gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stem cells cardiac differentiation in 3D systems (2011)

Cardiac regeneration requires a complex cascade of events. Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering are newly emerging tools with promising potential for recover or replace of damaged cardiac tissue. There are many factors, most of them still no clarified, that limit the effectiveness of these treatments and their translation to the clinic. Cells should graft, survive and functionally integrate to the target organ in order to have a chance to restore its function. As in original tissues, a complex and well defined set of signals, many of them coming from the extracellular matrix, is required for normal cell physiology. Biomaterials science gives us important tools to build this extracellular matrix. Functionalized 3D systems can provide the correct environment and act as a delivery system for genes or gene products, guiding the therapeutic cells to the functional phenotype.
Atom-hybridization for synthesis of polymetallic clusters (2018)

The chemistry of metal clusters on the sub-nanometer scale is not yet well understood because metal clusters, especially multimetallic clusters, are difficult to synthesize with control over size and composition. The template synthesis of multimetallic sub-nanoclusters is achieved using a phenylazomethine dendrimer as a macromolecular template. Its intramolecular potential gradient allows the precise uptake of metal precursor complexes containing up to eight elements on the template. The usefulness of this method is demonstrated by synthesizing multimetallic sub-nanoclusters composed of five elements (Ga<sub>1</sub>In<sub>1</sub>Au<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>Sn<sub>6</sub>). The size and composition of this cluster can be precisely controlled and the metals involved are alloyed with each other. This approach provides the ability to easily blend different metals in various combinations to create new materials on the sub-nanometer scale, which will lead to the development of a new area in the field of chemistry.
Suppression of macrophage inflammatory responses by PPARs (2003)

The proinflammatory response of macrophages to stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or IFNγ, can be blocked by ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). However, the mechanisms, and even the validity, of this antiinflammatory role for PPARs has recently come under question. The paper by Welch et al. (1) in this issue of PNAS addresses some of these concerns, and suggests that the proposed antiinflammatory effects may result from activation of at least two members of this family of molecules.

PPARs represent a subgroup of the nuclear receptor superfamily that contributes to lipid and carbohydrate balance, and hence, homeostatic regulation of energy supplies. They appear to act as lipid sensors and to regulate transcription of lipid metabolizing enzymes, many within the peroxisome (hence their imposing name). The three subtypes of PPAR (α, β or δ, and γ) have different tissue distribution, different (though overlapping) ligand specificity, and mediate their effects by regulating different patterns of gene expression. PPARα is found mainly in heart, liver, and kidney, i.e., tissues with high rates of lipid oxidation, regulates fatty acid catabolism, and has been suggested to act as a “lipostat” to match lipid delivery to oxidative capacity. PPARδ is ubiquitously expressed, but is the least well understood of the group, in terms of either ligands or target genes. By contrast, PPARγ is found (and can be up-regulated) in many cell types, but particularly in adipocytes and macrophages. By appropriate induction of gene expression as well as cooperitivity with other nuclear receptors, PPARγ has been suggested to play a key role in adipose tissue development and cholesterol import and export (2). It can be activated by thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs (e.g., rosiglitazone), which are used to improve insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients. In addition, over the last 5 years, an antiinflammatory effect has been ascribed to …
Surface-Ligand “Liquid” to “Crystalline” Phase Transition Modulates the Solar H2 Production Quantum Efficiency of CdS Nanorod/Mediator/Hydrogenase Assemblies (2020)

This study reports how the length of capping ligands on a nanocrystal surface affects its interfacial electron transfer (ET) with surrounding molecular electron acceptors, and consequently, impact the H<sub>2</sub> production of a biotic-abiotic hybrid artificial photosynthetic system. Specifically, we study how the H<sub>2</sub> production efficiency of a hybrid system, combining CdS nanorods (NRs), [NiFe] hydrogenase, and redox mediators (propyl-bridged 2,2'-bipyridinium, PDQ<sup>2+</sup>), depends on the alkyl chain length of mercaptocarboxylate ligands on the NR surface. We observe a minor decrease of the quantum yield for H<sub>2</sub> production from 54 ± 6 to 43 ± 2% when varying the number of methylene units in the ligands from 2 to 7. In contrast, an abrupt decrease of the yield was observed from 43 ± 2 to 4 ± 1% when further increasing <i>n</i> from 7 to 11. ET studies reveal that the intrinsic ET rates from the NRs to the electron acceptor PDQ<sup>2+</sup> are all within 10<sup>8</sup>-10<sup>9</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> regardless of the length of the capping ligands. However, the number of adsorbed PDQ<sup>2+</sup> molecules on NR surfaces decreases dramatically when <i>n</i> ≥ 10, with the saturating number changing from 45 ± 5 to 0.3 ± 0.1 for <i>n</i> = 2 and 11, respectively. These results are not consistent with the commonly perceived exponential dependence of ET rates on the ligand length. Instead, they can be explained by the change of the accessibility of NR surfaces to electron acceptors from a disordered "liquid" phase at <i>n</i> < 7 to a more ordered "crystalline" phases at <i>n</i> > ∼7. These results highlight that the order of capping ligands is an important design parameter for further constructing nanocrystal/molecular assemblies in broad nanocrystal-based applications.
Amorphous Semiconductor Devices: Memory and Switching Mechanism (1981)

This paper reports the study of amorphous semiconductor devices of memory and threshold types. Measurements have been made on As Ge10 Te90- glasses, silver dpoed As10 Ge15 Te75 glass with silver concentrations from 0 to 10.0 at.% and Se20 Ge20 Te60 and Se20 Ge20 T55 glasses. The I—V characteristics in the OFF state of the materials have been studied at temperature 30,50, 60, 80 and 100°C. The threshold voltages of switching and their variation with temperature, composition and silver content have been studied. Measurements reveal that (i) the I—V characteristics over a wide range of temperature can be normalized into a single curve, (ii) the threshold voltage of switching decreases exponentially with the increase of temperature, (iii) the ratio of activation energy of dc conductivity to that of switching is of the order of two for all these glasses, (iv) the threshold voltage of switching is well correlated with the glass transition temperature, (v) Silver doping does not change the basic behaviour of As-Ge-Te glasses, and (vi) the switching mechanism in both memory and threshold devices studied, appears to be initiated by a thermal process with possible electronic contribution.
Low-Cost, High-Efficiency Solar Cells Utilizing GaAs-on-Si Technology, Annual Subcontract Report, 1 August 1991 - 31 July 1992 (1993)

This report describes work to develop technology to deposit GaAs on Si using a nucleation layer of atomic-layer-epitaxy-grown GaAs or AlAs on Si. This ensures two-dimensional nucleation and should lead to fewer defects in the final GaAs layer. As an alternative, we also developed technology for depositing GaAs on sawtooth-patterned Si. Preliminary studies showed that this material can have a very low defect density, [approximately] 1 [times] 10[sup 5] cm[sup [minus]5], as opposed to our conventionally grown GaAs on SL which has a typical defect density of over 1 [times]10[sup 7] cm[sup [minus]2]. Using these two now methods of GaAs-on-Si material growth, we made solar cells that are expected to show higher efficiencies than those of previous cells.
The role of beta 1 integrins in tumors. (1993)

Members of the beta 1 subfamily of integrins contribute to cell adhesion, cytoskeletal organization and signal transduction processes. In some transformed cell lines and tumors, a correlation has been established between the level of expression of the alpha 5/beta 1 fibronectin receptor and neoplastic behavior. In other instances, normal and neoplastic tissue differ in beta 1 integrin expression or sub-cellular distribution. The level of expression of beta 1 integrins in tumor cells may affect tumor growth properties in several ways, including: (a) effects on anchorage dependence of growth; (b) direct signaling processes; (c) organization of the extracellular matrix and presentation of matrix bound growth factors; (d) effects on the functions of host defense cells. Thus the interplay between integrin expression and tumor behavior is complex and might be viewed as a series of interactive feedback loops rather than in terms of a straightforward cause and effect relationship.
Reactivity of naphtha fractions for light olefins production (2016)

The catalytic cracking of naphtha fractions for propylene production was investigated under high severity catalytic cracking conditions (high temperatures and high catalyst to oil ratio). Straight run naphtha and cracked naphtha along with a with proprietary catalyst were used, and reaction was carried out using a catalyst to oil ratio (C/O) of 3–6 at 600–650 °C and 1 atm in a micro activity testing (MAT) unit. The results from this experiments show that light cracked naphtha (LCN) gave the highest propylene yield of 18% at 650 °C, and that propylene yield depends on the naphtha fraction being used as feed. The trend for reactivity and propylene yield was as follows: light cracked naphtha > heavy straight run naphtha > light straight run naphtha > heavy cracked naphtha.
Blood flow model for noninvasive diagnostics (2011)

An artificial blood flow model (BFM) based on the human circulatory system was developed to allow a controlled variation of the blood parameter as total haemoglobin concentration (ctHb), oxyhaemoglobin (O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Hb) and carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb). For this reason the optical properties of the blood were observed by online spectrometer measurements. The purpose was to observe the absorption, transmission and scattering properties of human whole blood in a wavelength range from 400 to 1700 nm. All the noninvasive measurements of the whole blood transmission-spectra were compared with sample results obtained by a Blood Gas Analyzer (BGA) to validate the results. For all measurements donor erythrocyte concentrates were used. The concentration of haemoglobin was changed by adding fixed amounts of blood plasma to the erythrocyte concentrate. Blood circulation and predetermined oxygen state were adjusted with an extra-corporal circulation unit. The blood was gently stirred and kept flowing through the blood tubes and the specially designed cuvettes (for spectrometric measurements). Oxygen saturation and COHb were adjusted by a continuous flow of N2, N2-CO- and N2-O2-mixture through a hollow fiber membrane oxygenator. The blood temperature was kept constant at 37°C via a tube heating mechanism and a separate water circulation through the Oxygenator. In the future the blood flow model can be used for testing newly developed optical prototype devices.
Spectral Behavior of Combustion Fronts with High Exothermicity (2013)

We study fronts in a reaction-diffusion model for high Lewis number combustion processes with the reaction rate in the form of an Arrhenius law. By a combination of spectral energy estimates and Evans function computation, we study the unstable spectrum of a class of combustion fronts with high exothermicity, where the previously known results do not apply and interesting spectral behavior is observed.
Gamma irradiation of poly(phenylene sulfide): Effects on crystallization behavior (1995)

Abstract The irradiation of polymers can bring about significant changes in the polymer structure and ultimately in their performance. Poly-(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) is an engineering polymer which is mostly used in applications where it is subjected to high-energy radiation. This paper reports the results of gamma irradiation of PPS. The technique of differential scanning calorimetry was used to monitor the changes in the melting and crystallization parameters of irradiated PPS. The heat of fusion was found to decrease upon irradiation, indicating a lower degree of crystallinity; however, a marginal increase was observed in the melting point. The nonisothermal crystallization of irradiated PPS indicated reduced crystallizability. This contention is also supported by the isothermal crystallization studies in which the crystallization rate for irradiated PPS was found to be decreased. The retardation in the crystallization of irradiated PPS has been attributed to the possible changes in the structure of the polymer.
Osteoblasts Cultured on Three‐Dimensional Synthetic Hydroxyapatite Implanted on a Chick Allantochorial Membrane Induce Ectopic Bone Marrow Differentiation (2007)

Osteoblast (OB) activities have been studied on hydroxyapatite three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds in comparison with traditional planar substrata. OBs cultured on 3D displayed increased proliferation, differentiation, and matrix protein synthesis, when compared to 2D cultures on the same substrata. Confluent cultures, however, could not be maintained for long, due to insufficient fluid diffusion within 3D scaffolds that impaired cell viability. Thus, confluent OB 3D cultures were implanted on the allantochorial membrane of chick embryos. Vessels from the embryo colonized the bone-like network giving rise in the presence of OBs to an ectopic bone marrow formation in the intratrabecular spaces. In the absence of OBs, when the biomaterial alone was implanted, blood vessels were still present but hematopoietic marrow was absent. In both cases osteoclasts (OCs) derived from the host were found on the implant surface. These results indicated that scaffolds with cells can be easily vascularized and confirmed the role of OBs in the definition of the microenvironment that induce blood marrow differentiation in the intratrabecular spaces.
Cytokine treatment of macrophage suppression of the Mls response (88.3) (2009)

Abstract Components of the immune system essential for curbing tumor progression are often found within the tumor. High macrophage to T cell ratios (Mö:T) are hallmarks of the tumor microenvironment. We have shown that such conditions suppress the immune response to the retroviral superantigen Mls by IFN ã -triggered production of the Arg- and Trp-consuming enzymes iNOS and IDO. In attempts to reverse suppression by treatment with pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 improved the T cell response to Mls, IL-1 and TNFá had little effect, and the pro-hematopoietic cyokines IL-3 and GM-CSF increased suppression. GM-CSF treatment increased Mö expression of CD80, a significant ligand for the immunosuppressive B7H1 and CTLA-4 receptors. These results reveal avenues for reversal of the suppression of cell-mediated immunity characteristic of the high Mö:T cell ratios found in many tumors. Supported by NIH AREA R15-AI060356-01.
HUMAN BODY TRACKING FOR PHYSIOTHERAPY VIRTUAL TRAINING (2006)

In this paper, we introduced a system in which it can be used for patients who are prescribed to undergo a physiotherapy treatment. In this personal virtual training system we employ several markers, attached to the various points of the human body. The system provides a physiotherapy session to the user, once the session is repeated by the user, the video image sequence captured by the system is analyzed and results are displayed to the user for further instructions. Our design consists of 3 general stages: detection, tracking, and verification stages. In the detection stage, our aim is to process the first frame of the image sequence for detecting the locations of the markers. In order to reduce the computational complexity of the first stage, the detection was performed in the lower scale of a Gaussian pyramid space representation. The second stage of our system performs tracking of detected markers of the first stage. A prediction algorithm is applied in this stage in order to limit the search along the predicted directions during the search for the markers in subsequent frames. For verification stage, the trajectory of the markers will be compared with the information in the model. Trajectory matching is performed by computing the difference between their smoothed zero-crossing potentials of the captured trajectory and the model.
Full-Duplex Relaying in Machine-Type Communications With a Multi-Antenna Base Station (2018)

To address the problem of multiple access for a large number of devices in machine-type communication (MTC), we study the use of full-duplex relays. In-band-full-duplex (IBFD) allows devices to receive and transmit concurrently on the same frequency band, potentially doubling the spectral efficiency. On the downside, the use of IBFD raises mutual interference due to an increased density of concurrently transmitting nodes. This paper deals with the tradeoff between the increased spectral efficiency and increased interference in utilizing the IBFD uplink relays in a densely deployed MTC network. Using stochastic geometry, we develop a framework to evaluate the end-to-end outage probability and the uplink data transmission rate in a single-hop relay network for MTC. A fraction of MTC devices (MTCDs) can be scheduled to transmit in the same band as the relay nodes, with the rest transmitting on an orthogonal band. The relay nodes, therefore, operate either as IBFD or out-band-full-duplex (OBFD) depending on their associated MTCD and forward packets to base stations (BSs). The BSs employ linear zero-forcing filters to cancel the interference from their associated relays. We calculate the optimal fraction of in-band MTCDs and relative transmit powers of relay and MTCDs to maximize the area spectral efficiency. The appeal of in-band scheduling increases as more antennas are deployed at the BS.
Venous ulceration contaminated by multi-resistant organisms: larval therapy and debridement (2013)

A 72-year-old female with venous insufficiency presented to a hospital-based multidisciplinary wound clinic after 20 years of recurrent episodes of venous leg ulcers. Examination showed bilateral leg ulcers with no evidence of arterial insufficiency, but complicated by considerable devitalised tissue, abnormally high bacterial load and the presence of multi-resistant organisms. The ulcers were initially treated with larvae to aid debridement and reduce the bacterial load, prior to skin grafting. Although ulcer free for a period of 4 months, further debridement was required when the skin condition deteriorated. Surgical intervention was chosen as the preferred method by the surgeons for a second acute care admission using hydrosugery, along with supplementary skin grafts and compression. Ongoing management, consisting of regular debridement, skin care and compression therapy, continues.
Simple ergodic and outage capacity expressions for correlated diversity ricean fading channels (2006)

Multiple-antenna systems have been shown to achieve very high spectral efficiencies. In this paper, we derive simple single-integral expressions for the ergodic and outage capacity of a diversity system in correlated Ricean fading channels, where the channel coefficients are assumed to be known to the receiver only. For illustration purpose, we present numerical results showing the effect of channel correlation, Ricean components, angular spread and multipath components in an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system
Health State Estimation and Remaining Useful Life Prediction of Power Devices Subject to Noisy and Aperiodic Condition Monitoring (2021)

Condition monitoring of power devices is highly critical for safety and mission-critical power electronics systems. Typically, these systems are subjected to noise in harsh operational environment contaminating the degradation measurements. In dynamic applications, the system duty cycle may not be periodic and results in aperiodic degradation measurements. Both these factors negatively affect the health assessment performance. In order to address these challenges, this article proposes a health state estimation and remaining useful life prediction method for power devices in the presence of noisy and aperiodic degradation measurements. For this purpose, three-source uncertainties in the degradation modeling, including the temporal uncertainty, measurement uncertainty, and device-to-device heterogeneity, are formulated in a Gamma state-space model to ensure health assessment accuracy. In order to learn the device degradation behavior, a model parameter estimation method is developed based on a stochastic expectation-maximization algorithm. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed method are verified by numerical analysis under various noise levels. Finally, the findings are justified using SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) accelerated aging test data.
MAPKs: new targets for neurodegeneration (2003)

Neurodegenerative diseases remain a huge unmet pharmaceutical need. For some diseases such as Parkinson's disease, there are currently only palliative therapies, and for others such as Alzheimer's disease there are no proven therapies on the market that have any significant impact on disease progression. Recent work has suggested that cell death may play a key role in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, and halting this aberrant cell death may halt disease progression. Kinases identified in cell death pathways may be attractive targets for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the authors will focus on three families of related mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), namely, the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs), the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and the p38 MAPKs. The evidence for activation of each of these pathways in disease states and in models of neurodegenerative disorders will be examined. Effects of inhibitors, where available, will be discussed, and potential problems and side effects of kinase inhibitors as therapeutics will be addressed.
Biological Properties of Pneumolysin (1997)

Pneumolysin is a thiol-activated membrane-damaging toxin produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The toxin plays a role in virulence of the pneumococcus in animal models of infection. Pneumolysin has a range of biological activity including the ability to lyse eukaryotic cells and to interfere with the function of cells and soluble molecules of the immune system. The use of purified native and mutant toxin and of isogenic mutants of the pneumococcus expressing altered versions of the toxin has allowed the contribution of the various activities of this multifunctional toxin to virulence to be defined.
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3) (1997)

The protocol described in this document is designed to provide access to directories supporting the X.500 models, while not incurring the resource requirements of the X.500 Directory Access Protocol (DAP). This protocol is specifically targeted at management applications and browser applications that provide read/write interactive access to directories. When used with a directory supporting the X.500 protocols, it is intended to be a complement to the X.500 DAP.