gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing in the Context of ISO 26262 (2012)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation is now a standard component in the vehicle development process as a method for testing electronic control unit (ECU) software. HIL simulation is used for all aspects of development, naturally including safety-relevant functions and systems. This applies to all test tasks (from function testing to release tests, testing a single ECU or an ECU network, and so on) and also to different vehicle domains: The drivetrain, vehicle dynamics, driver assistance systems, interior/comfort systems and infotainment are all tested by HIL simulation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;At the same time, modern vehicles feature more and more safety-related systems such as Adaptive Cruise Control, Electronic Stability Program, Power Assisted Steering, and Integrated Chassis Management. To establish a uniform and commonly accepted approach for developing automotive safety-related electric/electronic systems, the safety standard ISO 26262 (“Road vehicles - Functional safety”) has been developed by OEMs, suppliers and service providers and released in late 2011. It defines certain requirements and furthermore gives recommendations on the development of automotive electronics. The ISO 26262 standard is mandatory for passenger car development worldwide.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;ISO 26262 explicitly names HIL as a suitable test environment for software unit tests and integration tests, even recommends HIL for the verification of safety requirements at component level, and also names it as a suitable method for testing single ECUs/components and for testing ECU networks up to an entire virtual vehicle.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper describes the role of HIL simulation in the development of safety-relevant systems and the relationships between test methods proposed by ISO 26262 and HIL testing. It explains the requirements defined by ISO 26262 for HIL testing and for HIL systems used in developing safety-relevant systems, and how these requirements can be met.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Dietary Amino Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate Responses in Broilers Reared in Hot Environmental Temperatures (2003)

Better environmentally controlled broiler houses have resulted in many integrated broiler operations using the same dietary feed formulations in winter and summer months due to only minor differences in environmental temperature in the broiler house. Much research has addressed broiler nutrient needs in thermoneutral vs. hot temperature conditions, but research evaluating nutrient needs of broilers during moderate temperature conditions (tunnel-ventilated houses during summer months) is lacking. This study evaluates the impact of increasing dietary Lys and other essential amino acids, and the addition of dietary sodium bicarbonate in high and moderate temperature conditions. Experiment 1 was conducted in batteries and evaluated broiler nutritional responses (d 20 to 40) in hot-cyclic temperature conditions (26 to 34°C). Experiment 2 was conducted in floor pens and evaluated broiler nutritional responses (d 37 to 49) in environmental temperature ranges that mimic a tunnel-ventilated broiler house during summer months (26 to 31°C). In both experiments, dietary treatments had minimal impact on live performance and breast meat yield. Lower mortality (P < 0.06), however, was observed in broilers fed the low CP diet in the hot temperature environment.
Sediment Microbiota in Response to Circuitry of Sediment Microbial Fuel Cells, Revealed by 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing (2021)

Information about sediment microbiota affected by sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFC) is limited. A laboratory-scale SMFC was applied to a eutrophic lake sediment under closed-circuit/open-circuit conditions. We analyzed the prokaryotes in the sediment adhering to the anode material. The archaeal family <i>Methanoperedenaceae</i> was a predominant group under closed-circuit conditions.
Enabling Semantic Analysis of User Browsing Patterns in the Web of Data (2012)

A useful step towards better interpretation and analysis of the usage patterns is to formalize the semantics of the resources that users are accessing in the Web. We focus on this problem and present an approach for the semantic formalization of usage logs, which lays the basis for eective techniques of querying expressive usage patterns. We also present a query answering approach, which is useful to nd in the logs expressive patterns of usage behavior via formulation of semantic and temporal-based constraints. We have processed over 30 thousand user browsing sessions extracted from usage logs of DBPedia and Semantic Web Dog Food. All these events are formalized semantically using respective domain ontologies and RDF representations of the Web resources being accessed. We show the eectiveness of our approach through experimental results, providing in this way an exploratory analysis of the way users browse theWeb of Data.
Selective Synthesis of ent-15-epi-F2t-Isoprostane and a Deuterated Derivative (2007)

Isoprostanes are an emerging class of lipid metabolites whose physiological properties are not well understood. The selective synthesis of ent-15-epi-F2t-isoprostane, an isomer active in a preliminary screening assay is described. The synthesis features a regioselective cross-metathesis on an enantiomerically enriched divinyl cyclopentyl intermediate to selectively differentiate the side-chains of the target. The route provides the isoprostane, as well as a d 4-labeled analogue, in 14 steps from readily available starting material­s.
ADjoint: An Approach for the Rapid Development of Discrete Adjoint Solvers (2008)

An automatic differentiation tool is used to develop the adjoint code for a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics solver. Rather than using automatic differentiation to differentiate the entire source code of the computational fluid dynamics solver, we have applied it selectively to produce code that computes the flux Jacobian matrix and the other partial derivatives that are necessary to compute total derivatives using an adjoint method. The resulting linear discrete adjoint system is then solved using the portable, extensible toolkit for scientific computation. This selective application of automatic differentiation is the central idea behind the automatic differentiation adjoint (ADjoint) approach. This approach has the advantage that it is applicable to arbitrary sets of governing equations and cost functions, and that it is exactly consistent with the gradients that would be computed by exact numerical differentiation of the original solver. Furthermore, the approach is largely automatic, thus avoiding the lengthy development times usually required to develop adjoint solvers for partial differential equations. These significant advantages come at the cost of increased memory requirements for the adjoint solver. Derivatives of drag and lift coefficients are validated, and the low computational cost and ease of implementation of the method are shown.
Selective Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase in the Cerebellum and Hippocampus of Mice Following an Acute Treatment with Malathion (2003)

Adult male ICR mice were treated by intraperitoneal injection with 250 mg/kg of bodyweight of commercial malathion (a dose corresponding to 1/12 the LD50). After 6 h, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in blood, liver, and six brain regions was determined. A statistically significant inhibition was observed in whole blood (23%), liver (21%), and, in particular, the central nervous system; the greatest degree of AChE inhibition was observed in the cerebellum (45%), followed by the hippocampus (29%). There was no significant change in AChE activity in the caudate putamen, frontal cortex, midbrain, or pons medulla. These results demonstrate that the magnitude of AChE inhibition in peripheral tissues does not accurately reflect the central-inhibitory effects of malathion on AChE activity in specific brain regions.
Where Have All The Farmers Gone? Decreased Entry Led to Greater Decline in Farm Numbers during the 1980's (1991)

Decline in farm numbers remains the product of long-run trends and fluctuating economic conditions. Our analysis indicates that the effects of the mid-1980s farm crisis may be felt the most through the decreased entry of young farmers that occurred during the period. It will be interesting to see what happened during the ensuing period between the 1987 and 1992 Censuses after the recovery from the farm recession. Will a larger group of new young farmers step in to take the place of those who chose not to enter during the mid-1980s, or will the nation's young people continue to turn away from farming as a career?
Hybrid Locomotive Applications for an Australian Heavy Haul Train on A Typical Track Route (2013)

A computer simulation technique – the longitudinal train simulation (CRE-LTS) software has been used to study and evaluate the potential of hybrid locomotive applications in the heavy haul operations on a typical track route in Australia. The study envisages a freight heavy haul operation on coastal undulating track rather than typical pit-to-port operations with large altitude change [1], [2]. Based on the simulation results, the train energy usage and the energy from dynamic braking are analysed. The simulation results showed that the locomotives operate at an average power of much less than 100% full power. An energy hybridisation potential factor is used to evaluate the hybridisation possibility, with its value of 54%. It means that there is high potential for hybrid heavy haul locomotive applications. Methods for practical hybrid applications are suggested and discussed.
Endoglucanase‐producing fungi isolated from Cape Evans historic expedition hut on Ross Island, Antarctica (2006)

Early explorers of Antarctica's Heroic Era erected wooden buildings and brought large quantities of supplies to survive in Antarctica. The introduction of wood and other organic materials provided nutrient sources for fungi that were indigenous to Antarctica or were brought in with the materials and adapted to the harsh conditions. Seventy-two isolates of filamentous fungi were cultured on selective media from interior structural wood of the Cape Evans historic hut and 27 of these screened positive for the ability to degrade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Four non-CMC-degrading isolates were added to a group of 14 CMC-degrading isolates for further study, and endo-1, 4-beta-glucanase activity was demonstrated in the extracellular supernatant from all of these 18 isolates when grown at 4 degrees C, and also when they were grown at 15 degrees C. Isolates of Penicillium roquefortii and Cadophora malorum showed preference for growth at 15 degrees C rather than 25 degrees C or 4 degrees C indicating psychrotrophic characteristics. These results demonstrate that cellulolytic filamentous fungi found in Antarctica are capable of growth at cold temperatures and possess the ability to produce extracellular endo-1, 4-beta-glucanase when cultured at cold and temperate temperatures.
The Transcriptomic Responses of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to High Temperature Stress Alone, and in Combination with Moderate Hypoxia (2020)

Abstract Background: Increases in seawater temperatures and in the frequency and severity of hypoxic events are expected with climate change, and may become a challenge for cultured Atlantic salmon and negatively affect their growth, immunology and welfare. Thus, we examined how an incremental temperature increase alone (Warm &amp; Normoxic-WN: 12→20°C; 1°C week -1 ), and in combination with moderate hypoxia (Warm &amp; Hypoxic-WH: ~70% air saturation), impacted salmon’s hepatic transcriptome expression compared to control fish (CT: 12°C, normoxic) using 44K microarrays and qPCR. Results: Overall, we identified 2,894 differentially expressed probes (DEPs, FDR &lt; 5%), that included 1,111 shared DEPs, while 789 and 994 DEPs were specific to WN and WH fish, respectively. Pathway analysis suggested that the cellular mechanisms affected by the two experimental conditions were quite similar, with up-regulated genes functionally associated with heat shock response, ER-stress, apoptosis and immune defence, while genes connected with general metabolic processes, proteolysis and oxidation-reduction were largely suppressed. The qPCR assessment of 41 microarray-identified genes validated that the heat shock response ( hsp90aa1, serpinh1 ), apoptosis ( casp8, jund, jak2 ) and immune responses ( apod, c1ql2, epx ) were up-regulated in WN and WH fish, while oxidative stress and hypoxia sensitive genes were down-regulated ( cirbp, cyp1a1, egln2, gstt1, hif1α, prdx6, rraga, ucp2 ). However, the additional challenge of hypoxia resulted in more pronounced effects on heat shock and immune-related processes, including a stronger influence on the expression of 14 immune-related genes. Finally, robust correlations between the transcription of 19 genes and several phenotypic traits in WH fish suggest that changes in gene expression were related to an impaired physiological and growth performance. Conclusion: Increasing temperature to 20°C alone, and in combination with hypoxia, resulted in the up- and down-regulation of genes involved in similar important pathways in Atlantic salmon. However, the heat shock and immune responses of fish exposed to 20°C and hypoxia were more affected, and their transcriptional dysregulation was related to reduced performance. This study provides valuable information on how these two environmental challenges affect the expression of stress-, metabolic- and immune-related genes and pathways and identifies potential biomarker genes for improving our understanding of fish health and welfare.
Lipid nanoparticle formulations for optimal RNA-based topical delivery to murine airways (2022)

LNP formulations enable the delivery of RNA payloads into human airway epithelial cells, and in the murine respiratory system; they can be delivered to nasal mucosa and lower respiratory tract via intranasal delivery. The composition of helper lipids in LNPs crucially modulates transfection efficiencies in airway epithelia, highlighting their importance in effective delivery of therapeutic products for airways diseases.
Quality of Life: The Interplay between Human Behaviour, Technology and the Environment (2019)

Quality of life is an umbrella term for the quality of the various domains in life [...].
Structural Analysis of Fluid Flow in Complex Biological Systems (2022)

Biology is about structure. Structures within structures. Organs within animals, tissues within organs, cells within tissues, and molecules, often proteins within cells. The structures are so complex that they can only be described by numbers. No numbers are of more importance than those that describe proteins. The numbers that describe coordinates of its atoms, often determined by Patterson functions (which are inverse Fourier Transforms of intensities) of crystal diffraction. Without these numbers, structural biology would hardly exist. Without numbers, engineering would not exist. Numbers are surely needed by the engineers who produce the x-rays diffracting from atoms of protein crystals. Devices of engineering have function. They are built to implement equations. Engineering devices use structures to implement equations, when power is supplied at the right places, that produces appropriate flows. Flows are the essence of life. Equilibrium means death in most living systems. Flows in biological structures are hard to analyze because we do not know input output equations in advance. Sometimes we do not know their function. Flows, forces, and structures of life (like those of engineering) are related by field equations of conservation laws, partial differential equations, constrained by location and properties of structures. Constraints are boundary conditions located on the complicated domain of biological structure. Dealing with this complexity is simplified if one systematically analyzes structure using the most general field theory known, electricity described by the Maxwell equations, without significant known error. Currents are involved because flows of biology usually involve migration of charges, convection of water and solutes, diffusion of ions that form the plasma of life, and their interactions. Interactions can dominate function. Here I show how a few complex structures can be understood in engineering detail. This approach may be useful in dealing with biological and medical issues in many other cases. In one limited case—the clearance of a toxic waste (potassium ions) from the optic nerve—this approach seems to have succeeded.
Raman Scattering Applied to Materials Science (2015)

One of the most powerful techniques to extract physical and chemical information of a material is the light scattering. Opposite to x-ray scattering for instance, where an average of the sample properties is obtained, Raman scattering is a local probe which can be used to detect inhomogeneities, local strain, lack of crystallinity, anharmonicities or information on the electronic structure by means of resonant Raman scattering. In this work, we will analyze the main contributions of Raman scattering in Materials Sciences. After a brief introduction of the technique and the equipment needed for the physical measurements, we will give practical examples of Raman scattering measurements applied to a number of materials and the valuable information obtained in every example.
Voltage polarity effects in Ge2Sb2Te5-based phase change memory devices (2011)

We assess voltage polarity effects in phase-change memory (PCM) devices that contain Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) as the active material through the study of vertically asymmetric pore-cell and laterally symmetric bridge-cell structures. We show that bias polarity can greatly accelerate device failure in such GST-based PCM devices and, through extensive transmission electron microscopy-based failure analysis, trace these effects to a two-stage elemental segregation process. Segregation is initially driven by bias across the molten region of the cell and is then greatly enhanced during the crystallization process at lower temperatures. These results have implications for the design of pulses and PCM cells for maximum endurance, the use of reverse polarity for extending endurance, the requirements for uni- or bi-polar access devices, the need for materials science on active rather than initial stoichiometries, and the need to evaluate new PCM materials under both bias polarities.
Accurate Word Alignment Induction from Neural Machine Translation (2020)

Despite its original goal to jointly learn to align and translate, prior researches suggest that Transformer captures poor word alignments through its attention mechanism. In this paper, we show that attention weights DO capture accurate word alignments and propose two novel word alignment induction methods Shift-Att and Shift-AET. The main idea is to induce alignments at the step when the to-be-aligned target token is the decoder input rather than the decoder output as in previous work. Shift-Att is an interpretation method that induces alignments from the attention weights of Transformer and does not require parameter update or architecture change. Shift-AET extracts alignments from an additional alignment module which is tightly integrated into Transformer and trained in isolation with supervision from symmetrized Shift-Att alignments. Experiments on three publicly available datasets demonstrate that both methods perform better than their corresponding neural baselines and Shift-AET significantly outperforms GIZA++ by 1.4-4.8 AER points.
Lesion bacterial communities in American lobsters with diet-induced shell disease (2012)

In southern New England, USA, shell disease affects the profitability of the American lobster Homarus americanus fishery. In laboratory trials using juvenile lobsters, exclusive feeding of herring Clupea harengus induces shell disease typified initially by small melanized spots that progress into distinct lesions. Amongst a cohabitated, but segregated, cohort of 11 juvenile lobsters fed exclusively herring, bacterial communities colonizing spots and lesions were investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA amplified using 1 group-specific and 2 universal primer sets. The Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria predominated in both spots and lesions and included members of the orders Flavobacteriales (Bacteriodetes), Rhodobacterales, Rhodospirillales and Rhizobiales (Alphaproteobacteria), Xanthomonadales (Gammaproteobacteria) and unclassified Gammaproteobacteria. Bacterial communities in spot lesions displayed more diversity than communities with larger (older) lesions, indicating that the lesion communities stabilize over time. At least 8 bacterial types persisted as lesions developed from spots. Aquimarina 'homaria', a species commonly cultured from lesions present on wild lobsters with epizootic shell disease, was found ubiquitously in spots and lesions, as was the 'Candidatus Kopriimonas aquarianus', implicating putative roles of these species in diet-induced shell disease of captive lobsters.
A Low Power 10-bit SAR ADC in a 45nm CMOS process (2012)

In this work a low power SAR ADC with 8.9 ENOB for wireless communication systems is presented. A capacitive charge redistribution DAC with a unit capacitor of 0.5fF is used. The implemented charge-sharing technique, allows the use of 2^(N-1) + 1 unit capacitors, instead of the conventional 2^N , thus decreasing the DAC area and the DAC switching power by a factor of 2. An asynchronous digital controller eliminates the need of an external high frequency clock. The test chip has been manufactured in a CMOS 45nm process. The measured power consumption is only 45µW at the sampling rate of 16MS/s. The total area of the ADC is only 0.01mm2 . The achieved FoM of 5.9fJ/conv is comparable with state-of-the art.
Stated adaptation experiment for individuals' time and money budget allocation decisions on out-of-home leisure activities (2013)

In this paper, the authors report the first findings of a web-based stated adaptation experiment for time and money budget allocation of individuals on their out-of-home leisure activities. This experiment is based on a model that is developed by the authors. It includes the data of 529 individuals which is a representative sample of the Dutch population. In the experiment, individuals are asked to adjust their time and money allocations including travel components in response to hypothetical scenarios such as a decrease in their income and increase in their working hours. Moreover, respondents are asked to report how they would make the changes in their budget allocation which gives a behavioral insight to the analysis. The data will allow the proposed models to be estimated. The paper focuses on the description of the new data collection instrument and application in a survey, and reports descriptive statistics of the stated-adaptation data obtained.