gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of poly-harmonic signals to eddy-current metal detectors and to advanced classification of metals (2018)

A limited ability to discriminate between different materials is the fundamental problem with all conventional eddy-current-based metal detectors.This paper presents the use, evaluation and classification of nontraditional excitation signals for eddy-current metal detectors to improve their detection and discrimination ability.The presented multi-frequency excitation signals are as follows: a step sweep sine wave, a linear frequency sweep and sin(x)/x signals.All signals are evaluated in the frequency domain.Amplitude and phase spectra and polar graphs of the detector output signal are used for classification and discrimination of the tested objects.Four different classifiers are presented.The classification results obtained with the use of poly-harmonic signals are compared with those obtained with a classical single-tone method.Multifrequency signals provide more detailed information, due to the response function -the frequency characteristic of a detected object, than standard single-tone methods.Based on the measurements and analysis, a metal object can be better distinguished than when using a single-tone method.
Analysis of Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity in Tree Species of Various Lifespans, and with Age in the Bristlecone Pine Pinus longaeva (2006)

Normal somatic cells have a finite replicative capacity, and with each cell division telomeres progressively shorten, unless the telomerase enzyme is present. The bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva, is the oldest known living eukaryotic organism, with the oldest on record turning 4770 years old in 2005. The results from our study of telomere length and telomerase activity in samples (needle, root, core) from P. longaeva with age, and in other tree species of various lifespans, support the hypothesis that both increased telomere length and telomerase activity may contribute to the increased lifespan and longevity evident in long-lived pine trees (i.e., 2000- to 5000-year lifespan) compared with medium-lived (400- to 500-year lifespan) and short-lived (100- to 200-year lifespan) pine trees, as well as in P. longaeva with age.
La notion de productivité et ses utilisations (1978)

B. Guilhon - La notion de productivite et ses utilisations Cet article développe un certain nombre de remarques sur le contenu théorique du concept de productivité et sur les utilisations qué il est possible d'en faire. C'est dans la seconde partie que sont étudiés plus particulièrement certains aspects qui devraient mériter plus d'attention en économie industrielle : notamment le réseau de relations de productivité et les transferts intersectoriels de gains de productivité.
The maturation-dependent conformational change of the major capsid protein of bacteriophage T4 involves a substantial change in secondary structure (1990)

We have investigated the conformational basis of the expansion transformation that occurs upon maturation of the bacteriophage T4 prohead, by using laser Raman spectroscopy to determine the secondary structure of the major capsid protein in both the precursor and the mature states of the surface lattice. This transformation involves major changes in the physical, chemical, and immunological properties of the capsid and is preceded in vivo by processing of its major protein, gp23 (56 kDa), to gp23* (49 kDa), by proteolysis of its N-terminal gp23-delta domain. The respective secondary structures of gp23 in the unexpanded state, and of gp23* in the expanded state, were determined from the laser Raman spectra of polyheads, tubular polymorphic variants of the capsid. Similar measurements were also made on uncleaved polyheads that had been expanded in vitro and, for reference, on thermally denatured polyheads. We find that, with or without cleavage of gp23, expansion is accompanied by substantial changes in secondary structure, involving a major reduction in alpha-helix content and an increase in beta-sheet. The beta-sheet contents of gp23* or gp23 in the expanded state of the surface lattice, and even of gp23 in the unexpanded state, are sufficient for a domain with the "jellyroll" fold of antiparallel beta-sheets, previously detected in the capsid proteins of other icosahedral viruses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Four-Group Decodable Space–Time Block Codes (2007)

Two new rate-one full-diversity space-time block codes (STBCs) are proposed. They are characterized by the lowest decoding complexity among the known rate-one STBC, arising due to the complete separability of the transmitted symbols into four groups for maximum likelihood detection. The first and the second codes are delay-optimal if the number of transmit antennas is a power of 2 and even, respectively. The exact pairwise error probability is derived to allow for the performance optimization of the two codes. Compared with existing low-decoding complexity STBC, the two new codes offer several advantages such as higher code rate, lower encoding/decoding delay and complexity, lower peak-to-average power ratio, and better performance.
Biological Low-pH Mn(II) Oxidation in a Manganese Deposit Influenced by Metal-Rich Groundwater (2016)

This study provides multiple lines of evidence to show that microbes are the main drivers of Mn(II) oxidation even at acidic pH, offering new insights into Mn biogeochemical cycling. A distinct, highly adapted microbial community inhabits acidic, oligotrophic Mn deposits and mediates biological Mn oxidation. These data highlight the importance of biological processes for Mn biogeochemical cycling and show the potential for new bioremediation strategies aimed at enhancing biological Mn oxidation in low-pH environments for contaminant mitigation.
MOSFET degradation due to hot-carrier effect at high frequencies (1990)

Hot-carrier-induced degradation due to AC stress on short-channel MOSFETs is discussed. It is observed that pulsed gate voltage stressing with a short falltime (0.7 ns) can cause additional lifetime degradation in the form of drain-current reduction. The AC-enhanced degradation is more pronounced at higher frequencies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Dietary Factors in the Etiology of Parkinson’s Disease (2015)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. The majority of cases do not arise from purely genetic factors, implicating an important role of environmental factors in disease pathogenesis. Well-established environmental toxins important in PD include pesticides, herbicides, and heavy metals. However, many toxicants linked to PD and used in animal models are rarely encountered. In this context, other factors such as dietary components may represent daily exposures and have gained attention as disease modifiers. Several in vitro, in vivo, and human epidemiological studies have found a variety of dietary factors that modify PD risk. Here, we critically review findings on association between dietary factors, including vitamins, flavonoids, calorie intake, caffeine, alcohol, and metals consumed via food and fatty acids and PD. We have also discussed key data on heterocyclic amines that are produced in high-temperature cooked meat, which is a new emerging field in the assessment of dietary factors in neurological diseases. While more research is clearly needed, significant evidence exists that specific dietary factors can modify PD risk.
“Bucky Shuttle” Memory Device: Synthetic Approach and Molecular Dynamics Simulations (1999)

Thermal treatment is reported to convert finely dispersed diamond powder to multiwall carbon nanocapsules containing fullerenes such as ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$. We investigate the internal dynamics of a related model system, consisting of a $\mathrm{K}@{\mathrm{C}}_{60}^{+}$ endohedral complex enclosed in a ${\mathrm{C}}_{480}$ nanocapsule. We show this to be a tunable two-level system, where transitions between the two states can be induced by applying an electric field between the ${\mathrm{C}}_{480}$ end caps, and discuss its potential application as a nonvolatile memory element.
A Comprehensive Overview of Globally Approved JAK Inhibitors (2022)

Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of cytoplasmic non-receptor tyrosine kinases that includes four members, namely JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. The JAKs transduce cytokine signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway, which regulates the transcription of several genes involved in inflammatory, immune, and cancer conditions. Targeting the JAK family kinases with small-molecule inhibitors has proved to be effective in the treatment of different types of diseases. In the current review, eleven of the JAK inhibitors that received approval for clinical use have been discussed. These drugs are abrocitinib, baricitinib, delgocitinib, fedratinib, filgotinib, oclacitinib, pacritinib, peficitinib, ruxolitinib, tofacitinib, and upadacitinib. The aim of the current review was to provide an integrated overview of the chemical and pharmacological data of the globally approved JAK inhibitors. The synthetic routes of the eleven drugs were described. In addition, their inhibitory activities against different kinases and their pharmacological uses have also been explained. Moreover, their crystal structures with different kinases were summarized, with a primary focus on their binding modes and interactions. The proposed metabolic pathways and metabolites of these drugs were also illustrated. To sum up, the data in the current review could help in the design of new JAK inhibitors with potential therapeutic benefits in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Model Development of p-i-n Germanium Devices for Infrared Detection (2018)

Germanium offers many benefits over groups III-V materials when used for infrared detection. Most importantly, germanium is compatible with Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) manufacturing which allows for a low-cost, high-throughput device, and it does not require cooling, which many III-V devices do. With the deposition of germanium directly on silicon, there will be a thermally induced strain due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the two materials. When a biaxial tensile strain is present, the direct bandgap of germanium is lowered to ~0.77 eV and is capable of absorbing longer wavelengths. We have used a two-step deposition process to create a strained germanium film in order to fabricate a photodetector device. Our device has a dark current of 1.35 nA and a photocurrent of 22.5 nA at 1570 nm wavelength. Next, we developed a model in order to compare theoretical results with experimental results. The results indicate that the model is in close agreement with our measured data, and we are therefore able to use it to model future devices.
Modeling sound externalization based on listener-specific spectral cues (2017)

Sound sources in natural environments are usually perceived as externalized auditory objects located outside the head. In contrast, when listening via headphones or hearing-assistive devices, sounds are often heard inside the head, presumably because they are filtered in a way inconsistent with normal experience. Previous results suggest that high-frequency spectral cues arising from the listener-specific filtering by the pinnae are particularly important for sound externalization, but this has not been confirmed in a quantitative perceptual model yet. Here, we present a model designed to predict sound externalization related to the spectral-cue salience in free field. The modeling results are compared to results from various behavioral studies testing the effect of low-pass filtering, non-individualized head-related transfer functions, and behind-the-ear microphone casing in hearing-assistive devices. We will discuss the limitations of previous experimental designs and existing modeling approaches, including fundamental issues of model fitting.
Wasserstoff und Brennstoffzelle – mobile Anwendung in der Luftfahrt (2017)

Die Verwendung von Wasserstoff als Treibstoff für den Antrieb großer kommerzieller Passagierflugzeuge mit Turbotriebwerken als Antrieb hat den Vorteil, dass Wasserstoff verglichen mit Kerosin etwa den 3fachen Energiegehalt pro Gewichtseinheit beinhaltet. Allerdings muss man selbst in seinem tiefkalten flüssigen Zustand mit dem 4 fachen Volumen rechnen. Zusätzliche Tankgewichte für die Unterbringung des kryogenen Wasserstoffs heben den Gewichtsvorteil zum Teil wieder auf. Andere Anwendungen in Verbindung mit Brennstoffzellentechnologie als Energiewandler erzielen höhere Wirkungsgrade. Diese Konfiguration befindet zurzeit als Antrieb kleinerer elektrisch angetriebenen Flugzeuge und Bordgeneratoren im Versuchsstadium. Im Falle einer Verwendung als Bordenergieversorger in großen Verkehrsflugzeugen bietet es sich an, auch Nebenprodukte, wie Reaktionswärme, Prozesswasser und die sauerstoffarme Abluft, zu nutzen.
Atomic actions for fault-tolerance using CSP (1986)

Two complementary techniques have evolved for providing fault-tolerance in software: forward error recovery and backward error recovery. Few implementations permit both approaches to be combined within a particular application. Fewer techniques are available for the construction of fault-tolerant software for systems involving concurrent processes and multiple processors. Many schemes for supporting forward or backward recovery are based on some concept of an atomic action. The authors propose a mechanism for supporting an atomic action in a system of communicating sequential processes (CSP). The atomic action is used as the basic unit for providing fault-tolerance. The atomic action is called an FT-action, and both forward and backward error recovery are performed in the context of an FT-action.
The virtualization of medicine: a decade of pitfalls and progress. (2002)

This paper is a personal perspective on VR in medicine over the last decade.
Enhancement of erythroid colony growth in culture by hemin. (1979)

Hemin was found to enhance the growth of murine erythroid colonies in culture. In the presence of 100 mU/ml erythropoietin (EPO), the addition of hemin (0.05-0.2 mM) resulted in the growth of twice as many colonies as were obtained with EPO alone. Hemin also significantly increased erythroid colony formation in culture in the absence of added EPO. Hemoglobin synthesis as measured by the incorporation of 59Fe into cyclohexanone extractable heme was augmented in culture by hemin. Neither delta-aminolevulinic acid, a hemin precursor, nor FeCl3 increased colony number.
Market Share (1987)

The leading element of market structure, the market share of the firm is a simple fact which is central to the study of industrial organization. Because it shows how far the firm’s control over the market extends, market share is the direct indicator of each firm’s position in the market. Its key role is of ancient tradition, and it reflects a universal recognition in business life that market share is commonly decisive for the firm’s degree of success.
Cardiovascular actions of 5,6-dimethoxy-2-(3-[(alpha-(3,4-dimethoxy) phenylethyl)-methylamino] propyl) phthalimidine (AQ-A 39), a specific bradycardic agent. (1981)

1. v. administration of 5,6-dimethoxy-2-(3-[(alpha-(3,4-dimethoxy) phenylethyl) methylamino] propyl)- phthalimidine (AQ-A 39) to anaesthetized animals induced dose dependents bradycardia. A comparison of the cardiovascular actions of AQ-A 39 to those of the chemically related Ca2+-antagonist verapamil in anaesthetized cats revealed that AQ-A 39 reduced heart rate more that arterial blood pressure of left ventricular dpldtmax, whereas verapamil was more active in decreasing blood pressure and myocardial contractility that in reducing heart rate. The corresponding ED20% (mg/kg i.v.) for AQ-A 39 were 0.5 (heart rate), 2.9 (mean arterial blood pressure) and 1.8 (dp/dt max). The respective ED20% for verapamil were 1.2, 0.06 and 0.08 mg/kg i.v. Decrease in dp/dt max following injection of AQ-A 39 but not of verapamil could be abolished or diminished by cardiac pacing. So the inotropic effect following i.v. administration of AQ-A 39 were mainly due to interval-strength relationship. Cardiac output was much less decreased than heart rate since there was a significant increase in stroke volume in both anaesthetized cats and dogs. Peripheral resistance was not significantly influenced by systemic administration of AQ-A 39. In anaesthetized dogs AQ-A 39 (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg i.v.) reduced myocardial oxygen consumption without impairing cardiac work output (i.e., mean aortic pressure X cardiac output). AQ-A 39 induces cardiovascular actions which might be of benefit in the treatment of ischaemic heart disease.
Deacidification of oils and fats of biological origine by aqueous solutions of tertiary amines (2001)

Deacidification of triacylglycerols by extraction is investigated using aqueous solutions of amines as extractants. Tertiary amines with boiling points ranging between 100° and 170°C, such as 2-methylamino-diethanol, 2-dimethylamino-ethanol, 4-methylmorpholine, 1-dimethylamino-2-propanol etc. were found to be suitable substances. Especially the deacidification by aqueous solutions of 2-dimethylamino-ethanol (DMAE) was amply investigated as it is used as an active agent in remedies. Amazingly gelatinous soap stocks are not formed, when the concentration of DMAE exceeds 20% if the free fatty acid content of the oil is below 15%. Two liquid phases are formed in systems composed of triacylglyceroles and aqueous solutions containing 20 to 80% DMAE. Palm oil containing 4.3 wt.% free fatty acids was mixed with an equal amount of an aqueous solution of 30 wt.% DMAE at 60°C. In equilibrium an extract containing 86 wt.% free fatty acids (solvents deducted) and a raffinate of 0.09 wt.% free fatty acids are obtained. Loss of neutral oil being 0.7 wt.%.
Prescribing of U.S. Food and Drug Administration–Approved and Non-Approved Compounded Menopausal Hormone Therapy Differs by Specialty [25] (2015)

INTRODUCTION: Use of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved menopausal hormone therapy (HT) has decreased, whereas use of compounded non–FDA-approved menopausal HT has increased. Recently, legislation was enacted to curb prescriptions of compounded products when FDA-approved products exist. METHODS: A total of 9,001 U.S. physicians were invited to participate in a survey to collect their menopausal HT-prescribing patterns. Of 893 respondents, 440 were eligible based on menopausal HT prescriptions of FDA-approved and compounded non–FDA-approved to more than six patients per month and 425 were categorized as general practice, internal medicine and family practice (n=171); obstetrician–gynecologists (ob-gyns) (n=170); or wellness physicians (n=84). Wellness physicians were those whose specialty or practice was “antiaging and wellness or regenerative medicine.” RESULTS: Of the total menopausal HT prescriptions, the percentages of FDA-approved to compounded prescriptions were 93%/7% for ob-gyns, 88%/12% for general practitioners, and 72%/28% for wellness physicians. Menopausal symptoms were the leading reason for menopausal HT prescription (more than 90%) among all specialties; however, wellness physicians were more likely to prescribe menopausal HT for general or cardiovascular health (26%). Therapy was titrated based predominately on symptom relief among all specialties, although wellness physicians also used blood (64%) or saliva testing (22%) for dose adjustment. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION: Prescriptions for menopausal HT are needed by many postmenopausal women with substantial numbers of physicians of all specialties continuing to prescribe menopausal HT. Although all groups prescribe menopausal HT, there are differences in prescriptions by medical specialty or practice with ob-gyns and general practitioners more commonly using FDA-approved regimens and wellness physicians also commonly prescribing compounded agents. Given new regulations and enforcement regarding compounding, new FDA-approved agents may be needed to fulfill prescribers' and patients' needs.
156 THE IMPACT OF PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINES IN ADULTS WITH SINOPULMONARY INFECTIONS AND LOW PNEUMOCOCCAL ANTIBODY TITERS: PILOT OBSERVATIONS (2005)

<h3>Rationale</h3> The studies on the impact of pneumococcal vaccines in recurrent respiratory infections in patients with low pneumococcal antibody titers were performed only in children. This pilot project is focused on adult patients. <h3>Methods</h3> Four patients with recurrent sinopulmonary infections and low pneumococcal antibody titers but normal immunoglobulins were studied. All of the patients received pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. Repeat titers were obtained 4 weeks after the vaccines. Three patients demonstrated three-fold increases or above 1.5 μg/mL in more than 70% of the serotypes of pneumococcal titers, which was considered a good response. The fourth patient, who failed to respond to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, did respond to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. The patients were followed every 3 months up to a year. <h3>Results</h3> Significant clinical improvements had already been noted in 2 out of the 4 patients. One patient with a history of sinusitis with 6 to 7 sinus infections per year in the previous 5 years had only one episode 6 months after the vaccine was given. Another patient had 2 episodes of pneumonia and numerous sinus infections 4 years prior to the vaccine. This patient has had no evidence of pneumonia or sinusitis 1 year after the vaccination. The follow-up period in the remaining patients has been too short to draw meaningful conclusions. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The observations suggest that adults with low pneumococcal antibody titers and recurrent respiratory infections may show serological and clinical improvements after use of pneumococcal vaccines.
Information Hiding Based on Intra Prediction Modes for H.264/AVC (2007)

This paper presents a novel information hiding algorithm for H.264/AVC, taking advantage of the specific features of this advanced video compression standard. The algorithm hides 1 bit in each qualified intra 4x4 luma block by modifying intra 4x4 prediction modes (I4-modes) based on the mapping between I4-modes and hiding bits. Information hiding rate is controlled by a parameter, embedding strength, which is also embedded into bitstream. Hidden information can be retrieved by decoding the intra prediction modes from bitstream, requiring neither original media nor complete video decoding. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm almost has no impact on video quality and video stream features. A comparatively high data hiding rate is obtained with a little increase on bit rate.
Ultraviolet Pumped Tricolor Phosphor Blend White Emitting LEDs (2001)

Near-UV and violet emitting AlGaInN single quantum well LED structures were grown by MOCVD on sapphire substrates. On-wafer tests before processing gave an output power at 40 mA between 1.4 mW at 380 nm and 6.7 mW at 420 nm. LED chips with wavelengths between 380 and 404 nm were selected for manufacturing radial UV LEDs and white emitting LEDs. The UV to white converters were prepared from broad band red, green and blue emitting powder phosphors with individual luminescence peaks near 610, 550 and 460 nm, respectively. White luminescence conversion (LUCO) LEDs with a warm hue and color temperatures in the range 4000–4300 K are demonstrated.