gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Deep-Learning Approach to Marble-Burying Quantification: Image Segmentation of Marbles and Bedding (2023)

This paper presents and evaluates three automated tools for semantically segmenting images from marble-burying experiments. The marble-burying animal model is widely used as an indication of anxiety or obsessive compulsive behavior in rodents. In general, the tendency for caged rodents to bury objects in their bedding is seen as anxiety related, and several methods have been proposed to measure the degree of this burying behavior. Unfortunately, most of these methods are coarse or require either subjective interpretation or onerous manual procedures. Digital imaging can provide pre- and post-experiment burying states as well as a platform for a standardized and streamlined quantification of the marble-burying test. While continuous imaging streams might provide more information and temporal analysis, such datasets are rare, require expert annotation, and can be prohibitively large. The authors propose that single-image semantic, pixel-wise segmentation of marble and bedding pixels are key components that can enable effective quantification. For example, the ratio of marble to bedding pixels can provide greater granularity in assessing marble-burying behavior. In this work, a classical image segmentation approach, a single-class U-Net and a multi-class U-Net were comparatively evaluated via standard segmentation metrics. Results show that the deep-learning methods demonstrate greater segmentation performance than the traditional method. Timing-performance trade off considerations between single- and multi-class methods are also explored.
DC and RF characteristics of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on SiC with gate recessed by using ICP etching of BCl3/Cl2 (2015)

We fabricated a 0.17-μm gate-length AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) on SiC recessed by using ICP gate etching with a gas mixture of BCl3/Cl2. The ICP gate recess process exhibited an etch rate of 20 nm/min for the AlGaN layer and the clean surface characteristics at the etched AlGaN/gate metal interface for the AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices. The recessed 0.17 μm × 200 μm AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices showed good DC characteristics, having a high gateto-drain breakdown voltage of -177 V, a good Schottky diode ideality factor of 1.32, an extrinsic transconductance (g m ) of 245 mS/mm, and a threshold voltage (V th ) of -2.6 V. The recessed 0.17 μm × 200 μm AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices also exhibited high RF performance, having a cut-off frequency (f T ) of 46 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency (f max ) of 150 GHz.
Quantum mechanical representation of acoustic streaming and acoustic radiation pressure (2001)

We discuss acoustic streaming and acoustic radiation pressure from the viewpoint of energy and momentum of acoustic waves, using a quantum mechanical representation of acoustic waves. We represent the energy epsilon and momentum mu of acoustic waves as epsilon=n(p)homega and mu=n(p)hk; here n(p) is the phonon density, omega is the frequency, k is the wave number, and h is Planck's constant. It is easy to derive the momentum of acoustic waves as mu=epsilon/c (c is the sound velocity). Therefore, we can represent the acoustic streaming and acoustic radiation pressure in terms of the momentum.
Strategisches Marketing des Internet Banking (1998)

Rund um das Internet herrscht Goldgräberstimmung. Zogen einst hoffnungsvolle Pioniere nach Westen, halten heute die Banken Einzug in das Netz der Netze mit dem Ziel, sich werbewirksam zu positionieren. Dabei ist das Intemet eigentlich nichts weiter als die logische Fortentwicklung der dezentralen Datenverarbeitung zu einem zentralen Netzwerk. Auch wenn das Intemet heute noch kein Massenmedium ist — seine Vorzüge werden es im Zeitalter des 5. Kondratieff dazu machen. Nicolai D. Kondratieff, Entdecker der nach ihm benannten Zyklen, identifizierte fünf Innovationen, die einen derart umfassenden Innovationsschub auslösten, daß neue Konjunkturwellen erzeugt wurden. Nach seiner Theorie wird seit Anfang der 90er Jahre der jetzige und fünfte Kondratieff von der Informationstechnologie getragen. Keine andere Innovation in der Vergangenheit verfügt über eine vergleichbare Dynamik. Für den Bankkunden trägt der Wandel im Umgang mit Information und Kommunikation zur Entmystifizierung des Bankgeschäfts bei. Für die Banken führt das Internet zur Umkehrung der Initiative — der Kunde fordert Bankdienstleistungen ein.
Motion Loss after Ligament Injuries to the Knee (2001)

Motion loss continues to be a difficult complication after ligament injury and surgery to the knee. A better understanding of the pathoanatomic causes of motion loss can lead to improved prevention and treatment strategies. When motion loss does occur, early recognition and appropriate treatment can be expected to restore motion and improve function in most patients. Treatment options, although varied, should improve outcome when implemented appropriately. This article is composed of two parts. The first part reviews the current concepts on definitions, incidence, and causes of motion loss. In the second part, to be published later, current strategies on prevention and treatment of motion loss after ligament injury to the knee are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on risk factors and prevention as well as on diagnosis and treatment. The article summarizes the latest information from the basic sciences as well as clinical studies on the problem of motion loss of the knee and attempts to provide a rational approach to these difficult clinical problems.
A new eremophilenolactone from the roots ofSenecio ambraceus (2010)

A new eremophilenolactone sesquiterpene was isolated from the roots of Senecio ambraceus. Its structure was elucidated as 6beta-angeloyloxy-eremophila-1(10),7(11)-diene-12,8beta-lactone on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including IR, electron ionisation mass spectrometry, high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.
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The ARTORIA-R will provide robust information on current management and outcomes of adults with congenital heart disease suffering from advanced heart failure.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,1‐Dibromo‐3‐hydroxyalkanes via Opening of Cyclic Sulfates. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Sample-Index Misassignment Impacts Tumor Exome Sequencing (2017)

Sample pooling enabled by dedicated indexes is a common and cost-effective strategy used in high-throughput DNA sequencing. Index misassignment leading to cross-sample contamination has however been described as a general problem of sequencing instruments which utilize exclusion amplification. Using real-life data from multiple tumor sequencing projects, we demonstrate that co-multiplexed samples can induce artifactual calls closely resembling high-quality somatic variant calls, and argue that dual indexing is the most reliable countermeasure.
Compatible HDTV coding for broadband ISDN (2003)

A compatible digital HDTV (high-definition television) coding scheme is proposed for broadband ISDN (integrated services digital network) applications. This scheme is capable of compressing HDTV for transmission at the H4 access rate of roughly 135 Mb/s with an embedded signal for delivering EQTV (extended quality TV) over a subchannel of 45 Mb/s. Two major processing components are introduced in this system to facilitate compatible coding; one is decimation in the frequency domain and the other is progressive coding. The decimation, performed in the DCT (discrete cosine transform) domain, results in a low pass filtered and decimated version of HDTV. The progressive coding squeezes the decimated signal into the 45 Mb/s subchannel and properly refines it for 135 MB/s HDTV coding. Simulation results show that high quality HDTV can be achieved at 135 Mb/s and that the quality of the embedded 45 Mb/s signal is also very good.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Kinetics of Desorption of Alkanethiolates on Gold (2006)

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols can undergo reductive desorption and oxidative re-adsorption. The Coulombic efficiency of the oxidative re-adsorption reaction is dependent on the chain length and solution pH. We show that the loss of alkanethiols from the surface after reductive desorption can be explained by a simple model that takes into account diffusion of the thiolate into the bulk solution at a rate that is determined by the bulk solubility. These results provide a quantitative basis for the determination of the loss of alkanethiols from the surface after reductive desorption.
In vivo methods for imaging blood–brain barrier function and dysfunction (2022)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the interface between the central nervous system and systemic circulation. It tightly regulates what enters and is removed from the brain parenchyma and is fundamental in maintaining brain homeostasis. Increasingly, the BBB is recognised as having a significant role in numerous neurological disorders, ranging from acute disorders (traumatic brain injury, stroke, seizures) to chronic neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, small vessel disease). Numerous approaches have been developed to study the BBB in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. The complex multicellular structure and effects of disease are difficult to recreate accurately in vitro, and functional aspects of the BBB cannot be easily studied ex vivo. As such, the value of in vivo methods to study the intact BBB cannot be overstated. This review discusses the structure and function of the BBB and how these are affected in diseases. It then discusses in depth several established and novel methods for imaging the BBB in vivo, with a focus on MRI, nuclear imaging, and high-resolution intravital fluorescence microscopy.
Assessment of current field plots and lidar 'virtual' plots as guides to classification procedures for multitemporal analysis of historic and current landsat data for determining forest age classes (2005)

Euclidean distance measures and Landsat ETM+ band combinations and transformations are tested for their usefulness in classification of volume. Field plots are used for training and validation. Early results indicate that a Euclidean distance of 18 optimizes classification accuracies for volume. Tests for optimal band combinations were inconclusive.
Local Phase Coherence and the Perception of Blur (2003)

... this paper, we propose that the disruption of local phase can provide an alternative explanation for blur perception. We show that precisely localized features such as step edges result in strong local phase coherence structures across scale and space in the complex wavelet transform domain, and blurring causes loss of such phase coherence. We propose a technique for coarse-to-fine phase prediction of wavelet coefficients, and observe that (1) such predictions are highly effective in natural images, (2) phase coherence increases with the strength of image features, and (3) blurring disrupts the phase coherence relationship in images. We thus lay the groundwork for a new theory of perceptual blur estimation, as well as a variety of algorithms for restoration and manipulation of photographic images.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfur Passivation of InP/InGaAs Metal‐Semiconductor‐Metal Photodetectors. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Multilayer collaborative traceback technique based on net-flow fingerprint (2015)

Aimed at loop fallacy, indeterminate serialisation of suspicious nodes and local overload problems of suspicious information source traceback in net-flow exchange, this paper proposes a multilayer collaborative traceback technique based on net-flow fingerprint. The traceback is divided into controllable inter-AS layer, intra-AS routing layer and controllable subnet layer. Based on the characteristics of each layer, it achieves efficient suspicious path extraction in controllable inter-AS layer by BGP protocol properties. In intra-AS routing layer, it solves loop fallacy by directed graph transformation and indeterminate serialisation of suspicious nodes by local time relationship approach. In controllable subnet layer, it achieves precise location by using forwarding tables. What is more, by proposing multilayer collaborative approach, it improves the efficiency of suspicious path extraction and reduces local overload of traceback servers without compromising the accuracy of traceback. Finally, the correctness and computational complexity of NFCMT are proved, and the feasibility and correctness of this scheme are discussed by experiments.
Comparison Between Two In-Vitro Methods for Determining Percutaneous Absorption (1985)

Journal Article Comparison Between Two In-Vitro Methods for Determining Percutaneous Absorption Get access Jonathan Hadgraft, Jonathan Hadgraft Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Geoffrey Ridout Geoffrey Ridout Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Volume 37, Issue Supplement_12, December 1985, Page 75P, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb14147.x Published: 12 April 2011
Chemically emulsified crude oil as substrate for bacterial oxidation: differences in species response (1998)

Four bacterial species were tested for their abilities to oxidize alkanes in crude oil in water emulsions. The emulsions were prepared by nonionic sorbitan ester and polyoxyethylene ether surfactants. The oxidation rates were measured as initial attack on the emulsions by resting cells pregrown in crude oil media. The bacteria responded differently and both positive and negative effects of surfactant amendment were observed. The same surfactant affected various bacteria differently and the response to the surfactant amendment depended on the physiological state of the bacteria, i.e., exponential versus stationary growth phase. The surfactants caused a marked decrease in cell adhesion to the oil phase for all the bacteria, irrespective of the growth phase and any positive effect on the oil oxidation rates. The response of Deleya salina 128 to polyoxyethylene surfactant emulsified crude oil depended on the length and structure of the hydrophobic tail, the number of hydrophilic ethoxy groups, and the relative proportion of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic constituents in the individual surfactant.Key words: biodegradation, bacteria, nonionic surfactants, crude oil.
Reservoir Characterization During Underbalanced Drilling: A New Model (2000)

Abstract The downhole pressure and rate data acquired during underbalanced (UB) drilling is essentially a well test during drilling. However, these data are rarely used quantitatively. Usually, the data are used qualitatively during drilling to make changes in the drilling design. In most UB drilling designs, the reservoir is considered to be independent of the well, providing fluid at an assumed constant rate. A reservoir model interacting with the well in real-time is needed. Incorporating an appropriate reservoir model into the UB system results in a fully coupled system where changes in wellbore conditions are reflected in the flow rate from the reservoir. Data acquired from the UB process can then be analyzed to extract information about the reservoir, namely permeability versus depth, resulting in a more timely reservoir description. We present a new solution of the mathematical model representing reservoir response during UB drilling. The UB drilling model is a modification of the mathematical model that describes the standard pressure transient test (the diffusivity equation). This modification, which makes obtaining the analytical solution more difficult, involves the time dependence of the boundary condition at the wellbore. As drilling progresses, the length of the wellbore increases and the fluid flow rate from the reservoir changes in response to the well length and wellbore conditions. Several approximate solutions of this mathematical model exist in the literature. These solutions require simplifying assumptions such as no vertical permeability or the flow rate is a given function of time. In this study, a solution is obtained from the diffusivity equation with no further simplifying assumptions. Results obtained with the new analytical solution, with numerical simulations, and from the literature are shown to be comparable. An actual field case is presented demonstrating the practical use of the model in a real-time UB drilling application.
The Speed Of Green Module Overview (2023)

This chapter provides an overview of The Speed of Green module. In this module, students consider the potential role of various renewable and non-renewable energy sources in transportation, with an emphasis on the auto industry. Using their understanding of the engineering design process (EDP), scientific concepts, and environmental conservation, student teams will each develop a plan for a competitive automobile racing team to power its vehicle with minimal environmental impact. The chapter describes how students will address the module challenge by investigating phenomena including the chemical reactions involved in combustion and in producing plant-based fuels, the effects of the use of carbon-based and other fuels on the biosphere, and innovations for fuel efficiency and conservation. The chapter overviews a number of teaching strategies, desired module outcomes, and assessments, and provides a timeline for the module.
Pepper Heat Shock Protein 70a Interacts with the Type III Effector AvrBsT and Triggers Plant Cell Death and Immunity (2014)

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) function as molecular chaperones and are essential for the maintenance and/or restoration of protein homeostasis. The genus Xanthomonas type III effector protein AvrBsT induces hypersensitive cell death in pepper (Capsicum annuum). Here, we report the identification of the pepper CaHSP70a as an AvrBsT-interacting protein. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays confirm the specific interaction between CaHSP70a and AvrBsT in planta. The CaHSP70a peptide-binding domain is essential for its interaction with AvrBsT. Heat stress (37°C) and Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria (Xcv) infection distinctly induce CaHSP70a in pepper leaves. Cytoplasmic CaHSP70a proteins significantly accumulate in pepper leaves to induce the hypersensitive cell death response by Xcv (avrBsT) infection. Transient CaHSP70a overexpression induces hypersensitive cell death under heat stress, which is accompanied by strong induction of defense- and cell death-related genes. The CaHSP70a peptide-binding domain and ATPase-binding domain are required to trigger cell death under heat stress. Transient coexpression of CaHSP70a and avrBsT leads to cytoplasmic localization of the CaHSP70a-AvrBsT complex and significantly enhances avrBsT-triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. CaHSP70a silencing in pepper enhances Xcv growth but disrupts the reactive oxygen species burst and cell death response during Xcv infection. Expression of some defense marker genes is significantly reduced in CaHSP70a-silenced leaves, with lower levels of the defense hormones salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. Together, these results suggest that CaHSP70a interacts with the type III effector AvrBsT and is required for cell death and immunity in plants.
Supplementary material from "In situ epoxide generation by dimethyldioxirane oxidation and the use of epichlorohydrin in the flow synthesis of a library of β-amino alcohols" (2018)

The flow coupling of epichlorohydrin with substituted phenols, while efficient, limits the nature of the epoxide available for the development of focused libraries of β-amino alcohols. This limitation was encountered in the production of analogues of 1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-3-((2-((4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)ethyl)amino)propan-2-ol <b>1</b>, a potential antibiotic lead. The <i>in situ</i> (flow) generation of dimethyldoxirane (DMDO) and subsequent flow olefin epoxidation abrogates this limitation and afforded facile access to structurally diverse β-amino alcohols. Analogues of <b>1</b> were readily accessed either via (i) a flow/microwave hybrid approach, or (ii) a sequential flow approach. Key steps were the <i>in situ</i> generation of DMDO, with olefin epoxidation in typically good yields and a flow-mediated ring opening aminolysis to form an expanded library of β-amino alcohols <b>1</b> and <b>10a</b>–<b>18 g</b>, resulting in modest (<b>11a</b>, 21%) to excellent (<b>12 g</b>, 80%) yields. Alternatively flow coupling of epichlorohydrin with phenols <b>4a</b>–<b>4 m</b> (22%–89%) and a Bi(OTf)<sub>3</sub> catalysed microwave ring opening with amines afforded a select range of β-amino alcohols, but with lower levels of aminolysis regiocontrol than the sequential flow approach.
eview of Sensing Technologies for Semiconductor (1995)

As semiconductor manufacturing technology advances, there exists a need to review improvements in process monitoring and control. Some of these improvements may be possible by investigating and integrating advanced process sensors. Sensors typically provide information to equipment controllers for proper machine operation. Expanding this definition, a sensor could deliver quality information about the semiconductor product being manufactured. Sensors can provide effective manufacturing line operation, reduced cycle times, and improved product quality. Implementing advanced sensors can also reduce process variability, increase process stability, and provide many other benefits applicable to modern semiconductor production operation. In this paper, a review of the current literature on semiconductor process sensor technology is presented. Much of the literature discusses in-situ measurements for film thickness, particles, and / or other conditions which could affect the quality of the product. Instruments such as RGAs (Residual Gas Analyzers), in-situ particle, and in-situ film thickness monitors represent current and future advanced sensors.
Redundant single gimbal control moment gyroscope singularity analysis (1990)

The robotic manipulator is proposed as the mechanical analog to single gimbal control moment gyroscope systems, and it is shown that both systems share similar difficulties with singular configurations. This analogy is used to group gimbal angles corresponding to any momentum state into different families. The singularity problem associated with these systems is examined in detail. In particular, a method is presented to test for the possibility of nontorque-producing gimbal motion at a singular configuration, as well as to determine the admissible motions in the case when this is possible. Sufficient conditions are derived for instances where the singular system can be reconfigured into a nonsingular state by these nontorque-producing motions.