gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Converter Fed Synchronous Generator System for Medium and Large Power Plants (1986)

Converter fed synchronous generators have the following advantages: The turbine can operate at any speed, independant of the frequency of the power system, the part load efficiency may be improved if the speed can be adjusted. The generator is protected and isolated. The stability is improved. This scheme is applicable to hydro, steam and wind generation. The paper gives details on a converter fed 650 MW unit with steam turbine having a synchronous generator with two 3-phase windings at 30° to each other which directly feeds a 12-pulse HVDC link. The usual converter transformer, var-compensators and current harmonics filters on the generator side are eliminated. The study shows the advantages and disadvantages of the system. The system stability is considerably improved compared to the conventional design. As the steam turbine can be operated only with constant speed, the improvements in the efficiency of the thermal system are limited. A cost reduction can be achieved only with a higher turbine speed. Details are given on the total system losses and the total system costs in comparison to the conventional design.
Generation of Slow Network Oscillations in the Developing Rat Hippocampus After Blockade of Glutamate Uptake (2007)

Cell-surface glutamate transporters are essential for the proper function of early cortical networks because their dysfunction induces seizures in the newborn rat in vivo. We have now analyzed the consequences of their inhibition by DL-TBOA on the activity of the developing CA1 rat hippocampal network in vitro. DL-TBOA generated a pattern of recurrent depolarization with an onset and decay of several seconds' duration in interneurons and pyramidal cells. These slow network oscillations (SNOs) were mostly mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in pyramidal cells and by GABA and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in interneurons. However, in both cell types SNOs were blocked by NMDA receptor antagonists, suggesting that their generation requires a glutamatergic drive. Moreover, in interneurons, SNOs were still generated after the blockade of NMDA-mediated synaptic currents with MK-801, suggesting that SNOs are expressed by the activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors. Long-lasting bath application of glutamate or NMDA failed to induce SNOs, indicating that they are generated by periodic but not sustained activation of NMDA receptors. In addition, SNOs were observed in interneurons recorded in slices with or without the strata pyramidale and oriens, suggesting that the glutamatergic drive may originate from the radiatum and pyramidale strata. We propose that in the absence of an efficient transport of glutamate, the transmitter diffuses in the extracellular space to activate extrasynaptic NMDA receptors preferentially present on interneurons that in turn activate other interneurons and pyramidal cells. This periodic neuronal coactivation may contribute to the generation of seizures when glutamate transport dysfunction is present.
Magnetic Materials for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2017)

This chapter presents the applications of magnetic materials for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including the history and latest developments. Magnetic materials are applied for MRI/NMR mainly in two ways. One is the use of permanent magnets for generating the main magnetic fields B 0 and the other is magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) injected in the object under scan for contrast enhancement. The physics and techniques of these two main applications will be detailed. Discussions and future perspectives will be provided at the end of the chapter. In this chapter, the physics of magnetic materials, especially those related to MRI/NMR, are introduced in detail in Section 3.1. It is followed by Section 3.2 which details the working principles of MRI and NMR. In Section 3.3, magnetic materials used to provide the main magnetic field for imaging are presented. Examples of MRI systems using permanent magnets for imaging are demonstrated. In Section 3.4, the other main application of magnetic materials for MRI, contrast enhancement using MNPs, is presented. The history, physics, design criteria, and classifications of MNPs are introduced in detail. Different types of contrast agents (CAs) are systematically introduced and compared.
Evolution of the Raman spectra from single-, few-, and many-layer graphene with increasing disorder (2010)

We report on the micro-Raman spectroscopy of monolayer, bilayer, trilayer, and many layers of graphene (graphite) bombarded by low-energy argon ions with different doses. The evolution of peak frequencies, intensities, linewidths, and areas of the main Raman bands of graphene is analyzed as function of the distance between defects and number of layers. We describe the disorder-induced frequency shifts and the increase in the linewidth of the Raman bands by means of a spatial-correlation model. Also, the evolution of the relative areas ${A}_{D}/{A}_{G}$, ${A}_{{D}^{\ensuremath{'}}}/{A}_{G}$, and ${A}_{{G}^{\ensuremath{'}}}/{A}_{G}$ is described by a phenomenological model. The present results can be used to fully characterize disorder in graphene systems.
The role of smartphone game applications in improving laparoscopic skills (2018)

Previous VG experience is a significant factor in showing better laparoscopic skills when virtual reality simulator is used for the first time. Recent and regular smartphone gaming practice significantly improves laparoscopic skills in non-gamers independently of the type of game practiced. Smartphone gaming practice appears to influence positively some specific laparoscopic skills more than others.
Multicolor focal plane array detector technology: a review (2003)

A major concern today is to accurately measure CO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, and CH<sub>4</sub> in the atmosphere for the prediction of climate and weather. These measurements are critical for understanding the Earth's atmosphere, atmospheric chemistry, and systemic forcing driving climactic changes. For these measurements, detectors with high quantum efficiency and near background limited performance detectivity over a wide wavelength range are necessary. In this article, we will review the state-of-the-art single and multicolor detector technologies in a wide spectral-range, for use in space-based and airborne remote sensing applications. Simultaneous detection in multi-wavelength bands with a single focal plane array (FPA) will result in reduction or elimination of heavy and complex optical components now required for wavelength differentiation in atmospheric remote sensors leading to smaller, lighter, simpler instruments with higher performance. Discussions are focused on current and the most recently developed FPA in addition to emphasizing future development in UV-to-Far infrared multicolor FPA detectors for next generation space-based instruments to measure water vapor and greenhouse gases. This novel detector component will make instruments designed for these critical measurements more efficient while reducing complexity and associated electronics and weight. Finally, we will discuss the on-going detector technology efforts at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI).
Dynamics of nonspherical microbubble oscillations above instability threshold (2017)

Time-resolved dynamics of nonspherical oscillations of micrometer-sized bubbles are captured and analyzed using high-speed imaging. The axisymmetry of the bubble shape is ensured with certainty for the first time from the recordings of two synchronous high-speed cameras located at 90^{∘}. The temporal dynamics of finite-amplitude nonspherical oscillations are then analyzed for various acoustic pressures above the instability threshold. The experimental results are compared with recent theories accounting for nonlinearities and mode coupling, highlighting particular effects inherent to these mechanisms (saturation of the instability, triggering of nonparametric shape modes). Finally, the amplitude of the nonspherical oscillations is given as function of the driving pressure both for quadrupolar and octupolar bubbles.
Histone H2A monoubiquitylation and p38-MAPKs regulate immediate-early gene-like reactivation of latent retrovirus HTLV-1 (2018)

It is not understood how the human T cell leukemia virus human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), a retrovirus, regulates the in vivo balance between transcriptional latency and reactivation. The HTLV-1 proviral plus-strand is typically transcriptionally silent in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from infected individuals, but after short-term ex vivo culture, there is a strong, spontaneous burst of proviral plus-strand transcription. Here, we demonstrate that proviral reactivation in freshly isolated, naturally infected primary CD4+ T cells has 3 key attributes characteristic of an immediate-early gene. Plus-strand transcription is p38-MAPK dependent and is not inhibited by protein synthesis inhibitors. Ubiquitylation of histone H2A (H2AK119ub1), a signature of polycomb repressive complex-1 (PRC1), is enriched at the latent HTLV-1 provirus, and immediate-early proviral reactivation is associated with rapid deubiquitylation of H2A at the provirus. Inhibition of deubiquitylation by the deubiquitinase (DUB) inhibitor PR619 reverses H2AK119ub1 depletion and strongly inhibits plus-strand transcription. We conclude that the HTLV-1 proviral plus-strand is regulated with characteristics of a cellular immediate-early gene, with a PRC1-dependent bivalent promoter sensitive to p38-MAPK signaling. Finally, we compare the epigenetic signatures of p38-MAPK inhibition, DUB inhibition, and glucose deprivation at the HTLV-1 provirus, and we show that these pathways act as independent checkpoints regulating proviral reactivation from latency.
Room-Temperature Deintercalation and Self-Extrusion of Ga from Cr 2 GaN (1999)

Bulk samples of the layered ternary nitride Cr2GaN were observed to extrude filaments of pure elemental gallium at room temperature. This self-extrusion phenomenon is best described as a room-temperature deintercalation of gallium from the basal planes of porous Cr2GaN samples. The extruded filaments are single crystals with 2- to 100-micrometer diameters and can be several centimeters long.
Contribution of the numerical simulation tools in the high voltage circuit-breaker conception (2011)

The development of modern simulation tools in all the physics and the important increase of the computer capabilities allow engineers to use numerical simulation tools for high voltage circuit-breaker developments. First dimensioning and optimization are possible and lead to a reduction of the tests. With appropriate hypothesis, today commercial softwares are perfectly relevant, typically for the dielectric, thermal and mechanical calculations. The electromagnetic, fluid and breaking process simulations are more complex since precise phenomena have to be considered and can be partially defined. Particular criteria can be used to predict the success or failure of the real test. To be more and more fitted to tests, these tools are still being developed and particular validation steps are required. The paper presents some details about these tools and their applications.
Synthesis and thin‐film orientation of poly(styrene‐block‐trimethylsilylisoprene) (2012)

Abstract The successful synthesis, characterization, and directed self‐assembly of a silicon‐containing block copolymer, poly(styrene‐ block ‐trimethylsilylisoprene) (P(S‐ b ‐TMSI)), which has much higher oxygen etch contrast than the de facto standard, poly(styrene‐ block ‐methyl methacrylate) is reported. A Sakurai, Grignard‐type coupling reaction provided the key monomer in good yield. Living anionic polymerization was employed to prepare the block copolymer, which has very low polydispersity. P(S‐ b ‐TMSI) was successfully ordered and oriented by directed self‐assembly. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Low-cost Integrated Silicon Sensors for Industrial Applications (1994)

Silicon sensors are semiconductor devices which transform a physical effect (such as pressure, acceleration, flux) into electrical effects (resistance, capacitance variation). Fabrication of these silicon sensors requires very precise control of the silicon micromachining. Some silicon foundries have adapted their experience in integrated circuit manufacturing to silicon sensor production and thus have reduced the costs and dimensions of the silicon sensors. Standard thick film technology has brought versatility to silicon sensor technology. Silicon sensors mounted on a ceramic substrate give fast development, high performance and low cost to OEMs. An alternative solution is the integrated silicon sensor including sensor and circuitry on the same silicon chip. This has been developed for specific applications.
Spin Separation in Cyclotron Motion (2004)

Charged carriers with different spin states are spatially separated in a two-dimensional hole gas. Because of strong spin-orbit interaction, holes at the Fermi energy in GaAs have different momenta for two possible spin states traveling in the same direction, and, correspondingly, different cyclotron orbits in a weak magnetic field. Two point contacts, acting as a monochromatic source of ballistic holes and a narrow detector arranged in the magnetic focusing geometry are demonstrated to work as a tunable spin filter.
Crossover Switches Cell (CSC): A new multilevel inverter topology with maximum voltage levels and minimum DC sources (2013)

Renewable energy resources are widely used because of providing green and economic energy for the consumers. Multilevel inverters generates low harmonic waveforms at the output, therefore they are most suitable for energy conversion to deliver efficient power to the loads from renewable energy sources like photovoltaic systems. In this paper a new dc source less topology has been introduced for multilevel inverters. It uses crossover switches to generate the maximum output voltage levels. The Crossover Switches Cell (CSC) multilevel inverter can generate all possible voltage level among the DC supply and regulated DC voltage capacitor. A voltage controller has been proposed to keep the DC capacitor voltage regulated in case of load changes. The simulation results prove the capability of CSC in producing maximum voltage levels as well as the controller ability in balancing the capacitor voltage even if the DC supply voltage changes.
A method for early detection of the initiation of sit-to-stand posture transitions (2016)

A powered lower extremity orthotic brace can potentially be used to assist frail elderly during daily activities. This paper presents a method for an early detection of the initiation of sit-to-stand (SiSt) posture transition that can be used in the control of the powered orthosis. Unlike the methods used in prosthetic devices that rely on surface electromyography (EMG), the proposed method uses only sensors embedded into the orthosis brace attached to the limb. The method was developed and validated using data from a human study with 10 individuals. Each human trial included different sets of sitting, standing and walking activities originating from various initial postures. Features from the sensor signal were extracted and aggregated in lagged epochs to incorporate the time history. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the feature set. The principal components were then used in a leave-one-out manner to train a linear support vector machine (SVM) classifier to perform early detection of the SiSt posture transition. The proposed method achieved the sensitivity of 100% and the specificity 92.94% of trials without false positives. The average detection time (DT) of 0.1341 ± 0.3310 s following the start of transition demonstrated early recognition of the initiation of SiSt transition.
Hydrophobically Modified Polyethyleneimines and Ethoxylated Polyethyleneimines (2007)

Hydrophobically Modified Polyethyleneimines
Enfermedad óseo mineral relacionada con la enfermedad renal crónica: Klotho y FGF23; implicaciones cardiovasculares (2016)

Cardiovascular factors are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Bone mineral metabolism disorders and inflammation are pathological conditions that involve increased cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease. The cardiovascular risk involvement of bone mineral metabolism classical biochemical parameters such as phosphorus, calcium, vitamin D and PTH is well known. The newest markers, FGF23 and klotho, could also be implicated in cardiovascular disease.
The derivation and experimental verification of clock synchronization theory (1994)

The objective of this work is to validate mathematically derived clock synchronization theories and their associated algorithms through experiment. Two theories are considered, the Interactive Convergence Clock Synchronization Algorithm and the Mid-Point Algorithm. Special clock circuitry was designed and built so that several operating conditions and failure modes (including malicious failures) could be tested. Both theories are shown to predict conservative upper bounds (i.e., measured values of clock skew were always less than the theory prediction). Insight gained during experimentation led to alternative derivations of the theories. These new theories accurately predict the clock system's behavior. It is found that a 100% penalty is paid to tolerate worst case failures. It is also shown that under optimal conditions (with minimum error and no failures) the clock skew can be as much as 3 clock ticks. Clock skew grows to 6 clock ticks when failures are present. Finally, it is concluded that one cannot rely solely on test procedures or theoretical analysis to predict worst case conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Antimicrobial effect of essential oils on the seafood spoilage micro-organism Photobacterium phosphoreum in liquid media and fish products (2002)

Mild and natural preservation using EO can extend the shelf-life of MAP seafood through inhibiting the specific spoilage organism P. phosphoreum.
AutoPer: Automatic Recommender for Runtime-Permission in Android Applications (2019)

Permission mechanisms serve as the main measure to protect users privacy and security in Android applications. Modern smartphone operating systems (Android 6.0 and later versions) prompt users to regulate permissions using ask-on-first-use policy. Much research has been done to dynamically regulate permissions depending on user preferences and contexts in modern operation systems. However, all these techniques have limitations-they heavily rely on users' current or historical decisions on granting permissions, ignoring the fact that users are not experts on privacy protection, i.e., whether a permission shall be granted. In this work, we propose a system to automatically recommend runtime-permission to users. The main idea behind is that the application descriptions reflecting functional information can be used to analyze whether a permission is needed by the application. In more details, using description mining, we extract multiple topics and build a topic-permission mapper. Given an application as input, we first decide which topics it belongs to and then recommend the permissions according to the topic-permission mapper. As the output, besides binary recommendation of "allow" or "deny" recommendations, we provide explanations for the recommendations to uncover the reason for users. We implemented our approach in a tool- AutoPer, and evaluated the approach using 28,850 Android applications from Google Play. The experiments show that our approach achieves a fairly good performance with an accuracy of 81.0%, which demonstrates the effectiveness of AutoPer for permission recommendation.
Automated Detection of Sclerotic Metastases in the Thoracolumbar Spine at CT (2013)

This CAD system successfully identified and segmented sclerotic lesions in the thoracolumbar spine.
Abstract 693: A yeast synthetic lethal screen identifies a conserved interaction between PLK1 and CKS1b affecting cancer cell viability (2015)

Abstract The CKS1b gene is located on chromosome 1q21 and is frequently amplified in breast, lung and liver cancers. CKS1b codes for a conserved regulatory subunit of cyclin-CDK complexes that functions at multiple stages of cell cycle progression. We used a high throughput screening protocol to mimic cancer-related over-expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants to identify genes whose functions become essential only when CKS1 is over- expressed, a genetic interaction termed synthetic dosage lethality (SDL). Mutations in genes affecting the mitotic entry checkpoint and genes affecting mitotic exit are evident among the SDL interactions identified. The mitotic entry checkpoint controls the stability of the mitotic inhibitor Swe1 (Human WEE1), resulting in delayed mitosis when cell polarity is disrupted. Swe1 is a tyrosine kinase that inhibits the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complex by phosphorylation of a conserved tyrosine-19 on Cdc28 (Human CDK1). We find that the SDL interaction between Cks1 and the mitotic entry checkpoint requires both Swe1 and the Cdc28 tyrosine-19 residue. The mitotic exit network is a signaling cascade that controls post-anaphase inhibition of CDK activity necessary for progression into G1. Since the polo-like kinase Cdc5 (Human PLK1) functions in both the mitotic entry and mitotic exit pathways, we investigated the effect of targeting PLK1 in breast cancers with varying expression of CKS1b. We analyzed published datasets and found that growth inhibition resulting from PLK1 knockdown was strongly correlated with increased CKS1b expression levels in breast cancer cell lines [Marcotte, R., Brown, K., Suarez, F., &amp; Sayad, A. (2012). Cancer Discovery, 2:172]. We independently confirmed sensitivity to PLK1 knockdown in 8 breast cancer cell lines in which 3 of 4 sensitive lines had high CKS1b expression and 3 of 4 insensitive lines had low CKS1b expression. We modified CKS1b expression in hMEC cells and showed that increased expression enhanced apoptosis upon PLK1 knockdown while decreased CKS1b expression abrogated sensitivity. Thus identification of a yeast synthetic dosage lethal (SDL) interactions identifies a conserved interactions that may be targeted to kill cancer cells. Citation Format: Robert J. Reid, Xing Du, Ivana Sunjevaric, Vinayak Rayannavar, John Dittmar, Matthew Maurer, Rodney Rothstein. A yeast synthetic lethal screen identifies a conserved interaction between PLK1 and CKS1b affecting cancer cell viability. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 693. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-693