gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Morphological analysis of the cerebellum and its efferent system in a basal actinopterygian fish, Polypterus senegalus (2021)

Although all vertebrate cerebella contain granule cells, Purkinje cells, and efferent neurons, the cellular arrangement and neural circuitry are highly diverse. In amniotes, cerebellar efferent neurons form clusters, deep cerebellar nuclei, lie deep in the cerebellum, and receive synaptic inputs from Purkinje cells but not granule cells. However, in the cerebellum of teleosts, the efferent neurons, called eurydendroid cells, lie near the cell bodies of Purkinje cells and receive inputs both from axons of Purkinje cells and granule cell parallel fibers. It is largely unknown how the cerebellar structure evolved in ray-finned fish (actinopterygians). To address this issue, we analyzed the cerebellum of a bichir Polypterus senegalus, one of the most basal actinopterygians. We found that the cell bodies of Purkinje cells are not aligned in a layer; incoming climbing fibers terminate mainly on the basal portion of Purkinje cells, revealing that the Polypterus cerebellum has unique features among vertebrate cerebella. Retrograde labeling and marker analyses of the efferent neurons revealed that their cell bodies lie in restricted granular areas but not as deep cerebellar nuclei in the cerebellar white matter. The efferent neurons have long dendrites like eurydendroid cells, although they do not reach the molecular layer. Our findings suggest that the efferent system of the bichir cerebellum has intermediate features between teleosts and amniote vertebrates, and provides a model to understand the basis generating diversity in actinopterygian cerebella.
Novel real-time PCR based assays for differentiating fall armyworm strains using four single nucleotide polymorphisms (2021)

The fall armyworm, <i>Spodoptera frugiperda,</i> is a polyphagous global pest with a preference for gramineous crops such as corn, sorghum and pasture grasses. This species is comprised of two morphologically identical but genetically distinct host strains known as the corn and rice strains, which can complicate pest management approaches. Two molecular markers are commonly used to differentiate between strains, however, discordance between these markers can lead to inconclusive strain identification. Here, we used double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing to identify diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with alleles unique to each strain. We then used these strain-specific SNPs to develop four real-time PCR based TaqMan assays to rapidly and reliably differentiate between strains and interstrain hybrids. These assays provide a new tool for differentiating between strains in field-collected samples, facilitating future studies on strain population dynamics and interstrain hybridization rates. Understanding the basic ecology of <i>S. frugiperda</i> strains is necessary to inform future management strategies.
[Effect of centimeter microwaves and the combined magnetic field on the tumor necrosis factor production in cells of mice with experimental tumors]. (2001)

The effect of fractionated exposure to low-intensity microwaves (8.15-18 GHz, 1 microW/cm2, 1.5 h daily for 7 days) and combined weak magnetic field (constant 65 1 microT; alternating--100 nT, 3-10 Hz) on the production of tumor necrosis factor in macrophages of mice with experimental solid tumors produced by transplantation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma was studied. It was found that exposure of mice to both microwaves and magnetic field enhanced the adaptive response of the organism to the onset of tumor growth: the production of tumor necrosis factor in peritoneal macrophages of tumor-bearing mice was higher than in unexposed mice.
Distributed Synchronization of Group Operations in Cooperative Editing Environments (1996)

This paper proposes a novel distributed algorithm for synchronizing group operations which maintain consistency of shared docu ments in cooperative editing environments In the proposed algorithm dependent operations are closely synchronized so that they are executed in the same causal order at all sites Independent operations are executed asynchronously as soon as they arrive In particular local editing oper ations can be executed immediately, leading to good responsiveness Moreover despite the possible out-of-total-order execution of independent group operations, a totally ordered consistent view of the shared documents is maintained at all sites when the system is at quiescent Each site makes decisions on operation ordering and synchronization based on its local status and piggybacked information in incoming requests, and no centralized coordinator or locks are used Therefore the algorithm is fully distributed without a single point of failure or performance bottle neck Preliminary simulation and experimentation have shown that the basic mechanisms used in our algorithm are correct effective and effi cient
Image current heating on a metal surface due to charged bunches (2000)

When charged particles pass through a metal pipe, they are accompanied by an image current on the metal surface. With intense short bunches passing near or even into the metal surface, the peak image current density can be very high. This current may result in substantial temperature rise on the surface, especially in high peak current, multibunch operation. In this paper, we derive an explicit formula for the surface temperature rise due to this previously unrecognized pulsed heating effect and show that this effect dominates the proposed linear coherent light source collimator spoiler and wire scanner heating. Without proper account, it can result in component and instrument failures. The result also applies to optical transition radiation screens, profile screens, wire scanners, exit windows, and targets, which the beam crosses.
Research of the Joint Workspaces and Kinematic Efficiency of Man-Machine Systems of Bicycles (2010)

Bicycle design largely contradicts human motion, necessitating consideration of both the bicycle structure and the kinematic efficiency in the dimensions of the rider’s limbs, as well as human factor engineering, i.e. comfortability. By focusing on the kinematic model of 5-bar linkage and joints workspace, this study examines the most appropriate bicycle design and the riding posture to ensure that muscles can produce the effective moment and increase driving efficiency of a crank necessary. For upright, racing and recumbent bicycle types, assumptions are made regarding mobility analysis and the system of man-machine systems of bicycles estimated as well. Simulation results can identify the major dimensions of bicycle designing for different riders efficiently by inputting physical measurements of the rider and the angle range of driving force, subsequently increasing the riding efficiency to decrease the load of lower limbs of riders and satisfying ergonomic requirements of bicycle riders.
Minimum activity blankets for commercial and experimental power reactors (1973)

From 5th symposium on engineering problems of fusion research; Princeton, New Jersey, USA (6 Nov 1973). A new kind of tritium breeding blanket for fusion reactors is investigated. All components in the blanket are solid, including the lithium containing material, which eliminates problems of corrosion and materials compatibility. This permits the use of structural materials with very low neutron activation. A promising structural material is SAP, a pure aluminum strengthened by an Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ dispersoid. Three types of blanket module designs are investigated in which the helium coolant exit temperature is substantially greater than the maximum operating temperature of SAP ( approximates 400 deg C). Exit temperatures range from 500 deg C to above 1000 deg C, while breeding ratios range from 0.9 to 1.5, depending on design. Structural stress is approximates 2000 psi, which is approximates -20% of failure stress. The bred tritium diffuses from the lithium alloy or compound (e.g., LiAl), which has a much higher tritium pressure than pure lithium, into the helium coolant stream from which it is recovered. Depending on processing rates, temperature, LiAl inventory, and the amount of scavenging by added H/sub 2/ , the tritium blanket inventory ranges from approximates 10/sup 5/ to 10/sup 6/ curies. Short lived activities, principall y /sup 24/Na (15 hour half life), decay to a negligible amount in a few days, leaving a long lived inventory of approximates 10/sup 4/ curies/100O MW(e) (principally /sup 26/Al (7.3 x 10/sup 5/ year half life)!. This material appears to present no problems of permanent waste disposal. Because of the very low inventory of long lived activities, blanket repair or replacement seems relatively simple. (auth)
The Rates of Diazomethane Formation from Methylnitrosoamides. The stability of diazomethane solutions towards aqueous alkalis (1980)

Abstract The rate of hydrolysis of N ‐methyl‐ N ‐nitrosoamides by aqueous alkalis varies greatly. Methylnitrosourea (1) is hydrolyzed rapidly by aqueous KOH‐solutions at low temperatures to give a high yield of diazomethane. Under similar conditions, N,N ′‐dimethyl‐ N,N ′‐dinitroso‐oxamide (3) is hydrolyzed more slowly, but also gives a good yield of diazomethane. N,N ′‐Dimethyl‐ N,N ′‐dinitrosoterephthal‐amide (4) , and ( N ‐methyl‐ N ‐nitroso)‐4‐amino‐4‐methyl‐2‐pentanone (5) are less easily hydrolyzed by aqueous KOH‐solutions. N ‐Methyl‐ N ‐nitroso‐ p ‐toluenesulfonamide (2) was the least reactive out of those tested. The hydrolysis of diazomethane in toluene with aqueous bases follows first order kinetics. The hydrolysis rate is greatly influenced by the concentration and strength of the base and temperature.
A Case of Macrophage Activation Syndrome Developed in Female Adolescent with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2014)

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a severe complication in patients with autoimmune disease. We should consider MAS in patients with autoimmune disease, who present with newly developed fever, and MAS needs proper management due to grave outcome. We report a case of MAS in a 15-year-old adolescent girl, who was newly diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus 1 month before the diagnosis of MAS. Her MAS was improved by intensive treatment, including etoposide.
Preliminary Test of the Three-Wire-TC Sodium-Temperature-Fluctuation Sensor for the Transit-Time-Flowmeter and for the Lmfbr Subassembly Early-Warning (1973)

The three-wire-TCs have been proposed to be replaced with the current outlet thermocouples to obtain much information from the limited number of sensors and to detect the local blockage in the LMFBR subassembly A preliminary application test of the new sensors to the transit-time flowmeter and to the early-warning of local blockage in the LMFBR subassembly is performed utilizing an existing sodium loop for the first time. Test proves that the new sensor is an excellent temperature-fluctuation sensor because of its high speed response and sharp point-sensitivity, and can improve perfoemance of a transit-time-flowmeter. Early-warning of local blockage in the LMFBR subassembly seems very promising. A concept for the subassembly outlet monitoring and a process-filter technique for reception of signals in background noise are discussed.
A model of neurobiologically plausible least-squares learning in visual cortex (2018)

We show mathematically how a pseudo-inverse approach to training an artificial neural network for classification using a mean square error loss function and large batches of training data can be recast as an iterative method that circuits of real neurons in visual cortex could plausibly learn in an online manner. We argue the case for neurobiological plausibility based on our illustration that the iterative method can be reformulated as an unsupervised stage that learns to decorrelate using an anti-Hebbian learning rule, and a supervised stage that follows simple Hebbian learning while retaining mean square error optimality. Importantly, we modify the baseline method to ensure the learning rules rely on information that would be available locally at synapses if the method were instantiated in a network of cortical neurons. We demonstrate results comparable on par or better than similar iterative methods applied to the MNIST hand-written digits image classification benchmark, and the related but more challenging EMNIST database. The proposed learning algorithm learns quickly, reaching good accuracy with a small amount of training data.
Incorporation Of Residual Donor Impurities In High Purity Epitaxial Indium Phosphide (1989)

The residual donor impurities in high purity InP samples grown by liquid phase epitaxial, vapor phase epitaxial, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, and metalorganic molecular beam epitaxial techniques have been studied using high resolution Fourier transform photothermal ionization spectroscopy. Five different donor peaks corresponding to different donor species have been observed in the InP samples. The only species that have been conclusively identified, however, are Si, S, Sn, and Ge. The most common residual donor impurity species in all the samples are Si and S.
Performance and Emissions of a Two-Stroke Engine Fueled Using High-Pressure Direct Injection of Natural Gas (1998)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The high-pressure direct injection (HPDI) of natural gas (NG) permits diesel engines to retain their high fuel economy while reducing regulated emissions. In the work presented in this paper, directly injected natural gas is ignited by pilot diesel fuel, and both fuels are injected through a single injector. The injector concept is discussed, along with the description of the instrumented Detroit Diesel two-stroke 6V-92TA DDEC II engine used for the experiments. Measurements of the performance and emissions with the HPDI of NG confirm the retention of the high efficiency of the diesel engine and demonstrate reductions in nitrogen oxide (NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;) emissions near 50% at high load using the same injection timing as for diesel fueling. Methane (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) and non-methane hydrocarbon (nmHC) emissions were found to be as low as those measured for diesel fueling at high loads, but were higher at low load operation. The gas injection pressure was found to affect the low-load emissions.&lt;/div&gt;
Use of a superlattice to enhance the interface properties between two bulk heterolayers (1983)

Single interface modulation-doped Alx Ga1−xAs /GaAs heterostructures with the binary on top of ternary were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. By incorporating a 150-Å-thick Alx Ga1−xAs /GaAs three-period superlattice in place of an undoped Alx Ga1−xAs spacer layer, 10-K mobilities of up to 256 000 cm2/Vs were obtained. This value is about 6.5 times that of the previous best value. This dramatic improvement is tentatively attributed to the relief of strain caused by the small but significant lattice mismatch although impurity trapping by the superlattice may also play a role. Normal modulation-doped structures where the ternary is grown on top of binary also showed mobility improvement (about 30%) when the undoped AlGaAs spacer layer is replaced with a three-period superlattice of the same thickness. This concept should have a significant role in heterojunction bipolar transistors, field-effect transistors, lasers, and other heterojunction devices.
Kinetics of Uptake, Clearance, Transfer, and Metabolism of Hexaflumuron by Eastern Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) (2000)

The rates of uptake, clearance, insect-to-insect transfer, and metabolism of [14C] hexaflumuron [N-(((3,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluroethoxy)phenyl)- amino)carbonyl)-2,6-diflurobenzamide] were measured in eastern subterranean termite workers, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), fed cellulose diets containing either 0.1 or 0.5% (wt:wt) hexaflumuron. The rate of uptake, level of maximum uptake, and amount of insect-to-insect transfer were concentration dependent. The clearance rate constant for hexaflumuron was independent of concentration, with a mean value of 3.2 x 10(-3)/h. This corresponds to a mean half-life for hexaflumuron inside termites of 9 d. No evidence of metabolism of hexaflumuron to additional products was detected when extracting and examining the radioactivity contained in the fecal and regurgitated material within the termite holding apparatus 40 d after exposure to the chemical. Hexaflumuron was efficiently transferred from treated to untreated termites, through trophallaxis, resulting in spread of the toxicant throughout the insect population. The combination of uptake and efficient transfer of hexaflumuron between treated and untreated termites ensures broad distribution of the material even to insects not directly exposed to the toxicant. The distribution of hexaflumuron by termite workers, along with their minimal ability to metabolize the compound to other metabolites, and their slow ability to clear the material from the termite population results in death of the entire group of termites contained within the holding apparatus.
Federated Averaging Langevin Dynamics: Toward a unified theory and new algorithms (2022)

This paper focuses on Bayesian inference in a federated learning context (FL). While several distributed MCMC algorithms have been proposed, few consider the specific limitations of FL such as communication bottlenecks and statistical heterogeneity. Recently, Federated Averaging Langevin Dynamics (FALD) was introduced, which extends the Federated Averaging algorithm to Bayesian inference. We obtain a novel tight non-asymptotic upper bound on the Wasserstein distance to the global posterior for FALD. This bound highlights the effects of statistical heterogeneity, which causes a drift in the local updates that negatively impacts convergence. We propose a new algorithm VR-FALD* that uses control variates to correct the client drift. We establish non-asymptotic bounds showing that VR-FALD* is not affected by statistical heterogeneity. Finally, we illustrate our results on several FL benchmarks for Bayesian inference.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Derepression of an endogenous long terminal repeat activates the CSF1R proto-oncogene in human lymphoma. (2010)

Mammalian genomes contain many repetitive elements, including long terminal repeats (LTRs), which have long been suspected to have a role in tumorigenesis. Here we present evidence that aberrant LTR activation contributes to lineage-inappropriate gene expression in transformed human cells and that such gene expression is central for tumor cell survival. We show that B cell-derived Hodgkin's lymphoma cells depend on the activity of the non-B, myeloid-specific proto-oncogene colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). In these cells, CSF1R transcription initiates at an aberrantly activated endogenous LTR of the MaLR family (THE1B). Derepression of the THE1 subfamily of MaLR LTRs is widespread in the genome of Hodgkin's lymphoma cells and is associated with impaired epigenetic control due to loss of expression of the corepressor CBFA2T3. Furthermore, we detect LTR-driven CSF1R transcripts in anaplastic large cell lymphoma, in which CSF1R is known to be expressed aberrantly. We conclude that LTR derepression is involved in the pathogenesis of human lymphomas, a finding that might have diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications. PMID: 20436485 Funding information This work was supported by: Cancer Research UK, United Kingdom
Reactions of β-Diketiminate-Stabilized Calcium Amides with 9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) (2007)

The reaction of a β-diketiminate-stabilized calcium diphenylamide with the dialkylborane 9-BBN allows the synthesis of a β-diketiminate-stabilized calcium borohydride along with an amidoborane reaction coproduct via a likely σ-bond metathesis mechanism.
Temperature distributions in a heat dissipation system using a cylindrical diamond heat spreader on a copper heat sink (1994)

A rigorous analytical series solution is presented for the problem of temperature distributions in a heat dissipation system consisting of a cylindrical heat spreader on a semi-infinite heat sink. It is believed that this solution has not been published in the literature before. The method uses the Dini series and the Hankel transform and results in two intrinsic sets of infinite integrals, which are independent of geometric dimensions and thermal properties of the heat dissipation system. By transforming the infinite integrals into definite integrals, an efficient way to evaluate these integrals for the determination of the temperature distributions has been formulated. With diamond as the heat spreader and copper as the heat sink, the method using 40 expansion terms has been checked against the surface element method with ten matching nodes given by Beck et al. [J. Heat Transfer 115, 51 (1993)]. The calculations of radial distributions of temperature and the average temperature over the heating area for various values of normalized thickness of the heat spreader show the existence of a thickness of the heat spreader to achieve a minimum temperature. The dependence of the average temperature on the ratio of the radius of the heat spreaders to the radius of the heating aperture clearly shows that increasing the ratio beyond 20 will not reduce the average temperature significantly, indicating the existence of an effective radius for the heat spreader. Finally, a sensitivity study of the average temperature as a function of the spreader thickness, the radius, and its thermal conductivity reveals that the radius of the heat spreader is the most effective design parameter for lowering the surface temperature. This analytical study provides both some physical insights into the thermal behavior and a mathematical basis for optimal design of such a heat dissipation system.
Fault detection and isolation of the wind turbine based on the real-valued negative selection algorithm (2013)

This paper presents an immune-inspired approach for detecting and isolating faults in a wind turbine system. A negative selection algorithm (NSA) is proposed which is derived from a mechanism in vertebrate immune systems known as negative selection. The proposed strategy is used to perform Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) on a wind turbine system. The results show that the proposed technique is quite promising for fault detection and isolation in wind turbines.
Mutual coupling reduction between two patch antennas using a new miniaturized soft surface structure (2013)

Two patch antenna elements are designed to work at 5.8 GHz frequency. The E-plane mutual coupling between the two antenna elements has been reduced by 10 dB by using a new miniaturized soft surface structure that allows a λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> /2 distance between the patches. The radiation patterns show no significant change in the radiation characteristics, but better directivity, which is expected.
Evaluation of the Si-SiO2 Interface by the Measurement of the Surface Recombination Velocity S by the Dual-Mercury Probe Method (1990)

A novel evaluation technique of the surface recombination velocity S at the Si-SiO 2 interface based on the dual-mercury probe method is proposed. It is shown that the experimentally obtainable S takes an extremely low value of less than 10 cm/s under both accumulation and inversion surface conditions whether high D it exists or not, and the S has a pyramidlike peak from the weak inversion condition to the weak accumulation condition. These experimental results indicate that strong band bending at the interface and a well-prepared interface are quite effective in reducing the surface carrier recombination.
Multidimensional NMR inverse Laplace Spectroscopy in petrophysics (2006)

The characterization of reservoir quality necessitates a good understanding of the pore scale physics of the reservoir, in particular permeability of the formation, wettability, and fluid saturations. Classical interpretation of ID NMR logging data, a T2