gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydration of drug molecules: cavityinclusion of water in crystals of loperamide hydrochloride tetrahydrate (1995)

Abstract Single crystal X-ray determination of the hydration sites in loperamide hydrochloride tetrahydrate reveals that both ordered and disordered water molecules are entrapped in cavities formed by the packing of drug molecules around threefold crystallographic axes. The compound was obtained by recrystallization of loperamide HCl from ethanol and crystallizes in the trigonal system, space group R3, with a = 22.497(3), c = 16.719(6)Å, Z = 9 and Dc = 1.194g cm−3; final R = 0.070 for 2029 observed data collected at 294K. The cation adopts an extended conformation in the crystal and there is extensive hydrogen bonding involving water molecules, chloride ions and the cation O-H and N+-H groups. The compound was also characterized by hot-stage microscopy, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD).
Test Theory Reconceived (1996)

Educational test theory consists of statistical and methodological tools to support inference about examinees’ knowledge, skills, and accomplishments. Its evolution has been shaped by the nature of users’ inferences, which have been framed almost exclusively in terms of trait and behavioral psychology, and focused on students’ tendency to act in prespecified ways in prespecified domains of tasks. Progress in the methodology of test theory enabled users to extend the range of inference and ground interpretations more solidly within these psychological paradigms. Developments in cognitive and developmental psychology have broadened the range of inferences we wish to make about students’ learning to encompass conjectures about the nature and acquisition of their knowledge. The same underlying principles of inference that led to standard test theory can support inference in this broader universe of discourse. Familiar models and methods‐sometimes extended, sometimes reinterpreted, sometimes applied to problems wholly different from those for which they were first devised‐can play a useful role to this end.
Development of an intestinal cell culture model to obtain smooth muscle cells and myenteric neurones (2007)

This paper reports on the development of an entirely new intestinal smooth muscle cell (ISMC) culture model using rat neonates for use in pharmacological research applications. Segments of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rat neonates. The cell extraction technique consisted of ligating both ends of the intestine and incubating (37 degrees C) in 0.25% trypsin for periods of 30-90 min. Isolated cells were suspended in DMEM-HEPES, plated and allowed to proliferate for 7 days. Cell culture quality was assessed via a series of viability tests using the dye exclusion assay. In separate experiments, tissues were exposed to trypsin for varying durations and subsequently histological procedures were applied. Cell purification techniques included differential adhesion technique for minimizing fibroblasts. Selective treatments with neurotoxin scorpion venom (30 microg mL(-1)) and anti-mitotic cytosine arabinoside (6 microm) were also applied to purify respectively ISMC and myenteric neurones selectively. The different cell populations were identified in regard to morphology and growth characteristics via immunocytochemistry using antibodies to smooth muscle alpha-actin, alpha-actinin and serotonin-5HT3 receptors. Based on both viability and cell confluence experiments, results demonstrated that intestinal cells were best obtained from segments of the ileum dissociated in trypsin for 30 min. This provided the optimum parameters to yield highly viable cells and confluent cultures. The finding was further supported by histological studies demonstrating that an optimum incubation time of 30 min is required to isolate viable cells from the muscularis externae layer. When cell cultures were treated with cytosine arabinoside, the non-neuronal cells were abolished, resulting in the proliferation of cell bodies and extended neurites. Conversely, cultures treated with scorpion venom resulted in complete abolition of neurones and proliferation of increasing numbers of ISMC, which were spindle-shaped and uniform throughout the culture. When characterized by immunocytochemistry, neurones were stained with antibody to 5HT3 receptors but not with antibodies to alpha-smooth muscle actin and alpha-actinin. Conversely, ISMC were stained with antibodies to alpha-smooth muscle actin and alpha-actinin but not with antibody to 5HT3 receptors. The present study provides evidence that our method of dissociation and selectively purifying different cell populations will allow for pharmacological investigation of each cell type on different or defined mixtures of different cell types.
Basic and clinical electrophysiology of pulmonary vein ectopy (2002)

In a subset of patients, atrial fibrillation is caused by rapidly firing foci that are often located in the pulmonary veins especially when fibrillation is paroxysmal. Histologic data show that myocardial tissue of the left atrial wall extends into the pulmonary venous walls. Both in dog and human pulmonary veins, arrangement of the myofibers is complex. Clinical and animal studies reveal both double potentials and fractionated electrograms in the pulmonary veins, which are related to the complex architecture of the myocardial sleeves in the veins. Such a structure supports the occurrence of reentry. As well, the reduced coupling of cells at sites with abrupt changes in fiber direction could facilitate the escape of a focus and subsequent activation of surrounding tissue. Intracellular recordings made in the pulmonary veins of guinea pig and dog hearts showed that spontaneous activity can occur. Spontaneous action potentials with phase 4 depolarization as well as early after depolarizations were observed in these animal models. In non-spontaneously active preparations, spontaneous activity could be provoked by pharmacologic interventions. The cycle length of bursts of ectopic beats arising in the pulmonary veins of man is often irregular, supporting a focal mechanism of the ectopic beats. The anisotropic characteristics of the myocardial sleeves in the veins may increase the ability of a focus to become evident.
Outdoor air pollutants and patient health. (2010)

Almost 160 million persons live in areas of the United States that exceed federal health-based air pollution standards. The two air pollutants that most commonly exceed standards are ozone and particulate matter. Ozone and particulate matter can harm anyone if levels are sufficiently elevated, but health risk from air pollution is greatest among vulnerable populations. Both ozone and particulate matter can cause pulmonary inflammation, decreased lung function, and exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Particulate matter is also strongly associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Children, older adults, and other vulnerable persons may be sensitive to lower levels of air pollution. Persons who are aware of local air pollution levels, reported daily by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as the Air Quality Index, can take action to reduce exposure. These actions include simple measures to limit exertion and time spent outdoors when air pollution levels are highest, and to reduce the infiltration of outdoor air pollutants into indoor spaces.
Clinical Applications of Plasma Circulating mRNA Analysis in Cases of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (2005)

The finding of tumor-related mRNA (tyrosinase mRNA, telomerase component mRNA, various tumor-derived mRNAs, and viral RNAs) in plasma from a patient with cancer suggests that real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) study of circulating plasma mRNAs may be used as a very simple assay for residual tumor after surgery or therapy (1)(2)(3).

Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTDs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases that include partial and complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs), invasive moles, choriocarcinomas, placental site trophoblastic tumors, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is generally used as a tumor marker in the clinical management of all GTDs. Recently, hCG-β mRNA from placenta has been detected in maternal plasma by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (4), suggesting that this assay may be useful in the management of GTDs.

In this study, we measured plasma mRNA concentrations by real-time RT-PCR in 3 GTD patients with CHMs and 1 with choriocarcinoma.

Blood samples (10 mL) were collected before and after suction evacuation or chemotherapy. Plasma mRNA was extracted, and a 1-step real-time RT-PCR assay was performed as described by Ng et al. (4). We selected hCG-β mRNA as a tumor marker of GTD and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA …
Augmented interactive evolutionary computation for composition (2004)

In this paper, we propose an augmented interactive evolutionary computation technique to generate a symbol sequence, which is composed of several partial sequences. We introduce two-levels of feedback mechanism for evaluations, where the inner cycle induces an evolution of prediction agent for evaluation realised by a hidden Markov model, and the outer cycle induces an interaction with the user by selecting the candidate generated by the prediction agent. We describe, first, the process of augmented interactive evolutionary computation, and discuss the cooperative generation of sequences, which affects an anticipatory effective creation of formed sequence such as a music score. Next, we show several experimental results, which provide the generation of partial sequences and formed sequence.
Synergistic Effect between Components of Mixtures of Cationic Amphipaths in Transfection of Primary Endothelial Cells (2007)

To date, the primary approach to improving the transfection properties of cationic lipids has been the synthesis of new kinds of cationic amphipaths. Recently, however, it was found that combining two cationic lipid derivatives having the same head group but tails of different chain lengths can provide another, and often superior, approach to higher transfection efficiency. For example, the combination of medium-chain and long-chain homologues of O-ethylphosphatidylcholine transfected DNA into primary human umbilical artery endothelial cells (HUAECs) more than 30-fold more efficiently than did either compound separately. Here it is reported that this synergism of mixtures is not limited to O-ethylphosphatidylcholine homologues, but is also exhibited by other common cationic amphipathic transfection reagents; for example, combining DC-Chol (3beta-[N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamol] cholesterol), dimethylditetradecylammonium bromide, or DMTAP (1,2-dimyristoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane) with EDOPC increased transfection significantly both in the absence and in the presence of serum. Furthermore, combining a poorer transfection agent-dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide-with dimethylditetradecylammonium bromide increased transfection by about an order of magnitude with a maximum at an intermediate composition. Lack of synergy occurred with some mixtures, such as DMTAP and DOTAP (1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane), in which case transfection activity was a linear function of composition both in the absence and presence of serum. Although the mechanism of enhanced transfection by mixtures is not fully understood, the existence of a number of optimal mixtures with diverse cationic compounds indicates that attention to mixture formulations can lead to greatly improved transfection by cationic amphipathic carriers.
Farnesoid X receptor ‐ a molecular predictor of weight loss after vertical sleeve gastrectomy? (2019)

Obesity is associated with increased FXR expression in the gastric mucosa. The findings are preliminary but suggest that this increase in FXR expression is a consequence of obesity, rather than its cause.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Staphylcoccal Osteomyelitis (2000)

Staphylococcus aureus is the most prominent musculoskeletal pathogen of man and animals. The persistent emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has prompted renewed efforts to develop alternative protocols for the treatment and prevention of staphylococcal disease. These efforts have included attempts to develop an effective staphylococcal vaccine. Among the potential vaccine candidates are a group of surface proteins that act as adhesins by virtue of their ability to bind host proteins present in plasma and in the extracellular matrix. Because of our interest in the treatment and prevention of musculoskeletal infection, we have focused on adhesins that contribute to the colonization of bone and cartilage. Based on reports suggesting that colonization is a conserved characteristic of S. aureus strains that cause osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, we have paid particular attention to the factors that contribute to the ability to bind collagen. To date, only one collagen-binding adhesin (Cna) has been identified, and the gene encoding this adhesin (cna) is not present in most S. aureus strains. The possibility that a rare phenotype is conserved among isolates that cause a particular form of infection suggests a cause-and-effect relationship in which the phenotype contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease. To further evaluate that hypothesis, we attempted to determine whether Cna is the only collagen-binding adhesin produced by S. aureus and whether strains that encode cna share additional characteristics that distinguish them from other S. aureus strains. We also studied whether immunization with Cna induces a protective immune response. Our results confirm that Cna is the primary and probably the only collagen-binding adhesin and that the genetic element encoding cna does not encode any additional virulence factors. These results strongly suggest that the only consistent difference between cna-positive and cna-negative strains is the ability to bind collagen. We also demonstrated that vaccination with a recombinant fragment of Cna can protect animals against septic death and limit the ability to colonize bone.
QGrid: Q-learning based routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks (2014)

In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), moving vehicles are considered as mobile nodes in the network and they are connected to each other via wireless links when they are within the communication radius of each other. Efficient message delivery in VANETs is still a very challenging research issue. In this paper, a Q-learning based routing protocol (i.e., QGrid) is introduced to help to improve the message delivery from mobile vehicles to a specific location. QGrid considers both macroscopic and microscopic aspects when making the routing decision, while the traditional routing methods focus on computing meeting information between different vehicles. QGrid divides the region into different grids. The macroscopic aspect determines the optimal next-hop grid and the microscopic aspect determines the specific vehicle in the optimal next-hop grid to be selected as next-hop vehicle. QGrid computes the Q-values of different movements between neighboring grids for a given destination via Q-learning. Each vehicle stores Q-value table learned offline, then selects optimal next-hop grid by querying Q-value table. Inside the selected next-hop grid, we either greedily select the nearest neighboring vehicle to the destination or select the neighboring vehicle with highest probability of moving to the optimal next-hop grid predicted by the two-order Markov chain. The performance of QGrid is evaluated by using real life trajectory GPS data of Shanghai taxies. Simulation comparison among QGrid and other existing position-based routing protocols confirms the advantages of proposed QGrid routing protocol for VANETs.
Cation Intercalation and High Volumetric Capacitance of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide (2013)

The intercalation of ions into layered compounds has long been exploited in energy storage devices such as batteries and electrochemical capacitors. However, few host materials are known for ions much larger than lithium. We demonstrate the spontaneous intercalation of cations from aqueous salt solutions between two-dimensional (2D) Ti3C2 MXene layers. MXenes combine 2D conductive carbide layers with a hydrophilic, primarily hydroxyl-terminated surface. A variety of cations, including Na(+), K(+), NH4(+), Mg(2+), and Al(3+), can also be intercalated electrochemically, offering capacitance in excess of 300 farads per cubic centimeter (much higher than that of porous carbons). This study provides a basis for exploring a large family of 2D carbides and carbonitrides in electrochemical energy storage applications using single- and multivalent ions.
Raman spectroscopy of ferromagneticCrO2 (1999)

Polarized Raman spectra of the ferromagnetic metal ${\mathrm{CrO}}_{2}$ were measured in a broad temperature range including ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}390 \mathrm{K}.$ The Raman-allowed modes of ${A}_{1g},$ ${B}_{1g},$ ${B}_{2g},$ and ${E}_{g}$ symmetry were identified and compared to the corresponding modes of isostructural ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}.$ The two low-frequency Raman lines are relatively narrow, indicating weak scattering of the corresponding ${B}_{1g}$ and ${E}_{g}$ phonons. Whereas the Raman intensities are not visibly affected by the magnetic ordering, the dependences on temperature of the phonon wave numbers exhibit peculiarities that could be attributed to a spin-phonon interaction. The variations with T of the phonon linewidths follow at low temperatures the dependence expected for phonon-phonon scattering. An additional broadening at higher temperatures with a maximum near ${T}_{c}$ is tentatively assigned to scattering from collective spin fluctuations.
Identification and cloning of a fur homolog from Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1993)

The promoter region of the major iron-regulated protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Fbp, has two regions that exhibit homology with the Escherichia coli consensus Fur-binding sequences. Gel retardation assays suggested that purified E. coli Fur bound to two sites within the Fbp promoter. The presence of a gonococcal Fur homolog was suggested by Southern hybridization under conditions of low stringency, which revealed a DNA locus that exhibited homology to the E. coli fur gene. Oligonucleotides derived from the conserved regions of fur genes of extremely diverse bacteria were used to amplify a 140-bp fragment of a putative gonococcal fur gene. This fragment was used to identify clones containing the entire gonococcal fur gene. After sequencing the gonococcal fur gene and its promoter region, we found that gonococcal Fur exhibited 50% identity with E. coli Fur at the amino acid level; however, it complemented two E. coli Fur- mutants. The presence of a Fur homolog in N. gonorrhoeae suggests that Fur-regulated genes are widely distributed among extremely diverse bacteria.
FDG-PET in presymptomatic C9orf72 mutation carriers (2021)

The C9orf72 repeat expansion is associated with changes in brain glucose metabolism that are demonstrable up to 10 years prior to symptom onset and before changes in gray matter volume become significant. These findings indicate that FDG-PET may be a particularly sensitive and useful method for investigating and monitoring the earliest stages of FTD in individuals with this underlying genetic basis.
Bismuth(III) Chloride or Triflate-Catalyzed Dienophilic Activity of α-Ethylenic Aldehydes and Ketones (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTBismuth(III) Chloride or Triflate-Catalyzed Dienophilic Activity of α-Ethylenic Aldehydes and KetonesBernard Garrigues, Ferdinand Gonzaga, Hélène Robert, and Jacques DubacView Author Information Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UPRES(A) 5069 CNRS), Université Paul-Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cédex, France Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 14, 4880–4882Publication Date (Web):July 11, 1997Publication History Received3 March 1997Published online11 July 1997Published inissue 1 July 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo970389hhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo970389hbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views750Altmetric-Citations66LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Bismuth,Catalysts,Chemical reactions,Lewis acids,Organic reactions Get e-Alerts
Microfluidic Device Fabrication Method Using Direct Thick Film Writing (2005)

A novel technique based on direct thick film writing has been developed for the rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices. The direct writing process is based on pressure driven dispensing of precursor materials through a micro-capillary tip. The process exhibits wide latitude in both the materials that can be patterned and the substrate formats and shapes that can be accommodated. A fabrication process flow sequence with general applicability to microfluidic devices was developed and its efficacy was demonstrated by the construction of two-input mixer devices. Integration of fluidic components with electrical circuitry was also demonstrated.
Rapid detection of nicotine from breath using desorption ionisation on porous silicon (2017)

Desorption ionisation on porous silicon (DIOS) was used for the detection of nicotine from exhaled breath. This result represents proof-of-principle of the ability of DIOS to detect small molecular analytes in breath including biomarkers and illicit drugs.
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Gene from Nematodirus battus (1994)

The small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rRNA) from the nematode parasite, Nematodirus battus, was cloned from amplified genomic DNA using polymerase chain reaction primers complementary to the 5' and 3' ends of Haemonchus contortus small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA). The 1,758 base pair cloned fragment was sequenced in both directions using internally generated primers and aligned with those from the genus Haemonchus. Results indicated a 1.9% sequence difference between the genera with a 14.2% difference between N. battus and Caenorhabditis elegans. Data presented here in conjunction with previously published work comparing rDNA sequences within the genus Haemonchus demonstrate limited divergence in this group of genes between these subfamilies and suggest further that this molecule alone may be inappropriate for assessing phylogenetic relatedness within the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea.