gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Worms vs. perimeters: the case for hard-LANs (2005)

Network worms - self-propagating network programs - represent a substantial threat to our network infrastructure. Due to the propagation speed of worms, reactive defenses need to be automatic. It is important to understand where and how these defenses need to fit in the network so that they cannot be easily evaded. As there are several mechanisms malcode authors can use to bypass existing perimeter-centric defenses, this position paper argues that substantial defenses need to be embedded in the local area network, thus creating "hard-LANs" designed to detect and respond to worm infections. When compared with conventional network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs), we believe that hard-LAN devices need to have two orders of magnitude better cost/performance, and at least two orders of magnitude better accuracy, resulting in substantial design challenges.
Heavy Trucks, Conspicuity Treatment, and the Decline of Collision Risk in Darkness (2013)

In December 1992, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 108, was amended to require conspicuity treatments on all heavy trailers manufactured after December 1, 1993. The standard was later modified and extended to tractors and older trailers such that by June 1, 2009 the entire fleet of tractors and semitrailers on United States roadways would reach full compliance with the regulation. To investigate the effect of the regulation, an analysis was conducted of the change in the odds that a fatal crash occurred in darkness, comparing scenarios in which the conspicuity treatment was likely to be influential to those in which the conspicuity treatment was likely to be irrelevant. From 1987 to 2009, the odds that a fatal collision involving a heavy truck occurred in darkness declined by 58% among the relevant crash scenarios, while little evidence of decline was found among the irrelevant scenarios. Disaggregations of crash scenario types suggest that the largest declines occurred in fatal rear end and angle collisions. A comparative analysis of light vehicles also found declines, although they were smaller and less sensitive to crash type. Similar but weaker trends were observed for nonfatal rear end collisions. The results are consistent with causal mechanisms that suggest that detection failure may be a significant contributor to the risk of striking a tractor-semitrailer in darkness, and that conspicuity treatments have significantly reduced this risk.
Paradoxical suppression of prolactin secretion: involvement of catecholaminergic mechanisms and the adrenal gland (1984)

Prolactin (Prl) secretion is normally elevated on the afternoon of pro-oestrus in the rat. Studies have shown that ether stress caused a 'paradoxical inhibiting effect' on these high Prl levels. The present study was designed to investigate whether the paradoxical suppression of Prl was mediated by the central nervous system or the adrenal glands. Plasma was obtained from adult female rats after sampling via intra-atrial catheters from 16.25-18.45 h on the afternoon of pro-oestrus. Restraint stress administered between 16.45-17.00 h induced the expected precipitous decrease in plasma Prl in intact animals. Pre-treatment of intact animals with the catecholamine receptor blocking agent haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg at 13.00 h) resulted in a further elevation of plasma Prl levels as compared with untreated controls, but eliminated the decrease of Prl in response to restraint stress. Although acutely adrenalectomized (ADX) animals proved to be highly sensitive to the bleeding procedures, initial Prl levels on the afternoon of pro-oestrus were not different from those of intact animals. Restraint stress under conditions of acute ADX was not found to induce the expected suppression of high Prl levels. Rather, the response was opposite to that which occurred in intact animals. These results indicate that the paradoxical suppression of Prl by restraint stress was mediated by catecholaminergic mechanisms, and that the adrenal gland was essential for the effect.
Development of Design Criteria for Fluid Induced Structural Vibration in Steam Generators and Heat Exchangers (2004)

OAK-B135 Flow-induced vibration in heat exchangers has been a major cause of concern in the nuclear industry for several decades. Many incidents of failure of heat exchangers due to apparent flow-induced vibration have been reported through the USNRC incident reporting system. Almost all heat exchangers have to deal with this problem during their operation. The phenomenon has been studied since the 1970s and the database of experimental studies on flow-induced vibration is constantly updated with new findings and improved design criteria for heat exchangers. In the nuclear industry, steam generators are often affected by this problem. However, flow-induced vibration is not limited to nuclear power plants, but to any type of heat exchanger used in many industrial applications such as chemical processing, refrigeration and air conditioning. Specifically, shell and tube type heat exchangers experience flow-induced vibration due to the high velocity flow over the tube banks. Flow-induced vibration in these heat exchangers leads to equipment breakdown and hence expensive repair and process shutdown. The goal of this research is to provide accurate measurements that can help modelers to validate their models using the measured experimental parameters and thereby develop better design criteria for avoiding fluid-elastic instability in heat exchangers. The research is divided between two primary experimental efforts, the first conducted using water alone (single phase) and the second using a mixture of air or steam and water as the working fluid (two phase). The outline of this report is as follows: After the introduction to fluid-elastic instability, the experimental apparatus constructed to conduct the experiments is described in Chapter 2 along with the measurement procedures. Chapter 3 presents results obtained on the tube array and the flow loop, as well as techniques used in data processing. The project performance is described and evaluated in Chapter 4 followed by a discussion of publications and presentations relevant to the project in Chapter 5, while the conclusions and recommendations for future work are presented in Chapter 6.
Modeling trap assisted recombination in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (2013)

Despite the evidences on the significance of TiO2/dye/electrolyte interface states on the performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC), no previous model has incorporated interfacial trap-assisted charge transfer processes to model recombination rate in DSSCs. A new charge transport model for DSSC is presented in this paper based on physics of electron capture, electron emission, oxidation and reduction processes mediated by the deep interfacial trap states. The model suggests that recombination in DSSC is due to trapping of conduction band electrons by deep defect states followed by reduction process at the interface. The model has been investigated through simulated quantum efficiency, dark and illuminated IV characteristics. The simulated results based on this model are in good accord with the experimental results.
A single‐step FACS sorting strategy in conjunction with fluorescent vital dye imaging efficiently assures clonality of biopharmaceutical production cell lines (2017)

Abstract The development of biopharmaceutical production cell lines typically starts with generation of heterogeneous populations of cells, from which then single cell clones are established. Several regulatory guidelines require that production cell lines are clonal, and the actual demonstration of clonality has been increasingly demanded by regulatory authorities over the last years. Here, the authors describe the relative contribution of flow cytometry mediated deposition of single cells in multiwell plates and subsequent imaging to assurance of clonality in a state of the art approach to single cell generation. Within the flow cytometry step, two unit operations are evaluated separately, doublet discrimination during event selection for deposition and droplet deposition accuracy. The imaging procedure is evaluated for the accuracy of detection of non‐clonal populations. By employing mixing experiments of cell populations, the authors demonstrate that doublet discrimination is highly efficient, and that an appropriately set up flow cytometry system already can generate &gt;99.5% true single cell clones. The efficiency of the described imaging process depends on several factors, reaching an optimal detection rate of non‐clonal wells of about 99.8%. Our results demonstrate that one well characterized cloning step generate biopharmaceutical production cell lines with a probability of clonality of &gt;99.99%.
Patch testing for nickel allergy The influence of the vehicle on the response rate to topical nickel sulphate (1985)

A group of 43 patients with a clinical history of nickel allergy who exhibited an equivocal or no allergic reaction to a patch test at 48 h were further challenged using several different formulations of nickel sulphate. This experimental test battery comprised aqueous, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and propylene glycol (PG) solutions of nickel sulphate, and nickel sulphate incorporated into cetomacrogol cream and yellow soft paraffin (PMF). Although some of these vehicles were irritant, a formulation-dependent test response was observed, such that in terms of the number of responses per unit weight of nickel sulphate applied to the skin, the vehicles could be ranked: DMSO greater than PG greater than aqueous solution greater than cetomacrogol cream greater than PMF preparations. This ranking could be correlated with the relative ease with which nickel sulphate could be dialysed from each vehicle in vitro. This study demonstrates that for nickel sulphate, the vehicle can influence the outcome of patch testing apparently by modifying the quantity of nickel released into the skin for elicitation of the allergic response.
Overexpression of SSAT in Kidney Cells Recapitulates Various Phenotypic Aspects of Kidney Ischemia-reperfusion Injury (2004)

To ascertain the role of spermidine/spermine N-1-acetyl-transferase (SSAT; the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine catabolism) in cell injury, cultured kidney (HEK 293) cells conditionally overexpressing SSAT were generated. The SSAT expression was induced and its enzymatic activity increased 24 h after addition of tetracycline and remained elevated over the length of the experiments. Induction of SSAT upregulated the expression of polyamine oxidase and resulted in the reduction of cellular concentration of spermidine and spermine, increased concentration of putrescine, and inhibited cell growth. SSAT overexpression increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by 350% 24 h after addition of tetracycline, indicating the induction of oxidative stress. The presence of catalase significantly prevented the upregulation of HO-1 in SSAT overexpressing cells, indicating that generation of H2O2 is partially responsible for the induction of oxidative stress. Overexpression of SSAT caused rounding and loss of cell anchorage and significantly altered the morphology of actin-containing filopodia, suggesting an adhesion defect. SSAT upregulation may mediate majority of the oxidative stress in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) as manifested by decreased cell growth, generation of toxic metabolites (H2O2 and putrescine), upregulation of HO-1, disruption of cell anchorage, and defect in cell adhesion. These data point to the inhibition of polyamine catabolism as a therapeutic approach for the prevention of tissue injury in kidney IRI.
CMOS implementation of precise sample-and-hold circuit with self-correction of the offset voltage (2005)

The authors describe the silicon implementation of a new sample-and-hold circuit topology. Its main feature is the self correction of the offset voltage that is generated mainly by the mismatch on the differential pair at the input and the charge injected by the NMOS switches in the sampling capacitor. The circuit was implemented in a CMOS CYE 0.8 μm n-well process from AMS. The results, initially obtained from simulations, were compared to real laboratory measurements. The comparison indicates that the measurements and the simulated results have a very strong correspondence. The real circuit is capable of reducing the total sample-and-hold output error to just 0.14% at a sampling rate of 250 kHz, so that a system which operates at 250 K samples can be implemented.
Complex interactions in complex traits: obesity and asthma. (2001)

Immediate and long term effects of weight reduction in obese people with asthma: randomised controlled study

B Stenius-Aarniala, T Poussa, J Kvarnstrom, E L Gronlund, M Ylikahri, P Mustajoki

Objective: To investigate the influence of weight reduction on obese patients with asthma. Design: Open study, two randomised parallel groups. Setting: Private outpatients centre, Helsinki, Finland. Participants: Two groups of 19 obese patients with asthma (body mass index (kg/m2) 30 to 42) recruited through newspaper advertisements. Intervention: Supervised weight reduction programme including 8 week very low energy diet. Main outcome measures: Body weight, morning peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1); and also asthma symptoms, number of acute episodes, courses of oral steroids, health status (quality of life). Results: At the end of the weight reducing programme, the participants in the treatment group had lost a mean of 14.5% of their pretreatment weight, the controls 0.3%. The corresponding figures after one year were 11.3% and a weight gain of 2.2%. After the 8 week dieting period the difference in changes in percentage of predicted FEV1from baseline in the treatment and control groups was 7.2% (95% confidence interval 1.9% to 12.5%, P=0. 009). The corresponding difference in the changes in FVC was 8.6% (4. 8% to 12.5%, P<0.0001). After one year the differences in the changes in the two groups were still significant: 7.6% for FEV1 (1. 5% to 13.8%, P=0.02) and 7.6% for FVC (3.5% to 11.8%, P=0.001). By the end of the weight reduction programme, reduction in dyspnoea was 13 mm (on a visual analogue scale 0 mm to 100 mm) in the treatment group and 1 mm in the control group (P=0.02). The reduction of rescue medication was 1.2 and 0.1 doses respectively (P=0.03). After one …
Calcium-Antimony Alloys as Electrodes for Liquid Metal Batteries (2014)

The performance of a calcium-antimony (Ca-Sb) alloy serving as the positive electrode in a Ca∥Sb liquid metal battery was investigated in an electrochemical cell, Ca(in Bi) | LiCl-NaCl-CaCl2 | Ca(in Sb). The equilibrium potential of the Ca-Sb electrode was found to lie on the interval, 1.2–0.95 V versus Ca, in good agreement with electromotive force (emf) measurements in the literature. During both alloying and dealloying of Ca at the Sb electrode, the charge transfer and mass transport at the interface are facile enough that the electrode potential varies linearly from 0.95 to 0.75 V vs Ca(s) as current density varies from 50 to 500 mA cm−2. The discharge capacity of the Ca∥Sb cells increases as the operating temperature increases due to the higher solubility and diffusivity of Ca in Sb. The cell was successfully cycled with high coulombic efficiency (∼100%) and small fade rate (<0.01% cycle−1). These data combined with the favorable costs of these metals and salts make the Ca∥Sb liquid metal battery attractive for grid-scale energy storage.
Mortality among male farmers licensed to use pesticides. (1991)

The mortality experience of 4,580 male farmers licensed to buy and use pesticides in Northern Italy was examined from 1974 to 1987. The historical cohort was determined from the registers of the agricultural inspectorate offices. The vital status at the end of the study period was ascertained by municipality records and only 4 subjects were lost to follow-up. Death certificates were obtained for 100% of the 565 identified deaths. External comparison on to the Italian male population was supplemented by regional comparison. Mortality deficits were observed for all causes, all neoplasms and most specific malignancies. A non-significant mortality excess due to brain cancer, compared both to national and regional populations, was found (11 cases, Standardized Mortality Ratio 169 and 139, respectively). The excess of brain cancer became statistically significant in the age group 65-75 years. Caution must be used in the interpretation of our findings. Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to hypothesize an association of the observed excess of brain cancer with the occupational and/or environmental exposure of the cohort.
Collaborative Design Environment with Multiple CAD Systems (2005)

Computer-Aided Design and Applications is an international journal on the applications of CAD and CAM. It publishes papers in the general domain of CAD plus in emerging fields like bio-CAD, nano-CAD, soft-CAD, garment-CAD, PLM, PDM, CAD data mining, CAD and the internet, CAD education, genetic algorithms and CAD engines. The journal is aimed at all developers and users of CAD technology to ptovide CAD solutions for various stages of design and manufacturing. The journal publishes all about Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided technologies.
Impact of Immunosuppression on the Metagenomic Composition of the Intestinal Microbiome: a Systems Biology Approach to Post-Transplant Diabetes (2017)

Solid organ transplantation (SOT) outcomes have continued to improve, although long-term use of immunosuppressants can lead to complications such as diabetes, compromising post-transplant outcomes. In this study, we have characterized the intestinal microbiome (IM) composition at the metagenomic level in the context of hyperglycemia induced by immunosuppressants. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to doses of tacrolimus and sirolimus that reliably induce hyperglycemia and an insulin-resistant state. Subsequent exposure to probiotics resulted in reversal of hyperglycemia. 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing of stool were done to identify the bacterial genes and pathways enriched in immunosuppression. Bacterial diversity was significantly decreased in sirolimus-treated rats, with 9 taxa significantly less present in both immunosuppression groups: Roseburia, Oscillospira, Mollicutes, Rothia, Micrococcaceae, Actinomycetales and Staphylococcus. Following probiotics, these changes were reversed to baseline. At the metagenomic level, the balance of metabolism was shifted towards the catabolic side with an increase of genes involved in sucrose degradation, similar to diabetes. Conversely, the control rats had greater abundance of anabolic processes and genes involved in starch degradation. Immunosuppression leads to a more catabolic microbial profile, which may influence development of diabetes after SOT. Modulation of the microbiome with probiotics may help in minimizing adverse long-term effects of immunosuppression.
Long term seismic noise acquisition and analysis with tunable monolithic horizontal sensors at the INFN Gran Sasso National Laboratory (2012)

In this paper we present the scientific data recorded by tunable mechanical monolithic horizontal seismometers located in the Gran Sasso National Laboratory of the INFN, within thermally insulating enclosures onto concrete slabs connected to the bedrock. The main goals of this long term test are a preliminary seismic characterization of the site in the frequency band 10<sup>−7</sup>÷1H<i>z</i> and the acquisition of all the relevant information for the optimization of the sensors.
A Versatile Peroxidase from the Fungus Bjerkandera adusta Confers Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco Plants (2021)

White-rot fungi are efficient lignin degraders due to the secretion of lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, laccase, and versatile peroxidase (VP) on decayed wood. The VP is a high-redox-potential enzyme and could be used to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS), which accumulate in plants during biotic and abiotic stresses. We cloned the <i>VP</i> gene and expressed it via the <i>Agrobacterium</i> transformation procedure in transgenic tobacco plants to assay their tolerance to different abiotic stress conditions. Thirty independent T<sub>2</sub> transgenic VP lines overexpressing the fungal <i>Bjerkandera adusta</i><i>VP</i> gene were selected on kanamycin. The VP22, VP24, and VP27 lines showed significant manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity. The highest was VP22, which showed 10.87-fold more manganese peroxidase activity than the wild-type plants and led to a 34% increase in plant height and 28% more biomass. The VP22, VP24, and VP27 lines showed enhanced tolerance to drought, 200 mM NaCl, and 400 mM sorbitol. Also, these transgenics displayed significant tolerance to methyl viologen, an active oxygen-generating compound. The present data indicate that overproducing the <i>VP</i> gene in plants increases significantly their biomass and the abiotic stress tolerance. The VP enzyme is an effective biotechnological tool to protect organisms against ROS. In transgenic tobacco plants, it improves drought, salt, and oxidative stress tolerance. Thus, the <i>VP</i> gene represents a great potential for obtaining stress-tolerant crops.
A taxonomy of privacy-protecting tools to browse the world wide web (2015)

There is a growing public concern regarding big data and intelligence surveillance on unsuspecting Internet users, and an increase in public conversation around what does privacy really mean in the digital realm. Although technologies have been developed to help generate public protect their privacy, average users found the tools complex and difficult to decipher. This research aims to weed through some of these complexities by reviewing 6 publicly recognized technologies promoted to help users protect their privacy while browsing the web. The scope will be broad in order to touch on the important aspects each technology including promises, privacy realities, technical construct, ease of use and drawbacks average users should be aware of before using.
Second Harmonic Generation: Second Harmonic Generation Circular Dichroism from Self‐Ordered Hybrid Plasmonic–Photonic Nanosurfaces (Advanced Optical Materials 3/2014) (2014)

A. Belardini et al. find that hybrid structures composed by self-ordered dielectric nanospheres partially covered by gold nanocrescents produce an efficient second harmonic generation signal due to the cooperative effect of localized plasmon excitation and a 2D Bragg grating. Asymmetries in the geometric shape of the gold nanocrescents induce a circularly polarized optical response.