gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Abstract 88: Simple Stepstool Adjuncts Improve Depth and Duration of AHA Guideline-Compliant Chest Compressions (2011)

Introduction AHA guideline-compliant chest compressions (CCs) during cardiac arrest improve survival. Few studies assess optimal use of stepstools (adjuncts) to improve compliance of these guidelines. Hypothesis Stepstool use will increase the depth and duration of AHA guideline-compliant CC delivery in a pediatric cardiac arrest manikin model. Methods IRB-approved prospective, randomized trial conducted on healthcare providers who routinely deliver CCs at work. Volunteers performed 2 sessions of continuous CCs on a pediatric manikin, in random order on separate days. CCs were performed with vs. without use of a 13cm stepstool on a standard-height hospital stretcher (70cm) until maximal fatigue or 10 min. Quality parameters (CC depth, rate, % CCs with residual leaning force &gt;2.5kg) were recorded using a CPR-sensing automated feedback-enabled defibrillator. Data were analyzed in 30-second epochs. “AHA guideline-compliant” CCs were defined by achieving all 3 criteria: average depth ≥38mm, rate 90-120 CC/min, and residual leaning force in &lt;20% of CCs. “Time to failure” was defined as the first epoch where AHA guideline-compliant CC criteria were not met. Analysis included descriptive summaries, Student's t-test, Poisson regression, and Cox regression to produce a failure-time analysis. Results All 21 providers completed both sessions: 62.5% male; median age 34 years, range 28-60; median height 173cm, range 163-190cm. With stepstool adjunct, subjects attained goal mean CC depth ≥38mm in over twice as many epochs (RR 2.26; CI: 1.24, 4.12; p=0.008), without significant difference in mean rate or % CCs with leaning force &gt;2.5kg. Median time to failure (duration) to perform AHA guideline-compliant CCs was significantly longer with stepstools (3.5min) than without stepstools (6.0min) (HR 1.53; CI: 1.06, 2.21; p=0.023). Conclusions Stepstool adjunct increased the frequency of attaining goal depth, and time to failure (duration) of AHA guideline-compliant CCs, without increasing residual leaning force in this pediatric cardiac arrest manikin model. With stepstools, AHA guideline-compliant CCs were delivered for close to twice as long. Assessment in the clinical setting is warranted to evaluate the utility of these findings.
Identifying prodromal Parkinson's disease: Pre‐Motor disorders in Parkinson's disease (2012)

Increasing recognition that Parkinson's disease (PD) may start outside of the substantia nigra has led to a rapidly expanding effort to define prodromal stages of PD, before motor signs permit classical diagnosis. Many of these efforts center around the identification of clinical non-motor symptoms and signs of disease. There is now direct evidence that olfaction, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), constipation, and depression can be present in prodromal PD. In addition, there is suggestive evidence that visual changes, other autonomic symptoms, and subtle cognitive changes may also be present at prodromal stages. A critical issue in utility of these prodromal markers will be assessment of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Although these have yet to be fully defined, olfactory deficits, some visual changes, and autonomic symptoms occur in the majority of PD patients at diagnosis, suggesting good potential sensitivity. However, with the exception of RBD and perhaps some specific autonomic measures, specificity, and positive predictive value of these markers may be insufficient to be used alone as identifiers of prodromal disease. The evidence for the utility of olfaction, RBD, autonomic markers, visual changes, mood disorders, and cognitive loss as markers of prodromal PD and the potential sensitivity and specificity of these markers are summarized.
Parallel Monitoring for the Next Generation of Train Control Systems (2014)

Railway accidents, such as collisions, conflicts, and derailments, are still happening, despite the implementation of advanced railway control systems. One of the reasons for this is the architecture employed in current systems and existing operating processes, which allow human errors to occur. This paper processes a design concept and architecture for the next generation of train control systems (NGTCS). Some key technologies, such as parallel monitoring, system-level “fail-safe”, data sharing and fusion, common-mode cause error avoidance, and the illegal or incorrect operation of alarms by railway workers, are considered. This paper also details the principle and method of parallel monitoring for some key operations such as train tracking interval, interlocking, and train speed limit protection. The NGTCS is a highly intelligent monitoring system that represents system theory, system safety, deeper integration, and data fusion between subsystems and parallel monitoring on critical subjects.
The tumor microenvironment: biology of a complex cellular and tissue society. (2010)

The tumor microenvironment is a "complex society" of many cell types and their extracellular matrix. All these cell types and the matrix take part to the generation of a tumor "tissue". It is well established that preneoplastic proliferating cells cannot give origin to a tumor without an appropriate blood supply. In fact, angiogenesis could be considered the rate limiting step of tumor growth. In this context microenvironment components play a pivotal role in the regulation of the angiogenic switch and in cancer progression. For these reasons the comprehension of biological and molecular mechanisms involved in the relationship between tumor cells and the microenvironment could unveil new therapeutic and preventive approaches to cancer. In this complex scenario molecular imaging of the microenvironment is crucial to dissect cellular and stromal dynamic contributions.
Gaussian Width Bounds with Applications to Arithmetic Progressions in Random Settings (2018)

Motivated by a problem on random differences in Szemerédi’s theorem and another problem on large deviations for arithmetic progressions in random sets, we prove upper bounds on the Gaussian width of special point sets in |$\mathbb{R}^k$|⁠. The point sets are formed by the image of the |$n$|-dimensional Boolean hypercube under a mapping |$\psi :\mathbb{R}^n\to \mathbb{R}^k$|⁠, where each coordinate is a constant-degree multilinear polynomial with 0-1 coefficients. We show the following applications of our bounds. Let |$[\mathbb{Z}/N\,\mathbb{Z}]_p$| be the random subset of |$\mathbb{Z}/N\,\mathbb{Z}$| containing each element independently with probability |$p$|⁠. |$1) $| A set |$D\subseteq \mathbb{Z}/N\,\mathbb{Z}$| is |$\ell $|-intersective if any dense subset of |$\mathbb{Z}/N\,\mathbb{Z}$| contains a proper |$(\ell +1)$|-term arithmetic progression with common difference in |$D$|⁠. Our main result implies that |$[\mathbb{Z}/N\,\mathbb{Z}]_p$| is |$\ell $|-intersective with probability |$1 - o(1)$| provided |$p \geq \omega (N^{-\beta _\ell }\log N)$| for |$\beta _\ell = (\lceil (\ell +1)/2\rceil )^{-1}$|⁠. This gives a polynomial improvement for all |$\ell \ge 2$| of a previous bound due to Frantzikinakis, Lesigne, and Wierdl, and reproves more directly the same improvement shown recently by the authors and Dvir (here we avoid the theories of locally decodable codes and quantum information). |$2) $| Let |$X_k$| be the number of |$k$|-term arithmetic progressions in |$[\mathbb{Z}/N\,\mathbb{Z}]_p$| and consider the large deviation rate |$\rho _k(\delta ) = \log \textrm{ Pr}[\,X_k \geq (1+\delta )\mathbb{E}X_k\,]$|⁠. We give quadratic improvements of the best-known range of |$p$| for which a highly precise estimate of |$\rho _k(\delta )$| due to Bhattacharya, Ganguly, Shao, and Zhao is valid for all odd |$k \geq 5$|⁠. In particular, the estimate holds if |$p \geq \omega (N^{-c_k}\log N)$| for |$c_k = (6k\lceil (k-1)/2\rceil )^{-1}$|⁠. We also discuss connections with the above-mentioned error correcting codes (locally decodable codes) and the Banach-space notion of type for injective tensor products of |$\ell _p$|-spaces.
Demographic Characteristics and Hot-Spot Areas of Recent Infections Among New HIV Diagnoses in Sichuan, China, Between 2018 and 2020 (2023)

Enhanced preventive measures among relevant risk groups and areas where the potential HIV-1 transmission is ongoing is urgently needed to curb further spread.
The potential of non-starter lactic acid bacteria from Cheddar cheese to colonise the gut (2021)

This study was undertaken to assess the potential of Non-Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria (NSLAB) from Cheddar cheese to survive gastric transit and display probiotic-related traits including bile salt hydrolase activity, the ability to adhere to the gut epithelium and inhibition of enteropathogen binding. Populations of NSLAB, up to 107 CFU/g per cheese were recovered following exposure of cheese to Simulated Stomach Duodenum Passage (SSDP) conditions. A total of 240 isolates were randomly selected from twelve Cheddar cheeses and assessed for probiotic traits. Two strains Lactobacillus paracasei DPC 7150 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus DPC 7102 showed the most probiotic potential. The Lb. paracasei and Lb. rhamnosus strains displayed adhesion rates of 64% and 79%, respectively and inhibited binding of pathogenic Escherichia coli by >20%. This research demonstrates that Cheddar cheese harbours potentially beneficial bacteria, a large portion of which can survive simulated digestion and potentially exhibit health beneficial effects once ingested.
Velopharyngeal Function in Nonsyndromic Cleft Palate: Relevance of Surgical Technique, Age at Repair, and Cleft Type (1998)

Surgical technique was not a significant variable either in aggregate or for the Veau types. Patients in the earliest repair group (8-10 months) were the least likely to require a pharyngeal flap. Early repair was more critical for HSCP and BCLP patients. There was no correlation between velopharyngeal insufficiency and Veau hierarchy. The attached vomer/levator muscle complex may be a more important predictor of surgical success than the anatomic extent of cleft.
The chemokine CXCL-10 is a marker for the infection stage in individuals with Parvovirus B19 DNAemia (2016)

Acute B19V infection is associated with increased CXCL-10 production, and measurement of CXCL-10 serum levels thus allows for the staging of B19V infection in individuals with B19V DNAemia.
Noise-assisted digital quantum simulation of open systems (2023)

Quantum systems are inherently open and susceptible to environmental noise, which can have both detrimental and beneficial effects on their dynamics. This phenomenon has been observed in bio-molecular systems, where noise enables novel functionalities, making the simulation of their dynamics a crucial target for digital and analog quantum simulation. Nevertheless, the computational capabilities of current quantum devices are often limited due to their inherent noise. In this work, we present a novel approach that capitalizes on the intrinsic noise of quantum devices to reduce the computational resources required for simulating open quantum systems. Our approach combines quantum noise characterization methods with quantum error mitigation techniques, enabling us to manipulate and control the intrinsic noise in a quantum circuit. Specifically, we selectively enhance or reduce decoherence rates in the quantum circuit to achieve the desired simulation of open system dynamics. We provide a detailed description of our methods and report on the results of noise characterization and quantum error mitigation experiments conducted on both real and emulated IBM Quantum computers. Additionally, we estimate the experimental resource requirements for our techniques. Our approach holds the potential to unlock new simulation techniques in Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices, harnessing their intrinsic noise to enhance quantum computations.
Development of a Durable Emissions Control System or an Automotive Two-Stroke Engine (1996)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;It has been shown that an automotive, stratified charge, direct injected (DI) 2-stroke engine is capable of meeting the proposed Stage 3 European emissions standards and the Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle standards of California at low mileage. In order to meet these stringent standards and develop a high in-field mileage capability for this lean burn engine, new engine control strategies and catalyst formulations have been developed.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Engine out emissions and catalyst temperatures over both the proposed Stage 3 New European Drive Cycle (NEDC) and Federal Test Procedure (FTP) are described. Also with catalyst light-off time being an important factor in determining the overall cycle emissions, engine calibration based Fast Light Off and light load exhaust temperature strategies have been developed, in conjunction with optimised catalyst system configurations.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The extreme lean operation of this stratified charge, D.I. 2-stroke engine, and the inherently low Oxides of Nitrogen emission levels, mean that Rhodium-free precious metal oxidation only catalyst formulations are used. Catalyst screening techniques and results of different Platinum and Palladium precious metal mixes are presented.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In order to assess the performance of the catalyst systems under high mileage conditions, in-vehicle ageing cycles that simulate temperature regimes and oil deposition mechanisms of 2-stroke engines have been developed.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Finally exhaust and catalyst system configurations developed to meet future high mileage emissions durability requirements of extreme lean burning engines are also described.&lt;/div&gt;
ChemInform Abstract: DIE UMSETZUNG VON ALIPHATISCHEN DIAZOVERBINDUNGEN MIT DISTICKSTOFFTRIOXID, EIN EINFACHER WEG ZUR HERST. 3,4‐DISUBSTITUIERTER 1,2,5‐OXADIAZOL‐2‐OXIDE (FUROXANE) (1971)

Abstract Bei der Umsetzung der Diazoverbindungen (I) mit überschüssigem Distickstofftrioxid (II) in Methylenchlorid bei 0‐5°C werden in guten Ausbeuten die Furoxane (III) gebildet.
Measurement of hydroacoustic particle motion by hot-film anemometry (1984)

Abstract : The parameter most often measured in acoustic fields is the pressure. Other scalar field variables, like the density or temperature, may be directly computed from the pressure fluctuations at one point. To determine the particle velocity vector, one needs to know the pressure in the neighborhood of a given point in order to derive the acceleration by numerically computing the gradient field of the pressure. One may measure the velocity field more directly by recording the effect of accelerators attached to a neutrally buoyant sphere that follows the particle motion more or less closely. Its sensitivity to velocity, therefore, will be inversely proportional to the frequency. Hot-film (or hot-wire) anemometry is based on the phenomenon that the heat transfer from an electrically heated film or wire is a function of the fluid motion past the sensor. It is extensively used in study of turbulence, where it is assumed that there is an exponential relation between heat flux and particle velocity, indicated as King's law. The importance of free convection implies a different mode of operation of the anemometer in horizontal or in vertical acoustic particle motion. In the first case the received frequency is twice that of the acoustic field, and the voltage is proportional to the square of the particle displacement. In the second case the frequency is equal to that of the field, and the voltage is linear in the particle displacement. The sensitivity and directional response may be increased by an imposed bias flow. This report describes the measurement of the anemometer output in horizontal and vertical particle motion for water and ethylene glycol.
Chirality transfer from the furan ring transfer reaction (1989)

The furan ring transfer (FRT) reactions of optically active propynyl ethers [(1) and (2)] are described, facile chirality transfer from the cycloadduct to the allylic carbon of the product being observed; the stereochemistry of the product was determined by X-ray analysis.
Motion Vector Coding and Block Merging in the Versatile Video Coding Standard (2021)

This paper overviews the motion vector coding and block merging techniques in the Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard developed by the Joint Video Experts Team (JVET). In general, inter-prediction techniques in VVC can be classified into two major groups: “whole block-based inter prediction” and “subblock-based inter prediction”. In this paper, we focus on techniques for whole block-based inter prediction. As in its predecessor, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), whole block-based inter prediction in VVC is represented by adaptive motion vector prediction (AMVP) mode or merge mode. Newly introduced features purely for AMVP mode include symmetric motion vector difference and adaptive motion vector resolution. The features purely for merge mode include pairwise average merge, merge with motion vector difference, combined inter-intra prediction and geometric partitioning mode. Coding tools such as history-based motion vector prediction and bidirectional prediction with coding unit weights can be applied on both AMVP mode and merge mode. This paper discusses the design principles and the implementation of the new inter-prediction methods. Using objective metrics, simulation results show that the methods overviewed in the paper can jointly achieve 6.2% and 4.7% BD-rate savings on average with the random access and low-delay configurations, respectively. Significant subjective picture quality improvements of some tools are also reported when comparing the resulting pictures at same bitrates.
The NPL Gonio RAdiometric Spectrometer System (GRASS) (2008)

Increasingly satellites have the capability and requirement to measure surfaces at multiple angles, and additionally, due to the variations in slope angle and aspect, few remotely sensed data sets are immune to multi-angular effects. Since such measurements need to be calibrated or at least validated against real ground data we need to improve the accuracy of multi-angular field measurements. A new instrument has been designed, in conjunction with the Natural Environmental Research Council (UK) Field Spectroscopy Facility (FSF) and the University of Southampton for this purpose. The GonioRAdiometric Spectrometer System (GRASS) has been developed at the National Physical Laboratory, which provides quasi-simultaneous, multi-angle, multi-spectral measurements of Earth surface reflected sunlight to support vicarious calibration of satellite sensors operating in the optical region. The instrument will ultimately be available for use by UK researchers through the FSF to provide data to develop a better understanding of the anisotropy of natural targets, which can be used to reduce errors in climate modelling. It will also be utilised for the characterisation of “reference standard” test sites.
Controllable Josephson current through a pseudospin-valve structure (2004)

A thin Co/Cu/permalloy (Ni80Fe20) pseudospin-valve structure is sandwiched between superconducting Nb contacts. When the current is passed perpendicular to the plane of the film a Josephson critical current (IC) is observed at 4.2 K, in addition to a magnetoresistance (MR) of ∼0.5% at high bias. The hysteresis loop of the spin-valve structure can be cycled to modulate the zero field IC of the junction in line with the MR measurements. These modulations of resistance and IC occur both smoothly and sharply with the field applied. For each type of behavior there is a strong correlation between the shape of the MR loops and the IC modulation.
Procedural Volume and Outcomes for Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement (2019)

An inverse volume-mortality association was observed for transfemoral TAVR procedures from 2015 through 2017. Mortality at 30 days was higher and more variable at hospitals with a low procedural volume than at hospitals with a high procedural volume. (Funded by the American College of Cardiology Foundation National Cardiovascular Data Registry and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons.).
Effect of platinum and palladium salts on thymidine incorporation into DNA of rat tissues. (1975)

The intraperitoneal administration of PtCl4 or Pd(NO3)2 at levels of 28 or 56 mumole/kg body weight decreased the thymidine incorporation into DNA of spleen, liver, kidney, and testis. Spleen was most sensitive to both the platinum and the palladium salt. In liver, DNA syntheses in parenchymal cells and stromal cells were about equally sensitive to PtCl4. In control rats, only 20-30% of the 3H in the acid-soluble fraction of liver or spleen was in the form of thymidine and its phosphate esters 2 hr after the intraperitoneal injection of 3H-thymidine; prior injection of PtCl4 (56 mumol/kg body weight) did not change the pattern.
Post-construction support and the sustainability of rural water projects in Ghana (2008)

Many rural community-managed water supply programs in developing countries have been characterized by poor performance.In response, governments and non-governmental organizations have organized two types of "post-construction support" for village water and sanitation committees.The first, "demand-driven" approach leaves it largely up to communities themselves to seek out repair and other support services and to pay for them when needed.The second is a more "supply-driven" approach -to provide unsolicited technical assistance, training, trouble-shooting, and even financial assistance to communities.We evaluate the effect of these types of post construction support on the technical sustainability of community water supplies in rural Ghana using data collected from 200 villages in Volta and Brong Ahafo.
Pathogenomics: Insights into Tuberculosis and Related Mycobacterial Diseases (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Molecular Basis of Pathogenicity Evolution of the M. tuberculosis Complex Some Metabolic Insight from the Genome Sequences Other Major Mycobacterial Human Pathogens Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium ulcerans Concluding Remarks
Total Least Squares Regression in Input Sparsity Time (2019)

In the total least squares problem, one is given an $m \times n$ matrix $A$, and an $m \times d$ matrix $B$, and one seeks to "correct" both $A$ and $B$, obtaining matrices $\hat{A}$ and $\hat{B}$, so that there exists an $X$ satisfying the equation $\hat{A}X = \hat{B}$. Typically the problem is overconstrained, meaning that $m \gg \max(n,d)$. The cost of the solution $\hat{A}, \hat{B}$ is given by $\|A-\hat{A}\|_F^2 + \|B - \hat{B}\|_F^2$. We give an algorithm for finding a solution $X$ to the linear system $\hat{A}X=\hat{B}$ for which the cost $\|A-\hat{A}\|_F^2 + \|B-\hat{B}\|_F^2$ is at most a multiplicative $(1+ε)$ factor times the optimal cost, up to an additive error $η$ that may be an arbitrarily small function of $n$. Importantly, our running time is $\tilde{O}( \mathrm{nnz}(A) + \mathrm{nnz}(B) ) + \mathrm{poly}(n/ε) \cdot d$, where for a matrix $C$, $\mathrm{nnz}(C)$ denotes its number of non-zero entries. Importantly, our running time does not directly depend on the large parameter $m$. As total least squares regression is known to be solvable via low rank approximation, a natural approach is to invoke fast algorithms for approximate low rank approximation, obtaining matrices $\hat{A}$ and $\hat{B}$ from this low rank approximation, and then solving for $X$ so that $\hat{A}X = \hat{B}$. However, existing algorithms do not apply since in total least squares the rank of the low rank approximation needs to be $n$, and so the running time of known methods would be at least $mn^2$. In contrast, we are able to achieve a much faster running time for finding $X$ by never explicitly forming the equation $\hat{A} X = \hat{B}$, but instead solving for an $X$ which is a solution to an implicit such equation. Finally, we generalize our algorithm to the total least squares problem with regularization.