gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The expansion of evangelical nonconformity (1995)

The expansion of Evangelical Nonconformity was one of the most important developments in English and Welsh history in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In eighty years the number of Nonconformist chapels increased ten-fold, and by 1851, nearly one person in five worshipped in such chapels. For millions of people the gospel preached and the religion practised in these chapels determined their choice of marriage partners, conditioned the upbringing of their children, and moulded their family life. Religion pervaded education, shaped morals, controlled leisure, provided music and literature, motivated philanthropy and decided political loyalties. In this, the second of a projected three-volume history of Dissent, Michael Watts argues that while the Quakers constituted an increasingly wealthy but numerically declining community of businessmen, farmers, and retailers, and that in many towns the Unitarians formed a vibrant, progressive, intellectual elite, the appeal of Nonconformity was primarily to the poor, the ill-educated, and the unsophisticated. The working-class adherents of Evangelical Nonconformity vastly outnumbered those of political radicalism, trade unionism, or Chartism, and Dissent was a major factor in making a section of the working class respectable, thus contributing to the social harmony of the 1850s and 1860s. The history of late Georgian and Victorian England and Wales, argues Dr Watts, cannot be understood without a knowledge of Nonconformity.
Natural Gas Hydrates (2012)

This paper reports on gas clathrates (commonly called hydrates), which are crystalline compounds that occur when water form a cage-like structure around smaller guest molecules. Gas hydrates of interest to the natural gas hydrocarbon industry are composed of water and eight molecules: methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, normal butane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Hydrate formation is possible in any place where water exists with such molecules - in natural or artificial environments and at temperatures above and below 32{degrees} F when the pressure is elevated. Hydrates are considered a nuisance because they block transmission lines, plug blowout preventers, jeopardize the foundations of deepwater platforms and pipelines, cause tubing and casing collapse, and foul process heat exchangers, valves, and expanders. Common examples of preventive measures are the regulation of pipeline water content, unusual drilling-mud compositions, and large quantities of methanol injection into pipelines. We encounter conditions that encourage hydrate formation as we explore more unusual environments for gas and oil, including deepwater frontiers and permafrost regions.
A Generic One‐Pot Route to Acyclic Two‐Coordinate Silylenes from Silicon(IV) Precursors: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Silylsilylene (2012)

Si in sight: a one-pot, single-step synthesis of an acyclic silylsilylene, Si{Si(SiMe(3))(3)}{N(SiMe(3))Dipp} (Dipp=2,6-iPr(2)C(6)H(3)), from a silicon(IV) starting material is reported, together with evidence for a mechanism involving alkali metal silylenoid intermediates.
Wavelength Tunable Random Laser (2005)

Continuously tunable random laser basing on rhodamine 6G was achieved. Wavelength tuning was implemented by wedge-shaped sample shift relatively to the pump beam. The physical base of the tuning method is gain band shift caused by reabsorption. We ascertained that two medium thickness ranges of significantly different tune efficiency exist. The lasing characteristics of the laser were investigated depending on active medium and pump beam parameters. The feedback formation mechanisms in the random lasers of different thickness were analyzed.
The next generation of low-cost personal air quality sensors for quantitative exposure monitoring (2014)

Abstract. Advances in embedded systems and low-cost gas sensors are enabling a new wave of low cost air quality monitoring tools. Our team has been engaged in the development of low-cost wearable air quality monitors (M-Pods) using the Arduino platform. The M-Pods use commercially available metal oxide semiconductor (MOx) sensors to measure CO, O3, NO2, and total VOCs, and NDIR sensors to measure CO2. MOx sensors are low in cost and show high sensitivity near ambient levels; however they display non-linear output signals and have cross sensitivity effects. Thus, a quantification system was developed to convert the MOx sensor signals into concentrations. Two deployments were conducted at a regulatory monitoring station in Denver, Colorado. M-Pod concentrations were determined using laboratory calibration techniques and co-location calibrations, in which we place the M-Pods near regulatory monitors to then derive calibration function coefficients using the regulatory monitors as the standard. The form of the calibration function was derived based on laboratory experiments. We discuss various techniques used to estimate measurement uncertainties. A separate user study was also conducted to assess personal exposure and M-Pod reliability. In this study, 10 M-Pods were calibrated via co-location multiple times over 4 weeks and sensor drift was analyzed with the result being a calibration function that included drift. We found that co-location calibrations perform better than laboratory calibrations. Lab calibrations suffer from bias and difficulty in covering the necessary parameter space. During co-location calibrations, median standard errors ranged between 4.0–6.1 ppb for O3, 6.4–8.4 ppb for NO2, 0.28–0.44 ppm for CO, and 16.8 ppm for CO2. Median signal to noise (S/N) ratios for the M-Pod sensors were higher for M-Pods than the regulatory instruments: for NO2, 3.6 compared to 23.4; for O3, 1.4 compared to 1.6; for CO, 1.1 compared to 10.0; and for CO2, 42.2 compared to 300–500. The user study provided trends and location-specific information on pollutants, and affected change in user behavior. The study demonstrated the utility of the M-Pod as a tool to assess personal exposure.
Comparative study of polyethylene polyamines as activator molecules for a structurally unstable group I ribozyme (2018)

Polyamines are a promising class of molecules that can modulate RNA enzyme activities. To analyze the effects of the number of amine moieties systematically, we employed four polyamines sharing dimethylene units to connect amine moieties. As a model RNA enzyme, we used a structurally unstable group I ribozyme, which was activated most and least efficiently by tetraethylenepentamine and diethylenetriamine respectively.
Training neural networks with additive noise in the desired signal (1999)

A new global optimization strategy for training adaptive systems such as neural networks and adaptive filters [finite or infinite impulse response (FIR or IIR)] is proposed in this paper. Instead of adding random noise to the weights as proposed in the past, additive random noise is injected directly into the desired signal. Experimental results show that this procedure also speeds up greatly the backpropagation algorithm. The method is very easy to implement in practice, preserving the backpropagation algorithm and requiring a single random generator with a monotonically decreasing step size per output channel. Hence, this is an ideal strategy to speed up supervised learning, and avoid local minima entrapment when the noise variance is appropriately scheduled.
Organic-Inorganic Hybrids of Hydroxyapatite with Chitosan (2005)

In tissue engineering, a scaffold helps determine 3-dimensional morphology, increases cell survival, provides initial mechanical stability, supports tissue ingrowth, aids in the formation of tissue structure. Chitosan is the partially deacetylated form of chitin that can be extracted from crustacean. It degrades in the body to non-harmful and non-toxic compounds and has been used in various fields such as nutrition, metal recovery and biomaterials. Hydroxyapatite, a major inorganic component of bone, has been used extensively for biomedical implant applications and bone regeneration due to its bioactive, biodegradable and osteoconductive properties. The application, however, of hydroxyapatite is limited due to own brittleness. Since the natural bone is a composite mainly consisted of organic collagen and inorganic hydroxyapatite, many efforts have been made to modify hydroxyapatite by polymers. In this study, organic/inorganic hybrids were fabricated solid-liquid phase separation and a subsequent freeze-drying process. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and bioactivity of the scaffolds with various contents of hydroxyapatite were studied. The structure of the scaffolds prepared was macroporous and interconnected. The compressive mechanical properties such as compressive modulus and yield strength were improved according to the increase of hydroxyapatite contents mixed with chitosan. After 7 days of sample immersion in a simulated body fluid, for scaffolds containing hydroxyapatite, numerous bonelike apatites were formed on the surfaces of the pore walls. This study suggests that desirable pore structure, mechanical properties, and bioactivity of the hybrid scaffolds might be achieved through controlling the ratio of hydroxyapatite and chitosan.
Membrane-Integrated Fermentation System for Improving the Optical Purity ofD-Lactic Acid Produced during Continuous Fermentation (2011)

This report describes the production of highly optically pure D-lactic acid by the continuous fermentation of Sporolactobacillus laevolacticus and S. inulinus, using a membrane-integrated fermentation (MFR) system. The optical purity of D-lactic acid produced by the continuous fermentation system was greater than that produced by batch fermentation; the maximum value for the optical purity of D-lactic acid reached 99.8% enantiomeric excess by continuous fermentation when S. leavolacticus was used. The volumetric productivity of the optically pure D-lactic acid was about 12 g/L/h, this being approximately 11-fold higher than that obtained by batch fermentation. An enzymatic analysis indicated that both S. laevolacticus and S. inulinus could convert L-lactic acid to D-lactic acid by isomerization after the late-log phase. These results provide evidence for an effective bio-process to produce D-lactic acid of greater optical purity than has conventionally been achieved to date.
Flight conditions for rotating cylindrical wing (2016)

Analysis of conventional wing dynamics exhibits limits imposed by physical laws which cannot be fully compensated by wing profile optimization nor by artificial flow lines modification. A different alternative is proposed by modifying drastically wing shape into a tubular one. It is shown here that such wings take advantage of their geometry allowing an enhanced new lifting effect produced by the apparent velocity due to the combination of their velocity with a rotation around their symmetry axis. At the same time this rotation generates a gyroscopic stabilization of the wing around its symmetry axis during its trajectory which can be more easily controlled for a large range value of angle of attack. In particular there results a much larger value of stall angle. These theoretical results have been verified by preliminary observations on a small size 3D printed model.
2-Terminal floating bandgap voltage reference (2005)

A circuit is described for a 2-terminal bandgap voltage reference that is functionally equivalent to a very-low-impedance low-noise 1.2 V Zener diode. The circuit is all-npn, it is simple (it closely resembles five common-emitter stages connected in cascade), yet it is fully compensated for base-current and collector-voltage variations. Being 2-terminal, the circuit can be floated to provide a constant voltage difference between any two nodes in an integrated circuit.
Effects of Depletion of Cells Bearing the Interleukin-2 Receptor on Immunoglobulin Production and Allergic Airway Responses in the Rat (1996)

Lymphocytes, key cells in chronic inflammation, are increased in the airways of asthmatics and have increased expression of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, a sign of activation. We determined the effects of depleting cells bearing IL-2 receptors on immunoglobulin (Ig) production, airway inflammation, and airway responses after antigen challenge of Brown Norway rats that were sensitized to ovalbumin (OA). Both control and ART-18 (antirat IL-2 receptor) antibodies inhibited plasma specific IgE and the early (ER) and late (LR) airway responses to antigen when given from zero to 14 d after sensitization. When ART-18 was administered from 4 to 14 d after sensitization and compared with control animals, it inhibited OA specific IgE production from Day 21 onward, but it increased total IgE and specific IgG. These changes followed a significant increase in blood CD4+ lymphocytes (%) in ART-18-treated animals 14 d after sensitization. The same protocol of administration did not affect Ig levels at 14 d, but it decreased neutrophil influx into the lungs 8 h after antigen challenge without any effects on the ER and LR. Administration of ART-18 at the time of antigen challenge did not affect the subsequent airway inflammation or the increased responsiveness to methacholine that occurs 32 h after antigen challenge. In summary, depletion of IL-2-receptor-bearing cells affects lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulin production and it decreases the influx of neutrophils into the lungs 8 h after OA challenge, but it does not significantly inhibit the ER, LR, or increased airway responsiveness after antigen challenge.
Neue Aspekte in der interventionellen und chirurgischen Therapie des Vorhofflimmerns (2012)

Drug Prescribing for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in General Practice: a Cross-Sectional Study
Multi‐minicore disease–searching for boundaries: Phenotype analysis of 38 cases (2000)

Multi-minicore disease (MmD) is a congenital myopathy morphologically defined by the presence of multiple small zones of sarcomeric disorganization and lack of oxidative activity (“minicores”) in muscle fibers. The clinical expression of MmD is considered to be greatly variable, and the morphological lesions are nonspecific; therefore, its boundaries are poorly defined, and its molecular bases are not known. To better define the phenotypic characteristics of MmD, we analyzed a large series of 38 patients with multiple minicores in muscle fibers in the absence of any other potential cause. According to clinical features, 4 subgroups were identified. Most patients (30 cases) shared a common highly consistent phenotype marked by the axial predominance of muscle weakness and a high occurrence of severe respiratory insufficiency and scoliosis (“classical” form). Other forms were characterized by pharyngolaryngeal involvement and total lack of head control (2 cases), antenatal onset with arthrogryposis (3 cases), and slowly progressive weakness with marked hand amyotrophy (3 cases). Type 1 fiber predominance and hypotrophy as well as centrally located nuclei were found in every subgroup. MmD is thus phenotypically heterogeneous, but a typical recognizable phenotype does exist. This phenotype classification should be helpful when undertaking research into the molecular defects that cause MmD. Ann Neurol 2000;48:745–757
Multipath detection with the combination of SNR measurements – Example from urban environment (2017)

Abstract Multipath is one of the most severe station-dependent error sources in both static and kinematic positioning. Relatively new and simple detection technique using the Signal-to-Noise (SNR) measurements on three frequencies will be presented based on idea of Strode and Groves. Exploitation of SNR measurements is benefi cial especially for their unambiguous character. Method is based on the fact that SNR values are closely linked with estimation of pseudo-ranges and phase measurements during signal correlation processing. Due to this connection, combination of SNR values can be used to detect anomalous behavior in received signal, however some kind of calibration in low multipath environment has to be done previously. In case of multipath, phase measurements on different frequencies will not be affected in the same manner. Specular multipath, e.g. from building wall introduces additional path delay which is interpreted differently on each of the used carrier, due to different wavelengths. Experimental results of multipath detection in urban environment will be presented. Originally proposed method is designed to work with three different frequencies in each epoch, thus only utilization of GPS Block II-F and Galileo satellites is possible. Simplification of detection statistics to use only two frequencies is made and results using GPS and GLONASS systems are presented along with results obtained using original formula.
New types of microspheres and microsphere‐related materials for medical diagnostics (2002)

Abstract Polymer microspheres are used in diagnostics as “reagents” and as elements of diagnostic devices. In this paper we compare properties of microspheres with aldehyde, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in their surface layers. Microspheres with aldehyde groups were obtained by radical emulsion copolymerization of styrene and acrolein and in sequential redox polymerization of pyrrole followed with radical polymerization of acrolein. Microspheres with hydroxyl groups were synthesized by radical emulsion copolymerization of styrene and α‐ t ‐butoxy‐ω‐vinylbenzyl‐polyglycidol macromonomer.­Microspheres with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups were synthesized by radical emulsion copolymerization of methylmethacrylate, acrylic acid and 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate. X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that microspheres had the core–shell morphology with surface layers enriched in polymeric units with reactive groups. The above mentioned microspheres were used as supports for adsorption and covalent immobilization of human and animal proteins–human serum albumin (HSA), gamma globulins (γG; human, rabbit and goat), human fibrinogen (Fb), and enzymes: glucose oxidase (GOD) and urease (Urs). The applicability of microspheres with attached antigens and/or antibodies (γG) for turbidimetric aggregation tests and for a new type of test based on changes of electrophoretic mobility of microspheres is discussed. Potential applications of microspheres with immobilized enzymes for the construction of biosensors are described. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
The pit stop problem (2022)

Many online trip planning and navigation software need to routinely solve the problem of deciding where to take stops during a journey for various services such as refueling (or EV charging), rest stops, food, etc. The goal is to minimize the overhead of these stops while ensuring that the traveller is not starved of any essential resource (such as fuel, rest, or food) during the journey. In this paper, we formally model this problem and call it the pit stop problem. We design algorithms for this problem under various settings: single vs multiple types of stops, and offline vs online optimization (i.e., in advance of or during the trip). Our algorithms achieve provable guarantees in terms of approximating the optimal solution. We then extensively evaluate our algorithms on real world data and demonstrate that they significantly outperform baseline solutions.
Analysis and Experimental Verification of F-RIT Protocol for Wireless Smart Utility Network (2019)

In this paper, we propose an analysis scheme of the feathery receiver-initiated transmission (F-RIT) protocol for low power wireless smart utility network (Wi-SUN) system. The proposed analysis scheme is developed taking the turnaround time that deteriorates the transmission performance in implemented protocol under interference environments into account. The proposed theoretical analysis result and simulation result on the Wi-SUN Japan utility telemetering association (JUTA) profile-compliant F-RIT protocol for evaluation shows same tendency. Furthermore, the Wi-SUN JUTA profile-compliant F-RIT protocol is evaluated experimentally using actual Wi-SUN dongles. The experiments under interference environment demonstrate that the collision due to the turnaround time occurs in actual, and it is verified that the theoretical analysis by the proposed analysis scheme is efficient to evaluate the protocol generally.
Spatial refractive index measurement of porcine artery using differential phase optical coherence microscopy (2006)

Because the DP-OCM can record transient changes in the optical path-length, the system may be used to record quantitative optical path-length alterations of tissue in response to various stimuli. A fiber-based DP-OCM may have the potential to substantially improve in vivo imaging of individual cells for a variety of clinical diagnostics, and monitoring applications.
Aiming at minimal invasiveness as a therapeutic strategy for Budd-Chiari syndrome (2006)

The 1-year spontaneous mortality rate in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) approaches 70%. No prospective assessment of indications and impact on survival of current therapeutic procedures has been performed. We evaluated a therapeutic strategy uniformly applied during the last 8 years in a single referral center. Fifty-one consecutive patients first received anticoagulation and were treated for associated diseases. Symptomatic patients were considered for hepatic vein recanalization; then for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), and finally for liver transplantation. The absence of a complete response led to the next procedure. Assessment was according to the strategy, whether procedures were technically applicable and successful. At entry, median (range) Child-Pugh score and Clichy prognostic index were 8 (5-12), and 5.4 (3.1-7.7), respectively. A complete response was achieved on medical therapy alone in 9 patients; after recanalization in 6, TIPS in 20, liver transplantation in 9, and retransplantation in 1. Of the 41 patients considered for recanalization, the procedure was not feasible in 27 and technically unsuccessful in 3. Of the 34 patients considered for TIPS, the procedure was considered not feasible in 9 and technically unsuccessful in 4. At 1 year of follow-up, a complete response to TIPS was achieved in 84%. One- and 5-year survival from starting anticoagulation were 96% (95% CI, 90-100) and 89% (95% CI, 79-100), respectively. In conclusion, excellent survival can be achieved in BCS patients when therapeutic procedures are introduced by order of increasing invasiveness, based on the response to previous therapy rather than on the severity of the patient's condition.
Phase-Transformation Wave Dynamics in LiFePO<sub>4 </sub> (2008)

A general continuum model has recently been proposed for the dynamics of ion intercalation in a single crystal of rechargeable-battery electrode materials [1]. When applied to strongly phase-separating, highly anisotropic materials such as LiFePO4, phase-transformation waves are predicted between the lithiated and unlithiated portions of a crystal. In this paper, we extend the analysis of the wave dynamics, and we describe a new mechanism for current capacity fade through the interactions of these waves with defects in the material.