gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Technics for the functional evaluation of the thoracic cage]. (1986)

A study of lung volumes offers an overall index of thoracic mobility. The techniques of magnetometry and respiratory plethysmography by induction allow studies of thoracic wall movements to be separated into two compartments by measuring thoracic and abdominal movements. These techniques enable a quantitative evaluation of thoraco-abdominal incoordination seen notably in patients with chronic airflow obstruction and in cases of respiratory muscle fatigue. Similar information is obtained by measuring variations in inspiratory pleural and abdominal pressure, using oesophageal and gastric balloons. The maximal force of respiratory muscles is an important index of the functional reserve at a patient's disposal and may be assessed by measuring maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures at the mouth against an occlusion. Diaphragmatic force is assessed by the maximal trans-diaphragmatic pressure. Respiratory muscle fatigue appears when their contraction is sustained above a certain threshold of tension and duration. This phenomenon may be detected by a diminution of maximal pressures. For example, the fatigue of inspiratory muscles is accompanied by a fall of maximal inspiratory and trans-diaphragmatic pressures. The fatigue process can also be detected early by changes in the pattern of the diaphragmatic electromyogram. The principles and limitations of different techniques of assessment of respiratory muscle fatigue are analysed. The use of one or several of these techniques accompanied by an awareness of the clinical signs of respiratory muscle fatigue ought to enable an early detection of this condition.
Water/Iron Powder as a Hydrogen Source in Olefin Hydrogenation (2017)

The hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds is a key technology in the chemical industry. The efficient catalytic reduction of water for generation of hydrogen is one of the most challenging transformations in chemistry.
 We continuously investigated the potential application of iron (commercial iron powder) to activate water as a terminal hydrogen source without any stoichiometric acid or base. Here in we are pleased to disclose the external-pressure-free and mild reaction protocol for reduction of alkenes using a cheap, non-hazardous, abundant, and eco-friendly “water/iron” pair as a hydrogen donor in the presence of a Pd/C catalyst (2.5 mol % w.r.t. substrate).
 Pd/C-catalyzed hydrogenation of olefins by using water as a hydrogen source in the presence of iron powder gave the corresponding reduction products in ≤ 96% yield (GC Yield). The formation of Fe3O4 as a byproduct was confirmed by XRD analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Polyoxygenated Spirostanol Trisdesmoside from the Rhizomes of Helleborus orientalis (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
SIRT3 Regulation Under Cellular Stress: Making Sense of the Ups and Downs (2018)

Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is an NAD+ dependent deacetylase that resides primarily in mitochondria and functions to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis under stress. SIRT3 expression has been observed to change under a number of different stresses in multiple tissues and model systems. Inconsistencies in the literature with regards to how and when SIRT3 protein levels change indicates that the mechanism of SIRT3 regulation is multi-faceted. Alterations in SIRT3 have been observed in experimental models of cellular stress, however, the effect these changes have on mitochondrial health remain unknown. Neurons are highly dependent on proper mitochondrial function for their survival. SIRT3 dynamics and function have been studied using models of genotoxic, metabolic, and oxidative stresses, although it remains unclear how SIRT3 is being regulated under these conditions. A closer look into SIRT3 regulation under stress conditions in various model systems will help incorporate the many SIRT3 regulatory mechanisms at play in disease states. In this review, we describe the observations that have been made about SIRT3 protein modulation under basic stress conditions. We then point out consistencies and contradictions in these observations and what they mean. Lastly, we present the observations made in the complicated neuronal stress of stroke. We hope that this review will help consolidate the ambiguous SIRT3 literature and provide a framework for investigation of SIRT3 regulation during stress response.
Energy performance of compressed biogas production from co-digestion of Salix and dairy manure: factoring differences between Salix varieties (2023)

Abstract Biogas from anaerobic digestion is a versatile energy carrier that can be upgraded to compressed biogas (CBG) as a renewable and sustainable alternative to natural gas. Organic residues and energy crops are predicted to be major sources of bioenergy production in the future. Pre-treatment can reduce the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic energy crops such as Salix to anaerobic digestion, making it a potential biogas feedstock. This lignocellulosic material can be co-digested with animal manure, which has the complementary effect of increasing volumetric biogas yield. Salix varieties exhibit variations in yield, composition and biomethane potential values, which can have a significant effect on the overall biogas production system. This study assessed the impact of Salix varietal differences on the overall mass and energy balance of a co-digestion system using steam pre-treated Salix biomass and dairy manure (DaM) to produce CBG as the final product. Six commercial Salix varieties cultivated under unfertilised and fertilised conditions were compared. Energy and mass flows along this total process chain, comprising Salix cultivation, steam pre-treatment, biogas production and biogas upgrading to CBG, were evaluated. Two scenarios were considered: a base scenario without heat recovery and a scenario with heat recovery. The results showed that Salix variety had a significant effect on energy output-input ratio (R), with R values in the base scenario of 1.57–1.88 and in the heat recovery scenario of 2.36–2.94. In both scenarios, unfertilised var. Tordis was the best energy performer, while the fertilised var. Jorr was the worst. Based on this energy performance, Salix could be a feasible feedstock for co-digestion with DaM, although its R value was at the lower end of the range reported previously for energy crops.
Imaging in vivo herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene transfer and expression in tumors using positron emission tomography. (2000)

peer reviewed
Primary sclerosing cholangitis and IBD (2012)

The association between primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and IBD is well documented, and the IBD in these cases may represent a distinct disease phenotype. Up to 90% of patients with PSC have IBD, usually ulcerative colitis (UC), while IBD is accompanied by PSC in approximately 5% of IBD patients. In PSC/UC patients, a distinct human leukocyte antigen genotype has recently been reported, while another study has identified UC susceptibility loci associated with PSC. Clinically, patients with UC that is associated with PSC often have a quiescent course with colitis characterized endoscopically by total colonic involvement with more right-sided colitis, rectal sparing, and backwash ileitis. There is also a high risk of pouchitis after colectomy. Histopathological examination of the colonic mucosa is needed for accurate assessment of UC activity. Several studies have shown that PSC/UC patients have a higher risk of developing colonic neoplasia, particularly of the right colon. Hence, total colonoscopy with "blind biopsies"rather than sigmoidoscopy should be used for surveillance in PSC/UC patients. The protective role of ursodeoxycholic acid against the development of colonic neoplasia needs further evaluation in this group of patients. Finally, among PSC/UC patients, those with severe liver disease seem to have a milder course of UC and lower risk of colorectal neoplasia compared with those with mild liver involvement. All of these aspects are reviwed in detail in this article.
Prokineticin 2 antagonist, PKRA7 suppresses arthritis in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (2016)

PK2 inhibition suppressed arthritis in mice with CIA.
Studies related to penicillins. Part VIII. The rearrangement of penicillanic acid derivatives to 1,3-thiazines (1972)

A mixture of methoxymethyl 6α-phthalimidopenicillanate (7) and 2-(3,6-dihydro-6-oxo-5-phthalimido-2H-1,3-thiazin-3-yl)-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid (17) is formed in the reaction of methoxymethyl 6β-phthalimidopenicillanate (1) with triethylamine. Methoxymethyl (3S)-2,3,4,7-tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-phthalimido-1,4-thiazepine-3-carboxylate (10) is shown to be a likely precursor of the acid (17). Methoxymethyl 6β-p-nitro-benzylideneaminopenicillanate (5) undergoes an analogous rearrangement under similar conditions.The methyl ester (16) of the acid (17) is converted into the racemate of methyl (E)-β-[4(S)-methoxycarbonyl-5,5-dimethylthiazolidin-3-yl]-α-phthalimidoacrylate (22) in the presence of methanolic sodium methoxide. Iodine catalyses the isomerisation of the latter derivative to the racemate of the thermodynamically favoured (Z)-isomer (23), which may be prepared by diazomethane esterification of the acid derived from 4(S)-5,5-di-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid and methyl α-phthalimidomalonaldehydate.
Nonlinear Multi-Scale Dynamics Modeling of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (2018)

Hysteretic effects play a crucial role in the behavior of devices based on piezoelectric materials. Most of the research focuses on modeling these effects for controlling the dynamic response of piezoelectric actuators. Few studies discuss how hysteresis influences power generation and performances of energy harvesters based on such active materials. In this paper, a recently developed physics-based model of a PZT crystal is employed to assess the effects of material mesoscopic variables on the macroscopic response of a piezoelectric energy harvester modeled as a SDOF system. A multi-scale approach is adopted where, at the mesoscale, crystal domain switching - the source of hysteretic behavior - is taken into account through a probabilistic thermodynamic approach. Effects of hysteretic nonlinearities on harvesting performances of the considered device are investigated by means of simulations. A comparison between predictions of two models - with and without hysteresis - is also reported.
Enhanced Semi‐Preparative Biotransformation of Cumene Dioxygenase: From Analytical Scale to Product Isolation (2023)

Abstract Scale‐up of oxygenase catalyzed reactions is often challenging due to the limited oxygen mass transfer in aqueous solutions. To overcome such limitation, we studied different scale‐up conditions using recombinant resting cells of E. coli JM109(DE3), harboring the cumene dioxygenase of Pseudomonas fluorescens IP01, for the dihydroxylation of naphthalene to (1 R ,2 S )‐ cis ‐1,2‐dihydro‐1,2‐naphthalenediol. Thereby, vigorous stirring of the biotransformation in a 2 L round bottom flask in combination with an oxygen‐enriched headspace exhibited outstanding product formation after 1 h. Furthermore, the enhanced setup was used for the cumene dioxygenase catalyzed biosynthesis of 240 mg of valuable (+)‐ trans ‐carveol from ( R )‐(+)‐limonene, demonstrating the application of our workflow for volatile compounds.
Electrical Equivalent Circuit of Split-Shaft Wind Energy Conversion Systems (2022)

In recent years, hydraulic wind energy conversion systems have been introduced as a split-shaft drivetrain. This paper presents a methodology to electrically model and design split-shaft wind energy conversion systems based on a hydraulic transmission system. First, the principles of such systems and the efficiency of each part are explained in detail. Then, the electrical equivalent circuit of each element is obtained to help understand the system performance better. In the equivalent circuit, the performance of each mechanical and hydraulic element is explained with the equivalent electrical components. Then, the effects of necessary parameters on the performance and efficiency of the system are evaluated. Finally, A 1.5 MW hydraulic wind turbine is simulated to validate the electrical equivalent circuit. The result demonstrates that the equivalent circuit perfectly presents the performance of the split-shaft wind energy conversion system.
Cover Picture: Discovery of BAY 94‐8862: A Nonsteroidal Antagonist of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor for the Treatment of Cardiorenal Diseases (ChemMedChem 8/2012) (2012)

The cover picture shows the dihydronaphthyridine-based mineralocorticoid (MR) receptor antagonist BAY 94-8862 embedded in the ligand binding domain as rationalized by in silico techniques. BAY 94-8862 is a potent, selective, and orally available nonsteroidal MR antagonist currently under investigation in the clinical phase II trial ‘ARTS’ (MinerAlocorticoid-Receptor Antagonist Tolerability Study) for the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) patients with renal impairment. For more details of the structure–activity relationship exploration that led to the identification of BAY 94-8862, see the Full Paper by Lars Bärfacker et al. on p. 1385 ff.
Whole slide imaging system using deep learning-based automated focusing (2019)

The auto focusing system, which involves moving a microscope stage along a vertical axis to find an optimal focus position, is the chief component of an automated digital microscope. Current automated focusing algorithms, especially those deployed in cost effective microscopy systems, often cannot match the efficiency of a skilled human operator in keeping a sample in focus. This work presents an auto focusing system that utilises the recent advances in machine learning, namely deep convolutional neural networks (CNN). It improves upon prior work in this domain. The results of the focusing algorithm are demonstrated on an open data set. We describe the practical implementation of this method on a low cost digital microscope to create a whole slide imaging system (WSI). Results of a clinical study using this WSI system are presented. The study demonstrates the efficacy of this system in a practical scenario.
Organometallic studies. Part XXVI. Mass spectra of π-allylic rhodium and palladium complexes (1968)

Fragmentation patterns for π-allylrhodium and π-allylpalladium complexes under electron impact indicate the presence of stable fragment ions containing metal–metal bonds. Valency changes may be an important factor in the fragmentation process of rhodium complexes. It is suggested that cyclization of the metal-bound allyl moiety occurs to form cyclopropenylmetal fragment ions.
Active vibration cancellation of tonal disturbance using orthogonal eigenstructure control (2009)

Orthogonal Eigenstructure Control (OEC) is a novel control method that can be used for active vibration cancellation. OEC is an output feedback control method applicable to multiple-input, multiple-output linear systems. In this paper, application of OEC for active vibration cancellation in a plate is presented. A steel plate clamped at four edges is used as a test plate and piezoelectric actuators are used as control actuators. Accelerometers are used for measuring the acceleration and displacement at ten locations on the plate. A tonal disturbance with a frequency of 150 Hz is applied to the plate by an electromagnetic actuator. After identification of the state-space model of the plate, orthogonal eigenstructure control is used to find the control gains that decouple the modes of vibrations and reduce transferring of vibrational energy between them. The results show significant vibration suppression throughout the plate.
Programming, demarcating, and manipulating CD8+ T‐cell memory (2006)

In response to infection, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells undergo massive expansion in numbers, acquire effector mechanisms, and disseminate throughout the body. The expansion phase is followed by a contraction (death) phase, where 90-95% of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells are eliminated. The remaining antigen-specific CD8+ T cells form the initial memory pool, which can be stably maintained for life. In this review, we discuss evidence that early events after infection 'program' CD8+ T cells to expand, contract, and generate memory in a fashion that is largely insensitive to the duration of infection or antigen display. Recent data demonstrate, despite numerical stability, that memory CD8+ T-cell populations undergo phenotypic and functional changes with time after immunization. However, the early suggestion that specific markers can be used to identify memory CD8+ T cells has not been supported by recent studies. Thus, we argue that specific functional characteristics, such as the ability to persist and undergo vigorous secondary expansion leading to elevated memory cell numbers, remain the best markers of 'good' memory cells. Finally, we discuss experimental approaches to manipulate and accelerate generation of CD8+ T cells with memory characteristics, and how these systems can inform both basic and applied immunology.
Interactive Image Segmentation with Transformers (2022)

In this paper, we address the click-based interactive segmentation task with a novel transformer network. Transformer-based approaches show promising results in various computer vision tasks. However, all modern interactive segmentation methods are still based on convolutional networks. We propose a transformer network for interactive segmentation and explore three different ways to feed click information into neural networks. Through extensive evaluation, we show that our model trained on a combination of COCO and LVIS sets a new click-based state-of-the-art on GrabCut, Berkeley, SBD, DAVIS, and Pascal VOC in terms of NoC (Number of Clicks) and mIoU. The source code is available at https://github.com/SamsungLabs/saic-is.
Increasing best practice data sharing at PLOS Pathogens (2021)

PLOS Pathogens is a trusted venue for impactful research that readers everywhere rely on to view, download, and share. The journal empowers authors to decide how they want to share their work by removing barriers, taking action on the feedback from our community, and providing transparency every step of the way. As with all PLOS journals, PLOS Pathogens strives to be a conduit for good open science practices. However, we know that there are barriers to the adoption of open science practices [1], and our approach to increasing adoption should be driven by evidence and community need.
InfiniCache: Exploiting Ephemeral Serverless Functions to Build a Cost-Effective Memory Cache (2020)

Internet-scale web applications are becoming increasingly storage-intensive and rely heavily on in-memory object caching to attain required I/O performance. We argue that the emerging serverless computing paradigm provides a well-suited, cost-effective platform for object caching. We present InfiniCache, a first-of-its-kind in-memory object caching system that is completely built and deployed atop ephemeral serverless functions. InfiniCache exploits and orchestrates serverless functions' memory resources to enable elastic pay-per-use caching. InfiniCache's design combines erasure coding, intelligent billed duration control, and an efficient data backup mechanism to maximize data availability and cost-effectiveness while balancing the risk of losing cached state and performance. We implement InfiniCache on AWS Lambda and show that it: (1) achieves 31 -- 96X tenant-side cost savings compared to AWS ElastiCache for a large-object-only production workload, (2) can effectively provide 95.4% data availability for each one hour window, and (3) enables comparative performance seen in a typical in-memory cache.
Can Tinnitus Mask Hearing? A Comparison between Subjective Audiometric and Objective Electrophysiological Thresholds in Patients with Tinnitus: Est-ce que les acouphènes peuvent masquer l'audition? Comparaison des seuils audiométriques et électrophysiologiques chez des sujets ayant des acouphènes (1987)

Very little has been written in the literature about the masking effect of tinnitus on hearing. This possibility arose from the clinical observations of hearing fluctuating with the intensity of tinnitus. To explore this hypothesis, a group of 19 patients suffering from hearing loss and tinnitus underwent a complete audiological evaluation and their audiometric and ABR thresholds were compared. Two other groups who were examined in the same manner, served as control groups. The first group consisted of 19 age- and sex-matched subjects with relatively normal hearing and no tinnitus. The second control group was composed of 8 patients suffering from sensorineural hearing loss without tinnitus. The differences between the subjective and ABR thresholds within each group and between the groups were statistically analyzed. The objective thresholds in the tinnitus group were found to be lower than the subjective thresholds.On a peu écrit sur l'effet de masque de l'acouphène sur l'audition qui pourtant se manifeste par des variations de seuil auditif au gré de l'intensité du tinnitus. Un groupe de 19 patients souffrant d'une perte auditive et d'un acouphène a subi des examens audiologiques approfondis. Les seuils audiométriques obtenus ont été comparés aux seuils objectifs des potentiels évoqués du nerf auditif et du tronc cérébral (ABR). Deux autres groupes de sujets servant de contro˘les ont été examinés de la měme manière. Le premier groupe comprenait 19 personnes d'aˇge et de sexe assortis ayant une audition relativement normale et sans acouphène. Le deuxième groupe de contro˘le était composé de 8 patients atteints de surdité de perception sans acouphène. Les différences entre les seuils auditifs et d'ABR dans chaque groupe et entre les groupes ont été analysées statistiquement. Dans le groupe de patients souffrant d'acouphènes les seuils objectifs se sont avérés meilleurs que les seuils audiométriques.
Guidance of video data acquisition by myoelectric signals for smart human-robot interfaces (2002)

This paper deals with designing of intelligent man-machine interfaces capable of recognizing human gestures and arm/hand actions. Monitoring of operator's arm/hand motion is performed by coupling myoelectric sensors with video data acquisition. Myoelectric signals are used to simplify the problem of understanding motion. In order to retain constraint-free operator's environment, myoelectric sensing is limited to major joints (shoulder and elbow) and signals are used to estimate the location of the operator's hand in sagittal plane. Video data acquisition is used to interpret hand pose. The focus of the paper is on myoelectric data processing and showing that limited sensing of muscular activity simplifies the problem of estimating motion and provides sufficiently accurate estimates to guide video data acquisition. The problem of estimating arm motion is formulated by statistical pattern recognition based on a model that relates the EMG signal sensed at a joint to the angular displacement of the arm/hand.