gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental device-independent certified randomness generation with an\n instrumental causal structure (2019)

The intrinsic random nature of quantum physics offers novel tools for the\ngeneration of random numbers, a central challenge for a plethora of fields.\nBell non-local correlations obtained by measurements on entangled states allow\nfor the generation of bit strings whose randomness is guaranteed in a\ndevice-independent manner, i.e. without assumptions on the measurement and\nstate-generation devices. Here, we generate this strong form of certified\nrandomness on a new platform: the so-called instrumental scenario, which is\ncentral to the field of causal inference. First, we theoretically show that\ncertified random bits, private against general quantum adversaries, can be\nextracted exploiting device-independent quantum instrumental-inequality\nviolations. To that end, we adapt techniques previously developed for the Bell\nscenario. Then, we experimentally implement the corresponding\nrandomness-generation protocol using entangled photons and active feed-forward\nof information. Moreover, we show that, for low levels of noise, our protocol\noffers an advantage over the simplest Bell-nonlocality protocol based on the\nClauser-Horn-Shimony-Holt inequality.\n
ChemInform Abstract: ENANTIOMER SEPARATION OF A CHIRAL OLEFIN BY COMPLEXATION CHROMATOGRAPHY ON AN OPTICALLY ACTIVE RHODIUM(I) COMPLEX (1977)

Abstract Chirales 3‐Methyl‐cyclopenten (I) wurde gaschromatographisch mit einer Hochauflösungskapillarsäule (200m), die mit dem optisch aktiven Rh‐Komplex (II) in Squalanlösung belegt wurde, in 3 h bei 22°C quantitativ in die Antipoden (R)‐(I) und (S)‐(I) gespalten.
Bayesian reinforcement learning in continuous POMDPs with application to robot navigation (2008)

We consider the problem of optimal control in continuous and partially observable environments when the parameters of the model are not known exactly. Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) provide a rich mathematical model to handle such environments but require a known model to be solved by most approaches. This is a limitation in practice as the exact model parameters are often difficult to specify exactly. We adopt a Bayesian approach where a posterior distribution over the model parameters is maintained and updated through experience with the environment. We propose a particle filter algorithm to maintain the posterior distribution and an online planning algorithm, based on trajectory sampling, to plan the best action to perform under the current posterior. The resulting approach selects control actions which optimally trade-off between 1) exploring the environment to learn the model, 2) identifying the system's state, and 3) exploiting its knowledge in order to maximize long-term rewards. Our preliminary results on a simulated robot navigation problem show that our approach is able to learn good models of the sensors and actuators, and performs as well as if it had the true model.
On the Origin of Interictal Activity in Human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in Vitro (2002)

The origin and mechanisms of human interictal epileptic discharges remain unclear. Here, we describe a spontaneous, rhythmic activity initiated in the subiculum of slices from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Synchronous events were similar to interictal discharges of patient electroencephalograms. They were suppressed by antagonists of either glutamatergic or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic signaling. The network of neurons discharging during population events comprises both subicular interneurons and a subgroup of pyramidal cells. In these pyramidal cells, GABAergic synaptic events reversed at depolarized potentials. Depolarizing GABAergic responses in neurons downstream to the sclerotic CA1 region contribute to human interictal activity.
Galvanic corrosion induced degredation of tensile properties in micromachined polycrystalline silicon (2007)

Immersion of polycrystalline silicon in hydrofluoric acid-based solutions is often utilized in microsystem fabrication to liberate mechanical structures. The authors demonstrate, using microfabricated tensile specimens, that such etching can cause a catastrophic reduction in tensile strength and elastic modulus in silicon galvanically coupled to a metallic layer, such as commonly used gold. Galvanically corroded silicon exhibits grain-boundary attack leading to intergranular fracture and/or generalized material removal. The severity of damage and corresponding losses in strength and modulus depend on etch duration and etch chemistry. In contrast, without a metallic layer, uncorroded silicon fails transgranularly and independent of etch duration or chemistry.
Anti-inflammatory activity of statins: potential use in the anti-phospholipid syndrome (2001)

We discuss the presence of anti-keratin antibodies (AKA) of the IgG class in patients with defined juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). An indirect immunofluorescence test and rat oesophagus substrate was used for the detection and quantification of AKA antibodies in patients sera. Overall 33/60 patients with JIA had sera positive for AKA (55 %, P = 0,0001) ranging from 1:10 to 1:160 dilutions. Following idiopathic arthritis of childhood classification criteria AKA occurred in 2/7 patients with systemic disease (28,6 %), in 13/30 patients with RF negative polyarthritis (43,3 %, P = 0,008) and in 15/18 RF positive polyarthritis (83,3 %, P = 0,000002). AKA were also found in a small cohort of patients with oligoarthritis (1/3) and psoriatic arthritis (2/2). AKA positivity occurred in 3/26 healthy controls at a 1:20 dilution. The presence of AKA was correlated as well as with the severity of the disease. Our study revealed that AKA was present overall in 18/29 patients (62%) with severe JIA and in 12/26 patients (46,2 %) with non-severe disease, however this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0,18). We also observed that AKA remained positive regardless of disease activity. AKA were detectable in 55,6 % patients with active JIA and in 48,6 % patients in the complete or near remission.
Not All That Glitters Is Gold: Metal-Migration-Induced Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cells (2016)

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have now achieved efficiencies in excess of 22%, but very little is known about their long-term stability under thermal stress. So far, stability reports have hinted at the importance of substituting the organic components, but little attention has been given to the metal contact. We investigated the stability of state-of-the-art PSCs with efficiencies exceeding 20%. Remarkably, we found that exposing PSCs to a temperature of 70 °C is enough to induce gold migration through the hole-transporting layer (HTL), spiro-MeOTAD, and into the perovskite material, which in turn severely affects the device performance metrics under working conditions. Importantly, we found that the main cause of irreversible degradation is not due to decomposition of the organic and hybrid perovskite layers. By introducing a Cr metal interlayer between the HTL and gold electrode, high-temperature-induced irreversible long-term losses are avoided. This key finding is essential in the quest for achieving high efficiency, long-term stable PSCs which, in order to be commercially viable, need to withstand hard thermal stress tests.
Sprofilowanie oddziału chirurgicznego w kierunku chirurgii onkologicznej istotnie poprawia wyniki leczenia raka żołądka (2016)

Wstep. Gastrektomia z powodu raka pozostaje wyzwaniem dla pacjenta i dla zespolu leczącego. Wyzwala znaczący uraz w organizmie pacjenta. Towarzyszy jej ryzyko powiklan i kilkuprocentowe ryzyko śmiertelności okolooperacyjnej. Doświadczenie w zakresie leczenia chirurgicznego oraz we wlaściwym przygotowaniu i doborze pacjenta do operacji to czynniki wplywające na wyniki leczenia tej choroby. Celem pracy jest analiza zmian w jakości doraźnych i odleglych wynikow leczenia raka zolądka na materiale wlasnym nowo utworzonego, powolanego do leczenia nowotworow zlośliwych oddzialu chirurgii onkologicznej w centrum onkologicznym na przestrzeni pierwszych 6 lat funkcjonowania oddzialu. Material i metody. Material stanowi 114 kolejnych chorych poddanych zabiegowi resekcyjnemu z powodu raka gruczolowego zolądka w pierwszych 6 latach istnienia Oddzialu Chirurgii Onkologicznej. Oddzial zostal utworzony na bazie istniejącego wcześniej Oddzialu Chirurgii Ogolnej. Wykonano 87 resekcji radykalnych i 27 paliatywnych. Zdecydowaną wiekszośc zabiegow stanowily gastrektomie (84%). Material podzielono na dwie grupy: chorych operowanych w pierwszych 3 latach istnienia oddzialu (grupa I, n = 47) oraz chorych operowanych w 3 nastepnych latach (grupa II, n = 67). Wyniki. W grupie II stwierdzono: wyzszą mediane wieku operowanych chorych (67,7 vs 63,1 roku), wyzszy odsetek pacjentow leczonych zywieniem sztucznym w okresie okolooperacyjnym (94% vs 66%), wiekszą liczbe wycietych wezlow chlonnych (21,3 vs 15,9), nizszy odsetek nieszczelności zespolenia przelykowo-jelitowego (0% vs 8,5%) oraz wyzszy wskaźnik 2-letnich przezyc (62,7% vs 44,7%). Wszystkie wymienione powyzej roznice osiągnely prog istotności statystycznej. Śmiertelnośc okolooperacyjna wyniosla w II grupie 1,5% w porownaniu z 8,5% w grupie I (p > 0,05). Wnioski. Profil oddzialu chirurgicznego skupionego wylącznie na leczeniu nowotworow sprzyja osiąganiu lepszych wynikow leczenia u pacjentow z resekcyjnym rakiem zolądka.
Deformation microstructure of high-quality synthetic diamond crystal subjected to Knoop indentation (2006)

The deformation microstructures of high-quality synthetic type IIa diamond crystal around a Knoop indentation formed at room temperature were investigated. The atomic force microscopy observation showed that there are smooth deformation areas without cracks or fractures around the indentation. In addition, many dislocation lines which lie on {111} planes and have Burgers vectors in ⟨110⟩ directions were observed beneath the Knoop indentation in transmission electron microscopy investigations. These results reveal that plastic deformation in diamond is possible beneath Knoop indentations even at room temperature, and that the deformation is mainly ascribed to {111}⟨110⟩ slip systems.
Preliminary Development of a Measurement Standard Using a Research Simplex Atomizer (2018)

Cold-flow spray researchers have an array of diagnostic tools to extract meaningful information on spray characteristics. The efficacy of many of these tools, however, depends heavily on calibration, alignment, and human operation. This can lead to large discrepancies in data values for seemingly identical setups between workers. The application of experimental data to numerical models is thereby hindered due to inconsistencies in results caused by experimental error. Previously, an attempt was made to produce a “standard spray” through the use of a research simplex atomizer (RSA). As manufacturing processes and diagnostic tools have improved, the research simplex atomizer is being revisited. Here, a new research simplex atomizer has been investigated. Fundamental datasets captured from detailed test conditions are presented to provide benchmark data with the intention of other workers testing the reproducibility of the results. Preliminary findings between laboratories show good agreement in droplet size measurements. Further, emphasis is placed on the sensitivity of laser diagnostics used and the effect their operation can incur. To satisfy the requirements of a measurement standard, it is paramount that all workers adhere to similar diagnostic configurations and detail their operating parameters.
Update of the list of QPS‐recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 8: suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until March 2018 (2018)

The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) was developed to provide a harmonised generic pre-evaluation procedure to support safety risk assessments of biological agents performed by EFSA's Scientific Panels. The identity, body of knowledge, safety concerns and antimicrobial resistance of valid taxonomic units were assessed. Safety concerns identified for a taxonomic unit are, where possible and reasonable in number, reflected by 'qualifications' which should be assessed at the strain level by the EFSA's Scientific Panels. During the current assessment, no new information was found that would change the previously recommended QPS taxonomic units and their qualifications. The Panel clarified that the qualification 'for production purpose only' implies the absence of viable cells of the production organism in the final product and can also be applied for food and feed products based on microbial biomass. Between September 2017 and March 2018, the QPS notification list was updated with 46 microorganisms from applications for market authorisation. From these, 28 biological agents already had QPS status, 15 were excluded of the QPS exercise from the previous QPS mandate (10 filamentous fungi and one bacteriophage) or from further evaluations within the current mandate (two notifications of <i>Streptomyces</i> spp. and one of <i>Escherichia coli</i>), and one was excluded where confirmatory data for the risk assessment of a plant protection product (PPP) was requested (<i>Pseudomonas</i> sp.). Three taxonomic units were (re)evaluated: <i>Paracoccus carotinifaciens</i> and <i>Paenibacillus lentus</i> had been previously evaluated in 2008 and 2014, respectively, and were now re-evaluated within this mandate, and <i>Yarrowia lipolytica,</i> which was evaluated for the first time. <i>P. carotinifaciens</i> and <i>P. lentus</i> cannot be granted QPS status due to lack of scientific knowledge. <i>Y. lipolytica</i> is recommended for QPS status, but only for production purpose.
IIA-III2-S4 ternary compounds: New host matrices for full color thin film electroluminescence displays (1993)

Strontium thiogallate (SrGa2S4) thin films have been prepared by rf reactive magnetron sputtering. This sulfur matrix permits the acceleration of charge carriers to optical energies under high electric field and provides green electroluminescence when doped with europium. The color coordinates are better than those achieved by other known green thin film electroluminescent phosphors. Strontium thiogallates as other ternary IIA-III2-(S,Se)4 compounds doped with Eu2+ or Ce3+ are good candidates for thin film electroluminescence phosphors of full color displays.
Demonstration of a Directly Photopatternable Spin-On-Glass Based on Hydrogen Silsesquioxane and Photobase Generators (1998)

A commercially available spin-on-glass material, hydrogen silsesquioxane, has been rendered photopatternable to micrometer dimensions by the introduction of a photobase generator at concentrations of <5 wt %. The cure process proceeds via hydrolysis of the silyl hydride linkage by residual water in the film, as activated by a photogenerated base catalyst. Subsequent reaction of the generated silanol with neighboring silyl hydride groups yields a thermally stable siloxane cross-link. The photochemical cross-linking of hydrogen silsesquioxane shows high sensitivity (<40 mJ/cm2) and is not inhibited by molecular oxygen. The resultant oxide films can be further cured at elevated temperature either under an inert atmosphere to minimize the dielectric constant or heated in an air atmosphere to complete the conversion to silica glass. The oxidative nature of both the photo and thermal cure processes and the release of only traces of hydrogen as byproduct results in minimal weight loss in the film during processing.
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis: Approaches to New Antibiotics (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ultrasonic imaging using two dimensional cross-correlation function (2002)

Conventional imaging techniques make the assumption that each scatterer is a source of a spherical wave propagating with a constant velocity towards the transducer array. Then, the processing reduces to the recognition of each of these spherical waves. Such a recognition process may be achieved by the cross correlation techniques but usually cross-correlation is only computed versus time variable. In some particular geometry problems, because of invariance by translation of the Green function, the cross correlation technique is still applicable but computations should be realized versus two variables: time and one spatial variables. In this paper, the two dimensional (2D) cross-correlation technique is demonstrated and used to image scatterers located inside a rectangular wave guide. In addition to the calculation flexibility, the ultrasonic images obtained present a better spatial resolution than that obtained using conventional techniques. Experimental results show that the spatial resolution is 5 times thinner than the usual one.
Long-Term Study of an Activated Sludge System Exhibiting a Seasonal Biological Foaming Problem (2002)

Long-Term Study of an Activated Sludge System Exhibiting a Seasonal Biological Foaming ProblemBiological foaming is a widespread problem in the USA and in the world. Although great progress has been made with respect to identifying the microorganisms and the physical principals – causing foaming, the fundamental ecological mechanisms leading to foam formation remain ambiguous and illusive. Thus, general design and operation guidelines to avoid foaming have not found widespread use....Author(s)Dominic FrigonLutgarde RaskinSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 1 - Research Symposium: Activated Sludge with AEESP LectureDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2002ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20020101)2002:17L.59;1-DOI10.2175/193864702784248557Volume / Issue2002 / 17Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)59 - 75Copyright2002Word count198
High electric field transport effects on low temperature operation of pseudomorphic HEMTs (1994)

High electric field effect in very small pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) Al0.22Ga0.78As/In0.2Ga0.8As/GaAs and their influence at low temperature are investigated for 0.1µm up to 0.4µm gate lengths. The extent of transport improvement at low temperature and performance degradation associated with gate length reduction are underlined. Limitations in performance improvement appear at low temperature due to trapping effects and to an enhancement of the mechanisms responsible of short channel effects. In pulsed drain operation the evolutions of drain current versus time in the 10ns-600µs range illustrate the influence of trapping centers and self heating of the lattice in the device. We analyze the variation of gate current versus temperature at high drain bias (>3V) and the influence of impact ionization.
Data Management for Integrity Decision Support (2004)

Within most pipeline organizations, maintenance and other facility departments use a range of separate data sources and applications to manage the integrity, maintenance and safety of their pipelines. These databases represent a significant investment over many years and are an integral part of day-to-day operations. It is evident that integration of data into a single, coherent data management system can provide significant benefits. However, the cost of implementing entirely new systems — with intensive data capture programs — is difficult to justify given the earlier investments. As a result, dedicated risk management software using static and separately maintained data is often used as a quick, low cost alternative to meet regulatory compliance commitments. Experience has shown that, with the right technology and an understanding of the specific needs of an organisation, a phased approach to integrated data management can be achieved at minimum initial cost by exploiting legacy data. This provides a low cost yet scalable solution that can grow with the changing needs of the business. In addition to the benefits of legacy data integration, this paper presents an insight into the additional benefits of technologies for distributed data access to provide simple, process-focussed reporting tools. The key role of data management in risk assessment and consequent integrity decision support process is discussed.
Energy consumption forecasting using ARIMA and neural network models (2017)

Energy forecast is essential for a good planning of the electricity consumption as well as for the implementation of decision support systems which can lead the decision making process of energy system. Energy consumption time series prediction problems represent a difficult type of predictive modelling problem due to the existence of complex linear and non-linear patterns. This paper presents two approaches for energy consumption forecast: an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and a non-linear autoregressive neural network (NAR) model. The two models are deeply described and finally compared in order to evaluate their performance.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CARBENIUM‐OXONIUM ION EQUILIBRIUM PART 1, REVERSIBLE REACTION OF NON‐PAIRED TRIPHENYLMETHYL CATION WITH ETHERS AND ACETALS (1975)

Abstract Es werden die Gleichgewichtskonstanten für die Reaktionen des Kations (I) in Methylenchlorid im Bereich zwischen ‐73 bis 25°C z.B. mit Wasser, 1,3‐Dioxolan, Dibutjyläther oder Tetrahydropyran zu Oxoniumsalzen vom Typ (II) ermittelt.
Clinical PET Imaging – An Asian Perspective (2004)

Positron emission tomography (PET) has entered a new phase of development since a major technological breakthrough in 2000. Combined with computed tomography (CT), the second-generation PET-CT scanner is now able to obtain both functional and anatomical information of the whole body from a single study. Its application in oncology has become one of the standard imaging modalities in diagnosis, staging and monitoring therapeutic efficacy. It is well known that the Asian and Western populations have their own characteristic disease spectrum and cancer incidence. Although changes in diet and life-style have narrowed the differences in the last decade, there remains moderate divergence and disparities in cancer pattern and priority of resource allocation in different countries. It is known that F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is the most widely used radiopharmaceutical in PET imaging and it has been confirmed valuable in a variety of cancer types such as lung, colorectum, oesophagus, head and neck (including nasopharyngeal carcinoma), breast, pancreas, lymphoma, melanoma, cholangiocarcinoma and many types of sarcoma. Some cancer types, however, are less sensitive to FDG-PET detection and these include hepatocellular carcinoma, urological carcinoma, gastric malignancy, mucinous and clear-cell gastrointestinal tumours, neuroendocrine tumours and well-differentiated thyroid cancers. Some of these less sensitive cancer types are more prevalent in the Asian population than the Euro-American population and are, therefore, more frequently encountered as false negative cases in FDG-PET imaging. On the other hand, Asian countries are more prevalent in diseases such as tuberculosis and the chance of having false positive FDG-PET cases is higher than the Euro-American countries in the evaluation of lung and other cancers. From the Asian perspective, we are more susceptible to having a higher chance of both false negative and false positive FDG-PET cases. Thus, there is a stronger emphasis of research on new drugs to overcome the limitations of FDG. The use of PET imaging as a diagnostic tool has gained wide acceptance in Asia during the past few years and its clinical utility is expected to continue to rise. More research on other PET radiopharmaceuticals should therefore be given a higher priority along side with the maturation of scanning technology.
Genuine resistance to opioids — fact or fiction? (1991)

aDepartment of Anaesthesiology, Karotinska Hospital, StockholmSweden bDepartment of Neurosurgery, Kamlinska Hospital, StockholmSweden ∗Correspondence to: B.A. Meyerson, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Karolinska Stukhuset P.O. Box 60500, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden. Submitted March 5, 1991; accepted June 26, 1991.