gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HPLC analysis of nicotinamide, pyridoxine, riboflavin and thiamin in some selected food products in Nigeria (2008)

Food fortification is an important tool for improving the health of the population. Motivated by this, the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) has in the past few years embarked on a campaign to create this awareness. There has been varying degree of compliance to this, and so it is of utmost importance to know the food products that contribute significantly to the dietary vitamin B intake. This study investigates the amount of four Vitamin B compounds, namely nicotinamide, pyridoxine, riboflavin and thiamin, present in different packaged food items available in Lagos metropolis of Nigeria. The food items analyzed include dairy products, fruit juices and cereal products. These foods were chosen because of their widespread consumption in the area. The analysis was done using a high performance liquid chromatographic technique with a UV detector. The separation was carried out on a C18 column, using a mobile phase made up of 70% buffer (a solution of sodium salt of hexane sulphonic acid) and 30% HPLC grade methanol. The identification was based on retention time match against a standard while the quantitation was based on the peak area match against those of a standard. The calibration curves for the standards were linear with a linear regression coefficient close to unity.

	 

	Key words: Vitamin B, HPLC, food fortification.
Resource-oriented Petri nets in deadlock avoidance of AGV systems (2002)

Presents a colored resource-oriented Petri net (CROPN) modeling method to deal with conflict and deadlock arising in automated guided vehicles (AGV) systems. Some unique features in AGV systems require further investigation into their deadlock avoidance using CROPN models. The proposed approach can easily handle both bidirectional and unidirectional paths. Bidirectional paths offer additional flexibility, efficiency and less cost than unidirectional paths. Yet they exhibit more challenging AGV management problems. By modeling nodes with places and lanes with transitions, one can easily construct a CROPN model for dynamic AGV systems with changing routes. A control policy suitable for real-time control implementation is then proposed.
Genome Sequence of the Edible Cultivated Mushroom Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) Reveals Insights into Lignocellulose Degradation (2016)

Lentinula edodes, one of the most popular, edible mushroom species with a high content of proteins and polysaccharides as well as unique aroma, is widely cultivated in many Asian countries, especially in China, Japan and Korea. As a white rot fungus with lignocellulose degradation ability, L. edodes has the potential for application in the utilization of agriculture straw resources. Here, we report its 41.8-Mb genome, encoding 14,889 predicted genes. Through a phylogenetic analysis with model species of fungi, the evolutionary divergence time of L. edodes and Gymnopus luxurians was estimated to be 39 MYA. The carbohydrate-active enzyme genes in L. edodes were compared with those of the other 25 fungal species, and 101 lignocellulolytic enzymes were identified in L. edodes, similar to other white rot fungi. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression of genes encoding two cellulases and 16 transcription factor was up-regulated when mycelia were cultivated for 120 minutes in cellulose medium versus glucose medium. Our results will foster a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of lignocellulose degradation and provide the basis for partial replacement of wood sawdust with agricultural wastes in L. edodes cultivation.
The transcriptomic responses of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica , to environmental conditions (2011)

Understanding the mechanisms by which organisms adapt to environmental conditions is a fundamental question for ecology and evolution. In this study, we evaluate changes in gene expression of a marine mollusc, the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, associated with the physico-chemical conditions and the levels of metals and other contaminants in their environment. The results indicate that transcript signatures can effectively disentangle the complex interactive gene expression responses to the environment and are also capable of disentangling the complex dynamic effects of environmental factors on gene expression. In this context, the mapping of environment to gene and gene to environment is reciprocal and mutually reinforcing. In general, the response of transcripts to the environment is driven by major factors known to affect oyster physiology such as temperature, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, with pollutant levels playing a relatively small role, at least within the range of concentrations found in the studied oyster habitats. Further, the two environmental factors that dominate these effects (temperature and pH) interact in a dynamic and nonlinear fashion to impact gene expression. Transcriptomic data obtained in our study provide insights into the mechanisms of physiological responses to temperature and pH in oysters that are consistent with the known effects of these factors on physiological functions of ectotherms and indicate important linkages between transcriptomics and physiological outcomes. Should these linkages hold in further studies and in other organisms, they may provide a novel integrated approach for assessing the impacts of climate change, ocean acidification and anthropogenic contaminants on aquatic organisms via relatively inexpensive microarray platforms.
Automatic Parallelization in the Paralax Compiler (2011)

The efficient development of multi-threaded software has, for many years, been an unsolved problem in computer science. Finding a solution to this problem has become urgent with the advent of multi-core processors. Furthermore, the problem has become more complicated because multi-cores are everywhere (desktop, laptop, embedded system). As such, they execute generic programs which exhibit very different characteristics than the scientific applications that have been the focus of parallel computing in the past. Implicitly parallel programming is an approach to parallel pro-gramming that promises high productivity and efficiency and rules out synchronization errors and race conditions by design. There are two main ingredients to implicitly parallel programming: (i) a con-ventional sequential programming language that is extended with annotations that describe the semantics of the program and (ii) an automatic parallelizing compiler that uses the annotations to in-crease the degree of parallelization. It is extremely important that the annotations and the automatic parallelizing compiler are designed with the target application do-main in mind. In this paper, we discuss the Paralax approach to im-plicitly parallel programming and we review how the annotations and the compiler design help to successfully parallelize generic programs. We evaluate Paralax on SPECint benchmarks, which are a model for such programs, and demonstrate scalable speedups, up to a factor of 6 on 8 cores.
Transition-Metal Catalysis of the Michael Reaction of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds and Acceptor-Activated Alkenes (1998)

Transition-metal catalysis of the Michael reaction of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with acceptor-activated alkenes is introduced as a valuable alternative to the classic base catalysis of this reaction. Owing to the mild, neutral reaction conditions, the chemoselectivity of these processes is superior to that offered by the base catalysis, since the latter suffers from various unwanted side- and subsequent reactions, such as aldol cyclizations and ester solvolyses. The most efficient transition-metal catalysts do not require inert or anhydrous conditions, even solvents are unnecessary in some cases, and quantitative conversions can be achieved at room temperature. Furthermore, the development of transition-metal catalysts on solid supports has allowed very simple work-up procedures. Despite the extraordinary chemoselectivity, in terms of diastereoselectivity transition-metal catalysis gives better results than base catalysis only in a very few special cases. Also, in terms of enantioselectivity, results recently achieved with basic rare-earth metal catalysts cannot be reproduced by transition metals. Nevertheless, with transition-metal catalysis, even new reactivities can be observed, which have hitherto been unknown for base-catalyzed systems. For example, Michael donor molecules have been found to react in an unprecedented vinylogous fashion.
Transport through superconductor/magnetic dot/superconductor structures (2001)

The coupling of two s-wave superconductors through a small magnetic dot is discussed. Assuming that the dot charging energy is small compared to the superconducting gap, Ec ≪ ∆, and that the moment of the dot is classical, we develop a simple theory of transport through the dot. The presence of the magnetic dot will position Andreev bound states within the superconducting gap at energies tunable with the magnetic properties of the dot. Studying the Josephson coupling it is shown that the constructed junction can be tuned from a ”0 ” to a ”π”-junction via a degenerate two-level state either by changing the magnetic moment of the dot or by changing temperature. Furthermore, it is shown that details of the magnetic dot can be extracted from the sub-harmonic structure in the current-voltage characteristics of the junction. PACS: 74.50.+r, 74.25.Ha, 74.80.-g, 74.80.Fp If a superconductor is exposed to magnetically active impurities [1,2] or materials [3] the superconducting state is modified. Coupling two superconductors through a magnetically active barrier may lead to what is known as a ”π”-junction [2], a junction for which the ground state has an internal
A Lossless Embedded Compression Using Significant Bit Truncation for HD Video Coding (2010)

Increasing the image size of a video sequence aggravates the memory bandwidth problem of a video coding system. Despite many embedded compression (EC) algorithms proposed to overcome this problem, no lossless EC algorithm able to handle high-definition (HD) size video sequences has been proposed thus far. In this paper, a lossless EC algorithm for HD video sequences and related hardware architecture is proposed. The proposed algorithm consists of two steps. The first is a hierarchical prediction method based on pixel averaging and copying. The second step involves significant bit truncation (SBT) which encodes prediction errors in a group with the same number of bits so that the multiple prediction errors are decoded in a clock cycle. The theoretical lower bound of the compression ratio of the SBT coding was also derived. Experimental results have shown a 60% reduction of memory bandwidth on average. Hardware implementation results have shown that a throughput of 14.2 pixels/cycle can be achieved with 36 K gates, which is sufficient to handle HD-size video sequences in real time.
Direct methods for the determination of lead in whole blood by anodic stripping voltammetry. (1980)

Two methods for the direct determination of lead in whole blood by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) are described. The procedure in both methods involved the mixing of micro blood samples with a metal releasing reagent, Metexchange, and electrochemical analysis using carbon electrodes. A multiple Anodic Stripping Analyzer equipped with composite graphite mercury electrodes and a Charge Transfer Analyzer equipped with a mercury film electrode were employed. The standard addition method was used to minimize the matrix effects of whole blood. The ASV results correlated well with those obtained by flameless atomic absorption analysis. The methods are simple, reliable, and suitable for applications in the clinical field. The procedure using the Charge Transfer Analyzer is recommended because of its sensitivity and rapidity.
The role of oxidative stress in postprandial endothelial dysfunction (2012)

Endothelial dysfunction is a turning point in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis and its complications and is predictive of future cardiovascular events. Ingestion of high-carbohydrate or high-fat meals often results in postprandial hyperglycaemia and/or hypertriacylglycerolaemia that may lead to a transient impairment in endothelial function. The present review will discuss human studies evaluating the impact of high-carbohydrate and high-fat challenges on postprandial endothelial function as well as the potential role of oxidative stress in such postprandial metabolic alterations. Moreover, the present review will differentiate the postprandial endothelial and oxidative impact of meals rich in varying fatty acid types.
On experimenting 5G: Testbed set-up for SDN orchestration across network cloud and IoT domains (2017)

In this paper, we present an experimental set-up reproducing a convergent 5G service scenario spanning over SDN-based Edge network, Cloud and IoT domains. To address reliability and robustness requirements of future 5G networks, the set-up also includes an SDN orchestrator able to adaptively provision data delivery paths connecting service components running in those different domains. In particular, we demonstrate SDN orchestration capabilities in adapting data paths across IoT, Cloud and network domains based on the real-time load state of switches thereby recovering from congestions and assuring reliable data delivery services.
Small fry starting to make waves (2001)

Colonoscopic polypectomy and the incidence of colorectal cancer
Ginga Middleware and Digital TV in Latin America (2012)

In 2005, Brazil launched its digital TV (DTV) agenda. The main premise was to reduce the digital divide present in the country, giving the lower social classes the right to access, produce, and distribute information. As a natural consequence, a second premise stressed the generation of local IT jobs and companies in support of this effort. It was under these requirements that Ginga, the ITU-T DTV middleware system, was conceived. This department presents Ginga and its role in the socioeconomic development of Latin-America. It is part of a special issue on IT in Emerging Markets.
Calculation of electric field and potential distributions into soil and air media for a ground electrode of a HVDC system (2003)

The present article describes a methodology that allows suitable calculations of the electric field as well as the potentials and current densities due to current in the ground electrode of a HVDC system in any point of nonhomogeneous soils and air media, taking into account the complexities of the problems involved. Results of these variables are shown for the case of a toroidal ground electrode of a HVDC system installed in homogenous and nonhomogenous soils.
Effect of Chloride Anions on the Synthesis and Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Silver Nanocoral Electrodes for CO2 Electroreduction (2015)

Metallic silver (Ag) is known as an efficient electrocatalyst for the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) in aqueous or nonaqueous electrolytes. However, polycrystalline silver electrocatalysts require significant overpotentials in order to achieve high selectivity toward CO2 reduction, as compared to the side reaction of hydrogen evolution. Here we report a high-surface-area Ag nanocoral catalyst, fabricated by an oxidation–reduction method in the presence of chloride anions in an aqueous medium, for the electro-reduction of CO2 to CO with a current efficiency of 95% at the low overpotential of 0.37 V and the current density of 2 mA cm–2. A lower limit of TOF of 0.4 s–1 and TON > 8.8 × 104 (over 72 h) was estimated for the Ag nanocoral catalyst at an overpotential of 0.49 V. The Ag nanocoral catalyst demonstrated a 32-fold enhancement in surface-area-normalized activity, at an overpotential of 0.49 V, as compared to Ag foil. We found that, in addition to the effect on nanomorphology, the adsorbed chloride anions play a critical role in the observed enhanced activity and selectivity of the Ag nanocoral electrocatalyst toward CO2 reduction. Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies along with a series of control experiments suggest that the chloride anions, remaining adsorbed on the catalyst surface under electrocatalytic conditions, can effectively inhibit the side reaction of hydrogen evolution and enhance the catalytic performance for CO2 reduction.
Detection of Speech Smoothing on Very Short Clips (2019)

Audio editing software can easily be used to manipulate digital speech for forgery. Smoothing on the tampered boundary is usually performed to eliminate the obvious traces of forgery after tampering. This presents a considerable challenge for the forensic detection of tampered speech because the smoothing model is unknown and the smoothing operation often modifies only several tens of samples with the editing software. In this paper, we propose to apply six filtering models to approximate the smoothing in audio editing software for training the classifier. We analyze the impact of filtering operations on speech signals, especially on differential signals. On the basis of the local variance of the differential signal, we design a simple and yet efficient feature set. Theoretical analysis and extensive experiments show that the proposed features are very effective in detecting several common filtering operations on very short speech clips. The experimental results also show that the proposed method can detect unknown smoothing performed by commonly used audio editing software, such as Cooledit and Adobe Audition. This highlights the promising potential of the proposed method for use as a forgery localization tool of digital speech signals in practical forensic applications. The proposed method is capable of detecting smoothing on very short speech clips containing only several tens of samples and practical forgery used in audio editing software.
Key Role for DsbA in Cell-to-Cell Spread of Shigella flexneri , Permitting Secretion of Ipa Proteins into Interepithelial Protrusions (2000)

DsbA, a disulfide bond catalyst, is necessary for realization of the pathogenic potential of Shigella flexneri. Sh42, a mutant strain differing from wild-type M90TS solely because it expresses nonfunctional DsbA33G (substitution for 33C at the active site), secreted less IpaB and IpaC than M90TS in response to various stimuli in vitro. A kinetic study demonstrated that Sh42 responded more slowly to Congo red than M90TS. By modulating relative concentrations of functional and nonfunctional DsbA within bacteria, functional enzyme has been shown to be necessary for intercellular spread. By confocal microscopy, M90TS dividing in protrusions was shown to secrete Ipa proteins from the septation furrow, anticipating lysis of protrusions, while Sh42 showed minimal Ipa secretion in this location. In the light of a previous demonstration that DsbA is not necessary for entry of epithelial cells, we conclude that a role in virulence of this disulfide bond catalyst lies in facilitating secretion of Ipa proteins specifically within epithelial protrusions, in turn allowing cell-to-cell spread of S. flexneri.
A metabolomic approach to health assessment in the whale shark, Rhincodon typus (2013)

Background. No studies have evaluated the biochemistry of whale sharks. The illness of two animals in the collection at Georgia Aquarium provided an opportunity to evaluate the blood chemistry of healthy and unhealthy animals in a search for biomarkers of health in this species. Methods. In the absence of existing data on whale shark biochemistry, we used a discovery based approach called metabolomics, wherein the compounds (and sometimes their concentrations) in a fluid sample can be determined using proton NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Samples from both healthy and unhealthy whale sharks were compared by both methods. NMR data were analysed by principal components analysis whereas the MS data were evaluated for presence/absence frequency for each analyte Results. PCA of proton NMR data could clearly discriminant between samples from healthy and unhealthy whale sharks. Analysis of PC loadings identified a shift region that was driving this discrimination and subsequent experiments determined that this region consisted of homarine, or n-methyl picolinic acid. Mass spectrometric data revealed 26 compounds that varied meaningfully, implying that they may be biomarkers of health in this species. A set of keto-acids was more frequently encountered in unhealthy animals, which was consistent with their primary clinical presentation (inappetance) Conclusion. Metabolomic approaches proved a powerful way to explore biochemistry of whale sharks, discriminating healthy from unhealthy and offering a selection of potential biomarker compounds for use in future studies of this species. The obvious next step is to attempt to obtain samples from field populations so that
Estrogenicity of Fissure Sealants and Adhesive Resins Determined by Reporter Gene Assay (2000)

It is controversial whether the dental resinous materials containing 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA), which is synthesized from the estrogenic compound bisphenol A (BPA), include unreacted BPA and/or can mimic the effects of natural steroid hormones. In the present study, the estrogenic activities of 3 fissure sealants and 5 adhesive resins, which were all unpolymerized, were determined by means of a reporter gene assay, and the relevance of the components to the estrogenicity was investigated. Two commercially available sealants were confirmed to have estrogenic activity, although none of the tested materials contained BPA. In contrast, hydrophobic monomer bisphenol A dimethacrylate (BPA-DMA), which is also estrogenic, was found to be included in these estrogenic sealants in an amount greater than the minimum concentration to show estrogenicity. This suggests that the estrogenicity of the two proprietary sealants was associated with BPA-DMA rather than with BPA.
Plasma cell proliferative index is an independent predictor of progression in smoldering multiple myeloma (2018)

The plasma cell proliferative index (PCPI), determined by a slide technique or by flow cytometry, detects cells in the S phase of the cell cycle and is a useful prognostic tool in patients with plasma cell disorders such as multiple myeloma and amyloidosis. We conducted a retrospective review analyzing the prognostic effect of PCPI in 306 patients with smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM). Seventy-nine (26%) patients had an elevated PCPI (>0.5). An elevated PCPI predicted an inferior time to progression (median, 3.0 vs 7.1 years for those with a low PCPI; <i>P</i> = .0004). Within 24 months, the progression rate was significantly higher for patients with an elevated PCPI (49% vs. 20%; <i>P</i> < .0001). PCPI is a valuable tool in risk stratifying patients with SMM and identifies patients with earlier progression who may benefit from closer follow-up and consideration of early intervention trials.
Revisiting the Armed−Disarmed Concept:  The Importance of Anomeric Configuration in the Activation of S-Benzoxazolyl Glycosides (2007)

The unexpectedly high reactivity of a (2-benzoxazolyl) per-O-benzoyl-beta-D-thioglucoside and related donors in reactions promoted by copper(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate is revealed, by comparison with the unreactive alpha-anomer, to be the result of neighboring group participation. Revision of the armed-disarmed concept for glycosyl donors is not required.
Electrochemical filter for removal of trace level ions (2023)

An electrochemical filter system is provided that can produce an ultra-clean electrolyte solution. The filter uses a working electrode with binding sites that adsorb impurities present in the electrolyte solution using a pseudocapacitive process.
Carboxyboranes and Related Derivatives (2006)

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