gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microwave-assisted copper azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction using D-glucose as a better alternative reductant (2013)

Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007. India <em>E-mail </em>: singhbk@chemistry.du.ac.in <em>Manuscript received 17 July 2013, accepted 18 July 2013</em> D-Glucose has been established as a reducing agent for the copper azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions. Efficacy of this new reductant has been established against various phenyl acetylenes (14 examples) and aryl azides (16 examples). All reactions proceeded smoothly and 1,2,3-triazolyl derivatives (30 examples) were obtained in moderate to excellent yields (68-96%).
Principles of Genetics (1958)

Introduction and FundamentalsChapter 1 The Science of GeneticsChapter 2 Cellular Reproduction and Model Genetic OrganismsClassical Genetic AnalysisChapter 3 Mendelism: The Basic Principles of InheritanceChapter 4 Extensions of MendelismChapter 5 The Chromosomal Basis of MendelismChapter 6 Variation in Chromosome Number and StructureChapter 7 Linkage, Crossing Over, and Chromosome Mapping in EukaryotesChapter 8 The Genetics of Bacteria and their VirusesChapter 9 DNA and the Molecular Structure of ChromosomesChapter 10 Replication of DNA and Chromosomes Chapter 11 Transcription and RNA Processing Chapter 12 Translation and the Genetic Code Chapter 13 Mutation, DNA Repair, and Recombination Chapter 14 Definitions of the Gene Chapter 15 The Techniques of Molecular Genetics Chapter 16 Genomics Chapter 17 Applications of Molecular GeneticsChapter 18 Transposable Genetic ElementsChapter 19 Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and their VirusesChapter 20 Regulation of Gene Expression in EukaryotesChapter 21 Genetic Control of Animal DevelopmentChapter 22 The Genetic Basis of CancerChapter 23 Inheritance of Complex TraitsChapter 24 Population GeneticsChapter 25 Evolutionary Genetics
The xylan-degrading enzyme system of Talaromyces emersonii: novel enzymes with activity against aryl β-d-xylosides and unsubstituted xylans (1993)

Talaromyces emersonii, a thermophilic aerobic fungus, produces a complete xylan-degrading enzyme system when grown on appropriate substrates. In this paper we present the physicochemical and catalytic properties of three enzymes, xylosidase (Xyl) I (M(r) 181,000; pI 8.9), II (M(r) 131,000; pI 5.3) and III (M(r) 54,200; pI 4.2). Xyl I and II appear to be dimeric and Xyl III is a single-subunit protein. All three enzymes catalyse the hydrolysis of aryl beta-D-xylosides and xylo-oligosaccharides. Xyl I is a classic beta-xylosidase (1,4-beta-D-xylan xylohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.37), and Xyl II and III are novel xylanases (endo-1,4-beta-D-xylan xylanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.8) which we believe have not hitherto been reported. In addition to the above substrates, they also catalyse the extensive hydrolysis of unsubstituted xylans, and may have considerable biotechnological potential. The hydrolysis product profiles and bond-cleavage frequencies with various substrates are presented.
Pixelated mask spatial carrier phase shifting interferometry algorithms and associated errors (2006)

In both temporal and spatial carrier phase shifting interferometry, the primary source of phase calculation error results from an error in the relative phase shift between sample points. In spatial carrier phase shifting interferometry, this phase shifting error is caused directly by the wavefront under test and is unavoidable. In order to minimize the phase shifting error, a pixelated spatial carrier phase shifting technique has been developed by 4D technologies. This new technique allows for the grouping of phase shifted pixels together around a single point in two dimensions, minimizing the phase shift change due to the spatial variation in the test wavefront. A formula for the phase calculation error in spatial carrier phase shifting interferometry is derived. The error associated with the use of linear N-point averaging algorithms is presented and compared with those of the pixelated spatial carrier technique.
Evidence of the Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Brain Glucose Metabolism (2020)

In mammals, brain function, particularly neuronal activity, has high energy needs. When glucose is supplemented by alternative oxidative substrates under different physiological conditions, these fuels do not fully replace the functions fulfilled by glucose. Thus, it is of major importance that the brain is almost continuously supplied with glucose from the circulation. Numerous studies describe the decrease in brain glucose metabolism during healthy or pathological ageing, but little is known about the mechanisms that cause such impairment. Although it appears difficult to determine the exact role of brain glucose hypometabolism during healthy ageing or during age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, uninterrupted glucose supply to the brain is still of major importance for proper brain function. Interestingly, a body of evidence suggests that dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) might play significant roles in brain glucose regulation. Thus, the goal of the present review is to summarize this evidence and address the role of n-3 PUFAs in brain energy metabolism. Taken together, these data suggest that ensuring an adequate dietary supply of n-3 PUFAs could constitute an essential aspect of a promising strategy to promote optimal brain function during both healthy and pathological ageing.
Zirconocene‐Catalyzed Reactions of Alkenyl‐Substituted Enol Ethers. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Production of nitric oxide using a pulsed arc discharge (2002)

Nitric monoxide (NO) is increasingly being used in medical applications. Currently, a gas cylinder of N/sub 2/ mixed with a high concentration of NO is used. This arrangement is potentially risky due to the possibility of accidental leak of NO from the cylinder. The presence of NO in air leads to the formation of nitric dioxide (NO/sub 2/), which is toxic to the lungs. Therefore, an on-site generation of NO would be very desirable for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and other related illnesses. We have recently reported on the production of NO using a pulsed arc discharge. In the present work, the discharge reactor was made simpler and smaller. NO was generated using a pulsed arc discharge in dry air and in mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen. The composition of the gas mixture after treatment with an arc discharge followed by exposure to heated molybdenum was 540 ppm of NO, 48 ppm of NO/sub 2/, and the balance dry air at 0.1 MPa and 300 /spl plusmn/ 3 K. No ozone was detected at the outlet of the system by UV absorption. The density of the brass particles emitted from the electrodes, which had diameters over 0.3 /spl mu/m, was less than 1.39 /spl mu/g/L. A filter could readily capture and thus remove the brass particles.
Effect of Aspirin and Dipyridamole on the Interaction of Human Platelets with Sub-Endothelium: Studies Using Citrated and Native Blood (1981)

The effect of aspirin and dipyridamole ingestion on the interaction of platelets with the subendothelium was studied using both citrated blood and directly sampled (native) blood. After obtained control studies, normal human subjects ingested 0.6 g of aspirin, 150 mg of dipyridamole, or a placebo and studies were repeated 1 1/2 hrs later. Subjects continued on placebo, aspirin (0.6 g b.i.d.) or dipyridamole (100 mg q.i.d.) for 6 days and studies were obtained 1 1/2 hrs after the last dose. Blood was circulated through an annular chamber on whose inner core were mounted everted segments of de-endothelialized rabbit aorta. The wall shear rate was 2,600 sec(-1). Surface coverage with adherent platelets and platelet thrombi, as well as several parameters of thrombus dimensions, were evaluated morphometrically. Aspirin ingestion markedly reduced platelet thrombi in citrated blood,--but had a much lesser inhibitory effective in native blood. Platelet adhesion was unaffected in native blood, in contrast to previous findings in which a lower shear rate (800 sec (-1)) was used. Ingestion of dipyridamole did not inhibit platelet adhesion or thrombi in either citrated or native blood. The studies indicated that, with the flow conditions used, aspirin is a relatively weak inhibitor of platelet thrombus formation in directly sampled human blood.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium/2,2′‐bipyridyl/Ag2CO3 Catalyst for C—H Bond Arylation of Heteroarenes with Haloarenes. (2011)

Abstract Optimized conditions including an air‐stable Pd‐complex as precatalyst are developed for the regioselective arylation.
Evidence for co‐transmitter role of neuropeptide Y in the pig spleen (1989)

1. The possible involvement of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in relation to noradrenaline (NA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) mechanisms in the sympathetic nervous control of the vascular tone and capsule contraction in the blood perfused pig spleen was investigated in vivo. 2. Local injections or infusions of NA, NPY and alpha-, beta-methylene ATP (mATP) caused vasoconstriction (perfusion pressure increase) and capsule contraction (increased venous blood flow). ATP only evoked vasodilatation. NPY was about 50 fold more potent than NA as a vasoconstrictor, and the NPY response was more long-lasting. Reserpine treatment did not change the effects of NPY. 3. Electrical stimulation of the splenic nerves in control animals caused a frequency-dependent, guanethidine-sensitive output of both NPY-like immunoreactivity (-LI) and NA, suggesting co-release. The output of NPY-LI relative to NA was enhanced at high frequency stimulation. Furthermore, alpha-adrenoceptor blockade by phentolamine enhanced both the output of NPY-LI and NA while inhibition of the neuronal uptake of NA with desipramine reduced the low frequency stimulation-evoked overflow of NPY-LI. Preganglionic denervation did not change the output of NPY-LI or NA. 4. Reserpine treatment reduced both the splenic content of NA and NPY-LI. Preganglionic denervation inhibited the reserpine-induced depletion of the NPY content but not of NA in terminal areas. The stimulation-evoked NPY overflow was markedly enhanced, especially at low-frequency stimulation after reserpine, and the plasma levels of NPY-LI in the venous effluent were then in the nmolar range (i.e. where exogenous NPY induced vasoconstriction). The perfusion-pressure increase upon stimulation in reserpine-treated, preganglionically-denervated animals was highly correlated (r = 0.91) to the NPY overflow. The functional 0.5 Hz responses were reduced after reserpine, while at higher frequencies the functional effects were of similar magnitude to controls but longer-lasting. 5. Tyramine induced a release of NA but not of NPY-LI. Furthermore, the increase in perfusion pressure induced by tyramine was absent after reserpine. 6. After tachyphylaxis to the vasoconstrictor effects of mATP, the nerve stimulation-evoked, functional response as well as the NA and NPY-LI overflow were unchanged. After reserpine treatment, both the perfusion-pressure increase and NPY-LI overflow to nerve stimulation were reduced after mATP tachyphylaxis. 7. In conclusion, release of NPY rather than ATP may explain the long-lasting, non-adrenergic, splenic functional responses in reserpinized animals upon sympathetic stimulation. However, NA is most likely the main splenic transmitter when low-frequency stimulation is used under control conditions.
Atomic Layer-Deposited Al-Doped ZnO Thin Films for Display Applications (2020)

The integration of high uniformity, conformal and compact transparent conductive layers into next generation indium tin oxide (ITO)-free optoelectronics, including wearable and bendable structures, is a huge challenge. In this study, we demonstrate the transparent and conductive functionality of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films deposited on glass as well as on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flexible substrates by using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. AZO thin films possess high optical transmittance at visible and near-infrared spectral range and electrical properties competitive to commercial ITO layers. AZO layers deposited on flexible PET substrates demonstrate stable sheet resistance over 1000 bending cycles. Based on the performed optical and electrical characterizations, several applications of ALD AZO as transparent conductive layers are shown—AZO/glass-supported liquid crystal (LC) display and AZO/PET-based flexible polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) devices.
Induction of Malo-Lactic Fermentation by Inoculation of Must and Wine with Bacteria (1964)

Two strains of lactic acid bacleria, previously isolated from California wines, were used to induce the malo-lactic fermentation in must and wine. Under the condition described, the malo-lactic fermentation was independent of the stage of the alcoholic fermentation at which the bacterial inoculations were made. The malolactic fermentation was much more rapid with ML 34 (<i>Leuconostoc</i> sp.) than with ML 30 (<i>Lactobacillus</i> sp.) The conversion of malic acid to lactic acid was made to occur in both dry wine and in must in the presence of SO<sub>2</sub> by the use of a large inoculum of bacteria. In no instances was the malo-lactic fermentation accompanied by any detrimental effect to the wines. Slight but chemically detectable increases of volatile acid occurred with the malolactic fermentation. There was no further increase in volatile acidity after the end of the malo-lactic fermentation, and fining was thus not necessary to halt further volatile acid formation.
Power Dissipation Bounds for High-Speed Nyquist Analog-to-Digital Converters (2009)

A very important limitation of high-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is their power dissipation. ADC power dissipation has been examined several times, mostly empirically. In this paper, we present an attempt to estimate a lower bound for the power of ADCs, based on first principles and using pipeline and flash architectures as examples. We find that power dissipation of high-resolution ADCs is bound by noise, whereas technology is the limiting factor for low-resolution devices. Our model assumes the use of digital error correction, but we also study an example on the power penalty due to matching requirements. A comparison with published experimental data indicates that the best ADCs use about 50 times the estimated minimum power. Two published ADCs are used for a more detailed comparison between the minimum bound and today's designs.
EP12.33: Acidosis predictive factors in fetal gastroschisis (2017)

To describe perinatal acidosis in Gastroschisis and explore risk factors of that in a local case series. Retrospective analysis of a case series of ten pregnancies evaluated at Hospital Base de Valdivia, Chile. Between January 2009 and July 2014. The variables were stomach exteriorisation abnormal Doppler and non stress test, time and mode of delivery, abnormal intrapartum FHR, umbilical cord base deficit. The norm in our Hospital was avoid vaginal delivery. 2 cases were excluded. 4 cases had base deficit between -10 and -14. With gestational age between 34 and 38 weeks: Cases 1, 4, 5 and 7. In case 5 at 33 weeks ultrasound showed intra-abdominal stomach and at 34 weeks absence of it. At same evaluation normal umbilical Doppler PI, abnormal MCA Doppler and abnormal non stress test. It went to Caesarean section without labour. Placental biopsy showed chorangiosis. Cases 1 and 5 exteriorised stomach was see only at newborn surgery. Cases 3, 4 and 7 only intrapartum abnormal FHR. Only cases 5,6 and 7 went to Caesarean section without labour. The exteriorisation of stomach could be a risk factor for perinatal hypoxia and fetal death because it was present in 3 of 4 cases of perinatal acidosis. But only in 1 of 3 it was founded prenatally. It has been described that the exteriorisation of intra-abdominal organs in Gastroschisis is progressive, in his way stomach exit to amniotic cavity could be the extreme of this evolution. In animal models intestinal exposure to amniotic fluid produces intestinal tissue inflammation and fetal inflammatory response. Also metabolic changes in the fetal liver like IUGR. Perhaps this inflammatory changes could increment the fetal oxygen consumption and oxygen debt, and the more intestine exteriorised the more risk of acidosis.
FastGroupII: A web-based bioinformatics platform for analyses of large 16S rDNA libraries (2006)

FastGroupII is an effective bioinformatics tool for the trimming and dereplication of 16S rDNA sequences. Several standard diversity indices are calculated, and the raw sequences are prepared for downstream analyses.
Aging population in change – a crucial challenge for structurally weak rural areas in Austria (2014)

Abstract Besides population decline, structurally weak rural areas in Austria face a new challenge related to demographic change: the increasing heterogeneity of their aging population. From the example of the so-called ‘best agers’ - comprising people aged 55 to 65 years - this contribution makes visible patterns and consequences of growing individualized spatial behaviour and spatial perception. Furthermore, contradictions between claims, wishes and expectations and actual engagement and commitment to their residential rural municipalities are being pointed out. These empirically-based facts are rounded off by considerations on the best agers’ future migration-behaviour and the challenges for spatial planning at the municipal level.
A current limiter based on an active current power filter (2008)

Different loads demand a high current at the start-up; an example are equipments that are composed by motors, also there are some type of loads that demands large currents in short periods of time like the arc welding systems. These types of loads introduce disturbances at the input voltages, causing voltage sags or flickers. In this paper is presented a current active power filter operated as a start-up current limiter, which permits to avoid the disturbances introduced by these types of loads. The operation, simulation and experimental results are presented.
Emission Characteristics for Swirl Methane–Air Premixed Flames with Ammonia Addition (2021)

This paper details the experimental and numerical analysis of a combustion process for atmospheric swirl burners using methane with added ammonia as fuel. The research was carried out for lean methane–air mixtures, which were doped with ammonia up to 5% and preheated up to 473 K. A flow with internal recirculation was induced by burners with different outflow angles from swirling blades, 30° and 50°, where tested equivalence ratio was 0.71. The NO and CO distribution profiles on specified axial positions of the combustor and the overall emission levels at the combustor outlet were measured and compared to a modelled outcome. The highest values of the NO emissions were collected for 5% NH3 and 50° (1950 ppmv), while a reduction to 1585 ppmv was observed at 30°. The doubling of the firing rates from 15 kW up to 30 kW did not have any great influence on the overall emissions. The emission trend lines were not proportional to the raising share of the ammonia in the fuel. 3D numerical tests and a kinetic study with a reactor network showed that the NO outlet concentration for swirl flame depended on the recirculation ratio, residence time, wall temperature, and the mechanism used. Those parameters need to be carefully defined in order to get highly accurate NO predictions—both for 3D simulations and simplified reactor-based models.
Structure of oriented polystyrene monofilaments and its relationship to brittle‐to‐ductile transition (1978)

Abstract Oriented atactic polystyrene monofilaments show brittle‐to‐ductile transition in the vicinity of a degree of birefringence Δ n = −2 × 10 −3 (at a temperature of 20°C and at the stretching rate of 100%/min) independently of the various spinning conditions. The amorphous orientation of a cylindrically symmetric system was investigated by wide‐angle x‐ray scattering experiments. The orientation of polystyrene monofilaments in real space is denoted by P 2 (cos α) within the precision of measurement. The coefficient D 2 ( r ) of the second term in an expansion of cylindrical distribution function in spherical harmonics has two main peaks, near r = 1.6 Å and r = 4 ∼ 5 Å. The negative peak near r = 1.6 Å indicates orientation of phenyl groups in a plane perpendicular to the fiber axis. The positive peak near r = 5 Å (brittle region) or near r = 4 Å (ductile region) indicates the piling up of phenyl groups for the direction of the fiber axis. It is most probable that the amorphous state of atactic polystyrene consists of an appropriate cohesion of planar zigzag chains of syndiotactic polystyrene. The lower spacing ( r = 4 Å) of the positive second peak in ductile region suggests that there are interchain phenyl groups near r = 5 ∼ 6 Å in a plane perpendicular to the fiber axis and that the molecular chains are extended parallel to the direction of the fiber axis. This parallel packing of chain segments along the fiber axis suppresses the formation and growth of cracks of polystyrene monofilaments resulting in ductile fracture.
Exploiting scene structure in video coding (2002)

In video coding, information about scene structure can be estimated from previous frames in the video sequence. A technique has been proposed by the author (1990) which exploits such information about scene structure to improve motion compensation accuracy, without transmitting structural information to the decoder. The more accurate motion compensation has been shown to increase overall coding efficiency by 20-35%. The author reviews this approach to motion compensation and proposes a recursive (in time) algorithm for computing the required motion field segmentation. The algorithm reduces the computational complexity of motion field segmentation while increasing its reliability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of autoimmune diseases (2016)

Studies using human cells as well as murine models have shown that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can also be isolated from the thymus, and that they contribute to the development of a normal T cell compartment. Ex vivo MSCs have been defined using conventional flow cytometric techniques by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). Having considered the cellular biology of MSCs observed via in vitro methodologies, as well as appreciating their endogenous role in the normal hematopoietic niche, this chapter examines how MSCs' functionality is altered by inflammatory signals. Much of the clinical research occurring with MSCs explores these cells' unique immunomodulation, and how it changes before, during, and after in vitro culture expansion. The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is the multipotent self-renewing progenitor that gives rise to all cells of lymphoid and myeloid lineages. Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) express the transcription factor autoimmune regulator (AIRE), enabling the cells to express self-derived antigens.