gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Verification of a Certain Monte Carlo Sampling Technique and Applications of the Technique to Radiation Transport Problems (1968)

The first section of this paper is a mathematical construction of a certain Monte Carlo procedure for sampling from the distributionThe construction begins by defining a particular random variable λ. The distribution function of λ is developed and found to be identical to F(X). The definition of λ describes the sampling procedure. Depending on the behavior of Σ(x), it may be more efficient to sample from F(X) by obtaining realizations of λ than by the more conventional procedure described in the paper. Section II is a discussion of applications of the technique to problems in radiation transport where F(X) is frequently encountered as the distribution function for nuclear collisions. The first application is in charged particle transport where Σ(x) is essentially a continuous function of x. An application in complex geometries where Σ(x) is a step function, and changes values numerous times over a mean path, is also cited. Finally, it is pointed out that the technique has been used to improve the efficiency of estimating certain quantities, such as the number of absorptions in a material.
Transverse Ligament Failure (1993)

We investigated the biomechanical properties of the transverse ligament by simulating an anteroposterior shear injury mechanism. The ligament was tested in isolation. All secondary restraints and any interference from articular mass geometry were eliminated. In all, 13 specimens were tested. Eleven failed within the substance of the ligament, and two failed by bone avulsion. The mean load to failure was 692 N (range, 220–1590 N). The displacement to failure was 6.7 mm (2–14 mm). The measured values of load to failure agree with previous reports; however, the displacement to failure exhibited a broader range than expected.
Blood flow in the gluteus maximus of seated individuals during electrical muscle stimulation. (1990)

Blood flow was measured under the ischial tuberosites of seated individuals during electrical stimulation of the gluteus maximus muscles. Eight able-bodied and six spinal cord injured subjects were studied. Muscle blood flow was measured via radioactive tracer (133xenon) clearance. Retention of xenon in adipose tissue prevented accurate measurement of blood flow in cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue. Average muscle blood flow for both subject groups was increased during stimulation as compared to rest. All subjects showed an increase in muscle blood flow during stimulation. The statistical significance from a paired student t-test was greater for able-bodied subjects (p less than .05) than for spinal cord injured subjects (p = .12). The increase in muscle blood flow produced by electrical muscle stimulation in seated individuals supports the hypothesis that electrical muscle stimulation can help prevent pressure sores.
MARBLES: Mining association rules buried in long event sequences (2013)

Abstract Sequential pattern discovery is a well‐studied field in data mining. Episodes are sequential patterns that describe events that often occur in the vicinity of each other. Episodes can impose restrictions on the order of the events, which makes them a versatile technique for describing complex patterns in the sequence. Most of the research on episodes deals with special cases such as serial and parallel episodes, while discovering general episodes is surprisingly understudied. This is particularly true when it comes to discovering association rules between them. In this paper we propose an algorithm that mines association rules between two general episodes. On top of the traditional definitions of frequency and confidence, we introduce two novel confidence measures for the rules. The major challenge in mining these association rules is pattern explosion. To limit the output, we aim to eliminate all redundant rules. We define the class of closed association rules and show that this class contains all non‐redundant output. To make the algorithm efficient, we use further pruning steps along the way. First of all, we generate only free and closed frequent episodes from which we create candidate rules, we speed up the evaluation of the rules, and then prune the remaining non‐closed rules from the output. Finally, we provide the user with the additional option of using a confidence boost threshold to remove the less informative rules from the output.
Piezo‐Phototronic Effect Enhanced Flexible Solar Cells Based on n‐ZnO/p‐SnS Core–Shell Nanowire Array (2016)

The piezo-phototronic effect is about the enhanced separation, transport, and recombination of the photogenerated carriers using the piezoelectric polarization charges present in piezoelectric-semiconductor materials. Here, it is presented that the piezo-phototronic effect can be effectively applied to improve the relative conversion efficiency of a flexible solar cell based on n-ZnO/p-SnS core-shell nanowire array for 37.3% under a moderate vertical pressure. The performance of the solar cell can be effectively enhanced by a gentle bending of the device, showing its potential for application in curly geometries. This study not only adds further understanding about the concept of increasing solar energy conversion efficiency via piezo-phototronic effect, but also demonstrates the great potential of piezo-phototronic effect in the application of large-scale, flexible, and lightweight nanowire array solar cells.
Study on Microwave-assisted Ionic Liquid Treatment on Bamboo (2014)

Ball milled and dewaxed bamboo( Phyllostachy pubescens Mazel) powder was dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate( Emim OAc) assisted by microwave irradiation,the dissolution process was observed using laser confocal scanning microscopy. When irradiating by microwave for 60 min,bamboo powder was completely dissolved in ionic liquid. The cellulose-rich material with homogenous structure could be obtained by adding anti-solvent into biomass-ionic liquid solution,the maximum yield was 62. 7%. Analysis results of acid insoluble lignin content,FT-IR,XRD and SEM showed that ionic liquid could remove lignin effectively,the highest removal rate was 57. 1%,after ionic liquid pretreatment,the carbohydrate content of bamboo powder increased; the cellulose crystallinity became lower and cellulose Ⅰ converted to be cellulose Ⅱ.
Post renal transplantation human herpesvirus 8‐associated lymphoproliferative disorder and Kaposi's sarcoma (2001)

Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) are immunosuppression-related tumours developing in solid organ transplant patients. Although the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is detected in the majority of the PTLDs during the first year after transplantation, the proportion of EBV-negative PTLDs has increased in recent years. We report a case of a 17-year-old man who developed severe immune haemolytic anaemia, KS and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)-associated, polymorphic-type PTLD 9 months after allogeneic renal transplantation from his HHV-8-seropositive father. It is suggested that: (i) HHV-8 may be associated with EBV-negative, polymorphous-type PTLD occurring less than 1 year after transplantation, and (ii) PTLD may be listed among other tumours, including KS, Castleman's disease and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), that are related to HHV-8 infection.
Design of infinite horizon predictive LQ controller (1997)

A singlevariable controller is developed in the predictive control framework based upon minimization of the LQ criterion with infinite output and control horizons. The infinite version of the predictive cost function results in better stability properties of the controller and still enables to incorporate contraints into the control design. The constrained LQ controller (CLQ) consists of two parts: time-invariant nominal LQ controller and time-variant part given by Youla-Kucera parametrization of all stabilizing controllers that takes care of constraints.
A feasible motion-planning algorithm for a mobile robot based on a quadtree representation (2003)

A motion-planning algorithm is proposed which fulfils its function fast even if shapes of the robot and its obstacles are complicated. Considering the global obstacle allocation in the robot workspace, the proposed algorithm selects intermediate positions where the mobile robot should pass from a start position to a goal position. Using a systematic motion generation method based on the closest points between the robot and its obstacles, the algorithm generated collision-free robot motions to joint the intermediate positions successively. The algorithm runs on the quadtree representation, obtained from fast conversion of a real image taken through a camera on the ceiling of the workspace. The algorithm can generate collision-free motions while following a change of obstacle allocation. In a comparison with several motion-planning algorithms, it is shown that the proposed algorithm generates fast collision-free robot motions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Inertial electrostatic confinement as a power source for electric propulsion (1993)

The potential use of an Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) power source for space propulsion has previously been suggested by the authors and others. In the past, these discussions have generally followed the charged-particle electric-discharge engine (QED) concept proposed by Bussard, in which the IEC is used to generate an electron beam which vaporizes liquid hydrogen for use as a propellant. However, in the present study, we consider an alternate approach, using the IEC to drive a conventional electric thruster unit. This has the advantage of building on the rapidly developing technology for such thrusters, which operate at higher specific impulse. Key issues related to this approach include the continued successful development of the physics and engineering of the IEC unit, as well as the development of efficient step-down dc voltage transformers. The IEC operates by radial injection of energetic ions into a spherical vessel. A very high ion density is created in a small core region at the center of the vessel, resulting in extremely high fusion power density in the core. Present experiments at the U. of Illinois in small IEC devices (less than 60-cm. dia.) have demonstrated much of the basic physics underlying this concept, e.g. producing approximately 10(exp 6) D-D neutrons/sec steady-state with deuterium gas flow injection. The ultimate goal is to increase the power densities by several orders of magnitude and to convert to D-He-3 injection. If successful, such an experiment would represent a milestone proof-of-principle device for eventual space power use. Further discussion of IEC physics and status will be presented with a description of the overall propulsion system and estimated performance.
Myasthenia Gravis (2016)

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease associated with several autoantibodies that attack the neuromuscular junction. Some cases are associated with thymoma. The hallmark of management is individualized immunosuppressive therapy.
Impact of Relay Cooperation on the Performance of Large-scale Multipair\n Two-way Relay Networks (2018)

We consider a multipair two-way relay communication network, where pairs of\nuser devices exchange information via a relay system. The communication between\nusers employs time division duplex, with all users transmitting simultaneously\nto relays in one time slot and relays sending the processed information to all\nusers in the next time slot. The relay system consists of a large number of\nsingle antenna units that can form groups. Within each group, relays exchange\nchannel state information (CSI), signals received in the uplink and signals\nintended for downlink transmission. On the other hand, per-group CSI and\nuplink/downlink signals (data) are not exchanged between groups, which perform\nthe data processing completely independently. Assuming that the groups perform\nzero-forcing in both uplink and downlink, we derive a lower bound for the\nergodic sumrate of the described system as a function of the relay group size.\nBy close observation of this lower bound, it is concluded that the sumrate is\nessentially independent of group size when the group size is much larger than\nthe number of user pairs. This indicates that a very large group of cooperating\nrelays can be substituted by a number of smaller groups, without incurring any\nsignificant performance reduction. Moreover, this result implies that relay\ncooperation is more efficient (in terms of resources spent on cooperation) when\nseveral smaller relay groups are used in contrast to a single, large group.\n
Advertising Seamless Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (S-BFD) Discriminators in the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol Version 3 (L2TPv3) (2016)

This document defines a new Attribute-Value Pair (AVP) that allows
L2TP Control Connection Endpoints (LCCEs) to advertise one or more
Seamless Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (S-BFD) Discriminator
values using the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol version 3 (L2TPv3).
Coherent control of high harmonic generation in a large-volume capillary for seeding of free-electron lasers (2014)

FEL-1 at FERMI@Elettra is a seeded free-electron laser using sub-harmonic seeding to generate soft x-rays down to 10 nm. The current seed laser, a standard solid-state laser followed by frequency quadrupling in nonlinear crystals, has a minimum wavelength of 200 nm. Injecting much shorter seed-laser wavelengths, for which high-harmonic generation (HHG) is of high promise, can shorten the laser output wavelength significantly. However, the minimum seed pulse energy required is not readily available with standard approaches to HHG. To increase the energy available in a particular harmonic for seeding, we use a gas-filled capillary with a large diameter (500 μm), pumped by an 8 mJ, 35 fs Ti:Sapphire laser. A wide capillary allows a large gas volume for HHG, thereby increasing the output energy. We also investigate the coherent control of HHG by shaping the spectral phase of the drive laser using an acousto-optic programmable dispersive filter. Here, we use a learning algorithm with the objective to simultaneously tune and selectively enhance an individual harmonic order. We present first results including pressure dependent harmonic output energy, spectrum and beam stability, as these are important for seeding of FELs. Further, we discuss initial experiments with coherent control that has shown selective enhancement up to a factor of 10.
A βγ Dimer Derived from G13 Transduces the Angiotensin AT1 Receptor Signal to Stimulation of Ca2+ Channels in Rat Portal Vein Myocytes (1997)

A G protein composed of alpha13, beta1, and gamma3 subunits selectively couples the angiotensin AT1A receptors to increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in rat portal vein myocytes (Macrez-Leprêtre, N., Kalkbrenner, F., Morel, J. L., Schultz, G., and Mironneau, J. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 10095-10102). We show here that Gbetagamma transduces the signal leading to stimulation of L-type Ca2+ channels. Intracellular dialysis through the patch pipette of a carboxyl-terminal anti-betacom antibody and a peptide corresponding to the Gbetagamma binding region of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 inhibited the stimulation of Ca2+ channels and the increase in [Ca2+]i evoked by angiotensin II. The Gbetagamma binding peptide did not prevent the dissociation of the heterotrimeric G protein into its subunits, as it did not block activation of phospholipase C-beta by Galphaq in response to stimulation of alpha1-adrenoreceptors. Transient overexpression of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 fragment and of Galpha subunits also inhibited the angiotensin II-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. Both anti-alpha13 antibody and carboxyl-terminal alpha13 peptide abrogated the angiotensin II-induced stimulation of Ca2+ channels. We conclude that activation of angiotensin AT1 receptors requires all three alpha, beta, and gamma subunits of G13 for receptor-G protein interaction, whereas the transduction of the signal to L-type Ca2+ channels is mediated by Gbetagamma.
Mode selective loss penalties in VCSEL optical fiber transmission links (1994)

The system performance with respect to modal noise of both single mode and multi-transverse mode vertical cavity surface emitting lasers is reported. A bit error ratio floor is observed with only 1 dB of mode selective loss for the single mode device but no such floor is observed using the multimode device with up to 7.8 dB of mode selective loss. The modal noise penalty for the single mode device is attributed to its higher coherence and spectral fluctuations during modulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Typing Cylindrocladium species by analysis of ribosomal DNA spacers polymorphism: Application to field isolates from the banana rhizosphere (2001)

Forty-four unidentified isolates of Cylindrocladium were recovered from banana root lesions and soils from intensive cropping systems in the Caribbean region, Costa Rica and Cameroon. They were then examined and compared with reference isolates using combinations of morphological characters, sexual crosses and polymorphism of amplified rDNA spacers. According to conidium and vesicle morphology, they were consistently classed into two distinct morphotypes, MT1 and MT2. Sequences of PCR products of their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region compared with similar sequences from reference isolates representing 7 species of Cylindrocladium revealed a very low polymorphism. By contrast, polymorphism in the amplified intergenic spacer region (IGS), as revealed by RFLP analysis, was found to be consistent with the current taxonomy of Cylindrocladium species, and sufficient to distinguish taxa at the inter-and intraspecific level. Using this IGS typing procedure, MT1 field isolates were found to group unequivocally with Cy. gracile, while MT2 isolates grouped with Cy. spathiphylli. The existence of intraspecific variation in the latter species was clearly demonstrated. Reports of these two species from the banana rhizosphere were confirmed by sexual crosses for Cy. spathiphylli, but not for Cy. gracile, which presently has no known teleomorph. IGS-RFLP markers therefore proved to constitute a rapid and suitable complement to morphological and mating studies for delineation of Cylindrocladium species.
Comparison of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Docetaxel and Cisplatin in Elderly and Non-Elderly Patients: Why Is Toxicity Increased in Elderly Patients? (2004)

Purpose Following phase I studies of docetaxel and cisplatin in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer, the recommended doses of docetaxel were different for elderly (≥ 75 years) and non-elderly (&lt; 75 years) patients. To elucidate the mechanism of the difference, the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel and cisplatin were investigated in two phase II studies separately conducted in elderly and non-elderly patients. Patients and Methods Twenty-seven elderly and 25 non-elderly patients were treated with three weekly administrations of docetaxel and cisplatin every 4 weeks. Doses of docetaxel were 20 and 35 mg/m 2 for elderly and non-elderly patients, respectively. All patients received 25 mg/m 2 of cisplatin. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of docetaxel and cisplatin were compared in elderly and non-elderly patients. Results There were no differences in pharmacokinetics of docetaxel or cisplatin between elderly versus non-elderly patients with regard to clearance and volume of distribution. In the pharmacodynamic analysis, neutropenia was positively correlated with the area under the concentration-time curve for docetaxel but not for cisplatin. In evaluating the relationship between neutropenia and the area under the concentration-time curve of docetaxel, elderly patients experienced greater neutropenia than those predicted by a pharmacodynamic model developed in non-elderly patients; the residual for prediction of the percent change in neutrophil count was −11.2% (95% CI, −21.8 to −0.5%). Conclusion The pharmacokinetics of docetaxel and unchanged cisplatin were not different between elderly and non-elderly patients. The elderly patients were more sensitive to docetaxel exposure than the non-elderly patients, resulting in the different recommended doses for the phase II studies.
Trends in outpatient minimally invasive spine surgery (2019)

There has been a definite upward trend in outpatient minimally invasive spine (MIS) surgery over the past decade. This increasing prevalence has been driven by several factors including advanced MIS techniques, improvements in perioperative pain management, and economic necessity. There is now a myriad of different spine surgery procedures which can be effectively employed in the outpatient setting, and the concept of awake, endoscopic fusion surgery represents a notable advance in the field. Additionally, the use of multi-modality analgesic agents has shown significant promise in this arena and has become increasingly important in states where legislation affecting narcotic prescriptions have been enacted. Finally, with an aging population, the need for outpatient spine surgery has become imperative from an economic standpoint.
Ácido Indolbutírico e tempo de imersão no enraizamento de estacas semi-lenhosas e herbáceas de Amoreira-preta. (2007)

A amoreira preta, pertence à um grande grupo de plantas do gênero Rubus. Este gênero pertence à família Rosaceae, na qual existem outros gêneros de importância (Malus, Prunus, Pyrus , Prunus, entre outros) para a fruticultura brasileira (ANTUNES, 2002).Tem como centro de origem na Ásia, tendo ocorrida sua introdução na Europa, por volta do século XVII. No Brasil, a amoreira, em especial a negra, cresce bem em toda parte, podendo ser encontrada de forma subespontânea em praticamente todas as regiões do país (EMBRAPA, 2006). O enraizamento de estacas é uma das alternativas para a propagação dessa espécie, uma vez que permite o início da produção de fruta num menor espaço de tempo, além de permitir a manutenção das características desejáveis selecionadas nas matrizes, embora em alguns casos, seja um processo difícil e demorado (MENZEL, 1985). Para acelerar e promover o enraizamento de estacas, habitualmente são empregados hormônios do grupo das auxinas, os quais levam à uma maior porcentagem de formação de raízes, melhor qualidade das mesmas e uniformidade no enraizamento (HARTMANN e KESTER, 1983, citado por LEONEL, 1995).
Time-to-Collision Judgments Under Realistic Driving Conditions (2006)

These results are being used to develop an alert timing approach for a forward collision warning system intended to assist drivers in avoiding rear-end crashes with the vehicle ahead.