gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Production of castable light rare earth rich light metal compositions from direct reduction processes (2023)

The disclosure concerns methods for making a composition comprising a light metal and an intermetallic comprising the light metal and a light rare earth element. The composition also may include a plurality of nanoparticles comprising an oxide of the light metal. The method includes directly reducing a light rare earth element precursor compound in a melt of the light metal, thereby forming the light rare earth element and nanoparticles of the light metal oxide.
Gi-mediated stimulation of type II adenylyl cyclase is augmented by Gq-coupled receptor activation and phorbol ester treatment. (1996)

Synergism between Gs- and Gi- or Gq-dependent signaling pathways has been demonstrated in the stimulation of type II adenylyl cyclase (AC-II). Provision of activated alpha s is known to allow numerous Gi-coupled receptors to stimulate AC-II and to potentiate the responses to Gq-coupled receptors. To explore possible interactions between Gi- and Gq-coupled receptors that are independent of alpha s, the activity of AC-II was determined after the activation of Gi- and Gq-regulated pathways. Human embryonic kidney 293 cells were transiently cotransfected with cDNAs encoding AC-II and various G-protein-coupled receptors. Agonist-bound Gi-coupled receptors (including the formyl peptide, dopamine-D2, and delta-opioid receptors) stimulated AC-II activity in the absence of activated alpha s, provided that the cells were treated with 100 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) thus appears to relieve the requirement for the presence of activated alpha s. Stimulation of PKC via Gq-coupled receptors also allowed Gi-coupled receptors to activate AC-II. Coexpression of the m1 muscarinic receptor with the dopamine-D2 receptor permitted dopamine to stimulate AC-II in the presence of carbachol. The phorbol ester-permissive and alpha s-independent stimulation was mediated by G-protein beta gamma subunits because it was blocked by the beta gamma scavengers alpha t and beta-adrenergic receptor kinase. These results show that AC-II can efficiently integrate signals generated by Gq- and Gi-coupled receptors via a mechanism that is independent of Gs.
A Fully Implantable Motorized Intramedullary Nail for Limb Lengthening and Bone Transport (1997)

This article describes an intramedullary nail that contains a fully implantable motorized programmable sliding mechanism for limb lengthening and bone transport that reduces the risk of infection, discomfort, and scarring usually associated with the external fixators used for the same purpose. Twelve patients were treated surgically with the new system. Eleven patients had unilateral femur shortening between 3 and 7.5 cm, and one patient had a 12-cm defect after tumor resection. In all patients with femur shortening the leg length discrepancy was corrected completely. In the case of bone defect the segment transport worked well without any problems. There was no infection and no axial deformity. Immediately after chemotherapy, delayed bone formation was seen. In two early cases of limb lengthening a technical problem led to replacement of the motor.
Analysis of pricing decision for substitutable and complementary products with a common retailer (2016)

In this paper, a competition of selling two substitutable products and one complementary product has been studied in two-echelon supply chain systems in which one of these three products is produced by one manufacturer separately, and all produced items are sold through a common retailer in the market. The demand of each product depends linearly on prices of these three products as per their nature. In this study, four different decision scenarios are developed mathematically under the game theory framework to maximize the profit function of each participant of the supply chain, and a number of pricing strategies are subsequently worked out for manufacturers and retailer. Finally, the model under different scenarios is illustrated with numerical data to study the feasibility of the model exploring the managerial insights, as well. Different marketing policies are predicted for maximum individual and system profits.
The Art of Classroom Teaching in the Context of General Computer Science Education. (2010)

Oxidative stress markers as well as high concentrations of copper are found in the vicinity of Abeta amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease. The neurotoxicity of Abeta in cell culture has been linked to H(2)O(2) generation by an unknown mechanism. We now report that Cu(II) markedly potentiates the neurotoxicity exhibited by Abeta in cell culture. The potentiation of toxicity is greatest for Abeta1-42 > Abeta1-40 >> mouse/rat Abeta1-40, corresponding to their relative capacities to reduce Cu(II) to Cu(I), form H(2)O(2) in cell-free assays and to exhibit amyloid pathology. The copper complex of Abeta1-42 has a highly positive formal reduction potential ( approximately +500-550 mV versus Ag/AgCl) characteristic of strongly reducing cuproproteins. These findings suggest that certain redox active metal ions may be important in exacerbating and perhaps facilitating Abeta-mediated oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease.
Design and planning of a novel modular end-effector for agile assembly (2002)

We present a design of end-effector that is flexible enough to be able to manipulate a variety of objects in assembly tasks. Modularity and reconfigurability will be a unifying trait of this design. As a result, the grasp stability is improved and the total grasp force is reduced by adding the extra side contact constraints. At the same time we present a complete grasp planning algorithm for the end-effector. The grasp planning algorithm, based on a generate and test paradigm, enumerates grasp configurations. Candidate grasp configurations are generated using heuristics. The test phase involves checking each simultaneous contact configuration for force closure. The resulting grasp configurations are then examined for stability.
Magnetite-Containing Spherical Silica Nanoparticles for Biocatalysis and Bioseparations (2004)

The simultaneous entrapment of biological macromolecules and nanostructured silica-coated magnetite in sol-gel materials using a reverse-micelle technique leads to a bioactive, mechanically stable, nanometer-sized, and magnetically separable particles. These spherical particles have a typical diameter of 53 +/- 4 nm, a large surface area of 330 m(2)/g, an average pore diameter of 1.5 nm, a total pore volume of 1.427 cm(3)/g and a saturated magnetization (M(S)) of 3.2 emu/g. Peroxidase entrapped in these particles shows Michaelis-Mentan kinetics and high activity. The catalytic reaction will take place immediately after adding these particles to the reaction solution. These enzyme entrapping particles catalysts can be easily separated from the reaction mixture by simply using an external magnetic field. Experiments have proved that these catalysts have a long-term stability toward temperature and pH change, as compared to free enzyme molecules. To further prove the application of this novel magnetic biomaterial in analytical chemistry, a magnetic-separation immunoassay system was also developed for the quantitative determination of gentamicin. The calibration for gentamicin has a working range of 200-4000 ng/mL, with a detection limit of 160 ng/mL, which is close to that of the fluorescent polarization immunoassay (FPIA) using the same reactants.
Figure S1 from Molecular Characterization of Choroid Plexus Tumors Reveals Novel Clinically Relevant Subgroups (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure S1. Sample flow-chart describing the number of biological samples and clinical data obtained through an international multi-institutional effort and the distribution of samples in each microarray&lt;/p&gt;
Therapeutic approaches to cellulite (2015)

Cellulite is a condition that affects the vast majority of women. Although it is of no danger to one's overall health, cellulite can be psychosocially debilitating. Consequently, much research has been devoted to understanding cellulite and its etiopathogenesis. With additional insights into the underlying causes of its clinical presentation, therapeutic modalities have been developed that offer hope to cellulite sufferers. This review examines evidence for topical treatments, noninvasive energy-based devices, and recently developed minimally invasive interventions that may finally provide a solution.
Aqueous, Room Temperature Synthesis of a 3(N) Substituted Hydantoin (1986)

Abstract A disubstituted urea, N-α-carbamylisopropyl-N′-α-isobutyronitrile urea, reacts at room temperature in water to yield an N-substituted hydantoin, specifically, 3-(α-carbamylisopropyl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin.
Plug-and-Play Pairing via Defined Divalent Streptavidins (2013)

Streptavidin is one of the most important hubs for molecular biology, either multimerizing biomolecules, bridging one molecule to another, or anchoring to a biotinylated surface/nanoparticle. Streptavidin has the advantage of rapid ultra-stable binding to biotin. However, the ability of streptavidin to bind four biotinylated molecules in a heterogeneous manner is often limiting. Here, we present an efficient approach to isolate streptavidin tetramers with two biotin-binding sites in a precise arrangement, cis or trans. We genetically modified specific subunits with negatively charged tags, refolded a mixture of monomers, and used ion-exchange chromatography to resolve tetramers according to the number and orientation of tags. We solved the crystal structures of cis-divalent streptavidin to 1.4Å resolution and trans-divalent streptavidin to 1.6Å resolution, validating the isolation strategy and explaining the behavior of the Dead streptavidin variant. cis- and trans-divalent streptavidins retained tetravalent streptavidin's high thermostability and low off-rate. These defined divalent streptavidins enabled us to uncover how streptavidin binding depends on the nature of the biotin ligand. Biotinylated DNA showed strong negative cooperativity of binding to cis-divalent but not trans-divalent streptavidin. A small biotinylated protein bound readily to cis and trans binding sites. We also solved the structure of trans-divalent streptavidin bound to biotin-4-fluorescein, showing how one ligand obstructs binding to an adjacent biotin-binding site. Using a hexaglutamate tag proved a more powerful way to isolate monovalent streptavidin, for ultra-stable labeling without undesired clustering. These forms of streptavidin allow this key hub to be used with a new level of precision, for homogeneous molecular assembly.
Analytical modeling of wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for electric vehicle application (2016)

This paper presents an analytical model for wireless power transfer system used in electric vehicle application. The equivalent circuit model for each major component of the system is described, including the input voltage source, resonant network, transformer, nonlinear diode rectifier load, etc. Based on the circuit model, the primary side compensation capacitance, equivalent input impedance, active / reactive power are calculated, and the model provides a guideline for parameter selection. In addition, the voltage gain curve from dc output to dc input is derived as well. A hardware prototype with series-parallel resonant stage was built to verify the developed model. The model was validated by comparing the experimental results from the hardware prototype.
Near-infrared (nir) tomography breast image reconstruction with a priori structural information from mri: algorithm development for reconstructing heterogeneities (2003)

A combined magnetic resonance and near-infrared (MRI-NIR) imaging modality can potentially yield high resolution maps of optical properties from noninvasive simultaneous measurement. The main disadvantage of near-infrared (NIR) tomography lies in the low spatial resolution resulting from the highly scattering nature of tissue for these wavelengths. MRI has achieved high resolution, but suffers from low specificity. In this study, NIR image reconstruction algorithms that incorporate a priori structural information provided by MRI are investigated in an attempt to optimize recovery of a simulated optical property distribution. The effect of high levels of tissue heterogeneity are evaluated to determine the limitations of incorporating prior information into a realistic set of patient breast images. We assume absorption coefficient (μ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</sub> ) variations near ±40%, and transport scattering coefficient (μ/sub s//sup //) variations near ±20%, in a coronal breast MRI geometry. Changes in tissue pathology due to tumor growth can be observed with NIR tompgraphy, and so the goal here is to determine how best to quantify these tumor-based contrast regions within the presence of high tissue heterogeneity. By applying knowledge of tissue's layered structure in reconstruction through various constraints in the iterative algorithm, quantitative recovery of the tumor optical properties improves from 69% to 74%, and localization improves as well. However, only when the true heterogeneity of the tissue distribution was included was accurate quantification of the tumor region possible. Using a good initial guess of μ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</sub> and μ/sub s//sup //, derived from the regional structure of the model, quantification of the region reaches 99% of the true value, and spatial resolution retains a similar value to the original MRI image.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Restoring Retinoic Acid Attenuates Intestinal Inflammation and Tumorigenesis in APC<sup>Min/+</sup> Mice (2023)

&lt;p&gt;RALDH1A2 in LPDCs from APCMin/+ and WT mice.&lt;/p&gt;
ACR: An Adaptive Cost-Aware Buffer Replacement Algorithm for Flash Storage Devices (2010)

Flash disks are being widely used as an important alternative to conventional magnetic disks, although accessed through the same interface by applications, their distinguished feature, i.e., different read and write cost in the aspects of time, makes it necessary to reconsider the design of existing replacement algorithms to leverage their performance potential. Different from existing flash-aware buffer replacement policies that focus on the asymmetry of read and write operations, we address the “discrepancy” of the asymmetry for different flash disks, which is the fact that exists for a long time, while has drawn little attention by researchers since most existing flash-aware buffer replacement polices are somewhat based on the assumption that the cost of read operation is neglectable compared with that of write operation. In fact, this is not true for current flash disks on the market. We propose an adaptive cost-aware replacement policy (ACR) that uses three cost-based heuristics to select the victim page, thus can fairly make trade off between clean pages (their content remain unchanged) and dirty pages (their content is modified), and hence, can work well for different type of flash disks of large discrepancy. Further, in ACR, buffer pages are divided into clean list and dirty list, the newly entered pages will not be inserted at the MRU position of either list, but at some position in the middle, thus the once-requested pages can be flushed out from the buffer quickly and the frequently-requested pages can stay in buffer for a longer time. Such mechanism makes ACR adaptive to workloads of different access patterns. The experimental results on different traces and flash disks show that ACR not only adaptively tunes itself to workloads of different access patterns, but also works well for different kind of flash disks compared with existing methods.
Extrusion of self‐reinforced polyethylene (1991)

Abstract In recent years, efforts aimed at producing high‐strength polymers have intensified noticeably. In addition to additive‐based reinforcement, self‐reinforcement without additives represents a way to increase material strength. In this study, the effects of self‐reinforced polyethylene during extrusion with a conventional single‐screw extruder are investigated. High extrusion pressure and controlled flow conditions at a low stock temperature, in conjunction with a longitudinal flow gradient in the die, permit the production of high‐strength, extremely rigid profiles from high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). The reinforcement is due to the shish‐kebab structure, which is responsible for the improvement of thermal and mechanical properties. The growth of shish‐kebab structures with an extended chain crystal axis and the radially lamellar structure, originated by flow‐induced crystallization, depends on the orientation of the macromolecules in the melt. Compared to a conventional extruded profile, the high‐strength profile exhibits molecular chain orientation largely parallel to the direction of extrusion, homogeneous transparency, and an approximately tenfold increase in Young's modulus, as well as improved thermal properties and good dimensional stability.
A resin-promoted Williamson's alkyl aryl ether synthesis. Methylation of 2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol with methyl chloride. (1981)

The use of easily recoverable tri-n-butylphosphoniummethylated polystyrene resin (phosphonium resin catalyst) under triphasic reaction conditions was proposed in Williamson's alkyl aryl ether synthesis. O-Methylation of 2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol with methyl chloride was easily carried out in the presence of the phosphonium resin catalyst under basic conditions to give 2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenyl methyl ether in excellent yield. A few other phenols were also O-alkylated under similar triphasic reaction conditions to give alkyl aryl ethers.
The Reaction of 1,2:3,4‐Diepoxy‐2,3‐dimethylbutane with Nucleophiles (1991)

Abstract To find out whether the 1,4‐addition to 1,2:3,4‐diepoxides, which so far has been observed only once, is of a more general character, we investigated the reaction of a variety of O‐, C‐, N‐, and S‐nucleophiles with the model compound 1,2:3,4‐diepoxy‐2,3‐dimethylbutane ( Scheme 4 ). In several cases, 1,4‐addition products could, indeed, be observed besides the expected 1,2‐adducts ( Table ).
EGF‐dependent phosphorylation of the EGF receptor in plasma membranes isolated from young and senescent WI‐38 cells (1987)

Tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) in plasma membranes isolated from WI-38 cells is EGF-dependent and occurs to an equivalent extent and on identical tryptic peptides in preparations from cells of various in vitro ages. There is a marked reduction, however, in phosphorylation of receptor molecules from senescent as compared with young WI-38 cells, if enzyme activity is assayed in an immune complex following solubilization of plasma membranes with Nonidet P-40 (NP-40). Differences in the level of receptor phosphorylation in young vs. senescent NP-40 extracts are not resolved by changing the temperature at which the assay is performed, or the length of incubation. Moreover, addition of NP-40 or chloroform-methanol extracts of young cells to assays measuring receptor phosphorylation in senescent cell NP-40 preparations does not augment the senescent enzyme activity. The immunopurified senescent receptor is, however, capable of catalyzing phosphorylation of exogenous substrates. These results indicate that the loss of receptor autophosphorylation in solubilized preparations may result from a differential sensitivity of the senescent cell receptor to the detergent. This finding provides a marker for senescence and suggests subtle changes in protein structure, conformation, or regulation of the EGF receptor in senescent cells.
Significance of ventricular arrhythmias initiated by programmed ventricular stimulation: the importance of the type of ventricular arrhythmia induced and the number of premature stimuli required. (1984)

An increasing number of premature ventricular stimuli are being used during programmed stimulation of the heart in the investigation of patients with documented or suspected ventricular arrhythmias. To analyze the significance of the different types of ventricular arrhythmias that are initiated, we evaluated in a prospective study the effect of from one to four ventricular premature stimuli in 52 patients without (non-VT group) and 50 patients with (prior-VT group) documented ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. More than half of the patients in the prior-VT group had coronary heart disease. In the majority of patients of the non-VT group the heart was normal. In 44 of the 50 patients in the prior-VT group the clinically documented ventricular arrhythmia was initiated by programmed ventricular stimulation of the heart. In 88% of these 44 patients, one or two ventricular premature beats were required to initiate the clinical arrhythmia. A ventricular arrhythmia could be initiated in 31 of the 52 patients in the non-VT group. The ventricular arrhythmias included nonsustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (two patients), six to 25 complexes of sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (24 patients), and ventricular fibrillation (five patients). In 70% of patients in the non-VT group three or four ventricular premature beats were required to initiate the ventricular arrhythmia. Our results indicate that not only the number of extrastimuli required to initiate ventricular arrhythmias but also the type of ventricular arrhythmia initiated differed between the two groups of patients. Nonsustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation are nonspecific responses to aggressive stimulation protocols.
INTEGRATED DRILLING SYSTEM USING MUD ACTUATED DOWN HOLE HAMMER AS PRIMARY ENGINE (2005)

A history and project summary of the development of an integrated drilling system using a mud-actuated down-hole hammer as its primary engine are given. The summary includes laboratory test results, including atmospheric tests of component parts and simulated borehole tests of the hammer system. Several remaining technical hurdles are enumerated. A brief explanation of commercialization potential is included. The primary conclusion for this work is that a mud actuated hammer can yield substantial improvements to drilling rate in overbalanced, hard rock formations. A secondary conclusion is that the down-hole mud actuated hammer can serve to provide other useful down-hole functions including generation of high pressure mud jets, generation of seismic and sonic signals, and generation of diagnostic information based on hammer velocity profiles.
The Role of Macrophages During Mammalian Tissue Remodeling and Regeneration Under Infectious and Non-Infectious Conditions (2021)

Several infectious pathologies in humans, such as tuberculosis or SARS-CoV-2, are responsible for tissue or lung damage, requiring regeneration. The regenerative capacity of adult mammals is limited to few organs. Critical injuries of non-regenerative organs trigger a repair process that leads to a definitive architectural and functional disruption, while superficial wounds result in scar formation. Tissue lesions in mammals, commonly studied under non-infectious conditions, trigger cell death at the site of the injury, as well as the production of danger signals favouring the massive recruitment of immune cells, particularly macrophages. Macrophages are also of paramount importance in infected injuries, characterized by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, where they must respond to both infection and tissue damage. In this review, we compare the processes implicated in the tissue repair of non-infected <i>versus</i> infected injuries of two organs, the skeletal muscles and the lungs, focusing on the primary role of macrophages. We discuss also the negative impact of infection on the macrophage responses and the possible routes of investigation for new regenerative therapies to improve the recovery state as seen with COVID-19 patients.