gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
1.2 MV, 800 kA, 150 ns pulsed power generator for powering Field Reversed Ion Ring Experiments (2002)

The Field-Reversed Ion Ring Experiment (FIREX) program at Cornell University is designed to reach the goal of producing a field-reversed configuration (FRC) with current carried by an ion ring trapped in a magnetic mirror. Production of an ion-ring FRC is expected to have favorable stability and confinement characteristics for magnetically-confined fusion. Past experimental results, theoretical analysis and ion ring injection simulations were used to determine the electrical requirements of the generator. Following a brief description of the FIREX program, the electrical and mechanical design of a 1.2 MV, 800 kA, 150 ns pulsed power source for driving an Exploding Metal Foil active Anode Plasma Source (EMFAPS) type ion diode is described. SPICE circuit analysis results are also presented.
Vertical T cell immunodominance and epitope entropy determine HIV-1 escape (2020)

HIV-1 accumulates mutations in and around reactive epitopes to escape recognition and killing by CD8+ T cells. Measurements of HIV-1 time to escape should therefore provide information on which parameters are most important for T cell–mediated in vivo control of HIV-1. Primary HIV-1–specific T cell responses were fully mapped in 17 individuals, and the time to virus escape, which ranged from days to years, was measured for each epitope. While higher magnitude of an individual T cell response was associated with more rapid escape, the most significant T cell measure was its relative immunodominance measured in acute infection. This identified subject-level or “vertical” immunodominance as the primary determinant of in vivo CD8+ T cell pressure in HIV-1 infection. Conversely, escape was slowed significantly by lower population variability, or entropy, of the epitope targeted. Immunodominance and epitope entropy combined to explain half of all the variability in time to escape. These data explain how CD8+ T cells can exert significant and sustained HIV-1 pressure even when escape is very slow and that within an individual, the impacts of other T cell factors on HIV-1 escape should be considered in the context of immunodominance.
The listening phone (1996)

Automatic speech-recognition systems can now support applications from the desktop to public telecoms networks. In comparison with the desktop, the telecommunications network is a challenging environment for speech recognition. The system must work for any speaker and any telephone handset, the bandwidth is restricted and the environment tends to be noisier. Also, feedback, which is restricted to audio responses, is slower than the visual feedback available in a desktop system. Inevitably, telephone-based speech recognition is more restricted than recognition in desktop systems, but this does not prevent many useful applications from being just a phone call away. The author descibes the principles of speech recognition and the systems.
Structure of Al-Li-Cu icosahedral crystals and Penrose tiling (1987)

We report synchrotron x-ray powder-diffraction measurements of the Al-Li-Cu icosahedral phase. Our results are found to be in agreement with the computed diffraction intensities of the three-dimensional Penrose tiling when Al and Cu atoms are randomly positioned at the vertices and edge centers of the unit cells. Comparison is also made with a similarly decorated icosahedral structure constructed by dense packing of icosahedra. The agreement is less satisfactory.
On the Security of Millimeter Wave Vehicular Communication Systems using\n Random Antenna Subsets (2016)

Millimeter wave (mmWave) vehicular communica tion systems have the potential\nto improve traffic efficiency and safety. Lack of secure communication links,\nhowever, may lead to a formidable set of abuses and attacks. To secure\ncommunication links, a physical layer precoding technique for mmWave vehicular\ncommunication systems is proposed in this paper. The proposed technique\nexploits the large dimensional antenna arrays available at mmWave systems to\nproduce direction dependent transmission. This results in coherent transmission\nto the legitimate receiver and artificial noise that jams eavesdroppers with\nsensitive receivers. Theoretical and numerical results demonstrate the validity\nand effectiveness of the proposed technique and show that the proposed\ntechnique provides high secrecy throughput when compared to conventional array\nand switched array transmission techniques.\n
Nickel K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure studies of bis(diamine) nickel-(II) and -(III) complexes (1992)

Nickel and bromine K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data combined with UV/VIS spectroscopy have been used to study a range of Ni(L–L)2X2 complexes [X = Cl or Br; L–L = H2NCH2CH2NH2(en), H2NCHMeCH2NH2(pn), H2N(CH2)3NH2(tn), MeHNCH2NH2, Me2NCH2CH2NH2, MeHNCH2CH2NHMe or Me2NCH2CH2NHMe]. The data are consistent with pseudo-octahedral cis-N4X2 donor sets. In two cases only was there clear evidence in the EXAFS of back scattering from a second nickel centre indicative of a halide-bridged dimer formulation [(L–L)2Ni(µ-X)2Ni(L–L)2]X2. The synthesis and properties of some nickel(III) complexes trans-[Ni(L–L)2X2]X are described.
Al-2.4 Adhesion Promoter (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
Relativistic screened orbital radii (1987)

We have computed first-principles atomic nodal radii and Zunger-Cohen radii including relativistic corrections. It is shown that typical relativistic corrections are about 10% for the s orbitals and about 5% for the p orbitals for the Au row. These are important for the construction of structure maps with intermetallic compounds. Other applications of orbital radii are proposed and discussed.
Detection of EGFR mutation in plasma using multiplex allele-specific PCR (MAS-PCR) and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (2017)

In this study, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in combination with multiplexed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was utilized to detect mutations of exons 19 and 21 of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene. Through the use of multiplexed PCR, the two mutation types were amplified in a single reaction. SERS was used on the PCR products to detect mutations. DNA mixtures with increasing mutation percentages showed good linear relationship between mutation rates and peak height. Then, this PCR-SERS method was used on the plasma of 48 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to detect EGFR mutations. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that the peak height ratios were significant for identifying different mutation types. The specificity, sensitivity and accuracy obtained were all 100%. The proposed method was then validated through comparison with high resolution melting (HRM) and showed high concordance with HRM (Pearson correlation is 0.92). Finally, logistic regression was performed on EGFR mutation status and the clinical features of the 48 patients. Our study indicates that PCR-SERS is an effective, noninvasive, and economical method for the detection and monitoring of EGFR mutations in the plasma of patients with NSCLC.
Caracterização de bebida láctea pasteurizada com adição de ferro (2015)

A caracterização físico-química e microbiológica de uma bebida láctea pasteurizada com adição de ferro foi realizada com o intuito de avaliação de qualidade. Na análise físico-química a bebida apresentou 12,67ºD de acidez; 2,07% de lipídeos; 1,16% de proteínas; 16,70% de carboidratos, 9,22% em extrato seco total; 7,15% de extrato seco desengordurado; 0,38% de cinzas; 79,69% de umidade; 90,04% de calorias e um pH de 6,53. Para a caracterização microbiológica foram realizadas análises de coliformes totais a 30ºC e de mesófilos restritos que apresentaram resultados dentro do permitido pela legislação vigente. A concentração de ferro na bebida foi de 2,5 mg/100 ml, abaixo do ideal para a bebida ser considerada alimento enriquecido ou fortificado. O ferro é adicionado à bebida na forma de sulfato e grandes concentrações suas podem alterar as características sensoriais da bebida, tornando-a imprópria para comercialização.
Insights into Vibrio cholerae Intestinal Colonization from Monitoring Fluorescently Labeled Bacteria (2014)

Vibrio cholerae, the agent of cholera, is a motile non-invasive pathogen that colonizes the small intestine (SI). Most of our knowledge of the processes required for V. cholerae intestinal colonization is derived from enumeration of wt and mutant V. cholerae recovered from orogastrically infected infant mice. There is limited knowledge of the distribution of V. cholerae within the SI, particularly its localization along the villous axis, or of the bacterial and host factors that account for this distribution. Here, using confocal and intravital two-photon microscopy to monitor the localization of fluorescently tagged V. cholerae strains, we uncovered unexpected and previously unrecognized features of V. cholerae intestinal colonization. Direct visualization of the pathogen within the intestine revealed that the majority of V. cholerae microcolonies attached to the intestinal epithelium arise from single cells, and that there are notable regiospecific aspects to V. cholerae localization and factors required for colonization. In the proximal SI, V. cholerae reside exclusively within the developing intestinal crypts, but they are not restricted to the crypts in the more distal SI. Unexpectedly, V. cholerae motility proved to be a regiospecific colonization factor that is critical for colonization of the proximal, but not the distal, SI. Furthermore, neither motility nor chemotaxis were required for proper V. cholerae distribution along the villous axis or in crypts, suggesting that yet undefined processes enable the pathogen to find its niches outside the intestinal lumen. Finally, our observations suggest that host mucins are a key factor limiting V. cholerae intestinal colonization, particularly in the proximal SI where there appears to be a more abundant mucus layer. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the potent capacity of direct pathogen visualization during infection to deepen our understanding of host pathogen interactions.
Air Quality Modeling for Policy Development (2007)

Atmospheric models constitute the best tools available for the setting of policy, and may, in some cases, be the only tools that are available. The best examples of their kind bring together all current knowledge of pollutant behavior in the atmosphere, making it possible to unravel the often complex interactions between pollutants and atmospheric dynamics. They also allow the possibility of evaluating hypothetical changes in emissions and other conditions to evaluate potential abatement strategies, or to assess the impact of proposed new emission sources. This paper provides an overview of mathematical atmospheric models and their application to the development of air quality policy. The paper discusses the types of atmospheric models currently in use, categorized by spatial scale, and the requirements for credible modeling. Issues associated with model validity and accuracy are described and case studies are reviewed to illustrate atmospheric model use in policy development and the need for careful analysis in interpreting model predictions.
Global Stroke Statistics 2019 (2020)

Up-to-date data on stroke incidence, case-fatality, and mortality statistics provide evidence of variation among countries and changing magnitudes of burden among high and low-middle income countries. Reporting of hospital-based stroke units remains limited and should be encouraged.
Data from Novel Jet-Injection Technology for Nonviral Intratumoral Gene Transfer in Patients with Melanoma and Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; This phase I clinical trial evaluated safety, feasibility, and efficiency of nonviral intratumoral jet-injection gene transfer in patients with skin metastases from melanoma and breast cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; Seventeen patients were enrolled. The patients received five jet injections with a total dose of 0.05 mg β-galactosidase (LacZ)-expressing plasmid DNA (pCMVβ) into a single cutaneous lesion. Clinical and laboratory safety monitoring were done. Systemic plasmid clearance was monitored by quantitative real-time PCR of blood samples throughout the study. All lesions were resected after 2 to 6 days. Intratumoral plasmid DNA load, DNA distribution, and LacZ expression was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactoside staining.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Jet injection of plasmid DNA was safely done in all patients. No serious side effects were observed. Thirty minutes after jet injection, peak plasmid DNA levels were detected in the blood followed by rapid decline and clearance. Plasmid DNA and LacZ mRNA and protein expression were detected in all treated lesions. Quantitative analysis revealed a correlation of plasmid DNA load and LacZ-mRNA expression confirmed by Western blot. Immunohistochemistry and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactoside staining showed LacZ-protein throughout the tumor. Transfected tumor areas were found close and distant to the jet-injection site with varying levels of DNA load and transgene expression.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Intratumoral jet injection of plasmid DNA led to efficient LacZ reporter gene expression in all patients. No side effects were experienced, supporting safety and applicability of this novel nonviral approach. A next step with a therapeutic gene product should determine antitumor efficacy of jet-injection gene transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
On the Observance of Approximate Invariance of Effective Bandwidth with Finite Number of Sources (2009)

The effective bandwidth is a descriptor in the context of stochastic models for statistical sharing of resources. One of the most interesting properties of effective bandwidth is that it does not change when passing a network node under many sources limiting regime (infinitely many sources). This is referred as the “invariance property” of effective bandwidth. Numerical simulations have suggested that in some cases, the “invariance property” of effective bandwidths holds already for a surprisingly small number of competing flows even in the presence of aggressive TCP traffic. The real question, though, is: how many input processes are needed for reasonable convergence over the scale of interest? This work addresses this question using recent results from the large deviations theory under many sources limiting regime and the theory of statistical network calculus. We also show that as the number of arrival flows increases, the bound on the departure process’ effective bandwidth converges exponentially fast to that of the effective bandwidth of the arrival. The advantage of identifying the minimum number of independent multiplexing flows at each network node to observe approximate invariance of effective bandwidth is that the task of network resources dimensioning can be greatly simplified.
Synthesis and biodistribution of radioiodinated selenonium salts: Potential myocardial imaging agents (1986)

Abstract ( o ‐[ 125 I]iodobenzyl)benzylmethylselenonium tetrafluoroborate ( 1 ) and ( o ‐[ 125 I]iodobenzyl)dibenzylselenonium tetrafluoroborate ( 2 ) were synthesized by methylation and benzylation of o ‐[ 125 I]iodobenzyl benzyl selenide respectively. The starting compound o ‐iodobenzyl benzyl selenide was radioiodinated with sodium [ 125 I]iodide by melt‐exchange in a sealed ampoule maintained at 75°C for 12 hours, with subsequent chromatographic purification yielding the pure compound in a radiochemical yield of 33.0% and specific activity of at least 68.0 mCi/mmol. Tissue distribution studies of compounds 1 and 2 , performed in rats, showed that the labelled compounds accumulated rapidly in the heart. The maximum heart‐to‐blood ratios for compounds 1 and 2 were 4.2:1 and 4.4:1 compared to that of 2.0:1 for previously synthesized [ 75 Se]Trimethylselenonium Iodide ( 3 ).
Effect of Vibrio parahaemolyticus haemolysin on human erythrocytes (2004)

Haemolysin Kanagawa, a toxin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus, is known to trigger haemolysis. Flux studies indicated that haemolysin forms a cation channel. In the present study, channel properties were elucidated by patch clamp and functional significance of ion fluxes by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Treatment of human erythrocytes with 1 U ml-1 haemolysin within minutes induces a non-selective cation permeability. Moreover, haemolysin activates clotrimazole-sensitive K+ channels, pointing to stimulation of Ca2+-sensitive Gardos channels. Haemolysin (1 U ml-1) leads within 5 min to slight cell shrinkage, which is reversed in Ca2+-free saline. Erythrocytes treated with haemolysin (0.1 U ml-1) do not undergo significant haemolysis within the first 60 min. Replacement of extracellular Na+ with NMDG+ leads to slight cell shrinkage, which is potentiated by 0.1 U ml-1 haemolysin. According to annexin binding, treatment of erythrocytes with 0.1 U ml-1 haemolysin leads within 30 min to breakdown of phosphatidylserine asymmetry of the cell membrane, a typical feature of erythrocyte apoptosis. The annexin binding is significantly blunted at increased extracellular K+ concentrations and by K+ channel blocker clotrimazole. In conclusion, haemolysin Kanagawa induces cation permeability and activates endogenous Gardos K+ channels. Consequences include breakdown of phosphatidylserine asymmetry, which depends at least partially on cellular loss of K+.
Luminescent properties of CsI single crystals grown from the melt treated with EuI2 (2012)

Abstract CsI single crystals treated with EuI 2 as a scavenger are grown and their radioluminescence spectra and scintillation light decay curves are obtained. Addition of the quantities of the scavenger comparable with the total concentration of the oxygen‐containing admixtures in the melt results in complete destruction of the latter. In its turn, this causes the disappearance of the band with a maximum at 2.8 eV in the radioluminescence spectrum and decreases the fraction of the slow 2 µs‐component to 0.01. The addition of larger quantities of EuI 2 leads to the appearance of a wide band with the maximum at 2.8 eV characterized by a decay constant of 2 µs; its intensity increases with the EuI 2 concentration. The maximum ratio of two faster components with the decay constants equal to 7 and 30 ns approaches 0.58:0.41 at EuI 2 concentration in CsI melt equal to 0.01 mol·kg −1 .
Design and measurement-based evaluations of coherent JT CoMP: a study of precoding, user grouping and resource allocation using predicted CSI (2014)

Coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission provides high theoretic gains in spectral efficiency with coherent joint transmission (JT) to multiple users. However, this requires accurate channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) and also user groups with spatially compatible users. The aim of this paper is to use measured channels to investigate if significant CoMP gains can still be obtained with channel estimation errors. This turns out to be the case, but requires the combination of several techniques. We here focus on coherent downlink JT CoMP to multiple users within a cluster of cooperating base stations. The use of Kalman predictors is investigated to estimate the complex channel gains at the moment of transmission. It is shown that this can provide sufficient CSIT quality for JT CoMP even for long (>20 ms) system delays at 2.66 GHz at pedestrian velocities or, for lower delays, at 500 MHz, at vehicular velocities. A user grouping and resource allocation scheme that provides appropriate groups for CoMP is also suggested. It provides performance close to that obtained by exhaustive search at very low complexity, low feedback cost and very low backhaul cost. Finally, a robust linear precoder that takes channel uncertainties into account when designing the precoding matrix is considered. We show that, in challenging scenarios, this provides large gains compared with zero-forcing precoding. Evaluations of these design elements are based on measured channels with realistic noise and intercluster interference assumptions. These show that high JT CoMP gains can be expected, on average over large sets of user positions, when the above techniques are combined - especially in severely intracluster interference limited scenarios.