gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells exhibit functional heterogeneity. (2013)

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (hiPSC-ECs) are promising for treatment of vascular diseases. However, hiPSC-ECs purified based on CD31 expression are comprised of arterial, venous, and lymphatic subtypes. It is unclear whether hiPSC-ECs are heterogeneous in nature, and whether there may be functional benefits of enriching for specific subtypes. Therefore, we sought to characterize the hiPSC-ECs and enrich for each subtype, and demonstrate whether such enrichment would have functional significance. The hiPSC-ECs were generated from differentiation of hiPSCs using vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and bone morphogenetic protein-4. The hiPSC-ECs were purified based on positive expression of CD31. Subsequently, we sought to enrich for each subtype. Arterial hiPSC-ECs were induced using higher concentrations of VEGF-A and 8-bromoadenosine-3':5'-cyclic monophosphate in the media, whereas lower concentrations of VEGF-A favored venous subtype. VEGF-C and angiopoietin-1 promoted the expression of lymphatic phenotype. Upon FACS purification based on CD31+ expression, the hiPSC-EC population was observed to display typical endothelial surface markers and functions. However, the hiPSC-EC population was heterogeneous in that they displayed arterial, venous, and to a lesser degree, lymphatic lineage markers. Upon comparing vascular formation in matrigel plugs in vivo, we observed that arterial enriched hiPSC-ECs formed a more extensive capillary network in this model, by comparison to a heterogeneous population of hiPSC-ECs. This study demonstrates that FACS purification of CD31+ hiPSC-ECs produces a diverse population of ECs. Refining the differentiation methods can enrich for subtype-specific hiPSC-ECs with functional benefits of enhancing neovascularization.
In vitro evaluation of cashew nut shell liquid as a methane-inhibiting and propionate-enhancing agent for ruminants (2010)

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) containing antibacterial phenolic compounds was evaluated for its potency as a feed additive for ruminants. In experiment 1, ruminal responses to CNSL supplementation were assessed using a batch culture system. Rumen fluid from cattle was diluted with artificial saliva and incubated for 18h in a batch culture with a mixed diet containing a 30:70 hay:concentrate diet to which raw or heated CNSL was added at a final concentration of 500 μg/mL. In experiment 2, a Rusitec, using rumen fluid from the same cattle, was operated over a period of 7 d during which only raw CNSL was tested at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, or 200 μg/mL, and variations in fermentation and bacterial population were assessed. In experiment 3, a pure culture study was conducted using selected bacteria to determine their susceptibility to CNSL. In experiment 1, methane production was inhibited by raw CNSL (56.9% inhibition) but not by heated CNSL. Total volatile fatty acid concentration was not affected, whereas increased concentrations of propionate and decreased concentrations of acetate and butyrate were observed using either raw or heated CNSL. These changes were more obvious when raw CNSL was tested. In experiment 2, raw CNSL inhibited methanogenesis and increased propionate production in a dose-dependent manner, showing maximum methane inhibition (70.1%) and propionate enhancement (44.4%) at 200 μg/mL supplementation. Raw CNSL increased total volatile fatty acid concentration and dry matter digestibility. Raw CNSL also appeared to induce a dramatic shift in the population of rumen microbiota, based on decreased protozoa numbers and changes in quantitative PCR assay values for representative bacterial species. In experiment 3, using pure cultures, raw CNSL prevented the growth of hydrogen-, formate-, and butyrate-producing rumen bacteria, but not the growth of bacteria involved in propionate production. Based on these data, raw CNSL, rich in the antibacterial phenolic compound anacardic acid, is a potential candidate feed additive with selective activity against rumen microbes, leading to fermentation that results in decreased methane and enhanced propionate production.
Lateral Diffusion Distance Measurement of 40–80 nm Junctions by Etching/TEM-Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Method (1999)

A new technique to measure the lateral diffusion distance of boron has been developed by wet-etching combined with TEM and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (TEM-EELS). The position at a dopant concentration of 5×10 18 cm -3 can be correctly delineated with a spatial resolution of less than 5 nm. This technique is based on the fact that the gradient of the etched surface changes discontinuously at a dopant concentration of 5×10 18 cm -3 . This characteristic appeared for all carrier profiles as long as the etching time was sufficiently long. Etching time optimization is needed because an incubation time exists before the etching starts and because the incubation time depends on carrier distribution. Thickness distribution after the etching is measured by TEM-EELS which enables a high spatial resolution measurement. The lateral diffusion distance at the pn junction measured by this technique was about 0.6 times of the vertical diffusion distance for 40–80 nm junctions. These results were compared with those obtained by an electrical C - V measurement, and were consistent.
Branched-chain Sugars. XXVIII. Synthesis of 2-C-Methyl-l-glyceraldehyde, 2-C-Methyl-d-erythrose, and 3-C-Methyl-l-erythrose Derivatives (1982)

Abstract As synthons for the synthesis of bicyclomycin, the title compounds were derived from 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-3-C-methyl-α-d-allofuranose by the descendent method.
An ingenious replica templated from the light trapping structure in butterfly wing scales (2013)

Although the physical mechanism of light trapping property of butterfly wings is well understood, it remains a challenge to create artificial replicas of these natural functional structures. Here, we synthesized a SiO2 inverse replica of a light trapping structure in butterfly wing scales using a method combining a sol-gel process and subsequent selective etching. First, the reflectance spectrum was taken to measure the reflectivity. Then, FESEM and TEM were used to observe the coupling structure of scales and the replicas. Afterwards, assisted by SEM and TEM data, 3D optimized models of the structures and fabrication process were generated by software. Finally, the parametric comparisons of the morphologies and structures between the original template and the inverse SiO2 replica were carefully conducted, and it was found that the original structures of bio-templates were well inherited by the structures of the inverse replica. This work would open up possibilities for an extensive study of mimicking novel bio-inspired functional materials, and the reported biomimetic technique confirms the feasibility of extending the functional structures in butterfly wings to particular optical devices in the field of space exploration, space equipment, photoelectrical devices and photo-induced sensors.
Vitamins, 3. Vitamin D (2019)

The article contains sections titled: 1 Introduction 2 History 3 Structure and Nomenclature 4 Chemical and Physical Properties 5 Biosynthesis and Occurrence 5.1 Biosynthesis 5.2 Occurrence 6 Vitamin D Requirements 7 Pharmacological Effects and Uses 7.1 Calcium Homeostasis and Disorders of Calcium Metabolism 7.2 Further Activities 8 Synthesis 8.1 Syntheses of Vitamins D3 and D2 8.2 Synthesis of Calcifediol 8.3 Synthesis of Calcitriol 9 Assays for Vitamin D and Metabolites 10 Trade Names and Economic Aspects List of Abbreviations References
Adalimumab is effective and well tolerated in treating patients with ankylosing spondylitis who have advanced spinal fusion (2008)

After 12 weeks of adalimumab therapy, patients with advanced but active AS, including those with structural damage of > or =80% of the vertebrae, achieved improvements in signs and symptoms similar to those attained by patients whose AS was not advanced.
BAFF Support Survival of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells by a Pathway Independent of Stromal Derived Factor-1α. (2004)

Abstract We examined the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) for expression of B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF). Isolated CLL B cells had significantly lower levels of BAFF mRNA than did non-separated PBMC. Most of the BAFF mRNA in PBMC was due to contaminating CD14+ cells that previous studies found could differentiate into “nurselike” cells (NLC) when cultured with CLL B cells in vitro. We found NLC expressed high-levels of BAFF and stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α), in contrast to CLL B cells. CLL B cells cultured with exogenous recombinant human BAFF (rhBAFF), SDF-1α, or NLC sustained significantly greater viability than isolated CLL B cells cultured alone. The effect(s) of rhBAFF on leukemia cell survival appeared additive and distinct from that of SDF-1α, which in contrast to rhBAFF induced leukemia-cell phosphorylation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein-kinase (ERK 1/2) and phosphorylation and activation of AKT at Ser473. However, rhBAFF, but not SDF-1α, could induce processing of p100 NF-κB2 to p52 and, like NLC, enhance and/or maintain CLL-cell expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. We conclude that BAFF can function in a paracrine manner to support leukemia cell survival via mechanisms that are distinct from those of SDF-1α and that NLC use multiple distinct pathways to support CLL-cell survival.
Abstract 469: The Role of PP2A in Angiotensin AT2R and Dopamine-1 Receptor Membrane Recruitment in Human Renal Proximal Tubule Cells (2013)

The renal dopamine-1 receptor (D1R) and angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) are two important receptors that regulate renal sodium reabsorption through heterologous and autologous plasma membrane recruitment following stimulation of protein kinase A (PKA) via D1R and protein kinase G (PKG) via AT2R. Using the cell permeable analog of PKA (8Br-cAMP) along with the PKG analog 8Br-cGMP, we did not find additive effects, which led to our hypothesis that downstream protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is the common link in the D1R/AT2R interaction. To test our hypothesis, we used two human renal proximal tubule cell lines (RPTC): one with normal D1R coupling (nRPTC) to adenylyl cyclase (AC) and a 2nd cell line with a defect in D1R coupling to AC (uncoupled or uRPTC). A dose response curve for 8Br-cAMP and 8Br-cGMP using cell surface Dylight-649-AngIII binding for 1 hr in the presence of losartan (a measure of surface AT2R) showed maximal recruitment at 1 mM for both 8Br-cAMP and 8Br-cGMP. EC50 of 8Br-cAMP was 129.9±60.58 μM (log EC50 was -3.9). EC50 of 8Br-cGMP was 99.17±48.13 μM (log EC50 was -4.0) A 1 hr addition of 1 mM 8Br-cAMP or 8Br-cGMP resulted in increased PP2A activity. Specifically, PP2A activity increased by 1.59±0.24 fold (N=3, P&lt;0.05 vs vehicle (VEH, baseline value of 1216 pmoles of phosphate at 650 nm) when 8Br-cAMP was added. The addition of 8Br-cGMP induced a 1.48±0.33 fold increase in PP2A (N=3, P&lt; 0.05 vs VEH at 1216 pmoles of phosphate at 650 nm). Using flow cytometry for cell surface D1R and AT2R, recruitment of either receptor (AT2R or D1R) was completely blocked by okadaic acid (OA, a specific PP2A phosphatase inhibitor at 10 nM), whether stimulating D1R with fenoldopam (FEN), AT2R with AngIII, or using cell permeable downstream second messenger agonists 8Br-cAMP or 8Br-cGMP. Similarly, addition of the AC inhibitor SQ 22536 (10 μM) or the guanylyl cyclase (GC) inhibitor ODQ (10 μM) completely blocked FEN, AngIII, 8Br-cAMP and 8Br-cGMP-induced D1R and AT2R cell surface recruitment. In summary, we determined that PP2A is the common mediator of D1R and AT2R cell surface recruitment and may be an important target for regulating renal sodium homeostasis.
Organogenesis relies on SoxC transcription factors for the survival of neural and mesenchymal progenitors (2010)

During organogenesis, neural and mesenchymal progenitor cells give rise to many cell lineages, but their molecular requirements for self-renewal and lineage decisions are incompletely understood. In this study, we show that their survival critically relies on the redundantly acting SoxC transcription factors Sox4, Sox11 and Sox12. The more SoxC alleles that are deleted in mouse embryos, the more severe and widespread organ hypoplasia is. SoxC triple-null embryos die at midgestation unturned and tiny, with normal patterning and lineage specification, but with massively dying neural and mesenchymal progenitor cells. Specific inactivation of SoxC genes in neural and mesenchymal cells leads to selective apoptosis of these cells, suggesting SoxC cell-autonomous roles. Tead2 functionally interacts with SoxC genes in embryonic development, and is a direct target of SoxC proteins. SoxC genes therefore ensure neural and mesenchymal progenitor cell survival, and function in part by activating this transcriptional mediator of the Hippo signalling pathway.
[Early stimulation--good memory in old age?]. (1994)

For better or worse, the importance of neonatal stimulation has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Results from animal studies provide a hint of possible beneficial consequences for humans, even in a geriatric context.
Applying a volume dipole distribution model to next-generation sensor data for multi-object data inversion and discrimination (2010)

Discrimination between UXO and harmless objects is particularly difficult in highly contaminated sites where two or more objects are simultaneously present in the field of view of the sensor and produce overlapping signals. The first step in overcoming this problem is estimating the number of targets. In this work an orthonormalized volume magnetic source (ONVMS) approach is introduced for estimating the number of targets, along with their locations and orientations. The technique is based on the discrete dipole approximation, which distributes dipoles inside the computational volume. First, a set of orthogonal functions are constructed using fundamental solutions of the Helmholtz equations (i.e., Green's functions). Then, the scattered magnetic field is approximated as a series of these orthogonal functions. The magnitudes of the expansion coefficients are determined directly from the measurement data without solving an ill-posed inverse-scattering problem. The expansion coefficients are then used to determine the amplitudes of the responding volume magnetic dipoles. The algorithm's superior performance and applicability to live UXO sites are illustrated by applying it to the bi-static TEMTADS multi-target data sets collected by NRL personnel at the Aberdeen Proving Ground UXO teststand site.
Innovation business process reengineering based on workflow technology: a type of e-innovation (2004)

Being faced with more intensive global competition than ever, enterprise must nowadays transform from an efficiency-oriented strategy to an innovation-oriented strategy. The rapid development of information communication technology makes a great impact on the process of New Product Development (NPD). The theory of Business Process Reengineering (BPR) can be used in reengineering of NPD. This paper introduces the basic concepts of e-innovation and workflow, then puts forward a new model of New Product Development Workflow (NPDWF) which realises e-innovation.
The phenomenon of leukergy: induction and detection of leukocyte aggregation in whole human blood. (1987)

Leukocyte aggregation is involved in the generation of vascular damage during various inflammatory conditions. So far, in vitro leukocyte aggregation has been studied by mixing patients' plasma or serum with leukocytes of a normal donor in a platelet aggregometer. We evaluated the leukergy phenomenon, that is, the occurrence of aggregated leukocytes in peripheral blood of patients with inflammatory disorders, as an alternative tool to the former method. Leukocyte aggregation could be induced by zymosan-activated plasma, phorbol myristate acetate, and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, as well as by the calcium ionophore A23187 in vitro in whole human blood. This aggregation was blocked by various lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathway inhibitors. Leukergy was diagnosed in peripheral blood of patients with inflammatory disorders and was generally not associated with elevated concentrations of immune complexes, lactoferrin, C3a des Arg, or C5a des Arg. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on leukocyte aggregation studies performed in whole blood. Such study permits evaluation of the aggregation phenomena of leukocytes in their natural milieu. Furthermore, it is possible with this method to obtain direct visualization of leukocytic aggregates in the peripheral blood of patients. The significance of our results and their possible implications are discussed in light of the pertinent literature.
Advanced Combustion Modeling in Gas Turbines With ILDM Approach (2004)

One of the greatest challenges in modern gas turbine engineering is to optimize the combustion system for the reduction of emissions. For better understanding of combustion systems and hence having the possibility of systematic innovation of gas turbine combustion systems, a permanent improvement of design tools is essential. Demonstrated here is the use of an advanced combustion model — the INTRINSIC LOW DIMENSIONAL MANIFOLD (ILDM) approach — in Computational Flow Dynamics (CFD) analysis. In the past, chemical kinetic models used in CFD-calculations were based on empirical parameters and so called “global mechanisms” which are in fact “local” models and can be used only when modeling one operating point of the gas turbine combustion system. The scope of the integration of the ILDM approach into CFD is the use of a generalized approach for modeling chemical kinetics in CFD. Turbulence-chemistry interaction is considered by a presumed Probability Density Function (PDF) approach. The benefit of this method is a realistic prediction of all relevant flame characteristics e.g. piloting of premixed flames. This offers the possibility to integrate the whole combustion modeling tool in an overall emission prevention strategy. This work here will present the results of applying this new approach to an atmosperic test rig and first validation results.
Marking text features of document images to deter illicit dissemination (2002)

A major impediment to the widespread adoption of services for electronic distribution of copyrighted material is the ease with which illicit copies can be made and disseminated. In this paper, we describe feature coding techniques to mark document images with codes that are indiscernible by readers but can be decoded by document feature analysis techniques. These codes can be used to trace the source of errant documents. We propose three coding methods: line-shift coding, word-shift coding, and character coding. We describe how the coding features are found, inserted, and decoded. Finally, we show preliminary experimental results indicating robustness of the line-shift coding method where decoding can be performed even from images of up to ten generations of photocopying.
Fas (CD95/APO-1) plays a role in the pathophysiology of focal cerebral ischemia (2000)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of fas antigen, a member of the TNF receptor family, in cell death after focal cerebral ischemia. Focal ischemia was induced in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Evidence for apoptosis was determined by morphology as well as the presence of DNA fragmentation by the end labeling technique (TUNEL). Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect expression of both fas and fas ligand (fasL). In a separate set of experiments, two groups of mice were studied: lpr (that have a loss of function mutation for fas) and wild type. Infarct volume was measured at 24 hr as well as evidence for apoptosis. Twenty-four hours after ischemia, there was evidence for apoptosis based on morphological criteria as well as the TUNEL technique in the rat. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased expression of both fas and fasL in the ischemic region, with maximal staining occurring between 24-48 hr for both. Twenty-four hours after ischemia in the mice, there was evidence of apoptosis in both groups, however, the mutant mice (lpr) had significantly smaller infarcts as compared to the wild type. There was no difference in the cerebrovasculature of the two groups of mice. These data support the hypothesis that apoptosis plays a role in the pathophysiology of focal cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, these data suggest that fas-mediated apoptosis contributes to this process.
Patterns in SNMP-Based Network Management (2004)

Abstract: The current Internet management architecture (SNMP) focuses on network device management and low-level instrumentation data. A lot of activity is under way to replace or complement it with a solution covering enterprise management at large, which also includes the management of systems, applications, and services. In this exercise, the management community runs the risk of throwing the baby out with the bath water, as too much emphasis is put on a few well-known problems in SNMP (e.g., its poor scalability), and too little on its other characteristics, including those that contributed to its success. One way to avoid this is to explicitly capture the experience gained in SNMP-based network management. In this paper, we make one step in this direction by studying the SNMP management architecture from a software engineering standpoint, and identifying in it some of the architectural and design patterns defined in the literature. By characterizing Internet network management in the lingua franca of patterns, we strive to help retain the strengths of SNMP in future management architectures and make it easier for new software engineers to move to Internet management.
Dynamic Ligand Exchange of the Lanthanide Complex Leading to Structural and Functional Transformation: One‐Pot Sequential Catalytic Asymmetric Epoxidation‐Regioselective Epoxide‐Opening Process. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design and assessment of microlenslet-array relay optics (2003)

Recent progress in micro-optics fabrication and optical modeling software opens the opportunity to investigate how microlenslet-array-based compact relay systems can be designed and assessed. We present various optical configurations that include an appropriate baffle computation to eliminate ghost images, followed by an analysis of image quality. The investigation shows the existing trade-off between compactness of the system and a tiling effect observed in the corresponding image, an effect we refer to as lensletization. To yield meaningful optical modeling results, we provide insight into ray-tracing optimization while ensuring a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. The results show that, given no discernable lensletization, the most compact configuration to image gray-scale images is the 5f-based system. Finally, simulations of the imaging of gray scale and color bitmaps through microlenslet arrays are demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge.