gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification and Manipulation of Defects in Black Phosphorus (2022)

We identify and manipulate commonly occurring defects in black phosphorus, combining scanning tunneling microscopy experiments with density functional theory calculations. A ubiquitous defect, imaged at negative bias as a bright dumbbell extending over several nanometers, is shown to arise from a substitutional Sn impurity in the second sublayer. Another frequently observed defect type is identified as arising from an interstitial Sn atom; this defect can be switched to a more stable configuration consisting of a Sn substitutional defect + P adatom, by application of an electrical pulse via the STM tip. DFT calculations show that this pulse-induced structural transition switches the system from a non-magnetic configuration to a magnetic one. We introduce States Projected Onto Individual Layers (SPOIL) quantities which provide information about atom-wise and orbital-wise contributions to bias-dependent features observed in STM images.
Kenaf‐fiber‐reinforced poly(lactic acid) used for electronic products (2006)

Abstract We have developed high‐performance biomass‐based plastics that consist of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and kenaf fiber, which fixates CO 2 efficiently. Adding this fiber to PLA greatly increases its heat resistance (distortion temperature under load) and modulus and also enhances its crystallization, so the ease of molding this material is improved. Eliminating the short particles from the kenaf fiber improves its effect on the impact strength. Kenaf fiber without the particles exhibits effects on these characteristics of PLA practically comparable to the effects of glass fiber. Furthermore, adding a flexibilizer (a copolymer of lactic acid and aliphatic polyester) to the composites improves their strength. These composites (PLA/kenaf fiber and PLA/kenaf fiber/flexibilizer) show good practical characteristics for housing materials of electronic products in comparison with petroleum‐based plastics used in housing such as glass‐fiber‐reinforced acrylonitrile‐butadien‐styrene (ABS) resin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 618–624, 2006
Pushing the Band Gap Envelope of Quasi-Type II Heterostructured Nanocrystals to Blue: ZnSe/ZnSe 1- X Te X /ZnSe Spherical Quantum Wells (2021)

Quasi-type II heterostructured nanocrystals (NCs) have been of particular interest due to their great potential for controlling the interplay of charge carriers. However, the lack of material choices for quasi-type II NCs restricts the accessible emission wavelength from red to near-infrared (NIR), which hinders their use in light-emitting applications that demand a wide range of visible colors. Herein, we demonstrate a new class of quasi-type II nanoemitters formulated in ZnSe/ZnSe 1- X Te X /ZnSe seed/spherical quantum well/shell heterostructures (SQWs) whose emission wavelength ranges from blue to orange. In a given geometry, ZnSe 1- X Te X emissive layers grown between the ZnSe seed and the shell layer are strained to fit into the surrounding media, and thus, the lattice mismatch between ZnSe 1- X Te X and ZnSe is effectively alleviated. In addition, composition of the ZnSe 1- X Te X emissive layer and the dimension of the ZnSe shell layer are engineered to tailor the distribution and energy of electron and hole wave functions. Benefitting from the capabilities to tune the charge carriers on demand and to form defect-free heterojunctions, ZnSe/ZnSe 1- X Te X /ZnSe/ZnS NCs show near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mtext>PL</mml:mtext> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> <mml:mtext>QY</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>90</mml:mn> <mml:mi>%</mml:mi> </mml:math> ) in a broad range of emission wavelengths (peak PL from 450 nm to 600 nm). Finally, we exemplify dichromatic white NC-based light-emitting diodes (NC-LEDs) employing the mixed layer of blue- and yellow-emitting ZnSe/ZnSe 1- X Te X /ZnSe/ZnS SQW NCs.
Fluorometric Determination of Glucose Utilization in Neurons in Vitro and in Vivo (2004)

Glucose is the major energy source the adult brain utilizes under physiologic conditions. Recent findings, however, have suggested that neurons obtain most of their energy from the oxidation of extracellular lactate derived from astroglial metabolism of glucose transported into the brain from the blood. In the present studies we have used 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG), a fluorescent analogue of 2-deoxyglucose, which is often used to trace glucose utilization in neural tissues, to examine glucose metabolism in neurons in vitro and in vivo. Cultured neurons and astroglia were incubated with 2-NBDG for up to 15 minutes, and nonmetabolized 2-NBDG was washed out. We found that fluorescence intensity increased linearly with incubation time in both neurons and astroglia, indicating that both types of brain cells could utilize glucose as their energy source in vitro. To determine if the same were true in vivo, Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenously with a pulse bolus of 2-NBDG and decapitated 45 minutes later. Examination of brain sections demonstrated that phosphorylated 2-NBDG accumulated in hippocampal neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells, indicating that neurons can utilize glucose in vivo as energy source.
A Simple Synthetic Method of trans-5-Aryl and 5-Cyclopropyl Derivatives of 2-Isoxazolin-4-ol via Intramolecular Ring Opening of α,β-Epoxy Ketone Oximes (1990)

Abstract trans-5-Aryl and 5-cyclopropyl derivatives of 2-isoxazolin-4-ol were conveniently prepared from trans-2-aryl- and 2-cyclopropyl-3-benzoyloxiranes and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of pyridine via an intramolecular opening of oxirane by the oxygen nucleophile of the oxyimino group.
The 18F-FDG PET Cingulate Island Sign and Comparison to 123I-β-CIT SPECT for Diagnosis of Dementia with Lewy Bodies (2009)

Both (18)F-FDG PET and (123)I-beta-CIT SPECT appear useful for the diagnosis of DLB, although the latter provides more robust results. The cingulate island sign may enhance the specificity of (18)F-FDG PET.
MiR‐128 up‐regulation inhibits Reelin and DCX expression and reduces neuroblastoma cell motility and invasiveness (2009)

MicroRNAs are a class of sophisticated regulators of gene expression, acting as post-transcriptional inhibitors that recognize their target mRNAs through base pairing with short regions along the 3'UTRs. Several microRNAs are tissue specific, suggesting a specialized role in tissue differentiation or maintenance, and quite a few are critically involved in tumorigenesis. We studied miR-128, a brain-enriched microRNA, in retinoic acid-differentiated neuroblastoma cells, and we found that this microRNA is up-regulated in treated cells, where it down-modulates the expression of two proteins involved in the migratory potential of neural cells: Reelin and DCX. Consistently, miR-128 ectopic overexpression suppressed Reelin and DCX, whereas the LNA antisense-mediated miR-128 knockdown caused the two proteins to increase. Ectopic miR-128 overexpression reduced neuroblastoma cell motility and invasiveness, and impaired cell growth. Finally, the analysis of a small series of primary human neuroblastomas showed an association between high levels of miR-128 expression and favorable features, such as favorable Shimada category or very young age at diagnosis. Thus, we provide evidence for a role for miR-128 in the molecular events modulating neuroblastoma progression and aggressiveness.
Imaging profiles of Alzheimer’s disease and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia based on cortical structural correlation networks (2020)

Abstract Background Reduced cortical structural properties are recognised as potential imaging marker for neurodegenerative disorders. However, networks of correlated fluctuations in cortical structural properties in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) have remained elusive. Here, we set out to investigate organisations of structural correlation networks in these patients, and further to show how they become (dis)organised across the cortical lobes. Method Structural correlation networks are estimated from magnetic resonance images (MRI) in three study groups ‐ AD, bvFTD and healthy controls ‐ each consisting of an equal number of participants (N = 200). Group‐level networks are constructed by cross‐correlating regional structural properties (e.g., thickness, surface area or volume) across all subjects within the group while controlling for confounding variables age, gender and global values. Result Network organisation is evaluated using several network matrices including the node degree, node strength and network density on the whole‐brain and across the brain lobes. We found that the reduced cortical properties in AD and bvFTD alter organization of the corresponding structural cortical networks at the whole brain. We also found that differences in the measured network properties are lobe specific. Conclusion Our results show that understanding patterns of correlated reductions in cortical structures may assist in deciphering how cortical changes underlie cognitive and behavioural processes impaired in AD and bvFTD. Reference: Vuksanović V, Staff RT, Ahearn T, Murray AD, Wischik CM. Cortical Thickness and Surface Area Networks in Healthy Aging, Alzheimer’s Disease and Behavioral Variant Fronto‐Temporal Dementia. Int J Neural Syst. 2019 Aug;29(6):1850055. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129065718500557 . Epub 2018 Nov 14. PubMed PMID: 30638083.
Severe Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Disease Caused by Double Infection with Mild Virus Strains (1990)

Severe symptoms thought to be caused by maize chlorotic dwarf virus (MCDV) in the field have not been consistently reproduced by isolates of the virus in the greenhouse. To determine if severe symptoms could be caused by multiple infections of mild MCDV strains, six MCDV isolates causing mild symptoms were separated from naturally infected johnsongrass (Sorghum halepens), the overwintering host, and then coinoculated into corn (Zea mays) in various combinations (...)
Precise control over reduction potential of fulleropyrrolidines for organic photovoltaic materials (2017)

A series of fulleropyrrolidines containing fluorine- and methoxy group were synthesized. The substitution pattern influenced the reduction potential of the fulleropyrrolidines and enabled precise control over an open circuit voltage of OPV cells.
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Telescope Program at the Naval Research Laboratory (2008)

Abstract : The Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer (NPOI) is actively involved in a program to upgrade its collection apertures from a few tens of centimeters to 1.4 meters. This will dramatically increase its light collection capabilities and thus improve the sensitivity from 6th to nearly 12th magnitude, opening up a much larger selection of observable stars. This program leverages the use of lightweight carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) for telescope construction, allowing each telescope to be moved from one location to another, providing a reconfigurable array of telescopes rather than a large number of fixed telescopes. There are several advantages to using CFRP as the construction material for telescopes, including an order of magnitude decrease in weight, which supports easier transportation from station to station on the array. As all components of the telescope, including optics, are constructed from composite materials having a low coefficient of thermal expansion, dimensional changes due to temperature variations can be minimized. A major benefit to this approach, which requires multiple, identical optical components, is that they are made from a single, high-precision tool, allowing a much shorter production cycle than traditional steel and glass telescopes and keeping all replicated components identical and interchangeable. Composite materials provide a structurally stiff and very durable telescope that has superior performance to glass in harsh environments such as space.
Magnetic Field Mapping and NMR Imaging by Multi-Frequency SENEX (1988)

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of selectively excited protons has been used for magnetic field mapping in a 1.5 T whole body imager. The imaging has been performed with a modified two pulse SENEX sequence, adapted to single- or multislice operation. The usual spin-echo image is superimposed by field markers which are created by a periodic non-excitation. Results of the method in the fields of image quality control, influence of the susceptibility of an object, and shim and gradient current field response are presented.
Hot carrier dynamics, relaxation, and the effects of polaron formation in metal-halide perovskites (2022)

Metal-halide perovskites are emerging as an intriguing class of semiconductors with significant potential for photovoltaics. Here, several perovskites are discussed that have been assessed via various experimental techniques to determine the effects of their composition, dimensionality, and structural stability on hot carriers and polaron formation. It will be shown that polarons formed in these systems are strongly affected by the binding energy and nature of the excitons in the materials. Notably, the hot carrier dynamics in perovskites is strongly affected by their low thermal conductivity, which inhibits the dissipation of heat in the material.
Physiological Responses of Lettuce (<italic>Lactuca sativa</italic>) to Reduced Atmospheric Pressure (2005)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Mars is likely the best candidate for future planetary exploration however the Martian atmosphere is at a pressure of ~0.6 kPa. This extremely low pressure demands that plant growth structures be isolated from the ambient environment. While it is clear that it is desirable to predict the contributions that plants will make to bioregenerative life support systems at reduced atmospheric pressures, research has been limited. This study examines carbon exchange and evapotranspiration in order to establish a baseline that will aid in the development of an atmospheric composition that allows for reduced pressure plant growth without compromising the plant production yields required for human life support.&lt;/div&gt;
A Fluid Mechanics Approach to the Labyrinth Seal Leakage Problem (1961)

The paper describes investigations of labyrinth seals carried out recently; derives new theoretical and semitheoretical formulas for computation of the leakage which agree within 5 per cent with the tests for three different types of seals; off-design performance of the seals is treated theoretically and experimentally.
Determining the End of Battery Life (1986)

The end of battery life is usually determined by a discharge test. For large cells, the size of the test equipment is excessive. A faster procedure requiring less cumbersome equipment is needed. This paper presents data to show that cell capacity can be correlated with cell impedance, which is easier to measure than cell capacity. Techniques for making such measurements on 7,000 Amp-Hour lead-antimony telephone cells, without removal from service, are discussed.
A new TWIST on mobile computing: Two-Way Interactive Session Transfer (2002)

The ubiquitous use of computer resources for daily productivity is a goal that presently remains unrealised. We believe that the convergence of desktop and mobile applications into a seamless computing experience will provide a strong motivation for future "anytime, anywhere computing". The authors describe this convergence as the capability to perform the handoff of application sessions across heterogeneous platforms using the network as a conduit. In addition to discussing the architecture and protocols to facilitate this capability, the authors also provide a taxonomy for describing a variety of different session handoff schemes. In particular, they have identified an important Two-Way Interactive Session Transfer (TWIST) behaviour for communication between heterogeneous clients and servers. To demonstrate the concepts, they have implemented the handoff capability with TWIST semantics into a real-world application that serves as a teaching tool for radiology clinicians. From experimental data, the authors show that the handoff mechanism incurs little delay to transfer larger data-laden sessions.
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Blue Light Signaling Components in the Arabidopsis Cryptochrome 1 Mutant (2007)

An Arabidopsis hy4 mutant that is specifically impaired in its ability to undergo blue light dependent photomorphogenesis was used to identify cryptochrome 1 signaling-related components. Proteomic analysis revealed about 205 differentially expressed protein spots in the blue light-irradiated hy4 mutant compared to the wild-type. The proteins corresponding to 28 up-regulated and 33 down-regulated spots were identified. Obvious morphological changes in the hy4 mutant were closely related to the expression of various transcription factors. Our findings suggest that blue light signals may be involved in many cellular processes including disease resistance and stress responses.
A Full Fingerprint Verification System for a Single-Line Sweep Sensor (2007)

This paper presents a full fingerprint verification system. It is composed of a tactile fingerprint sensor, integrated read out and conversion circuits, and dedicated recognition algorithms. The sensor is a single-line sweep mode sensor, e.g., it is made of a single line of sensing elements, thus covering the minimum surface of silicon. Compared with cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> sized touch sensors, it offers a large cost reduction and possibility of easy integration into portable devices. The use of a single line to measure a fingerprint requires the user to sweep its finger along the sensor. This sensing scheme produces fingerprint images with several distortions that needs further image processing to allow efficient fingerprint recognition. This is why we developed and present here specific algorithms to take care of the sensor's specifications. This paper will present measurement results, as well as a performance evaluation of the entire verification system.
In vivo imaging of extracellular pH using 1H MRSI (1999)

Tumor pH is physiologically important since it influences a number of processes relevant to tumorigenesis and therapy. Hence, knowledge of localized pH within tumors would contribute to understanding these processes. The destructiveness, poor spatial resolution, and poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of current technologies (e.g., microelectrodes, 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy) have limited such studies. An extrinsic chemical extracellular pH (pHe) probe is described that is used in combination with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging to yield pHe maps with a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 × 4 mm3. The principle of the technique is demonstrated on a phantom. Further data are shown to demonstrate its application in vivo, and results agree with previously reported pH values. The accuracy of the reported pH measurements is <0.1 pH units, as derived from a detailed analysis of the errors associated with the technique, the description of which is included. Magn Reson Med 41:743–750, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multifunctional cantilever-free scanning probe arrays coated with multilayer graphene (2012)

Scanning probe instruments have expanded beyond their traditional role as imaging or "reading" tools and are now routinely used for "writing." Although a variety of scanning probe lithography techniques are available, each one imposes different requirements on the types of probes that must be used. Additionally, throughput is a major concern for serial writing techniques, so for a scanning probe lithography technique to become widely applied, there needs to be a reasonable path toward a scalable architecture. Here, we use a multilayer graphene coating method to create multifunctional massively parallel probe arrays that have wear-resistant tips of uncompromised sharpness and high electrical and thermal conductivities. The optical transparency and mechanical flexibility of graphene allow this procedure to be used for coating exceptionally large, cantilever-free arrays that can pattern with electrochemical desorption and thermal, in addition to conventional, dip-pen nanolithography.
Federal Damage Assessments in New England After the Halloween '91 Northeaster (1993)

The unusually long period waves which characterized the storm of 30-31 October 1991 caused it to be one of the most destructive storms to impact the New England coastline. To assess emergency conditions following this storm, known as the Halloween Storm, a vulnerability assessment team composed of U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Research Center and Corps of Engineers, New England Division personnel conducted field evaluations of 12 sites along the Massachusetts coast. The team assessed each site's vulnerability to additional damage based on potential for damage to improved property or perceived threats to public safety associated with a coastal storm event having a 5-year recurrence interval. Assessments and recommendations regarding emergency actions were then provided to the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
NfκB signaling dynamics and their target genes differ between mouse blood cell types and induce distinct cell behavior (2022)

Cells can use signaling pathway activity over time (ie, dynamics) to control cell fates. However, little is known about the potential existence and function of signaling dynamics in primary hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Here, we use time-lapse imaging and tracking of single murine HSPCs from green fluorescent protein-p65/H2BmCherry reporter mice to quantify their nuclear factor κB (NfκB) activity dynamics in response to tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β. We find response dynamics to be heterogeneous between individual cells, with cell type-specific dynamics distributions. Transcriptome sequencing of single cells physically isolated after live dynamics quantification shows activation of different target gene programs in cells with different dynamics. Finally, artificial induction of oscillatory NfκB activity causes changes in granulocyte/monocyte progenitor behavior. Thus, HSPC behavior can be influenced by signaling dynamics, which are tightly regulated during hematopoietic differentiation and enable cell type-specific responses to the same signaling inputs.
Architectural Choices in Large Scale ATM Switches (1997)

The rapid development of Asynchronous Transfer Mode technology in the last 10-15 years has stimulated renewed interest in the design and analysis of switching systems, leading to new ideas for system designs and new insights into the performance and evaluation of such systems. As ATM moves closer to realizing the vision of ubiquitous broadband ISDN services, the design of switching systems takes on growing importance. This paper seeks to clarify the key architectural issues for ATM switching system design and provides a survey of the current state-of-the-art.