gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bi7RhBr8: A Subbromide with Molecular [{RhBi7}Br8] Clusters (1997)

A unique type of cluster, the [{RhBi7}Br8] molecules, is the building block from which the halogen-rich bismuth subbromide Bi7RhBr8 is constructed. The Bi atoms are arranged as a pentagonal bipyramid around the central Rh atom, and they, in turn, are surrounded by the Br atoms as a square antiprism (shown on the right; Rh = dark gray, Bi = black, Br = pale gray). In contrast to Bi7RhBr8, the metalrich bismuth subiodides known to date are not composed of discrete molecules.
Size‐Exclusion Chromatography and Aggregation Studies of Acetylated Lignins in N,N‐Dimethylacetamide in the Presence of Salts (2015)

The molar masses of acetylated kraft lignin and organosolv lignin are determined using both dynamic light scattering and size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC). Preparative gel fractionation of both lignins is allowed for the further analysis of low‐polydispersity lignin fractions. Fundamental information about the aggregation behavior of different molecular weight lignins in different solvent systems is provided. Two different solvent systems are used for SEC. Universal calibration is used for analysis. Applying the Flory–Fox theory, the obtained molecular weights are allowed for determining the maximum glass transition temperature at theoretical infinite molecular weight, T g ∞ , of both acetylated lignins. image
Primary common bile duct anastomosis in the rat using microsurgical techniques (1994)

In a rat model, we attempted to describe the natural healing course of the common bile duct (CBD) after primary microsurgical repair. Fifty-three rats were divided into experimental groups with CBD microsurgical anastomoses and control groups with CBD mobilization and ligation. Examination of three experimental groups at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months showed evolving inflammation and stricture changes with eventual patent, healed ducts in 92% of animals at the end of 3 months following transection and repair. There were no histologic abnormalities in the livers. There were fibrotic ducts and hepatic stasis and cirrhosis changes in the control group with CBD ligation. This study demonstrates that microsurgical techniques can achieve successful primary biliary repair in the rat.
Assessing generalisability of deep learning-based polyp detection and segmentation methods through a computer vision challenge (2022)

Polyps are well-known cancer precursors identified by colonoscopy. However, variability in their size, location, and surface largely affect identification, localisation, and characterisation. Moreover, colonoscopic surveillance and removal of polyps (referred to as polypectomy ) are highly operator-dependent procedures. There exist a high missed detection rate and incomplete removal of colonic polyps due to their variable nature, the difficulties to delineate the abnormality, the high recurrence rates, and the anatomical topography of the colon. There have been several developments in realising automated methods for both detection and segmentation of these polyps using machine learning. However, the major drawback in most of these methods is their ability to generalise to out-of-sample unseen datasets that come from different centres, modalities and acquisition systems. To test this hypothesis rigorously we curated a multi-centre and multi-population dataset acquired from multiple colonoscopy systems and challenged teams comprising machine learning experts to develop robust automated detection and segmentation methods as part of our crowd-sourcing Endoscopic computer vision challenge (EndoCV) 2021. In this paper, we analyse the detection results of the four top (among seven) teams and the segmentation results of the five top teams (among 16). Our analyses demonstrate that the top-ranking teams concentrated on accuracy (i.e., accuracy &gt; 80% on overall Dice score on different validation sets) over real-time performance required for clinical applicability. We further dissect the methods and provide an experiment-based hypothesis that reveals the need for improved generalisability to tackle diversity present in multi-centre datasets.
Metal Nanoparticles/MoS2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Sandwich Immunoassay for α-Fetoprotein Detection (2021)

The detection of cancer biomarkers at an early stage of tumor development is vital for effective diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Current diagnostic tools can often detect cancer only when the biomarker levels are already too high, so that the tumors have spread and treatments are less effective. It is urgent therefore to develop highly sensitive assays for the detection of such biomarkers at the lowest possible concentration. In this context, we developed a sandwich immunoassay based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for the ultrasensitive detection of α-fetoprotein (AFP), which is typically present in human serum as a biomarker indicative of early stages of hepatocellular carcinoma. In the immunoassay design, molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>) modified with a monoclonal antibody was used as a capture probe for AFP. A secondary antibody linked to an SERS-encoded nanoparticle was employed as the Raman signal reporter, that is, the transducer for AFP detection. The sandwich immunocomplex "capture probe/target/SERS tag" was deposited on a silicon wafer and decorated with silver-coated gold nanocubes to increase the density of "hot spots" on the surface of the immunosensor. The developed SERS immunosensor exhibits a wide linear detection range (1 pg mL<sup>-1</sup> to 10 ng mL<sup>-1</sup>) with a limit of detection as low as 0.03 pg mL<sup>-1</sup> toward AFP with good reproducibility (RSD < 6%) and stability. These parameters demonstrate that the proposed immunosensor has the potential to be used as an analytical platform for the detection of early-stage cancer biomarkers in clinical applications.
The Crosstalk of PTGS2 and EGF Signaling Pathways in Colorectal Cancer (2011)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is now the second-leading cause of cancer deaths in the USA. Colorectal cancer progression and metastasis depends on the orchestration of the aberrant signaling pathways that control tumor cell proliferation, survival and migration/invasion. Epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies have demonstrated that prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and epithelial growth factor (EGF) signaling pathways play key roles in promoting colorectal cancer growth and metastasis. In this review, we highlight major advances in our understanding of the roles of PTGS2 and EGF signaling in colorectal cancer.
Office central (2005)

Using Office Central, remote workers can advertise their presence in public spaces within offices, such as break areas, lounges or cafeterias. The design concept is to encourage informal, unplanned interactions between remote workers and those who pass through the public spaces. In this prototype installation at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, CA, we set up a lounge area with an Office Central picture window display (Figure 1). The local people in the lounge, wearing RFID tags for identification, could chat informally with remote people using a high-fidelity, CD-quality audio channel. The virtual meeting places included audio and video content, designed to be experienced jointly by the local and remote people. Some content was also tailored to the local people, updating as they approached the picture window display.
Preclinical toxicological study of phosphonoacetic acid: Determination in blood by selected ion monitoring (1977)

Confirmed observations of the inhibition of oncogenic viruses by phosphonoacetic acid led to preclinical trials in animal model systems. Circulating phosphonoacetic acid was detected in the blood of mouse, rabbit and monkey after oral or subcutaneous administration of the drug. Phosphonoacetic acid is quantified in blood, after removing proteins and lipids, as the trimethylsilylated derivative, by monitoring the intensity of the protonated molecular ion and also that of phosphonopropionic acid (internal standard) using chemical ionization mass spectrometry combined with gas chromatography. The detection limit is 20 ng ml-1 when 0.2 ml serum is analyzed. A dosage of 230 mg kg-1 day-1 by continuous infusion is proposed for therapeutic trials in monkeys. This dose is well tolerated and results in slowly increasing blood levels of phosphonoacetic acid which reach a maximum of approximately 50 microgram ml-1 in a four day infusion, and decrease to 2 microgram ml-1 24 h after termination.
Cardiac sodium channels expressed in a peripheral neurotumor-derived cell line, RT4-B8 (1996)

RT4-B is one of several cell lines derived from a multipotent stem cell line, RT4-AC, which originated from a rat peripheral neurotumor. Based on Northern blot and ribonuclease protection experiments, RT4-B8 cells have been proposed to express rat cardiac Na channel mRNA as the major isoform. We report here direct electrophysiological evidence that the expressed voltage-gated Na channels in the RT4-B8 cell line are of the cardiac phenotype with no evidence for subpopulations expressing other Na channel isoforms. Current activation half point (conductance) was -41 +/- 5 mV (n = 7) and the steady-state voltage-dependent availability half point was -89 +/- 1 mV. As expected for cardiac Na channels, the half concentration of block for tetrodotoxin block was 0.74 microM, for saxitoxin (STX) was 0.15 microM, and for the class 2B divalent cation Cd2+ was 67 microM. Block was well described by single-site dose-response relationships with no indication of a subpopulation with "neuronal" affinity. Single-channel conductance (140 mM Na+) was 10 pS and predicted the average number of channels open at peak Na current to be 3 channels/microns2. [3H]STX binding data were also consistent with a single population of low-affinity STX binding sites and predicted channel density to be 11 sites/microns2. No inwardly or outwardly rectifying K or Ca currents were detected electrophysiologically, although in some cells a small time-independent Cl current was detected. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of mRNA isolated from RT4-B8 cells demonstrated the presence of rat cardiac (rH1) and brain IIa alpha-subunit mRNA, as well as mRNA for the Na channel beta 1-subunit. Northern blot analysis confirmed the predominance of the rat cardiac Na mRNA compared with brain IIa. The beta 1-subunit mRNA levels were significantly lower than those detected in rat brain and heart mRNA but were comparable to the low level of beta 1-subunit mRNA detected in isolated rat ventricular myocytes.
A new method for monitoring beam range by measuring low energy photons (2013)

We studied a new method to monitor a beam range in heavy-ion radiation therapy by measuring low energy photons emitted from a track of the ion beam. A 290 MeV/u carbon beam was injected into a cylindrical water phantom. A CdTe semiconductor detector with a lead slit having a width of 2mm was placed at a side of the phantom. In order to measure the position dependence of the low energy photon count, the beam range was varied by changing the injection energy using a binary energy degrader placed about 100 cm upstream of the beam focal point. The measured photon count decreased when the detector got closer to the end point of the beam range and the derivative of the photon count clearly changed in front of the range position. This was explained by our theoretical study assuming the photons were secondary electron bremsstrahlung. These results indicate that this new method could estimate the range position from the observation of bremsstrahlung with an accuracy of a few mm.
A focused microarray approach to functional glycomics: transcriptional regulation of the glycome (2005)

Glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modification of proteins, yet genes relevant to the synthesis of glycan structures and function are incompletely represented and poorly annotated on the commercially available arrays. To fill the need for expression analysis of such genes, we employed the Affymetrix technology to develop a focused and highly annotated glycogene-chip representing human and murine glycogenes, including glycosyltransferases, nucleotide sugar transporters, glycosidases, proteoglycans, and glycan-binding proteins. In this report, the array has been used to generate glycogene-expression profiles of nine murine tissues. Global analysis with a hierarchical clustering algorithm reveals that expression profiles in immune tissues (thymus [THY], spleen [SPL], lymph node, and bone marrow [BM]) are more closely related, relative to those of nonimmune tissues (kidney [KID], liver [LIV], brain [BRN], and testes [TES]). Of the biosynthetic enzymes, those responsible for synthesis of the core regions of N- and O-linked oligosaccharides are ubiquitously expressed, whereas glycosyltransferases that elaborate terminal structures are expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner, accounting for tissue and ultimately cell-type-specific glycosylation. Comparison of gene expression profiles with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) profiling of N-linked oligosaccharides suggested that the alpha1-3 fucosyltransferase 9, Fut9, is the enzyme responsible for terminal fucosylation in KID and BRN, a finding validated by analysis of Fut9 knockout mice. Two families of glycan-binding proteins, C-type lectins and Siglecs, are predominately expressed in the immune tissues, consistent with their emerging functions in both innate and acquired immunity. The glycogene chip reported in this study is available to the scientific community through the Consortium for Functional Glycomics (CFG) (http://www.functionalglycomics.org).
CMET-26. PERIOPERATIVE IMAGING OF BRAIN METASTASES: A EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY (EANO) YOUNGSTERS SURVEY (2018)

barrier by early-generation EGFR-TKIs and evolving drug resistance. The next-generation EGFR-TKIs may have improved success in treatment of leptomeningeal metastases in non-small-cell lung adenocarcinoma when compared to the first-and second-generation EGFR-TKIs. This could be particularly true in patients with documented exon 19 deletions, as in our second case. CONCLUSION: Next-generation EGFR-TKI monotherapy could be considered in select patients with leptomeningeal metastases from lung adenocarcinoma. More research is needed to review this potential therapeutic option, especially for use as first-line therapy.
Proline Accumulation and Methylation to Proline Betaine in Citrus: Implications for Genetic Engineering of Stress Resistance (1997)

Proline and various betaines can function as osmoprotectants and cryoprotectants when accumulated in the cytoplasm of cells. Genetic engineering can raise levels of these compounds and thereby improve stress resistance; Citrus species are potential candidates for this. Before attempting such engineering, it is necessary to characterize the natural osmoprotectants of Citrus and related genera. We therefore surveyed 55 cultivated and wild species of the Aurantioideae, analyzing proline and betaines in leaves of mature trees. Some citrus relatives accumulated proline alone; others accumulated proline and proline betaine, as did all Citrus species studied. The levels of these two compounds ranged from about 20 to 100 μmol·g -1 dry mass, and were significantly inversely correlated. Proline betaine is known to be synthesized from proline and to be a better osmoprotectant. Because Citrus species all have more proline than proline betaine, there is scope for engineering more of the latter. Many species had small amounts of hydroxyproline betaine; other betaines were essentially absent. The lack of other betaines means that it would also be rational to engineer the accumulation of glycine betaine or similar compounds.
A 4-level storage 4 Gb DRAM (2002)

Bit-cost reduction is one of the most serious issues for file application DRAMs. Chip size reduction or density increase has been an effective solution. Lithographic technology has permitted this density increase through 70% reduction in the minimum design rule for each subsequent DRAM generation. However, for further density increase, another memory cell reduction technology is needed. Multi-level storage is one circuit technology that can reduce the effective cell size since it allows the storage of multiple voltage levels in a single memory cell functioning as a multi-bit memory. When four levels are stored in a single memory cell, the effective cell size is halved. The authors show that a charge-coupling sense amplifier, charge-sharing restore, and time-shared sensing increase speed and reduce sense-circuit area for 4 Gb DRAM.
Immersive Virtual Reality Influences Physiologic Responses to Submaximal Exercise: A Randomized, Crossover Trial (2021)

<b>Objectives:</b> This cross-sectional, randomly assigned study aimed to assess the influence of immersive virtual reality (VR) on exercise tolerance expressed as the duration of a submaximal exercise test (ET) on a cycle ergometer. <b>Methods:</b> The study enrolled 70 healthy volunteers aged 22-25years. Each participant performed an ET with and without VR. Time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were analyzed for the first 3min (T1), the last 3min (T2), and the time at which the shorter of the two tests terminated (Tiso). In the time domain, a SD of R-R intervals (SDNN) and a root mean square of successive R-R interval differences (RMSSD) in milliseconds were computed. The following spectral components were considered: low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), total power (TP), and LF/HF ratio. The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04197024). <b>Results:</b> Compared to standard ET, tests in immersive VR lasted significantly longer (694 vs. 591s, <i>p</i><0.00001) and were associated with lower HR response across the range of corresponding exercise levels, averaging 5-8 beats/min. In the multiple regression analysis, the ET duration was positively determined by male sex, immersion in VR, and negatively determined by HRT1 and RMSSDT1. <b>Conclusion:</b> Exercising in VR is associated with lower HR which allowed subjects to exercise for a longer time before reaching target heart rate (HR). In addition, the increase in exercise duration was found to be related to an adjustment in autonomic nervous activity at a given work rate favoring parasympathetic predominance.
Role of Inflammation in Diabetic Nephropathy (2008)

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Although the pathogenesis of DN is multifactorial, local inflammatory stress may result from both the metabolic and hemodynamic derangements observed in DN. Inflammatory markers such as Interleukin-18 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha are increased in the serum of patients with diabetes and DN. This occurs at a very early stage of disease, and correlates with the degree of albuminuria. Recent data suggest that standard pharmacologic interventions for DN, such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and aldosterone antagonists, may have anti-inflammatory properties that are independent of their hemodynamic effect. Although inflammation is traditionally thought of as a process resulting in macrophage infiltration, current scientific progress has lead to the novel idea that even cells distant from the blood stream, such as podocytes, can produce cytokines and can express molecules that are part of the co-stimulatory pathway. A strong translational research effort is currently aimed at defining the role of such molecules in cells other than lymphocytes and macrophages. Experimental animal models have recently provided evidence that some acute phase markers of inflammation such as intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), TNF-alpha and Monocytes Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) may have a causative role in the development of DN. Here, we review the current evidence supporting the role of inflammation in the early phases of clinical and experimental DN. A complete understanding of inflammatory pathways activated in DN may lead to the discovery of earlier and more reliable markers of DN than albuminuria and the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
Optimizing object reference checks on real-time Java virtual machine (2015)

Thanks to Real-Time Specification for Java (RTSJ), Java now can be applied in real-time systems. However, in RTSJ's memory management system, assignment rules which aimed to prevent the creation of dangling references must be checked by real-time Java virtual machines (JVMs) at runtime. These frequent runtime object reference checks lead to additional time overhead and unpredictable running time, which has great impact on real-time systems. This paper presents an equivalence class based, context sensitive and flow insensitive escape analysis algorithm which could eliminate unnecessary runtime reference checkpoints. This optimization framework has been implemented in an open-source real-time JVM jRate 0.3.7.2-3.3.3 and evaluated by CD <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> , a relative authority real-time Java benchmark suite. The results show that this optimization algorithm eliminates 94.92% static reference checkpoints, on average removes 42.28%~54.44% runtime reference checkpoints, and improves the runtime performance of average 3.13%, max 8.93%.
RepCloud (2011)

Security concerns for emerging cloud computing models have become the focus of much research, but little of this targets the underlying infrastructure. Trusted Cloud proposals generally assert that the Trusted Computing Base (TCB) of the cloud should be clearly defined and attested to. However, specific characteristics of trust in the cloud make such solutions difficult to implement in an effective and practical way. We present RepCloud, a reputation system for managing decentralised attestation metrics in the cloud. We observe that as being deterministic and tamper-proof, trust evidence generated by the TCG framework can be efficiently transmitted within the cloud. In a web of nodes with high connectivity and mutual-attestation frequency, corrupted nodes can be identified effectively. By modelling this web with RepCloud, we achieved a fine-grained cloud TCB attestation scheme with high confidence for trust. Cloud users can determine the security properties of the exact nodes that may affect the genuine functionalities of their applications, without obtaining much internal information of the cloud. Experiments showed that besides achieved fine-grained attestation RepCloud still incurred lower trust management overhead than existing trusted cloud proposals.