gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Framework to Introduce Hardware Trojan Monitors using Model Checking Based Counterexamples: Inspired by Game Theory (2018)

Interest in hardware Trojan detection has grown tremendously over the last decade. Several methods for detecting hardware Trojan have been proposed. Due to enormity of possible Trojans, researchers believe that runtime detection is required as a last line of defense. However, to cater different types of hardware Trojans, several detection techniques should be concurrently applied. In this paper we propose a framework for optimizing runtime hardware Trojan detection monitors. We propose a formal verification approach to identify the vulnerable behavior of the hardware using the counterexamples generated by model checker. We devised a heuristic to understand the relationship between the counterexamples and required detection unit. To optimize the number of detection techniques, we leveraged Game Theoretic models to obtain a set of optimized design choices.
Modeling collagen fibril self-assembly from extracellular medium in embryonic tendon (2023)

Collagen is a key structural component of multicellular organisms and is arranged in a highly organized manner. In structural tissues such as tendons, collagen forms bundles of parallel fibers between cells, which appear within a 24-h window between embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) and E14.5 during mouse embryonic development. Current models assume that the organized structure of collagen requires direct cellular control, whereby cells actively lay down collagen fibrils from cell surfaces. However, such models appear incompatible with the time and length scales of fibril formation. We propose a phase-transition model to account for the rapid development of ordered fibrils in embryonic tendon, reducing reliance on active cellular processes. We develop phase-field crystal simulations of collagen fibrillogenesis in domains derived from electron micrographs of inter-cellular spaces in embryonic tendon and compare results qualitatively and quantitatively to observed patterns of fibril formation. To test the prediction of this phase-transition model that free protomeric collagen should exist in the inter-cellular spaces before the formation of observable fibrils, we use laser-capture microdissection, coupled with mass spectrometry, which demonstrates steadily increasing free collagen in inter-cellular spaces up to E13.5, followed by a rapid reduction of free collagen that coincides with the appearance of less-soluble collagen fibrils. The model and measurements together provide evidence for extracellular self-assembly of collagen fibrils in embryonic mouse tendon, supporting an additional mechanism for rapid collagen fibril formation during embryonic development.
The straw tracking detector for the Fermilab Muon g-2 Experiment (2022)

Abstract The Muon g -2 Experiment at Fermilab uses a gaseous straw tracking detector to make detailed measurements of the stored muon beam profile, which are essential for the experiment to achieve its uncertainty goals. Positrons from muon decays spiral inward and pass through the tracking detector before striking an electromagnetic calorimeter. The tracking detector is therefore located inside the vacuum chamber in a region where the magnetic field is large and non-uniform. As such, the tracking detector must have a low leak rate to maintain a high-quality vacuum, must be non-magnetic so as not to perturb the magnetic field and, to minimize energy loss, must have a low radiation length. The performance of the tracking detector has met or surpassed the design requirements, with adequate electronic noise levels, an average straw hit resolution of (110 ± 20) μm, a detection efficiency of 97% or higher, and no performance degradation or signs of aging. The tracking detector's measurements result in an otherwise unachievable understanding of the muon's beam motion, particularly at early times in the experiment's measurement period when there are a significantly greater number of muons decaying. This is vital to the statistical power of the experiment, as well as facilitating the precise extraction of several systematic corrections and uncertainties. This paper describes the design, construction, testing, commissioning, and performance of the tracking detector.
Frailty Modeling of the Bimodal Age–Incidence of Hodgkin Lymphoma in the Nordic Countries (2011)

Frailty modeling adds to the existing body of knowledge on the heterogeneity in risk of acquiring HL.
Кодирование сообщений на транспортном уровне в неравномерных сетях (2014)

Purpose: Transport layer coding has been discussed so far with the assumption that the network is uniform, i.e. the network has nosubnetworks with different capacities. Coding rate of transport layer coding in such networks is fixed and equal for all the subnetworks.The aim of this work is increasing the efficiency of transport layer coding in nonuniform networks by adapting the code rate. Results:A new transport layer coding method was proposed in which the code rate is selected for every subnetwork according to such parameters as the number of the routes, the lengths of the routes and the load of the subnetworks. On the intermediate nodes of the network, all messages are recoded with the chosen code rate. The gain of the proposed method as compared to coding without adaptation strongly depends on subnetwork parameters. Analysis and simulation of Kleinrock networks consisting of two subnetworks demonstrated a gain not less than 10%. Practical relevance: The proposed method of transport layer coding with coding rate adaptation can decrease the average delay of a message.
Provocation of experimental aortic inflammation and dilatation by inflammatory mediators and Chlamydia pneumoniae (2001)

Macrophage influx into rabbit abdominal aorta, without macrophage activation, is insufficient to cause experimental aortic dilatation. C. pneumoniae antigens appeared to stimulate aortic dilatation, probably by specific activation of macrophages.
Mode of Action of Cyanohydrins in Insects (2005)

Fumigation toxicity of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) was compared to very potent natural and synthetic cyanohydrins against the house fly and the lesser grain borer. The concentration of cyanide ion was much higher in the house flies exposed to HCN fumigation than in the flies that were exposed to cyanohydrin fumigation or to topical application of cyanohydrins. The results indicate that the toxic action of cyanohydrins in insects is due to the combined effects of cyanide ion, the aldehyde or ketone produced by the decomposition of the cyanohydrin, and possibly the intact cyanohydrin molecule. © Presticide Science Society of Japan
NMR of terminal oxygen. 16—17O NMR of amide‐analogous N‐acyl derivatives of non‐basic nitrogen groups: The question of amide resonances (1995)

Abstract Natural abundance 17 O NMR data for six classes of N ‐acyl compounds RCONX are reported: acylazide, acylisocyanate, acylisothiocyanate, diacyldiimide, 1‐acylimidazole and N , N ′‐carbonyldiimidazole. Compared with the normal amide group, they all show strong deshielding (Δδ ≈︁ 70–130 ppm), which is attributed to diminished resonance of the CO group with the weaker electron donor NX. The high shielding of isocyanate oxygen is attributed to symmetry‐based anisotropy effects.
The Significance of Colocalization of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Vitronectin in Hepatic Fibrosis (1997)

These findings suggest that VN and PAI-1 are related to the active form of TGF-beta and that it is possible that the plasmin cascade is present in the human liver.
Supplementary Table 2 from Evolutionary Action Score of <i>TP53</i> Coding Variants Is Predictive of Platinum Response in Head and Neck Cancer Patients (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table 2: Univariate analysis of overall survival.&lt;/p&gt;
Specific Salt Effect of Lithium Perchlorate in Living Anionic Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and tert-Butyl Acrylate (1997)

Living anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate can be achieved at −40 °C in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and at −78 °C in toluene/THF (9/1 v/v) using (1,1-diphenylhexyl)lithium as the initiator in the presence of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) as the additive. Polymerization of tert-butyl acrylate also proceeds in a living manner at −78 oC in THF. Polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions and high initiator efficiencies can be obtained. The use of lithium perchlorate retards the rate of polymerization. The ratio of LiClO4 to initiator has a greater influence in determining the control of polymerization. The beneficial effect of lithium perchlorate is attributed to its efficient interaction with growing ester−enolate ion pairs.
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics for the Stability Study of Contact Glow Discharge Electrolysis (2015)

Beyond a critical voltage in a two-electrode configuration, the conventional electrolysis is no longer sustained when a thin gaseous envelope covers the working electrode, and the emission of visible light is observed. The system is examined as a process far from thermodynamic equilibrium, with the identification and computation of conjugated thermodynamic fluxes and forces generating the entropy production. The quadratic form of the entropy variational function is employed for the stability discussion, in the Lyapunov's sense of stability for steady state autonomous systems. Thermodynamic arguments, compared with experimental observations on the gas film dynamics, show that the stability of the phenomenon is mainly governed by thermal and electrochemical contributions of the electrochemical cell.
A Dual-Layer Filtering SIW Slot Antenna Utilizing Double Slot Coupling Scheme (2021)

This letter presents a filtering substrate integrated waveguide slot antenna design with multiple radiation nulls based on a double slot coupling scheme. It consists of a dual-layer cavity resonator, a slot in the first layer, and two coupling slots inserted in the middle layer. The slot in the first layer functions as the antenna radiator. This radiator is etched in the first cavity instead of the last stage of the network, resulting in two radiation nulls. A double slot coupling scheme is employed in the middle layer to not only couple the two-layer cavity resonators but also generate two more radiation nulls. Owing to these radiation nulls, the antenna features high-frequency selectivity as well as out-of-band radiation suppression level. For demonstration, the proposed filtering antenna is implemented and tested. The antenna operates at the center frequency 4.5 GHz with 15.4% (4.2-4.9 GHz) measured bandwidth. The maximum gain within the operating band is 7.5 dBi and four radiation nulls are generated. Better than 21 dB out-of-band radiation rejection level is obtained.
Determination of residual casting solvent concentration gradients in resist films by a “halt development” technique (2001)

The resolution of the microlithography process used to manufacture semiconductor devices is a function of many variables. One interesting and important contributor to resolution is the “surface induction” phenomenon that occurs during development of many photoresist materials. This phenomenon is manifested by a change in dissolution rate as a function of thickness. The top or surface regions of these films dissolve more slowly than the bulk of the film for reasons that are not understood. One popular theory for surface induction is that the variation in rate is caused by a gradient in the concentration of residual casting solvent. However, no study has been performed that directly measured the concentration gradient in residual casting solvent and related that gradient to the extent of surface induction. A “halt development ” procedure has been developed that allows isolation and analysis of thin layers (slices) from resist films. The analysis for concentration of residual casting solvent was accomplished by radiolabeling the solvent and analyzing the layers by scintillation counting. The dissolution rate data was acquired by a multiwavelength interferometry technique. Two resists systems were studied, one with a large extent of surface inhibition and one with a nearly constant dissolution rate. Neither formulation has a significant concentration gradient of residual casting solvent over a range of bake temperatures (70–110 °C). Therefore, it can be concluded that concentration gradients in the residual casting solvent alone cannot account for the surface induction observed in this particular resist system.
The Use of a Bioimpedance Analyzer in the Measurement of Sexual Arousal in Male Sexual Deviants (1986)

The physiological responses of sexual arousal which have been well described by Masters & Johnson, has led to the objective measure of sexual arousal. Penile tumescence is an accepted and reliable method of evaluating sexual excitability. The correlation between Penile tumescence measure and the subjective assessment of sexual arousal is high and has been reported in the range of 0.55 to 0.74 in various studies. The development of simple and inexpensive transducers for measuring penile tumescence has been a significant factor in the empirical research into sexual offenders and has led to major advances in the identification of deviant sexual arousal. This, in turn, allows more specific treatment strategies to be developed and also provides a method for evaluating and monitoring the response to treatment. Electrical bioimpedance is a technique that enables the non-invasive measurement of blood flow by the quantification of changes in the electrical conductivity of a body segment or a tissue sample and is being adapted for penile tumescence testing.
Clinical and pathologic methods to assess the long‐term safety of nasal corticosteroids (2000)

These results clearly indicate that long-term treatment with TAA has no atrophic effect on nasal mucosa.
Independent Vector Analysis via Log-Quadratically Penalized Quadratic Minimization (2021)

We propose a new algorithm for blind source separation (BSS) using independent vector analysis (IVA). This is an improvement over the popular auxiliary function based IVA (AuxIVA) with iterative projection (IP) or iterative source steering (ISS). We introduce <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">iterative projection with adjustment</i> (IPA), where we update one demixing filter and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">jointly</i> adjust all the other sources along its current direction. Each update involves solving a non-convex minimization problem that we term <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">log-quadratically penalized quadratic minimization</i> (LQPQM), that we think is of interest beyond this work. In the general case, we show that its global minimum corresponds to the largest root of a univariate function, reminiscent of modified eigenvalue problems. We propose a simple procedure based on Newton-Raphson to efficiently compute it. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. First, we show that it efficiently decreases the value of the surrogate function. In further experiments on synthetic mixtures, we study the probability of finding the true demixing matrix and convergence speed. We show that the proposed method combines high success rate and fast convergence. Finally, we validate the performance on a reverberant blind speech separation task. We find that all the AuxIVA-based methods perform similarly in terms of acoustic BSS metrics. However, AuxIVA-IPA converges faster. We measure up to 8.5 times speed-up in terms of runtime compared to the next best AuxIVA-based method, depending on the number of channels and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Cutaneous Vascular Malformations in Disappearing Bone (Gorham-Stout) Disease (2003)

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Role of Cysteinyl-Leukotrienes and Histamine in Mediating Intrinsic Tone in Isolated Human Bronchi (1994)

The intrinsic isometric tone of human isolated intralobar bronchi was evaluated in vitro. Human bronchi (inner diameter, 3 to 12 mm) were obtained from patients undergoing lung resection and from organ donors. The organ donor tissue was studied approximately 24 h after resection, during which time it was shipped to the laboratory in RPMI 1640 medium at 4 degrees C. The bronchi obtained from patients with cancer was placed in the same medium and studied within 4 h of resection. All tissues were suspended in 10-ml organ baths containing oxygenated Krebs' solution at 37 degrees C, at an initial load of 2 g. Tissues were washed every 15 min until they exhibited a stable tension (usually 60 min). Under these conditions the amount of active tension in the bronchi studied on the day of resection averaged 65 +/- 9% of the maximal response to BaCl2 (30 mM), whereas after overnight incubation it averaged 31 +/- 6%. Neither indomethacin nor atropine influenced the intrinsic tone in these tissues. By contrast, the LTD4 antagonists SKF 104353 and ICI 198615 and the histamine H-1 antagonists pyrilamine and chlorpheniramine effectively relaxed the bronchi. The 5' lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton also produced a small fall in tension. Studies in which pyrilamine was combined with the leukotriene receptor antagonists indicated an additive effect. These results indicate that human bronchial smooth muscle exhibits a high degree of intrinsic tone, averaging more than 50% of available tone in fresh tissues studied in vitro under isometric conditions. The results suggest that this tone is due to the continual production and release of histamine and cysteinyl-leukotrienes.
Incremental Sturdy-MASH Sigma-Delta Modulator with Reduced Sensitivity to DAC Mismatch (2019)

Incremental Sigma-Delta (ΣΔ) modulators inherit internal oversampling and noise-shaping properties of a conventional ΣΔ modulator. However, by resetting its internal states, as well as the digital reconstruction filter after certain number of clock cycles, a sample-by-sample conversion behavior is obtained and the modulator can be considered as a Nyquist-rate converter. Multibit architectures allow for low oversampling ratios and can be very attractive for high speed applications. Yet, it comes with digital-to-analog converter (DAC) linearity concerns and commonly used linearization techniques such as dynamic element matching are inefficient when acquired in an Incremental ΣΔ modulator, due to the resetting environment and especially for very low OSRs. This paper presents an enhanced incremental sturdy multi-stage noise-shaping ΣΔ modulator structure, which utilizes a variable quantizer bit width in the second stage for linearity improvement. The behavioral simulations of the proposed architecture show its robustness against DAC mismatch, achieving 25 dB improvement in total harmonic distortion in the presence of 0.1% DAC element mismatch with an OSR of 35.
Dynamics ofFusarium solani cutinase investigated through structural comparison among different crystal forms of its variants (1996)

In characterizing mutants and covalently inhibited complexes of Fusarium solani cutinase, which is a 197-residue lipolytic enzyme, 34 variant structures, crystallizing in 8 different crystal forms, have been determined, mostly at high resolution. Taking advantage of this considerable body of information, a structural comparative analysis was carried out to investigate the dynamics of cutinase. Surface loops were identified as the major flexible protein regions, particularly those forming the active-site groove, whereas the elements constituting the protein scaffold were found to retain the same conformation in all the cutinase variants studied. Flexibility turned out to be correlated with thermal motion. With a given crystal packing environment, a high flexibility turned out to be correlated with a low involvement in crystal packing contacts. The high degree of crystal polymorphism, which allowed different conformations with similar energy to be detected, made it possible to identify motions which would have remained unidentified if only a single crystal form had been available. Fairly good agreement was found to exist between the data obtained from the structural comparison and those from a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation carried out on the native enzyme. The crystallographic approach used in this study turned out to be a suitable tool for investigating cutinase dynamics. Because of the availability of a set of closely related proteins in different crystal environments, the intrinsic drawback of a crystallographic approach was bypassed. By combining several static pictures, the dynamics of the protein could be monitored much more realistically than what can be achieved on the basis of static pictures alone.
Email classification and summarization: a machine learning approach (2007)

This paper presents the design and implementation of a system to group and summarize email messages. The system uses the subject and content of email messages to classify emails based on users&apos; activities and generate summaries of each incoming message with unsupervised learning approach. Our framework solves the problem of email overload, congestion, difficulties in prioritizing and difficulties in finding previously archived messages in the mail box.
Ex Situ Formation of Methanethiol: Application in the Gold(I)‐Promoted Anti‐Markovnikov Hydrothiolation of Olefins (2018)

Abstract A protocol for the Au‐promoted anti‐Markovnikov hydrothiolation of olefins using ex situ generated methanethiol is reported. The use of S ‐methylisothiourea hemisulfate salt as a solid precursor for methanethiol generation ensures a safe and reliable deliverance of a stoichiometric amount of this thiol. The procedure was shown to work for a broad range of olefins providing the corresponding hydrothiolated adduct in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic evaluations suggest that thiyl radicals are generated and that gold acts as an efficient but stable radical initiator.