gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Multilingual System for Cyberbullying Detection: Arabic Content Detection using Machine Learning (2017)

With the abundance of Internet and electronic devices bullying has moved its place from schools and backyards into cyberspace; to be now known as Cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is affecting a lot of children around the world, especially Arab countries. Thus, concerns from cyberbullying are rising. A lot of research is ongoing with the purpose of diminishing cyberbullying. The current research efforts are focused around detection and mitigation of cyberbullying. Previously, researches dealt with the psychological effects of cyberbullying on the victim and the predator. A lot of research work proposed solutions for detecting cyberbullying in English language and a few more languages, but none till now covered cyberbullying in Arabic language. Several techniques contribute in cyberbullying detection, mainly Machine Learning (ML) and Natural Language Processing (NLP). This journal extends on a previous paper to elaborate on a solution for detecting and stopping cyberbullying. It first presents a thorough survey for the previous work done in cyberbullying detection. Then a solution that focuses on detecting cyberbullying in Arabic content is displayed and assessed.
Opioid Use Among HIV-Positive Pregnant Women and the Risk for Maternal–Fetal Complications (2020)

An increased risk of negative maternal-fetal complications persists among HIV-positive women who use opioids during pregnancy. Focusing on predisposing factors and monitoring opioid dispensing may mitigate overuse or abuse in this vulnerable population.
Study of reltrons in the repetitive operation (2008)

Experimental and numerical studies on a commercial S-band (3 GHz) Reltron at repetition rates up to 10 Hz is presented. The test bench which has been developed at CEA/CESTA is described. And a cable transformer capable of delivering 200 kV, 1 kA pulses at a repetition rate of 100 Hz is also presented.
Assessment of State Composting Regulations in the United States (2011)

This investigation was conducted to identify the current "status of state composting regulations in the U.S. using an extensive survey administered to regulators from all 50 states. Questions were included regarding: background information on composting: status of regulations: regulatory details including feedstock specific provisions and regulatory framework with respect to MSW regulations: details regarding type, properties, and amount of materials handled by composting activities; outgoing materials and storage of materials; type of composting facilities: initial development of the regulations; level of rigor of regulations: enforcement and reporting requirements; efficiency and level of satisfaction with regulations: permitting fees; and modifications to regulations. A total of 37 states completed the survey. The majority of the surveyed states had regulations for composting activities and required pem1its for operation of composting facilities. In general, type of permit' was ba,ed on operational conditions at a facility including type and size of facility, type of materials processed, and throughput of material with various exemptions. Pem1itting requirements for composting generally were less strict than the requirements for MSW. Residual content generally was not quantified for regulatory purposes. The majority of the surveyed states had regulations related to the duration of materials storage at a facility. In the survey, 16 and 11 out of 35 states indicated that they had standards for the composition or quality of waste that may be composted and standards for the quality of compost intended for different applications, respectively. Regulations were developed to minimize impact to the environment or nuisance to nearby residents. Criteria developed by U.S. Composting Council, USDA, and other agencies and regulations from other states were adopted. Experience, engineering judgment standard composting practices, and input from industry were used in the development of regulations. Economic impact of the regulations was assessed by several states. More than a third of the states indicated changing current regulations. In most cases, new regulations were developed ±or management of food waste and biosolids composting activities and liquids at facilities including storm water and wastewater.
Oral Billiards (2020)

We propose a physical model of speech to explain its precision and robustness. We begin by reducing the dynamics to the bare minimum of polygonal billiards. The symbolic stability of the billiard trajectories against variations in action and the oral cavity geometry forms the basis for precision and robustness in articulation. This stability survives forcing and dissipation to underpin reliable encoding of the trajectories into acoustic emissions. The kinematics of oral billiards and the cyclical nature of the forcing mechanism engender a grammar of the syllable independent of any language. The symbolic dynamics of oral billiards is rendered nearly maximally observable by their concomitant acoustic emissions. Speech recognition is the set of computations on the sub-maximally informative acoustic observables from which the symbolic dynamics of oral billiards may be inferred.
Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of avoralstat, an oral plasma kallikrein inhibitor: phase 1 study (2016)

Avoralstat was well tolerated, and drug exposure was sufficient to meet target levels for inhibition of plasma kallikrein. Based on these results, the 400 mg q8 h dose was selected for further evaluation in patients with HAE.
Gastroepiploic artery coronary bypass graft: non-invasive patency evaluation using color and duplex Doppler ultrasonography (1997)

We propose ultrasound as a primary screening tool for evaluating graft patency. While color Doppler is a suitable technique for graft visualization, spectral analysis with the calculation of a cRI is required for functional evaluation.
Continuous Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species Formation in Bacteria-infected Bone Marrow–derived Macrophages Using a Fluorescence Plate Reader (2023)

Macrophages are at the center of innate immunity and are the main target cells of the intracellular pathogen <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhi. The production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) is the host's early response to invading microbes, as oxidative stress is highly toxic for bacteria. Adequate ROS/RNS production in infected macrophages is critical for the clearance of intracellular pathogens; this is achieved by several enzymes, including inducible NADPH phagocyte oxidase (NOX) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), respectively. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFNγ), primarily produced by activated natural killer cells and T-helper cells type 1, is a potent inducer of iNOS. Therefore, it is crucial for infection control through oxidative microbicidal activity. To characterize the early oxidative stress response via ROS formation, which is critical for the reduction of <i>Salmonella</i> proliferation within macrophages, we established an in vitro model of murine macrophages infected with <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhimurium (<i>S</i>.tm). This serovar induces a systemic infection in mice that is frequently used as a model for typhoid fever, which, in human subjects, is caused by <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi. We generated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from C57BL/6N wildtype mice using macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) stimulation for six days. Thereafter, we infected BMDM with<i>S.</i> tm for one hour. Shortly before infection, cells were stained with CellROX<sup>TM</sup> Deep Red reagent. In its reduced form, CellROX<sup>TM</sup> is non-fluorescent. As a result of oxidation by ROS, this reagent exhibits strong fluorescence and persists within the cells. Subsequently, changes as a result of the oxidative stress response can be measured with a TECAN Spark microplate reader over time. We designed this protocol to measure oxidative stress in macrophages through the course of an infection with an intracellular bacterium. The protocol has several advantages over established techniques. First, it allows to continuously monitor and quantify ROS production in living cells from the very start of the infection to the final clearance of the intracellular pathogen. Second, this protocol enables efficient ROS detection without stressing the cells by detaching or staining procedures. Graphical abstract.
Controllo su isolamenti ed identificazioni batteriche (1992)

207 campioni di acqua provenienti dalla provincia di Reggio E., sono stati analizzati per la determinazione degli indici di inquinamento fecale (coliformi) utilizzando entrambe le tecniche (MPN ed MF) previste per legge. Pur nel ritretto numero di campioni analizzati gli A.A. confermano l'effettiva affidabilità delle due metodiche suggerendo però l'uso di terreni liquidi (MPN) nel caso di acque precedentemente sottoposte a trattamenti di clorazione.
Analytical Aspects of Drug Delivery: An Important and Often Overlooked Problem (1985)

A flurry of activity has recently taken place aimed at developing improved delivery systems for drugs. Such systems are being designed to release drugs at controlled rates, to selectively direct the agent to appropriate “target sites” (located either within or on the surfaces of particular cell types) while reducing drug exposure to “non-target” areas and to control the absorption, transport, distribution and cellular uptake of pharmacologically active agents. The motivation for these efforts include: (1) the realization that many candidate drugs that have been found clinically unsuitable would be therapeutically and commerically valuable if properly delivered, (2) interest in developing products derived from genetic engineering (and other compounds) as drugs whose potency, short biological and/or chemical half lives or peculiar disposition profiles necessitate controlled, regiospecific release from a formulation, (3) potential exploitation of cytotoxic agents (or other materials) with narrow therapeutic indices requiring precise temporal and spacial control of drug release, (4) therapeutic advantage gained by less fluctuation in drug levels, better patient compliance and ultimately “personalized” systems whose release program is responsive to physiological/pharmacological events and (5) marketing considerations.
AEOL 10150 Mitigates Radiation-Induced Lung Injury in the Nonhuman Primate: Morbidity and Mortality are Administration Schedule-Dependent (2017)

Pneumonitis and fibrosis are potentially lethal, delayed effects of acute radiation exposure. In this study, male rhesus macaques received whole-thorax lung irradiation (WTLI) with a target dose of 10.74 Gy prescribed to midplane at a dose rate of 0.80 ± 0.05 Gy/min using 6 MV linear accelerator-derived photons. The study design was comprised of four animal cohorts: one control and three treated with AEOL 10150 (n = 20 animals per cohort). AEOL 10150, a metalloporphyrin antioxidant, superoxide dismutase mimetic was administered by daily subcutaneous injection at 5 mg/kg in each of three schedules, beginning 24 ± 2 h postirradiation: from day 1 to day 28, day 1 to day 60 or a divided regimen from day 1 to day 28 plus day 60 to day 88. Control animals received 0.9% saline injections from day 1 to day 28. All animals received medical management and were followed for 180 days. Computed tomography (CT) scan and baseline hematology values were assessed prior to WTLI. Postirradiation monthly CT scans were collected, and images were analyzed for evidence of lung injury (pneumonitis, fibrosis, pleural and pericardial effusion) based on differences in radiodensity characteristics of the normal versus damaged lung. The primary end point was survival to 180 days based on all-cause mortality. The latency, incidence and severity of lung injury were assessed through clinical, radiographic and histological parameters. A clear survival relationship was observed with the AEOL 10150 treatment schedule and time after lethal WTLI. The day 1-60 administration schedule increased survival from 25 to 50%, mean survival time of decedents and the latency to nonsedated respiratory rate to >60 or >80 breaths/min and diminished quantitative radiographic lung injury as determined by CT scans. It did not affect incidence or severity of pneumonitis/fibrosis as determined by histological evaluation, pleural effusion or pericardial effusion as determined by CT scans. Analysis of the Kaplan-Meier survival curves suggested that treatment efficacy could be increased by extending the treatment schedule to 90 days or longer after WTLI. No survival improvement was noted in the AEOL 10150 cohorts treated from day 1-28 or using the divided schedule of day 1-28 plus day 60-88. These results suggest that AEOL 10150 may be an effective medical countermeasure against severe and lethal radiation-induced lung injury.
[O3–04–06]: A HUMAN 3D NEURAL CULTURE MODEL UTILISING INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS FROM AN ALZHEIMER's PATIENT TO STUDY MECHANISMS OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE PATHOLOGY (2017)

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and with a population of increasing longevity is set to become a major burden on health services. Currently human tissue from AD cases is only available for research from post mortem brain but we can now utilise iPSC technology to obtain neural stem cells from AD patients with the aim to produce mature neurons with the same genetic signature of AD patients. Using induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from early onset AD patients containing Presenilin 1 mutations we have created a 3D human neural culture system for the study of some early onset Alzheimer's disease mechanisms. Using immunofluorescence, western blotting and electrophysiology we have characterised neuronal morphology and maturity, synaptic function and disease-protein profiles. Neural progenitors derived from AD iPSCs (Axol Biosciences) were plated in matrigel and self-organised into 3D structures by week 3. These cultures contained a heterogeneous cell population expressing differentiation markers for neurons and astrocytes and importantly AD-associated proteins, amyloid precursor protein/Abeta and tau. These 3D cultures were maintained in vitrofor 18+ weeks. They expressed the mature 4R tau isoform and Abeta oligomers by week 6 and exhibited repetitive firing by week 12. Together these results suggest the presence of mature neurons within these cultures and the expression of pathology-associated proteins. We have created 3D mature neural cultures derived from AD patients to study mechanisms of the disease pathology in a human cell model. This is a viable new in vitro 3D neural model for the study of neuropathology, which can serve as a powerful new translational tool in this area of research.
A Forty Year Odyssey in Metallo–Organic Chemistry (2015)

In this invited Perspective, I provide a personal account highlighting several of my group's research contributions in metallo-organic chemistry over the past 40 years. Our early work focused primarily in stoichiometric structure/reactivity of transition metal-organic compounds and their use in organic synthesis. More recent efforts have centered on the discovery and development of new metal-catalyzed organic reactions via reactive metal-organic intermediates. The major research findings that are described here include (1) propargyl-cobalt complexes as electrophilic agents for C-C and C-Nu coupling; (2) the activation of carbon dioxide by metal complexes; (3) metal-promoted C-H nitrogenation reactions; (4) oxo-metal catalyzed deoxygenation reactions; and (5) catalyst discovery via dynamic templating with substrate- and transition-state analogues.
Very low-threshold OMVPE-crown quantum-well lasers (1983)

This paper begins by reviewing the recent progress of single and multiple quantum well (SQW and MQW) lasers grown By OMVPE and MBE. Results are then presented of an extensive study of the GRIN-SCH and SCH GaAs/GaAlAs structures, where we have measured the major lasing characteristics, i.e, <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">J_{TH} T_{O} \lambda and Y_{ext}</tex> , for a wide range of quantum well thickness and layer composition.
Quantifying the association and dissociation rates of unlabelled antagonists at the muscarinic M 3 receptor (2006)

Slow receptor dissociation kinetics has been implicated in the long clinical duration of action of the muscarinic receptor antagonist tiotropium. However, despite the potential benefits of new drugs with slow dissociation kinetics, the rate parameters of new compounds are seldom measured due to technical difficulties and financial implications associated with radiolabeling multiple ligands. Here we describe the development and optimisation of a medium throughput assay which is capable of measuring the kinetic parameters of novel, unlabelled compounds. Radioligand binding studies were performed with membranes derived from CHO cells recombinantly expressing the human M(3) muscarinic receptor.Initial characterisation of the radioligand [(3)H]-NMS yielded on and off rates of 4.1+/-0.2 x 10(8) M(-1) min(-1) and 0.015+/-0.0005 min(-1), respectively. The specific binding of [(3)H]-NMS was measured over time in the presence and absence of several concentrations of unlabelled competitor compounds. These data were analysed using a competition kinetic model to provide on and off rates for the unlabelled competitor. Comparison of the kinetically derived Kd (k(off)/k(on)) with K(i) values generated at equilibrium showed an excellent correlation (r(2)=0.99), providing good validation of the method. The on and off rates were also used in theoretical computer simulations to successfully predict the effect of incubation time on apparent IC(50) values. This study demonstrates that a medium-throughput competition kinetic binding assay can be used to determine accurate on and off rates of unlabelled compounds, providing the opportunity to optimise for kinetic parameters early in the drug discovery process.
The N I (5200 Å) dayglow (1975)

Simultaneous measurement of the 5200-Å dayglow from the N I (4S-²D) transition, neutral, and ion densities and photoelectron fluxes by Atmosphere Explorer is used to examine the production and loss mechanisms of N(²D) atoms. The branching ratio for production of N(²D) from N2+ + e is found to be larger than the branching ratio for the sum of the processes NO+ + e, N2+ + O, and e + N2. If it is unity, then the effective branching ratio for their latter processes lies in the range 0.34–1.0; the rate for quenching of N(²D) by O lies in the range 1.4–6.3 × 10−13cm³ s−1; the rate for the reaction of N(²D) with O2 lies in the range 0–2.7 × 10−12 cm³ s−1; and the rate for quenching of N(²D) by electrons is ∼1 × 10−9(Te/300)1/2 cm³ s−1. Values nearer the upper ends of these ranges are favored by a comparison between calculated and measured NO. The reaction N+ + O2 → N + O2+ is a small source of N in the thermosphere. A calculation shows that the ratio of N(4S) to O is 0.01–0.02 at 250 km.
OSSEOINTEGRATION OF SILVER TREATED TITIANUM ALLOY (2012)

Introduction A modified anodisation technique where a titanium surface releases bactericidal concentrations of silver was developed and called Agluna. Our hypothesis was that silver incorporation was bactericidal and had no effects on the viability of fibroblasts and osteoblasts, would have no negative effect on interfacial shear strength and bone contact in an in vivo trans-cortical implant ovine model. Methods In vitro: Titanium alloy discs were either polished (Ti), anodised (Ano), anodised or Agluna treated (Ag) or anodised and Agluna treated followed by a conditioning step (Ag C). Conditioning was achieved by incubating discs in culture fluid for 48 hrs. The bactericidal effect of these discs was tested by measuring the zone of inhibition of different bacteria grown on agar. Live/dead staining was carried out and silver levels measured using atomic emission spectroscopy. 8 implants were inserted into each sheep (60 in total (n=5)). Grit blasted Titanium alloy (Gb) and Agluna treated grit blasted titanium alloy (Ag) at a silver concentration of 4-6 micrograms/cm2 were compared at 6 weeks. Gb implants, Ag (at 4-6micrograms/cm2), high dose Agluna implants with silver concentrations at 15-20micrograms/cm2 (HdAg) and a grit blasted anodised titanium alloy (Ano) were compared at 12 weeks. Pullout strength and bone-implant contact was quantified. Results On Ti, Ano and Ag C surfaces the number of live fibroblasts was significantly greater than on Ag (non-conditioned) surfaces. Data from pull out tests at 6 weeks showed a lower but significant interfacial shear strength in the Ag group (310.4N) when compared with the Gb group (561.2N) (p=0.01). At 12 weeks, there were no significant differences between each of the 4 treatment groups. Histological analysis showed no significant differences in bone-implant contact between groups at 6 and 12 weeks. Discussion The initial non-conditioned Agluna surface is bactericidal and cytotoxic but on conditioning, osteoblasts and fibroblasts attached and remained viable. The condition Agluna surface remains bactericidal. Silver incorporation at a concentration up to 20 micrograms/cm2 has no adverse toxic effect on osteointegration and the interfacial shear strength of implants. This coating has been used clinically in situations where the infection rate is high.
Towards integration of a liquid-filled fiber capillary for supercontinuum generation in the 12–24 μm range (2015)

We demonstrate supercontinuum generation in unspliced as well as in integrated CS(2)-filled capillary fibers at different pump wavelengths of 1030 nm, 1510 nm, and 1685 nm. A novel method for splicing a liquid-filled capillary fiber to a standard single-mode optical fiber is presented. This method is based on mechanical splicing using a direct-laser written polymer ferrule using a femtosecond two-photon polymerization process. We maintain mostly single-mode operation despite the multi-mode capability of the liquid-filled capillaries. The generated supercontinua exhibit a spectral width of over 1200 nm and 1000 nm for core diameters of 5 μm and 10 μm, respectively. This is an increase of more than 50 percent compared to previously reported values in the literature due to improved dispersion properties of the capillaries.
Sex Determination and Gonadal Development in Mammals (2007)

Arguably the most defining moment in our lives is fertilization, the point at which we inherit either an X or a Y chromosome from our father. The profoundly different journeys of male and female life are thus decided by a genetic coin toss. These differences begin to unfold during fetal development, when the Y-chromosomal Sry ("sex-determining region Y") gene is activated in males and acts as a switch that diverts the fate of the undifferentiated gonadal primordia, the genital ridges, towards testis development. This sex-determining event sets in train a cascade of morphological changes, gene regulation, and molecular interactions that directs the differentiation of male characteristics. If this does not occur, alternative molecular cascades and cellular events drive the genital ridges toward ovary development. Once testis or ovary differentiation has occurred, our sexual fate is further sealed through the action of sex-specific gonadal hormones. We review here the molecular and cellular events (differentiation, migration, proliferation, and communication) that distinguish testis and ovary during fetal development, and the changes in gene regulation that underpin these two alternate pathways. The growing body of knowledge relating to testis development, and the beginnings of a picture of ovary development, together illustrate the complex mechanisms by which these organ systems develop, inform the etiology, diagnosis, and management of disorders of sexual development, and help define what it is to be male or female.