gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Document recognition (1992)

Document recognition is a task in which a document in its physical presentation format is transformed into a structured author-oriented model of the document. The presentation format can be bitmaps of document pages, a description of the document in a Page Description Language (PDL), or encoding of the document in a printer or graphics language. The structured model is a format allowing for addition to the document, manipulation of the document, and reformating the layout and the output appearance of the document.Fully automatic document recognition is not possible, in general, for the same reason that it is not possible to de-translate computer programs automatically. However, it is possible to develop a man-assisted semi-automatic document recognition method. This method uses two passes. The first pass is completely automatic; it produces a document format called Interactive Document Model. The Interactive Document Model comprises recognized typesetting and descriptive structures together with derived ODA logical and layout structures for the document. The model generated in the first pass is enough for most purposes and applications. However, if it is not acceptable, the user can then enter the second pass and interactively edit the logical structure.This paper has three objectives. The first is to formalize the concept of document recognition. The second is to subdivide the problem of document recognition and classify it into a number of subproblems, each dealing with different aspects of the problem. The third objective is to introduce a problem which we wish to solve, and then to present a High Level Document Recognition method and the experience in developing and using a number of implementations of the method.
The Analysis of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Liquid Using a Microfluidic Conductivity Sensor with Membrane Separation of CO2 (2019)

Microfluidic lab on chip for measuring dissolved inorganic carbon with application to ocean chemical analysis and depth profiles. Miniaturised system using membrane separation of CO2 and concentration determination by conductivity for consideration on ocean autonomous floats.&lt;br&gt;
GABAergic Control of Receptivity in the Female Rat (1991)

GABAergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the control of the steroid-dependent behavior, lordosis. GABA has dual effects on lordosis: it facilitates lordosis through actions in the medial hypothalamus (mHYP) and it inhibits lordosis through actions in the preoptic area (POA). In the present study, gonadally intact and ovariectomized female rats were behaviorally tested with a sexually active male. Brains were removed from sexually receptive female either 1 or 24 h after behavioral testing. There was a significant difference in endogenous GABA concentration in HYP and POA between receptive, postreceptive and ovariectomized nonreceptive females. Specifically, GABA levels in postreceptive females were higher in the HYP (20%) and lower in the POA (21%) in comparison to receptive females (p less than 0.05). There was also a significant change in binding parameters of 3H-muscimol in the HYP and POA of receptive females as compared to 24 h postreceptive and ovariectomized rats. Attempts to modulate 3H-GABA release from hypothalamic tissue slices by estrogen or progesterone in ovariectomized rats yielded no effect on this parameter.
Prediction of Geometrically Induced Localization Effects Using a Subset of Nominal System Modes (2019)

Abstract It is widely known that the vibration characteristics of blade integrated discs can dramatically change in the presence of manufacturing tolerances and wear. In this context, an increasing number of publications discuss the influence of the geometrical variability of blades on phenomena like frequency splitting and mode localization. This contribution is investigating the validity of a stiffness modified reduced order model for predicting the modal parameters of a geometrically mistuned compressor stage. In detail, the natural frequencies and mode shapes, as well as the corresponding mistuning patterns, are experimentally determined for an exemplary rotor. Furthermore, a blue light fringe projector is used to identify the geometrical differences between the actual rotor and the nominal blisk design. With the help of these digitization results, a realistic finite element model of the whole compressor stage is generated. Beyond that, a reduced order model is implemented based on the nominal design intention. Finally, the numerical predictions of the geometrically updated finite element model and the stiffness modified reduced order model are compared to the vibration measurement results. The investigation is completed by pointing out the benefits and limitations of the SNM-approach in the context of geometrically induced mistuning effects.
4q33-qter deletion and absorptive hypercalciuria: Report of two unrelated girls (1998)

We report on two unrelated girls with multiple malformations, each of whom had a der(4)t(4;?)(q33;?) chromosome--an unbalanced translocation chromosome with deletion of the 4q33-qter segment and addition of a segment of an unknown chromosome. One of the two girls had asymptomatic kidney stones. Both had excess urinary calcium excretion (0.53 and 0.84 mg/mg creatinine, respectively), exaggerated excretion on oral calcium load, and reduced but excessive excretion on restricted calcium intake. The urinary calcium excretion of their parents was normal. Both girls were thus diagnosed to have sporadic absorptive hypercalciuria. It was deduced that the 4q33-qter segment contains the putative gene for absorptive hypercalciuria.
Biorefineries– A Path to Sustainability? (2010)

ABSTRACT Biorefining of crops for production of power, transport fuels, and a diverse array of chemicals has potential for providing significant added economic value to biomass. A shift in the industrial resource base from fossil resources to biomass also requires a shift in the technology base for producing, handling, and processing of raw materials. Biotechnology will play an important role in providing tools for different stages ranging from biomass production, treatment, and valorization to various products. First generation refineries have raised some critical issues related to land use and insufficient environmental benefits due to energy‐intensive cultivation of crops. The abundant residual lignocellulosic biomass will constitute an important feedstock for the future biorefineries so as to have a minimal impact on the food availability. Necessary investments in technological development will be needed to realize the benefits of the new bioeconomy in the long term.
A Method for Efficient Extensibility Improvements in Embedded Software Evolution (2015)

Lightweight development processes like Agile have emerged in response to rapidly changing market requirements. However, software evolution processes including Agile are inadequate for software in embedded systems, as software undergoes frequent refactoring, targeting only immediate requirements. As a result, maintainability decreases because the system is not designed to respond to changes in the associated hardware. In this paper, we propose a method for improving extensibility. We also propose a technique for detecting and suggesting extension design patterns automatically. Our approach is based on analyses of the call graph and inheritance structure of source code to identify a layer structure that is specific to embedded software. These techniques provide us with objective and quantitative information about extensibility. We applied the proposed method to an actual product’s code continuously and could verify an improvement in the system’s extensibility.
Boiling Points of Ternary Azeotropic Mixtures Modeled with the Use of the Universal Solvation Equation and Neural Networks (2012)

Azeotropic mixtures, an important class of technological fluids, constitute a challenge to theoretical modeling of their properties. The number of possible intermolecular interactions in multicomponent systems grows combinatorially as the number of components increases. Ab initio methods are barely applicable, because rather large clusters would need to be calculated, which is prohibitively time-consuming. The quantitative structure–property relationships (QSPR) method, which is efficient and extremely fast, could be a viable alternative approach, but the QSPR methodology requires adequate modification to provide a consistent treatment of multicomponent mixtures. We now report QSPR models for the prediction of normal boiling points of ternary azeotropic mixtures based on a training set of 78 published data points. A limited set of meticulously designed descriptors, together comprising the Universal Solvation Equation (J. Chem. Inf. Model.2009, 49, 634), was used to provide input parameters for multiple regression and neural network models. The multiple regression model thus obtained is good for explanatory purposes, while the neural network model provides a better quality of fit, which is as high as 0.995 in terms of squared correlation coefficient. This model was also properly validated and analyzed in terms of parameter contributions and their nonlinearity characteristics.
Identification of Intestinal NaCl Absorptive-Anion Secretory Cells: Potential Functional Significance (2022)

Use of human enteroids studied in the undifferentiated and differentiated state that mimic the intestinal crypt and villus, respectively, has allowed studies of multiple enterocyte populations, including a large population of enterocytes that are transitioning from the crypt to the villus. This population expresses NHE3, DRA, and CFTR, representing a combination of Na absorptive and anion secretory functions. In this cell population, these three transporters physically interact, which affects their baseline and regulated activities. A study of this cell population and differentiated Caco-2 cells transduced with NHE3 and endogenously expressing DRA and CFTR has allowed an understanding of previous studies in which cAMP seemed to stimulate and inhibit DRA at the same time. Understanding the contributions of these cells to overall intestinal transport function as part of the fasting and post-prandial state and their contribution to the pathophysiology of diarrheal diseases and some conditions with constipation will allow new approaches to drug development.
Wynn, L. L.: Pyramids and Nightclubs (2009)

Anthropos , Seite 273 - 274
Caspase-8 Is an Effector in Apoptotic Death of Dopaminergic Neurons in Parkinson's Disease, But Pathway Inhibition Results in Neuronal Necrosis (2001)

Caspase-8 is a proximal effector protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family death pathway. In the present human postmortem study, we observed a significantly higher percentage of dopaminergic (DA) substantia nigra pars compacta neurons that displayed caspase-8 activation in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients compared with controls. In an in vivo experimental PD model, namely subchronically 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice, we also show that caspase-8 is indeed activated after exposure to this toxin early in the course of cell demise, suggesting that caspase-8 activation precedes and is not the consequence of cell death. However, cotreatment of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-intoxicated primary DA cultures with broad-spectrum and specific caspase-8 inhibitors did not result in neuroprotection but seemed to trigger a switch from apoptosis to necrosis. We propose that this effect is related to ATP depletion and suggest that the use of caspase inhibitors in pathologies linked to intracellular energy depletion, such as PD, should be cautiously evaluated.
Variations in intraocular lens injector dimensions and corneal incision architecture after cataract surgery (2019)

The dimensions and injection systems varied with each IOL injector. All injectors led to postoperative wound stretch after IOL insertion, with no final incision measuring less than 2.0 mm. These findings suggest that the clear cornea incision should have a width corresponding to the injector diameter.
Comparisons of Release of Several Antibiotics from Antimicrobial Polymer-Coated Allograft Bone Void Filler (2013)

Osteomyelitis remains a significant complication in orthopedic surgeries. Although infection rates remain steady at 1-3% for primary orthopedic surgeries, overall numbers of orthopedic procedures are increasing, corresponding to earlier and more frequent surgical intervention for an active, aging population. To address this dangerous surgical complication, degradable polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer/antibiotic solutions were coated over allograft bone void filler. Local in vitro release of ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, oxacillin, tobramycin, or rifampicin from a polymer-controlled, antibiotic-releasing bone graft void filler and monitored in vitro allowed the criterion for successful local antibiotic-releasing devices to be expanded. Although each antibiotic exhibited a different release profile based on their formulation and chemical structure, allowing the potential for engineering combinatorial therapy with microbicidal activity, bacterial killing activity in vitro was demonstrated efficacious out to a clinically relevant 8-week time point. In addition to proposing an expanded criterion for successful local antibiotic-releasing devices, this study demonstrates that allograft bone can act as a local, controlled drug release matrix in bone sites. This combination device provides osteoconductive potential in bone voids while mitigating the potential for operatively sourced opportunistic infectious complications during orthopedic repairs as well as primary and revision arthroplasties
Investigation of plant-derived phenolic compounds as plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase inhibitors with potential cardiovascular activity (1999)

Various flavonoids and alkylphenols have been reported to inhibit the Ca2+-ATPase of plasma membrane (PM) and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. This article describes the development of phenolic inhibitors of PM Ca2+-ATPase as potential cardiovascular agents. The new inhibitors were obtained from the screening of alkylphenols, alkylresorcinols, and phenolic constituents of medicinal plants, followed by synthesis of analogues and analysis of their structure–activity relationships. Alkylphenols were found to inhibit the PM Ca2+-ATPase, with 2-nonylphenol being the most potent compound (IC50 = 30 μM) among a series of synthetic phenols. Several bis-resorcinols were isolated from the Australian plants Grevillea robusta and Grevillea striata, including two novel compounds which were identified as 1-(1,3-dihydroxy-4-methylphenyl)-14-(1,3-dihydroxyphenyl)tetradec-8-Z-ene (grebustol-A) and norstriatol-B. Among these bis-resorcinols, striatol was found to be the most potent inhibitor of PM Ca2+-ATPase, with an IC50 value of 16 μM. Analogues of bis-phenols and bis-resorcinols were synthesised and investigated for Ca2+-ATPase inhibitory activity. It was found that 2,2′-(decane-1,10-diyl)bisphenol (decanediyl-bisphenol) was the most potent inhibitor (IC50 = 10 μM). The synthetic bis-phenols and alkylphenols were shown to inhibit the PM Ca2+-ATPase in a concentration- and structure-dependent fashion. The inhibitory activity of decanediyl-bisphenol was also demonstrated in reconstituted purified Ca2+-ATPase from human erythrocyte plasma membrane and in intact red blood cells and smooth muscle cells. The mechanism of action of these inhibitors, however, is not fully understood but presumably, due to their high lipophilic nature, they would interact with the hydrophobic interior or at the lipid–protein interface, thereby perturbing the Ca2+-ATPase enzyme function. The inhibition was independent of calmodulin stimulation. The inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase was selective relative to the Na+,K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase in the same membrane preparations. These results indicate that bis-phenolic compounds may be useful in studying the function of PM Ca2+-ATPase and regulation of intracellular Ca2+, and may have potential cardiovascular activities. Drug Dev. Res. 46:235–249, 1999.© 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Handling Normative References to Standards-Track Documents (2007)

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Request for Comments (RFC) Editor have a long-standing rule that a document at a given maturity level cannot be published until all of the documents that it references as normative are at that maturity level or higher. This rule has sometimes resulted in very long publication delays for documents and some claims that it was a major obstruction to advancing documents in maturity level. The IETF agreed on a way to bypass this rule with RFC 3967. This document describes a simpler procedure for downward references to Standards-Track and Best Current Practice (BCP) documents, namely "note and move on". The procedure in RFC 3967 still applies for downward references to other classes of documents. In both cases, annotations should be added to such References.
Tissue-implant response following soft tissue implantation of poly-L-lysine coated UHMW-polyethylene into adult male rats. (2001)

It is well demonstrated in the literature that polyethylene materials used in orthopedic applications are highly compatible and non-immunogenic with host tissues. However, recent studies in our laboratory have demonstrated the need for further study of these devices in vivo to further elucidate the mechanisms involved in biocompatibility. The purpose of this investigation was to study the tissue-implant response resulting from the implantation of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (PE) coated with poly-L-lysine at 90 days post-implantation. In this investigation, implants of PE coated with poly-L-lysine and saline were implanted into 8 adult male rats subcutaneously (S/C) and intraperitoneally (I/P). At 90 days post-implantation, the animals were euthanized; and the PE devices, the fibrous tissue, and vital organs were harvested. Evaluation of routinely stained sections (5 microns, Hematoxylin & Eosin) of the fibrous tissue capsule surrounding the PE implants revealed the following: 1) all the devices had fibrous connective tissue capsules of slightly varying degrees of thickness surrounding them present at the time of sacrifice, 2) the thickness of the fibrous tissue capsule was dependent on the site of implantation and type of coating, 3) the thickness of the fibrous tissue capsules around the subcutaneous devices differed markedly than those retrieved from the peritoneal cavity, and 4) there were statistically significant differences (T-test, p < 0.05) in the numbers and types of cellular components with respect to implantation site and type of coating.
Threat assessment for missions in hostile territory - From the aircraft perspective (2013)

A fighter pilot flying an air mission within hostile territory is exposed to the risk of getting hit be enemy weapons. This paper presents a survivability model that can be used for calculating this risk and assessing the threat to the mission. The model consists of two components; a tracking model and a fire model. The tracking model calculates the probabilities that the enemy is tracking the aircraft and has identified it as hostile. The enemy's decision to fire a weapon depends on this probability but also on the enemy's intentions to hit the aircraft. The fire model estimates the aircraft's threat value, which describes how much threat the aircraft poses to the enemy's assets and influences the probability that a weapon is fired. Furthermore, the weapons' opportunities to hit the aircraft depend on the relative geometry between the aircraft velocity vector and the weapon launch positions. A reconnaissance mission is used for illustrating the model and the simulations show that the model enables a deeper analysis of the mission than previous approaches.
A Multiresolution Convolutional Neural Network with Partial Label\n Training for Annotating Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Images of Skin (2018)

We describe a new multiresolution "nested encoder-decoder" convolutional\nnetwork architecture and use it to annotate morphological patterns in\nreflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) images of human skin for aiding cancer\ndiagnosis. Skin cancers are the most common types of cancers, melanoma being\nthe deadliest among them. RCM is an effective, non-invasive pre-screening tool\nfor skin cancer diagnosis, with the required cellular resolution. However,\nimages are complex, low-contrast, and highly variable, so that clinicians\nrequire months to years of expert-level training to be able to make accurate\nassessments. In this paper, we address classifying 4 key clinically important\nstructural/textural patterns in RCM images. The occurrence and morphology of\nthese patterns are used by clinicians for diagnosis of melanomas. The large\nsize of RCM images, the large variance of pattern size, the large-scale range\nover which patterns appear, the class imbalance in collected images, and the\nlack of fully-labeled images all make this a challenging problem to address,\neven with automated machine learning tools. We designed a novel nested U-net\narchitecture to cope with these challenges, and a selective loss function to\nhandle partial labeling. Trained and tested on 56 melanoma-suspicious,\npartially labeled, 12k x 12k pixel images, our network automatically annotated\ndiagnostic patterns with high sensitivity and specificity, providing consistent\nlabels for unlabeled sections of the test images. Providing such annotation\nwill aid clinicians in achieving diagnostic accuracy, and perhaps more\nimportant, dramatically facilitate clinical training, thus enabling much more\nrapid adoption of RCM into widespread clinical use process. In addition, our\nadaptation of U-net architecture provides an intrinsically multiresolution deep\nnetwork that may be useful in other challenging biomedical image analysis\napplications.\n
Simple Strategy for Taming Membrane-Disrupting Antibiotics (2016)

A strategy has been devised for increasing the cellular selectivity of membrane-disrupting antibiotics based on the attachment of a facially amphiphilic sterol. Using Amphotericin B (AmB) as a prototype, covalent attachment of cholic acid bound to a series of α,ω-diamines has led to a dramatic reduction in hemolytic activity, a significant reduction in toxicity toward HEK293T cells, and significant retention of antifungal activity.