gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
WE-E-330D-03: Feasibility of High-Resolution Contrast Enhanced Digital Mammography (2006)

Purpose: This study is aimed at investigating the feasibility of high-resolution contrast enhanced digital mammography (CEDM). Method and Materials: Recent studies report certain promising aspects of contrast mammography [Jong et al., Radiology 228, 842–50, 2003] for identifying subtle lesions that might not be detectable by conventional mammography. In this study we investigate certain physical aspects of high-resolution CEDM. The objective was to study the feasibility of high resolution and low dose CEDM with acceptable contrast characteristics. We used a prototype imager [Vedantham et al., Med Phys 31, 1462–72, 2004] that consists of a 2 × 2, CCD array. The imager was operated in a 78 μm mode by pixel binning. Computational studies with a 49 kVp, W spectrum with 0.6 mm Cu added filtration (1st HVL: 1.9 mm of Al) indicated dose levels in the range of 0.1–0.5 mGy for a 5 cm thick, 50% glandular breast for the entire mammography exam. Theoretical modeling was performed using the parallel cascaded approach described by Cunningham and Yao [Proc. SPIE 3336, 220–30, 1998, Med Phys 28, 2020–38, 2001] for various physical conditions. In addition, experimental evaluation of the physical characteristics of the imager was conducted. Results: The resolution characteristics at 10% MTF was ∼7.8 and ∼4.2 cycles/mm and the DQE(0) estimate was ∼0.4 and ∼0.65 for 150 and 450 μm thick CsI:Tl scintillators respectively. Model results for pixel size range of 39–156 μm and CsI:Tl thickness range of 150–300 μm indicate that a 250–300 μm thick CsI scintillator with an imager pixel size of 78 μm could potentially offer a reasonable trade-off between spatial resolution and DQE(f) characteristics. Conclusion: The results suggest that high-resolution CEDM appears to be feasible at dose levels substantially lower then digital mammography. This research was supported in part by: NIH-NIBIB Grant RO1-EB002123 and the Georgia Cancer Coalition.
Modeling of a piezoelectric micro-scanner (2008)

Micro-scanners have been widely used in many optical applications. The micro-scanner presented in this paper uses multimorph-type bending actuators to tilt a square plate mirror. This paper presents a complete analytical model of the piezoelectric micro-scanner. This theoretical model based on strength of material equations calculates the force generated by the multimorphs on the mirror, the profile of the structure and the angular deflection of the mirror. The proposed model, used to optimize the design of the piezoelectric silicon micro-scanner, is intended for further HDL integration, allowing in this way system level simulation and optimization.
TEASING OUT DIETARY FIBRE (1988)

While the scientific reaction to many of the claims made for the benefits of dietary fibre is ‘it's too good to be true’, there is wide acceptance by the general public and the media that an increased intake of dietary fibre is a good thing. There is, however, still confusion about what dietary fibre is and how much there is in foods and the diet. In this, the first of two articles, Professor D.A.T. Southgate and Richard Faulks , of the AFRC Institute of Food Research, Norwich attempt to answer the basic question, what is dietary fibre?
Intermodal strong coupling and wideband, low-loss isolation in silicon (2022)

Strong coupling enables a diverse set of applications that include optical memories, non-magnetic isolators, photonic state manipulation, and signal processing. To date, strong coupling in integrated platforms has been realized using narrow-linewidth high-Q optical resonators. In contrast, here we demonstrate wideband strong coupling between two photonic bands. The indirect interband photonic transition is controlled by electrically driving phonons in a linear silicon waveguide. Under large acoustic drive, the system features a Rabi-like energy exchange between two waveguide modes, demonstrating strong coupling. When tuned to unity energy conversion, our system unlocks a set of powerful applications, including optical modulators, routers and filters. In particular, we demonstrate a low loss (-2.08 dB) acousto-optic modulator (AOM) with pump suppression ratio &gt; 55 dB. We also reconfigure our system to demonstrate a non-magnetic, low-loss (&lt; 1 dB) and broadband (59 GHz 10 dB isolation bandwidth) optical isolator.
Impact Modification of Polysulfone with Polysulfone/Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Block Copolymers (1976)

Polysulfone/poly(dimethylsiloxane) block copolymers (PSF/PSX) of controlled structure and composition are very effective additives for increasing the notched impact strength of polysulfone. This is attributed to a unique combination of PSF/PSX characteristcis: morphology, compatibility, elastomeric nature, and thermal stability. The optimum effect is achieved with copolymers containing 5000 Mn PSF and PSX blocks at block copolymer concentrations of 5 wt % and with blending conditions that produce a PSF/PSX maximum particle size of 0.5-3.0 µ. Under these conditions good quality injection molded parts can be produced with notched Izod impact strengths as high as 22.0 ft-lbs/inch, compared with 1.3 ft-lbs/inch for unmodified polysulfone. The other properties of polysulfone are affected to only a minor extent by this modification.
Silicon on ultra-low-loss waveguide photonic integration platform (2013)

We demonstrate a novel integrated silicon and ultra-low-loss Si3N4 waveguide platform. Coupling between layers is achieved with (0.4 ± 0.2) dB of loss per transition and a 20 nm 3-dB bandwidth for one tapered coupler design and with (0.8 ± 0.2) dB of loss per transition and a 100 nm 3-dB bandwidth for another. The minimum propagation loss measured in the ultra-low-loss waveguides is 1.2 dB/m in the 1590 nm wavelength regime.
Morphology and Accommodative Function of the Vitreous Zonule in Human and Monkey Eyes (2010)

The vitreous zonule system may help to smoothly translate to the lens the driving forces of accommodation and disaccommodation generated by the ciliary muscle, while maintaining visual focus and protecting the lens capsule and ora serrata from acute tractional forces. Stiffening of the vitreous zonular system may contribute to age-related loss of accommodation and offer a therapeutic target for presbyopia.
Graphene Quantum Dot beyond Electrocatalyst: An In Situ Electrolyte Catalyst towards Improved Reaction Kinetics of VO 2+ /VO 2 + Redox Couples (2020)

Graphene quantum dots (GQD) have been used in various potential applications due to their range of attractive properties such as high conductivity, good chemical resistance, very good optical properties and etc. Very first time, in this study, the GQD is used as a molecular catalyst; here the given volume of GQD around 300 μ l is dispersed in as prepared vanadium based electrolyte. It is observed that the CV curve of the GQD incorporated electrolyte showed significant variation in the electrochemical activity of VO 2 + /VO 2+ redox reaction. The resistive behavior obtained from the EIS analysis of GQD showed highly enhanced values when compared with the bare electrolyte. The addition of GQD in the active electrolyte showed great improvement in the VO 2 + to VO 2+ redox reaction kinetics which is evidenced from the obtained kinetics parameters such as exchange current density, rate constant and etc. The GQD added electrolyte showed excellent improvisation in the exchange current density value of i 0 = 6.175 × 10 −4 A cm −2 which is two-fold higher than the bare electrolyte ( i 0 = 2.365 × 10 −4 A cm −2 ). Thus, the idea of using GQD will play potential effect in various electrochemical applications.
Technology hybridization for real time particulate matter monitoring (2022)

While the monitoring and management of air pollution remains a challenge at a regional level, it also becomes more and more sensitive at very local scale. Both, as hot spot sources, can be very localized, but vulnerable population (in schools, hospital…) due to fluidic effect, especially in cities with tall buildings, can lead to very significant disparities in local pollution levels. For all those reasons, accurate real time measurements of local pollution is increasingly of interest for all stakeholders. So far, no satisfactory solution (microsensors, modeling...) has proven both reliable and affordable on its own as an alternative to reference analyzers. The solution can thus only come from an appropriate combination of various technologies and algorithms. This paper presents and shows the benefit of an innovative approach to combine well known dust air quality monitoring proven equivalent method, such as beta attenuation and indicative sensors based on light scattering as a first step to allow wider hybrid networks over particulate matter monitoring and extend it to other parameters such as gases (SO2, NO2...), which would provide simultaneously a cost effective, reliable, and hyperlocal solution especially when combined to mathematical modelling software.
Tailoring switching and endurance / retention reliability characteristics of HfO<inf>2</inf> / Hf RRAM with Ti, Al, Si dopants (2014)

We have demonstrated that by material engineering using different spices to dope HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , RRAM cell switching and endurance / retention reliability characteristics can be modulated. The changes in SET/RESET voltages, endurance optimal programming window and retention result mainly from the oxygen scavenging efficiency of Hf cap in presence of different dopants in HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> . This impacts directly the formation of OEL that controls the RRAM switching characteristics and retention. By utilizing different dopant materials, the operation range of the HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> based RRAM can be tailored to be compatible with different selectors and to be adopted for broader applications.
Validation of four automatic devices for self-measurement of blood pressure according to the international protocol of the European Society of Hypertension (2011)

Omron M1 Plus (HEM-401 1C-E), Omron M6 Comfort (HEM 7000-E), Spengler KP7500 D, and Microlife BP A100 Plus devices fulfilled the validation recommendations of the International Protocol.
Herpes Simplex Virus Strain Specificity: Virulence Correlates (1981)

We know very little about why some people get recurrences of herpesvirus infections and others do not, and why some herpes infections are particularly severe and others are not. Considerable work has been done on host immune responses, but there is relatively little information available concerning the differences among strains within a given type of herpesvirus. In examining strains of herpesvirus type 1, we find that the avirulent strains are inherently different from the virulent strains in terms of the ocular disease they produce. The avirulent strains colonize the ganglion and are shed into the tear film, yet these strains do not cause disease and prevent ganglionic colonization with the more virulent strains. It has been shown that a large proportion of the adult population carries antibodies to herpesvirus, indicating that previous infection occurred, even in the absence of overt disease. A large proportion also have herpesvirus in the ganglia, and enzymatic cleavage mapping indicated that all ganglia are infected with the same herpesvirus strain. It may be that, in most of us, the clinically-evident herpesvirus disease is related more closely to the particular strain of herpesvirus with which the patient was infected than to the state of the host immune system, although, if the immune system is totally suppressed, even benign organisms can cause disease. We have attempted to correlate observed differences in the biochemical structures and metabolic processes of the various virus strains with the different types of disease produced by these strains, and it appears, for example, that those strains producing necrotizing stromal disease produce highly immunogenic glycoproteins unlike the strains that produce only epithelial disease.
Задачи анализа ритмограмм, зарегистрированных во время ночного сна (1979)

Medicinos Akademija (MA)
Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of free and bound excitons in chemical-vapor-deposited diamond (1993)

Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy was used to study exciton recombination at temperatures from 80 to 280 K in undoped and boron-doped diamond particles grown by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition. Spectral lines due to free and bound excitons were observed in the near-band-gap region, 4.6--5.5 eV. (The band gap of diamond is at 5.49 eV.) In the undoped particles, free-exciton lines were observed at 5.27 and 5.12 eV. Another set of lines, not previously reported, was observed between 4.7 and 5.0 eV, with the most intense lines at 4.757, 4.832, and 4.950 eV. The latter set of lines is attributed to excitons bound to lattice defects, possibly dislocations. In the boron-doped particles, excitons bound to boron acceptors were found to dominate the near-band-gap CL spectrum at low temperature. The most intense acceptor-bound-exciton line is at 5.20 eV. In both boron-doped and undoped particles, the exciton lines were much less intense in {111} crystal-growth sectors than in {100} sectors. Quenching of the exciton luminescence due to nonradiative recombination is believed to be the cause of the reduced intensity in the {111} sectors. The temperature dependence of the intensities, peak positions, and peak widths of the exciton lines was examined. The free and acceptor-bound excitons in the boron-doped particles were found to be in thermal equilibrium with each other. In the undoped particles, the free and defect-bound excitons were not in thermal equilibrium; the higher-energy bound-exciton lines (at 4.832 and 4.950 eV) decreased more rapidly with increasing temperature than either the lowest-energy bound-exciton line (at 4.757 eV) or the free-exciton lines.This behavior is attributed to thermally activated transitions from the higher-energy bound-exciton states to the lowest-energy state. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the free-exciton line, ${\mathit{W}}_{\mathrm{FE}}$, increased with temperature at about the rate predicted for excitations thermalized near the bottom of a parabolic energy band: ${\mathit{W}}_{\mathrm{FE}}$(T)=${\mathit{W}}_{\mathrm{FE}}$(0)+1.795kT. The FWHM's of the defect-bound- and acceptor-bound-exciton lines also increased with temperature, but at slower rates than for the free exciton. The peak positions of the exciton lines increased slightly with increasing temperature.
<title>Deterministic and noise-induced phase jumps in the ring laser gyroscope</title> (1991)

We discuss recent theoretical and experimental work concerning the phase jump instability in the He:Ne ring laser gyroscope. The exact solution to the deterministic third-order equations for the laser yields an expression for the phase difference between the two counterpropagating modes. This phase difference can be constant monotonically increase oscillate be unstable or exhibit discontinuities. Experiments and computer solutions of the stochastic laser equations show corresponding phase jumps which can be very rapid but not truly discontinuous. We discuss the behavior of the phase difference and of the timeaveraged beat frequency between the two modes with and without the effects of laser noise.
Pertussis vaccination in pregnancy in Canada: a cost-utility analysis (2020)

Based on a threshold of $50 000 per QALY gained, vaccination against pertussis in pregnancy would be cost-effective if the acquisition cost per vaccine were $14.03 or less. Province- and territory-specific analyses should be done to inform local decision-making.
Effective Hydrogen Generation from the Hydrogen Sulfide Solution by using Stratified Type Photocatalyst (2008)

Stratified type photocatalyst with the extremely higher photocatalytic activities can be synthesized by using the chemical reaction between the Na2S solution and Cd(OH)2 precursors. This type of photocatalyst has the specific morphology which constructed by the nano‐sized and capsule like formed structure, and the metal concentration was gradually changed in its wall. The “charge gradient” was formed at the metal sulfide and oxide/hydroxide junction in the wall, which favored for the separation of the photo excited electron‐hole pair. Consequently, stratified type photocatalyst shows the high catalytic activity than the usual nano CdS particles. By the addition of sulfur compound into the bio reactor contained the sulfur reducing bacteria, the H2S gas concentration can increased to about 1000 times enlarge than the usual condition. Therefore, we can conclude that the enhancement of the H2S gas evolved from the bio reactor was successfully achievement, and we don't need to afraid the shortage risk of H2S supply. These H2S gas concentration can enlarged to 80% by using A type zeorite. Especially, Ca‐A type zeorite is considered as the suitable material.
Ring Transformation of α‐Amino‐β‐oxoesters to δ‐Butyrolactams (2023)

Abstract δ‐Butyrolactams with an exocyclic ester moiety in the δ‐position were accessed by reduction of 1‐azido‐2‐cyclopentanone carboxylates with PBu 3 or Zn−AcOH. The ring transformation proceeded readily under the conditions of this reduction which is an unprecedented process. Primary amines formed by catalytic hydrogenation of α‐azido‐β‐oxoesters with larger ring sizes or with benzannulation do not show this rearrangement under the conditions of the azide reduction. In these cases, the ring transformation to respective lactams was achieved by treatment of the α‐amino‐β‐oxoesters with a stoichiometric amount of lithium diisopropylamide.
Bt Toxin Resistance from Loss of a Putative Carbohydrate-Modifying Enzyme (2001)

The development of resistance is the main threat to the long-term use of toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in transgenic plants. Here we report the cloning of a Bt toxin resistance gene, Caenorhabditis elegans bre-5, which encodes a putative beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase. Lack of bre-5 in the intestine led to resistance to the Bt toxin Cry5B. Wild-type but not bre-5 mutant animals were found to uptake toxin into their gut cells, consistent with bre-5 mutants lacking toxin-binding sites on their apical gut. bre-5 mutants displayed resistance to Cry14A, a Bt toxin lethal to both nematodes and insects; this indicates that resistance by loss of carbohydrate modification is relevant to multiple Bt toxins.
An Empirical Analysis of Activity Based Costing in Chinese Enterprises (2016)

In recent years, with the rapid development of China's economy, the progress of productive forces and economic system led to the shift from a seller's market to a buyer's market, the single species mass production mode to the varieties and labor intensive industry to technology intensive industry. Therefore, production based on sales have become the norm, once high profits caused capital investment along with the releasing capacity and increasing production, the competition between the enterprises gradually bases on the cost. Therefore, with the needs of business development, a new cost accounting system - activity based costing came into being. Activity based costing is based on the cost driver, which could allocate the indirect manufacturing costs more reasonable, then achieve the purpose of further cost control. In many western developed countries, activity based costing has been used in the enterprise. Although its application scope in Chinese enterprise is not very extensive, it has already got certain attention of many enterprises in China.
Vascular smooth muscle cells differ from other smooth muscle cells: predominance of vimentin filaments and a specific alpha-type actin. (1981)

Smooth muscle cells of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts contain desmin as their major, if not exclusive, intermediate-size filament constituent and also show a predominance of gamma-type smooth muscle actin. We have now examined smooth muscle tissue of different blood vessels (e.g., aorta, small arteries, arterioles, venules, and vena cava) from various mammals (man, cow, pig, rabbit, rat) by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of cell proteins and by immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies to different intermediate-sized filament proteins. Intermediate-sized filaments of vascular smooth muscle cells contain abundant amounts of vimentin and little, if any, desmin. On gel electrophoresis, vascular smooth muscle vimentin appears as two isoelectric variants of apparent pI values of 5.30 and 5.29, shows the characteristic series of proteolytic fragments, and is one of the major cell proteins. Thus vimentin has been demonstrated in a smooth muscle cell present in the body. Vascular smooth muscle cells are also distinguished by the predominance of a smooth muscle-specific alpha-type actin, whereas gamma-type smooth muscle actin is present only as a minor component. It is proposed that the intermediate filament and actin composition of vascular smooth muscle cells reflects a differentiation pathway separate from that of other smooth muscle cells and may be related to special functions and pathological disorders of blood vessels.
Sox13 is a novel flow-sensitive transcription factor that prevents inflammation by repressing chemokine expression in endothelial cells (2022)

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and occurs preferentially in arterial regions exposed to disturbed blood flow (d-flow) while the stable flow (s-flow) regions are spared. D-flow induces endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis by regulating endothelial gene expression partly through the flow-sensitive transcription factors (FSTFs). Most FSTFs, including the well-known Kruppel-like factors KLF2 and KLF4, have been identified from <i>in vitro</i> studies using cultured endothelial cells (ECs). Since many flow-sensitive genes and pathways are lost or dysregulated in ECs during culture, we hypothesized that many important FSTFs in ECs <i>in vivo</i> have not been identified. We tested the hypothesis by analyzing our recent gene array and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and chromatin accessibility sequencing (scATACseq) datasets generated using the mouse partial carotid ligation model. From the analyses, we identified 30 FSTFs, including the expected <i>KLF2/4</i> and novel FSTFs. They were further validated in mouse arteries <i>in vivo</i> and cultured human aortic ECs (HAECs). These results revealed 8 FSTFs, <i>SOX4, SOX13, SIX2, ZBTB46, CEBPβ, NFIL3, KLF2</i>, and <i>KLF4</i>, that are conserved in mice and humans <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. We selected <i>SOX13</i> for further studies because of its robust flow-sensitive regulation, preferential expression in ECs, and unknown flow-dependent function. We found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of SOX13 increased endothelial inflammatory responses even under the unidirectional laminar shear stress (ULS, mimicking s-flow) condition. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we conducted an RNAseq study in HAECs treated with SOX13 siRNA under shear conditions (ULS vs. oscillatory shear mimicking d-flow). We found 94 downregulated and 40 upregulated genes that changed in a shear- and SOX13-dependent manner. Several cytokines, including <i>CXCL10</i> and <i>CCL5</i>, were the most strongly upregulated genes in HAECs treated with SOX13 siRNA. The robust induction of CXCL10 and CCL5 was further validated by qPCR and ELISA in HAECs. Moreover, the treatment of HAECs with Met-CCL5, a specific CCL5 receptor antagonist, prevented the endothelial inflammation responses induced by siSOX13. In addition, SOX13 overexpression prevented the endothelial inflammation responses. In summary, SOX13 is a novel conserved FSTF, which represses the expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines in ECs under s-flow. Reduction of endothelial SOX13 triggers chemokine expression and inflammatory responses, a major proatherogenic pathway.