gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methods of Sludge Control During Acid Stimulation Treatments (1966)

Abstract The formation of asphaltic sludge during acid stimulation has been a seriousproblem in many areas for several years. Such sludges have had adverse effectson the results of treatments in several Canadian reservoirs. Recent studieshave shown that sludge may also affect results in many areas where its effectshave not yet been recognized. These studies indicate that:Sludge is a precipitate of colloidal materials present in crude oils.The precipitates occur due to changes in the environmental conditions ofthe crude by the addition of materials such as acid.Once formed, sludge is insoluble in most treating chemicals.Sludge can be prevented or controlled by the use of stabilizing agents intreating fluid or by the use of certain solvents as the outer phase ofacid-in-oil emulsions. The purpose of this paper will be to show how and why sludge is formed andhow it can be prevented or controlled. Simple laboratory tests to determine theprobability of sludge formation prior to treatment are discussed. Actual fieldresults point out some of the problem areas in Canada and show that sludgecontrol during acidizing treatments can increase productivity in theseareas. Introduction The formation of sludge by crude oil on contact with acid has beenrecognized as a serious problem in isolated areas for some time. The problemwas apparently first observed in certain California wells. In these wells, itwas noted that following acidizing treatments the wells were very slow to cleanup, and often a great deal of asphalt-like material was returned with thetreating fluids. In some cases, complete or partial plugging of the wellresulted from the treatment. A study of this problem revealed that the crudeoils produced from these wells actually formed solid precipitates upon contactwith acid. An analysis of these sludge-like precipitates showed them to be madeup mainly of asphaltenes, resins, paraffin waxes and otherhigh-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. These materials were apparentlyprecipitated from the crude by the reduction in pH as a result of acidcontact.
Detecting COVID-19 infection hotspots in England using large-scale self-reported data from a mobile application: a prospective, observational study (2020)

Zoe Global, UK Government Department of Health and Social Care, Wellcome Trust, UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK National Institute for Health Research, UK Medical Research Council and British Heart Foundation, Alzheimer's Society, Chronic Disease Research Foundation.
Fabrication and characterization of high-T/sub c/ superconducting X-band resonators and bandpass filters (1991)

Microstrip passband filters with 3, 6, and 11 poles, as well as microstrip resonators, have been fabricated using postannealed Y/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ (YBCO) films deposited on LaAlO/sub 3/ substrates using three-target simultaneous co-sputtering. The insertion loss in the passband for the filters with center frequencies between 9.5 and 13.4 GHz was <or=0.3 dB at 50 K and <or=0.6 dB at 77 K for the three- and six-pole filters, respectively. The out-of-band rejection was greater than 50 dB. The excellent filter performance was attributed to the use of highly c-axis oriented postannealed YBCO films. The quality of these films depended strongly on substrate preparation, film thickness, density of YBCO grain boundaries, and crystallographic orientation of the grains. Microstrip ring resonators fabricated with optimized YBCO films had Q values as large as 3800 at 9.5 GHz. The surface resistance and penetration depth for the YBCO films were determined from the temperature dependence of the measured Q values and resonant frequencies of the resonators.
Targeting bacteriocin genes in lactic acid bacteria: what we need to know (2012)

In the last decade, the aim of several research papers has focused on the determination of bacteriocin genes in genomic or plasmid DNA of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). These reports can be divided in two major groups; the first of which contains articles reporting the detection of these genes and giving a scientific proof of their expression, usually through RT-PCR, or by the amino-acid sequencing of the produced bacteriocin. In the second group, the presence of known bacteriocin genes in genomic or plasmid DNA of newly isolated LAB is reported, but authors do not provide any significant evidence that the detected genes are or might be expressed. These latter reports need to be received with high criticism and skepticism. Combination of the bio-molecular and bio-chemical approaches is critical in the better understanding of the expression of genes encoding the bacteriocins from LAB.In this review we summarize these two groups of research: those targeting the bacteriocin genes with a solid proof of expression of the bacteriocins and those that only report on the presence of the bacteriocins genes in the genomic and plasmid DNA.
Iatrogenic hypoglycemia secondary to tight glucose control is an independent determinant for mortality and cardiac morbidity☆ (2011)

Iatrogenic hypoglycemia secondary to ICU tight glycemia control correlates with hospital mortality, respiratory, and cardiac morbidity in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. ICU hyperglycemia index and glycemia temporal variability have no independent correlation with outcomes. Higher glycemia targets should be advised in the perioperative management of patients with diabetes and renal failure, as both conditions independently increase the risk of hypoglycemia occurrence.
p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Is a Critical Component of the Redox-sensitive Signaling Pathways Activated by Angiotensin II (1998)

Angiotensin II induces an oxidant stress-dependent hypertrophy in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. To investigate the growth-related molecular targets of H2O2, we examined the redox sensitivity of agonist-stimulated activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. We show here that angiotensin II elicits a rapid increase in intracellular H2O2 and a rapid and robust phosphorylation of both p42/44MAPK (16-fold) and p38MAPK (15-fold). However, exogenous H2O2 activates only p38MAPK (14-fold), and diphenylene iodonium, an NADH/NADPH oxidase inhibitor, attenuates angiotensin II-stimulated phosphorylation of p38MAPK, but not p42/44MAPK. Furthermore, in cells stably transfected with human catalase, angiotensin II-induced intracellular H2O2 generation is almost completely blocked, resulting in inhibition of phosphorylation of p38MAPK, but not p42/44MAPK, and a subsequent partial decrease in angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy. Specific inhibition of either the p38MAPK pathway with SB203580 (4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H- imidaz ole) or the p42/44MAPK pathway with PD98059 (2-(2'-amino-3'-methoxyphenyl)oxanaphthalen-4-one) also partially, but significantly, attenuates angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy; however, simultaneous blockade of both pathways has an additive inhibitory effect, indicating that the hypertrophic response to angiotensin II requires parallel, independent activation of both MAPK pathways. These results provide the first evidence that p38MAPK is a critical component of the oxidant stress (H2O2)-sensitive signaling pathways activated by angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells and indicate that it plays a crucial role in vascular hypertrophy.
Development of a CsI:Tl calorimeter subsystem for the All-Sky Medium-Energy Gamma-Ray Observatory (AMEGO) (2018)

We report on the development of the thallium-doped cesium iodide (CsI:Tl) calorimeter subsystem for the All-Sky Medium-Energy Gamma-ray Observatory (AMEGO) [1]. The CsI:Tl calorimeter is one of the three main subsystems that comprise the AMEGO instrument suite; the others include the double-sided silicon strip detector (DSSD) tracker/converter and a cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) calorimeter. Similar to the LAT instrument on Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, the hodoscopic calorimeter consists of orthogonally layered CsI:Tl bars. Unlike the LAT, which uses PIN photodiodes, the scintillation light from each end of the CsI:Tl bar is read out with recently developed large-area silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays. Development of the calorimeter technology for a large space-based γ-ray observatory is being done via funding from the NASA APRA program. Under this program, we have designed, built and are currently testing a prototype consisting of 24 CsI:Tl bars (each with dimensions of 16.7 mm x 16.7 mm x 100 mm) hodoscopically arranged in four layers with six bars per layer. The ends of each bar are read out with SensL ArrayJ quad SiPMs. Signal readout and processing is done with the IDEAS SIPHRA (IDE3380) ASIC. Performance testing of this prototype was done with laboratory sources and at an initial beam test; future testing and characterization will be done during a second beam test (2019) and a balloon flight (2020) in conjunction with the other subsystems led by NASA-GSFC. We will discuss the initial calibration tests, construction of the prototypes and the most up-to-date results from laboratory and beam tests with analog/digital electronics and the SIPHRA DAQ.
Pseudomorphic In x Ga 1-x As/In y Al 1-y As high-electron mobility transistor structures grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy (2000)

We report on the optimization of InP-based In<SUB>x</SUB>Ga<SUB>1-x</SUB>As/In<SUB>y</SUB>Al<SUB>1-y</SUB>As pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) structures to achieve the highest possible 2D electron gas density and mobility. Using our optimized growth conditions, high 2DEG concentration and mobility products have been obtained. The single-side-doped PHEMT structure with a (delta) -doping concentration of 6 by 10<SUP>12</SUP> cm<SUP>-2</SUP> gives a 2DEG sheet density of 3.93 by 10<SUP>12</SUP> cm<SUP>-2</SUP> and a top (delta) -doping concentration of 5 by 10<SUP>12</SUP> cm<SUP>-2</SUP> gives a 2DEG sheet density of 4.57 by 10<SUP>12</SUP> cm<SUP>-2</SUP> with a mobility of 10900 cm<SUP>2</SUP>/V.s. The structural properties of PHEMT structures are characterized by XRD measurements. Preliminary device results are also reported.
The favorable effect of activating NOTCH1 receptor mutations on long-term outcome in T-ALL patients treated on the ALL–BFM 2000 protocol can be separated from FBXW7 loss of function (2010)

Precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) remains an important challenge in pediatric oncology. Because of the particularly poor prognosis of relapses, it is vital to identify molecular risk factors allowing early and effective treatment stratification. Activating NOTCH1 mutations signify a favorable prognosis in patients treated on ALL-BFM protocols. We have now tested if NOTCH pathway activation at different steps has similar clinical effects and if multiple mutations in this pathway function synergistically. Analysis of a validation set of 151 T-ALL patients and of the total cohort of 301 patients confirms the low relapse rate generally and the overall favorable effect of activating NOTCH1 mutations. Subgroup analysis shows that the NOTCH1 effect in ALL-BFM is restricted to patients with rapid early treatment response. Inactivation of the ubiquitin ligase FBXW7 is associated with rapid early treatment response and synergizes with NOTCH1 receptor activation. However, the effect of FBXW7 inactivation is separable from NOTCH1 activation by not synergizing with NOTCH1 mutations in predicting favorable long-term outcome, which can probably be explained by the interaction of FBXW7 with other clients. Finally, the comparison with other European protocols suggests that the NOTCH effect is treatment dependent generally and may depend on the intensity of central nervous system-directed therapy specifically.
Monte Carlo Methods for the Simulation of Positron Emitters in SPECT Systems. (1996)

Monte Carlo simulations of nuclear medical systems are being widely used to better understand the characteristics of the acquired images. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is an imaging modality that provides a physician with a nuclear medical image of function in an organ. In SPECT systems, the patient is injected with a radiopharmaceutical that is labeled with a photon-emitting radioisotope. A collimated gamma camera revolves around the patient, providing a series of planar images, which are then reconstructed to produce a three-dimensional image of the radiotracer distribution in the patient or phantom. The usage of positron emission computed tomography (PET) systems with {sup 18}F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is an important mechanism for quantitating tumor glucose metabolism. This may facilitate the detection of primary and metastatic malignancies and the distinction between tissue regions that are normal, fibrous, necrotic, or cancerous. However, PET facilities are implemented in significantly fewer hospitals in the United States than SPECT systems. To address this issue and provide similar functional information to a clinician, there is a growing interest in imaging the 511-keV photons associated with PET agents in SPECT imaging systems. Note that the clinical utility of FDG as a diagnostic radiopharmaceutical cannot be replicated by knownmore » radiotracers emitting single photons. The authors are extending their simulations of SPECT systems to higher photon energies, where at present there is more disagreement between simulations and actual data. They discuss here possible reasons for this and steps being taken to address this discrepancy in the development of the modeling.« less
A randomized trial comparing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt with variceal band ligation in the prevention of rebleeding from esophageal varices (1997)

The aim of this study was to compare transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt (TIPSS) with variceal band ligation (VBL) in the secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Fifty-eight patients with cirrhosis who presented with the first episode of esophageal variceal hemorrhage were randomized to TIPSS (31) or VBL (27), 24 hours after control of bleeding. Shunt function was assessed after 1 month and then at 6 monthly intervals thereafter. VBL was performed weekly until variceal eradication, and then at 3 months, 6 months, and yearly thereafter. Mean follow-up in the TIPSS group was 15.7 (+/-10.2) months; in the VBL group, it was 16.8 (+/-10.9) months. Results for rebleeding and mortality were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis and using the Kaplan-Meier method. The frequency and the severity of variceal rebleeding was significantly lower in the TIPSS group (9.8%), compared with the VBL group (51.9%) (P < .0006). Although mortality rates were not significantly different, 8 of the patients who rebled in the VBL group required TIPSS therapy for uncontrolled bleeding. No significant differences were found in the frequency of other complications such as encephalopathy and sepsis. Patients in the VBL group required significantly greater time in the intensive care unit during the period of this study (<0.03). The total direct cost of treatment incurred was pound sterling 1,373 ($2,200) per patient, the cost being less in the patients treated with TIPSS compared with VBL. The results of this study show that TIPSS is superior to VBL for the secondary prophylaxis of variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis.
P066 Fibrostenotic phenotype of fibroblasts in Crohn's disease is dependent on tissue stiffness and reversed by LOX inhibition (2017)

Background: In Crohn's disease, intestinal inflammation often leads to fibrosis, characterized by excess extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, increased tissue stiffness and stricture formation. Modulation of ECM is mainly mediated through activity of fibroblasts, which both deposit and degrade ECM components. To evaluate the role of fibroblasts in intestinal fibrosis in Crohn's disease, we compared phenotype and function of fibroblasts obtained from normal, inflamed and stenotic regions of the intestine. Methods: Fibroblasts were isolated from resection specimens of normal, inflamed and stenotic ileum within the same Crohn's disease patients and analyzed for gene expression profile. Fibroblasts were cultured in matrigel/collagen mix to measure ECM contraction in vitro. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity was measured upon culture in both soft and stiff matrices, mimicking normal and stenotic tissue conditions. Results: Transcriptional analysis showed that fibroblasts from stenotic ileum were distinct from both inflamed and normal fibroblasts with respect to genes involved in ECM organization and collagen production. In accordance with transcriptional data, stenotic fibroblasts showed an unexpected high activity of MMPs compared to normal and inflamed fibroblasts when cultured in the absence of ECM. This was counterintuitive, since MMP activity would be expected to be decreased in stenosis. However, when cultured in ECM with the compliance of their native stiff environment, stenotic fibroblasts displayed decreased MMP3 activity. This activity increased when cultured in soft environment. In sharp contrast, fibroblasts isolated from normal ileal regions had increased MMP3 activity upon stiffening of the ECM, suggesting a regulatory function to maintain tissue homeostasis. Functionally, stenotic fibroblasts induced significantly more ECM contraction than both normal and inflamed fibroblasts, consistent with tissue contraction in vivo. In addition, stenotic fibroblasts expressed increased levels of the collagen crosslinking enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX), further contributing to tissue stiffness. Inhibition of LOX restored MMP3 activity of stenotic fibroblasts in a stiff ECM, resembling MMP3 activity level of fibroblasts cultured in soft matrix. Consequently, LOX inhibition prevented ECM contraction induced by stenotic fibroblasts. In normal fibroblasts, LOX inhibition did not affect ECM contraction. Conclusions: Stenotic fibroblasts display inherent alterations in gene expression and exhibit an aberrant response to tissue stiffness, contributing to ECM deposition and fibrosis. Altering the microenvironment by LOX inhibition corrects this phenotype, suggesting this as a potential anti-fibrotic agent in Crohn's disease.
Eating Behavior (2009)

Overconsumption is a major cause of weight gain and obesity. An understanding of the processes controlling eating behavior can throw light on the causes of overconsumption and provide information to prevent undesirable and nonintentional overeating. Although eating is usually considered a fundamental component of the energy homeostasis system, it can occur in the absence of any strong physiologic need, and persist in the presence of recognized satiety signals. It is, however, important to understand the specific physiologic controls and the limits of their impact on food intake. Particularly important is the identification of episodic and tonic physiologic signals, their potency and time course of action. In addition, the operation of the homeostatic mechanisms must be understood in relation to the hedonic processes influencing eating. The current view is that hedonic responses can overcome regulatory processes of homeostasis and this constitutes a mechanism that drives overconsumption. An important distinction is between liking and wanting, and the extent to which these processes act both separately and conjointly to influence food selection and overconsumption. Taken together, these operations should be interpreted in the face of a huge diversity in the expression of eating behavior – across geographical and cultural zones, and within specific ethnic and social groups. In all situations there exists widespread individual variability which is reflected in a spectrum from susceptibility to resistance to overconsumption and weight gain. In an obesogenic environment, not everyone becomes fat. The identification and characterization of susceptible and resistant phenotypes is an important theoretical and practical objective in the study of eating behavior and its relationship to obesity.
Adaptive fuzzy critic based control design for AGC of power system connected via AC/DC tie‐lines (2016)

This study presents the design of adaptive fuzzy critic based emotional learning control design for automatic generation control (AGC) of a two‐area power system interconnected via parallel AC/DC tie‐lines. The adaptive fuzzy critic evaluates the current system situation and provides the emotional signal so that the artificial neuro fuzzy regulator to modify its characteristic and reduce the critic stress. The adaptive fuzzy critic based emotional learning control design are implemented and the system dynamic responses are obtained considering 1% load disturbance in area‐1. A comparative study of performance of proposed control, fuzzy logic and conventional integral based control is carried out and presented with and without considering the system non‐linearities such as governor dead‐band and generation rate constraint. The proposed control design technique has been demonstrated as a superior one as compared with other techniques used for the AGC design in the study. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis of the proposed control is also examined by varying the system parameters over the wide range from the nominal system values.
Shared Immunoproteome for Ovarian Cancer Diagnostics and Immunotherapy:  Potential Theranostic Approach to Cancer (2007)

Elimination of cancer through early detection and treatment is the ultimate goal of cancer research and is especially critical for ovarian and other forms of cancer typically diagnosed at very late stages that have very poor response rates. Proteomics has opened new avenues for the discovery of diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Immunoproteomics, which defines the subset of proteins involved in the immune response, holds considerable promise for providing a better understanding of the early-stage immune response to cancer as well as important insights into antigens that may be suitable for immunotherapy. Early administration of immunotherapeutic vaccines can potentially have profound effects on prevention of metastasis and may potentially cure through efficient and complete tumor elimination. We developed a mass-spectrometry-based method to identify novel autoantibody-based serum biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer that uses native tumor-associated proteins immunoprecipitated by autoantibodies from sera obtained from cancer patients and from cancer-free controls to identify autoantibody signatures that occur at high frequency only in cancer patient sera. Interestingly, we identified a subset of more than 50 autoantigens that were also processed and presented by MHC class I molecules on the surfaces of ovarian cancer cells and thus were common to the two immunological processes of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. These shared autoantigens were highly representative of families of proteins with roles in key processes in carcinogenesis and metastasis, such as cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor suppression, and cell adhesion. Autoantibodies appearing at the early stages of cancer suggest that this detectable immune response to the developing tumor can be exploited as early-stage biomarkers for the development of ovarian cancer diagnostics. Correspondingly, because the T-cell immune response depends on MHC class I processing and presentation of peptides, proteins that go through this pathway are potential candidates for the development of immunotherapeutics designed to activate a T-cell immune response to cancer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study that identifies and categorizes proteins that are involved in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity against ovarian cancer, and it may have broad implications for the discovery and selection of theranostic molecular targets for cancer therapeutics and diagnostics in general.