gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evidence for additive and interaction effects of host genotype and infection in malaria (2012)

The host mechanisms responsible for protection against malaria remain poorly understood, with only a few protective genetic effects mapped in humans. Here, we characterize a host-specific genome-wide signature in whole-blood transcriptomes of Plasmodium falciparum-infected West African children and report a demonstration of genotype-by-infection interactions in vivo. Several associations involve transcripts sensitive to infection and implicate complement system, antigen processing and presentation, and T-cell activation (i.e., SLC39A8, C3AR1, FCGR3B, RAD21, RETN, LRRC25, SLC3A2, and TAPBP), including one association that validated a genome-wide association candidate gene (SCO1), implicating binding variation within a noncoding regulatory element. Gene expression profiles in mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi revealed and validated similar responses and highlighted specific pathways and genes that are likely important responders in both hosts. These results suggest that host variation and its interplay with infection affect children's ability to cope with infection and suggest a polygenic model mounted at the transcriptional level for susceptibility.
Confine, Defect, and Interface Manipulation of Fe3Se4/3D Graphene Targeting Fast and Stable Potassium‐Ion Storage (2022)

The fast electrochemical kinetics behavior and long cycling life have been the goals in developing anode materials for potassium ion batteries (PIBs). On account of high electron conductivity and theoretical capacity, transition metal selenides have been deemed as one of the promising anode materials for PIBs. Herein, a systematic structural manipulation strategy, pertaining to the confine of Fe<sub>3</sub> Se<sub>4</sub> particles by 3D graphene and the dual phosphorus (P) doping to the Fe<sub>3</sub> Se<sub>4</sub> /3DG (DP-Fe<sub>3</sub> Se<sub>4</sub> /3DG), has been proposed to fulfill the efficient potassium-ion (K-ion) evolution kinetics and thus boost the K-ion storage performance. The theoretical calculation results demonstrate that the well-designed dual P doping interface can effectively promote K-ion adsorption behavior and provide a low energy barrier for K-ion diffusion. The insertion-conversion and adsorption mechanism for multi potassium storage behavior in DP-Fe<sub>3</sub> Se<sub>4</sub> /3DG composite has been also deciphered by combining the in situ/ex situ X-ray diffraction and operando Raman spectra evidences. As expected, the DP-Fe<sub>3</sub> Se<sub>4</sub> /3DG anode exhibits superior rate capability (120.2 mA h g<sup>-1</sup> at 10 A g<sup>-1</sup> ) and outstanding cycling performance (157.9 mA h g<sup>-1</sup> after 1000 cycles at 5 A g<sup>-1</sup> ).
A 2.5-Mb/s GFSK 5.0-Mb/s 4-FSK automatically calibrated Σ-Δ frequency synthesizer (2002)

This paper describes a new sigma-delta (/spl Sigma/-/spl Delta/) frequency synthesizer for Gaussian frequency and minimum shift keying (GFSK/GMSK) modulation. The key innovation is an automatic calibration circuit which tunes the phase-locked loop (PLL) response to compensate for process tolerance and temperature variation. The availability of this new calibration method allows the use of precompensation techniques to achieve high data rate modulation without requiring factory calibration. The calibration method can be applied to GFSK/GMSK modulation and also M-ary FSK modulation. The PLL, including 1.8-GHz voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), /spl Sigma/-/spl Delta/ modulator, and automatic calibration circuit, has been implemented in a 0.6-/spl mu/m BiCMOS integrated circuit. The test chip achieves 2.5 Mb/s using GFSK and 5.0 Mb/s using 4-FSK.
New 2-aryliminoimidazolidines. I. Synthesis and antihypertensive properties of 2-(2-phenoxyphenylimino)imidazolidines and related compounds. (1985)

2-(2-Phenoxyphenylimino) imidazolidine and related compounds (IV and XII) were synthesized and evaluated for hypotensive activity in rats. Most of the 2-aryliminoimidazolidines (IV) were synthesized via the aniline derivatives (VI) by two different methods. Some imidazolidines (IV) were found to be significantly active, with 2-(5-chloro-2-phenoxyphenylimino) imidazolidine (IV-19) being more active than prazosin, the reference compound. The mechanism of action of IV-9 may involve the blockade of peripheral α-adrenergic receptors. This paper describes the synthesis, pharmacology, and structure-activity relationships of the 2-(2-phenoxyphenylimino) imidazolidines.
Resonant scattering from two-dimensional gratings (1996)

A theoretical investigation of resonant scattering from two-dimensional gratings is presented. Abrupt changes of diffraction efficiency over a small parameter range have been observed by rigorous coupled-wave analysis. The peak reflection or transmission efficiencies can approach unity. This phenomenon is explained in terms of the coupling between the incident plane wave and guided modes that can be supported by the two-dimensional-grating waveguide structure. Because of the double periodicity, the incident field can be coupled into any direction in the grating plane. The guided modes supported by two-dimensional gratings are found by rigorous solution of the homogeneous problem associated with the scattering (inhomogeneous) problem. The complex propagation constants for the guided modes provide estimates of both the resonance angle and width. In addition, to illustrate the implication of the radical change in the phase and amplitude of the propagating waves, we report a study of finite-beam diffraction in the resonant scattering region. Applications for the structures include polarization-independent narrow-band filters and bandwidth-tunable filters. It is shown that, because of the double resonance, the polarization-independent narrow-band filters have a large angular tolerance.
Sequential estimation based on conditional cost (2017)

We consider the problem of parameter estimation under a sequential framework. Specifically we assume that an i.i.d. random process is observed sequentially with its common pdf having a random parameter that must be estimated. We are interested in designing a stopping time that will decide when is the best moment to stop sampling the process and an estimator that will use the acquired samples in order to provide the desired estimate. We follow a semi-Bayesian approach where we assign cost to the pair (estimate, true parameter) and our goal is to minimize the average sample size guaranteeing at the same time an average cost below some prescribed level. For our analysis we adopt a conditional average cost which leads to a considerable simplification in the sequential estimation problem, otherwise known to be analytically intractable. We apply our results to a number of examples and compare our method with the optimum fixed sample size but also with existing sequential schemes.
Percutaneous penetration in the hairless dog, weanling pig and grafted athymic nude mouse: evaluation of models for predicting skin penetration in man (1984)

The human skin grafted congenitally athymic (nude) mouse, pig skin grafted nude mouse, hairless dog, and weanling Yorkshire pig were evaluated as models for predicting skin penetration in man. Nine radiolabelled compounds previously tested on man were applied topically (4 micrograms/cm2) to each model. These compounds included caffeine, benzoic acid, N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide, three steroids, and three insecticides. To correct for incomplete excretion of the label following topical absorption, per cent penetration was calculated by dividing the per cent of the topically applied radioactive dose recovered in the excreta by the corresponding percentage after parenteral administration and multiplication by 100. Calculated values of per cent penetration were confirmed in the case of the grafted nude mouse because significant correlations (r = 0.78 for human skin grafted athymic nude mouse and r = 0.97 for pig skin grafted athymic nude mouse) were found between the calculated values and the actual values obtained by summing the radioactivity recovered in the urine, faeces, tissues, and carcass. The results also revealed a significant correlation between human skin grafted athymic nude mouse values and human values (r = 0.74, P = 0.05) and between weanling Yorkshire pig values and human values (r = 0.83, P = 0.05). In contrast, no significant correlation existed between human values and those of the hairless dog and the pig skin grafted athymic nude mouse.
The condensation of chloral with urea and phenyl urea (1931)

Abstract The condensation of chloral with urea was first observed by Jacobsen, who found that monochloral urea CCI3 . CH(OH) . NH . CO . NH2 (I), and dichloral urea CCI3 . CH(OH). NH . CO . NH . CH(OH). CCI3 (II), were respectively produced when excess of urea, or of chloral, was employed. His results were confirmed by Coppin and Titherley, but otherwise the compounds have been little studied. Monochloral urea separates in almost theoretical amount when an aqueous solution of chloral and its equivalent of urea are allowed to stand at the ordinary temperature for several days. Dichloral urea similarly separates when two equivalents of chloral and one equivalent of urea are employed.
Electronic and structural properties of oligophenylene ethynylenes on Au(111) surfaces (2007)

The interaction of oligophenylene ethynylene (OPE) on the (111) surface of a gold slab resembling a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) is investigated using ab initio density functional theory calculations. The authors performed a full optimization including all atoms in the OPE and in the slab to better understand OPE adsorption on the surface. It is found that OPE has two energetically favorable adsorption sites on the Au surface with relatively different molecular geometries: the nontop site adsorption greatly modifies the (111) surface structure; however, the extensive electron interactions enable a delocalized electron density distribution, implying an improved conductivity between OPE and Au, and the top site which is 0.9 eV higher in energy than the nontop and features weaker Au-S bonds. Interestingly the on top configuration shows a strong spin imbalance along the molecule and the nontop shows a small spin imbalance on the surface. This feature is of strong interest for the development of resonators for the detection of chemical and biological agents. They have also calculated the frequency spectrum of these SAMs, which yield deformations in the gold surface yielding peak frequency shifts specific to each absorption site.
TDM single channel 640 Gbit/s transmission experimentover 60 kmusing 400 fs pulse train and walk-off free, dispersion flattenednonlinear optical loop mirror (1998)

A single channel, time domain multiplexed 640 Gbit/s data signal has been successfully transmitted over 60 km. The width of the input pulse train was as little as 400 fs and a walk-off free, dispersion flattened nonlinear loop mirror was used to demultiplex the signal to 10 Gbit/s. The maximum transmission distance was mainly determined by the polarisation mode dispersion as well as the third order dispersion.
Youth sports specialization and musculoskeletal injury: a systematic review of the literature (2016)

Systematic Review, Level III.
Device Performance Using Magnetic Waves at X Band (1973)

The development of samarium cobalt magnets, high quality epitaxial yttrium iron garnet (YIG) films, and a better understanding of surface magnetic waves have resulted in a new class of signal processing devices at X band.
Molecular Cloning of a Novel Laminin Chain, α5, and Widespread Expression in Adult Mouse Tissues (1995)

We have identified a fifth member of the alpha subfamily of vertebrate laminin chains. Sequence analysis revealed a close relationship of alpha 5 to the only known Drosophila alpha chain, suggesting that the ancestral alpha gene was more similar to alpha 5 than to alpha 1-4. Analysis of RNA expression showed that alpha 5 is widely expressed in adult tissues, with highest levels in lung, heart, and kidney. Our results suggest that alpha 5 may be a major laminin chain of adult basal laminae.
Laser housing having integral mounts and method of manufacturing same (2023)

A housing adapted to position, support, and facilitate aligning various components, including an optical path assembly, of a laser. In a preferred embodiment, the housing is constructed from a single piece of material and broadly comprises one or more through-holes; one or more cavities; and one or more integral mounts, wherein the through-holes and the cavities cooperate to define the integral mounts. Securement holes machined into the integral mounts facilitate securing components within the integral mounts using set screws, adhesive, or a combination thereof. In a preferred method of making the housing, the through-holes and cavities are first machined into the single piece of material, with at least some of the remaining material forming the integral mounts.
Mechanistic Insight into the Precursor Chemistry of ZrO2 and HfO2 Nanocrystals; towards Size-Tunable Syntheses (2021)

One can nowadays readily generate monodisperse colloidal nanocrystals, but a retrosynthetic analysis is still not possible since the underlying chemistry is often poorly understood. Here, we provide insight into the reaction mechanism of colloidal zirconia and hafnia nanocrystals synthesized from metal chloride and metal isopropoxide. We identify the active precursor species in the reaction mixture through a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. We gain insight into the interaction of the surfactant, tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO), and the different precursors. Interestingly, we identify a peculiar X-type ligand redistribution mechanism that can be steered by the relative amount of Lewis base (L-type). We further monitor how the reaction mixture decomposes using solution NMR and gas chromatography, and we find that ZrCl4 is formed as a by-product of the reaction, limiting the reaction yield. The reaction proceeds via two competing mechanisms: E1 elimination (dominating) and SN1 substitution (minor). Using this new mechanistic insight, we adapted the synthesis to optimize the yield and gain control over nanocrystal size. These insights will allow the rational design and synthesis of complex oxide nanocrystals.
Anti-androgenic activity of absorption-enhanced 3, 3'-diindolylmethane in prostatectomy patients. (2016)

Consumption of cruciferous vegetables is associated with a decreased risk of developing prostate cancer. Antineoplastic effects of cruciferous vegetables are attributable to bioactive indoles, most prominently, 3, 3'-diindolylmethane (DIM). In addition to effects on proliferation and apoptosis, DIM acts as an antiandrogen in prostate cancer cell lines. This study characterized the effects of prostatic DIM on the androgen receptor (AR) in patients with prostate cancer. Men with localized prostate cancer were treated with a specially formulated DIM capsule designed for enhanced bioavailability (BR-DIM) at a dose of 225 mg orally twice daily for a minimum of 14 days. DIM levels and AR activity were assessed at the time of prostatectomy. Out of 28 evaluable patients, 26 (93%) had detectable prostatic DIM levels, with a mean concentration of 14.2 ng/gm. The mean DIM plasma level on BR-DIM therapy was 9.0 ng/mL; levels were undetectable at baseline and in follow-up samples. AR localization in the prostate was assessed with immunohistochemistry. After BR-DIM therapy, 96% of patients exhibited exclusion of the AR from the cell nucleus. In contrast, in prostate biopsy samples obtained prior to BR-DIM therapy, no patient exhibited AR nuclear exclusion. Declines in PSA were observed in a majority of patients (71%). Compliance was excellent and toxicity was minimal. In summary, BR-DIM treatment resulted in reliable prostatic DIM levels and anti-androgenic biologic effects at well tolerated doses. These results support further investigation of BR-DIM as a chemopreventive and therapeutic agent in prostate cancer.
Hippocampal theta activity during encoding promotes subsequent associative memory in humans (2023)

Hippocampal theta oscillations have been implicated in associative memory in humans. However, findings from electrophysiological studies using scalp electroencephalography or magnetoencephalography, and those using intracranial electroencephalography are mixed. Here we asked 10 pre-surgical epilepsy patients undergoing intracranial electroencephalography recording, along with 21 participants undergoing magnetoencephalography recordings, to perform an associative memory task, and examined whether hippocampal theta activity during encoding was predictive of subsequent associative memory performance. Across the intracranial electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography studies, we observed that theta power in the hippocampus increased during encoding, and that this increase differed as a function of subsequent memory, with greater theta activity for pairs that were successfully retrieved in their entirety compared with those that were not remembered. This helps to clarify the role of theta oscillations in associative memory formation in humans, and further, demonstrates that findings in epilepsy patients undergoing intracranial electroencephalography recordings can be extended to healthy participants undergoing magnetoencephalography recordings.
Gray-Scale Lithography for MEMS Applications (2006)

Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication technologies originated directly from integrated circuit (IC) fabrication. IC devices require only two-dimensional or planar structures to be fabricated because there are no mechanical operations taking place. Therefore, structures fabricated for MEMS devices have been traditionally designed with nominally vertical sidewalls (anisotropic etching), undercut sidewalls (wet isotropic etching), or sidewalls that have limited angles due to the crystallographic orientation of the substrate (wet anisotropic etching). A three-dimensional (3-D) structure in this paper pertains to arbitrarily sloped sidewalls in silicon. That is, a sidewall fabricated as vertical or sloped with a desired angle or profile. A 3-D technique could enhance the efficiency, reliability, and overall performance of various power MEMS devices. Such enhancements could be nozzle and diffuser elements in fluidic devices, trenches designed with specific sidewall profiles for ball bearing devices, and aerodynamic structures for rotary applications. A technique called gray-scale lithography is applied using a one-level development process to create 3-D structures in photoresist. This technique utilizes planar processing and provides additional flexibility that is not supported in conventional IC fabrication technologies. The key components for the development of MEMS-based gray-scale lithography are presented.
Field Measurements of the Gas Exchange of Woody Plant Species in Simulated Sunflecks (1984)

The photosynthetic responses of eight tree and shrub species to simulated sunflecks was measured in the field. The net carbon exchange (NCE) of Corylus avellana and Ulmus glabra increased with irradiance up to the maximum irradiance of 230 μmol m−2 s−1. The NCE of Fraxinux excelsior, Hedera helix and the sun and shade forms of Rhododendron ponticum saturated at about 120 μmol m−2 s−1 whereas the NCE of Ilex aquifolium, Daphne laureola and Fagus sylvatica had effectively saturated at 27 μmol m−2 s−1. In all cases the quantum efficiency of NCE could be predicted from measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and the maximum value for NCE from measurements of stomatal conductance. The relationships were combined into a model for predicting NCE/irradiance characteristics.
Embryo transfer in vivo. (1982)

Records of 44 patients with advanced ectopic pregnancy were reviewed. The author demonstrates that in vivo embryo transfer can reimplant later than one week of gestation and that implantation does not require endometrium as the only implantation site. Other tissues and organs can support implantation, but adequate hormonal secretion is necessary.
Solution Conformation of Virginiamycins (Staphylomycins) (1975)

The 1H (at 300 MHz) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of virginiamycins S and S4 and vernamycin Balpha have been unravelled and analyzed. Together with model building and theoretical considerations, this allows the detailed description of their solution conformations. The depside bond can rotate and gives to the backbone some conformational mobility. The orientation of the depsicarbonyl bond depends on the surrounding. Apparent discrepancies between the different methods that are applicable for the disclosure of the nature of peptide H-bonding, have found a rational explanation.
A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF THE EYE CHANGES OF GRAVES' DISEASE (1969)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The problem of nomenclature of the eye changes of toxic diffuse goiter (Graves' disease, Basedow's disease, and Parry's disease) remains an unsettled one. A plethora of descriptive terms has filled the literature,<sup>1</sup>and new ones continue to appear. It is a common experience during most any medical or eye conference on the subject to hear the eye changes in question referred to by each discussant in a different way: "endocrine exophthalmos," "infiltrative ophthalmopathy," "progressive exophthalmos," "malignant exophthalmos," and so on. As a result, a committee of the Presbyterian Hospital in the city of New York initiated, and subsequently a committee of the American Thyroid Association, finalized a classification of the eye changes of Graves' disease (Table 1 to 3).<sup>2</sup> Table 2 has been slightly modified from the original one, by adding measurement of vision to the descriptive material for class 6 in parentheses. This was
Analysis of mutations at residues A2451 and G2447 of 23S rRNA in the peptidyltransferase active site of the 50S ribosomal subunit (2001)

On the basis of the recent atomic-resolution x-ray structure of the 50S ribosomal subunit, residues A2451 and G2447 of 23S rRNA were proposed to participate directly in ribosome-catalyzed peptide bond formation. We have examined the peptidyltransferase and protein synthesis activities of ribosomes carrying mutations at these nucleotides. In Escherichia coli, pure mutant ribosome populations carrying either the G2447A or G2447C mutations maintained cell viability. In vitro, the G2447A ribosomes supported protein synthesis at a rate comparable to that of wild-type ribosomes. In single-turnover peptidyltransferase assays, G2447A ribosomes were shown to have essentially unimpaired peptidyltransferase activity at saturating substrate concentrations. All three base changes at the universally conserved A2451 conferred a dominant lethal phenotype when expressed in E. coli. Nonetheless, significant amounts of 2451 mutant ribosomes accumulated in polysomes, and all three 2451 mutations stimulated frameshifting and readthrough of stop codons in vivo. Furthermore, ribosomes carrying the A2451U transversion synthesized full-length beta-lactamase chains in vitro. Pure mutant ribosome populations with changes at A2451 were generated by reconstituting Bacillus stearothermophilus 50S subunits from in vitro transcribed 23S rRNA. In single-turnover peptidyltransferase assays, the rate of peptide bond formation was diminished 3- to 14-fold by these mutations. Peptidyltransferase activity and in vitro beta-lactamase synthesis by ribosomes with mutations at A2451 or G2447 were highly resistant to chloramphenicol. The significant levels of peptidyltransferase activity of ribosomes with mutations at A2451 and G2447 need to be reconciled with the roles proposed for these residues in catalysis.