gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An investigation into the technical and system operational impacts of applying FSO point-to-multipoint communications technology (2022)

The capability of FSO point-to-multipoint communications using BridgeComm&#x0027;s Managed Optical Communications Array (MOCA) technology has been presented including a general architecture of the terminal. What is worthy of further investigation are the technical and system operational impacts of a MOCA technology-based design for a specific application, namely for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations. Some of the benefits of MOCA technology have been cited including providing size, weight, operational volume, and power advantages relative to a mechanical gimbal for beam steering. However, there are capabilities extending beyond these parameters. This presentation will investigate the effect of MOCA technology on network management, network routing, and other aspects of the network as well as the satellite itself.
Drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity (2005)

Mitochondria play a critical role in generating most of the cell's energy as ATP. They are also involved in other metabolic processes such as urea generation, haem synthesis and fatty acid beta-oxidation. Disruption of mitochondrial function by drugs can result in cell death by necrosis or can signal cell death by apoptosis (e.g., following cytochrome c release). Drugs that injure mitochondria usually do so by inhibiting respiratory complexes of the electron chain; inhibiting or uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation; inducing mitochondrial oxidative stress; or inhibiting DNA replication, transcription or translation. It is important to test for mitochondrial toxicity early in drug development as impairment of mitochondrial function can induce various pathological conditions that are life threatening or can increase the progression of existing mitochondrial diseases.
The Clementine longwave infrared camera (1995)

The Clementine mission provided the first ever complete, systematic surface mapping of the moon from the ultra-violet to the near-infrared regions. More than 1.7 million images of the moon, earth and space were returned from this mission. The longwave-infrared (LWIR) camera supplemented the UV/Visible and near-infrared mapping cameras providing limited strip coverage of the moon, giving insight to the thermal properties of the soils. This camera provided {approximately}100 m spatial resolution at 400 km periselene, and a 7 km across-track swath. This 2.1 kg camera using a 128 x 128 Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride (MCT) FPA viewed thermal emission of the lunar surface and lunar horizon in the 8.0 to 9.5 {micro}m wavelength region. A description of this light-weight, low power LWIR camera along with a summary of lessons learned is presented. Design goals and preliminary on-orbit performance estimates are addressed in terms of meeting the mission`s primary objective for flight qualifying the sensors for future Department of Defense flights.
Porphyrin‐Based Metal–Organic Frameworks for Biomedical Applications (2020)

Porphyrins and porphyrin derivatives have been widely explored for various applications owing to their excellent photophysical and electrochemical properties. However, inherent shortcomings, such as instability and self-quenching under physiological conditions, limit their biomedical applications. In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received increasing attention. The construction of porphyrin-based MOFs by introducing porphyrin molecules into MOFs or using porphyrins as organic linkers to form MOFs can combine the unique features of porphyrins and MOFs as well as overcome the limitations of porphyrins. This Review summarizes important synthesis strategies for porphyrin-based MOFs including porphyrin@MOFs, porphyrinic MOFs, and composite porphyrinic MOFs, and highlights recent achievements and progress in the development of porphyrin-based MOFs for biomedical applications in tumor therapy and biosensing. Finally, the challenges and prospects presented by this class of emerging materials for biomedical applications are discussed.
Applying the silkworm model for the search of immunosuppressants (2021)

Various stresses (high temperature, starvation, or sublethal Cryptococcal infection) increased the susceptibility of silkworms to bacterial infection by up to 100-fold, confirming the stress-induced immunosuppression reported in a range of species. When the silkworm was injected with a steroidal drug, betamethasone (1 mg/larva), the susceptibility of the silkworm to bacterial infection increased about 100-fold. This indicates that the immune function of the silkworm can be suppressed by a known compound that shows immunosuppressive effects in humans. We further tested the immunosuppressive effect of the culture supernatants (acetone extracts) of soil bacteria, and 24 out of 193 isolates showed the immunosuppressive activity. These results suggest that it is possible to search for immunosuppressive agents targeting innate immunity by using a silkworm bacterial infection model as a screening system, and that there may be candidate compounds for immunosuppressive agents among the substances produced by soil bacteria.
Manganese Superoxide Dismutase-Mediated Gene Expression in Radiation-Induced Adaptive Responses (2003)

Antioxidant enzymes are critical in oxidative stress responses. Radioresistant variants isolated from MCF-7 human carcinoma cells following fractionated ionizing radiation (MCF+FIR cells) or overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MCF+SOD cells) demonstrated dose-modifying factors at 10% isosurvival of 1.8 and 2.3, respectively. MCF+FIR and MCF-7 cells (exposed to single-dose radiation) demonstrated 5- to 10-fold increases in MnSOD activity, mRNA, and immunoreactive protein. Radioresistance in MCF+FIR and MCF+SOD cells was reduced following expression of antisense MnSOD. DNA microarray analysis and immunoblotting identified p21, Myc, 14-3-3 zeta, cyclin A, cyclin B1, and GADD153 as genes constitutively overexpressed (2- to 10-fold) in both MCF+FIR and MCF+SOD cells. Radiation-induced expression of these six genes was suppressed in fibroblasts from Sod2 knockout mice (-/-) as well as in MCF+FIR and MCF+SOD cells expressing antisense MnSOD. Inhibiting NF-kappa B transcriptional activity in MCF+FIR cells, by using mutant I kappa B alpha, inhibited radioresistance as well as reducing steady-state levels of MnSOD, 14-3-3 zeta, GADD153, cyclin A, and cyclin B1 mRNA. In contrast, mutant I kappa B alpha was unable to inhibit radioresistance or reduce 14-3-3 zeta, GADD153, cyclin A, and cyclin B1 mRNAs in MCF+SOD cells, where MnSOD overexpression was independent of NF-kappa B. These results support the hypothesis that NF-kappa B is capable of regulating the expression of MnSOD, which in turn is capable of increasing the expression of genes that participate in radiation-induced adaptive responses.
Eosinophil cationic protein and immunoglobulin levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from patients with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (1996)

In chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP), histopathological evidence exists for the degranulation of eosinophils and the release of various toxic proteins. In vitro studies have demonstrated the degranulation of eosinophils in response to aggregated and complexed immunoglobulins. The aims of this study were to investigate: 1) whether the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from patients with CEP are increased compared to those of healthy controls; 2) and whether a relationship is present between immunoglobulin levels and ECP levels in BAL fluid from patients with CEP. The BAL from 12 patients with CEP was selected, retrospectively, from all BAL analyses performed in our centre between 1986 and 1992. ECP levels were measured using a radioimmunoassay in BAL fluid of patients with CEP and 10 healthy controls. ECP levels and immunoglobulin levels in BAL fluid from patients with CEP were found to be elevated compared to controls (p < 0.001). A relationship was found between IgA levels and ECP levels in BAL fluid from patients with CEP (r = 0.72; p = 0.043). In conclusion, eosinophil cationic protein and immunoglobulin levels were found to be increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. The relationship found between immunoglobulin A levels and eosinophil cationic protein levels may suggest that immunoglobulin A could be involved in the degranulation of eosinophils in chronic eosinophilic pneumonia.
A software reverse engineering experience (2010)

This paper reviews the progress-to-date of the application of program reverse engineering technologies to a large-scale legacy software product. Basic reverse engineering concepts and a project overview are outlined, followed by a description of the legacy software product, the reverse engineering toolkit used, and analysis and discussion of the experiences so far. Future research directions and summary comments are then detailed.
Effects of the positron spatial distribution on momentum densities in random muffin-tin alloys (1984)

We consider the problem of incorporating positron spatial distribution effects on the two-photon momentum density $〈{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{2\ensuremath{\gamma}}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}})〉$ in a disordered alloy. $〈{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{2\ensuremath{\gamma}}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}})〉$ formally involves the average $〈{\mathrm{GG}}_{+}〉$ of the product of electron and positron Green's functions. Our approach utilizes the framework of the average-$t$-matrix and coherent-potential approximations to treat disorder in the alloy and neglects the vertex corrections which arise in evaluating $〈{\mathrm{GG}}_{+}〉$. The influence of disorder on the positron state is delineated in terms of the properties of $〈{G}_{+}〉$. Illustrative results for Cu, ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{75}$${\mathrm{Ni}}_{25}$, ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{50}$${\mathrm{Ni}}_{50}$, and Ni are presented and discussed.
Quartz prism sequence for reduction of cubic phase in a mode-locked Ti:Al_2O_3 laser (1992)

A sequence of four quartz prisms can be used to obtain large negative group-velocity dispersion with reasonable prism spacings and a small residual cubic phase. For a given value of the second-order dispersion and assuming minimal prism insertion, the third-order dispersion is 20% less than that of prism pairs that have been used in Ti:Al(2)O(3) lasers. A mode-locked Ti:Al(2)O(3) laser that includes the prism sequence generates pulses with intensity autocorrelations as short as 33 fs. Spectral bandwidths as large as 80 nm can also be obtained. A measurement of the dispersion of the laser shows that the cubic phase is approximately that of the prism sequence and the laser rod.
Enhanced Protection against Malaria by a Chimeric Merozoite Surface Protein Vaccine (2006)

The 42-kDa processed fragment of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1(42)) is a prime candidate for a blood-stage malaria vaccine. Merozoite surface protein 8 contains two C-terminal epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains that may function similarly to those of MSP-1(42). Immunization with either MSP-1 or MSP-8 induces protection that is mediated primarily by antibodies against conformation-dependent epitopes. In a series of comparative immunogenicity and efficacy studies using the Plasmodium yoelii rodent model, we tested the ability of recombinant P. yoelii MSP-8 (rPyMSP-8) to complement rPyMSP-1-based vaccines. Unlike MSP-1, PyMSP-8-dependent protection required immunization with the full-length protein and was not induced with recombinant antigens that contained only the C-terminal EGF-like domains. Unlike PyMSP-8, the immunogenicity of the PyMSP-1 EGF-like domains was low when present as part of the rPyMSP-1(42) antigen. Immunization with a mixture of rPyMSP-1(42) and rPyMSP-8 further inhibited the antibody response to protective epitopes of rPyMSP-1(42) and did not improve vaccine efficacy. To improve PyMSP-1 immunogenicity, we produced a chimeric antigen containing the EGF-like domains of PyMSP-1 fused to the N terminus of PyMSP-8. Immunization with the chimeric rPyMSP-1/8 antigen induced high and comparable antibody responses against the EGF-like domains of both PyMSP-1 and PyMSP-8. This enhanced MSP-1-specific antibody response and the concurrent targeting of MSP-1 and MSP-8 resulted in improved, nearly complete protection against lethal P. yoelii 17XL malaria. Unexpectedly, immunization with rPyMSP-1/8 failed to protect against challenge infection with reticulocyte-restricted P. yoelii 17X parasites. Overall, these data establish an effective strategy to improve the efficacy of P. falciparum MSP-based vaccines.
Control of Mosquitoes in Catch Basins in Connecticut With Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus, and Spinosad (2011)

Catch basins are a major source of Culex pipiens pipiens, Cx. restuans, and Aedes japonicus in northeastern USA. VectoBac CG (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis [Bti]), VectoLex CG (Bacillus sphaericus [Bs]), and VectoBac 12AS (Bti), each applied at maximum label rate of 1.8 g, 1.8 g, and 0.193 ml per catch basin, respectively, significantly reduced the numbers of larvae for 1 wk. The dosages on the labels for treatment of mosquito larvae in catch basins, where mosquito breeding is continuous, are not adequate for providing long-term control in the northeastern USA without the need for frequent retreatment. When applied at 3 times the maximum label rate, VectoLex CG, VectoBac 12AS, and VectoBac CG significantly reduced the numbers of larvae for 5, 4, and 2 wk, respectively. A single application of VectoMax WSP (Bti + Bs) (1 pouch containing 10 g) per catch basin significantly reduced the numbers of 3rd and 4th instars and healthy pupae in catch basins in 2008, but numbers of 3rd and 4th instars in treated catch basins at 21 days after treatment had increased to 40% of the numbers in untreated catch basins. A 2nd treatment of 1 pouch per catch basin reduced the numbers of 3rd and 4th instars and healthy pupae to near zero for the next 4 wk, into the middle of September 2008. In 2009, VectoMax applied as 1 pouch per catch basin on July 1 and again on August 18 significantly reduced the numbers of healthy pupae throughout the summer until the end of September. A 2nd application of VectoMax to catch basins is likely needed during summer, when rainfall averages 13.7 in. (approximately 34.25 cm) during June through September, to keep the numbers of Culex and Ae. japonicus significantly reduced to lower risk of human exposure to West Nile virus. The application of 1 Natular XRT tablet, each weighing approximately 40.5 g (6.25% spinosad), to individual catch basins in 2009 significantly reduced the total numbers of larvae for 5 wk.
ANTIMURINE IMMUNOGLOBULIN ANTIBODY RESPONSES AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION OF MURINE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO RATS ARE ALTERED BY SMALL BOWEL ALLOGRAFT REJECTION (2001)

Although OX38 inhibited the antibody response both to itself and to WT.1 in untransplanted animals, the immune reaction induced by small bowel allograft rejection overcame this inhibitory capacity.
Large negative magnetoresistance in the hydride halidesGdI2Hx: A system with competing magnetic interactions (2005)

We have studied the magnetic and magnetoresistance properties of $\mathrm{Gd}{\mathrm{I}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{x}$ samples within a hydrogen concentration range $0.24\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.45$. A large negative magnetoresistance ($\ensuremath{\sim}95%$ in a $70\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{kOe}$ field at $150\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$) has been observed in ferromagnetic $\mathrm{Gd}{\mathrm{I}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{x}$ samples $(x=0.24,0.26)$ near the magnetic transitions ${T}_{\mathrm{C}}\ensuremath{\approx}170\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. These layered compounds exhibit thermally activated conduction, accompanied by a gradual decrease of the activation energy below ${T}_{\mathrm{C}}$. The magnetoresistance is remarkably large ($\ensuremath{\sim}50%$ at $70\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kOe}$) already at room temperature and continuously increases with decreasing temperature, reaching saturation in the ferromagnetic region. The magnetic studies reveal the presence of competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions, which result in a spin freezing at low temperatures. These results suggest that the large magnetoresistance effect is governed by magnetic disorder present in the system.
Analysis and Extensions of Adversarial Training for Video Classification (2022)

Adversarial training (AT) is a simple yet effective defense against adversarial attacks to image classification systems, which is based on augmenting the training set with attacks that maximize the loss. However, the effectiveness of AT as a defense for video classification has not been thoroughly studied. Our first contribution is to show that generating optimal attacks for video requires carefully tuning the attack parameters, especially the step size. Notably, we show that the optimal step size varies linearly with the attack budget. Our second contribution is to show that using a smaller (sub-optimal) attack budget at training time leads to a more robust performance at test time. Based on these findings, we propose three defenses against attacks with variable attack budgets. The first one, Adaptive AT, is a technique where the attack budget is drawn from a distribution that is adapted as training iterations proceed. The second, Curriculum AT, is a technique where the attack budget is increased as training iterations proceed. The third, Generative AT, further couples AT with a denoising generative adversarial network to boost robust performance. Experiments on the UCF101 dataset demonstrate that the proposed methods improve adversarial robustness against multiple attack types.
Enhanced figure of merit in thermal to electrical energy conversion using diode structures (2002)

A characterization of the electrical and thermal properties of thermoelectric diode structures indicates that the figure of merit for thermal to electrical energy conversion is significantly enhanced in our devices over thermoelectric values. Enhancements are due to current injection and blockage of the ohmic return current within the devices. The resulting device takes advantage of both thermoelectric and thermionic effects, and can be considered to be a hybrid. Experiments indicate an enhancement as high as a factor of 8 in the effective figure of merit. The best results are consistent with a conversion efficiency on the order of 35% of the Carnot limit. Enhancements have been observed in InSb and in HgCdTe, and we believe that the approach applies generally to all thermoelectric semiconductors.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC ENTRY INTO CYCLOPENTYL ANALOGS OF MUSCARINE (1975)

Abstract Aus 3‐Cyclopentenyl‐carbonsäure (Ia) entsteht über das Säurechlorid (Ib) das Amid (Ic), das mit m‐Chlorperbenzoesäure zum trans‐Epoxid (II) reagiert.
Discriminative language model adaptation for Mandarin broadcast speech transcription and translation (2007)

This paper investigates unsupervised test-time adaptation of language models (LM) using discriminative methods for a Mandarin broadcast speech transcription and translation task. A standard approach to adapt interpolated language models to is to optimize the component weights byminimizing the perplexity on supervision data. This is a widely made approximation for language modeling in automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. For speech translation tasks, it is unclear whether a strong correlation still exists between perplexity and various forms of error cost functions in recognition and translation stages. The proposed minimum Bayes risk (MBR) based approach provides a flexible framework for unsupervised LM adaptation. It generalizes to a variety of forms of recognition and translation error metrics. LM adaptation is performed at the audio document level using either the character error rate (CER), or translation edit rate (TER) as the cost function. An efficient parameter estimation scheme using the extended Baum-Welch (EBW) algorithm is proposed. Experimental results on a state-of-the-art speech recognition and translation system are presented. The MBR adapted language models gave the best recognition and translation performance and reduced the TER score by up to 0.54% absolute.
Quest for Efficient Transonic Cruise (2007)

*† ‡ § This paper details the history of the transonic drag reduction flight test programs that have been conducted in the Air Force Research Laboratory over the past thirty years. We begin with the Transonic Aircraft Technology (TACT) program, which looked at utilizing supercritical airfoils on tactical aircraft, then the follow-on Mission Adaptive Wing (MAW) program, which investigated using active flight control for tactical utility, and most recently the Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing (MACW), that tested a lightweight, low power, variable geometry system that has no seams or discontinuities on either the upper or lower wing surface. The application of these technologies to military and commercial aircraft offers significant performance potential that can be exploited in next generation aircraft. Nomenclature A = aspect ratio CL = lift coefficient CD = drag coefficient M� = Mach number MDD = drag divergence Mach number p� = ambient static pressure q� = ambient dynamic pressure � = angle of attack Λ = wing sweep, referenced to leading edge, deg. δ = control surface deflection, deg.
Front Matter: Volume 9738 (2016)

This volume is undergoing review. This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9738, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and Conference Committee listing.
Occlusion Devices and Approaches in Canine Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Comparison of Outcomes (2011)

The ACDO appears superior in ease of use, complication rate, and completeness of occlusion. The remaining limiting factor with this device is patient size. Until a smaller ACDO device is marketed, coils remain the only choice for interventional closure in very small dogs.
A Review of Nanomaterials and Technologies for Enhancing the Antibiofilm Activity of Natural Products and Phytochemicals (2020)

Biofilms are communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced matrix constituted of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The recalcitrant and often harmful nature of biofilms, particularly in the biomedical field, motivates a search for antibiofilm compounds and materials. Within this context, nanoparticles (NPs) represent a promising platform for antibiofilm technologies due to their increased penetration into biofilms and facility of tailoring type, size, shape, and surface functionalization. The association of NPs with natural products and phytochemicals is even more appealing as an antibiofilm strategy, since the antimicrobial activity of essential oils, extracts, and isolated compounds can be improved when they are carried on the surface of NPs or encapsulated within them, as well as combined in formulations such as in nanoemulsions. This review article aims to provide an overview of recent methodologies for natural product delivery using nanomaterials and nanoformulations for the effective combat and eradication of bacterial and fungal biofilms. The nano-based technologies are categorized based on the type of antimicrobial delivery (NP coating, encapsulation, or nanoemulsions), and a selection of some widely reported natural substances (curcumin, propolis, and cinnamon components) is explored in more depth.