gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parsimonious Explanations of Change in Hierarchical Data (2007)

Dimension attributes in data warehouses are typically hierarchical, and a variety of OLAP applications (such as point-of-sales analysis and decision support) call for summarizing the measure attributes in fact tables along the hierarchies of these attributes. For example, the total sales at different stores can be summarized hierarchically by geographic location (e.g., state/city/zip_code/store), by time (e.g., year/month/day/hour), or by product category (e.g., clothing/outerwear/jackets/brand). Existing OLAP tools help to summarize and navigate the data at different levels of aggregation (e.g., jackets sold in each state during December 2006) via drill-down and roll-up operators. OLAP tools are also used to characterize changes in these hierarchical summaries over time (e.g., the sales in December 2006 compared to sales in December 2005 over different locations) to detect anomalies and characterize trends. When the number of changes identified is large (e.g., the total sales at many locations differed significantly from their expectations), one seeks explanations. In this paper, we are interested in parsimonious explanations of changes in measure attributes aggregated along an associated dimension attribute hierarchy. We propose a natural model of explanation that makes effective use of the dimension hierarchy and describes changes at the leaf nodes of the hierarchy (e.g., individual stores in the location hierarchy) as a composition of "node weights" along each node's root-to-leaf path in the dimension hierarchy; each node weight constitutes an explanatory term. For example, sales in California stores were three times expected sales; sales in San Jose stores were higher by a factor of two (six times expected sales), whereas sales in Los Angeles stores were lower than the statewide increase by a factor of 1.5 (two times expected sales).
Total recognition discriminability in Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s disease (2016)

Both the original and second editions of the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) provide an index of total recognition discriminability (TRD) but respectively utilize nonparametric and parametric formulas to compute the index. However, the degree to which population differences in TRD may vary across applications of these nonparametric and parametric formulas has not been explored. We evaluated individuals with Huntington's disease (HD), individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), healthy middle-aged adults, and healthy older adults who were administered the CVLT-II. Yes/no recognition memory indices were generated, including raw nonparametric TRD scores (as used in CVLT-I) and raw and standardized parametric TRD scores (as used in CVLT-II), as well as false positive (FP) rates. Overall, the patient groups had significantly lower TRD scores than their comparison groups. The application of nonparametric and parametric formulas resulted in comparable effect sizes for all group comparisons on raw TRD scores. Relative to the HD group, the AD group showed comparable standardized parametric TRD scores (despite lower raw nonparametric and parametric TRD scores), whereas the previous CVLT literature has shown that standardized TRD scores are lower in AD than in HD. Possible explanations for the similarity in standardized parametric TRD scores in the HD and AD groups in the present study are discussed, with an emphasis on the importance of evaluating TRD scores in the context of other indices such as FP rates in an effort to fully capture recognition memory function using the CVLT-II.
Narrow-Line width, Electro-Optically Tuned, Parallel Coupled Waveguide Laser (1986)

Single-frequency, narrow-linewidth, tunable lasers are required in applications such as spectroscopy, sensing, and coherent optical communications. We have previously proposed 1 combining a semiconductor gain medium with titanium diffused lithium niobate (Ti:LiNbO 3 ) waveguide devices to form compact lasers that permit electro-optic control of the output characteristics. This possibility was first demonstrated by actively mode-locking such a hybrid device 1 . Here we report the demonstration of the single-frequency and narrow-linewidth oscillation of a new InGaAsP-Ti:LiNbO 3 extended cavity laser. The versatility and potential of this approach is illustrated by the integration on the single lithium niobate crystal of a parallel coupled cavity to assist the single longitudinal mode and narrow-linewidth operation, electro-optic elements for tuning the resonant frequencies of the cavities, and an external phase modulator for encoding data.
Removal of ammonia from leachate by using thermophilic microbial fuel cells equipped with membrane electrode (2020)

Abstract In wastewater treatment, biological nitrogen removal is an important topic, and the optimal condition for it is a mesophilic environment. This study developed a thermophilic microbial fuel cells (thermo-MFCs) equipped with a hydrophobic membrane electrode to remove and recover ammonia and water from leachate. The results were compared with those of the mesophilic MFCs (meso-MFCs) and they show that the current and power densities for meso-MFCs are higher. The ammonia removal efficiencies of thermo-MFCs are 83% (closed circuit) and 60% (open circuit), higher than those of closed- and open-circuit meso-MFCs (48 and 38%, respectively). Water vapor, the main recovery water flux for the thermo-MFCs, provided 36.5 L m − 2 d − 1 using the closed-circuit mode without applied energy. Moreover, thermo-MFCs and meso-MFCs can be restored within 24 h even under inhibition by using 7200 mg L − 1 ammonia. The proposed process presents an economic and ecofriendly method to not only recover water and ammonia from leachate but also alleviate ammonia inhibition.
Java™ on the bare metal of wireless sensor devices (2006)

The Squawk virtual machine is a small Java™ virtual machine (VM) written mostly in Java that runs without an operating system on a wireless sensor platform. Squawk translates standard class file into an internal pre-linked, position independent format that is compact and allows for efficient execution of bytecodes that have been placed into a read-only memory. In addition, Squawk implements an application isolation mechanism whereby applications are represented as object and are therefore treated as first class objects (i.e., they can be reified). Application isolation also enables Squawk to run multiple applications at once with all immutable state being shared between the applications. Mutable state is not shared. The combination of these features reduce the memory footprint of the VM, making it ideal for deployment on small devices.Squawk provides a wireless API that allows developers to write applications for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), this API is an extension of the generic connection framework (GCF). Authentication of deployed files on the wireless device and migration of applications between devices is also performed by the VM.This paper describes the design and implementation of the Squawk VM as applied to the Sun™ Small Programmable Object Technology (SPOT) wireless device; a device developed at Sun Microsystems Laboratories for experimentation with wireless sensor and actuator applications.
Lanthanum carbonate (2006)

Controlling hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic renal failure on renal dialysis is a major problem. None of the available calcium- or aluminum-based phosphate binders match the requirements for an ideal agent, each having its own limitations. The introduction of sevelamer hydrochloride represented a step change in management. Lanthanum carbonate is an alternative nonaluminium, noncalcium phosphate binder. Taken with food, it is well tolerated. It is poorly absorbed and does not require functioning kidneys to be removed from the body. There is no evidence from current studies that it accumulates to biologically significant levels in tissues, but despite the large numbers of patients included in clinical trials, experience with long-term dosing is limited and, as with every new drug used in this type of clinical setting, patients should be carefully monitored as experience with the drug increases. Lanthanum carbonate binds phosphate effectively across the physiological pH range of the upper gastrointestinal tract, and has no detrimental effect on calcium, vitamin D or parathyroid hormone metabolism. From the extensive trial data it seems that lanthanum carbonate is an effective and practical phosphate binder. Lanthanum carbonate and sevelamer are two new oral phosphate binding agents that with others currently in preclinical trials, such as stabilized polynuclear iron idroxide, could well represent a significant breakthrough in the management of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic renal failure in whom dietary phosphate restriction and cheaper oral phosphate binding agents prove unsatisfactory. Comparative trials and enhanced clinical experience are needed before the exact place of these competing and complementary therapies can be properly identified in patient management.
Cyclin D1 gene polymorphism and familial prostate cancer: the AA genotype of A870G polymorphism is associated with prostate cancer risk in men aged 70 years or older and metastatic stage. (2004)

The present study suggested that the genetic polymorphism might be associated with familial prostate cancer risk in a Japanese population.
STOICHIOMETRIC Nb3Sn IN FIRST SAMPLES COATED AT CORNELL (2011)

A cavity coated with the superconductor Nb3Sn theoretically will be able to reach more than twice the maximum accelerating field of Nb in a cavity under the same operating conditions and will have a much lower BCS surface resistance at a given temperature. The SRF group at Cornell has recently developed facilities to fabricate Nb3Sn on Nb. The first samples have been coated, and several tests have been performed to characterize them. Results presented include SEM images of the surface, anodization tests, a critical temperature measurement, a test for RRR degradation, and stoichiometry measurements using EDS and XPS.
Finding the right genes for disease and prognosis prediction (2010)

It is possible to get gene expression data relatively inexpensively from micro-arrays. So, this leads to hope that the genes can tell us who will get or has a disease. Perhaps one can find the stage of the disease to enable effective treatments. However, we are currently at the stage where there are many challenges to evaluating the possibilities for genes to be used in diagnosis and treatment. There are typically many more genes that might be involved than samples for any given disease. Which genes are important and how stable are the choices an algorithm provides? We do not know the time of the true onset of a disease, just sometimes when symptoms started and sometimes when diagnosis was done. Some of the promising work on diagnosis or prognosis has suffered from data or scientific errors. This talk will discuss the problems and pitfalls of using genes to predict disease presence or prognosis. It will also discuss some promising ways to choose the genes that may be predictive for a particular disease, with a focus on cancer, and point out some open questions.
Impact of the Transmitter IQ-Skew in Multi-Subcarrier Coherent Optical Systems (2016)

We show that the impact of non-ideal time synchronization between in-phase and quadrature electrical signals can be critical in multi-subcarrier systems. We propose the use of an 8×8 real-valued butterfly equalizer structure to mitigate it.
An architecture for mostly functional languages (1986)

The addition of small amounts of special purpose hardware to conventional machines increases the efficiency of Lisp systems with dynamic type checks. In a similar way, this paper proposes additional hardware to dynamically check the correctness of parallel execution of Lisp programs.
HotSpot: a compact thermal modeling methodology for early-stage VLSI design (2006)

This paper presents HotSpot-a modeling methodology for developing compact thermal models based on the popular stacked-layer packaging scheme in modern very large-scale integration systems. In addition to modeling silicon and packaging layers, HotSpot includes a high-level on-chip interconnect self-heating power and thermal model such that the thermal impacts on interconnects can also be considered during early design stages. The HotSpot compact thermal modeling approach is especially well suited for preregister transfer level (RTL) and presynthesis thermal analysis and is able to provide detailed static and transient temperature information across the die and the package, as it is also computationally efficient.
PMC: An Energy Efficient Event Transport Service For Wireless Sensor Network (2006)

A wireless sensor network is normally a multi-hop wireless ad hoc network whose purpose is to transmit events sensed by sensors to the sink. Since sensor nodes are normally powered by non-rechargeable and non-replaceable battery, an energy efficient event transport service is crucial for extending the life time of a wireless sensor network. Due to the possibility of crossing multiple lossy links between the source and the sink, many events may be lost before they arrive at the sink. In addition, the overhead of low layer protocols is very large due to the short event data. These two factors can result in significant event loss and waste of energy. Many mechanisms have been proposed on other networks to improve reliability and reduce overhead. Due to scarce memory and poor computing ability of sensor nodes in a sensor network, these mechanisms may not be feasible to implement and they may not work efficiently with respect to energy. In this paper, PMC (Pipelined Multiple Copies) is proposed for transmitting events in a wireless sensor network, with the goals of achieving low event loss rate and high energy efficiency. In PMC, multiple copies of an event are pipelined and transmitted in several consecutive frames according to Silent CSMA, a variant of CSMA/CA. Multiple copies of an event reduce end-to-end event loss rate and Silent CSMA reduces packet energy consumption significantly.
COACHING FOR THE SAT: A SUMMARY OF THE SUMMARIES AND AN UPDATE (1993)

Why is it important to investigate the effectiveness of coaching for a test such as the SAT? How can you evaluate the effectiveness of coaching? What are some common misconceptions? What do we know and what is still unclear about the effects of coaching? What can we tell students and their families about the results of coaching studies?
The effect of insulin degludec on risk of symptomatic nocturnal hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes and high risk of nocturnal severe hypoglycaemia (the HypoDeg trial): study rationale and design (2019)

In contrast to most other insulin studies the HypoDeg trial includes only patients at high risk of hypoglycaemia. The HypoDeg trial will compare treatment with insulin degludec to insulin glargine U100 in terms of risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemic episodes in patients with type 1 diabetes with the greatest potential to benefit from near-physiological insulin replacement therapy. www.clinicaltrials.gov : NCT02192450.
Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Clinical Early-Stage Cervical Cancer: Detection with Integrated FDG PET/CT (2006)

PET/CT proved to be valuable for lymph node staging in patients with early-stage cervical cancer, with short-axis diameter greater than 0.5 cm being the size threshold for accurate depiction of metastatic nodes.
Transfer of the Brachialis to the Anterior Interosseous Nerve as a Treatment Strategy for Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: Technical Note (2014)

Study Design Technical report. Objective To provide a technical description of the transfer of the brachialis to the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) for the treatment of tetraplegia after a cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods In this technical report, the authors present a case illustration of an ideal surgical candidate for a brachialis-to-AIN transfer: a 21-year-old patient with a complete C7 spinal cord injury and failure of any hand motor recovery. The authors provide detailed description including images and video showing how to perform the brachialis-to-AIN transfer. Results The brachialis nerve and AIN fascicles can be successfully isolated using visual inspection and motor mapping. Then, careful dissection and microsurgical coaptation can be used for a successful anterior interosseous reinnervation. Conclusion The nerve transfer techniques for reinnervation have been described predominantly for the treatment of brachial plexus injuries. The majority of the nerve transfer techniques have focused on the upper brachial plexus or distal nerves of the lower brachial plexus. More recently, nerve transfers have reemerged as a potential reinnervation strategy for select patients with cervical SCI. The brachialis-to-AIN transfer technique offers a potential means for restoration of intrinsic hand function in patients with SCI.
Conversion of 2-deoxy-d-ribose into 2-amino-5-(2-deoxy-β-d-ribofuranosyl)pyridine, 2′-deoxypseudouridine, and other C-(2′-deoxyribonucleosides) (2003)

The synthesis of 2-amino-5-(2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyridine 2a, 2-amino-5-(2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl)-pyridine 23, 2-amino-5-(2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-3-methylpyridine 2b, 2-amino-5-(2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl)-3-methylpyridine 29 and 5-(2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-dioxopyrimidine [2'-deoxypseudouridine] 30a is described. These C-nucleosides are prepared either from 2-deoxy-3,5-O-(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxan-1,3-diyl)-D-ribofuranose 15 or from 2-deoxy-3,5-O-(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxan-1,3-diyl)-D-ribono-1,4-lactone 16, which are themselves prepared from 2-deoxy-D-ribose 13. The sugar derivatives are first allowed to react with the appropriate 5-lithio-pyridine or 5-lithio-pyrimidine derivatives, which are prepared from 5-bromo-2-(dibenzylamino)pyridine 12a, 5-bromo-2-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)amino]pyridine 12b, 5-bromo-2-dibenzylamino-3-methylpyridine 25 and 5-bromo-2,4-bis(4-methoxybenzyloxy)pyrimidine 33. The products from the reactions between the lithio-derivatives and the lactol 15 are cyclized under Mitsunobu conditions; the products from the reactions between the lithio-derivatives and the lactone 16 are first reduced with L-Selectride before cyclization, also under Mitsunobu conditions. In all cases, the beta-anomers of the protected C-nucleosides are the predominant products. Finally, the separation of the alpha- and beta-anomers and the removal of all of the protecting groups are described.
Complementary Type Ferroelectric Memory Transistor Circuits with P‐ and N‐Channel MoTe2 (2020)

Abstract Ferroelectric nonvolatile memory (FeNVM) field effect transistors (FETs) are reported using p‐channel MoTe 2 and P(VDF‐TrFE) ferroelectric polymer, and furthermore a complementary type memory cell is demonstrated coupling p‐ and n‐channel MoTe 2 FETs. A top‐gate p‐FET with P(VDF‐TrFE) and a bottom‐gate n‐FET with Al 2 O 3 dielectric are integrated as one cell. Such a complementary type cell is more desirable research path in respect of power consumption but rare to find in 2D‐based memory reports. Among many 2D semiconductors MoTe 2 is selected, because p‐type MoTe 2 ‐based FeNVM is not reported yet, and also because it is relatively easy to obtain both p‐ and n‐channel from the homogeneous MoTe 2 . The integrated device also operates as a complementary metal oxide semiconductor inverter in a small voltage range from 0 to ≈2.5 V, but primarily works as a FeNVM circuit when p‐channel with top P(VDF‐TrFE) is biased with high voltages over the coercive electric field ( E c ) of the polymer. The bottom gate n‐channel transistor operates as a switching device in the FeNVM cell, allowing voltage output signals during device operations. It is concluded that the complementary type FeNVM cell is practical and novel enough to report as a first time demonstration based on 2D MoTe 2 .
Hybrid modelling and control of the common rail injection system (2007)

We present an industrial case study in automotive control of significant complexity: the new common-rail fuel-injection system for Diesel engines under development at Magneti Marelli Powertrain. In this system, an inlet metering valve, inserted before the high pressure (HP) pump, regulates the fuel flow that supplies the common rail according to the engine operating point (e.g., engine speed and desired torque). The standard approach in automotive control based on a mean-value model for the plant does not provide a satisfactory solution as the discrete-continuous interactions in the fuel injection system, due to the slow time-varying frequency of the HP pump cycles and the fast sampling frequency of sensing and actuation, play a fundamental role. We present a design approach based on a hybrid model of the Magneti Marelli Powertrain common-rail fuel-injection system for four-cylinder multi-jet engines and a hybrid approach to the design of a rail pressure controller. The hybrid controller performs significantly better when compared with the classical mean-value based approach.
A piecewise affine control Lyapunov function for robust control (2018)

This paper presents the construction of a convex piecewise affine control Lyapunov function for constrained linear discrete-time systems, affected by bounded additive disturbances. Exploiting the properties of this control Lyapunov function, the closed-loop dynamics are shown to converge to a given full-dimensional robust positively invariant set. Moreover, the proposed method leads to a simple robust control algorithm which only requires solving a linear programming problem at each sampling instant. Finally, the controller design is illustrated via a numerical example.
Use of the Ganciclovir Implant in the Treatment of Recurrent Cytomegalovirus Retinitis (1996)

The ganciclovir implant is effective as an adjunct to continued systemic therapy in those patients with recurrent CMV retinitis.
Design and implementation of high speed encryption and decryption system based on PCIE bus (2020)

In order to adapt to the development of science and technology and the needs of society, cryptosystem is also developing towards high speed and high reliability. This paper adopts PCI-Express BUS to replace the traditional PCI BUS, because PCIE is a serial bus in the form of point-to-point, the scheme can avoid the timing out of sync problem when PCI Bus transmits data, the scheme can solve the problem of high-speed data transmission between FPGA and PC. This paper introduces the design of DMA asynchronous transmission scheme based on PCIE bus, and the effectiveness of this scheme is proved by the verification.
Running on empty: getting work done on battery-free energy harvesting platforms (2016)

Summary form only given. Energy-autonomous computing and sensing devices have the potential to extend the reach of computing to a scale beyond either wired or battery-powered systems. This emerging class of battery-free devices harvests all their energy from the environment and typically operates off of a few microfarads of local energy storage. This poses a unique set of challenges for system architects and application developers as these energy constrained devices experience power intermittence which causes the system to reset and power-cycle unpredictably, tens to hundreds of times per second. Furthermore, workloads on energy harvesting devices are not only dictated by the available power but the order of execution is often not reversible due to the voltage dependencies of system peripherals. This talk will introduce several energy-autonomous computing platforms along with energy-interference-free debugging tools that allow workloads to be monitored in an unobtrusive manor.