gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Challenges of Cu CMP of TSVs and RDLs fabricated from the backside of a thin wafer (2013)

TSVs (through-silicon vias) can be fabricated by the via-first, via-middle, and via-last from the backside processes. For via-first and via-middle processes, TSVs are formed from the frontside of the wafer which is temporary bonded to a carrier. Then the backside is subjected to backgrinding and Cu revealing such as silicon dry etching, low-temperature isolation SiN/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> deposition, and CMP (chemical-mechanical polishing) to remove the SiN/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and the Cu and seed/barrier layers of the Cu-filled TSV. On the other hand, for the via-last from the backside process, a carrier is temporary bonded on the frontside of the “finished” wafer (which includes all the metal layers, pads and passivation) and backgrind the backside of the wafer to ≤50 μm thick. TSVs and RDLs (redistribution layers) are formed from the backside of the wafer by the dual-damascene process. There are at least 3 challenges of Cu CMP of TSVs and RDLs fabricated from the backside of a thin wafer, namely (a) the residues in the dies due to the excess of TTV (total thickness variation) resulting from the degassing/deformation of glue during temporary bonding; (b) the residues on wafer edge due to the low down force during CMP to avoid the thin wafer chipping; and (c) Cu residues along the recess areas of the grinding traces during wafer thinning process. In this study, the processes are developed to overcome these three challenges. Specifically, the Cu residues in the dies are reduced substantially by choosing a thermosetting glue over a thermoplastic glue; the edge metal residues are eliminated by the process with a low down force to avoid the chipping of the thin wafer but increasing the time of Cu over-polishing in the high Cu rate slurry and avoiding Cu corrosion; and the Cu residues along the recess areas of grinding traces are resolved by Cu over-polishing using the high passivation Cu slurry to remove the Cu on the recess areas.
The Thickogram: a method for easy film thickness measurement in XPS (2000)

We describe a simple graphical method for measuring film thickness by XPS, which we call a Thickogram. This method can be used even when the film and substrate peaks have very different kinetic energies and incorporates the effects of elastic scattering within the recommended range of take-off angles. The Thickogram may also be useful when measuring film thickness by AES, though this is less commonly required than in XPS. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occupant-location-catered control of IOT-enabled building HVAC systems (2017)

Catered control strategies for building HVAC systems, which react to the changing location of an occupant of the building, are studied. A structured Markov Jump-Linear System (MJLS) model is developed which captures the diffusive heat-exchange process in the building, stochastic occupant movement, and feedback control enacted by the HVAC system. A statistical analysis of the closed-loop dynamics is undertaken, and used to evaluate stability and control performance. The tuning of simple proportional-integral-derivative control schemes to optimize comfort is also discussed, and demonstrated in an example.
A Liquid Helium Cryostat for Positron Annihilation 2γ Angular Correlation Measurements (1979)

A liquid helium cryostat for high precision positron annihilation 2γ angular correlation measurements is described. It enables us to make long period, highly stable measurements in the temperature range between the boiling point of helium and that of nitrogen with a relatively small consumption rate of liquid helium. The radioactive positron source is placed outside the vacuum chamber of the cryostat. This enables the source to be put on and off at will and also excludes the possibility of any trouble caused by cooling it with the sample in vacuum. This structure also makes it possible to shield the sample from positron and γ-ray irradiation until it is cooled to the desired temperature.
African Swine Fever Virus E120R Protein Inhibits Interferon Beta Production by Interacting with IRF3 To Block Its Activation (2021)

African swine fever is a devastating disease of swine caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). The pathogenesis of the disease remains largely unknown, leaving the spread of the disease uncontrolled in many countries and regions. Here, we identified E120R, a structural protein of ASFV, as a key virulence factor and late-phase-expressed protein of the virus. E120R revealed an activity to suppress the host antiviral response through blocking beta interferon (IFN-β) production, and the amino acids (aa) at sites 72 and 73 (amino acids 72-73) in the C-terminal domain were essential for this function. E120R interacted with interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and interfered with the recruitment of IRF3 to TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which in turn suppressed IRF3 phosphorylation, decreasing interferon production. A recombinant mutant ASFV was further constructed to confirm the claimed mechanism. The ASFV lacking the complete E120R region could not be rescued, whereas the virus could tolerate the deletion of the 72nd and 73rd residues in E120R (ASFV E120R-Δ72-73aa). ASFV E120R with the two-amino-acid deletion failed to interact with IRF3 during ASFV E120R-Δ72-73aa infection, and the viral infection activated IRF3 phosphorylation highly and induced more robust type I interferon production than its parental ASFV. An unbiased transcriptome-wide analysis of gene expression also confirmed that considerably more IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were detected in ASFV E120R-Δ72-73aa-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) than in wild-type ASFV-infected PAMs. Together, our findings have identified a novel mechanism evolved by ASFV to inhibit the host antiviral response, and they provide a new target for guiding the development of ASFV live-attenuated vaccine. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> African swine fever is a highly contagious animal disease affecting the pig industry worldwide, which has brought enormous economic losses. Infection by the causative agent, African swine fever virus (ASFV), causes severe immunosuppression during viral infection, contributing to serious clinical manifestations. Therefore, identification of the viral proteins involved in immunosuppression is critical for ASFV vaccine design and development. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated that E120R protein, a structural protein of ASFV, played an important role in suppression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation and type I interferon production by binding to IRF3 and blocking the recruitment of IRF3 to TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Deletion of the crucial binding sites in E120R critically increased the interferon response during ASFV infection. This study explored a novel antagonistic mechanism of ASFV, which is critical for guiding the development of ASFV live-attenuated vaccines.
The Life Space Questionnaire: A Measure of the Extent of Mobility of Older Adults (1999)

Mobility in older adults is typically discussed in terms of component maneuvers including analy sis of gait and postural instability; activities that depend on mobility such as bathing, dressing, or shopping; or adverse events during mobility such as falls or motor vehicle crashes. None of these approaches reflects a key aspect of mobility-the extent of movement within a person's environment, or life space in the gerontological literature. Here we describe this concept as it applies to mobility and present a questionnaire instrument designed to measure life space in community-dwelling older adults. Results indicate that the Life Space Questionnaire (LSQ) is reliable and has construct and criterion validity in a sample of olderadults. The LSQ can be used to establish the spatial extent of an older person's mobility and may ultimately be useful as an outcome measure in studies evaluating interventions designed to enhance mobility and inde pendence in community-dwelling older populations.
Developing a novel international undergraduate surgical masterclass during a financial crisis: our 4-year experience (2018)

ESMSC is considered an innovative and effective multidisciplinary teaching model by delegates, where it improves delegates objective performance in basic surgical skills. Our experience demonstrates provision of high-quality and free surgical education during a financial crisis, which evolved through a dynamic feedback mechanism. The prospective recording and subsequent analysis of curriculum evolution provides a blueprint to direct development of effective surgical education courses that can be adapted to local needs.
Design principles for end-to-end multicore schedulers (2010)

As personal computing devices become increasingly parallel multiprocessors, the requirements for operating system schedulers change considerably. Future generalpurpose machines will need to handle a dynamic, bursty, and interactive mix of parallel programs sharing a heterogeneous multicore machine. We argue that a key challenge for such machines is rethinking scheduling as an end-to-end problem integrating components from the hardware and kernel up to the programming language runtimes and applications themselves. We present several design principles for future OS schedulers, and discuss the implications of each for OS and runtime interfaces and structure. We illustrate the implementation challenges that result by describing the concrete choices we have made in the Barrelfish multikernel. This allows us to present one coherent scheduling design for an entire multicore machine, while at the same time drawing conclusions we think are applicable to the design of any general-purpose multicore OS. 1
Numerical Optimization of Microwave Reactor Parameters for Direct Methane Aromatization (2022)

AIChE: 3rd Natural Gas Utilization Workshop, Virtual, April 24-25, 2021
Preparation of 2,2-difluoro- and 2,2,4.ALPHA.-trifluoro-steroids by the reaction of enamines with perchloryl fluoride. (1977)

The reaction of fluorinated steroidal enamines with perchloryl fluoride furnished 2, 2-difluoro-and 2, 2, 4α-trifluorinated steroids. Changes in infrared absorption frequency due to the introduction of fluorine are discussed.
Characterization of the PET/CT scanner GE Discovery STE 16 (DSTE) and evaluation of the algorithm VUE Point (2007)

1808 Objectives: Multiple standard NEMA NU2-2001(N-01) tests were performed to characterize the PET-CT tomograph GE DSTE and to evaluate the system repeatability. In addition N-01 tests were processed with standard algorithms and the new VUE Point (VP) reconstruction algorithm. Methods: According to the N-01 the following tests were accomplished: spatial resolution, sensitivity, image quality (IQ), count rate, scatter fraction. All tests were performed in 2D and 3D modes and submitted to statistical analysis. The spatial resolution values were obtained using two algorithms (FBP,VP). IQ test was performed for lesion/background activity concentration ratio of 4:1. Data were reconstructed with different algorithms: FBP, VP, FORE (FBP, Iterative), Reprojection (RP). Hot sphere contrast recovery coefficient (HC) and cold sphere contrast (CC) were evaluated. Results: Spatial resolution results are in agreement with DSTE factory data (maximum relative difference 8%). As regards transverse spatial resolution, DSTE is better than DST scanner. The VP algorithm shows an improvement in transverse plane compared with standard NEMA algorithm, while a worsening in axial plane is marked (e.g. 2D axial at 1 cm off axis 4.67 mm FBP, 5.94 mm VP). The average sensitivity of our system (2D(3D) 2.25 (8.59) cps/kBq) is lightly better than factory data. DSTE is characterized by a lower sensitivity in 3D mode, compared with DST factory data (3D 9.3 cps/kBq). Scatter fraction results (2D 17.5%, 3D 33.5%), comparable with factory data, appear inferior to DST values (2D 19%, 3D 44%). 3D count rate data (73.6kcps@13.7kBq/ml) show an enhancement with respect to DST factory data (63kcps@12kBq/ml). As regards IQ tests, generally a high variability between our and literature data is noted: a worsening in 2D DSTE HC is observed in comparison with 2D DST values. In 3D mode the VP algorithm allows a higher recovery coefficient. Conclusions: The N-01 results highlight the performances of the new DSTE scanner, however the Nema tests execution without the evaluation of the repeatability doesn’t appear very meaningful regarding to the physical characterization point of view.
Comparison of the efficiencies of two TR-FRET methods to detect in vitro natural and synthesized inhibitors of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway (2010)

Abstract: Numerous types of cancer operate through the deregulation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. It is therefore of importance to design and synthesize inhibitors of this pathway. Consequently, we have developed several tests to measure in vitro the effect of inhibitors on the activity of the complete cascade Raf-1/MEK/ERK and also on the activities of Raf-1, MEK, and ERK individually. We present here the results obtained with two time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) methods by comparison with a classical radioactivity method and experimental data found in literature. The capability of a series of optimized assays to detect different types of inhibitors is evaluated and discussed. Keywords: Raf/MEK/ERK cascade, inhibitors of Raf-1, MEK, and ERK, PEBP/RKIP, phosphocellulose filter binding assay, time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer
Determination of Elasticity Constants of Isotropic Thin Films Using Impulse Excitation Technique (2017)

International audience
Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Phaffiaol and Related Antioxidants. (1998)

Total synthesis of a novel long chain alkyl phenol, phaffiaol (1), a potent antioxidant isolated from Phaffia rhodozyma, was achieved via three reaction steps starting from 3, 5-dibromosalicylaldehyde (2). We also prepared several types of long chain alkyl phenol having different aromatic rings or different carbon length, and evaluated their antioxidative activity using the rabbit erythrocyte membrane ghost system. Amongst these compounds, the novel methoxy phenol derivatives (6c, d, 7) having a heptadecyl moiety at the ortho-position to the hydroxy group, were approximately 2 times more active than α-tocopherol. In addition, 4-methoxy-2-pentadexylphenol (10h), which has a 15-carbon length in the side chain moiety, showed the maximum activity.
Regulatory Aspects of Optical Methods and Exogenous Targets for Cancer Detection (2017)

Considerable advances in cancer-specific optical imaging have improved the precision of tumor resection. In comparison to traditional imaging modalities, this technology is unique in its ability to provide real-time feedback to the operating surgeon. Given the significant clinical implications of optical imaging, there is an urgent need to standardize surgical navigation tools and contrast agents to facilitate swift regulatory approval. Because fluorescence-enhanced surgery requires a combination of both device and drug, each may be developed in conjunction, or separately, which are important considerations in the approval process. This report is the result of a one-day meeting held on May 4, 2016 with officials from the National Cancer Institute, the FDA, members of the American Society of Image-Guided Surgery, and members of the World Molecular Imaging Society, which discussed consensus methods for FDA-directed human testing and approval of investigational optical imaging devices as well as contrast agents for surgical applications. The goal of this workshop was to discuss FDA approval requirements and the expectations for approval of these novel drugs and devices, packaged separately or in combination, within the context of optical surgical navigation. In addition, the workshop acted to provide clarity to the research community on data collection and trial design. Reported here are the specific discussion items and recommendations from this critical and timely meeting. <i>Cancer Res; 77(9); 2197-206. ©2017 AACR</i>.
Polarization Differential Antenna for LOS Communications in a Multi-Antenna System (2014)

A method of achieving selective communication between a set of communication nodes on a network using a differential antenna pair is demonstrated. The common mode noise cancelling properties of the proposed polarization differential antenna facilitates controlled isolation of multiple wireless channels in close physical proximity and makes line-of-sight communications in multi-antenna systems operating in the same frequency channel feasible. The proposed antenna demonstrates clear superiority in signal isolation in comparison to its single ended counterpart. Routing physical transmission lines takes up space on chip/board and also introduces parasitic elements to the design altering its characteristics especially at high frequencies. The idea is to wirelessly transmit and receive a true differential signal emulating a physical differential transmission line preserving its common mode noise cancelling properties. A method to regulate the received power is proposed.
Synthesis and Characterization of an Al693- Cluster with 51 Naked Al Atoms:  Analogies and Differences to the Previously Characterized Al772- Cluster (2001)

A disproportionation process of a metastable AlCl solution with a simultaneous ligand exchange-Cl is substituted by N(SiMe(3))(2)-leads to a [Al(69)[N(SiMe(3))(2)](18)](3-) cluster compound that can be regarded as an intermediate on the way to bulk metal formation. The cluster was characterized by an X-ray crystal structural analysis. Regarding its structure and the packing within the crystal, this metalloid cluster with 4 times more Al atoms than ligands is compared to the [Al(77)N(SiMe(3))(2)](20)](2-) cluster that has been published four years ago. Although there is a similar packing density of the Al atoms in both clusters as well as in Al metal, the X-ray structural analysis shows significant differences in topology and distance proportions. The differences between these-at a first glance almost identical-Al clusters demonstrate that results of physical measuring, e.g., of nanostructured surfaces which carry supposedly identical cluster species, have to be interpreted with great caution.
Periodicity in User Engagement with a Search Engine and Its Application to Online Controlled Experiments (2017)

Nowadays, billions of people use the Web in connection with their daily needs. A significant part of these needs are constituted by search tasks that are usually addressed by search engines. Thus, daily search needs result in regular user engagement with a search engine. User engagement with web services was studied in various aspects, but there appears to be little work devoted to its regularity and periodicity. In this article, we study periodicity of user engagement with a popular search engine through applying spectrum analysis to temporal sequences of different engagement metrics. First, we found periodicity patterns of user engagement and revealed classes of users whose periodicity patterns do not change over a long period of time. In addition, we give an exhaustive analysis of the stability and quality of identified clusters. Second, we used the spectrum series as key metrics to evaluate search quality. We found that the novel periodicity metrics outperform the state-of-the-art quality metrics both in terms of significance level ( p -value) and sensitivity to a large set of larges-scale A/B experiments conducted on real search engine users.
Strain energy release rate distributions for double cantilever beam specimens (1991)

A 24-ply composite double cantilever-beam specimen under mode I (opening) loading has been analyzed by a 3D FEM code that calculated along a straight delamination starter for several different specimen materials. An isotropic specimen was found to have a strain-energy release rate distribution which varied along its delamination front due to the boundary-layer effect and another effect associated with the anticlastic curvature of the bent specimen arms. A 0-deg graphite-reinforced epoxy specimen had a nearly-uniform strain-energy release rate distribution which dropped only near the edge, due to the boundary-layer effect, and a +/- 45-deg graphite/epoxy specimen exhibited a pronounced strain-energy release rate variation across the specimen width.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclic Sulfites and Cyclic Sulfates: Epoxide like Synthons (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Intact Histological Characterization of Brain-implanted Microdevices and Surrounding Tissue (2013)

Research into the design and utilization of brain-implanted microdevices, such as microelectrode arrays, aims to produce clinically relevant devices that interface chronically with surrounding brain tissue. Tissue surrounding these implants is thought to react to the presence of the devices over time, which includes the formation of an insulating "glial scar" around the devices. However, histological analysis of these tissue changes is typically performed after explanting the device, in a process that can disrupt the morphology of the tissue of interest. Here we demonstrate a protocol in which cortical-implanted devices are collected intact in surrounding rodent brain tissue. We describe how, once perfused with fixative, brains are removed and sliced in such a way as to avoid explanting devices. We outline fluorescent antibody labeling and optical clearing methods useful for producing an informative, yet thick tissue section. Finally, we demonstrate the mounting and imaging of these tissue sections in order to investigate the biological interface around brain-implanted devices.
Contaminant Characterization Through Light Scattering Angular Correlation (1996)

Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in light scattered by host droplets containing inclusions. 1-5 One characteristic of such a system is a fluctuation in the scattered intensity. The nature of these fluctuations is not clear. They have been attributed to inclusions passing through regions of strong and weak electric fields within the host, like the hot-spot, 1 and also to interference of the individual inclusions contained within the host droplet. 4,5 The latter attributions of the scatter were used in previous photon-correlation analyses to determine the characteristics of the inclusions. However, the results of these analyses were not conclusive. We develop a novel technique for analyzing the scattering system in which we examine correlations between the signals at two scattering angles.