gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Changes in Desulfurization Reactivity of 4,6-Dimethyldibenzothiophene by Skeletal Isomerization Using a Ni-Supported Y-Type Zeolite (2000)

Skeletal isomerization of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) was performed at 270 °C for 1 h at a hydrogen pressure of 2.5 MPa using a Ni-supported Y-type zeolite catalyst. Alkyldibenzothiophenes (alkyl-DBTs), which were produced by methylmigration and transalkylation, were further desulfurized at 255−300 °C for 2−120 min at a hydrogen pressure of 2.5 MPa using a CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst. The produced alkyl-DBTs, which carried 1−3 methyl groups, could be classified into three groups on the basis of activation energy for desulfurization. Group I included 2,8-DMDBT and C1-DBT, which carried no methyl groups at either the 4- or 6-position. Group III included unreacted 4,6-DMDBT, and group II contained other alkyl-DBTs with 1−3 methyl groups. No alkyl-DBTs with 4 methyl groups were found in the products of 4,6-DMDBT. The steric hindrance of the methyl groups on 4,6-DMDBT was relieved by methylmigration and transalkylation, and, as a result, the desulfurization activation energy, 37.2 kcal/mol, for 4,6-DMDBT was decreased to 24−33 kcal/mol for alkyl-DBTs in group II and to 23 kcal/mol for alkyl-DBTs in group I. Desulfurization reactivity of the alkyl-DBTs was also examined on the basis of molecular orbital calculation using the WinMOPAC program. The cross sectional area of the Sσn orbital on the sulfur atom, which was in contact with the catalyst surface, was 0.12 nm2 for 4,6-DMDBT, 0.70 nm2 for 4-MDBT, and 1.27 nm2 for DBT. Thus the desulfurization reactivity increases with increasing overlapping area of the Sσn orbital with the catalyst active site. A wider cross sectional area was achieved by migration of methyl groups using the zeolite catalyst.
Bone Regeneration from Frozen Marrow Mesenchymal Cells/Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein/Hydroxyapatite Transplantation (2006)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
A three‐dimensional stochastic rock mechanics model of engineered geothermal systems in fractured crystalline rock (2000)

A three‐dimensional (3‐D) stochastic network model for simulating a hot dry rock (HDR) or hot wet rock (HWR) engineered geothermal system formed in fractured crystalline rock is presented. The model addresses the problems of fracture network characterization from in situ field data, such as fracture orientation, size, spacing, and other mechanical properties. The model can simulate the changes that occur within the rock mass during stimulation (i.e., large volume fluid injection at pressures sufficient to allow shear slip on natural fractures). It can also be used to simulate steady state circulation of the heat exchange system thus created and includes provision for predicting tracer response curves and heat extraction history. The model has been applied to data gathered during the stimulation and circulation of a 2.2‐km‐deep HDR reservoir at Hijiori, Japan. The predicted shape of the stimulated and shear‐propped fractures closely matched the distribution of seismic source distribution of acoustic emission (AE), regardless of realization of the fracture network, suggesting that the geometry of the stimulated volume can be robustly predicted from knowledge of the fracture population and in situ stresses. However, hydraulic behavior and tracer tests during the circulation could only be satisfactorily simultaneously reproduced by a small subset of realizations. These selected realizations, obtained by matching initial circulation and tracer data, are considered to give the best prospect of satisfactory long‐term thermal modeling. The success in simultaneously modeling diverse data (hydraulic, microseismic, and tracer) lends confidence to the thermal predictions. The results indicate that a large improvement in the long‐term thermal performance of the Hijiori reservoir could result from increasing well spacing from 100 to 150 m without major degradation of the hydraulic performance.
A parallel windowed fast discrete curvelet transform applied to seismic processing (2006)

We propose using overlapping, tapered windows to process seismic data in parallel. This method consists of numerically tight linear operators and adjoints that are suitable for use in iterative algorithms. This method is also highly scalable and makes parallel processing of large seismic data sets feasible. We use this scheme to define the Parallel Windowed Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform (PWFDCT), which we apply to a seismic data interpolation algorithm. The successful performance of our parallel processing scheme and algorithm on a two‐dimensional synthetic data is shown.
Wheel Slip Control in ABS Brakes using Gain Scheduled Optimal Control with Constraints (2003)

In a conventional antilock brake system (ABS), the wheel will oscillate around a critical slip within some given thresholds. This oscillation will have as side effects a noticeable vibration for the driver and limitations in ABS performance. Thus, the actual friction force between tyre and road will oscillate around a point. The level of complexity present in current production ABS systems has serious limitations for further development and analysis.This thesis looks at the analysis and design of an ABS controller using a continuously adjustable electromechanical actuator where the ABS aims to control the of the wheel to arbitrary setpoints provided by a higher level control system such as the electronic stability program (ESP). Thus, maximum friction force can be obtained together with a vibration free braking.This thesis contributes to stability and robustness analysis of a nonlinear ABS controller with respect to uncertainty in the road/tyre friction using Lyapunov theory, frequency analysis and experiments with a test vehicle. A communication delay between the ABS controller and the electromechanical actuator together with the actuator dynamics introduce phase losses and the effect of these performance limitations are also analysed.This thesis contributes to model-based nonlinear wheel controller design, as an explicit gain scheduled LQR design method was used for controller design.Full-scale results are presented for a Mercedes car (E220) equipped with a brake-by-wire system and electromechanical actuators for various test scenarios, which show that high performance and robustness are achieved. The test scenarios consist of straight-line braking on different road surfaces (ice, snow, dry asphalt, wet asphalt and inhomogeneous asphalt/plastic coated surface) and a single experiment for braking in a turn on dry asphalt.The main results of this dissertation have been published in international journals, at international conferences and as a book chapter.
End-to-End Feedback Loss in Speech Chain Framework via Straight-Through Estimator (2018)

The speech chain mechanism integrates automatic speech recognition (ASR) and text-to-speech synthesis (TTS) modules into a single cycle during training. In our previous work, we applied a speech chain mechanism as a semi-supervised learning. It provides the ability for ASR and TTS to assist each other when they receive unpaired data and let them infer the missing pair and optimize the model with reconstruction loss. If we only have speech without transcription, ASR generates the most likely transcription from the speech data, and then TTS uses the generated transcription to reconstruct the original speech features. However, in previous papers, we just limited our back-propagation to the closest module, which is the TTS part. One reason is that back-propagating the error through the ASR is challenging due to the output of the ASR are discrete tokens, creating non-differentiability between the TTS and ASR. In this paper, we address this problem and describe how to thoroughly train a speech chain end-to-end for reconstruction loss using a straight-through estimator (ST). Experimental results revealed that, with sampling from ST-Gumbel-Softmax, we were able to update ASR parameters and improve the ASR performances by 11\% relative CER reduction compared to the baseline.
LOW-COUNTING-RATE ERRORS FROM PHOTOMULTIPLIER FATIGUE (1962)

Results show that phototube fatigue can introduce a large unsuspected error at apparently low counting rates. However, photomultiplier fatigue, the change in phototube gain caused by excessive exposure to light, can be avoided through suitable precautions. It is shown that errors arise in some situations for counting rates as low as about 10000 cpm. Thus, to make accurate measurements of counting rate one usually counts a standard at intervals to detect and correct for any drift in the scintillation spectrometer. Two practical examples are given that illustrate the errors of tatigue. (N.W.R.)
Analysis of parked vehicles on very high resolution interferometric images (2012)

For several years ONERA has been developing very high resolution (VHR), sub-metric to decimetric range, capabilities in airborne SAR imagery first using the RAMSES system [1], and now the SETHI system [2]. Thanks to a precise trajectory monitoring, it is in fact possible to achieve the challenging task of multi pass VHR interferograms acquisition. In this paper we present the promising potentiality of this mode through the example of parking lots occupancy monitoring. We describe an experiment in which four SAR images were acquired with three cars placed at different locations on an open area. Four parking positions were marked on the ground and some of the vehicles were moved from one location to another between the acquisitions. We show that a colour composite display can differentiate cars parked only during the first flight from those parked only during the second flight; cars which didn't move between the two acquisitions as well as cars which were replaced between the flights. Furthermore, it is shown that, as suggested by theory, a car which is slightly moved between two acquisitions can be distinguished from the other cars by considering its interferometric phase signature. Finally we study the potentiality of interferometry to identify a car that has been moved in the azimuth direction.
Direct Numerical Simulations of Micro-Bubble Expansion in Gas Embolotherapy (2004)

We are currently developing a novel gas embolotherapy technique that involves the selective, acoustic vaporization of liquid perfluorocarbon droplets in or near a tumor as a possible treatment for cancer The resulting bubbles can then stick within the tumor vasculature to occlude blood flow and "starve" the tumor The potential development of high stresses during droplet vaporization is a major concern for safe implementation of this technique. No prior study, either experimentally or theoretically, addresses this important issue. In this work, the acoustic vaporization procedure of the therapy is investigated by direct numerical simulations. The nonlinear, multiphase, computational model is comprised of an ideal gas bubble surrounded by liquid inside a long tube. Convective and unsteady inertia, viscosity, and surface tension affect the bubble dynamics and are included in this model, which is solved by a novel fixed-grid, sharp-interface, moving boundary method. We assess the potential for flow-induced wall stresses to rupture the vessel or damage the endothelium during vaporization under a range of operating conditions by varying dimensionless parameters--Reynolds, Weber, and Strouhal numbers, inertial energy and initial droplet size. It is found that the wall pressure is typically highest at the start of the bubble expansion, but the maximum wall shear stress occurs at a later time. Smaller initial bubble diameters, relative to the vessel diameter, result in lower wall stresses.
Railway Disaster Prevention and Snow Survey Design Optimization Technology (2015)

Snow disasters cause immeasurable losses to human society each year, threatening people's lives and properties and therefore attaching much importance to the measurement of snow cover. Snowfall, however, is one of the most difficult to be measured among meteorological elements, especially on the railways. To solve this problem, the real-time monitoring of snow along the railway can be helpful. This can effectively avoid railway accidents caused by snowstorms, improving transport safety and efficiency as well as providing a quantitative reference for the safe operation of the railway. In this paper, a snow disaster prevention system is designed to measure the snow depth and issue the early warning. Also this paper achieves measurement by the integration of laser and video, where laser distance sensors detect snow depth and image sensors capture videos to find out whether the track is covered with snow and to obtain snow depth with the help of photographing rulers.
LL37 peptide@silver nanoparticles: combining the best of the two worlds for skin infection control (2014)

Capping silver nanoparticles with LL37 peptide eradicates the antiproliferative effect of silver on primary skin cells, but retains the bactericidal properties of silver nanoparticles with activities comparable to silver nitrate or silver sulfadiazine. In addition, LL37 capped silver nanoparticles have anti-biofilm formation activity.
HLA and Disease (1994)

Foreword. Introduction. Genetics, Polymorphism and Regulation of Expression of HLA Region Genes. Structure and Assembly of Class I and Class II Molecules. The Role of Class I and II Molecules of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in T Cell Immunity. Expression of Class I and Class Ii MHC Molecules: Influence of the Induction of MHC Class II Expression of Tolerance and Autoimmunity. Mechanisms of HLA and Disease Associations. Design and Interpretation of Studies of the Major Histocompability Complex in Disease. HLA-Associated Autoimmune Diseases. Immune Complex-Mediated Diseases. The Contribution of Novel MHC Genes to Disease.
Theoretical Analysis of Differential Microphone Array Beamforming and an Improved Solution (2015)

Differential microphone arrays (DMAs), which are responsive to the differential sound pressure field, have attracted much attention due to their properties of frequency-invariant beampatterns, small apertures, and potential of maximum directivity. Traditionally, DMAs are designed and implemented in a multistage (cascade) way, where a proper time delay is used in each stage to form a beampattern of interest. Recently, it was reported that DMAs can be designed by solving a linear system of equations formed from the information about the nulls of the desired beampattern. This paper deals with the problem of beamforming with linear DMAs. Its major contributions are as follows. 1) By using the spatial <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\cal Z}$</tex></formula> transform, we present some theoretical analysis of both the traditional cascade and new null-constrained DMA beamforming. It is shown that the cascade and null-constrained DMAs of the same order with the same number of sensors are theoretically identical. 2) We develop a two-stage approach to the study of the robust DMA beamformer, which is based on the principle of maximizing the white noise gain (WNG). The first-stage of this approach is in the structure of the traditional non-robust DMA while the second-stage filter is optimized for improving the WNG. 3) Using the two-stage approach, we show that the robust DMA beamformer may introduce extra nulls in the beampattern at high frequencies; particularly, it introduces <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$M - N - 1$</tex></formula> extra nulls if the interelement spacing is equal to half of the wavelength, where <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$M$</tex> </formula> and <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$N$</tex> </formula> are the number of sensors and the DMA order, respectively. 4) We develop a method that can solve the extra-null problem while maximizing the WNG in robust DMA beamforming, i.e., a robust solution with a frequency-invariant beampattern.
Calixarene alpha-ketoacetylenes: versatile platforms for reaction with hydrazine nucleophile (2018)

Late stage diversification of calix[4]arenes and thiacalix[4]arenes with heterocycles remains a significant synthetic challenge and hampers further exploitation of the scaffolds. Here we describe the development of a short and facile synthetic route to conformationally diverse novel calix[4]arene and thiacalix[4]arene ynones using a palladium cross coupling approach (5% Pd(ii) + 10% Cu(i)) with benzoyl chloride. Their successful conversion to heterocycles to afford pyrazoles was demonstrated through treatment with hydrazine. Functionalisation is calixarene conformation and linker independent enabling access to a library of structures.
A non-muscle myosin heavy chain 9 genetic variant is associated with graft failure following kidney transplantation (2023)

Our results reveal that recipients with an AA-genotype MYH9 polymorphism receiving a donor kidney with an AA genotype have significantly elevated risk of graft failure after kidney transplantation.
Long-Range High-Resolution Imaging With Silicon-on-Nothing ScAlN pMUTs (2023)

This work demonstrates the imaging capabilities of a silicon-on-nothing (SON) ScAlN piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (pMUT) array by a method of transmit beamforming followed by suitable signal postprocessing for 3-D image reconstruction. A 2.7-MHz pMUT array with 15% scandium-doped aluminum nitride (ScAlN) as the piezo thin film was implemented for this demonstration. A total of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$16\,\,{3} {}\times {}{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -mm dies consisting of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${34} {}\times {}{37}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> pMUT elements per die and operated as dual channels were arranged in an eight-column <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> two-row array configuration, resulting in a 32-channel experimental system with a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$24\times6$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -mm coverage. In this work, experimental testing using single and multiple 6-mm-diameter reflectors at a different spacing from each other and a distance of 2.5 cm from the array was performed to validate the 3-D imaging capabilities of the developed 2-D SON ScAlN pMUT array with an attained lateral resolution of 5 mm.
Interface phenomena in aluminium–magnesium magnetic pulse welding (2008)

The morphology and structure of the weld interface in magnetic pulse welding of similar and dissimilar metals were investigated. The interface zone of dissimilar metal couples such as Al–Mg, was studied in comparison to Al–Al welds. It was found that intermetallic phases (IMP) of different compositions are created during welding of the Al–Mg couple by rapid solidification of a thin melted layer at the interface. According to the calculated energy balance of magnetic pulse welding (MPW), there is enough energy to melt a thin interfacial layer and create IMP. Intensive characterisation techniques were used, including the focused ion beam (FIB) method that was used to prepare a cross-section of the Al–Mg interface for TEM characterisation. It was established that the jet action plays an important role in the melting process at the bonding zone.
Access Controls for Oblivious and Anonymous Systems. (2008)

The use of privacy-enhancing cryptographic protocols, such as anonymous credentials and oblivious transfer, often has a detrimental effect on the ability of providers to effectively implement access controls on their content. In this paper, we propose a stateful anonymous credential system that allows the provider to implement non-trivial, real-world access controls on oblivious protocols conducted with anonymous users. Our stateful anonymous credential system models the behavior of users as a state machine, and embeds that state within an anonymous credential to restrict access to resources based on the state information. The use of state machine models of user behavior allows the provider to restrict the users’ actions according to a wide variety of access control models without learning anything about the users’ identities or actions. Our system is secure in the standard model under basic assumptions, and, after an initial setup phase, each transaction requires only constant time. As a concrete example, we show how to implement the Brewer-Nash (Chinese Wall) and Bell-La Padula (Multilevel Security) access control models within our credential system. Furthermore, we combine our credential system with a simulatable, adaptive oblivious transfer scheme to create a privacy-friendly oblivious database with strong access controls.
Phase coupling of optical phase-shifting array resonator slab waveguide CO2 lasers (1998)

In order to improve the output beam quality of slab waveguide CO<SUB>2</SUB> lasers, we presented an optical phase-shifting array resonator with a phase-shifting array end mirror used in RF- excited diffusively cooled slab waveguide CO<SUB>2</SUB> lasers. A series of phase-shifting array end mirrors with different parameters are employed in our experiments and highly spatially suppressed single-peak intensity distributions in the far field, which have advantages of high brightness and good characteristics of propagation, have been obtained respectively. Theoretically we analyzed the characteristics of the output mode and well explained the phase coupling of this kind of slab waveguide CO<SUB>2</SUB> lasers.
Intelligent Surfaces for Medical Applications (2006)

Cell-materials interactions are deeply related to physicochemical nature of the surfaces. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm) exhibits a transition from hydrophobic to hydrophilic across its lower-critical solution temperature (LCST) of 32oC.The surfaces on which PIPAAm is covalently grafted with the thickness of 15-20 nm achieve temperaturedependent cell adhesion/detachment control. When the temperature is reduced below 32oC, the surface becomes hydrophilic and swells, allowing cells to spontaneously detach from the surface without the need for enzymatic treatments. With this method, confluently cultured cells are harvested as tissue-like cell sheets with simply reducing temperature. In this review, we describe the clinical applications in regenerative medicine with cell sheet engineering using these intelligent ther morespoinsive surfaces.