gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tiazofurine ICN Pharmaceuticals. (2000)

Tiazofurine is a nucleoside analog with oncolytic activity being developed by Ribapharm (formerly ICN Pharmaceuticals) as a potential treatment for leukemia. It is metabolized to TAD (thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide), an inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase. This inhibition results in the reduction of guanylate levels and the halting of neoplastic proliferation. The compound is in phase II/III trials [215553]. It is expected that Ribapharm will file an orphan drug application for tiazofurine, as a treatment for myelogenous leukemia, following the drug's completion of phase III trials by the end of 2002. The company has reported that phase III trials will begin by the end of 2000. Preliminary studies involving 21 patients have been carried out and the results reported by the company. During these studies, seven patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia had a complete hematologic response and two patients had a partial response. Of the patients with a complete response, six had marrow and peripheral responses. Ribapharm, through a Russian subsidiary of ICN, is also planning to conduct phase II studies of tiazofurine involving patients suffering from advanced ovarian cancer or multiple myeloma which is resistant to conventional therapy. The company has reported that the multiple myeloma limited phase II study is still undergoing planning, with an intended start date in late 2000 [381453]. In March 2000, Chase Hambrecht & Quist predicted that first approval could be towards the end of 2001 [384894].
Conjugated Elimination versus [1,2]‐Wittig Rearrangement of Unsaturated Diox(ol)anes (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Eotaxin-3 exerts innate host defense activities that are modulated by mast cell proteases (2015)

During bacterial infections of the airways, a Th1-profiled inflammation promotes the production of several host defense proteins and peptides with antibacterial activities. These are downregulated by Th2 cytokines of the allergic response. Instead, the eosinophil-recruiting chemokines eotaxin-1/CCL11, eotaxin-2/CCL24, and eotaxin-3/CCL26 are expressed. This study set out to investigate whether these chemokines could serve as innate host defense molecules during allergic inflammation. Antibacterial activities of the eotaxins were investigated using viable count assays and methods assessing bacterial permeabilization. CCL11, CCL24, and CCL26 all showed potent bactericidal activity, mediated through membrane disruption, against the airway pathogens. CCL26 retained bactericidal activity in the presence of salt at physiologic concentrations, and the region holding the highest bactericidal activity was the cationic and amphipathic COOH-terminus. Proteolysis of CCL26 by chymase and tryptase, respectively, released distinct fragments of the COOH- and NH2-terminal regions. The COOH-terminal fragment retained antibacterial activity while the NH2-terminal had potent LPS-neutralizing properties in the order of CCL26 full-length protein. An identical fragment to NH2-terminal fragment generated by tryptase was obtained after incubation with supernatants from activated mast cells. Taken together, the findings show that the eotaxins can contribute to host defense against common airway pathogens and that their activities are modulated by mast cell proteases.
Dietary supplementation with fish gelatine modifies nutrient intake and leads to sex-dependent responses in TAG and C-reactive protein levels of insulin-resistant subjects (2012)

Previous studies have shown that fish protein, as well as marine n-3 PUFA, may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk profile. The objectives of this study were to investigate the combined effects of fish gelatine (FG) and n-3 PUFA supplementation on (1) energy intake and body weight, (2) lipid profile and (3) inflammatory and CVD markers in free-living insulin-resistant males and females. Subjects were asked to consume, in a crossover study design with two experimental periods of 8 weeks each, an n-3 PUFA supplement and n-3 PUFA supplement plus FG (n-3 PUFA + FG). n-3 PUFA + FG led to an increase in protein intake and a decrease in carbohydrate intake compared with n-3 PUFA (P < 0·02) in males and females. Sex-treatment interactions were observed for TAG (P = 0·03) and highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (P = 0·001) levels. In females, n-3 PUFA reduced plasma TAG by 8 % and n-3 PUFA + FG by 23 %, whereas in males, n-3 PUFA reduced plasma TAG by 25 % and n-3 PUFA + FG by 11 %. n-3 PUFA increased serum hsCRP by 13 % and n-3 PUFA + FG strongly reduced hsCRP by 40 % in males, whereas in females, n-3 PUFA reduced serum hsCRP by 6 % and n-3 PUFA + FG increased hsCRP by 20 %. In conclusion, supplementation with FG may enhance the lipid-lowering effect of marine n-3 PUFA in females and beneficially counteract the effect of n-3 PUFA on serum hsCRP in males. Further studies are needed to identify the sex-dependent mechanisms responsible for the divergent effects of FG on TAG and hsCRP levels in females and males, respectively.
Diarthrodial Joints-Kinematic Pairs, Mechanisms or Flexible Structures?* (1997)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKeywords: Diarthrodial joints-kinematic pairsflexible structures
Estimation of Local Viscoelasticity of Lungs Based on Surface Waves (2011)

The viscoelastic properties of lung tissue are of interest in medicine as they have been shown to be affected by various pathologies. Identifying the mechanical properties of lung tissue first requires a means of quantitatively measuring phenomena, such as mechanical wave motion, that are affected by these properties. In the present study, lung surface motion is measured on excised pig lungs to determine suitable viscoelastic models. The relation between the surface wave speed and the frequency is analyzed and different viscoelastic models are used to fit this relation. Also a more comprehensive method to evaluate the frequency-dependent shear modulus of the pig lung measuring the propagation of surface waves on the surface of the lung is presented and viscoelastic models (both of integer and fractional order) are compared to experimental results over the frequency range of 100–500 Hz.
Survival of Tomato Outbreak Associated Salmonella Serotypes in Soil and Water and the Role of Biofilms in Abiotic Surface Attachment (2018)

Salmonella serotypes linked to tomato-associated outbreaks were evaluated for survival in soil and water over a 40-day period. Salmonella enterica serotypes Anatum, Baildon, Braenderup, Montevideo, Newport, and Javiana were inoculated separately into sterile soil and water, followed by plating onto TSAYE and XLT4 at 10-day intervals. Biofilm production by Salmonella serotypes was measured on both quartz particles (soil surrogate) and glass coverslips, and was evaluated using a crystal violet dye assay. Salmonella populations in soil and water over 40 days indicated no significant differences between Salmonella serotypes tested (p > 0.05). Over a 40-day period, there was a 1.84 ± 0.22 log CFU/g and 1.56 ± 0.54 CFU/mL decrease in populations of Salmonella in soil and water, respectively. Enumeration indicated that Salmonella population fluctuated in water but decreased linearly in soil. All serotypes tested produced the "red dry and rough" morphotype on Congo Red agar. Biofilm produced by all the Salmonella serotypes tested was significantly different on quartz particles than on glass coverslips (p < 0.0001), indicating that material and surface characteristics could affect biofilm development. The ability of Salmonella serotypes to persist in soil or water and attach to abiotic surfaces through biofilm formation affirms that contact surfaces, soil, water, and sediment should be considered as possible sources of cross-contamination in the farm environment.
Laser Irradiated Growth of Protein Crystal (2003)

We succeeded in the first ever generation of protein crystals by laser irradiation. We call this process Laser Irradiated Growth Technique (LIGHT). Effective crystallization was confirmed by applying an intense femtosecond laser. The crystallization period was dramatically shortened by LIGHT. In addition, protein crystals were obtained by LIGHT from normally uncrystallized conditions. These results indicate that intense femtosecond laser irradiation generates crystal nuclei; protein crystals can then be grown from the nuclei that act as seeds in a supersaturated solution. The nuclei formation is possible primarily due to nonlinear nucleation processes of an intense femtosecond laser with a peak intensity of over a gigawatt (GW).
Licorice Root Ameliorates Drug Induced Mitochondrial Stress in MCF7 and MCF10A Cells (2022)

Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.) is used in Chinese medicine to reduce the potential toxicity of other herbal medicines [1], but its mechanism is not fully understood. We investigated these effects on mitochondrial function in vitro.
<title>Use of diffracting optics in metrology and sensing</title> (1997)

Diffracting optical components possess certain features that differ from reflecting or refracting optics. We discuss how these properties arise and illustrate how they may be used to advantage in metrology and sensing.
Multiresponsive hydrogel based on polyacrylamide functionalized with thymine derivatives (2013)

A novel multiresponsive hydrogel based on polyacrylamide functionalized with thymine derivatives has been demonstrated. In this study, thymines are grafted to the polyacrylamide chains by introducing thymines to the acrylamide precursors. Based on the photodimerization/cleavage of grafted thymines, the reversible sol–gel transition can be operated by alternate irradiation with 365 and 240 nm UV light. More importantly, thymine-functionalized polyacrylamide can combine with each other by the formation of a thymine(T)–Hg2+–thymine(T) complex to form a hydrogel in the presence of Hg2+. The formed hydrogel can gradually dissolve with the dissociation of the T–Hg2+–T complex by a series of external stimuli such as pH, thymine and thiol compounds. Subsequently, Ru(bipy)32+ dye-doped silica nanoparticles (FSiNPs) are selected as model guests and loaded into hydrogel to demonstrate multiresponsive controlled release behavior. Moreover, the FSiNPs loaded with Hg2+-cross-linked hydrogel can be employed as a sensor for the detection of cysteine biomolecule. These results indicate that thymine-functionalized polyacrylamide can not only realize a multiresponsive gel–sol transition but also has a promising application in the field of controlled release and biochemical analysis.
<title>Using stereoscopic video for defense teleoperation</title> (1993)

This paper examines whether the potential benefits outweigh the expected costs of using stereoscopic video (SV) instead of monoscopic video (MV) for hazardous materials teleoperation. The first part presents the various benefits ascribed to SV found in previous laboratory research, and outlines the expected costs. The second part presents two experiments conducted using trained telerobot operators of a variety of skill levels, seeking confirmation that the expected benefits of SV will apply to real world field operations. There is a brief discussion of the relevance of laboratory-based experimental results to real world teleoperation, and an approach is suggested that stresses the importance of expert evaluation as a more robust and powerful analytic tool than standard laboratory techniques and statistics in field trials. The first experiment, conducted under field-like conditions with typical operators, demonstrated that operators strongly prefer SV, considering it significantly better for most teleoperation tasks, and rated SV to be more useful and more comfortable to use than MV. The results of the second experiment, conducted under more controlled conditions with expert operators, confirmed the results of the first, and demonstrated significant performance advantages of SV.
p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase inhibitor LY2228820 enhances bortezomib‐induced cytotoxicity and inhibits osteoclastogenesis in multiple myeloma; therapeutic implications (2008)

The interaction between multiple myeloma (MM) cells and the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment induces proliferation and survival of MM cells, as well as osteoclastogenesis. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of novel p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) inhibitor LY2228820 (LY) in MM. Although cytotoxicity against MM cell lines was modest, LY significantly enhanced the toxicity of bortezomib by down-regulating bortezomib-induced heat shock protein 27 phosphorylation. LY inhibited interleukin-6 secretion from long term cultured-BM stromal cells and BM mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) derived from MM patients in remission. LY also inhibited macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha secretion from patient MM cells and BMMNCs as well as normal CD14 positive osteoclast precursor cells. Moreover, LY significantly inhibited in vitro osteoclastogenesis from CD14 positive cells induced by macrophage-colony stimulating factor and soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand. Finally, LY also inhibited in vivo osteoclatogenesis in a severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model of human MM. These results suggest that LY represents a promising novel targeted approach to improve MM patient outcome both by enhancing the effect of bortezomib and by reducing osteoskeletal events.
Complex networks and social network analysis in information fusion (2006)

Complex networks have recently emerged as an independent area of study. It has connections to random graph theory from mathematics as well as to social network analysis and recent work by physicists interested in understanding the behaviour of large, interacting networks. Network models are important for information fusion in two manners. First, the command and control networks of distributed information fusion systems must be designed in such a way that they are both robust against failures and attacks and so that information spreads quickly in them. Second, network models and social network analysis is an important tool to use when analyzing the opponents facing us in international operations. In this paper, we describe the basics of complex network models and point out how they can be used for both these purposes. By simulating several different network architectures, it will be possible to choose the best
Polymerization under Hypersaline Conditions: A Robust Route to Phenolic Polymer‐Derived Carbon Aerogels (2016)

Polymer-derived carbon aerogels can be obtained by direct polymerization of monomers under hypersaline conditions using inorganic salts. This allows for significantly increased mechanical robustness and avoiding special drying processes. This concept was realized by conducting the polymerization of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) in the presence of ZnCl<sub>2</sub> salt. Afterwards, the simultaneous carbonization and foaming process conveniently converts the PF monolith into a foam-like carbon aerogel. ZnCl<sub>2</sub> plays a key role, serving as dehydration agent, foaming agent, and porogen. The carbon aerogels thus obtained are of very low density (25 mg cm<sup>-3</sup> ), high specific surface area (1340 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>-1</sup> ), and have a large micro- and mesopore volume (0.75 cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>-1</sup> ). The carbon aerogels show very promising potential in the separation/extraction of organic pollutants and for energy storage.
Paediatric sports injuries in Hong Kong: a seven year survey. (1996)

Children sports participation in Hong Kong, although not at high level and not as widespread as in the West, accounts for significant morbidity. These injuries should be carefully monitored to ascertain whether they result in any detrimental long term effects.
Support and approximation properties of Hermite splines (2019)

In this paper, we formally investigate two mathematical aspects of Hermite splines that are relevant to practical applications. We first demonstrate that Hermite splines are maximally localized, in the sense that the size of their support is minimal among pairs of functions with identical reproduction properties. Then, we precisely quantify the approximation power of Hermite splines for the reconstruction of functions and their derivatives. It is known that the Hermite and B-spline approximation schemes have the same approximation order. More precisely, their approximation error vanishes as <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> when the step size <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:math> goes to zero. In this work, we show that they actually have the same asymptotic approximation error constants, too. Therefore, they have identical asymptotic approximation properties. Hermite splines combine optimal localization and excellent approximation power, while retaining interpolation properties and closed-form expression, in contrast to existing similar functions. These findings shed a new light on the convenience of Hermite splines in the context of computer graphics and geometrical design.
Soliton excitation and mutual locking of light beams in bulk quadratic nonlinear crystals (1996)

The mutual trapping and locking of intense fundamental and second-harmonic continuous-wave light beams propagating in bulk crystals with large second-order nonlinearities is investigated. We report the outcome of a comprehensive series of numerical experiments to study the dynamics of the excitation of solitons with Gaussian input beams under different material and excitation conditions in terms of input powers, wave-vector mismatch, and linear walk-off between the fundamental and the second-harmonic waves. We show the dynamics of the mutual trapping and study how solitons emerge from the input beams in a wide variety of conditions that are not necessarily close to those given by stationary solutions of the governing equations. Solitons also emerge with inputs that fall far from those solutions. We specifically investigate the dynamics of soliton excitation with only the fundamental beam at the input face of the nonlinear crystal and in configurations with a moderately large phase mismatch. We find large oscillations in the amplitude of the beams with potentially important implications. We also study the mutual dragging of the beams in the presence of linear walk-off and in particular of phase-matching geometries with a nonsmall, but moderate, walk-off.
Mechanochemical synthesis of structurally well-defined graphitic phosphorus-linked carbon nitride (g-PCN) with water splitting activity (2022)

Heteroatom-doped carbon nitride (CN) materials have shown much potential as metal-free photocatalysts for water splitting. Graphitic phosphorus-linked triazine network (g-PCN) materials are a unique class within this family of materials, but remain difficult to access due to long reaction times annealing at temperatures above 500 °C and often afford ill-understood structures. Here, we reveal a milder, lower temperature approach for the synthesis of catalytically active g-PCN materials through combining a room-temperature mechanochemical reaction of sodium phosphide and cyanuric chloride with brief (1 hour) annealing of the milled material at 300 °C. This rapid, low temperature procedure yields ordered g-PCN catalysts whose layered structure was determined through a combination of magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). An excellent level of accuracy to simulated 31P MAS NMR signals and PXRD patterns were obtained for the structure of the synthesized layered phosphorus-linked triazine networks following dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT). The mechanochemically-generated g-PCN is a highly effective photocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction, producing 122 µmol H2 h-1 g-1 under broad spectrum irradiation.
Effective page refresh policies for Web crawlers (2003)

In this article, we study how we can maintain local copies of remote data sources "fresh," when the source data is updated autonomously and independently. In particular, we study the problem of Web crawlers that maintain local copies of remote Web pages for Web search engines. In this context, remote data sources (Websites) do not notify the copies (Web crawlers) of new changes, so we need to periodically poll the sources to maintain the copies up-to-date. Since polling the sources takes significant time and resources, it is very difficult to keep the copies completely up-to-date.This article proposes various refresh policies and studies their effectiveness. We first formalize the notion of "freshness" of copied data by defining two freshness metrics, and we propose a Poisson process as the change model of data sources. Based on this framework, we examine the effectiveness of the proposed refresh policies analytically and experimentally. We show that a Poisson process is a good model to describe the changes of Web pages and we also show that our proposed refresh policies improve the "freshness" of data very significantly. In certain cases, we got orders of magnitude improvement from existing policies.
Effects of Internal and External Conditions on Strategies of Self-regulated Learning: A Learning Analytics Study (2022)

Self-regulated learning (SRL) skills are essential for successful learning in a technology-enhanced learning environment. Learning Analytics techniques have shown a great potential in identifying and exploring SRL strategies from trace data in various learning environments. However, these strategies have been mainly identified through analysis of sequences of learning actions, and thus interpretation of the strategies is heavily task and context dependent. Further, little research has been done on the association of SRL strategies with different influencing factors or conditions. To address these gaps, we propose an analytic method for detecting SRL strategies from theoretically supported SRL processes and applied the method to a dataset collected from a multi-source writing task. The detected SRL strategies were explored in terms of their association with the learning outcome, internal conditions (prior-knowledge, metacognitive knowledge and motivation) and external conditions (scaffolding). The study results showed our analytic method successfully identified three theoretically meaningful SRL strategies. The study results revealed small effect size in the association between the internal conditions and the identified SRL strategies, but revealed a moderate effect size in the association between external conditions and the SRL strategy use.