gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Maturity of Cotton Fibers Using Image Analysis: Definition and Algorithm (1994)

Maturity of cotton fibers refers to the extent of development of their secondary wall and is an important characteristic. To characterize and quantify cotton maturity, we have developed an imaging system based on our previous research on fiber cross- sectional shape analysis. In this paper, we focus on methods of characterizing cotton fiber maturity. We review the techniques for processing images of fiber cross sections, propose a new approach for describing cotton maturity and discuss other related char acteristics.
Does modification of portal venous blood flow using balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration affect the mucosa of the small intestine? (2016)

Objective: Portal hypertensive enteropathy may be evaluated using capsule endoscopy (CE), but the pathological findings are still unclear. After balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO), which is usually performed for the treatment of gastric varices and hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis, occlusion of portosystemic shunts causes an increase in portal blood pressure. This study assessed the effects of this increase on the mucosa of the small intestine.
Onyx Embolization of a Meningioma with a Dysplastic Aneurysmal Anterior Cerebral Artery Vessel (2016)

Preoperative embolization of meningiomas can be safely performed using a variety of embolic agents. Most commonly, the vascular supply from branches of the external carotid artery is the target of embolization. In our report, we detail the treatment of a patient with a parafalcine meningioma that received its supply via branches of the anterior cerebral artery. One of the feeder vessels appeared to contain a dysplastic aneurysmal dilatation of the vessel. Due to patient circumstances, embolization was performed using standard microcatheterization techniques to minimize intraoperative blood loss. We report a rare instance of endovascular treatment of a pial vessel to treat an intracranial meningioma using Onyx.
Identification of waveguide mode and surface plasmon resonance mode using Fourier cross-correlation analysis (2019)

The light reflected into the back focal plane of a microscope objective allows one to gather a great deal of information about the resonant modes excited on a sample. These dips represent modes excited on the sample, which are related to both the material properties and the structure. Automatic identification of these resonances is a vital stage in developing automated machine-learning techniques for high-throughput sample characterization. In previous work, identification of a single isolated mode was demonstrated; here we show how multiple modes can be separately identified using an automated centering procedure in a process we call radial thresholding. Once the center was determined, the radial thresholding process was modified and combined with interpolation to locate the precise modal positions. We show that this method is capable of resolving very closely spaced modes and is sensitive to nanometric changes in sample dimensions. The processing time for the method is sufficiently fast to ensure that it is suited for rapid sample identification.
Bad practices in evaluation methodology relevant to class-imbalanced problems (2018)

For research to go in the right direction, it is essential to be able to compare and quantify performance of different algorithms focused on the same problem. Choosing a suitable evaluation metric requires deep understanding of the pursued task along with all of its characteristics. We argue that in the case of applied machine learning, proper evaluation metric is the basic building block that should be in the spotlight and put under thorough examination. Here, we address tasks with class imbalance, in which the class of interest is the one with much lower number of samples. We encountered non-insignificant amount of recent papers, in which improper evaluation methods are used, borrowed mainly from the field of balanced problems. Such bad practices may heavily bias the results in favour of inappropriate algorithms and give false expectations of the state of the field.
Sentinel Lymphadenectomy in Thyroid Malignant Neoplasms (1998)

This is the first report of SLND for thyroid carcinoma. Our preliminary findings indicate that SLND can detect nonpalpable nodal metastasis with the same ease as in melanoma and breast cancer. The clinical significance of this technique in thyroid cancer remains to be determined.
Variant surface antigens of Giardia lamblia are associated with the presence of a thick cell coat: thin section and label fracture immunocytochemistry survey (1991)

Giardia lamblia undergoes surface antigenic variation. The ultrastructural location of antigens on four different variants was studied by label fracture and immunocytochemistry with four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), each of which recognized the predominant variant in a particular clone. Each Giardia clone and its reacting MAb showed similar findings. The entire surface of the organism was covered by a surface coat which contained the variant surface protein. The surface coat was densely and uniformly labeled. Unreacting MAbs failed to label the surface. Label-fractured Giardia trophozoites exposed to reactive MAb revealed a planar distribution of reactivity with no discernible relationship to visualized intramembranous particles. Unexpectedly, some Giardia trophozoites lacked a surface coat and consequently failed to react with the appropriate MAb. The biological relevance of coatless Giardia trophozoites is unknown. These findings localize the variant antigens to the surface coat of the parasite and identify a minority of the population which lacks a surface coat.
Memory performance in multiple sclerosis patients correlates with central brain atrophy (2006)

Memory performance shows a correlation with relative ventricular size in RRMS patients, indicating the strategic location of the ventricle system along the structures of the limbic system and its vulnerability in MS. The PASAT and several other cognitive tests show moderate correlations with depression and fatigue, arguing for an inter relation between the cognitive functioning and the emotional state of patients. However, this relation is independent of measurable brain atrophy.
Neuroprotective Mechanisms Mediated by CDK5 Inhibition (2016)

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase belonging to the family of cyclin-dependent kinases. In addition to maintaining the neuronal architecture, CDK5 plays an important role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitter release, neuron migration and neurite outgrowth. Although various reports have shown links between neurodegeneration and deregulation of cyclin-dependent kinases, the specific role of CDK5 inhibition in causing neuroprotection in cases of neuronal insult or in neurodegenerative diseases is not wellunderstood. This article discusses current evidence for the involvement of CDK5 deregulation in neurodegenerative disorders and neurodegeneration associated with stroke through various mechanisms. These include upregulation of cyclin D1 and overactivation of CDK5 mediated neuronal cell death pathways, aberrant hyperphosphorylation of human tau proteins and/or neurofilament proteins, formation of neurofibrillary lesions, excitotoxicity, cytoskeletal disruption, motor neuron death (due to abnormally high levels of CDK5/p25) and colchicine- induced apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons. A better understanding of the role of CDK5 inhibition in neuroprotective mechanisms will help scientists and researchers to develop selective, safe and efficacious pharmacological inhibitors of CDK5 for therapeutic use against human neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and neuronal loss associated with stroke.
Supplementary Figures from Interactions between Ibrutinib and Anti-CD20 Antibodies: Competing Effects on the Outcome of Combination Therapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 1. Uniform CD20 loss from the surface of primary CLL cells after in vivo exposure to ibrutinib. Supplementary Figure 2. Loss of CD20 on ibrutinib and basal CD20 expression levels do not correlate with high risk prognostic factors. Supplementary Figure 3. Selective NF-κB inhibitor diminishes CD20 cell surface expression. Supplementary Figure 4. Complement regulatory proteins membrane cofactor protein and protectin are not consistently inhibited by ibrutinib.&lt;/p&gt;
Reducing Hybrid Disk Write Latency with Flash-Backed I/O Requests (2007)

One of the biggest bottlenecks in desktop-based computing is the hard disk with I/O write latency being a key contributor. I/O write latency stems from the mechanical nature of hard disks, with seek and rotational delays the major components. Hybrid disk drives place a small amount of flash memory (NVCache) on the drive itself which can be leveraged by the host and has the potential to increase I/O performance and reduce hard disk power consumption. We present an I/O scheduling algorithm, "Flash-Backed I/O Requests", which leverages the on-board flash to reduce write latency. Since flash memory and rotating media have different I/O characteristics, predominantly in random access context, an I/O scheduler can decide which media will most efficiently service I/O requests. Our results show that with Flash-Backed I/O requests, overall write latency can be reduced by up to 70%.
Genetic algorithm optimization for focusing through turbid media in noisy environments (2012)

We introduce genetic algorithms (GA) for wavefront control to focus light through highly scattering media. We theoretically and experimentally compare GAs to existing phase control algorithms and show that GAs are particularly advantageous in low signal-to-noise environments.
The Value of Lumbar Spine Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Demonstration of Anular Tears (1998)

These results confirm that the high-intensity zone is a marker of a painful posterior anular tear. However, the usefulness of this sign is limited by low sensitivity.
Primitive human hematopoietic precursors express Bcl-x but not Bcl-2 (1995)

Bcl-2 and its homologue, bcl-xL, encode membrane-associated proteins that suppress programmed cell death of hematopoietic cell lines after growth factor withdrawal, and are expressed in hematopoietic precursor cells. To better understand the maintenance of long-term survival in the hematopoietic stem cell population, we evaluated the expression patterns of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x in primitive hematopoietic precursor populations. Hematopoietic precursor cells expressing CD34 (CD34+) and lacking maturation-linked surface antigens (lin-) were isolated from adult human bone marrow using two-color immunofluorescence cell sorting and fractionated on the basis of forward light scatter characteristics into blast-sized and small to medium lymphocyte-sized cell populations. Bcl-2 expression was shown in 78% to 90% of CD34+ lin- blast-sized cells versus less than 10% of small to medium lymphocyte-sized CD34+ lin- cells by immunohistochemical analysis. Small to medium lymphocyte-sized CD34+ lin- cells were further enriched for primitive precursors by selecting cells that lacked expression of CD38 (CD34+ lin- CD38-). In parallel experiments, only 1% to 4% of CD34+ lin- CD38- cells expressed Bcl-2, whereas 45% to 56% of these cells generated colony-forming cells. In contrast, > or = 94% of cells in all bone marrow subpopulations studied expressed Bcl-x protein. Both alternatively spliced bcl-x transcripts, bcl-xL and bcl-xs, were present. Our data show that the most primitive hematopoietic precursors express Bcl-x but not Bcl-2. Thus, the functional bcl-2 homologue, bcl-xL, may be essential for the long-term survival of the hematopoietic stem cell population.
Formation of shallow source/drain junctions in MOSFET structures by using Cl-based processes in reduced pressure CVD reactors (2006)

A novel process to form shallow junctions for source/drain application in CMOS structures is presented. The method consists of two steps; first an HCl-etch followed by SiCl2H2-based selective epitaxy in the same run in a reduced pressure chemical vapour deposition chamber. Optimization of etch and epitaxy processes have been investigated and the active dopant concentration in SiGe layers grown was measured directly in the device openings.
In Situ Tracking of Microstructure Spacing and Ordered Domain Compression during the Drying of Solution-Cast Block Copolymer Films Using Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (2012)

Changes in the spacing of hexagonally packed cylinders in a poly(styrene-b-butadiene) copolymer film during the continual extraction of toluene under different solvent removal conditions were studied by in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements. As the solvent is removed from the film, the structure spacing increases due to increasing segregation power and then decreases as the polymer chains become kinetically trapped while microdomains continue to deswell. The structure spacing in the vertical film direction decreases more drastically due to compression of the domains as the film thickness decreases. The degree of compression increased with increased polymer concentration because of an increase in the chain relaxation time. Increasing the drying temperature resulted in more severe domain compression, which is ascribed to faster solvent removal. Removing solvent in the presence of a sweep gas further increased the domain compression as a result of the formation of a skin at the film surface. When the solvent removal rate was decreased and skinning was avoided by saturating the sample chamber with the casting solvent, domain compression was impeded.
A NovelControl Approach forUnified Power Quality Conditioner -Qwithout Active Power Injection forVoltage SagCompensation (2006)

Thispaperpresents anew,simple andeffective minimumactive powerinjection modeunderthedistorted approach toestimate therequired quadrature injected voltageutility condition, butitcannottackle theloadcurrent harmonic duringutility voltage sagcondition. Thisapproach helpsin problemeffectively. Toovercomethesourcevoltage andload voltage sagcompensation through reactive powercontrol using ,- series part ofunified powerquality conditioner, generally termedcurrent imperfections simultaneously, adevice called unified asUPQC-Q. Thusutility sagcompensation caneffectively bedone powerquality conditioner (UPQC)hasbeenintroduced (5-7, 9- without utilizing anyactive powerfromsource orfrominverter 12). TheUPQC isanintegration ofbothSTATCOM andDVR side. Moreover, this quadrature voltage injection during voltagesharing a commondclinkin-between themsuchthatno sagcompensation alsohelpstoimprove thesource sidepower factor, whichresults inreduced shuntactive powerfilter (APF)eralen sorce deieisneeded. theshuntaro loading. Thevoltage harmonic compensation basedond-q UPQC plays animportant roleinmaintaining theDC voltage transformation simultaneously withvoltage sagcompensation is across thelink capacitor. UPQC cancompensate loadcurrent alsopresented. Thesimulation results basedonMATLAB / harmonics, loadreactive powerdemand,voltage harmonics, SIMULINKarediscussed tovalidate thetheory presented inthe voltage sag, voltage swell, voltage flicker etc, thus making one paper. ofthemostuseful powerconditioning devices inanindustrial
Synthesis and Characterization of Glutamic-Chitosan Hydrogel for Copper and Nickel Removal from Wastewater (2016)

Chitosan was reacted with four concentrations (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mmol) of glutamic acid resulting in four types of glutamic-chitosan hydrogels (GCs), the activity of the resulted compounds on the removal of copper(II) and nickel(II) from wastewater were tested. The results indicated that by increasing glutamic acid concentration from GCs-1 to GCs-4, the efficiency of removing Cu(II) and Ni(II) were decreased, which may be due to a decrease in the pore size of the hydrogels as a result of the increased degree of crosslinking.
Ion-collision experiments with slow, very highly charged ions extracted from an electron-beam ion trap (1990)

Highly charged Ar (up to 18+), Xe (up to 48+), and U (up to 71+) ions produced through electron-impact ionization and excitation in an electron-beam ion trap have efficiently been extracted from the trap, and mass and charge analyzed. Charge-state distributions for Ar and Xe ions following electron-impact ionization and excitation have been measured. Relative yields for the production of ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{16+}$ and ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{44+}$ ions have been deduced as a function of electron-beam energies. Ar K and Xe L x-ray emission following ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{17+}$, ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{18+}$ and ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{44+}$, ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{45+}$ and ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{48+}$ ion impact on a Cu surface was measured. The observed line positions demonstrate electron capture into high-n states and a fast radiative decay in the neutralization process at the surface.
Practice Effects on Skill Acquisition, Learning Outcome, Retention, and Sensitivity to Relearning (1995)

This paper presents the results from two experiments that examined practice effects on skill acquisition, learning outcome, retention, and sensitivity to relearning. In Experiment 1, our learning criterion task was an intelligent tutoring system teaching flight engineering knowledge and skills. The system was divided into two main curriculum sections, with two practice conditions per section: abbreviated and extended. Thus there were a total of four practice conditions differing only in the number of practice problems requiring solution across problem sets. Experiment 1 showed that subjects in the more abbreviated conditions completed the curriculum significantly faster than did subjects in more extended conditions, but at the expense of greater errors and latencies during problem solution within the tutor. Despite these acquisition differences, groups performed the same across all learning outcome measures. Experiment 2 examined the effects of practice condition on retention and sensitivity to relearning after two years. Although the sample size was fairly small (34 returning subjects), we found evidence for practice effects on long-term retention but not in the predicted direction. In terms of our sensitivity to relearning measure, the groups did not differ. Implications of these findings for optimizing training are discussed.
New Downhole Fluid Analyzer Tool for Improved Reservoir Characterization (2007)

Abstract Downhole fluid analysis (DFA) has emerged as a key technique for characterizing the distribution of reservoir fluid properties and determining zonal connectivity across the reservoir. Information from profiling the reservoir fluids enables sealing barriers to be proven and compositional grading to be quantified; this information cannot be obtained from conventional wireline logs. The DFA technique has been based largely on optical spectroscopy, which can provide estimates of filtrate contamination, gas/oil ratio (GOR), pH of formation water, and a hydrocarbon composition in four groups: methane (C1), ethane to pentane (C2-5), hexane and heavier hydrocarbons (C6+), and carbon dioxide (CO2). For single-phase assurance it is possible to detect gas liberation (bubble point) or liquid dropout (dew point) while pumping reservoir fluid to the wellbore, before filling a sample bottle. In this paper, a new DFA tool is introduced which greatly increases the accuracy of these measurements. The tool uses a grating spectrometer in combination with a filter-array spectrometer. The range of compositional information is extended from four groups to five groups: methane (C1), ethane (C2), propane to pentane (C3-5), C6+, and CO2. These spectrometers, together with improved compositional algorithms, now make possible a quantitative analysis of reservoir fluid with much greater accuracy and repeatability. This accuracy enables comparison of fluid properties between wells for the first time, thus extending the application of fluid profiling from a single well to multi-well. Field-based fluid characterization is now possible. In addition a new measurement is introduced — in-situ density of reservoir fluid. Measuring this property downhole at reservoir conditions of pressure and temperature provides important advantages over surface measurements. The density sensor is combined in a package that includes the optical spectrometers, fluid resistivity, pressure, temperature, and fluorescence measurements that all play a vital role in determining the exact nature of the reservoir fluid. Extensive tests at a pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) laboratory are presented to illustrate sensor response in a large number of live fluid samples. These tests of known fluid compositions were conducted under pressurized and heated conditions to emulate reservoir conditions. In addition several field examples are presented to illustrate applicability in different environments.
Cu Spin Cleaning Evaluation by SOR X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (2005)

Cu contamination control is critically important in Cu interconnect device manufacturing lines. The frontside gas protected spin cleaning enables the effective removal of the Cu contaminant from the backside and bevel of a wafer. A small area on the bevel was measured for cleaning efficiency using SOR (Synchrotron Orbital Radiation) X-ray fluorescence. The atomic level Cu removal was detected on the bevel surface with the barrier metal Ta existing wafers. The high energy SOR X-ray analysis makes it possible to measure the Cu contamination, where conventional methods do not work.
Stability prediction of landsides before and after impoundment for Lijiaxia hydropower station (2008)

Various parameter combinations have been applied to calculate the rigid body equilibrium and stability of the primary and secondary sliding masses. The upper and medium rock strata are in a state of consequent dipping with dip angle greater than the slope gradient of landform; the lower rock strata are in a state of reversed dipping characterized by typical bedding sliding~bending. The rate of ground displacement in the direction of primary sliding plane is maximum at the top and minimum at the middle, having the property of combined traction and draught. During impoundment the sliding mass slides downwards along with the rising of water level and achieves a state of balance; after that with the new rising of water level the sliding mass slides continuously. This process is so slow that the probability for surge damage is quite small. Considering the shorter distance between the landslides and the dam, the predictions shall be further proved through practice.