gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
5A-1 Multi-frequency Array Development for Drug Delivery Therapies: Characterization and First Use of a Triple Row Ultrasound Probe (2006)

Ultrasound-mediated drug delivery involves the application of acoustic energy to manipulate drug carrying vehicles in the microvasculature. The therapeutic goal is a site-targeted delivery of a specific drug carried by microscopic vehicles directed by the presence of ultrasonic beam energy. In sequentially-activated modes the acoustic beam can be controlled to both push the vehicles in small blood vessels and then also deploy their drug payload at specific application target sites. Effective ultrasound mediated drug delivery and microbubble imaging require broad band arrays that can both image the targeted region and deliver a therapeutic treatment. Two array designs have been built and tested to support drug delivery experiments. The first (the "Jupiter") is a single row phased array with each of 64 elements at 260 micron pitch. The elements in this array were made in a three piezoelectric layer stack for high power operation at 2.02 MHz and a 2-way fractional band width of 86%. Although not a "multi-frequency" array, its wide band performance has helped to contribute to initial experiments in the combination of imaging and acoustic delivery of significant low frequency (1 MHz) therapeutic pressures, with low frequency output intensity (I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sppa</sub> ) on the order of 150 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for long pulse durations. The second probe design, the "CoLinear1-6", is a novel integration of low and high frequency arrays, and is the principal subject of the results presented. The center row high frequency array is surrounded on each side with a low frequency array wired with 1.5D connectivity. The CoLinear1-6, as a multi-frequency array combination, integrates more effectively high quality imaging with the therapeutic utility of a low frequency array. In this linear multi-row array construction, the center row is comprised of 128 elements at 1.1 lambda pitch operating at 5.24 MHz with a -6 dB fractional bandwidth of 73%. The two outer rows are made of 64 elements and are spaced at 1.67 lambda pitch operating at 1.48 MHz with a -6 dB (2-way) fractional bandwidth >50%. Beam performance was measured to assure optimal overlap at the 2 to 5 cm depth range. An array thermal model was constructed to provide a predictive internal temperature during experiments involving therapeutic protocols
What Determines Demographic Similarity Between Incumbent CEOs and Their Successors? A CEO Informal Power Perspective (2014)

As CEOs reach the end of their tenure, they attempt to influence the decision about who will replace them in order to safeguard what they have put in place. This prompts them to favor candidates who share similar demographic profiles whom they believe will carry on where they leave off. We suggest that as CEOs are not usually given the authority to name a successor, they make use of informal power to exert their influence. We test our hypotheses on a sample of 137 CEO successions in 67 German diversified companies between 1985 and 2007 and find strong support for our theoretical reasoning that the more informal power incumbent CEOs have, the greater the demographic similarity between them and their successors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Fault Tolerant Control for a Nine-Phase Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machine (2014)

The fault tolerant capability of electrical machine-based driving systems is extremely important in many applications. Hence, in this paper, two fault tolerant current control strategies for a nine-phase flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine are proposed and implemented when one or two phases meet the open-circuit fault. The basic concepts of the two control strategies are to keep the rotating magnetomotive force unchanged under both healthy and faulty conditions. Based on the principle, an optimal solution is derived through comparing the magnitudes of fault tolerant currents, average output torque, and torque ripple. The finite element analysis-based predictions of the nine-phase FSPM machine verify the effectiveness and difference of the two fault tolerant control strategies.
Functional micro-nano structures for on-chip fourier transform spectrometers (2014)

Spectral analysis can be achieved using various optical microsystems. Amongst, we can cite: Fabry-Pérot and Michelson interferometers, Array Waveguide Grating and Standing wave Fourier Transform spectrometer. Recently, a study aiming miniaturization has been conducted on focal Plane Array Spectrometers (FPAS). Up to the authors' knowledge, this is the first report about a realization of a compact Fourier Transform optical spectrometer based on micro-nano structures, combining a polymer-based integrated optical circuit with movable external mirror for increased sampling and high precision.
Computing the Impact of White and Flicker Noise in Continuous-Time Integrator-Based ADCs (2016)

From first-order incremental ΣΔ converters to controlled-oscillator-based converters, many ADC architectures are based on the continuous-time integration of the input signal. However, the accuracy of such converters cannot be properly estimated without establishing the impact of noise. In fact, noise is also integrated, resulting in a random error that is added to the measured value. Since drifting phenomena may make simulations and practical measurements unable to ensure long- term reliability of the converters, a theoretical tool is required. This paper presents a solution to compute the standard deviation of the noise-generated error in continuous-time integrator-based ADCs, under the assumption that a previous measure is used to calibrate the system. In addition to produce a realistic case, this assumption allows to handle a theoretical issue that made the problem not properly solvable. The theory is developed, the equations are solved in the cases of pure white noise and pure flicker noise, and the implementation issues implied by the provided formula are addressed.
Periodically Poled KTiOAsO4 For Mid-Infrared Light Generation (2010)

A periodically poled KTiOAsO 4 crystal was fabricated at room temperature. The poled crystal shows a d eff of 10.1 pm/V and gives a parametric conversion efficiency of 45%.
Legal Responses to the Challenges Facing the Young Agricultural Generation (2022)

This paper introduces the legal responses to the challenges facing the young agricultural generation. The young generation of farmers is facing several challenges that make production difficult. Farmers will only be able to farm successfully in the face of such challenges if a supportive and enabling legislative environment is in place.
The in vitro cytocompatibility of chitosan-alginate-Bioglass� composite scaffolds (2016)

Frontiers Events is a rapidly growing calendar management system dedicated to the scheduling of academic events. This includes announcements and invitations, participant listings and search functionality, abstract handling and publication, related events and post-event exchanges. Whether an organizer or participant, make your event a Frontiers Event!
Perspective on a chemistry classification system for AI-assisted formulation development (2022)

This perspective article draws a distinction between some of the well-known drug classification systems and a "Chemistry Classification System" (CCS). Rather than have drug classification based on some simple properties like solubility and permeability or route of systemic elimination, a CCS results in more than four or five classes and each class has distinct properties that impact formulation development. This perspective provides and outline of 13 classes, but a CCS is a flexible system that introduces a thought process for classification. The number of classes is not rigid, and chemists are encouraged to adapt these methods to their own situations. A CCS utilizes machine-learning models and artificial intelligence (AI) to estimate physicochemical properties that result in unique, frequently observed dissolution, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) properties to guide formulation development.
Dynamic phosphorylation of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus pp31 (1996)

Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) pp31 is a nuclear phosphoprotein that accumulates in the virogenic stroma, which is the viral replication center in the infected-cell nucleus, binds to DNA, and serves as a late expression factor. Considering that reversible phosphorylation could influence its functional properties, we examined phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of pp31 in detail. Our results showed that pp31 is posttranslationally phosphorylated by both cellular and virus-encoded or -induced kinases. Threonine phosphorylation of pp31 by the virus-specific kinase activity was sensitive to aphidicolin, indicating that it requires late viral gene expression. We also found that pp31 is dephosphorylated by a virus-encoded or -induced phosphatase(s), indicating that phosphorylation of pp31 is a dynamic process. Analysis of pp31 fusion proteins showed that pp31 contains at least three phosphorylation sites. The amino-terminal 100 amino acids of pp31 include at least one serine residue that is phosphorylated by a cellular kinase(s). The C-terminal 67 amino acids of pp31 include at least one threonine residue that is phosphorylated by the virus-specific kinase(s). Finally, this C-terminal domain of pp31 includes at least one serine that is phosphorylated by either a host or viral kinase(s). Interestingly, site-directed mutagenesis of the consensus threonine phosphorylation sites in the C-terminal domain of pp31 failed to prevent threonine phosphorylation, suggesting that the virus-specific kinase is unique and has an undetermined recognition site.
Correlation between Eicosanoids in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and in Exhaled Breath Condensate (2011)

Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has been increasingly used as a new and non-invasive method to study airway inflammation. In this study we have compared the concentrations of lipid mediators in EBCwith concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). We included 37 patients undergoing bronchoscopy (12 sarcoidosis, 12 COPD, 6 lung cancer, 5 chronic cough, 1 Wegener’s granulomatosis, 1 sclerodermia). Patients were not allowed to have exacerbation or any change in concomitant medication for at least 4 weeks prior to the study. In all patients, EBC was collected immediately prior to the bronchoscopy. The levels of cys-LTs, LTB 4 , 8-isoprostane were significantly higher in BALF compared to EBC (p &lt; 0.0001, p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.0001 for cys-LTs, LTB4, 8-isoprostane respectively). Moreover, there was a strong positive correlation between both leukotriene B 4 and 8-isoprostane in BALF and EBC ( r = 0.53 and r = 0.79, p &lt; 0.01, respectively) in patients with sarcoidosis and COPD but there was no correlation between eicosanoids BALF and EBC in patients with chronic cough and lung cancer. This is the first study to compare EBC and BALF in different lung diseases which demonstrated significant correlations between the levels of eicosanoids in BALF and EBCin patientswith COPD and sarcoidosis. EBC may be useful inmeasuring inflammation in several inflammatory lung diseases.
Earth Observation Data-Driven Cropland Soil Monitoring: A Review (2021)

We conducted a systematic review and inventory of recent research achievements related to spaceborne and aerial Earth Observation (EO) data-driven monitoring in support of soil-related strategic goals for a three-year period (2019–2021). Scaling, resolution, data characteristics, and modelling approaches were summarized, after reviewing 46 peer-reviewed articles in international journals. Inherent limitations associated with an EO-based soil mapping approach that hinder its wider adoption were recognized and divided into four categories: (i) area covered and data to be shared; (ii) thresholds for bare soil detection; (iii) soil surface conditions; and (iv) infrastructure capabilities. Accordingly, we tried to redefine the meaning of what is expected in the next years for EO data-driven topsoil monitoring by performing a thorough analysis driven by the upcoming technological waves. The review concludes that the best practices for the advancement of an EO data-driven soil mapping include: (i) a further leverage of recent artificial intelligence techniques to achieve the desired representativeness and reliability; (ii) a continued effort to share harmonized labelled datasets; (iii) data fusion with in situ sensing systems; (iv) a continued effort to overcome the current limitations in terms of sensor resolution and processing limitations of this wealth of EO data; and (v) political and administrative issues (e.g., funding, sustainability). This paper may help to pave the way for further interdisciplinary research and multi-actor coordination activities and to generate EO-based benefits for policy and economy.
Escort: A Path-Based OS Security Architecture (1997)

Escort is the security architecture for Scout, a configurable operating system designed for network appliances. Scout is unique in that it is designed around paths---a communication-centric abstraction that encapsulates information flows through the system---rather than the more traditional processes and servers. Scout uses paths to make end-to-end resource allocation decisions. Escort extends this idea to isolate these information flows, as well as to provide end-to-end accountability. This paper introduces the Escort security architecture, shows how it can be used to enforce common security policies, and evaluates its design according to several well-established criteria. November 26, 1997 Department of Computer Science The University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 1 Introduction The ability to secure a computing system depends greatly on the design of its operating system. Saltzer and Schroeder [14] introduced a set of criteria by which one can evaluate the secure design of a computer sys...
SKIN PHOTOSENSITIVITY: DURATION and INTENSITY FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATES, HpD and DHE (1987)

Abstract In this pilot study, the duration and degree of skin photosensitivity after intravenous injection of HpD or DHE was tested sequentially once a week, using a solar simulator delivering 19.5 ± 1.5 J cm −2 to an area of skin 1.4 cm diameter. The longest duration of skin photosensitivity was 7 weeks amongst the 12 patients studied. In 180 other patients, the incidence of sunburn following PDT was less than 10% over a period of 7 y. Sunburn was always minimal (mild redness and swelling–no blisters), and required no systemic therapy or hospitalization. The reaction subsided within 2‐3 days. The low incidence was attributed to good verbal and written instructions in methods of prevention delivered to not only patients, but spouse, family members and friends by the investigator.
A guided stochastic energy-domain formulation of the second order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (2013)

We develop an alternative formulation in the energy-domain to calculate the second order Møller-Plesset (MP2) perturbation energies. The approach is based on repeatedly choosing four random energies using a non-separable guiding function, filtering four random orbitals at these energies, and averaging the resulting Coulomb matrix elements to obtain a statistical estimate of the MP2 correlation energy. In contrast to our time-domain formulation, the present approach is useful for both quantum chemistry and real-space/plane wave basis sets. The scaling of the MP2 calculation is roughly linear with system size, providing a useful tool to study dispersion energies in large systems. This is demonstrated on a structure of 64 fullerenes within the SZ basis as well as on silicon nanocrystals using real-space grids.
Methods and Techniques: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) (2019)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique offering a non-invasive alternative to the traditional analysis of artworks by means of sampling. A cross-section photomicrograph of a sample collected from a painting has its own limitations, mostly due to the restricted number of samples it is possible to collect. There is a need, therefore, for non-invasive verification of locally acquired data, even at the price of not attaining the fuller information given by sample examination. OCT offers such an opportunity, as a non-invasive, fast and contactless technique that provides cross-sectional images of sub-surface structures over relatively large areas. OCT has been used for the examination of artworks since 2004, but recent progress in imaging techniques has made it more applicable to resolving practical issues raised by art conservators and curators. While most applications are connected with the examination of transparent and semi-transparent layers on easel paintings, other objects, such as wall paintings, historic and archaeological glass, ceramics, semi-precious stones like jade, and even parchment, have also been successfully examined using OCT.
Chimeric Gαq mutants harboring the last five carboxy‐terminal residues of Gαi2 or Gαo are resistant to pertussis toxin‐catalyzed ADP‐ribosylation (1998)

Three widely-used Galpha(q) chimeras harboring the last five residues of Galpha(i), Galpha(o) and Galpha(z) (qi5, qo5 and qz5) were examined for their ability to serve as substrates for pertussis toxin (PTX)-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation. In COS-7 cells coexpressing one of the three opioid receptors (mu, delta, and kappa) and a Galpha(q) chimera, agonist-induced stimulation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) was largely insensitive to PTX treatment. Only the qi5-mediated stimulation of PI-PLC by kappa-opioids was partially inhibited by PTX. In betagamma-release assays, PTX treatment did not affect the ability of opioid receptors to activate these chimeras. [32P]ADP-ribosylation labeled Galpha(i/o) but not qi5 or qo5, although the expression of these chimeras was confirmed by immunodetection. Thus, Galpha(q) chimeras with a Galpha(i/o)-like tail are insensitive to PTX treatment.
An agent model combining reactive and cognitive capabilities (2002)

Presents an abstract model of an autonomous agent that integrates reactive and cognitive behaviour. The authors state three requirements (reactivity, timely behaviour, and symbolic representation) that should be accomplished by such an integration. Due to the fact that there exists no model up to now that covers all three aspects, the authors present an abstract model of an autonomous agent that does meet these requirements. To the modules of knowledge representation, planning, scheduling, and execution, the authors add the process of evaluation that constantly supervises the environment and the agent's actions in order to ensure the agent's reactivity. To validate the proposed model, the authors discuss an implementation in a complex robot scenario.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
An Empirical Investigation on Seal-Interface Leakage of an Elastomer Face Seal (2012)

For the application of seals used in space, a common assumption is that all leakage is attributed to permeation, that is the gas flows through the porous seal material. In this case, leakage across any seal interfaces are assumed negligible. In fact, state-of-the-art gas leak rate prediction methods rely heavily on this assumption. A recent study into the quantification of the seal-interface leakage of elastomer face seals, however, has revealed that this is not the case. As the preliminary study previously presented, with moderate contact pressure the interface leakage components were found to be significant and distinct from zero. The objective of the research presented herein was to further quantify both the elastomer-metal and elastomer-elastomer interface leakages for various contact pressures. To this end, a series of leak rate experiments is presented on a square-ring seal, manufactured from silicone elastomer S0383-70. The unique experimental design affords the ability to quantify both the elastomer-metal interface, as well as an elastomer-elastomer interface. The experiments utilized matched sets of test specimens, each with a common width but different height. The test apparatus contained both a flow fixture capable of quantifying ultra-low leak rates and an electro-mechanical actuated load frame for precision contact pressure control. The leak rate apparatus consisted of stainless steel platens, near-hermetic plumbing, and the required instrumentation. The initial data reduction was accomplished by the mass point leak rate technique; whereas mass was calculated through measurements of gas pressure, temperature, and volume and a regression analysis yielded the leak rate of the seal. A secondary reduction of the leak rates in the unique experimental configuration further distinguished the total leakage into permeation and interface leak components, accomplished through the algebraic solution of the design of experiments guided matrix. Foremost, results confirmed that the interface leakage is non-negligible and distinct from zero, as with previous studies. Furthermore, results suggested that the interface leakage was drastically decreased with modest seal contact pressure.
Compact efficient visible lasers based on extended-cavity surface-emitting lasers (2003)

We describe the design, fabrication and performance of novel, electrically pumped, vertical compound cavity 976nm InGaAs lasers that emit at 488nm via intracavity second harmonic generation. The resulting light source is an ideal replacement for Ar-ion lasers used in a wide variety of bio-analytical instruments. We present characterization data for the laser to demonstrate its capabilities. Lastly, future directions for the technology are discussed, including a monolithic form and devices operating at 460 and 532nm.
The effect of bone vibrator coupling method on the neonate auditory brainstem response (2019)

Bone vibrator coupling method affects the neonate ABR. Clinicians should be consistent with the choice of coupling while delivering controlled bone-conducted stimuli in ABR assessments in neonates and infants.
Altered Cell Cycle Gene Expression and Apoptosis in Post-Implantation Dog Parthenotes (2012)

Mature oocytes can be parthenogenetically activated by a variety of methods and the resulting embryos are valuable for studies of the respective roles of paternal and maternal genomes in early mammalian development. In the present study, we report the first successful development of parthenogenetic canine embryos to the post-implantation stage. Nine out of ten embryo transfer recipients became pregnant and successful in utero development of canine parthenotes was confirmed. For further evaluation of these parthenotes, their fetal development was compared with artificially inseminated controls and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were compared using ACP RT-PCR, histological analysis and immunohistochemistry. We found formation of the limb-bud and no obvious differences in histological appearance of the canine parthenote recovered before degeneration occurred; however canine parthenotes were developmentally delayed with different cell cycle regulating-, mitochondria-related and apoptosis-related gene expression patterns compared with controls. In conclusion, our protocols were suitable for activating canine oocytes artificially and supported early fetal development. We demonstrated that the developmental abnormalities in canine parthenotes may result from defective regulation of apoptosis and aberrant gene expression patterns, and provided evidence that canine parthenotes can be a useful tool for screening and for comparative studies of imprinted genes.