gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF THE EUGLENOPHYTES USING SSU RDNA (2000)

Almost since the creation of the genus Euglena (Ehrenberg), the taxa assigned to it have been separated, split apart, and reorganized into new genera based on morphological relationships, resulting in the creation of the genera Phacus (Dujardin), Lepocinclis (Perty), Astasia (Pringsheim), and Khawkinea ( Jahn and McKibben) based on intuitive methods. In an effort to assess the validity of these genera, we have used small subunit (SSU) rDNA data to generate a phylogenetic framework for these genera, with particular attention to the genus Euglena. Using the conserved sequence areas, we performed a phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and distance methods. These different criteria have resulted in trees of the same topology. The euglenoid clade was composed of phagotrophic euglenoids at the base, which gave rise to phototrophs that in turn gave rise to osmotrophs. Among the photosynthetic taxa, the biflagellate form diverged prior to the uniflagellate form. Additionally, the need for a revision in the taxonomy of some of these genera was demonstrated. Currently, taxa from the photosynthetic genera Euglena, Phacus, and Lepocinclis do not form monophyletic clades, but are intermixed with each other as well as with the osmotrophic taxa, Astasia and Khawkinea.
Integrating XML and databases (2001)

XML is becoming a standard for data communication over the Internet. Like HTML, it is a markup language, but it supports a richer set of features, such as user-defined tags that allow both data and descriptive information about data to be represented within a single document. At the same time, presentation aspects remain decoupled from data representation. XML's flexibility lets it serve as a metalanguage for defining other markup languages specialized for specific contexts. A document type definition (DTD) describes the tags documents can use, customized to the specific semantic requirements of the application context, and the rules connecting tags with their contents. These capabilities make XML a common data format for data interchange between computer systems and between applications. XML's proliferation raises the question of how data transferred by XML documents can be read, stored, and queried. In other words, how can database management systems (DBMSs) handle XML documents?.
Automatically generating extraction patterns from untagged text (1996)

Many corpus-based natural language processing systems rely on text corpora that have been manually annotated with syntactic or semantic tags. In particular, all previous dictionary construction systems for information extraction have used an annotated training corpus or some form of annotated input. We have developed a system called AutoSlog-TS that creates dictionaries of extraction patterns using only untagged text. AutoSlog-TS is based on the AutoSlog system, which generated extraction patterns using annotated text and a set of heuristic rules. By adapting AutoSlog and combining it with statistical techniques, we eliminated its dependency on tagged text. In experiments with the MUG-4 terrorism domain, AutoSlog-TS created a dictionary of extraction patterns that performed comparably to a dictionary created by AutoSlog, using only preclassified texts as input.
C-Glycosylflavonoids. II. The synthesis of 7,4'-Di-O-methylpuerarin (8-C-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone) (1978)

The product of reaction of 2'-acetoxy-4,4'-dimethoxy-3'-(tetraacetyl-ß-D-glucopyranosyl)chalcone (4) with thallium(III) nitrate in methanol/trimethyl orthoformate solution gave, after acid hydrolysis, a high yield of 7,4'-di-O-methylpuerarin (2). The dimethyl acetal (6) and the enol ether (7) have been isolated from the reaction of the chalcone (4) with thallium(III) nitrate in methanol. Both the acetal (6) and ether (7) gave 7,4'-di-O-methylpuerarin on reaction with acid or base.
ACTIONS OF TETRAHYDROPAPAVEROLINE ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND SKELETAL MUSCLES OF THE ANAESTHETIZED CAT AND ON GUINEA‐PIG SOLEUS MUSCLE IN VITRO (1978)

1. Tetrahydropapaveroline (THP) and isoprenaline have been compared for effects on heart rate, diastolic blood pressure and contractions of soleus and tibialis muscles in chloralose-anaesthetized cats and on in vitro guinea-pig soleus muscles. 2. All effects of THP were similar to those of isoprenaline. Maximal responses were the same and responses to both drugs were antagonized by propranolol. 3. THP produced an increase in heart rate, a fall in diastolic blood pressure and a decrease in the tension and degree of fusion of incomplete tetanic contractions of the soleus, being, respectively, 12.9, 14.7 and 19.6 times less potent than isoprenaline. The similarity in potency ratios suggests that THP is a non-selective beta-adrenoceptor agonist. 4. Effects on the guinea-pig soleus in vitro were similar to those in the cat soleus. 5. In the cat, THP enhanced the tension and duration of tibialis twitches, but the tibialis was about ten times less sensitive than the soleus to the effects of THP. 6. THP deepened neuromuscular blockade in partially curarized cat soleus and tibialis preparations. Doses required were ten times greater than for direct depressant effects on the soleus. 7. Agents which depress the tension and fusion of incomplete tetanic contractions of the cat soleus via beta-adrenoceptor stimulation cause tremor in man by peripheral effects on slow muscle fibres. THP is likely to exert such actions. This may explain why levodopa (a precursor of THP) sometimes precipitates a tremor crisis in Parkinsoniam patients, and why Parkinsonian tremor is relatively refractory to levodopa therapy. In such patients combination therapy with levodopa and a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibi;or (to reduce levels of THP) or a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist (to block the effects of THP on slow muscle fibres) could be advantageous.
Synthesis of Pyrrolidine Derivatives. IV (1965)

Previous paper reported the synthesis of 2-decarboxymethyl-ketone compound from 2-methylcyclopentanone derivative by its oxidative cleavage but this procedure is too long and tedious to synthesize the methyl-ketone compound of kainic acid. Therefore, a new synthetic method was tried by the addition of 3-hydroxyglutamic acid to the methyl vinyl ketone and cyclization to the pyrrolidine ring by the intramolecular Michael condensation of its product. As indicated in Chart 1, favourable cyclization reaction did not proceed with the diamide (XIII) of 3-hydroxyglutamic acid but the cyclization product, (2R:3R:4R) 2-carboxy-4-acetyl-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid (L-α-allokainic acid methyl-ketone compound) (α-allo-I), was obtained by the method shown in chart 2. Consequently, a new method for total syntheses of α-allokainic acid and its derivatives was completed.
Classification and comparison of schemes for providing scalable IP services over ATM networks (2005)

There are several approaches for the provision of scalable backbone IP over cell-based networks including multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) and multi-protocol over ATM (MPOA). This paper provides a classification that highlights the major differences between the various approaches. We classify approaches according to cut-through flow classification, path determination and forwarding granularity. This framework is used in conjunction with a comparative performance analysis to examine the strengths and weaknesses of popular approaches concentrating on MPLS and MPOA. We conclude that a new hybrid solution called destination-site label switching provides promising performance particularly in terms of flow classification and forwarding granularity.
Ethnic and racial-specific differences in levels of centrosome-associated mitotic kinases, proliferative and epithelial-to-mesenchymal markers in breast cancers (2022)

Molecular epidemiology evidence indicates racial and ethnic differences in the aggressiveness and survival of breast cancer. Hispanics/Latinas (H/Ls) and non-Hispanic Black women (NHB) are at higher risk of breast cancer (BC)-related death relative to non-Hispanic white (NHW) women in part because they are diagnosed with hormone receptor-negative (HR) subtype and at higher stages. Since the cell cycle is one of the most commonly deregulated cellular processes in cancer, we propose that the mitotic kinases TTK (or Mps1), TBK1, and Nek2 could be novel targets to prevent breast cancer progression among NHBs and H/Ls. In this study, we calculated levels of TTK, p-TBK1, epithelial (E-cadherin), mesenchymal (Vimentin), and proliferation (Ki67) markers through immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of breast cancer tissue microarrays (TMAs) that includes samples from 6 regions in the Southeast of the United States and Puerto Rico -regions enriched with NHB and H/L breast cancer patients. IHC analysis showed that TTK, Ki67, and Vimentin were significantly expressed in triple-negative (TNBC) tumors relative to other subtypes, while E-cadherin showed decreased expression. TTK correlated with all of the clinical variables but p-TBK1 did not correlate with any of them. TCGA analysis revealed that the mRNA levels of multiple mitotic kinases, including TTK, Nek2, Plk1, Bub1, and Aurora kinases A and B, and transcription factors that are known to control the expression of these kinases (e.g. FoxM1 and E2F1-3) were upregulated in NHBs versus NHWs and correlated with higher aneuploidy indexes in NHB, suggesting that these mitotic kinases may be future novel targets for breast cancer treatment in NHB women.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF MONO‐ AND POLYCHLOROCYCLOHEXADIENONES BY GASEOUS CHLORINATION OF A SOLID THYMOL (1982)

Abstract Bei der Chlorierung des Phenols (I) in polaren Lösungsmitteln werden die zu erwartenden Chlorphenole (II) bis (V) gebildet, wobei die Produkt‐ Verteilung mit dem Lösungsmittel differiert.
Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization (2000)

Controlled/living radical polymerization employs the principle equilibration between growing free radicals and various types dormant species. There are several approaches to achieve good control over molecular weights, polydispersities and end functionalities in these systems. They can be classified depending on the mechanism and chemistry of the equilibration/exchange process, as well as on the structure of the dormant species. Some them are catalyzed and some are not, some of them exhibit persistent radical effect and some do not. Currently three methods appear to be most efficient and may lead to commercial applications: nitroxide mediated polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization and degenerative transfer processes. Their relative advantages and limitations are compared herein.
Resonant Switched-Capacitor Converter with Multi-Resonant Frequencies (2019)

This paper presents a new Multi Resonant Switched-Capacitor Converters (abbreviated as MRSCCs) for high efficiency and density non-isolated DC-DC application where large voltage step down ratios are needed. Derived from Resonant Switched-Capacitor Converter (RSCC), MRSCC employs two LC resonant tanks to partially replace the flying capacitors for energy transfer. During the dead-time in between two states of operation, second resonant tank recycles energy from the main resonant-tank allowing MRSCC to utilize conduction time effectively to deliver energy while becoming more resilience towards components variation, due to voltage coefficient and tolerance on Multi Layer Ceramic Capacitor (MLCC). These attributes of MRSCC make it a robust technology viable for industry's high-volume adoption. This paper presents the basic principle in 2 to 1 configuration to simplify the analysis of MRSCC and expands the concept for higher conversion ratio configuration (4 to 1). 2 to 1 and 4 to 1 MRSCC Hardware results are presented and compared to RSCC Hardware using the same power devices and PCB to provide objective comparison. Both comparison shows MRSCC to be superior over RSCC, and 4 to 1 hardware achieves 98.63% peak efficiency.
An energy-efficient ring-oscillator digital PLL (2010)

A linear but fully digital phase control path and a bang-bang frequency control path enable an energy-efficient digital ring-oscillator PLL architecture. A 65nm CMOS prototype occupies 150μm × 170μm of area and generates a 3GHz clock from a 300MHz reference with 1.13ps rms period jitter while consuming 2mW from a single 1V power supply.
Crystal structure of [Zr(dmpe){CH2Si(CH3)3}4](dmpe = PMe2CH2CH2PMe2). Evidence in support of the postulation for the presence of an agostic hydrogen (1986)

[Zr{CH2Si(CH3)3}4] reacts with PMe2CH2CH2PMe2(dmpe) to form the title compound, [Zr(dmpe){CH2Si(CH3)3}4]. The complex belongs to the triclinic space group P, with cell constants a= 9.999(6), b= 10.638(7), c= 19.927(6)Å, α= 76.54(4), β= 83.05(4), γ= 62.29(4)°, and Z= 2. Least-squares refinement based on 3 421 observed reflections led to a final R of 0.063. There is direct evidence for a significant interaction of an α-hydrogen with the zirconium atom. The four Zr–C lengths fall in the pattern: very short [2.215(9)Å], short [2.27(1)Å], and normal [2.312(8), 2.322(8)Å]. The Zr–C–Si angles also reflect the trend in bond lengths with values of 141.5(6), 137.8(6), 130.0(4), and 128.6(4)°, respectively. The hydrogen atoms were located, and the closest Zr ⋯ H approach, 2.48 Å, is for a hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon nearest the zirconium.
Wind Drifting vs. Pulsating Swimming Jellyfish: Respiratory Metabolism and Composition Differences in Physalis physalis, Velella velella, Aurelia aurita, and Pelagia noctiluca (2022)

Physalia physalis and Velella velella , are among the few marine organisms that harness the wind for their locomotion, whereas other cnidarian jellyfish make use of their pulsating bell-shaped bodies to propel themselves through the seas. We investigate their composition and metabolism compared with two species of pulsating scyphozoan jellyfish, Aurelia aurita and Pelagia noctiluca . Protein (P), lipid (L), carbohydrate (K), and derived energy content (Ec), provided information on the biochemical composition of these species and their relevance as prey. Physiological respiration (R) from oxygen consumption. As well as potential respiration (Φ) from the electron transport system (ETS) activity and the derived respiratory carbon demand (RCD) and heterotrophic energy transformation (HET), allow the comparison of the impact of these two types of propulsion on the metabolism, along with the impact of these organisms as predators. In this study it was found that these hydrozoans depicted a different biochemical composition relative to other gelatinous zooplankton. Lower water content at around 90% was observed, while WM-specific P, L, K, and Ec were higher, showcasing new aspects of these species as prey. The lower R/P in P. physalis and V. velella (1.8 ± 0.7 and 2.9 ± 1.1 μL O 2 h –1 mg Prot –1 , respectively) and the low R/Φ, around 0.1, indicate lower respiration in wind-driven propulsion compared to pulsation-driven propulsion. Additionally, these results encourage the use and research on enzymatic techniques that are particularly useful for gelatinous research, and the calculation of RCD and HET helps in understanding the physiology and role played by the organisms as predators from carbon and energy perspectives.
Dynamic Power Allocation over Block-Fading Channels with Delay Constraint (2009)

The problem of allocating power over a non-ergodic Gaussian block fading channel is addressed for delay constrained applications, where transmission takes place over a limited number of time slots. We propose an algorithm in which the transmission power is determined at each time slot based on the channel condition at the current and future time slots, where a Markov model is used to capture the correlation between channel coefficients in different time slots. The problem is formulated in the framework of finite-horizon dynamic programming, where the optimal transmission strategy is assigned based on the relative importance of power and the quality of service (QoS). Depending on the importance of meeting the QoS constraint compared to the cost of power, the best power level is dynamically assigned by the algorithm, taking into account the channel state and the chance of meeting the QoS constraint. The performance of the proposed dynamic power allocation algorithm is evaluated for different channel states and QoS constraints. We compare the performance of the algorithm with schemes having strict constraints on power. Simulation results show that due to the flexibility given to the algorithm by removing the strict power constraint, the dynamic power allocation algorithm outperforms the optimal power constrained algorithm. Also, the results indicate that increasing the cost of power at the transmitter changes the system dynamics in a way that keeps the balance between QoS and power consumption.
Sequence analysis of hepatitis C virus isolated from a fulminant hepatitis patient* (2001)

Although hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of non-A non-B hepatitis, its pathogenic role in fulminant hepatitis remains controversial. A 32-year-old man contracted hepatitis. Serum ALT concentration was reached to 6,970 IU/L, the lowest prothrombin time value was 16% and jaundice and stage II encephalopathy were developed. HCV RNA was detected in this patient by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in sera at the acute phase, and it was undetectable during the remission phase when anti-HCV was found. The entire genome of infected HCV was recovered, cloned, and sequenced from this patient, and compared with the clones of six other chronic hepatitis patients. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a clustering around genotype 2a and a deviation from the other 2a chronic hepatitis strains. Calculating the genetic distance in each subgenomic region revealed that the 5'untranslated region (5'UTR), core, nonstructural (NS) 3, and NS5A were severely deviated. Of 20 clones of the hypervariable region (HVR), 17 showed an identical sequence with the others showing a difference of only one amino acid. HCV was isolated from a fulminant hepatitis patient and its entire genome was recovered; a clustering around genotype 2a was observed, but the sequence deviated especially in 5'UTR, core, NS3, and NS5A; and monoclonality of the HVR sequence was found not only in the fulminant hepatitis patient but in a certain percentage of chronic hepatitis patients.
Proteinases released in vitro by the parasitic stages of the bovine abomasal nematode Ostertagia ostertagi (2000)

Host tissue penetration, feeding and immune evasion by helminth parasites may be mediated by both mechanical processes and histolytic products released by the parasite. The aim of this study was to investigate potential histolytic products released during in vitro maintenance of exsheathed third (L3) and 4th larval stage (L4) and adult Ostertagia ostertagi. Therefore, the pH optima, substrate specificity, molecular size and inhibitor sensitivity of in vitro released (IVR) proteinases were analysed by spectrophotometry and substrate gel electrophoresis. It was shown that L3, L4 and adult IVR proteinases degrade a variety of protein substrates in a pH-dependent and stage-specific manner. At alkaline pH, gelatin, casein and fibrinogen were degraded by metallo- and serine proteinases. In contrast, mucin, fibrinogen, albumin and haemoglobin were degraded at acidic pH by aspartyl protease- and cathepsin L-like activity. At pH 3, the heavy chain of bovine IgG was completely degraded by an aspartyl proteinase secreted by all 3 parasitic stages. The specificity of the L3, L4 and adult Ostertagia ostertagi proteinases against the different substrates indicates variable functional requirements.
Murine Dendritic Cell-Induced Tumor Apoptosis is Partially Mediated by Nitric Oxide (2002)

Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen-presenting cells that are important for the priming of antitumor cytotoxic T cells. Recent reports suggest that DC may also have direct cytotoxic effector functions against selected tumor-cell lines by mechanisms that are dependent on dendritic cell-tumor cell contact in vitro. The authors report that ex vivo-generated murine DC induce the apoptosis of a panel of syngeneic and allogeneic murine tumors. Apoptosis of the MCA205 fibrosarcoma tumor-cell line by C57BL/6-derived DC was not mediated by Fas/FasL interactions and, in contrast to other studies, DC-tumor cell contact was not required to effect tumor-cell killing by DC. Therefore, the authors postulated that tumor-cell killing was mediated by an apoptotic factor that was secreted by DC. Even though DC did not secrete such apoptotic cytokines as interferon-alpha or tumor necrosis factor-alpha, they did secrete nitric oxide, and tumor apoptosis was partially abrogated by the nitric oxide synthase antagonist NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. Therefore, the authors' data demonstrate a novel mechanism for DC-induced tumor-cell apoptosis that does not require DC-tumor cell contact and is partially mediated by nitric oxide.
Supporting knowledge management infrastructure: a multi-agent approach (2004)

Knowledge management has by now exerted a large influence over industrial practice. We propose a multi-agent based system to provide infrastructure service to meet various requirements of knowledge management in view of the complex nature of the task, i.e., covering science and technologies across different disciplines. The paper discusses the use of a multi-agent system to support the knowledge management infrastructure. It also discusses the design rational and implementation details as well as an application to the problem of feature extraction in weather prediction.
Innovative Scanning Antenna Systems for Advanced Recognition of Rail Collision, Obstacle Detection and Automobile Collision Avoidance (1996)

The innovative Spinning Grating™ antenna developed as a result of this Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) project is a low-cost millimeter wave (MMW) antenna that can be applied to collision avoidance systems for both railroads and automobiles. The antenna is unique in that it uses the optical phenomenon of diffraction to define and steer a beam of MMW energy. Unlike electronically steered antennas and more traditional gimbaled antennas, the Spinning Grating™ antenna is both low in cost and reliable, ideal features for the transportation market. This technology was first developed for radar imaging systems for aircraft autonomous landing guidance. In the rail industry, the focus of the project was on the application of the antenna to MMW sensors that can reliably detect the presence of an object in the path of a train resulting in action that can be taken to prevent a collision. Spinning Grating™ antennas operating at 76.5 GHz were designed and manufactured for tests with radar systems in applications relevant to both the rail industry and the automotive industry. For the railroad industry, attention was turned to the issue of collisions at grade crossings. Both active and passive sensors were evaluated and limited tests were conducted on an active radar system using a Spinning Grating™ antenna. The data indicate that detection of vehicles and other objects at grade crossings is feasible. This promising approach should be investigated further with a more mature sensor system. An important producibility study for high volume, low cost manufacture of the Spinning Grating™ antenna was conducted. The results are very encouraging.