gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How bad is selfish routing? (2002)

We consider the problem of routing traffic to optimize the performance of a congested network. We are given a network, a rate of traffic between each pair of nodes, and a latency function for each edge specifying the time needed to traverse the edge given its congestion; the objective is to route traffic such that the sum of all travel times---the total latency---is minimized.In many settings, it may be expensive or impossible to regulate network traffic so as to implement an optimal assignment of routes. In the absence of regulation by some central authority, we assume that each network user routes its traffic on the minimum-latency path available to it, given the network congestion caused by the other users. In general such a "selfishly motivated" assignment of traffic to paths will not minimize the total latency; hence, this lack of regulation carries the cost of decreased network performance.In this article, we quantify the degradation in network performance due to unregulated traffic. We prove that if the latency of each edge is a linear function of its congestion, then the total latency of the routes chosen by selfish network users is at most 4/3 times the minimum possible total latency (subject to the condition that all traffic must be routed). We also consider the more general setting in which edge latency functions are assumed only to be continuous and nondecreasing in the edge congestion. Here, the total latency of the routes chosen by unregulated selfish network users may be arbitrarily larger than the minimum possible total latency; however, we prove that it is no more than the total latency incurred by optimally routing twice as much traffic.
Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Severity of Disease in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (2003)

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), a disease that occurs primarily in women, is characterized by cystic lung lesions causing respiratory failure, which may require lung transplantation. Lung diffusion (DLCO) and/or FEV1 are decreased, but frequently not in parallel with each other. Because cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides information that is not obtainable from resting cardiopulmonary tests, we performed CPET in 217 LAM patients and correlated exercise data with clinical markers of severity, computed tomography scans, lung function, and histology. VO2max was decreased in 162 patients, of whom 28 did not reach anaerobic threshold; 29 had low oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold, and 54 developed hypoxemia. Hypoxemia occurred even in patients with near normal DLCO and FEV1. VO2max decreased with an increasing score of histologic LAM severity and was correlated with computed tomography scans, the use of oxygen, and resting PaO2. DLCO and FEV1, however, were the only significant predictors of VO2max. We conclude that CPET uncovers the presence of exercise-induced hypoxemia and assists in grading the severity of disease and determining supplemental oxygen requirements in patients with LAM.
Time-based criteria for performance comparison of resource-intensive user tasks in virtual desktops (2014)

In order to reduce the costs of maintaining user applications and increase their scalability and manageability, companies are increasingly implementing virtual desktop infrastructures (VDI). The most important factor in migration from traditional desktops to virtual desktops is the quality of user experience, which directly depends on thin-client protocols performance in VDIs. Performance measurement of thin-client protocols is a complex task because it involves a combined analysis of intensive resource consumption along multiple dimensions (CPU, memory, and network bandwidth) between data centers and thin-client user sites. In this paper, we create a novel method and a “VDtest” benchmarking toolkit for comparing the performance of common thin-client protocols such as RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) and PCoIP (PC-over-IP) for resource-intensive user tasks involved in graphics-based applications, using a set of “time-based criteria” such as: task downloading time, application processing time, time of video data output to thin-client console and time for I/O operations. Through empirical data analysis relating to these criteria for JPEG-transform tasks with VDtest featuring different image sizes, we show the dominant criteria to evaluate thin-client protocol performance, and explore suitable configurations based on their influence on CPU, memory and network bandwidth resources.
Improved Embedding for Prediction-Based Reversible Watermarking (2011)

This paper aims at reducing the embedding distortion of prediction error expansion reversible watermarking. Instead of embedding the entire expanded difference into the current pixel, the difference is split between the current pixel and its prediction context. The modification of the context generates an increase of the following prediction errors. Global optimization is obtained by tuning the amount of data embedded into context pixels. Prediction error expansion reversible watermarking schemes based on median edge detector (MED), gradient-adjusted predictor (GAP), and a simplified GAP version, SGAP, are investigated. Improvements are obtained for all the predictors. Notably good results are obtained for SGAP-based schemes. The improved SGAP appears to outperform GAP-based reversible watermarking.
Blood Pressure Classification of 2017 Associated With Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in Young Chinese Adults (2020)

The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association introduced new guidelines for blood pressure (BP) classification in 2017. We explored associations between the newly defined categories and eventual cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, stroke, and all-cause mortality in young Chinese adults. In the community-based Kailuan Study, 16 006 participants aged 18 to 40 years and examined at baseline in 2006/2007 underwent 2-yearly follow-up examinations up to 2016 to 2017. Taking the highest BP reading recorded by manual sphygmomanometry at baseline in 2006 to 2007, we categorized the BP according to the new guidelines. Outcome parameters were CVD events, stroke, and all-cause mortality. During follow-up (mean: 10.9±0.63 years), we observed 458 events (CVD, 167; stroke, 119; and all-cause death, 172). After multivariable adjustment, hazard ratios for CVD events were for elevated BP 0.80 (95% CI, 0.28-2.30), stage 1 hypertension 1.82 (95% CI, 1.12-2.94), and stage 2 hypertension 3.54 (95% CI, 2.18-5.77) versus normal BP. Similar results were obtained for stroke and all-cause death. In Cox regression analysis with BP category entered as time-dependent covariate, stage 1 hypertension was not associated with increased risk (<i>P</i>>0.10). In the subgroup of individuals taking antihypertensive medication during follow-up, none of the BP categories was significantly associated with the incidence of CVD events. During a mean follow-up of 10.9 years, the newly defined category of stage 1 hypertension in young untreated Chinese adults aged <40 years at baseline was associated with an increased risk for CVD, stroke, and all-cause mortality. This increased risk occurred, however, after progression to stage 2 hypertension. The data may help validating the new BP classification system for young adult Chinese.
Otto and diesel cycles employing spinning gas (2023)

An internal combustion engine is disclosed and includes a main cylinder and main piston that are relatively axially displaceable along a main axis to define a variable volume main working chamber. At least one valve is configured to admit air and fuel into the working chamber forming an air/fuel mixture. The main cylinder is configured to cause the air/fuel mixture in the main cylinder to spin rapidly enough to cause a substantive change in the heat capacity of the air/fuel mixture creating a spinning air/fuel mixture. The main cylinder and main piston are configured to compress the spinning air/fuel mixture to create an ignitable spinning air/fuel mixture. The spinning air/fuel mixture is ignited and the main cylinder and main piston are configured to extract mechanical energy from the ignited spinning air/fuel mixture. An exhaust valve is configured to exhaust combustion products from the main working chamber.
GNSS spoofing detection using multiple mobile COTS receivers (2015)

In this paper we deal with spoofing detection in GNSS receivers. We derive the optimal genie detector when the true positions are perfectly known, and the observation errors are Gaussian, as a benchmark for other detectors. The system model considers three dimensional positions, and includes correlated errors. In addition, we propose several detectors that do not need any position knowledge, that outperform recently proposed detectors in many interesting cases.
Clinical outcomes from a retrospective registry of patients with locally advanced/metastatic synovial sarcoma and myxoid round cell liposarcoma. (2019)

e22520 Background: Outcomes of patients (pts) with advanced synovial sarcoma (SS) and myxoid/round cell sarcoma (MRCL) is lacking. Current data is limited to single institution studies or post hoc analyses of clinical trials. To understand the natural history of these subtypes of soft tissue sarcoma we performed a systematic analysis of SS and MRCL patients from large medical institutions. Methods: Data was abstracted at 7 U.S. centers for pts treated from 2005 to 2015. Advanced SS or MRCL were eligible if they had received chemotherapy and were 18 years or older. The primary endpoint was overall survival, and secondary endpoints were progression free survival, time to next treatment, time to new distant metastasis. Results: 350 pts with locally advanced (LA), unresectable and/or or metastatic (Met) SS (n = 249) and MRCL (n = 101) were analyzed. The median age at diagnosis was 40 years for SS pts (58.2% male). The median age of MRCL pts was 50 years (67.3% male). 249 SS pts all had ≥ 1line of therapy, 74.7% had ≥2 lines of treatment. All MRCL pts received ≥1 line of treatment, 72.3% had ≥2 lines. The clinical outcomes (median overall survival (OS), progression free survival (PFS), time to next treatment (TTNT) and time to distant metastasis (TTDM)) from start of first-line chemotherapy are: The OS and PFS from second line chemotherapy decreased for all evaluable pts (n = 259) was 17.9 months (mos) [95% confidence interval (CI) (15.0, 22.3)]; 3.9 mos (3.4, 4.8), respectively. A similar trend toward shortened OS and PFS were seen with each subsequent line of chemotherapy. Conclusions: This registry analyzing real-world clinical outcomes among advanced SS and MRCL pts is the most comprehensive performed to date. It provides data on clinical outcomes depending on line of therapy and can provide the backbone for better patient management and design of future clinical trials.[Table: see text]
Understanding of the Co-deposition of Calcium Sulphate and Calcium Carbonate Deposition in ESP (2021)

Abstract Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) in oilfield is prone to scale deposition, largely due to temperature increases by motor heating, and turbulent flow and high shear inside of pump. In this work, the formation of calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate were studied under a range of conditions that could possibly be encountered in ESPs. The produced water chemistry changes from 100% formation water to mixed formation water and injected seawater over time. The scaling tendency and potential mass deposition are simulated using a thermodynamic prediction model. Dynamic scale loop tests were carried out to study the calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate and co-deposition under field conditions. The results indicate that the risk of calcium carbonate scale at the initial stage of production in both downhole and ESP. With the breakthrough of seawater, the risk of calcium sulphate scale increases, and harsh calcium sulphate scale could form in ESP. This study also suggests that the interference between CaSO4 and CaCO3 formation is minor under the test conditions. These findings will be used to develop the scale mitigation strategies.
Distributed Collaborative Modeling Support System Associating UML Diagrams with Chat Messages (2009)

With the advancement of network technology and globalization of business, distributed software development has become in common. Along with this trend, distributed synchronous collaborative modeling support systems have been proposed. This study points out two issues traditional systems have; they donpsilat relate conversations with model diagrams, and they canpsilat replay histories of modeling by associating contents of conversations with elements of model diagrams. The authors developed a distributed synchronous collaborative modeling support system for UML diagrams, called Libra-on-Chat, which solved the issues. As the results of an experiment, the system allowed participants to focus on elements in a diagram under discussion. It also enabled developers to grasp design rationale in review.
Description, Output and Development Prospects of a 750 C Helium Direct Cycle Nuclear Power Plant With a Single Turbomachine and Intermediate Cooling (1977)

The concept of a helium cycle nuclear power plant with a single turbomachine located outside the P.C.R.V. in a leaktight basement is being studied. Main features of the system are pointed out, as are the favorable aspects it offers for a satisfactory design of the plant, a high safety level, a good efficiency for electricity generation associated with a dry cooling tower and heat recovery in good conditions for heating or industrial purposes. Above all, the high technological credibility due to the temperature of 750 C is worth being emphasized. In this paper, a 750 C/800 MWe power plant (2000 MWt) with one intercooler is presented as an example of a possible first generation of gas turbine HTGR. Development prospects for higher power levels, 1000/2000 MWe, are also investigated, at first with one but also with two intermediate coolers, taking into consideration the somewhat higher-helium temperature. The net plant efficiencies, for electricity generation only, range from 40 to 45 percent.
Neural Network Modeling of Melting Temperatures for Sulfur-Containing Organic Compounds # (2002)

Motivation. Searching for a comprehensive numerical description of the chemical structure and for methods that enable to develop effective and credible QSPR (quantitative structure–property relationships) models represent significant challenges for the contemporary theoretical chemistry. Among these methods artificial neural networks (ANN) appears to be very promising in obtaining models that convert structural features into different properties of chemical compounds. Method. Two different models relating structural descriptors to melting temperatures of sulfur containing organic compounds are developed using ANN. A new set of molecular descriptors is evaluated to determine their suitability for QSPR studies. Using two data sets containing 150 sulfides and 226 sulfones, ANN trained with the back propagation and conjugated gradient algorithms are able to predict the melting temperatures with good accuracy. Results. The results obtained show a good predictive ability for the ANN models, giving R 2 cv equal to 0.880 and 0.794 for the sulfides and sulfones, respectively. Conclusions. The QSPR studies described in this paper provide strong evidence that the tested structural descriptors are useful and effective for the ANN modeling of the melting temperatures of sulfides and sulfones.
Keeping Authorities âHonest or Bustâ with Decentralized Witness Cosigning (2016)

AbstractâThe secret keys of critical network authorities â such as time, name, certificate, and software update services â represent high-value targets for hackers, criminals, and spy agencies wishing to use these keys secretly to compromise other hosts. To protect authorities and their clients proactively from undetected exploits and misuse, we introduce CoSi, a scalable witness cosigning protocol ensuring that every authoritative statement is validated and publicly logged by a diverse group of witnesses before any client will accept it. A statement S collectively signed by W witnesses assures clients that S has been seen, and not immediately found erroneous, by those W observers. Even if S is compromised in a fashion not readily detectable by the witnesses, CoSi still guarantees Sâs exposure to public scrutiny, forcing secrecy-minded attackers to risk that the compromise will soon be detected by one of the W witnesses. Because clients can verify collective signatures efficiently without communication, CoSi protects clientsâ privacy, and offers the first transparency mechanism effective against persistent man-inthe-middle attackers who control a victimâs Internet access, the authorityâs secret key, and several witnessesâ secret keys. CoSi builds on existing cryptographic multisignature methods, scaling them to support thousands of witnesses via signature aggregation over efficient communication trees. A working prototype demonstrates CoSi in the context of timestamping and logging authorities, enabling groups of over 8,000 distributed witnesses to cosign authoritative statements in under two seconds.
Low profile plastic quad flat package: LPPQFP (2003)

The effects of stress on the mechanical integrity of the high pin-count surface-mount PQFP packages and on very large (500 mil) IC dies have been studied experimentally. Passivation cracks, metal movement, and crack propagation in the package are examined. Changes in package design that improve the resistance to thermal excursions of surface-mounted devices are described. A factorial experiment is reviewed that used package thickness, lead-frame materials, and adhesion promoters as the variables. The latest ultra-low-stress molding compounds and passivations were studied. The affect of adding stress buffers to mold compounds, particularly crack passivation, is emphasized. Also included are experimental data using a package-development test die to electrically characterize the effects of the various package design and material changes as well as the system performance during various stress tests such as temperature cycle, thermal shock, moisture preconditioning/crack resistance and moisture resistance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Poster reception---Human arterial tree simulation on TeraGrid (2006)

The human arterial tree consists of a complex network of branching blood vessels leading from the heart to arterioles, capillaries, and venules - comprising the microcirculation. The numerical simulation of the blood flow in a single part of the human arterial tree requires hundreds of CPUs; a full human arterial tree will require thousands of CPUs. Nowadays, we can use geographically distributed supercomputers connected by a fast network to perform large-scale simulations.Nektar-G2 is the grid-enabled version of Nektar, software developed at Brown University, that allows to solve problems on geographically distributed supercomputers. The topology-aware feature of MPICH-G2 is utilized to enforce an efficient data distribution strategy. Multi-level message passing algorithms minimizes the inter-site communication. Our ultimate goal is to model blood flow interaction of different regions of the cardiovascular system and to establish a biomechanics gateway on the TeraGrid.During poster presentation we will present results of ongoing project.
ChemInform Abstract: INTERPRETATION OF THE PSEUDOCONTACT MODEL FOR NUCLEAR MAGNETIC SHIFT REAGENTS PART 6, DETERMINATION OF THE STEREOISOMERIC RELATIONSHIPS OF FOUR STRUCTURALLY ISOMERIC METHYLBICYCLOOCTENOLS (1975)

Abstract Aus Bicyclooctenon (I) entstehen bei der Methylierung mit NaH/Methyljodid die beiden Methylverbindungen (II) und (V), deren Reduktion die vier isomeren Carbinole (III), (IV), (VI) und (VII) liefert.
Auditory Psychophysics and Aids for the Deaf (1989)

Contains table of contents for Section 2, an introduction and list of sponsors and principal investigators for six research projects.
Biosynthetic Code for Divergolide Assembly in a Bacterial Mangrove Endophyte (2014)

Divergolides are structurally diverse ansamycins produced by a bacterial endophyte (Streptomyces sp.) of the mangrove tree Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. By genomic analyses a gene locus coding for the divergolide pathway was detected. The div gene cluster encodes genes for the biosynthesis of 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoate and the rare extender units ethylmalonyl-CoA and isobutylmalonyl-CoA, polyketide assembly by a modular type I polyketide synthase (PKS), and enzymes involved in tailoring reactions, such as a Baeyer-Villiger oxygenase. A detailed PKS domain analysis confirmed the stereochemical integrity of the divergolides and provided valuable new insights into the formation of the diverse aromatic chromophores. The bioinformatic analyses and the isolation and full structural elucidation of four new divergolide congeners led to a revised biosynthetic model that illustrates the formation of four different types of ansamycin chromophores from a single polyketide precursor.
Stratus: Load Balancing the Cloud for Carbon Emissions Control (2013)

Large public cloud infrastructure can utilise power which is generated by a multiplicity of power plants. The cost of electricity will vary among the power plants and each will emit different amounts of carbon for a given amount of energy generated. This infrastructure services traffic that can come from anywhere on the planet. It is desirable, for latency purposes, to route the traffic to the data centre that is closest in terms of geographical distance, costs the least to power and emits the smallest amount of carbon for a given request. It is not always possible to achieve all of these goals so we model both the networking and computational components of the infrastructure as a graph and propose the Stratus system which utilises Voronoi partitions to determine which data centre requests should be routed to based on the relative priorities of the cloud operator.
Loss of Incretin Effect Is a Specific, Important, and Early Characteristic of Type 2 Diabetes (2011)

Whereas glucose-tolerant individuals are capable of adjusting their insulin secretion to their actual insulin sensitivity, people with type 2 diabetes are incapable of doing so (1). β-Cell failure is therefore the hallmark of this disease, although failure may be precipitated by the development of insulin resistance, typically as a consequence of obesity. In healthy subjects, a considerable part of the postprandial insulin response is due to the actions of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Together, the two hormones are responsible for the so-called incretin effect, i.e., the amplification of insulin secretion that is observed when glucose is taken orally as opposed to infused intravenously to provide identical plasma glucose concentrations (2).

Although frequently ignored, the effect strongly depends on the dose of glucose (3). A convenient way of describing the effect is to calculate the gastrointestinally mediated glucose disposal (GIGD) (4). Here the amount of glucose required by intravenous infusion to copy the glucose excursions after the oral load is related to the oral load. Thus, if 25 g is required to copy a 75-g oral glucose load, the GIGD amounts to 100 × (75 – 25)/75 = 66%. In other words, mechanisms associated with and activated by the oral ingestion resulted in a disposal of 75 – 25 = 50 g of the ingested glucose. In healthy subjects, most of the GIGD is accounted for by the actions of the incretin hormones, but inhibition of hepatic glucose production by suppression of glucagon secretion, hepatic uptake of glucose from the portal vein, and gut-brain or liver-brain reflex activity may also play a role. GIGD is particularly useful in the study of oral glucose handling in C-peptide–negative patients with type 1 diabetes, where the classical incretin definitions have no meaning (4). In a …