gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular Brain Imaging in the Multimodality Era (2012)

Multimodality molecular brain imaging encompasses in vivo visualization, evaluation, and measurement of cellular/molecular processes. Instrumentation and software developments over the past 30 years have fueled advancements in multimodality imaging platforms that enable acquisition of multiple complementary imaging outcomes by either combined sequential or simultaneous acquisition. This article provides a general overview of multimodality neuroimaging in the context of positron emission tomography as a molecular imaging tool and magnetic resonance imaging as a structural and functional imaging tool. Several image examples are provided and general challenges are discussed to exemplify complementary features of the modalities, as well as important strengths and weaknesses of combined assessments. Alzheimer's disease is highlighted, as this clinical area has been strongly impacted by multimodality neuroimaging findings that have improved understanding of the natural history of disease progression, early disease detection, and informed therapy evaluation.
IP next generation overview (1996)

article Free Access Share on IP next generation overview Author: Robert M. Hinden Ipsilon Networks, Inc., Palo Alto, CA Ipsilon Networks, Inc., Palo Alto, CAView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 39Issue 6June 1996pp 61–71https://doi.org/10.1145/228503.228517Published:01 June 1996Publication History 25citation2,896DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations25Total Downloads2,896Last 12 Months49Last 6 weeks4 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Extraction and pre-concentration of platinum and palladium from microwave-digested road dust via ion exchanging mesoporous silica microparticles prior to their quantification by quadrupole ICP-MS (2015)

We report on the use of mesoporous silica microparticles (μPs) functionalized with quarternary amino groups for the isolation of platinum and palladium tetrachloro complexes from aqueous road dust digests. The μPs have a size ranging from 450 to 850 nm and are suspended directly in the aqueous digests, upon which the anionic Pt and Pd complexes are retained on the cationic surface. Subsequently, the μPs are separated by centrifugation. Elements that cause spectral interferences in ICP-MS determination of Pt and Pd can be quantitatively removed by adding fresh 0.240 mol L<sup>-1</sup> HCl to the μPs and by repeating the centrifugation step. The analyte-loaded μPs are then dissolved in 0.1 mL of 2 mol L<sup>-1</sup> HF, diluted to 2 mL, and the solutions thus obtained are analyzed by quadrupole ICP-MS. This method avoids analyte elution from the sorbent. This "dispersed particle extraction" approach yielded a run-to-run relative standard deviation ≤ 5 % for Pt and ≤ 4 % for Pd (at 0.1 ng mL<sup>-1</sup>, <i>n</i> = 4 road dust digests). Method detection limits (expressed as concentrations in the dust samples) are 2 and 1 ng g<sup>-1</sup> for Pt and Pd, respectively. The method was validated by analysis of a reference material (BCR CRM 723) and applied to the analysis of road dust samples collected in downtown Vienna. Pt and Pd concentrations in samples collected in summer and in winter were compared, with concentrations ranging from 205 to 1445 ng g<sup>-1</sup> for Pt and from 201 to 1230 ng g<sup>-1</sup> for Pd. Graphical AbstractMesoporous silica microparticles (μPs) functionalized with quarternary amino groups were used for isolating platinum and palladium from aqueous road dust digests. The μPs were suspended directly in the aqueous digests, and the analyte-loaded μPs were analyzed using "dispersed particle extraction".
Reading and writing fluid Hypertext Narratives (2002)

We describe a new way to present and author hypertext narratives. The Fluid Reader constructs a unified interactive text from the content of multiple nodes and allows a reader to explore alternative paths within it. The Fluid Reader has been available as a hands-on museum exhibit for nearly a year to date, where it has been enjoyed by readers of all ages. Its success has prompted further interest and development in Fluid hypertexts. We have designed and implemented an authoring tool called the Fluid Writer that uses a new treetable visualization to help authors construct and manage alternative paths in a Fluid hypertext. Finally, an exploration of the narrative implications of Fluid hypertext suggests that it may be more suitable than conventional hypertext for formulaic fictions such as mystery stories.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Major Constituents in Chinese Medical Preparation Lianhua‐Qingwen Capsule by UPLC‐DAD‐QTOF‐MS (2015)

Lianhua-Qingwen capsule (LQC) is a commonly used Chinese medical preparation to treat viral influenza and especially played a very important role in the fight against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002-2003 in China. In this paper, a rapid ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detector and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS) method was established for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major constituents of LQC. A total of 61 compounds including flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, anthraquinones, triterpenoids, iridoids, and other types of compounds were unambiguously or tentatively identified by comparing the retention times and accurate mass measurement with reference compounds or literature data. Among them, twelve representative compounds were further quantified as chemical markers in quantitative analysis, including salidroside, chlorogenic acid, forsythoside E, cryptochlorogenic acid, amygdalin, sweroside, hyperin, rutin, forsythoside A, phillyrin, rhein, and glycyrrhizic acid. The UPLC-DAD method was evaluated with linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, stability, repeatability, and recovery tests. The results showed that the developed quantitative method was linear, sensitive, and precise for the quality control of LQC.
Biosynthetic Cyclization Catalysts for the Assembly of Peptide and Polyketide Natural Products (2021)

Many biologically active natural products are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), polyketide synthases (PKSs) and their hybrids. These megasynthetases contain modules possessing distinct catalytic domains that allow for substrate initiation, chain extension, processing and termination. At the end of a module, a terminal domain, usually a thioesterase (TE), is responsible for catalyzing the release of the NRPS or PKS as a linear or cyclized product. In this review, we address the general cyclization mechanism of the TE domain, including oligomerization and the fungal C-C bond forming Claisen-like cyclases (CLCs). Additionally, we include examples of cyclization catalysts acting within or at the end of a module. Furthermore, condensation-like (C<sub>T</sub>) domains, terminal reductase (R) domains, reductase-like domains that catalyze Dieckmann condensation (R<sub>D</sub>), thioesterase-like Dieckmann cyclases, <i>trans</i>-acting TEs from the penicillin binding protein (PBP) enzyme family, product template (PT) domains and others will also be reviewed. The studies summarized here highlight the remarkable diversity of NRPS and PKS cyclization catalysts for the production of biologically relevant, complex cyclic natural products and related compounds.
An overview of the lightning and atmospheric electricity observations collected in Southern France during the HYdrological cycle in Mediterranean EXperiment (HyMeX), Special Observation Period 1 (2014)

Abstract. The PEACH (Projet en Electricité Atmosphérique pour la Campagne HyMeX – the Atmospheric Electricity Project of HyMeX Program) project is the Atmospheric Electricity component of the HyMeX (Hydrology cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment) experiment and is dedicated to the observation of both lightning activity and electrical state of continental and maritime thunderstorms in the area of the Mediterranean Sea. During the HyMeX SOP1 (Special Observation Period; 5 September–6 November 2012), four European Operational Lightning Locating Systems (OLLSs) (ATDNET, EUCLID, LINET, ZEUS) and the HyMeX Lightning Mapping Array network (HyLMA) were used to locate and characterize the lightning activity over the Southeastern Mediterranean at flash, storm and regional scales. Additional research instruments like slow antennas, video cameras, micro-barometer and microphone arrays were also operated. All these observations in conjunction with operational/research ground-based and airborne radars, rain gauges and in situ microphysical records aimed at characterizing and understanding electrically active and highly precipitating events over Southeastern France that often lead to severe flash floods. Simulations performed with Cloud Resolving Models like Meso-NH and WRF are used to interpret the results and to investigate further the links between dynamics, microphysics, electrification and lightning occurrence. A description of the different instruments deployed during the field campaign as well as the available datasets is given first. Examples of concurrent observations from radio frequency to acoustic for regular and atypical lightning flashes are then presented showing a rather comprehensive description of lightning flashes available from the SOP1 records. Then examples of storms recorded during HyMeX SOP1 over Southeastern France are briefly described to highlight the unique and rich dataset collected. Finally the next steps of the work required for the delivery of reliable lightning-derived products to the HyMeX community are discussed.
Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis by melatonin in human myeloid HL‐60 cells (2007)

Melatonin is an indoleamine that is synthesized in the pineal gland and has an extensive repertoire of biological activities. In the present study, we found that melatonin reduced the growth of the human myeloid leukemia cells HL-60, inhibiting progression from G(1) to S phase of the cell cycle and increasing apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, melatonin treatment elevated cytochrome c release from mitochondria and augmented caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities. Upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 was also observed upon melatonin treatment. The effects of melatonin were found not to be mediated by membrane receptors for the indoleamine. Together, our results suggest that melatonin reduces the viability of HL-60 cells via induction of apoptosis primarily through regulation of Bax/Bcl-2 expression.
Phosphines and N‐Heterocycles Joining Forces: an Emerging Structural Motif in PNP‐Pincer Chemistry (2020)

Aminodiphosphines and their monoanionic amido derivatives are among the most widely used tridentate ligands. A good share of these ligands, in particular the ones that are based on a rigid N ‐heterocyclic core, is predisposed to coordinate in a meridional fashion. Negatively charged derivatives of these meridionally coordinating N ‐heterocyclic ligands satisfy all the criteria for PNP pincer scaffolds. Herein, these ligands and their coordination chemistry is reviewed from the perspective of coordination chemistry. For our discussion, ligands containing a protonated N ‐heterocycle (e.g. pyrrole‐ or carbazole‐based PNP scaffolds) are to be distinguished from their counterparts that do not contain such an NH‐functionality (e.g. pyridine‐ or triazine‐based PNP scaffolds). Different synthetic methodologies for the preparation of PNP pincer complexes are presented and shown to often depend on the presence or absence of the aforementioned NH‐proton. The different reactivity patterns of the resulting complexes are sub‐divided into two categories, namely into metal‐centered reactions and reactions that result in a chemical transformation at the metal and the ligand. The latter represent ligand‐cooperative transformations, which often play a key role in catalysis, and are showcased by discussing selected applications in catalysis. It will become evident in this review that this relatively young research field is still emerging and far from reaching maturity. Finally, a brief overview on ligand/metal combinations that have not been explored to date is provided, to stimulate future research on PNP pincers featuring a central N ‐heterocycle.
An $O(\log \log m)$ Prophet Inequality for Subadditive Combinatorial Auctions (2022)

Prophet inequalities compare the expected performance of an online algorithm for a stochastic optimization problem to the expected optimal solution in hindsight. They are a major alternative to classic worst-case competitive analysis, of particular importance in the design and analysis of simple (posted-price) incentive compatible mechanisms with provable approximation guarantees. A central open problem in this area concerns subadditive combinatorial auctions. Here $n$ agents with subadditive valuation functions compete for the assignment of $m$ items. The goal is to find an allocation of the items that maximizes the total value of the assignment. The question is whether there exists a prophet inequality for this problem that significantly beats the best known approximation factor of $O(\log m)$. We make major progress on this question by providing an $O(\log \log m)$ prophet inequality. Our proof goes through a novel primal-dual approach. It is also constructive, resulting in an online policy that takes the form of static and anonymous item prices that can be computed in polynomial time given appropriate query access to the valuations. As an application of our approach, we construct a simple and incentive compatible mechanism based on posted prices that achieves an $O(\log \log m)$ approximation to the optimal revenue for subadditive valuations under an item-independence assumption.
Macromol. React. Eng. 4/2012 (2012)

Cover: A mathematical model for microencapsulation of pancreatic islets within crosslinked biofunctional PEG hydrogel membranes based on the Numerical Fractionation technique. The model could also be utilized for specific applications of tissue engineering, where localization of proteins with a gradient is desirable for optimizing engineered tissue formation (Cover image prepared by Doğan Gidon). Further details can be found in the article by R. Kizilel and S. Kizilel* on page 160.
Left Circumflex Artery Rupture with Left Atrial Tamponade and Functional Mitral Stenosis (2018)

The growth in percutaneous transluminal devices has enabled operators to tackle more complex, native, and post-bypass surgery anatomy. However, complications such as coronary artery dissection, coronary perforation, retrograde aortic dissection, arrhythmias, and acute coronary syndrome still occur with resulting mortality rates of up to 4.2% in complex interventions. Perforation of the circumflex artery is of particular interest in view of its position and relation to the surrounding cardiac structures. This is a site of potential fluid collection, and as the left atrium is fixed to the parietal pericardium at the entry of the pulmonary veins, fluid in the oblique sinus can accumulate enough pressure to compress the left atrium and the coronary sinus. We present a case of left circumflex artery perforation which demonstrates the physiologic complications of coronary sinus and left atrial compression and the resultant functional mitral stenosis.
Pectin induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells: correlation of apoptotic function with pectin structure (2007)

Treatment options for androgen-independent prostate cancer cells are limited. Therefore, it is critical to identify agents that induce death of both androgen-responsive and androgen-insensitive cells. Here we demonstrate that a product of plant cell walls, pectin, is capable of inducing apoptosis in androgen-responsive (LNCaP) and androgen-independent (LNCaP C4-2) human prostate cancer cells. Commercially available fractionated pectin powder (FPP) induced apoptosis (approximately 40-fold above non-treated cells) in both cell lines as determined by the Apoptosense assay and activation of caspase-3 and its substrate, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Conversely, citrus pectin (CP) and the pH-modified CP, PectaSol, had little or no apoptotic activity. Glycosyl residue composition and linkage analyses revealed no significant differences among the pectins. Mild base treatment to remove ester linkages destroyed FPP's apoptotic activity and yielded homogalacturonan (HG) oligosaccharides. The treatment of FPP with pectinmethylesterase to remove galacturonosyl carboxymethylesters and/or with endopolygalacturonase to cleave nonmethylesterified HG caused no major reduction in apoptotic activity, implicating the requirement for a base-sensitive linkage other than the carboxymethylester. Heat treatment of CP (HTCP) led to the induction of significant levels of apoptosis comparable to FPP, suggesting a means for generating apoptotic pectic structures. These results indicate that specific structural elements within pectin are responsible for the apoptotic activity, and that this structure can be generated, or enriched for, by heat treatment of CP. These findings provide the foundation for mechanistic studies of pectin apoptotic activity and a basis for the development of pectin-based pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, or recommended diet changes aimed at combating prostate cancer occurrence and progression.
Some features of impact penetration of penetrators into ground of celestial bodies (2021)

The article discusses the features of the inertial explosion of metal products and the prevention of its occurrence during its impact introduction of a metal penetrator into the ground of celestial bodies. The possibility of an inertial explosion in metal penetrators is determined when calculating the critical overload of the Gcr that exceeds a certain threshold value for each metal. These values are determined for a number of alloys and high-purity metals widely used in rocket and space technology for Earth and space temperatures. The features of reducing the critical overload threshold of the Gcr for space conditions at cryogenic temperatures and ways to prevent an inertial explosion are discussed
Cu–Catalyzed Tandem Oxidation of N ‐Substituted Indolines to Isatins (2018)

Abstract The direct transformation of N ‐substituted indoline to isatin derivatives has been developed, this reaction employed cheap Cu catalyst and aqueous tert ‐butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant. Primary mechanism studies suggested that the indolines was initially oxidized to indoles which further undergo Cu‐catalyzed oxidation to isatins.
General Aspects and Neuropathology of X‐Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2010)

X-adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a metabolic, peroxisomal disease affecting the nervous system, adrenal cortex and testis resulting from inactivating mutations in ABCD1 gene which encodes a peroxisomal membrane half-adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter, ABCD1 (or ALDP), whose defect is associated with impaired peroxisomal beta-oxidation and accumulation of saturated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in tissues and body fluids. Several phenotypes are recognized in male patients including cerebral ALD in childhood, adolescence or adulthood, adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), Addison's disease and, eventually, gonadal insufficiency. Female carriers might present with mild to severe myeloneuropathy that resembles AMN. There is a lack of phenotype-genotype correlations, as the same ABCD1 gene mutation may be associated with different phenotypes in the same family, suggesting that genetic, epigenetic, environmental and stochastic factors are probably contributory to the development and course of the disease. Degenerative changes, like those seen in pure AMN without cerebral demyelination, are characterized by loss of axons and secondary myelin in the long tracts of the spinal cord, possibly related to the impaired lipid metabolism of VLCFAs and the associated alterations (ie, oxidative damage). Similar lesions are encountered following inactivation of ABCD1 in mice (ABCD1(-)). A different and more aggressive phenotype is secondary to cerebral demyelination, very often accompanied by inflammatory changes in the white matter of the brain and associated with activation of T lymphocytes, CD1 presentation and increased levels of cytokines, gamma-interferon, interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-2 and IL-6, Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, chemokines and chemokine receptors.
Analysis and design of silicon/silicon-germanium terahertz diodes. (2007)

This thesis investigated the potential and limitations of transit-time diodes as power sources in the millimeter-wave frequency range. A full band Monte Carlo program was developed to study charge transport dynamics on device performance. The program models charge transport based on detailed scattering mechanisms. It calculates diode DC, small-signal RF and large-signal RF properties by using different boundary conditions. Important device physics that limits the diode high frequency performance were illustrated by comparing the DC and small-signal results with the solutions from a simpler drift-diffusion method. The power generation capability of Si and SiGe mixed tunneling avalanche transit-time (MITATT) diodes were predicted based on the large-signal results. Simulation showed that charge non-equilibrium transport phenomena, velocity overshoot and dead-space for impact ionization, degrade the diode negative conductance. The velocity overshoot effect increases the power consumption by the diode itself, and the dead-space increases the effective generation region width. A SiGe generation region was designed to improve the charge injection conditions. The large-signal results showed that the SiGe MITATT diode improves the power generation by 63% at 200 GHz and 20% at 250 GHz. For frequencies beyond 300 GHz, both Si and SiGe MITATT diodes showed great promise for power generation. They produce more than 8 mW at 300 GHz and more than 1 mW at 400 GHz. The experimental method is critical in this frequency range. A good experimental method with excellent thermal handling capability extends the diode operating frequency up to 500 GHz with 1 mW of RF power. An integrated fabrication process was developed to achieve the desired electrical and thermal requirements based on the theoretical calculations. The traditional experimental method is no longer suitable for high frequency circuit applications due to the wire bonding approach used. This thesis developed a process which integrates the matching circuit into the device fabrication. As a result, diodes smaller than 10 mum were achieved which is a key requirement for high frequency circuits. A fully integrated oscillator circuit can be further developed based on this process.