gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Involvement of the bcl-6 gene in AIDS-related lymphomas. (1997)

Mutations of the 5' noncoding regions of bcl-6 represent the most frequent genetic lesion presently detectable among systemic AIDS-NHLs. The frequency of these mutations and their location in the proximity of bcl-6 regulatory regions suggest that they may play a role in AIDS-related lymphomagenesis.
Polyethylene Waxes: Catalytic Synthesis by Ti‐Biphenolates (2007)

Soluble complexes of Ti (IV) bearing biphenol groups such as 1,1′‐binaphthelene 2, 2′ diol (Binol), 1,1′‐methylene di‐2‐naphthol, biphenol were prepared and characterized. These catalyst precursors formulated as [Ti(O‐O)(OPr i )Cl] are found to be active in polymerization of ethylene at high temperatures in combination with ethylaluminum sesquichloride (Et3Al2Cl3) as co‐catalyst. The ultra low‐molecular weight polyethylenes are linear, crystalline and display narrow polydispersities. The PE waxes obtained with this catalytic system exhibit unique properties that have potential applications in surface coating and adhesive formulations.
Oral alendronate use and risk of cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: A nationwide study (2012)

The association between use of oral bisphosphonates and cancer development in elderly women is still uncertain, and previous studies have shown controversial results. We used a nationwide, population-based database to explore the relationship between the use of alendronate, an oral bisphosphonate agent used for the treatment of osteoporosis, and the risk of all malignancies in women with osteoporosis and age over 55 years. In the study group, we included 6906 women with osteoporosis (age, mean ± SD, 73.4 ± 8.4 years) taking oral alendronate, who were selected from a 1,000,000 sample cohort dataset collected between January 1998 and December 2009. Another 20,697 age- and comorbidity-matched women (73.5 ± 8.4 years) without bisphosphonates treatment were included in the control group. No subjects had any history of being diagnosed with cancer before inclusion. We used a log-rank test to analyze the differences in accumulated cancer-free survival rates between these two groups. A Cox proportional-hazard model, adjusted for confounding factors, was used to evaluate the association between alendronate use and the development of all cancer events in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. During the mean follow-up period of 4.8 years, 821 patients from the study group and 2646 patients from the control group had new cancers. There was no significant difference in cancer incidence between alendronate users and controls (11.9% versus 12.8%, p = 0.054). The person-year incidence of newly-developed cancer in alendronate users and controls was 28.0 and 29.4 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Alendronate use was not associated with increased risk of cancer development in women with osteoporosis (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97-1.13; p = 0.237). However, due to the limited study size and underpowered results, further larger prospective studies or meta-analysis are suggested to further confirm our findings.
Support vector machines for petrophysical modelling and lithoclassification (2011)

Given increasing challenges of oil and gas production from partially depleted conventional or unconventional reservoirs, reservoir characterization is a key element of the reservoir development workflow. Reservoir characterization impacts well placement, injection and production strategies, and field management. Reservoir characterization projects point and line data to a large three-dimensional volume. The relationship between variables, e.g. porosity and permeability, is often established by regression yet the complexities between measured variables often lead to poor correlation coefficients between the regressed variables. Recent advances in machine learning methods have provided attractive alternatives for constructing interpretation models of rock properties in heterogeneous reservoirs. Here, Support Vector Machines (SVMs ), a class of a learning machine that is formulated to output regression models and classifiers of competitive generalization capability, has been explored to determine its capabilities for determining the relationship, both in regression and in classification, between reservoir rock properties. This thesis documents research on the capability of SVMs to model petrophysical and elastic properties in heterogeneous sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. Specifically, the capabilities of SVM regression and classification has been examined and compared to neural network-based methods, namely multilayered neural networks, radial basis function neural networks, general regression neural networks, probabilistic neural networks, and linear discriminant analysis. The petrophysical properties that have been evaluated include porosity, permeability, Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus. Statistical error analysis reveals that the SVM method yields comparable or superior predictions of petrophysical and elastic rock properties and classification of the lithology compared to neural networks. The SVM method also shows uniform prediction capability under the effect of small sample sizes.
Guest Editorial Introduction to the Special Issue of the IEEE L-CSS on Learning and Control (2020)

Recent advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence have provided astounding performance gains in several domains, including computer vision, natural language processing and recommender systems, in particular when massive data is involved, and large computational power is needed. Similarly, modern control theory techniques have found very successful application in the analysis and control design of complex systems, for example in robotics and in the automotive industry. The connection between machine learning and control theory is more and more pertinent in view of the promise to surpass the potentialities of each discipline.
Post-Consumer Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Depolymerization by Yarrowia lipolytica: A Comparison between Hydrolysis Using Cell-Free Enzymatic Extracts and Microbial Submerged Cultivation (2022)

Several microorganisms have been reported as capable of acting on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to some extent, such as <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>, which is a yeast known to produce various hydrolases of industrial interest. The present work aims to evaluate PET depolymerization by <i>Y. lipolytica</i> using two different strategies. In the first one, biocatalysts were produced during solid-state fermentation (SSF-YL), extracted and subsequently used for the hydrolysis of PET and bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) (BHET), a key intermediate in PET hydrolysis. Biocatalysts were able to act on BHET, yielding terephthalic acid (TPA) (131.31 µmol L<sup>-1</sup>), and on PET, leading to a TPA concentration of 42.80 µmol L<sup>-1</sup> after 168 h. In the second strategy, PET depolymerization was evaluated during submerged cultivations of <i>Y. lipolytica</i> using four different culture media, and the use of YT medium ((<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) yeast extract 1%, tryptone 2%) yielded the highest TPA concentration after 96 h (65.40 µmol L<sup>-1</sup>). A final TPA concentration of 94.3 µmol L<sup>-1</sup> was obtained on a scale-up in benchtop bioreactors using YT medium. The conversion obtained in bioreactors was 121% higher than in systems with SSF-YL. The results of the present work suggest a relevant role of <i>Y. lipolytica</i> cells in the depolymerization process.
Inhibiting Pneumococcal Surface Antigen A (PsaA) with Small Molecules Discovered through Virtual Screening: Steps toward Validating a Potential Target for Streptococcus pneumoniae (2018)

The pneumococcal surface antigen A (PsaA) metal transporter protein provides manganese to bacterial cells. The X-ray crystal structures of PsaA, in both closed (Mn bound) and open (metal free) conformations, were explored with virtual screening to identify potential inhibitors of manganese transport. We pursued three strategies for inhibition: i) targeting a cavity close to the bound Mn to keep the metal in place; ii) targeting the metal-free Mn site to prevent metal uptake; and iii) targeting a potentially druggable allosteric site involving loops that translate between the conformations. Tiered assays were used to test the resulting 170 acquired hits: i) assay 1 tested the compounds' growth inhibition of the TIGR4 S. pneumoniae strain (ΔPsaA mutant control), yielding 80 compounds (MIC≤250 μm); ii) assay 2 tested if the addition of 20 μm Mn to inhibited cell cultures restored growth, yielding 21 compounds; and iii) assay 3 confirmed that the restored bacterial growth was Mn concentration dependent, as was the restoration of ΔPsaA growth, yielding 12 compounds with MICs of 125 μm or greater. It may be possible for a small molecule to inhibit PsaA, but we have not yet identified a compound with exemplary properties.
Effectiveness of New Alkyl-Aryl-p-Phenylenediamines Which Can Be Chemically Bound to Polymers—Model Study (1989)

Abstract The new model compounds described above have all the structural characteristics of the most effective antioxidants, antiozonants, and antiflexcracking agents of the alkyl-aryl- p -phenylenediamine type. Whereas the SCH 3 compounds chosen as migratable reference substances have patterns of effectiveness similar to that of 6PPD, attachment to the polymer largely immobilizes the SH compounds. The nonmigratable mercaptans afford less protection from surface degradation processes than the corresponding methylthioethers. The fact that the attached compounds afford almost no protection from ozone underlines the importance of diffusion as a prerequisite of an antiozonant effect. Although the bound molecules have a good antioxidant effect, their loss of effectiveness as a function of aging time is similar to that of the reference compound, which, being migratable, is subject to physical depletion. Under laboratory aging conditions that do not cause extraction, the concept of polymer attachment offers no prospect of proved long-term protection.
<title>Novel method for analyzing signal errors caused by polygonal approximations in the fabrication of diffractive elements</title> (1997)

We develop a novel and efficient method to simulate diffraction patterns in the far field and in the Fresnel region when the phase counters of a quantized diffractive optical element are approximated by arbitrary polygons. Approximation causes signal errors whose effects have not been extensively studied so far. We take the polygonal shapes into account without any further approximations in the simulation, in contrast to calculations based on direct application of the Fast Fourier Transform. The method is applied to diffractive Fresnel lenses, axicons and gratings with finite size.
Novel Anode Catalyst Containing Gold Nanoparticles for Use in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (2007)

Gold nanoparticles of ca. 4 nm in diameter were deposited on a Pt−Ru/C catalyst by the gas-phase grafting method, and the electrocatalytic activities of Pt−Ru/C and gold nanoparticles deposited on a Pt−Ru/C catalyst in the electrooxidation of methanol and CO were studied. The deposition of gold nanoparticles on Pt−Ru/C enhanced its electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation at a lower potential region (<450 mV). In addition, the promotion of CO oxidation by gold nanoparticles on Pt−Ru/C was confirmed by CO stripping voltammetry.
Selective synthesis of MeCHO by C2H4–(O2+NO) cell system (1998)

I. Yamanaka, A. Nishi and K. Otsuka, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2105 DOI: 10.1039/A805092I
Engineering titania nanostructure to tune and improve its photocatalytic activity (2016)

Photocatalytic pathways could prove crucial to the sustainable production of fuels and chemicals required for a carbon-neutral society. Electron-hole recombination is a critical problem that has, so far, limited the efficiency of the most promising photocatalytic materials. Here, we show the efficacy of anisotropy in improving charge separation and thereby boosting the activity of a titania (TiO2) photocatalytic system. Specifically, we show that H2 production in uniform, one-dimensional brookite titania nanorods is highly enhanced by engineering their length. By using complimentary characterization techniques to separately probe excited electrons and holes, we link the high observed reaction rates to the anisotropic structure, which favors efficient carrier utilization. Quantum yield values for hydrogen production from ethanol, glycerol, and glucose as high as 65%, 35%, and 6%, respectively, demonstrate the promise and generality of this approach for improving the photoactivity of semiconducting nanostructures for a wide range of reacting systems.
Semiconductor nanowires self-assembled from colloidal CdTe nanocrystal building blocks: optical properties and application perspectives (2012)

Solution-based self-assembly of quasi-one-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures (nanowires) from quasi-zero-dimensional (quantum dots) colloidal nanocrystal building blocks has proven itself as a powerful and flexible preparation technique. Polycrystalline CdTe nanowires self-assembled from light-emitting thiol-capped CdTe nanocrystals are the focus of this Feature Article. These nanowires represent an interesting model system for quantum dot solids, where electronic coupling between the individual nanocrystals can be optically accessed and controlled. We provide a literature-based summary of the formation mechanism and the morphology-related aspects of self-assembled CdTe nanowires, and highlight several fundamental and application-related optical properties of these nanostructures. These include fundamental aspects of polarization anisotropies in photoluminescence excitation and emission, the electronic coupling between individual semiconductor nanocrystals constituting the nanowires, and more applied, waveguiding properties of CdTe nanowire bundles and anti-Stokes photoluminescence in a prototypical structure of co-axial nanowires. The optical properties of self-assembled CdTe nanowires considered here render them potential candidates for photonic nano-scale devices.
Urea Lesion Formation in DNA as a Consequence of 7,8-Dihydro-8-oxoguanine Oxidation and Hydrolysis Provides a Potent Source of Point Mutations (2004)

The DNA oxidation product 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) forms several mutagenic oxidation products, including a metastable oxaluric acid (Oa) derivative. We report here that a synthetic oligonucleotide containing Oa hydrolyzes under simulated "in vivo" conditions to form a mutagenic urea (Ua) lesion. Using the Oa 2'-deoxyribonucleoside as a model, the hydrolysis rate depended strongly upon the concentrations of bicarbonate and divalent magnesium. In buffered solutions containing physiologically relevant levels of these species, the half-life of Oa nucleoside was approximately 40 h at 37 degrees C. The mutagenic properties of Ua in DNA were investigated using a M13mp7L2 bacteriophage genome containing Ua at a specific site. Transfection of the lesion-containing genome into wild-type AB1157 Escherichia coli allowed determination of the mutation frequency and DNA polymerase bypass efficiency from the resulting progeny phage. Ua was bypassed with an efficiency of 11% as compared to a guanine control and caused a 99% G-->T mutation frequency, assuming the lesion originated from G, which is at least an order of magnitude higher than the mutation frequency of 8-oxoG under the same conditions. SOS induction of bypass DNA polymerase(s) in the bacteria prior to transfection caused the mutation frequency and type to shift to 43% G-->T, 46% G-->C, and 10% G-->A mutations. We suggest that Ua is instructional, meaning that the shape of the lesion and its interactions with DNA polymerases influence which nucleotide is inserted opposite the lesion during replication and that the instructional nature of the lesion is modulated by the size of the binding pocket of the DNA polymerase. Replication past Ua, when formed by hydrolysis of the 8-oxoG oxidation product Oa, denotes a pathway that nearly quantitatively generates point mutations in vivo.
Developmental Cues for Bone Formation from Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein in an Ex Vivo Organotypic Culture System of Embryonic Chick Femora (2012)

Enhancement and application of our understanding of skeletal developmental biology is critical to developing tissue engineering approaches to bone repair. We propose that use of the developing embryonic femur as a model to further understand skeletogenesis, and the effects of key differentiation agents, will aid our understanding of the developing bone niche and inform bone reparation. We have used a three-dimensional organotypic culture system of embryonic chick femora to investigate the effects of two key skeletal differentiation agents, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), on bone and cartilage development, using a combination of microcomputed tomography and histological analysis to assess tissue formation and structure, and cellular behavior. Stimulation of embryonic day 11 (E11) organotypic femur cultures with PTH and PTHrP initiated osteogenesis. Bone formation was enhanced, with increased collagen I and STRO-1 expression, and cartilage was reduced, with decreased chondrocyte proliferation, collagen II expression, and glycosaminoglycan levels. This study demonstrates the successful use of organotypic chick femur cultures as a model for bone development, evidenced by the ability of exogenous bioactive molecules to differentially modulate bone and cartilage formation. The organotypic model outlined provides a tool for analyzing key temporal stages of bone and cartilage development, providing a paradigm for translation of bone development to improve scaffolds and skeletal stem cell treatments for skeletal regenerative medicine.
Representation of Noise in Linear Twoports (1960)

This is a tutorial paper, written by the Subcommittee on Noise, IRE 7.9, to provide the theoretical background for some of the IRE Standards on Methods of Measuring Noise in Electron Tubes. The general-circuit-parameter representation of a linear two-port with internal sources and the Fourier representations of stationary noise sources are reviewed. The relationship between spectral densities and mean-square fluctuations is given and the noise factor of the linear twoport is expressed in terms of the mean-square fluctuations of the source current and the internal noise sources. The noise current is then split into two components, one perfectly correlated and one uncorrelated with the noise voltage. Expressed in terms of the noise voltage and these components of the noise current, the noise factor is then shown to be a function of four parameters which are independent of the circuit external to the twoport.
Accuracy and Efficiency of Deep-Learning–Based Automation of Dual Stain Cytology in Cervical Cancer Screening (2020)

Automated DS evaluation removes the remaining subjective component from cervical cancer screening and delivers consistent quality for providers and patients. Moving from Pap to automated DS substantially reduces the number of colposcopies and also achieves excellent performance in a simulated fully vaccinated population. Through cloud-based implementation, this approach is globally accessible. Our results demonstrate that AI not only provides automation and objectivity but also delivers a substantial benefit for women by reduction of unnecessary colposcopies.
Dienamide photochemistry (1986)

In contrast to monocyclic dienamides which undergo a photochemical Fries rearrangement, photolysis of the corresponding bicyclic compounds yields exclusively condensed six-membered rings possessing a spiro heterocyclic framework.
Current Status of Pharmacologic Therapies in Patient Blood Management (2012)

Patient blood management(1,2) incorporates patient-centered, evidence-based medical and surgical approaches to improve patient outcomes by relying on the patient's own (autologous) blood rather than allogeneic blood. Particular attention is paid to preemptive measures such as anemia management. The emphasis on the approaches being "patient-centered" is to distinguish them from previous approaches in transfusion medicine, which have been "product-centered" and focused on blood risks, costs, and inventory concerns rather than on patient outcomes. Patient blood management(3) structures its goals by avoiding blood transfusion(4) with effective use of alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusion.(5) These alternatives include autologous blood procurement, preoperative autologous blood donation, acute normovolemic hemodilution, and intra/postoperative red blood cell (RBC) salvage and reinfusion. Reviewed here are the available pharmacologic tools for anemia and blood management: erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), iron therapy, hemostatic agents, and potentially, artificial oxygen carriers.
Infrafrontier - Mouse models and phenotyping data for the European biomedical research community (2009)

It is clear that this tremendous task cannot be fulfilled by individual research facilities or on the national level alone. This is the rationale for the European project Infrafrontier (The European infrastructure for phenotyping and archiving of model mammalian genomes, www.infrafrontier.eu ), which is coordinated at the Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen by Prof. Hrabe de Angelis. Infrafrontier is on the European roadmap for research infrastructures of ESFRI (European Strategy Forum for Research Infrastructures, http://www.cordis.europa.eu/esfri ) and receives funding from the EC’s Seventh Framework Program. It will organise a pan-European research infrastructure to increase the capacities for systemic phenotyping and archiving of mouse models. The Infrafrontier consortium currently contains 22 partners (representing 14 phenotyping and archiving centres, 1 bioinformatics institute and 12 European ministries and funding agencies) from 10 different European countries. Six new partners will join Infrafrontier in the near future, extending the project to Austria, Czech Republic and Canada.
The Effect of Sodium Trimetaphosphate on Caries: A 3-year Clinical Toothpaste Trial (1996)

The objective of this study was to assess the anticaries efficacy of a toothpaste containing 3% sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP; test) relative to a toothpaste containing no caries-preventive agent (control). The study was designed as a 3-year double-blind caries incidence study involving about 2,500 subjects aged 11 years at baseline. After a clinical examination, subjects were stratified by sex, presence of supragingival calculus and caries status and randomly assigned to either the control or the test group. Clinical examinations then took place at annual intervals. At baseline and at the final examination bite-wing radiographs were taken of subjects not radiographed within the previous 6 months. The change in caries between baseline and the 3-year examination was calculated as DMFS increments. The results showed a statistically significant difference of 8% between the test and control groups (p < 0.05). In subjects brushing twice daily the difference between the test and control group was 11% (p < 0.01). It is concluded that, when used regularly, a toothpaste containing 3% TMP will be effective against caries.