gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective Preparation of γ ‐Amino Acids and γ ‐Lactams from Nitro Olefins and Carboxylic Acids, with the Valine‐Derived 4‐Isopropyl‐5,5‐diphenyl‐1,3‐oxazolidin‐2‐one as an Auxiliary (1999)

Titanium enolates of acyl-oxazolidinones 1, derived from acetic, propanoic, 3-methylbutanoic, and 4-methylpentanoic acids and 4-isopropyl-5,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one, are added to aliphatic and aromatic nitro olefins in the presence of TiCl4 (Schemes 2 – 4). The products, 4-nitro carboxylic-acid derivatives 2, are formed in high diastereoselectivities (ds 80 to >99%) and in good yields (50 – 75% of purified samples of ds >98%). Hydrogenation over Raney-Ni of the NO2 group in the adducts leads directly to the corresponding γ-lactams (3 and 8; 80 – 92%), with recovery of the insoluble auxiliary (ca. 95%). Ring opening is achieved through the N-Boc-lactams (4), which are converted to N-Boc-protected γ-amino acids 5 or to their benzyl and methyl esters (6 and 7; Scheme 5). The configuration of the products (containing up to three new stereogenic centers; Scheme 1) is assigned by comparison with literature data, by X-ray crystal-structure analysis (for 2c, g, f, 8, Fig.), and by analogy. Thus, the (S)-auxiliary gives rise to combination of the trigonal centers of enolate and nitro olefin with Si/Si topicity (relative topicity all-lk; cf. A).
Plasma etch properties of organic BARCs (2008)

Plasma etching is an integral part of semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) processing and is widely used to produce
high-resolution patterns and to remove sacrificial layers. Bottom anti-reflective coatings (BARCs) under the resist
absorb light to minimize reflectivity during lithography and are typically opened during pattern transfer using plasma
etching. High etch selectivity is required in the BARC opening process to minimize resist loss to allow further substrate
etching. Because the plasma etch process combines physical bombardment and chemical reaction, the factors affecting
etch rate and selectivity are complex. The results are related to etch conditions and the chemical nature of polymer.
This paper addresses plasma etch properties as they relate to polymer type and etch gas composition. Polyacrylate,
polyester, and polymers containing nitrogen and halogens have been investigated. The research was carried out by a
series of designs of experiments (DOEs), which varied the flow rate of Ar, CF4, and O2 in plasma gas. The selectivity of
BARC to resist depends not only on the carbon content but also on the different ways polymer compositions and
structures respond to an oxidizing gas, a reducing gas, and plasma bombardment. Based on a polymer decomposition
mechanism, we discuss what could happen physically and chemically during the polymer's exposure to the high-energy
reactive plasmas. We also modified the Ohnishi parameter for the polymers containing nitrogen and halogen using our
polymer decomposition theory. The contribution of nitrogen and halogen in the etch equation can be positive or
negative depending on the chemical properties of the plasma.
3D optical proximity model optimization using inline 3DSEM metrology (2019)

Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) modeling has evolved throughout the years to address 2D edge placement corrections, driven mainly out of CDSEM measurement results. 3D pattern modeling, and 3D-OPC for resist pattern, is much more complex. 3D information can be obtained by Optical CD tools for large repetitive arrays, where the outcome is an averaged 3D profile, or by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), offering accurate local in-die 3D metrology but can be limited by tip size and can also involve long scan times. In recent years we have presented a 3DSEM imaging methodology using multiple detectors to reconstruct surface morphology. To address the 3D-OPC model characterization challenge we combine in this work two metrology methods; AFM as a reference tool, and 3DSEM. Both metrology techniques provide nondestructive, large statistical sample measurements, across the wafer for lithography process window characterization, and 3D-OPC model calibration. Parameterized test patterns were generated on mask by Synopsys and printed on wafers at IMEC. Selective patterns were measured by 3DSEM and AFM to optimize 3DSEM measurements. Statistically significant 3DSEM measurement results were used for 3D-OPC model calibration, offering 3D-OPC corrections including resist shrink induced by SEM imaging.
Photocatalytic Oxidation Using a New CatalystTiO2 Microspherefor Water and Wastewater Treatment (2003)

Since the suspended TiO2 powder enjoys free contact with UV irradiation in a photoreactor system, it can generally achieve better efficiency than the immobilized TiO2 catalysts. However, the separation and reuse of this catalyst powder from treated water often limit its application in practice. In this study, a new type of TiO2 catalyst called TiO2 microsphere was prepared by a sol-spraying-calcination method, which can easily settle in its aqueous suspensions under gravity. The SEM image of the TiO2 microsphere samples demonstrated that they had an almost spherical shape with a particle size of 30-160 microm, while the XRD analysis indicated that these TiO2 microspheres still had a crystal size of 8.1 nm. Since these TiO2 microspheres had a porous structure with higher specific surface area and pore volume than normal TiO2 powders, they appeared to have strong adsorption ability in its aqueous suspensions. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 microspheres was evaluated in the photodegradations of salicylic acid (SA) and sulfosalicylic acid (SSA). The experimental results showed that the reaction rate using the TiO2 microspheres was similar to that using the TiO2 powders in the SA suspensions and even higher than that in the SSA suspensions. Chemical and physical properties of the TiO2 microspheres and powders that are attributed to photoactivity were discussed based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model. The prepared TiO2 microsphere samples were reused in the photooxidation reaction more than 50 times. It was found that there was no significant weakening in their photoactivity and no change in their particle shape. This TiO2 microsphere catalyst can be simply used to conduct an effective photooxidation in its suspension for water and wastewater treatment with ease of recovery from treated water.
Graphene on silicon nitride for optoelectromechanical micromembrane resonators (2013)

Due to their exceptional mechanical and optical properties, dielectric silicon nitride (SiN) micromembrane resonators have become the centerpiece of many optomechanical experiments. Efficient capacitive coupling of the membrane to an electrical system would facilitate exciting hybrid optoelectromechanical devices. However, capacitive coupling of such dielectric membranes is rather weak. Here we add a single layer of graphene on SiN micromembranes and compare electromechanical coupling and mechanical properties to bare dielectric membranes and to membranes metallized with an aluminium layer. The electrostatic coupling of graphene coated membranes is found to be equal to a perfectly conductive membrane. Our results show that a single layer of graphene substantially enhances the electromechanical capacitive coupling without significantly adding mass, decreasing the superior mechanical quality factor or affecting the optical properties of SiN micromembrane resonators.
Boosted readout for CMOS APS pixels (2011)

In order to reduce power consumption and improve low-voltage operation capability of standard three transistor (3T) CMOS active pixel sensor (APS), new pixel readout is proposed utilizing supply boosting technique (SBT). Pixel supply voltage as well as reset and select signals for APS pixel are boosted to achieve wider and extended linear operating range in a standard CMOS process with high-Vt transistors. Reset and supply boosting was used for extending dynamic range of the pixel source follower (PSF) amplifier, while the select signal boosting was utilized for linearizing transfer characteristics of the PSF. Extension of PSF dynamic range using reset, select, and supply boosting (RSSB) resulted in operation of 3T APS pixel at 1.2V supply with 150mV dynamic range even though the threshold of the NMOS device was 0.8V. Proposed method does not degrade the device reliability margins and use single supply input.
A quantum teleportation inspired algorithm produces sentence meaning from word meaning and grammatical structure 15 (2014)

We discuss an algorithm which produces the meaning of a sentence given meanings of its words, and its resemblance to quantum teleportation. In fact, this protocol was the main source of inspiration for this algorithm which has many applications in the area of Natural Language Processing.
Analysis of MMIC structures using an efficient iterative approach (1988)

A class of two-dimensional and three-dimensional monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) structures is analyzed theoretically using an efficient iterative technique. The transfer-matrix approach to constructing the spectral Green's functions of multilayered structures is adopted. Discretization of the continuous functions and utilization of the periodicity of the MMIC structures enclosed by sidewalls lead to a discrete convolution operation, which is carried out efficiently using the FET (fast Fourier transform) algorithm. The spectral Green's functions are modified for both the periodic and aperiodic structures to improve the numerical efficiency of the iterative algorithm. Numerical results are presented and compared with available data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Diabetic Retinopathy (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —According to the National Commission on Diabetes, which submitted a report to the United States Congress recently, diabetes now affects 10 million Americans and is increasing at an incredible rate (50% in the past eight years). Diabetics are 25 times more prone to blindness than nondiabetics. For ophthalmologists, the increasing number of patients with diabetic retinopathy is a nightmare. Diabetes is now a major cause of blindness. We desperately try to stem the tide of progression of the retinopathy with laser or to recapture some of the lost vision from massive vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment by vitrectomy and scleral buckling procedures, but we are sure that as the patient lives longer, the eye damage will continue. The American Diabetes Association makes urgent appeals for funds or research into the treatment of diabetes. They are joined by many other organizations. Practically nowhere is a voice raised to
Travel‐time residuals of teleseismic P‐waves at the Rodriguez Triple Junction in the Indian Ocean using ocean‐bottom seismometers (1996)

We conducted three weeks of seismic observations at the Rodriguez Triple Junction (RTJ) in the Indian Ocean using 18 ocean‐bottom seismometers over an area of 90km × 90km. We identified six teleseismic events and obtained significant anomalies in the relative travel‐time residuals of the teleseismic P‐waves. The residuals are positive at the RTJ, the northern part of the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR), and the eastern side of the Central Indian Ridge (CIR), and are negative at and around the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR). It is suggested that there is a relatively hotter mantle under the triple junction and the northern part of the SEIR segment, along‐axis variations in mantle temperature along the SEIR segment, and cooler mantle under the SWIR segment. The CIR segment has an asymmetrical distribution of relative residuals.
Cognitive DDx Assistant in Rare Diseases (2018)

There are between 6,000 - 7,000 known rare diseases today. Identifying and diagnosing a patient with rare disease is time consuming, cumbersome, cost intensive and requires resources generally available only at large hospital centers. Furthermore, most medical doctors, especially general practitioners, will likely only see one patient with a rare disease if at all. A cognitive assistant for differential diagnosis in rare disease will provide the knowledge on all rare diseases online, help create a list of weighted diagnosis and access to the evidence base on which the list was created. The system is built on knowledge graph technology that incorporates data from ICD-10, DOID, medDRA, PubMed, Wikipedia, Orphanet, the CDC and anonymized patient data. The final knowledge graph comprised over 500,000 nodes. The solution was tested with 101 published cases for rare disease. The learning system improves over training sprints and delivers 79.5 % accuracy in finding the diagnosis in the top 1 % of nodes. A further learning step was taken to rank the correct result in the TOP 15 hits. With a reduced data pool, 51% of the 101 cases were tested delivering the correct result in the TOP 3 - 13 (TOP 6 on average) for 74% of these cases. The results show that data curation is among the most critical aspects to deliver accurate results. The knowledge graph technology demonstrates its power to deliver cognitive solutions for differential diagnosis in rare disease that can be applied in clinical practice.
Kinetics and thermochemistry of the ethyl radical. The induction period in the pyrolysis of ethane (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetics and thermochemistry of the ethyl radical. The induction period in the pyrolysis of ethanePhilip D. Pacey and Jayantha H. WimalasenaCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1984, 88, 23, 5657–5660Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150667a040https://doi.org/10.1021/j150667a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views218Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Phenotypic Switching inCandida glabrataAccompanied by Changes in Expression of Genes with Deduced Functions in Copper Detoxification and Stress (2005)

Most strains of Candida glabrata switch spontaneously between a number of phenotypes distinguishable by graded brown coloration on agar containing 1 mM CuSO4, a phenomenon referred to as "core switching." C. glabrata also switches spontaneously and reversibly from core phenotypes to an irregular wrinkle (IWr) phenotype, a phenomenon referred to as "irregular wrinkle switching." To identify genes differentially expressed in the core phenotypes white (Wh) and dark brown (DB), a cDNA subtraction strategy was employed. Twenty-three genes were identified as up-regulated in DB, four in Wh, and six in IWr. Up-regulation was verified in two unrelated strains, one a and one alpha strain. The functions of these genes were deduced from the functions of their Saccharomyces cerevisiae orthologs. The majority of genes up-regulated in DB (78%) played deduced roles in copper assimilation, sulfur assimilation, and stress responses. These genes were differentially up-regulated in DB even though the conditions of growth for Wh and DB, including CuSO4 concentration, were identical. Hence, the regulation of these genes, normally regulated by environmental cues, has been usurped by switching, presumably as an adaptation to the challenging host environment. These results are consistent with the suggestion that switching provides colonizing populations with a minority of cells expressing a phenotype that allows them to enrich in response to an environmental challenge, a form of rapid adaptation. However, DB is the most commonly expressed phenotype at sites of host colonization, in the apparent absence of elevated copper levels. Hence, up-regulation of these genes by switching suggests that in some cases they may play roles in colonization and virulence not immediately obvious from the roles played by their orthologs in S. cerevisiae.
Production of infectious duck hepatitis B virus in a human hepatoma cell line (1988)

The differentiated human hepatoma cell line Hep-G2 was transfected with cloned duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) DNA. Introduction of closed circular DNA into the human liver cells resulted in the production of viral proteins: core antigen was detected in the cytoplasm, and e antigen, a related product, was secreted into the medium. Moreover, viral particles were released into the tissue culture medium which were indistinguishable from authentic DHBV by density, antigenicity, DNA polymerase activity, and morphology. Intravenous injection of tissue culture-derived DHBV particles into Pekin ducks established DHBV infection. In conclusion, transfection of human hepatoma cells with cloned DHBV DNA results in the production of infectious virus, as occurs with cloned human hepatitis B virus DNA. Human liver cells are therefore competent to support production of the avian and mammalian hepadnaviruses, indicating that liver-specific viral gene expression is controlled by evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. This new DHBV transfection system offers the opportunity to rapidly produce mutated DHBV which then can be further investigated in Pekin ducks.
Nanosized BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I) Particles Synthesized in Reverse Microemulsions (2007)

Reverse microemulsions, consisting of heptane, nonionic surfactants, and aqueous salt solutions, were used to synthesize BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I) nanoparticles. The reverse micelles act as nanoscale templates for the ionic precipitation process. The size of the micelles can be used to tailor the size of the particles. BiOCl nanoparticles were synthesized in a range of 3−22 nm (diameter); for BiOBr and BiOI, the range was 5.5−22 nm and 4−18 nm, respectively. The reverse microemulsions were characterized by dynamic light scattering. X-ray diffraction patterns of the particles isolated from the microemulsions clearly demonstrate the influence of the water/surfactant ratio (Rw) of the microemulsions on the crystallite size. Also, the concentration of the involved salt solutions affects the particle diameter. For BiOI nanoparticles, a significant dependence of the band gap energy on the particle diameter was observed using UV−vis spectroscopy. Depending on the size of the particles, the color varied from pale yellow to dark orange. Atomic force microscopy of BiOI nanoparticles on a mica substrate revealed well-separated particles with a narrow size distribution.
Implementation and performance of pipes in the V-System (1985)

The measured performance of pipes implemented by a pipe server process on top of the V message passing transport protocol is compared with the calculated performance of pipes implemented by an operating system kernel and supported by a dedicated protocol. The author describes the implementation of pipes in the V system and presents measurements of their performance. He then calculates the performance of pipes when implemented in the kernel and supported by a dedicated protocol. The performance loss as a result of using the pipe server is shown to be about 8% for network pipes and about 25% for local pipes. Given these figures and given the fact that messages and not pipes are the principal means of interprocess communication in V, it is concluded that it is quite practical to implement pipes by a process using message passing, thereby avoiding the need for additional kernel and protocol complexity.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Tin(II) and Zinc(II) Derivatives of Cyclic α-Hydroxyketones, Including the Structures of Sn(maltol)2, Sn(tropolone)2, Zn(tropolone)2, and Zn(hinokitiol)2 (2001)

Zinc(II) and tin(II) derivatives of maltol (Hmalt), ethylmaltol (HEtmalt), tropolone (Htrop), hinokitiol (Hhino), and kojic acid (Hkoj) have been prepared and characterized, and the crystal structures of M(trop)(2) (M = Zn, Sn), Zn(hino)(2).EtOH, and Sn(malt)(2) have been determined. The Zn(trop)(2) is a polymeric structure in which tropolone has both a bridging and chelating role; zinc(hino)(2) crystallizes as an ethanol adduct of which the structure is a dimeric fragment of the Zn(trop)(2) polymer and in which each metal is "capped" by a molecule of alcohol. The tin complexes are notably air-stable despite adopting monomeric pseudo-trigonal-bipyramidal structures (SnO(4)E; E is a stereochemically active lone electron pair) in which the ligands only chelate a single metal center.
Transcriptomic profile of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal encephalopathy (2020)

A rapid and early diagnostic test to identify the encephalopathic babies at risk of adverse outcome may accelerate the development of neuroprotectants. We examined if a whole blood transcriptomic signature measured soon after birth, predicts adverse neurodevelopmental outcome eighteen months after neonatal encephalopathy. We performed next generation sequencing on whole blood ribonucleic acid obtained within six hours of birth from the first 47 encephalopathic babies recruited to the Hypothermia for Encephalopathy in Low and middle-income countries (HELIX) trial. Two infants with blood culture positive sepsis were excluded, and the data from remaining 45 were analysed. A total of 855 genes were significantly differentially expressed between the good and adverse outcome groups, of which RGS1 and SMC4 were the most significant. Biological pathway analysis adjusted for gender, trial randomisation allocation (cooling therapy versus usual care) and estimated blood leukocyte proportions revealed over-representation of genes from pathways related to melatonin and polo-like kinase in babies with adverse outcome. These preliminary data suggest that transcriptomic profiling may be a promising tool for rapid risk stratification in neonatal encephalopathy. It may provide insights into biological mechanisms and identify novel therapeutic targets for neuroprotection.