gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Substituent effects on the Sandmeyer reaction. Quantitative evidence for rate-determining electron transfer (1984)

The substituent effect in the Sandmeyer reaction of aromatic diazonium salts induced by several reducing cations (Sn2+, Cu+, Fe2+) has been determined in H2O–dioxane (2:1). Electron-withdrawing substituents increase the reactivity of the substrate in the radical chlorodediazoniation process, while the reverse holds for electron donor ones. For the change of the reduction potential of the reductant from 0.15 to 0.77 V the Hammett ρ value varies from 0.6 to 1.0. Conventional spectrophotometry has been employed to measure the rate of the reaction of two diazonium ions with Fe2+: reasonable agreement is found with the rate constants for the corresponding electron transfer step as calculated according to Marcus theory. The conclusion is drawn that the electron transfer step is rate determining in the Sandmeyer reaction under these conditions.
A unified stability analysis for linear regulator and servomechanism problems (2002)

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the stability common to linear regulator and servomechanism problems, called comprehensive stability, in a unified framework. The necessary and sufficient condition is derived and the parameterization of a class of controllers satisfying such stability given. This work is believed to lay a foundation for a unified theory of regulator and servomechanism.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Text-independent talker identification system combining connectionist and conventional models (2003)

Several techniques have been used for speaker identification which have different characteristics and capabilities. The respective merits of three different systems respectively employing neural networks, hidden Markov models, and multivariate autoregressive models are compared. A novel text-independent speaker identification system based on the cooperation of these different techniques is presented. This system outperforms previous models and can handle a large number of speakers. It is argued that modular architectures present significant advantages, such as their learning speed, their generalization and representation capabilities, and their ability to satisfy constraints imposed by hardware limitations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A 2×2 80 Gbps 215-1 PRBS generator with three operational modes and a clock divider (2017)

An 80 Gbps 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">15</sup> -1 pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS) generator offering a unique feature of two programmable channels is presented. It is possible to select either a replica of the full rate stream, two parallel streams at half the rate, or a combination of external and internal pattern to the output. This flexibility makes the design suitable for generating proper test signal for both binary and 4-PAM (pulse-amplitude-modulation) communication systems. While the longer sequence in this design adds to the complexity, the energy per bit is comparable with the state-of-the-art designs. Notably for the clock drivers, as one of the bottlenecks of a PRBS generator, an open-collector structure with distributed loading is studied and optimized for very low power operation. The design features a clock divider and zero detection circuit as well. The circuit was fabricated in a 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS process (300/500 GHz fr/fmax).
Learning Completable Reactive Plans through Achievability Proofs (1990)

Abstract : This thesis presents an integrated approach to planning wherein a classical planner is augmented with the ability to defer achievable goals and address these deferred goals during execution. This integration gains from reactive planning the ability to utilize runtime information, thus reducing the need for perfect a priori information, while retaining the goal-directedness afforded by a priori planning. This approach also retains the provably-correct nature of plans constructed by a classical planner by requiring that all deferred goals have achievability proofs guaranteeing their eventual achievement. Proving achievability is shown to be possible for certain classes of problems without having to determine the actions to achieve the associated goals. General plans for use in this integrated approach are learned through a modified explanation-based learning strategy called contingent explanation-based learning. In contingent EBL, deferred goals are represented using conjectured variables, which act as placeholders for the eventual values of plan parameters whose values are unknown prior to execution. Completors are incorporated into general plans for the runtime determination of values to replace the conjectured variables. Since only conjectured variables with accompanying achievability proofs are allowed into contingent explanations, the general plans learned in contingent EBL are guaranteed to be completable. An implemented system demonstrates the use of contingent EBL in learning general completable reactive plans; which enables the construction of robust, efficient plans for spaceship acceleration.
Performance Evaluation of LDPC Coding and Iterative Decoding System in BPM R/W Channel Affected by Head Field Gradient, Media SFD and Demagnetization Field (2011)

We evaluate the performance of the write-margin for the low-density parity-check (LDPC) coding and iterative decoding system in the bit-patterned media (BPM) R/W channel affected by the write-head field gradient, the media switching field distribution (SFD), the demagnetization field from adjacent islands and the island position deviation. It is clarified that the LDPC coding and iterative decoding system in R/W channel using BPM at 3 Tbit/inch2 has a write-margin of about 20%.
Lack of association between cancer history and PARKIN genotype: A family based study in PARKIN/Parkinson's Families (2012)

A number of publications have attributed a tumor suppressive (TS) function to PARKIN, a gene associated with recessive familial early onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD). Discoveries of PARKIN deletions and point mutations in tumors, functional studies, and data from mouse models have been presented to support the hypothesis. We have asked whether PARKIN mutations are associated with history of cancer in humans. We interviewed 431 participants who were screened for PARKIN mutations, including 149 EOPD cases and their family members, who were unaware of mutation status. We found no significant difference in self-reported history of cancer among carriers of one or two PARKIN mutations and noncarriers, odds ratio 0.75 (95% confidence interval 0.27-1.83). In particular, no increase in cancer history was seen among homozygous and compound heterozygous mutation carriers compared to noncarriers. Therefore, we hypothesize that published studies attributing TS capability to PARKIN merit further exploration and we present a reevaluation of these data with respect to patterns of mutation frequencies in normal and cancer cells. We conclude that although Parkin may exert a suppressive effect in mice, further studies are required prior to assigning a TS function to PARKIN in humans.
Carbonic Anhydrase: Its Inhibitors and Activators (2007)

Carbonic Anhydrases: Catalytic and Inhibition Mechanisms, Distribution and Physiological RolesC.T. SupuranAcatalytic CAs: Carbonic Anhydrase-Related ProteinsI. NishimoriMultiple Binding Modes Observed in X-Ray Structures of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor Complexes and Other Systems: Consequences for Structure-Based Drug DesignJ. Antel, A. Weber, C.A. Sotriffer, G. KlebeDevelopment of Sulfonamide Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (CAIs)C.T. Supuran, A. Casini, A. ScozzafavaQSAR Studies of Sulfonamide Carbonic Anhydrase InhibitorsB.W. Clare, C.T. SupuranMetal Complexes of Heterocyclic Sulfonamides as Carbonic Anhydrase InhibitorsJ. Borr?s, G. Alzuet, S. Ferrer, C.T. SupuranNonsulfonamide Carbonic Anhydrase InhibitorsM.A. Ilies, M.D. BanciuClinical Applications of the Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in OphthalmologyF. Mincione, L. Menabuoni, C.T. SupuranCancer-Related Carbonic Anhydrase Isozymes and Their Inhibition S.Pastorekov?, J. PastorekRole of Carbonic Anhydrase and Its Inhibitors in Biological Science Related to Gastroenterology, Neurology and NephrologyS. Parkkila, A.K. Parkkila, J. Kivel?Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in DermatologyA. Mastrolorenzo, G. Zuccati, A. Scozzafava, C.T. SupuranCarbonic Anhydrase ActivatorsM. Ilies, A. Scozzafava, C.T. Supuran
Getting Ready for LISA: The Data, Support and Preparation Needed to Maximize US Participation in Space-Based Gravitational Wave Science (2020)

The NASA LISA Study Team was tasked to study how NASA might support US\nscientists to participate and maximize the science return from the Laser\nInterferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission. LISA is gravitational wave\nobservatory led by ESA with NASA as a junior partner, and is scheduled to\nlaunch in 2034. Among our findings: LISA science productivity is greatly\nenhanced by a full-featured US science center and an open access data model. As\nother major missions have demonstrated, a science center acts as both a locus\nand an amplifier of research innovation, data analysis, user support, user\ntraining and user interaction. In its most basic function, a US Science Center\ncould facilitate entry into LISA science by hosting a Data Processing Center\nand a portal for the US community to access LISA data products. However, an\nenhanced LISA Science Center could: support one of the parallel independent\nprocessing pipelines required for data product validation; stimulate the high\nlevel of research on data analysis that LISA demands; support users unfamiliar\nwith a novel observatory; facilitate astrophysics and fundamental research;\nprovide an interface into the subtleties of the instrument to validate\nextraordinary discoveries; train new users; and expand the research community\nthrough guest investigator, postdoc and student programs. Establishing a US\nLISA Science Center well before launch can have a beneficial impact on the\nparticipation of the broader astronomical community by providing training,\nhosting topical workshops, disseminating mock catalogs, software pipelines, and\ndocumentation. Past experience indicates that successful science centers are\nestablished several years before launch; this early adoption model may be\nespecially relevant for a pioneering mission like LISA.\n
Morphology characterization in organic and hybrid solar cells (2012)

Organic and hybrid organic–inorganic photovoltaics are among the most promising options for low-cost and highly scalable renewable energy. In order to fully realize the potential of these technologies, power conversion efficiencies and stability will both have to be improved beyond the current state-of-the-art. The morphology of the active layer is of paramount importance in the photon to electron conversion process in organic and hybrid solar cells, with all length scales, from molecular ordering to intradevice composition variability, playing key roles. Given the central influence of morphology, characterizing the structure of these surprisingly complex material systems at multiple length scales is one of the grand challenges in the field. This review addresses the techniques, some of which have only recently been applied to organic and hybrid photovoltaics, available to scientists and engineers working to understand—and ultimately improve—the operation of these fascinating devices.
The Resistivity Anomaly in Chromium Near the Néel Temperature (1970)

The electrical resistivity of a single crystal of chromium was studied in the temperature range 10 to 70°C, allowing for nitrogenassociated relaxation near the Neel temperature. The results of these and earlier measurements are discussed using the theoretical model for the resistivity of heavy rare earths given by Elliott and Wedgwood (1963). In this discussion support is given to the Fermi surface proposed by Kimball (1969). A plausible explanation is given to the discontinuities and extra minima in the resistivity curves reported by other authors.
An integrated approach to system design, reliability, and diagnosis (2002)

Two tools for engineering analyses of highly reliable systems, one for quantitative reliability evaluation and the other for fault diagnosis, have been developed based on an object-oriented representation of fault trees. The fault trees serves as a central knowledge base for the integrated tool set, ensuring that consistent design information is used in both procedures. The tools have a graphical interface for data entry and the display of results, and enable the engineer to modify system models easily and understand the effects of the changes quickly. The availability of the models in an accessible form improves the design process by eliminating redundant model development in various stages of the lifecycle. The object-oriented models are particularly useful since they are easily modified to characterize various aspects of system behavior, promoting the development of additional analysis tools that will access the same knowledge base. The proposed approach is illustrated with reference to a representative subset of the Space Station Freedom data management system, which consists of three subsystems connected by a token ring network.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Supplementary Figures 1-6 from Rational Combination of a MEK Inhibitor, Selumetinib, and the Wnt/Calcium Pathway Modulator, Cyclosporin A, in Preclinical Models of Colorectal Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figures 1-6 - PDF file 458K, Power point files of Figures 1-6. For details see legends file&lt;/p&gt;
Freeform TIR collimators for the removal of angular color variation in white LED spotlights (2013)

Angular color variation in white, phosphor-converted LEDs causes undesirable yellow rings in the beams of spotlights. We developed an inverse method to design TIR collimators that remove the angular color variation for point light sources and significantly reduce color variation for extended light sources, without the need for facets, holographic foils or scattering surfaces. We performed several numerical simulations to evaluate the performance of this point source method for extended light sources.
Sources of natural resistance to plant viruses: status and prospects (2007)

SUMMARY Globally, virus diseases are common in agricultural crops and have a major agronomic impact. They are countered through the deployment of genetic resistance against the virus, or through the use of a range of farming practices based upon the propagation of virus-free plant material and the exclusion of the virus vectors from the growing crop. We review here the current status of our knowledge of natural virus resistance genes, and consider the future prospects for the deployment of these genes against virus infection.
Acidic and basic nature of ferric oxide surfaces. Adsorption, adhesion, zeta potentials and dispersibility in magnetic inks for hard disks (1991)

The surface FeOH sites of ferric oxides are amphoteric in that they form interfacial acid-base complexes with either acids or bases. Adsorption of acidic or basic test molecules from neutral organic solvents was used to characterize the acid-base properties of y-Fe2O3, a magnetic ferric oxide of importance in magnetic tapes and disks for computer memories. Gafac RE-610, a dispersant commonly used in the dispersion of ferric oxide powders for fabrication of the magnetic polymer composites used in computer tapes and disks, is an amphoteric diester of phosphoric acid with a polyoxyethylene adduct of an alkylphenol. The POH group of RE-610 adsorbs as a strong acid onto basic ferric oxide sites, and the 10-12 ether groups adsorb as bases onto acidic ferric oxide sites. When RE-610 adsorbs onto ferric oxide, the first monolayer is spread out broadly over the surface, occupying 2.2 nm2 per molecule, because several ether groups as well as the POH group are complexed to surface FeOH sites. A second monolayer adsorbs, a rare phenomenon in adsorption from non-aqueous solutions, and this second layer can be attached only through its POH acid group, as evidenced by an area per molecule of only 0.72 nm2. RE-610 is used as a dispersant for y-Fe2O3- Such dispersions have a strong tendency to flocculate, for the magnetic inter-particle attractions add appreciably to the normal London-Lifshitz attractions, illustrated by comparing magnetic with non-magnetic ferric oxide dispersions. Such dispersions are much more deflocculated after adsorption of acidic polymers.
Acquired Idiopathic Laryngomalacia Treated by Laser Supraglottic Laryngoplasty (2013)

Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor in neonates and infants, where the soft cartilages and tissues surrounding the upper larynx collapse inward during respiration. On the other hand, acquired idiopathic laryngomalacia in adults is quite rare, but should be borne in mind for differential diagnosis of upper airway distress. Allergic factors may cause airway distress, but have not been highlighted previously as the background of laryngomalacia. In this report, we describe two patients with acquired idiopathic laryngomalacia with reference to allergic rhinitis and high serum levels of immunoglobulin E. The first patient was a 16-year-old female who presented with inspiratory stridor and dyspnea due to attachment between the epiglottis and bilateral arytenoids, and the second patient was an 18-year-old male who also presented with inspiratory stridor due to attachment between the epiglottis and posterior pharyngeal wall. The respiratory function of both patients was within the normal range but the inspiratory stridor interfered with daily life. Laryngomicrosurgery was performed in both patients using a CO2 laser to remove the arytenoid mucosa in the first patient, and to remove the tip of the epiglottis in the second. Both patients were followed up while receiving oral anti-allergic agents. Laser supraglottic laryngoplasty to remove the vibrating excess tissue was effective for resolving the symptoms. However, recurrence occurred three times in the first patient, and inferior turbinotomy to improve nasal respiration was useful for diminishing the symptoms.
Preparation of Antibodies and Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the Determination of Doxycycline Antibiotic in Milk Samples (2012)

This paper reports the development of an immunoassay for the specific analysis of doxycycline (DC), a congener of the tetracycline antibiotic family (TCs), in milk samples. This is the first time that DC antibody production is reported, based on a rationally designed and well-characterized immunizing hapten. The chemical structure of the immunizing hapten (13-[(2-carboxyethyl)thiol]-5-hydroxy-6-α-deoxytetracycline, TC1) was designed to maximize recognition of the tetracycline characteristic moiety defined as lower periphery of the TCs plus the region of the upper periphery composed by the hydroxyl group at position C(5) (B ring) and the dimethylamino group in ring A. Polyclonal antibodies raised against TC1 coupled to horseshoe crab hemocianyn (HCH) were used to develop a homologous indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The microplate ELISA can detect DC in buffer down to 0.1 μg L(-1). The ELISA has been proven to tolerate a wide range of ionic strengths and pH values. The assay is very selective for DC with a minor recognition of methacycline (32% of cross-reactivity). Experiments performed with whole milk samples demonstrate that samples can be directly analyzed after a simple treatment method, reaching detectability values below 5 μg L(-1).
The Oxyrhynchus Papyri - E. Lobel and C. H. Roberts: The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Part xxii. (Graeco-Roman Memoirs, No. 31.) Pp. xiv+182; 11 plates. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1954. Boards, £5 net. (1956)

The Oxyrhynchus Papyri - E. Lobel and C. H. Roberts: The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Part xxii. (Graeco-Roman Memoirs, No. 31.) Pp. xiv+182; 11 plates. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1954. Boards, £5 net. - Volume 6 Issue 1
Quantifying the diversity of news around stock market moves (2017)

The dynamics of news are such that some days are dominated by a single story while others see news outlets reporting on a range of different events. While these largescale features of news are familiar to many, they are often ignored in settings where they may be important in understanding complex decision-making processes, such as in financial markets. In this paper, we use a topic-modeling approach to quantify the changing attentions of a major news outlet, the Financial Times, to issues of interest. Our analysis reveals that the diversity of financial news, as quantified by our method, can improve forecasts of trading volume. We also find evidence which suggests that, while attention in financial news tends to be concentrated on a smaller number of topics following stock market falls, there is a "healthy diversity" of news following upward market movements. We conclude that the diversity of financial news can be a useful forecasting tool, offering early warning signals of increased activity in financial markets.
AMERICAN DEER (2009)

Characteristics.—Steel-grey or red, according to the season. The fawns for the first six months after birth are spotted with white. All these spots are lost by the time it is one year old. Horns of a moderate size, curving forward, with from one to six points on each beam. Only palmated masses of malformation.
Simple cubic three-dimensional auxetic metamaterials (2014)

Elastic instability of soft cellular solids plays an increasingly important role in the creation of metamaterials with smart properties. Inspiration for much of this research comes from a planar metamaterial with negative Poisson's ratio behavior induced by elastic instability. Here we extend the concept of buckling induced pattern switch further to the design of a new series of three-dimensional metamaterials with negative Poisson's ratio over a large strain range. The highlight of this work is that our designs are based on very simple initial geometric shapes. Different deformation patterns of materials without and with auxetic behavior.
ChemInform Abstract: The Photodissolution of InP. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Hands-free speech recognition and communication on PDAs using microphone array technology (2005)

In this paper, a personal digital assistant (PDA) for hands-free speech recognition and communication with a microphone array mounted on the PDA is presented. An outlier-robust generalized sidelobe canceller (RGSC) and a minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) estimator for log Mel-spectral energy coefficients using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) for clean speech are implemented in real-time and evaluated for speech recognition based on a small experimental multichannel database. It is shown that the joint system of beamformer and single-channel noise suppression highly improves the noise-robustness of a large-vocabulary speech recognizer so that down to SNR = 5 dB more than 91% word accuracy is obtained