gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High‐efficiency broadband light coupling between optical fibers and photonic integrated circuits (2017)

Abstract Efficient light energy transfer between optical waveguides has been a critical issue in various areas of photonics and optoelectronics. Especially, the light coupling between optical fibers and integrated waveguide structures provides essential input‐output interfaces for photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and plays a crucial role in reliable optical signal transport for a number of applications, such as optical interconnects, optical switching, and integrated quantum optics. Significant efforts have been made to improve light coupling properties, including coupling efficiency, bandwidth, polarization dependence, alignment tolerance, as well as packing density. In this review article, we survey three major light coupling methods between optical fibers and integrated waveguides: end‐fire coupling, diffraction grating‐based coupling, and adiabatic coupling. Although these waveguide coupling methods are different in terms of their operating principles and physical implementations, they have gradually adopted various nanophotonic structures and techniques to improve the light coupling properties as our understanding to the behavior of light and nano‐fabrication technology advances. We compare the pros and cons of each light coupling method and provide an overview of the recent developments in waveguide coupling between optical fibers and integrated photonic circuits.
A novel mechanism for data streaming across multiple IP links for improving throughput and reliability in mobile environments (2003)

With ubiquitous computing and network access, multiple network conduits are becoming available to mobile as well as static hosts. Selection of the preferred mode of data transfer is a dynamic optimization problem depending on the type of application, its bandwidth/latency/jitter requirements, current network status, cost, power consumption, battery life, and so on. Furthermore, since wireless bandwidth is likely to remain a scarce resource, we foresee scenarios wherein mobile hosts require simultaneous data transfer across multiple IP interfaces to obtain higher overall bandwidth. We present a brief overview of related work identifying schemes that might be applicable to the problem, along with their feasibility, and pros and cons. We then propose a new mechanism to aggregate the bandwidth of multiple IP links by splitting a data flow across multiple network interfaces at the IP level. Our method is transparent to transport (TCP/UDP) and higher layers. We have analyzed the performance characteristics of the aggregation scheme and demonstrated significant gain when the links being aggregated have similar bandwidth and latency. The use of multiple interfaces also enhances reliability. Our analysis identifies the conditions under which the proposed scheme, or any other scheme that stripes a single TCP connection across multiple IP links, can be used to enhance throughput. Several interesting directions for future work have also been identified.
The effects of defaunation on the metabolism of lactic acid in the rumen (1986)

Abstract Two experiments examined the effects of defaunation on the ruminal metabolism of lactate. Three rumen‐cannulated sheep given a diet of molassed sugar beet pulp and barley (80:20) were used to study the effects of defaunation (with manoxol‐OT) on the metabolism of lactic acid produced endogenously from rumen fermentation. Defaunation increased mean ruminal concentrations of lactate from 3.4 mmol litre −1 to 8.9 mmol litre −1 but other rumen measurements remained virtually unchanged: pH, 6.3 and 6.3; molar proportions of acetic acid, 645 and 645 mmol mol −1 ; propionic acid, 189 and 197 mmol mol −1 and butyric acid 142 and 115 mmol mol −1 for the faunated and defaunated states respectively. In a second experiment, two groups each of four rumen‐cannulated sheep were used to study the effect of defaunation on the ruminal metabolism of added Na‐D, L lactate. One group of four was defaunated using a rumen‐washing technique whilst the other group of four remained faunated. The animals were given a diet of rolled barley and hay (60:40) and were given a series of intraruminal doses of Na‐D, L lactate from 0 to 100 g day −1 , increasing by 20 g day −1 every third day. Disappearance of added lactate was much more rapid in faunated animals: at the 100 g day −1 dose rate, L‐lactate concentrations had fallen from a peak of 6 g litre −1 to &gt;1 g litre −1 after 3 h whereas in defaunated sheep the peak of 6.5 g litre −1 was reduced to &gt;1 g litre −1 only after 7 h. In faunated animals lactate addition caused an increase in the ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) from 147 to 217 mmol litre −1 between the zero and 100 g day −1 dose rates, accompanied by an increase in the molar proportion of propionic acid from 190 to 320 mmol mol −1 . However, in defaunated animals there was only a small increase in total VFA concentrations from 94 to 106 mmol ml −1 with no change in the molar proportion of propionic acid and a small increase in butryric acid from 140 to 180 mmol mol −1 .
An ovine hepatorenal fibrocystic model of a Meckel-like syndrome associated with dysmorphic primary cilia and TMEM67 mutations (2017)

Meckel syndrome (MKS) is an inherited autosomal recessive hepatorenal fibrocystic syndrome, caused by mutations in TMEM67, characterized by occipital encephalocoele, renal cysts, hepatic fibrosis, and polydactyly. Here we describe an ovine model of MKS, with kidney and liver abnormalities, without polydactyly or occipital encephalocoele. Homozygous missense p.(Ile681Asn; Ile687Ser) mutations identified in ovine TMEM67 were pathogenic in zebrafish phenotype rescue assays. Meckelin protein was expressed in affected and unaffected kidney epithelial cells by immunoblotting, and in primary cilia of lamb kidney cyst epithelial cells by immunofluorescence. In contrast to primary cilia of relatively consistent length and morphology in unaffected kidney cells, those of affected cyst-lining cells displayed a range of short and extremely long cilia, as well as abnormal morphologies, such as bulbous regions along the axoneme. Putative cilia fragments were also consistently located within the cyst luminal contents. The abnormal ciliary phenotype was further confirmed in cultured interstitial fibroblasts from affected kidneys. These primary cilia dysmorphologies and length control defects were significantly greater in affected cells compared to unaffected controls. In conclusion, we describe abnormalities involving primary cilia length and morphology in the first reported example of a large animal model of MKS, in which we have identified TMEM67 mutations.
Secondary Electrons from Iron (1926)

Secondary electron emission from iron as a function of energy of primary electrons, 0 to 300 volts.---Curves showing ratio of secondary to primary electron current as a function of primary velocity were obtained with three forms of apparatus. Two have been previously described. The limiting curves obtained after red-heat treatment of samples of electrolytic Fe having very large crystals, and of chemically pure Fe obtained from Kahlbaum were similar to those obtained for a film of Fe deposited by evaporation. The curves all have sharp maxima at 1.2 and 7.0 volts with minima at 3.7 and 12.0 volts, and a less prominent maximum and minimum at 10.0 and 9.0 volts, respectively. Of several metals tried, Fe is the only one, in addition to Cu, for which such sharp maxima and minima have been obtained. Potentials corresponding to positions of the maxima are interpreted as critical potentials. A steady upward trend of the curve begins at 12.0 volts, which is interpreted as being due to ionized electrons. Slight changes in slope of the curve at higher potentials were observed but these varied with conditions, and hence are taken to have no real significance.Evidence of structure of evaporated Fe film.---While previous results for Cu indicate that a layer deposited by evaporation is amorphous, the present results indicate that a similarly formed layer of Fe is crystalline.
Peripheral quantitative computed tomography detects differences at the radius in prepubertal children with cystic fibrosis compared to healthy controls (2018)

In this group of pre-pubertal children with CF, measures of bone strength and density by both pQCT and DXA were reduced compared to healthy controls.
Salmonella Excludes Salmonella in Poultry: Confirming an Old Paradigm Using Conventional and Barcode-Tagging Approaches (2018)

<i>Salmonella</i> is one of the major foodborne bacterial pathogens, and the consumption of contaminated chicken meats isa primary route of <i>Salmonella</i> transmission into human food chains. However, the mechanism of <i>Salmonella</i> transmission within the chicken flock is not fully understood, including competition among <i>Salmonella</i> strains during chicken infection. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the competitive exclusion (CE) between different or same <i>Salmonella</i> species consecutively challenged through the oral route. Two different approaches were used to evaluate the CE effect, including tracking <i>Salmonella</i> colonization by wild-type strains with difference in natural antibiotic resistance or DNA barcode-tagged isogenic strains. When day-of-hatch chicks were administered by wild-type <i>S.</i> Typhimurium (ST) on day 1, followed by infection on day 2 by <i>S.</i> Enteritidis (SE) or vice versa, most of the birds were colonized only by the first strains administered (82% by ST or 83% by SE). When similar experiments were performed using two different isogenic barcode-tagged SE strains, Illumina sequencing analysis of the barcode region showed that the first barcode-tagged strains administered were dominant strains, ranging from 92 to 99% of the <i>Salmonella</i> recovered from ceca. These results provide quantitative evidence supporting the CE theory that oral administration of <i>Salmonella</i> will produce predominant inhibition over the subsequent colonization of ceca by the following administration one day later by different or same <i>Salmonella</i> species. We also showed that the use of barcode-tagged isogenic strains in combination with deep profiling of barcodes by Illumina sequencing can serve as a quantitative method for studying complex dynamics of <i>Salmonella</i> infection, transmission and colonization in poultry.
FreezeFramer: A prototype tool to monitor stress and heart rate variability. (2007)

This paper describes the design, architecture, and implementation of a software application, FreezeFramer, developed to help individuals manage stress. The application measures heart rate variability through a finger or earlobe clip-on sensor that reads pulse information. While a detailed subjective evaluation is on going, system performance analyses are reported here.
Auditory and audio–visual processing in patients with cochlear, auditory brainstem, and auditory midbrain implants: An EEG study (2017)

There is substantial variability in speech recognition ability across patients with cochlear implants (CIs), auditory brainstem implants (ABIs), and auditory midbrain implants (AMIs). To better understand how this variability is related to central processing differences, the current electroencephalography (EEG) study compared hearing abilities and auditory-cortex activation in patients with electrical stimulation at different sites of the auditory pathway. Three different groups of patients with auditory implants (Hannover Medical School; ABI: n = 6, CI: n = 6; AMI: n = 2) performed a speeded response task and a speech recognition test with auditory, visual, and audio-visual stimuli. Behavioral performance and cortical processing of auditory and audio-visual stimuli were compared between groups. ABI and AMI patients showed prolonged response times on auditory and audio-visual stimuli compared with NH listeners and CI patients. This was confirmed by prolonged N1 latencies and reduced N1 amplitudes in ABI and AMI patients. However, patients with central auditory implants showed a remarkable gain in performance when visual and auditory input was combined, in both speech and non-speech conditions, which was reflected by a strong visual modulation of auditory-cortex activation in these individuals. In sum, the results suggest that the behavioral improvement for audio-visual conditions in central auditory implant patients is based on enhanced audio-visual interactions in the auditory cortex. Their findings may provide important implications for the optimization of electrical stimulation and rehabilitation strategies in patients with central auditory prostheses. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2206-2225, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanometer scale wire structures fabricated by diffusion-induced selective disordering of a GaAs(AlGaAs) quantum well (1989)

A shallow zinc diffusion technique is used to selectively disorder a GaAs quantum well creating nanometer scale wire structures. Spectrally resolved cathodoluminescence images of the structures are presented as well as local spectra of cathodoluminescence emission from the structures. Blue shifting of the luminescence from the wire structures is observed.
Potential mechanism of emphysema: alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor recovered from lungs of cigarette smokers contains oxidized methionine and has decreased elastase inhibitory capacity. (1982)

The elastase inhibitory capacity per mg of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1 PI) was measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from 26 healthy smokers and 24 nonsmokers. Activity was decreased by 40% in smokers' BAL fluid compared to nonsmokers. This effect was demonstrable by using human neutrophil elastase as well as porcine pancreatic elastase as test enzyme (elastase, EC 3.4.21.11) and was reproducible when selected individuals in each group underwent lavage on repeated occasions. In contrast, the functional activity of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin was not decreased in smokers' BAL fluid. Crossed antigen-antibody electrophoresis confirmed that inactivation of alpha 1 PI was responsible for the decrease in the elastase inhibitory capacity of smokers' BAL fluid. alpha 1 PI purified from smokers' BAL fluids contained methionine sulfoxide (4 mol/mol of inactive alpha 1 PI), whereas alpha 1 PI from nonsmokers' BAL fluid did not. Smokers' alpha 1 PI was indistinguishable from nonsmokers' alpha 1 PI on the basis of electrophoretic mobility, molecular weight, and immunoreactivity. Thus, oxidation of methionine residues in lung alpha 1 PI is associated with cigarette smoking. Because chemical oxidation of alpha 1 PI in vitro causes loss of its elastase inhibitory activity, the present observations suggest that methionine oxidation may also be the cause of decreased functional activity of lung alpha 1 PI in smokers. Oxidative inactivation of alpha 1 PI in the lungs of cigarette smokers may play a role in the development of pulmonary emphysema in this group.
Multipulse NMR study of molecular motions in solids (1982)

In the present work we have investigated experimentally the influence of the parameters of the pulse sequence on the kinetics of magnetization decay over a wide temperature range. We have elucidated the optimum values of these parameters for increasing the acuracy with which the activation energy of the observed motions can be determined.
Evaluation of the Double Contrast Small Bowel Enema in Crohn's Disease of the Small Intestine (1983)

SUMMARY The Small Bowel Enema technique practised in 5 the Westmead Centre Radiology Department has been described. It was evaluated in 34 patients ‐ investigated for Crohn's disease of the small) intestine. It correctly identified ten patients with Crohn's disease and 24 normals, giving an accuracy of 100%. SBE and surgical findings matched if four patients with Crohn's disease. It is stressed that a meticulous examination technique is required to achieve a high degree of accuracy in the assess ment of small intestinal Crohn's disease. ABSTRACT The Double Contrast Small Bowel Enema (SBE) using Methylcellulose was used to evaluate the small bowel in 44 patients with suspected small bowel Crohn's disease. Thirty‐four of these patients subsequently had a definite diagnosis made by clinical and laboratory means, terminal ileal biopsy at colonoscopy or surgery. Ten patients were found to have Crohn's disease and 24 were normal or had another disease. The SBE correctly identified the ten patients with Crohn's disease and 24 who did not have Crohn's disease. The examination technique used is described in detail. Early changes of Crohn's disease are illustrated. The value of accurate diagnosis is discussed.
Biological pretreatment of poultry processing wastewater (1998)

A biological pretreatment plant for poultry processing wastewater was designed, using an aerated equalization tank followed by two high-rate moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) in series. No solids separation and sludge handling was installed. The solids from the pretreatment plant were discharged to the municipal sewer together with the pretreated wastewater. The pretreatment plant performed well, even at organic loads significantly higher than the design values. With a specific biofilm surface area of 250 m2/m3 and a total volumetric organic load of 30–45 kg COD/m3 × d on MBBR1, the removal of filtered COD was as high as 80% over MBBR1 and 90–95% over MBBR1 plus MBBR2.
TeslaTouch (2010)

We present a new technology for enhancing touch interfaces with tactile feedback. The proposed technology is based on the electrovibration principle, does not use any moving parts and provides a wide range of tactile feedback sensations to fingers moving across a touch surface. When combined with an interactive display and touch input, it enables the design of a wide variety of interfaces that allow the user to feel virtual elements through touch. We present the principles of operation and an implementation of the technology. We also report the results of three controlled psychophysical experiments and a subjective user evaluation that describe and characterize users' perception of this technology. We conclude with an exploration of the design space of tactile touch screens using two comparable setups, one based on electrovibration and another on mechanical vibrotactile actuation.
Conclusion (1985)

It is quite common for critics to conclude with avowals that they had no preconception of where their enquiry would lead them. I am not ashamed to confess that I had my end in view before I started. I wanted to show how one's conception of the end of man affects one's view of what he should be like, what he should do, and how it affects the possibilities of fictional form. To More and Johnson, the end of man was revealed, and self-proposed alternative ends are appraised by reference to that — the commonwealth or a choice of life leading to personal happiness. For George Eliot, the end was not divinely revealed, though it was inherited; and because it had not the status of revealed truth, it had to be made appealing through the rhetoric of form. The end had to be re-created within the form; and the form consequently could not function so completely as a means of appraisal; but her particular form, with the kinds of resistance which I have analysed, constitutes an at least partially successful discipline on the fantasies of self-proposed ends. In Lawrence, the end is self-proposed, not inherited; so it has to be not only made appealing but entirely generated within the form. So the form cannot function as resistance: in effect it advocates fantasy. In the three earlier writers, fiction works as a means of containing fantasy — recognising that it is a part of man's nature, but a part which needs to be held in check through self-consciousness. In Lawrence, the distinction between fiction and fantasy has disappeared — the fiction embodies the fantasy.
Europäische Prinzipien des Republikanismus (1999)

Die Bestandsaufnahme der europäischen Einigung in ihrer gegenwärtigen Gestalt hat gezeigt, daß dem republikanischen Projekt greifbare Entfaltungsmöglichkeiten in der Europäischen Union fehlen. So bleiben mehr hypothetisch die Fälle durchzuspielen, in denen republikanische Reformen auf die europäische Integration angewendet werden. So idealistisch ein solches Unternehmen aus der steuerungstheoretischen europapolitischen Perspektive anmutet, so selbstverständlich gehört es zum analytischen Geschäft des Demokratietheoretikers, der auf die Kluft, auf die Vermittlungsmöglichkeiten und auf die erwünschten Anpassungsprozesse zwischen demokratischen Normen und politischer Praxis aufmerksam zu machen hat. In den folgenden beiden Kapiteln IV und V geht es darum, die normativen Elemente des republikanischen Projekts noch einmal systematisch darzulegen und ihre konkreten Ansatzpunkte und Entfaltungsmöglichkeiten im Rahmen der europäischen Integration aufzuzeigen.
Automated fed-batch fermentation with feed-back controls based on dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH for production of DNA vaccines (1997)

A fermentation process in Escherichia coli for production of supercoiled plasmid DNA for use as a DNA vaccine was developed using an automated feed-back control nutrient feeding strategy based on dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH. The process was further automated through a computer-aided data processing system to regulate the cell growth rate by controlling interactively both the nutrient feed rate and agitation speed based on DO. The process increased the total yield of the plasmid DNA by approximately 10-fold as compared to a manual fed-batch culture. The final cell yield from the automated process reached 60 g L-1 of dry cell weight (OD600 = 120) within 24 h. A plasmid DNA yield of 100 mg L-1 (1.7 mg g-1 cell weight) was achieved by using an alkaline cell lysis method. Plasmid yield was confirmed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Because cells had been grown under carbon-limiting conditions in the automated process, acetic acid production was minimal (below 0.01 g L-1) throughout the fed-batch stage. In contrast, in the manual process, an acid accumulation rate as high as 0.36 g L-1 was observed, presumably due to the high nutrient feed rates used to maintain a maximum growth rate. The manual fed-batch process produced a low cell density averaging 10-12 g L-1 (OD600 = 25-30) and plasmid yields of 5-8 mg L-1 (approximately 0.7 mg g-1 cells). The improved plasmid DNA yields in the DO- and pH-based feed-back controlled process were assumed to be a result of a combination of increased cell density, reduced growth rate (mu) from 0.69 h-1 to 0.13 h-1 and the carbon/nitrogen limitation in the fed-batch stage. The DO- and pH-based feed-back control, fed-batch process has proven itself to be advantageous in regulating cell growth rate to achieve both high cell density and plasmid yield without having to use pure oxygen. The process was reproducible in triplicate fermentations at both 7-L and 80-L scales.
Regulation of Neuroinflammation by Herbal Medicine and Its Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases (2005)

Herbal medicine has long been used to treat neural symptoms. Although the precise mechanisms of action of herbal drugs have yet to be determined, some of them have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and/or anti-oxidant effects in a variety of peripheral systems. Now, as increasing evidence indicates that neuroglia-derived chronic inflammatory responses play a pathological role in the central nervous system, anti-inflammatory herbal medicine and its constituents are being proved to be a potent neuroprotector against various brain pathologies. Structural diversity of medicinal herbs makes them valuable source of novel lead compounds against therapeutic targets that are newly discovered by genomics, proteomics, and high-throughput screening.