gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Foundations of real-world intelligence (2001)

In 1992 Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) began a research program in Real World Computing, as a successor to the Fifth Generation Computing program of the previous decade, complementing the fifth-generation approach. Its objective is to lay a foundation and to pursue the technical realisation of humanlike flexible and intelligent information processing. This book collects results of ten years of original research by five research laboratories in Japan and Europe, whose research focus has been the theoretical and algorithmic foundations of intelligence as manifested in the real world an in our dealing with it.
Real-world intelligent systems handle complex, uncertain, dynamic, multimodal information in real time. Both explicit and implicit information are important. Hence we need to develop a novel integrated framework of representing knowledge and making inferences based in it. It is impossible to pre-program all the knowledge needed for coping with the variety and complexity of real environments, and therefore learning and adaptation are keys to intelligence. Learning is a kind of meta-programming strategy. Instead of writing programs for specific tasks, we must write programs that modify themselves based on a system's interaction with its environment.
The book includes chapters on inference and learning with graphical models, approximate reasoning, evolutionary computation and beyond, methodology of distributed and active learning, and computing with large random patterns. The treatment is mathematically rigorous, and the discussion of issues is of general interest to an educated reader at large. The book provides excellent reading for graduate courses in Computer Science, Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence, and Applied Statistics.
Yoshinori Uesaka is a professor of information sciences at the Science University of Tokyo. Pentti Kanerva is a senior researcher at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science. Hideki Asoh is a senior researcher at the Electrotechnical Laboratory in Tsukuba City, Japan
Anchor Prediction: Automatic Refinement of Internet Links (2023)

Internet links enable users to deepen their understanding of a topic by providing convenient access to related information. However, the majority of links are unanchored -- they link to a target webpage as a whole, and readers may expend considerable effort localizing the specific parts of the target webpage that enrich their understanding of the link's source context. To help readers effectively find information in linked webpages, we introduce the task of anchor prediction, where the goal is to identify the specific part of the linked target webpage that is most related to the source linking context. We release the AuthorAnchors dataset, a collection of 34K naturally-occurring anchored links, which reflect relevance judgments by the authors of the source article. To model reader relevance judgments, we annotate and release ReaderAnchors, an evaluation set of anchors that readers find useful. Our analysis shows that effective anchor prediction often requires jointly reasoning over lengthy source and target webpages to determine their implicit relations and identify parts of the target webpage that are related but not redundant. We benchmark a performant T5-based ranking approach to establish baseline performance on the task, finding ample room for improvement.
Nucleotide sequence of a rice glutelin gene (1987)

A gene encoding the major rice storage protein, glutelin, was isolated and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The cloned gene (λINE 3) contains three short introns and codes for a prepro‐glutelin protein of 499 amino acids ( M r 56 305) identical with that deduced from the type II glutelin cDNA. In the 5′‐flanking region, a sequence similar to the legumin box characteristic to leguminous 11 S globulin genes can be detected around 60 bp upstream from the transcription start site.
Corporate Venture Capital as a Window on New Technologies: Implications for the Performance of Corporate Investors When Acquiring Startups (2009)

Gaining a “window” on new technologies is a prominent motive for corporate venture capital (CVC) investing. Recent studies suggest that information gained through CVC-related activities can improve the internal R&D productivity of established firms. This study investigates an alternative means by which information gained through CVC investing could improve firm performance — by increasing the returns to corporate investors when acquiring startups. We provide new insights based on an event study of the returns to 34 corporate investors from acquiring 242 technology startups. Consistent with predictions drawn from the absorptive capacity literature, we find that the effect of CVC investing on acquisition performance hinges critically on the strength of the acquirer’s internal knowledge base: as CVC investments increase relative to an acquirer’s total R&D expenditures, acquisition performance improves at a diminishing rate. We also find that firms consistently engaged in venture financing earn greater returns when acquiring startups than do firms with more sporadic patterns of investing, even controlling for firm profitability, size, and acquisition experience. These findings suggest that corporate investors systematically differ in their abilities to derive added benefits from external venturing as acquirers of entrepreneurial firms.
The Influences of Solid Loading and Molding Variables on Alumina Injection Molding (2007)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Safe exploration: Addressing various uncertainty levels in human robot interactions (2015)

To address the safety issues in human robot interactions (HRI), a safe set algorithm (SSA) was developed previously. However, during HRI, the uncertainty levels are changing in different phases of the interaction, which is not captured by SSA. A safe exploration algorithm (SEA) is proposed in this paper to address the uncertainty levels in the robot control. To estimate the uncertainty levels online, a learning method in the belief space is developed. A comparative study between SSA and SEA is conducted. The simulation results confirm that SEA can capture the uncertainty reduction behavior which is observed in human-human interactions.
Error Analysis of Airborne LiDAR Retro-Reflection Measurements (2009)

Abstract : LiDAR data was collected by the Airborne 1 Corporation for the Naval Research Laboratory over a ground set-up that included nine retro-reflective panels. The results of the LiDAR experiment are very promising, demonstrating the ability to discriminate the retro-reflective panels from the grassy background. Interestingly, although a high-discrimination capability was demonstrated, the LiDAR data also exhibited strong signal fluctuations. We investigate the error contributors and their potential effects on measured LiDAR signal levels through an analysis of the system noise, atmospheric properties, and analysis of potential sampling variances, related to system and test parameters of the data collect. The analysis techniques explored with this NRL LiDAR data set aid in planning of future tests and further development of the actively-illuminated taggant concepts.
Solid-phase peptide synthesis on disulfide-linker resin followed by reductive release affords pure thiol-functionalized peptides (2022)

Thiol groups are suitable handles for site-selectively modifying, immobilizing or cyclizing individual peptides or entire peptide libraries. A limiting step in producing the thiol-functionalized peptides is the chromatographic purification, which is particularly laborious and costly if many peptides or even large libraries are to be produced. Herein, we present a strategy in which thiol-functionalized peptides are obtained in >90% purity and free of reducing agent, without a single chromatographic purification step. In brief, peptides are synthesized on a solid support linked <i>via</i> a disulfide bridge, the side-chain protecting groups are eliminated and washed away while the peptides remain on resin, and rather pure peptides are released from the solid support by reductive cleavage of the disulfide linker. Application of a volatile reducing agent, 1,4-butanedithiol (BDT), enabled removal of the agent by evaporation. We demonstrate that the approach is suited for the parallel synthesis of many peptides and that peptides containing a second thiol group can directly be cyclized by bis-electrophilic alkylating reagents for producing libraries of cyclic peptides.
Controlling Emission Energy, Self-Quenching, and Excimer Formation in Highly Luminescent N∧C∧N-Coordinated Platinum(II) Complexes (2005)

A series of cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes have been prepared, [PtL(n)Cl], containing N--C--N-coordinating, terdentate ligands based on 1,3-dipyridylbenzene (HL(1)), incorporating aryl substituents at the central 5 position of the ligand. All of the new complexes are intensely luminescent in a degassed solution at 298 K (phi = 0.46-0.65 in CH(2)Cl(2)) with lifetimes in the microsecond range (7.9-20.5 micros). The introduction of the aryl substituents leads to a red shift in the lowest-energy, intense charge-transfer absorption band compared to [PtL(1)Cl] (401 nm in CH(2)Cl(2)), in the order H < mesityl < 2-pyridyl < 4-tolyl < 4-biphenylyl < 2-thienyl < 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl (431 nm in CH(2)Cl(2)), which correlates with the decreasing order of oxidation potentials. A similar order is also observed in the emission maxima, ranging from 491 nm for [PtL(1)Cl] to 588 nm for the 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl-substituted complex. The emission spectra of all of the complexes, except for the amino-substituted compound, are highly structured in a dilute solution in CH(2)Cl(2), and the emission is assigned to excited states of primarily (3)LC (ligand-centered) character. At higher concentrations, self-quenching accompanied by structureless excimer emission centered at 700 nm is observed, but the aryl groups attenuate the self-quenching compared to the parent compound [PtL(1)Cl], particularly for the most sterically hindered mesityl complex. The introduction of the strongly electron-donating 4-dimethylamino substituent leads to a switch in the nature of the lowest-energy excited state from (3)LC to one of primarily intraligand charge-transfer (ILCT) character in CH(2)Cl(2): this complex displays a structureless and much broader emission band than the other compounds and a high degree of positive solvatochromism. No excimer emission is observed in CH(2)Cl(2), and self-quenching is an order of magnitude lower than that for the other complexes. However, in nonpolar solvents such as CCl(4), the ILCT state is destabilized, such that the (3)LC remains the lowest-energy excited state. Reversible switching between the ILCT and (3)LC states can also be achieved in a CH(2)Cl(2) solution by protonation of the amine, with an accompanying large change in the emission maxima of >100 nm. The X-ray structures of the biphenylyl- and methyl-substituted complexes are reported, together with those of the 2-pyridyl- and mesityl-substituted ligands and the key synthetic intermediate 1-bromo-3,5-di(2-pyridyl)benzene.
Pharmacokinetic Analysis and Uptake of 18F-FBPA-Fr After Ultrasound-Induced Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption for Potential Enhancement of Boron Delivery for Neutron Capture Therapy (2014)

This study demonstrated that radioactivity in tumors and the tumor-to-normal brain ratio after intravenous injection of (18)F-FBPA-Fr with sonication were significantly higher than those in tumors without sonication. The K1/k2 ratio may be useful for indicating the degree of BBB-D induced by FUS. Further studies are needed to determine whether FUS may be useful for enhancing the delivery of boronophenylalanine in patients with high-grade gliomas.
Advances and challenges in electron–molecule scattering physics—A Report of the 14th International Symposium on Electron–Molecule Collisions and Swarms (2006)

A report is presented of the 13th International Symposium on Electron–Molecule Collisions Physics (Instituto de Fisica, Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil, 27–30 July 2005). This workshop covered low-energy electron interactions with atoms, molecules and condensed matter systems. Several important aspects of this symposium were to bring together theory and experimental advances in this field for gaseous targets as well as showcasing the increasing diversity of electron–molecule collision applications in condensed matter and biological applications. A summary session was held wherein were discussed aspects of the future of the field, including the development of new theoretical and experimental capabilities.
Alterations of brain and cerebellar proteomes linked to Aβ and tau pathology in a female triple-transgenic murine model of Alzheimer's disease (2010)

The triple-transgenic Alzheimer (3 × Tg-AD) mouse expresses mutant PS1(M146V), APP(swe), and tau(P301L) transgenes and progressively develops plaques and neurofibrillary tangles with a temporal- and region-specific profile that resembles the neuropathological progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we used proteomic approaches such as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to investigate the alterations in protein expression occurring in the brain and cerebellum of 3 × Tg-AD and presenilin-1 (PS1) knock-in mice (animals that do not develop Aβ- or tau-dependent pathology nor cognitive decline and were used as control). Finally, using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis we evaluated novel networks and molecular pathways involved in this AD model. We identified several differentially expressed spots and analysis of 3 × Tg-AD brains showed a significant downregulation of synaptic proteins that are involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, storage and release, as well as a set of proteins that are associated with cytoskeleton assembly and energy metabolism. Interestingly, in the cerebellum, a structure not affected by AD, we found an upregulation of proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism and protein catabolism. Our findings help to unravel the pathogenic brain mechanisms set in motion by mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) and hyperphosphorylated tau. These data also reveal cerebellar pathways that may be important to counteract the pathogenic actions of Aβ and tau, and ultimately offer novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
Model Experiments for Acetylation of the Marine Sponge Purines Agelasimine-A and Agelasimine-B (1994)

Reactions of 7-benzyl-N 6 ,3-dimethyladenine (1b) and 7-benzyl-1,2-dihy- dro-1,3-dimethyladenine (2b), selected as models for the marine sponge alkaloids agelasimine-A (1a) and agelasimine-B (2a), with acetic anhy- dride in pyridine have been studied. The product from (1b) was the imidazole derivative (6b), whose structure was determined by an X-ray crystallographic analysis. The product from (2b) was the N 6 -acetyl derivative (4b). On treatment with boiling H 2 O, (4b) gave 7-benzyl- 2,3-dimethylhypoxanthine (5b) and a compound presumed to be (11)
Experimental and computational studies of trifluoromethylation of aromatic amines by the system trifluoroiodomethane‐zinc‐sulfur dioxide (1994)

Abstract Several trifluoromethyl‐substituted aromatic and heteroaromatic amines have been obtained by the reactions of the corresponding amines with the title reagent system. Computational results provide rationalization for the observed regioselectivities and support a mechanism in which the electrophilic trifluoromethyl radicals interact with the aromatic ring at the sites with the greatest electron density of the HOMO orbitals, and then the resultant adducts are oxidized to cations. The products obtained are potential building blocks for a number of heterocyclic systems.
Automated profiling and resource management of pig programs for meeting service level objectives (2012)

An increasing number of MapReduce applications associated with live business intelligence require completion time guarantees. In this paper, we consider the popular Pig framework that provides a high-level SQL-like abstraction on top of MapReduce engine for processing large data sets. Programs written in such frameworks are compiled into directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) of MapReduce jobs. There is a lack of performance models and analysis tools for automated performance management of such MapReduce jobs. We offer a performance modeling environment for Pig programs that automatically profiles jobs from the past runs and aims to solve the following inter-related problems: (i) estimating the completion time of a Pig program as a function of allocated resources; (ii) estimating the amount of resources (a number of map and reduce slots) required for completing a Pig program with a given (soft) deadline. For solving these problems, initially, we optimize a Pig program execution by enforcing the optimal schedule of its concurrent jobs. For DAGs with concurrent jobs, this optimization helps reducing the program completion time: 10%-27% in our experiments. Moreover, it eliminates possible non-determinism of concurrent jobs' execution in the Pig program, and therefore, enables a more accurate performance model for Pig programs. We validate our approach using a 66-node Hadoop cluster and a diverse set of workloads: PigMix benchmark, TPC-H queries, and customized queries mining a collection of HP Labs' web proxy logs. The proposed scheduling optimization leads to significant resource savings(20%-40% in our experiments) compared with the original, unoptimized solution, and the predicted program completion times are within 10% of the measured ones.
Inferring Implicit Relations in Complex Questions with Language Models (2022)

A prominent challenge for modern language understanding systems is the ability to answer implicit reasoning questions, where the required reasoning steps for answering the question are not mentioned in the text explicitly. In this work, we investigate why current models struggle with implicit reasoning question answering (QA) tasks, by decoupling inference of reasoning steps from their execution. We define a new task of implicit relation inference and construct a benchmark, IMPLICITRELATIONS, where given a question, a model should output a list of concept-relation pairs, where the relations describe the implicit reasoning steps required for answering the question. Using IMPLICITRELATIONS, we evaluate models from the GPT-3 family and find that, while these models struggle on the implicit reasoning QA task, they often succeed at inferring implicit relations. This suggests that the challenge in implicit reasoning questions does not stem from the need to plan a reasoning strategy alone, but to do it while also retrieving and reasoning over relevant information.
Enhanced Distance and Location Estimation for Broadband Wireless Networks (2015)

In recent years, wireless positioning technologies have been widely integrated into new developments of telecom systems and services. As path loss characteristics are comprehensively investigated and adopted by international telecommunication union (ITU), received signal strength (RSS) is utilized as a type of measurement and can be properly transformed to obtain distance information. With the models and parameters addressed in the technical reports of 3GPP, the RSS-based distance and location estimation (RDLE) algorithm is proposed for mixed line-of-sight (LOS)/non-line-of-sight (NLOS) in LTE cellular networks. The proposed RDLE algorithm consists of a distance estimation method and a location estimation scheme. The particle-based distance estimation (PDE) method is proposed to estimate distances with RSS measurements under various environments and mixed sight conditions. Moreover, the geometry-improved location estimation (GILE) algorithm is proposed to explore geometric relationships between base stations (BSs) and mobile station (MS). A geometric constraint based on range differences which is related to time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) information is constructed to confine MS's location estimation within a specific closed region. Moreover, a geometric reformation derived from minimizing the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) is utilized as an assistance to increase the degree of freedom in space domain against the errors in location estimations. The theoretic Cramer-Rao lower bound is also derived as a benchmark to evaluate the precisions of positioning algorithms with range differences. The proposed RDLE algorithm is perceived to outperform other existing localization methods, especially under poor network topologies and insufficient measurement inputs.
Migration and Its Impacts on the Labor Market of Rome during the Late Republic and Early Empire (2017)

For a city as large and influential as ancient Rome, its growth relied on a number of factors: military power, internal leadership, international trade, consumer goods markets, agricultural development, the labor force, and slavery. What allowed for growth in these areas was a certain combination of technological and cultural advancements, but what drove growth on such a scale at Rome was the sheer number of people found there. From the increases in wealth due to war, especially the Punic Wars, and the increases in the volume of slaves brought to and sold in Rome, the economy was flooded with capital, land, and labor, which helped the upper and lower (working) classes develop and improve their operations However, during this time of economic change, and great political change too, the social structure remained stable through the Late Republic to the Early Empire, about 250 BC to AD 30. This stability means there was consistency in social status and the perceptions of status for the upper and lower class, for citizens and foreigners, and for workers and slaves.Although social status indicated one’s “place” in the social hierarchy, the ability to relocate to rural or urban areas would have been an option for most people regardless of status, and cities such as Rome hosted quite a number of migrants due to its alluring opportunities. These migrants, whether voluntary or forced, and their impact on the labor market of Rome are the focus of this paper.