gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical Imaging of Lipid Domains by High-Resolution Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (2005)

Lipid microdomains within supported lipid bilayers composed of binary phosphocholine mixtures were chemically imaged by high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry performed with the NanoSIMS 50 (Cameca Instruments). This instrument images the sample components based on the elemental or isotopic composition of their atomic and small molecular secondary ions. Up to five different secondary ions can be simultaneously detected, and a lateral resolution of 50 nm can be achieved with high sensitivity at high mass resolution. In our experiments, the NanoSIMS 50 extensively fragmented the supported membrane, therefore an isotopic labeling strategy was used to encode the identities of the lipid components. Supported lipid membranes that contained distinct lipid microdomains were freeze-dried to preserve their lateral organization and analyzed with the NanoSIMS 50. Lipid microdomains as small as 100 nm in diameter were successfully imaged, and this was validated by comparison to AFM images taken at the same region prior to chemical imaging. Quantitative information on the lipid distribution within the domain was also determined by calibrating against supported membranes of known composition. We believe this will be a valuable approach for analyzing the composition of complex membrane domains with high spatial resolution.
Incineration of trans-uranium elements using chlorides molten salt fast reactors – A proposal of incineration in three steps (2022)

Recently utilization of nuclear energy has been re-thought as means of realizing carbon neutral and diversity of natural resources. On the other hand, operating current light water reactors results in accumulation of spent nuclear fuels, and they contain trans-uranium elements (plutonium and minor actinides). The spent nuclear fuels must be reprocessed for volume reduction and recovery of energy resources, however, disposal sites of the high level radioactive wastes (HLRW) out of the reprocessing have not been found. In order to resolve these issues, we propose to utilize chlorides molten salt fast reactors.In the current study, a three-step cascades incineration scheme is propsed to effectively incinerate TRU using fuel salt of NaCl-CaCl2 system in fast reactors. The proposed reactor concept could solve the current problems concerning utilization of nuclear energy such as accumulation of spent nuclear fuels and plutonium and reduce burdens to decide disposition site for HLRW. Moreover, it could help to achieve carbon neutral.
Anti-Plasmodial Activity of Some Zulu Medicinal Plants and of Some Triterpenes Isolated from Them (2013)

Mimusops caffra E. Mey. ex A.DC and Mimusops obtusifolia Lam (both members of the Sapotaceae family), and Hypoxis colchicifolia Bak (family Hypoxidaceae) are used by traditional healers in Zululand to manage malaria. Anti-plasmodial investigation of the crude extracts and some triterpenes isolated from the plants showed activity against a chloroquine sensitive (CQS) strain of Plasmodium falciparum (D10). Among the crude extracts the leaves of M. caffra exhibited the highest activity, with an IC₅₀ of 2.14 μg/mL. The pentacyclic tritepenoid ursolic acid (1), isolated from the leaves of M. caffra was the most active compound (IC₅₀ 6.8 μg/mL) as compared to taraxerol (2) and sawamilletin (3) isolated from the stem bark of M. obtusifolia (IC₅₀ > 100). Chemical modification of the ursolic acid (1) to 3β-acetylursolic acid (4) greatly enhanced its anti-plasmodial activity. Compound 4 reduced parasitaemia against Plasmodium berghei by 94.01% in in vivo studies in mice. The cytotoxicity of 3β-acetylursolic acid (IC₅₀) to two human cell lines (HEK293 and HepG2) was 366.00 μg/mL and 566.09 μg/mL, respectively. The results validate the use of these plants in folk medicine.
Stand der Technik beim Sprühkompaktieren von Bolzen (1997)

The spray forming process has to be categorized between the traditional metallurgical processes of casting and sintering as well as gaining from coating processes as plasma and flame spraying. Using adequate process parameters, poor recristallization conditions guarantee fine grained isotropic materials, free of macrosegregations. On behalf of the production of billets, which now is an industrial scale production process of spray forming, advantages of the stationary in comparison with problems arising from the non-stationary spray process will be discussed and illustrated by malformations resulting from non-suitable process parameters.
Novel low-molecular-weight inhibitor of PAI-1 (XR5118) promotes endogenous fibrinolysis and reduces postthrombolysis thrombus growth in rabbits. (1997)

XR5118 binds to PAI-1 and reduces plasma PAI-1 activity levels. Furthermore, XR5118 promotes endogenous thrombolysis and inhibits thrombus accretion and is the first nonpeptide compound with significant anti-PAI-1 activity in vivo in these models.
Oxadiazole-containing material with intense blue phosphorescence emission for organic light-emitting diodes (2002)

2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole (HOXD), characteristic of excited state intramolecular proton-transfer (ESIPT), was synthesized and found to emit strong blue phosphorescence in the solid state at room temperature and at low temperature (77 K). The photoluminescent spectrum measurement in solution showed that there are two kinds of emission: fluorescence originated from the singlet state and phosphorescence derived from the triplet state in HOXD formed by ESIPT. For the photoluminescent spectrum in the solid state, only phosphorescence emission with the lifetime of 66 μs was observed. Multiple-layer light-emitting diodes with the configuration of ITO/NPB/HOXD/BCP/Alq3/Mg:Ag were fabricated using HOXD as emitter and the maximum brightness of 656 cd/m2 and the luminous efficiency of 0.14 lm/W was obtained.
Field and current-induced magnetization reversal studied through spatially resolved point-contacts (2010)

We present results from scanning tunneling microscopy based point-contact measurements of the local resistance in octagon shaped, Co(20 nm)/Cu(5 nm)/Fe19Ni81(2.5 nm) spin-valve rings. Through this technique one can detect the magnetoresistance with spatial resolution, and link it to magnetic domain wall motion within the ring. Measurements with varying currents indicate current-induced effects leading to offsets in the magnetic fields required for magnetic switching. The offsets can be attributed to current-induced spin-transfer torque effects for the thin Fe19Ni81 layer and to Oersted field effects for the thick Co layer.
Evolution of Scintillation and Electrical Characteristics of AlGaN Double-Response Sensors During Proton Irradiation (2019)

Wide bandgap AlGaN is one of the most promising materials for the fabrication of radiation hard, double-response particle detectors for future collider facilities. However, the formation of defects during growth and fabrication of AlGaN-based devices is unavoidable. Furthermore, radiation defects are formed in detector structures during operation at extreme conditions. In this work, study of evolution of the proton-induced luminescence spectra and short-circuit current has been simultaneously performed during 1.6 MeV proton irradiation. GaN and AlGaN (with various Al concentrations) epi-layers grown by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition technique and Schottky diode structures have been examined. Variations of spectral and electrical parameters could be applied for the remote dosimetry of large hadron fluences.
Scaling and Optimizing the Gysela Code on a Cluster of Many-Core Processors (2018)

The current generation of the Xeon Phi Knights Landing (KNL) processor provides a highly multi-threaded environment on which regular programming models such as MPIjopenMP can be used. Many factors impact the performance achieved by applications on these devices: one of the key points is the efficient exploitation of SIMD vector units, and one another is the memory access pattern. Works have been conducted to adapt a plasma turbulence application, namely Gysela, for this architecture. A set of different techniques have been used: standard vectorization techniques, auto-tuning of one computation kernel, switching to high-order scheme. As a result, KNL execution times have been reduced by up to a factor 3. This effort has also permitted to gain a speedup of 2x on Broadwell architecture and 3x on Skylake. Nice scalability curves up to a few thousands cores have been obtained on a strong scaling experiment. Incremental work meant a large payoff without resorting to using low-level intrinsics.
18.4 A 0.55nW/0.5V 32kHz Crystal Oscillator Based on a DC-Only Sustaining Amplifier for IoT (2019)

An always-ON, stable, 32kHz crystal oscillator (XO) provides key time-keeping, synchronization, and sleep-timer functions in most electronic systems. Ultra-low power (ULP) consumption of the XO is critical in highly duty-cycled, energyconstrained systems such as Internet-of-things (IoT). Conventional XOs, typically implemented in the Pierce configuration, consume 10 to 100nW: a large enough transconductance, g <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> > ω <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">O</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ·C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ·R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> , is needed to compensate for loss in the crystal's motional resistance, Rm, and sustain oscillations at frequency ωO, across load capacitors (C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> > 15pF in Fig. 18.4.1) that are inevitably large to ensure frequency stability over process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. Recent 32kHz XO designs report sub-10nW power consumption [1-4] by either duty-cycling the sustaining amplifier [4] or by providing energy to compensate the crystal losses only via narrow pulses at the peaks of the XO waveform [1-3]. However, they require high-power components [2], complicated designs with multiple power domains [1-2] to properly time the pulses, or significant calibration and off-chip components [4] to reduce PVT sensitivity.
Regulation of Vascular Function and Inflammation via Cross Talk of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species from Mitochondria or NADPH Oxidase—Implications for Diabetes Progression (2020)

Oxidative stress plays a key role for the development of cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative disease. This concept has been proven by using the approach of genetic deletion of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) producing, pro-oxidant enzymes as well as by the overexpression of RONS detoxifying, antioxidant enzymes leading to an amelioration of the severity of diseases. Vice versa, the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases is aggravated by overexpression of RONS producing enzymes as well as deletion of RONS detoxifying enzymes. We have previously identified cross talk mechanisms between different sources of RONS, which can amplify the oxidative stress-mediated damage. Here, the pathways and potential mechanisms leading to this cross talk are analyzed in detail and highlighted by selected examples from the current literature and own data including hypoxia, angiotensin II (AT-II)-induced hypertension, nitrate tolerance, aging, and others. The general concept of redox-based activation of RONS sources via "kindling radicals" and enzyme-specific "redox switches" as well as the interaction with redox-sensitive inflammatory pathways are discussed. Here, we present evidence for the existence of such cross talk mechanisms in the setting of diabetes and critically assess their contribution to the severity of diabetic complications.
Deterministic policy gradient algorithms (2014)

2014 In this paper we consider deterministic policy gradient algorithms for reinforcement learning with continuous actions. The deterministic policy gradient has a particularly appealing form: it is the expected gradient of the action-value function. This simple form means that the deterministic policy gradient can be estimated much more efficiently than the usual stochastic policy gradient. To ensure adequate exploration, we introduce an off-policy actor-critic algorithm that learns a deterministic target policy from an exploratory behaviour policy. We demonstrate that deterministic policy gradient algorithms can significantly outperform their stochastic counterparts in high-dimensional action spaces.
SHORT RANGE ULTRASONIC COMMUNICATIONS IN AIR USING QUADRATURE MODULATION (2009)

A study has been undertaken of ultrasonic communications methods in air, using a quadrature modulation method. Simulations were first performed to establish the likely performance of quadrature phase shift keying over the limited bandwidth available in an ultrasonic system. Quadrature phase shift keying modulation was then implemented within an experimental communication system, using capacitive ultrasonic sources and receivers. The results show that such a system is feasible in principle for communications over distances of several meters, using frequencies in the 200 to 400 kHz range.
High sensitivity brain angiography using Ultrafast Doppler (2010)

A new mode called Ultrafast Doppler based on the coherent compounding of ultrafast ultrasonic images is proposed for brain angiography. It is proved both theoretically and experimentally on a trepanated rat that it increases by a factor 25 the sensitivity of Power Doppler images because both the number of acquisitions for each pixel and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are increased with Ultrafast Doppler. High quality images of the rat brain vascularization are presented, showing the ability of Ultrafast Doppler to detect flows in very small vessels. In clinics, this technique could be applied for high quality brain angiography of newborn babies through the fontanel.
Rapid Detection of Individual Cells Based on K-means Clustering and Regional Connectivity (2019)

The methods of automatic recognition, segmentation and counting methods based on image recognition technology and artificial intelligence technology are the core issues to achieve standardization of digital pathological diagnosis. This paper proposes a rapid method based on K-means clustering and regional connectivity to infer the complete contour of individual cells. Rapid detection of individual cells is realized for bone marrow cell images. Firstly, K-means clustering and regional connectivity are used to detect individual nucleus region, and analyze the geometric characteristics of cells. Over-segmented individual cells are judged by area, roundness and shortest diameter of cell. Secondly, using optimized segmentation for over-segmented individual nucleus region based on the constraints of center distance. Finally, the method infers the complete contour of individual cells. Sixty-one bone marrow cell images were tested, the detection precision of granulocytes is more than 90%, and the precision of overall individual cells detection is significantly improved.
Identification of clinically relevant dysglycemia phenotypes based on continuous glucose monitoring data from youth with type 1 diabetes and elevated hemoglobin A1c (2019)

There are subgroups of adolescents with T1D for which glycemic control is challenged by different aspects of dysglycemia. Enhanced understanding of demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics that contribute to CGM-derived dysglycemia phenotypes may reveal strategies to improve treatment.
Estimation of link interference in static multi-hop wireless networks (2005)

We present a measurement-based study of interference among links in a static, IEEE 802.11, multi-hop wireless network. Interference is a key cause of performance degradation in such networks. To improve, or to even estimate the performance of these networks, one must have some knowledge of which links in the network interfere with one another, and to what extent. However, the problem of estimating the interference among links of a multi-hop wireless network is a challenging one. Accurate modeling of radio signal propagation is difficult since many environment and hardware-specific factors must be considered. Empirically testing every group of links is not practical: a network with n nodes can have O(n2) links, and even if we consider only pairwise interference, we may have to potentially test O(n4) pairs. Given these difficulties, much of the previous work on wireless networks has assumed that information about interference in the network is either known, or that it can be approximated using simple heuristics. We test these heuristics in our testbed and find them to be inaccurate. We then propose a simple, empirical estimation methodology that can predict pairwise interference using only O(n2) measurements. Our methodology is applicable to any wireless network that uses omni-directional antennas. The predictions made by our methodology match well with the observed pairwise interference among links in our 22 node, 802.11-based testbed.
Hybrid and monolithic infrared detector arrays (2001)

Infrared detector arrays can be divided in two distinct classes: hybrid (and typically photon) detectors and monolithic (and generally thermal) detectors. Hybrid detectors involve flip-chip integration of the detector array and the readout chip, require cooling and thus cause substantial system cost. Monolithic detectors do not suffer this system overhead and most notably the microbolometer thermal detectors allow ambient operating temperature. IMEC focuses on III-V (InGaAs, InAs and InAsSb) short-wave and mid-infrared detector arrays for hybrid integration on one side and surface micromachined uncooled polySiGe microbolometer arrays on the other hand. Progress in both types of detector systems is reported.
Low-Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen by Sorption-Enhanced Reaction (2003)

Hydrogen is an increasingly important chemical raw material and a probable future primary energy carrier. In many current and anticipated applications the carbon monoxide impurity level must be reduced to low-ppmv levels to avoid poisoning catalysts in downstream processes. Methanation is currently used to remove carbon monoxide in petroleum refining operations while preferential oxidation (PROX) is being developed for carbon monoxide control in fuel cells. Both approaches add an additional step to the multi-step hydrogen production process, and both inevitably result in hydrogen loss. The sorption enhanced process for hydrogen production, in which steam-methane reforming, water-gas shift, and carbon dioxide removal reactions occur simultaneously in the presence of a nickel-based reforming catalyst and a calcium-based carbon dioxide sorbent, is capable of producing high purity hydrogen containing minimal carbon monoxide in a single processing step. The process also has the potential for producing pure CO2 that is suitable for subsequent use or sequestration during the sorbent regeneration step. The current research on sorption-enhanced production of low-carbon monoxide hydrogen is an extension of previous research in this laboratory that proved the feasibility of producing 95+% hydrogen (dry basis), but without concern for the carbon monoxide concentration. This paper describes sorption-enhanced reaction conditions  temperature, feed gas composition, and volumetric feed rate  required to produce 95+% hydrogen containing low carbon monoxide concentrations suitable for direct use in, for example, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Ischemia-reperfusion induced microvascular dysfunction in skeletal muscle: application of intravital video microscopy. (1993)

Video microscopy of red cell flow in capillaries at the surface of skeletal muscle provided the opportunity to quantitate ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) induced microcirculatory changes, in vivo. Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscles of 22 male Wistar rats (300-400 g), anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (Somnotol, 65 mg kg,-1 IP), were used to measure the number of perfused capillaries (CDper: mm-1) crossing lines drawn perpendicular to the muscle axis, and red blood cell velocity (VRBC: mm/s) within individual capillaries from controls (n = 6), and after 2 hr (n = 4), 3 hr (n = 4), and 4 hr (n = 5) of no-flow ischemia with the muscle temperature maintained at its normal value of 32 degrees C. Ischemia was induced by tightening a tourniquet placed around the limb above the EDL muscle. Measurements were made after 30, 60, and 90 min of reperfusion. To test the usefulness of this skeletal muscle model for evaluating proposed interventions in I-R, the effect of hypothermia (24 degrees C) on the microcirculation following 4 hr ischemia (n = 3) was measured. Edema formation was estimated from the wet/dry weight ratio of the ischemic and contralateral control EDL muscles. Capillary perfusion at the surface of the control muscles was remarkably stable over the 5 hr period studied, while significant changes occurred following the ischemic periods. Significantly lower CDper was measured 30 min following all periods of normothermic ischemia. However, unlike the 2 and 4 hr ischemic periods 3 hr normothermic ischemia resulted in a progressive decline in CDper throughout the reperfusion period. VRBC showed evidence of a hyperemic response following 2 hr normothermic ischemia (control: 0.12 mm/s +/- 0.19 compared to 0.26 mm/s +/- 0.03 following 90 min reperfusion; mean +/- sem). However, no such hyperemia was measured following either 3 or 4 hr normothermic ischemia (i.e., 3 hr control: 0.24 mm/s +/- 0.01 compared to 0.07 mm s +/- 0.003 following 90 min reperfusion). In fact, VRBC was essentially zero 90 min following 4 hr normothermic ischemia (0.01 mm/s +/- 0.01). However, when the muscle was allowed to cool to 24 degrees C during 4 hr ischemia no significant change in either VRBC or CDper was measured compared to pre-ischemic controls. Evidence of edema was found after 3 and 4 hr normothermic ischemia. This study establishes a skeletal muscle model of I-R, which may be useful in testing hypotheses regarding mechanisms of I-R injury, and effectiveness of proposed treatments of I-R.