gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hybrid State Observer Design for Estimating the Hitch Angles of Tractor-Multi Unit Trailer (2022)

In this paper, a new approach of state observer is proposed for the tractor with multi unit trailers. In the case of tractor with two articulated trailers, the dynamic characteristics of the trailers are dominantly determined by the two hitch angles connecting each trailer. A novel estimation system for the hitch angle is introduced by combining the Kalman filter with the deep learning network and transfer function techniques. The Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) network is constructed to calculate hitch angles and these values are used as the virtual measurement in the Kalman filter. The dynamic characteristics of two trailers with respect to the hitch angles are expressed as the transfer function models and these models are used to calculate the hitch angles as the virtual measurement. The virtual measurements from the two methods are integrated separately into the Kalman filter design. The estimation performance of the hitch angle with the proposed hybrid observer is validated in simulations with various curvature scenarios.
Heat and Mass Transfer in a Single Tube Cooler Condenser (1953)

縦型単一管冷却凝縮器を用いて,トルオール,エチルアルコール,メチルアルール及び水を含有した空氣を冷却し含有蒸氣を凝縮せしめ,これより熱傳達係数及び物質移動係数を測定してこれらに関する関係式を導いた。実験結果は次式で示される。上の結果は流体摩擦,熱傳達及び物質移動が相似であるとして導いたアナロジー式と一致する。なお,これよりとなる。これは先に理論的に導き乾濕球を用いて得た結果と一致する。
Anticancer Effect of Deuterium Oxide on a Bladder Cancer Cell Related to Bcl-2 and Bax (2007)

To evaluate the potentiality, as a drug for an intravesical instillation after a transurethral resection of a bladder tumor, we studied the anticancer effects of deuterium oxide (D2O) related to bcl-2 and bax. Bladder cancer cell T-24 was used and culture media were prepared with H2O and D2O at different concentrations (D2O v/v), 0 (control), 75, and 100 %. Cells were exposed to each D2O for 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 h. The anti- proliferative effects were measured by a quantitative colorimetric assay (MTT assay) and a hemocytometer. Invasion study was implemented with a modified reconstituted basement membrane after an exposure to D2O. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis for bcl-2 and bax were implemented to evaluate the relation between D2O and apoptosis. Marked cytoreduction was observed at an exposure to both 75 and 100 % of D2O. The cellular proliferation in 75 % D2O was 68.95, 46.77, 24.65, and 14.41 % when compared to the control at an exposure time of 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 h, respectively. The comparative ratios in 100 % were 37.93, 4.30, 1.00, and 0.18 % at each exposure group. An invasion of the D2O exposed cells into the reconstituted basement membrane did not occur. Morphologic cellular findings suggested an apoptosis. The bcl-2 and bax proteins were noted from most cells regardless of an exposure to D2O. The expressions of the bcl-2 were de- creased with an increased exposure time in both the 75 and 100 % D2O. The expressions of the bax were in- creased with an increased exposure time for both concentrations. D2O has high antiproliferative, and anti-in- vasive effects at 75 and 100 % D2O with an exposure time longer than 2.5 h. We concluded that the mecha- nism of the antiproliferative effect of the D2O would be mediated by an apoptosis. And the cytotoxic results re- lated to D2O show the potential for an application as an agent for a post TUR-BT intravesical instillation in a superficial bladder cancer.
Measurement of the electron ionization coefficient at low electric fields in GaAs-based heterojunction bipolar transistors (1994)

Values of the electron ionization coefficient /spl alpha//sub n/ in <100> GaAs extending the previously available data by two orders of magnitude, down to 1 cm/sup -1/, are presented. The data are directly extracted from the multiplication factor, M-1, measured in lightly doped collector n-p-n AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT's). It is shown that the sensitivity of the technique is limited by the early effect, whose influence can be reduced by driving the device at constant emitter-base bias and by using heavily doped base regions. HBT's can provide simultaneously high base doping and current gain, and represent therefore an excellent tool for these measurements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Behavior of Anticholinergic Agents on Gastric Secretion in Diabetes (1983)

By use of the same kind of rabbits, the difference in the effects of anticholinergic drugs on the secretion of gastric juice under normal conditions from that under alloxan diabetes conditions was investigated. The pepsin activity was determined according to the method for the determination of pepsin activity established in the Committee on the examination of a method of measurement of gastric juice belonging to Japan Gastroenterological Society, the acidity by Topher-Michaelis method and the blood suger level by Glucose B-Test. The basic values such as the amount of secreted gastric juice, pepsin activity, the amount of secreted pepsin, the acidity of free hydrochloric acid, the amount of secreted free hydrochloric acid, total acidity and the amount of secreted acid under disease conditions were lower than those under normal conditions and the main causes of decreases in the amounts of secreted pepsin and acid seemed to be due to a decrease in that of secreted gastric juice. The comparison of the degrees of decrease of various kinds of amounts secreted by use of anticholinergic drugs and of each value estimated at the time with the maximum mean rate of decrease by the administration of anticholinergic drugs under both conditions afforded no significant difference. However, the amounts of various kinds of secretion reached a minimum under disease conditions earlier than those under normal conditions. Under both conditions, the time necessary for the reaction with tertiary amines was shorter than that with quaternary ammonium salts.
BOOK REVIEW (1984)

This volume of 15 chapters reviews an era of 40 years in the development and usage of synthetic organic chemical pesticides and the inherent resistance that appeared subsequently.The second volume to be published later will cover innovative approaches (e.g.biological, environmental) but will exclude genetical control which, in the editors' words, "have yet to yield practical contributions to mosquito suppression".Section 1 on control technology contains 3 most competent chapters on principles of dispersal of insecticides, space sprays and the use of residual insecticides by Akesson (U.C., Davis), Pant (WHO, Geneva) and Fontaine (U.C., Davis) respectively.Consideration of nozzles and atomizers, collection and measurement of droplets, organisation and operation of programmes, safety precautions, the products used in various programmes plus assessment methods make this section most useful to both student and entomologist.Section 2 (Control viewpoints) presents accounts of control in the People's Republic of China (Luh and Zhu,
Quantitative investigation of phase retrieval from x-ray phase-contrast tomographic images (2008)

X-ray phase-contrast tomographic microimaging is a powerful tool to reveal the internal structure of opaque soft-matter objects that are not easily seen in standard absorption contrast. In such low Z materials, the phase shift of X-rays transmitted can be important as compared to the absorption. An easy experimental set up that exploits refractive contrast formation can deliver images that are providing detailed structural information. Applications are abundant in fields including polymer science and engineering, biology, biomedical engineering, life sciences, zoology, water treatment and filtration, membrane science, and micro/nanomanufacturing. However, available software for absorptive contrast tomography cannot be simply used for structure retrieval as the contrast forming effect is different. In response, CSIRO has developed a reconstruction code for phase-contrast imaging. Here, we present a quantitative comparison of a micro phantom manufactured at SSLS with the object reconstructed by the code using X-ray images taken at SSLS. The phantom is a 500 &mu;m thick 800 &mu;m diameter cylindrical disk of SU-8 resist having various eccentric cylindrical bores with diameters ranging from 350 &mu;m to 40 &mu;m. Comparison of these parameters that are well known from design and post-manufacturing measurements with reconstructed ones gives encouraging results.
Zika virus as an oncolytic treatment of human neuroblastoma cells requires CD24 (2018)

Neuroblastoma is the second most common childhood tumor. Survival is poor even with intensive therapy. In a search for therapies to neuroblastoma, we assessed the oncolytic potential of Zika virus. Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen unique among flaviviruses because of its association with congenital defects. Recent studies have shown that neuronal progenitor cells are likely the human target of Zika virus. Neuroblastoma has been shown to be responsive to infection. In this study, we show that neuroblastoma cells are widely permissive to Zika infection, revealing extensive cytopathic effects (CPE) and producing high titers of virus. However, a single cell line appeared poorly responsive to infection, producing undetectable levels of non-structural protein 1 (NS1), limited CPE, and low virus titers. A comparison of these poorly permissive cells to highly permissive neuroblastoma cells revealed a dramatic loss in the expression of the cell surface glycoprotein CD24 in poorly permissive cells. Complementation of CD24 expression in these cells led to the production of detectable levels of NS1 expression after infection with Zika, as well as dramatic increases in viral titers and CPE. Complementary studies using the Zika virus index strain and a north African isolate confirmed these phenotypes. These results suggest a possible role for CD24 in host cell specificity by Zika virus and offer a potential therapeutic target for its treatment. In addition, Zika viral therapy can serve as an adjunctive treatment for neuroblastoma by targeting tumor cells that can lead to recurrent disease and treatment failure.
Iterative equalization and decoding for the GSM-system (2002)

In iterative equalization and decoding ("turbo-detection") the "turbo-principle" is used for detection of coded data transmitted over a frequency selective channel. Due to the burst and interleaver structure the turbo-detection scheme cannot be adopted to the GSM without modifications. We present some possibilities to adopt turbo detection to TDMA systems with interblock-interleaving like GSM and show that the turbo principle also works very well if extrinsic information is not available for all bits. Furthermore, we show that turbo-detection is a suitable method to improve the bit error rate not only of protected bits but also of bits transmitted uncoded in a system with unequal error protection, e.g. the class 2 bits in the GSM speech channel.
Towards a Rhetorical Parsing of Arabic Text (2006)

Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) is one of the leading theories in computational linguistics. It improved the ability of extracting the semantic behind the processed text. Researches showed that different applications (information retrieval, text summarization, text generation etc) have proved to give better result using RST. The applicability of RST to process and understand texts has been studied in several languages, but none of those studies addressed the Arabic language. In this paper, we present a framework of applying RST on Arabic language in order to rhetorically parse and understand the Arabic texts.
Monotherapy in children and infants (2007)

An expanding array of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is available to treat childhood epilepsy, offering the potential for improved seizure control and quality of life in this important patient population but also providing challenges in the selection of the best regimen for the individual patient. In addition to correct diagnosis of seizure type and general AED efficacy profile, other important treatment considerations in pediatric patients include age-specific organ toxicity, potential cognitive and behavioral or psychiatric effects of AEDs, compliance, and drug-drug interactions, since children commonly receive more medications than nonelderly adults. Drug dosing may be more difficult in pediatric than in adult epilepsy patients, and doses in children often require adjustment as the patient matures. Because many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of newer AEDs have not included childhood epilepsy, physicians often have incomplete data on which to base treatment decisions. Therefore, despite the wider array of potential therapies, it is often unclear how to realize the potential they offer. Recently published guidelines from a number of organizations have provided strategies for the use of new AEDs in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. Additional RCTs of monotherapy options for childhood epilepsy are greatly needed. The ketogenic diet provides an alternative to pharmacologic control of seizures in some pediatric patients.
Dynamic expression of glucose transporters 1 and 3 in the brain of diabetic rats with cerebral ischemia reperfusion. (2009)

GLUT1 and GLUT3 expression was notably up-regulated in the penumbra region after cerebral ischemia in this study. But the up-regulated amplitude of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in the diabetic rats with cerebral ischemic injury became smaller than that of the normal controls. In the treatment of diabetic patients with cerebral embolism, blood glucose control should not be too strict, otherwise the up-regulation of GLUT1 and GLUT3 induced by cerebral ischemic injury might not be able to meet the needs of energy metabolism in cells.
<title>RBC aggregation effects on light scattering from blood</title> (2000)

We consider a number of diffusive and transport models of light transmission through whole blood, targeting better understanding of nature of optical transmission pulsations for blood flow modulated by heartbeats. We claim the existence of scattering- associated mechanism rather than the absorption-associated one. Single erythrocytes and their aggregates are considered to be the main centers of scattering in the red- near infrared spectral region. The shape and size of aggregates change in time due to blood flow changes. The corresponding changes of optical transmission are simulated.
[Usefulness of protein/creatinine ratio in spot urine using test strips]. (2005)

The influence of concentration and dilution has been the major issue of urinalysis. This study is to evaluate the usefulness of protein (P)/creatinine (C) ratio (P/C ratio) in spot urine by test strips method. For this purpose, the basic performance of creatinine test strips is evaluated and judging criteria for the urine P/C ratio is defined. Our evaluation revealed that the creatinine test strips were basically not affected by substances which have similar composition to creatinine, such as creatine, but by some medical agents and disinfectant. Its minimum detective sensitivity was 6.0 mg/dl, while that of protein test strips was 1.3 mg/dl. We determined judging criteria for the P/C ratio as follows: Below 80 mg/gCr, Normal; 80 to 500mg/gCr, 1 +; over 500 mg/gCr, 2+. The P/C ratio based on the quantitative and test strips methods provided good consistency of 82.2%. In low-creatinine urine samples (11 to 99mg/dl), 181 of 216 samples (83.8%) were tested negative on single-protein tests; while the P/C ratio provided fewer negative results, 134 of 216(62.0%). Moreover, in high-creatinine urine samples (200 to 600 mg/dl), 70 of 122 samples (57.4%) were tested negative on single protein tests; while the P/C ratio provided negative results in almost all the samples, 120 of 122 (98.4%). These urine samples were mostly collected at a medical examination. The results above showed that the P/C ratio obtained by easy and quick test strip method is equivalent to the quantitative method in performance and useful for spot urine testing.
Evaluating risk and reward for validators in a cryptocurrency Proof-of-Stake network (2018)

This thesis is one in a group of several theses that are researching different subjects in the development of a new cryptocurrency. For a few years now, the cryptocurrency market has grown dramatically, in the lead of the original cryptocurrency Bitcoin. Today, most cryptocurrencies' validation-technology, including Bitcoin's, are based on Proof-of-Work (PoW), i.e., a system where transaction validation is made by servers calculating mathematical problems. PoW results in high energy consumption and slow transaction speed. In this cryptocurrency, the validation mechanism will build on a technology called Proof-of-Stake (PoS). PoS does not yield as high energy consumption and often leads to faster transaction speed. The specific technique for validation in this system is that validators bet their coins to validate transactions and get rewards in the form of transaction fees if they end up conforming the transactions that reach consensus among the validators. In particular, the purpose of this report is to research the risk and reward for validators in the betting process and from this develop a reward policy which yields a fast and secure validation. The methods used for solving the problems are simulations based on Monte Carlo methods. From the simulations, the results are discussed and compared. Also, this report will cover economic theories behind cryptocurrencies, mainly focusing on monetary policy and the transaction markets. The findings of this report are several risk functions for different topologies and winning conditions considered during the development of the cryptocurrency. Further, a conclusion was that the expected value of profit for validators need to be constant, independent of when the bets are made with regard to previous bets. From this, a reward function which distributes rewards between winning validators was formed. Another, economical conclusion from this was that, in the long run, the expected value of profit of betting should converge to zero due to a perfect competition market.
Frequency and Magnitude of Interferon β Neutralizing Antibodies in the Evaluation of Interferon β Immunogenicity in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (2011)

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with interferon β (IFNβ) preparations develop varying levels of antibodies that neutralize the biological effects of IFNβ, reduce its in vivo bioavailability, and diminish its therapeutic efficacy. The aim was to determine as distinct measures of immunogenicity the occurrence (frequency) and the magnitude (level) of IFNβ neutralizing antibody (NAb) formation in a large Canadian population as a cross-sectional study of patients with MS treated in a clinical practice setting with different, equally available IFNβ products: Avonex(®) (intramuscular IFNβ-1a), Rebif(®) (subcutaneous (SC) IFNβ-1a) at 22 and 44 μg, and Betaseron(®) (SC IFNβ-1b). Over a 3-year period 3,124 serum samples from 2,711 patients with MS were submitted by neurologists in MS clinics distributed across Canada and tested for NAbs in a single independent laboratory, utilizing a quantitative, standardized NAb bioassay. NAb frequency was greatest (35%) with Rebif (SC IFNβ-1a) 44 μg and least (7.5%) with Avonex (intramuscular IFNβ-1a), whereas Betaseron (IFNβ-1b) and Rebif 22 μg were in between (22%). NAb serum levels at magnitudes considered high, ≥100 tenfold reduction units (TRU)/mL, were found in 65%-83% of patients with detectable NAbs. Nearly half (42%-47%) of NAb-positive patients given IFNβ-1a preparations had very high titers (≥ 1,000 TRU/mL), whereas only 22% of NAb-positive patients on Betaseron had titers >1,000 TRU/mL. Differences in patterns of NAb formation among the four IFNβ product-dose combinations became more evident in patients with MS when both NAb frequency and the full range of NAb titer magnitude were measured.
Reactions with phosphinealkylenes XXXVII. : Reactions of phosphinealkylenes with Cos. A method for the formation of thiolesters (1979)

Abstract Phosphinealkylenes 1 react with COS to give betaines 14. Their reaction with alkyl halides 4 generates phosphonium salts 15 which, for R 2 H, can be easily converted into the phosphoranes 17. The corresponding thiolesters 19 of α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids are obtained by means of the Wittig‐reaction. The electrolysis of 15 (R 1 , R 2 ≠ H) gives thiolesters 16.
Enzymic Protecting Group Techniques (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnzymic Protecting Group TechniquesHerbert Waldmann and Dagmar SebastianCite this: Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 4, 911–937Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00028a004https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00028a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1049Altmetric-Citations161LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
On the Embeddability of Delaunay Triangulations in Anisotropic, Normed, and Bregman Spaces (2015)

Given a two-dimensional space endowed with a divergence function that is convex in the first argument, continuously differentiable in the second, and satisfies suitable regularity conditions at Voronoi vertices, we show that orphan-freedom (the absence of disconnected Voronoi regions) is sufficient to ensure that Voronoi edges and vertices are also connected, and that the dual is a simple planar graph. We then prove that the straight-edge dual of an orphan-free Voronoi diagram (with sites as the first argument of the divergence) is always an embedded triangulation. Among the divergences covered by our proofs are Bregman divergences, anisotropic divergences, as well as all distances derived from strictly convex $\mathcal{C}^1$ norms (including the $L_p$ norms with $1&lt; p &lt; \infty$). While Bregman diagrams of the {first kind} are simply affine diagrams, and their duals ({weighted} Delaunay triangulations) are always embedded, we show that duals of orphan-free Bregman diagrams of the \emph{second kind} are always embedded.