gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Corporate Governance Changes in the Wake of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act: A Morality Tale for Policymakers Too (2005)

This paper seeks to draw a lesson for designing major reforms of corporate governance in the future. It recalls the key events leading to the recent seismic shift in corporate governance policies applicable to American public corporations, and identifies the four sources of policy changes – the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, new listing requirements, governance rating agencies, and tougher judicial opinions (notably in Delaware) about perennial corporate governance issues. It presents a synthetic overview of the numerous reforms, which at the most general level aim to fix the audit process, increase board independence, and improve disclosure and transparency. It pauses to identify the vast territory of unchanged corporate governance rules that are still left to state law, and then examines some of the empirical studies that bear on whether the governance reforms can be confidently predicted to have strong positive results for investors. The exercise suggests an irony: Studies about the impacts of the most costly reforms, those concerning audit practices and board independence, are fairly inconclusive or negative, while studies about proposals for shareholder empowerment and reduction of managerial entrenchment indicate that changes in these areas – which in general are only atmospherically supported by the SOX-related changes – could have significant positive impacts. Admittedly, the general evidence for mandatory disclosure does suggest that the new round of enhanced disclosures, which are only moderately costly, will have good effects. The concluding section presents and explains a new approach for the next crisisgenerated reform movement. It is based on the notion that bandwagons are unavoidable, but their motivating impact can be leveraged and their bad effects alleviated by good statutory design. In particular, legal reforms in the area of corporate governance should have bite but should also be explicitly structured to authorize and mandate (1) serious empirical study of the effects of particular regulatory changes (or existing rules), (2) periodic reassessment of regulations in light of such evidence (while also considering experience and analytical arguments, of course), and (3) explicit decisions to reaffirm or alter regulations in light of these reassessments. * Harvard University Distinguished Service Professor. This essay, which was first written for an audience of European corporate lawyers and law professors, has benefited greatly from the helpful comments of colleagues and practitioners, including Lucian Bebchuk, Marjorie Knowles, Mark Moore, Mark Ramseyer, and Paul Washington. Mistakes and misjudgments are all my own.
EXCRETION OF 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS, CATECHOL AMINES, AND UROPEPSIN IN THE URINE OF NORMAL PERSONS AND DEAF SUBJECTS WITH BILATERAL VESTIBULAR DEFECTS FOLLOWING ACROBATIC FLIGHT STRESS. (1964)

Steroids & catecholamine in human waste after flight stress - effect of vestibular organs on excretory content
Levy Noise Benefits in Neural Signal Detection (2007)

We use the Ito calculus to prove that a general type of white Levy noise will benefit subthreshold neuronal signal detection if the noise process's scaled drift velocity falls inside an interval that depends on the threshold values. Levy noise generalizes Brownian motion and includes several important jump and impulsive random processes often found in neural and financial-engineering models. A global Lipschitz condition implies that additive white Levy noise can increase the mutual information or bit count of several feedback neuron models that obey a general stochastic differential equation. Simulation results show that the same 'stochastic resonance' noise benefit occurs for at least some impulsive or infinite-variance (stable) Levy noise processes.
word2vec Explained: deriving Mikolov et al.'s negative-sampling word-embedding method (2014)

The word2vec software of Tomas Mikolov and colleagues (https://code.google.com/p/word2vec/ ) has gained a lot of traction lately, and provides state-of-the-art word embeddings. The learning models behind the software are described in two research papers. We found the description of the models in these papers to be somewhat cryptic and hard to follow. While the motivations and presentation may be obvious to the neural-networks language-modeling crowd, we had to struggle quite a bit to figure out the rationale behind the equations. This note is an attempt to explain equation (4) (negative sampling) in "Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality" by Tomas Mikolov, Ilya Sutskever, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado and Jeffrey Dean.
Implementation Techniques of Complex Objects (1986)

Eflcient support for retrieval and update of complex objects is a unifying requirement of many areas of computing such as business, artificial intelligence, ofice automation, and computer aided design. In this paper, we investigate and analyze a range of alternative techniques for the storage of complex objects. These alternatives vary between the direct storage representation of complex objects and the fully decomposed storage representation of complex objects. Qualitative arguments for each of the strategies are discussed. Analytical results and initial implementation results based on fully decomposed schemes are presented.
Computer Aided Assessment in Microsurgical Training (2016)

The mean scores correlated with the level of difficulty of the exercise. We conclude that computer aided assessment can provide an objective view of the quality of suturing as well as skill maintenance in for trainees.
Nanopore Sequencing: Graphene Nanopores for Protein Sequencing (Adv. Funct. Mater. 27/2016) (2016)

In nanopore sequencing of proteins, the amino acid sequence is determined by measuring the ionic current through a nanopore in a thin membrane as the protein chain permeates through the nanopore. The computational study by A. Aksimentiev and co-workers, presented on page 4830, explores the feasibility of using nanopores in graphene for protein sequencing. The image illustrates the conformations of an unfolded protein threaded through a graphene nanopore.
Mining segment-wise periodic patterns in time-related databases (1998)

Periodicity search, that is, search for cyclicity in time-related databases, is an interesting data mining problem. Most previous studies have been on finding full-cycle periodicity for all the segments in the selected sequences of the data, that is, if a sequence is periodic, all the points or segments in the period repeat. However, it is often useful to mine segment-wise or point-wise periodicity in time-related data sets. In this study, we integrate data cube and Apriori data mining techniques for mining segment-wise periodicity in regard to a fixed length period and show that data cube provides an efficient structure and a convenient way for interactive mining of multiple-level periodicity. Introduction Periodicity search, that is, search for cyclic patterns in time-related data sets, is an important data mining problem with many applications. Most previously studied methods on periodicity pattern search are on mining full-cycle periodicity in the sense that every point in the pe...
A magnetic field‐responsive domain in the human HSP70 promoter (1999)

HSP70 gene expression is induced by a wide range of environmental stimuli, including 60-Hz electromagnetic fields. In an earlier report we showed that the induction of HSP70 gene expression by magnetic fields is effected at the level of transcription and is mediated through c-myc protein binding at two nCTCTn sequences at -230 and -160. in the human HSP70 promoter. We report on the identification of a third c-myc binding site (between -158 and -162) that is an important regulator of magnetic field-induced HSP70 expression. We also show that the heat shock element (HSE), lying between -180 and -203, is required for induction of HSP70 gene expression by magnetic fields. The HSE centered at -100 alone is insufficient.
Strain-Rate-Dependent Failure Criteria for Composite Laminates: Application of the Northwestern Failure Theory to Multiple Material Systems (2017)

The strain-rate-dependent matrix-dominated failure of multiple fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite systems was evaluated over the range of quasi-static (10−4) to dynamic (103 s−1) strain rates using available experimental data from literature. The strain rate dependent parameter, m, was found to relate strain-rate dependent lamina behavior linearly to the logarithm of strain rate. The parameter was characterized for a class of laminates comprised of epoxy-based matrices and either carbon or glass fibers, and determined to be approximately 0.055 regardless of fiber type. The strain-rate-dependent Northwestern Failure Criteria were found to fit all data in superior agreement to classical approaches across all strain rates evaluated based on solely lamina-level properties. It was determined that using the determined m value with the Northwestern Failure Criteria provided an accurate prediction of material behavior regardless of fiber type for the identified material class, which significantly reduces the material characterization testing required for the typical building block approach used by industry for computational analysis validation.
Supplementary Table S4 from Transcriptional Profiling of Polycythemia Vera Identifies Gene Expression Patterns Both Dependent and Independent from the Action of JAK2V617F (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table S4.&lt;/p&gt;
Amine regeneration tests on MEA, DEA, and MMEA with respect to cabamate stability analyses (2017)

Abstract The CO 2 desorption analyses of several amines were performed to reveal the behaviour of the amine regeneration process. A typical primary amine (MEA) and two other secondary amines (MMEA and DEA) were selected, in preparation for amine solutions under different concentrations, from 1–7 mol/L. The regeneration curves were generated and plotted to describe the process. It was discovered that the specific CO 2 loadings (mol/mol) that distinguish the amine regeneration curves into different regions were the same for the specific amine, despite different concentrations. These points were defined as “turning points” on regeneration curves. The turning points of MEA, MMEA, and DEA are located at CO 2 loadings of 0.40 mol/mol, 0.38 mol/mol, and 0.28 mol/mol, respectively. The carbamate stabilities of the three amines were compared with each other based on the slope of regeneration curves at slow region. The amine regeneration tests compared the relative heat duty at the first 2 h: MMEA &gt; MEA &gt; &gt; DEA, which is the same order as carbamate stability.
Land Cover Change and Soil Carbon Regulating Ecosystem Services in the State of South Carolina, USA (2021)

Integration of land cover change with soil information is important for valuation of soil carbon (C) regulating ecosystem services (ES) and disservices (ED) and for site-specific land management. The objective of this study was to assess the change in value of regulating ES from soil organic carbon (SOC), soil inorganic carbon (SIC), and total soil carbon (TSC) stocks, based on the concept of the avoided social cost of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for the state of South Carolina (SC) in the United States of America (U.S.A.) by soil order (Soil Taxonomy), land cover, and land cover change (National Land Cover Database, NLCD) using information from the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) and Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO) databases. Classified land cover data for 2001 and 2016 were downloaded from the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium (MRLC) website. The total estimated monetary mid-point value for TSC in the state of South Carolina was $124.42B (i.e., $124.42 billion U.S. dollars, where B = billion = 109) with the following monetary distribution in 2016 and percent change in value between 2001 and 2016: barren land ($259.7M, −9%) (i.e., $259.7 million U.S. dollars, where M = million = 106), woody wetlands ($33.8B, −1%), shrub/scrub ($3.9B, +9%), mixed forest ($6.9B, +5%), deciduous forest ($10.6B, −7%), herbaceous ($4.8B, −5%), evergreen forest ($28.6B, +1%), emergent herbaceous wetlands ($6.9B, −3%), hay/pasture ($7.3B, −10%), cultivated crops ($9.9B, 0%), developed, open space ($7.0B, +5%), developed, medium intensity ($978M, +46%), developed, low intensity ($2.9B, +15%), and developed, high intensity ($318M, +39%). The percent change in monetary values was different from percent change in areas because different soil orders have different TSC contents. The percent changes (between 2001 and 2016) both in areas and monetary values varied by soil order and land cover with $1.1B in likely “realized” social cost of C mostly associated with Ultisols ($658.8M). The Midlands region of the state experienced the highest gains in the “high disturbance” classes and corresponding SC-CO2 with over $421M for TSC, $354.6M for SOC, and $66.4M for SIC. Among counties, Horry County ranked first with over $142.2M in SC-CO2 for TSC, followed by Lexington ($103.7M), Richland ($95.3M), Greenville ($81.4M), York ($77.5M), Charleston ($70.7M), Beaufort ($64.1M), Berkeley ($50.9M), Spartanburg ($50.0M), and Aiken ($43.0M) counties. Spatial and temporal analyses of land cover can identify critical locations of soil carbon regulating ecosystem services at risk.
13C‐methacetin breath test as liver function test in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection (2005)

The non-invasive 13C-methacetin breath test reliably distinguishes between early cirrhotic (Child A) and noncirrhotic patients, but fails to detect early stages of fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Attacking Object Detector Using A Universal Targeted Label-Switch Patch (2022)

Adversarial attacks against deep learning-based object detectors (ODs) have been studied extensively in the past few years. These attacks cause the model to make incorrect predictions by placing a patch containing an adversarial pattern on the target object or anywhere within the frame. However, none of prior research proposed a misclassification attack on ODs, in which the patch is applied on the target object. In this study, we propose a novel, universal, targeted, label-switch attack against the state-of-the-art object detector, YOLO. In our attack, we use (i) a tailored projection function to enable the placement of the adversarial patch on multiple target objects in the image (e.g., cars), each of which may be located a different distance away from the camera or have a different view angle relative to the camera, and (ii) a unique loss function capable of changing the label of the attacked objects. The proposed universal patch, which is trained in the digital domain, is transferable to the physical domain. We performed an extensive evaluation using different types of object detectors, different video streams captured by different cameras, and various target classes, and evaluated different configurations of the adversarial patch in the physical domain.
Chemoenzymatic microfluidic cascade reaction: Coupling of a diels-alder reaction with a transketolase-catalyzed reaction (2020)

A chemoenzymatic microfluidic cascade reaction is demonstrated for the first time, where a Diels-Alder&#13;\nreaction is followed by a transketolase reaction, for the synthesis of 3,4-dimethylcyclohex-3-ene-2’-keto-1’,3’-&#13;\npropanediols, which are used as scaffolds for a number of interesting pharmaceutical compounds. For an efficient&#13;\norganic synthesis, an enzymatic reaction would be advantageous, as it would minimize the number of process steps&#13;\nby eliminating the need for protective chemistry [1]. However, most catalysts and reactions conditions used with&#13;\nDA reactions are not compatible with a subsequent enzymatic reaction (issues revolve e.g. around solvent&#13;\ncompatibility, differing reaction rates, and mis-match of pH). We used the spatial confinement of reactions afforded&#13;\nby cascaded microreactors, which has been well established for enzyme-enzyme reactions [2], to overcome these&#13;\nchallenges and to achieve a chemoenzymatic reaction in continuous flow. Each reaction was optimized individually&#13;\nor in a step-wise synthesis, considering solvents and catalyst combinations, before being coupled in continuous&#13;\nflow.
Low-profile U-shaped DRA for ultra-wideband applications (2016)

In this paper, a microstrip-fed U-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is simulated, designed, and fabricated. This antenna, in its simple configuration, operates from 5.45 to 10.8 GHz. To enhance its impedance bandwidth, the ground plane is first modified, which leads to an extended bandwidth from 4 to 10.8 GHz. Then by inserting a rectangular metallic patch inside the U-shaped DRA, the bandwidth is increased more to achieve an operating band from 2.65 to 10.9 GHz. To validate these results, an experimental antenna prototype is fabricated and measured. The obtained measurement results show that the proposed antenna can provide an ultra-wide bandwidth and a symmetric bidirectional radiation patterns. With these features, the proposed antenna is suitable for ultra-wideband applications.
Multivariate GBLUP Improves Accuracy of Genomic Selection for Yield and Fruit Weight in Biparental Populations of Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait (2018)

The development of high-throughput genotyping has made genome-wide association (GWAS) and genomic selection (GS) applications possible for both model and non-model species. The exploitation of genome-assisted approaches could greatly benefit breeding efforts in American cranberry (<i>Vaccinium macrocarpon</i>) and other minor crops. Using biparental populations with different degrees of relatedness, we evaluated multiple GS methods for total yield (TY) and mean fruit weight (MFW). Specifically, we compared predictive ability (PA) differences between univariate and multivariate genomic best linear unbiased predictors (GBLUP and MGBLUP, respectively). We found that MGBLUP provided higher predictive ability (PA) than GBLUP, in scenarios with medium genetic correlation (8-17% increase with cor<sub>g</sub>~0.6) and high genetic correlations (25-156% with cor<sub>g</sub>~0.9), but found no increase when genetic correlation was low. In addition, we found that only a few hundred single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are needed to reach a plateau in PA for both traits in the biparental populations studied (in full linkage disequilibrium). We observed that higher resemblance among individuals in the training (TP) and validation (VP) populations provided greater PA. Although multivariate GS methods are available, genetic correlations and other factors need to be carefully considered when applying these methods for genetic improvement.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Behavior of Nanostructured Copper Particles on Graphite for Application in Lithium Ion Batteries (2018)

Graphitic materials are currently the state-of-the-art anode materials for lithium ion secondary batteries. By chemical modification, the electrochemical performance of the pristine materials can be improved. In this paper we report on the preparation of nanostructured copper particles on graphite by thermal decomposition of copper formate. With this technique a novel, simple and low cost method for a homogeneous deposition of nanostructured copper particles on graphite was established. Different amounts of copper were realized and their influence on the electrochemical behavior of the active material was investigated. The copper particles had a size distribution between 50 nm and 300 nm. Electrochemical measurements displayed an improved performance of the synthesized composite material compared to the pristine material. Cyclic voltammetry showed a suppressed cointercalation of solvated lithium and an increased formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Battery cycling demonstrated an increased discharge capacity and cycling stability.
Geometric construction of bases of $H_2(\overline\Omega, \partial\Omega, \mathbb{Z})$ (2016)

We present an efficient algorithm for the construction of a basis of $H_2(\overline{\Omega},\partial\Omega;\mathbb Z)$ via the Poincar\'e--Lefschetz duality theorem. Denoting by $g$ the first Betti number of $\overline \Omega$ the idea is to find, first $g$ different $1$-boundaries of $\overline{\Omega}$ with supports contained in $\partial\Omega$ whose homology classes in $\mathbb R^3 \setminus \Omega$ form a basis of $H_1(\mathbb R^3 \setminus \Omega;\mathbb Z)$, and then to construct in $\overline{\Omega}$ a homological Seifert surface of each one of these $1$-boundaries. The Poincar\'e--Lefschetz duality theorem ensures that the relative homology classes of these homological Seifert surfaces in $\overline\Omega$ modulo $\partial\Omega$ form a basis of $H_2(\overline\Omega,\partial\Omega;\mathbb Z)$. We devise a simply procedure for the construction of the required set of $1$-boundaries of $\overline{\Omega}$ that, combined with a fast algorithm for the construction of homological Seifert surfaces, allows the efficient computation of a basis of $H_2(\overline{\Omega},\partial\Omega;\mathbb Z)$ via this very natural geometrical approach. Some numerical experiments show the efficiency of the method and its performance comparing with other algorithms.
The end of codex and the disintegration of the communication circuit of the book (2011)

LOGOS 12 LOGOS 22/1 © 2011 LOGOS Miha Kovacˇ Miha Kovacˇ is currently publisher at Mladinska knjiga and tenured Professor at the Department of Library and Information Science and Book Studies at the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. In 1985, he became Editor-in-Chief of Mladina , the only opposition weekly in the then-socialist Slovenia, which was still part of Yugoslavia at that time. After 1988, he moved into book publishing and worked as editorial director in the two largest Slovene publishing houses, DZS and Mladinska knjiga. In 2000 he left professional book publishing and started to lecture at the Department of
Dynamic Voltage Scaling Scheduling on Power-Aware Clusters under Power Constraints (2013)

Energy consumption of computing systems and especially of large-scale systems has a growing concern nowadays due to economic and ecological reasons. To reduce energy consumption, a variety of mechanisms are proposed in the literature. One of them is Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS). Many systems impose energy consumption restrictions when tasks are executed. We propose an energy saving mechanism based on DVS that takes into account energy consumption restrictions imposed by the system during the execution of tasks. The proposed DVS mechanism maximizes performance without violating energy consumption restrictions. Furthermore, it achieves great energy savings by lowering processors, frequency and executes tasks under a lower power budget than the one imposed by the system. Simulation experiments show promising results when hard real-time CPU-intensive tasks are executed. Success ratio is kept at satisfactory levels (97%-99.2%) while energy consumption is reduced from 13.7% up to 21%.
Effectiveness of ciprofloxacin or linezolid in combination with rifampicin against Enterococcus faecalis in biofilms (2011)

Our results show that combinations of ciprofloxacin or linezolid with rifampicin have a good effect on E. faecalis biofilms in vitro. These combinations should be considered for testing in humans with early joint prosthesis infections with E. faecalis.
Towards miniaturized gas sensors based on substrate-integrated hollow waveguides and interband cascade light emitting diodes (2023)

We report the first combination of MIR ICLEDs combined with a substrate-integrated hollow waveguide for gas detection. This combination is a pioneering step toward a new generation of miniaturized and low-cost MIR optical sensing devices.