gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Continuous Phoswich&#x2122; detector for molecular imaging (2010)

We report on the development of a novel scintillator in which the decay time of its light emission varies continuously with the depth of an interaction in the crystal. The depth-of-interaction (DOI) information is thus encoded in the signal timing, which can be used to localize the position of the gamma interaction within the scintillator with high accuracy. This concept relies on the fact that decay times in certain scintillators vary considerably with the amount of dopant concentration. We are exploiting this property to create scintillators in which dopant concentration varies continuously and monotonically with depth in the crystals. Synthesis of such structures is accomplished using a specialized vapor deposition technique, which provides us with the control to vary the dopant concentration in the crystal during growth. Our technique also provides a reliable and cost-effective means to synthesize this seemingly complex structure in the large physical volumes required to provide the high absorption efficiency and large sensor areas required for PET and SPECT imaging, respectively. To date we have produced Continuous Phoswich™ scintillator (CPS™) structures measuring up to 7 cm in diameter and approaching 1 cm in thickness using cerium-doped lanthanum chloride (LaCl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :Ce). Controlled vapor deposition is used to create a Ce <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> concentration gradient of 1% to 30% over the specimen thickness. This paper discusses the fabrication and characterization of CPS LaCl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :Ce scintillators and Continuous Phoswich detectors (CPD™), and illustrates the continuous DOI capability of the CPS LaCl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :Ce/PMT detector.
Silk: Biology, Structure, Properties, and Genetics (1993)

General Biology Silks are produced by the more than 30,000 known species of spider [1], and by most of the 113,000 species in the insect order Lepidoptera [2]. In addition, silks are produced by members of several other insect orders [3]. For every silk that has been characterized in any detail, over 1000 uncharacterized silks are known to exist This book describes only a very small number of spider, silkworm and aquatic midge larva silks. The reader will discover (or be reminded) that silks are truly remarkable materials in many respects. On statistical grounds alone, it is highly unlikely that the silks characterized to date have shown us the limits of what Nature can achieve in regard to the mechanical properties of fibroin proteins. Concern about the extinction of (especially uncharacterized) species therefore must be maintained far beyond the agenda of specialized ecology: materials technology also stands to lose when
On chip spatial power combining for short range millimeter-wave systems (2008)

Using spectrum around 60 GHz for high speed short range wireless systems has led to examination of antennas on chip. System analysis indicates that spatial power combining on chip may allow for a good combination of small size and compatibility with silicon amplifier performance indicates this approach may be the solution of choice. We have shown good agreement between modeled and measured performance for a candidate antenna element with three candidate elements shown which can achieve good gain in the frequency band of operation. Further, we have shown that system performance can be achieved in the very compact area of 7 x 7 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> while using a reasonable upper limit on output power from a silicon amplifier in this band.
The role of ACAID and CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells on CTL function against MHC alloantigens. (2008)

PURPOSE: Anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID) is an antigen-specific form of peripheral immune tolerance that is induced to exogenous antigens placed in the ocular anterior chamber, which leads to a suppression in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). Considerable work has been done on ACAID induction to major histocompatibility (MHC) alloantigens. However, its role on cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity is currently unknown. METHODS: C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) mice received an intracameral (IC) inoculation with BALB/c (H-2(d)) splenocytes. Splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell populations were characterized by flow cytometry and proliferation assays during induction and expression phases of ACAID. Percentages of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T regulatory cells (Treg) were also followed. Lastly, CTL function was measured at various time points during ACAID expression, and Treg were added to identify potential alterations in CTL function. RESULTS: CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell percentages and proliferation increased in the spleen during ACAID induction but then sharply decreased in response to an allospecific immunization. Expression of ACAID also exhibited a significant drop in CTL function. However, while Treg expansion was observed, these cells did not directly mediate the CTL inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: ACAID mediates an inhibition of CTL function against MHC alloantigens. Furthermore, we found that ACAID induction leads to the expansion and proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells while ACAID expression is associated with a diminishment in T cell percentages due to proliferation impairment. Lastly, Treg also expand during ACAID induction. However, our data suggest that Treg do not directly inhibit CTL activity.
Natural Media (2017)

Natural perception usually leads sensations to be able to be registered with awareness, but not necessarily be processed. This is typically a state developed with mindfulness practices. Unlike this natural registration-only perception, most current immersive technologies universally process information. Natural perception can stimulate subconscious registration without higher functioning processing. However, camera and other imaging-based technologies, especially digital devices, almost always initiate processing, reducing the possibility of subconscious registration typically engaged with during dreaming and other creative states of mind. Forms of media that adopt natural perception properties and behaviours can be considered to be natural media.
Linearized Intensity-Modulation Link by a Direct-Detection Intermodulation-Compensation Receiver (2015)

By the bias-voltage-dependent responsivity, a direct-detection photo detector is proposed to eliminate the third-order intermodulation for the intensity-modulation analog photonic link. Spurious-free dynamic range of 123.4 dB within 1-Hz bandwidth is achieved with 18.1-dB improvement.
Characterization of dynamical product-state distributions by spectral extended cross-correlation: Vibrational dynamics in the photofragmentation of NH2D and ND2H (2000)

The spectral cross-correlation method [Jacobson et al., J. Chem. Phys. 107, 8349 (1997)], developed for the identification and extraction of spectroscopic patterns, is extended to the analysis of product-state dynamical data from photofragmentation. Fragment product state vibrational distributions for the photodissociation of ammonia and deuterated ammonia species are extracted. Since chemical isolation of the mixed isotopic parent molecules is prohibited, the photodissociation dynamics of all four parent species (NH3, NH2D, ND2H and ND3) are studied simultaneously at 193.3 nm. The electronic emission spectra from the NH2(Ã 2A1), ND2(Ã 2A1), and NHD(Ã 2A1) fragments are recorded by time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Spectral signatures for the photodissociation products from each parent species are extracted by the cross-correlation method. The formalism is derived to extend the spectral cross-correlation method to dynamical reactive product state information. The application of the cross-correlation method to such a system, in which there is significant overlap of the quantum states of the product species from different parent molecules, represents a powerful new tool to extract the dynamical information of reactive chemical processes from a series of complex spectra. As an example, the relative quantum yields for breaking the N–H or N–D bonds of the parent molecules to form the electronically excited state products, as a function of NH2, ND2, and NHD bending vibrational state, are determined with only limited knowledge of the spectroscopic assignments. The application of the spectral cross-correlation method to probe dynamical chemical processes in other types of reactive systems is discussed.
Synthesis, Protonation and CuII Complexes of Two Novel Isomeric Pentaazacyclophane Ligands: Potentiometric, DFT, Kinetic and AMP Recognition Studies (2008)

Abstract The synthesis and coordination chemistry of two novel ligands, 2,6,9,12,16‐pentaaza[17]metacyclophane ( L 1 ) and 2,6,9,12,16‐pentaaza[17]paracyclophane ( L 2 ), is described. Potentiometric studies indicate that L 1 and L 2 form a variety of mononuclear complexes the stability constants of which reveal a change in the denticity of the ligand when moving from L 1 to L 2 , a behaviour that can be qualitatively explained by the inability of the paracyclophanes to simultaneously use both benzylic nitrogen atoms for coordination to a single metal centre. In contrast, the formation of dinuclear hydroxylated complexes is more favoured for the para L 2 ligand. DFT calculations have been carried out to compare the geometries and relative energies of isomeric forms of the [Cu L ] 2+ complexes of L 1 and L 2 in which the cyclophane acts either as tri‐ or tetradentate. The results indicate that the energy cost associated with a change in the coordination mode of the cyclophane from tri‐ to tetradentate is moderate for both ligands so that the actual coordination mode can be determined not only by the characteristics of the first coordination sphere but also by the specific interactions with additional nearby water molecules. The kinetics of the acid promoted decomposition of the mono‐ and dinuclear Cu II complexes of both cyclophanes have also been studied. For both ligands, dinuclear complexes convert rapidly to mononuclear species upon addition of excess acid, the release of the first metal ion occurring within the mixing time of the stopped‐flow instrument. Decomposition of the mononuclear [Cu L 2 ] 2+ and [CuH L 2 ] 3+ species occurs with the same kinetics, thus showing that protonation of [Cu L 2 ] 2+ occurs at an uncoordinated amine group. In contrast, the [Cu L 1 ] 2+ and [CuH L 1 ] 3+ species show different decomposition kinetics indicating the existence of significant structural reorganisation upon protonation of the [Cu L 1 ] 2+ species. The interaction of AMP with the protonated forms of the cyclophanes and the formation of mixed complexes in the systems Cu– L 1 ‐AMP, Cu– L 2 ‐AMP, and Cu– L 3 ‐AMP, where L 3 is the related pyridinophane containing the same polyamine chain and 2,6‐dimethylpyridine as a spacer, is also reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Review on Synthesis of Colloidal Hollow Particles and Their Applications (2019)

Hollow latex (HL) particles of polymers or hybrid polymer/inorganic materials have advantages in efficient encapsulation of active ingredients, ability to improve opacity or hiding power, and low density. Due to the flexible design for achieving the desired functionality, polymeric HL particles serve as stimuli-responsive capsules for drug delivery and cosmetics, white pigment for coatings, as well as nanoreactors for the confined reactions. Among numerous studies on the synthesis of HL particles for specific applications, this review article summarizes the recent works on the HL particles prepared from both synthetic and natural polymers. The template-based methods using sacrificial hard or soft template, self-templating, and nonsacrificial techniques are described. Various factors affecting morphologies and properties of HL particles are discussed in detail. Their applications in coatings, cosmetics, biomedicines, electronics, and others are also presented.
An Inverse Analysis Approach to the Characterization of Chemical Transport in Paints (2014)

The ability to directly characterize chemical transport and interactions that occur within a material (i.e., subsurface dynamics) is a vital component in understanding contaminant mass transport and the ability to decontaminate materials. If a material is contaminated, over time, the transport of highly toxic chemicals (such as chemical warfare agent species) out of the material can result in vapor exposure or transfer to the skin, which can result in percutaneous exposure to personnel who interact with the material. Due to the high toxicity of chemical warfare agents, the release of trace chemical quantities is of significant concern. Mapping subsurface concentration distribution and transport characteristics of absorbed agents enables exposure hazards to be assessed in untested conditions. Furthermore, these tools can be used to characterize subsurface reaction dynamics to ultimately design improved decontaminants or decontamination procedures. To achieve this goal, an inverse analysis mass transport modeling approach was developed that utilizes time-resolved mass spectroscopy measurements of vapor emission from contaminated paint coatings as the input parameter for calculation of subsurface concentration profiles. Details are provided on sample preparation, including contaminant and material handling, the application of mass spectrometry for the measurement of emitted contaminant vapor, and the implementation of inverse analysis using a physics-based diffusion model to determine transport properties of live chemical warfare agents including distilled mustard (HD) and the nerve agent VX.
SCIMA: a novel architecture for high performance computing (2003)

Technological trends have brought growing disparity between processor and memory speeds. This memory wall problem is becoming very serious especially in high performance computing. In this paper, we propose a new architecture SCIMA for solving this problem. In SCIMA, addressable memory is integrated into the processor chip besides ordinary cache. Since the on-chip memory is software controllable, it has more ability to make good use of data locality than data cache which is controlled by hardware. The purpose of on-chip memory is to reduce the off-chip memory traffic by exploiting data reusability as much as possible within a chip. We have evaluated SCIMA by using QCD simulation, a practical application in quantum field theory. The performance evaluation reveals that SCIMA successfully reduces off-chip memory traffic and achieves higher performance than cache-only processor.
Deployment and Adoption of Future Internet Protocols (2011)

Many, if not most, well-designed Future Internet protocols fail, and some badly-designed protocols are very successful. This somewhat depressing statement illustrates starkly the critical importance of a protocol’s deployability. We present a framework for considering deployment and adoption issues, and apply it to two protocols, Multipath TCP and Congestion Exposure, which we are developing in the Trilogy project. Careful consideration of such issues can increase the chances that a future Internet protocol is widely adopted.
Solid water at room temperature? (2023)

Previously, we have shown that water adjacent to many hydrophilic substances excludes colloidal and molecular solutes. It was labelled “exclusion zone” (EZ) or “fourth phase” water. A salient feature is its characteristic light absorbance at or near 270 nm. In this study, EZ water formed against three chemically distinct surfaces, Nafion, ghee, and Whatman-5 filter paper was extracted, characterized by UV–Visible absorbance spectroscopy, and solidified either by lyophilizing or evaporation in an oven. The resulting highly stable solid was dissolved in water and confirmed as EZ water by its characteristic absorbance at 270–280 nm. We used mass spectroscopy to verify the absence of ionizable contaminants that could reproduce the characteristic “signature EZ” spectra in the three liquid preparations, or in the solids formed from desiccated EZ water that had been reconstituted in deionized water. Hence, a solid form of EZ water may, indeed, exist at room temperature.
[A study on the correlation of body mass index with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and quality of life]. (2007)

Lower BMI was strongly associated with COPD, possibly as a risk factor for COPD independent of smoking, and a potential predictor for COPD severity.
The apolipoprotein E polymorphism is associated with circulating C-reactive protein (the Ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health study) (2004)

: The concentration of CRP, but not fibrinogen nor white blood cells is associated with the apoE polymorphism. The activity of the mevalonate pathway in the liver may be related to the metabolism of CRP. The predictive value of CRP for CAD may be modified by the apoE polymorphism.
Higher-Order Topology, Monopole Nodal Lines, and the Origin of Large Fermi Arcs in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides XTe2 (X=Mo,W) (2019)

In recent years, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have garnered great interest as topological materials. In particular, monolayers of centrosymmetric β-phase TMDs have been identified as 2D topological insulators (TIs), and bulk crystals of noncentrosymmetric γ-phase MoTe_{2} and WTe_{2} have been identified as type-II Weyl semimetals. However, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and STM probes of these semimetals have revealed huge, arclike surface states that overwhelm, and are sometimes mistaken for, the much smaller topological surface Fermi arcs of bulk type-II Weyl points. In this Letter, we calculate the bulk and surface electronic structure of both β- and γ-MoTe_{2}. We find that β-MoTe_{2} is, in fact, a Z_{4}-nontrivial higher-order TI (HOTI) driven by double band inversion and exhibits the same surface features as γ-MoTe_{2} and γ-WTe_{2}. We discover that these surface states are not topologically trivial, as previously characterized by the research that differentiated them from the Weyl Fermi arcs but, rather, are the characteristic split and gapped fourfold Dirac surface states of a HOTI. In β-MoTe_{2}, this indicates that it would exhibit helical pairs of hinge states if it were bulk insulating, and in γ-MoTe_{2} and γ-WTe_{2}, these surface states represent vestiges of HOTI phases without inversion symmetry that are nearby in parameter space. Using nested Wilson loops and first-principles calculations, we explicitly demonstrate that, when the Weyl points in γ-MoTe_{2} are annihilated, which may be accomplished by symmetry-preserving strain or lattice distortion, γ-MoTe_{2} becomes a nonsymmetry-indicated, noncentrosymmetric HOTI. We also show that, when the effects of spin-orbit coupling are neglected, β-MoTe_{2} is a nodal-line semimetal with Z_{2}-nontrivial monopole nodal lines (MNLSM). This finding confirms that MNLSMs driven by double band inversion are the weak-spin-orbit coupling limit of HOTIs, implying that MNLSMs are higher-order topological semimetals with flat-band-like hinge states, which we find to originate from the corner modes of 2D "fragile" TIs.
BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN STORED SWEET POTATOES AS MEDIATED BY 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE (1-MCP) (2013)

Many countries in Africa are currently promoting the consumption of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) as a public health tool for improved child and maternal nutrition. The difficulties in long-term storage of sweet potato roots, however, pose a major challenge in its role as a food security crop. This study investigated the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) as a potential treatment to prolong the postharvest life of sweet potato since the ethylene inhibitor and indeed ethylene have been shown to affect other non-climacteric crops which also produce very low ethylene levels. Two sweet potato cultivars, organic ‘Covington’ and Portuguese-derived ‘Covington’ were treated with 1-MCP (1.0 µl L-1) for 24 h and stored at 15°C. At periodic intervals, samples were randomly collected from storage and the decay, saleable weight, dry matter, sprouting and respiration evaluated. The spatial variations of non-structural sugars (maltose, fructose, glucose, sucrose) and individual phenolics (chlorogenic acid, iso-chlorogenic acids, caffeic acid, coumaric acid and ferulic acid) in the organic ‘Covington’ were assessed at the proximal (stem end), middle, and distal (root end) segments for both skin and flesh tissues using high performance liquid chromatography. 1-MCP treatment significantly reduced weight loss and decay development in both cultivars. Phenolic compounds and dry matter were more abundant in the skin than flesh for all segments with the proximal sections accumulating higher amounts with time. The proximal dominance in phenolics accumulation was significantly more pronounced in the 1-MCP-treated roots. No sprouting was recorded in both cultivars for treated and control roots. The implications of the use of 1-MCP on sweet potato and the accompanying physiological and biochemical changes are discussed.
Discovery of Rare and Highly Toxic Microcystins from Lichen-Associated Cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. Strain IO-102-I (2004)

The production of hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides, microcystins, is almost exclusively reported from planktonic cyanobacteria. Here we show that a terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain IO-102-I isolated from a lichen association produces six different microcystins. Microcystins were identified with liquid chromatography-UV mass spectrometry by their retention times, UV spectra, mass fragmentation, and comparison to microcystins from the aquatic Nostoc sp. strain 152. The dominant microcystin produced by Nostoc sp. strain IO-102-I was the highly toxic [ADMAdda(5)]microcystin-LR, which accounted for ca. 80% of the total microcystins. We assigned a structure of [DMAdda(5)]microcystin-LR and [d-Asp(3),ADMAdda(5)]microcystin-LR and a partial structure of three new [ADMAdda(5)]-XR type of microcystin variants. Interestingly, Nostoc spp. strains IO-102-I and 152 synthesized only the rare ADMAdda and DMAdda subfamilies of microcystin variants. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated congruence between genes involved directly in microcystin biosynthesis and the 16S rRNA and rpoC1 genes of Nostoc sp. strain IO-102-I. Nostoc sp. strain 152 and the Nostoc sp. strain IO-102-I are distantly related, revealing a sporadic distribution of toxin production in the genus Nostoc. Nostoc sp. strain IO-102-I is closely related to Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102 and other symbiotic Nostoc strains and most likely belongs to this species. Together, this suggests that other terrestrial and aquatic strains of the genus Nostoc may have retained the genes necessary for microcystin biosynthesis.
10 Gbit/s-dispersion optimized transmission at 1.55 /spl mu/m wavelength on standard single mode fiber (1994)

The dispersion penalty increases with the spectral width of the modulated optical source. Pure AM leads to a two sided optical spectrum. Mixed FM and AM, produced by a directly modulated low-chirp laser diode, can lead to the partial suppression of one of those sidebands. Results of computer simulations are presented which yield lower dispersion penalties for mixed FM and AM compared to pure AM. A laser modulated at a bit rate of 10 Gbit/s, with a peak to peak frequency chirp of 3 GHz and an extinction ratio of 4:1 does operate in the desired regime. 180 km of fiber with a chromatic dispersion of 17 ps/km/spl middot/nm lead to 2-dB dispersion penalty at those operating conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>