gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CdSe Quantum Dot Growth on Magnetic Nickel Nanoparticles (2013)

This paper reports the formation of Ni–CdSe core–shell structures. The Ni–CdSe core–shell structures were synthesized via a seed-mediated growth method where a CdSe shell was grown on preformed nickel core particles. The types of nickel cores include nickel nanocubes of 13 nm in size and spherical nickel nanoparticles of 11 and 45 nm in size. The coating of 37 nm nickel carbide is also included for comparison. The resultant thickness and morphology of the CdSe shell layer varied depending on the size, shape, and composition of the nickel-based core particles used. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy characterization and analysis of the Ni–CdSe interface led to further understanding of the factors governing the growth between these two phases. Optical and magnetic characterizations were also carried out on selected samples. The use of nickel-based cores with different size, shape, and composition allows the thickness and morphology of the CdSe shell layer to be controlled. This led to the changes in the CdSe optical properties.
Synthesis and Characterization of Chemically Crosslinked Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Nanogels and their Effect on Various Properties of the Rubber (2008)

Abstract Nano-sized styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) latex gels were prepared by pre-vulcanizing SBR latex with different sulfur to accelerator ratios. These gels were characterized by swelling studies, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. With the increase in sulfur to accelerator ratio, the gels had higher amount of crosslink density and gel content. Particle size distribution did not alter much in the crosslinked gels. Incorporation of these nanogels into raw SBR led to the considerable drop in viscosity of the gel filled systems under capillary melt flow conditions. However, the reduction in viscosity was found to be dependent on the loading and crosslink density of the nanogels. Energy dispersive X-ray mapping of sulfur was used to check the dispersion of these gels into raw SBR matrix. The die swell values of gel filled SBR were much lower than that of the raw SBR. The reduction in principal normal stress difference values combined with the reinforcement effect of the gels was found to be responsible for the lowering of die swell values. Scanning electron photomicrographs of extrudates of gel filled systems showed much-improved surface smoothness compared to the unfilled SBR. The mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties also showed excellent improvement in modulus with the addition of gels in the raw rubber. A new empirical relationship was proposed to explain the reinforcement properties of nanogels as viscoelastic fillers.
Sulfasalazine reduces the number of flares of acute anterior uveitis over a one-year period. (2003)

SSZ treatment seems to reduce the number of flares over a one year period in patients with recurrent AAU.
Pheromone, 67. Synthese der Enantiomeren von (Z)‐14‐Methyl‐8‐hexadecenal [(Z)‐Trogodermal], dem Pheromon einiger Trogoderma‐Arten (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1988)

Abstract Durch Trennung diastereomerer Phenylglycinolamide von 2‐Methylbuttersäure mittels MPLC werden die reinen Enantiomeren der Säure gewonnen, aus denen sich über mehrere Stufen ( R , Z )‐ und ( S , Z )‐14‐Methyl‐8‐hexadecenal ( 1 ) (Trogodermal) darstellen lassen.
Error Rates, Likelihood Ratios, and Jury Evaluation of Forensic Evidence (2020)

Forensic examiners regularly testify in criminal cases, informing the jurors whether crime scene evidence likely came from a source. In this study, we examine the impact of providing jurors with testimony further qualified by error rates and likelihood ratios, for expert testimony concerning two forensic disciplines: commonly used fingerprint comparison evidence and a novel technique involving voice comparison. Our method involved surveying mock jurors in Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 897 laypeople) using written testimony and judicial instructions. Participants were more skeptical of voice analysis and generated fewer "guilty" decisions than for fingerprint analysis (B = 2.00, OR = 7.06, p = <0.000). We found that error rate information most strongly decreased "guilty" votes relative to no qualifying information for participants who heard fingerprint evidence (but not those that heard voice analysis evidence; B = -1.16, OR = 0.32, p = 0.007). We also found that error rates and conclusion types led to a greater decrease on "guilty" votes for fingerprint evidence than voice evidence (B = 1.44, OR = 4.23, p = 0.021). We conclude that these results suggest jurors adjust the weight placed on forensic evidence depending on their prior views about its reliability. Future research should develop testimony and judicial instructions that can better inform jurors of the strengths and limitations of forensic evidence.
Multicenter retrospective study of response to interferon in chronic hepatitis B. (2000)

A sustained response to interferon alpha was observed in 45% of the patients with chronic hepatitis B. HBeAg seroconversion was found in up to 50% of HBeAg-positive patients. None of the patients had negative HBsAg. Overall, the response rate was higher in patients with high pretreatment serum aminotransferase levels. Age was the predictive factor in HBeAg-positive patients, and histological features were predictive in the HBeAg-negative group. However, further studies in a larger patient population are necessary to obtain well-substantiated conclusions.
Multipronged approach to managing beta‐glucan contaminants in the downstream process: Control of raw materials and filtration with charge‐modified nylon 6,6 membrane filters (2013)

(1→3)-β-D-Glucans (beta-glucans) have been found in raw materials used in the manufacture of recombinant therapeutics. Because of their biological activity, beta-glucans are considered process contaminants and consequently their level in the product needs to be controlled. Although beta-glucans introduced into the cell culture process can readily be removed by bind-and-elute chromatography process steps, beta-glucans can also be introduced into the purification process through raw materials containing beta-glucans as well as leachables from filters made from cellulose. This article reports a multipronged approach to managing the beta-glucan contamination in the downstream process. Raw material screening and selection can be used to effectively limit the level of beta-glucan introduced into the downstream process. Placement of a cellulosic filter upstream of the last bind-and-elute column step or effective preuse flushing can also limit the level of contaminant introduced. More importantly, this article reports the active removal of beta-glucan from the downstream process when necessary. It was discovered that the Posidyne(®) filter, a charge-modified nylon 6,6 membrane filter, was able to effectively remove beta-glucans from buffers at relatively low pH and salt concentrations. An approach of using low beta-glucan buffer components combined with filtration of the buffer with a Posidyne membrane has been successfully demonstrated at preparative scale. Additionally, the feasibility of active removal of beta-glucan from in-process product pools by Posidyne membrane filtration has also been demonstrated. Based on the data presented, a mechanism for binding is proposed, as well as a systematic approach for sizing of the Posidyne filter.
Live Imaging of Lymphatic Development in the Zebrafish Embryo (2007)

The lymphatic system is important for immune responses, fluid homeostasis and fat absorption, and is involved in many pathological processes, including the dissemination of tumor metastasis and lymphedema. Despite the importance of lymphangiogenesis during normal development and pathological conditions, little is known about the mechanisms that control the formation and differentiation of lymphatic vessels. We have taken advantage of the genetic and experimental advantages of the zebrafish to study the early stages of lymphatic development. Using a variety of methods we have uncovered a lymphatic vascular system within the developing zebrafish. Histology, electron microscopy, analysis of molecular markers, and imaging of transgenic zebrafish lines reveal that this novel vascular system shares characteristics of lymphatic vessels of other vertebrates. Using multiphoton time‐lapse imaging of transgenic zebrafish we have been able to visualize and trace the formation of embryonic lymphatic vessels by following the migration of individual cells from their origin through their incorporation into lymphatic endothelium. These studies have allowed us to definitively determine the ontogeny of this system, a controversial question that has eluded resolution for the last century. Our results highlight the zebrafish as a new and powerful experimental and genetic model for the study of early lymphangiogenesis in the living embryo, and provide the first detailed morphological and molecular characterization of the lymphatic vasculature in this organism, as well as the first definitive in vivo evidence for the mechanism underlying the formation of the vertebrate lymphatic system.
Widefield SERS for High‐Throughput Nanoparticle Screening (2022)

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging is a powerful technology with unprecedent potential for ultrasensitive chemical analysis. Point-by-point scanning and often excessively long spectral acquisition-times hamper the broad exploitation of the full analytical potential of SERS. Here, we introduce large-scale SERS particle screening (LSSPS), a multiplexed widefield screening approach to particle characterization, which is 500-1000 times faster than typical confocal Raman implementations. Beyond its higher throughput, LSSPS simultaneously quantifies both the sample's Raman and Rayleigh scattering to directly quantify the fraction of SERS-active particles which allows for an unprecedented correlation of SERS activity with particle size. .
On the Probability of Penetration of Armor Plate (1941)

Abstract : The probability of penetration for projectiles with measured velocities near the ballistic limit has been experimentally determined for caliber .30 A.P. Mark II bullets fired against a particular plate of 1/2-inch homogenous armor of Brinell hardness 415 manufactured by Disston. Various ways of treating the data have little effect on either the ballistic limit or the standard deviation, which have values in the range 2315-2322 ft/sec and 23/27 ft/sec, respectively. In particular, corrections for variations in bullet weight are found unimportant. It is shown that if the standard deviation for firings of this particular caliber, bullet type, method of measuring velocity, type of plate, and so forth, is known, the ballistic limit of a similar plate for similar conditions can be determined with good accuracy by two bracketing shots. Specifically, if the standard deviation is 25 ft/sec and two shots are fired that differ in velocity by 25 ft/sec, the higher velocity shot penetrating and the lower velocity shot failing to penetrate, the ballistic limit may be takes as half way between the two velocities with a probably error of 17 ft/sec. If the bracketing velocities differ by 50 ft/sec, the probable error is 19.5 ft/sec.
Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determining aflatoxin M1 in milk. (1981)

Using a highly specific antibody against aflatoxin M1, a radioimmunoassay (RIA) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were developed for the quantitation of M1 in milk. RIA was sensitive in the range of 5-50 ng per assay but was subject to interference by whole milk. Extraction and cleanup were therefore necessary for the detection of M1 in milk at 0.5 ng/mL. An ELISA procedure was developed by using an aflatoxin M1-carboxymethyl-horseradish peroxidase conjugate as the ligand. Competitive assays revealed that this system was relatively more sensitive for M1 than for B1, and had a much lower degree of cross-reactivity for aflatoxins B2, G1, G2, B2a, and aflatoxicol. As low as 0.25 ng M1/mL in artificially contaminated milk (raw, whole, skim) could be detected by ELISA in 3 h without extraction or cleanup. Because of its simplicity, sensitivity, and specificity, ELISA is the preferred method for monitoring aflatoxin M1 in milk.
The use of deoxyribonucleic acid–cellulose chromatography and isoelectric focusing for the characterization and partial purification of steroid–receptor complexes (1973)

1. Two characteristic properties of the specific high-affinity steroid-binding proteins or receptors, their ability to bind to DNA-cellulose and their relatively acidic isoelectric point, have been exploited as a means of purification. These two fundamental properties distinguish the receptors from the steroid-binding proteins in serum and the non-specific low-affinity steroid-binding proteins in hormone-responsive cells. 2. A significant degree of purification of both cytoplasmic and nuclear steroid-receptor complexes can be achieved with practical facility by these procedures. The purity of the receptor complexes is sufficient to enable studies on their possible control of metabolic processes to be investigated in the future. 3. After extensive purification the physicochemical properties of the cytoplasmic androgen-receptor complex, such as sedimentation coefficient, were unchanged. Further, the purified complex fully retained at least one of its fundamental physiological properties, namely the ability to transfer 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) into chromatin in vitro. 4. The methods may also be employed for studying the changes in the structure and properties of the receptor complexes that are an essential prerequisite for the transfer of cytoplasmic receptor complexes into nuclear chromatin. The temperature-dependence of the binding of androgen-receptor complexes into chromatin is essentially due to a major change in cytoplasmic receptor complex before its attachment to nuclear chromatin. 5. The resolution of these analytical procedures was sufficient to enable a critical comparison of the receptor proteins from different male accessory glands to be undertaken. From these studies, no substantial evidence in support of the tissue specificity of androgen receptors could be established; rather the receptors from different androgen-dependent glands were remarkably similar in physicochemical properties. 6. Although the methods were initially developed for the partial purification of androgen-receptor complexes, they are equally suitable for the prompt and extensive purification of oestrogen-receptor and progesterone-receptor complexes.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Magnetic field application or mechanical stimulation via magnetic microparticles does not enhance chondrogenesis in mesenchymal stem cell sheets. (2018)

Read the full review for this Faculty Opinions recommended article: Magnetic field application or mechanical stimulation via magnetic microparticles does not enhance chondrogenesis in mesenchymal stem cell sheets.
Presence of Microinfarcts at Autopsy is Associated with Increased Rate of Gray Matter Atrophy on Antemortem MRI (P4.017) (2014)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the presence of microinfarcts at autopsy is associated with an increased rate of global and regional gray matter atrophy on antemortem MRI. BACKGROUND: Microinfarcts are a common pathology identified at autopsy and are associated with cognitive impairment and dementia in the elderly. They are not visible on conventional antemortem MRI, therefore they are not assessed in vivo. Contribution of this common pathology to brain atrophy rates in older adults is unknown. DESIGN/METHODS: We retrospectively identified cases (n=13) with one or more microinfarcts at autopsy and controls with no microinfarcts (n=13) matched on age, sex, APOE4 status, MMSE score, and pathologic diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) to the cases. All subjects had to have serial MRI up to 3.5 years before death. Rates of whole brain atrophy and ventricular expansion were calculated using the boundary shift integral method. Voxel-wise gray matter atrophy rates were determined using Tensor Based Morphometry-Symmetric Diffeomorphic Image Normalization. Group differences were displayed using two-sided t-tests in SPM5 thresholded at p<0.001. RESULTS: Rate of whole brain atrophy was higher (p=0.004) in cases with microinfarcts compared to controls with no microinfarcts at autopsy. Rate of ventricular volume increase showed a similar trend (p=0.089) in cases with microinfarcts. Voxel-wise analysis revealed greater rates of atrophy in the posterior cingulate gyrus, precuneus, and focal areas in the temporal lobe neocortex in cases with microinfarcts compared to controls with no microinfarcts. CONCLUSIONS: Microinfarcts are associated with an increased rate of brain atrophy independent of AD pathology particularly in the posterior cingulate gyrus and precuneus, which are the connectivity hubs and highly perfused areas of the brain. Effects of microinfarcts should be taken into account when using brain atrophy rates as a pure measure of AD pathology, even in the absence of overt infarcts. Study Supported by: P50-AG016574, U01-AG006786), R01-AG040042, R01-AG011378, RO1-AG041851, Robert H. and Clarice Smith and Abigail van Buren Alzheimer Disease Research Program
Penetration of anticancer drugs through solid tissue: a factor that limits the effectiveness of chemotherapy for solid tumors. (1999)

Penetration of anticancer agents to cells distant from the vascular system is required for efficacy of cancer chemotherapy against solid tumors. Many solid tumors have a poorly formed blood vascular system with variable rates of blood flow and much larger intercapillary distances than those found in normal tissues. The requirement for drugs to penetrate several layers of tissue might pose a barrier to the effective treatment of solid tumors. Multicellular layers (approximately 200 microm thick) were grown in vitro on Teflon membranes from EMT6 murine and MCF7 human tumors and have been used to quantitate the penetration of four widely used anticancer drugs through solid tissue. The penetration of doxorubicin and mitoxantrone was limited and very slow (<10% of the rate of penetration through the Teflon membrane alone). The penetration of methotrexate and 5-FU was more rapid (approximately 30-50% of the rate of penetration through the Teflon membrane alone), but remains a substantial barrier to the effectiveness of these drugs. Strategies to improve the penetration of anticancer drugs through poorly vascularized tumor tissue have considerable potential to improve the outcome of chemotherapy for solid tumors.
Effect of cold storage upon eggs of a Calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa (Dana) and their offspring (2005)

For most fish species raised in marine aquaculture, the use of live feeds cannot be replaced by formulated diets. Artemia nauplii and rotifers are still the most commonly used live feeds. A good alternative lies in the use of copepods which could lead to the cultivation of new fish species. Cold stored subitaneous eggs from the continuously cultured calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa were used to investigate the effect of storage upon the viability of the eggs, the development of the copepod community originating from the cold stored eggs. Finally a 3 days snapshot of the egg production of the first generation of females was followed. This was done in order to develop a database usable within copepod dependent hatcheries. The viability of cold stored A. tonsa eggs remained high (> 70% hatching rate) for 11 months of storage. Generally, the period of storage was observed to decrease the viability (hatching rate) of the eggs and no hatching was observed after twenty months of cold storage. Hatched populations of copepods experienced increased mortality rate with longer storage of the eggs from which they originated. This mortality ranged from 0.035 to 0.13 d− 1 for non-stored (fresh) and 12 months stored eggs, respectively. However, all copepod communities originating from fresh to 12 months stored eggs reached adulthood. Additionally, the egg production from the stored generation was apparently normal and the viability of their eggs was not statistically different when compared to productions from non-stored communities. Contents of total fatty acids decreased during the storage period. Contents of free amino acids were not statistically different for eggs cold stored up to 12 months, but had decreased severely by 20 months. In conclusion, we consider it safe to store the eggs for up to one year at 2–3 °C during which the eggs retain their viability and biochemical composition. Cold storage of calanoid copepod eggs is relevant for aquaculture as inoculum for culturing live food.
The Syndrome of Idiopathic Myelofibrosis (1983)

We describe here a series of 88 consecutive patients with bone marrow fibrosis. Primary causes for the fibrosis were discovered in 26% of the cases shortly after the initial diagnosis. Pathology review of the remaining cases revealed an 8% incidence of "hairy cell leukemia" that had escaped detection originally. The remaining cases, characterized as having "unexplained bone marrow fibrosis" or "idiopathic myelofibrosis," are the subject of this study. The clinical and laboratory findings are compared to those reported in previous series of selected cases with similar features in which patients were diagnosed as having "agnogenic myeloid metaplasia," "myelosclerosis," or "myelofibrosis." A brief summary of the treatment modalities used, and the clinical course and outcome of these patients are also presented. There was a marked variability in the clinical severity of the disease and in the survival of these patients. A detailed statistical analysis of 40 variables at the time of initial diagnosis showed that the factors that best predicted a poor survival were unexplained fever, weight loss, night sweats, anemia and thrombocytopenia. On the other hand, the size of the spleen or of the liver, the degree of immaturity of the peripheral blood white cells, and the degree of fibrosis or cellularity in the bone marrow biopsy were of no detectable prognostic significance. These findings suggest that in patients with unexplained fibrosis of the bone marrow (the syndrome of idiopathic myelofibrosis) a poor prognosis is not a direct consequence of the marrow fibrosis or the associated extramedullary hematopoiesis, but rather is related to the presence and/or the severity of some unexplained primary marrow defect, which is also often associated with the nonspecific symptoms of a systemic illness.
Mechanical methods of improving blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (1997)

Mechanical measures intended to increase blood flow to vital organs are the mainstay of therapy for patients in cardiac arrest. Several new cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques and devices have been developed and tested since the first report of manual closed-chested cardiopulmonary resuscitation nearly four decades ago. These include vest cardiopulmonary resuscitation, active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation, an intra-aortic perfusion balloon pump, and an inspiratory impedance threshold valve, interposed abdominal counterpulsation cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and phased thoracic-abdominal compression and decompression. Many of these new mechanical advances in the treatment of cardiac arrest are currently undergoing clinical evaluation in patients in cardiac arrest. Although some of those new methods and techniques have shown promise in small human clinical trials, none have yet to be found to be conclusively superior to manual closed-chested cardiopulmonary resuscitation.