gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Lifeguard Training through Virtual Reality (2020)

According to the CDC, over three thousand people die every year from drowning in the United States. Many of these fatalities are preventable with properly trained lifeguards. Traditional lifeguard training relies on videos and mock rescues. While these methods are important, they have their shortcomings. Videos are static and do not build muscle memory. Mock rescues are labor-intensive and potentially put others in danger. Virtual reality (VR) can be used as an alternative training tool, building muscle memory in a fully controlled and safe environment. With full control over variables such as weather, population, and other distractions, lifeguards can be better equipped to respond to any situation. The single most important aspect of life guarding is finding the victim. This head rotation skill can be practiced and perfected in VR before guards ever get onto the stand. It also allows guards to practice in uncommon but nevertheless dangerous conditions such as fog and large crowds. VR also allows the user to get immediate feedback about performance and where they can improve.
Water‐Soluble Triazabutadienes that Release Diazonium Species upon Protonation under Physiologically Relevant Conditions (2015)

Triazabutadienes are an understudied structural motif that have remarkable reactivity once rendered water-soluble. It is shown that these molecules readily release diazonium species in a pH-dependent manner in a series of buffer solutions with pH ranges similar to those found in cells. Upon further development, we expect that this process will be well suited to cargo-release strategies and organelle-specific bioconjugation reactions. These compounds offer one of the mildest ways of generating diazonium species in aqueous solutions.
Skeletal muscle fiber quality in older men and women (2000)

Whole muscle strength and cross-sectional area (WMCSA), and contractile properties of chemically skinned segments from single fibers of the quadriceps were studied in 7 young men (YM, 36.5 +/- 3. 0 yr), 12 older men (OM, 74.4 +/- 5.9 yr), and 12 older women (OW, 72.1 +/- 4.3 yr). WMCSA was smaller in OM compared with YM (56.1 +/- 10.1 vs. 79.7 +/- 13.1 cm(2); P = 0.031) and in OW (44.9 +/- 7.5; P < 0.003) compared with OM. Age-related, but not sex-related, differences in strength were eliminated after adjusting for WMCSA. Maximal force was measured in 552 type I and 230 type IIA fibers. Fibers from YM (type I = 725 +/- 221; type IIA = 792 +/- 271 microN) were stronger (P < 0.001) than fibers from OM (I = 505 +/- 179; IIA = 577 +/- 262 microN) even after correcting for size. Type IIA fibers were stronger (P < 0.005) than type I fibers in YM and OM but not in OW (I = 472 +/- 154; IIA = 422 +/- 97 microN). Sex-related differences in type I and IIA fibers were dependent on fiber size. In conclusion, differences in WMCSA explain age-related differences in strength. An intrinsic defect in contractile proteins could explain weakness in single fibers from OM. Sex-related differences exist at the whole muscle and single fiber levels.
Development of a Changeable Airfoil Optimization Model for Use in the Multidisciplinary Design of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (2009)

Complex systems need to perform in a variety of functional states and under varying operating conditions. Therefore, it is important to manage the different values of design variables associated with the operating states for each subsystem. The research presented in this paper uses multidisciplinary optimization (MDO) and changeable systems methods together in the design of a reconfigurable Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). MDO is a useful approach for designing a system that is composed of distinct disciplinary subsystems by managing the design variable coupling between the subsystem and system level optimization problems. Changeable design research addresses how changes in the physical configuration of products and systems can better meet distinct needs of different operating states. As a step towards the development of a realistic reconfigurable UAV optimization problem, this paper focuses on the performance advantage of using a changeable airfoil subsystem. Design principles from transformational design methods are used to develop concepts that determine how the design variables are allowed to change in the mathematical optimization problem. The performance of two changeable airfoil concepts is compared to a fixed airfoil design over two different missions that are defined by a sequence of mission segments. Determining the configurations of the static and changeable airfoils is accomplished using a genetic algorithm. Results from this study show that aircraft with changeable airfoils attain increased performance, and that the manner by which the system transforms is significant. For this reason, the changeable airfoil optimization developed in this paper is ready to be integrated into a complete MDO problem for the design of a reconfigurable UAV.
THE INFIDELITY OF CONJUGAL DNA TRANSFER IN ESCHERICHIA COLI (1983)

The accuracy of replication and transfer of a lacI gene on an F' plasmid was measured. Following conjugal transfer of the F', a small but reproducible increase (1.8-fold) in the frequency of lacI- mutations was detected. Among these, however, the frequency of nonsense mutations was 15-fold higher than in the absence of transfer. This corresponds to a 300-fold increase in the rate of base substitutions per round of replication compared with normal vegetative DNA replication. The amber mutational spectra revealed that, following conjugal transfer, mutation frequencies were increased markedly at all sites detected. In addition, an increase in G:C leads to A:T transitions was noted and was due almost entirely to an enhanced proportion of mutants recovered at the spontaneous hotspots (amber sites 6, 15 and 34). recA-dependent processes were not responsible for the increase in mutation, since similar results were observed with various recA- donor and recipient combinations. These results demonstrate that the fidelity of conjugal DNA replication is considerably lower than that of vegetative DNA replication.
Magnetofection In Vivo by Nanomagnetic Carriers Systemically Administered into the Bloodstream (2021)

Nanoparticle-based technologies are rapidly expanding into many areas of biomedicine and molecular science. The unique ability of magnetic nanoparticles to respond to the magnetic field makes them especially attractive for a number of in vivo applications including magnetofection. The magnetofection principle consists of the accumulation and retention of magnetic nanoparticles carrying nucleic acids in the area of magnetic field application. The method is highly promising as a clinically efficient tool for gene delivery in vivo. However, the data on in vivo magnetofection are often only descriptive or poorly studied, insufficiently systematized, and sometimes even contradictory. Therefore, the aim of the review was to systematize and analyze the data that influence the in vivo magnetofection processes after the systemic injection of magnetic nanostructures. The main emphasis is placed on the structure and coating of the nanomagnetic vectors. The present problems and future trends of the method development are also considered.
Experiments on Hydrodynamic and Thermal Behaviors of Thin Liquid Films (2003)

An experimental study of heat transfer into a thin film of liquid water on a rotating disk is described. The film was introduced from a flow collar at the center of a heated, horizontal disk at a fixed initial film thickness with a uniform radial velocity. Radial distribution of the disk surface temperatures was measured using a thermocouple / slip ring arrangement. Experiments were performed for a range of liquid flow rates between 3.0 lpm and 15.0 lpm corresponding to Reynolds numbers (based on the liquid inlet gap height and velocity) between 238 and 1188. The angular speed of the disk was varied from 0 rpm to 500 rpm. The local heat transfer coefficient was determined based on the heat flux supplied to the disk and the temperature difference between the measured disk surface temperature and the entrance temperature of the liquid onto the disk. The local heat transfer coefficient was seen to increase with increasing flow rate as well as increasing angular velocity of the disk. Effect of rotation on heat transfer was largest for the lower liquid flow rates with the effect gradually decreasing with increasing liquid flow rates. Semi-empirical correlations are presented in this study for the local and average Nusselt numbers. In addition to the heat transfer characterization, the thickness of the liquid film on the disk surface was measured by an optical method, including the characteristics of the hydraulic jump and the subcritical and supercritical flow regions.
Enhancing Hit Discovery in Virtual Screening through Absolute Protein–Ligand Binding Free-Energy Calculations (2023)

In the hit identification stage of drug discovery, a diverse chemical space needs to be explored to identify initial hits. Contrary to empirical scoring functions, absolute protein-ligand binding free-energy perturbation (ABFEP) provides a theoretically more rigorous and accurate description of protein-ligand binding thermodynamics and could, in principle, greatly improve the hit rates in virtual screening. In this work, we describe an implementation of an accurate and reliable ABFEP method in FEP+. We validated the ABFEP method on eight congeneric compound series binding to eight protein receptors including both neutral and charged ligands. For ligands with net charges, the alchemical ion approach is adopted to avoid artifacts in electrostatic potential energy calculations. The calculated binding free energies correlate with experimental results with a weighted average of <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.55 for the entire dataset. We also observe an overall root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 1.1 kcal/mol after shifting the zero-point of the simulation data to match the average experimental values. Through ABFEP calculations using apo versus holo protein structures, we demonstrated that the protein conformational and protonation state changes between the apo and holo proteins are the main physical factors contributing to the protein reorganization free energy manifested by the overestimation of raw ABFEP calculated binding free energies using the holo structures of the proteins. Furthermore, we performed ABFEP calculations in three virtual screening applications for hit enrichment. ABFEP greatly improves the hit rates as compared to docking scores or other methods like metadynamics. The good performance of ABFEP in rank ordering compounds demonstrated in this work confirms it as a useful tool to improve the hit rates in virtual screening, thus facilitating hit discovery.
Diagnostics of two-dimensional fractal structures using scanning coherent beams (1997)

A method of studying two-dimensional random structures such as amplitude screens with fractal properties using scanning focused and wide collimated beams is discussed. An analysis is made of the interrelation between the parameters of the structure functions of the intensity fluctuations detected at a fixed observation point and the structural characteristics of the particular screens. Results of experimental investigations of model samples of random amplitude screens with fractal properties are presented.
Some classical mathematical results related to the problems of the firmware/hardware interface (1975)

The paper reviews the Shannon and Reed-Muller Decomposition Theorems and notes the relationship of the former to machine instruction set. It hypothesizes an instruction set based on Galois field operations and applies the divided difference methods of Newton to the automatic generation of a polynomial representation of an arbitrary function. Some numeric results are given for the fields GF(9) and GF(16). An extension of the methods to the representation of functions by rational forms is suggested.
Physical activity and risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma in the Nurses' Health Study (2013)

Studies suggest that greater physical activity may reduce endometrial cancer risk. However, the role of the timing, duration and intensity of activity is unclear. We therefore examined recent and past recreational activities in relation to incident endometrial adenocarcinoma, and compared the importance of total and moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities as well as walking. We analyzed data from 71,570 women in the Nurses' Health Study, a prospective cohort that assessed activity in 1986, with updates every 2-4 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During follow-up from 1986 to 2008 (1.2 million person-years), 777 invasive endometrial adenocarcinoma cases were documented. In multivariable models, compared with <3 MET-hr/week (<1 hr/week walking), women engaged in moderate (9 to <18 MET-hr/week: RR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.48-0.78) or high (≥27 MET-hr/week: RR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58-0.92) amounts of recent total recreational activity were at reduced risk (p-trend = 0.001). Past total activity was not associated with risk. Greater recent moderate- or vigorous-intensity activity was associated with reduced risk (≥4 vs. 0 hr/week: RR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.47-0.88, p-trend = 0.002). Among women who did not perform any vigorous activity, recent walking was associated with reduced risk (≥3 vs. <0.5 hr/week: RR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.45-0.93, p-trend = 0.01), and faster walking pace was independently associated with risk reduction. After additional adjustment for body mass index, all associations were statistically non-significant. Greater recent physical activity, including activity of moderate duration and intensity such as walking, may reduce endometrial adenocarcinoma risk. This relation is largely mediated or confounded by body mass index.
Differential Receptors Create Patterns Diagnostic for ATP and GTP (2003)

Herein we report the combination of a library of resin-bound sensors along with a multicomponent sensor array. This novel combinatorial array sensor system shows selectivity for nucleotide phosphates in solution. The design of the anchored receptor includes a 1,3,5-trisubstituted-2,4,6-triethylbenzene scaffold coupled with peptide libraries. Each chemosensor is placed into a micromachined cavity within a silicon wafer, and the optical changes observed by a charged-coupled device result in near-real-time digital analysis of solutions. A colorimetric displacement assay was performed, and time-dependent imaging studies of the selected sensing ensembles result in a differential responses upon addition of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), or guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP). An advantage to this approach is that it creates an array of sensors that gives a fingerprint response for each analyte. Principal component analysis indicates that the library of chemosensors can differentiate between ATP, GTP, and AMP. On the basis of factor loading values, individual sensors from the library were sequenced to elucidate their chemical composition.
Nanoscale engagement and clusterization of Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in the membrane lipid rafts of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer cells (2022)

ABSTRACT Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) plays a key role in several human tumors, and it has recently become a crucial target for cancer therapy. Yet, its subtle regulatory roles beside the well characterized immunosuppression in PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint are still obscure and should be strictly related to its molecular properties in different cell settings. In this study we targeted the plasma membrane organization of PD-L1 in a Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) cell line by a multiscale fluorescence imaging toolbox that included super-resolution microscopy approaches to reach the nanoscale. Our findings revealed for the first time that PD-L1 is prevalently engaged in the cholesterol-enriched “raft” regions of the cell membrane. Clusterization and engagement in membrane rafts may afford novel targets for the immuno-oncology strategies in the framework of NSCLC and, possibly, other tumor types.
Minisatellite polymorphism as a tool to distinguish closely relatedLactococcus lactisstrains (2005)

Genome plasticity is considered as a means for bacteria to adapt to their environment. Plasticity in tandem repeat sequences on bacterial genomes has been recently exploited to trace the epidemiology of pathogens. Here, we examine the utility of minisatellite (i.e., a repeat unit of six nucleotides or more) typing in non-pathogenic food bacteria of the species Lactococcus lactis. Thirty-four minisatellites identified on the sequenced L. lactis ssp. lactis strain IL1403 genome were first analyzed in 10 closely related ssp. lactis strains, as determined by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The selected tandem repeats varied in length, percent identity between repeats, and locations. We showed that: (i) the greatest polymorphism was in orfs encoding exported proteins or in intergenic regions; (ii) two thirds of minisatellites were little- or non-variable, despite as much as 90% identity between tandem repeats; and (iii) dendrograms based on either RAPD or minisatellite analyses were similar. Seven minisatellites identified in this study are potentially useful for lactococcal typing. We then asked whether tandem repeats in L. lactis were stable upon very long-term (up to two years) storage. Despite large rearrangements previously reported in derivative strains, just one of 10 minisatellites tested underwent an alteration, suggesting that tandem repeat rearrangements probably occur during active DNA replication. We conclude that multiple locus minisatellite analysis can be a valuable tool to follow lactococcal strain diversity.
Recovering traceability links between unit tests and classes under test: An improved method (2010)

Unit tests are valuable as a source of up-to-date documentation as developers continuously changes them to reflect changes in the production code to keep an effective regression suite. Maintaining traceability links between unit tests and classes under test can help developers to comprehend parts of a system. In particular, unit tests show how parts of a system are executed and as such how they are supposed to be used. Moreover, the dependencies between unit tests and classes can be exploited to maintain the consistency during refactoring. Generally, such dependences are not explicitly maintained and they have to be recovered during software development. Some guidelines and naming conventions have been defined to describe the testing environment in order to easily identify related tests for a programming task. However, very often these guidelines are not followed making the identification of links between unit tests and classes a time-consuming task. Thus, automatic approaches to recover such links are needed. In this paper a traceability recovery approach based on Data Flow Analysis (DFA) is presented. In particular, the approach retrieves as tested classes all the classes that affect the result of the last assert statement in each method of the unit test class. The accuracy of the proposed method has been empirically evaluated on two systems, an open source system and an industrial system. As a benchmark, we compare the accuracy of the DFA-based approach with the accuracy of the previously used traceability recovery approaches, namely Naming Convention (NC) and Last Call Before Assert (LCBA) that seem to provide the most accurate results. The results show that the proposed approach is the most accurate method demonstrating the effectiveness of DFA. However, the case study also highlights the limitations of the experimented traceability recovery approaches, showing that detecting the class under test cannot be fully automated and some issues are still under study.
Unraveling the Shape Transformation in Silicon Clusters (2004)

The prolate-to-spherical shape transition in Group IV clusters has been a puzzle since its discovery over a decade ago. Here we explain this phenomenon by elucidating the structures of ${\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}}_{n}$ and $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}_{n}{}^{+}$ with $n=20--27$. The geometries were obtained in unbiased searches using a new ``big bang'' optimization method. They are substantially more stable than any found to date, and their ion mobilities and dissociation energies are in excellent agreement with experiment. The present results prove that the packing of midsize clusters is thermodynamically controlled and open the door to understanding the evolution of semiconductor nanosystems towards the bulk.
Strap associates with Csde1 and affects expression of select Csde1-bound transcripts (2018)

Erythropoiesis is regulated at many levels, including control of mRNA translation. Changing environmental conditions, such as hypoxia or the availability of nutrients and growth factors, require a rapid response enacted by the enhanced or repressed translation of existing transcripts. Cold shock domain protein e1 (Csde1/Unr) is an RNA-binding protein required for erythropoiesis and strongly upregulated in erythroblasts relative to other hematopoietic progenitors. The aim of this study is to identify the Csde1-containing protein complexes and investigate their role in post-transcriptional expression control of Csde1-bound transcripts. We show that Serine/Threonine kinase receptor-associated protein (Strap/Unrip), was the protein most strongly associated with Csde1 in erythroblasts. Strap is a WD40 protein involved in signaling and RNA splicing, but its role when associated with Csde1 is unknown. Reduced expression of Strap did not alter the pool of transcripts bound by Csde1. Instead, it altered the mRNA and/or protein expression of several Csde1-bound transcripts that encode for proteins essential for translational regulation during hypoxia, such as Hmbs, eIF4g3 and Pabpc4. Also affected by Strap knockdown were Vim, a Gata-1 target crucial for erythrocyte enucleation, and Elavl1, which stabilizes Gata-1 mRNA. The major cellular processes affected by both Csde1 and Strap were ribosome function and cell cycle control.
Radiolabeling of proteins with radioisotopes of copper using p‐carboxyalkylphenylglyoxal bis‐(4N‐methylthiosemicarbazone) (TSC) bifunctional chelates (1990)

Abstract A series of p‐carboxyalkylphenylglyoxal and p‐carboxyalkyl‐1,2‐diketo‐bis‐(N 4 ‐methylthiosemicarbazone) bifunctional ligands (TSC) have been prepared and evaluated for use in binding radioisotopes of copper to antibodies. We have developed an improved synthesis of the requisite α‐ketoaldehyde and 1,2‐diketone substrates used for derivatization to the bis‐TSC bifunctional chelates. This approach utilizes a modified Kornblum method and provides a simple alternative to the usual method for fabrication of the 1,2‐bis‐TSC ligands, which avoids the use of highly toxic selenium dioxide for oxidation of substituted acetophenones to 1,2 dicarbonyl compounds. The overall yields of the bis‐TSC chelates using this procedure were 8‐60%. The effects of the alkyl chain length and substitution on the C‐2 position on p‐carboxyalkylphenyl‐1,2‐diketo bis‐TSC bifunctional chelate for attaching radioisotopes of copper to proteins were studied. Following complexing copper‐64 or copper‐67 to the bis‐TSC chelate, the acid moiety of the TSC chelate was activated as the tetrafluorophenyl ester. The copper‐labeled activated TSC chelate was attached to bovine serum albumin under mild conditions in 3% to 40% yield. These studies have demonstrated that the shorter chain analogues of the TSC chelates from the 1,2‐diketones give the highest radiolabeling yields.
Front Matter: Volume 10406 (2017)

This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10406 including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.