gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spin-transfer effect and its use in spintronic components (2010)

Spin-electronics is a very rapidly expanding area of R&D which merges magnetism and electronics (Nobel Prize 2007). Since the discovery of giant magnetoresistance in 1988, several breakthroughs have further boosted this field (spin-valves 1990, tunnel magnetoresistance 1995, spin transfer 1996, voltage controlled magnetic properties 2004). The phenomenon of spin-transfer is particularly attractive both from fundamental and applied view points. It provides a new way to manipulate the magnetisation of magnetic nanostructures by a spin-polarised current. Spinelectronics has found applications in hard disk drives (1998) and more recently in non-volatile standalone memories (MRAM = Magnetic Random Access Memory). The spin-transfer phenomenon provides a new write scheme in MRAM yielding a much better scalability of these devices towards the 22 nm node. Furthermore, besides MRAMs, hybrid CMOS/magnetic technology can yield a totally new approach in the way electronic devices are designed. Most CMOS devices such as microprocessors are based on Von Neumann architecture in which logic and memories are separate components. The unique set of characteristics combined within magnetic tunnel junctions: cyclability, switching speed, scalability, makes it possible to conceive novel electronic systems in which logic and memory are intimately combined in non-volatile logic components (concept of non-volatile CPU). The spin-transfer phenomenon can also be used to generate large amplitude steady magnetic excitations in magnetic nanostructures. This phenomenon can also be used to conceive new frequency tunable radiofrequency oscillators. The latter are very attractive for wireless applications which require scanning large frequency bandwidth.
Preclinical good laboratory practice-compliant safety study to evaluate biodistribution and tumorigenicity of a cartilage advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) (2015)

In summary, the presented strategy using a multi-step analysis was confirmed to be suitable for safety studies of ATMPs.
Herbicide Resistance in North America: The Case for Resistance to ALS Inhibitors in the United States (2001)

Resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors has been documented in weed biotypes from 27 different species in the United States. These biotypes are found throughout the U.S. Most cases of resistance to ALS inhibitors are due to an alteration at the target site. Single mutations at multiple sites within the ALS gene determine the level of resistance as well as the amount of cross-resistance among different classes of inhibitors. ALS resistance can be managed by using ALS inhibitors in an integrated system that utilizes other herbicides with different mechanisms of action as well as mechanical, cultural, and biological weed control methods.
Bacteremia Associated With Toothbrushing and Dental Extraction (2008)

Although amoxicillin has a significant impact on bacteremia resulting from a single-tooth extraction, given the greater frequency for oral hygiene, toothbrushing may be a greater threat for individuals at risk for infective endocarditis.
In vivo Brillouin optical microscopy of the human eye (2012)

We report the first Brillouin measurement of the human eye in vivo. We constructed a Brillouin optical scanner safe for human use by employing continuous-wave laser light at 780 nm at a low power of 0.7 mW. With a single scan along the optic axis of the eye, the axial profile of Brillouin frequency shift was obtained with a pixel acquisition time of 0.4 s and axial resolution of about 60 μm, showing the depth-dependent biomechanical properties in the cornea and lens.
Peripheral P2X receptors and nociception: interactions with biogenic amine systems (2004)

ATP is implicated in peripheral nociception following activation of P2X, and particularly P2X(3) receptors. The present study examined interactions between alphabeta-methylene-ATP (a P2X(3) receptor ligand) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA) and histamine, following local administration into the hindpaw, on spontaneous pain behaviors and thermal hyperalgesia in Sprague-Dawley rats. The interaction with NA was further explored using systemic 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and locally administered indomethacin. alphabeta-methylene-ATP produced no spontaneous pain behaviors. Coadministration of 5-HT with alphabeta-methylene-ATP mildly augmented flinching behaviors, while histamine had no such effect. Coadministration of NA with alphabeta-methylene-ATP produced a pronounced expression of flinching and biting/licking behaviors. alphabeta-Methylene-ATP, given alone, produced thermal hyperalgesia, and this was markedly augmented by both 5-HT and NA, but not histamine. 6-OHDA (neurotoxin for sympathetic neurons) and indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) reduced the augmenting effect of NA on alphabeta-methylene-ATP-induced thermal hyperalgesia, but had no effect on spontaneous pain behaviors produced by the alphabeta-methylene-ATP/NA combination. Effects of alphabeta-methylene-ATP, NA and their combination were also examined in Long Evans and Wistar rats. In both strains, alphabeta-methylene-ATP and NA both individually led to significant intrinsic flinching behaviors, and the effect of their combination was even more pronounced than in Sprague-Dawley rats. These results provide evidence for: (a) a strong enhancement by NA and 5-HT of nociception produced by peripheral P2X receptors in Sprague-Dawley rats, (b) an indirect action of NA, via sympathetic efferents and prostanoids, with thermal hyperalgesia, and (c) a greater expression of spontaneous pain behaviors with alphabeta-methylene-ATP and NA alone, and with their combination, in Wistar and Long Evans rats compared to Sprague-Dawley rats.
Virtual Objects Look Farther on the Sides: The Anisotropy of Distance Perception in Virtual Reality (2019)

The topic of distance perception has been widely investigated in Virtual Reality (VR). However, the vast majority of previous work mainly focused on distance perception of objects placed in front of the observer. Then, what happens when the observer looks on the side? In this paper, we study differences in distance estimation when comparing objects placed in front of the observer with objects placed on his side. Through a series of four experiments (n=85), we assessed participants' distance estimation and ruled out potential biases. In particular, we considered the placement of visual stimuli in the field of view, users' exploration behavior as well as the presence of depth cues. For all experiments a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) standardized psychophysical protocol was employed, in which the main task was to determine the stimuli that seemed to be the farthest one. In summary, our results showed that the orientation of virtual stimuli with respect to the user introduces a distance perception bias: objects placed on the sides are systematically perceived farther away than objects in front. In addition, we could observe that this bias increases along with the angle, and appears to be independent of both the position of the object in the field of view as well as the quality of the virtual scene. This work sheds a new light on one of the specificities of VR environments regarding the wider subject of visual space theory. Our study paves the way for future experiments evaluating the anisotropy of distance perception in real and virtual environments.
Studies on the Stabilization of GA-induced Seedless Berry Production in Muscat Baily A Grapes (1977)

The variations of flower types and the characteristics of berries derived from each flower type were observed in Muscat Baily A, a hybrid between Baily X Muscat Humburg. The effects of flower type on the GA-induced seedlessness were also observed.Conversion of flower type was attempted by the prebloom application of 6-benzy-ladenine (BA), which is known to induce sex conversion in male clones of Vitis species.1. This cultivar usually shows variations in the size of female organs in bloom. So, the flower types were classified into three types: perfect-hermaphroditic flowers (male and female organs develop completely), imperfect-hermaphroditic flowers (male organs are normal but female ones are incomplete), and male flowers (lack of female organs). The frequency of male, imperfect-and perfect-hermaphroditic flowers was proved to fluctuate year to year and by the method of pruning.2. Removing all male flowers, flowers of each of the remaining two types were retained in each cluster and allowed to set. Imperfect flowers displayed poorer berry set, smaller berry size and more seed number than perfect ones. By GA treatment, perfect flowers produced more seedless berries than imperfect ones.3. The development of pistil was promoted by BA application 2-3 weeks before anthesis, which increased the frequency of perfect flowers, while by the application 4 weeks before anthesis, the frequency of imperfect ones was increased. The ratio of seedless berry formation was increased by GA in combination with the former BA application, especially remarkable with BA application 2 weeks before anthesiswith 125, 250ppm (above 95 percent), while by GA in combination with the latter, the ratio was decreased.4. Therefore, it seemed that the occurrence of imperfect flowers is responsible for the ratio in GA-induced seedless berry formation in this cultivar.
Biochemical Characterization of Selective Inhibitors of Human Group IIA Secreted Phospholipase A2 and Hyaluronic Acid-Linked Inhibitor Conjugates (2012)

We explored the inhibition mode of group IIA secreted phospholipase A(2) (GIIA sPLA(2)) selective inhibitors and tested their ability to inhibit GIIA sPLA(2) activity as chemical conjugates with hyaluronic acid (HA). Analogues of a benzo-fused indole sPLA(2) inhibitor were developed in which the carboxylate group on the inhibitor scaffold, which has been shown to coordinate to a Ca(2+) ligand in the enzyme active site, was replaced with other functionality. Replacing the carboxylate group with amine, amide, or hydroxyl groups had no effect on human GIIA (hGIIA) sPLA(2) inhibition potency but dramatically lowered inhibition potency against hGV and hGX sPLA(2)s. An alkylation protection assay was used to probe active site binding of carboxylate and noncarboxylate inhibitors in the presence and absence of Ca(2+) and/or lipid vesicles. We observed that carboxylate-containing inhibitors bind the hGIIA sPLA(2) active site with low nanomolar affinity, but only when Ca(2+) is present. Noncarboxylate, GIIA sPLA(2) selective inhibitors also bind the hGIIA sPLA(2) active site in the nanomolar range. However, binding for GIIA sPLA(2) selective inhibitors was dependent on the presence of a lipid membrane and not Ca(2+). These results indicate that GIIA sPLA(2) selective inhibitors exert their inhibitory effects by binding to the hGIIA sPLA(2) active site. An HA-linked GIIA inhibitor conjugate was developed using peptide coupling conditions and found to be less potent and selective against hGIIA sPLA(2) than the unconjugated inhibitor. Compounds reported in this study are some of the most potent and selective GIIA sPLA(2) active site binding inhibitors reported to date.
Better Actuation Through Chemistry: Using Surface Coatings to Create Uniform Director Fields in Nematic Liquid Crystal Elastomers (2016)

Controlling the molecular alignment of liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) within nano- and microstructures is essential in manipulating the actuation behavior of nematic liquid crystal elastomers (NLCEs). Here, we study how to induce uniformly vertical alignment of nematic LCMs within a micropillar array to maximize the macroscopic shape change using surface chemistry. Landau-de Gennes numerical modeling suggests that it is difficult to perfectly align LCMs vertically in every pore within a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) mold with porous channels during soft lithography. In an untreated PDMS mold that provides homeotropic anchoring of LCMs, a radially escaped configuration of LCMs is observed. Vertically aligned LCMs, a preferred configuration for actuation, are only observed when using a PDMS mold with planar anchoring. Guided by the numerical modeling, we coat the PDMS mold with a thin layer of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), leading to planar anchoring of LCM. Confirmed by polarized optical microscopy, we observe monodomains of vertically aligned LCMs within the mold, in agreement with modeling. After curing and peeling off the mold, the resulting NLCE micropillars showed a relatively large and reversible radial strain (∼30%) when heated above the nematic to isotropic transition temperature.
Optogenetic Control of Nodal Signaling Reveals a Temporal Pattern of Nodal Signaling Regulating Cell Fate Specification during Gastrulation (2016)

During metazoan development, the temporal pattern of morphogen signaling is critical for organizing cell fates in space and time. Yet, tools for temporally controlling morphogen signaling within the embryo are still scarce. Here, we developed a photoactivatable Nodal receptor to determine how the temporal pattern of Nodal signaling affects cell fate specification during zebrafish gastrulation. By using this receptor to manipulate the duration of Nodal signaling in vivo by light, we show that extended Nodal signaling within the organizer promotes prechordal plate specification and suppresses endoderm differentiation. Endoderm differentiation is suppressed by extended Nodal signaling inducing expression of the transcriptional repressor goosecoid (gsc) in prechordal plate progenitors, which in turn restrains Nodal signaling from upregulating the endoderm differentiation gene sox17 within these cells. Thus, optogenetic manipulation of Nodal signaling identifies a critical role of Nodal signaling duration for organizer cell fate specification during gastrulation.
D-glucose dehydrogenase of Gluconobacter suboxydans: Solubilization,purification and characterization. (1981)

D-Glucose dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity from the membrane of Gluconobacter suboxydans IFO 12528. The enzyme was solubilized from the membrane with Triton X-100 and fractionated with SE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite columns. Other species of membrane-bound dehydrogenases which were cosolubilized with D-glucose dehydrogenase were eliminated by treating the enzyme at fairly acidic pH in the initial step of enzyme purification. The purified enzyme was homogeneous in analytical ultracentrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The enzyme had an apparent sedimentation constant of 4.2 S and showed a molecular weight of 87, 000 by urea-sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. The spectral studies with the purified enzyme preparation showed the participation of pyrroloquinoline quinone, a new prosthetic group, in the enzyme. Phenazine methosulfate was found to be the best electron acceptor in D-glucose oxidation with the enzyme. The optimum pH of D-glucose oxidation was at pH 3.0 with potassium ferricyanide, and pH 6.0 with phenazine methosulfate, 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol and Wurster's blue as electron acceptor. The substrate specificity of the enzyme seemed to be restricted to D-glucose, and other sugars were not oxidized except for maltose which was oxidized at a low rate. The hydrophobicity of the enzyme was discussed from the standpoint of a typical integral protein of the bacterial membrane.
Effects of marketing group and production focus on quality and variability of adipose tissue and bellies sourced from a commercial processing facility1,2,3 (2016)

Objectives were to determine the effects of marketing group on quality and variability of belly and adipose tissue quality traits of pigs sourced from differing production focuses (lean vs. quality). Pigs ( = 8,042) raised in 8 barns representing 2 seasons (cold and hot) were used. Three groups were marketed from each barn with 2 barns per production focus marketed per season. Data were collected on 7,684 carcasses at a commercial abattoir. Fresh belly characteristics, American Oil Chemists' Society iodine value (AOCS-IV), and near-infrared iodine value were measured on a targeted 50, 10, and 100% of carcasses, respectively. Data were analyzed as a split-plot design in the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with production focus as the whole-plot factor and marketing group as the split-plot factor. Barn (block), season, and sex were random variables. A multivariance model was fit using the REPEATED statement with the marketing group × production focus interaction as the grouping variable. Variances for production focus and marketing groups were calculated using the MEANS procedure. Homogeneity of variance was tested on raw data using the Levene's test of the GLM procedure. Among quality focus carcasses, marketing group 3 bellies weighed less ( ≤ 0.03) than those from either marketing group 1 or 2, but there was no difference ( ≥ 0.99) among marketing groups of the lean focus carcasses. There was no effect ( ≥ 0.11) of production focus on fresh belly measures, SFA, or iodine value (IV), but lean focus carcasses had decreased ( = 0.04) total MUFA and increased ( < 0.01) total PUFA compared with quality focus carcasses. Marketing group did not affect ( ≥ 0.10) fresh belly dimensions, total SFA, total MUFA, total PUFA, or IV. Belly weight, flop score, width, and all depth measurements were less variable ( ≤ 0.01); whereas, belly length, total SFA, and total MUFA were more variable ( < 0.0001) in lean focus carcasses than in quality focus carcasses. There was no difference ( ≥ 0.17) in total PUFA or AOCS-IV variability between production focuses. Variance of flop score, total MUFA, and total PUFA were not equal ( ≤ 0.01) among marketing groups. Belly weight, length, width, and depth measurements; SFA; or IV variance did not differ ( ≥ 0.06) among marketing groups. Although a multiple-marketing strategy was effective at minimizing differences in belly characteristics, differences in the variability of these traits exist among marketing groups and are likely dependent on the production system used.
Chloride Passivation of ZnO Electrodes Improves Charge Extraction in Colloidal Quantum Dot Photovoltaics (2017)

The tunable bandgap of colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) makes them an attractive material for photovoltaics (PV). The best present-day CQD PV devices employ zinc oxide (ZnO) as an electron transport layer; however, it is found herein that ZnO's surface defect sites and unfavorable electrical band alignment prevent devices from realizing their full potential. Here, chloride (Cl)-passivated ZnO generated from a solution of presynthesized ZnO nanoparticles treated using an organic-solvent-soluble Cl salt is reported. These new ZnO electrodes exhibit decreased surface trap densities and a favorable electronic band alignment, improving charge extraction from the CQD layer and achieving the best-cell power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.6% and an average PCE of 11.4 ± 0.2%.
Rapid, Diffusional Shuttling of Poly(A) RNA between Nuclear Speckles and the Nucleoplasm (2005)

Speckles are nuclear bodies that contain pre-mRNA splicing factors and polyadenylated RNA. Because nuclear poly(A) RNA consists of both mRNA transcripts and nucleus-restricted RNAs, we tested whether poly(A) RNA in speckles is dynamic or rather an immobile, perhaps structural, component. Fluorescein-labeled oligo(dT) was introduced into HeLa cells stably expressing a red fluorescent protein chimera of the splicing factor SC35 and allowed to hybridize. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) showed that the mobility of the tagged poly(A) RNA was virtually identical in both speckles and at random nucleoplasmic sites. This same result was observed in photoactivation-tracking studies in which caged fluorescein-labeled oligo(dT) was used as hybridization probe, and the rate of movement away from either a speckle or nucleoplasmic site was monitored using digital imaging microscopy after photoactivation. Furthermore, the tagged poly(A) RNA was observed to rapidly distribute throughout the entire nucleoplasm and other speckles, regardless of whether the tracking observations were initiated in a speckle or the nucleoplasm. Finally, in both FCS and photoactivation-tracking studies, a temperature reduction from 37 to 22 degrees C had no discernible effect on the behavior of poly(A) RNA in either speckles or the nucleoplasm, strongly suggesting that its movement in and out of speckles does not require metabolic energy.
Differential effect of bicycling exercise intensity on activity and phosphorylation of atypical protein kinase C and extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase in skeletal muscle (2004)

Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) are emerging as important signalling molecules in the regulation of metabolism and gene expression in skeletal muscle. Exercise is known to increase activity of aPKC and ERK in skeletal muscle but the effect of exercise intensity hereon has not been studied. Furthermore, the relationship between activity and phosphorylation of the two enzymes during exercise is unknown. Nine healthy young men exercised for 30 min on a bicycle ergometer on two occasions. One occasion consisted of three consecutive 10 min bouts of 35, 60 and 85% of peak pulmonary oxygen uptake V(O(2 peak)) and the second of one 30 min bout at 35% of V(O(2 peak)). Both trials also included 30 min recovery. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle before and after each exercise bout. Exercise increased muscle aPKC activity at 35% V(O(2 peak)), whereupon no further increase was observed at higher exercise intensities. Activation of aPKC was not accompanied by increased phosphorylation of aPKC Thr(410/403). ERK1/2 activity increased in a similar pattern to aPKC, reaching maximal activity at 35% V(O(2 peak)), whereas ERK1 Thr(202)/Tyr(204) and ERK2 Thr(183)/Tyr(185) phosphorylation increased with increasing exercise intensity. Thus, aPKC and ERK1/2 activity in muscle during exercise did not correspond to phosphorylation of sites on aPKC or ERK1/2, respectively, which are considered important for their activation. It is concluded that assessment of aPKC and ERK1/2 activity in muscle using phosphospecific antibodies did not reflect direct activity measurements on immunoprecipitated enzyme in vitro. Thus, estimation of enzyme activity during exercise by use of phosphospecific antibodies should not be performed uncritically. In addition, increase in muscle activity of aPKC or ERK1/2 during exercise is not closely related to energy demands of the muscle but may serve other regulatory or permissive functions in muscle.
Is chronic pain an extraintestinal manifestation of IBD? (2008)

Is Chronic Pain an Extraintestinal Manifestation of IBD? I nflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients can have severe abdominal pain for many reasons including inflammation, obstruction, abscesses, and fistulae. The perception of pain will vary considerably in our IBD patients, with some patients being hypersensitive and others insensitive to painful stimuli. The challenge for the physician is how to adequately treat chronic pain without leading to long-term narcotic dependency. However, a significant percentage of our patients are on chronic narcotics, despite having an excellent response to medications or being in remission. Of great concern is that the chronic use of narcotics can conceal complications of IBD such as perforation or abscess formation, and has been found to be associated with toxic megacolon, increased rate of infections, and increased mortality. 1 Thus, we need to learn more about why our patients have pain and how to better treat pain in our patients. In this issue of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 2 articles address the important subject of chronic pain in IBD.