gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introducing a Novel Biorelevant In Vitro Dissolution Method for the Assessment of Nicotine Release from Oral Tobacco-Derived Nicotine (OTDN) and Snus Products (2022)

The rate at which oral tobacco-derived nicotine (OTDN) and snus pouches release nicotine into saliva is crucial to determine product performance. As no standardized method is available for this purpose, this study sought to develop a biorelevant dissolution method that could both discriminate between different products and predict in vivo behavior. Using a μDISS Profiler™ as a surrogate for the US Pharmacopoeia standard apparatuses and a custom-made sinker, nicotine release from an OTDN pouch product (ZYN® Dry Smooth) and a snus product (General® Pouched Snus White Portion Large) was determined in biorelevant volumes (10 mL) of artificial saliva. In addition, nicotine extraction in vivo was measured for both products. Strikingly, the method showed distinct dissolution curves for OTDN and snus pouches, and the nicotine release observed in vitro did not significantly differ from the nicotine extracted in vivo. The custom-made sinker was designed to accommodate both loose and pouched oral tobacco/nicotine products, and thus the proposed in vitro dissolution method is suitable to assess nicotine release from OTDN and snus pouches. Apart from providing individual dissolution curves, the method was also able to predict in vivo nicotine extraction. Thus, this method could serve as a (biorelevant) monograph for product equivalence studies.
Calibration of physical resist models: methods, usability, and predictive power (2009)

We discuss the methodology of physical resist model calibration for a rigorous lithography simulator under various aspects and assess the resulting predictive accuracy. The study is performed on an extensive optical proximity correction (OPC) dataset, which includes several thousands of critical dimensions (CDs) values obtained with immersion lithography for the 45-nm half-pitch technology node. We address practical aspects such as speed of calibration versus size of calibration dataset, and the role of pattern selection for calibration. In particular, we show that a small subset of the dataset is sufficient to provide accurate calibration results. However, the overall predictive power can strongly be enhanced if a few critical patterns are additionally included into the calibration dataset. Also, we demonstrate a significant impact of the illumination source shape (measured versus nominal top hat) on the resulting model quality. Most importantly, it is shown that calibrated resist models based on a 3-D (topographic) mask description perform better than resist models based on a 2-D (Kirchhoff) mask approximation. Also, we show that a resist model calibrated with one-dimensional (lines and spaces) structures only can successfully predict the printing behavior of two-dimensional patterns (end-of-line structures).
Measurement and mathematical modeling of molecular weight and chemical composition distributions of ethylene/-olefin copolymers synthesized with a heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalyst (2000)

The distributions of molecular weight and chemical composition of two linear low-density polyethylene resins synthesized with Ziegler-Natta catalysts were analyzed with several microstructural characterization techniques and the results were used to investigate the nature of the active site types present on the catalyst. Deconvolution of the molecular weight distribution measured by gel permeation chromatography and of the chemical composition distribution measured by either crystallization analysis fractionation or temperature rising elution fractionation leads to consistent results that indicate the presence of multiple active site types on the catalyst. This shows that these fractionation techniques, when combined with adequate mathematical models, are powerful tools to understand the behavior of Ziegler-Natta catalysts and structural properties of the produced resins.
Memory-Efficient Algorithms for Finding Needles in Haystacks. (2016)

One of the most common tasks in cryptography and cryptanalysis is to find some interesting event a needle in an exponentially large collection haystack of $$N=2^n$$ possible events, or to demonstrate that no such event is likely to exist. In particular, we are interested in finding needles which are defined as events that happen with an unusually high probability of $$p \gg 1/N$$ in a haystack which is an almost uniform distribution on N possible events. When the search algorithm can only sample values from this distribution, the best known time/memory tradeoff for finding such an event requires $$O1/Mp^2$$ time given OM memory.

In this paper we develop much faster needle searching algorithms in the common cryptographic setting in which the distribution is defined by applying some deterministic function f to random inputs. Such a distribution can be modelled by a random directed graph with N vertices in which almost all the vertices have O1 predecessors while the vertex we are looking for has an unusually large number of OpN predecessors. When we are given only a constant amount of memory, we propose a new search methodology which we call NestedRho. As p increases, such random graphs undergo several subtle phase transitions, and thus the log-log dependence of the time complexity T on p becomes a piecewise linear curve which bends four times. Our new algorithm is faster than the $$O1/p^2$$ time complexity of the best previous algorithm in the full range of $$1/N<p<1$$, and in particular it improves the previous time complexity by a significant factor of $$\sqrt{N}$$ for any p in the range $$N^{-0.75}<p< N^{-0.5}$$. When we are given more memory, we show how to combine the NestedRho technique with the parallel collision search technique in order to further reduce its time complexity. Finally, we show how to apply our new search technique to more complicated distributions with multiple peaks when we want to find all the peaks whose probabilities are higher than p.
Special articles on synthesis and supramolecular structure of functionality amphiphiles. Synthesis and bilayer characteristics of single chain ammonium amphiphiles containing diphenyl sulfide unit. (1990)

メチル基を種々の位置に置換したジフェニルスルフィド(Dps)基を含む両親媒性化合物を合成し,その水溶液中における会合挙動と分子構造の相関を調べた。電子顕微鏡観察からDps二分子膜が永中で発達した会合形態を形成することが確認された.二分子膜のゲルー液晶相転移特性ならびに膜中に導入されたDps発色団間の相互作用はジフェニルスルフィド基の置換メチル基の位置,数ならびに水素給合部位の導入に大きく依存することが明らかとなった。アラニン残基構造の導入によって相転移温度の上昇ならびに会合形態の発達度が向上することから,水素結合構造を導入することはかさ高い発色団を有する一本鎖型両親媒性化合物から形成される二分子膜の特性を制御するうえで極めて有効であることがわかった。発色団に置換基を導入することによって二分子膜申における発色団配向を剃御することを新しい分子配向制御法として位置づけた。
Changing Epidemiology of Infections in Children and Adolescents After Autologous and Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (2013)

Advances in autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) over the past 20 years may have had an impact on the morbidity and mortality associated with infections post-transplant. We sought to retrospectively analyze the epidemiology and risk factors for bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections 0-30 days post-transplant in a cohort of 385 autologous and 759 allogeneic pediatric HSCT recipients transplanted in a single institution between1990 to 2009. Risk factors were evaluated using logistic regression. Infections occurred in 98 (25%) autologous compared to 307 (40%) allogeneic HSCT patients. Gram-positive bacterial infections were more prevalent than gram-negative bacterial infections in both autologous (P = .003) and allogeneic (P < .0001) HSCT patients. Bacteremia occurred in 31 (8%) autologous and 59 (8%) allogeneic HSCT patients. Autologous HSCT patients with a diagnosis of leukemia were at a higher risk for bacterial infections compared to those with solid tumors (P = .004, OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.39-5.66). Infections due to fungal and parasitic pathogens in autologous HSCT patients were uncommon, and occurred exclusively prior to 2000. Candidemia was detected in 26 (3%) and aspergillosis in 49 (6%) allogeneic recipients. Herpes-Simplex virus was the most common cause of viral infections in both autologous and allogeneic recipients. Cytomegalovirus donor/recipient status increased risk for all viral infections for allogeneic HSCT recipients (P = .0004). Only 3 (0.8%) deaths were attributed to infection after autologous HSCT. All occurred prior to 2000 in patients transplanted for acute myeloid leukemia. There were 8 (1%) allogeneic HSCT patients who died of infections 0-30 days post-transplant. This is the largest retrospective study on the changing epidemiology of infections after autologous and allogeneic HSCT in children and adolescents.
SNARE expression and localization in renal epithelial cells suggest mechanism for variability of trafficking phenotypes (2002)

The apical- and basolateral-specific distribution of target soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (t-SNAREs) of the syntaxin family appear to be critical for polarity in epithelial cells. To test whether differential SNARE expression and/or subcellular localization may contribute to the known diversity of trafficking phenotypes of epithelial cell types in vivo, we have investigated the distribution of syntaxins 2, 3, and 4 in epithelial cells along the renal tubule. Syntaxins 3 and 4 are restricted to the apical and basolateral domains, respectively, in all cell types, indicating that their mutually exclusive localizations are important for cell polarity. The expression level of syntaxin 3 is highly variable, depending on the cell type, suggesting that it is regulated in concert with the cellular requirement for apical exocytic pathways. While syntaxin 4 localizes all along the basal and lateral plasma membrane domains in vivo, it is restricted to the lateral membrane in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in two-dimensional monolayer culture. When cultured as cysts in collagen, however, MDCK cells target syntaxin 4 correctly to the basal and lateral membranes. Unexpectedly, the polarity of syntaxin 2 is inverted between different tubule cell types, suggesting a role in establishing plasticity of targeting. The vesicle-associated (v)-SNARE endobrevin is highly expressed in intercalated cells and colocalizes with the H + -ATPase in α- but not β-intercalated cells, suggesting its involvement in H + -ATPase trafficking in the former cell type. These results suggest that epithelial membrane trafficking phenotypes in vivo are highly variable and that different cell types express or localize SNARE proteins differentially as a mechanism to achieve this variability.
Cellular Histone Modification Patterns Predict Prognosis and Treatment Response in Resectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Results From RTOG 9704 (2010)

PURPOSE Differences in cellular levels of histone modifications have predicted clinical outcome in certain cancers. Here, we studied the prognostic and predictive value of three histone modifications in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS Tissue microarrays (TMAs) from two pancreatic adenocarcinoma cohorts were examined, including those from a 195-patient cohort from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trial RTOG 9704, a multicenter, phase III, randomized treatment trial comparing adjuvant gemcitabine with fluorouracil and a 140-patient cohort of patients with stage I or II cancer from University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center. Immunohistochemistry was performed for histone H3 lysine 4 dimethylation (H3K4me2), histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2), and histone H3 lysine 18 acetylation (H3K18ac). Positive tumor cell staining for each histone modification was used to classify patients into low- and high-staining groups, which were related to clinicopathologic parameters and clinical outcome measures. Results Low cellular levels of H3K4me2, H3K9me2, or H3K18ac were each significant and independent predictors of poor survival in univariate and multivariate models, and combined low levels of H3K4me2 and/or H3K18ac were the most significant predictor of overall survival (hazard ratio, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.78 to 4.82) in the University of California, Los Angeles cohort. In subgroup analyses, histone levels were predictive of survival specifically for those patients with node-negative cancer or for those patients receiving adjuvant fluorouracil, but not gemcitabine, in RTOG 9704. CONCLUSION Cellular levels of histone modifications define previously unrecognized subsets of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma with distinct epigenetic phenotypes and clinical outcomes and represent prognostic and predictive biomarkers that could inform clinical decisions, including the use of fluorouracil chemotherapy.
Partial purification and properties of .beta.-amylase isolated from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPartial purification and properties of .beta.-amylase isolated from Sorghum bicolor (L.) MoenchEkong U. Okon and Anthony O. UwaifoCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1984, 32, 1, 11–14Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00121a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00121a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views100Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effect of Body Mass Index on Peak Growth Hormone Response to Provocative Testing in Children with Short Stature (2009)

In children with short stature, BMI affects peak stimulated GH and should be considered when interpreting GH testing. Higher BMI SDS, even within the normal range, may lead to overdiagnosis of GH deficiency.
Cutting Edge: RIP1 Kinase Activity Is Dispensable for Normal Development but Is a Key Regulator of Inflammation in SHARPIN-Deficient Mice (2014)

RIP1 (RIPK1) kinase is a key regulator of TNF-induced NF-κB activation, apoptosis, and necroptosis through its kinase and scaffolding activities. Dissecting the balance of RIP1 kinase activity and scaffolding function in vivo during development and TNF-dependent inflammation has been hampered by the perinatal lethality of RIP1-deficient mice. In this study, we generated RIP1 kinase-dead (Ripk1(K45A)) mice and showed they are viable and healthy, indicating that the kinase activity of RIP1, but not its scaffolding function, is dispensable for viability and homeostasis. After validating that the Ripk1(K45A) mice were specifically protected against necroptotic stimuli in vitro and in vivo, we crossed them with SHARPIN-deficient cpdm mice, which develop severe skin and multiorgan inflammation that has been hypothesized to be mediated by TNF-dependent apoptosis and/or necroptosis. Remarkably, crossing Ripk1(K45A) mice with the cpdm strain protected against all cpdm-related pathology. Together, these data suggest that RIP1 kinase represents an attractive therapeutic target for TNF-driven inflammatory diseases.
Hierarchy in Anatomical Brain Networks Derived from Diffusion Weighted Images in 64 and 15 Directions (2012)

Whole-‐‑brain structural connectivity matrices extracted from Diffusion Weighted Images (DWI) is a systematic way of representing anatomical brain networks. They are equivalent to weighted graphs that encode both the topology of the network as well as the strength of connection between each pair of regions of interest (ROIs). These matrices contain a significant amount of information for each subject that remains unexplored. In this work, we investigate whether connectivity matrices derived from ROIs with atlas-‐‑based parcellation and further sub-‐‑parcellations exhibit hierarchical organization. Furthermore, we exploit this topological property to enhance the classification performance in age and gender paradigms. Our results suggest that in DWI of 64-‐‑directions hierarchical organization can be exploited to improve classification. However, hierarchical organization in structural brain networks is confounded by atlas-‐‑based ROIs with uneven volumes. The low angular resolution of DWI in 15 non-‐‑collinear directions can also limit the
The Unsaturated Fatty Acids of Milk Fat II. Conjugated and Nonconjugated Constituents (1954)

The occurrence in milk fat of certain polyethenoid fatty acids and their configuration are still controversial. McDowell (10) recently compared the concentrations of conjugated and nonconjugated constituents in milk fat as reported in the literature. Although Schaffer and Holm (.12) found practically no conjugated dienoic and trienoic systems, other investigators
Purification of Total Saponin in FRUCTUS TRIBULI by Macroporous Adsorption Resins (2011)

[Objective]To select 10 types of macroporous adsorption resin so as to find out the resin which was applicable to purifying the total saponin in FRUCTUS TRIBULI.[Method]The static absorption ratios and desorption ratios of total saponin in FRUCTUS TRIBULI by different types of macroporous adsorption resin were compared,the HPD-300 was eluted by different concentrations of ethanol to calculate the purity and yield of total saponin.[Results]]The yield and purity of HPD-300 resin was 87% and 68%.[Conclusion]HPD-300 resin showed good comprehensive adsorption property,it was applicable to isolating and purifying the total saponin in FRUCTUS TRIBULI.
Beyond dipolar Huygens’ metasurfaces for full‐phase coverage and unity transmittance (2018)

Abstract Metasurfaces made from densely packed resonant wavelength‐scale particles enable abrupt modulation of impinging electromagnetic radiation within an ultrathin surface. Combining duality symmetry of particles and rotational symmetry of their arrangement led to the development of Huygens’ metasurfaces with perfect transmission. However, so far, when identical particles are considered, only their dipolar multipolar contributions are engineered. There, the achievable phase coverage at a fixed wavelength when modifying the period is smaller than 2 π , being a clear limitation for applications. To lift such limitation, we consider dipolar‐quadrupolar Huygens’ metasurfaces. They consist of scatterers that require a dipolar and a quadrupolar term to capture their response. We show that such metasurfaces offer access to the desired 2 π phase coverage while preserving the perfect efficiency when the conditions of duality and symmetry continue to be met. We also propose core‐multishell and disk‐multiring particles made from realistic materials to meet the requirements and that can be used to build such metasurfaces. Our results are important as a theoretical basis for large‐scale fabrications in imaging and integrated optics.
What’s Fair Is Fair: Leveling the Playing Field for Young Scientists (2018)

Like every MD Ph.D. pup, I was faced with the BIG decision: medicine or science?[...].
Alkali metal salts of perfluorinated complex anions. Effective reagents for nucleophilic fluorination (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAlkali metal salts of perfluorinated complex anions. Effective reagents for nucleophilic fluorinationOmar Farooq and George V. D. TiersCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 8, 2122–2124Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00087a031https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00087a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views535Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
L-threo-C6-pyridinium-ceramide Bromide, a Novel Cationic Ceramide, Induces NADPH Oxidase Activation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Loss in Cell Viability in INS 832/13 �-cells (2012)

Based on these data we conclude that ceramide-induced Nox2-mediated oxidative stress couples mitochondrial dysfunction to loss in cell viability in the pancreatic β-cell.
Problems: 10599-10605 (1997)

Fred Galvin, Franz Rothe, Wen-Xiu Ma, Dan Sachelarie, Vlad Sachelarie, Yury J. Ionin, Robin R. Lewis, Joseph Rosenblatt, Jonathan M. Borwein, C. G. Pinner, Problems: 10599-10605, The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 104, No. 6 (Jun. - Jul., 1997), pp. 566-567
Pedometer use and self-determined motivation for walking in a cardiac telerehabilitation program: a qualitative study (2016)

Current study is a part of The Teledi@log project.
Effect of uniaxial strain on the current-voltage characteristics of graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistors (2013)

We present a simulation study on the current-voltage characteristics of a dual-gated Graphene Nanoribbon Field Effect Transistor (GNR-FET) when its channel is under uniaxial tensile strain. Our study uses a fully analytical model based on effective mass approximation and semiclassical ballistic transport. The model incorporates the effects of edge bond relaxation and third nearest neighbor (3NN) interaction. It is found that the current under a fixed bias can change several times with applied uniaxial strain and these changes are strongly related to strain induced changes in both band gap and effective mass of the GNR. Furthermore, other characteristics as transconductance, gate capacitance and cutoff frequency are also calculated for various strain values.
Design and technology review of the x-ray telescope system onboard NeXT mission (2006)

Japan's 6th X-ray satellite mission NeXT has completed pre-Phase-A study, and is waiting to advance to Phase-A/B. The X-Ray Telescope System onboard NeXT covers wide energy range from 0.3 to 80 KeV. The paper reviews current status on design and technology of the mission as written in the NeXT Mission Proposal on Oct. 2005.
Nomadic sensor networks (2005)

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been investigated in their various forms over the last years as they are considered to be a major step towards pervasive computing. Nevertheless, except for military applications WSNs can be found only as 'proof of concept'. Within this paper we analyze the current situation and explain what we call the dilemma of WSN. We show the consequences of the various choices for the sensor node design and propose nomadic sensor networks as a way to introduce sensors into our everyday life in an incremental and cost-effective way. We show the general feasibility of this concept by presenting preliminary analytic and simulation based results, using a simple parking scenario for demonstration purposes.