gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluorophobic Effect in the Self-Assembly of Polymers and Model Compounds Containing Tapered Groups into Supramolecular Columns (1996)

The synthesis and characterization of the tapered building blocks 3,4,5-tris(1H,1H,2H,2H,3H,3H,4H,4H,5H,5H,6H,6H,7H,7H,8H,8H-perfluorododecan-1-yloxy)benzoic acid (11-8/4), 3,4,5-tris(1H,1H,2H,2H,3H,3H,4H,4H,5H,5H,6H,6H-perfluorododecan-1-yloxy)benzoic acid (11-6/6), 3,4,5-tris(1H,1H,2H,2H,3H,3H,4H,4H-perfluorododecan-1-yloxy)benzoic acid (11-4/8), 2-{2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}ethyl 3,4,5-tris(1H,1H,2H,2H,3H,3H,4H,4H,5H,5H,6H,6H,7H,7H,8H,8H-perfluorododecan-1-yloxy)benzoate (19-8/4), 2-{2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}ethyl 3,4,5-tris(1H,1H,2H,2H,3H,3H,4H,4H,5H,5H,6H,6H-perfluorododecan-1-yloxy)benzoate (19-6/6), and 2-{2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}ethyl 3,4,5-tris(1H,1H,2H,2H,3H,3H,4H,4H-perfluorododecan-1-yloxy)benzoate (19-4/8) and of the methacrylates and polymethacrylates of 19-8/4, 19-6/6, and 19-4/8 (i.e, 20-8/4, 20-6/6, 20-4/8 and respectively 21-8/4, 21-6/6, and 21-4/8) are described. All tapered building blocks 11-m/n, 19-m/n, and the polymers 21-m/n (where m + n = 12 and m = number of hydrogenated, n = number of perfluorinated methylenic groups of their alkyl tails) self-assemble into tubular supramolecular architectures which display an enantiotropic hexagonal columnar (Φh) mesophase. The self-assembling ability of model compounds and polymers was compared to that of their perhydrogenated analogues. From the perhydrogenated compounds, only the polymer 21-12/0 forms a Φh phase. Semifluorination of all model compounds and polymers first decreases the melting temperature of the supramolecular assembly and uncovers and/or enhances the thermal stability of the Φh phase (n = 4). A further increase of n from 4 to 6 and respectively 8 increases both the isotropization temperature of the Φh phase and the melting temperature. A parallel increase of the diameter of the supramolecular columns with the increase of n is observed. A mechanism for this dramatic increase in the self-assembly process via microsegregation of the perfluorinated and perhydrogenated parts of the tapered groups due to the fluorophobic effect was proposed.
Theory of relaxation oscillations and modulation response of a quantum dot laser (2010)

Dynamic effects in a quantum dot (QD) laser are studied theoretically. The frequency and decay rate of relaxation oscillations, and the modulation response are calculated as functions of injection current density, cavity length, and parameters of the QD structure. The highest possible bandwidth is calculated and shown to increase with increasing overlap integral between the electron and hole wave functions in a QD, number of QD-layers and surface density of QDs in a layer, and with reducing QD-size dispersion.
RNA silencing in fungi: Mechanisms and applications (2005)

Two RNA silencing-related phenomena, quelling and meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD) have been identified in the fungus Neurospora crassa. Similar to the case with the siRNA and miRNA pathways in Drosophila, different sets of protein components including RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, argonaute and dicer, are used in the quelling and MSUD pathways. Orthologs of the RNA silencing components are found in most, but not all, fungal genomes currently available in the public databases, indicating that the majority of fungi possess the silencing machinery. Advantage and disadvantage of RNA silencing as a tool to explore gene function in fungi are discussed.
Duration of response to first androgen deprivation therapy, time to castration resistance prostate cancer, and outcome of metastatic castration resistance prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone acetate (2016)

Abiraterone acetate (AA) demonstrated its efficacy in the treatment of patients with metastatic castration resistance prostate cancer (mCRPC) in predocetaxel and postdocetaxel setting. However, we learn from pivotal studies that forms of primary and acquired resistance to this drug exist. Patient selection becomes so crucial to optimize treatment results. Potential predictive biomarkers have been identified but are not yet validated. In this scenario, clinical features and disease characteristics may still be of value in selecting patients for different treatments. The objective of this retrospective study was to assess whether or not a correlation between duration of response to first androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), time to castration-resistant prostate cancer (TTCRPC), and outcome of AA therapy exists. A retrospective analysis of clinical data of mCRPC patients treated with AA at two Italian cancer centers was carried out. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard model were used to analyze survival data. Correlation between median duration of response to first ADT or median TTCRPC and the outcome of patients treated with AA was analyzed. From January 2015 to November 2015, data of 59 patients with mCRPC were collected. We observed no differences in patient's median progression-free survival (PFS) and biochemical progression-free survival (bPFS), according to both median duration of response to first-line ADT (duration of first ADT<13 months: median PFS and bPFS were 11 and 5 months, respectively; duration of ADT≥13 months: median PFS and bPFS were 9 and 6 months, respectively) and median TTCRPC (TTCRPC<28 months: median PFS and bPFS were 8 and 5 months, respectively; TTCRPC≥28 months: median PFS and bPFS were 10 and 9 months, respectively). Overall survival, in the same group, did not differ between patients with a duration of response to first ADT over or under 13 months (P=0.90) but in patients with a TTCRPC of 28 months or more, there was a trend toward longer survival than patients with TTCRPC less than 28 months (5-year overall survival was 74 vs. 50%; P=0.14). The duration of response to first-line ADT and the TTCRPC showed no significant association with outcome of AA therapy in patients with mCRPC. However, large prospective trials are desirable to confirm these data.
Th@C1(11)-C86: an actinide encapsulated in an unexpected C86 fullerene cage (2019)

A novel actinide endohedral fullerene with an unexpected chiral cage, Th@C<sub>1</sub>(11)-C<sub>86</sub>, was synthesized and characterized. DFT calculations suggest that this low symmetry cage was favoured as a consequence of the strong interaction between Th and the cage, which makes the predictions by the ionic model less reliable for these endohedral mono-metallofullerenes.
Novel actions of tissue-type plasminogen activator in chronic kidney disease (2008)

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is traditionally viewed as a simple serine protease whose main function is to convert plasminogen into biologically active plasmin. As a protease, tPA plays a crucial role in regulating blood fibrinolysis, in maintaining the homeostasis of extracellular matrix and in modulating the post-translational activation of growth factors. However, emerging evidence indicates that tPA also functions as a cytokine that transmits its signal across the cell membrane, initiates a diverse array of intracellular signaling, and dictates gene expression in the nuclei. tPA binds to the cell membrane LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1), triggers its tyrosine phosphorylation. As a cytokine, tPA plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis through diverse mechanisms. It facilitates tubular epithelial to mesenchymal transition, potentiates myofibroblast activation, and protects renal interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts from apoptosis. Together, growing evidence has implicated tPA as a fibrogenic cytokine that promotes the progression of kidney diseases. These new findings have radically changed our conception of tPA in renal fibrogenesis and represent a paradigm shift towards uncovering its cytokine function.
Deletion of the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 3 Gene Protects Neonatal Mice against Cerebral Hypoxic—Ischaemic Injury (2006)

c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) is a member of the stress-activated group of mitogen-activated protein kinases. c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 is a potent mediator of apoptosis and the use of JNK inhibitors or jnk3 gene deletion each protect against brain injury in adults. However, little is known about the role of JNK3 or its mechanism of action in neonatal brain injury. The aim of the present study was to compare the vulnerability of neonatal JNK3 knockout (JNK3 KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice to cerebral hypoxic-ischaemic injury (HII) using unilateral-carotid occlusion combined with transient hypoxia. The degree of neural tissue loss in JNK3 KO mice was substantially reduced compared with WT mice (JNK3 KO 27.8%+/-2.8% versus WT 48.3%+/-2.0%, P<or=0.0001) after HII. Significant attenuation of injury was observed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and thalamus of JNK3 KO compared with WT mice. Hypoxic-ischaemic injury increased JNK phosphorylation and activity, with JNK3 as the major isoform. Significantly, in JNK3 KO animals there was no difference in the activation of the upstream kinases mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK4) or MKK7. Downstream of JNK3, HII lead to increased phosphorylation of the transcription factors c-Jun and adenovirus transcription factor-2 (ATF-2), which was attenuated in JNK3 KO mice. c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 deletion also decrease caspase-3 cleavage and Bim/PUMA expression, coupled with a upregulation of AKT/FOXO3a levels, linking JNK3 to apoptosis. These findings implicate JNK3 involvement in neural cell loss resulting from cerebral HII in the developing brain.
Examination of the Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Placenta Villi from Sufferers of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (2009)

The decreases in COX-2 and PGI(2) synthase expression in severe PIH placentas may be causal factors in the disruption of the PGI(2)-thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) balance in favor of TXA(2). The decrease in COX-2 was more marked than that of PGI(2) synthase.
A study of the track degradation process related to changes in railway traffic (2004)

This licentiate thesis presents the results of a research project concerning railroad maintenance. After acquiring the state-of-the-art knowledge in relevant areas a prediction model for railroad track degradation has been developed. The model is named DeCoTrack (Degradation Cost Of Track). The research study has been performed in a close collaboration with track experts at Banverket. The model simulates changes in degradation rate of the track due to changes in traffic characteristics. The inputs include for example parameters such as axle load, annual tonnage, speed, the mix of vehicle types and vehicle maintenance conditions. Outputs from the model are both track life length and the estimated degradation cost. When developing the model, results from research studies reported mainly from Europe and North America were combined with classical mechanical engineering theories, and empirical data from the last 20 years of railway transports in Sweden. By establishing compatible interfaces between the different input sources, information became easy to adapt to the model which was gradually implemented into an easy-to-use software. The model DeCoTrack has been verified mainly based on an extensive literature survey trying to find other comparative models and to relate their output to that from DeCoTrack. Out of 900 abstracts, 40 research works were found of interest and studied in detail. They led to three existing models: TMPM/ITDM - Track Maintenance Planning Model / Integrated Track Degradation Model TRACS - Total Right of Way Analysis and Costing System The Damage Exponent Heavy Axle Load Analysis These models turned out to be more complex than DeCoTrack and therefore it is more difficult to implement and use these models in real situations. In addition these models are also mainly focused on the modelling of uniform freight traffic while DeCoTrack can model and describe the track degradation due to mixed traffic. A direct comparison of outputs from these models has been done on traffic data where quantitative data were available. The correlations between outputs from DeCoTrack and the above mentioned models were good. A search for more external research work on freight traffic leads undoubtedly to U.S. and the AAR/TTC test centre in Colorado. All of the three models above refer in some way to data from that centre. When it comes to high speed goods or passenger traffic and related maintenance issues, the major sources of knowledge can be found in Germany, France and Japan. Future research is suggested to concentrate on vehicle classification. The domestic situation in Sweden with deregulation in traffic and mixed traffic on same routes highly prioritise such a decision. From an international perspective, that effort might bring a useful complement to the other models. They are focused on uniform freight traffic.
Influence of Nutrient and Energy Deprivation on Cellular Response to Single and Fractionated Heat Treatments (1984)

The effect of hypoglycemia and hypoxia on cell survival following single and fractionated 44 degrees C heat treatments was investigated. These studies show that short-term glucose deprivation or oxygen deprivation does not increase sensitivity to single or fractionated heat treatments compared to normal nutrient conditions. However, simultaneous hypoglycemia and hypoxia leads to an increased sensitivity to single heat treatments, and to an even greater increase in sensitivity to fractionated heat treatments. Sensitivity to heat treatment under nutrient-deprived conditions correlates with intracellular ATP levels at the time of treatment. These data indicate that it is not nutrient concentration per se, but rather the effect of nutrient level on intracellular ATP concentration that affects thermal sensitivity.
A novel non-mouse mammary tumor virus activation of the Int-3 gene in a spontaneous mouse mammary tumor (1995)

In a mouse mammary tumor model system in which carcinogenic progression can be investigated, we have found a unique mutation of Int-3 associated with progression from premalignant lobular hyperplasia to tumor. Sequence analysis of the rearranged fragment revealed an insertion of an intracisternal type A particle (IAP) within the Int-3 gene. Int-3 is mutated frequently in mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-induced mammary tumors by insertion of MMTV proviral DNA into this intragenic region. In these mutations, the insertion produces a chimeric Int-3 transcript encoding the cytoplasmic portion of the Int-3 protein driven by the MMTV long terminal repeat promoter. In this case, the IAP DNA was inserted in the opposite transcriptional orientation relative to Int-3; nevertheless, a similar chimeric RNA transcript driven by a cryptic promoter in the oppositely oriented 5' IAP long terminal repeat was generated. This is the first demonstration that an insertional mutation unrelated to MMTV activates an Int gene commonly associated with mammary tumorigenesis.
A genomic portrait of the emergence, evolution, and global spread of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pandemic (2013)

The widespread use of antibiotics in association with high-density clinical care has driven the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria that are adapted to thrive in hospitalized patients. Of particular concern are globally disseminated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones that cause outbreaks and epidemics associated with health care. The most rapidly spreading and tenacious health-care-associated clone in Europe currently is EMRSA-15, which was first detected in the UK in the early 1990s and subsequently spread throughout Europe and beyond. Using phylogenomic methods to analyze the genome sequences for 193 S. aureus isolates, we were able to show that the current pandemic population of EMRSA-15 descends from a health-care-associated MRSA epidemic that spread throughout England in the 1980s, which had itself previously emerged from a primarily community-associated methicillin-sensitive population. The emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in this EMRSA-15 subclone in the English Midlands during the mid-1980s appears to have played a key role in triggering pandemic spread, and occurred shortly after the first clinical trials of this drug. Genome-based coalescence analysis estimated that the population of this subclone over the last 20 yr has grown four times faster than its progenitor. Using comparative genomic analysis we identified the molecular genetic basis of 99.8% of the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of the isolates, highlighting the potential of pathogen genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool. We document the genetic changes associated with adaptation to the hospital environment and with increasing drug resistance over time, and how MRSA evolution likely has been influenced by country-specific drug use regimens.
The Fix We’re In For: The State of Our Nation’s Bridges 2013 (2011)

This report notes that 69,223 bridges in the United States are structurally deficient and in need of maintenance. As of 2009, $70.9 billion would be required to attend to the maintenance of these bridges. This report ranks states by the number and percentage of structurally deficient bridges that exist in the state, by counties with the largest number of structurally deficient bridges, and by the busiest two deficient bridges in a particular county/state. The authors make the case for a severe need to fund the maintenance of these bridges, for the safety of travelers.
Comprehensive investigation of on-state stress on D-mode AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMTs (2013)

This paper reports on a comprehensive on-state reliability evaluation on depletion-mode (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</sub> ~-4V) AlGaN/GaN Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor High Electron Mobility Transistors (MIS-HEMTs) with a bi-layer dielectric (in-situ Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> /Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ). We have studied the strength and the lifetime of the dielectric to breakdown by means of a Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB) experiment performed at 200°C and the trapping effects induced by applying a positive gate voltage stress. Additionally, for the first time, we have studied the effect of the on-state stress as a function of the drain voltage. The results show that 1) Based on a Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB) evaluation, an applied gate voltage stress of +6V for the lifetime of 20 years can be extrapolated at 200°C. 2) By fitting with a power law, applying +1V gate voltage for 20 years leads to a threshold voltage shift of 0.2V. This guarantees a good reliability margin when these devices are used in cascode switching circuit applications. 3) A new mechanism of high junction temperature thermal de-trapping was observed during a high drain bias stress.
Moderating Effects of Paraffin Wax on Interactions between Polyphosphoric Acid and Bitumen Constituents (2019)

Despite the merits of using polyphosphoric acid (PPA) in modification of bitumen, its desirable stiffening effect on bitumen is totally composition-dependent. While asphaltenes and resins are correctly introduced as the immediate components affected by PPA, our laboratory rheological investigations show that bitumen’s wax content could be a potential interference for PPA’s modification function. As evidenced by the complex viscosity test, PPA is very effective in low-wax bitumen, but its effect on high-wax bitumen is quite negligible. In a high-wax medium, the trend of interaction energy improvement with the number of wax chains suggests that the crystalline networks of wax can interfere in interactions of PPA with either asphaltene or resin through concealing interaction sites of asphaltene and resin. This in turn leads to the reduction of their accessible active sites for interacting with PPA. To study the working mechanism of PPA on bitumen constituents, the density functional theory (DFT) approach and energy decomposition analysis (EDA) were performed on the pairs of PPA–asphaltene, PPA–resin, and PPA–wax molecules. In the case of the PPA–asphaltene interaction, EDA shows clear contributions of electrostatic, orbital, and dispersion forces. In the resin fraction, the strong interactions between basic sites of the resin molecules and PPA lead to the formation of ion-pair compounds stabilized through oppositely charged ions held together via Coulombic attraction. The formation of these new entities, which are often nonsoluble in heptane, can further explain the decrease of resin content after PPA modification. The reduction of resin is followed by an increase in the content of asphaltene with a smaller molecular weight in n-heptane precipitates, which is in line with our experiments and that of other researchers.
Epidemiology and management of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) on oilseed rape in Australia, Canada and Europe (2001)

Phoma stem canker (blackleg), caused by Leptosphaeria maculans , is an important disease on oilseed rape (canola, rapeseed, Brassica napus , Brassica juncea , Brassica rapa ) causing seedling death, lodging or early senescence in Australia, Canada and Europe, but not in China. The two forms of L. maculans (A group and B group) that occur on oilseed rape are now considered to be separate species. The epidemiology and severity of phoma stem canker differs between continents due to differences in the pathogen population structure, oilseed rape species and cultivars grown, climate and agricultural practices. Epidemics are most severe in Australia, where only the A group occurs, and can be damaging in Canada and western Europe, where both A and B groups occur, although their proportions vary within regions and throughout the year. Epidemics are slight in China, where the A group has not been found. Dry climates (Australia, western Canada) lengthen the persistence of infected debris and may synchronize the release of airborne ascospores (after rain) with seedling emergence. L. maculans spreads from cotyledon and leaf infections down petioles to reach the stem, with infections on cotyledons and leaves early in the season producing the most damaging stem cankers at the stem base (crown). Development of both crown cankers and phoma stem lesions higher up stems is most rapid in regions with high temperatures from flowering to harvest, such as Australia and Canada. Breeding for resistance (genetic, disease escape or tolerance), stubble management, crop rotation and fungicide seed treatments are important strategies for control of phoma stem canker in all areas. Fungicide spray treatments are justified only in regions such as western Europe where high yields are obtained, and accurate forecasts of epidemic severity are needed to optimize their use.
Mitochondria in Pathogenesis (2002)

Mitochondria are organelles in each cell outside the nucleus and are the energy source of all cells. As such, they are crucial to the healthy functioning of cells. Recent research has shown that mitoc
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (S)‐(+)‐Cryptone. (1988)

Abstract The title compound (VII) can be prepared from commercially available (R)‐(+)‐p‐menthene (I) with 27% overall yield and ca. 70% e.e.