gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystalline [A21-Desamido] Bovine Insulin (1978)

[A21-Desamido]insulin is the major product formed during mild acid hydrolysis of bovine insulin at low insulin concentration. The derivative was isolated by standard procedures and its purity established by isoelectric focusing, disc electrophoresis and electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips. The identity of the acid-transformed derivative was determined as [A21-desamido]insulin by the action of carboxypeptidase A, using conditions under which a C-terminal aspartic acid residue would not be removed. The biological activity of this crystalline derivative was found to be 15.9 units/mg as measured by the mouse convulsion assay.
Visualizing the Local Composition Changes during Resistive Switching in Planar TaOx-ReRAMs (2023)

Resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) is an attractive concept for the advancement of computing capabilities. TaOx-ReRAMs are among the best candidate devices for resistive switching applications owing to their two stable phases of TaO2 and Ta2O5. However, the difficulty in localizing the conductive filaments and observing specific local structural and compositional changes in the conventional 3D stacked-junction architecture of ReRAM devices denies a clear understanding of the resistive switching mechanism. Herein, we describe the fabrication of a planar nanogap-based Ta/TaOx/Pt ReRAM junction to investigate the local compositional changes during direct resistive switching. Our results emphasize the role of the tantalum atoms’ mobility during the formation of conductive filaments and after the first reset operation. We demonstrate the migration of tantalum atoms during the resistive switching, evidenced by the formation of pure tantalum pillars. Our nanoscale elemental analysis helps elucidate the mechanism of resistance changes in planar TaOx-ReRAMs via direct visualization of the local compositional changes.
Spectroscopic Evidence of Carbon Nanotubes’ Metallic Character Loss Induced by Covalent Functionalization via Nitric Acid Purification (2008)

A detailed characterization of covalently functionalized HiPco single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been carried out using several physicochemical methods (thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman scattering). The chemical process, finally leading to SWNT−ester derivatives, starts from nitric acid purification of pristine SWNTs. Besides the efficiency of the functionalization, we show that a loss of metallic character of the carbon nanotubes is initiated by the nitric acid treatment of pristine SWNTs and is maintained in the final SWNT ester derivatives. A higher reactivity of the metallic tubes is also demonstrated.
The self-normalized estimator for counterfactual learning (2015)

This paper identifies a severe problem of the counterfactual risk estimator typi-cally used in batch learning from logged bandit feedback (BLBF), and proposes the use of an alternative estimator that avoids this problem. In the BLBF setting, the learner does not receive full-information feedback like in supervised learn-ing, but observes feedback only for the actions taken by a historical policy. This makes BLBF algorithms particularly attractive for training online systems (e.g., ad placement, web search, recommendation) using their historical logs. The Coun-terfactual Risk Minimization (CRM) principle [1] offers a general recipe for de-signing BLBF algorithms. It requires a counterfactual risk estimator, and virtually all existing works on BLBF have focused on a particular unbiased estimator. We show that this conventional estimator suffers from a propensity overfitting problem when used for learning over complex hypothesis spaces. We propose to replace the risk estimator with a self-normalized estimator, showing that it neatly avoids this problem. This naturally gives rise to a new learning algorithm – Normalized Policy Optimizer for Exponential Models (Norm-POEM) – for structured output prediction using linear rules. We evaluate the empirical effectiveness of Norm-POEM on several multi-label classification problems, finding that it consistently outperforms the conventional estimator. 1
Characterization of Microstructure Variations by Laser-Ultrasound during and after the Heat Treatment of Metals (2021)

Abstract We demonstrate the potential of laser ultrasound for non-destructive testing applications in steel production and processing in two use cases: (1) Imaging of the grain structure transition between the thermally hardened surface and the unaffected core material with a comparison to sectional views by an optical microscope. We found very good correlation between the laser ultrasonic image and the microscopic view at the cross section. (2) In situ monitoring of Poisson’s ratio of steel sheets during thermal processes by evaluation of resonant frequencies of Lamb waves. In our ongoing research the results will be correlated to metallurgical properties of interest.
Neuroinflammation Alters the Hippocampal Pattern of Behaviorally InducedArcExpression (2005)

Neuroinflammation is associated with a variety of neurological and pathological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and is reliably detected by the presence of activated microglia. In early AD, the highest degree of activated microglia is observed in brain regions involved in learning and memory. To investigate whether neuroinflammation alters the pattern of rapid de novo gene expression associated with learning and memory, we studied the expression of the activity-induced immediate early gene Arc in the hippocampus of rats with experimental neuroinflammation. Rats were chronically infused with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.25 mug/h) into the fourth ventricle for 28 d. On day 29, the rats explored twice a novel environment for 5 min, separated by 45 or 90 min. In the dentate gyrus and CA3 regions of LPS-infused rats, Arc and OX-6 (specific for major histocompatibility complex class II antigens) immunolabeling and Arc fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed both activated microglia (OX-6 immunoreactivity) and elevated exploration-induced Arc expression compared with control-infused rats. In contrast, in the CA1 of LPS-infused rats, where there was no OX-6 immunostaining, exploration-induced Arc mRNA and protein remained similar in both LPS- and control-infused rats. LPS-induced neuroinflammation did not affect basal levels of Arc expression. Behaviorally induced Arc expression was altered only within the regions showing activated microglia (OX-6 immunoreactivity), suggesting that neuroinflammation may alter the coupling of neural activity with macromolecular synthesis implicated in learning and plasticity. This activity-related alteration in Arc expression induced by neuroinflammation may contribute to the cognitive deficits found in diseases associated with inflammation, such as AD.
Inhibition of gene transcription by purine rich triplex forming oligodeoxyribonucleotides (1993)

Several oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were designed in order to interact with the purine rich element of the IRE (Interferon Responsive Element) of the 6-16 gene by triplex formation. An ODN of 21 bases, the sequence being identical to that of the purine strand of the IRE (48% G), but in reverse orientation, was able to interact with the IRE (KD: 20 nM). The binding was Mg2+ dependent. The two purine strands of the triplex were oriented antiparallel as confirmed by DNAase I and copper-phenanthroline footprinting experiments. An ODN in which A were replaced by T, also interacted with the same target, but with a lower affinity. Exonuclease III action indicated that the two IRE repeats of the 6-16 promoter interacted with each other through Hoogsteen base pairing, the third strand being parallel to the paired Watson-Crick strand. This led to a potential H-DNA structure which could be destabilized by adding ODNs able to form a triplex structure. 6-16 IRE driven-reporter gene constructs lost their interferon stimulability when co-transfected with triplex forming ODNs. The range of effective ODN concentrations was compatible with the affinity determined when measuring their direct interactions with the DNA.
Nuclear Transport of Kir/Gem Requires Specific Signals and Importin α5 and Is Regulated by Calmodulin and Predicted Serine Phosphorylations (2007)

Kir/Gem, together with Rad, Rem and Rem2, is a member of the RGK small GTP-binding protein family. These multifunctional proteins regulate voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activity and cell-shape remodeling. Calmodulin and 14-3-3 binding modulate the functions of RGK proteins. Intriguingly, abolishing the binding of calmodulin or calmodulin and 14-3-3 results in nuclear accumulation of RGK proteins. Under certain conditions, the Ca(v)beta3-subunit of VGCCs can be translocated into the nucleus along with the RGK proteins, resulting in channel inactivation. The mechanism by which nuclear localization of RGK proteins is accomplished and regulated, however, is unknown. Here, we identify specific nuclear localization signals (NLS) in Kir/Gem that are both required and sufficient for nuclear transport. Importin alpha5 binds to Kir/Gem, and its depletion using RNA interference impairs nuclear translocation of this RGK protein. Calmodulin and predicted phosphorylations on serine residues within or in the vicinity of a C-terminal bipartite NLS regulate nuclear translocation by interfering with the association between importinalpha5 and Kir/Gem. These predicted phosphorylations, however, do not affect Kir/Gem-mediated calcium channel downregulation but rather, as shown in the accompanying paper (Mahalakshmi RN, Ng MY, Guo K, Qi Z, Hunziker W, Béguin P. Nuclear localization of endogenous RGK proteins and modulation of cell shape remodeling by regulated nuclear transport. Traffic 2007; doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00599.x), interfere with cell-shape remodeling.
Case study. Narcissus: visualising information (2002)

It is becoming increasingly important that support is provided for users who are dealing with complex information spaces. The need is driven by the growing number of domains where there is a requirement for users to understand, navigate and manipulate large sets of computer based data; by the increasing size and complexity of this information and by the pressures to use this information efficiently. The paradigmatic example is the World Wide Web, but other domains include software systems, information systems and concurrent engineering. One approach to providing this support is to provide sophisticated visualisation tools which lead the users to form an intuitive understanding of the structure and behaviour of their domain and which provide mechanisms which allow them to manipulate objects within their system. The paper describes such a tool and a number of visualisation techniques that it implements.
Beyond Structural Adjustment: the institutional context of African development (2003)

Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors Introduction: The State and African Development N.Van de Walle Financing Africa's Development: Towards a Business Plan? I.Elbadawi & A.Gelb Tax Reform and Democratic Accountability L.Rakner & S.Golpen Problems and Prospects of Civil Service Reform D.Olown Forging Developmental Synergies Between States and Associations A.M.Tipp Democratic Decentralizationof Natural Resources: Institutional Choice and Discretionary Power Transfers J.Ribot Foreign Aid and State Administrative Capability A.Goldsmith Governance and the Private Sector L.Cotton & V.Ramachadran Governance and Private Investment J.Emery Governance in the Security Sector N.Ball, J.Kayode Fayemi, F.Olonisakin, M.Rupiya & R.Williams
Explainable Deep One-Class Classification (2020)

Deep one-class classification variants for anomaly detection learn a mapping that concentrates nominal samples in feature space causing anomalies to be mapped away. Because this transformation is highly non-linear, finding interpretations poses a significant challenge. In this paper we present an explainable deep one-class classification method, Fully Convolutional Data Description (FCDD), where the mapped samples are themselves also an explanation heatmap. FCDD yields competitive detection performance and provides reasonable explanations on common anomaly detection benchmarks with CIFAR-10 and ImageNet. On MVTec-AD, a recent manufacturing dataset offering ground-truth anomaly maps, FCDD sets a new state of the art in the unsupervised setting. Our method can incorporate ground-truth anomaly maps during training and using even a few of these (~5) improves performance significantly. Finally, using FCDD's explanations we demonstrate the vulnerability of deep one-class classification models to spurious image features such as image watermarks.
A Dose-response Study of Arsenic Exposure, Folate, and Genomic Methylation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell DNA in Bangladesh (2010)

S-29B7-3 Background/Aims: Chronic arsenic exposure is associated with increased risk for cancers of the skin, lung, liver, and bladder; however, the mechanism(s) underlying arsenic-induced carcinogenesis are poorly understood. Animal and in vitro data suggest that chronic arsenic exposure induces genomic hypomethylation of DNA. In contrast, our previous study in adults chronically exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water in Bangladesh suggested that arsenic exposure is associated with increased genomic methylation of total leukocyte DNA, and that this association is contingent on adequate folate. Methods: We undertook a cross-sectional study specifically designed to evaluate the dose-response relationship between arsenic exposure and genomic methylation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA. We recruited 375 participants between 30 and 65 years of age, including 75 for each of 5 categories of water arsenic: 0–50, 51–100, 101–200, 201–300, and >300 μg/L. Genomic DNA methylation was measured using the [3]-methyl incorporation assay; results of this assay are inversely related to DNA methylation. Results: Water arsenic was associated with increased DNA methylation, and this association was influenced by folate nutritional status (Spearman correlations −0.24, P = 0.007, and −0.08, P = 0.2 for folate-sufficient and folate-deficient respectively). Mean DPM values (in thousands) by increasing categories of water As for folate-sufficient participants were 172, 169, 154, 145, and 139, P for trend = 0.001; a statistically significant (P = 0.02) but weaker trend was observed for folate-deficient participants. The results were unchanged after further adjustment for age and other covariates. Conclusion: Arsenic exposure is associated with dose-dependent increases in peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA methylation, and this association is somewhat stronger among folate sufficient participants. Differences between experimental studies and our work may be related to the dose and duration of arsenic exposure. The implications of increases in genomic DNA methylation are unclear; we propose this may be an adaptive response to an upstream event. Additional studies are underway to identify potential mechanisms underlying these observations.
Reverse Intersystem Crossing in Rose Bengal. II. Fluence Dependence of Fluorescence Following 532 nm Laser Excitation¶ (2002)

A fluence-dependent fluorescence technique was used to observe reverse intersystem crossing from a certain higher-lying triplet state of rose bengal populated by a single pulse of 532 nm light. The quantum yield of reverse intersystem crossing from this state was determined to be 0.12+/-0.02 for rose bengal in phosphate-buffered saline. The importance of including molecular rotation effects in the analysis of fluorescence resulting from reverse intersystem crossing is discussed. Differences in the photochemical reactivity of upper triplet states in biological systems have been previously hypothesized to result from photophysical differences, particularly substantial differences in their reverse intersystem crossing yields. In this work this hypothesis is analyzed quantitatively, using numerical models of the population dynamics. These models suggest that reverse intersystem crossing alone cannot adequately explain the differences in biological response.
RoPEUS: A New Robust Algorithm for Static Positioning in Ultrasonic Systems (2009)

A well known problem for precise positioning in real environments is the presence of outliers in the measurement sample. Its importance is even bigger in ultrasound based systems since this technology needs a direct line of sight between emitters and receivers. Standard techniques for outlier detection in range based systems do not usually employ robust algorithms, failing when multiple outliers are present. The direct application of standard robust regression algorithms fails in static positioning (where only the current measurement sample is considered) in real ultrasound based systems mainly due to the limited number of measurements and the geometry effects. This paper presents a new robust algorithm, called RoPEUS, based on MM estimation, that follows a typical two-step strategy: 1) a high breakdown point algorithm to obtain a clean sample, and 2) a refinement algorithm to increase the accuracy of the solution. The main modifications proposed to the standard MM robust algorithm are a built in check of partial solutions in the first step (rejecting bad geometries) and the off-line calculation of the scale of the measurements. The algorithm is tested with real samples obtained with the 3D-LOCUS ultrasound localization system in an ideal environment without obstacles. These measurements are corrupted with typical outlying patterns to numerically evaluate the algorithm performance with respect to the standard parity space algorithm. The algorithm proves to be robust under single or multiple outliers, providing similar accuracy figures in all cases.
Ultranarrow trench-isolated 0.2-μm CMOS and its application to ultralow-power frequency dividers (2002)

We applied shadow trench isolation to 0.2-/spl mu/m gate-length CMOS to fully utilize its low-power capability. With a proper design of device structure and dopant concentrations, the narrow-channel effect was not conspicuous down to the effective channel width of 0.1 /spl mu/m, and inter-device isolation was secured down to the coded isolation width of 0.28 /spl mu/m. Using the narrow-channel devices, a frequency divider circuit operating with a first-stage power dissipation of 12 fJ per clock has been fabricated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Rifaximin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection after liver transplantation: A case series (2010)

Previous data have suggested that the nonsystemic antibiotic rifaximin may be effective for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). This single-center retrospective study evaluated the efficacy of rifaximin for the treatment of CDI refractory to standard treatments in patients who had received liver transplants. Among 205 patients who had received liver transplants between July 2001 and December 2007, 3 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of C. difficile experienced recurrent diarrhea even though they received standard therapy. Patient 1, a 56-year-old male, patient 2, a 62-year-old male, and patient 3, a 73-year-old female, developed CDIs 190, 318, and 2310 days after transplantation, respectively. All patients experienced symptom recurrences after oral metronidazole therapy (250 mg 3 times daily for either 14 or 28 days) and after oral vancomycin therapy (125 mg 4 times daily for 14 days). Long-term vancomycin treatment (ie, 28 days) was required for patients 1 and 2. Vancomycin was discontinued in patient 3 because of increased creatinine levels. Oral rifaximin (400 mg 3 times daily) was initiated immediately after discontinuation of vancomycin therapy. Within 36 to 48 hours of the initiation of rifaximin treatment, diarrheal symptoms were resolved in all patients. After completing a 28-day course of rifaximin, patient 1 remained symptom-free during 185 days of follow-up, and patient 2 remained symptom-free during 250 days of follow-up. Patient 3 reported no symptoms within 155 days after the completion of rifaximin treatment. These findings suggest that rifaximin may be effective for the treatment of recurrent CDI and may provide a therapeutic option for CDI in immunocompromised patients.
Multiple Acute Ischemic Strokes due to Cerebral AVM Vascular Steal Phenomenon (P2.298) (2017)

To report a case of multiple ischemic strokes secondary to cerebral AVM vascular steal phenomenon.
ChemInform Abstract: Chromatographic Detection by Plasma Mass Spectrometry (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Drugs that target cholinesterases (2004)

Currently, cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) represent the treatment of choice for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Following the introduction in the 1980s of a first generation of drugs such as physostigmine and tacrine, a second generation of more suitable compounds was developed in the 1990s. These drugs are clinically more efficacious and produce less severe side-effects at effective doses. Contrary to the discovery of other neurotransmitter-based CNS drugs such as neuroleptics, tricyclic anti-depressants and anxiolytics, the clinical application of ChEI in the treatment of cognitive deficits in AD was neither accidental nor serendipitous. Its rationale was solidly founded on data derived from experimental physiology and behavioral pharmacology of the cholinergic system in animals and humans. Clinical results on the effect of these drugs on cognition (memory, attention and concentration) and more recently on behavioral symptoms in AD (apathy, hallucinations and motor agitation) confirmed predictions of potential clinical efficacy based on laboratory data.
Update in preimplantation genetic diagnosis (1996)

The field of preimplantation genetic diagnosis has undergone significant advances since the report of the first birth from this method in 1990. The first birth in the USA was reported in 1992, as was the first successful diagnosis and delivery of a baby free of a single gene defect disorder (cystic fibrosis and then Tay Sachs). Investigators have now reported approximately 40 births worldwide from preimplantation genetic diagnosis using the polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent in-situ hybridization methods to analyze single cells removed from early cleavage stage preimplantation embryos. The International Working Group on Preimplantation Genetics meets annually to discuss progress and pitfalls in this field. Although preimplantation genetic diagnosis offers hope to patients at risk of transmitting disease, there are many technical hazards of this experimental procedure. Technical difficulties must be overcome in order for preimplantation genetic diagnosis to become a standard clinical tool. This review will highlight some of the recent advances and problems in the field of preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
A continuous kilohertz Cu Kα source produced by submillijoule femtosecond laser pulses for phase contrast imaging (2008)

We report a continuously operated Cu Kα x-ray source produced by a commercial kilohertz submillijoule femtosecond laser system. The source has an x-ray conversion of ∼4×10−5 into Kα line emission at 8.05 keV. The microplasma x-ray source has a size of 8 μm (full width at half maximum) produced by focusing 260 μJ laser pulses on a moving Cu-wire target. An average photon flux of ∼1.1×109 photons/sr/s is obtained using the above laser pulses. The source has been used to record phase contrast images of test samples. This compact x-ray source can serve as a low cost operating system for phase contrast imaging in clinical applications.