gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of Molecular Imaging: An Overview (2021)

Molecular Imaging (MI) protocols require the availability of tailored probes that are specific for reporting on the selected event. The design of imaging probes relies on the setup of synthetic procedures for the preparation of the imaging reporters and the targeting vectors, as well as efficient bioconjugation routes to link the targeting and reporting moieties, eventually organized in nanosized macromolecular and supramolecular systems. The design of molecular imaging probes is dictated by the chosen imaging modality. Several chemical factors must be optimized in order to affect their in vivo behavior such as (i) the intravascular half-life (to allow the agents to accumulate at the target site), (ii) the binding affinity eventually through the design of multivalency systems, (iii) the capacity to carry a high payload of probe molecules able to generate strong contrast effects (particularly relevant for imaging modalities endowed with low sensitivity or for targeting procedures involving a low number of targeting epitopes); (iv) to modulate biodistribution, excretion, and toxicity properties. Special attention must be devoted to search for efficient conjugation procedures that occur under mild experimental conditions and selected examples of activated procedures (including the application of click chemistry applications) are reported. The chapter surveys also agents and procedures for cellular labeling including endosomal uptake by pinocytosis and electroporation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis and labeling at the outer cell surface.
Calmodulin and Calmodulin-regulated Protein Kinases as Transducers of Intracellular Calcium Signals (1988)

Calcium serves as an intracellular signal transducer through its ability to reversibly interact with and modulate the structure and function of a class of proteins referred to as calcium-modulated proteins. One of these calcium-modulated proteins found in all eukaryotic cells is calmodulin (for review, see Van Eldik et al. 1982). Calmodulin is an integral subunit of a diverse array of enzymes and cytoskeletal structures and thus provides a common motif to one branch of the calcium signal transduction pathway. One class of enzymes that have calmodulin as the calcium-binding effector subunit are the protein kinases. It is through the proper expression and assembly of the calmodulin and protein kinase subunits that one set of signal transduction pathways are available to the eukaryotic cell. In this way, the chemical signal generated by a transient rise in the molar concentration of ionized intracellular calcium is transduced into a macromolecular conformational signal through...
State-Based Testing of Ajax Web Applications (2008)

Ajax supports the development of rich-client Web applications, by providing primitives for the execution of asynchronous requests and for the dynamic update of the page structure and content. Often, Ajax Web applications consist of a single page whose elements are updated in response to callbacks activated asynchronously by the user or by a server message. These features give rise to new kinds of faults that are hardly revealed by existing Web testing approaches. In this paper, we propose a novel state-based testing approach, specifically designed to exercise Ajax Web applications. The document object model (DOM) of the page manipulated by the Ajax code is abstracted into a state model. Callback executions triggered by asynchronous messages received from the Web server are associated with state transitions. Test cases are derived from the state model based on the notion of semantically interacting events. We evaluate the approach on a case study in terms of fault revealing capability. We also measure the amount of manual interventions involved in constructing and refining the model required by this approach.
Efficiency of introns from various origins in fish cells. (1993)

Several vectors containing (1) regulatory regions from Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), human cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex thymidine kinase (TK); (2) introns from early or late SV40 genes and from trout growth hormone gene (tGH); (3) chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (CAT); and (4) transcription terminators from SV40 were transfected into carp EPC cells, salmon CHSE cells, tilapia TO2 cells, quail QT6 cells, and hamster CHO cells. CAT activity was measured in extracts from several cell lines 3 days after transfection and in the fish EPC stable clones. The CMV and RSV promoters were the most potent in all cell types. The intron from late SV40 genes (VP1 intron) worked properly in QT6 and CHO cells but not in EPC and very weakly in TO2 cells. The tGH intron was efficient in all cell types but preferentially in fish cells. The small t intron from SV40 was processed in all cell types. The small t and, to a lesser extent, the tGH introns amplified expression of cat gene in stable clones, in comparison to the transiently transfected cells. These results indicate that elements from mammalian genes may not be properly recognized by the fish cellular machinery and in an unpredictable manner. This finding suggests that vectors prepared to express foreign genes in transfected cultured fish cells and transgenic fish should preferably contain DNA sequences from fish genes or, alternatively, those sequences from mammalian genes that have been previously proved to be compatible with the fish cellular machinery.
Analyzing user perspectives on mobile app privacy at scale (2022)

In this paper we present a methodology to analyze users' concerns and perspectives about privacy at scale. We leverage NLP techniques to process millions of mobile app reviews and extract privacy concerns. Our methodology is composed of a binary classifier that distinguishes between privacy and non-privacy related reviews. We use clustering to gather reviews that discuss similar privacy concerns, and employ summarization metrics to extract representative reviews to summarize each cluster. We apply our methods on 287M reviews for about 2M apps across the 29 categories in Google Play to identify top privacy pain points in mobile apps. We identified approximately 440K privacy related reviews. We find that privacy related reviews occur in all 29 categories, with some issues arising across numerous app categories and other issues only surfacing in a small set of app categories. We show empirical evidence that confirms dominant privacy themes - concerns about apps requesting unnecessary permissions, collection of personal information, frustration with privacy controls, tracking and the selling of personal data. As far as we know, this is the first large scale analysis to confirm these findings based on hundreds of thousands of user inputs. We also observe some unexpected findings such as users warning each other not to install an app due to privacy issues, users uninstalling apps due to privacy reasons, as well as positive reviews that reward developers for privacy friendly apps. Finally we discuss the implications of our method and findings for developers and app stores.
Discriminant-EM algorithm with application to image retrieval (2002)

In many vision applications, the practice of supervised learning faces several difficulties, one of which is that insufficient labeled training data result in poor generalization. In image retrieval, we have very few labeled images from query and relevance feedback so that it is hard to automatically weight image features and select similarity metrics for image classification. This paper investigates the possibility of including an unlabeled data set to make up the insufficiency of labeled data. Different from most current research in image retrieval, the proposed approach tries to cast image retrieval as a transductive learning problem, in which the generalization of an image classifier is only defined on a set of images such as the given image database. Formulating this transductive problem in a probabilistic framework the proposed algorithm, Discriminant EM (D-EM) not only estimates the parameters of a generative model but also finds a linear transformation to relax the assumption of probabilistic structure of data distributions as well as select good features automatically. Our experiments show that D-EM has a satisfactory performance in image retrieval applications. D-EM algorithm has the potential to many other applications.
A Transprecision Floating-Point Architecture for Energy-Efficient Embedded Computing (2018)

Ultra-low power computing is a key enabler of deeply embedded platforms used in domains such as distributed sensing, internet of things, wearable computing. The rising computational demands and high dynamic of target algorithms often call for hardware support of floating-point (FP) arithmetic and high system energy efficiency. In light of transprecision computing, where accuracy of data is consciously changed during the execution of applications, custom FP types are being used to optimize a wide range of problems. We support two such custom types - one 16 bit and one 8 bit wide - together with IEEE binary16 as a set of "smallFloat" formats. We present an FP arithmetic unit capable of performing basic operations on smallFloat formats as well as conversions. To boost performance and energy efficiency, the smallFloat unit is extended with SIMD-style vectorization support to operate on a conventional word width of 32 bit. Finally, it is added into the execution stage of a low-power 32-bit RISC-V processor core and integrated as part of an SoC in a 65nm process. We show that the energy efficiency for processing smallFloat data in this amended system is 18% higher than the binary32 baseline, thus enabling hardware-supported power savings for applications making use of transprecision.
Vorlesung "Logistik", SS 2013, gehalten am 06.05.2013 - Teil 2 (2013)

Diese Veranstaltung behandelt folgende Themen: Transportlogistik, Logistiknetze, Tourenplanung, Standortbestimmung, Distributionszentrum, Informationslogistik, Optimierung von Logistik-Prozeßketten
A temperature-compensated low-noise digitally-controlled crystal oscillator for multi-standard applications (2008)

This paper presents an integrated 26-MHz digitally-controlled crystal oscillator (DCXO) with temperature compensation function for multi-standard cellular applications, that achieves a phase noise of −154 and −159 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz and 100 kHz offset, respectively. The frequency instability over temperature is compensated by built-in temperature sensor and compensating capacitor. The frequency instability from −10 to 55 °C is about +/− 1 ppm. The AFC frequency tuning is done by a digitally-controlled metal-oxide-metal capacitor array that is 13-bit thermometer decoded. The DCXO is implemented in a 0.13-μm CMOS technology.
Electric gut tracing - an innovative approach to pipeline heating (2008)

Applying electrical heat tracing to pipelines can dramatically increase the reliability and efficiency of such pipelines. As a matter of fact over the years, electrical heat tracing has played an important role in the enhancement of flow assurance of oil pipelines. In most cases, the application of heat is on the outer surface of the pipeline, taking advantage of the efficient conductivity characteristics of metallic pipe. While the method of adding thermal energy to the product inside through ldquoconductionrdquo is an efficient method, it introduces a few complexities as well. Examples of these complexities include; the necessity for good contact of the heating cable with the pipe surface and the possibility for higher heat losses requiring the use of oversized insulation. More uniform heating can be achieved by installing the heating cable inside the pipe where it is in direct contact with the heated fluid or what is normally known in the industry as ldquogutrdquo tracing. This paper will evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using a gut tracing approach to heating pipelines as compared to more conventional outer surface heat tracing methods. We will look at the finite element thermal analysis (FEA) of these conventional systems as well as the gut tracing systems. This paper will address the limitations and reliability of both approaches as well cost-benefit analysis and other relevant comparisons. Finally, this paper will identify the ideal applications for a gut tracing approach.
The Impact of Online Reverse Auction Design on Buyer–Supplier Relationships (2006)

As the use of online reverse auctions in industrial-sourcing activities grows, buyers and suppliers are increasingly concerned about these auctions’ effects on their interorganizational performance (i.e., suspicions of opportunism, overall satisfaction, and future expectations). This research examines how the buyer's auction design (i.e., the number of bidders, the economic stakes, and price visibility) and the price dynamics over the course of the auction affect its relationship with suppliers. Analysis of 25 quasi experiments involving 125 suppliers and $385 million in procurement contracts suggests that the larger the number of bidders, the larger the economic stakes, and the less visible the price in an auction, the more positive is the impact on the interorganizational relationship. Large price drops (higher savings) over the course of the event have a detrimental effect on the buyer–supplier relationship. For auctions in which the lowest bidder wins, there is a decrease in opportunism suspicions as the economic stakes of the auction increase, and there is an increase in opportunism suspicions in auctions with greater price visibility. Implications for the management of industrial procurement activities are considered.
Subjectivity and Objectivity in Qualitative Methodology (2008)

This article argues that subjective processes, social relations, and artifacts (including research instruments and methods) enable researchers to objectively comprehend psychological phenomena. This position opposes the postmodernist contention that subjective processes, social relations, and artifacts interfere with objectivity. The article outlines a hermeneutic procedure for interpreting narratives in a way that comprehends the real psychological meanings that are expressed. This procedure is contrasted with an impressionistic summary of a narrative which imposes the researcher's theoretical perspective on the protocol instead of elucidating the subject's meanings. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0203160
Cell Proliferation (2006)

Abstract Cell proliferation is the earliest step in the protracted process of mammalian brain development. Various genetic and environmental factors modulate the pace of cell proliferation and the number and type of cells produced. This chapter describes the spatiotemporal features of cell proliferation and the effect of neurotransmitters, major constituents of the chemical environment of the developing brain that modulate the process of precursor cell formation. It focuses on three neurotransmitters that are the most abundant in the developing brain: dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate. The goal is to present an overview of the organization and activity of precursor cell populations and discuss the potential for modulation of precursor cell activity by neurotransmitters.
Anisotropic Coarse-Grained Model for Conjugated Polymers: Investigations into Solution Morphologies (2021)

The optoelectronic properties of conjugated polymers are dictated by the interplay of multiscale structural features, including intrachain dihedrals, interchain pi-pi stacking, and the complex mesoscale morphology. While much is known about the structures of polymers with isotropically interacting monomers, little is known about polymers with strongly anisotropic backbone monomers, a class of materials to which conjugated polymers belong. Fundamental understanding is further complicated when the semiflexible and molecularly heterogeneous nature of conjugated polymers is taken into account. We present an anisotropic coarse-grained (CG) model for conjugated polymers that incorporates key molecular features (monomer anisotropy, intermonomer dihedrals, and side chains). Finally, the model is employed to characterize the single-chain conformational properties of conjugated polymers, revealing a rich temperature-dependent conformational landscape. These studies provide a critical link between CG molecular descriptors and conformational ordering in conjugated polymers.
[Physiological regulation of hematopoietic stem cell and its molecular basis]. (2016)

As a classical type of tissue stem cells, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is the earliest discovered and has been widely applied in the clinic as a great successful example for stem cell therapy. Thus, HSC research represents a leading field in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. Self-renewal, differentiation, quiescence, apoptosis and trafficking constitute major characteristics of functional HSCs. These characteristics also signify different dynamic states of HSC through physiological interactions with the microenvironment cues in vivo. This review covers our current knowledge on the physiological regulation of HSC and its underlying molecular mechanisms. It is our hope that this review will not only help our colleagues to understand how HSC is physiologically regulated but also serve as a good reference for the studies on stem cell and regenerative medicine in general.
Universal quantum logic from Zeeman and anisotropic exchange interactions (2002)

Some of the most promising proposals for scalable solid-state quantum computing, e.g., those using electron spins in quantum dots or donor electron or nuclear spins in Si, rely on a two-qubit quantum gate that is ideally generated by an isotropic exchange interaction. However, an anisotropic perturbation arising from spin-orbit coupling is inevitably present. Previous studies focused on removing the anisotropy. Here we introduce a new universal set of quantum logic gates that takes advantage of the anisotropic perturbation. The price is a constant but modest factor in additional pulses. The gain is a scheme that is compatible with the naturally available interactions in spin-based solid-state quantum computers.
An incomplete review of research in technical innovation (2000)

The principal theme of this special section is technical innovation as viewed from an economic or “business” perspective. Technical innovation is the bread and butter of our profession, and it has been a constant source of renewal for the industries in which geophysics has played a role. It seems fitting, therefore, that a special section of THE LEADING EDGE be devoted to it.
A molecular mechanism for sensory adaptation based on ligand-induced receptor modification. (1986)

Physiological responses mediated by cell-surface receptors frequently adapt or "desensitize" (i.e., terminate despite persistent occupancy of receptors by ligand). Binding of ligands to the external domains of a wide variety of surface receptors induces covalent modification of their cytoplasmic domains. A mechanism is presented in which the variety of receptor states generated by ligand binding and covalent modification act together to regulate physiological responsiveness. The development of the model is guided by observations of adaptation for chemotaxis in Escherichia coli and adenylate cyclase activation in Dictyostelium. The general features of the marked response and eventual exact adaptation predicted by the model match those observed in the experimental systems.
An integrated mobility and traffic model for resource allocation in wireless networks (2000)

In a wireless communications network, the movement of mobile users presents significant technical challenges to providing efficient access to the wired broadband network. In this paper, we construct a new analytical/numerical model that characterizes mobile user behavior and the resultant traffic patterns. The model is based on a semi-Markov process representation of mobile user behavior in a general state-space. Using a new algorithm for parameter estimation of a general Hidden Semi-Markov Model (HSMM), we develop an efficient procedure for dynamically tracking the parameters of the model from incomplete data. We then apply our integrated model to obtain estimates of the computational and bandwidth resources required at the wireless/wired network interface to provide high performance wireless Internet access and quality-of-service to mobile users. Finally, we develop a threshold-based admission control scheme in the wireless network based on the velocity information that can be extracted from our model.
Outcomes of patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma (MCRC) treated with first and second line chemotherapy at a multicenter cancer clinic (2006)

13529 Background: In British Columbia (BC), FOLFIRI and FOLFOX were approved for the treatment of MCRC in 2002. The effect on survival of various treatment and patient related factors was determined for patients with MCRC treated with sequential doublet chemotherapy. Methods: Eligible patients received either FOLFOX or FOLFIRI first-line with a cross over to the alternative regimen for second-line therapy. Patient records were retrospectively reviewed for patient and disease characteristics, treatment, toxicity and survival. Analysis of survival was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Between March 2002 and June 2004, 106 new patients met the criteria above. Sixty five patients were treated with a sequence of FOLFOX-FOLFIRI (Group A): 67% M, median age 57y, rectal 20%. Forty-one were treated with the sequence FOLFIRI-FOLFOX (Group B): 64% M, median age 58y, 27% rectal. Survival was statistically similar in both groups. Progression requiring second line chemotherapy within 4 weeks of a first line treatment was associated with inferior survival (13 months vs. 21 months (p&lt;0.018). Grade 3 or 4 toxicity was experienced in 27.5% of the patients treated with FOLFOX and 22% of the patients treated with FOLFIRI. Conclusions: In the general population with MCRC, the median survival achieved with sequential doublet therapy is consistent with that reported in clinical trials. A superior sequence was not identified. The median number of first line chemotherapy cycles with FOLFOX and FOLFIRI was similar, reflecting the general clinical practice in BC to give 10 - 12 cycles of therapy followed by a planned break. Patients who required initiation of second line chemotherapy within 4 weeks of stopping the first line therapy experienced an inferior prognosis. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed no significance of sex, age, site (colon versus rectal), and ECOG status as predictive factors. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Enhanced ultrasonic attenuation of Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O at the superconducting transition (1990)

Temperature-dependent ultrasonic attenuation measurements have been performed on polycrystalline samples of Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O at various frequencies. An attenuation anomaly was observed close to the superconducting transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ (103 K) whose temperature position was frequency independent. The attenuation decreased exponentially with temperature in the superconducting state for both transverse and longitudinal waves. It was also found that the temperature-dependent sound velocity showed a slope change around ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$.