gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flexible microreactor system for chemical research at moderate temperatures (2003)

Miniaturization is fast gaining attention in chemical processes that are conventionally carried out on a lab-scale or larger. Major progress and landmarks has been made during the last five years. A microreactor system has been developed for fast catalyst development and process optimization. This paper focuses on the issues of microreactor system design and characterization for fast and accurate reaction analysis.
Design and Development of a Partially Compliant 4-bar using IPMC for Work Volume Generation (2008)

This paper illustrates an interesting result on application of Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) as a partially compliant smart actuator. A four‐bar mechanism is designed and developed in which the conventional rigid link rocker is replaced with an IPMC link to increase the work volume. Simulations are based on the effective length of IPMC and are obtained following Euler‐Bernoulli approach for each input voltage. It is demonstrated that controlling the bending of IPMC, work volume of the mechanism can be increased. An experimental set up of four‐bar mechanism is developed and experiment is conducted to validate the simulation results. The results prove that a definite work volume is possible by controlling the bending of IPMC.
Correction. Asymmetric Synthesis Using Diisopropyl Tartrate Modified (E)- and (Z)-Crotylboronates: Preparation of the Chiral Crotylboronates and Reactions with Achiral Aldehydes (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCorrection. Asymmetric Synthesis Using Diisopropyl Tartrate Modified (E)- and (Z)-Crotylboronates: Preparation of the Chiral Crotylboronates and Reactions with Achiral AldehydesWilliam Rousch, Kaori Ando, Daniel Powers, Alan Palkowitz, and Ronald HaltermanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 13, 5133Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1991Publication History Published online8 July 2004Published inissue 1 June 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00013a600https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00013a600research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views68Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The therapeutic intervention scoring system (1975)

The Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) has been introduced (Cullen DJ, Civetta JM, Briggs BA, et al: Therapeutic intervention scoring system: A method for quantitative comparison of patient care. Crit Care Med 2:57-60, 1974) at the Massachusetts General Hospital as a means of quantifying the medical and nursing care required by critically ill patients. The method has been instituted in the Intensive Care Unit of Memorial Cancer Center to evaluate its applicability to patients who develop life-threatening complications of their disease or its treatment. This is a preliminary report of the system's use in 55 consecutive patients who averaged 33.4 intervention points per day. This average compares closely with that of postcardiac surgery patients (31.8 points), the group that required the most care of all patients in the initial study. The results indicate the usefulness of this sytem in evaluating severity of illness, predicting survival, and assessing cost benefits. It has proven to be a simple and accurate method of assessment when simple and accurate method of assessment when applied to this patient population, but certain modifications seem warranted and have been suggested herein.
Invasive intramuscular hemangiomas of the head and neck. (1989)

Intramuscular hemangiomas make up less than 1% of all hemangiomas [1]. These invasive and aggressive lesions appear to have a predilection for large muscle masses. They can be strikingly aggressive in the head and neck, and persistence despite radical treatment is common. Spontaneous resolution in adults to our knowledge has not been reported in the literature. We present a case report of an invasive intramuscular hemangioma involving the parotid gland, the masseter and pterygoid muscles, and the infratemporal fossa after local resection of an apparently isolated lesion of the lip and the submandibular triangle. We describe a detailed course of treatment and review the literature.
Research and Design of on-Board Dynamic SpaceWire Router (2010)

为满足航天器有效载荷间高速数据多路传输的未来发展需求，该文研究提出了基于SpaceWire的星载数据路由的设计方案。在SpaceWire总线标准网络层分析的基础上，结合虫孔路由原理构建路由器内部结构，提出了采用无阻断交差开关的SpaceWire路由器设计方案。在Simulink环境下建立了路由器仿真模型，并通过BWR解决了虫孔路由阻塞机制带来的刹车问题，使路由器的满负荷通信下的平均丢包率减少了70％。
Transcatheter patent foramen ovale closure using the premere PFO occlusion system (2006)

Our preliminary experience with the Premere PFO occlusion system shows that this device is safe and effective.
Progress in theoretical studies of physical phenomena in high-power light sources (2002)

Summary form only given. Some high-power light sources operate on mixture of mercury and small amounts of rare earth halides molecules LnX (Ln/spl equiv/Dy, Ho, Tm, X/spl equiv/I, Br). Such sources have high output (radiative) power, but their frequency spectrum is often quite different from the (usually) desired solar spectrum. Lack of reliable thermodynamic and/or kinetic models of the plasmas in the devices makes understanding, and subsequently controlability, of the spectrum very difficult. We discuss in this work partition functions and thermodynamic functions of partially-ionized monoatomic (Hg, Dy, Ho and Tm) and diatomic (DyI, HoI, TmI, DyBr, HoBr and TmBr) gases which are typical components of plasmas used in the light sources discussed here.
Evaluation of the Sulfur Dioxide Pollution Tolerance of Sidewalk Plants (2014)

Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) is used by landscapers to select plant species tolerant to air pollution. The present study evaluated APTI for selected ten common plant species, which were fumigated with 40 ppb sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) gas for 210 days. The APTI is used by landscapers to select plant species tolerant to air pollution. In order to develop the usefulness of plants as indicators requires an appropriate selection of plant species, which is of utmost importance in specific situations. Four biochemical parameters, including ascorbic acid content, leaf extract pH, total leaf chlorophyll, and leaf relative water content were used to develop an APTI. The results showed that plants have the potential to serve as excellent quantitative and qualitative indices of pollution. Since biomonitoring of plants is an important tool by which to evaluate the impact of air pollution on plants, Diospyros mar i time is a good selection as an index of SO 2 pollution. The order of tolerance in SO 2 as Diospyros maritime &gt; Diospyros disco l or &gt; Decusscarpus nagi &gt; Cerbera manghas &gt; Delonix regia &gt; Melia azedarach &gt; Machilus zuihoensis &gt; Ficus sepitca &gt; Erythrina variegate &gt; Messerschmidia argentea .
Performance of Single- and Multiple-Dish Laser Communications Systems (1968)

A comparison is given of three potentially useful types of laser communications systems. These are the incoherent direct detection systems (DDS), the transmitted reference system (TRS) and the coherent local heterodyning system (LHS). Both signle- and multiple-dish receiver systems are considered. In all cases a photomultiplier receiver detector is assumed. In the analysis the wave interference noise (or equivalently, classical noise) has been taken into account. The results are given for the case where the background noise arises from a point source, from rnanv point sources or from a uniformly radiating background. Also, the case where the receiving aperture is not diffraction limited/ is considered. Convenient curves are given which permit one to determine the performance of the three systems for various background conditions and system parameters. It is pointed out that the transmitter power required for a communications system using a multiple-dish receiver complex does not decrease always in direct proportion to the reciprocal of the increase in the number of receiver dishes used. Curves are given showing the receiver collecting aperture loss as a function of the number of collecting apertures.
Ligand Dissociation: Planar or Pyramidal Intermediates? (2009)

In organometallic chemistry, ligand dissociation is a key intermediate step in many useful processes. The dissociation of halide from an 18-electron half-sandwich complex (that is, with a single cyclopentadienyl ligand) of the type [CpRu(P-P')Hal] leaves an unsaturated 16-electron intermediate [CpRu(P-P')](+), which is then ready for subsequent addition reactions. Does the intermediate maintain its structure with a vacant site in place of the dissociated ligand, or does it rearrange, either concurrent with its formation or subsequently? In other words, are the 16-electron species planar or pyramidal? The outcome is relevant for chiral-at-metal compounds [CpML(1)L(2)L(3)] because an intermediate [CpML(1)L(2)] retains its chirality with respect to the metal atom as long as it is pyramidal, whereas it loses its chiral information if it becomes planar. In this Account, we address experimental results and theoretical calculations that help illuminate the energetics of structural rearrangements after halide dissociation. The rate-determining step in the halide exchange and racemization reactions of (R(Ru))- and (S(Ru))-[CpRu(P-P')Cl] is the cleavage of the Ru-Cl bond to give pyramidal intermediates (R(Ru))- and (S(Ru))-[CpRu(P-P')](+), which have kept the original metal configurations. These unsaturated intermediates can react with added ligands, such as Br(-) or I(-) (k(2) paths). The substitution products form with retention of the metal configuration. However, the pyramidal intermediates (R(Ru))- and (S(Ru))-[CpRu(P-P')](+) can also invert to their mirror images (k(3) paths). For (R(Ru))- and (S(Ru))-[CpRu(P-P')](+), the barrier of the pyramidal inversion (k(3)) is much higher than that of the halide addition (k(2)). The competition ratio k(3)/k(2) determines how much racemization occurs in a ligand exchange reaction. The competition ratio k(3)/k(2) can be determined from the ratio of the (R(Ru))- and (S(Ru))-products, which is constant throughout the course of the reaction. For compounds like [CpRu(P-P')Hal], k(3)/k(2) is much smaller than 1, resulting in an energy profile that resembles a basilica. These results, established with chiral-at-metal compounds, are supported by calculations that show that 16-electron half-sandwich intermediates with sigma-donating ligands, such as [CpM(NH(3))(2)], adopt planar structures, whereas strongly pi-bonding ligands, as in [CpM(CO)(2)], lead to pyramidal intermediates. The computed activation energies for the pyramidal inversion are on the order of 10 kcal/mol, with the planar species being transition states. The ligand dissociation behavior of 18-electron transition metal complexes is compared with nucleophile dissociation in main group compounds with octet configurations; here we include new computational results. Without exception, unsaturated main group intermediates, such as the carbenium ions formed in S(N)1 reactions, are planar. Our results and analysis help put transition metal chemistry on a firmer mechanistic foundation, and chiral-at-metal compounds are invaluable to this end.
High-harmonic mm-Wave Frequency Multiplication using a Gyrocon-like Device (2016)

Traditional linear interaction RF sources, such as Klystrons and Traveling Wave Tubes, fail to produce significant power levels at millimeter wavelengths. This is because their critical dimensions are small compared to the wavelength, and the output power scales as the square of the wavelength. We present a vacuum tube technology, where the device size is inherently larger than the operating wavelength. We designed a low–voltage mm–wave source, with an output interaction circuit based on a spherical sector cavity. This device was configured as a phased-locked frequency multiplier. We report the design and cold test results of a proof-of-principle fifth harmonic frequency multiplier with an output frequency of 57.12 GHz.
Cosmic Ray Muon Radiography for Contraband Detection. (2003)

The threat of the detonation of a nuclear device in a major US city has prompted research aimed at providing more robust border surveillance for contraband nuclear material. Existing radiographic techniques are inefficient for the detection of shielded material. These techniques also involve radiation hazards, real and perceived. We have invented a new technique which is capable of passively detecting small quantities of shielded SNM in a short time by using the multiple scattering of cosmic ray muons as a radiographic probe. A chief advantage of this technique is that no artificial dose is applied to the object being radiographed. We describe the technique and discuss experimental and simulated results.
Predictive coding--II (1955)

In Part I predictive coding was defined and messages, prediction, entropy, and ideal coding were discussed. In the present paper the criterion to be used for predictors for the purpose of predictive coding is defined: that predictor is optimum in the information theory (IT) sense which minimizes the entropy of the average error-term distribution. Ordered averages of distributions are defined and it is shown that if a predictor gives an ordered average error term distribution it will be a best IT predictor. Special classes of messages are considered for which a best IT predictor can easily be found, and some examples are given. The error terms which are transmitted in predictive coding are treated as if they were statistically independent. If this is indeed the case, or a good approximation, then it is still necessary to show that sequences of message terms which are statistically independent may always be coded efficiently, without impractically large memory requirements, in order to show that predictive coding may be practical and efficient in such cases. This is done in the final section of this paper.
Neuropsychiatric Immune-related Adverse Events Induced by Pembrolizumab in a Patient with Lung Adenocarcinoma and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2019)

The patient was a 73-year-old woman with lung adenocarcinoma and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who was treated with pembrolizumab. After six cycles of pembrolizumab, she developed symptoms suggestive of neuropsychiatric SLE, such as resting tremor, confusional state, depression, mood disorder, and anxiety disorder. In addition, her cerebrospinal fluid level of interleukin-6 was elevated. Her symptoms resolved one month after the discontinuation of pembrolizumab. This is the first report of neuropsychiatric symptoms in a patient with lung cancer and SLE on immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
Suppl. Figure S14 from ROS Induction Targets Persister Cancer Cells with Low Metabolic Activity in NRAS-Mutated Melanoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;S14: CCLE cancer cell panel analysis for the responses to neocuproine&lt;/p&gt;
Role play-based question-answering by real users for building chatbots with consistent personalities (2018)

Having consistent personalities is important for chatbots if we want them to be believable. Typically, many questionanswer pairs are prepared by hand for achieving consistent responses; however, the creation of such pairs is costly. In this study, our goal is to collect a large number of question-answer pairs for a particular character by using role playbased question-answering in which multiple users play the roles of certain characters and respond to questions by online users. Focusing on two famous characters, we conducted a large-scale experiment to collect question-answer pairs by using real users. We evaluated the effectiveness of role play-based questionanswering and found that, by using our proposed method, the collected pairs lead to good-quality chatbots that exhibit consistent personalities.
Single-molecule theory of enzymatic inhibition (2018)

The classical theory of enzymatic inhibition takes a deterministic, bulk based approach to quantitatively describe how inhibitors affect the progression of enzymatic reactions. Catalysis at the single-enzyme level is, however, inherently stochastic which could lead to strong deviations from classical predictions. To explore this, we take the single-enzyme perspective and rebuild the theory of enzymatic inhibition from the bottom up. We find that accounting for multi-conformational enzyme structure and intrinsic randomness should strongly change our view on the uncompetitive and mixed modes of inhibition. There, stochastic fluctuations at the single-enzyme level could make inhibitors act as activators; and we state-in terms of experimentally measurable quantities-a mathematical condition for the emergence of this surprising phenomenon. Our findings could explain why certain molecules that inhibit enzymatic activity when substrate concentrations are high, elicit a non-monotonic dose response when substrate concentrations are low.
The Mad Protein Family Links Transcriptional Repression to Cell Differentiation (1998)

The ability of proliferating cells to exit the cell cycle isan important aspect of the ordered growth and development of tissues and organisms (for review, see Raff1996). Many normal cells cease proliferation in responseto a number of external cues including withdrawal of mitogens, cell-cell contact, specific soluble ligands (e.g.,transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β), and damage. Cessation of proliferation is also a critical element in the terminal differentiation of diverse cell types. Importantly,failure to exit the cell cycle in response to appropriate signals is likely to play a key role in oncogenesis. Until recently, there has been scant information on the mechanisms and pathways involved in cell cycle exit. However,work within the last several years delineating the majormolecular components of the cell cycle has revealed aplethora of both positive and negative regulators of cellcycle progression. The negative regulators comprise awide range of proteins including tumor suppressors,checkpoint control proteins, and cyclin-dependent kinaseinhibitors (CKIs) (for reviews, see Hartwell and Kastan1994; Sherr 1996). Although many of these proteins appear to regulate the orderly progression of the cell cycle,several have also been linked to cell cycle exit related todifferentiation. These include proteins in the retinoblastoma (RB) family and the CKIs p21Cip1/WAF1, p27Kip1,and p57Kip2 (Lee et al. 1994; Halevy et al. 1995; Parker etal. 1995; de Nooij et al. 1996; Missero et al. 1996; Casaccia-Bonnefil et al. 1997; Yan et al. 1997; Di Cunto et al.1998)...
An Improved Formula for Estimating Stored Energy in a BAW Resonator by its Measured S11 Parameters (2021)

In 2008, a formula was proposed to estimate the Time Averaged Stored Energy (TASE) in a bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator using only the measurement of its S <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</inf> parameters and the incident power [1]. When the formula was applied to a BAW resonator, it provided an estimate of TASE across the entire resonant frequency range, but gave erroneous estimates of TASE at frequencies where spurious modes were present. In this work, we will derive an improved TASE formula that resolves this issue by accurately estimating the TASE in both Main-mode and Spurious-mode regions. The improved formula is derived by analyzing an extended Butterworth-Van Dyke (eBVD) model comprising several spurious branches. It is assumed that, at any given frequency, the overall admittance is dominated by one particular branch of the multibranch circuit. It follows that the estimated TASE of the eBVD circuit is the product of the incident power and |S <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</inf> /dω|. This improved estimate for TASE has been validated using a physically realistic 2D FEM resonator model, consisting of lateral modes, that compares the improved estimate (from S <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</inf> ) to that in which the stored energy was integrated through the FEM's mesh elements. Since quality factor (Q) employs the TASE formula, an improved Q formula is also proposed. This improved Q formula has been shown to provide a superior estimate of a resonator's Q factor in the lateral mode region, and we propose that it should replace the existing Q formula currently in wide use.
The Effect of Hydroxycinnamic Acids and Volatile Phenols on Beer Quality (2008)

To the consumer, beer should be an agreeable beverage of attractive colour, clarity, pleasing flavour and should carry no toxic substances. One of the major constituents of barley is phenolic acids and their direct effect on the quality of beer is still a mystery. The aim of the study therefore was to investigate the relationship between phenolic acids during mashing at different temperatures and the quality of the beer. The mash regime and liquor to malt ratios were optimised and the carbohydrates obtained were analysed at 3.5 L of water per kg of malt and a total mash time of 105 min. Carbohydrate and phenolic acid analyses were performed by HPLC coupled with a UV-vis detector. The three different malts used had a phenolic acid content of 33.25 μg/mL, 25.44 μg/mL and 19.98 μg/mL for malt A, B and C, respectively. The plot of 1/T versus Ln(t) gave a negative slope with activation energy (Ea) = 209 KJ/mol, rate constant (k) = 4.6 × 10−4 mg/L min, which are comparable to similar data reported in the literature. The kinetics studies showed that the optimised mashing temperature of 90°C was adequate to form 4-vinylguaiacol by thermal decarboxylation from the hydroxycinnamic acids. This study has shown that there is no direct correlation between phenolic acids and oxidative flavour stability of beer while the corresponding volatile phenols may affect beer flavour.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐1‐DEOXY‐2‐LYCORINONE AND OF A POSSIBLE TRANS‐DIHYDROLYCORICIDINE PRECURSOR (1982)

Abstract Aus der bekannten Nitroverbindung (I) erhält man nach Ketalisierung zu (IIa) durch Reduktion das Amin (IIb), das sich jedoch nicht cyclisieren ließ.