gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth of the C4 dicot Flaveria bidentis: photosynthetic acclimation to low light through shifts in leaf anatomy and biochemistry (2010)

In C(4) plants, acclimation to growth at low irradiance by means of anatomical and biochemical changes to leaf tissue is considered to be limited by the need for a close interaction and coordination between bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. Here differences in relative growth rate (RGR), gas exchange, carbon isotope discrimination, photosynthetic enzyme activity, and leaf anatomy in the C(4) dicot Flaveria bidentis grown at a low (LI; 150 micromol quanta m(2) s(-1)) and medium (MI; 500 micromol quanta m(2) s(-1)) irradiance and with a 12 h photoperiod over 36 d were examined. RGRs measured using a 3D non-destructive imaging technique were consistently higher in MI plants. Rates of CO(2) assimilation per leaf area measured at 1500 micromol quanta m(2) s(-1) were higher for MI than LI plants but did not differ on a mass basis. LI plants had lower Rubisco and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities and chlorophyll content on a leaf area basis. Bundle sheath leakiness of CO(2) (phi) calculated from real-time carbon isotope discrimination was similar for MI and LI plants at high irradiance. phi increased at lower irradiances, but more so in MI plants, reflecting acclimation to low growth irradiance. Leaf thickness and vein density were greater in MI plants, and mesophyll surface area exposed to intercellular airspace (S(m)) and bundle sheath surface area per unit leaf area (S(b)) measured from leaf cross-sections were also both significantly greater in MI compared with LI leaves. Both mesophyll and bundle sheath conductance to CO(2) diffusion were greater in MI compared with LI plants. Despite being a C(4) species, F. bidentis is very plastic with respect to growth irradiance.
Variation of the strain rate during CSM nanoindentation of glassy polymers and its implication on indentation size effect (2016)

The indentation strain rate is currently assumed to remain unvaried during continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) nanoindentation where is imposed to remain constant. To probe the validity of this assumption for the nanoindentation of glassy polymers, a series of experiments have been performed at different set values on poly(methyl methacrylate) and polycarbonate using CSM technique. It is firstly shown that the actual value changes drastically at shallow indentation depths and it takes a considerable depth, which is material independent, for this parameter to attain a stabilized value. Furthermore, the strain rate is measured directly as the descent rate of the indenter divided by its instantaneous depth ( ), and indirectly via considering the variations of the load and hardness during the test. Both of these approaches reveal that the strain rate is considerably larger at shallow depths, and the depth beyond which it becomes constant is material and ratio dependent. Finally, by considering the relationship between the hardness and strain rate, it is observed that although the strain rate variation alters the hardness, its contribution is not able to justify the observed indentation size effect; hence, other contributing factors for this phenomenon are discussed for their possible effects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 2179–2187
Efficient array design for sonotherapy (2008)

New linear multi-row, multi-frequency arrays have been designed, constructed and tested as fully operational ultrasound probes to produce confocal imaging and therapeutic acoustic intensities with a standard commercial ultrasound imaging system. The triple-array probes and imaging system produce high quality B-mode images with a center row imaging array at 5.3 MHz and sufficient acoustic power with dual therapeutic arrays to produce mild hyperthermia at 1.54 MHz. The therapeutic array pair in the first probe design (termed G3) utilizes a high bandwidth and peak pressure, suitable for mechanical therapies. The second multi-array design (termed G4) has a redesigned therapeutic array pair which is optimized for a high time-averaged power output suitable for mild hyperthermia applications. The 'thermal therapy' design produces more than 4 W of acoustic power from the low-frequency arrays with only a 10.5 degrees C internal rise in temperature after 100 s of continuous use with an unmodified conventional imaging system or substantially longer operation at lower acoustic power. The low-frequency arrays in both probe designs were examined and contrasted for real power transfer efficiency with a KLM model which includes all lossy contributions in the power delivery path from system transmitters to the tissue load. Laboratory verification was successfully performed for the KLM-derived estimates of transducer parallel model acoustic resistance and dissipation resistance, which are the critical design factors for acoustic power output and undesired internal heating, respectively.
Supplementary Data from Breast Cancer Cell Detection and Characterization from Breast Milk–Derived Cells (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary figures 1-4&lt;/p&gt;
A Fiberless Seed Mutation in Cotton Is Associated with Lack of Fiber Cell Initiation in Ovule Epidermis and Alterations in Sucrose Synthase Expression and Carbon Partitioning in Developing Seeds (1998)

Fiber cell initiation in the epidermal cells of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) ovules represents a unique example of trichome development in higher plants. Little is known about the molecular and metabolic mechanisms controlling this process. Here we report a comparative analysis of a fiberless seed (fls) mutant (lacking fibers) and a normal (FLS) mutant to better understand the initial cytological events in fiber development and to analyze the metabolic changes that are associated with the loss of a major sink for sucrose during cellulose biosynthesis in the mutant seeds. On the day of anthesis (0 DAA), the mutant ovular epidermal cells lacked the typical bud-like projections that are seen in FLS ovules and are required for commitment to the fiber development pathway. Cell-specific gene expression analyses at 0 DAA showed that sucrose synthase (SuSy) RNA and protein were undetectable in fls ovules but were in abundant, steady-state levels in initiating fiber cells of the FLS ovules. Tissue-level analyses of developing seeds 15 to 35 DAA revealed an altered temporal pattern of SuSy expression in the mutant relative to the normal genotype. Whether the altered programming of SuSy expression is the cause or the result of the mutation is unknown. The developing seeds of the fls mutant have also shown several correlated changes that represent altered carbon partitioning in seed coats and cotyledons as compared with the FLS genotype.
임상 : 두개인두종 22예의 수술 및 방사선 병합요법의 치료 결과 (2008)

Objective：Craniopharyngioma is benign tumor in pathologically but malignant tumor in clinically. The purpose of this study is to assess the recurrence rate of craniopharyngioma according to extent of surgical resection and to establish the usefulness of radiation therapy. Methods：A total of 27 patients with craniopharyngioma were treated surgically in our hospital by one surgeon from June 1992 to March 2008. Among them, 22 patients were evaluable with long-term follow-up. The mean age was 36.6 years and mean follow-up duration was 49 months. The extent of surgical resection was classified into four groups；Grossly total resection, subtotal resection, partial resection and biopsy. Prognosis was evaluated to the last follow-up by applying Karnofsky performance scale(KPS). Results：Total, subtotal, partial resection and biopsy of the primary tumors were achieved in 10(45%), 9(41%), 2(9%), 1(5%) patients, respectively. During the follow-up period, 4 patients(40%) were recurred after grossly total resection, 3 patients(100%) were presented a re-growth after subtotal resection and another 2 patients(33.3%) were presented a regrowth after subtotal resection followed by radiation therapy. The median recurrence free survival(RFS) time of all patients was 28.6 months. And 5 years RFS rate in all patients was 68.4%, especially five years RFS rate of subtotal resection followed by radiation therapy(83.3%) was significantly higher than subtotal resection alone(0%)(p=0.040). Conclusion：It has been known that craniopharyngioma has a tendency of high recurrence rate despite of surgical resection due to its anatomical location and growing feature. Furthermore, it is very difficult to remove the tumor totally. We suggest that subtotal resection followed by radiation therapy may provide a better quality of life and a high rate of longterm control than subtotal resection alone in craniopharyngioma.
Multilocus Genotyping Indicates that the Ability To Invade the Bloodstream Is Widespread among Candida albicans Isolates (2001)

Multilocus genotyping was used to compare populations of Candida albicans from oral mucosa and blood. No significant differences in allele frequencies between the two samples were detected, and in a dendrogram of genotypic similarities, genotypes from both types of samples were finely interspersed. This is evidence for widespread distribution of invasive potential.
An Approach to Convert Vertex-Based 3D Representations to Combinatorial B-Splines for Real-Time Visual Collaboration (2005)

Scientific Visualization and Virtual Reality are increasingly being used for the design of complex systems. These technologies offer powerful capabilities to make decisions that are cost and time effective. The next logical extension is to collaborate with these visual models in real-time, where parts of a design team are geographically separated. Specifically, visual collaboration enables ideas and proposed changes to be discussed exactly on a virtual model of a product. However, high-end visualization hardware and Internet technologies impede widespread use of real-time visual collaboration due to the large amount of data from which these representations are created. These data are typically in the form of 3D vertex-based models, which offer a high degree of realism when displayed, but at a price of storage, rendering speeds and processing efficiency. The more realistic the representation desired, the larger the number of vertices required and hence the higher the file size. In this paper, we propose a new data modeling and handling technique where traditional vertex-based models are converted into combinatorial B-Spline based wire-frame models that allow realtime visual collaboration in the context of typical virtual reality systems. Using appropriate filtering methods, parametric equations are computed for each curved segment in a vertexbased representation and bundled together with sampled linear segments of the model. The computed parametric equation based models occupy only a fraction of the size when compared to the original vertex-based models. These lightweight models can easily be transmitted over the Internet, in real-time, for viewing with a platform independent visual client program. The proposed methods were tested on several example data files to prove the method’s effectiveness.
QUANTUM TUNNELING OF TRAPPED HYDROGEN IN Nb (1985)

Quantum tunneling of hydrogen trapped by oxygen in a Nb lattice is found at low temperatures. Information obtained by various measurement techniques will be reviewed and compared. Ultrasonic measurements of attenuation and velocity as a function of polarization, temperature, frequency, defect concentration, isotope and cooling rate provide detailed quantitative information particularly concerning the symmetry and dynamics of isolated systems in Nb where the normal to superconducting transition is used to establish the effect of conduction electrons on the tunneling rate. In the OH system a peak at 2.25 K at 10 MHz in the superconducting state disappears in the normal state. In a second system produced by rapid cooling, a peak at 6 K at 10 MHz also moves dramatically, but in this case the response can be fully measured in the normal state. It is found that a two level system (TLS) formalism which takes into account the relaxation stimulated by inelastic scattering of electrons gives a good quantitative description of the quantum behavior of the OH system. The theory used for analyzing the data is similar to that for metallic glasses but simpler. Ultrasonic experiments, particularly high accuracy velocity measurements, are sufficient for the complete evaluation of all three parameters of the TLS ; Ɗ0 - the minimum gap, α - the coupling to the strain field, and ε0 - the average absolute strain magnitude. For the OH system, the relaxation rate in the normal state cannot be measured. For the quenching peak, the relaxation rate as well as the quantum depletion of the relaxation strength, are directly accessible.
Insulin-induced proteins in the toad urinary bladder (1981)

Insulin increases active sodium transport by the toad urinary bladder within 15 min, an effect which persists for an least 20 h. In tissues pre-treated with inhibitors of transcription or translation, sodium transport briefly increases after insulin addition but returns to basal levels within 60-90 min. We have studied the effects of insulin on the incorporation of radioactive amino acids into mucosal cell proteins. Insulin had no detectable effect on the uptake of amino acids nor on their incorporation into total protein; however, using a dual label technique, we found that insulin increases the incorporation of amino acids into specific soluble and plasma membrane proteins of the granular mucosal cell. The time course and dose-response relationship of the induction of protein synthesis by insulin suggest that these proteins may play a role in the sustained elevation of sodium transport by insulin.
Isomerizing-Hydroboration of the Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Ester Methyl Oleate (2006)

Biodiesel fuel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) derived from plant oils, is increasingly available as a chemical feedstock. Methyl oleate (18:1), the 18-carbon monounsaturated FAME, is shown to undergo [Ir(COE)2Cl]2/dppe-catalyzed hydroboration with pinacolborane to give the product (7) in which the boronate ester group is in the terminal (C18) position. The formation of this product shows that the catalyst promotes both (1) the isomerization of the double bond from the 9,10-position of 18:1 to the terminal position and (2) the selective hydroboration of this isomer to give the product (7) in 45% yield. This tandem reaction should be capable of converting all isomers of 18:1 into the same product 7.
Accelerated aortic flow assessment with compressed sensing with and without use of the sparsity of the complex difference image (2012)

Phase contrast (PC) cardiac MR is widely used for the clinical assessment of blood flow in cardiovascular disease. One of the challenges of PC cardiac MR is the long scan time which limits both spatial and temporal resolution. Compressed sensing reconstruction with accelerated PC acquisitions is a promising technique to increase the scan efficiency. In this study, we sought to use the sparsity of the complex difference of the two flow-encoded images as an additional constraint term to improve the compressed sensing reconstruction of the corresponding accelerated PC data acquisition. Using retrospectively under-sampled data, the proposed reconstruction technique was optimized and validated in vivo on 15 healthy subjects. Then, prospectively under-sampled data was acquired on 11 healthy subjects and reconstructed with the proposed technique. The results show that there is good agreement between the cardiac output measurements from the fully sampled data and the proposed compressed sensing reconstruction method using complex difference sparsity up to acceleration rate 5. In conclusion, we have developed and evaluated an improved reconstruction technique for accelerated PC cardiac MR that uses the sparsity of the complex difference of the two flow-encoded images.
Investigation of cell gap on the polymer substrates using statistical modelling for flexible liquid crystal display applications (2008)

The response surface model of the cell gap on the polymer substrates for the flexible Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) processes was investigated using statistical approaches. The D-optimal design is carried out to build the experimental runs considering the design space and the cell gap was characterised by the quadratic statistical models. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique was used to analyse the significance level among the factors. In addition, the desirability function for searching the specific conditions for the desired response was used for the design-space optimisation.
Indium metal as a reducing agent in organic synthesis (2001)

The low first ionisation potential (5.8 eV) of indium coupled with its stability towards air and water, suggest that this metallic element should be a useful reducing agent for organic substrates. The use of indium metal for the reduction of CN bonds in imines, the heterocyclic ring in benzo-fused nitrogen heterocycles, of oximes, nitro compounds and conjugated alkenes and the removal of 4-nitrobenzyl protecting groups is described. Thus the heterocyclic ring in quinolines, isoquinolines and quinoxalines is selectively reduced using indium metal in aqueous ethanolic ammonium chloride. Treatment of a range of aromatic nitro compounds under similar conditions results in selective reduction of the nitro groups; ester, nitrile, amide and halide substituents are unaffected. Likewise indium in aqueous ethanolic ammonium chloride is an effective method for the deprotection of 4-nitrobenzyl ethers and esters. Indium is also an effective reducing agent under non-aqueous conditions and α-oximino carbonyl compounds can be selectively reduced to the corresponding N-protected amine with indium powder, acetic acid in THF in the presence of acetic anhydride or di-tert-butyl dicarbonate. Conjugated alkenes are also reduced by indium in THF–acetic acid.
Attention function after childhood stroke (2004)

We investigated attentional outcome after childhood stroke and orthopedic diagnosis in medical controls. Twenty-nine children with focal stroke lesions and individually matched children with clubfoot or scoliosis were studied with standardized attention and neuroimaging assessments. Stroke lesions were quite varied in location and commonly involved regions implicated in Posner's model of attention networks. Children with stroke lesions performed significantly more poorly regarding attention function compared with controls. Performance on the Starry Night, a test demanding alerting and sensory-orienting but not executive attention function, was significantly associated with lesion size in the alerting and sensory-orienting networks but not the executive attention network. Furthermore, earlier age at lesion acquisition was significantly associated with poorer attention function even when lesion size was controlled. These findings support the theory of dissociable networks of attention and add to evidence from studies of children with diffuse and focal brain damage that early insults are associated with worse long-term outcomes in many domains of neuropsychological function. In addition, these results may provide clues towards the understanding of mechanisms underlying attention in children.
Variant Set Enrichment: An R package to Identify Dis-ease-Associated Functional Genomic Regions (2016)

Abstract Summary Genetic predispositions to diseases populate the noncoding regions of the human genome. Delineating their functional basis can inform on the mechanisms contributing to disease development. However, this remains a challenge due to the poor characterization of the noncoding genome. Variant Set Enrichment (VSE) is a fast method to calculate the enrichment of a set of disease-associated variants across functionally annotated genomic regions, consequently highlighting the mechanisms important in the etiology of the disease studied. Availability and Implementation VSE is implemented as an R package and can easily be implemented in any system with R. See supplementary information for details. Contact hansenhe@uhnresearch.ca ; mlupien@uhnresearch.ca
Optical processing and holography with polychromatic point source illumination (1985)

An achromatic Fourier transforming system is analyzed in a manner which gives new physical insight. A matched spatial filtering experiment is performed comparing the noise performance of a coherently produced matched filter and one made using broad spectrum light in an achromatic Fourier transforming system. The broad spectrum light is obtained by scanning a dye laser through its tuning range, thereby simulating a polychromatic point source. The system is applied to the construction of low noise holographic optical elements.
Genome-wide Analyses of the Structural Gene Families Involved in the Legume-specific 5-Deoxyisoflavonoid Biosynthesis of Lotus japonicus (2007)

A model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) K. Larsen is one of the subjects of genome sequencing and functional genomics programs. In the course of targeted approaches to the legume genomics, we analyzed the genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the legume-specific 5-deoxyisoflavonoid of L. japonicus, which produces isoflavan phytoalexins on elicitor treatment. The paralogous biosynthetic genes were assigned as comprehensively as possible by biochemical experiments, similarity searches, comparison of the gene structures, and phylogenetic analyses. Among the 10 biosynthetic genes investigated, six comprise multigene families, and in many cases they form gene clusters in the chromosomes. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR analyses showed coordinate up-regulation of most of the genes during phytoalexin induction and complex accumulation patterns of the transcripts in different organs. Some paralogous genes exhibited similar expression specificities, suggesting their genetic redundancy. The molecular evolution of the biosynthetic genes is discussed. The results presented here provide reliable annotations of the genes and genetic markers for comparative and functional genomics of leguminous plants.
Magnetic ordering of Mn3B7O13X (X = Cl, Br, I) boracites determined by magnetic measurements and neutron diffraction (1997)

Abstract A new method for the preparation of Mn3 11B7O13I powder sample, used for neutron diffraction, is presented. Magnetization measurements on powder samples of Mn3B7O13X (X=C1, Br, I) have shown that their Néel temperatures are 11±0.5 K for Mn3B7O13Cl, 14±0.5 K for Mn3B7O13Br and 26±0.5 K for Mn3B7O13I. The crystal and the magnetic structures of Mn3B7O13I have been investigated by neutron diffraction. The neutron diffraction pattern in the paramagnetic phase at 35 K was refined in space group Pca211′. The neutron diffraction data confirm the onset of magnetic ordering at 26 K. The magnetic structure has been determined at 1.5 K in the magnetic space group Pc′a21′. The magnetic moments of the three manganese sites order with a two-dimensional canted spin arrangement. The moments of two sites point along c with μz(Mn2) = μz(Mn3) = 3.8(2) μ B /atom while the Mn(l) site has a magnetic moment of 5.4(2) μ B /atom located in the (101) orthorhombic plane, forming an angle of 12.0(3) degrees with the a direction. The effect of the antiferromagnetic/ferromagnetic compromise on the Mn—I—Mn pathways is discussed.