gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-precision frequency synthesizers for UWB applications (2005)

Two closed-loop frequency synthesizers are proposed for multi-band OFDM alliance (MBOA) ultrawideband (UWB) application. Employing the technique of Miller divider, the first frequency synthesizer produces negligible in-band spurs while achieving less than 9.5-ns settling time. With delay-locked loop (DEL) operation, the second frequency synthesizer achieves a sideband magnitude of -35.3 dB and -82 dBc/Hz phase noise at the frequency offset of 400 Hz. Both UWB frequency synthesizers have been fabricated in 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS process and consumes only 22 mW and 54 mW, respectively.
ISOTOPE SEPARATION WITH THE cw HYDROGEN FLUORIDE LASER (1970)

A cw hydrogen fluoride laser has been used successfully to separate deuterium from hydrogen by specific photocatalysis of the reaction of methanol with bromine. The strong absorption of H3COH was demonstrated for the HF laser lines P1(5), P1(6), and P1(7) while no absorption by deutero-methanol of the HF beam was observed. Excitation of H2COH by the absorbed beam increased the rate of H3COH removal by reaction with bromine. Irradiation, at 90 W for 60 sec, with the cw hydrogen fluoride laser of a 1 : 1 H3COH : D3COD gas mixture in the presence of bromine produced isotope enrichment to greater than 95% D3COD.
Resonance enhanced THz generation in electro-optic polymers near the absorption maximum (2004)

The electro-optic (EO) coefficient of an organic nonlinear material exhibits a sharp resonance near the absorption maximum of the material. Due to this resonance, we experimentally observe the amplitude of the THz field generated from a 3.1-μm-thick EO polymer composite to be larger than that emitted from a 1000-μm-thick crystal of ZnTe. This comparison allows us to estimate the resonance enhanced EO coefficient of the polymer composite to be over 1250pm∕V at 800nm.
N-[4-(4-Bromophenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-4-(piperidin-1-yl)butanamide (2012)

In the title compound, C(18)H(22)BrN(3)OS, the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation. The mean plane of the thia-zole ring forms dihedral angles of 23.97 (10) and 75.82 (10)° with the mean planes of its adjacent benzene and piperidine rings, respectively. An intra-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bond generates an S(7) ring motif in the mol-ecule. In the crystal, no significant inter-moelcular hydrogen bonds are observed, but a weak π-π inter-action with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.8855 (13) Å occurs.
Repeated fed-batch cultivation of nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Bacillus sphaericus UPMB10, using glycerol as the carbon source (2010)

The exponential fed-batch cultivation of Bacillus sphaericus UPMB10 in 2 l stirred tank fermenter was performed by feeding the initial batch culture with 14 g l-1 of glycerol according to the algorithm aimed at controlling the specific growth rate (µ) of the bacterium. Very high viable cell count (1.14 x 1010 cfu ml-1), which was four times higher as compared to batch cultivation, was achieved in the fed-batch with a controlled µ at 0.4 h-1. In repeated exponential fed-batch cultivation, consisting of four cycles of harvesting and recharging, a final cell concentration of 1.9 x 1011 cfu ml-1 was obtained at the end of the fourth cycle (46 h). Meanwhile, acetylene reduction of cell samples collected from repeated fed-batch cultivation remained unchanged and was maintained at around 20 nmol C2H2 h-1 ml-1 after prolonged cultivation period, and was comparable to those obtained in batch and exponential fed-batch cultivation. Glycerol could be used as a carbon source for high performance cultivation of B. Sphaericus, a nitrogen fixing bacterium, in repeated fed-batch cultivation with high cell yield and cell productivity. The productivity (0.68 g l-1 h-1) for repeated fed-batch cultivation increased about 6 times compared to that obtained in conventional batch cultivation (0.11 g l1 h-1). A innovative method in utilizing glycerol for efficient cultivation of nitrogen fixing bacterium could be beneficial to get more understanding and reference in manipulating the integrated plans for sustainable and profitable biodiesel industry.
Reliable MLC NAND flash memories based on nonlinear t-error-correcting codes (2010)

Multi-level cell (MLC) NAND flash memories are very popular storage media because of their power efficiency and big storage density. This paper proposes to use nonlinear t-error-correcting codes to replace linear BCH codes for error detection and correction in MLC NAND flash memories. Compared to linear BCH codes with the same bit-error correcting capability t, the proposed codes have less errors miscorrected by all codewords and nearly no undetectable errors. For example, the proposed (8281, 8201, 11) 5-error-correcting code has no errors of multiplicity six miscorrected by all codewords while the widely used (8262, 8192, 11) linear shortened BCH code has 11 over 6 × A <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> errors in this class, where A <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> ≈ 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">14</sup> is the number of codewords of Hamming weight eleven in the shortened BCH code. Moreover, in spite of the fact that the Hamming distance of the proposed code is 2t+1, it can also correct some errors of multiplicity t+1 and t+2 requiring no extra hardware overhead and latency penalty. In this paper, the constructions and the error correction algorithm for the nonlinear t-error-correcting codes are presented. The architecture of the encoder and the decoder for the codes are shown. The error correcting capabilities, the hardware overhead, the latency and the power consumption for the encoder and the decoder will be analyzed and compared to that of the linear BCH codes to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed codes for error detection and correction in MLC NAND flash memories.
Miniaturized Differential Filters For C- and Ku-Band Applications (2003)

We have developed a new set of differential filters suitable for C and Ku-Band applications. The filters are integrated on 500 μm-thick high-resistivity silicon substrates which are compatible with the new SiGe processes. A lumped-element approach is used to result in a very small size and high-Q metal-air-metal (MAM) capacitors are integrated in the filter structure for a low-loss design. The measured insertion loss of differential 6 GHz and 12 GHz 10% bandwidth 2-pole Chebyshev filters with an area of 2.3 × 1.5 mm2 and 1.8 × 1.1 mm2 is -3.6 dB and -4 dB, respectively. An image reject filter at 6 GHz resulted in an image rejected of 20 dB and an insertion loss of -3.6 dB. These filters are ideal for integration in modern-day SiGe and CMOS transceivers for wireless LAN and satellite communications.
Comparison of Nucleic Acid Extraction Methods for a Viral Metagenomics Analysis of Respiratory Viruses (2020)

Viral metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is increasingly being used to characterize the human virome. The impact of viral nucleic extraction on virome profiling has been poorly studied. Here, we aimed to compare the sensitivity and sample and reagent contamination of three extraction methods used for viral mNGS: two automated platforms (eMAG; MagNA Pure 24, MP24) and the manual QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAamp). Clinical respiratory samples (positive for Respiratory Syncytial Virus or Herpes Simplex Virus), one mock sample (including five viruses isolated from respiratory samples), and a no-template control (NTC) were extracted and processed through an mNGS workflow. QIAamp yielded a lower proportion of viral reads for both clinical and mock samples. The sample cross-contamination was higher when using MP24, with up to 36.09% of the viral reads mapping to mock viruses in the NTC (vs. 1.53% and 1.45% for eMAG and QIAamp, respectively). The highest number of viral reads mapping to bacteriophages in the NTC was found with QIAamp, suggesting reagent contamination. Our results highlight the importance of the extraction method choice for accurate virome characterization.
An Approach for Sensitive Binary File Protection (2009)

When a host computer is attacked, files in the host computer are more or less unauthorizedly modified so as to achieve attacker's goal. Based on trusted computing technology, we present a trusted computer based approach for sensitive binary files protection. Different from traditional methods, our approach does not based on "condition-code", "intrusion-rule" and so on. It is checksum-based: each time before a sensitive binary filepsilas running, the kernel captures its running request first. And then the kernel calculates and compares its current hash, for example, SHA-1, against the expected one stored in the trusted platform module (TPM) in advance. If the comparison passes, the running request granted. Otherwise denied and the maliciously tampered file will be automatically recovered.
Method of low-temperature rise of laser diode quality (2002)

In 1987 the authors of this article discovered the effect of irreversible gigantic modification (IGM) of semiconductors. Basing on the IGM phenomenon the authors have developed technological method that enables to considerably improve performances of laser diodes after their manufacturing by increasing power, slope efficiency, and decreasing threshold current. The technology has been tested on the laser diodes of several US companies. We obtained the same results in improvement of all the diodes from these companies. Performances of the laser diodes with small slope efficiency and high threshold current were improved using this modification. Slope efficiency of laser diodes was increased by 2.3 or 3.7 times and the threshold current was decreased from 15 % up to 29 %. It is shown that modification depth of the semiconductor chip for these laser diodes exceeds 50 microns. Shown is that a beam divergence of laser diode can be decreased using the irreversible gigantic modification.
“Tissue welding” with the argon laser in middle ear surgery (1990)

Over the past 10 years the argon laser has been recognized as a valuable adjunct to middle ear surgery. It has been used to vaporize and cut tissue and to coagulate microbleeding. It has been used by many other surgical specialties to "weld" adjacent tissues together. This welding process appears to have a limited but helpful role in middle ear surgery. A pilot study of 30 surgical cases in which argon laser "tissue welding" has been used are reported. The benefits, limitations, and possible future implications are discussed.
Jamming-Resilient Path Planning for Multiple UAVs via Deep Reinforcement Learning (2021)

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are expected to be an integral part of wireless networks. In this paper, we aim to find collision-free paths for multiple cellular-connected UAVs, while satisfying requirements of connectivity with ground base stations (GBSs) in the presence of a dynamic jammer. We first formulate the problem as a sequential decision making problem in discrete domain, with connectivity, collision avoidance, and kinematic constraints. We, then, propose an offline temporal difference (TD) learning algorithm with online signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) mapping to solve the problem. More specifically, a value network is constructed and trained offline by TD method to encode the interactions among the UAVs and between the UAVs and the environment; and an online SINR mapping deep neural network (DNN) is designed and trained by supervised learning, to encode the influence and changes due to the jammer. Numerical results show that, without any information on the jammer, the proposed algorithm can achieve performance levels close to that of the ideal scenario with the perfect SINR-map. Real-time navigation for multi-UAVs can be efficiently performed with high success rates, and collisions are avoided.
Reduction of reverse-bias leakage current in Schottky diodes on GaN grown by molecular-beam epitaxy using surface modification with an atomic force microscope (2002)

The characteristics of dislocation-related leakage current paths in an AlGaN/GaN heterostructure grown by molecular-beam epitaxy and their mitigation by local surface modification have been investigated using conductive atomic force microscopy. When a voltage is applied between the tip in an atomic force microscope (AFM) and the sample, a thin insulating layer is formed in the vicinity of the leakage paths where current is observed. As the insulating layer reaches a thickness of 2–3 nm, the leakage current is blocked and subsequent growth of the layer is prevented. Although conductive screw or mixed dislocations are observed, dislocations with a screw component that do not conduct current are also apparent. The reverse-bias leakage current is reduced by a factor of two in a large-area diode fabricated on an area modified in this manner with an AFM compared to typical diodes fabricated on unmodified areas with comparable series resistances, confirming that dislocation-related leakage current paths are a major component of the reverse-bias leakage current in Schottky diodes fabricated on nitride material.
Nitrogen- and TiN-modified Li4Ti5O12: one-step synthesis and electrochemical performance optimization (2012)

It is believed that a TiN coating can increase the electrical conductivity, and consequently the performance, of an electrode. In this work, a simple one-step synthesis of nitrogen- and TiN-modified Li4Ti5O12, i.e. solid-state reaction of Li2CO3 and TiO2 anatase in an ammonia-containing atmosphere, is introduced. The reducing ammonia atmosphere could cause the partial reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+ and the doping of nitrogen into the Li4Ti5O12 lattice, in addition to the formation of the TiN phase. By controlling the ammonia concentration of the atmosphere and using a slight Ti excess in the reactants, Li4Ti5O12, nitrogen-doped Li4Ti5O12, or TiN-coated nitrogen-doped Li4Ti5O12 were obtained. Both the electrical conductivity and the TiN thickness were closely related to the ammonia concentration in the atmosphere. Synthesis under reducing atmosphere also resulted in powders with a different plate shape particulate morphology from that synthesized in air, and such plate-shape powders had an ultrahigh tap density of ∼1.9 g cm−3. Interestingly, the formation of TiN was not beneficial for capacity improvement due to its insulation towards lithium ions, unlike the nitrogen doping. The sample prepared under 3% NH3–N2, which was free of TiN coating, showed the best electrode performance with a capacity of 103 mA h g−1 even at 20 C with only 3% capacity decay after cycling 100 times.
Long‐term results of plaque excision combined with aggressive pharmacotherapy in high‐Risk patients with advanced peripheral artery disease (SAVE a LEG registry) (2012)

SilverHawk Plaque Excision combined with aggressive pharmacotherapy in this presented high-risk population is associated with promising long-term outcomes that compare favorably with accepted standards of care.
A Consensus Approach to the Formulation of Guidelines for Laboratory Testing and Reporting of Antiphospholipid Antibody Assays (2008)

Despite numerous past and ongoing efforts, there remains significant variation in results from assays for the major antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), namely anticardiolipin (aCL), anti-beta2 glycoprotein I (anti-beta2GPI), and lupus anticoagulant (LA). There is therefore a need to produce comprehensive guidelines on laboratory testing and reporting of aPL assays. However, because of the paucity of good-quality published evidence, there is a heavy reliance on expert opinion, and thus the existing consensus guidelines for aPL testing and reporting are largely eminence based rather than evidence based. This may potentially bias recommendations to reflect the personal preferences of those who have the greatest influence during the guideline formulation process. This article largely details the experience of the Australasian Anticardiolipin Working Party in undertaking a consensus approach to formulation of guidelines on aCL and anti-beta2GPI testing and reporting, including measures taken to minimize these issues. Despite the time-consuming nature of the process, given the paucity of good-quality published evidence, formulation of guidelines by the consensus process remains an important initiative to improve the standardization of aPL testing and reporting.
Fundamental ignition study for material fire safety improvement Quarterly report, 1 Jan. - 31 Mar. 1970 (1970)

Ignition potential of polymeric materials related to pyrolysis characteristics of material and atmospheric factors
Author Correction: Evaluation of Hypoglycaemia with Non-Invasive Sensors in People with Type 1 Diabetes and Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycaemia (2019)

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
Asymmetric Deprotonation of N-Boc Piperidine: React IR Monitoring and Mechanistic Aspects (2010)

The high yielding asymmetric deprotonation trapping of N-Boc piperidine is successfully realized using s-BuLi and a (+)-sparteine surrogate. Monitoring of the lithiation by in situ React IR allowed the direct observation of a prelithiation complex.
COMPUTER SIMULATION AND COMPUTABILITYOF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS (1986)

The ability to simulate a biological organism by employing a computer is related to the
ability of the computer to calculate the behavior of such a dynamical system, or the of the system.* However, the two questions of computability and simulation are not equivalent. Since the question of computability can be given a precise answer in terms of recursive functions, automata theory and dynamical systems, it will be appropriate to consider it first. The more elusive question of adequate simulation of biological systems by a computer will be then addressed and a possible connection between the two answers given will be considered. A conjecture is formulated that suggests the possibility of employing an algebraic-topological, quantum computer (Baianu, 1971b)
for analogous and symbolic simulations of biological systems that may include chaotic processes that are not, in genral, either recursively or digitally computable. Depending on the biological network being modelled, such as the Human Genome/Cell Interactome or a trillion-cell Cognitive Neural Network system, the appropriate logical structure for such simulations might be either the Quantum MV-Logic (QMV) discussed in recent publications (Chiara, 2004, and references cited therein)or Lukasiewicz Logic Algebras that were shown to be isomorphic to MV-logic algebras (Georgescu et al, 2001).
Incidence and site of atrioventricular block in patients with chronic bifascicular block. (1979)

Four hundred fifty-two patients with chronic bifascicular block and initially intact atrioventricular (AV) conduction were detected, studied, and prospectively followed between January 1970 and March 1978. There were 360 males and 92 females, ages 18--93 years (mean +/- SD, 62 +/- 15 years). Follow-up ranged from 29-2804 days (mean 1066 +/- 97 days). AV block (2 degrees or 3 degrees) developed in 29 patients, nine with apparent cause and spontaneously in 20. Cumulative annual incidence of all heart block for 1--5 years was, respectively, 4%, 5.9%, 8.7%, 10.1% and 11.3%, and for spontaneous block was 2%, 3.1%, 5.2%, 6.7%, and 7.1%. Sites of spontaneous block were probably or definitely AV nodal in ten, His bundle in one, and trifascicular in nine. Cumulative incidence of AV block in surviving bifascicular block patients is 11% at 5 years, with 7% reflecting spontaneous block. The probable or definite site of AV block varies and is trifascicular in less than half of the patients. The small incidence of trifascicular block probably explains the difficulty in predicting this complication with electrophysiological studies.
Homeostasis as Regulated by Activated Macrophage. VI. Protective Effect of LPSw (a Lipopolysaccharide from Wheat Flour) against Acute Infection by Toxoplasma gondii in Mice. (1992)

An oral administration of partially purified LPSw, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from wheat flour, at a concentration of 20 ng/ml in drinking water beginning 1d after infection significantly decreased mouse mortality and prevented animal weight loss in acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Whereas 71% (5/7) of mice in a control group that did not receive LPSw died of toxoplasmosis, only 14% (1/7) of mice treated with LPSw died (p less than 0.05). The administration of LPS purified from Bordetella pertussis also significantly decreased the mortality of infected mice. LPS from Escherichia coli and synthetic lipid A (LA-15-PP(506)), however, did not show a significant decrease in mortality.
Low Distortion Solvent Bonding of Microfluidic Chips (2016)

Solvent bonding represents a joining method for thermoplastic materials that results in high bond strength, with short process times. However, there is a challenge in bonding micro-channeled substrates for microfluidic devices due to excessive channel clogging and distortion. In this work, a simple design method to fuse poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chips with solvents without micro-channel clogging is demonstrated. The joining process is improvised improved by subjecting the chip to a vacuum during the bonding process, whereby the undesired excess solvent between the microfluidic chip and cover can be removed. The microfluidic devices that were bonded using this method exceeded the application requirements, in particular transparency and internal back pressure requirements.
The Dynamic Response of Sweat Chloride to Changes in Exercise Load Measured by a Wearable Sweat Sensor (2020)

Wearable sensors enable the monitoring of an individual's sweat composition in real time. In this work, we recorded real-time sweat chloride concentration for 12 healthy subjects in three different protocols involving step changes in exercise load and compared the results to laboratory-based analysis. The sensor results reflected the changes in exercise load in real time. On increasing the exercise load from 100 W to 200 W the sweat chloride concentration increased from 12.0 ± 5.9 to 31.4 ± 16 mM (mean ± SD). On decreasing the load from 200 W to 100 W, the sweat chloride concentration decreased from 27.7 ± 10.5 to 14.8 ± 8.1 mM. The half-time associated with the change in sweat chloride, defined as the time at which the concentration reached half of the overall change, was about 6 minutes. While the changes in sweat chloride were statistically significant, there was no correlation with changes in sweat rate or other physiological parameters, which we attribute to intra-individual variation (SD = 1.6-8.1 mM). The response to exercise-induced sweating was significantly different to chemically-induced sweating where the sweat chloride concentration was almost independent of sweat rate. We speculate that this difference is related to changes in the open probability of the CFTR channel during exercise, resulting in a decrease in reabsorption efficiency at higher sweat rates.
A Low Distortion Audio-Frequency Oscillator (1937)

In the first portion of this paper, which deals with the theory of negative resistance oscillators, it is shown that for small harmonic content the form of the negative resistance characteristic in the vicinity of the operating point should be such that the average negative resistance increases with amplitude of oscillation. It is then shown that Turner's Kallirotron circuit has negative resistance characteristics of the desired form. The final part of the paper describes an audio-frequency oscillator based on Turner's circuit. The second and third harmonic content of the output may be kept below 0.2 per cent by the use of low resistance coils and diode automatic amplitude control. Higher harmonics are negligible. At a thousand cycles per second the frequency drift relative to a tuning fork oscillator does not exceed 0.04 cycle. The frequency change caused by a 22½-volt change in plate supply voltage is 0.04 cycle.