gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synaptophysin (1987)

Synaptophysin (SYP) is a glycoprotein recently isolated from presynaptic vesicles of bovine neurons. Initial studies have demonstrated its presence in neurons in the brain, spinal cord and retina, and in adrenal medullary cells. A subsequent study demonstrated it in pancreatic islet cells and certain neuroendocrine (NE) neoplasms, including several pancreatic islet cell tumors. Based on these preliminary observations, we examined, by immunohistochemistry, conventionally fixed, paraffin sections of 57 pancreatic endocrine tumors with a monoclonal antibody to SYP. Furthermore, we compared the SYP immunoreactivity of 30 of these same tumors with that of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and of chromogranin (CG). SYP was demonstrated in all but one of the 57 tumors. In the comparative study, for which material was available in only 30 cases, SYP and NSE were present in 29 of the tumors, whereas CG was seen in only 15 cases. We conclude that SYP is a highly sensitive and useful marker for pancreatic NE neoplasms. Moreover, in view of the increasingly evident limited specificity of NSE, SYP should be considered the marker of choice for pancreatic NE neoplasms.
Negative refracting materials at THz frequencies (2008)

We demonstrate here, for the first time, the construction of artificial materials, which theoretically possess two separate pass-bands utilizing the difference between positive and negative refraction in the terahertz frequency regime. Experimental testing of these devices is currently being undertaken using both broadband pulsed sources and narrow frequency quantum cascade lasers.
Algorithm 681: INTBIS, a portable interval Newton/bisection package (1990)

We present a portable software package for finding all real roots of a system of nonlinear equations within a region defined by bounds on the variables. Where practical, the package should find all roots with mathematical certainty. Though based on interval Newton methods, it is self-contained. It allows various control and output options and does not require programming if the equations are polynomials; it is structured for further algorithmic research. Its practicality does not depend in a simple way on the dimension of the system or on the degree of nonlinearity.
Catalytic sodium hypochlorite degradation using a Kynar stabilized catalyst (1987)

Based on bench scale data, the Kynar-cobalt oxide catalyst developed by Pennwalt is able to treat waste hypochlorite streams. The effectiveness of the catalyst rises with decreasing pH and increasing temperature. At 55 to 70/sup 0/C, it is possible to meet discharge requirements using a single pass through an upflow 40 cm deep catalyst bed. Solution pH will be reduced somewhat. The size of a Pennwalt unit for a given flow/concentration can be estimated. Based on bench experience, construction and operation of a full scale unit appears economically feasible. Operating problems with the system include attrition, catalyst conditioning and storage. Catalyst attrition is a major problem. In bench tests, catalyst loss from a tared laboratory column across several weeks was about 0.5 gram per gallon of concentrated hypochlorite processed or, using current Pennwalt costs of $50/lb catalyst, $55 per 1000 gal. Attrition may result from explosion of the catalyst by trapped oxygen. Several operating parameters can increase the rate of catalyst breakdown: high hypochlorite concentrations, increased temperature, and decreased pH. Once attrition begins, increased catalyst movement increases breakdown due to mechanical abrasion. Operations methods can be planned to decrease catalyst breakup by limiting the rate of hypochlorite degradation. Alternatively, a lower efficiency catalyst could be formulated. However, easy catalyst reloading should be part of any equipment design. During first use, a gradual increase in hypochlorite concentrations for several hours appears necessary. In re-uses of the bed after storage, at least a half hour of use is required for consistent minimal hypochlorite output. During startup periods, provision for effluent recycle is recommended. Wet storage of catalyst is recommended by previous investigators.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Characterization of Dihydrotestosterone-Induced Conformational Perturbations in Androgen Receptor Ligand-Binding Domain (2009)

Ligand-induced conformational perturbations in androgen receptor (AR) are important in coactivator recruitment and transactivation. However, molecular rearrangements in AR ligand-binding domain (AR-LBD) associated with agonist binding and their kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are poorly understood. We used steady-state second-derivative absorption and emission spectroscopy, pressure and temperature perturbations, and 4,4'-bis-anilinonaphthalene 8-sulfonate (bis-ANS) partitioning to determine the kinetics and thermodynamics of the conformational changes in AR-LBD after dihydrotestosterone (DHT) binding. In presence of DHT, the second-derivative absorption spectrum showed a red shift and a change in peak-to-peak distance. Emission intensity increased upon DHT binding, and center of spectral mass was blue shifted, denoting conformational changes resulting in more hydrophobic environment for tyrosines and tryptophans within a more compact DHT-bound receptor. In pressure perturbation calorimetry, DHT-induced energetic stabilization increased the Gibbs free energy of unfolding to 8.4 +/- 1.3 kcal/mol from 3.5 +/- 1.6 kcal/mol. Bis-ANS partitioning studies revealed that upon DHT binding, AR-LBD underwent biphasic rearrangement with a high activation energy (13.4 kcal/mol). An initial, molten globule-like burst phase (k approximately 30 sec(-1)) with greater solvent accessibility was followed by rearrangement (k approximately 0.01 sec(-1)), leading to a more compact conformation than apo-AR-LBD. Molecular simulations demonstrated unique sensitivity of tyrosine and tryptophan residues during pressure unfolding with rearrangement of residues in the coactivator recruitment surfaces distant from the ligand-binding pocket. In conclusion, DHT binding leads to energetic stabilization of AR-LBD domain and substantial rearrangement of residues distant from the ligand-binding pocket. DHT binding to AR-LBD involves biphasic receptor rearrangement including population of a molten globule-like intermediate state.
Interstitial thermal ablation with a fast rotating dual-mode transducer (2010)

Interstitial ultrasound applicators can be a minimally invasive alternative for treating targets that are unresectable or are inaccessible by extracorporeal methods. Dual-mode transducers for ultrasound imaging and therapy were developed to address the constraints of a miniaturized applicator and real-time treatment monitoring. We propose an original treatment strategy that combines ultrasound imaging and therapy using a dual-mode transducer rotating at 8 revolutions per second. Real-time B-mode imaging was interrupted to emit high-intensity ultrasound over a selected therapy aperture. A full 360 degrees image was taken every 8th rotation to image the therapy aperture. Numerical simulations were performed to study the effect of rotation on tissue heating, and to study the effect of the treatment sequence on transducer temperature. With the time-averaged transducer surface intensity held at 12 W/cm(2) to maintain transducer temperature below 66 degrees C, higher field intensities and deeper lesions were produced by narrower therapy apertures. A prototype system was built and tested using in vitro samples of porcine liver. Lesions up to 8 mm were produced using a time-averaged transducer surface intensity of 12 W/cm(2) applied for a period of 240 s over a therapy aperture of 40 degrees. Apparent strain imaging of the therapy aperture improved the contrast between treated and spared tissues, which could not be differentiated on B-mode images. With appropriate limits on the transducer output, real-time imaging and deep thermal ablation are feasible and sustainable using a rotating dual-mode transducer.
Magnetic structure and phase stability of the van der Waals bonded ferromagnetFe3−xGeTe2 (2016)

The magnetic structure and phase diagram of the layered ferromagnetic compound ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{GeTe}}_{2}$ has been investigated by a combination of synthesis, x-ray and neutron diffraction, high-resolution microscopy, and magnetization measurements. Single crystals were synthesized by self-flux reactions, and single-crystal neutron diffraction finds ferromagnetic order with moments of $1.11(5){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}/\mathrm{Fe}$ aligned along the $c$ axis at 4 K. These flux-grown crystals have a lower Curie temperature ${T}_{\text{c}}\ensuremath{\approx}150$ K compared to crystals previously grown by vapor transport (${T}_{\text{c}}=220$ K). The difference is a reduced Fe content in the flux-grown crystals, as illustrated by the behavior observed in a series of polycrystalline samples. As Fe content decreases, so does the Curie temperature, magnetic anisotropy, and net magnetization. In addition, Hall effect and thermoelectric measurements on flux-grown crystals suggest multiple carrier types contribute to electrical transport in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{GeTe}}_{2}$ and structurally similar ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{GeTe}}_{2}$.
Michael−Stork Addition of Cyclopentyl Enamine to Allenyl Ketones and Esters (2005)

[Chemical reaction: see text] We report the first examples of a Michael-Stork enamine addition to allenyl esters and ketones. Studies reveal that 2 equivalents of enamine are required for optimal yields. In the case of an allenyl methyl ketone, cyclopentyl enamine addition led to 8-oxobicyclo[3.2.1]octane formation, providing evidence for the in situ formation of an enamine intermediate following the initial Michael-Stork reaction.
A human gene homologous to the formin gene residing at the murine limb deformity locus: chromosomal location and RFLPs. (1991)

The murine limb deformity (ld) locus resides on mouse chromosome 2 and gives rise to a recessively inherited, characteristic limb deformity/renal aplasia phenotype. In this locus in the mouse, a gene, termed the "formin" gene, has been identified which encodes an array of differentially processed transcripts in both adult and embryonic tissues. A set of these transcripts are disrupted in independent mutant mouse ld alleles. We wish to report the isolation of a human genomic clone which is homologous to the mouse formin gene by virtue of sequence comparison and expression of conserved exons. Among human fetal tissues analyzed, the kidney appears to be a major site of expression. This human gene, LD, maps to chromosome 15q11----qter in mouse human somatic cell hybrids and, specifically, to 15q13----q14 by chromosomal in situ hybridization. This localization establishes both LD and beta 2-microglobulin as syntenic genes on mouse chromosome 2 and human chromosome 15 and implies the interspecies conservation of the region between them. In addition, we identify in the human locus two frequently occurring DNA polymorphisms which can be used to test the linkage of LD to known human dysmorphoses.
IC‐P1‐021: A novel web‐based system for automated computer classification in Alzheimer's dementia (2008)

Automated computer classification (ACC) techniques based on routine MRI provide aid to diagnostic information in an objective and reproducible fashion without being resource-intensive. To ensure simple yet reliable access, we propose a web-based ACC prototype tailored to the task of differentiating probable AD from normal aging. Input – The system is based on anonymized T1-weighted MR scans. Image quality control (QC) is performed manually on an 11-point scale. Processing – The comparative ACC methodology exploits the differences in covariant patterns of Jacobian determinants and scaled grey-level intensity between subjects within a limited volume of interest centered on the medial temporal lobe. The classification result is obtained by comparing the resulting projection coordinates on relevant axes against a linear discriminant function. The nonlinear deformation field is also used to extract volumetric measures of specific temporal structures. Training data – In the current instantiation the normative reference space for data projection was created using intensity and determinant features from 150 young controls. The linear discriminant function was obtained via forward stepwise linear discriminant analysis of a training set composed of 150 subjects: 75 patients with a diagnosis of probable AD and 75 age-matched controls without neurological or neuropsychological deficit. The AD subjects were individuals with mild to moderate probable AD recruited among outpatients seen at the IRCC Fatebenefratelli (Brescia, Italy). Longitudinal clinical assessment of all patients supported the diagnostic used as ground truth for the evaluation of the classification function. The final function is composed of 12 intensity and determinant features. Reporting – The report consists in three parts: a) QC information; b) quantitative information (e.g. Z-score of amygdalae and hippocampi with respect to retrospective data on age-matched CTRL); and c) summary classification information in support of clinical diagnosis. This web-based prototype interface is ready for routine clinical use for physicians working at the training site. Multi-site models will be made available in the next generation. The proposed technique is completely automated, requires no external expertise, and is completely objective. ICBM project, G. B. Frisoni (Brescia, Italy) for the data.
RNF185, a Novel Mitochondrial Ubiquitin E3 Ligase, Regulates Autophagy through Interaction with BNIP1 (2011)

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that allows recycling of cytoplasmic organelles, such as mitochondria, to offer a bioenergetically efficient pathway for cell survival. Considerable progress has been made in characterizing mitochondrial autophagy. However, the dedicated ubiquitin E3 ligases targeting mitochondria for autophagy have not been revealed. Here we show that human RNF185 is a mitochondrial ubiquitin E3 ligase that regulates selective mitochondrial autophagy in cultured cells. The two C-terminal transmembrane domains of human RNF185 mediate its localization to mitochondrial outer membrane. RNF185 stimulates LC3II accumulation and the formation of autophagolysosomes in human cell lines. We further identified the Bcl-2 family protein BNIP1 as one of the substrates for RNF185. Human BNIP1 colocalizes with RNF185 at mitochondria and is polyubiquitinated by RNF185 through K63-based ubiquitin linkage in vivo. The polyubiquitinated BNIP1 is capable of recruiting autophagy receptor p62, which simultaneously binds both ubiquitin and LC3 to link ubiquitination and autophagy. Our study might reveal a novel RNF185-mediated mechanism for modulating mitochondrial homeostasis through autophagy.
ChemInform Abstract: PHEROMONE SYNTHESIS. 65. SYNTHESIS OF ALL OF THE FOUR ENERGETICALLY POSSIBLE STEREOISOMERS OF 7‐ETHYL‐2‐METHYL‐1,6‐DIOXASPIRO(4.5)DECANE. A PHEROMONE PRODUCED BY BEES PARAVESPURA VULGARIS L. AND ANDRENA HAEMORRHOA F (1985)

Abstract Die Bausteine (III), (IV) [erhältlich analog (III) aus der (I) entsprechenden S‐Forrn], (VII) und (IX) lassen sich wie im Formelschema beschrieben synthetisieren.
Symbolic Quick Error Detection for Pre-Silicon and Post-Silicon Validation: Frequently Asked Questions (2016)

Reducing the error detection latency is critical for improving the design visibility while searching for design errors. This article uses a FAQ format to discuss the key points of the symbolic QED method that can be applied during both pre-silicon and post-silicon validation.
ChemInform Abstract: REGIOSELECTIVE ROUTE TO STERICALLY HINDERED CYCLOPROPYLCARBINYL HALIDES (1984)

Abstract Cyclopropylcyanid (Ia) bzw. für (IIIf) das Säurechlorid (Ib) Iiefem mit Grignardmagentien die Ketone (III), die zu den Alkoholen (IV) reduziert werden.
Ultrasonic Fingerprint Sensor With Transmit Beamforming Based on a PMUT Array Bonded to CMOS Circuitry (2017)

In this paper, we present a single-chip 65 ×42 element ultrasonic pulse-echo fingerprint sensor with transmit (TX) beamforming based on piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers directly bonded to a CMOS readout application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The readout ASIC was realized in a standard 180-nm CMOS process with a 24-V high-voltage transistor option. Pulse-echo measurements are performed column-by-column in sequence using either one column or five columns to TX the ultrasonic pulse at 20 MHz. TX beamforming is used to focus the ultrasonic beam at the imaging plane where the finger is located, increasing the ultrasonic pressure and narrowing the 3-dB beamwidth to [Formula: see text], a factor of 6.4 narrower than nonbeamformed measurements. The surface of the sensor is coated with a poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer to provide good acoustic impedance matching to skin. Scanning laser Doppler vibrometry of the PDMS surface was used to map the ultrasonic pressure field at the imaging surface, demonstrating the expected increase in pressure, and reduction in beamwidth. Imaging experiments were conducted using both PDMS phantoms and real fingerprints. The average image contrast is increased by a factor of 1.5 when beamforming is used.
Volume Fraction of Ether Is a Significant Factor in Controlling Conductivity in Proton Conducting Polyether Based Polymer Sol–Gel Electrolytes B (2014)

We have synthesized several copolymers of methyl polyethylene glycol siloxane (MePEG₇SiO₃)ₘ and methyl polypropylene glycol siloxane (MePPGₙSiO₃)ₘ as hydrogen ion (H⁺) conducting polymer electrolytes. These copolymers were prepared by a sol–gel polymerization of mixtures of the MePEG and MePPG monomers. We synthesized these H⁺ conducting polymer electrolytes in order to study the relationship between observed ionic conductivity and structural properties such as viscosity, fractional free volume, and volume fraction of ether. We found that viscosity increased as the fraction of the smaller comonomer increased. For the MePPG₂/MePPG₃ copolymer, an increase in fractional free volume increased the fluidity. The heterogeneous copolymers (PEG/PPG copolymers) obeyed the Doolittle equation, while the homogeneous (PEG/PEG and PPG/PPG) copolymers did not. The increase of FFV did not, however, correspond to an increase in conductivity, as would have been predicted by the Forsythe equation. The conductivity data did correspond to a modified Forsythe equation substituting Volume Fraction of Ether (Vf,ₑₜₕₑᵣ) for FFV. We conclude that the proton conductivity of MePEG copolymers is more dependent on the volume fraction of ether than on the fractional free volume.
Dropwise condensation over superhydrophobic aluminium surfaces (2016)

Superhydrophobic aluminum surfaces have been analyzed being a promising solution to promote dropwise condensation. Superhydrophobicity has been obtained on an aluminum substrate by etching it with two different reagents and by depositing a fluorosilane film over them to lower the surface energy. The samples are characterized by means of contact angle measurements and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Experimental tests of pure steam condensation have been carried out on the samples and DWC has been visualized. Images of the dropwise condensation have been captured with high speed camera and, furthermore, the phenomenon of the jumping droplets has been observed. A heat transfer coefficient higher than 50 kW m-2 K-1 has been measured over the samples.
Laser lithographic fabrication and characterization of a spherical artificial compound eye (2007)

A spherical artificial compound eye which is comprised of an imaging microlens array and a pinhole array in the focal plane serving as receptor matrix is fabricated. The arrays are patterned on separate spherical bulk lenses by means of a special modified laser lithography system which is capable of generating structures with low shape deviation on curved surfaces. Design considerations of the imaging system are presented as well as the characterization of the comprising elements on curved surfaces, with special attention on the homogeneity over the array. The assembled system is the first spherical compound eye able to capture images. It is evaluated by analyzing resolution and cross-talk between the single channels.
Glioma Segmentation-Oriented Multi-Modal MR Image Fusion With Adversarial Learning (2022)

Dear Editor, In recent years, multi-modal medical image fusion has received widespread attention in the image processing community. However, existing works on medical image fusion methods are mostly devoted to pursuing high performance on visual perception and objective fusion metrics, while ignoring the specific purpose in clinical applications. In this letter, we propose a glioma segmentation-oriented multi-modal magnetic resonance (MR) image fusion method using an adversarial learning framework, which adopts a segmentation network as the discriminator to achieve more meaningful fusion results from the perspective of the segmentation task. Experimental results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method over some state-of-the-art medical image fusion methods.
GaN MIS-HEMT with Low Dynamic ON-Resistance Using SiON Passivation (2016)

An effective SiON passivation with high density of positive fixed charges for GaN MIS-HEMTs is demonstrated. The positive fixed charges at the SiON/AlGaN interface effectively reduce the surface potential and expand the quantum well below the Fermi level, thus improving the device performance. The GaN MIS-HEMT with SiON demonstrated a high maximum drain-source current density (I DS,max ) of &gt;1 A/mm, a breakdown voltage of 750 V at a drain leakage current of 1 μA/mm, and a well transfer characteristics. The dynamic ON-resistance only increased slightly under a high quiescent bias of 100 V.
HA U-Net: Improved Model for Building Extraction From High Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery (2021)

Automatic extraction of buildings from high-resolution remote sensing images becomes an important research. Since the convolutional neural network can perform pixel-level segmentation, this technology has been applied in this field. But the increase in resolution prone to blurry segmentation because the model needs more edge detail and multi-scale detail learning. To solve this problem, a method is proposed in this paper, which consists of three parts: (1) an improved model named Holistically-Nested Attention U-Net (HA U-Net) is designed, which integrates the attention mechanism and multi-scale nested modules to supervise prediction; (2) During model training, an improved weighted loss function is proposed to make the designed model more focused on learning boundary features; (3) watershed algorithm is exploited for image post-processing to optimize segmentation results. The designed HA U-Net performs well on WHU Building Dataset and Urban3d Challenge dataset, and achieves 9.31%, 2.17% better F1-score and 10.78%, 1.77% better IOU than the standard U-Net respectively. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method can well solve the building adhesion problem. The research can serve as updating geographic databases.