gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Near-Infrared Emitting Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers with an Anthraquinone Core toward Versatile Non-Invasive Biological Imaging (2022)

Today, there is a very strong demand for versatile near-infrared (NIR) imaging agents suitable for non-invasive optical imaging in living organisms (<i>in vivo</i> imaging). Here, we created a family of NIR-emitting macromolecules that take advantage of the unique structure of dendrimers. In contrast to existing fluorescent dendrimers bearing fluorophores at their periphery or in their cavities, a NIR fluorescent structure is incorporated into the core of the dendrimer. Using the poly(amidoamine) dendrimer structure, we want to promote the biocompatibility of the NIR-emissive system and to have functional groups available at the periphery to obtain specific biological functionalities such as the ability to deliver drugs or for targeting a biological location. We report here the divergent synthesis and characterization by NMR and mass spectrometries of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers derived from the fluorescent NIR-emitting anthraquinone core (<b>AQ-PAMAF</b>). <b>AQ-PAMAFs</b> ranging from the generation -0.5 up to 3 were synthesized with a good level of control resulting in homogeneous and complete dendrimers. Absorption, excitation, and emission spectra, as well as quantum yields, of <b>AQ-PAMAFs</b> have been determined in aqueous solutions and compared with the corresponding properties of the <b>AQ-core</b>. It has been demonstrated that the absorption bands of <b>AQ-PAMAFs</b> range from UV to 750 nm while emission is observed in the range of 650-950 nm. Fluorescence macroscopy experiments confirmed that the NIR signal of <b>AQ-PAMAFs</b> can be detected with a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio in aqueous solution, in blood, and through 1 mm thick tissue-mimicking phantom. The results show that our approach is highly promising for the design of an unprecedented generation of versatile NIR-emitting agents.
3D coral-like nitrogen-sulfur co-doped carbon-sulfur composite for high performance lithium-sulfur batteries (2015)

3D coral-like, nitrogen and sulfur co-doped mesoporous carbon has been synthesized by a facile hydrothermal-nanocasting method to house sulfur for Li-S batteries. The primary doped species (pyridinic-N, pyrrolic-N, thiophenic-S and sulfonic-S) enable this carbon matrix to suppress the diffusion of polysulfides, while the interconnected mesoporous carbon network is favourable for rapid transport of both electrons and lithium ions. Based on the synergistic effect of N, S co-doping and the mesoporous conductive pathway, the as-fabricated C/S cathodes yield excellent cycling stability at a current rate of 4 C (1 C = 1675 mA g(-1)) with only 0.085% capacity decay per cycle for over 250 cycles and ultra-high rate capability (693 mAh g(-1) at 10 C rate). These capabilities have rarely been reported before for Li-S batteries.
Using Behavioral Intervention Technologies to Reduce the Burden of Mood and Anxiety Disorders (2014)

Abstract Mood and anxiety disorders are common mental health problems and place a substantial burden on healthcare services. A continued focus on the development, deployment, and evaluation of Internet sites and mobile technologies focused on reducing mood and anxiety disorders has led to support for the efficacy of several interventions. In addition to treatment, these interventions can play a role in the prevention, screening, and recovery support of mood and anxiety disorders. Furthermore, the flexibility and portability of these resources make them ideal for deployment in various settings and contexts. Future work should continue to advance these interventions to take more complete advantage of the affordances offered by new and developing technologies. Increased coordination between those with the knowledge of behavior change principles, the factors that influence successful use of technological tools, and the technological knowledge to create these tools might advance the construction of novel and impactful interventions.
Parathyroid hormone and calcium behavior in advanced congestive heart failure. (1992)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates the content of calcium and thus exerts an effect on myocardial function. Abnormal secretion of PTH has been sporadically reported to be associated with depressed mechanical performance of the heart muscle. In the present study, we first measured PTH levels at baseline in 27 consecutive patients with advanced congestive heart failure (LVEF: 17 +/- 9%): five patients (18.5%) revealed elevated PTH levels, one case of hypoparathyroidism was discovered. Furthermore, nine unselected patients underwent symptom-limited exercise stress test leading to an increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure from 25.6 +/- 15 at baseline to 41.2 +/- 18 mm Hg at peak exercise. In contrast to observations in healthy subjects, in heart failure patients both mean PTH and blood calcium concentrations did not change significantly during peak exercise or recovery. Moreover, patients with the lowest left-ventricular ejection fraction showed a decrease in PTH during maximal stress. We conclude that abnormal baseline PTH secretion is common in patients with advanced congestive heart failure. More importantly, these studies show that PTH release is depressed under stress conditions, possibly indicating a dysfunction of the parathyroid gland in severe heart failure.
Carbon Excess C3N: A Potential Candidate as Li-Ion Battery Material (2018)

Xu et al.'s recent experimental work ( Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1702007) suggested that C<sub>3</sub>N is a potential candidate as Li-ion battery with unusual electrochemical characteristics. However, the obvious capacity loss (from 787.3 to 383.3 mA h·g<sup>-1</sup>) occurs after several cycles, which restricts its high performance. To understand and further solve this issue, in the present study, we have studied the intercalation processes of Li ions into C<sub>3</sub>N via first-principle simulations. The results reveal that the Li-ion theoretical capacity in pure C<sub>3</sub>N is only 133.94 mA h·g<sup>-1</sup>, the value is obviously lower than experimental one. After examining the experimental results in detail, it is found that the chemical component of the as-generated C <sub>x</sub>N structure is actually C<sub>2.67</sub>N with N excess. In this case, the calculated theoretical capacity is 837.06 mA h·g<sup>-1</sup>, while part of Li ions are irreversibly trapped in C<sub>2.67</sub>N, resulting in the capacity loss. This phenomenon is consistent with the experimental results. Accordingly, we suggest that N excess C<sub>3</sub>N, but not pure C<sub>3</sub>N, is the proposed Li-ion battery material in Xu et al.'s experiment. To solve the capacity loss issue and maintain the excellent performance of C<sub>3</sub>N-based anode material, the C<sub>3</sub>N with slightly excess C (C<sub>3.33</sub>N), which has been successfully fabricated in the experiment, is considered in view of its relatively low chemical activity as compared with N excess C<sub>3</sub>N. Our results reveal that the C excess C<sub>3</sub>N is a potential Li-ion battery material, which exhibits the low open circle voltage (0.12 V), high reversible capacity (840.35 mA h·g<sup>-1</sup>), fast charging/discharging rate, and good electronic conductivity.
Induction of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 by purified staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 requires the presence of both monocytes and T lymphocytes (1992)

Highly purified staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) was tested for its ability to induce the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) from fractionated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells prepared from seven healthy donors. Highly purified monocytes alone or T lymphocytes alone did not produce TNF or IL-1 when incubated with TSST-1 at 37 degrees C for up to 72 h. However, the addition of 10 micrograms of TSST-1 per ml to a 1:1 mixture of monocytes and T cells resulted in significant TNF (predominantly TNF-alpha) and IL-1 beta production after 24 h at 37 degrees C. The nature of the monocyte/T-cell interaction did not appear to involve gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), since 10 micrograms of rabbit anti-IFN-gamma per ml did not neutralize TNF-alpha production after TSST-1 induction. Similarly, L243, a monoclonal antibody to HLA-DR which blocks TSST-1 binding to monocytes, did not inhibit TNF-alpha production following TSST-1 induction. However, direct contact between monocytes and T cells was required, since physical separation of cells in double-chamber culture wells abolished TNF-alpha secretion after TSST-1 stimulation. Furthermore, paraformaldehyde fixation of either monocytes or T cells prior to addition to viable T cells or monocytes, respectively, also abolished TNF-alpha secretion, suggesting that aside from cell contact, soluble factors were also involved. Our results suggest that cytokine production involves more than binding of TSST-1 to its receptor on monocytes alone and that cell contact with T cells and the release of a soluble factor(s) other than IFN-gamma may be essential for the induction of cytokines by this toxin.
Solitary waves in systems with separated Bragg grating and nonlinearity (2001)

The existence and stability of solitons in a dual-core optical waveguide, in which one core has Kerr nonlinearity while the other one is linear with a Bragg grating written on it, are investigated. The system's spectrum for the frequency omega of linear waves always contains a gap. If the group velocity c in the linear core is zero, it also has two other, upper and lower (in terms of omega) gaps. If c not equal to 0, the upper and lower gaps do not exist in the rigorous sense, as each overlaps with one branch of the continuous spectrum. When c=0, a family of zero-velocity soliton solutions, filling all the three gaps, is found analytically. Their stability is tested numerically, leading to a conclusion that only solitons in an upper section of the upper gap are stable. For c not equal to 0, soliton solutions are sought for numerically. Stationary solutions are only found in the upper gap, in the form of unusual solitons, which exist as a continuous family in the former upper gap, despite its overlapping with one branch of the continuous spectrum. A region in the parameter plane (c,omega) is identified where these solitons are stable; it is again an upper section of the upper gap. Stable moving solitons are found too. A feasible explanation for the (virtual) existence of these solitons, based on an analytical estimate of their radiative-decay rate (if the decay takes place), is presented.
Arsenic Speciation and Reactivity in Poultry Litter (2003)

Recent U.S. government action to lower the maximum concentration levels (MCL) of total arsenic (As) (10 ppb) in drinking water has raised serious concerns about the agricultural use of As-containing biosolids such as poultry litter (PL). In this study, solid-state chemical speciation, desorbability, and total levels of As in PL and long-term amended soils were investigated using novel synchrotron-based probing techniques (microfocused (micro) synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) and micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopies) coupled with chemical digestion and batch experiments. The total As levels in the PL were as high as approximately 50 mg kg(-1), and As(II/III and V) was always concentrated in abundant needle-shaped microscopic particles (approximately 20 microm x 850 microm) associated with Ca, Cu, and Fe and to a lesser extent with S, Cl, and Zn. Post-edge XANES features of litter particles are dissimilar to those of the organo-As(V) compound in poultry feed (i.e., roxarsone), suggesting possible degradation/transformation of roxarsone in the litter and/or in poultry digestive tracts. The extent of As desorption from the litter increased with increasing time and pH from 4.5 to 7, but at most 15% of the total As was released after 5 d at pH 7, indicating the presence of insoluble phases and/or strongly retained soluble compounds. No significant As accumulation (< 15 mg kg(-1)) was found in long-term PL-amended agricultural surface soils. This suggests that As in the PL may have undergone surface and subsurface transport processes. Our research results raise concerns about long-term PL amendment effects on As contamination in surrounding soil-water environments.
The Chemistry of Cyanuric Acid (H3C3N3O3) under High Pressure and High Temperature (2008)

We have studied cyanuric acid (H(3)C(3)N(3)O(3)) at static pressures up to 8.1 GPa and simultaneous temperatures up to 750 K, using primarily infrared absorption spectroscopy and visual observation. The corresponding phase diagram compares favorably with theoretical predictions of metastable organic materials. Two reactions were observed and characterized; both are irreversible. Below 2 GPa, melting is accompanied by a decomposition reaction, and upon cooling, cyanuric acid is not recovered. Above 2 GPa, heating results in a solid product recoverable at ambient conditions. Corresponding infrared spectra suggest that pressure leads to the formation of heterocycles of increasing complexity and biological potential, with the composition determined by the pressure of formation. Cyanuric acid is of interest at these conditions because it and its monomer, isocyanic acid, are "prebiotic" compounds found in stellar dust clouds, meteorites, and other remnants of the early Earth.
Transcriptomic Analysis and C-Terminal Epitope Tagging Reveal Differential Processing and Signaling of Endogenous TLR3 and TLR7 (2021)

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is critical for defense against pathogenic infection, as well as for modulating tissue development. Activation of different TLRs triggers common inflammatory responses such as cytokine induction. Here, we reveal differential impacts of TLR3 and TLR7 signaling on transcriptomic profiles in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Apart from self-regulation, TLR3, but not TLR7, induced expression of other TLRs, suggesting that TLR3 activation globally enhances innate immunity. Moreover, we observed diverse influences of TLR3 and TLR7 signaling on genes involved in methylation, caspase and autophagy pathways. We compared endogenous TLR3 and TLR7 by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knock in a dual Myc-HA tag at the 3' ends of mouse <i>Tlr3</i> and <i>Tlr7</i>. Using anti-HA antibodies to detect endogenous tagged TLR3 and TLR7, we found that both TLRs display differential tissue expression and posttranslational modifications. C-terminal tagging did not impair TLR3 activity. However, it disrupted the interaction between TLR7 and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88), the Tir domain-containing adaptor of TLR7, which blocked its downstream signaling necessary to trigger cytokine and chemokine expression. Our study demonstrates different properties for TLR3 and TLR7, and also provides useful mouse models for further investigation of these two RNA-sensing TLRs.
Bias removal for conventional magnetotelluric data (1983)

An algorithm has been developed for the removal of autopower bias errors from conventional magnetotelluric (MT) data. Nonlinear equations involving autopowers as unknowns with crosspower coefficients are obtained by cross substitutions between the eight referenced impedance equations to eliminate the four impedances. Although exact solutions to the nonlinear equations can be computed, they are often sensitive to noise components in the crosspower coefficients, due to degeneracy of the equations as Z/sub xx/ and Z/sub yy/ approach zero or as the coherence between the magnetic field components H/sub x/ and H/sub y/ approaches unity. However, the ordinary coherence functions between various pairs of the horizontal field components provide additional information. This information is incorporated as constraints by developing a constrained iterative solution for the autopowers. The solution is outlined and its usefulness is explored with examples of its application to field data.
Evidence for Parametric Decay Instability in the Lower Solar Atmosphere (2022)

Abstract We find evidence for the first observation of the parametric decay instability (PDI) in the lower solar atmosphere. In particular, we find that the power spectrum of density fluctuations near the solar transition region resembles the power spectrum of the velocity fluctuations but with the frequency axis scaled up by about a factor of 2. These results are from an analysis of the Si iv lines observed by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrometer in the transition region of a polar coronal hole. We also find that the density fluctuations have radial velocity of about 75 km s −1 and that the velocity fluctuations are much faster with an estimated speed of 250 km s −1 , as is expected for sound waves and Alfvén waves, respectively, in the transition region. Theoretical calculations show that this frequency relationship is consistent with those expected from PDI for the plasma conditions of the observed region. These measurements suggest an interaction between sound waves and Alfvén waves in the transition region, which is evidence for the parametric decay instability.
Supplementary Table 1 from Biomarker Signatures Correlate with Clinical Outcome in Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients Receiving Bevacizumab and Everolimus (2023)

&lt;p&gt;The change from baseline to C2D1 and C3D1 for each biomarker was determined across all patients. Biomarker change was statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank tests and the corresponding p-values, as well as the direction of change, are presented. As shown, Ang-2 levels decreased from baseline to C2D1 and baseline to C3D1; these changes were found to be statistically significant, p &lt; 0.0001. Also, the directionality of change noted for Ang-2 at C2D1 and C3D1 was in the same direction (i.e., down). It should be noted that all biomarkers evaluated exhibited the same directionality of change at both C2D1 and C3D1. While many biomarkers exhibited consistent change at both time points, some biomarkers only exhibited statistically significant change at the C2D1 timepoint (i.e., D-dimer).&lt;/p&gt;
Autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets type 2 (ARHR2) due to ENPP1-deficiency (2021)

Awareness for hypophosphatemic rickets has increased in the last years, based on the availability of specific medical treatments. Autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets type 2 (ARHR2) is a rare form of hypophosphatemic rickets, which is known to develop in survivors of generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI). Both disorders are based on a deficiency of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) and present with a high clinical variability and a lack of a phenotype-genotype association. ARHR2 is characterized by phosphate wasting due to elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels and might represent a response of the organism to minimize ectopic calcification in individuals with ENPP1-deficiency. This report reviews the recent clinical and preclinical data on this ultra-rare disease in childhood.
Dimethylformamide as an enhancer of cavitation-induced cell lysis in vitro (1995)

Polar solvents, including dimethylformamide (DMF), have been investigated as anticancer drugs, but their potential usefulness is constrained by hepatotoxic side effects. The ability to enhance drug cytotoxicity with ultrasound would be valuable in creating locally intense chemotherapy while minimizing effects peripheral to the treatment site. The effects of continuous wave ultrasound (US) (985 kHz; 0.5-2.5 W/cm2) were evaluated on cultured HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells alone and with a noncytotoxic DMF dose (0.11 M). The cells were insonified in a configuration that created no cell lysis without the introduction of albumin-stabilized microbubbles into the exposure chamber. When microbubbles were introduced, US with bubbles induced cell lysis, and the presence of DMF significantly increased the lysis induced by ultrasound with bubbles. The necessary presence of microbubbles for the DMF-US synergism to occur suggests that a likely mechanism is acoustic cavitation, initiated by the presence of microbubbles as nuclei. Detection of subharmonics confirmed the presence of cavitation, and cell lysis was well correlated with the subharmonic amplitude. The results show that albumin-stabilized microbubbles, similar to those currently used as US contrast agents, may provide a significant source of nuclei and improve prospects for cancer therapy using acoustic cavitation. The evidence presented supports the hypothesis that cell damage is due to a sonochemical rather than to a sonomechanical process.
Broadly neutralizing antibodies with few somatic mutations and hepatitis C virus clearance (2017)

Here, we report the isolation of broadly neutralizing mAbs (bNAbs) from persons with broadly neutralizing serum who spontaneously cleared hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We found that bNAbs from two donors bound the same epitope and were encoded by the same germline heavy chain variable gene segment. Remarkably, these bNAbs were encoded by antibody variable genes with sparse somatic mutations. For one of the most potent bNAbs, these somatic mutations were critical for antibody neutralizing breadth and for binding to autologous envelope variants circulating late in infection. However, somatic mutations were not necessary for binding of the bNAb unmutated ancestor to envelope proteins of early autologous transmitted/founder viruses. This study identifies a public B cell clonotype favoring early recognition of a conserved HCV epitope, proving that anti-HCV bNAbs can achieve substantial neutralizing breadth with relatively few somatic mutations, and identifies HCV envelope variants that favored selection and maturation of an anti-HCV bNAb in vivo. These data provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of immune-mediated clearance of HCV infection and present a roadmap to guide development of a vaccine capable of stimulating anti-HCV bNAbs with a physiologic number of somatic mutations characteristic of vaccine responses.