gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Submerged Arc Welding (1993)

Abstract Submerged arc welding (SAW) is an arc welding process in which the arc is concealed by a blanket of granular and fusible flux. This article provides a schematic illustration of a typical setup for automatic SAW and discusses the advantages and limitations and the process applications of SAW. The article discusses flux classification relative to production method, relative to effect on alloy content of weld deposit, and relative to basicity index. It describes the procedural variations and the effect of weld current, weld voltage, electrical stickout, travel speed, and flux layer depth on weld bead characteristics. The article concludes with information on weld defects, such as lack of fusion, slag entrapment, solidification cracking, hydrogen cracking, or porosity.
Examination of suitability of performance based contracts for the Turkish road maintenance sector (2020)

Over the last decades, many countries have been in the search of new contracting types for the road maintenance sector to increase the efficiency and to reduce the cost. Lately, Performance based Contracting (PBC) became a popular approach for road maintenance (RM). Although there are many studies and cases that present the affirmative results of PBC, changing the RM system from the traditional contracting methods to PBC, is very compelling. Turkey has made huge investments in road construction sector and maintenance activities in recent years. These investments will lead to excessive road maintenance costs in the near future. Moreover, sustaining the quality of road networks can be a challenge. PBC is known to be very promising to maintain the road network on a permanently good level of service. However, based on the existing conditions and expectations of each country, a custom PBC system needs to be established. Hence, the objective of this study is to acquire the perspectives of road users and experts on the quality of the existing RM services and their expectations. Moreover, it was aimed to examine the perspective of experts to the current contracting method and PBC. For this purpose, three interviews were performed with senior road experts, and two sets of surveys were designed. The first survey targeted road users and the second survey targeted road experts from different stakeholders (e.g., designers, consultants, road agency). Consequently, the majority of participants stated that the current RM services require improvement and PBC has the potential to address this need.
Joint Analysis of BICEP2/Keck ArrayandPlanckData (2015)

We report the results of a joint analysis of data from BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck. BICEP2 and Keck Array have observed the same approximately 400 deg^{2} patch of sky centered on RA 0 h, Dec. -57.5°. The combined maps reach a depth of 57 nK deg in Stokes Q and U in a band centered at 150 GHz. Planck has observed the full sky in polarization at seven frequencies from 30 to 353 GHz, but much less deeply in any given region (1.2 μK deg in Q and U at 143 GHz). We detect 150×353 cross-correlation in B modes at high significance. We fit the single- and cross-frequency power spectra at frequencies ≥150 GHz to a lensed-ΛCDM model that includes dust and a possible contribution from inflationary gravitational waves (as parametrized by the tensor-to-scalar ratio r), using a prior on the frequency spectral behavior of polarized dust emission from previous Planck analysis of other regions of the sky. We find strong evidence for dust and no statistically significant evidence for tensor modes. We probe various model variations and extensions, including adding a synchrotron component in combination with lower frequency data, and find that these make little difference to the r constraint. Finally, we present an alternative analysis which is similar to a map-based cleaning of the dust contribution, and show that this gives similar constraints. The final result is expressed as a likelihood curve for r, and yields an upper limit r_{0.05}<0.12 at 95% confidence. Marginalizing over dust and r, lensing B modes are detected at 7.0σ significance.
On the contribution of biomedical engineering and technology to the understanding and the management of arterial hypertension (1998)

There are several reasons why arterial blood pressure, i.e. the pressure within the large arterial vessels, is out of the physical parameters of the human body, one of the most frequently measured. Firstly, arterial blood pressure is a physiologically meaningful parameter, since it represents the driving pressure generated by the heart which maintains blood perfusion in the periphery. Secondly, it is a clinically important parameter: a decline of arterial blood pressure (e.g. in shock) may represent a life-threatening emergency which requires prompt recognition and correction; elevated blood pressure (hypertension) on the other hand is a very common condition, which bears a high risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity and can be controlled with appropriate pharmacological means. Thirdly, but not lastly, arterial blood pressure is easily measurable with a fair degree of accuracy by the standard manual sphygmomanometric method and, more recently, by non-invasive automatic techniques. This paper discusses some of the aspects related to arterial blood pressure measurement, in which, in the author's opinion, medical engineering and technology are expected to provide useful advancements. Two major areas will be considered. The first regards the methodologies for arterial blood pressure assessment; the second the identification and acquisition of information additional to blood pressure which would be helpful for a better understanding of blood pressure measurements and/or of risk profiling. For the purpose of this brief paper, we shall mainly use examples and reasonings from our own experience.
[Treatment strategy of vascular complications of acute aortic dissection]. (1992)

Aortic branch occlusion may constitute the mode of presentation or become an important focus of treatment in patients sustaining acute aortic dissection. We reviewed the outcome of 187 consecutive patients (149 males and 38 females, mean age 58 yrs) with acute dissection of the thoracic aorta who were admitted and operated in our clinic during a 13-year period. We assessed the incidence, the consequences and the specific management of stenotic and obstructive lesions of the aorta and its branches. Noncardiac vascular complications occurred in 59 patients (32%); out of these complications, 38 were associated with dissection type A (incidence 28%) and 21 with dissection type B (incidence 48%). Trend towards decreasing overall surgical mortality was observed in the second part (1983-1989) of the study when compared with the first part (1977-1982): it was 28% versus 12%. Although aortic rupture and cardiac tamponade were the strongest correlate of morbidity and mortality, death specifically related to vascular complication was more common when such malperfusion occurred in the carotid, coelio-mesenteric and renal circulation. Proximal aortic repair at the site of the intimal tear with obliteration of the false lumen may have restore adequate distal circulation in 27 patients in whom improvement of the visceral or peripheral ischemia was observed after the thoracic aortic repair. Additional procedures (immediately after the thoracic repair or later on) were necessary in 15 patients to restore adequate perfusion in the compromised area. Early aggressive thoracic aortic repair followed in selected patients by additive vascular procedures can save some patients with compromise visceral or peripheric circulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A novel type of ultra fast and ultra soft recovery SiGe/Si heterojunction power diode with an ideal ohmic contact (2004)

A novel type of p+(SiGe)–n−–n+ heterojunction switching power diode with high-speed capability is presented to overcome the drawbacks of existing power diodes. The improvement is achieved by using a p+–n+ mosaic layer as a substitute for the n+ region in the conventional p+(SiGe)–n−–n+ diode to realize an `ideal ohmic' contact for electrons and holes simultaneously. Compared with conventional p+(SiGe)–n−–n+ diodes, the ideal ohmic contact p+(SiGe)–n−–n+ diodes have about one third of the reverse recovery time and a half of peak reverse recovery current. Furthermore, the softness factor increases nearly two times and the leakage current decreases 1–2 orders of magnitude. These improvements are achieved without resorting special process step to lower the carrier lifetime and thus the devices could be easily integrated into power ICs. The Ge percentage content of p+(SiGe) layer is an important parameter for the optimal device design.
Formally Verified Next-generation Airborne Collision Avoidance Games in ACAS X (2022)

The design of aircraft collision avoidance algorithms is a subtle but important challenge that merits the need for provable safety guarantees. Obtaining such guarantees is nontrivial given the unpredictability of the interplay of the intruder aircraft decisions, the ownship pilot reactions, and the subtlety of the continuous motion dynamics of aircraft. Existing collision avoidance systems, such as TCAS and the Next-Generation Airborne Collision Avoidance System ACAS X, have been analyzed assuming severe restrictions on the intruder’s flight maneuvers, limiting their safety guarantees in real-world scenarios where the intruder may change its course. This work takes a conceptually significant and practically relevant departure from existing ACAS X models by generalizing them to hybrid games with first-class representations of the ownship and intruder decisions coming from two independent players, enabling significantly advanced predictive power. By proving the existence of winning strategies for the resulting Adversarial ACAS X in differential game logic, collision-freedom is established for the rich encounters of ownship and intruder aircraft with independent decisions along differential equations for flight paths with evolving vertical/horizontal velocities. We present three classes of models of increasing complexity: single-advisory infinite-time models, bounded time models, and infinite time, multi-advisory models. Within each class of models, we identify symbolic conditions and prove that there then always is a possible ownship maneuver that will prevent a collision between the two aircraft.
EXTH-58. DEVELOPING POLYMERIC SCAFFOLDS TO ENHANCE NEURAL STEM CELL THERAPY FOR POST-OPERATIVE GLIOBLASTOMA (2016)

Genetically engineered tumoricidal neural stem cells (tNSCs) are a promising therapy for the highly aggressive brain cancer Glioblastoma (GBM). tNSC therapy recently entered human patent testing based on the strength of pre-clinical studies. Yet, retention of tNSCs within the surgical resection cavity is emerging as a major limitation to this promising therapy. We recently discovered that polymeric scaffolds significantly increase the persistence of therapeutic stem cells in the GBM resection cavity, remain permissive to stem cell tumoritropic homing, and markedly prolong the survival of mice with post-operative GBM. Limitations to previous scaffold designs were likely to prevent the effective application of scaffold/tNSC therapy in a clinical setting. In this study, we combined human tNSCs currently in human patient testing with a panel of bio-degradable polymeric scaffolds to 1) explore the scaffold parameters required to maximize scaffold/tNSC treatment of post-surgical GBM and 2) achieve a scaffold design compatible with eventual patient testing. Using mouse models of GBM resection/recurrence, we tested polymeric poly(L-lactic acid (PLA) scaffolds and found that varying fiber diameter, three-dimensionality, and coating all increased tNSC delivery compared to the clinical standard of direct injection. Delivery was maximal when tNSC were delivered on gelatin-based matrices (GeM). GeM increased tNSC levels 8-fold three days post-delivery compared to direct injection, while prolonging persistence in the surgical cavity 9-fold. GeM remained permissive to tNSC migration as tNSCs populated minimal ­residual tumor foci boarding the resection cavity. Mirroring human patient testing, GeM/tNSC intra-cavity pro-drug enzyme therapy reduced the volumes of surgically resected patient-derived GBMs 11-fold at 35 days post-surgery and extended median survival of tumor-bearing mice from 31 to 46 days. Together, these data begin to define design parameters necessary to engineer effective scaffold/tNSC therapies and suggest a new approach to maximizing the efficacy of tNSC therapy in human patient trials.
2A1-Q04 Flow control Valve Using Particle Excitation by Torsional Vibrator(Mechanism and Control for Actuator (1)) (2014)

Pneumatic actuators can achieve compliance and flexibility easily. For the above-mentioned reasons, pneumatic actuators are used in widely fields of medical treatments and industries. However the pneumatic control vale that can control air flow rate smoothly is large scale weigh. The purpose of this study is development of the new flow control valve using torsional vibration. This valve can control air flow continuously and drive by power saving. In this report, firstly we show basic mechanism of the valve and expound the advantage to drive by low power. Next we designed the prototype of this valve using FEM. Finally, we confirmed the principle of the valve.
Design of an Average-Current-Mode Noninverting Buck–Boost DC–DC Converter With Reduced Switching and Conduction Losses (2012)

With the rapid growth of battery-powered portable electronics, an efficient power management solution is necessary for extending battery life. Generally, basic switching regulators, such as buck and boost converters, may not be capable of using the entire battery output voltage range (e.g., 2.5-4.7 V for Li-ion batteries) to provide a fixed output voltage (e.g., 3.3 V). In this paper, an average-current-mode noninverting buck-boost dc-dc converter is proposed. It is not only able to use the full output voltage range of a Li-ion battery, but it also features high power efficiency and excellent noise immunity. The die area of this chip is 2.14 × 1.92 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , fabricated by using TSMC 0.35 μm 2P4M 3.3 V/5 V mixed-signal polycide process. The input voltage of the converter may range from 2.3 to 5 V with its output voltage set to 3.3 V, and its switching frequency is 500 kHz. Moreover, it can provide up to 400-mA load current, and the maximal measured efficiency is 92.01%.
Characterization and expression of cDNA encoding coproporphyrinogen oxidase from a patient with hereditary coproporphyria (1994)

Hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) is an acute hepatic porphyria with autosomal dominant inheritance, but with a variable degree of clinical expression. Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression of the defective gene for coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPO) in a patient with HCP were carried out. Enzyme assays revealed that CPO activity in EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells from the proband and one of her sisters was approximately 50% of normal. Nucleotide sequence analysis of CPO cDNAs isolated from the proband's cells demonstrated three base substitutions, and three accompanying amino acid substitutions. An A514-->C transition causing a Asn172-->His substitution occurred in one allele, while two other transitions, G265-->A and G580-->A, caused Gly89-->Ser and Val194-->Ile substitutions, respectively, in the other allele. The A514-->C and the G580-->A transitions are known genetic polymorphisms. Transfection of CPO cDNA into Escherichia coli demonstrated that cDNA with the G265-->A transition produced a protein with less than 5% of normal enzyme activity. These findings indicate that the G265-->A transition, involving the highly conserved glycine residue at the 89th position, is responsible for the CPO defect in the patient and accounts for the partial deficiency of CPO activity in this pedigree.
An evaluation of defect-oriented test: WELL-controlled low voltage test (2002)

This paper presents an evaluation of defect-oriented test that targets bridging defects or leakage defects in the deep sub-micron process. As the power supply voltage or the threshold voltage (Vt) decreases, the detection of these defects becomes more difficult. Therefore the effectiveness of each test method should be clarified. In this paper we newly propose the WELL-controlled low voltage (WLV) test, which is a low-voltage test with substrate back biasing, and prove that it detects the defects that are not detected by the IDDQ test. The effectiveness of the WLV test for a small gate-width circuit is also discussed for a noisy environment when the very-low-voltage (VLV) test is inapplicable.
Exploring the Catalytic Mechanism of Human Glutamine Synthetase by Computer Simulations (2016)

Glutamine synthetase is an important enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent formation of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. In mammals, it plays a key role in preventing excitotoxicity in the brain and detoxifying ammonia in the liver. In plants and bacteria, it is fundamental for nitrogen metabolism, being critical for the survival of the organism. In this work, we show how the use of classical molecular dynamics simulations and multiscale quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations allowed us to examine the structural properties and dynamics of human glutamine synthetase (HsGS), as well as the reaction mechanisms involved in the catalytic process with atomic level detail. Our results suggest that glutamine formation proceeds through a two-step mechanism that includes a first step in which the γ-glutamyl phosphate intermediate forms, with a 5 kcal/mol free energy barrier and a -8 kcal/mol reaction free energy, and then a second rate-limiting step involving the ammonia nucleophilic attack, with a free energy barrier of 19 kcal/mol and a reaction free energy of almost zero. A detailed analysis of structural features within each step exposed the relevance of the acid-base equilibrium related to protein residues and substrates in the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reactions. These results provide a comprehensive study of HsGS dynamics and establish the groundwork for further analysis regarding changes in HsGS activity, as occur in natural variants and post-translational modifications.
On the Influence of Various Kinds of Salts on the Action of Takadiastase (1952)

I 60 種の塩類を各種の濃度に蒸溜水に溶解し, この中に於て麹 Diastase の作用が受ける影響について比較した。総ての燐酸塩及び塩化物中のNaClは特に促進効果大きいがその程度は燐酸塩が徐々で広範囲の濃度 (反応液1l 中2000mg でも促進) で促進効果あるに対しNaClは急激で定濃度 (反応液 1l 中100-200mg) を起すや一変して阻害を為す。又単独の NH4OH は勿論他種の陽イオンの塩で何等促進性を示さないものでも NH4°の塩になると殆ど総て促進効果を有し, 従つて燐酸アンモニアは他の塩を凌鴛して促進性を示すがその最適濃度は他の燐酸塩より遙かに低く100mgである。II Diastaseを常法によりα-Amylase, β-Amylase+Maltase及びMaltaseの区分に分け各々に対する燐酸ソーダ, 食塩, 硫酸アンモン, Buffer (M/20 phosphate buffer) の影響を比較した。之等の塩は全Diastase及びMaltaseに対しては顕著な促進効果を示すがα-Amylaseの作用に対しては殆ど影響が無い。又β-A=mylase+Maltaseに対して燐酸ソーダが多少の影響を及ぼす外は殆ど見る可き促進性を示さない事より, 結局Diastaseに対する塩類の影響は主としてMaltaseに対する影響に帰せられると推論した。然しこの推論はβ-Amylaseを単独に分離しその作用に対する塩類の影響が証明されるまでは延ばされなければならない。又Diastaseに対する塩類の促進性は単に澱粉粒による酵素吸着の防止にあるものとは云い難い。III 前記実験の反応液を協会7号酵母によつて醗酵させた。醗酵の有無と塩類の種類との関係については酵母の一般生理に関して知られる所と異らずNH4°は醗酵を定常的に起させるのに効果的である。Diastase作用と醗酵との関係については作用液中の生成還元糖量はどんな場合でも全Diastase作用系が最大であるがその醗酵力は常にβ-Amylase+Maltase作用系が最大である。又どんな作用系にせよbufferを用いた場合が常に醗酵力が旺盛である。終りに本研究に当り御鞭撻を賜つた山田正一, 松本憲次両先生に感謝すると共に助力された岩下晴七, 羽成久彌の二氏に御礼中上げる。
Molecular monitoring and mutation analysis of patients with advanced phase CML and Ph+ ALL receiving dasatinib (2010)

As a result of the excellent responses achieved in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia since the introduction of imatinib, sensitive techniques such as reverse transcriptase real-time PCR are warranted to monitor patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Our objective was to determine the value of molecular monitoring Ph-positive leukemias under dasatinib treatment. We used real-time PCR and ABL1 kinase domain sequencing on sequential samples from 11 patients with Philadelphia-positive leukemias who received dasatinib. We were able to detect pre-existing mutations in the kinase domain of BCR-ABL1 in four patients, particularly in patients with high BCR-ABL1 transcript levels. Most mutations disappeared with dasatinib, however, in five patients a clone with T315I appeared during dasatinib treatment. We conclude that sensitive molecular monitoring with real-time PCR for BCR-ABL1 transcripts and mutation screening of the ABL1 kinase domain of patients with Philadelphia-positive leukemias are valuable for patient management, however, mutation findings should be interpreted with caution, as mutant clones not always behave in vivo as predicted by in vitro assays.
Macrophages as a Therapeutic Target in Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Way to Overcome Immunotherapy Resistance? (2022)

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common malignancy and the fifth cause of cancer death in men. The treatment for localized or locally advanced stages offers a high probability of cure. Even though the therapeutic landscape has significantly improved over the last decade, metastatic PC (mPC) still has a poor prognosis mainly due to the development of therapy resistance. In this context, the use of immunotherapy alone or in combination with other drugs has been explored in recent years. However, T-cell directed immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown limited activity with inconclusive results in mPC patients, most likely due to the highly immunosuppressive PC tumor microenvironment (TME). In this scenario, targeting macrophages, a highly abundant immunosuppressive cell type in the TME, could offer a new therapeutic strategy to improve immunotherapy efficacy. In this review, we summarize the growing field of macrophage-directed immunotherapies and discuss how these could be applied in the treatment of mPC, focusing on their combination with ICIs.
Aerial RIS-Aided Physical Layer Security: Optimal Deployment and Partitioning (2023)

&lt;p&gt;This paper proposes a novel approach for enhancing physical layer security (PLS) in wireless networks by utilizing a combination of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) and artificial noise (AN). The proposed aerial RIS (A-RIS) concept utilizes a RIS-attached unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that hovers over the network area to improve the signal quality for legitimate users and jam that of illegitimate ones. We propose a method of virtually partitioning the RIS, such that the partition phase shifts are configured to improve the intended signal at a legitimate user while simultaneously increasing the impact of AN on illegitimate users. Additionally, thanks to the availability of closed-form optimal RIS portions, the proposed deployment approaches converge in less than a second, making it suitable for dynamic A-RIS deployment.&lt;/p&gt;