gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuronal Death After Hemorrhagic Stroke In Vitro and In Vivo Shares Features of Ferroptosis and Necroptosis (2017)

Experimental intracerebral hemorrhage shares features of ferroptotic and necroptotic cell death, but not caspase-dependent apoptosis or autophagy. We propose that ferroptosis or necroptotic signaling induced by lysed blood is sufficient to reach a threshold of death that leads to neuronal necrosis and that inhibition of either of these pathways can bring cells below that threshold to survival.
Decomposition of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in Rats (2012)

M. Gratkowski, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany, maciej.gratkowski@tu-ilmenau.de S. Schmidt, Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany D. Gullmar, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany O.W. Witte, Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany J. Haueisen, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany
Tulips: A Renewable Source of Monomer for Superabsorbent Hydrogels (2016)

A new class of superabsorbent hydrogels was synthesized by copolymerization of acrylamide with sodium 4-hydroxy-2-methylenebutanoate (SHMB). SHMB is obtained by saponification of α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (MBL) which is a renewable monomer from tulips. Radical polymerization of SHMB was studied for the first time. The extent of side products through the ring closure depended on the pH used during the polymerization. Reactivity ratios for copolymerization of SHMB with acrylamide were estimated. Prepared hydrogels with various composition were investigated for their swelling, mechanical and thermal properties, and morphology as well as cytotoxicity. The achieved degree of swelling of the hydrogels was up to 82 000% and significantly exceeds the capacity of classical superabsorbent hydrogels made of acrylamide and salts of acrylic acid. The degree of swelling as well as mechanical and thermal properties of the hydrogels could be tuned by SHMB content.
Topological‐Structure Modulated Polymer Nanocomposites Exhibiting Highly Enhanced Dielectric Strength and Energy Density (2014)

Dielectric materials with high electric energy densities and low dielectric losses are of critical importance in a number of applications in modern electronic and electrical power systems. An organic–inorganic 0–3 nanocomposite, in which nanoparticles (0‐dimensional) are embedded in a 3‐dimensionally connected polymer matrix, has the potential to combine the high breakdown strength and low dielectric loss of the polymer with the high dielectric constant of the ceramic fillers, representing a promising approach to realize high energy densities. However, one significant drawback of the composites explored up to now is that the increased dielectric constant of the composites is at the expense of the breakdown strength, limiting the energy density and dielectric reliability. In this study, by expanding the traditional 0–3 nanocomposite approach to a multilayered structure which combines the complementary properties of the constituent layers, one can realize both greater dielectric displacement and a higher breakdown field than that of the polymer matrix. In a typical 3‐layer structure, for example, a central nanocomposite layer of higher breakdown strength is introduced to substantially improve the overall breakdown strength of the multilayer‐structured composite film, and the outer composite layers filled with large amount of high dielectric constant nanofillers can then be polarized up to higher electric fields, hence enhancing the electric displacement. As a result, the topological‐structure modulated nanocomposites, with an optimally tailored nanomorphology and composite structure, yield a discharged energy density of 10 J/cm 3 with a dielectric breakdown strength of 450 kV mm –1 , much higher than those reported from all earlier studies of nanocomposites.
Toxin-antitoxin gene pairs found in Tn 3 family transposons appear to be an integral part of the transposition module (2019)

Abstract Much of the diversity of prokaryotic genomes is contributed by the tightly controlled recombination activity of transposons (Tn). The Tn 3 family is arguably one of the most widespread transposon families. Members carry a large range of passenger genes incorporated into their structures. Family members undergo replicative transposition using a DDE transposase to generate a cointegrate structure which is then resolved by site-specific recombination between specific DNA sequences ( res ) on each of the two Tn copies in the cointegrate. These sites also carry promoters controlling expression of the recombinase and transposase. We report here that a number of Tn 3 members encode a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system, typically composed of a stable toxin and a labile antitoxin that binds the toxin and inhibits its lethal activity. This system serves to improve plasmid maintenance in a bacterial population and, until recently, was believed to be associated with bacterial persistence. At least six different TA gene pairs are associated with various Tn 3 members. Our data suggest that several independent acquisition events have occurred. In contrast to most Tn 3 family passenger genes which are generally located away from the transposition module, the TA gene pairs abut the res site upstream of the resolvase genes. Although their role when part of Tn 3 family transposons is unclear, this finding suggests a potential role for the embedded TA in stabilizing the associated transposon with the possibility that TA expression is coupled to expression of transposase and resolvase during the transposition process itself. Importance Transposable Elements (TEs) are important in genetic diversification due to their recombination properties and their ability to promote horizontal gene transfer. Over the last decades, much effort has been made to understand TE transposition mechanisms and their impact on prokaryotic genomes. For example, the Tn 3 family is ubiquitous in bacteria, moulding their host genomes by the paste-and-copy mechanism. In addition to the transposition module, Tn 3 members often carry additional passenger genes (e.g., conferring antibiotic or heavy metal resistance and virulence) and three were previously known to carry a toxin-antitoxin (TA) system often associated with plasmid maintenance; however, the role of TA systems within the Tn 3 family is unknown. The genetic context of TA systems in Tn 3 members suggests that they may play a regulatory role in ensuring stable invasion of these Tn during transposition.
Measurement of Endotoxin in Blood Products Using an Endotoxin-Specific Limulus Test Reagent and Its Relation to Pyrogenic Activitles in Rabbit (1990)

The amounts of endotoxin in commercial blood products were measured by the turbidimetric kinetic Limulus test with an ordinary reagent (LAL-HS) and a new endotoxin-specific reagent (LAL-ES). LAL-ES contains a sufficient amount of a water-soluble (1----3)-beta-D-glucan derivative as a blocker of the (1----3)-beta-D-glucan-mediated coagulation pathway in the reaction of the Limulus amebocyte lysate. The amounts of endotoxin in albumin and globulin products measured with LAL-ES agreed with pyrogenic activities in rabbits, but those measured with LAL-HS did not. Added endotoxin in the blood products was well recovered with LAL-ES, but that in some products was excessively recovered with LAL-HS. The amounts of endotoxin in diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus combined vaccines measured with LAL-HS and LAL-ES agreed with the pyrogenic activities in rabbits. The results suggested the existence of a false-positive substance like beta-glucan in the blood products but not in the vaccine. LAL-ES is more suitable for the detection of endotoxin in blood products than LAL-HS.
Genetic Polymorphisms in the Growth Hormone Receptor: Impact on Growth Response and Disease Susceptibility (2008)

Growth hormone (GH) promotes height growth by stimulating bone and cartilage cell proliferation, and influences carbohydrate and lipid metabolism through a direct stimulatory effect by GH, and an indirect effect mediated by insulin- like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). The effects of GH are mediated by the interaction between GH and the GH receptor (GHR). In response to GH, two GHR polypeptides form dimers and turn on a cascade of signal transduction leading to activation of gene transcription. The mechanisms of marked patient-to-patient variability in response to GH have remained elusive thus far. Recent pharmacogenetics studies suggest that the growth promotion by GH treatment is influenced by a variation in the human GHR gene (d3/fl-GHR) in patients who have been diagnosed to be small for gestational age, with GH-deficiency (GHD), idiopathic short stature, or Turner syndrome, although this genetic effect still remains controversial. Another report demonstrated the Leu544Ile SNP of the GHR gene to be associated with cholesterol levels during GH treatment in patients with GHD. This paper provides a critical overview and synthesis of the emerging findings on the GHR polymorphisms in relation to GH responsiveness or disease susceptibilities, and the attendant molecular aspects of the characteristic polymorphisms. The potential clinical application of GHR genetic variation is discussed for the optimization of the GH dosage in children or adults in order to enable them to reach their ideal final height as well as to prevent cardiovascular complications. Keywords: Growth hormone, growth hormone receptor, polymorphism
X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis (XLRS): A Review of Genotype-Phenotype Relationships (2013)

X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) is one of the most common genetic causes of juvenile progressive retinal-vitreal degeneration in males. To date, more than 196 different mutations of the RS1 gene have been associated with XLRS. The mutation spectrum is large and the phenotype variable. This review will focus on the clinical features of XLRS and examine the relationship between phenotype and genotype.
Membrane voltage, resistance, and channel switching in isolated mouse fibroblasts (L cells): a patch‐electrode analysis. (1985)

The whole-cell patch-electrode technique of Fenwick, Marty & Neher (1982) has been applied to single suspension-cultured mouse fibroblasts. Seals in the range of 10-50 G omega were obtained without special cleaning of the cell membranes. Rupture of the membrane patch inside the electrode was accompanied by a shift of measured potential into the range -10 to -25 mV, but in most cases with little change in the recorded resistance. The latter fact implied that the absolute resistance of the cell membrane must be in the same range as the seal resistance and the recorded potential is a poor measure of actual cell membrane potential. Steady-state current-voltage curves (range -160 mV to +80 mV) were generated before and after rupture of the membrane patch, and the difference between these gave (zero-current) membrane potentials of -50 to -75 mV, which represents a leak-corrected estimate of the true cell-membrane potential. The associated slope conductivity of the cell membrane was 5-15 microS/cm2 (assumed smooth-sphere geometry, cells 13-15 microns in diameter) and was K+-dominated. With 0.1 mM (or more) free Ca2+ filling the patch electrode, membrane potentials in the range -60 to -85 mV were observed following patch rupture, with associated slope conductivities of 200-400 microS/cm2, also K+-dominated. Similar voltages and conductivities were observed at the peak of pulse-induced 'hyperpolarizing activation' (Nelson, Peacock, & Minna, 1972), and the two phenomena probably reflect the behaviour of Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Both the pulse-induced conductance and the Ca2+-activated conductance spontaneously decayed, the latter over periods of 5-15 min following patch rupture. Sr2+, Ba2+, and Co2+ could also activate the putative K+ channels, but only Sr2+ really mimicked Ca2+. Co2+ and Ba2+ activated with a delay of several minutes following patch rupture, and deactivated quickly with a small decrease of conductance and a large decrease of membrane potential. Evidently, Co2+ and Ba2+ affect channel specificity as well as channel opening and closing kinetics.
Sonochemistry of Quinones in Argon-Saturated Aqueous Solutions:  Enhanced Cytochrome c Reduction (1999)

Sonolysis of argon-saturated aqueous quinone solutions resulted in an enhancement in ferricytochrome c (Cyt c) reduction. Upon addition of superoxide dismutase, Cyt c reduction was partially inhibited, thus implying a role of superoxide ion in this reduction process. Neither quinone hydrophobicity nor reduction potential exclusively controls the Cyt c reduction enhancement, although a preference for hydrophobicity versus reduction potential is noted.
Engineering extrinsic disorder to control protein activity in living cells (2016)

Optogenetic and chemogenetic control of proteins has revealed otherwise inaccessible facets of signaling dynamics. Here, we use light- or ligand-sensitive domains to modulate the structural disorder of diverse proteins, thereby generating robust allosteric switches. Sensory domains were inserted into nonconserved, surface-exposed loops that were tight and identified computationally as allosterically coupled to active sites. Allosteric switches introduced into motility signaling proteins (kinases, guanosine triphosphatases, and guanine exchange factors) controlled conversion between conformations closely resembling natural active and inactive states, as well as modulated the morphodynamics of living cells. Our results illustrate a broadly applicable approach to design physiological protein switches.
Hereditary systemic autoinflammatory diseases and Schnitzler’s syndrome (2019)

The systemic autoinflammatory diseases are disorders of the innate immune system distinguished by severe inflammation resulting from dysregulation of the innate immune system. Hereditary fever syndromes, such as FMF, TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes and mevalonate kinase deficiency, were the first group of systemic autoinflammatory diseases for which a genetic basis was established, between 1999 and 2001. Currently according to the latest report of the international union of immunological societies, 37 separate monogenic disorders were classified as autoinflammatory. In addition to the abovementioned monogenic conditions, we describe Schnitzler's syndrome, a well-defined, acquired autoinflammatory condition without a clear genetic basis. For the purposes of this review, we discuss several conditions defined by the latest consensus process as systemic autoinflammatory diseases. We focus on those disorders where recent studies have contributed to further phenotypic characterization or had an impact on clinical management.
Black Arsenic–Phosphorus: Layered Anisotropic Infrared Semiconductors with Highly Tunable Compositions and Properties (2015)

New layered anisotropic infrared semiconductors, black arsenic-phosphorus (b-AsP), with highly tunable chemical compositions and electronic and optical properties are introduced. Transport and infrared absorption studies demonstrate the semiconducting nature of b-AsP with tunable bandgaps, ranging from 0.3 to 0.15 eV. These bandgaps fall into the long-wavelength infrared regime and cannot be readily reached by other layered materials.
Immunreaktivität des Antikörpers PankoMabGEX™ ist ein unabhängiger Prognoseparameter für Brustkrebspatientinnen (2014)

Fragestellung: Mucin-1 (MUC1, CD227), auch bekannt als CA15 – 3, gilt als gut etablierter Serum-Tumormarker für Diagnostik und Therapiemonitoring des Mammakarzinoms. PankoMabGEX™ ist ein glycooptimierter, voll humaner, therapeutischer anti-MUC1 Antikörper, der derzeit in Phase IIb Studien getestet wird und ein tumorassoziiertes, daher als TA-MUC1 bezeichnetes Glykoepitop auf MUC1 erkennt.
ChemInform Abstract: EIN EINFACHES VERFAHREN ZUR HERST. VON NAPHTHYL‐AETHERN UND ‐SULFIDEN (1972)

Abstract In Dimethylsulfoxid wird aus 2‐Fluor‐naphthalin (I) und tert. ‐Butylat (II) der tert. ‐Butyläther (III) hergestellt.
AN APPLICATION OF THE FRONT PHOTOPYROELECTRIC TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING THE THERMAL EFFUSIVITY OF SOME FOODS (2002)

ABSTRACT Photopyroelectric calorimetry, in the front (inverse) configuration (with thermally thick sensor and sample, and optically opaque sensor), was applied to measure the thermal effusivity of some fats and water-based juice products. The information was obtained via a frequency scan of the phase of the pyroelectric signal; the measurements need no calibration. The main advantages of this configuration above the other two previously proposed front schemes are: (i) it does not require the use of very thin foils or expensive semitransparent sensors; (ii) the information is contained in the phase of the signal (and not in the amplitude as usual), which is independent of the power fluctuations of the radiation source and, consequently, the results are more accurate and reproducible.
[THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CYTOKINE STATUS UNDER DIFFERENT CLINICAL VARIANTS OF GLOMERULONEPHRITIS]. (2015)

The article presents results of identification of indicators of cytokine status in 58 patients with glomerulonephritis using solid-phase immunoenzyme analysis. It is established that in patients with glomerulonephritis the level of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-lβ, IL-2, IL-10 and Ra-IL-1β) circulating in blood is augmented. The differences are established concerning cytokine status of patients depending on clinical type of disease. The level of production of IL-10, correlating with glomerular, tubular and erythropoietic functions of kidneys significantly effected formation of various clinical types of glomerulonephritis.
An Efficient Method for the Construction of Functionalized DNA Bearing Amino Acid Groups through Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Nucleoside Triphosphates Followed by Primer Extension or PCR (2007)

Single-step aqueous cross-coupling reactions of nucleobase-halogenated 2'-deoxynucleosides (8-bromo-2'-deoxyadenosine, 7-iodo-7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine, or 5-iodo-2'-deoxy-uridine) or their 5'-triphosphates with 4-boronophenylalanine or 4-ethynylphenylalanine have been developed and used for efficient synthesis of modified 2'-deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) bearing amino acid groups. These dNTPs were then tested as substrates for DNA polymerases for construction of functionalized DNA through primer extension and PCR. While 8-substituted adenosine triphosphates were poor substrates for DNA polymerases, the corresponding 7-substituted 7-deazaadenine and 5-substituted uracil nucleotides were efficiently incorporated in place of dATP or dTTP, respectively, by Pwo (Pyrococcus woesei) DNA polymerase. Nucleotides bearing the amino acid connected through the less bulky acetylene linker were incorporated more efficiently than those directly linked through a more bulky phenylene group. In addition, combinations of modified dATPs and dTTPs were incorporated by Pwo polymerase. Novel functionalized DNA duplexes bearing amino acid moieties were prepared by this two-step approach. PCR can be used for amplification of duplexes bearing large number of modifications, while primer extension is suitable for introduction of just one or several modifications in a single DNA strand.
Fabrication of a CuBi2O4/g-C3N4 p–n heterojunction with enhanced visible light photocatalytic efficiency toward tetracycline degradation (2017)

CuBi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> p–n heterojunction photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic activity were prepared through a facile calcining method.
Frequency Stabilized Nd+3:YAG Laser (1984)

Submegahertz frequency stability for Nd+3:YAG lasers at high lamp powers is very difficult to obtain due to thermal loading of the YAG rod. Byer et al. have reported a quasi-cw system producing 5msec pulses of peak power 100mW and ave rage power 5mW with a frequency stability of 200kHz and for an average lamp power of 60W. By employing a design that greatly reduces cavity sensitivity to thermal instabilities in the laser rod and by the use of a ring resonator of invar, we have achieved short-term frequency stability of approximately 400 kHz ms with a cw output power of 800mW. We believe that this is the best performance yet obtained for a high power (2.2 kW pump) cw YAG laser.
Adequacy of Descriptive Scales for Reporting Diet Intake in Institutionalized Elderly (1986)

The specific aim of this study was to determine the accuracy with which nursing home staff can use descriptive scales to evaluate the dietary intake of residents. The dietary intake of 50 randomly selected subjects was observed for 3 consecutive days and the mean intake of calories, protein and vitamin C was calculated. Licensed practical nurses (LPN) and nurse aides (NA) rated the adequacy of each residents' nutritional intake using 3-scales (Gosnell's 1973 general nutrition scale; protein and vitamin C intake scales). The percent agreement between staff rating of diet intake and the mean diet intake ranged from 22% to 44%. Reliability between LPN and NA ratings was low. The validity of the scales as determined by percent agreement between actual observed/calculated intake and rating scales was also less than acceptable. Interestingly, staff tended to rate diet intake as less favorable than it actually was observed to be. This error in rating may be useful since staff are more likely to attend to the nutritional needs of residents whose intake is deemed to be inadequate rather than adequate.
Burial conditions affect light responses ofDatura feroxseeds (1998)

Abstract The dormancy pattern of buried seeds of Datura ferox was studied by testing germination responses to red light (R), far-red light (FR) or darkness after exhumation at regular time intervals. The seeds were deeply dormant at the time of burial in winter. After three months (spring), exhumed seeds began to respond to an R pulse. Summer temperatures did not induce secondary dormancy. During winter of the second year, seed germination after an R pulse increased further; however, germination after an FR pulse or in darkness also increased and reached values close to R. Changes in seed germination after an R or an FR pulse and in darkness were studied in a factorial design experiment, combining different depths of burial (0.5, 5 and 10 cm), presence of vegetation (with or without vegetation canopies), and date of exhumation (4 or 7 months after burial). The seeds placed at 0.5 cm depth did not germinate in any light treatment. A very high sensitivity to light, indicated by the promotion of germination by an FR pulse compared to darkness, was exhibited only in seeds buried at 5 cm in a soil without vegetation. A typical R/FR reversible response was observed in seeds exhumed at 5 and 10 cm in almost all situations of burial; except in a soil without vegetation, at 10 cm depth, in late summer when even dark controls showed high germination. It is concluded that buried seeds of D. ferox are released from dormancy in two steps, the first step during the spring of the first year and the second step during the subsequent winter. This process is not obviously controlled by summer temperatures. The acquisition of a very high sensitivity to light depends on vegetation cover and depth of burial, and thus it is predicted to be affected by agricultural practices.