gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A review of the relationships between drought and forest fire in the United States (2016)

The historical and presettlement relationships between drought and wildfire are well documented in North America, with forest fire occurrence and area clearly increasing in response to drought. There is also evidence that drought interacts with other controls (forest productivity, topography, fire weather, management activities) to affect fire intensity, severity, extent, and frequency. Fire regime characteristics arise across many individual fires at a variety of spatial and temporal scales, so both weather and climate - including short- and long-term droughts - are important and influence several, but not all, aspects of fire regimes. We review relationships between drought and fire regimes in United States forests, fire-related drought metrics and expected changes in fire risk, and implications for fire management under climate change. Collectively, this points to a conceptual model of fire on real landscapes: fire regimes, and how they change through time, are products of fuels and how other factors affect their availability (abundance, arrangement, continuity) and flammability (moisture, chemical composition). Climate, management, and land use all affect availability, flammability, and probability of ignition differently in different parts of North America. From a fire ecology perspective, the concept of drought varies with scale, application, scientific or management objective, and ecosystem.
Development and Verification of a µN Thrust Balance for High Voltage Electric Propulsion Systems (2013)

In the scope of the development of the µPPT and the mN-FEEP thruster, a µN thrust balance has been developed, suitable for thrust measurements of high voltage electric propulsion systems. The system comprises a horizontal beam which is suspended by two spring bearings. Its displacement is measured using a high-precision optical distance transducer. The balance features a measurement range from few µN to several mN and can utilize a propulsion system with a total weight of up to 13 kg. To account for the low damping of the beam which under vacuum is only caused by friction of the utilized spring bearings, a passive magnetic eddy current brake has been implemented to reduce measurement noise and oscillations caused by over- or undershoot. An axial liquid metal contact system has been developed in order to minimize the influence of electrical connections. This enables the thruster to be supplied with various voltages – even high voltage and high current can be utilized without degradation of thrust measurement sensitivity. This paper gives a detailed description of the design, the achievable measurement accuracy, the calibration process and an outlook for further developments and improvements.
Effect of Sucrose on the Perceived Flavor Intensity of Chewing Gum (1999)

The release of sucrose and menthone from chewing gum was measured in-mouth and in-nose, respectively, during eating. Swabs of saliva were taken from the tongue and analyzed using a rapid, direct liquid-mass spectrometry procedure. Menthone concentration in-nose was monitored on a breath-by-breath basis using direct gas phase atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Simultaneously with the volatile release, trained panelists followed the change in mint flavor by time-intensity (TI) analysis. Two types of commercial chewing gum were analyzed. Both showed that the panelists perception of mint flavor followed sucrose release rather than menthone release. The temporal analysis of the chemical stimuli, with simultaneous TI analysis, provided unequivocal evidence of the perceptual interaction between nonvolatile and volatile flavor compounds from chewing gum.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids: A Source of Inspiration for the Development of New, Phosphorus‐Centered Functional Groups (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Supplemental Figure 6 from Fractionated Radiation Therapy Stimulates Antitumor Immunity Mediated by Both Resident and Infiltrating Polyclonal T-cell Populations when Combined with PD-1 Blockade (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Treatment with FTY-720 has no direct effect on tumor growth and leads to deletion of non-LN resident and circulating T cells&lt;/p&gt;
Dendronised block copolymers as potential vectors for gene transfection (2008)

A series of block copolymers containing a dendronised cationic block for efficient DNA binding and a poly(ethylene glycol) block for encapsulation of the complex were synthesised in a modular fashion using a combination of click chemistry and ring-opening metathesis polymerisation. DNA binding experiments, investigated using gel electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, showed that all polymers prepared in this study strongly complex DNA and self-assemble into polyion complex micelles with apparent hydrodynamic radii ranging from 20-120 nm at physiological pH (7.4). The in vitro transfection efficiency and toxicity of these potential non-viral vectors were also evaluated in HeLadouble dagger cells using plasmid DNA encoding for green fluorescent protein as the reporter gene.
CrowdSearch (2010)

Mobile phones are becoming increasingly sophisticated with a rich set of on-board sensors and ubiquitous wireless connectivity. However, the ability to fully exploit the sensing capabilities on mobile phones is stymied by limitations in multimedia processing techniques. For example, search using cellphone images often encounters high error rate due to low image quality.
Effects of yeast hydrolysate on neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) immunoreactivity in rats (2008)

To investigate the appetite regulation mechanism of low and high molecular weight yeast hydrolysate, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) expressions were analyzed in the brains on rats using immunohistochemical method; normal diet (control), 0.1 g/kg (BY-1) or 1.0 g/kg (BY-2) of yeast hydrolysate below 10 kDa, 0.1 g/kg (AY-1) or 1.0 g/kg (AY-2) of yeast hydrolysate of 10-30 kDa. Body weight gain was lower in the BY-2 (133.0 g) than in the control (150.1 g) (p < 0.05). Triacylglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels were lower in the BY-2 as compared to control, BY-1 and AY-2 (p < 0.05). NPY staining intensities at paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were lower in the BY groups (BY-1: 96.1, BY-2: 88.6) as compared to the control (105.6) and AY groups (AY-1: 110.5, AY-2: 114.1) (p < 0.05). NPY expression at lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) was lower in the BY-2 (92.3) than in the control (98.9) (p < 0.05). The BY groups (BY-1: 143.9, BY-2: 154.6) had higher TPH staining intensities at dorsal raphe (DR) than the AY-2 (115.9) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results indicate that administering yeast hydrolysate of below 10 kDa to normal diet-fed rats reduced body weight gain and serum lipids by altering NPY and TPH expressions.
Mixed-initiative interaction (1999)

Presents three essays about the area of mixed-initiative interaction. The first essay introduces the area and creates a useful taxonomy of mixed-initiative dialog issues. The author summarises several years' worth of research on mixed-initiative planning systems. The second essay describes the role of uncertainty in mixed-initiative interaction and describes two innovative systems for semi-automated assistance that make use of Bayesian reasoning. The final essay confronts the difficult task off evaluating such systems, including the creation of test sets and metrics for evaluating descriptive versus prescriptive dialogue models.
Trends in the Chemisorption of Aromatic Molecules on a Pt(111) Surface:  Benzene, Naphthalene, and Anthracene from First Principles Calculations (2004)

The adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on transition metal surfaces is of great interest to understand the possibility of their hydrogenation or their cracking in heterogeneous catalytic processes. In this paper, periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations are presented for the comparison of the adsorption of benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene molecules on Pt(111) surfaces. For each molecule, the best adsorption structure is associated with aromatic rings on bridge sites, with increasing adsorption energies per molecule (−0.90, −1.37, and −1.79 eV, respectively), while the adsorption structures associated with aromatic rings on hollow sites are systematically less stable. Upon adsorption, molecules are distorted, which implies a modification of the energetic level and the shape of molecular orbitals, and hence ensures a better molecule−surface stabilizing interaction. The electronic analysis shows similar interactions between the molecule and the surface in each case. A model is proposed to determine the adsorption energy of larger aromatic polycyclic molecules, based on the estimation of the distortion energy of the molecule and surface, and of interaction energies between each aromatic ring and the surface.
Operational results of pilot cell test with cermet ``inert`` anodes (1993)

The operational performance of a ``six-pack`` of cermet anodes and corrosion rates was evaluated in a six kA pilot reduction cell at Reynolds` Manufacturing Technology Laboratory. Two separate test periodswere conducted with the cermet anodes; the first period was in conjunction with the Pacific Northwest Laboratory and the second with ELTECH Research Corporation. Both tests used identical NiO-NiFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}-Cu anodes manufactured by Ceramic Magnetics, Inc.. The ELTECH testing involved the in situ coating of the anodes with cerium oxide. Primary evaluations for both test periods were conducted at target conditions of alumina saturation and 0.5 amp/cm{sup 2} anode current density. Individual anodes remained in operation for 25 days during the two and one-half month testing period. Operational difficulties developed throughout the test due to breakage of the anode conductor stems, cracking and breaking of the cermet anodes, unequal anode current distribution, and alumina muck build-up in the cell. These operational problems are discussed as well as an estimate of anode corrosion rates based on metal impurity levels in the aluminum metal pad.
Exploring the microbiome of oral epithelial dysplasia as a predictor of malignant progression (2022)

Abstract A growing body of research associates the oral microbiome and oral cancer. Well-characterized clinical samples with outcome data are required to establish relevant associations between the microbiota and disease. The objective of this study was to characterize the community variations and the functional implications of the microbiome in low-grade oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing from annotated archival swabs in progressing (P) and non-progressing (NP) OED. We characterised the microbial community in 90 OED samples — 30 swabs from low-grade OED that progressed to cancer (cases) and 60 swabs from low-grade OED that did not progress after a minimum of 5 years of follow up (matched control subjects). Across all samples, the dominant phyla were Firmicutes , Proteobacteria , Actinobacteriota , Bacteriodota , and Fusobacteriota . At the genus-level, Streptococcus was the most abundant, followed by Haemophilus , Rothia , and Neisseria. There were small but significant differences between P and NP samples in terms of alpha diversity as well as beta diversity in conjunction with other clinical factors such as age and smoking status for both taxa and functional predictions. While there were no significantly differentially abundant taxa or predicted functions between all Ps and NPs, there were a few genera, amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and predicted enzyme commission (EC) numbers that were identified as differentially abundant when samples were grouped broadly by the number of years between sampling and progression or in specific time to progression for Ps only. These preliminary findings indicate that oral swabs can generate high-quality next-generation sequencing data, and that these samples could impart information about a patient's risk of cancer progression from OED.
Structure-refinement program for disordered carbons (1993)

An automated structure-refinement program has been developed for X-ray powder diffraction data collected on disordered carbons. The program minimizes the difference between the observed and calculated diffraction profiles in a least-squares sense by optimizing model parameters analogously to the popular Rietveld refinement method. Unlike the Rietveld method, which is designed for crystalline materials, this program allows the quantification of the finite size, strain and disorder present in disordered carbon fibers and cokes. For example, the structural model used includes the probability of a random translation parallel to adjacent carbon layers as a refinable parameter describing turbostratic disorder. Other parameters are used to describe finite size, fluctuations in the spacing between adjacent layers, average lattice constants, background and other important quantities. The structural model, combined with the refinement program, acceptably describes the diffraction patterns from disordered carbons such as pitch heated near 823 K, cokes, fibers, heat-treated cokes and synthetic graphite.
Synthesis and Sensitivity of Hexanitrohexaaza-isowurtzitane (HNIW) (1998)

Hexanitrohexaaza-isowurtzitane(AC-HNIW) was synthesized by using a precursor invented by Asahi. The purity, which was measured by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), was determined to be 99.2%. From the results, it is expected that the propellants or explosives composed of AC-HNIW indicated higher performance in specific impulse, ballistics and detonation velocity. The structure of AC-HNIW was identified by IR and NMR. The results indicated that AC-HNIW had the same structure as CL-20 which was produced by Thiokol corporation. The sensitivity and thermal decomposition properties of AC-HNIW were also measured in order to elucidate HNIW performance. The results were compared with CL-20. The sensitivity of AC-HNIW was determined to be the same as CL-20. Synthese und Empfindlichkeit von Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitan(HNIW) Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitan(AC-HNIW) wurde hergestellt unter Verwendung eines von der Firma Asahi entwickelten Vorprodukts. Die Reinheit wurde mit der Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie bestimmt und betrug 99.2%. Nach Untersuchungen kann erwartet werden, daß Treibstoffe oder Sprengstoffe mit AC-HNIW eine höhere Leistung im spezifischen Impuls, in der Ballistik und Detonationsgeschwindigkeit aufweisen. Die Struktur von AC-HNIW wurde mittels IR und NMR festgestellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß AC-HNIW dieselbe Struktur aufweist wie das von der Firma Thiokol Corporation hergestellte CL-20. Die Empfindlichkeit und die thermischen Zersetzungseigenschaften von AC-HNIW wurden ebenfalls gemessen, um die Leistung zu bewerten. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit CL-20 verglichen. Die Empfindlichkeit von AC-HNIW war dieselbe wie bei CL-20. Synthèse et sensibilité de l'hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane(HNIW) l'hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane(AC-HNIW) a été synthétisé en utilisant un précurseur développé par la société Asahi. Par chromatographie liquide à haute performance, on a déterminé une pureté de 99,2%. Les résultats laissent supposer que les propergols ou explosifs composés de l'AC-HNIW ont de meilleures performances du point de vue de l'impulsion spécifique, de la balistique et de la vitesse de détonation. La structure de l'AC-HNIW a été déterminée par IR et RMN. Les résultats montrent que l'AC-HNIW possède la même structure que le CL-20 synthétisé par la société Thiokol Corporation. La sensibilité et les propriétés de décomposition thermique de l'AC-HNIW ont également été mesurées pour évaluer la performance de HNIW. Les résultats ont été comparés au CL-20. La sensibilité de l'AC-HNIW était la même que celle du CL-20.
Synthesis of copper(i) cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene complexes with potentially bidentate N^N, N^S and S^S ligands for efficient white photoluminescence (2019)

The reaction of (Me2L)CuCl with either NaS2CX [X = OEt, NEt2 or carbazolate (Cz)] or with 1,3-diarylguanidine, 1,3-diarylformamidine or thioacetaniline in the presence of KOtBu affords the corresponding S- or N-bound copper complexes (Me2L)Cu(S^S) 1-3, (Me2L)Cu(N^N) 4/5 and (Me2L)Cu(N^S) 6 (aryl = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl; Me2L = 2,6-bis(isopropyl)phenyl-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-2-pyrrolidinylidene). The crystal structure of (Me2L)Cu(S2CCz) (3) confirmed the three-coordinate geometry with S^S chelation and perpendicular orientation of the carbene and S^S ligands. On heating 3 cleanly eliminates CS2 and forms (Me2L)CuCz. The N-bound complexes show strongly distorted T-shaped (4) or undistorted linear (5) geometries. On excitation with UV light the S-bound complexes proved non-emissive, while the guanidinato and formamidinato complexes are strongly phosphorescent, with excited state lifetimes in the range of 11-24 μs in the solid state. The conformationally flexible formamidinato complex 5 shows intense green-white phosphorescence with a solid-state quantum yield of >96%.
First Considerations Concerning an Optimized Cavity Design for the Main Linac of BERLinPro (2011)

The Berlin Energy Recovery Linac Project (BERLinPro) is designed to develop and demonstrate CW linac technology and expertise required to drive next-generation Energy Recovery Linacs. Strongly HOM-damped multicell 1.3 GHz cavities are required for the main linac. The optimization of the cavities presented here is primarily based on the CEBAF 1.5 GHz 5-cell high-current cavity design, including HOM waveguide couplers. The cavity was scaled to 1.3 GHz and extended to 7 cells. Modifications to the end group design have also been studied. An effort was also made to reduce the ratio Epk/Eacc while still permitting HOMs to propagate.
What Are the Most Challenging Aspects of Inflammatory Bowel Disease? An International Survey of Gastroenterologists Comparing Developed and Developing Countries (2021)

Increasing IBD prevalence is seen by gastroenterologists as the greatest challenge facing them. There are significant differences between the IBD challenges facing gastroenterologists from developed and developing countries that reflect inequities in access to health care.
Wear, Oxidation, and Mechanical Properties of Retrieved Crossfire and X3 HXLPE Liners in THA (2018)

IntroductionThe purpose of this multicenter study was to assess the oxidative stability, mechanical behavior, wear and reasons for revision of 2nd generation sequentially annealed HXLPE, X3, and compare it to 1st generation XLPE, Crossfire. We hypothesized that X3 would exhibit similar wear rates but lower oxidation than Crossfire.Methods182 hip liners were consecutively retrieved during revision surgeries at 7 surgical centers and continuously analyzed over the past 12 years in a prospective, multicenter study. 90 were highly crosslinked and annealed (Crossfire; Implanted 4.2±3.4 years, max: 11 years), and 92 were highly crosslinked and annealed in 3 sequential steps (X3; Implanted 1.2±1.5 years; max: 5 years). Oxidation was characterized in accordance with ASTM 2102 using transmission FTIR performed on thin sections (∼200μm) from the superior/inferior axis. Mechanical behavior was assessed via the small punch test (ASTM 2183).ResultsThe liners were revised predominantly for loosening, instability, and i...
Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of variability in Aspergillus fumigatus (1995)

Sixty-one isolates and collection strains of Aspergillus fumigatus were compared for their phenotypic (morphological features and isoenzyme profiles) and genotypic (restriction enzyme-generated mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal DNA profiles and random amplified polymorphic DNA patterns) features. The examined strains exhibited highly variable colony morphologies and growth rates at different temperatures, but their micromorphologies and conidial diameters were characteristic of the species. Of the isoenzymes studied, the beta-arylesterase and phosphatase patterns were the most divergent, and the 61 strains could be classified into seven groups. The glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase isoenzyme patterns displayed only a limited variability, while the profiles of superoxide dismutase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutamate dehydrogenase were highly conserved. The HaeIII-generated mitochondrial DNA patterns and SmaI-digested repetitive DNA and ribosomal DNA hybridization patterns of almost all strains were also invariable. The level of variation was much higher when random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis was applied. Although the patterns of the strains were very similar with most of the primers, the application of some primers made it possible to cluster the A. fumigatus isolates into several groups. The results indicate that the random amplified polymorphic DNA technique could be used more efficiently than isoenzyme analysis for typing A. fumigatus isolates. A good correlation was found between the dendrograms obtained from the isoenzyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA data, but the isoenzyme and amplified DNA patterns did not correlate with the pathogenicity, pigment production, or geographical origin of the strains. One "A. fumigatus" strain (strain FRR 1266) exhibited unique isoenzyme, mitochondrial DNA, ribosomal DNA, and random amplified polymorphic DNA patterns; it is proposed that this strain represents a new species of the section Fumigati.
Mitosis is required for production of murine leukemia virus and structural proteins during de novo infection (1975)

Cloned 3T3FL cells were synchronized in G1 phase of the cell cycle by deprivation of multiplication stimulatory activity of serum and were then infected with Moloney leukemia virus. Eclipse period of virus could be made to vary from less than 10 to 34 h. All virus release was completely dependent and occurred immediately after the first mitosis following serum reconstitution. Virus yield was not affected by the time of virus inoculation as related to the cell DNA synthetic phase. Colchicine arrested the cells in mitosis and prevented the formation of infectious virus. Viral proteins p10, p30, and gp71 were assayed in cell lysates during the growth curve of virus in synchronized cells. The group-specific determinants of each protein were measured in a competition radioimmunoassay. None of the virus proteins appeared during the eclipse period of the virus. All three proteins appeared simultaneously, coincident with mitosis, and continued to rise during the G1 phase. The absolute quantities of each protein were proportional to the amount of Moloney leukemia virus produced. The relative amounts of some of the viral proteins in the cell did not correspond to their content in purified virions suggesting several possible mechanisms of control.
Are o‐nitrobenzyl (meth)acrylate monomers polymerizable by controlled‐radical polymerization? (2009)

Abstract We report on the controlled‐radical polymerization of the photocleavable o ‐nitrobenzyl methacrylate (NBMA) and o ‐nitrobenzyl acrylate (NBA) monomers. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), and nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) have been evaluated. For all methods used, the acrylate‐type monomer does not polymerize, or polymerizes very slowly in a noncontrolled manner. The methacrylate‐type monomer can be polymerized by RAFT with some degree of control (PDI ∼ 1.5) but leading to molar masses up to 11,000 g/mol only. ATRP proved to be the best method since a controlled‐polymerization was achieved when conversions are limited to 30%. In this case, polymers with molar masses up to 17,000 g/mol and polydispersity index as low as 1.13 have been obtained. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6504–6513, 2009