gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE REFRACTORY STATE OF THE GENERATOR AND PROPAGATED POTENTIALS IN A PACINIAN CORPUSCLE (1958)

A propagated potential produced in the Pacinian corpuscle in response to mechanical stimuli leaves a refractory state of 7 to 10 msec. duration. The refractory state is presumably produced at the first intracorpuscular node of Ranvier. The recovery of receptor excitability for producing an all-or-none response to mechanical stimulation follows the same time course as that of the electrically excited axon. Upon progressive reduction of stimulus interval (mechanical), the propagated potential falls progressively to 75 per cent of its resting magnitude and becomes finally blocked within the corpuscle. A non-propagated all-or-none potential, presumably corresponding to activity of the first node, is then detected. The critical firing level for all-or-none potentials increases progressively during the relative refractory period of the all-or-none potential, as the stimulus interval is shortened. Thus generator potentials up to 85 per cent of a propagated potential can be produced in absence of all-or-none activity. Generator potentials show: gradual over-all increase in amplitude and rate of rise as a function of stimulus strength; constant latency; and spontaneous fluctuations in amplitude. A generator potential leaves a refractory state (presumably at the non-myelinated ending) so that the amplitude of a second generator response which falls on its refractory trail is directly related to the time elapsed after the first generator response and inversely to its amplitude. The generator potential develops independently of any refractory state left by a preceding all-or-none potential.
変形性膝関節症に対する運動療法 (2008)

変形性膝関節症 (膝OA) のような運動器疾患では疼痛などによりADLが低下すると廃用性の萎縮が起こり, さらにADLが低下するという悪循環に陥るため, 治療においては疼痛に対するアプローチと伴にADLを向上させるためのアプローチが必要となる. 薬物療法や物理療法は受動的治療法であり直接的に廃用性の萎縮を改善させる効果はなく, ADLの向上という面からみると運動療法よりは劣る. したがって, ADLへの影響を踏まえて治療法を選択する場合, 運動療法を主たる治療法として捉えるべきである.
Gemini surfactants: a new class of self-assembling molecules (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGemini surfactants: a new class of self-assembling moleculesF. M. Menger and C. A. LittauCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 22, 10083–10090Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00075a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00075a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5719Altmetric-Citations871LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A method for comparing beam‐hardening filter materials for diagnostic radiology (1988)

The necessity for using adequate beam filtration in diagnostic radiology is well known. Although aluminum is the most widely used filter material for diagnostic x-ray applications, the possibility that other materials might have superior properties has prompted a number of studies that have attempted to determine both the type and the amount of filtration most appropriate for a given situation. This paper describes a method based on precise matching of spectral shape that permits the absolute ranking of beam-hardening materials. Matching of spectral shape ensures equality of such parameters as image contrast and patient dose. Spectrally equivalent filters can then be ranked on the basis of the transmission of one relative to another. Following the development of the theory behind the method and an algorithm for implementing it, the method is applied to the evaluation of a variety of materials for use as filters in diagnostic radiology. Experimental verification of a few of the calculated results is also described. Both calculated and experimental results show that normal aluminum filters are about 10% less efficient than filters of materials such as copper, brass, or iron. Since the approach followed here was the basis for several early investigations of filtration for orthovoltage therapy, a brief comparison of results from these early reports with results calculated using the method developed here is also presented.
Chip-scale molecule trapping by a blue-detuned metasurface hollow beam (2020)

Abstract We propose a tightly focused hollow beam to trap cold molecules by using a metasurface grating, which has a hybrid phase with focusing and completely destructive interference functions. The intensity distributions of the hollow beam in free space concerning different structural parameters of the grating are theoretically studied in detail. The influences of both the discrete and continuous phases of the grating on the intensity distribution of the modulated optical field are compared. Our theoretical study shows that such a blue-detuned beam can provide a deep potential to trap cold molecules with a low photon scattering rate and a long trap lifetime. Our studies suggest that the metasurface-based optical chip is applicable to trap molecules and can be an ideal platform for building a robust quantum laboratory.
Surfactant-induced flow behavior effects in gas condensate reservoirs (2010)

Natural gas, which accounts for a quarter of world’s energy, has been a major energy source because of its abundance and less impact on environment. With explorations at higher depth, pressure and temperature, the share of gas condensate reservoirs to global gas production is increasing. A unique production challenge associated with these reservoirs is the condensate blockage problem, which is the buildup of condensate liquid saturation around wellbore as a result of drawdown below dew point pressure. Mitigation of this problem requires in depth understanding of the multiphase flow of liquid and gas. Surfactants are well known in the literature for affecting such multiphase flow characteristics in reservoirs. They affect the flow behavior primarily by wettability alteration as well as spreading coefficient modification. In this study, multiphase flow characteristics of gas condensates, with and without surfactants were observed by running corefloods representing actual reservoir retrograde condensation phenomena. A commercial anionic surfactant, Alfoterra® 123-4S, was successfully shown to facilitate condensate removal with relative permeability enhancement of over 17 percent at a surfactant concentration of 2000 ppm, which was also the optimum concentration under the flowing conditions. The efficacy of surfactant was observed to be a non-linear function of its concentration and this is attributed mainly to the pleateauing effect above the critical micellar concentration (CMC) values.
Back to the future: implications of genetic complexity for the structure of hybrid breeding programs (2021)

Commercial hybrid breeding operations can be described as decentralized networks of smaller, more or less isolated breeding programs. There is further a tendency for the disproportionate use of successful inbred lines for generating the next generation of recombinants, which has led to a series of significant bottlenecks, particularly in the history of the North American and European maize germplasm. Both the decentralization and the disproportionate contribution of inbred lines reduce effective population size and constrain the accessible genetic space. Under these conditions, long-term response to selection is not expected to be optimal under the classical infinitesimal model of quantitative genetics. In this study, we therefore aim to propose a rationale for the success of large breeding operations in the context of genetic complexity arising from the structure and properties of interactive genetic networks. For this, we use simulations based on the NK model of genetic architecture. We indeed found that constraining genetic space through program decentralization and disproportionate contribution of parental inbred lines, is required to expose additive genetic variation and thus facilitate heritable genetic gains under high levels of genetic complexity. These results introduce new insights into why the historically grown structure of hybrid breeding programs was successful in improving the yield potential of hybrid crops over the last century. We also hope that a renewed appreciation for "why things worked" in the past can guide the adoption of novel technologies and the design of future breeding strategies for navigating biological complexity.
Cell Edge Throughput Improvement by Base Station Cooperative Transmission Control with Reference Signal Interference Canceller in LTE System (2012)

Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) is attracting attention recently. This is a technique mainly improving cell-edge throughput by coordinating scheduling and signal transmission of multiple BSs. Different from joint transmission (JT), in which the desired signals for a user equipment (UE) are simultaneously transmitted from multiple BSs, the burdens of information exchange among BSs and its attendant signal processing are mitigated in ICIC because it requires only the exchange of scheduling and control information. In ICIC, the cell-edge throughput is improved by adaptively preventing BSs from transmitting signals (in other words, muting BSs) that would otherwise impose strong interference on the cell- edge UEs in the neighbor cells. Although this improves cell-edge throughput, it may degrade cell overall performance because no radio resource is assigned to UEs belonging to the muted BS. To resolve this issue, we first propose a scheduling method, which enables muting only when the throughput improvement (cell-edge UE) obtained by muting is superior to the total throughput possible without muting. Also, when considering applying this ICIC technique to current commercial systems such as LTE, it should be noted that reference signal, also known as pilot signal, is always transmitted regardless of muting because reference signal is a common signal used for channel estimation. To solve this issue, we also propose a reference signal interference canceller, in which the UE cancels the reference signal being transmitted from the neighbor BS. We evaluate the performance improvement by computer simulations and confirm that cell-edge throughput is dramatically improved by introducing the proposed canceller. We also propose a control algorithm that activates the canceller only when throughput improvement is possible. A basic lab experiment was also conducted to confirm the effect of the proposed interference canceller with 3GPP Rel-8 LTE-compliant equipment.
Si and CdTe detector readout ASIC in 0.35μm CMOS for energetic electron spectroscopy for space application (2016)

TARANIS (Tool for the Analysis of RAdiation from lightNIng and Sprites) is a microsatellite aimed to atmospheric storms study. It embarks among other instruments IDEE (Instrument Detecteur d'Electron Energetique) which is dedicated to energetic electron characterization in the range from 70keV to 4Mev. To cover such awide ran ge, two types of detectors are required: Silicon (Si) and Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) based detector for the 70keV to 700keV and for the 300keV to 4MeV respectively. Si detectors are placed in front of CdTe detectors for angle measurement. Although the readout architecture of both detectors are similar, the time constants involved in collection of the charges for Si and CdTe are differents by almost 21 decades (60ns for Si and 3f.1s for CdTe). Two different readout circuits are thus required. CdTe type channels need to make use of Pole Zero Cancellation (PZC) technique in order not to impede the frequency of operation. Performance of the design has been characterized on a test board as well as interfaced with detectors. Finally, results of its characterized Single Event Latchup (SEL) performance is given.
A knowledge-based system for highway network extraction (1988)

A knowledge-based system has been set up to extract highway networks automatically from Landsat thematic mapper (TM) imagery. The system was developed using image processing algorithms and some artificial intelligence techniques. It inputs raw TM data and outputs an interpreted image clearly identifying highway and road networks. The main algorithms in the system are discussed in detail, results are presented, and features of the system are examined. Landsat TM images of study areas in Toronto, Canada, are presented by way of illustration.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
ChemInform Abstract: REDUKTIVE UMLAGERUNG VON 2,3‐UNGESAETTIGTEN METHYL‐PYRANOSIDEN ZU 3‐DESOXY‐GLYKALEN (1972)

Abstract Bei der Behandlung mit Lithiumalanat erhält man aus den beiden ungesättigten Pyranosiden (Ia) und (Ib) über die Reduktionsprodukte (II) die 3‐Desoxy‐glykale (III).
Detecting bottlenecks in parallel DAG-based data flow programs (2010)

In recent years, several frameworks have been introduced to facilitate massively-parallel data processing on shared-nothing architectures like compute clouds. While these frameworks generally offer good support in terms of task deployment and fault tolerance, they only provide poor assistance in finding reasonable degrees of parallelization for the tasks to be executed. However, as billing models of clouds enable the utilization of many resources for a short period of time for the same cost as utilizing few resources for a long time, proper levels of parallelization are crucial to achieve short processing times while maintaining good resource utilization and therefore good cost efficiency. In this paper, we present and evaluate a solution for detecting CPU and I/O bottlenecks in parallel DAG-based data flow programs assuming capacity constrained communication channels. The detection of bottlenecks represents an important foundation for manually or automatically scaling out and tuning parallel data flow programs in order to increase performance and cost efficiency.
Photoredox‐Switchable Resorcin[4]arene Cavitands: Radical Control of Molecular Gripping Machinery via Hydrogen Bonding (2017)

Semiquinones (SQ) are generated in photosynthetic organisms upon photoinduced electron transfer to quinones (Q). They are stabilized by hydrogen bonding (HB) with the neighboring residues, which alters the properties of the reaction center. We designed, synthesized, and investigated resorcin[4]arene cavitands inspired by this function of SQ in natural photosynthesis. Cavitands were equipped with alternating quinone and quinoxaline walls bearing hydrogen bond donor groups (HBD). Different HBD were analyzed that mimic natural amino acids, such as imidazole and indole, along with their analogues, pyrrole and pyrazole. Pyrroles were identified as the most promising candidates that enabled the cavitands to remain open in the Q state until strengthening of HB upon reduction to the paramagnetic SQ radical anion provided stabilization of the closed form. The SQ state was generated electrochemically and photochemically, whereas properties were studied by UV/Vis spectroelectrochemistry, transient absorption, and EPR spectroscopy. This study demonstrates a photoredox-controlled conformational switch towards a new generation of molecular grippers.
Computational language acquisition by statistical bottom-up processing (2008)

Statistical learning of patterns from perceptual input is an increasingly central topic in cognitive processing including human language acquisition. We present an unsupervised computational method for statistical word learning by analysis of transitional probabilities of subsequent phone pairs. Results indicate that word differentiation is possible with this type of approach and are in line with previous behavioral findings. Index Terms: computational language acquisition, speech segmentation, speech clustering, statistical learning
DNA Repair Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Colorectal Cancer and their Role as Modifiers of the Effect of Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol in the Singapore Chinese Health Study (2007)

Recently, we reported that among Singapore Chinese, cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking were independent risk factors for colorectal cancer. Both tobacco smoking and alcohol use are plausible colorectal cancer risk factors, partly due to their ability to induce mutations in the colorectal lumen. In the present study, we investigated the role in colorectal cancer of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in five DNA repair genes: XRCC1 (Arg(194)Trp and Arg(399)Gln), PARP (Val(762)Ala, Lys(940)Arg), XPD (Asp(312)Asn, Lys(751)Gln), OGG1 (Ser(326)Cys), and MGMT (Leu(84)Phe). We conducted this study within the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a population-based cohort of 63,257 middle-aged and older Singapore Chinese men and women enrolled between 1993 and 1998. Our study included 1,176 controls and 310 cases (180 colon and 130 rectum cancer). We observed a positive association between the PARP codon 940 Lys/Arg and Arg/Arg genotypes and colorectal cancer risk [odds ratio (OR), 1.8; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.1-3.1], and an inverse association between the MGMT codon 84 Leu/Phe or Phe/Phe genotypes and colon cancer risk (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9), but not rectal cancer (test of heterogeneity by tumor site, P=0.027). We observed evidence that XRCC1 may modify the effects of smoking (interaction P=0.012). The effect of smoking among carriers of the Arg(194)-Gln(399) haplotype was OR=0.7 (95% CI, 0.4-1.1), whereas, among carriers of the Trp(194)-Arg(399) haplotype, it was OR=1.6 (95% CI, 1.1-2.5). We also observed a nonstatistically significant modification of XRCC1 on the effects of alcohol (P=0.245). Whereas alcohol had no effect among carriers of the codon 194 Arg/Arg (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6-1.7) or Arg/Trp genotypes (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.6-1.9), there was a positive association among carriers of the Trp/Trp genotype (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.0-8.1). Our results support a role for reactive oxygen species as relevant genotoxins that may account for the effects of both smoking and alcohol on colorectal cancer risk.
HLA ASSOCIATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARIES AND IN PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA CAUSED BY 21‐HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY (1990)

Ninety-nine Caucasian patients with ultrasonically detected polycystic ovaries (PCO) were typed for human leucocyte (HLA) antigens. Fifty patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency were similarly typed. Among the patients with PCO, there was a significant increase in the frequency of HLA DRW6 (P = 0.0027) compared with that found in a control population, which remained significant (P = 0.027) when corrected for the number of antigens tested. This difference was reduced, but remained significant (P = 0.006), when the patients with CAH and PCO were added. There was also a significant decrease in the frequency of HLA DR7 (P = 0.017) among the patients with PCO compared with a control population, but there was no distortion of the frequencies of HLA A, B or Cw antigens. Among the patients with CAH, previously well documented associations of HLA B14 and DR1 with non-classical disease were confirmed. The frequency of HLA Bw47 was increased among the whole group of CAH patients (P = 0.05) but was not increased among those with classical salt-wasting (SW) or simple virilizing (SV) disease. Family studies were performed in close female relatives of 16 of the PCO patients and 21 of the CAH patients but no evidence for genetic linkage between HLA and PCO status could be found. These data suggest that there is no significant component of disturbed adrenal steroid 21-hydroxylase activity to account for the PCO morphology, although there may be some other genetic factor, more proximal to the centromere on chromosome 6, affecting the development of polycystic ovaries.
Direct-reading Resonant Silicon Cantilever for Probing of Surface Deposits (2016)

Contact resonance spectroscopy measurements on thin film deposits based on a tactile piezoresistive silicon microcantilever probe are described. Direct-reading capability during linescans across selectively thin-film-deposited areas of an artefact surface is demonstrated using a phase-locked-loop circuit (PLL). Good agreement found with frequency-sweep measurements followed by line-shape analysis (LSA) including non-linear damping confirm the high potential of the proposed method for non-destructive inline manufacturing-process metrology.
Real-time color image correlation with a color liquid-crystal television and a Fresnel holographic filter (1993)

Incoherent color image correlation with a multiwavelength Fresnel holographic filter and a color liquid-crystal television as a real-time input device is demonstrated.
Electromechanical wave imaging (EWI) validation in all four cardiac chambers with 3D electroanatomic mapping in caninesin vivo (2016)

Characterization and mapping of arrhythmias is currently performed through invasive insertion and manipulation of cardiac catheters. Electromechanical wave imaging (EWI) is a non-invasive ultrasound-based imaging technique, which tracks the electromechanical activation that immediately follows electrical activation. Electrical and electromechanical activations were previously found to be linearly correlated in the left ventricle, but the relationship has not yet been investigated in the three other chambers of the heart. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between electrical and electromechanical activations and validate EWI in all four chambers of the heart with conventional 3D electroanatomical mapping. Six (n = 6) normal adult canines were used in this study. The electrical activation sequence was mapped in all four chambers of the heart, both endocardially and epicardially using the St Jude's EnSite 3D mapping system (St. Jude Medical, Secaucus, NJ). EWI acquisitions were performed in all four chambers during normal sinus rhythm, and during pacing in the left ventricle. Isochrones of the electromechanical activation were generated from standard echocardiographic imaging views. Electrical and electromechanical activation maps were co-registered and compared, and electrical and electromechanical activation times were plotted against each other and linear regression was performed for each pair of activation maps. Electromechanical and electrical activations were found to be directly correlated with slopes of the correlation ranging from 0.77 to 1.83, electromechanical delays between 9 and 58 ms and R <sup>2</sup> values from 0.71 to 0.92. The linear correlation between electrical and electromechanical activations and the agreement between the activation maps indicate that the electromechanical activation follows the pattern of propagation of the electrical activation. This suggests that EWI may be used as a novel non-invasive method to accurately characterize and localize sources of arrhythmias.