gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New particle formation in the sulfuric acid-dimethy lamine-water system: Reevaluation of CLOUD chamber measurements and comparison to an aerosol nucleation and growth model (2017)

Abstract. A recent CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber study showed that sulfuric acid and dimethylamine produce new aerosols very efficiently, and yield particle formation rates that are compatible with boundary layer observations. These previously published new particle formation (NPF) rates are re-analyzed in the present study with an advanced method. The results show that the NPF rates at 1.7 nm are more than a factor of 10 faster than previously published due to earlier approximations in correcting particle measurements made at larger detection threshold. The revised NPF rates agree almost perfectly with calculated rates from a kinetic aerosol model at different sizes (1.7 nm and 4.3 nm mobility diameter). In addition, modeled and measured size distributions show good agreement over a wide range (up to ca. 30 nm). Furthermore, the aerosol model is modified such that evaporation rates for some clusters can be taken into account; these evaporation rates were previously published from a flow tube study. Using this model, the findings from the present study and the flow tube experiment can be brought into good agreement. This confirms that nucleation proceeds at rates that are compatible with collision-controlled (a.k.a. kinetically-controlled) new particle formation for the conditions during the CLOUD7 experiment (278 K, 38 % RH, sulfuric acid concentration between 1 × 106 and 3 × 107 cm−3 and dimethylamine mixing ratio of ~ 40 pptv). Finally, the simulation of atmospheric new particle formation reveals that even tiny mixing ratios of dimethylamine (0.1 pptv) yield NPF rates that could explain significant boundary layer particle formation. This highlights the need for improved speciation and quantification techniques for atmospheric gas-phase amine measurements.
Powering the Future: Organic Solar Cells with Polymer Energy Storage (2011)

Editors' note:This article presents a flexible self-sustaining energy solution. The low-cost and long-lasting organic solar cell technology, together with the polymer energy storage film technique, will enable more versatile and smart mobile applications in the future.—Jiun-Lang Huang (National Taiwan University) and Kwang-Ting (Tim) Cheng (University of California, Santa Barbara)
9.4: The effect of ballast resistor and field screening on electron emission of nano-diamond emitters fabricated on micropatterned silicon pillar arrays (2010)

This paper describes the influence of ballast resistor and field screening on the electron field emission behavior of nano-diamond emitter arrays fabricated on micropatterned silicon pillars. Arrays of 50 × 50 silicon pillars with different ballast resistances, pillar separations, capped with nano-diamond, have been fabricated on different silicon substrates as cathode for field emission testing. The goal of this study is to evaluate the fabrication method and electron emission characteristics in this configuration for field emission applications. The electron field emission results have been compared to observe the effect of the ballast resistive behavior and array spacing of micropatterned silicon pillars on the nano-diamond field emission behaviors.
Metal oxide-resistive memory using graphene-edge electrodes (2015)

The emerging paradigm of 'abundant-data' computing requires real-time analytics on enormous quantities of data collected by a mushrooming network of sensors. Todays computing technology, however, cannot scale to satisfy such big data applications with the required throughput and energy efficiency. The next technology frontier will be monolithically integrated chips with three-dimensionally interleaved memory and logic for unprecedented data bandwidth with reduced energy consumption. In this work, we exploit the atomically thin nature of the graphene edge to assemble a resistive memory (∼ 3 Å thick) stacked in a vertical three-dimensional structure. We report some of the lowest power and energy consumption among the emerging non-volatile memories due to an extremely thin electrode with unique properties, low programming voltages, and low current. Circuit analysis of the three-dimensional architecture using experimentally measured device properties show higher storage potential for graphene devices compared that of metal based devices.
Transformation of Sulfur Species during Steam/Air Regeneration on a Ni Biomass Conditioning Catalyst (2012)

Sulfur K-edge XANES identified transformation of sulfides to sulfates during combined steam and air regeneration on a Ni/Mg/K/Al2O3 catalyst used to condition biomass-derived syngas. This catalyst was tested over multiple reaction/regeneration/reduction cycles. Postreaction catalysts showed the presence of sulfides on H2S-poisoned sites. Although H2S was observed to leave the catalyst bed during regeneration, sulfur remained on the catalyst, and a transformation from sulfides to sulfates was observed. Following the oxidative regeneration, the subsequent H2 reduction led to a partial reduction of sulfates back to sulfides, indicating the difficulty and sensitivity in achieving complete sulfur removal during regeneration for biomass-conditioning catalysts.
Barbital Sodium, a Tumor Promoter for Kidney Tubules, Urinary Bladder, and Liver of the F344 Rat, Induces Persistent Increases in Levels of DNA Synthesis in Renal Tubules but Not in Urinary Bladder Epithelium or Hepatocytes (1989)

The nephrotoxicity of barbital sodium (NaBB), a renal and urinary bladder tumor promoter, was investigated in male F344/NCr rats. In an 8-week toxicity study, NaBB was administered to 6-week-old male rats for 8 weeks at dietary levels of 16,000, 8000, 4000,2000, 1000, or 0 ppm. Rats tolerated NaBB at levels of 4000 ppm and below with no weight depression or mortality. liver-to-body weight ratios, however, were significantly increased at 4000 ppm, and toxic renal lesions were observed histologically. Light microscopic studies of male rats fed 1000 ppm NaBB for 2–52 weeks or 4000 or 8000 ppm for 8 weeks revealed elevated levels of DNA synthesis in renal tubular cells as measured with tritiated thymidine autoradiography or 5-brome-2′-deoxyuridine immunohistochemistry that were associated with degenerative and regenerative nephrotoxic lesions Increased labeling indices of urothelium and hepatocytes were not seen in rats exposed to 1000 ppm NaBB which is effective as a bladder and liver tumor promoter at these doses. These studies provide evidence for the chronic nephrotoxicity and renal tubular hyperplasia induced by NaBB in F344 rats, which are associated with the tumor-promoting activity of NaBB at the doses studied. Hyperplasia in the urinary bladder or liver was not found, however, for this bladder and liver tumor promoter. The conflicting findings in liver, bladder, and kidney are discussed.
PREMEIOTIC INSTABILITY OF REPEATED SEQUENCES IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA (1990)

Maintenance of a steamlined genome is probably important to a free-living fungus. The period between fertilization and karyogamy in the life cycle of Neurospora and related fungi provides an ideal time for "genome-cleaning". Premeiotic intrachromosomal recombination deletes tandem repeats at high frequency in both homothallic and heterothallic filamentous ascomycetes. This eliminates excess copies of tandemly repeated genes and at the same time favors their homogenization. Heterothallic fungi such as Neurospora also take the bolder steps of mutating and modifying both copies of duplicated sequences, linked or unlinked, by RIP. Because these organisms are outbreeders, and because RIP operates immediately prior to meiosis in cells having nuclei from both parents, the process does not cause much lethality or loss of genetic information. RIP should effectively counter selfish and redundant DNA, and at the same time generate raw material for evolution. In addition, RIP should both prevent chromosomal rearrangements by causing divergence of dispersed repeated sequences and rid a population of duplication-generating rearrangements. Thus, this form of genetic instability potentially stabilizes the gross organization of the genome.
Mechanical left ventricular unloading prior to reperfusion reduces infarct size in a canine infarction model (2005)

We tested the hypothesis that unloading the left ventricle just prior to reperfusion provides infarct size reduction compared with left ventricular (LV) unloading postreperfusion and reperfusion alone. Twenty-four mongrel dogs were subjected to 2 hr of left anterior descending artery occlusion and 4 hr of reperfusion. A transvalvular (TV) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) was inserted just prior to reperfusion and maintained during the rest of the experiment (LV Assist Pre group). In the LV Assist Post group, the TV LVAD was inserted and activated just after reperfusion. A control group was subjected to reperfusion alone with a sham-TV LVAD. At baseline, the hemodynamic data were similar in the three groups. Myocardial infarct size expressed as percentage of area at risk was significantly reduced in the LV Assist Pre group compared to the control group (P = 0.011) and to the LV Assist Post group (P < 0.05). At 4 hr of reperfusion, transmural myocardial blood flow in the ischemic zone was slightly higher in the animals unloaded prior to reperfusion compared to controls and significantly higher than in the LV Assist Post group (P = 0.04). Postreperfusion end-diastolic wall thickness returned to baseline level in the TV LV Assist Pre group compared to both controls and TV LV Assist Post group. In these latter two groups, a significant increase in postreperfusion end-diastolic wall thickness and contraction band necrosis in the central ischemic zone correlated well with the degree of reperfusion injury. LV unloading prior to, but not after, reperfusion reduces the extent of myocardial necrosis in canine hearts subjected to 2 hr of left anterior descending artery occlusion and 4 hr of reperfusion compared to either reperfusion alone or LV unloading after reperfusion.
Biological effects of magnetic fields: studies with microorganisms (1979)

Five bacteria and one yeast were grown in magnetic fields of 50-900 gauss with frequencies of 0-0.3 HZ and square, triangular, or sine waveform. Growth of these microorganisms could be stimulated or inhibited depending upon the field strength and frequency of the pulsed magnetic field. Spore germination and mutation frequency were unaffected by the magnetic fields used in this study.
Surface EMG classification using moving approximate entropy and fuzzy logic for prosthesis control (2008)

Electromyographic control systems based on pattern recognition have become an established\ntechnique in upper limb prosthetic control application. This paper describes a use of fuzzy logic\nto discriminate different hand grip postures by processing the surface EMG from wrist muscles.\nA moving data window of two hundred values is applied to the SEMG data and a new method\ncalled moving approximate entropy is used to extract information from the signals. The analyses\nshow differences at three states of contraction (start, middle and end) where significant dips can\nbe observed at the start and end of a muscle contraction. Mean absolute value (MAV) and\nkurtosis are also used in the extraction process to increase the performance of the system. The\nextracted features are fed to a fuzzy logic system to be classified and select the output\nappropriately. The preliminary experimental result demonstrates the ability of the system to\nclassify the features related to different grip postures.
Combining CNN and LSTM for activity of daily living recognition with a 3D matrix skeleton representation (2021)

Abstract In socially assistive robotics, human activity recognition plays a central role when the adaptation of the robot behavior to the human one is required. In this paper, we present an activity recognition approach for activities of daily living based on deep learning and skeleton data. In the literature, ad hoc features extraction/selection algorithms with supervised classification methods have been deployed, reaching an excellent classification performance. Here, we propose a deep learning approach, combining CNN and LSTM, that exploits both the learning of spatial dependencies correlating the limbs in a skeleton 3D grid representation and the learning of temporal dependencies from instances with a periodic pattern that works on raw data and so without requiring an explicit feature extraction process. These models are proposed for real-time activity recognition, and they are tested on the CAD-60 dataset. Results show that the proposed model behaves better than an LSTM model thanks to the automatic features extraction of the limbs’ correlation. “New Person” results show that the CNN-LSTM model achieves $$95.4\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>95.4</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> of precision and $$94.4\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>94.4</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> of recall, while the “Have Seen” results are $$96.1\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>96.1</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> of precision and $$94.7\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>94.7</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> of recall.
Electron, hole and exciton binding energies on interface defects of single quantum well structures (1988)

We report on variational calculations of binding energies of electrons, holes and excitons on quantum well interface defects. The defects are modelled by cylindrical protrusions of the well-acting material into the barrier-acting one. We have also examined the effect of adding an attractive coulombic potential to either an attractive or a repulsive interface defect.
AUC Optimization vs. Error Rate Minimization (2003)

The area under an ROC curve (AUC) is a criterion used in many applications to measure the quality of a classification algorithm. However, the objective function optimized in most of these algorithms is the error rate and not the AUC value. We give a detailed statistical analysis of the relationship between the AUC and the error rate, including the first exact expression of the expected value and the variance of the AUC for a fixed error rate. Our results show that the average AUC is monotonically increasing as a function of the classification accuracy, but that the standard deviation for uneven distributions and higher error rates is noticeable. Thus, algorithms designed to minimize the error rate may not lead to the best possible AUC values. We show that, under certain conditions, the global function optimized by the RankBoost algorithm is exactly the AUC. We report the results of our experiments with RankBoost in several datasets demonstrating the benefits of an algorithm specifically designed to globally optimize the AUC over other existing algorithms optimizing an approximation of the AUC or only locally optimizing the AUC. 1
Targeted Therapies and Immune-Checkpoint Inhibition in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Where Do We Stand Today and Where to Go? (2019)

With an increased understanding of the tumor biology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), targeted therapies have found their way into the clinical treatment routines against this entity. Nevertheless, to date platinum-based cytostatic agents remain the first line choice and targeting the epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGFR) with combined cetuximab and radiation therapy remains the only targeted therapy approved in the curative setting. Investigation of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), such as antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1, resulted in a change of paradigms in oncology and in the first approval of new drugs for treating SCCHN. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab, two anti-PD-1 antibodies, were the first agents shown to improve overall survival for patients with metastatic/recurrent tumors in recent years. Currently, several clinical trials investigate the role of ICI in different therapeutic settings. A robust set of biomarkers will be an inevitable tool for future individualized treatment approaches including radiation dose de-escalation and escalation strategies. This review aims to summarize achieved goals, the current status and future perspectives regarding targeted therapies and ICI in the management of SCCHN.
Medullary respiratory neurones and control of laryngeal motoneurones during fictive eupnoea and cough in the cat (2001)

1. This study addressed the hypothesis that ventrolateral medullary respiratory neurones participate in the control of laryngeal motoneurones during both eupnoea and coughing. 2. Data were obtained from 28 mid-collicular decerebrated, artificially ventilated cats. Cough-like motor patterns (fictive cough) in phrenic, lumbar and recurrent laryngeal nerves were elicited by mechanical stimulation of the intrathoracic trachea. Microelectrode arrays were used to monitor simultaneously several neurones in the ventral respiratory group, including the Bötzinger and pre-Bötzinger complexes. Spike trains were evaluated for responses during fictive cough and evidence of functional connectivity with spike-triggered averages of efferent recurrent laryngeal nerve activity. 3. Primary features were observed in averages triggered by 94 of 332 (28 %) neurones. An offset biphasic wave with a positive time lag was present in the unrectified average for 10 inspiratory and 13 expiratory neurones. These trigger neurones were respectively identified as inspiratory laryngeal motoneurones with augmenting, decrementing, plateau and "other" discharge patterns, and expiratory laryngeal motoneurones with decrementing firing patterns. 4. Rectified averages triggered by inspiratory neurones included 37 offset peaks, 11 central peaks and one offset trough. Averages triggered by expiratory neurones had 12 offset peaks, six central peaks and four offset troughs. Relationships inferred from these features included premotor actions of inspiratory neurones with augmenting, decrementing, plateau and "other" patterns on inspiratory laryngeal motoneurones, and premotor actions of decrementing and "other" expiratory neurones on expiratory laryngeal motoneurones. Corresponding changes in neuronal firing patterns during fictive cough supported these inferences. 5. The data confirm and extend previous results on the control of laryngeal motoneurones during eupnoea and support the hypothesis that the same premotor neurones help to shape motoneurone firing patterns during both eupnoea and coughing.
High-Performance Transparent Conducting Metal Network Electrodes for Perovksite Photodetectors (2017)

Transparent conducting electrodes with high transparency and conductivity are necessary components for optoelectronic devices. In this work, a facile wet-chemical lift-off process is first introduced to fabricate Au network flexible transparent electrodes with electrospun polymer fiber network as mask. Low resistance (5.18 Ω sq<sup>-1</sup>) of the transparent electrode was obtained when the transparency was around 90%, which was comparable to the state-of-the-art transparent electrodes. Low root-mean-square roughness of 23 nm was obtained when the Au nanowire thickness was 30 nm. The perovskite CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> photodetector based on the 30 nm thick Au network electrode shows a large linear dynamic range of 138 dB, a high detectivity over 10<sup>12</sup> Jones, and better flexibility than that based on the commercial indium tin oxide electrode, which demonstrates that the Au network electrode is a promising flexible transparent conducting electrode for optoelectronic devices.
Preparation of Dry Powder Inhalation with Lactose Carrier Particles Surface-Coated Using a Wurster Fluidized Bed (2005)

An attempt was made to produce carrier particles for dry powder inhalation with lactose carrier particles surface-coated using a Wurster fluidized bed. The lactose carrier particles were coated with lactose aqueous solution containing hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as a binder using a Wurster coating apparatus. Drug/carrier powder mixtures were prepared consisting of micronized salbutamol sulfate and lactose carriers under various particle surface conditions. These powder mixtures were aerosolized by a Jethaler((R)), and the in vitro deposition properties of salbutamol sulfate were evaluated by a twin impinger. The in vitro inhalation properties of the powder mixture prepared using the coated lactose carrier differed significantly compared with those of the powder mixture prepared using the uncoated lactose carrier, indicating improvements in in vitro inhalation properties of sulbutamol sulfate. In vitro inhalation properties increased with the surface coating time. This surface coating system would thus be valuable for increasing the in vitro inhalation properties of dry powder inhalation with lactose carrier particles.
Radio-over-Fiber Distributed Antenna System for WiMAX Bullet Train Field Trial (2009)

Wireless broadband access for mobile applications is an area of increasing growth. An international collaboration, led by the Taiwan Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), has been working to implement a dedicated WiMAX network for a user field trial on the Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR) bullet train system. Continuous wireless coverage at train speeds up to 300 km/hr is challenging due to a number of critical issues, including handover at high speeds and coverage in challenging terrain such as tunnels. A radio-over-fiber (RoF) distributed antenna system (DAS) was developed by Corning Incorporated to address the critical issue of handover and increase the coverage for each WiMAX basestation. For a DAS deployment consisting of multiple discrete antennas, proper signal strength management is required because the maximum delay spread allowed by the WiMAX protocol is easily surpassed at realistic fiber ranges up to 9 km. This paper reviews some of the initial results of the RoF DAS experiments in SongShan tunnel in Taipei. Error-free signal transmission was achieved when the difference in received power from two consecutive antennas was greater than 10 dB.
Polymers for chemical sensing (2005)

Chemical sensors play an increasingly important role in monitoring the environment we live in, providing information on industrial manufacturing processes and their emissions, quality control of foods and beverages, and a host of other applications. Electrically conductive plastics are being developed for many useful applications. Improvement in understanding of the physical and chemical mechanisms by which electrical conduction occurs in these materials is now leading to a new generation of chemical sensors, which are reviewed in this article.
Multimetallic Metasurfaces for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxidations in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (2022)

Abstract Plasmonic metasurfaces enable unprecedented manipulation of light by using periodic arrangement of resonant unit cells or nanoantennas. Here, multimetallic metasurfaces made of self‐standing Ni/Au‐Pt nanostructured films are shown to significantly enhance an electrocatalytic oxidation reaction employed in direct alcohol fuel cells. The Ni/Au metasurfaces support photonic and plasmonic modes, which are leveraged for the site‐selective deposition of Pt electrocatalysts within the electromagnetic hot spots, where their reactivity can be strongly increased. The enhanced electrocatalytic activity for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is primarily attributed to electronic effects due to the excitation of hot charge carriers and plasmonic near fields, as supported by electromagnetic simulations and kinetic isotopic experiments. Wavelength‐dependent photoelectrochemical investigations suggest that Ni/Au‐Pt metasurfaces enhances MOR over a broad spectral range and favors different light‐induced reaction mechanisms depending on the selected energy window.