gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Real-Time ASL Recognition System Using Leap Motion Sensors (2015)

It is always challenging for deaf and speech-impaired people to communicate with non-sign language users. A real-time sign language recognition system using 3D motion sensors could lower the aforementioned communication barrier. However, most existing gesture recognition systems are adopting a single sensor framework, whose performance is susceptible to occlusions. In this paper, we proposed a real-time multi-sensor recognition system for American sign language (ASL). Data collected from Leap Motion sensors are fused using multiple sensors data fusion (MSDF) and the recognition is performed using hidden Markov models (HMM). Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system can deliver higher recognition accuracy over single-sensor systems. Due to its low implementation cost and higher accuracy, the proposed system can be widely deployed and bring conveniences to sign language users.
Association pattern language modeling (2006)

Statistical n-gram language modeling is popular for speech recognition and many other applications. The conventional n-gram suffers from the insufficiency of modeling long-distance language dependencies. This paper presents a novel approach focusing on mining long distance word associations and incorporating these features into language models based on linear interpolation and maximum entropy (ME) principles. We highlight the discovery of the associations of multiple distant words from training corpus. A mining algorithm is exploited to recursively merge the frequent word subsets and efficiently construct the set of association patterns. By combining the features of association patterns into n-gram models, the association pattern n-grams are estimated with a special realization to trigger pair n-gram where only the associations of two distant words are considered. In the experiments on Chinese language modeling, we find that the incorporation of association patterns significantly reduces the perplexities of n-gram models. The incorporation using ME outperforms that using linear interpolation. Association pattern n-gram is superior to trigger pair n-gram. The perplexities are further reduced using more association steps. Further, the proposed association pattern n-grams are not only able to elevate document classification accuracies but also improve speech recognition rates.
Sequential and Parallel Processing in Boundary Selections on One-Dimensional Pictorial Stimuli (1965)

Sequential and parallel scanning models were devised to predict Ss' selections of boundaries between dissimilar regions on one-dimensional film strips. The use of this type of stimulus material is justified and the method of its construction is discussed. Variations of the original film strips were employed to provide further tests of the models' predicted boundary choices. General agreement was obtained between Ss' boundary selections and those predicted by the models.
Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease—Beyond the Ejection Fraction (2022)

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with ischemic heart disease remains a leading cause of death. Prediction of who is at risk is based on the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF). However, the majority of victims of SCD have a normal EF, and the majority of patients implanted with an implantable cardioverter- defibrillator based on their EF are never treated by their device. Several parameters could allow better prediction of SCD. Several signs on the ECG and Periodic Repolarization Dynamics have been associated with increased risk. Elevated serum biomarkers such as pro-B type natriuretic peptides and serum soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 protein (sST2) are predictive of SCD. On the echocardiogram, global longitudinal strain, speckle tracking and relative wall thickness have been implicated. Programmed ventricular stimulation studies and cardiac magnetic resonance are promising modalities that could be further investigated. In conclusion, the EF is an imperfect tool for predicting SCD. Using the modalities reviewed, a model could be created for better prediction of patients at risk.
An Anionic, Chelating C(sp3)/NHC ligand from the Combination of an N-heterobicyclic Carbene and Barbituric Heterocycle (2021)

The coordination chemistry of the anionic NHC 1– based on an imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylidene (IPy) platform substituted at the C5 position by an anionic barbituric heterocycle was studied with d6 (Ru(II), Mn(I)) and d8 (Pd(II), Rh(I), Ir(I), Au(III)) transition-metal centers. While the anionic barbituric heterocycle is planar in the zwitterionic NHC precursor 1·H, NMR spectroscopic analyses supplemented by X-ray diffraction studies evidenced the chelating behavior of ligand 1– through the carbenic and the malonic carbon atoms in all of the complexes, resulting from a deformation of the lateral barbituric heterocycle. The complexes were obtained by reaction of the free carbene with the appropriate metal precursor, except for the Au(III) complex 10, which was obtained by oxidation of the antecedent gold(I) complex [AuCl(1)]− with PhICl2 as an external oxidant. During the course of the process, the kinetic gold(I) intermediate 9 resulting from the oxidation of the malonic carbon of the barbituric moiety was isolated upon crystallization from the reaction mixture. The νCO stretching frequencies recorded for complex [Rh(1)(CO)2] (5) demonstrated the strong donating character of the malonate-C(sp3)/NHC ligand 1–. The ruthenium complex [Ru(1)Cl(p-cymene)] (11) was implemented as a precatalyst in the dehydrogenative synthesis of carboxylic acid derivatives from primary alcohols and exhibited high activities at low catalyst loadings (25–250 ppm) and a large tolerance toward functional groups.
Radio vortex for future wireless broadband communications with high capacity (2015)

As a potential and promising technique for future wireless broadband communications, the OAM technique has attracted a significant attention due to its high capacity. In this article, a radio system based on OAM, called an RV system, is proposed. Specifically, a vortex modulation method and an azimuthal angle integral method are developed for the transmitter and receiver of the proposed RV system, respectively. Different from the conventional radio system, vortex signals are generated by the vortex modulation method and are multiplexed to provide remarkable improvement of capacity without increasing the bandwidth in the proposed RV system. Simulation results are conducted to verify that the proposed RV system could achieve higher capacity than the traditional radio system in free space.
Passive generation of parabolic similaritons in tapered hydrogenated amorphous silicon photonic wires (2017)

We numerically study parabolic similariton generation in tapered hydrogenated amorphous silicon photonic wires. Simulation results show that initial Gaussian pulses can evolve into parabolic similaritons with the linear chirp at 1550 and 2150 nm, respectively.
Transparent migration and adaptation in a graphical user interface toolkit (2007)

The goal of this thesis is to enable the transparent migration and adaptation of graphical user interfaces (GUI). The migration of a GUI is the act of moving the GUI from one physical device to another. The adaptation of a GUI is the act of changing its presentation and/or behaviour while keeping usability. By transparency we mean that the migration and adaptation are specified separately from the GUI functionality and can be executed concurrently with the application. The thesis defines the EBL (Enhanced Binding Layer) framework, and a tool, EBL/Tk, built in this framework. EBL defines a binding between an existing graphical toolkit and a programming platform, the Mozart Programming System, resulting in an EBL-enabled toolkit. Each widget created by an EBL-enabled toolkit has a migration capability, which is a string that represents the authority to migrate the widget. Capabilities can be exchanged by EBL-enabled applications and used by container widgets to migrate widgets. Each widget also has an adaptation parameter. Different visual representations of the widget can be attached to specific values of this adaptation parameter. The application can change this value at runtime to trigger the change of representation, hence implementing the adaptation of the widget. EBL splits each widget into a logical component (the proxy) that is stationary at the application and a physical component (the renderer) that migrates to the display site. The communication between the proxy and the renderer is engineered to (1) facilitate the toolkit binding, (2) support migration for all widgets (including fault tolerance for Internet failures), (3) support adaptation for all widgets, (4) allow a mixed declarative/imperative approach to GUI programming, and (5) have a (limited) support for multi-user applications. The declarative/imperative approach greatly simplifies GUI development and makes it easy to define multiple renderers, which facilitates migration and adaptation. The use of an EBL-enabled toolkit does not have a negative impact on the cost of application development. The extra functionality is available as a conservative extension of a classical GUI toolkit. To validate EBL, a binding to the Tcl/Tk toolkit was created called EBL/Tk. This toolkit is available for download from the Dept. of Computing Science and Engineering at UCL.
Gas transport properties of siloxane polyurethanes (1995)

Abstract Polyurethanes (PUs) were synthesized from toluenediisocyanates (TDIs) and a polymeric diol having polydimethylsiloxane and polyoxyethylene blocks of the ABA type, ended with OH groups. Prepolymers, prepared in toluene solution using ratios [NCO]/[OH] ≥ 2, were crosslinked with triisopropanolamine (TIPA) (ratio [OH]/[NCO] = 1.1) (two‐step process). PUs were also obtained with a one‐step process using, contemporaneously, TDI, block copolymer, and, as crosslinking agent, TIPA or the glyceride of ε‐hydroxyhexanoic acid. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMSO) was prepared as a reference material. The course of the reaction between block copolymer and TDI was studied by differential scanning calorimetry in the absence and presence of benzoyl chloride (BzCl). Without BzCl, with ratios [NCO]/[OH] &gt; 2, uncontrolled crosslinking side reactions occur. The properties of the PU films obtained with the two methods were studied both for the density of crosslinking and for gas transport properties. The two‐step polymers are less crosslinked than the others and are characterized by higher diffusion coefficients and by higher permeability to gases. The permeability order is 10 −9 (N cm 3 cm −1 cm −1 cm Hg −1 s −1 ) for CH 4 , O 2 , CO, and N 2 and is 10 times higher for CO 2 . The selectivity for the couple O 2 /N 2 is higher than that obtained with PDMSO films. Considerable selectivities are shown for the couples CO 2 /N 2 and CO 2 /CO. © 1995 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
ATP citrate-lyase and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in 3T3-L1 cells during differentiation into adipocytes (1994)

ATP citrate-lyase (CL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3 beta) levels were measured in cytosol from 3T3-L1 cells during differentiation from fibroblasts into fat-cells. Protein levels were estimated from immunoblots using specific antisera. Cytosol from confluent cells contain significant amounts of GSK-3 beta, which fell during differentiation of these cells into adipocytes. CL from confluent cells was found to be mostly in the form of a single protein band of apparent mass 110 kDa. Levels of CL and ACC increased during cell differentiation into adipocytes. During the first 3 days of differentiation, CL migration changed, and it was expressed as a complex of protein bands of apparent mass 110 kDa, 113 kDa and 115 kDa. At later stages of differentiation, when these cells had assumed the phenotype of fat-cells, they expressed CL mainly as protein bands of 110 and 113 kDa. When samples containing these bands were treated with alkaline phosphatase, the 113 kDa protein band collapsed into the 110 kDa species. This suggests that the slower-migrating species of CL is a higher-order phosphorylation state of the same protein. Furthermore, when purified CL, mostly expressed as the 110 kDa species, was phosphorylated with cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase alone or together with GSK-3 and resolved by SDS/PAGE, the phosphorylated CL now migrated more slowly as the 113 kDa and 115 kDa forms. CL phosphorylation was hormone-regulated, since, in samples from fat-cells that had the complex two-band pattern, when cultured in medium without serum or hormones, CL migration reverted to a single band of 110 kDa, similar to confluent cells. Treatment of these 'down-regulated' cells with insulin rapidly induced substantial amounts of the 113 kDa species, with a concomitant decrease in the 110 kDa species.
AtEHDs, novel Arabidopsis EH‐domain‐containing proteins involved in endocytosis (2008)

Endocytosis is an essential process by which the eukaryotic cell internalizes exogenous material. Studies in yeast and mammalian cells have revealed that endocytosis is a complex molecular process depending on regulated interactions between a variety of proteins and lipids through specific modules. One such module is the Eps15 homology (EH) domain, a conserved modular protein-interaction domain found in several endocytic proteins. The EH-domain-containing proteins function as regulators of endocytosis through their ability to interact with other proteins involved in this process. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of two Arabidopsis EH-domain-containing proteins (AtEHD1 and AtEHD2). We show that the two proteins are involved in endocytosis in plant systems and demonstrate that the Arabidopsis EHD proteins function similarly to mammalian EHDs. Similarly to hEHD2, over-expression of AtEHD2 has an inhibitory effect on endocytosis. While transgenic plants over-expressing AtEHD1 had no detectable phenotype, downregulation of AtEHD1 caused retardation of entry of endocytosed material into plant cells.
Alternatively activated brain-resident macrophages acquire and retain inflammatory properties following CNS infection while interacting with effector and memory T cells. (2016)

Abstract The meningeal and perivascular spaces of the central nervous system (CNS) are inhabited by specialized macrophages, but their homeostatic status and role in orchestrating the immune response against invading pathogens is not well understood. Examination of the naive brain by two-photon microscopy revealed that meningeal and perivascular macrophages are highly dynamic and constantly survey their immediate surroundings similar to microglia. Under steady state conditions, we uncovered that they are maintained in an alternatively activated state, which likely facilitates brain homeostasis. Interestingly, during the development of fatal meningitis induced by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, these cells were directly engaged by infiltrating virus-specific CD8+ T cells following acquisition of viral antigen and conversion into an inflammatory phenotype. Mechanistically, microarray analyses revealed that this transition relied on innate cytokine signaling and occurred in the absence of infiltrating inflammatory cells. Using a sub-lethal model of viral meningitis, we observed that despite elimination of previously infected cells, CNS macrophages remained activated for weeks after viral clearance, which was dependent on IFN-g signaling and associated with tissue-resident memory T cell interactions. Collectively, these data indicate that brain-resident macrophages are highly plastic cells that can quickly participate in the antiviral defense against an invading pathogen and can also become imprinted with a prolonged activation program. The inflammatory properties and localization of these cells may explain why most CNS immune responses first develop in the meningeal and perivascular spaces.
Transistor action through nonlinear cascading in Type II interactions (1995)

Based on cascading through Type II second-harmonic generation, I show how all-optical amplitude modulation and switching can be obtained by utilizing an input wave at the fundamental frequency with unequal orthogonal spatial components. The proposed all-optical transistor/switch is insensitive to the inputs' relative phase, representing a step forward with respect to previously suggested configurations for transparent photonic networks.
Normal p53 status and function despite the development of drug resistance in human breast cancer cells. (1995)

Loss of or mutations in p53 protein have been shown to decrease both radio- and chemosensitivity. The present study assessed the p53 gene status, ability to arrest in G1 of the cell cycle, the functionality of the p53 transduction pathway, and apoptosis following treatment with radiation in a series of drug-resistant human breast cancer cells to determine whether p53 alterations occur during the development of drug resistance. We used 13 sublines derived from MCF-7, ZR75B, and T47D cells, which were resistant to doxorubicin, paclitaxel, vinblastine, cisplatin, etoposide, and amsacrine. Eleven of 12 drug-resistant sublines retained the parental p53 gene status, as determined by sequence analysis and functional yeast assay; only one subline was found to have acquired a mutation in the p53 gene. The MCF-7 TH subline was found to both acquire mutated p53 and to have major changes in p53 protein expression and function. In 12 other drug-resistant sublines, the G1 checkpoint was conserved or only slightly impaired. A normal accumulation of p53, p21Cip1/Waf1, and Mdm2 proteins and hypophosphorylation of Rb protein occurred in response to radiation with only small differences noted in the kinetics of p53 and p21Cip1/Waf1 induction. Increased susceptibility to apoptosis was found in the ZR75B drug-resistant sublines, whereas no evidence for apoptosis was observed in the ZR75B, MCF-7, and T47D parentals and the MCF-7 and T47D drug-resistant sublines. This effect could not be explained by alterations in bcl-2 or bax expression. Our results demonstrate that alterations in: (a) p53 gene status; (b) ability to arrest in G1; (c) induction of p53 protein and p53-dependent genes; and (d) decreased activation of apoptosis is not a requirement for the onset of drug resistance. The function of p53 appears to be dissociated from drug resistance in our model system.
Layout density analysis of FinFETs (2004)

The layout of FinFETs patterned with direct lithography and spacer lithography are analysed from a circuit density perspective. Requirements on the height of the fin to obtain competitive layout density are derived. Spacer lithography will be required to obtain the layout density targets with reasonable values of fin height.
Adaptive Fourier Neural Operators: Efficient Token Mixers for\n Transformers (2021)

Vision transformers have delivered tremendous success in representation\nlearning. This is primarily due to effective token mixing through self\nattention. However, this scales quadratically with the number of pixels, which\nbecomes infeasible for high-resolution inputs. To cope with this challenge, we\npropose Adaptive Fourier Neural Operator (AFNO) as an efficient token mixer\nthat learns to mix in the Fourier domain. AFNO is based on a principled\nfoundation of operator learning which allows us to frame token mixing as a\ncontinuous global convolution without any dependence on the input resolution.\nThis principle was previously used to design FNO, which solves global\nconvolution efficiently in the Fourier domain and has shown promise in learning\nchallenging PDEs. To handle challenges in visual representation learning such\nas discontinuities in images and high resolution inputs, we propose principled\narchitectural modifications to FNO which results in memory and computational\nefficiency. This includes imposing a block-diagonal structure on the channel\nmixing weights, adaptively sharing weights across tokens, and sparsifying the\nfrequency modes via soft-thresholding and shrinkage. The resulting model is\nhighly parallel with a quasi-linear complexity and has linear memory in the\nsequence size. AFNO outperforms self-attention mechanisms for few-shot\nsegmentation in terms of both efficiency and accuracy. For Cityscapes\nsegmentation with the Segformer-B3 backbone, AFNO can handle a sequence size of\n65k and outperforms other efficient self-attention mechanisms.\n
Aggregation-dependent photovoltaic properties of squaraine/PC61BM bulk heterojunctions (2012)

In this study, we investigated bulk-heterojunction solar cells composed of PC(61)BM and squaraine dyes with different donor subunits. Both, H- and J-aggregates, have been observed for the squaraine dyes in the mixture, even for the same dye depending on the annealing conditions of the blends. Supramolecular organization of the squaraine dyes noticeably affects solar cell performance. The J-aggregate exhibits a red-shift of the absorption maximum that results in a significant increase in the short-circuit current and decrease in the open-circuit voltage compared to the as-cast device. The H-aggregate shows a blue-shift in the absorption maximum and concomitantly only a moderate increase in the short-circuit current as well as an increase in the open-circuit voltage. The course of domain growth during annealing was monitored by local photocurrent mapping.
An Approach to Understanding the Electrocatalytic Activity Enhancement by Superexchange Interaction toward OER in Alkaline Media of Ni–Fe LDH (2014)

In the present work, the hydrotalcite-like materials known as layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were synthesized. The Ni–Al and Ni–Fe materials with different Ni/Fe ratio were obtained by coprecipitation method at variable pH. The LDH structure was verified by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and Raman spectroscopy. No secondary extra phases were observed for any material. The electronic properties were evaluated by UV–vis spectroscopy, while the magnetic ones were followed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The results suggested that sample H/Ni–Fe2 (Ni/Fe = 2) has a ferrimagnetic behavior as a result of the combined action of NiII–OH–NiII, FeIII–OH–NiII, and FeIII–OH–FeIII pairs across the layers and ferromagnetic interactions operating between layers. Furthermore, the material H/Ni–Fe1 (Ni/Fe = 1.5) showed a combination of paramagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions which favors a superexchange interaction among metal centers through the OH bridges across the cationic sheets; the superexchange interaction enhances the electrocatalytic activity on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media. On the other hand, XPS experiments showed that the H/Ni–Fe1 did not exhibit structural changes after electrochemical processes. The activity toward the OER was in the order H/Ni–Fe1 > H/Ni–Fe2 > H/Ni–Al, as was confirmed using in situ linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) coupled with mass spectrometry (differential electrochemical mass spectrometry).
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Antibiotic Elansolid A (2022)

Elansolid A is a structurally complex polyketide macrolactone natural product that exhibits promising antibacterial properties. Its challenging asymmetric total synthesis was achieved by a convergent strategy, in which the tetrahydroindane core of the molecule and an eastern vinyl iodide moiety were combined as the main fragments. The central tetrahydroindane motif was constructed with high stereoselectivity by a bioinspired intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition, generating four stereogenic centers in a single step. The stereocontrol of this key step could be achieved by virtue of a 1,3-allylic strain generated by the temporary introduction of a steric-directing iodine substituent on the substrate. The formation of the macrolactone motif that completes the synthesis was achieved via two different retrosynthetic disconnections, namely, a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling or an alternative Mukaiyama esterification reaction.