gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the design and testing of a spacecraft launch vibration isolation system (LVIS) (1997)

The Air Force's Phillips Laboratory has sponsored a program to isolate payloads from mechanical vibrations during launch. Called LVIS, for Launch Vibration Isolation System, the program's goals are to reduce the RMS accelerations felt by an isolated payload by a factor of 5 compared to an unisolated payload. Its secondary goals are to use minimal launch vehicle services, fit within existing payload attach fittings' dimension and mass envelope, and provide fail-safe operation. The LVIS system must provide this mechanical isolation while at the same time not allowing its host spacecraft to rattle too much and make contact with the external payload fairing, which protects the payload against heat, aerodynamic, and acoustic loads during ascent. The LVIS program intends to accomplish this goal using an innovative suspension system which is specially designed to be compliant in the vertical and lateral directions, but stiff in the rotational directions to prevent payload fairing contact. An overview of the LVIS design and predicted performance will be given.
Multiple paradigm shifts in multiple sclerosis (2003)

Our current understanding of the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis has changed in the past. Whereas demyelination was originally thought to be relevant for the lasting neurological deficit, it is nowadays commonly accepted that the extent of axonal loss dictates the degree of permanent clinical disability. How axonal damage can be prevented remains elusive. The interaction between the myelinating cell and the neuron gains increasing attention, however the evolving knowledge has not yet yielded new treatment concepts. Hence for the time being, it seems prudent to make optimal use of current approved therapies. Recent trials underlined the need for early initiation of treatment with immunomodulatory drugs. The superiority of one of the interferons is still a matter of debate, and a conclusive answer cannot be given at present. Finally, with mitoxantrone we have a drug at hand which can be used in progressive forms of multiple sclerosis, especially when other disease modifying drugs are not or no longer effective.
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise Synthesis of a Benzimidazole Analogue of Mycophenolic Acid Using a BF3‐Et2O Catalyzed Amino‐Claisen Rearrangement. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Experimental gyroklystron research at the University of Maryland for application to TeV linear colliders (1992)

X‐Band and K‐Band gyroklystrons are being evaluated for possible application to future linear colliders. So far we have examined then different two‐ and three‐cavity configurations. We have achieved a maximum peak power of 27 MW in ∼1 μs pulses at a gain of 36 dB and an efficiency exceeding 32%. The nominal parameters include a 430 kV, 150–200 Å beam with an average perpendicular to parallel velocity ratio near one. In this paper, we detail our progress to data and describe our plans for future experiments that should culminate in amplifier outputs in excess of 100 MW in 1 μs pulses.
Use of incoherent light for annealing implanted Si wafers and growing single-crystal Si on SiO 2 (1982)

By using halogen lamps, we have annealed implanted Si wafers and recrystallised deposited poly-Si. A transient anneal was accomplished with a good uniformity on 4 in Si wafers with no redistribution of the dopant profile. By using a shaped spot, we obtained 〈100〉 single-crystal Si, over an area 2 mm by several centimetres, on a SiO2 layer grown on a Si substrate, without seeding.
Separation of the Oxidation Products of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Reversed-Phase HPLC Combined with Ion-Pairing and Ion-Suppression Techniques (1989)

Journal Article Separation of the Oxidation Products of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Reversed-Phase HPLC Combined with Ion-Pairing and Ion-Suppression Techniques Get access A. Zein, A. Zein * Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie, POB 102148, D-4630 Bochum, Federal Republic of Germany *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. Baerns M. Baerns Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie, POB 102148, D-4630 Bochum, Federal Republic of Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Chromatographic Science, Volume 27, Issue 5, May 1989, Pages 249–258, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/27.5.249 Published: 01 May 1989 Article history Received: 15 August 1988 Published: 01 May 1989
Endothelial Side Population Cells Contribute to Tumor Angiogenesis and Antiangiogenic Drug Resistance (2016)

Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in tumor growth, with an undisputed contribution of resident endothelial cells (EC) to new blood vessels in the tumor. Here, we report the definition of a small population of vascular-resident stem/progenitor-like EC that contributes predominantly to new blood vessel formation in the tumor. Although the surface markers of this population are similar to other ECs, those from the lung vasculature possess colony-forming ability in vitro and contribute to angiogenesis in vivo These specific ECs actively proliferate in lung tumors, and the percentage of this population significantly increases in the tumor vasculature relative to normal lung tissue. Using genetic recombination and bone marrow transplant models, we show that these cells are phenotypically true ECs and do not originate from hematopoietic cells. After treatment of tumors with antiangiogenic drugs, these specific ECs selectively survived and remained in the tumor. Together, our results established that ECs in the peripheral vasculature are heterogeneous and that stem/progenitor-like ECs play an indispensable role in tumor angiogenesis as EC-supplying cells. The lack of susceptibility of these ECs to antiangiogenic drugs may account for resistance of the tumor to this drug type. Thus, inhibiting these ECs might provide a promising strategy to overcome antiangiogenic drug resistance. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3200-10. ©2016 AACR.
Targeted Therapies in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (2015)

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease comprised of several biologically distinct subtypes. However, treatment is currently mainly relying on chemotherapy as there are no targeted therapies specifically approved for TNBC. Despite initial responses to chemotherapy, resistance frequently and rapidly develops and metastatic TNBC has a poor prognosis. New targeted approaches are, therefore, urgently needed. Currently, bevacizumab, a monoclonal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A antibody, is the only targeted agent with an approval for the therapy of metastatic breast cancer, but does not provide a specific benefit in the TNBC subtype. This review discusses the current clinical developments in targeted approaches for TNBC, including anti-angiogenic therapies, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapies, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and platinum salts, as well as novel strategies using immune-checkpoint inhibitors, which have recently demonstrated first promising results. Strategies focusing on specific subtypes of TNBC like anti-androgenic therapies for the luminal androgen receptor subtype (LAR) and others are also discussed.
Optimization by precomputation (2011)

We discuss the scenario of developing an optimizer for a given space of problem instances. Standard practice typically resorts to choosing a broad approach (such as evolutionary search), then tuning the optimizer based on example problem instances, and/or hybridizing with domain-specific heuristics and expert knowledge. This will lead to a capable optimizer for the task, but we argue that the delivered optimizer will dramatically under-exploit domain information. We propose a different approach, in which the optimizer may be capable of (comparatively) ultra-fast and effective performance on new instances. The essence of this approach is straightforward: in the extreme, we can solve all possible instances of interest during development, and then deliver an `optimizer' in the form of a lookup table. In practice, the approach effects a compromise, exploiting a very large base of pre-computed solutions to bootstrap the solving of new instances. We explore this idea in the simple context of seeding a simple evolutionary algorithm with solutions selected from a large pre-solved set. We find in three test domains that optimizers exploiting a large base of pre-solved instances can deliver significantly better results.
Preparation and characterization of an anti-inflammatory agent based on a zinc-layered hydroxide-salicylate nanohybrid and its effect on viability of Vero-3 cells (2013)

A new organic-inorganic nanohybrid based on zinc-layered hydroxide intercalated with an anti-inflammatory agent was synthesized through direct reaction of salicylic acid at various concentrations with commercially available zinc oxide. The basal spacing of the pure phase nanohybrid was 15.73 Å, with the salicylate anions arranged in a monolayer form and an angle of 57 degrees between the zinc-layered hydroxide interlayers. Fourier transform infrared study further confirmed intercalation of salicylate into the interlayers of zinc-layered hydroxide. The loading of salicylate in the nanohybrid was estimated to be around 29.66%, and the nanohybrid exhibited the properties of a mesoporous-type material, with greatly enhanced thermal stability of the salicylate compared with its free counterpart. In vitro cytotoxicity assay revealed that free salicylic acid, pure zinc oxide, and the nanohybrid have a mild effect on viability of African green monkey kidney (Vero-3) cells.
Air pollutants cause release of hydrogen peroxide and interleukin‐8 in a human primary nasal tissue culture model (2014)

PM increases the quantity of H2 O2 released by nasal epithelial cells, indicating that PM can contribute to oxidative stress in part by activating a normal cellular defense mechanism. Exposure to PM resulted in elevated IL-8 levels and mucin production in explants. Efforts to reduce airborne PM may lead to reduced H2 O2 and mucin production in sinonasal epithelium.
Phenylethylamine Induces an Increase in Cytosolic Ca2+in Yeast (2002)

Beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) induced an increase in cytosolic free calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]c) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells monitored with transgenic aequorin, a Ca2+-dependent photoprotein. The PEA-induced [Ca2+]c increase was dependent on the concentrations of PEA applied, and the Ca2+ mostly originated from an extracellular source. Preceding the Ca2+ influx, H2O2 was generated in the cells by the addition of PEA. Externally added H2O2 also induced a [Ca2+]c increase. These results suggest that PEA induces the [Ca2+]c increase via H2O2 generation. The PEA-induced [Ca2+]c increase occurred in the mid1 mutant with a slightly smaller peak than in the wild-type strain, indicating that Mid1, a stretch-activated nonselective cation channel, may not be mainly involved in the PEA-induced Ca2+ influx. When PEA was applied, the MATa mid1 mutant was rescued from alpha-factor-induced death in a Ca2+-limited medium, suggesting that the PEA-induced [Ca2+]c increase can reinforce calcium signaling in the mating pheromone response pathway.
Series Load Resonant Tank High Frequency Inverter with ZCS-PDM Contro Scheme for Induction-Heated Fixing Roller (2006)

This paper presents the two lossless auxiliary inductors-assisted voltage source type half bridge (single ended push pull: SEPP) series resonant high frequency inverter for induction heated fixing roller in copy and printing machines. The simple high-frequency inverter treated here can completely achieve stable zero current soft switching (ZCS) commutation for wide its output power regulation ranges and load variations under its constant high frequency pulse density modulation (PDM) scheme. Its transient and steady state operating principle is originally described and discussed for a constant high-frequency PDM control strategy under a stable ZCS operation commutation, together with its output effective power regulation characteristics-based on the high frequency PDM strategy. The experimental operating performances of this voltage source SEPP ZCS-PDM series resonant high frequency inverter using IGBTs are illustrated as compared with computer simulation results and experimental ones. Its power losses analysis and actual efficiency are evaluated and discussed on the basis of simulation and experimental results. The feasible effectiveness of this high frequency inverter appliance implemented here is proved from the practical point of view.
An experimental study of methods for executing test suites in memory constrained environments (2009)

Software for memory constrained mobile devices is often implemented in the Java programming language because the Java compiler and virtual machine (JVM) provide enhanced safety, portability, and the potential for run-time optimization. However, testing time may increase substantially when memory is limited and the JVM employs a compiler to create native code bodies. This paper furnishes an empirical study that identifies the fundamental trade-offs associated with a method that uses adaptive native code unloading to perform memory constrained testing. The experimental results demonstrate that code unloading can reduce testing time by 17% and the code size of the test suite and application under test by 68% while maintaining the overall size of the JVM. We also find that the goal of reducing the space overhead of an automated testing technique is often at odds with the objective of decreasing the time required to test. Additional experiments reveal that using a complete record of test suite behavior, in contrast to a sample-based profile, does not enable the code unloader to make decisions that markedly reduce testing time. Finally, we identify test suite and application behaviors that may limit the effectiveness of our method for memory constrained test execution and we suggest ways to mitigate these challenges.
Large Scale RNAi Screen Reveals That the Inhibitor of DNA Binding 2 (ID2) Protein Is Repressed by p53 Family Member p63 and Functions in Human Keratinocyte Differentiation (2011)

The inhibitor of DNA binding 2, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein, ID2, acts as an oncogene and elevated levels of ID2 have been reported in several malignancies. Whereas some inducers of the ID2 gene have been characterized, little is known regarding the proteins capable to repress its expression. We developed siRNA microarrays to perform a large scale loss-of-function screen in human adult keratinocytes engineered to express GFP under the control of the upstream region of ID2 gene. We screened the effect of siRNA-dependent inhibition of 220 cancer-associated genes on the expression of the ID2::GFP reporter construct. Three genes NBN, RAD21, and p63 lead to a repression of ID2 promoter activity. Strikingly NBN and RAD21 are playing on major role in cell cycle progression and mitosis arrest. These results underline the pregnant need to silence ID2 expression at transcript level to promote cell cycle exit. Central to this inhibitory mechanism we find p63, a key transcription factor in epithelial development and differentiation, which binds specific cis-acting sequence within the ID2 gene promoter both in vitro and in vivo. P63 would not suppress ID2 expression, but would rather prevent excessive expression of that protein to enable the onset of keratinocyte differentiation.
Estrogen Receptor-β and the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (2015)

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) lack estrogen receptor-α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) amplification and account for almost half of all breast cancer deaths. This breast cancer subtype largely affects women who are premenopausal, African-American, or have BRCA1/2 mutations. Women with TNBC are plagued with higher rates of distant metastasis that significantly diminish their overall survival and quality of life. Due to their poor response to chemotherapy, patients with TNBC would significantly benefit from development of new targeted therapeutics. Research suggests that the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family and estrogen receptor beta-1 (ERβ1), due to their roles in metabolism and cellular regulation, might be attractive targets to pursue for TNBC management. Here, we review the current state of the science addressing the roles of ERβ1 and the IGF family in TNBC. Further, the potential benefit of metformin treatment in patients with TNBC as well as areas of therapeutic potential in the IGF-ERβ1 pathway are highlighted.
Key Role of Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Inflammation, Immunity, Neoplasia, and Infectious Disease (1999)

Leukocyte homing is a complex, multistep process involving the coordinated expression of adhesion molecules and certain chemotactic cytokines, termed chemokines. Although chemokines initially burst into the literature as potent inflammatory mediators, it is now clear that they are involved in a variety of processes including lymphocyte maturation, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. Furthermore, a variety of important pathogens manipulate various chemokine/receptor pathways to infect the host and evade the immune system.
P2‐228: PRE‐ANALYTICAL STABILITY OF NOVEL CEREBROSPINAL FLUID BIOMARKERS FOR DEMENTIA (2018)

Stability of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition under different pre-analytical conditions is of absolute relevance to evaluate and assure the diagnostic potential of biomarkers. Our aim was to examine this pre-analytical stability of promising CSF proteins and metabolites that are currently evaluated for their discriminative ability in various neurological diseases. Pooled CSF was aliquoted and experimentally exposed to delayed storage: 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 72, or 168 hours at 4°C or room temperature (RT), or 1-4 months at -20°C; or up to 7 freeze/thaw cycles, before final storage at -80°C. Eleven CSF proteins or metabolites were screened using enzyme-linked immunoassays, (ultra-)high-performance liquid chromatography, LC-MS/MS, or enzymatic methods. Data were normalised to the concentration at time zero per marker and mean relative concentration and 95% confidence interval per data point were presented. Levels of neurogranin (truncated at P75), chitinase-3-like protein (YKL-40), beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymatic activity, theobromine, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine-like 1 (SPARCL-1) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels were not affected by the applied storage conditions. 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) levels linearly and strongly decreased after 4 hours at RT (-10%) or 24 hours at 4°C (-27%), and with 6% after every f/t cycle. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) (-29% after 1 week at RT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels (-16% after 1 week at RT) were reduced and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels (+22% after 1 week at RT) increased, but only after >24 hours at RT. Ten out of eleven potential CSF biomarkers showed very limited change under common storage conditions for sample processing and biobanking, suggesting that the diagnostic relevance of these CSF biomarkers can be trustfully tested under the pre-analytical conditions present across different cohorts. On the contrary, MHPG levels are prone to decrease after additional storage delay at 4°C or RT, or after additional freeze/thaw cycles, these samples thus require immediate storage and reduction of pre-analytical steps.
Photonics rules of thumb optics electro optics fiber optics and lasers (1996)

Chapter 1: Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing/Detection, Recognition, and Identification Chapter 2: Astronomy Chapter 3: Atmospherics Chapter 4: Backgrounds Chapter 5: Cryogenics Chapter 6: Detectors Chapter 7: Displays Chapter 8: The Human Eye Chapter 9: Lasers Chapter 10: Material Properties Chapter 11: Miscellaneous Chapter 12: Ocean Optics Chapter 13: Optics Chapter 14: Radiometry Chapter 15: Shop Optics Chapter 16: Systems Chapter 17: Target Phenomenology Chapter 18: Visible and Television Sensors APPENDIX A GLOSSARY INDEX ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate induces COX‐2 expression via PI3K/Akt and p42/p44 MAPK pathways in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (2006)

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) has been shown to regulate smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and vascular maturation. S1P increases the expression of several proteins including COX-2 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and contributes to arteriosclerosis. However, the mechanisms regulating COX-2 expression by S1P in VSMCs remain unclear. Western blotting and RT-PCR analyses showed that S1P induced the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, which was attenuated by inhibitors of MEK1/2 (U0126) and PI3K (wortmannin), and transfection with dominant negative mutants of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK2) or Akt. These results suggested that both p42/p44 MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways participated in COX-2 expression induced by S1P in VSMCs. In accordance with these findings, S1P stimulated phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK and Akt, which was attenuated by U0126, LY294002, or wortmannin, respectively. Furthermore, this up-regulation of COX-2 mRNA and protein was blocked by a selective NF-kappaB inhibitor helenalin. Consistently, S1P-stimulated translocation of NF-kappaB into the nucleus was revealed by immnofluorescence staining. Moreover, S1P-stimulated activation of NF-kappaB promoter activity was blocked by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 and helenalin, but not by U0126, suggesting that involvement of PI3K/Akt in the activation of NF-kappaB. COX-2 promoter assay showed that S1P induced COX-2 promoter activity mediated through p42/p44 MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NF-kappaB. These results suggested that in VSMCs, activation of p42/p44 MAPK, Akt and NF-kappaB pathways was essential for S1P-induced COX-2 gene expression. Understanding the mechanisms involved in S1P-induced COX-2 expression on VSMCs may provide potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of arteriosclerosis.
NOS2 regulation of LPS-induced airway inflammation via S-nitrosylation of NF-κB p65 (2011)

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) expression is increased in the airway epithelium in acute inflammatory disorders although the physiological impact remains unclear. We have previously shown that NOS2 inhibits NF-κB (p50-p65) activation in respiratory epithelial cells by inducing S-nitrosylation of the p65 monomer (SNO-p65). In addition, we have demonstrated that mouse lung SNO-p65 levels are acutely depleted in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of lung injury and that augmenting SNO-p65 levels before LPS treatment results in decreased airway epithelial NF-κB activation, airway inflammation, and lung injury. We now show that aerosolized LPS induces NOS2 expression in the respiratory epithelium concomitant with an increase in lung SNO-p65 levels and a decrease in airway NF-κB activity. Genetic deletion of NOS2 results in an absence of SNO-p65 formation, persistent NF-κB activity in the respiratory epithelium, and prolonged airway inflammation. These results indicate that a primary function of LPS-induced NOS2 expression in the respiratory epithelium is to modulate the inflammatory response through deactivation of NF-κB via S-nitrosylation of p65, thereby counteracting the initial stimulus-coupled denitrosylation.