gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrocatalysts: From Water Oxidation to Reduction: Homologous Ni–Co Based Nanowires as Complementary Water Splitting Electrocatalysts (Adv. Energy Mater. 9/2015) (2015)

A homologous nickel-cobalt-based nanowire water splitting system with oxygen and hydrogen production from the electrode surface is reported by Gengfeng Zheng and co-workers in article number 1402031. Spinel-type NiCo2O4 nanowires grown on a conductive sub-strate function as an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst. Subsequent sulfurization forms pyrite-type Ni0.33Co0.67S2 nanowires that exhibit hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalytic activity.
Wide-bandgap semiconductor laser: challenges for the future (1997)

Growth of II-VI and III-V nitrides by MBE and MOCVD is being studied. Using GaAs as a buffer and ZnMgSSe quaternary alloy as a cladding layer together with a ZnSe/ZnTe superlattice for ohmic contact, room temperature CW operation of II-VI lasers has been achieved. Focus topics include the (1) optical properties of ZnSe-based epilayers, (2) the effect of GaAs buffer surface construction and initial growth condition of ZnSe on the defect density and (3) etch-pit configuration of different type of defects in ZnSe-based epilayers. Multilayer p-GaN/MQW GaN-In<SUB>0.1</SUB>GaN/n-GaN were grown on sapphire substrate using MOVPE and plasma-assisted ionized source beam epitaxy. We investigated the (1) growth and properties of III-V nitride films by LP-MOVPE and PAMBE (Plasma Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy), (2) etch-pit and wet etching of GaN/(0001)Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>, (3) ohmic contacts of GaN and (4) GaN etching by CARIBE.
Synthesis of Water‐Soluble Inclusion Compounds from Polyamides and Cyclodextrins by Solid‐State Polycondensation (1996)

Molecular nylon threads that are completely encased by cyclodextrin molecules (see sketch below) can be synthesized by solid-state polycondensation of α,ω-amino acids in channellike cyclodextrin inclusion compounds. Since the polyamide chains are covered with cyclodextrins, they are soluble in water, but only for a limited time, because the rings tend to slowly unthread to some extent.
NRL Review, 1994. (Naval Research Lab) (1994)

Partial contents: Diamond Surface Chemistry; Computational Materials Science, Self-assembled Molecular Templates: Microtubule-based Controlled Release for biofouling Control and Medical Applications; Monitoring Whales and Earthquakes by using SOSUS; High-Resolution Underwater Acoustic Imaging; Fiber-Optic Sensor for Detection of Trace Levels of Mercury in Water; Multispectral Infrared Visualization and Processing for Dim Target Detection; Missile Hit-Points on the DDG-53; Secure Information Through Replicated Architecture (SINTRA) Database System; Simulation and Visualization of Ultrasonic Waves in Solids by Using Parallel Processing; Reactive Flows in Ram Accelerators; Sea surface Temperature retrievals from Satellite; high Frequency Approximations to Physical optics.
Figure/Ground and left-right movement discrimination developing when child is learning to read (2010)

One of the predominant theories to explain reading problems is that children who are dyslexic (poor readers) have immature magnocellular pathways. If magnocellular pathways control reading, then tuning up the magnocellular pathways should improve reading fluency. Since left-right movement discrimination of sinewave gratings, relative to a sinewave background provides the optimal stimulus for magnocellular pathways at both low and high levels of processing, we used this paradigm to investigate perceptual learning in children who are learning to read. Contrast Sensitivity Functions (CSFs) for left-right movement discrimination using a 2 AFC task were determined for thirty-five children in a public elementary school, 5 normal readers in grades K-3, and 5 dyslexic readers (determined using The Dyslexia Screener) in grades 1–3. Test spatial frequencies of 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 cyc/deg surrounded by one of a 4-octave range of backgrounds were used to test the effects of adjacent background frequencies on left-right movement and figure/ground discrimination. Following one practice session, figure/ground and left-right discrimination were easiest for normal readers when test and background spatial frequencies were equal, and most difficult for dyslexic readers. The direction discrimination CSFs of dyslexic readers ressembled the CSFs of children in Kindergarten. Normal readers were 3-6 times more sensitive than dyslexic readers to the direction vertical sinewave gratings moved, this difference being highly significant ([F(3,1) = 37.93, p<0.0000007]), when analyzed using a 2 factors ANOVA (4 test frequencies × 2 readers types) in a repeated measures design (5 different backgrounds). Moreover, a developmental trend, p<0.0027, in the direction discrimination CSF was found only for normal readers. Children who are normal readers transitioned, so that left-right and figure/ground discrimination were easiest when the same spatial frequency channel was activated by test and background frequencies, whereas dyslexic readers had great difficulty with this task. This study shows that not only is figure/ground discrimination required for learning to read, but left-right movement discrimination is also a key component required for reading. This study provides more evidence that magnocellular pathways provide the physiological substrate that controls reading.
A new protocol for on-line user identification based on hand-writing characters (2016)

Biometric authentication (BA) is becoming more and more popular. Usually, we expect that BA can make various service systems more secure, but in fact it can be more dangerous. For example, fingerprint is one of the popular biometrics for authentication. We say it is dangerous because we cannot change our fingerprints even if they are collected and duplicated by some malicious third parties. This kind of “life-long” biometrics, once they are stolen, can never be used as an authentication factor in the future. To solve the problem, we may use “changeable” biometrics. Examples include face, voice, and hand-writing characters. In this study, we use hand-writing characters. Hand-writing characters can change naturally in the aging process, they can also be changed intentionally through training. This paper investigates the feasibility of on-line user identification using hand-writing non-alphanumeric characters. Our main purpose is to develop some core technologies that can improve the security of service systems in some Asia countries that use Chinese characters.
Purification and characterization of an endonuclease specific for apurinic sites in DNA from a permanently established mouse plasmacytoma cell line (1980)

An endonuclease specific for apurinic sites in double stranded DNA has been purified 373-fold from the nuclei of mouse plasmacytoma cells (line MPC-11). The enzyme is free of any detectable amounts of aspecific nucleases. The enzyme does not act on methylated or OsO4-treated DNA. However, high doses of UV-light and gamma-rays render the DNA slightly susceptible to endonucleolytic attack, which is believed to be due to depurination of depyrimidination caused by the treatment. The molecular weight of the enzyme is determined to be 28,000 and its apparent Km of the purified enzyme is calculated to be 2.7 nM apurinic sites. The activity is not absolutely dependent upon the presence of Mg2+ in the assay mixture although metal chelating agents such as sodium citrate and EDTA abolish the activity completely. The nuclease was stimulated by moderate concentrations of potassium chloride optimizing at 50 mM, and higher concentrations inhibiting the activity. The pH optimun for the reaction was 9.5.
Evidence for a significant urbanization effect on climate in China (2004)

China has experienced rapid urbanization and dramatic economic growth since its reform process started in late 1978. In this article, we present evidence for a significant urbanization effect on climate based on analysis of impacts of land-use changes on surface temperature in southeast China, where rapid urbanization has occurred. Our estimated warming of mean surface temperature of 0.05 degrees C per decade attributable to urbanization is much larger than previous estimates for other periods and locations. The spatial pattern and magnitude of our estimate are consistent with those of urbanization characterized by changes in the percentage of urban population and in satellite-measured greenness.
Optical lattice clock with ultracold strontium atoms (2006)

We report recent progress on an optical atomic clock based on the ultranarrow 1S 0 -3P 0 transition in fermionic neutral strontium atoms confined in an optical lattice. A detailed systematic study of the clock transition frequency is presented along with the recent improvement in the measured line quality factor which is expected to lead to an accuracy of 10−15 or better in the near future.
Updated UK Recommendations for HER2 assessment in breast cancer (2014)

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression is present in approximately 15% of early invasive breast cancers, and is an important predictive and prognostic marker. The substantial benefits achieved with anti-HER2 targeted therapies in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer have emphasised the need for accurate assessment of HER2 status. Current data indicate that HER2 test accuracy improved following previous publication of guidelines and the implementation of an external quality assessment scheme with a decline in false-positive and false-negative rates. This paper provides an update of the guidelines for HER2 testing in the UK. The aim is to further improve the analytical validity and clinical utility of HER2 testing by providing guidelines of test performance parameters, and recommendations on the postanalytical interpretation of test results. HER2 status should be determined in all newly diagnosed and recurrent breast cancers. Testing involves immunohistochemistry with >10% complete strong membrane staining defining a positive status. In situ hybridisation, either fluorescent or bright field chromogenic, is used either upfront or in immunohistochemistry borderline cases to detect the presence of HER2 gene amplification. Situations where repeat HER2 testing is advised are outlined and the impact of genetic heterogeneity is discussed. Strict quality control and external quality assurance of validated assays are essential. Testing laboratories should perform ongoing competency assessment and proficiency tests and ensure the reliability and accuracy of the assay. Pathologists, oncologists and surgeons involved in test interpretation and clinical use should adhere to published guidelines and maintain accurate performance and consistent interpretation of test results.
Optimal Detection Interval for Absorbing Receivers in Molecular Communication Systems with Interference (2018)

We consider a molecular communication system comprised of a transmitter, an absorbing receiver, and an interference source. Assuming amplitude modulation, we analyze the dependence of the bit error rate (BER) on the duration of the detection interval, which is the time within one transmission symbol interval during which the receiver is active to absorb and count molecules. We then propose algorithms to obtain the optimal detection interval that minimizes the BER of the considered molecular communication system. Simulation and numerical evaluations are provided to highlight further insights into the optimal results. For example, we demonstrate that the optimal detection interval can be very small compared to the transmission symbol interval. Moreover, our numerical results show that significant BER improvements are achieved by using the optimal detection interval.
Formation of the adult pigment pattern in zebrafish requiresleopardandobelixdependent cell interactions (2003)

Colour patterns are a prominent feature of many animals and are of high evolutionary relevance. In zebrafish, the adult pigment pattern comprises alternating stripes of two pigment cell types, melanophores and xanthophores. How the stripes are defined and a straight boundary is formed remains elusive. We find that mutants lacking one pigment cell type lack a striped pattern. Instead, cells of one type form characteristic patterns by homotypic interactions. Using mosaic analysis, we show that juxtaposition of melanophores and xanthophores suffices to restore stripe formation locally. Based on this, we have analysed the pigment pattern of two adult specific mutants: leopard and obelix. We demonstrate that obelix is required in melanophores to promote their aggregation and controls boundary integrity. By contrast, leopard regulates homotypic interaction within both melanophores and xanthophores, and interaction between the two, thus controlling boundary shape. These findings support a view in which cell-cell interactions among pigment cells are the major driving force for adult pigment pattern formation.
Major histocompatibility complex class II molecules induce the formation of endocytic MIIC-like structures. (1994)

During biosynthesis, major histochompatibility complex class II molecules are transported to the cell surface through a late endocytic multilaminar structure with lysosomal characteristics. This structure did not resemble any of the previously described endosomal compartments and was termed MIIC. We show here that continuous protein synthesis is required for the maintenance of MIIC in B cells. Transfection of class II molecules in human embryonal kidney cells induces the formation of multilaminar endocytic structures that are morphologically analogous to MIIC in B cells. Two lysosomal proteins (CD63 and lamp-1), which are expressed in MIIC of B cells, are also present in the structures induced by expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Moreover, endocytosed HRP enters the induced structures defining them as endocytic compartments. Exchanging the transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail of the class II alpha and beta chains for that of HLA-B27 does not result in the induction of multilaminar structures, and the chimeric class II molecules are now located in multivesicular structures. This suggests that expression of class II molecules is sufficient to induce the formation of characteristic MIIC-like multilaminar structures.
Logic Control of the Fluorescence of a New Dyad, Spiropyran‐Perylene Diimide‐Spiropyran, with Light, Ferric Ion, and Proton: Construction of a New Three‐Input “AND” Logic Gate (2004)

The fluorescence of a novel dyad with spiropyran and perylene diimide units can be significantly enhanced only under the combined actions of UV light, protons, and ferric ions (see Figure). This behavior corresponds to a new “AND” gate with three inputs.
On the feasibility of making intelligent antenna selection decision in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor networks (2013)

In this paper, we study the feasibility of making intelligent antenna selection decision in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor networks. This study provides us the basis to design and implement software defined intelligent antenna switching capability to wireless sensor nodes based on link quality metric, such as Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). As a first step, we discuss in detail the results of our newly designed radio module (Inverted-F Antenna) for 2.4 GHz bandwidth wireless sensor networks. In the second step, we propose an intelligent antenna selection strategy to exploit antenna diversity. To evaluate, we consider TelosB motes and compare the performance of the built-in TelosB antenna with our proposed external antenna in both laboratory and realistic environments. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed radio module over the built-in radio module of the TelosB motes.
Diagnosing Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease on a Smartphone Using Patient-Reported Symptoms and Cough Analysis: Diagnostic Accuracy Study (2020)

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618001521213; http://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=375939.
Identification of the Most Abundant Lactobacillus Species in the Crop of 1- and 5-Week-Old Broiler Chickens (2007)

Bacteria from crops of 1- and 5-week-old broiler chickens fed with two brands (diets A and B) of wheat-based diets were isolated on Lactobacillus-selective medium and identified (n = 300) based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequence. The most abundant Lactobacillus species were L. reuteri (33%), L. crispatus (18.7%), and L. salivarius (13.3%). Regardless of farm and feed, L. reuteri was the most abundant species (P < 0.005) in the crops of the younger chickens. However, the amount of L. reuteri was significantly reduced in the crops of the 5-week-old chickens regardless of the feed (P = 0.016). The diversity of L. reuteri isolates was studied by fatty acid analysis, and the 94 L. reuteri isolates could be arranged into several clusters. The nisin sensitivities of the L. reuteri isolates were determined because nisin is a candidate coccidiostat. Sensitive isolates were found more frequently in younger chickens (77%) than in 5-week-old chickens (23%), whereas chickens fed with commercial feed B had a higher proportion of nisin-resistant isolates (73%) than did chickens fed with feed A (45%). Nisin-resistant strains are potential candidates for adjunct cultures for maintaining L. reuteri in its natural niche in the crop and are potential targets for genetic engineering with nisin-selectable food-grade vectors. The diversity of the L. reuteri population suggested that one should consider including several strains representing different clusters and nisin resistance phenotypes in candidate probiotic feed supplements for chickens.
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and its biological activity. (2004)

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic glycoprotein belonging to the IL-6 family of cytokines. It shows a wide range of biologic activities that include the growth promotion and cell differentiation of different types of target cells, influence on bone metabolism, cachexia, neural development, embryogenesis and inflammation. LIF has potent proinflammatory property, being the inducer of the acute phase protein synthesis and affecting the cell recruitment into the area of damage or inflammation. LIF is also one of the cytokines that are capable to regulate the differentiation of embryonic stem cells, hematopoietic and neuronal cells. Due to its polyfunctional activities, LIF is involved in the pathogenic events and development of many diseases of various origin.
Insights into the feeding behaviors and biomechanics of Varroa destructor mites on honey bee pupae using electropenetrography and histology (2019)

Feeding behaviors and biomechanics of female Varroa destructor mites are revealed from AC-DC electropenetrography (EPG) recordings of mites feeding from Apis mellifera honey bee pupae and histology of mite internal ingestion apparatus. EPG signals characteristic of arthropod suction feeding (ingestion) were identified for mites that fed on pupae during overnight recordings. Ingestion by these mites was confirmed afterwards by observing internally fluorescent microbeads previously injected into their hosts. Micrographs of internal ingestion apparatus illustrate the connection between a gnathosomal tube and a pharyngeal lumen, which is surrounded by alternating dilator and constrictor muscles. Inspection of EPG signals showed the muscularized mite pharyngeal pump operates at a mean repetition rate of 4.5 cycles/s to ingest host fluids. Separate feeding events observed for mites numbered between 23 and 33 over approximately 16 h of recording, with each event lasting ~10 s. Feeding events were each separated by ~2 min. Consecutive feeding events separated by either locomotion or prolonged periods of quiescence were grouped into feeding bouts, which ranged in number from one to six. Statistical analyses of EPG data revealed that feeding events were prolonged for mites having lower pharyngeal pump frequencies, and mites having prolonged feeding events went unfed for significantly more time between feeding events. These results suggest that mites may adjust behaviors to meet limitations of their feeding apparatus to acquire similar amounts of food. Data reported here help to provide a more robust view of Varroa mite feeding than those previously reported and are both reminiscent of, as well as distinct from, some other acarines and fluid-feeding insects.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Arylquinoline Alkaloids, 2‐Phenylquinoline and Dubamine. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Electroluminescence from spark-processed silicon (1995)

We have fabricated spark-processed silicon so as to produce electroluminescence which is readily visible in semidark conditions. There are three emission peaks at around 1.3, 1.6, and 1.9 eV. The photoluminescence spectrum shows only one peak at around 1.9 eV. The electroluminescence is polarity dependent. Although the average efficiency over areas of several mm2 is low, the emission is concentrated at various spots which are bright and have a much higher efficiency.
Synthesis of the new alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonist 1-[1-(2-benzodioxanylmethyl)-4-piperidyl]amino-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2- propanol. (1989)

The synthesis and in vitro alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking potency of 1-[1-(2-benzodiaxanylmethyl)-4-piperidyl]amino-3-(1-naphthoxy-2-pr opanol (I) are described. Thus, N-benzyl-4piperidone was protected and debenzylated to the carbamate (V), which upon alkaline hydrolysis and acylation gave benzodioxanic amide (IX). Reduction of the amide group, deprotection of the ketone function of (X), and reductive amination gave the 4-aminopiperidine (XIII), which was finally condensed with the appropriate epoxide to yield the aminopropanol (I). Compound (I) is formally derived from a combination of piperoxan (II) and propranolol (III), and was approximately 10 times less potent than each one of these drugs, as an alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocker respectively.
Feedback in Myoelectric Prostheses (1990)

This article briefly reviews the history of the use of feedback in artificial limbs. It suggests that researchers have concentrated unduly upon the use of feedback to control prehensile force or joint angle and advocates a broader perspective. In that context, the article presents a comprehensive view of the need for feedback in myoelectric prostheses. The difficulties of designing transducers to meet the stringent demands of prosthetics applications are considered, and problems inherent in several alternatives are identified. Various means of conveying feedback information to the amputee are reviewed in some detail. The concept of feedback in control systems is introduced in the context of closed-loop control of a prosthesis. The surprisingly good performance of skilled users of myoelectric prostheses is noteworthy implying that the distinction between sensory and proprioceptive feedback may be somewhat artificial. By integrating these two feedback types a satisfactory feedback system may become an attainable goal.