gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Repeater insertion in tree structured inductive interconnect (2003)

The effects of inductance on repeater insertion in RLC trees is the focus of the paper. An algorithm is introduced to insert and size repeaters within an RLC tree to optimize a variety of possible cost functions such as minimizing the maximum path delay, the skew between branches, or a combination of area, power, and delay. The algorithm has a complexity proportional to the square of the number of possible repeater positions, permitting a repeater solution to be chosen that is close to the global minimum. The repeater insertion algorithm is used to insert repeaters within several copper based interconnect trees to minimize the maximum path delay based on both an RC model and an RLC model. The two buffering solutions are compared using the AS/X dynamic circuit simulator. It is shown that as inductance effects increase, the area and power consumed by the inserted repeaters to minimize the path delays of an RLC tree decreases. By including inductance in the repeater insertion methodology, the interconnect is modeled more accurately as compared to an RC model, permitting average savings in area, power, and delay of 40.8%, 15.6%, and 6.7%, respectively, for a variety of copper based interconnect trees from a 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The average savings in area, power, and delay increases to 62.2%, 57.2% and 9.4%, respectively, when using five times faster devices with the same interconnect trees.
MEG and fMRI for nonlinear estimation of neural activity (2009)

In this work we demonstrate improvement of the analysis of functional neuroimaging by combining electromagnetic measurements and functional MRI. We show that magnetoencephalography and functional MRI can complement each other improving estimation of neural activity and BOLD response. Tracking hidden neural activity is performed as inference of latent variables in a dynamic Bayesian network with continuous parameters. Inference is performed using a particle filter. We demonstrate that MEG and fMRI fusion improves estimation of the hidden neural activity and smoothes tracking of the BOLD response. We demonstrate that joint analysis stabilizes the differential system and reduces computational requirements.
Possibilities for magnetic control of fission plasma propulsion (1995)

Magnetic fusion energy research suggests the use of some magnetoplasma configurations to address certain critical issues in the gas-core fission approach to nuclear-thermal propulsion. The general framework of such an investigation that was outlined in a previous paper is directed here at the spheromak configuration in greater detail. In some unoptimized examples, the authors explore the compatibility of gas-core fission reactor criticality conditions with the dynamo action needed to non-inductively sustain the spheromak. The Lundquist number S is identified as a figure of merit, and is estimated by modeling to be as large as 100 in near-critical uranium ({sup 233}U) plasmas of several-meter dimensions diluted with lithium ({sup 7}Li) when the spheromak power consumption is treated as a constraint; whereas S as small as 200 is observed to be still able to preserve MHD dynamo activity in 3D resistive MHD simulations. Further optimization studies are required to ascertain whether these two values can be made to coincide.
Different Interfacial Behaviors of Peptides Chemically Immobilized on Surfaces with Different Linker Lengths and via Different Termini (2014)

Molecular structures such as conformation and orientation are crucial in determining the activity of peptides immobilized to solid supports. In this study, sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy was applied to investigate such structures of peptides immobilized on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Here cysteine-modified antimicrobial peptide cecropin P1 (CP1) was chemically immobilized onto SAM with a maleimide terminal group. Two important characteristics, length of the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) segment in the SAM and location of the cysteine residue in the peptide, were examined using SFG spectroscopy to determine the effect of each on surface immobilization as well as peptide secondary structure and its orientation in the immobilized state. Results have shown that while each length of PEG chain studied promotes chemical immobilization of the target peptide and prevents nonspecific adsorption, CP1 immobilized on long-chain (PEG2k) maleimide SAMs shows random coil structure in water, whereas CP1 demonstrates α-helical structure when immobilized on short-chain (with four ethylene glycol units - (EG4)) maleimide SAMs. Placement of the cysteine residue at the C-terminus promotes the formation of α-helical structure of CP1 with a single orientation when tethered to EG4 maleimide SAM surfaces. In contrast, immobilization via the N-terminal cysteine of CP1 results in a random coil or lying-down helical structure. The bacteria capturing/killing capability was tested, showing that the surface-immobilized CP1 molecules via C- and N- terminal cysteine exhibit only slight difference, even though they have different secondary structures and orientations.
The Escherichia coli Starvation Gene cstC Is Involved in Amino Acid Catabolism (1998)

Escherichia coli strains mutant in the starvation gene cstC grow normally in a mineral salts medium but are impaired in utilizing amino acids as nitrogen sources. They are also compromised in starvation survival, where amino acid catabolism is important. The cstC gene encodes a 406-amino-acid protein that closely resembles the E. coli ArgD protein, which is involved in arginine biosynthesis. We postulate that CstC is a counterpart of ArgD in an amino acid catabolic pathway. The cstC upstream region contains several regulatory consensus sequences. Both sigmaS and sigma54 promoters are probably involved in cstC transcription and appear to compete with each other, presumably to match cstC expression to the cellular amino acid catabolic needs.
Viscosity and density decoupling method using a higher order Lamb wave sensor (2014)

Viscosity and density are two important physical parameters of liquid. Such parameters are widely used for label-free chemical detection. Conventional technologies employ acoustic wave sensors to detect viscosity and density. In these sensors, the liquid under test directly contacts with the surface of the sensor. The produced acoustic wave in the sensor leaks to the adjacent liquid layer, causing a shift in the resonance frequency of the sensor. However, such sensors are not able to separately measure the viscosity and density because these two parameters jointly affect the shift of frequency. Although some indirect methods for decoupling these two parameters have been investigated, either dual-device or simultaneous measurement of frequency and attenuation is required. In this paper, a novel AlN based acoustic wave sensor is developed for decoupling viscosity and density. Multiple higher order modes of Lamb waves are generated in this sensor and employed to interact with the adjacent liquid under test. The frequency change of two unique modes (mode C and mode D) has been found in a linear relationship with viscosity and density, respectively. With this unique feature, viscosity and density of a liquid can be distinguished by a single device, which is promising for potential industrial applications, label-free chemical detection and clinical diagnosis.
Traffic-adaptive signal control and vehicle routing using a decentralized back-pressure method (2015)

The problem of controlling traffic lights under adaptive routing of vehicles in urban road networks is considered. Multi-commodity back-pressure algorithms, originally developed for routing and scheduling in communication networks, are applied to road networks to control traffic lights and adaptively reroute vehicles. The performance of the algorithms is analyzed using a microscopic traffic simulator. The results demonstrate that the proposed signal control and adaptive routing algorithms can provide significant improvement over a fixed schedule and a single-commodity back-pressure signal controller, in terms of various performance metrics, including queue-length, trips completed, and travel times.
Removing Nitrate With a Methylotrophic Fluidized Bed: Technology and Operating Performance (1993)

A pilot biological fluidized‐bed plant with a capacity of 40 m 3 /h has been in operation since January 1988 at De Blankaart drinking water production center for removing nitrate from surface water. Methanol is used as the reductant. With a nitrate removal efficiency of 9.0 kg NO 3 − /m 3 reactor.day at 3.5°C, the system has shown superior performance compared with conventional fixed‐bed biofilm reactors. With an influent concentration of 75 mg NO 3 − /L, complete nitrate removal was achieved at an empty bed contact time of 15 min. Nitrite was not detected in the effluent, provided there was a slight excess of methanol (1–2 mg/L). Residual methanol was easily removed by the existing downstream drinking water treatment processes.
The interaction of heparin and basic fibroblast growth factor on collagen synthesis in 21-day fetal rat calvariae (1992)

We examined the interactions of the glycosaminoglycan, heparin, and recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on collagen synthesis in 21-day fetal rat calvariae. In calvariae treated for 96 h, heparin (25 micrograms/ml) and bFGF (10(-9) M) inhibited collagenase-digestible protein (CDP) labeling by 52 and 60% of control, respectively, and the combination further inhibited CDP labeling. Inhibition of CDP labeling by heparin (25 micrograms/ml) or bFGF (10(-9), 10(-8) M) was similar in the presence or absence of aphidicolin (30 microM) an inhibitor of cell replication. Heparin selectively inhibited CDP labeling in the osteoblast rich central bone but bFGF alone or in combination with heparin inhibited CDP labeling both in the periosteum and central bone. Heparin and bFGF alone decreased steady state levels of alpha 1(I)procollagen messenger RNA (mRNA) at 24 h and the combination further decreased mRNA levels. A high concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1, 3 x 10(-8) M) reversed the inhibitory effect of heparin on DNA synthesis and CDP labeling. In contrast, IGF-1 could not reverse the inhibitory effects of bFGF on CDP labeling but enhanced the stimulatory effects of bFGF on thymidine incorporation into DNA. We conclude that the inhibitory effects of heparin and bFGF on CDP are independent of effects on cell replication. We further conclude that both heparin and bFGF inhibit collagen synthesis at a pretranslational site since they decreased procollagen mRNA levels in osteoblasts. However, the inhibition of collagen synthesis by heparin and bFGF appears to involve divergent pathways since exogenous IGF-1 could overcome the effect of heparin but not bFGF on collagen synthesis.
An unequal-arm Mach–Zehnder interferometer for studying the structure of phase objects (2015)

An unequal-arm Mach–Zehnder interferometer has been developed in which interference fringes are formed as a result of the passage of a nonparallel homocentric pencil of rays through the interferometer. The scale of the interference fringes relative to the test object or the optical inhomogeneities is controlled by simply replacing the lens of the coherent illuminating system or by displacing the object in the arm of the interferometer. This allows the interferometer to be made in the form of a monolithic structure. A technique is proposed for using the interferometer to determine the change of the optical thickness of dichroic liquid-crystal transparencies when they are switched by an external electric field.
Bidisperse Magnetorheological Fluids using Fe Particles at Nanometer and Micron Scale (2006)

Conventional magnetorheological (MR) fluids are suspensions of micron-sized particles in a hydraulic or silicone oil carrier fluid. Recently, research has been conducted on the advantages of using bidisperse fluids, which are mixtures of two different powder sizes in the MR suspension. The MR fluids investigated here use a mixture of conventional micron- sized particles and nanometer-sized particles. The settling rate of such bidisperse fluids using nanometer-sized particles is reduced because the nanoparticles fill pores created between the larger particles, thereby reducing fluid transport during creeping flow. This reduction in the settling rate comes at a cost of a reduction in the maximum yield stress that can be manifested by such an MR fluid at its saturation magnetization. There is a measurable and predictable variation in rheological properties as the weight percent (wt%) of the nanometer-sized particles is increased relative to the weight percent (wt%) of micron-sized particles, while maintaining a constant solids loading in the MR fluid samples. All bidisperse fluids tested in this study have a solids loading of 60 wt% of iron (Fe) particles. This study investigates the effect of increasing the wt% of 30 nm (nominal) Fe particles relative to 30 mm (nominal) Fe particles on rheological characteristics, such as yield stress and postyield viscosity. The goal of this study is to find an optimal composition of the bidisperse fluid that provides the best combination of high yield stress and low settling rate based on empirical measurements. The applicability of the Bingham-plastic rheological model to the measured flow curves of these MR fluids is also presented.
Variability of particulate organic carbon concentration in the north polar Atlantic based on ocean color observations with Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor (SeaWiFS) (2005)

We use satellite data from Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor (SeaWiFS) to investigate distributions of particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration in surface waters of the north polar Atlantic Ocean during the spring–summer season (April through August) over a 6‐year period from 1998 through 2003. By use of field data collected at sea, we developed regional relationships for the purpose of estimating POC from remote‐sensing observations of ocean color. Analysis of several approaches used in the POC algorithm development and match‐up analysis of coincident in situ–derived and satellite‐derived estimates of POC resulted in selection of an algorithm that is based on the blue‐to‐green ratio of remote‐sensing reflectance R rs (or normalized water‐leaving radiance L wn ). The application of the selected algorithm to a 6‐year record of SeaWiFS monthly composite data of L wn revealed patterns of seasonal and interannual variability of POC in the study region. For example, the results show a clear increase of POC throughout the season. The lowest values, generally less than 200 mg m −3 , and at some locations often less than 50 mg m −3 , were observed in April. In May and June, POC can exceed 300 or even 400 mg m −3 in some parts of the study region. Patterns of interannual variability are intricate, as they depend on the geographic location within the study region and particular time of year (month) considered. By comparing the results averaged over the entire study region and the entire season (April through August) for each year separately, we found that the lowest POC occurred in 2001 and the highest POC occurred in 2002 and 1999.
Regeneration of polycondensation of wholly aromatic poly(azomethine)s with 1,5- or 2,6-substituted naphthalene moiety in main chain (2000)

Wholly aromatic poly(azomethine)s with 1,5- or 2,6-substituted naphthalene moiety in the main chains were prepared in aprotic polar solvents or m-cresol under various reaction conditions. In the polymerization of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene with terephthalaldehyde, the polymer that synthesized in (HMPA/DMSO) at room temperature for 24 h by adding 5 wt % of calcium chloride and a very small amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid showed the highest reduced viscosity in all of the polymers from 1,5-diaminonaphthalene. The reduced viscosity of poly(azomethine)s synthesized from 2,6-diaminonaphthalene with 2,6-diformylnaphthalene in m-cresol and with terephthalaldehyde in HMPA/DMSO were ηred = 0.35 and 0.36, respectively. The thermal analysis showed the poly(azomethine)s had high thermal stability and the glass-transition temperatures of these polymers are about 250 °C. The X-ray diffraction showed that they are partially crystalline. They could be polymerized again by second stage polycondensation in polyphosphoric acid. The reduced viscosities of the obtained polymers were about 2–5 times as high as that of the pristine polymers. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 1064–1072, 2000
Circulatory shock: An update A tribute to Professor Max Harry Weil (2012)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Interactions of non-polar and “Click-able” nucleotides in the confines of a DNA polymerase active site (2012)

Modified nucleotides play a paramount role in many cutting-edge biomolecular techniques. The present structural study highlights the plasticity and flexibility of the active site of a DNA polymerase while incorporating non-polar "Click-able" nucleotide analogs and emphasizes new insights into rational design guidelines for modified nucleotides.
Effect of an Ultrathin TiO2 Layer Coated on Submicrometer‐Sized ZnO Nanocrystallite Aggregates by Atomic Layer Deposition on the Performance of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (2010)

An ultrathin TiO2 layer is successfully coated on the surface of sub-m-sized aggregates of ZnO nanocrystallites through the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. The ZnO core/TiO2 shell structure increases the open-circuit voltage, without impairing the photocurrent density and results in an increased power conversion efficiency from 5.2% to 6.3%. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Kapaemahu: Toward Story Sovereignty of a Hawaiian Tradition of Healing and Gender Diversity (2022)

On Waikīkī Beach stand four large stones known as Kapaemahu (the row of mahu), which according to a traditional moolelo carry the living spirits of four individuals of dual male and female spirit who brought healing arts from Tahiti to Hawai'i. Although the stones have survived for centuries, they have often been mistreated, and their story has been altered to suppress the respected role of mahu. In this paper, we examine the history of the stones and their moolelo in the context of concurrent social, political, religious, and cultural developments in Hawai'i, including modern controversies over gender and sexuality. We also describe our own attempt to convey and transmit the moolelo of Kapaemahu through an animated film narrated in Olelo Ni'ihau. This type of multifactorial cultural and historical analysis is important for understanding the beliefs and values expressed by traditional moolelo, and it helps guide their future transmission and dissemination in a manner that reflects the concept of ea o moolelo, or story sovereignty: the intrinsic right of a story to its own unique contents, style, and purpose.
Studies with the haeme oxygenase inhibitor Sn-protoporphyrin in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and idiopathic haemochromatosis. (1990)

Sn(tin4+)-protoporphyrin, a potent competitive inhibitor of haeme oxygenase, the rate limiting enzyme in the degradation of haeme to bile pigments, was given intravenously to six patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and to four patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis. Serum bilirubin concentrations decreased in all patients after administration of 1-2 mumol/kg body weight of the metalloporphyrin, given in two doses eight to 24 hours apart. This reduction lasted approximately four to five days after injection of the compound. Excretion of endogenous haeme in bile increased (mean increase approximately two to threefold) in parallel with the decrease in serum bilirubin concentrations in both patient groups, and the highest biliary haeme concentrations were found during the first 48 hours after treatment. Sn-protoporphyrin was cleared rapidly from plasma with a half-life of 3.4 hours. Biliary bilirubin concentrations decreased (mean decrease, 49%) in the haemochromatosis patients after Sn-protoporphyrin administration. No decrease in biliary bilirubin concentrations could be detected in the primary biliary cirrhosis patients under the same conditions. Thus, Sn-protoporphyrin treatment resulted in a decrease in serum bilirubin concentrations and an increase in biliary haeme excretion in patients with haemochromatosis and primary biliary cirrhosis, as has previously been shown in normal subjects. The results indicate that the synthetic haeme analogue inhibits haeme oxidation activity in the two patient groups studied, as it does in normal people and in experimental animals. The lack of effect of Sn-protoporphyrin on biliary bilirubin excretion in primary biliary cirrhosis may be related to a differently affected hepatic clearance system or to a different distribution of tissue bilirubin pools in this condition.
Performance analysis of recovery techniques (1984)

Various logging and recovery techniques for centralized transaction-oriented database systems under performance aspects are described and discussed. The classification of functional principles that has been developed in a companion paper is used as a terminological basis. In the main sections, a set of analytic models is introduced and evaluated in order to compare the performance characteristics of nine different recovery techniques with respect to four key parameters and a set of other parameters with less influence. Finally, the results of model evaluation as well as the limitations of the models themselves are discussed.
Gold nanoparticle catalysts for the hydro-epoxidation of propene: an in-situ XANES and catalytic study into the adsorption of propene on gold (2008)

Gold nanoparticle catalysts for the direct epoxidation of propylene were studied. The hydrogen oxidation over gold was used as a probe reaction for the catalytic activity of the gold nanoparticles. Propylene adsorbed strongly on gold under reaction conditions typical for the hydro-epoxidation of propylene. Under propylene hydro-epoxidation reaction conditions, propylene was absorbing on gold nanoparticles. Propylene adsorption decreased the hydrogen oxidation rate and interacted with surface gold atoms. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the AIChE Spring National Meeting (New Orleans, LA 4/6-10/2008).
Small angle x-ray scattering for sub-100 nm pattern characterization (2003)

Characterization of sub-100 nm photolithographic patterns with nanometer scale resolution is demonstrated using small angle x-ray scattering. The transmission scattering geometry employed potentially enables high throughput measurements for future technology nodes of the semiconductor industry, organic and inorganic nanoscale devices, and three-dimensional structures. The method is demonstrated through the characterization of a series of polymer photoresist gratings using a synchrotron x-ray source. Quantities, such as periodicity and line width, are extracted using minimal modeling. Additional quantities and the potential of a laboratory-based x-ray system are briefly discussed.