gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Surface Quality of Continuously Cast Metals by Imposing Intermittent High Frequency Magnetic Field and Synchronizing the Field with Mold Oscillation (1996)

In order to improve the surface quality of continuously cast steel, two new casting processes are developed. One is the imposition of an intermittent high frequency magnetic field from the outside of a mold and the other is a synchronizing imposition of the intermittent high frequency magnetic field with mold oscillation are developed. To distinguish the characteristics of the processes, the meniscus dynamic behavior was investigated in molten gallium as simulator of molten steel and the meniscus deformation was numerically analyzed. The surface quality was examined in the cast tin used as simulator of steel. The imposition of the high frequency magnetic field reduces the effect of mold oscillation on dynamic pressure in a flux channel between molten metal and a mold and suppresses the deformation on meniscus shape.The intermittent high frequency magnetic field suppresses the surface wave motion generated by mold oscillation. When the timing of the magnetic field imposition is synchronized with the period including the lowest position in the stroke of mold oscillation, the better surface quality is obtained than that synchronized with the period including the highest position. The amount of electric current required to get the same surface quality decreases in the order of the imposition of continuous high frequency magnetic field, the imposition of intermittent high frequency magnetic field and the synchronizing imposition.
Desymmetrization of σ-Symmetric Biphenyl-2,6-diyl Diacetate Derivatives by Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis: Unexpected Effect of C(3′)-Substituent on the Enantiotopic Group Selectivity (2019)

Highly enantioselective desymmetrization of σ-symmetric 3′-substituted 2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl-2,6-diyl diacetate derivatives to the corresponding monoacetates was effected by using Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL), despite the remoteness of the C(3′) substituent from the acetate groups. ROL promoted hydrolysis of the pro-S acetates, irrespective of the type of C(3′) substituent, whereas PPL promoted hydrolysis of the pro-R acetates, and selectivity was only attainable when the C(3′) substituent was a polar group.
Identification de gènes de prédisposition à l'autisme et la schizophrénie (2003)

Family studies in autism and schizophrenia have shown a genetic contribution to the vulnerability to these syndromes. We have characterized two new genes (FAM8A1 and KIF13A) in the 6p23 region, which is strongly associated with schizophrenia. We also identified an association between the GRIK2 gene and autism at 6q21. We then turned our attention to male predisposition to autism by studying the distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups and identifying vulnerability genes located on the sex chromosomes. We have thus been able to characterize the first mutations associated with idiopathic autism in genes of the neuroligin family (NLGN3 and NLGN4). Taken together, our results suggest the involvement of glutamatergic synapses in the predisposition to autism, and open up new avenues of research to understand the molecular mechanisms that are altered in affected subjects.
Percutaneous Vertebroplasty (2004)

Percutaneous vertebroplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures was initially introduced in the late 1980s in Europe (1,2) and in the early 1990s in the United States (3). Since that time the procedure has enjoyed a phenomenal growth. Indeed, vertebroplasty is now considered routine in most areas throughout the United States. The procedure has been shown to be rapid, safe, and effective for the treatment of painful osteoporotic compression fractures (3–22). The purpose of this chapter is to review the indications, preprocedural workup, procedural details, postprocedural care, and outcomes for the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures with percutaneous vertebroplasty.
SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS: SOME CLASSICAL PROBLEMS AND NEW CHALLENGES (2001)

We give a brief review of the developments in several classical problems of sequential analysis and their applications to biomedicine, economics and engi- neering. Even though it can only focus on a limited number of topics, the review shows that sequential analysis is still a vibrant subject after six decades of contin- ual development, with fresh ideas brought in from various fields of application and through interactions with other branches of statistics and probability. We conclude with some remarks on the opportunities and challenges ahead.
Prostate cancer screening (2002)

Nutrition Research Centre South Bank University 103 Borough Road London SE1 0AA, UK Fax: (+44) 1256 880 416 E-mail: [email protected]
Quantum wells in photovoltaic cells (2004)

The fundamental efficiency limit of a single bandgap solar cell is about 31% at one sun with a bandgap of about Eg = 1.35 eV (1), determined by the trade-off of maximising current with a smaller bandgap and voltage with a larger bandgap. Multiple bandgaps can be introduced to absorb the broad solar spectrum more efficiently. This can be realised in multi- junction cells, for example, where two or more cells are stacked on top of each other either mechanically or monolithically connected by a tunnel junction. An alternative or complementary (see section 1.4) approach is the quantum well cell (QWC).
Eating Frequency and the Risk of Colon Cancer (2002)

Eating frequency has been found in most previous studies to have a positive association or no association with colon cancer. We report data from a large case-control study to determine the effect of eating frequency on colon cancer risk. Data were analyzed from interviews of 1,966 cases of colon cancer and 2,380 controls from selected areas in Northern California, Utah, and Minnesota. Respondents were asked whether they usually ate or drank something besides water at eight different occasions during the day. We controlled for age, family history of colorectal cancer, body mass index, physical activity, intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, and dietary intake of energy, fiber, and calcium. In fully adjusted models, we found no significant associations between number of daily eating occasions and colon cancer in women. In men, risk of overall colon cancer was lower for one to two times per day (odds ratio = 0.54, 95% confidence interval = 0.36-0.83) than for three times per day, but risk was not increased for more than three times per day. Compared with three times per day, we found no evidence for an association between colon cancer risk and eating frequencies more than three times per day. The increased risk of colon cancer limited to men eating less than three times per day may be due to uncontrolled confounding.
A computational bio-chemo-mechanical model of in vivo tissue-engineered vascular graft development (2020)

Stenosis is the primary complication of current tissue-engineered vascular grafts used in pediatric congenital cardiac surgery. Murine models provide considerable insight into the possible mechanisms underlying this situation, but they are not efficient for identifying optimal changes in scaffold design or therapeutic strategies to prevent narrowing. In contrast, computational modeling promises to enable time- and cost-efficient examinations of factors leading to narrowing. Whereas past models have been limited by their phenomenological basis, we present a new mechanistic model that integrates molecular- and cellular-driven immuno- and mechano-mediated contributions to in vivo neotissue development within implanted polymeric scaffolds. Model parameters are inferred directly from in vivo measurements for an inferior vena cava interposition graft model in the mouse that are augmented by data from the literature. By complementing Bayesian estimation with identifiability analysis and simplex optimization, we found optimal parameter values that match model outputs with experimental targets and quantify variability due to measurement uncertainty. Utility is illustrated by parametrically exploring possible graft narrowing as a function of scaffold pore size, macrophage activity, and the immunomodulatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). The model captures salient temporal profiles of infiltrating immune and synthetic cells and associated secretion of cytokines, proteases, and matrix constituents throughout neovessel evolution, and parametric studies suggest that modulating scaffold immunogenicity with early immunomodulatory therapies may reduce graft narrowing without compromising compliance.
High-Throughput Expression Screening and Purification of Recombinant Proteins in E. coli (2013)

The protocols outlined in this chapter allow for the small-scale test expression of a single or multiple proteins concurrently using several expression conditions to identify optimal strategies for producing soluble, stable proteins. The protocols can be performed manually without the need for specialized equipment, or can be translated to robotic platforms. The high-throughput protocols begin with transformation in a 96-well format, followed by small-scale test expression using auto-induction medium in a 24-well format, finishing with purification in a 96-well format. Even from such a small scale, there is the potential to use the purified proteins for characterization in pilot studies, for sensitive micro-assays, or for the quick detection of and differentiation of the expected size and oxidation state of the protein by mass spectrometry.
Real-Time Measurement of Functional Tumor Volume by MRI to Assess Treatment Response in Breast Cancer Neoadjuvant Clinical Trials: Validation of the Aegis SER Software Platform (2014)

Implementation of the SER FTV algorithm on a commercial platform for real-time MRI volume assessments showed very good agreement with the reference core laboratory system, but variations by site and outlier analysis point out sensitivities to implementation-specific differences.
Small Molecule Inhibitors of Bromodomain–Acetyl-lysine Interactions (2014)

Bromodomains are protein modules that bind to acetylated lysine residues. Their interaction with histone proteins suggests that they function as "readers" of histone lysine acetylation, a component of the proposed "histone code". Bromodomain-containing proteins are often found as components of larger protein complexes with roles in fundamental cellular process including transcription. The publication of two potent ligands for the BET bromodomains in 2010 demonstrated that small molecules can inhibit the bromodomain-acetyl-lysine protein-protein interaction. These molecules display strong phenotypic effects in a number of cell lines and affect a range of cancers in vivo. This work stimulated intense interest in developing further ligands for the BET bromodomains and the design of ligands for non-BET bromodomains. Here we review the recent progress in the field with particular attention paid to ligand design, the assays employed in early ligand discovery, and the use of computational approaches to inform ligand design.
Separation of high field strength elements (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf) and Lu from rock samples for MC‐ICPMS measurements (2001)

The application of multiple collector inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry (MC‐ICPMS) to 176 Lu‐ 176 Hf and 92 Nb‐ 92 Zr chronometry has been hampered by complex Zr‐Hf purification procedures that involve multiple ion exchange column steps. This study presents a single‐column separation procedure for purification of Hf and Lu by ion exchange using Eichrom® Ln‐Spec resin. The sample is loaded in pure HCl, and element yields are not dependent on the sample matrix. For 92 Nb‐ 92 Zr chronometry, a one‐column procedure for purification of Zr using Biorad® AG‐1‐× 8 resin is described. Titanium and Mo are completely removed from the Zr, thus enabling accurate 92 Zr measurements. Zirconium and Nb are quantitatively separated from rock samples using Eichrom Ln‐Spec resin, allowing measurements of Zr/Nb with a precision of better than ±5% (2 σ ). The Ln‐Spec and anion resin procedures may be combined into a three‐column method for separation of Zr‐Nb, Hf, Ta, and Lu from rock samples. For the first time, this procedure permits combined isotope dilution measurements of Nb/Ta, Zr/Hf, and Lu/Hf using a mixed 94 Zr‐ 176 Lu‐ 180 Hf‐ 180 Ta tracer. Analytical protocols for Zr and Hf isotope measurements using the Micromass Isoprobe, a second generation, single‐focusing MC‐ICPMS, are reported. Using the Isoprobe at Münster, 2 σ external precisions of ±0.5ɛ units for Hf and Zr isotope measurements are achieved using as little as 5 ng (Hf) to 10 ng (Zr) of the element. The 176 Hf/ 177 Hf and Lu/Hf for rock reference materials agree well with other published MC‐ICPMS and thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) data.
Reducing the radiation-induced G2 delay causes HeLa cells to undergo apoptosis instead of mitotic death (1996)

Cells exposed to radiation may undergo death through apoptosis or mitotic death. HeLa cells predominantly undergo mitotic death after irradiation. Treatment of these cells with caffeine has been shown to shorten the G2 delay after irradiation, and to decrease their survival. The kinase inhibitor staurosporine also decreases the radiation-induced G2 delay in HeLa cells. Here we extend these findings to show that the decrease in radiation-induced G2 delay mediated by caffeine or staurosporine is accompanied by a shift in the pathway of cell death from mitotic death to apoptotic death. The increase in apoptosis is further accompanied by decreased clonogenic survival after irradiation. Based on these findings we propose the hypothesis that one mechanism of enhancing cell killing by radiation is to trigger apoptosis by decreasing the G2 delay induced by irradiation.
Cycling performance for storage and purification of lanthanum‐rich mischmetal alloy in the presence of hydrogen sulfide (2021)

Abstract With the continuous expansion of the high‐purity hydrogen application range, the performance degradation of hydrogen storage alloy (HSA) caused by impurities has attracted widespread attention in producing pure hydrogen from biomass. In this study, the lanthanum‐rich mischmetal alloy's purification ability on hydrogen sulfide impurities and cycling performance were studied. The hydrogen with different concentrations of hydrogen sulfide was used to investigate the purification performance, which assumes the gas derived from biomass. Besides, a cycling experiment was designed to analyze cycling performance. The results show that the HSA could remove high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide entirely. It was also found that impurities of 1 ppm hydrogen sulfide had little effect on the HSA. With hydrogen sulfide concentrations of 100 ppm, the hydrogen storage capacity, absorption rate, and release rate were reduced, but they became a stable state from the second cycle. The performance degradation mechanism was analyzed by Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS​).
Extending aggressive low-k1 design rule requirements for 90 and 65 nm nodes via simultaneous optimization of numerical aperture, illumination and optical proximity correction (2005)

It has been a challenge for the lithography process to meet aggressive integrated circuit design rule requirements for 90 nm and upcoming 65 nm technology nodes under low-k1 patterning constraints. The geometric design rules are largely governed by numerical aperture (NA), illumination settings, and optical proximity correction (OPC) for any resolution enhancement technique-applied mask. A set of process feasible design rule criteria is explored based on state-of-the-art microprocessor chip that contains three different types of circuit design-standard library cell (SLC), random logic (RML), and static random access memory (SRAM). The critical design rule criteria to keep higher packing density for SRAM involve: achievable minimum pitch, sufficient area of contact-landing pad, minimum line-end shortening (LES) to ensure poly end-cap and preferably optimum pitch for placement of Scattering BarTM (SB). The goal is to achieve printing of ever-smaller critical dimension (CD) with greater CD uniformity control for RML. SLC should be designed with comparable criteria to both RML and SRAM devices. Hence, the design rule constraints for CD, space, line-end, minimum pitch and SB placement for SLC cell are critically confined. Unlike traditional method of assuming a linear scaling for the design rule set, achievable design rule criteria is explored for very low k1-imaging by simultaneously optimizing NA, illumination settings and OPC (for optimum placement of SB) for a calibrated process. This is done by analyzing CD uniformity control and maximum overlapped process window for critical lines, spaces and line-ends with the respective k1 factor for three types of circuits. A feasible set of design rules for 90 nm node with k1 as low as 0.36 can be obtained using 6% attenuated phase shift mask (attPSM) with 6% exposure latitude at 400 nm of overlapped depth of focus.
Encapsulated Annealing: Enhancing the Plasmon Quality Factor in Lithographically–Defined Nanostructures (2014)

Lithography provides the precision to pattern large arrays of metallic nanostructures with varying geometries, enabling systematic studies and discoveries of new phenomena in plasmonics. However, surface plasmon resonances experience more damping in lithographically-defined structures than in chemically-synthesized nanoparticles of comparable geometries. Grain boundaries, surface roughness, substrate effects, and adhesion layers have been reported as causes of plasmon damping, but it is difficult to isolate these effects. Using monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and numerical analysis, we demonstrate an experimental technique that allows the study of these effects individually, to significantly reduce the plasmon damping in lithographically-defined structures. We introduce a method of encapsulated annealing that preserves the shape of polycrystalline gold nanostructures, while their grain-boundary density is reduced. We demonstrate enhanced Q-factors in lithographically-defined nanostructures, with intrinsic damping that matches the theoretical Drude damping limit.
A chromosome-scale assembly for tetraploid sour cherry ( Prunus cerasus L.) ‘Montmorency’ identifies three distinct ancestral Prunus genomes (2023)

Abstract Background Sour cherry ( Prunus cerasus L.) is a valuable fruit crop in the Rosaceae family and a hybrid between progenitors most closely related to extant P. fruticosa (ground cherry) and P. avium (sweet cherry). Sour cherry is an allotetraploid with few genomic resources, so a genome sequence would greatly facilitate the improvement of this crop. In Prunus , two known classes of genes are of particular importance to breeding strategies: the self-incompatibility loci ( S -alleles), which determine compatible crosses and are critically important for successful fertilization and fruit set, and the Dormancy Associated MADS-box genes (DAMs), which strongly affect dormancy transitions and flowering time. Results Here we report a chromosome-scale genome assembly for sour cherry cultivar ‘Montmorency’, the predominant sour cherry cultivar grown in the U.S. We also generated a draft assembly of P. fruticosa to use alongside a published P. avium sequence for syntelog-based subgenome assignments for ‘Montmorency’. Using hierarchal k-mer clustering and phylogenomics, we provide compelling evidence this allotetraploid is trigenomic, containing two distinct subgenomes inherited from a P. fruticosa-like ancestor (A and A’) and two copies of the same subgenome inherited from a P. avium-like ancestor (BB). We therefore assigned the genome composition of ‘Montmorency’ to be AA’BB and show little to no recombination has occurred between progenitor subgenomes (A/A’ and B). The S -alleles and DAMs in ‘Montmorency’ and P. fruticosa were manually annotated and demonstrated to support the three subgenome assignments. Lastly, the hybridization event that ‘Montmorency’ is descended from was estimated to have occurred less than 1.61 million years ago, making sour cherry a relatively recent allotetraploid. Conclusions The genome of sour cherry cultivar Montmorency highlights the evolutionary complexity of the genus Prunus . These genomic resources will inform future breeding strategies for sour cherry, comparative genomics in the Rosaceae, and questions regarding neopolyploidy.
O uso de antimicrobianos em instituições de longa permanência para idosos: revisão de literatura (2013)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose caused by insufficient absolute or relative secretion of insulin. Once diagnosed, patients need long-term treatment with hypoglycemic drugs. Currently, the existing first-line hypoglycemic drugs do not provide effective treatment for DM and its complications. In the past, the first generation and the second generation of weight loss surgery, such as gastric bypass and sleeve gastric surgery, had strict body mass index requirements. Moreover, post-surgery, patients are prone to fluctuating hypoglycemia, gastroesophageal reflux, and dumping syndrome. Hence, the curative effect of this type of surgery was compromised to a certain extent. Jejunoileostomy is a third-generation surgery for patients with DM, which has been shown to improve glucose and lipid metabolism, without changing the original gastrointestinal tract structure. Different from previous weight loss surgeries, jejunoileostomy has been clinically observed to delay the development of DM-related complications. Additionally, the postoperative complications are mild and do not affect the patient’s quality of life. Based on our clinical observations from multi-center large samples, our team developed a consensus on the operative period and perioperative management of jejunoileostomy as a reference for clinical researchers.