gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Homologs of Histamine as Histamine H3 Receptor Antagonists: A New Potent and Selective H3 Antagonist, 4(5)-(5-Aminopentyl)-1H-imidazole (1995)

The influence of alkyl chain length variation on the histamine H3 receptor activity of histamine homologs 1 was investigated. A series of 4(5)-(omega-aminoalkyl)-1H-imidazoles 1 was prepared with an alkyl chain length varying from one methylene group to 10 methylene groups. Besides the H3 activity, the affinities of these compounds for the H1 and H2 receptors were determined. The ethylene chain of histamine is optimal for agonistic activity on all three histamine receptor subtypes. For the H3 receptor, elongation of the alkyl chain from three methylene groups on leads to compounds with antagonistic properties. 4(5)-(5-Aminopentyl)-1H-imidazole (impentamine, 1e) is the most potent and selective H3 antagonist from this series of 4(5)-(omega-aminoalkyl)-1H-imidazoles 1, with a pA2 value of 8.4 (on guinea pig jejunum). A specific antagonistic binding site for this compound is proposed.
Fast concurrent object localization and recognition (2009)

Object localization and recognition are important problems in computer vision. However, in many applications, exhaustive search over all object models and image locations is computationally prohibitive. While several methods have been proposed to make either recognition or localization more efficient, few have dealt with both tasks simultaneously. This paper proposes an efficient method for concurrent object localization and recognition based on a data-dependent multi-class branch-and-bound formalism. Existing bag-of-features recognition techniques which can be expressed as weighted combinations of feature counts can be readily adapted to our method. We present experimental results that demonstrate the merit of our algorithm in terms of recognition accuracy, localization accuracy, and speed, compared to baseline approaches including exhaustive search, implicit-shape model (ISM), and efficient sub-window search (ESS). Moreover, we develop two extensions to consider non-rectangular bounding regions-composite boxes and polygons-and demonstrate their ability to achieve higher recognition scores compared to traditional rectangular bounding boxes.
Tackling hypertension via adrenal ablation - the development of novel immunohistochemical ablation biomarkers (2018)

Microwave thermal ablation is under consideration for minimally invasive treatment of unilateral and bilateral adrenal adenomas, symptomatic of Conn's syndrome. Currently available microwave technologies are illsuited to precise ablation of small adrenal targets. In this study we report on the use of immunohistochemical markers as accurate microscopic markers of ablation damage extent. This ex vivo study will aid in efforts towards the design of microwave ablation systems for targeting adrenal masses. Microwave ablation was carried out on ex vivo bovine adrenal glands using various power outputs and ablation durations. The area of damage was assessed using histopathological, immunohistochemical and densitometry techniques. The immunohistochemical analysis illustrated the feasibility of this technique to microscopically detect the area of cell damage in tissue accurately. These results will aid in further investigation and development of microwave technology for precise ablation of adrenal masses.
Acoustic Scene Classification (2014)

In this article we present an account of the state-of-the-art in acoustic scene classification (ASC), the task of classifying environments from the sounds they produce. Starting from a historical review of previous research in this area, we define a general framework for ASC and present different imple- mentations of its components. We then describe a range of different algorithms submitted for a data challenge that was held to provide a general and fair benchmark for ASC techniques. The dataset recorded for this purpose is presented, along with the performance metrics that are used to evaluate the algorithms and statistical significance tests to compare the submitted methods. We use a baseline method that employs MFCCS, GMMS and a maximum likelihood criterion as a benchmark, and only find sufficient evidence to conclude that three algorithms significantly outperform it. We also evaluate the human classification accuracy in performing a similar classification task. The best performing algorithm achieves a mean accuracy that matches the median accuracy obtained by humans, and common pairs of classes are misclassified by both computers and humans. However, all acoustic scenes are correctly classified by at least some individuals, while there are scenes that are misclassified by all algorithms.
Attitudes to Offences (1962)

Up to now this report has dealt with employers' attitudes to offences only indirectly. We have tended to infer the nature of the attitudes from the ways in which particular cases have been handled by the employers concerned. This is not only logical but, for the offender, is the acid test to which, ultimately, any principle must be put. To the man seeking a job it is no consolation to know that his case is a special one where the employer's liberal principles cannot be applied.KeywordsSmall FirmLarge FirmRejection RateWork StaffQualified AnswerThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Differential membrane potential and ion current responses to different types of shear stress in vascular endothelial cells (2004)

Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) distinguish among and respond differently to different types of fluid mechanical shear stress. Elucidating the mechanisms governing this differential responsiveness is the key to understanding why early atherosclerotic lesions localize preferentially in arterial regions exposed to low and/or oscillatory flow. An early and very rapid endothelial response to flow is the activation of flow-sensitive K(+) and Cl(-) channels that respectively hyperpolarize and depolarize the cell membrane and regulate several important endothelial responses to flow. We have used whole cell current- and voltage-clamp techniques to demonstrate that flow-sensitive hyperpolarizing and depolarizing currents respond differently to different types of shear stress in cultured bovine aortic ECs. A steady shear stress level of 10 dyn/cm(2) activated both currents leading to rapid membrane hyperpolarization that was subsequently reversed to depolarization. In contrast, a steady shear stress of 1 dyn/cm(2) only activated the hyperpolarizing current. A purely oscillatory shear stress of 0 +/- 10 dyn/cm(2) with an oscillation frequency of either 1 or 0.2 Hz activated the hyperpolarizing current but only minimally the depolarizing current, whereas a 5-Hz oscillation activated neither current. These results demonstrate for the first time that flow-activated ion currents exhibit different sensitivities to shear stress magnitude and oscillation frequency. We propose that flow-sensitive ion channels constitute components of an integrated mechanosensing system that, through the aggregate effect of ion channel activation on cell membrane potential, enables ECs to distinguish among different types of flow.
Accuracy of the Broselow Tape in South Sudan, “The Hungriest Place on Earth” (2015)

The Broselow tape and age-based formulas selected for comparison were all markedly inaccurate in both the nonmalnourished and the malnourished populations studied, worsening with increasing malnourishment. Additional studies should explore appropriate methods of weight and dosage estimation for populations of low- and low-to-middle-income countries and regions with a high prevalence of malnutrition.
315 Measurement of Particle Flow-rate by the Static Electricity under Varied Vibration Conditions (2006)

This paper is concerned with a newly developed measurement technique of particle flow-rate in gas-solids pipe flow based on the static electrification of particles. The method is found to be feasible to detect the flow-rate as small as 0.5 g/s for large alumina particles of 0.3mm in mass median diameter. Here we investigated the effect of sensor vibration on the detection sensitivity to get fundamental data for practical applications of the sensor in various particulate processes such as sand blasting. Jet tests with alumina particles were carried out using a vibration exciter under various frequencies and amplitudes. According to the experiments, it was found that the detection sensitivity was increased by the vibration and the sensor could be applied even if the vibration was as large as 30G. It was also found that the resonance of the sensor vibration had no serious effect on the measurement of particle flow-rate.
The Metabolism of Benzoate and Methylbenzoates via the meta‐Cleavage Pathway by Pseudomonas arvilla mt‐2 (1972)

Pseudomonas arvilla mt‐2 grows at the expense of benzoate, m ‐toluate (3‐methylbenzoate) and p ‐toluate (4‐methylbenzoate), but not o ‐toluate (2‐methylbenzoate). Under various conditions compounds with spectra characteristic of muconic semialdehydes can be made to accumulate in the media. These spectra indicate that benzoate is metabolised through catechol and 2‐hydroxymuconic semialdehyde (2‐hydroxy‐6‐oxohexa‐2,4‐dienoate), m ‐toluate through 3‐methylcatechol and 2‐hydroxy‐6‐oxohepta‐2,4‐dienoate and p ‐toluate through 4‐methylcatechol and 2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylmuconic semialdehyde (2‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐6‐oxohexa‐2,4‐dienoate). Freshly harvested cells grown on all three substrates only consume oxygen at a significant rate when presented with the growth substrates themselves and catechol and the methylcatechols, but not with salicylate, protocatechuate or phenol or the cresols. Extracts of cells grown on these substrates contain high induced levels of the suite of meta cleavage enzymes, including both the hydrolytic branch and the 4‐oxalocrotonate branch. The substrate specificity of the early enzymes of the pathway suggests that only one non specific enzyme expresses each activity in cell‐free extracts and that it is nonspecifically induced during growth on all three carbon sources. It is suggested that the metabolic role of the hydrolytic branch of the pathway is the assimilation of 3‐methylcatechol and its precursor, and that of the 4‐oxalocrotonate branch is to assimilate catechol and 4‐methylcatechol and their precursors. o ‐Toluate is not metabolised because it is neither a substrate for the benzoate oxidase system nor an inducer of any of the meta pathway enzymes. It appears that benzoate and m‐ and p‐ ‐toluates are the substrate inducers of the meta pathway enzymes in this organism. The ortho pathway is induced on incubating cells with catechol and the first inducer appears to be cis,cis ‐muconate or possibly catechol itself.
The Source of Plasma Dihydrotestosterone in Man (1971)

The source of plasma dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) in humans has been investigated by infusing two potential peripheral precursors, testosterone (T) and androstenedione (A). Metabolic clearance rates (MCR), conversion ratios (CR), transfer constants (rho), and blood production rates (P(B)) were calculated. Plasma testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were measured by competitive binding techniques. The MCR(DHT) was 652 +/-35 (SD) liters/day in five males and 314 +/-63 (SD) liters/day in four adult females. In each individual, the MCR(DHT) was significantly lower than MCR(T) as predicted by testosterone-binding protein affinity studies. The P(B) (DHT) was 302 +/-65 (SD) mug/day in males and 56 +/-26 mug/day in females. Testosterone and androstenedione are precursors (prehormones) for plasma dihydrotestosterone. The conversion ratio CR(BB) (T-DHT), calculated as the ratio of counts per minute per liter of plasma of product to precursor after infusion of labeled precursor, was 5.6 +/-0.6 (SD)% (six subjects) in the male and 3.5 +/-0.4 (SD)% (four subjects) in the female. CR(BB) (A-DHT) after androstenedione infusion to three female subjects averaged 9.2%. No dihydrotestosterone back conversion was detected (< 0.2%). The transfer constants were [rho]BB(T-DHT), 3.9 +/-1.0% (male) and 1.7 +/-0.6% (female), and [rho]BB(A-DHT) average was 13.3% in three female subjects. Using either plasma testosterone and dihydrotestosterone values from our subjects and mean androstenedione values as reported in the literature, approximate contributions can be calculated. Testosterone conversion accounts for at least 70% of plasma DHT in the male, but less than 20% in the normal female. Androstenedione appears to be a major prehormone of plasma dihydrotestosterone accounting for at least two-thirds plasma dihydrotestosterone by peripheral conversion in adult females. In three normal women undergoing tubal ligation, there was an unimpressive gradient between ovarian vein and peripheral plasma dihydrotestosterone. It is suggested that dihydrotestosterone in the blood does not arise from direct secretion but may reflect events occurring in peripheral androgen target tissues.
Exploring the Effects of Environment Density and Target Visibility on Object Selection in 3D Virtual Environments (2007)

Object selection is a primary interaction technique which must be supported by any interactive three-dimensional virtual reality application. Although numerous techniques exist, few have been designed to support the selection of objects in dense target environments, or the selection of objects which are occluded from the user's viewpoint. There is, thus, a limited understanding on how these important factors will affect selection performance. In this paper, we present a set of design guidelines and strategies to aid the development of selection techniques which can compensate for environment density and target visibility. Based on these guidelines, we present two techniques, the depth ray and the 3D bubble cursor, both augmented to allow for the selection of fully occluded targets. In a formal experiment, we evaluate the relative performance of these techniques, varying both the environment density and target visibility. The results found that both of these techniques outperformed a baseline point cursor technique, with the depth ray performing best overall.
An Exploratory Study of Plan-View Terrain Displays for Air Carrier Operations (1993)

Two prototypical terrain situational awareness (TSA) displays were examined in a preliminary part-task simulation study using the MIT Aeronautical Systems Laboratory Advanced Cockpit Simulator. Pilots, qualified on autoflight aircraft, flew simulated approaches while using a moving-map terrain display in addition to typical glass-cockpit navigation displays. During the simulation, TSA was evaluated by issuing erroneous air traffic control (ATC) vectors toward hazardous terrain. When given vectors toward such terrain, there was a 50% overall hazard-recognition rate when pilots used a terrain display based on current terrain-depiction methods and a 78% recognition rate when using a terrain display based on smoothed-contour terrain depiction. After the subject-pilots realized they could not rely on ATC for terrain separation, hazard-recognition rates increased from 20% to 62% for the display based on current depiction methods and from 25% to 93% for the smoothed-contour display. Advanced terrain displays appear to be an effective means by which flight crews can ensure terrain separation without reliance on ATC.
Detection of the Emerging Picornavirus Senecavirus A in Pigs, Mice, and Houseflies (2016)

Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging picornavirus that has been recently associated with an increased number of outbreaks of vesicular disease and neonatal mortality in swine. Many aspects of SVA infection biology and epidemiology remain unknown. Here, we present a diagnostic investigation conducted in swine herds affected by vesicular disease and increased neonatal mortality. Clinical and environmental samples were collected from affected and unaffected herds and were screened for the presence of SVA by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and virus isolation. Notably, SVA was detected and isolated from vesicular lesions and tissues of affected pigs, environmental samples, mouse feces, and mouse small intestine. SVA nucleic acid was also detected in houseflies collected from affected farms and from a farm with no history of vesicular disease. Detection of SVA in mice and housefly samples and recovery of viable virus from mouse feces and small intestine suggest that these pests may play a role on the epidemiology of SVA. These results provide important information that may allow the development of improved prevention and control strategies for SVA.
Investigation of Sectoral Scanning in Selective Laser Melting (2010)

Selective laser melting (SLM), a powder metallurgical (PM) additive manufacturing (AM) technology, is able to produce fully functional parts directly from standard metal powders without using any intermediate binders or any additional post-processing steps. During the process, a laser beam selectively scans a powder bed according to the CAD data of the part to be produced and completely melts the powder particles together. Stacking and bonding two-dimensional powder layers in this way, allows production of fully dense parts with any geometrical complexity. The scanning of the powder bed by the laser beam can be achieved in several different ways, one of which is island or sectoral scanning. In this way, the area to be scanned is divided in small square areas (‘sectors’) which are scanned in a random order. This study is carried out to explore the influence of sectoral scanning on density, surface quality, mechanical properties and residual stresses formed during SLM. The experiments are carried out on a machine with an Nd:YAG laser source using AISI 316L stainless steel powder. As a result of this experimental study, it is concluded that sectoral scanning has some advantages such as lower residual stresses and better surface quality. However, the selection of parameters related to sectoral scanning is a critical task since it may cause aligned porosity at the edges between sectors or scanned tracks, which is very undesired in terms of mechanical properties.
Valsartan in the Treatment of Primary Hypertension — Polish Multicenter, Randomised Study (2000)

Wstep Celem pracy jest ocena skuteczności hipotensyjnej i tolerancji walsartanu u pacjentow z lagodnym i umiarkowanym nadciśnieniem tetniczym pierwotnym.
 Metody Badaniami objeto 93 pacjentow (34K/60M), 
w wieku 18–80 lat (śr. 50 lat) z nadciśnieniem pierwotnym pochodzących z 6 ośrodkow klinicznych w Polsce, u ktorych przy koncu 2-tygodniowego stosowania placebo wartości ciśnienia rozkurczowego (DBP — diastolic blood pressure) mieścily sie w granicach 95–115 mm Hg. Walsartan (Diovan®, Novartis) stosowano w jednorazowej dawce dobowej 80 mg przez 8 tygodni, z mozliwością dodania hydrochlorotiazydu w dawce 12,5 mg/
/dobe po 4 tygodniach leczenia pacjentom, u ktorych DBP nie spadlo ponizej 95 mm Hg. Ciśnienie mierzono co 2 tygodnie metodą tradycyjną (standaryzowane manometry rteciowe). Po okresie stosowania placebo (PA), po 4 i 8 tygodniach leczenia aktywnego u pacjentow wykonywano calodobową rejestracje ciśnienia tetniczego (ABPM) aparatem Spacelab 90121. Wyniki W dwoch 4-tygodniowych okresach badania uzyskano istotne statystycznie obnizenie ciśnienia tetniczego w porownaniu z okresem po PA. Ciśnienie skurczowe (SBP — systolic blood pressure) po 8 tygodniach leczenia obnizylo sie ze 156 ± 14,8 mm Hg do 136 ± 15 mm Hg — mierzone metodą standardową oraz ze 144 ± 15,3 mm Hg do 134 ± 14,3 mm Hg 
— w rejestracji dobowej. Ciśnienie rozkurczowe obnizylo sie odpowiednio z 103 ± 4,4 mm Hg do 89 ± 
± 8,9 mm Hg — mierzone metodą standardową oraz z 98 ± 12,2 do 90 ± 12,9 mm Hg — w zapisie dobowym ABPM. U 61 osob poddanych monoterapii (Diovan®) po 8 tygodniach leczenia SBP średnio obnizylo sie o 20 mm Hg, a DBP o 16 mm Hg — mierzone metodą standardową, a w zapisie dobowym ABPM odpowiednio o 9 i 8 mm Hg. U 32 pacjentow wymagających leczenia skojarzonego SBP po 8 tygodniach leczenia obnizylo sie o 21 mm Hg, zaś DBP o 13 mm Hg 
— mierzone metodą standardową, a w zapisie dobowym odpowiednio o 12 i 9 mm Hg. Dzialania niepoządane w postaci bolow i zawrotow glowy, oslabienia 
i zgagi obserwowano u 6 pacjentow stosujących Diovan® 
i u 8 chorych leczonych metodą skojarzoną. Powyzsze dolegliwości byly umiarkowane i ustepowaly w trakcie dalszego leczenia.
 Wnioski Walsartan jest skutecznym i dobrze tolerowanym lekiem hipotensyjnym zarowno w monoterapii, jak i w leczeniu skojarzonym z hydrochlorotiazydem
Incorporation of iron by the unusual dodecameric ferritin from Listeria innocua (1999)

The polypeptide chain that assembles into the unusual dodecameric shell of Listeria innocua apoferritin lacks the ferroxidase centre characteristic of H-type mammalian chains, but is able to catalyse both Fe(II) oxidation and nucleation of the iron core. A cluster of five carboxylate residues, which correspond in part to the site of iron core nucleation typical of L-type mammalian ferritins, has been proposed to be involved in both functions. The features of the iron uptake kinetics and of Fe(II) autoxidation in the presence of citrate followed spectrophotometrically confirm this assignment. In Listeria the kinetics of iron uptake is hyperbolic at low Fe(II)-to-dodecamer ratios and becomes sigmoidal when iron exceeds 150 Fe(II) atoms per dodecamer, namely when a fast crystal growth phase follows a slow initial nucleation step. Iron autoxidation in the presence of citrate displays a similar behaviour. Thus the time course is sigmoidal at low citrate-to-Fe ratios at which Fe(III) polymerization is predominant, but is hyperbolic at ligand concentrations high enough to prevent polymerization. The marked inhibitory effect of Tb(III) on the kinetics of iron incorporation confirms that carboxylates provide the iron ligands in L. innocua apoferritin. Iron uptake followed in steady-state fluorescence experiments allows one to distinguish Fe(II) binding and oxidation from the subsequent movement of Fe(III) into the apoferritin cavity as in mammalian ferritins despite the different localization of the tryptophan residues.
Experimental Inoculation of Pigeons (Columba livia) with Mycobacterium bovis (2003)

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if pigeons (Columba livia) are susceptible to infection with Mycobacterium bovis by either oral or intratracheal inoculation and to assess their possible role in the lateral transmission of bovine tuberculosis. Six pigeons were orally inoculated with 1.3 x 10(5) colony-forming units of M. bovis, six pigeons were intratracheally inoculated with the same dose, and six pigeons served as noninoculated controls. The study continued for 90 days postinoculation (PI), with groups of birds necropsied at 30-day intervals, and fecal samples and tissues were collected for mycobacterial culture. Two pigeons, one intratracheally inoculated and one orally inoculated, shed M. bovis in their feces at 1 day PI, and one intratracheally inoculated bird shed M. bovis in its feces 60 days PI. Whereas no illness or weight loss was present during the course of the study, 2 of 12 inoculated birds exhibited microscopic lesions of mycobacteriosis, and the organism was isolated from tissues of three inoculated birds. Pigeons are susceptible to infection with M. bovis after high dose inoculation and can shed the organism in their feces for up to 60 days PI; intratracheally inoculated birds appear more likely to become active fecal shedders of M. bovis. Although these were high dose inoculations under experimental conditions, pigeons may potentially play a role in the lateral transmission of bovine tuberculosis between infected and uninfected mammalian hosts.