gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of the Cat Scratch Disease Agent Bartonella henselae by Cat Fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) (1996)

We assayed the ability of cat fleas to become infected with Bartonella henselae, using an artificial feeding device. Fleas fed a concentration of 1 X 105 cfu/ml in blood were examined using immunofluorescent antibody assay and polymerase chain reaction. Bacteria were present in the gut at 3 h, and persisted up to 9 d after infection. Qualitatively, the density of B. henselae was greater in the flea gut at 9 d, indicating that replication was occurring in the gut. B. henselae also was detected in the feces of infected fleas 9 d after infection, and produced viable colonies upon inoculation onto heart infusion agar/rabbit blood plates. Our results indicate that fleas can maintain infection with B. henselae, and may play a role in the transmission of this bacterium from infected cats to humans.
Extraction of graphene/TiN work function using metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) test structure (2012)

Workfunction of graphene/TiN stack is estimated using a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) test structure. A thickness series in SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> is used to exclude the contribution of fixed oxide charges and interface states to the flat band voltage. Workfunction of thick multilayer graphene sheets (~ 7nm) is obtained as 5.04 eV. Incorporation of graphene in the gate stack of MOS structure is seen to result in negligible contribution of charges to flatband voltage. This implies that flatband shift can be used for estimating the work function with reasonable accuracy, especially if SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> in the thickness range of 3-4 nm is used.
The VirSR Two-Component Signal Transduction System Regulates NetB Toxin Production in Clostridium perfringens (2010)

Clostridium perfringens causes several diseases in domestic livestock, including necrotic enteritis in chickens, which is of concern to the poultry industry due to its health implications and associated economic cost. The novel pore-forming toxin NetB is a critical virulence factor in the pathogenesis of this disease. In this study, we have examined the regulation of NetB toxin production. In C. perfringens, the quorum sensing-dependent VirSR two-component signal transduction system regulates genes encoding several toxins and extracellular enzymes. Analysis of the sequence upstream of the netB gene revealed the presence of potential DNA binding sites, or VirR boxes, that are recognized by the VirR response regulator. In vitro binding experiments showed that purified VirR was able to recognize and bind to these netB-associated VirR boxes. Furthermore, using a reporter gene assay, the netB VirR boxes were shown to be functional. Mutation of the virR gene in two avian C. perfringens strains was shown to significantly reduce the production of the NetB toxin; culture supernatants derived from these strains were no longer cytotoxic to Leghorn male hepatoma cells. Complementation with the virRS operon restored the toxin phenotypes to wild type. The results also showed that the VirSR two-component system regulates the expression of netB at the level of transcription. We postulate that in the gastrointestinal tract of infected birds, NetB production is upregulated when the population of C. perfringens cells reaches a threshold level that leads to activation of the VirSR system.
Impact of the dark path on quantum dot single photon emitters in small cavities (2014)

Incoherent pumping in quantum dots can create a biexciton state through two paths: via the formation of bright or dark exciton states. The latter, dark-pumping path is shown to enhance the probability of two-photon simultaneous emission and hence increase g((2))(0) by a factor ∝ 1/γ(S), due to the slow spin relaxation rate γ(S) in quantum dots. The existence of the dark path is shown to impose a limitation on the single photon emission process, especially in nanocavities which exhibit a large exciton-cavity coupling and a Purcell enhancement for fast quantum telecommunications.
Trans-dimensional Bayesian inversion of airborne electromagnetic data for 2D conductivity profiles (2017)

This paper presents the application of a novel trans-dimensional sampling approach to a time domain airborne electromagnetic (AEM) inverse problem to solve for plausible conductivities of the subsurface. Geophysical inverse field problems, such as time domain AEM, are well known to have a large degree of non-uniqueness. Common least-squares optimisation approaches fail to take this into account and provide a single solution with linearised estimates of uncertainty that can result in overly optimistic appraisal of the conductivity of the subsurface. In this new non-linear approach, the spatial complexity of a 2D profile is controlled directly by the data. By examining an ensemble of proposed conductivity profiles it accommodates non-uniqueness and provides more robust estimates of uncertainties.
Investigating the Effect of Changing the Working Fluid on the Three-Dimensional Flow Within Organic Rankine Cycle Turbines (2016)

For small and micro scale (&lt; 50 kWe) organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems to be commercially viable, systems are required that can operate efficiently over a range of operating conditions. This will lead to the high volume, low cost production that is critical to improve the current economy of scale, and reduce system costs. This requirement will inevitably mean utilising the same system within a range of different applications and may also require the same turbine to operate in different systems where the working fluid may change. Under these circumstances it is therefore important to develop suitable models that can determine the off design performance of these turbines. This will help to understand how the performance of existing ORC turbines responds to such changes. This topic is also of interest when considering retrofitting existing systems with more modern working fluids, which meet current environmental regulations. Recent work by the authors has developed a turbine design model and produced a candidate radial turbine design. Furthermore a modified similitude theory has been developed and validated, which can be used to predict turbine performance following a change in working fluid. This paper extends this analysis to a wider array of working fluids, and in addition to comparing the important performance parameters such as mass flow rate and turbine efficiency, a detailed comparison of the resulting flow field, blade loading distributions and velocity triangles is also presented. Predictions made using the modified similitude theory are compared to steady and unsteady 3D RANS CFD simulations completed using the commercial solver ANSYS CFX. Real fluid properties are accounted for by generating property tables using REFPROP. By comparing these important flow features the validity of the modified similitude model can be examined to a much greater extent.
Studies on Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators. II. Synthesis and Some Reactions of 1-Aryloxyacylpyrazoles (1966)

In view of recently reported chemical reactivities of the azolides, a number of 1-aryloxyacylpyrazoles were synthesized for their evaluation as plant growth regulator. The structure of 1-aryloxyacylpyrazoles derived from unsymmetrical pyrazoles was discussed on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance data. Some reactions of 1-aryloxyacylpyrazoles were also described.
Survival of Freeze Dried Bacterial Cultures (1963)

The survival of 100 strains of bacteria, representing 15 genera, on freeze drying and during storage in the freeze dried state for 10 years has been assessed. Gram‐positive organisms tended to survive better than Gram‐negative. Viable organisms were recovered from all but one of the cultures.
Qualitative Differences in the Behavior of Pneumococcal Deoxyribonucleic Acids Transforming to the Same Capsular Type (1967)

A method is described for estimating quantitatively the frequency of transformation of pneumococci to new capsular types. It is found that, when S-(III) cells are exposed to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from wild-type I strains, transformation to SI occurs at a frequency 20 to 60 times that of transformation to the binary type SI-III. SI markers on DNA isolated from binary strains behave qualitatively and quantitatively in a different manner from the same markers on DNA from wild-type I strains and will transform S-(III) cells only to SI-III. Strains are described which produce only one capsular polysaccharide, but which are genetically binary and carry a second capsular genome with a mutated gene so that the second polysaccharide is not produced. Stability and other characteristics of binary strains are discussed, and one hypothesis for the genetic organization of binary strains is presented.
Taming Radical Pairs in the Crystalline Solid State: Discovery and Total Synthesis of Psychotriadine (2021)

Solid-state photodecarbonylation is an attractive but underutilized methodology to forge hindered C-C bonds in complex molecules. This study discloses the use of this reaction to assemble the vicinal quaternary stereocenter motif present in bis(cyclotryptamine) alkaloids. Our strategy was enabled by experimental and computational investigations of the role of substrate conformation on the success or failure of the solid-state photodecarbonylation reaction. This informed a crystal engineering strategy to optimize the key step of the total synthesis. Ultimately, this endeavor culminated in the successful synthesis of the bis(cyclotryptamine) alkaloid "psychotriadine," which features the elusive piperidinoindoline framework. Psychotriadine, a previously unknown compound, was identified in the extracts of the flower <i>Psychotria colorata</i>, suggesting it is a naturally occurring metabolite.
Effects of Exercise Training on Myocardial Fatty Acid Metabolism in Rats With Depressed Cardiac Function Induced by Transient Ischemia (2001)

The effects of exercise training on metabolic and functional recovery after myocardial transient ischemia were investigated in a rat model. Male Wistar Kyoto rats were subjected either to a 30-min left coronary artery occlusion followed by reperfusion or to a sham operation. At 4 weeks after operation, the rats were randomly assigned either to sedentary conditions or to exercise training for 6 weeks. In the ischemic rats, pinhole SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) imaging with thallium-201 (201Tl) and 123I-(rho-iodophenyl)-3-R,S-methylpentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) showed a reduction of both myocardial perfusion and fatty acid metabolism in the risk zone of the left ventricle (LV). The LV was dilated and the ejection fraction was decreased after ischemic injury. The severity score showed a significant decrease on both 201Tl and BMIPP (201Tl, from 19.9+/-2.7 to 17.0+/-2.2, p<0.05; BMIPP, from 21.5+/-2.4 to 18.6+/-1.9, p<0.05) after exercise training in the ischemic trained rats, but did not change significantly in their sedentary counterparts. Plasma levels of free fatty acids normalized in the ischemic trained rats, but elevated in the ischemic sedentary rats (0.53+/-0.05 vs 0.73+/-0.06 mmol/L, p<0.05). Furthermore, the trained rats had a significant increase in LV stroke volume (0.25+/-0.02 vs 0.21+/-0.01 ml/beat, p<0.05) and adaptive cardiac hypertrophy. These findings demonstrate that adaptive improvements in myocardial perfusion, fatty-acid metabolism and LV function were induced by exercise training after transient ischemia.
Closed-Form Optimal Power Allocation for Weighted Rate Sum Maximization in Gaussian Broadcast Channel (2012)

This paper is motivated by optimal adaptive resource allocation policies at the base station in wireless communication systems, and we particularly study the maximization of the weighted rate sum in Gaussian broadcast channel. The problem of finding the optimal power allocation in Gaussian broadcast channel is non-convex and intractable to solve using traditional methods with low complexity. In this paper, we derive a closed-form optimal solution of the weighted rate sum maximization in Gaussian broadcast channel. The derived closed-form optimal solution can give the optimal power allocation for the weighted rate sum maximization one time and does not need to determine the water level and iterative process. Thus, it is very easy to be implemented with an adaptive power allocation in the real communication systems.
Desktop manufacturing of complex objects, prototypes and biomedical scaffolds by means of computer-assisted design combined with computer-guided 3D plotting of polymers and reactive oligomers (2000)

Computer-assisted design and image processing were combined with computer-guided one- and two-component air-driven 3D dispensing of hotmelts, solutions, pastes, dispersions of polymers as well as monomers and reactive oligomers to produce solid objects with complex shapes and tailor-made internal structures. During the 3D plotting process either individual microdots or microstrands were positioned in order to construct complex objects, fibers, tubes and scaffolds similar to non-wovens. The resolution was in the range of 200 μm and depended upon inner nozzle diameter, air pressure, plotting speed, rheology, and plotting medium. Plotting in liquid media with densities similar to that of the dispensing liquid eliminated the need for construction of temporary support structures. The design capabilities of this computer-guided 3D plotting process was demonstrated using conventional moisture-curable silicone resin.
Low complexity fast filter bank-based channelization in L-DACS1 for aeronautical communications (2015)

Studies related to the growth of air traffic forecast that the air traffic is likely to double in next decade, which will heavily increase the load on aeronautical communications. Current systems will not be able to support this increase in the aeronautical communications; and hence there is a need of new reliable and high speed communication system for the air-to-ground (A/G) communications. European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL) has proposed the use of IEEE L-band for A/G communications. Currently, two candidate systems are being studied for this proposed L-band Digital Aeronautical Communications System (L-DACS), namely L-DACS1 and LDACS2, under the initiatives funded by EUROCONTROL. In this paper we consider one of the candidate systems, L-DACS1, and propose a fast filter bank (FFB)-based channelizer for L-DACS1. We show that use of FFB enables simultaneous extraction of up to eight L-DACS1 channels (frequency bands), with 49% to 85% savings in number of multipliers over conventional methods and faster filtering operation without compromising on the filtering performance.
Time to Play? (2010)

The online session behavior of users in a multiplayer online role playing game is examined. Three dimensions of online sessions are studied: frequency of sessions, distribution of start and stop times, and duration. These measures are modeled and examined econometrically to understand their relationships with attributes of the users and their avatars. Frequency is analyzed by using a negative binomial regression to uncover relationships with contributing factors, such as the experience level of players and the number of avatars per user account. Start and stop time distributions are examined aggregately with discrete choice models that capture the probability of starting a session in relation to the sociodemographics of users. Duration models are estimated by using data on the characteristics of events that occur within the duration and other user sociodemographics and player attributes. Since sessions are not explicitly indicated within the data set, sessions were stitched together on the basis of an assumed threshold for offline duration. Overall, these models and results provide insight into temporal characteristics of online sessions, including their aggregate traffic characteristics, such as frequency, headways, and duration length. These results also provide information on the nature of online game playing from a user perspective.
Macromol. Rapid Commun. 3/2008 (2008)

Cover: Poly( p ‐phenylene vinylenes) (PPVs) are very useful materials for optoelectronic devices, and the Gilch reaction offers powerful access to these intensely colored polymers. However, minimizing intrinsic defects and tailoring the molar masses are still difficult tasks. The cover picture underlines that oxygen acts very efficiently as a retarder and regulator in this functional polymer synthesis. Further details can be found in the article by T. Schwalm and M. Rehahn * on page 207.
Urinary excretion of purine derivatives inBos indicus×Bos tauruscrossbred cattle (2005)

Four experiments were performed to study the kinetics of purine metabolism and urinary excretion in Zebu crossbred cattle. Fasting excretion was established in Expt 1, using eighteen male Bos indicus x Bos taurus crossbred cattle (261 (SE 9.1) kg body weight), six of each of the following genotypes: 5/8 Bos indicus, 1/2 Bos indicus and 3/8 Bos indicus. No significant differences were observed among genotypes in fasting purine derivative excretion (277.3 (SE 35.43) micromol/metabolic body weight). In a second experiment we measured the xanthine oxidase activity, which was higher in liver than in duodenal mucosa (0.64 and 0.06 (SE 0.12) units/g wet tissue per min respectively; P>0.05) being in plasma 0.60 (SE 0.36) units/l per min. The kinetics of uric acid were measured by intravenous pulse dose of [1,3-15N]uric acid (Expt 3). The cumulative recovery of the isotope in urine was 82 (SE 6.69) %, and uric acid plasma removal, pool size and mean retention time were 0.284 (SE 0.051) per h, 5.45 (SE 0.823) mmol and 3.52 (SE 0.521) h, respectively. Allantoin was removed from plasma at an estimated fractional rate of 0.273 (SE 0.081) per h and mean retention was 3.66 (SE 1.08) h. In Expt 4, the relationship between urinary purine derivative excretion (Y; mmol/d) and digestible organic matter intake (X, kg/d) was defined by the equation: Y=7.69 (SE 4.2)+5.69 (SE 1.68) X; n 16, Se 1.31, r 0.67.
Cellular immune response induced by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi iron-regulated outer-membrane proteins at peripheral and mucosal levels (2005)

The role of purified iron-regulated outer-membrane proteins (IROMPs) from Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi in modulation of specific T-cell responses was studied. The cellular immune response induced by IROMPs was measured by assessing the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, lymphocyte proliferation, T-cell phenotyping and cytokine-producing cells using lymphocytes isolated from the spleen and Peyer's patches of IROMPs-immunized, immunized-challenged, infected and control mice. IROMPs immunization resulted in an enhanced DTH response and exhibited a significant increase in the protein-specific proliferative response of lymphocyte from the spleen as well as Peyer's patches. A significant increase was also observed in the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ cells in the immunized mice as compared to the infected mice. Results of the cytokine analysis revealed that during the initial period there was increased production of interleukin (IL)-2- and interferon (IFN)-gamma-producing cells in the spleen and Peyer's patches, indicating a Th1 type response, whereas in the later period of the study, increased production of IL-4-producing cells suggested a Th2 type response. The results of this study suggest a role for S. Typhi IROMPs in modulating the cellular immune response at peripheral and mucosal levels.
Monoclonal Antibody Against the Active Site of Caeruloplasmin and the ELISA System Detecting Active Caeruloplasmin (1994)

Serum caeruloplasmin deficiency is a characteristic biochemical abnormality found in patients with Wilson's disease, but the mechanism of this disease is unknown. Although the phenylenediamine oxidase activity of serum caeruloplasmin is markedly low in patients with Wilson's disease, mRNA of caeruloplasmin exists to some extent. To investigate the deficiency of caeruloplasmin oxidase activity in Wilson's disease, we generated 14 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and selected ID1, which had the strongest reactivity, and ID2, which had neutralizing ability. We also established a system to measure active caeruloplasmin specifically using these MAbs. These MAbs and the system will be useful tools in analyzing the active site of caeruloplasmin in patients with Wilson's disease.
Distinguishing between rheophysical regimes of fluid-saturated granular-flows using dilatancy and acoustic emission measurements (2021)

Abstract Dry granular flows provide an ongoing challenge to physics and under saturation the multiphase physics is even more difficult to disentangle. A rich literature has elucidated the possible regimes achieved, however, the nonlinear nature of the multiphase process makes predicting the appropriate dynamic regime difficult. In this study, we introduce a new experimental strategy to identify the appropriate dynamical regimes by combining traditional methods with acoustic emission measurements. We sheared natural granular materials under dry, water and oil-saturated conditions while recording mechanical, acoustic and visual data. By applying alternate low and high velocity steps we respectively obtained quasi-static and inertial granular flow regimes. Dilation was observed for all high-velocity flows but its amount varied as did the degree of acoustic emission. At high velocities, the water-saturated flow dilated less and had reduced acoustic emissions relative to the dry case. In contrast, the oil-saturated flow dilated more while having even less acoustic emissions. This difference in trends of the dilation and acoustic emissions with increasing fluid viscosity suggests that oil and water granular flows achieved distinct dynamical regimes. Damping of granular pressure by reducing grain collisions and Dilatancy due to fully lubricated contacts are two competing processes influence the saturated shear physics and theoretically expected, but distinguishing between the regimes is difficult to anticipate. The acoustic emissions provide an extra piece of information that allows us to distinguish the physical regimes and determine the competition between processes that control the physics of saturated granular flows in the granular inertial regime.
Integrative Structural Biology in the Era of Accurate Structure Prediction (2021)

Characterizing the three-dimensional structure of macromolecules is central to understanding their function. Traditionally, structures of proteins and their complexes have been determined using experimental techniques such as X-ray crystallography, NMR, or cryo-electron microscopy-applied individually or in an integrative manner. Meanwhile, however, computational methods for protein structure prediction have been improving their accuracy, gradually, then suddenly, with the breakthrough advance by AlphaFold2, whose models of monomeric proteins are often as accurate as experimental structures. This breakthrough foreshadows a new era of computational methods that can build accurate models for most monomeric proteins. Here, we envision how such accurate modeling methods can combine with experimental structural biology techniques, enhancing integrative structural biology. We highlight the challenges that arise when considering multiple structural conformations, protein complexes, and polymorphic assemblies. These challenges will motivate further developments, both in modeling programs and in methods to solve experimental structures, towards better and quicker investigation of structure-function relationships.