gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SkQ3: The new member of the class of membranotropic uncouplers (2011)

In our previous studies we have described the non-equilibrium binding of hydrogen ions to the membranes upon induction of transmembrane proton flux in the model system (BLM) and in mitochondria. In 2009 the investigation program aimed to find uncouplers selectively interacting with the non-equilibrium bound protons was started. This study is devoted to a new representative of this class of uncouplers. The effect of respiratory stimulation evoked by this compound can be suppressed by 50–90% through the elimination of non-equilibrium fraction of protons associated with the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The peculiarity of this compound results from its belonging to the class of quinones with a high affinity to lipid membranes. It becomes a weak acid (hydroquinone) only after reduction. The formation of hydroquinone in the mitochondria determines the observed effect of respiratory stimulation. Thus, the artificial induction of interaction between redox-reactions and reactions of proton association and dissociation occurring on the surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane was demonstrated for the first time.
Latchup-free CMOS structure using shallow trench isolation (1985)

Using a shallow trench and a thin epitaxial layer, latchup-free CMOS has been realized. When the trench depth is 1.4 µm and the epitaxial layer thickness is 2 µm, the latchup holding voltage, V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H</inf> is higher than 13 V. The mechanism of V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H</inf> increase is discussed using an equivalent circuit including the reverse transistors of the parasitic bipolar transistors. The interruption of lateral current flow with the trench contributes to V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H</inf> increase. From the results, it is well expected that the only about 1 µm deep trench must be adequate for achieving V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H</inf> higher than the supply voltage, i.e. 5V, and that the fabrication process of trench isolation becomes more reliable and easier.
Routing subject to quality of service constraints in integrated communication networks (1995)

With increasingly diverse QOS requirements, it is impractical to continue to rely on conventional routing paradigms that emphasize the search for an optimal path based on a predetermined metric, or a particular function of multiple metrics. Modern routing strategies must not only be adaptive to network changes but also offer considerable economy of scope. We consider the problem of routing in networks subject to QOS constraints. After providing an overview of prior routing work, we define various QOS constraints. We present a call architecture that may be used for QOS matching and a connection management mechanism for network resource allocation. We discuss fallback routing, and review some existing routing frameworks. We also present a new rule-based, call-by-call source routing strategy for integrated communication networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Applying cluster identification algorithm and simulation to generate probabilistic network schedules for design projects (2005)

Scheduling of a design project is complex because design activities often have information dependencies between each other. This study proposes a network‐based model to schedule design projects and generate probabilistic project durations. The proposed model applies a modified cluster identification algorithm to evaluate information dependencies between design activities to facilitate the establishment of a schedule network (and regroup activities to support the assignment of design work); it also uses a simulation approach to incorporate the effect on duration of the uncertain number of design iterations. The model is implemented in four stages, which are breaking down the design work; evaluating the dependencies; identifying concurrent activities; and estimating the durations of activities and simulating the duration of design project. The advantages of the proposed model are demonstrated through its application to an example project, which was reviewed by industrial practitioners. Practitioners felt that the generated detailed scheduling data could help them to control their design work more precisely than a bar chart. Additionally, the simulated probabilistic project duration provided them with an awareness of the risk involved in meeting the contractual deadline.
BROADBAND PHOTOCURRENT ENHANCEMENT IN LONGWAVE INFRARED QUANTUM DOT PHOTODETECTORS BY SUB-WAVELENGTH SURFACE GRATINGS (2013)

We report a sub-wavelength transmission surface grating (TSG) enhanced longwave infrared (LWIR) quantum dot photodetector. Broadband photocurrent enhancement covering the wavelength range from 4 μm to 11 μm is observed. A 4.6 times (4.6×) photocurrent enhancement is obtained at the photodetection wavelength of 8.7 μm. By comparing the simulated diffraction efficiency with the photocurrent enhancement spectrum, we attribute the enhancement to the 1st-order diffraction of the normal infrared (IR) incidence radiation. The photodetectivity (D*) enhancement at different biases is also measured and analyzed.
The role of force or power in Liebig's physiological chemistry (1980)

IN THE last two decades historians of science have shown increasing interest in the emergence of the doctrine of the conservation of energy. A particular aspect of this topic has been the contribution made to nineteenth-century discussions on force and power by men working in physiology: Hermann Helmholtz (1821-1894) and Julius Robert Mayer (1814-1878) are probably the best known. The seminal paper for this topic among historians of science was T. S. Kuhn's 'Energy conservation as an example of simultaneous discovery',1 in which Kuhn identified about a dozen natural philosophers in Europe who, largely independent of one another, were developing views on forces and their interrelations which resembled and probably led up to the formal principles of the correlation of forces (as enunciated especially by William Robert Grove (1811-1896)2) and the conservation of energy (as enunciated by Hermann Helmholtz in 18473). Of those dozen natural philosophers, Kuhn identified three who were working in physiology -Helmholtz, Mayer, and Liebig (1803-1873).4
Thermodynamic effects during growth and collapse of a single cavitation bubble (2013)

Abstract The thermodynamic effects associated with the growth and collapse of a single cavitation bubble are investigated in the present paper by an experimental approach. The study focuses on the temperature variations in the liquid surrounding the bubble. Experiments are conducted in a cylinder partially filled with water at an ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. The bubble growth results from the expansion of an initial air bubble, due to the pressure wave generated by a so-called ‘tube-arrest’ method. Several locations of the bubble, at different distances from the bottom wall of the cylinder, are considered. The bottom wall is made of sapphire, which is transparent to both the visible and infrared light spectra which enables temperature measurements by a high-speed thermovision camera at a wavelength of 3– $5~\unicode[.5,0][STIXGeneral,Times]{x03BC} \mathrm{m} $ . Water is opaque to the infrared light spectrum, hence only temperatures in the boundary layer and on the liquid vapour interface could be determined. A temperature decrease of ${\sim }3$ K was recorded during the bubble growth while an increase up to 4 K was detected during the collapse. Experimental results are compared to the predictions of the ‘thermal delay’ model based on the assumption that the bubble growth and collapse are due to phase changes only. In this approach, the temperature variations are related to the latent heat exchanges during the vapourization and condensation processes. On the basis of these results, the respective effects of phase change and air dilatation/compression in the bubble dynamics are discussed.
In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Unsaturated Subsurface Soils 1 (2019)

This chapter focuses on findings from the research community in concert with experience gained at sites undergoing remediation. It provides an overview of the factors involved in in situ bioremediation, outlines the types of information required in the application of such systems, and explores the advantages and limitations of this technology. The chapter addresses processes which are currently being utilized or are in development of treating contaminated unsaturated subsurface soils in place. It explains subsurface soil refers to unsaturated soil within the vadose zone at depths greater than three feet below the land surface. The chapter also addresses specific environmental processes, factors, and data requirements for characterizing and evaluating the application of subsurface in situ bioremediation, and describes selected field-scale applications of recovery and delivery systems to enhance in situ subsurface soil bioremediation. Microbial communities in the subsurface are diverse and adaptable. Recovery and delivery technologies are those that facilitate transport of materials either out of or into the subsurface.
Complexity-Performance Tradeoff for Intersymbol Interference Channels—Random Coding Analysis (2009)

In this work, we look at symmetric cutoff rates for intersymbol interference (ISI) channels with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), as well as with colored noise. The derived symmetric cutoff rates are used to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) losses expected over channels with various reduced complexity channels. The techniques used in this work are generalizations on established approaches to computing the cutoff rate for linear ISI channels. The generalizations mentioned consist of an extension to traditional schemes by considering: (a) general (e.g., nonlinear) ISI; (b) colored Gaussian noise; and (c) suboptimal decoding approaches (reduced number of trellis states). Examples involving some real ISI channels are examined and the performance differences of real LDPC coded channels are compared with the results obtained via the symmetric cutoff rate analysis.
Abstract IA12: Integrative genomics and immune contexture approach to immuno-oncology (2018)

Abstract To date the anatomic extent of tumor (TNM classification) has been by far the most important factor to predict the prognosis of cancer patients. However, this classification provides limited prognostic information and does not predict response to therapy. We showed that tumors from human colorectal cancer with a high density of infiltrating memory and effector-memory T-cells (Tem) are less likely to disseminate to lymphovascular and perineural structures and to regional lymph nodes. We demonstrated the critical tumor-microenvironment parameters determining the dissemination to distant metastasis. We showed that the combination of immune parameters associating the nature, the density, the functional immune orientation, and the location of immune cells within the tumor was essential to accurately define the impact of the local host-immune reaction on patient prognosis. We defined these parameters as the “immune contexture.” We characterized the immune landscape within human tumors, and showed the importance of adaptive immune cells including cytotoxic T cells, Th1 cells, B cells, and T follicular-helper (Tfh) cells. We described the immunopenotype and antigenome associated with immune escape mechanisms and demonstrated mechanisms associated with preexisting and proliferating intratumoral T cells. Based on the immune contexture, a standardized, simple, and powerful digital pathology-based immune stratification-system, termed Immunoscore, was delineated having a prognostic power superior to that of the currently used cancer staging system. Tumor invasion parameters were statistically dependent on the host-immune reaction. A worldwide Immunoscore consortium validated the prognostic value of Immunoscore, using a standardized assay. Recent data are supporting the significant role of Immunoscore within lung, liver, and brain metastases. Thus, tumor progression, invasion, and recurrence are dependent on preexisting immunity and on Immunoscore, and the role of the immune contexture in predicting response to immunotherapy will be discussed. Citation Format: Jérôme Galon. Integrative genomics and immune contexture approach to immuno-oncology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2017 Oct 1-4; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2018;6(9 Suppl):Abstract nr IA12.
Clinical aspects of mCRPC management in patients treated with radium-223 (2020)

Bone is the most common site of metastasis in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), which is associated with pain and skeletal events. Radium-223 dichloride (Xofigo) is an alpha-emitting radioactive isotope that can specifically target bone lesions. Herein, we report the results of a retrospective analysis that documents our experience in the use of radium-223. Data from 63 patients (pts) with mCRPC who underwent radium-223 treatment from December 2015 to September 2017 were collected. Radium-223 (55 kBq/kg) was administered every 4 weeks for up to 6 cycles. The primary endpoint was OS. Radium-223 was administered as first line therapy in 11 pts, as second line in 19 pts, as third line in 16 pts and in successive lines in 17 pts; 42 pts out of 63 (67%) completed all six cycles. Within one month after the end of 6 cycles of radium-223, 15 pts out of 42 (35.7%) had achieved PR, 11 pts out of 42 (26.2%) had SD and 14 pts out of 42 (33.3%) had PD. Levels of pain decreased with progressive cycles of radium-223. After a minimum follow-up of 2 months and a maximum of 43 months, median OS was 15 months and median PFS was 8 months. The most frequent radium-223 related toxicity was low grade haematologic toxicity, predominantly G1-G2, that occurred halfway through treatment in about 75% of pts. The favourable results reported herein confirm that radium-223 can be considered well tolerated and effective in mCRPC, and is associated with significant decreases in pain.
Encapsulation of segmented Pd–Co nanocomposites into vertically aligned carbon nanotubes by plasma-hydrogen-induced demixing (2007)

Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs) filled with Pd–Co nanocomposites on an Si substrate have been synthesized by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. It was confirmed that adjacent Pd–Co nanocomposites in the VA-CNTs were compositionally separated. Most CNTs contained Co pillars on top; however, Pd pillars were rarely present. The strong magnetic induction from an individual Co pillar was revealed by electron holography. The simultaneous phenomenon of the demixing by plasma hydrogen irradiation and the preferential encapsulation into CNTs realized the unique Pd–Co nanocomposites.
Pattern matching: a finite-state approach to generation and parsing (1985)

The first section of this paper outlines a novel parsing method characterized by distributed processing and lack of centralized control.The elementary building blocks of the parser are called molecules -these correspond, roughly, to ordinary lexical entries and rewrite rules.The individual molecules behave as finite automata, so the overall recognition capacity of the system does not exceed Type-3 languages.The matter of sentence generation is discussed in Section 2. In the last section we argue that the mechanism proposed for this is equivalent to a finite transducer. ParsingUsually the lexical component of a parser is but a repository of phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic information, and apart from a trivial alphabetic ordering, it has no internal structure whatsoever.This solution to the problem of storing information relevant to the process of parsing is rejected by many people working in the 'semantic net' paradigm.The model to be outlined below owes a lot to the early proponents of that approach, in particular (Quillian1967), but is extremely impoverished compared to later semantic net representations such as KRL.In addition to storing various chunks of information, each molecule acts as a processor of limited capacity.Molecules are linked to other molecules in a unidirectional manner.The flow of information along these links is not regulated by any supervisor program: depending on its own internal state, each molecule can initiate communication, and can receive messages.The internal state of the molecules is the function of their specific information content (or SPINFO), the message received, and their previous state.Each molecule is divided into three storage areas.SPINFO, the first of these, stores permanent or semi-permanent information that is seldom updated.TEMP, the next one, stores information only for one cycle.The last one, TEMP2, acts essentially as a buffer for TEMP: its content is either processed immediately or lost forever.Messages arrive to TEMP2 (in case of conflict, the last one prevails).Apart from sending messages to neighbors (i.e.dumping the contents of TEMP or SPINFO to the linked molecules), the fundamental operation a molecule can perform is taking the union of two graphs.Both SPINFOs and messages are graphs:
Multiple layer visualization of inductively scanned images of reinforcing bar mesh using a Polynomial Based Separation Algorithm (2002)

We describe a new algorithm that enables the various bar layers of a composite image, generated by an inductive-scanner, to be visualized as separate, multiple images. This method is termed Polynomial-Based Layer Separation (PBLS). The technique also makes it possible to perform brightness-compensation of the lower bars and is a first stage in the analysis of diameters, orientations and depths of the bars.
Effect of green tea polyphenols on chronic inflammation‐induced bone loss in female rats (2008)

Our recent study demonstrated a bone‐protective role of green tea polyphenols (GTPs), extracted from green tea, in estrogen‐deficiency‐induced bone loss of middle‐aged female rats through an increase of antioxidant capacity and/or a decrease of oxidative stress damage. This study further examines effects of GTPs on chronic‐inflammation‐induced bone loss of female rats. A 2 (placebo vs. lipopolysaccharide, LPS) × 2 (no GTPs vs. 0.5% GTPs in drinking water) factorial design using 40 female rats (3‐month‐old) assigned to 4 groups (n=10/group): placebo (P, placebo implantation), LPS implantation (L), P+0.5% GTP (PG), and LPS+0.5% GTP (LG) for 12 wks. After 12 weeks, LPS resulted in a significant increase in inflammation index based on white blood cell count (WBC), accompanied by a significant decrease in bone mineral density (BMD). Supplementation of GTP significantly lowered the WBC and increased BMD. Neither LPS nor GTP affected cortical bone parameters measured by microcomputed tomography at femur midshaft. These results demonstrated that GTPs supplementation mitigates LPS‐induced bone mineral density loss in female rats. Such a protective role of GTPs may be, in part, attributed to decreased inflammation. This study suggests a potentially significant prophylactic role of green tea in bone health of women with chronic inflammation‐induced bone loss.
A Comprehensive Genomics Solution for HIV Surveillance and Clinical Monitoring in Low-Income Settings (2020)

Viral genetic sequencing can be used to monitor the spread of HIV drug resistance, identify appropriate antiretroviral regimes, and characterize transmission dynamics. Despite decreasing costs, next-generation sequencing (NGS) is still prohibitively costly for routine use in generalized HIV epidemics in low- and middle-income countries. Here, we present veSEQ-HIV, a high-throughput, cost-effective NGS sequencing method and computational pipeline tailored specifically to HIV, which can be performed using leftover blood drawn for routine CD4 cell count testing. This method overcomes several major technical challenges that have prevented HIV sequencing from being used routinely in public health efforts; it is fast, robust, and cost-efficient, and generates full genomic sequences of diverse strains of HIV without bias. The complete veSEQ-HIV pipeline provides viral load estimates and quantitative summaries of drug resistance mutations; it also exploits information on within-host viral diversity to construct directed transmission networks. We evaluated the method's performance using 1,620 plasma samples collected from individuals attending 10 large urban clinics in Zambia as part of the HPTN 071-2 study (PopART Phylogenetics). Whole HIV genomes were recovered from 91% of samples with a viral load of >1,000 copies/ml. The cost of the assay (30 GBP per sample) compares favorably with existing VL and HIV genotyping tests, proving an affordable option for combining HIV clinical monitoring with molecular epidemiology and drug resistance surveillance in low-income settings.
Stereoselective Pharmacokinetic Analysis and Antiepileptic Activity of N-2-Hydroxypropyl Valpromide, a Central Nervous System–Active Chiral Valproylamide (2001)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity and pharmacokinetics (PK) of a novel chiral CNS-active 2-hydroxypropyl valpromide (HP-VPD), a derivative of valproic acid (VPA). The individual enantiomers, R, S, and racemic (R,S)-HP-VPD were synthesized and evaluated for their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in a stereoselective manner. A stereoselective gas chromatography (GC) assay for simultaneous quantification of HP-VPD enantiomers in plasma and urine was developed and used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of HP-VPD in dogs. Pharmacodynamic analysis in rats showed that (S)-HP-VPD was 2.5 times more potent as an anticonvulsant in the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test than its enantiomer and approximately 10 times more potent than VPA. No significant differences were observed in major PK parameters (clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life) between S and (R)-HP-VPD, and this suggested that pharmacodynamic differences could be attributed to the intrinsic pharmacodynamics of each enantiomer rather than to a preferable pharmacokinetic profile. The pharmacokinetic (metabolic) analysis showed that the fraction metabolized to HP-VPD-glucuronide ranged from 5% to 7% and no biotransformation of HP-VPD to VPA and 2-ketopropyl valpromide was observed. This is the first report of significant stereoselectivity in the anticonvulsant activity of a valproylamide with a chiral carbon situated on the alkyl chain of the amine moiety.
2-Substituted-3H-indol-3-one-1-oxides: Preparation and Radical Trapping Properties (2004)

A series of 2-alkyl and 2-aryl substituted-3H-indol-3-one-1-oxides was prepared and evaluated for its radical trapping properties. Spin trapping and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments demonstrate the ability of these indolone-1-oxides to trap hetero- and carbon-centered radicals. The most stable spin adducts (lifetime of several hours) are obtained with 2-alkyl substituted nitrones, the 2-ethyl-5,6-dioxolo-3H-indolone-1-oxide, 5e and the 2-secbutyl-3H-indolone-1-oxide, 5f. These two nitrones are also sensitive to redox reactions in solution. Therefore this indolone-1-oxide series lacking a beta-hydrogen atom gives rise to highly stable adducts with free radicals.