gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RELAMPAGO Lightning Mapping Array Update (2018)

GLM (Geostationary Lightning Mapper) Science Hypothesis for RELAMPAGO (Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations): Argentinian storms produce some of the highest flash rates ever recorded from space; Due to similarity in geographic and atmospheric environments between Argentina and the U.S. High Plains, we hypothesize that many of these storms have anomalous charge structures, with predominantly positive charge in the mid-levels; Thus, most intracloud lightning flashes are smaller, occur at lower altitudes, and occur in more optically thick portions of the cloud; Therefore, we hypothesize that GLM (and LIS (Lightning Imaging Sensor)) flash rates are biased low in many Argentinian storms, due to reduced optical detection efficiency.
<title>Practical method for optically reducing holographic images</title> (1992)

It was our intention to develop methods for reducing the real image pseudoscopic projection from a laser illuminated pulsed transmission master hologram during the transfer process for the recording of second generation white light viewable reflection copy holograms. The coherence volume of our 10 joule ruby laser is approximately 1.5 cubic meters per pulse, resulting in deep scene holographic recordings of human subjects including props and backdrops. The vibration isolation optical bench used in our lab for the transfer process is only 4 X 8 feet which limits the size of the holograms produced to 32 X 43 cm or smaller. Much of the information contained in our master holograms fell outside the boundaries of medium format holographic film or plates, usually limiting holograms of live subjects to head and shoulder portraits. The introduction of a plano-convex lens between the master and the copy hologram in a typical reflection hologram recording configuration reduced the size of the real image projected from the master onto the copy hologram, allowing us to record full figure compositions on film as small as 4 X 5 inches. The size and focal lengths of the various lenses used, the recording geometries, and the developing chemistry used to achieve acceptable skin tones are discussed and illustrated.
Epidermal nevus in association with some uncommon manifestations. (2013)

Epidermal nevus syndrome (ENS) is a rare disorder, characterized with congenital epidermal nevi in association with several abnormalities in different organs. Herein, an infant with EN is presented who suffered from various manifestations, including aplasia cutis congenital, congenital hemangioma, ambiguous genitalia, mislocated anus, and growth retardation. Skin biopsy showed dysmorphic folliculosebaceous apparatus in the dermis and hypertrichosis, compatible with organoid nevus. No mutations were found in FGFR3 , PIK3CA, NRAS, HRAS and KRAS genes. Although the diagnosis of ENS is made for the patient, association of some rare manifestations could suggest either presence of mutation in an unknown gene or an undefined syndrome with manifestations resembling ENS.
Electron diffusion region during magnetopause reconnection with an intermediate guide field: Magnetospheric multiscale observations (2017)

Abstract An electron diffusion region (EDR) in magnetic reconnection with a guide magnetic field approximately 0.2 times the reconnecting component is encountered by the four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft at the Earth's magnetopause. The distinct substructures in the EDR on both sides of the reconnecting current sheet are visualized with electron distribution functions that are 2 orders of magnitude higher cadence than ever achieved to enable the following new findings: (1) Motion of the demagnetized electrons plays an important role to sustain the reconnection current and contributes to the dissipation due to the nonideal electric field, (2) the finite guide field dominates over the Hall magnetic field in an electron‐scale region in the exhaust and modifies the electron flow dynamics in the EDR, (3) the reconnection current is in part carried by inflowing field‐aligned electrons in the magnetosphere part of the EDR, and (4) the reconnection electric field measured by multiple spacecraft is uniform over at least eight electron skin depths and corresponds to a reconnection rate of approximately 0.1. The observations establish the first look at the structure of the EDR under a weak but not negligible guide field.
The crystal structure of a xyloglucan‐specific endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase from Geotrichum sp. M128 xyloglucanase reveals a key amino acid residue for substrate specificity (2009)

Geotrichum sp. M128 possesses two xyloglucan-specific glycoside hydrolases belonging to family 74, xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (XEG) and oligoxyloglucan reducing-end-specific cellobiohydrolase (OXG-RCBH). Despite their similar amino acid sequences (48% identity), their modes of action and substrate specificities are distinct. XEG catalyzes the hydrolysis of xyloglucan polysaccharides in endo mode, while OXG-RCBH acts on xyloglucan oligosaccharides at the reducing end in exo mode. Here, we determined the crystal structure of XEG at 2.5 A resolution, and compared it to a previously determined structure of OXG-RCBH. For the most part, the amino acid residues that interact with substrate are conserved between the two enzymes. However, there are notable differences at subsite positions -1 and +2. OXG-RCBH has a loop around the +2 site that blocks one end of the active site cleft, which accounts for its exo mode of action. In contrast, XEG lacks a corresponding loop at this site, thereby allowing binding to the middle of the main chain of the substrate. At the -1 site in OXG-RCBH, Asn488 interacts with the xylose side chain of the substrate, whereas the -1 site is occupied by Tyr457 in XEG. To confirm the contribution of this residue to substrate specificity, Tyr457 was substituted by Gly in XEG. The wild-type XEG cleaved the oligoxyloglucan at a specific site; the Y457G variant cleaved the same substrate, but at various sites. Together, the absence of a loop in the cleft and the presence of bulky Tyr457 determine the substrate specificity of XEG.
Skip interacts with the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor and inhibits its transcriptional repression activity (2002)

Ski interacting protein (Skip) plays an important role in the transforming activity of both v-Ski and EBNA2 (Epstein-Barr virus encoded latency protein) and is involved in EBNA2 and NotchIC activation of CBF1-repressed promoters. We have previously shown that Skip acts as a transcriptional co-activator on a number of cellular and viral promoters. Here, we report that Skip also interacts with pRb and, in cooperation with Ski, can overcome pRb-induced transcriptional repression. We show a strong and direct interaction between pRb and Skip, and we map the site of interaction to amino acid residues 171-353 of the evolutionarily conserved SNW domain of Skip. Furthermore, the combination of Skip and Ski can successfully overcome the G1 arrest and flat cell phenotype induced by pRb. Taken together, these studies suggest that one potential function of the Skip-Ski complex is to overcome the growth-suppressive activities of pRb.
Monomeric, N-functionalised amido complexes of aluminium: synthesis of [ AlCl{NR(8-C9H6N)}2](R = H or SiMe3) and [ Al{N(2-C5H4N)-(2-C5H4N)}3] (1996)

Routes have been devised to a series of aluminium(III) amide complexes containing either of the bulky, N-functionalised amides NR(8-C9H6N)–(R = H or SiMe3) or N(2-C5H4N)2–. Reaction of the lithium amides [{[graphic omitted])]}2](R = H or SiMe3) with AlCl3 afforded [[graphic omitted])}2](R = H or SiMe3) respectively. The crystal structure of five-co-ordinate [[graphic omitted])}2] shows it to be monomeric in the solid state with intramolecular dative interactions between the aluminium centre and both aromatic nitrogen atoms. Treatment of NH(2-C5H4N)2 with [AlH3(NMe3)] yielded the six-co-ordinate complex [[graphic omitted])(2-C5H4N)}3], the crystal structure of which confirms it to be monomeric with intramolecular Al–N (aromatic) dative bonds from one pyridyl functionality of each amide ligand. In solution this complex exhibits fluxional behaviour which has been investigated by variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Benzodiazepines and GHB : detection and pharmacology (2001)

Low-dose benzodiazepines (LDBs) and g-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), often illegally used, have eluded detection in many laboratories because of their low effective dosages and rapid metabolization. In Benzodiazepines and GHB: Detection and Pharmacology prominent experts explain the pharmacology and metabolism of LDBs and GHB and offer powerful and effective methodologies that will enable better detection of these drugs in various body fluids, as well as in hair. The techniques include highly sensitive immunoassay detection of LDBs, the detection of Rohypnol and other LDBs by mass spectrometry, and the accurate detection of GHB. Each cutting-edge method has been thoroughly tested and is described in step-by-step detail to ensure successful analytical results. In addition, guidance is provided to forensic laboratories on what drugs to look for in evaluating samples from alleged victims based on a three-year nationwide study of drug-facilitated sexual assault. State-of-the-art and highly practical, Benzodiazepines and GHB: Detection and Pharmacology offers toxicologists, forensic scientists, and clinical chemists today's most effective methods for detecting these widely abused drugs
Evaluation of the Disease Activity index for PSoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA) with a quick quantitative C reactive protein assay (Q-DAPSA) in patients with psoriatic arthritis: a prospective multicentre cross-sectional study (2022)

The Q-DAPSA showed an almost perfect agreement with the conventional DAPSA regarding identical disease activity categories. Thus, the Q-DAPSA can be used as a timely available disease activity score in patients with PsA with the additional benefit of CRP involvement. Consequently, the Q-DAPSA could facilitate the implementation of the treat-to-target concept in clinical routine and clinical trials.
Silicon/silica-hybrid delay line interferometer for DPSK demodulation (2012)

A 1-bit delay line interferometer based on silicon/silica-hybrid waveguides is demonstrated for a differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) demodulator. A 10-Gb/s NRZ-DPSK signal is demodulated with error-free operation in telecommunications bands.
Transscleral Permeability of Fluorescent-Labeled Antibiotics (2005)

This study shows that human sclera is more permeable to lower molecular weight, water-soluble penicillin G than to vancomycin or polymyxin B. The data suggests that a local, noninvasive, transscleral drug-delivery method may be reasonable for treating intraocular infections.
Dot-blot hybridization: quantitative analysis with direct beta counting. (1991)

The suitability of using direct beta counting (DBC) for quantitating radioactivity of the probe:target complex in dot-blot hybridization was evaluated using a Packard Matrix 96. A comparison of blots analyzed using autoradiography followed by densitometry scanning (film/densitometry) with those analyzed using direct beta counting revealed similar data trends with the two methods. However, direct beta counting quantitated the amount of radioactivity in the dot blots directly (without film exposure or additional sample preparation), which significantly reduced the time required to obtain results. Blots analyzed first with direct beta counting and then liquid scintillation counting exhibited similar data trends with both methods. Despite a decreased counting efficiency, analysis with direct beta counting has the following advantages compared with liquid scintillation counting: 1) no additional sample preparation is required (no vials or cocktail are used), 2) no sample destruction occurs due to analysis and 3) quantitative results are obtained more rapidly (since the radioactivity for all 96 samples in a dot blot is simultaneously determined in real time). Analysis with direct beta counting was also shown not to interfere with the successful reprobing of stripped dot blots with either unique sequence or total genomic probes. Overall, direct beta counting provides quick, quantitative results for dot blots while saving considerable time and effort.
Preparation of P(St-co-MAA)/CeO2 composite microspheres via surface carboxyl oxidation followed by in situ chemical deposition of CeO2 and their catalytic application on oxidative degradation of methyl orange (2014)

P(St-<italic>co</italic>-MAA)/CeO<sub>2</sub> composites microspheres were fabricated by a novel and facile approach, exhibiting excellent catalytic performance in oxidative degradation.
Crystalline degradation products of vancomycin as chiral stationary phase in microcolumn liquid chromatography (2008)

The ability of crystalline degradation products (CDPs) of vancomycin as a chiral stationary phase was reported in a previous study for enantioselective separation of drugs, amino acids and agrochemical toxins by conventional LC column (250 x 4.6 mm). In this work, the potential of CDP of vancomycin for the enantiomeric separation in micro-LC (200 x 1 mm) has been studied. The obtained separation results are better than in our previous study with conventional LC columns. The enantiomers of D,L-phenylalanine, D,L-alanine, methyldopa, atropine and propranolol were used for this evaluation. Experiments have been carried out in a stainless steel tube that was packed with chiral silica particles of 3 and 12 microm diameters. Also, three different ratios of 3 and 12 microm silica particles were used for packing material of chiral columns and the effect on aspect ratio and resolving powers was compared.
Abstract 2705: Spatial transcriptomics - a valuable tool to visualize compound effect in precision cut cancer tissue slices (PCCTS) (2021)

Abstract The recent advances in immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint modulators, bispecific antibodies, and adoptive T-cell transfer, opens new opportunities for the treatment of cancer. Having this broad spectrum of new therapeutic agents available, the demand for predictive and robust preclinical models to minimize translational failures in immuno-oncology is increasing. Indivumed has successfully implemented the model of Precision Cut Cancer Tissue Slices (PCCTS) derived from viable human tumor tissue to serve as a platform for testing different applications such as chemotherapeutic agents, small molecules and antibodies. In this study, we investigated the effects of OKT3® (Muromonab), a therapeutic antibody against CD3, on PCCTS from a patient diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in respect of gene expression changes using Spatial Transcriptomics. Spatial Transcriptomics (10x Genomics) is a technique to spatially resolve whole RNA-seq information. Tissue sections were prepared using a Krumdieck Tissue slicer and fresh tissue sections were incubated for 24 h with 10 µg/ml OKT3 followed by performing the Visium Spatial Gene Expression Workflow from 10x Genomics. For this purpose, a glass slide containing spatially barcoded capture probes were used to bind mRNAs of a tissue section. Following cDNA synthesis and library preparation, the libraries were sequenced using standard RNA-seq technology. Specific sequence barcodes allowed to assign gene expression data to the histological positions in the tissue. For visualization of gene expression patterns, the software Space Ranger and Loupe Browser were used. This method enabled the identification of cellular subpopulations in the spatial context before and after treatment with OKT3, whereas molecular identities and positional information of diverse cells would have been lost upon transcriptome analysis of bulk samples. Our data showed significant differences between untreated and OKT3 treated tissue slices especially in the microenvironment that encompasses inflammatory cells, extracellular matrix, and stromal cells interacting with tumor cells for cancer growth and progression. The combination of the PCCTS platform with Spatial Transcriptomics has been shown to be most valuable for the understanding of compound effects. The location of cells and their changes in gene expression patterns are important to understand tissue functionality and corresponding pathological changes. Citation Format: Nicole Kerstedt, Nicole Grabinski, Kristina Bernoth, Monika Schoeppler, Bita Motamedi-Baniassad, Jana Krueger, Moiken Petersen, Hartmut Juhl, Kerstin A. David. Spatial transcriptomics - a valuable tool to visualize compound effect in precision cut cancer tissue slices (PCCTS) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2705.
Mars Radiation Risk Assessment and Shielding Design for Long-Term Exposure to Ionizing Space Radiation (2008)

NASA is now focused on the agency's vision for space exploration encompassing a broad range of human and robotic missions including missions to Moon, Mars and beyond. As a result, there is a focus on long duration space missions. NASA is committed to the safety of the missions and the crew, and there is an overwhelming emphasis on the reliability issues for space missions and the habitat. The cost-effective design of the spacecraft demands a very stringent requirement on the optimization process. Exposure from the hazards of severe space radiation in deep space and/or long duration missions is a critical design constraint and a potential 'show stopper.' Thus, protection from the hazards of severe space radiation is of paramount importance to the agency's vision. It is envisioned to have long duration human presence on the Moon for deep space exploration. The exposures from ionizing radiation - galactic cosmic radiation and solar particle events - and optimized shield design for a swing-by and a long duration Mars mission have been investigated. It is found that the technology of today is inadequate for safe human missions to Mars, and revolutionary technologies need to be developed for long duration and/or deep space missions. The study will provide a guideline for radiation exposure and protection for long duration missions and career astronauts and their safety.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Anion and Cation Reorientational Dynamics in (NH4)2B12H12 (2018)

Diammonium dodecahydro-closo-dodecaborate (NH4)2B12H12 is the ionic compound combining NH4+ cations and [B12H12]2– anions, both of which can exhibit high reorientational mobility. To study the dynamical properties of this material, we measured the proton NMR spectra and spin–lattice relaxation rates in (NH4)2B12H12 over the temperature range of 6–475 K. Two reorientational processes occurring at different frequency scales have been revealed. In the temperature range of 200–475 K, the proton spin–lattice relaxation data are governed by thermally activated reorientations of the icosahedral [B12H12]2– anions. This motional process is characterized by the activation energy of 486(8) meV, and the corresponding reorientational jump rate reaches ∼108 s–1 near 410 K. Below 100 K, the relaxation data are governed by the extremely fast process of NH4+ reorientations which are not “frozen out” at the NMR frequency scale down to 6 K. The experimental results in this range are described in terms of a gradual transition from the regime of low-temperature quantum dynamics (rotational tunneling of NH4 groups) to the regime of classical jump reorientations of NH4 groups with an activation energy of 26.5 meV. Our study offers physical insights into the rich dynamical behavior of (NH4)2B12H12 on an atomic level, providing a link between the microscopic and thermodynamic properties of this compound.
Bezafibrate prevents hepatic stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis in a murine steatohepatitis model, and suppresses fibrogenic response induced by transforming growth factor‐β1 in a cultured stellate cell line (2008)

Bezafibrate improved hepatic steatosis and potently prevented inflammation, oxidative stress, HSC activation, and fibrogenesis in the liver. Moreover, this study was the first to demonstrate that bezafibrate directly inhibits hepatic fibrogenic response induced by TGF-beta1 in vitro. Hence bezafibrate may be a new therapeutic strategy against NASH and hepatic fibrosis.
Autolytic Proteolysis within the Function to Find Domain (FIIND) Is Required for NLRP1 Inflammasome Activity (2012)

Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) play a key role in immunity and disease through their ability to modulate inflammation in response to pathogen-derived and endogenous danger signals. Here, we identify the requirements for activation of NLRP1, an NLR protein associated with a number of human pathologies, including vitiligo, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn disease. We demonstrate that NLRP1 activity is dependent upon ASC, which associates with the C-terminal CARD domain of NLRP1. In addition, we show that NLRP1 activity is dependent upon autolytic cleavage at Ser(1213) within the FIIND. Importantly, this post translational event is dependent upon the highly conserved distal residue His(1186). A disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphism near His(1186) and a naturally occurring mRNA splice variant lacking exon 14 differentially affect this autolytic processing and subsequent NLRP1 activity. These results describe key molecular pathways that regulate NLRP1 activity and offer insight on how small sequence variations in NLR genes may influence human disease pathogenesis.
ChemInform Abstract: SILICON PHOSPHORUS ANALOGIES. FLUORIDE ACTIVATION OF NUCLEOPHILIC DISPLACEMENT AT THE TETRAHEDRAL PHOSPHORUS: AN EXAMPLE OF NUCLEOPHILIC ASSISTANCE T NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION. 3 (1984)

Abstract Mechanistische Untersuchungen der Aktivierung der Alkoholyse der P‐Halogen‐Bindungen in den cis‐ und trans‐ bzw. epimeren Dioxaphosphorinanen (I) und (III) werden durchgeführt.
Symbolic Representation of Recurrent Neural Network Dynamics (2012)

Simple recurrent error backpropagation networks have been widely used to learn temporal sequence data, including regular and context-free languages. However, the production of relatively large and opaque weight matrices during learning has inspired substantial research on how to extract symbolic human-readable interpretations from trained networks. Unlike feedforward networks, where research has focused mainly on rule extraction, most past work with recurrent networks has viewed them as dynamical systems that can be approximated symbolically by finite-state machine (FSMs). With this approach, the network's hidden layer activation space is typically divided into a finite number of regions. Past research has mainly focused on better techniques for dividing up this activation space. In contrast, very little work has tried to influence the network training process to produce a better representation in hidden layer activation space, and that which has been done has had only limited success. Here we propose a powerful general technique to bias the error backpropagation training process so that it learns an activation space representation from which it is easier to extract FSMs. Using four publicly available data sets that are based on regular and context-free languages, we show via computational experiments that the modified learning method helps to extract FSMs with substantially fewer states and less variance than unmodified backpropagation learning, without decreasing the neural networks' accuracy. We conclude that modifying error backpropagation so that it more effectively separates learned pattern encodings in the hidden layer is an effective way to improve contemporary FSM extraction methods.