatechin. This extract showed antioxidant potential and bactericidal activity for both gram-negative and gram-positive strains, presenting potential to be used in the food industry.
Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) represent a real challenge in stem cell biology: recent pros and cons in the midst of a lively debate (2013)

The concept that adult tissue, including bone marrow (BM), contains early-development cells with broader differentiation potential has again been recently challenged. In response, we would like to review the accumulated evidence from several independent laboratories that adult tissues, including BM, harbor a population of very rare stem cells that may cross germ layers in their differentiation potential. Thus, the BM stem cell compartment hierarchy needs to be revisited. These dormant, early-development cells that our group described as very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) most likely overlap with similar populations of stem cells that have been identified in adult tissues by other investigators as the result of various experimental strategies and have been given various names. As reported, murine VSELs have some pluripotent stem cell characteristics. Moreover, they display several epiblast/germline markers that suggest their embryonic origin and developmental deposition in adult BM. Moreover, at the molecular level, changes in expression of parentally imprinted genes (for example, Igf2-H19) and resistance to insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) regulates their quiescent state in adult tissues. In several emergency situations related to organ damage, VSELs can be activated and mobilized into peripheral blood, and in appropriate animal models they contribute to tissue organ/regeneration. Interestingly, their number correlates with lifespan in mice, and they may also be involved in some malignancies. VSELs have been successfully isolated in several laboratories; however, some investigators experience problems with their isolation.
An Albumin-Conjugated Peptide Exhibits Potent Anti-HIV Activity and LongIn VivoHalf-Life (2009)

The clinical application of conventional peptide drugs often is limited by their short in vivo half-life and potential immunogenicity. Frequent injection presents challenges to the treatment of chronic diseases, such as HIV infection. We chemically modified a peptide HIV fusion inhibitor with 3-maleimidopropionic acid (MPA), which allows rapid and irreversible conjugation with serum albumin at a 1:1 molar ratio. FB006M, with an MPA modification at the 13th amino acid, rapidly formed conjugate with albumin upon intravenous injection, and it exhibited a remarkably extended in vivo half-life. The albumin conjugate of FB006M displayed potent inhibitory activity against a number of laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1 in vitro and in vivo. No immunogenicity or antibody formation was detected after repeated dosing. The clinical application of FB006M may decrease the cost of treatment and improve treatment compliance and patient quality of life.
Integrated Silicon Pressure Sensor for Automotive Application with Electronic Trimming (1995)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;An integrated manifold pressure sensor using bulk silicon micromachining techniques is presented. The sensor incorporates the entire signal amplification, temperature compensation, and circuitry for electronic trimming of the sensor chip. The chip circuitry and the manufacturing and assembly process will be discussed. Trimming of the sensitivity and offset production tolerances as well as the temperature coefficients of sensitivity and offset is performed using an electrical trim method. A binary coded digital compensation information is serially fed into an on-chip control unit. The individual bits are decoded and sent to the gates of a bank of trimming thyristors. Once the correct binary code has been selected so that the sensor characteristic is centered in the specified range, the programming voltage is increased and the data is irreversibely stored similarly to the zener zapping method.&lt;/div&gt;
Release Rate Studies of 5-Aminosalacylic Acid Coated with Atomic Layer-Deposited Al2O3 and ZnO in an Acidic Environment (2022)

5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is a first-line defense drug used to treat mild cases of inflammatory bowel disease. When administered orally, the active pharmaceutical ingredient is released throughout the gastrointestinal tract relieving chronic inflammation. However, delayed and targeted released systems for 5-ASA to achieve optimal dose volumes in acidic environments remain a challenge. Here, we demonstrate the application of atomic layer deposition (ALD) as a technique to synthesize nanoscale coatings on 5-ASA to control its release in acidic media. ALD Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (38.0 nm) and ZnO (24.7 nm) films were deposited on 1 g batch powders of 5-ASA in a rotatory thermal ALD system. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and scanning/transmission electron microscopy establish the interfacial chemistry and conformal nature of ALD coating over the 5-ASA particles. While Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> forms a sharp interface with 5-ASA, ZnO appears to diffuse inside 5-ASA. The release of 5-ASA is studied in a pH 4 solution via UV-vis spectroscopy. Dynamic stirring, mimicking gut peristalsis, causes mechanical attrition of the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-coated particles, thereby releasing 5-ASA. However, under static conditions lasting 5000 s, the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-coated particles release only 17.5% 5-ASA compared to 100% release with the ZnO coating. Quartz crystal microbalance-based etch studies confirm the stability of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in pH 4 media, where the ZnO films etch 41× faster than Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. Such results are significant in achieving a nanoscale coating-based drug delivery system for 5-ASA with controlled release in acidic environments.
Modular Reluctance Network Simulation of a Linear Permanent-Magnet Vernier Machine Using New Mesh Generation Methods (2017)

Reluctance network (RN) method is suitable for the modeling of complex magnetic field. In traditional RN models, the meshes cover the whole cross-sectional area of the electric machines, so much time is required. In order to improve the modeling efficiency, a new modular RN structure and two mesh generation methods are proposed in this paper. The size and shape of the mesh elements are identical and their permeance calculations are unified. These characteristics can greatly enhance the modeling flexibility of the RN. Then, the proposed methods and the simple magnetic circuit method are combined to analyze the performances of a linear permanent magnet vernier machine. Finally, finite-element analysis and experimental tests are carried out to evaluate the proposed method. Results show that the proposed method has high accuracy and high modeling speed.
Eosinophilia (1998)

A marked accumulation of eosinophils occurs in several important disorders, such as allergic diseases, parasitic infections, and cancer.1 The level of eosinophils in the body is normally tightly regulated. In normal subjects, eosinophils account for only a small minority of peripheral-blood leukocytes, and their presence in tissues is primarily limited to the gastrointestinal mucosa.2 In certain disease states, however, eosinophils can selectively accumulate in the peripheral blood or any tissue in the body. Any perturbation that results in eosinophilia, defined here as an abnormal accumulation of eosinophils in blood or tissue, can have profound clinical effects. Eosinophilia may be harmful, . . .
In vitro effect of oral antiseptics on human immunodeficiency virus‐1 and herpes simplex virus type 1 (2001)

The methods used in this investigation allow easy and reproducible evaluations of antiviral efficacy. The anti-HIV-1 and anti-HSV-1 effects of LA, TLA, PX and CHX as evidenced in our in vitro study suggest that we should investigate potential in vivo effects during the use of essential oil-containing or chlorhexidine containing products when used by patients as mouthrinses. If the clinical studies confirm the in vitro data, pre-procedural use by clinicians may be beneficial in reducing viral contamination of bio-aerosols during the delivery of dental care.
Real-time, label-free, intraoperative visualization of peripheral nerves and micro-vasculatures using multimodal optical imaging techniques (2018)

Accurate, real-time identification and display of critical anatomic structures, such as the nerve and vasculature structures, are critical for reducing complications and improving surgical outcomes. Human vision is frequently limited in clearly distinguishing and contrasting these structures. We present a novel imaging system, which enables noninvasive visualization of critical anatomic structures during surgical dissection. Peripheral nerves are visualized by a snapshot polarimetry that calculates the anisotropic optical properties. Vascular structures, both venous and arterial, are identified and monitored in real-time using a near-infrared laser-speckle-contrast imaging. We evaluate the system by performing <i>in vivo</i> animal studies with qualitative comparison by contrast-agent-aided fluorescence imaging.
Emerging drugs for the treatment of sepsis (2006)

Septic shock still places a major burden on the healthcare system, although recent years have been marked by the demonstration that corticosteroids and activated protein C may substantially improve survival in selected populations. This review discusses the current management of septic shock and the potential development of new therapeutics following impressive advances in the pathomechanisms of septic shock.
Conventional Diffusion Weighted Imaging In Acute Stroke Overestimates Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC): Improved Accuracy of ADC Measurements of Brain Using Fluid-Inversion Prepared Diffusion (FLIPD) Imaging (2001)

13 Background: The measurement of ADC of water in brains of stroke patients is used in developing tissue models of reversible from irreversible injury. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has a higher ADC and T2 value than parenchyma and measurement of lesion ADC by conventional EPI methods may be overestimated by the presence of CSF in sulci and perivascular spaces. We investigated whether the suppression of signal from CSF using an inversion recovery MRI method would give different ADC values than with the conventional DWI technique. Methods: Thirteen consecutive patients with stroke onset of less than 6 hours and an acute lesion on conventional DWI were studied. Conventional isotropic DWI was a T2-weighted single shot EPI technique with a b value of 1000 s/mm2. CSF suppression was achieved by the addition of an inversion pulse (TI = 2200 ms) at the beginning of the DWI sequence. The method is termed Fluid-Inversion Prepared Diffusion (FLIPD), and it is a combination of FLAIR and DWI in a single sequence. The region of the acute lesion was identified on the conventional DWI and the ADC of that region was measured in both the conventional and FLIPD ADC images. Results: In all 13 patients, FLIPD ADC was lower than conventional ADC. The mean (SD) of the 13 patients’ lesion ADC was 0.587 (0.075) x 10 -3 mm/s with FLIPD and 0.696 (0.078) x 10 -3 mm/s with conventional DWI (p -3 mm/s for lesions and (SD = 0.151 vs. 0.514 x 10 -3 mm/s for normal brain). The reduced variance in FLIPD ADC improved the diagnostic conspicuity of FLIPD ADC lesions. Conclusions: Suppression of CSF leads to lesion ADC values more homogeneous and greater than 15% lower than with conventional EPI DWI techniques. We suggest that FLIPD ADC measurements are more accurate and give more diagnostically useful images than conventional ADC maps. Because FLIPD measures water diffusion within parenchyma only, it should be more sensitive to ischemic changes.
Vector Signal Analyzer Implemented as a Synthetic Instrument (2008)

Synthetic instruments (SIs) use the substantial signal processing assets of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to perform the multiple tasks of targeted digital signal processing (DSP)-based instruments. The topic of this paper is vector signal analysis from which time-dependent amplitude and phase is extracted from the input time signal. With access to the time-varying amplitude-phase profiles of the input signal, the vector signal analyzer can present many of the quality measures of a modulation process. These include estimates of undesired attributes such as modulator distortion, phase noise, clock jitter, <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> - <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> imbalance, intersymbol interference, and others. This is where the SI is asked to become a smart software-defined radio (SDR), performing all the tasks of a DSP radio receiver and reporting small variations between the observed modulated signal parameters and those of an ideal modulated signal. Various quality measures (e.g., the size of errors) have value in quantifying and probing performance boundaries of communication systems.
Lessons learnt from imported cases and onward transmission of Lassa fever in Europe support broader management of viral haemorrhagic fevers (2017)

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