gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient Near-IR Light Source for Eye-Safe Lidar Applications [1] (1990)

The most commonly used lidar ( l ight d etection a nd r anging) systems are not eye-safe and pose potential risk of eye damage especially in the case of downward pointing airborne lidar systems. A short wavelength lidar capable of operating in nominally eye-safe spectral regions (1.54 μ m) is needed for cloud and aerosol studies [2, 3]. A Raman-shifted Nd:YAG laser capable of generating 1.54 μ m radiation can be developed to qualify as an eye-safe lidar [4,5,6]. The eye-safety criterion set by the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) for a single pulse exposure is: 1 J/cm 2 at 1.54 μ m, which is specified to be about 400,000 times safer, for eye exposure, than Nd:YAG laser radiation at 1.06 μ m [4].
Polymorphism of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Protease Gene and Response of HIV-1-Infected Patients to a Protease Inhibitor (1999)

In order to analyze the impact of protease gene polymorphism on response to regimens containing a protease inhibitor, the entire protease coding domain from 58 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients who were protease inhibitor naive was sequenced before therapy was started. Plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were measured at baseline and at month 3 and month 6 after treatment. All patients were treated with a combination of two reverse transcriptase inhibitors and a protease inhibitor (saquinavir EOF [n = 28], ritonavir [n = 16], or indinavir [n = 14]). Before treatment, 30 different positions whose codons differed from the subtype B consensus sequence were observed. Major mutations associated with protease inhibitor resistance were not observed. No statistical correlation between the number of amino acid differences and the treatment efficacy at month 3 (-2.4 log) or month 6 (-2.7 log) was observed. At baseline, genotypic analysis of the HIV-1 protease gene of patients who have never received a protease inhibitor does not allow prediction of the efficacy of regimens containing a protease inhibitor.
Nanoholes Regulate the Phytotoxicity of Single-Layer Molybdenum Disulfide (2019)

Single-layer molybdenum disulfide (SLMoS<sub>2</sub>) are applied as a hot 2D nanosheet in various fields involving water treatments. Both intentional design and environmental or biological processes induce many nanoholes in SLMoS<sub>2</sub>. However, the effects of nanoholes on the environmental stability and ecotoxicity of SLMoS<sub>2</sub> remain largely unknown. The present work discovered that visible-light irradiation induced nanoholes (diameters, approximately 20 nm) in the plane of SLMoS<sub>2</sub>, with irregular edges and increased interplanar crystal spacing. The ratios of Mo to S in pristine and transformed SLMoS<sub>2</sub> were 0.53 and 0.33, respectively. After 96 h exposure at concentrations from 0.1 to 1 mg/L, the above nanoholes promoted algal division, induced a stress-response hormesis, decreased the generation of •OH, and mitigated the cell shrinkage and wall rupture of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> induced by SLMoS<sub>2</sub>. In terms of stress response, the nanohole-bearing SLMoS<sub>2</sub> induced fewer vacuoles and polyphosphate bodies of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> than the pristine form. Metabolomic analysis revealed that nanoholes perturbed the metabolisms of energy, carbohydrates, and fatty acids. This work proposes that nanoholes cause obvious effects on the environmental fate and ecotoxicity of SLMoS<sub>2</sub> and that the environmental risks of engineered nanomaterials should be reevaluated using nanohole-bearing rather than pristine forms for testing.
[Immunosuppression mediated by antibodies (author's transl)]. (1975)

Until quite recently, it was generally believed that antibody-mediated immunosuppression is purely effected by virtue of covering up antigenic determinants in the periphery of the immune system, thus preventing any contact of the antigen with immunologically competent cells within the central parts of the immune system. But this conception was not able to give a plausible explanation of experimental data obtained during the last years. It was therefore repeatedly postulated that the passively administered 7S antibody may have a "central" effect, whereby both B- and T-cells were considered as target cells. The experimental data available are discussed in connection with the possible consequences for the administration of antibodies in man.
Disappearance of Superconductivity in the Solid Solution between (Ca4Al2O6)(Fe2As2) and (Ca4Al2O6)(Fe2P2) Superconductors (2012)

The effect of alloying the two perovskite-type iron-based superconductors (Ca(4)Al(2)O(6))(Fe(2)As(2)) and (Ca(4)Al(2)O(6))(Fe(2)P(2)) was examined. While the two stoichiometric compounds possess relatively high T(c)'s of 28 and 17 K, respectively, their solid solutions of the form (Ca(4)Al(2)O(6))(Fe(2)(As(1-x)P(x))(2)) do not show superconductivity over a wide range from x = 0.50 to 0.95. The resultant phase diagram is thus completely different from those of other typical iron-based superconductors such as BaFe(2)(As,P)(2) and LaFe(As,P)O, in which superconductivity shows up when P is substituted for As in the non-superconducting "parent" compounds. Notably, the solid solutions in the non-superconducting range exhibit resistivity anomalies at temperatures of 50-100 K. The behavior is reminiscent of the resistivity kink commonly observed in various non-superconducting parent compounds that signals the onset of antiferromagnetic/orthorhombic long-range order. The similarity suggests that the suppression of the superconductivity in the present case also has a magnetic and/or structural origin.
Functionally deficient mesenchymal stem cells reside in the bone marrow niche with M2‐macrophages and amyloid‐β protein adjacent to loose total joint implants (2014)

We sought to demonstrate whether there is a difference in the local mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) niche obtained from patients undergoing their first total joint replacement surgery versus those patients undergoing a revision surgery for an failing total joint implant. Bone marrow aspirates collected from patients undergoing revision total joint arthroplasty were observed to be less clonal and the expression of PDGFRα, CD51, ALCAM, endoglin, CXCL12, nestin, and nucleostemin were decreased. Revision MSC were also less able to commit to an osteoblast-lineage or an adipocyte-lineage. Further, in revision MSC, OPG, and IL6 expression were increased. Monocytes, derived from revision whole marrow aspirates, were less capable of differentiating into osteoclasts, the cells implicated in the pathologic degradation of bone. Osteoclasts were also not observed in tissue samples collected adjacent to the implants of revision patients; however, the alternatatively activated M2-macrophage phenotype was observed in parallel with pathologic accumulations of amyloid-β, τ-protien and 3-nitrotyrosine. Despite the limited numbers of patients examined, our data suggest that nucleostemin may be a useful functional marker for MSC while the observation of M2-macrophage infiltration around the implant lays the foundation for future investigation into a novel mechanism that we propose is associated with loose total joint implants.
A systematic study of the initial electrical and radiation hardness properties of reoxidized nitrided oxides by rapid thermal processing (1995)

The initial electrical and radiation hardness properties of MOS capacitors with reoxidized nitrided oxides (RNO) structures are systematically investigated by changing the pressure, temperature, and times of nitridation and reoxidation in rapid thermal processes. It was found that the initial flat-band voltage (V/sub fb/) and midgap interface trap density (D/sub itm/) are strongly dependent on the growth conditions and show concave or convex "turnaround" dependency on some process parameters. This may be explained by the hydrogen evaporation and oxygen passivation mechanisms. The radiation induced flat-band voltage shift (/spl Delta/V/sub fb/) and midgap interface trap density shift (/spl Delta/D/sub itm/) are also growth-condition dependent and show different "turnaround" dependencies on some process parameters from those observed in initial properties. This may be explained by the variations of the amount of hydrogen-related species such as Si-NH, Si-H, or Si-OH, and nitrogen-related species, such as Si-N, in the oxide bulk and at the Si/SiO/sub 2/ interface. Finally, the sample with a reoxidation pressure of 250 torr, a reoxidation temperature of 1050/spl deg/C, and a reoxidation time of 100 s is suggested to be the most radiation-hard together with good initial properties for RNO devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Po‐Thur Eve General‐22: 111In‐Tropolone‐Labeled Mesenchymal Stem Cells: In Vivo Radiotracer Kinetics (2006)

Direct in vitro labeling of cells with ‐tropolone followed by in vivo SPECT imaging gives no information about the fate of the cells but simply tells where the has gone. It is necessary to study the kinetics of label after transplantation and determine the connection between and the presence of viable cells. Two sets (n=5) of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were labeled with ‐tropolone and then killed by using an ultrasound probe to rupture the cell membrane or by freezing the cells at −80°C for 60min. The resulting cell debris and supernatant were used to label two new sets of MSC. The labeling efficiency was measured and compared to a control labeled with ‐tropolone. 1.5×10 7 MSC labeled with 1.32MBq were killed using the ultrasound probe and then injected into the myocardium of a canine (without infarction). Whole body and SPECT images were acquired over 13 hrs post‐injection. The animal was then sacrificed and the amount of remaining in tissue samples from the heart was measured. (0.2±0.5)% and (0.3±0.5)% labeling efficiencies were found for cells labeled with ultrasound‐killed and frozen‐killed cells, while the labeling efficiency of the control cells was found to be (53.0±2.0)% for a 30min cell culture. After 13hrs, &lt;4% of injected remained in the myocardium. Analysis of the SPECT images indicated a biological half‐life of 2.3 hours. It was concluded that leaked from dead MSC does not label other viable MSC and will be rapidly cleared from the myocardium.
Spectral characteristics of image quality for imaging horizontally through the atmosphere (1977)

Spectral effects of visible and near ir imaging for horizontal paths through the atmosphere are considered. For high glare and long range imaging situations, image resolution and quality in the near ir are significantly improved over that in the visible spectrum in clear weather, primarily as a result of less atmospheric scattering of radiation at longer wavelengths.
The Cellular Processing Capacity Limits the Amounts of Chimeric U7 snRNA Available for Antisense Delivery (2012)

Many genetic diseases are induced by mutations disturbing the maturation of pre-mRNAs, often affecting splicing. Antisense oligoribonucleotides (AONs) have been used to modulate splicing thereby circumventing the deleterious effects of mutations. Stable delivery of antisense sequences is achieved by linking them to small nuclear RNA (snRNAs) delivered by viral vectors, as illustrated by studies where therapeutic exon skipping was obtained in animal models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Yet, clinical translation of these approaches is limited by the amounts of vector to be administered. In this respect, maximizing the amount of snRNA antisense shuttle delivered by the vector is essential. Here, we have used a muscle- and heart-specific enhancer (MHCK) to drive the expression of U7 snRNA shuttles carrying antisense sequences against the human or murine DMD pre-mRNAs. Although antisense delivery and subsequent exon skipping were improved both in tissue culture and in vivo, we observed the formation of additional U7 snRNA by-products following gene transfer. These included aberrantly 3' processed as well as unprocessed species that may arise because of the saturation of the cellular processing capacity. Future efforts to increase the amounts of functional U7 shuttles delivered into a cell will have to take this limitation into account.
The Management of Enclosed Coastal Water Bodies: The Need for a Framework for International Information Exchange (1993)

The planning and management of lagoons and enclosed bays is practiced around the world and the number of programs is increasing yearly as more coastal nations become involved in the rapidly proliferating field of integrated coastal zone management. Although the preponderance of lagoon and enclosed bay planning and management efforts is concentrated in developing nations - particularly the United States - the practice is spreading out to developing nations. As the practice of planning and managing lagoons and enclosed bays continues to increase, there is the concomitant need to organize a system for the international exchange of information. It is particularly important that institutions which either are contemplating the initiation of a program or have recently embarked on program preparation, know and understand the lessons learned by the analogous lagoon and enclosed bay planning and management efforts around the world. This paper proposes a framework for the design of such an information exchange system. The proposed framework is based largely on the descriptions, analyses, and evaluations provided by the 19 papers in this volume.
Overtreatment and Cost-Effectiveness of the See-and-Treat Strategy for Managing Cervical Precancer (2016)

The see-and-treat strategy was reasonable for particular settings, that is, those with low treatment adherence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(5); 807-14. ©2016 AACR.
A Comparison of Impedance-Based Fault Location Methods for Power Underground Distribution Systems (2016)

In the last few decades, the Smart Grid paradigm presence has increased within power systems. These new kinds of networks demand new Operations and Planning approaches, following improvements in the quality of service. In this sense, the role of the Distribution Management System, through its Outage Management System, is essential to guarantee the network reliability. This system is responsible for minimizing the consequences arising from a fault event (or network failure). Obviously, knowing where the fault appears is critical for a good reaction of this system. Therefore, several fault location techniques have been proposed. However, most of them provide individual results, associated with specific testbeds, which make the comparison between them difficult. Due to this, a review of fault location methods has been done in this paper, analyzing them for their use on underground distribution lines. Specifically, this study is focused on an impedance-based method because their requirements are in line with the typical instrumentation deployed in distribution networks. This work is completed with an exhaustive analysis of these methods over a PSCADTM X4 implementation of the standard IEEE Node Test Feeder, which truly allows us to consistently compare the results of these location methods and to determine the advantages and drawbacks of each of them.
Ultrahigh-Precision Diameter Control of Nanofiber Using Direct Mode Cutoff Feedback (2020)

Precise diameter control is critical for many optical micro/nanofiber (MNF) applications. We demonstrate real-time MNF diameter control with improved accuracy and precision. Different from earlier works, a white light source is applied to monitor the transmittance during fiber pulling process. Terminated directly by the transmission intensity drops that indicate the cutoff of TE01 mode at particular wavelengths, we achieve diameter control accuracy and precision as high as 2nm and 3nm, respectively. The diameter control range from 360 nm to 680 nm that is demonstrated in our experiment can be extended to several tens of micron by exciting other high order modes.
Polyhalogenated Monoterpenes from Plocamium cartilagineum from the Portuguese Coast (1996)

Examination of the red alga Plocamium cartilagineum (L.) Dixon collected at two locations along the Portuguese coast yielded two new acyclic polyhalogenated monoterpenes, (3Z,7E)-5,8-dibromo-2,6-dichloro-2,6-dimethylocta-3,7-dien-1-al (2) and (E)-3,8-dibromo-2,7-dichloro-2,6-dimethyloct-5-ene (3), and the known compounds 1, 4−6, and 8. The structures were established by spectral methods.
Electron beam detection of a Nanotube Scanning Force Microscope (2017)

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) allows to probe matter at atomic scale by measuring the perturbation of a nanomechanical oscillator induced by near-field interaction forces. The quest to improve sensitivity and resolution of AFM forced the introduction of a new class of resonators with dimensions at the nanometer scale. In this context, nanotubes are the ultimate mechanical oscillators because of their one dimensional nature, small mass and almost perfect crystallinity. Coupled to the possibility of functionalisation, these properties make them the perfect candidates as ultra sensitive, on-demand force sensors. However their dimensions make the measurement of the mechanical properties a challenging task in particular when working in cavity free geometry at ambient temperature. By using a focused electron beam, we show that the mechanical response of nanotubes can be quantitatively measured while approaching to a surface sample. By coupling electron beam detection of individual nanotubes with a custom AFM we image the surface topography of a sample by continuously measuring the mechanical properties of the nanoresonators. The combination of very small size and mass together with the high resolution of the electron beam detection method offers unprecedented opportunities for the development of a new class of nanotube-based scanning force microscopy.
Minimum effort simulations of split-belt treadmill walking exploit asymmetry to reduce metabolic energy expenditure (2023)

Walking on a split-belt treadmill elicits an adaptation response that changes baseline step length asymmetry. The underlying causes of this adaptation, however, are difficult to determine. It has been proposed that effort minimization may drive this adaptation, based on the idea that adopting longer steps on the fast belt, or positive step length asymmetry (SLA), can cause the treadmill to exert net-positive mechanical work on a bipedal walker. However, humans walking on split-belt treadmills have not been observed to reproduce this behavior when allowed to freely adapt. To determine if an effort-minimization motor control strategy would result in experimentally observed adaptation patterns, we conducted simulations of walking on different combinations of belt speeds with a human musculoskeletal model that minimized muscle excitations and metabolic rate. The model adopted increasing amounts of positive SLA and decreased its net metabolic rate with increasing belt speed difference, reaching +42.4% SLA and -5.7% metabolic rate relative to tied-belt walking at our maximum belt speed ratio of 3:1. These gains were primarily enabled by an increase in braking work and a reduction in propulsion work on the fast belt. The results suggest that a purely effort minimization driven split-belt walking strategy would involve substantial positive SLA, and that the lack of this characteristic in human behavior points to additional factors influencing the motor control strategy, such as aversion to excessive joint loads, asymmetry, or instability.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> Behavioral observations of split-belt treadmill adaptation have been inconclusive toward its underlying causes. To estimate gait patterns when driven exclusively by one of these possible underlying causes, we simulated split-belt treadmill walking with a musculoskeletal model that minimized its summed muscle excitations. Our model took significantly longer steps on the fast belt and reduced its metabolic rate below tied-belt walking, unlike experimental observations. This suggests that asymmetry is energetically optimal, but human adaptation involves additional factors.
Project Jacquard (2016)

Project Jacquard presents manufacturing technologies that enable deploying invisible ubiquitous interactivity at scale. We propose novel interactive textile materials that can be manufactured inexpensively using existing textile weaving technology and equipment.
Supplementary Figure Legend from YEATS4 Is a Novel Oncogene Amplified in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer That Regulates the p53 Pathway (2023)

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Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists as therapeutic adjuncts in critical illness: Efficacy might be suboptimal in elderly patients* (2009)

Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA The author has not disclosed any potential conflicts of interest.
Reducing Unnecessary Nitric Oxide Use: A Hospital-Wide, Respiratory Therapist-Driven Quality Improvement Project (2020)

A hospital-wide, multi-professional initiative led to a reduction in unnecessary INO use, resulting in decreased subject exposure and associated cost avoidance.
Solid State Imaging Techniques. Study of Signal-Layer Metal-Electrode CCD Image Sensor. (1996)

A single-layer metal-electrode CCD image sensor was studied with the purpose of simplifying the steps in the production process with the aim of achieving low-cost sensors and supplressing smear noise. The inter-electrode gap of the single-layer electrode was decreased to 0.3 micrometer to achieve charge-transfer efficiency of unity. Boron ion-implantation which is self-aligned to the interelectrode gap was introduced to suppress degradation in charge-transfer efficiency. A reduction in the number of process steps needed to fabricate a 1/3-inch-format 360K-pixel interline transfer CCD image sensor was achieved. Vertical resolution was 350 TV lines. Low smear noise of-108dB was obtained.
Mesoscale cortex-wide neural dynamics predict self-initiated actions in mice several seconds prior to movement (2022)

Volition - the sense of control or agency over one's voluntary actions - is widely recognized as the basis of both human subjective experience and natural behavior in nonhuman animals. Several human studies have found peaks in neural activity preceding voluntary actions, for example the readiness potential (RP), and some have shown upcoming actions could be decoded even before awareness. Others propose that random processes underlie and explain pre-movement neural activity. Here, we seek to address these issues by evaluating whether pre-movement neural activity in mice contains structure beyond that present in random neural activity. Implementing a self-initiated water-rewarded lever-pull paradigm in mice while recording widefield [Ca++] neural activity we find that cortical activity changes in variance seconds prior to movement and that upcoming lever pulls could be predicted between 3 and 5 s (or more in some cases) prior to movement. We found inhibition of motor cortex starting at approximately 5 s prior to lever pulls and activation of motor cortex starting at approximately 2 s prior to a random unrewarded left limb movement. We show that mice, like humans, are biased toward commencing self-initiated actions during specific phases of neural activity but that the pre-movement neural code changes over time in some mice and is widely distributed as behavior prediction improved when using all vs. single cortical areas. These findings support the presence of structured multi-second neural dynamics preceding self-initiated action beyond that expected from random processes. Our results also suggest that neural mechanisms underlying self-initiated action could be preserved between mice and humans.
Immersive virtual reality vs. non‐immersive distraction for pain management of children during bone pins and sutures removal: A randomized clinical trial protocol (2020)

NCT03680625, registered on clinicaltrials.gov.