gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser remote sensing: yesterday, today and tomorrow (2011)

Development of laser remote sensing (lidar echniques) is discussed for atmosphere and ocean investigation. Examples of Raman lidars based on vibrational and rotational energy states of molecular species are demonstrated for remote detection and monitoring of pollution, as well as for studies of dynamics of different components and their parameters. Coherent laser radars allowed remote measurement of speed and vibrations, Doppler velocity information being crucial for the solution of the problem of windshear detection and flight security. A promising trend in laser radar development is incorporation of range and velocity data into the image information. Gated imaging, as one of the 3D techniques, demonstrated its prospects (looking through scattering media, vegetation, dress, etc.) for military and civilian use.
Reactor engineering calculations with a detailed reaction mechanism for the oxidative coupling of methane (2020)

Abstract The oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) is a potential option for conversion of excess natural gas to higher value products or useful feedstocks. The preferred or ideal OCM stoichiometry is: 2CH 4 + O 2 → C 2 H 4 + 2H 2 O, but real OCM produces a variety of species. Using a detailed mechanism from the literature for OCM over a La 2 O 3 /CeO 2 catalyst that combines coupled elementary gas phase and surface reactions, a reactor engineering study has been done. Adiabatic packed bed reactor (PBR, modeled as plug flow) and continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR, perfect mixing) simulations using this mechanism are presented. Each reactor simulation used the same total number of catalyst sites. Process variables included CH 4 /O 2 feed ratio (7, 11), feed temperature (843–1243 K), and feed rate. All runs were conducted at 1.01E5 Pa pressure. The results show the CSTR produces high conversions at much lower feed temperatures than those required by the PBR. Once full PBR “light off” occurs, however, its CH 4 conversions exceed CSTR. The simulations reveal OCM over this catalyst at these conditions gives a mixture of synthesis gas (CO, H 2 ) and C 2 H x (primarily C 2 H 4 plus small quantities of C 2 H 6 and C 2 H 2 ). The CSTR favors the production of synthesis gas, while the PBR favors C 2 H x . Within the suite of CSTR cases, C 2 H x is favored at the lowest feed temperature and highest CH 4 /O 2 feed ratio.
Rapid Temporal Changes in the Expression of a Set of Neuromodulatory Genes During Alcohol Withdrawal in the Dorsal Vagal Complex: Molecular Evidence of Homeostatic Disturbance (2012)

Expression in this gene set is essentially normal in the alcohol-adapted DVC, but withdrawal results in immediate, large-magnitude, and dynamic changes. These data support both increased research focus on the biological ramifications of alcohol withdrawal and enable novel insights into the dynamic withdrawal expression response in this understudied homeostatic control center.
Real-Time UAV Routing Strategy for Monitoring and Inspection for Postdisaster Restoration of Distribution Networks (2021)

After a natural disaster, a quick inspection of all damaged components is crucial to recover the functionality of distribution networks. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can perform inspection tasks, particularly for damages that are difficult to access for human repair crews. Additionally, UAVs can monitor the transmission lines to find potential dangers and early-stage damages, and to monitor the road infrastructure to provide real-time information about traffic conditions so that repair crews can select the best ways to reach damages. Besides, due to unpredictable events during restoration, the UAV routing strategy (UAVRS) needs to be updated in real time. Thus, the proposed UAVRS in this article determines the optimal routes for the UAVs allocated to inspect damages as well as the optimal routes for the UAVs to monitor transmission lines and roads in real time for distribution networks. To tackle the multi-time-scale characteristic of the proposed UAVRS, a two-layer decision-making architecture is proposed. A bilevel programming problem is solved in the first layer for the large-time-scale problem, and a mixed-integer linear programming problem is solved for the small-time-scale problem in the second layer. A case study based on the distribution network in Zaltbommel and its neighbor areas, in The Netherlands, illustrates the effectiveness of our real-time method compared to the offline methods. Furthermore, different solvers are studied and compared in view of the real-time requirement.
Surgical Hip Dislocation for Small Posterior Wall Fracture After Hip Subluxation (2020)

This case demonstrates a recognized association between an acetabular injury pattern and underlying morphology of the hip. In the patient discussed, hyperflexion of the hip results in the engagement of the present CAM lesion, and the resulting subluxation leads to a fracture of the posterior wall and instability of the hip. This combination of pathologies was addressed with a surgical dislocation approach to address both the CAM lesion and fix the posterior wall.
Transcriptional analysis of the divergent cagAB genes encoded by the pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori (1997)

Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from most patients with peptic ulcer disease and adenocarcinoma express the vacuolating toxin VacA and contain a pathogenicity island named cag. The cag pathogenicity island codes for more than 40 putative proteins with features similar to bacterial secretion systems. One of these proteins, CagA, is an immunodominant antigen with unknown function encoded by the cagA gene. In the present study, we have analysed the functional promoter elements of the H. pylori cagA gene as well as of the divergently transcribed cagB gene. Primer extension analyses identified a single 5' end of the cagA mRNA, while two initiation sites were mapped in the case of the cagB mRNA. The promoters deduced upstream of these start points of transcription contained conserved -10 regions but no -35 regions with respect to the Escherichia coli sigma70 consensus sequence. Nevertheless, they could be activated in E. coli and in vitro by purified E. coli RNA polymerase. Deletion analyses indicated that the cagA and cagB genes are transcribed by overlapping promoters and that full activation requires sequences up to -70 and -96 respectively. Instead, basal transcription is likely to be mediated by -10 extended promoter-like sequences. RNA polymerase is able to bind the -40 to -60 region of the cagA promoter, and its binding is mediated by the alpha-subunit. This region resembles the UP elements of prokaryotic promoters in location, sequence and mechanism of interaction with the RNA polymerase. We discuss the features of these promoters and propose that they could represent a class of minimum promoters, which ensures a basic level of transcription, while full activation requires regulatory elements or a defined promoter context.
CD25 blockade with daclizumab alters regulatory T cell dynamics in RRMS patients (THER3P.880) (2014)

Abstract Regulatory T cells (Treg) mediate immune tolerance and depend on IL-2 for homeostasis and function. The biology of IL-2 is pleiotropic and complex. As a growth factor for both regulatory and conventional T cells, IL-2 is able to both potentiate and limit adaptive immune responses. Adding to this complexity, IL-2 can signal through a high-affinity (IL-2Rαβγ) and intermediate-affinity (IL-2Rβγ) receptor. Thus, the response to IL-2 at the single cell level is dependent on both receptor expression and local IL-2 concentration. Treg dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Daclizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds the IL-2 receptor alpha chain and prevents its association with IL-2, has demonstrated efficacy in patients with RRMS, despite causing a reduction in Tregs. These seemingly contradictory observations led us to investigate Treg dynamics in placebo- and daclizumab-treated RRMS patients in the SELECT clinical trial. We report that CD25 blockade reduces Treg numbers, yet Tregs that remain preserve IL-2 signaling capabilities through the intermediate affinity IL-2Rβγ and maintain epigenetic marks characteristic of a phenotypically stable and functional Treg population. Furthermore, Treg dynamics did not associate with treatment efficacy or development of cutaneous adverse events, indicating that the effect of daclizumab on Treg dynamics may be independent of the therapeutic mechanism of action.
Peripheral sensory neuron CB2 cannabinoid receptors are necessary for both CB2-mediated antinociceptive efficacy and sparing of morphine tolerance in a mouse model of anti-retroviral toxic neuropathy (2022)

Painful peripheral neuropathy is a common neurological complication associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and anti-retroviral therapy. We characterized the impact of two CB2 cannabinoid agonists (AM1710 and LY2828360 - ligands differing in signaling bias and CNS penetration) on neuropathic nociception induced by the antiretroviral agent Zalcitabine (2',3'-dideoxycytidine; ddC). We also used a conditional knockout approach to identify cell types mediating CB2 agonist-induced antinociceptive efficacy and sparing of morphine tolerance. AM1710 and LY2828360 alleviated ddC-induced neuropathic nociception in mice of both sexes. These benefits were absent in global CB2 knockout mice, which exhibited robust morphine antinociception. Like morphine, AM1710 blunted ddC-induced increases in proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α) and chemokine (CCL2) mRNA expression levels. We generated advillin<sup>Cre/+</sup>;CB2<sup>f/f</sup> conditional knockout mice to ascertain the role of CB2 localized to primary sensory neurons in CB2-mediated therapeutic effects. Antinociceptive efficacy of both AM1710 and LY2828360, but not reference analgesics, were absent in advillin<sup>Cre/+</sup>;CB2<sup>f/f</sup> mice, which exhibited robust ddC-induced neuropathy. In ddC-treated CB2<sup>f/f</sup> mice, LY2828360 suppressed development of morphine tolerance and reversed established morphine tolerance, albeit with greater efficacy in male compared to female mice. LY2828360 failed to block or reverse morphine tolerance in advillin<sup>Cre/+</sup>;CB2<sup>f/f</sup> mice. The present studies indicate that CB2 activation may alleviate HIV-associated antiretroviral neuropathy and identify a previously unreported mechanism through which CB2 activation produces antinociceptive efficacy. Our results also provide the first evidence that a CB2 agonist can reverse established morphine tolerance and demonstrate that CB2 localized to peripheral sensory neurons mediates the opioid tolerance sparing efficacy of CB2 agonists.
Improving hit-and-run with single observations for continuous simulation optimization (2015)

Many algorithms for continuous simulation optimization have been proposed, but the question of the number of replications at a specific point is always an issue. In this paper, instead of averaging replications of the objective function at a specific point (e.g., sample average), we average observed function evaluations from neighboring points. The Improving Hit-and-Run algorithm is modified to accommodate averaging in a ball of fixed radius, thus only sampling any point once. The computational results suggest an efficiency with single observations per sample point that simultaneously improves the estimation of the function value and samples closer to the optimum as the algorithm progresses.
Achieving open access in Ethernet PON (EPON) (2005)

"Open access" is a regulatory requirement in many countries mandating that the residential access network infrastructure be competitively available to service providers. We propose dual service-level agreements (SLAs) to enforce fairness in open access EPON.
A Problem on Relative Projectivity for Abelian Groups (1986)

Abstract The article studies the class of abelian groups G such that in every direct sum decomposition G = A ⊕ B, A is 5-projective. Such groups are called pds groups and they properly include the quasi-projective groups. The pds torsion groups are fully determined. The torsion-free case depends on a lemma that establishes freedom in the non-indecomposable case for several classes of groups. There is evidence suggesting freedom in the general reduced torsion-free case but this is not established and prompts a logical discussion. It is shown, for example, that pds torsion-free groups must be Whitehead if they are not indecomposable, but that there exists Whitehead groups that are not pds if there exist non-free Whitehead groups. The mixed case is characterized and examples are given.
End-stage dilated cardiomyopathy. Persistence of enterovirus RNA in myocardium at cardiac transplantation and lack of immune response. (1989)

Tissue from the explanted hearts of 21 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy or 19 patients with other specific heart muscle diseases were investigated for presence of enterovirus-specific RNA with an enterovirus group-specific cDNA probe. This was complementary to coxsackievirus B2 RNA sequences between nucleotide numbers 6,550 and 7,400, which are highly conserved between enteroviruses. Hearts from six patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and one patient with ischemic heart disease were found to contain virus RNA. Serology revealed that only one patient (dilated cardiomyopathy group) was positive for coxsackievirus B-specific IgM but negative for virus RNA in the myocardium. Quantitation of leukocytes and T-lymphocytes in the myocardium and expression of major histocompatibility locus antigens revealed no significant differences associated with persistence of virus RNA. These data demonstrate that enterovirus RNA persists in myocardium of a significant proportion of patients with end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy in the absence of a continuing cell-mediated or humoral immune response.
Acidified Feedings in Preterm Infants: A Historical and Physiological Perspective (2022)

The use of acidified milk for feeding infants has a long, interesting history that appears to have developed from the use of buttermilk in Holland as early as the late 19th century for feeding infants with diarrhea. Physicians in the early 20th century assumed that the observed benefits were from buttermilk's acidity leading to the practice of acidifying infant formula. The historical and physiological perspective on the use of acidified infant formula is now especially relevant with the emergence of an acidified liquid human milk fortifier for preterm infants. Here, we review that history, with a deeper dive into the contemporary research on the use of acidified human milk fortifiers, the consequences for preterm infants, and the underlying physiological mechanisms. KEY POINTS: · In the late 19th and early 20th century acidified feedings were in common use for sick infants.. · By the mid-20th century, acidified feedings tested in preterm infants resulted in acidic physiology and poor growth.. · The current practice of acidifying feedings in preterm infants has been associated with metabolic acidosis, poor tolerance, and delayed growth..
Effectiveness of mid-infrared spectroscopy for the prediction of cow milk metabolites (2023)

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H NMR) spectroscopy is acknowledged as one of the most powerful analytical methods with cross-cutting applications in dairy foods. To date, the use of <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy for the collection of milk metabolic profile is hindered by costly and time-consuming sample preparation and analysis. The present study aimed at evaluating the accuracy of mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) as a rapid method for the prediction of cow milk metabolites determined through <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy. Bulk milk (n = 72) and individual milk samples (n = 482) were analyzed through one-dimensional <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy and MIRS. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy identified 35 milk metabolites, which were quantified in terms of relative abundance, and MIRS prediction models were developed on the same 35 milk metabolites, using partial least squares regression analysis. The best MIRS prediction models were developed for galactose-1-phosphate, glycerophosphocholine, orotate, choline, galactose, lecithin, glutamate, and lactose, with coefficient of determination in external validation from 0.58 to 0.85, and ratio of performance to deviation in external validation from 1.50 to 2.64. The remaining 27 metabolites were poorly predicted. This study represents a first attempt to predict milk metabolome. Further research is needed to specifically address whether developed prediction models may find practical application in the dairy sector, with particular regard to the screening of dairy cows' metabolic status, the quality control of dairy foods, and the identification of processed milk or incorrectly stored milk.
Antibiotic-Resistant Bugs in the 21st Century — A Clinical Super-Challenge (2009)

Drs. Cesar Arias and Barbara Murray write that we have arrived at a point as frightening as the preantibiotic era: for patients infected with multidrug-resistant bacteria, there is no magic bullet.
Coaxial Line Configuration for Microwave Power Transmission Study of YBa,Cu,O,- Thin Films (1991)

Microwave transmission measurements through YBa,Cu30,- (YBCO) high transition temperature superconducting (HTS) thin films on lanthanum aluminate (LaAIO,) have been per- formed in a coaxial line at 10 GHz. LaAIO, substrates were ultrasoni- cally machined into washer shaped discs, polished, and coated with laser ablated YBCO. These samples were mounted in the 504 coaxial air line to form a short circuit. The power transmitted through the films as a function of temperature was used to calculate the normal state conduc- tivity and the magnetic penetration depth for the films.
Desing of an underwater communication receiver pre-amplifier [Desing read Design] (2010)

Underwater acoustic communication is a rapidly growing field of applied research and engineering. The need for underwater wireless communication exists in applications such as remote control in off-shore oil industry, pollution monitoring in environmental systems, collection of scientific data recorded at ocean-bottom station and by unmanned underwater vehicles, speech transmission between divers and mapping of the ocean floor for objects detection and recovery. The lack of these applications are due to large size and high cost of receiver system. In this study, design of a modular receiver pre-amplifier that can be used for underwater communication and data acquisition applications in between 200 Hz and 16 kHz with B&K 8103 hydrophone was performed.
Low damping magnetic properties and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy with strong volume contribution in the Heusler alloy Fe1.5CoGe (2019)

We present a study of the dynamic magnetic properties of TiN-buffered epitaxial thin films of the Heusler alloy Fe$_{1.5}$CoGe. Thickness series annealed at different temperatures are prepared and the magnetic damping is measured, a lowest value of $α=2.18\times 10^{-3}$ is obtained. The perpendicular magnetic anisotropy properties in Fe$_{1.5}$CoGe/MgO are also characterized. The evolution of the interfacial perpendicular anisotropy constant $K^{\perp}_{\rm S}$ with the annealing temperature is shown and compared with the widely used CoFeB/MgO interface. A large volume contribution to the perpendicular anisotropy of $(4.3\pm0.5)\times 10^{5}$ $\rm J/m^3$ is also found, in contrast with vanishing bulk contribution in common Co- and Fe-based Heusler alloys.
Design of Long Induction Linacs (1990)

A self-consistent design strategy for induction linacs is presented which addresses the issues of brightness preservation against space charge induced emittance growth, minimization of the beam breakup instability and the suppression of beam centroid motion due to chromatic effects (corkscrew) and misaligned focusing elements. A simple steering algorithm is described that widens the effective energy bandwidth of the transport system.
Extracellular Enzymes of Some Fungi Associated with Mushroom Culture (1979)

SUMMARYForty isolates of 18 fungus species isolated from mushroom culture (compost, casing soil, and mushrooms) were tested for their ability to produce hydrolytic enzymes which degrade cellulose, starch and lipids. In addition, the fungi were tested for their ability to produce phenolic oxidases, a presumptive test for the ability to degrade lignin. The production of cellulolytic enzymes was determined in a liquid medium, while the production of the other enzymes was examined by using solid media. Sixteen species possessed cellulolytic activity and of these, most were considered to be weakly or moderately cellulolytic. Most isolates of the same species of “weed mold” were similar in their ability to degrade cellulose. The pathogenic fungi showed the most variability between isolates of the same species in their ability to produce cellulolytic enzymes. Two-thirds of the species studied exhibited phenolic-oxidase activity. The different isolates of the same fungus showed similar abilities to oxidize differing phenolic substrates. Sixteen of the species were found to be capable of hydrolyzing lipids, but only 14 of the 18 demonstrated amylolytic activity.
215P Impact of HER2 low on survival in patients treated with standard therapies in advanced breast cancer (2023)

Breast cancer (BC) pioneered precision medicine with immunohistochemistry (IHC) defined subtypes and early advent of targeted therapies. Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) has expanded traditional HER2 definitions to include HER2-low (H2L) tumors, defined as HER2 IHC score of 1+ (>10% cells stained), or as 2+ (>10%) and negative in-situ hybridization (ISH) assay. Studies suggest H2L BC is not a separate clinical entity, strongly determined by hormone receptor (HR) status. We sought to understand the impact of H2L on current standards of care (SOC). Retrospective analysis was performed on 24,824 advanced BC with available genomic, transcriptomic, subtyping, and treatment data. Tumors were tested at Caris Life Sciences via NextGen DNA Sequencing (592 gene panel or whole exome) and RNA (whole transcriptome). BC subtypes were defined by IHC/ISH per accepted definitions. PD-L1 was determined by IHC (SP142 immune cells [IC] ≥ 1%). CODEai, a real-world evidence database was used to access clinical outcomes from insurance claims data, with Kaplan–Meier estimates for overall survival (OS) and 95% CI calculated from time of first treatment to last contact. Patients with HR positive (HR+)/H2L tumors treated with CDK4/6 inhibitors (n=1,348) had similar OS compared to pts with HR+/HER2 0 (n=3,027; 1,179 vs 1,105 days; HR=0.89, CI 0.82–0.98, p=0.012). 27.2% of HR+/H2L pts had activating PIK3CA mutations. Among HR+ PIK3CA mutated tumors, H2L pts treated with alpelisib showed no difference in OS (n=27; 342 days) vs. HER2 0 alpelisib treated pts (n=42; 566 days, HR=1.23, CI 0.66 – 2.29, p=0.517), with limited sample size. 13.9% of H2L TNBC pts were PDL-1+. Pts with H2L PD-L1+ TNBC BC treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI; atezolizumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab; n=49) showed improved OS vs. HER2 0 (n=233; 991 vs 524 days; HR=0.61, CI 0.37–0.99, p=0.046). HR+/H2L BC pts treated with SOC endocrine therapy demonstrate no difference in OS compared to HER2 0, and thus, should exhaust endocrine therapy options before initiating T-DXd or chemotherapy until indicated by prospective trials. Combinations of T-DXd plus ICI in PDL1+ H2L BC may be promising opportunities for further investigation.