gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical feasibility of monitoring m‐THPC mediated photodynamic therapy by means of fluorescence differential path‐length spectroscopy (2011)

The objective quantitative monitoring of light, oxygen, and photosensitizer is challenging in clinical photodynamic therapy settings. We have previously developed fluorescence differential path-length spectroscopy (FDPS), a technique that utilizes reflectance spectroscopy to monitor microvascular oxygen saturation, blood volume fraction, and vessel diameter, and fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor photosensitizer concentration. In this paper the clinical feasibility of the technique is tested on eight healthy volunteers and on three patients undergoing PDT of oral cavity cancers. Model-based analysis of the measured spectra provide quantitative tissue parameters that are corrected for background tissue absorption, autofluorescence, and the transmission of the optical system; this method allows comparison of intra- and inter-subject parameters. The FDPS correctly estimated the absence of m-THPC in volunteers and detected photobleaching in the areas receiving treatment light in patients undergoing PDT treatment. This study demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring clinical photodynamic therapy treatments using optical spectroscopy.
Human gamma- to beta-globin gene switching using a mini construct in transgenic mice. (1992)

The developmental regulation of the human globin genes involves a key switch from fetal (gamma-) to adult (beta-) globin gene expression. It is possible to study the mechanism of this switch by expressing the human globin genes in transgenic mice. Previous work has shown that high-level expression of the human globin genes in transgenic mice requires the presence of the locus control region (LCR) upstream of the genes in the beta-globin locus. High-level, correct developmental regulation of beta-globin gene expression in transgenic mice has previously been accomplished only in 30- to 40-kb genomic constructs containing the LCR and multiple genes from the locus. This suggests that either competition for LCR sequences by other globin genes or the presence of intergenic sequences from the beta-globin locus is required to silence the beta-globin gene in embryonic life. The results presented here clearly show that the presence of the gamma-globin gene (3.3 kb) alone is sufficient to down-regulate the beta-globin gene in embryonic transgenic mice made with an LCR-gamma-beta-globin mini construct. The results also show that the gamma-globin gene is down-regulated in adult mice from most transgenic lines made with LCR-gamma-globin constructs not including the beta-globin gene, i.e., that the gamma-globin gene can be autonomously regulated. Evidence presented here suggests that a region 3' of the gamma-globin gene may be important for down-regulation in the adult. The 5'HS2 gamma en beta construct described is a suitable model for further study of the mechanism of human gamma- to beta-globin gene switching in transgenic mice.
Alar Batten Cartilage Grafting (2000)

1 Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Clark C. Otley, MD, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905. C.C. Otley, MD, has indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
The Cardiff-St Mary's trial (1974)

Journal Article The Cardiff-St Mary's trial Get access A P M Forrest, A P M Forrest Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M M Roberts, M M Roberts Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P Preece, P Preece Surgical Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J M Henk, J M Henk Surgical Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H Campbell, H Campbell Surgical Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L E Hughes, L E Hughes Surgical Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S Desai, S Desai Surgical Unit and Department of Radiotherapy, St Mary's Hospital, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M Hulbert M Hulbert Surgical Unit and Department of Radiotherapy, St Mary's Hospital, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Surgery, Volume 61, Issue 10, October 1974, Pages 766–769, https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800611005 Published: 07 December 2005
Retention and release of oil-in-water emulsions from filled hydrogel beads composed of calcium alginate: impact of emulsifier type and pH (2015)

Delivery systems based on filled hydrogel particles (microgels) can be fabricated from natural food-grade lipids and biopolymers. The potential for controlling release characteristics by modulating the electrostatic interactions between emulsifier-coated lipid droplets and the biopolymer matrix within hydrogel particles was investigated. A multistage procedure was used to fabricate calcium alginate beads filled with lipid droplets stabilized by non-ionic, cationic, anionic, or zwitterionic emulsifiers. Oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by Tween 60, DTAB, SDS, or whey protein were prepared by microfluidization, mixed with various alginate solutions, and then microgels were formed by simple extrusion into calcium solutions. The microgels were placed into a series of buffer solutions with different pH values (2 to 11). Lipid droplets remained encapsulated under acidic and neutral conditions, but were released under highly basic conditions (pH 11) due to hydrogel swelling when the alginate concentration was sufficiently high. Lipid droplet release increased with decreasing alginate concentration, which could be attributed to an increase in the pore size of the hydrogel matrix. These results have important implications for the design of delivery systems to entrap and control the release of lipophilic bioactive components within filled hydrogel particles.
Docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5, ?-3) production by Pythium acanthicum (1998)

The physiological roles of omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid have been investigated in detail and microbial strains producing these polyunsaturated fatty acids have been characterised. It has recently been suggested that docosapentaenoic acid may have an important role, especially in infant nutrition, and that its positive health effects have been overlooked. Docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5, ω-3) production by a strain of Pythium acanthicum ATCC 18660 was thus investigated. Optimum conditions for growth of P. acanthicum ATCC 18660 and docosapentaenoic acid production were: pH 6.0, temperature 20°C and incubation time, 10 days. Among different saccharides and complex nitrogen sources tested, glucose and sodium glutamate were preferred carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Maximum biomass content (10.4 g L−1) and docosapentaenoic acid yield (49.9 mg L−1) were obtained in 10 days. An increase in docosapentaenoic acid volumetric yields to 108–110 mg L−1 was obtained when linseed oil was used to supplement glucose or soy flour-containing medium. Batch feeding of additional glucose or linseed oil further enhanced the docosapentaenoic acid volumetric yield to 132 mg L−1 and 125 mg L−1, respectively, in 14 days. The specific production of docosapentaenoic acid in preliminary experiments ranged from 1.0–5.0 mg g−1 biomass. As conditions were optimised, docosapentaenoic acid specific production titers were generally in the range of 4.0–5.5 mg g−1 and increases in docosapentaenoic acid volumetric production could be attributed to increased biomass production. The limited improvement obtained by modifying culture conditions indicates that increasing volumetric yields of docosapentaenoic acid by modifying culture conditions appears to represent a significant barrier to commercialisation of such a process and suggests a more fundamental manipulation of metabolism and physiology is required.
Reductive Generation of Enolates from Enones Using Elemental Hydrogen:  Catalytic C−C Bond Formation under Hydrogenative Conditions (2002)

Exposure of enones to elemental hydrogen in the presence of a Rh(I) catalyst enables reductive enolate generation, as evidenced by electrophilic trapping of the enolate by appendant and exogenous aldehyde partners. The significance of these findings resides in the ability to regioselectivity generate and transform transition metal enolates under catalytic conditions that circumvent formation of stoichiometric byproducts.
Non-invasive Detection of Immunotherapy-Induced Adverse Events (2021)

We demonstrate an interconnection between the establishment of irAEs and granzyme B presence and, for the first time, the visualization of those events through PET imaging.
Survivor search radar system for persons trapped under earthquake rubble (2002)

A survivor search radar system that employs 1.2 GHz band microwaves to search for survivors that have been trapped beneath collapsed buildings or rubble after an earthquake has been developed. Since microwaves can pass through the walls, rubble and other such obstacles, they can be used to detect the breathing and other slight movements of persons who have survived the disaster, even if they are buried under rubble. The performance of this survivor search radar was confirmed by experiments using models of collapsed buildings. We further developed a radar survivor search system that employs pulse Doppler radar, which can measure the breathing of survivors and the distance to them. Experiments with a prototype of that system demonstrated its ability to detect the presence of survivors and determine their location.
Simulation and experiment of a diamond‐type micro‐displacement amplifier driven by piezoelectric actuator (2019)

The micro‐displacement amplifier has been widely used to magnify the outputs of piezoelectric actuators for some large displacement required applications, and the amplification and frequency are the most important elements for designing the amplifying mechanisms. This study presents the design of a diamond‐type micro‐displacement amplifier (DMDA) and simulates its working performances by using the finite element method. After the theoretical values of amplification and natural frequency are calculated, the effects of system parameters such as angle, arm and body thicknesses, corner radius, side and edge widths, on the changes of amplification and stability are studied. Then experiments are carried out to verify the theoretical simulations and further study the amplification mechanism. Finally, a micro‐droplet jetting dispenser featuring the DMDA is constructed. The perfect jetting performance shows the good application of DMDA in microelectronics packaging field. This study finds that with the increase of the angle and the arm thickness, the amplification decreases and the natural frequency increases obviously. A larger value of corner radius or side width produces a smaller natural frequency. Besides, the increase of edge width enlarges the amplification and reduces the natural frequency. This study can be used to guide the design of this kind of micro‐displacement amplifier.
A Clinical Feasibility Study of Spinal Evoked Compound Action Potential Estimation Methods (2021)

This work represents the first comprehensive assessment of spinal ECAP estimation schemes. Understanding the clinically relevant sensitivities of these schemes is increasingly important, particularly with closed-loop SCS systems using ECAP as a feedback control variable where misclassification of artifact as neural signal may lead to suboptimal therapy adjustments.
Modeling of acoustic lined duct with and without grazing air flow by an analytical method (2018)

An analytical method is proposed to characterize the sound acoustic transmission in a rectangular lined duct with and without grazing air flow. The acoustic wave number in the duct is determined using Taylor series expansion. The proposed method is validated by comparison with a finite element method in grazing air flow environment and experimental measurements at grazing sound incidence for the case with no flow. Excellent agreement is found in both configurations. The proposed method is used for sensitivity analysis of acoustic duct lined with micro perforated panel absorber in order to evaluate the impacts of the inputs parameters on the transmission loss of the duct. It is shown for a constant sound pressure level that the transmission loss of the duct is very sensitive to the cavity depth of the absorber while the resonance of the transmission at high sound pressure level is controlled by the perforation ratio of the panel. The effects of the perforation diameter and the plate thickness are negligible for higher pressure excitation and the impact of the sound pressure level on the transmission is preponderant.
Catalytic Annulation of Heterocycles via a Novel Redox Process Involving the Imidazolium Salt N-Heterocyclic Carbene Couple (2008)

A novel atom-efficient catalytic reaction, which converts imidazolium salts, with N-butenyl, N-substituted butenyl, and N-pentenyl substituents, into five- and six-membered fused-ring imidazolium and thiazolium salts has been developed. The reaction proceeds through azolium, C2−H, oxidative addition to Ni(0) followed by intramolecular insertion of the N-alkenyl double bond into the Ni hydride to give an intramolecularly bound carbene−Ni−alkyl intermediate. Reductive elimination of the linked carbene and alkyl groups gives the fused-ring azolium products and regenerates the Ni(0) catalyst. Products are potential building blocks for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and novel ionic liquids. For example, 1,7-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrole[1,2-α]imidazolium bromide (2f), a five-membered fused-ring imidazolium salt, is formed from the catalytic ring closing of 1-butenyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (1f). The reaction proceeds at moderate temperatures (50 °C) to give the products in high yield and selectivity. The catalyst was formed in situ from Ni(COD)2 plus added ligand L (where L = IMes, SMes, IPr, SPr, 4,5-Me2IPr, PPh3, PCy3, PCy2(Biphenyl), PtBu3) in DMF.
High-frequency acoustic scattering from submerged cylindrical shells coated with viscoelastic absorbing layers (1977)

We analyze the high-frequency scattering of a plane-wave incident on a submerged air-filled cylindrical steel shell coated with a viscoelastic layer. The scattered pressure field consists of a geometrical acoustic contribution and another part due to creeping waves. We analyze the resulting generalized reflection coefficient as a function of azimuthal angle, for two shell sizes and various viscosity levels of the coating. We also obtain the locations of roots of the 10×10 characteristic determinant in the complex ν-plane for the two shell sizes of interest. These zeroes are compared to the zeroes of rigid and soft cylinders and to the roots of a simpler 3×3 determinant corresponding to the case of a solid sound-absorbing cylinder of the same size. The results show that the region in the ν-plane where many of the roots are usually concentrated for bare structures, contain no roots after the absorbing layer is bonded to the steel shell. All the above information is then used to compare the normal-mode solution for the sonar cross section of the coated cylindrical shell found in an earlier study of ours (and extended here to higher k1c values), and the corresponding expression obtained to lowest order from an application of the Watson–Sommerfeld transformation. This comparison, as exhibited in various graphs, is found to be very favorable. It verifies that the lowest-order term in the Watson–Sommerfeld transformed solution is capable of accurately reproducing the exact scattering solution at high frequencies for the cylindrical coated target considered here.
FXR-Mediated Cortical Cholesterol Accumulation Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Type A Hepatic Encephalopathy (2018)

During hepatic encephalopathy, FXR signaling increases brain cholesterol and contributes to neurologic decline. Targeting cholesterol accumulation in the brain may be a possible therapeutic target for the management of hepatic encephalopathy.
SA91. Striato–Nigro–Striatal Tract Dispersion Abnormalities in Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia (2017)

Background: The white matter (WM) connections between the substantia nigra and the striatum are part of a complex neural system involved in reward-based learning, a process that is impaired in patients with schizophrenia. Most diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) studies in schizophrenia have focused on the corticocortical and corticosubcortical networks. To our knowledge, however, the striatonigrostriatal (SNS) tract has not yet been explored. Furthermore, the use of conventional dMRI indices to study WM, such as fractional anisotropy (FA), has limitations, as they reflect different biological features of WM. The present study aimed to use dMRI to delineate the SNS tract and to compare the application of 2 dMRI measures, Tract Dispersion (TD), an index of WM morphology, and Fractional Anisotropy (FA), an index of WM integrity, to detect group differences in chronic schizophrenia (CSZ) and healthy controls (HCs). Studying the morphology of WM in CSZ is important, as it is a feature reflective of brain development. Methods: dMRI scans were acquired in 22 male patients with CSZ and 23 age-matched HCs. Two-tensor tractography was used in addition to manually delineated regions of interest to extract the SNS tract. We computed a measure of tract dispersion, which reflects the degree to which tracts deviate from being parallel as in the case of fanning fibers. More specifically, at each point along each fiber, this method computes the variation in a fiber’s tangent vector in all directions orthogonal to the curve, which leads to a measure of local white matter dispersion. A mixed-model analysis of variance was used to investigate differences in mean TD and mean FA between CSZ patients and HCs. The associations between TD and FA and clinical and neuropsychological measures were evaluated. Results: We found a significant group difference in TD (P = .04) but not in FA. Post hoc t-tests revealed that this difference was driven by a reduced TD in the right hemisphere in HCs. In CSZ, there were significant positive correlations between TD and a subtest of apathy in the Scale for the Assessment for Negative Symptoms, r = .47, P = .02. In HCs, but not in CSZ, a trend toward significance was seen between TD and performance in the Iowa Gambling Task, r = .58, P = .07. Conclusion: In the SNS tract, we found the diffusion measure TD to be more sensitive than FA in detecting a group difference between CSZ and HCs. This finding may indicate a morphological distortion of the precise spiraling pattern of the SNS tract as described by Haber et al. (2014). The association between TD and the severity of apathy, a symptom that reflects a diminished response to reward, is consistent with the role of the SNS tract in reward prediction. Together, these findings provide further support for the neurodevelopmental and disconnectivity theories of schizophrenia.
MYH9 and APOL1 are both associated with sickle cell disease nephropathy (2011)

Renal failure occurs in 5-18% of sickle cell disease (SCD) patients and is associated with early mortality. At-risk SCD patients cannot be identified prior to the appearance of proteinuria and the pathobiology is not well understood. The myosin, heavy chain 9, non-muscle (MYH9) and apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) genes have been associated with risk for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and end-stage renal disease in African Americans. We genotyped 26 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MYH9 and 2 SNPs in APOL1 (representing the G1 and G2 tags) in 521 unrelated adult (18-83 years) SCD patients screened for proteinuria. Using logistic regression, SNPs were evaluated for association with proteinuria. Seven SNPs in MYH9 and one in APOL1 remained significantly associated with proteinuria after multiple testing correction (P < 0·0025). An MYH9 risk haplotype (P = 0·001) and the APOL1 G1/G2 recessive model (P < 0·0001) were strongly associated with proteinuria, even when accounting for the other. Glomerular filtration rate was negatively correlated with proteinuria (P < 0·0001), and was significantly predicted by an interaction between MYH9 and APOL1 in age-adjusted analyses. Our data provide insight into the pathobiology of renal dysfunction in SCD, suggesting that MYH9 and APOL1 are both associated with risk.
Cool currents: superconductors' evolution for power transmission (2005)

Researchers and engineers toil at discovering new solutions and technologies that could make the recent northeastern U.S blackout a rare occasion in the future. One of the prominent technologies that has captured a great deal of attention is superconducting power cable. Studies by major corporations and organizations have concluded that major investments in the power grid in the United States will be necessary to meet the need for reliable and affordable electric power and that HTS cables could lay a significant role in meeting this need. It is apparent that HTS technology will progressively set the stage for applications in large markets where cost as well as size, weight, efficiency and performance are important.
The nuage mediates retrotransposon silencing in mouse primordial ovarian follicles (2013)

Mobilization of endogenous retrotransposons can destabilize the genome, an imminent danger during epigenetic reprogramming of cells in the germline. The P-element-induced wimpy testis (PIWI)-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway is known to silence retrotransposons in the mouse testes. Several piRNA pathway components localize to the unique, germline structure known as the nuage. In this study, we surveyed mouse ovaries and found, for the first time, transient appearance of nuage-like structures in oocytes of primordial follicles. Mouse vasa homolog (MVH), Piwi-like 2 (PIWIL2/MILI) and tudor domain-containing 9 (TDRD9) are present in these structures, whereas aggregates of germ cell protein with ankyrin repeats, sterile alpha motif and leucine zipper (GASZ) localize separately in the cytoplasm. Retrotransposons are silenced in primordial ovarian follicles, and de-repressed upon reduction of piRNA expression in Mvh, Mili or Gasz mutants. However, these null-mutant females, unlike their male counterparts, are fertile, uncoupling retrotransposon activation from sterility.
Environment-conditioned male fertility of HD-ZIP IV transcription factor mutant ocl4 : impact on 21-nt phasiRNA accumulation in pre-meiotic maize anthers (2020)

Abstract Environment-conditioned genic male sterility is a key strategy used to produce hybrid seeds efficiently in many crops, with the exception of maize. The underlying molecular mechanisms of environment-conditioned sterility are poorly understood. Here, we report a derivative line of the male sterile outer cell layer 4 ( ocl4 ) mutant of maize, in which fertility was restored and perpetuated over several generations, under warm growing conditions. Conditionally fertile ocl4 anthers exhibit the anatomical abnormality of a partially duplicated endothecial layer, just like their sterile counterparts. We profiled the dynamics of phased, small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs) during pre-meiotic development in fully sterile and various grades of semi-fertile ocl4 anthers. We found that the biogenesis of 21-nt phasiRNAs is largely dependent on Ocl4 at three key steps: (1) production of PHAS precursor transcripts, (2) expression of miR2118 that modulates precursor processing, and (3) accumulation of 21-nt phasiRNAs. We propose that 21-nt reproductive phasiRNAs buffer development under unfavorable environmental conditions and are dispensable under favorable conditions.