gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Merkel cell carcinoma subgroups by Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA relative abundance and oncogene expression (2009)

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) was recently discovered in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a clinically and pathologically heterogeneous malignancy of dermal neuroendocrine cells. To investigate this heterogeneity, we developed a tissue microarray (TMA) to characterize immunohistochemical staining of candidate tumor cell proteins and a quantitative PCR assay to detect MCPyV and measure viral loads. MCPyV was detected in 19 of 23 (74%) primary MCC tumors, but 8 of these had less than 1 viral copy per 300 cells. Viral abundance of 0.06-1.2 viral copies/cell was directly related to presence of retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT) by immunohistochemical staining (p < or = 0.003). Higher viral abundance tumors tended to be associated with less p53 expression, younger age at diagnosis and longer survival (p < or = 0.08). These data suggest that MCC may arise through different oncogenic pathways, including ones independent of pRb and MCPyV.
Supply voltage emulation platform for DVFS voltage drop compensation explorations (2011)

The supply voltage level has emerged as an important metric alongside power consumption information to investigate system stability and reliability issues. In this paper, we propose a supply voltage emulation platform based on a power emulation approach to derive real-time power and supply voltage information from a system. Moreover, we present a dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) based voltage drop compensation scheme to maintain stable system operation. The early design phase applicability of our emulation-based approach enables the investigation of the effectiveness of voltage drop compensation schemes before the final chip is available.
New Strong Fibrates with Piperidine Moiety. (2000)

New fibrates containing piperidine, 4-hydroxypiperidine, piperidin-3-ene, and piperazine moieties in the structures were synthesized and evaluated. Among the synthesized compounds, 2-[3-[1-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-piperidin-4yl]phenoxyl-2-methylpropanoic acid (9aA: AHL-157) showed very superior activities in decreasing triglyceride, cholesterol, and blood sugar compared to bezafibrate in mice and rats.
Mechanism of fluid leak in non-traumatic corneal perforations: an anterior segment optical coherence tomography study (2019)

ASOCT demonstrates that leaking CPerfs can be indirect or direct. The former is associated with a 'formed' AC and the latter with a very shallow/flat AC. The valvular nature of the communication in indirect perforations allows the AC to maintain its volume despite a continuous leak.
Monitoring Dune Response to the East Coast Storm Surge of 2013 Using Laser Scanning and SfM Photogrammetry (2016)

On 5 December 2013, the UK coastline experienced one of the biggest storm surges on record. This storm caused substantial coastal erosion, particularly along the North Sea coast where the southwards travelling surge was heightened by funnelling between the European mainland and the East Coast of England. This paper focuses on a field site located north of Mablethorpe on the Lincolnshire coast (53°21’43”N 0°15’03”E) which has undergone long-term (1891-2010) accretion of, on average, 2m yr-1 (Montreuil and Bullard, 2012). Prior to the 5 December storm event, well-developed coastal foredunes were present with primary foredunes up to 3.5m ODN and secondary (inland) dunes up to 7m high. The storm surge eroded the dunes laterally by up to 20m, creating a vertical scarp face up to 2m high. Provided there are no further storm surges, is expected that the dune system will gradually recover and the scarp will eventually be infilled. The overall aim of this research project is to combine high resolution topographic and environmental data to quantify the rate and nature of post-storm coastal recovery at this site. This paper draws upon this project to highlight how modern geomatic methods can be used for detailed monitoring of coastal phenomena at close range. These methods include both terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and close range digital photogrammetry, which incorporates the very latest structure from motion (SfM) techniques.
Self-interaction and slow dynamics (2008)

A simple spin system with self-interaction is proposed and studied where the interaction among spins is taken into account within a mean field model. The self-interaction, which turns out to be a kind of activation energy, gives rise to slow relaxation due to disorder introduced to the self-interaction. In a thermodynamic limit (N-->infinity), a phase diagram is obtained and a spin-spin time correlation function (TCF) is calculated exactly to show that relaxation time diverges at low temperature. Dynamical property of a finite system, such as relaxation of the TCF, is studied by numerically solving a master equation.
The IRS1 G972R polymorphism and glomerular filtration rate in patients with type 2 diabetes of European ancestry (2013)

Our data indicate that IRS1 G972R is not a strong determinant of GFR in diabetic patients of European ancestry as in Mexican Americans. Since we had 100% power to detect the previously reported association, the risk our finding is a false negative one is minimal.
Pharmacological treatment options for severe hypertriglyceridemia and familial chylomicronemia syndrome (2018)

A spectrum of disorders, ranging from rare severe cases of homozygous null lipoprotein lipase deficiency (LPLD)-familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) to heterozygous missense LPLD or polygenic causes, result in hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis. The effects of mutations are exacerbated by environmental factors such as diet, pregnancy, and insulin resistance. Areas covered: In this review, authors discuss chronic treatment of FCS by ultra-low fat diets allied with the use of fibrates, omega-3 fatty acids, niacin, statins, and insulin-sensitizing therapies depending on the extent of residual lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity; novel therapies in development target triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoprotein particle clearance. Previously, a gene therapy approach to LPL-alipogene tiparvovec showed that direct targeting of LPL function reduced pancreatitis events. An antisense oligonucleotide to apolipoprotein-C3, volanesorsen has been shown to decrease TGs by 70-80% and possibly to reduce rates of pancreatitis admissions. Studies are underway to validate its long-term efficacy and safety. Other approaches investigating the role of LPL modulating proteins such as angiopoietin-like petide-3 (ANGPTL3) are under consideration. Expert opinion: Current therapeutic options are not sufficient for management of many cases of FCS. The availability of antisense anti-apoC3 therapies and, in the future, ANGPTL3 therapies may remedy this.
Africanizing the African university (1975)

changes in the administration of Lourenyo Marques University. Soon after the transitional government was installed, FRELIMO arranged for the appointment as Rector of the capable and knowledgeable Fernando Ganh'ao, one of their pioneer white Mozambican supporters who formerly taught at the Mozambique Institute in Dar es Salaam. This, however, is but one step toward Africanizing that university. Problems which have plagued and continue to plague many other African universities will have to be faced by Louren9o Marques and the new Mozambique administration as well. These problems, and some possible solutions to them, are the subject of the paper which follows.
Key Management Protocols for Secure Wireless Multimedia Services: A Review (2012)

With the growth of multimedia services over wireless systems, the security of communication over cellular mobile phone networks, wireless access networks, and unreliable mobile ad-hoc networks is becoming a challenging issue. Secure communication implies data confidentiality and integrity, along with authentication, bringing with it commercial viability and protection of intellectual property. Innovatory key management protocols, specialized for multimedia exchange, are now under active development. Such protocols accelerate the key management process in order not to introduce additional latency, especially at start-up time, to what are real-time services. Whereas encryption algorithms are, for reasons of open scrutiny and validation, not a subject of confidentiality, a shared secret, the session key, must be confidential and that session key relies on the existence of a secret permanent key. If a server can successfully distribute keys to remote clients without interception, the greater becomes the chance of secure communication, even though no side channel and no physical exchange of keys are required. Therefore, the focus of this review is to highlight: the key generation mechanisms, interaction with associated key management protocols; and the strength of key-management protocols against security attacks. In addition, the paper reviews recent patents on multimedia key management and also examines counter-measures present in key-management protocols against known key and data attacks. Keywords: Key management, mobile networks, multimedia, security protocols, m-commerce, MBMS, 3GPP, Cryptography, MACs, HMAC, PKI, IPTV, MCU, MANETs, MIKEY
Selective delivery of cytotoxic compounds to cells by the LDL pathway (1984)

Cancer cells need cholesterol to make new membrane. They get it either by de novo synthesis or from low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or both. Some types of cancer have very high LDL requirements. LDL particles, which circulate in the blood, contain a cholesteryl ester core surrounded by a phospholipid coat containing apoproteins that are recognized by LDL receptors on cell surfaces. After attachment to cells, LDL is endocytosed into lysosomes, where the core is exposed and hydrolyzed. A technique is known whereby LDL can be isolated, its core removed and replaced by a compatible lipophilic substance, and then reconstituted into intact LDL particles that are recognized and internalized by cells in the normal manner. A series of cytotoxic compounds has been synthesized, designed to be compatible with reconstituted LDL, and directed against cancers that copiously internalize LDL. They were evaluated by measuring the toxicity of reconstituted LDL toward test cells bearing LDL receptors. Selectivity was determined by comparison, either with mutant cells with few LDL receptors or with reconstituted methylated LDL (which is not recognized by LDL receptors) on normal cells. Two compounds, 19 and 25, were found that reconstitute well, kill or arrest the test cells at reasonably low concentrations, and are completely selective, suggesting that they are delivered to cells exclusively via the LDL pathway.
Bioactivity of Essential Oils from Leaves of Dryobalanops Lanceolata, Cinnamomum Burmannii, Cananga Odorata, and Scorodocarpus Borneensis (2016)

This research aimed to examine the bioactivity of essential oils. The essential oils obtained from the leaves of Dryobalanops lanceolata, Cinnamomum burmannii, Cananga odorata, and Scorodocarpus borneensis by steam distillation method. This research used antioxidant and antimicrobial test. The antioxidant activity was assayed by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydraziyl) and using ascorbic acid as positive control. The antimicrobial properties of the pure essential oils were determined using agar diffusion method. Two different microorganisms were used in this study were Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The zone of inhibition and activity index were measured and compared against a known synthetic standard. The yields of essential oils of D. lanceolata, C. burmannii, C. odorata and S. borneensis obtained in the present study were 0.12%, 1.01%, 0.04%, and 0.39%, respectively. The extracts inhibited all tested microorganism and susceptible against S. aureus . Only C. odorata has no inhibition against C. albicans. D. lanceolata and C. odorata have the largest inhibition zone against S. aureus (49.3 and 49 mm). The best inhibition zone was shown by the S. borneensis (52.7 mm) against C. albicans. The essential oils of D. lanceolata and C. burmannii also have potency to inhibit the free radicals at concentration 25 – 100 ppm.
New Judicial Thinking on Sovereignty and Federalism: American and Canadian Comparisons (2002)

This article surveys the development of new doctrines of federalism by the U.S. Supreme Court since the court decided Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985). This period is notable for the emergence of diverging attitudes on sovereignty and the role of the states in American federalism. This article discusses the development of these contending models and recent developments in the jurisprudence of federalism by the Supreme Court of Canada. Recent Canadian decisions do not discuss sovereignty. Instead, the Canadian Court promotes a balanced view of federalism, which is particularly evident in Reference Re: Firearms Act (Can.). The Canadian Court's studious avoidance of a principled position may be more deceptive politics than that plied by the highly criticized American Court. More important, the Canadian experience, which patiently builds up doctrines around precedent rather than theory, may be an example for the American Court.
Serologic Evidence of Nipah Virus Infection in Bats, Vietnam (2012)

To the Editor: Bats are potential reservoir for highly pathogenic viruses, such as Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus, which can cross species barriers (1). However, only limited surveillance has been conducted to assess risk for infection by these deadly emerging viruses. We conducted a study in Vietnam from 2007 to 2008 to assess the prevalence of these pathogens in bats.
The Evolution of RFID Security (2006)

As RFID technology progresses, security and privacy threats also evolve. By examining RFID's history, we can learn from past mistakes, rediscover successful solutions, and inspire future research.
Unsupervised Temporal Segmentation Using Models That Discriminate Between Demonstrations and Unintentional Actions (2021)

Segmentation of a compound task with multiple subtasks is crucial for imitation learning. Conventional unsupervised segmentation methods focused on only reproducibility of demonstrations and did not use the property that goal-directed actions rarely occur without intention. In this paper, we propose a novel method to segment demonstrations into goal-directed actions by self-supervised learning. We use the discriminator between demonstrations and self-generated unintentional actions performed by the same body in behavioral cloning paradigm because goal-directed actions rarely occur without intention, and thus can be separated from unintentional actions. And we consider the states that cannot be reached by unintentional actions as subtask changepoints. We evaluated our method on manipulation tasks with multiple subtasks. The results indicate that our method can detect subtask changepoints more accurately than an existing unsupervised segmentation method.
Defective Pneumococcal-Specific Th1 Responses in HIV-Infected Adults Precedes a Loss of Control of Pneumococcal Colonization (2012)

These data reveal the persistently poor control of pneumococcal colonization in HIV-infected adults following immune ART-mediated reconstitution, highlighting a potential reservoir for person-to-person spread and vaccine escape. Novel approaches to control colonization either through vaccination or through improvements in the quality of immune reconstitution are required.
Hardware Implementation of A Synthetic Inertia System for Grid Stability (2019)

The frequency in the electrical grid is, on the short time-scale, stabilized by the total rotational mass given predominantly by synchronously connected devices. These devices include the generators themselves and, on slightly longer timescales, the control system acting on turbine governors. As the inverter-connected technologies increase their share of total power, the total inertia in the grid is significantly reduced. One way to stabilize the frequency and reduce low frequency oscillations is to add synthetic inertia provided by a small energy, high power, storage devices combined with a fast control system. This paper describes a possible hardware topology for linear synthetic inertia. It uses an inverter coupled to a local energy storage unit comprised of supercapacitors. The paper presents the implementation and some selected experimental results. The system response is fast enough on a small test grid to act as inertia.
“Laser Vibrometry for ISR and Commercial Applications: Exploitation and Phenomenology” (2013)

Future capability concepts for array, long distance vibrometry systems are discussed and examples of the rich, mechanical and structural phenomenon that can be characterized with vibration measurements are given, including vehicle, seismic and facility applications.
Polyphosphazene membranes. I. Solid-state photocrosslinking of poly[(4-ethylphenoxy)-(phenoxy)phosphazene] (1996)

Dense films of poly[(4-ethylphenoxy)(phenoxy)phosphazene] (PEPP), a potentially attractive ion-exchange membrane material, were crosslinked to varying degrees using UV light and a photoinitiator. This polymer contained two kinds of substituents: phenoxy groups to be used for possible functionalization (e.g., sulfonation) and ethylphenoxy side-chains for photocrosslinking, where hydrogens at the benzylic carbons could be abstracted by a photoinitiator-leaving macroradicals that after recombination formed covalent bonds. The polyphosphazene polymer was synthesized, mixed with a photoinitiator, shaped into a thin film by solvent casting, and irradiated with UV light for a specified period of time. Benzophenone (BP), was selected as the photoinitiator because it was miscible with poly-phosphazene, had the highest rate of hydrogen abstraction, and absorbed UV light of 365 nm wavelength. The half-life of benzophenone in 50 μm-thick irradiated films was determined to be 20 min. When the BP–PEPP molar ratio was increased from 0 to 0.5, the glass transition temperature increased after irradiation from −8.8 to 53.5°C. At the same time, the equilibrium swelling in dimethylacetamide, at 25°C, decreased from infinity to 0.31. Tensile strength tests of the crosslinked films revealed a nonlinear dependence on BP–PEPP molar ratio. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FLUORESCENCE AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF OLIGOCYTIDYLIC AND POLYCYTIDYLIC ACIDS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION (1974)

Abstract —In addition to the monomer‐like fluorescence, a long‐wavelength emission (Λ max em = 410 nm) has been detected in the dinucleoside 5′‐5′ pyrophosphate (CppC) at room temperature. This emission looks very similar to that previously reported for the acidic forms of Poly C (Poly C. Poly C + and Poly I. Poly C. Poly C + ). Only the monomer‐like emission (Λ max em = 330 nm) can be detected in neutral Poly C, acidic CppC, and the neutral or protonated forms of the dinucleoside phosphate CpC.A correlation between the room temperature fluorescence of oligo and polycytidylic acids and their photochemical behaviour is found. Irradiation of all the polymeric samples at both neutral and acid pH results in the formation of minor photoproducts. They have been characterized by their absorbance (in the range 300–400 nm) and their fluorescence spectra. The same product is obtained in all cases where the monomer‐like fluorescence only is detected. Distinct products are formed in neutral CppC and in the acidic Poly C forms. The results are discussed with respect to the conformation of the oligo and polycytidylic acids and possible relationships between the 410–420 nm emission and adduct formation. An excimer is proposed as a common, intermediate excited state in both radiative deactivation and adduct formation in neutral CppC and the acidic Poly C forms.
Instantaneous availability and interval availability for systems with time-varying failure rate: stair-step approximation (2002)

Because of the fast pace of information technology, an electronic product may be in the field for just a couple of years. Therefore, instantaneous availability and interval availability during its operational lifetime are more important metrics than the steady-state availability. The paper presents a stair-step approximation to the instantaneous availability and interval availability for systems with time-varying failure rates. The precision of the stair-step approximation is discussed. Numerical results for the systems with Weibull failure rate reveal that the steady-state availability may give an optimistic (pessimistic) evaluation to the systems with decreasing (increasing) failure rate.
The Strain-Energy Function of a Hyperelastic Material in Terms of the Extension Ratios (1967)

A simple form of the strain-energy function of natural rubber results if the latter is expressed an an analytic function of the extension ratios rather than the invariants. For incompressible isotropic materials it is postulated that this is a separable symmetric function of the extension ratios, i.e., W = w(λ1) + w(λ2) + w(λ3). This form has been substantiated by critical plots using uniaxial and biaxial data reported in the literature by several investigators. The above form appears to be valid over a wide range of deformations (0.2≤λ≤3.5). An explicit representation of W for this range is given in graphical form. In the more limited range (0.6≤λ≤2.5) w(λ) has the analytic form w=2 μλ (lnλ−1).
Systemic Amyloidosis in England: an epidemiological study (2013)

Epidemiological studies of systemic amyloidosis are scarce and the burden of disease in England has not previously been estimated. In 1999, the National Health Service commissioned the National Amyloidosis Centre (NAC) to provide a national clinical service for all patients with amyloidosis. Data for all individuals referred to the NAC is held on a comprehensive central database, and these were compared with English death certificate data for amyloidosis from 2000 to 2008, obtained from the Office of National Statistics. Amyloidosis was stated on death certificates of 2543 individuals, representing 0·58/1000 recorded deaths. During the same period, 1143 amyloidosis patients followed at the NAC died, 903 (79%) of whom had amyloidosis recorded on their death certificates. The estimated minimum incidence of systemic amyloidosis in the English population in 2008, based on new referrals to the NAC, was 0·4/100 000 population. The incidence peaked at age 60-79 years. Systemic AL amyloidosis was the most common type with an estimated minimum incidence of 0·3/100 000 population. Although there are various limitations to this study, the available data suggest the incidence of systemic amyloidosis in England exceeds 0·8/100 000 of the population.
Interoperability from electronic commerce to litigation using XML rules (2003)

We used the XML Rule system earlier described in [6] to simulate litigation arising from electronic commerce in a purchase order situation. This work is distinguished by using XML documents that comply with standards issued by standards-issuing organizations.
Microlens-integrated large-area InAlGaAs-InAlAs superlattice APD's for eye-safety 1.5-μm wavelength optical measurement use (1998)

The advanced optical measurement system used in the eye-safety 1.5-μm wavelength range requires high-sensitivity photodiodes with a large detecting area. For this purpose, we have developed large-area InAlGaAs-InAlAs superlattice avalanche photodiodes (SL-APD's) integrated with a monolithic microlens. By optimizing the superlattice multiplication layer as well as using a monolithically integrated microlens, a low multiplied dark current of 5 nA and a large detecting area of 200 μm in diameter have been achieved for 100-μm-mesa-diameter SL-APD's.