gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Locally Administered Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor cDNA Increases Survival of Ischemic Experimental Skin Flaps (1998)

Microvascular surgery has emerged as an attractive area for recent advances in the field of gene therapy. The present study investigated the survival of ischemic, experimental skin flaps after treatment with the gene encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In 30 Sprague-Dawley rats, anterior abdominal skin flaps supplied by the epigastric artery and vein were created. Ten animals were treated with a mixture of liposomes and the cDNA encoding the 121-amino acid isoform of VEGF. Another 10 animals were treated with control plasmid DNA and liposome transfection medium; a third group of 10 animals was given physiologic saline. Each solution was injected directly into the femoral artery distal to the origin of the epigastric pedicle supplying the flap. Four days after injection, the pedicle was ligated and blood flow in the flap was approximated using dye fluorescence. Seven days later, the amount of viable tissue within the flap was measured by planimetry. After the animals were killed, specimens from both the operated and nonoperated sides of the abdomen were harvested for immunohistologic evidence of VEGF protein expression. Average dye fluorescence indices of the three groups (VEGF cDNA, control plasmid, and saline) 2 hours after pedicle ligation were 35.9, 23.9, and 53.9 percent, respectively (p < 0.05). Compared with the two control groups, flaps receiving VEGF cDNA had significantly greater tissue viability at the end of 7 days: 93.9 versus 28.1 percent for the control plasmid DNA group and 31.9 percent for the saline group (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining documented increased deposition of VEGF protein in flaps that were infused with the VEGF cDNA versus saline alone (p < 0.05). The results indicated that the survival of ischemic tissues can be enhanced by administration of a cDNA encoding VEGF, a protein known to be important in the process of angiogenesis and wound healing.
Visualization of Evaporatively Cooled Heat Exchanger Wetted Fin Area (2014)

At high ambient temperature, the air cooled HX capacity can be boosted by using evaporation of a water film applied directly on the heat exchanger surface in deluge, spray, or mist cooling mode. In order to accurately determine evaporatively cooled HX capacity, it is critical to know the portion of fin area wetted. However, wetting inherently is a highly non-uniform phenomenon dependent on the method of application, evaporation rate and air velocity. Furthermore, for typical optimized air cooled HXs the fin geometry is often complex and spacing narrow. This study presents a novel method to quantify HX wetted fin area through enhanced visualization in HX depth and sectional flow rate measurement. Flow maps for deluge and front spray cooling are presented at varying inlet air velocities and wetting water flow rates. This study confirms that a significant portion of HX remains dry which contributes to low experimentally obtained HX heat transfer rates, irrespective of wetting method even under moderate to high wetting water flow rates. Furthermore, it highlights the need for developing HX wetting technologies that ensure uniform wetting at lowest wetting flow rates.
Phase separation in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (1998)

Evidence is presented for phase separation in In0.27Ga0.73N/GaN multiple quantum wells. After annealing for 40 h at a temperature of 950 °C, the absorption threshold at 2.95 eV is replaced by a broad peak at 2.65 eV. This peak is attributed to the formation of In-rich InGaN phases in the active region. X-ray diffraction measurements show a shift in the diffraction peaks toward GaN, consistent with the formation of an In-poor phase. A diffraction peak corresponding to an In-rich phase is also present in the annealed material. Nanoscale In-rich InGaN precipitates are observed by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray chemical analysis.
Epileptogenesis after status epilepticus reflects age- and model-dependent plasticity (2000)

Although epilepsy often begins in childhood, factors that contribute to the development of epilepsy as a consequence of status epilepticus (SE) during early development are poorly understood. We investigated animal models in which seizure-induced epileptogenicity could be studied. Rats undergoing self-sustaining SE induced by perforant path stimulation (PPS) at the ages of postnatal day 21 (P21) and P35 were compared with those subjected to SE by lithium and pilocarpine (LiPC). Although only one animal subjected to PPS at P21 developed chronic spontaneous seizures by several months of observation, all the animals subjected to PPS at P35 became epileptic. In the LiPC model, however, most of the rat pups subjected to SE at P21 became epileptic. Animals with spontaneous seizures showed increased inhibition in the dentate gyrus, a characteristic of the epileptic brain, with evidence of mossy fiber synaptic reorganization. Examination of circuit recruitment by c-Jun immunohistochemistry showed activation restricted to the hippocampus in P21 animals subjected to PPS, although extensive activation of hippocampal and extrahippocampal structures was seen in pups subjected to PPS-induced self-sustaining SE at P35 or LiPC SE at P21. These results demonstrate that the appearance of epilepsy as a consequence of SE is influenced by the type of insult as well as by age-dependent circuit recruitment.
Cycloheptatrienyl-Cyclopentadienyl Heteroleptic Precursors for Atomic Layer Deposition of Group 4 Oxide Thin Films (2012)

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes for the growth of ZrO2 and TiO2 were developed using novel precursors. The novel processes were based on cycloheptatrienyl (CHT, -C7H7) – cyclopentadienyl (Cp, -C5H5) compounds of Zr and Ti, offering improved thermal stability and purity of the deposited oxide films. The CpMeZrCHT/O3 ALD process yielded high growth rate (0.7–0.8 Å/cycle) over a wide growth temperature range (300–450 °C) and diminutive impurity levels in the deposited polycrystalline films. Growth temperatures exceeding 400 °C caused partial decomposition of the precursor. Low capacitance equivalent thickness (0.8 nm) with low leakage current density was achieved. In the case of Ti, the novel precursor, namely CpTiCHT, together with ozone as the oxygen source yielded films with low impurity levels and a strong tendency to form the desired rutile phase upon annealing at rather low temperatures. In addition, the thermal stability of the CpTiCHT precursor is higher compared to the usually applied ALD precursors of Ti. The introduction of this new ALD precursor family offers a basis for further improving the ALD processes of group 4 oxide containing thin films for a wide range of applications.
Ultralow Reflection from a‐Si Nanograss/Si Nanofrustum Double Layers (2013)

A double-layer nanostructure comprising amorphous Si nanograss on top of Si nanofrustums (NFs) with a total height of 680 nm exhibits ultralow reflection. Almost near-unity absorption and near-zero reflectance result in this layered nanostructure, over a broad range of wavelengths and a wide range of angles of incidence, due to the low packing density of a-Si and the smooth transition of the refractive index from the air to the Si substrate across both the nanograss and NF layers.
Measurements of complex envelopes a mobile scenarios at 450 MHz (1989)

The phase statistics of the narrowband mobile channel in an urban environment are measured and compared with theory. The phase derivative (the random FM frequency) follows closely a student's t-distribution with the Doppler spread as the determining parameter. Moving averages taken over 5-m lengths indicate the nonstationarity of the channel and the gradual shift between groups of reflectors. In a few cases, a two-ray model is effective in explaining the periodicities measured. Correlations between the various parameters are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Acetonitrile based single step slot-die compatible perovskite ink for flexible photovoltaics (2019)

The demonstration of photovoltaic devices with high power conversion efficiencies using low cost perovskite materials hints at the possibility of dramatically lowering the cost of solar energy. Key to further exploiting the potential of these materials is developing rapid processing techniques that can be used to deliver lower cost high throughput manufacture. This work details the development of low viscosity rapid drying perovskite formulations designed to give high quality solar films when slot-die coated on flexible roll-to-roll compatible substrates. A single step slot-die compatible perovskite ink based on an acetonitrile/methylamine solvent system utilizing a chloride additive is developed, resulting in large area perovskite films from slot-die coating under ambient conditions. The drying conditions for the perovskite film are optimized and fast (<10 min), low temperature (<120 °C) drying of slot-die coated films on flexible substrates are demonstrated and result in high performance devices.
Differential Toxicity of DNA Adducts of Mitomycin C (2010)

The clinically used antitumor agent mitomycin C (MC) alkylates DNA upon reductive activation, forming six covalent DNA adducts in this process. This review focuses on differential biological effects of individual adducts in various mammalian cell cultures, observed in the authors′ laboratories. Evidence is reviewed that various adducts are capable of inducing different cell death pathways in cancer cells.This evidence is derived from a parallel study of MC and its derivatives 2,7‐diaminomitosene (2,7‐DAM) which is the main metabolite of MC and forms two mono‐adducts with DNA, and decarbamoyl mitomycin C (DMC), which alkylates and cross‐links DNA, predominantly with a chirality opposite to that of the DNA adducts of MC. 2,7‐DAM is not cytotoxic and does not activate the p53 pathway while MC and DMC are cytotoxic and able to activate the p53 pathway. DMC is more cytotoxic than MC and can also kill p53‐deficient cells by inducing degradation of Checkpoint 1 protein, which is not seen with MC treatment of the p53‐deficient cells. This difference in the cell death pathways activated by the MC and DMC is attributed to differential signaling by the DNA adducts of DMC. We hypothesize that the different chirality of the adduct‐to‐DNA linkage has a modulating influence on the choice of pathway.
Mixtures of Probabilistic Principal Component Analyzers (2001)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction, Latent Variable Models and PCA, Probabilistic PCA, Mixtures of Probabilistic Principal Component Analyzers, Local Linear Dimensionality Reduction, Density Modeling, Conclusions, Appendix A: Maximum Likelihood PCA, Appendix B: Optimal Least-Squares Reconstruction, Appendix C: EM for Mixtures of Probabilistic PCA, Acknowledgments, References
Meeting the Challenges in the Downhole Scale Control for High-Water-Production Horizontal Wells in Environmentally Sensitive Part of the Norwegian North Sea (2010)

Abstract Due to the seawater injections in one of in Norwegian Sea oil fields, sulfate scale depositions have been identified in the near well bore region and inside the production well. The scale inhibitor squeeze treatments are regularly carried out. Most of the production wells are horizontal producing with a fairly high water cut and increasing the squeeze treatment life is one of the major issues for the selection of scale inhibitors and placement technologies. In addition, the inhibitor selected has to be environmentally acceptable and meet the regulations from the environmental authorities. Both challenges from the high water production wells and environmental requirements limited the choice of the inhibitor candidate selections. Through extensive laboratory qualification testing, a newly developed polymer inhibitor was qualified for the field and satisfactory results were achieved from several field trials. This paper presents the inhibitor chemistry as well as the laboratory tests such as inhibitor efficiency, compatibility and inhibitor core flood. The environmental properties of the chemistry will be outlined. A comparison was made between the field treatments using this polymer inhibitor and widely applied polymer chemistries. The treatment optimization using a software package will also be highlighted. The field has utilized the gelled scale inhibitor package and the technology improved the inhibitor placement in the horizontal well. The updated treatment data will be reviewed in this paper.
Multistage committees of deep feedforward convolutional sparse denoise autoencoder for object recognition (2015)

Deep learning and unsupervised feature learning systems are known to achieve good performance in benchmarks by using extremely large architectures with many features at each layer. However, we found that the number of features' contribution to performance is very small when it is more than the threshold. Meanwhile, the size of pooling layer has an important influence on performance. In this paper, we present an unsupervised method to improve the classification result by going deep and combining multistage classifiers in a committee with a small amount of features at each layer. The network is trained layer-wise via denoise autoencoder (dA) with L-BFGS to optimize convolutional kernels and no backpropagation is used. In addition, we regularize the dA encouraging representations to fit sparse for each coding layer. We apply it on the STL-10 dataset which has very few training examples and a large amount of unlabeled data. Experimental results show that our method presents higher performance than the existing ones on the condition via individual network.
Evaluation of Laser- and Radiofrequency-Generated Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesions in the Cat (1988)

The current study was designed to measure and compare the size of dorsal root entry zone lesions made in the midthoracic spinal cord of anesthetized cats with a carbon dioxide laser and the radiofrequency (RF) probe utilizing currently employed clinical parameters. Cats were monitored intraoperatively with somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) derived from stimulation of the ipsilateral posterior tibial nerve in order to assess the acute effect of lesion production on function within the ipsilateral dorsal column. Daily postoperative neurologic evaluations were recorded. The lesioned segments of spinal cord from sacrificed animals were examined histologically to determine the extent of cord injury at 1 and 30 days. SSEPs remained normal for the laser group, but were uniformly attenuated or lost in the RF group. Neurologically, the laser group fared better, with only a mild transient monoparesis, compared to a persistent moderate paraparesis for the RF group. On histologic examination, the depths of the laser and electrode lesions were similar, but the RF lesions showed more lateral spread. Laser lesions comprised 4.4 +/- 1.6% of the cross-sectional area of the spinal cord whereas the RF lesions occupied 22.8 +/- 4%. These findings demonstrate that at the parameters employed, the carbon dioxide laser produces smaller lesions than does the RF electrode.
Magnetically Guided Laser Ablation for High Specific Impulse Thrusters (2005)

The work presented in this paper explores the possibilities of increasing specific impulse of ALP by generating the ablative plasma in a strong magnetic field. A magnetic field of 4.5 Tesla was used to direct a laser (1064 nm YAG, 200-450 mJ/pulse) generated plasma in order to create a virtual nozzle and increase specific impulse. The work demonstrated that the magnetic field normal to the target surface serves to contain high pressure, high temperature plasma plume ejected from the surface. A pendulum was used to measure the thrust with and without magnetic field. It has been shown that for the conditions used in this experiment, magnetic field increased the thrust by a factor of 2.
Aminoglycosides elicit PI3-kinase-mediated Akt/PKB activation in Opossum Kidney cells. (2002)

Recent advances in chromosome conformation capture technologies are improving the current appreciation of how 3D genome architecture affects its function in different cell types and disease. Long-range chromatin interactions are organized into topologically associated domains, which are known to play a role in constraining gene expression patterns. However, in cancer cells there are alterations in the 3D genome structure, which impacts on gene regulation. Disruption of topologically associated domains architecture can result in alterations in chromatin interactions that bring new regulatory elements and genes together, leading to altered expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Here, we discuss the impact of genetic and epigenetic changes in cancer and how this affects the spatial organization of chromatin. Understanding how disruptions to the 3D architecture contribute to the cancer genome will provide novel insights into the principles of epigenetic gene regulation in cancer and mechanisms responsible for cancer associated mutations and rearrangements.
Distribution and Excretion of Capsular Antigen after Immunization with Haemophilus influenzae Type b Polysaccharide-Neisseria meningitidis Outer Membrane Protein Conjugate Vaccine (1990)

The occurrence of Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide antigenemia and antigenuria following immunization was studied in 48 healthy 2-month-old infants. Each received a conjugate vaccine consisting of H. influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide covalently linked to Neisseria meningitidis serotype b outer membrane protein at 2 and 4 months of age. Infants were alternated at enrollment for collection of blood and urine after either the first or second dose. Specimens were obtained "early" (2-3 days) after immunization and "late" (7 days) after immunization and assayed for antigen. Antigen was detected in the serum of 3 (6%) of 48 infants, uniformly in the "early" specimen obtained after the first dose of vaccine. Antigenuria occurred in 37 (80%) of 46 infants; for greater than or equal to 7 days in 12 (26%). Antigenuria was frequent after administration of the vaccine but antigenemia was not. These data should be considered in the evaluation of an infant with suspected H. influenzae type b invasive disease.
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 8 in the Amygdala Modulates Thermal Threshold, Neurotransmitter Release, and Rostral Ventromedial Medulla Cell Activity in Inflammatory Pain (2011)

The amygdala is a crucial area in controlling the threshold of pain and its emotional component. The present study has evaluated the effect of a metabotropic glutamate 8 receptor (mGluR8) stimulation in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) on the thermoceptive threshold and on CeA serotonin (5-HT), glutamate (Glu), and GABA release in normal and carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain conditions in rats. Furthermore, the activity of rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) putative "pronociceptive" ON and "antinociceptive" OFF cells has been evaluated. (S)-3,4-Dicarboxyphenylglycine [(S)-3,4-DCPG], a selective mGluR8 agonist, administered into the CeA, did not change 5-HT, Glu, and GABA release, or the thermoceptive threshold, nor did it modify the activity of ON and OFF cells of the RVM in normal animals. In rats treated with carrageenan, intra-CeA (S)-3,4-DCPG perfusion produced antinociception, and increased 5-HT and Glu, whereas it decreased GABA release. Intra-CeA (S)-3,4-DCPG inhibited ON and increased OFF cell activities. Furthermore, an increase in mGluR8 gene, protein, and staining, the latter being associated with vesicular GABA transporter-positive profiles, has been found in the CeA after carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain. These results show that stimulation of mGluR8, which was overexpressed within the CeA in inflammatory pain conditions, inhibits nociceptive behavior. Such an effect is associated with an increase in 5-HT and Glu release, a decrease in GABA, and the inhibition of ON- and the stimulation of OFF-cell activities within RVM.
A System and Methodology for Measuring Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Hydroponic Lettuce in a Controlled Environment (1996)

A system and methodology were developed for the nondestructive qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile emissions from hydroponically grown 'Waldmann's Green' leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), photoperiod, and temperature were automatically controlled and monitored in a growth chamber modified for the collection of plant volatiles. The lipoxygenase pathway products (Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate were emitted by lettuce plants after the transition from the light period to the dark period. The volatile collection system developed in this study enabled measurements of volatiles emitted by intact plants, from planting to harvest, under controlled environmental conditions.
[Measurement and analysis of copper in soil using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy]. (2010)

The present paper analyzed the characteristics of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) of metal element Cu in soil using the Nd:YAG (wavelength: 1064 nm) laser as the excitation source, where the spectral signals were detected by the highly resolved and wide spectral echelle spectrograph and intensified charge coupled device (ICCD). The time evolution of the characteristic spectral line of Cu was obtained by changing the delay time of ICCD at the same concentration and the gate of ICCD with wavelength of 329. 396 nm of Cu as the characteristic spectral line, from which the best delay time 1.1 micros was found. By measuring the intensities of the characteristic spectral line with different Cu concentrations, it was demonstrated that the intensities of the spectral line increased with the concentration of Cu under the condition of low concentration From the results the LIBS calibration curve of Cu was obtained, and by fitting calculation the detection limit of Cu in soil at 13. 36 microg x g(-1) was obtained.
Hydrolytic Activity and Ultrastructural Changes in Fruit Skins from Two Prickly Pear (Opuntiasp.) Varieties during Storage (2002)

The activity of four cell wall hydrolases, pectinmethylesterase (PME), polygalacturonase (PG), cellulase, and beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal), was measured in fruit skins of two prickly pear varieties, Naranjona and Charola, during storage at 18 degrees C and 85-95% relative humidity (RH). In Naranjona (Opuntia ficus indica), of short postharvest life (ca. 2 weeks), PG, cellulase, and beta-Gal increased their activity more than twice, whereas PME activity tended to increase only slightly during storage. In Charola (Opuntia sp.), of long postharvest life (ca. 2 months), only beta-Gal increased its activity (77%), showing a high PG activity from the beginning of storage. Transmission electron microscopy observations showed middle lamella dissolution at the end of storage for both varieties. Naranjona showed a higher cell wall enzymatic activity than Charola, in agreement with their storability differences. Our results suggest that PG and cellulase in Naranjona and PG and beta-Gal in Charola are the main enzymes responsible for cell wall hydrolytic and ultrastructural changes in skins of stored prickly pears.