gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hyperspectral image assessment of oil‐contaminated wetland (2005)

In exploring the nature of hyperspectral data, this study has focused on one of its most challenging applications—oil spill detection—in order to uncover the potential limits of such data. The classification performance of conventional techniques can be improved by testing the accuracy of the existing classifiers using a ground data image as a reference. Moreover, a created prototype demonstrates how hyperspectral data can supplement information on environmental deterioration due to oil pollution, specifically the Patuxent River wetland at the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland. The data allow an assessment of the current state of wetland losses and habitat changes due to oil pollution of local waters and associated wetlands. Airborne Imaging Spectro‐Radiometer for Applications (AISA) hyperspectral imagery was used for this study and the results were derived using the Environment for Visualizing Images (ENVI) software. The use of different classifiers showed low accuracy and class overlap for many classes. Therefore, a ground data image was created using maximum likelihood (ML) classification to compare the results of several classifiers and to assess the accuracy of each technique. Using 2D scatter plots for selecting regions of interest yielded more accurate results than digitizing polygons for training samples. It allowed precise identification of grass stress and soil damaged by polluted water.
Liver Steatosis Categorization on Contrast-Enhanced CT Using a Fully Automated Deep Learning Volumetric Segmentation Tool: Evaluation in 1204 Healthy Adults Using Unenhanced CT as a Reference Standard (2020)

<b>BACKGROUND.</b> Hepatic attenuation at unenhanced CT is linearly correlated with the MRI proton density fat fraction (PDFF). Liver fat quantification at contrast-enhanced CT is more challenging. <b>OBJECTIVE.</b> The purpose of this article is to evaluate liver steatosis categorization on contrast-enhanced CT using a fully automated deep learning volumetric hepatosplenic segmentation algorithm and unenhanced CT as the reference standard. <b>METHODS.</b> A fully automated volumetric hepatosplenic segmentation algorithm using 3D convolutional neural networks was applied to unenhanced and contrast-enhanced series from a sample of 1204 healthy adults (mean age, 45.2 years; 726 women, 478 men) undergoing CT evaluation for renal donation. The mean volumetric attenuation was computed from all designated liver and spleen voxels. PDFF was estimated from unenhanced CT attenuation and served as the reference standard. Contrast-enhanced attenuations were evaluated for detecting PDFF thresholds of 5% (mild steatosis, 10% and 15% (moderate steatosis); PDFF less than 5% was considered normal. <b>RESULTS.</b> Using unenhanced CT as reference, estimated PDFF was ≥ 5% (mild steatosis), ≥ 10%, and ≥ 15% (moderate steatosis) in 50.1% (<i>n</i> = 603), 12.5% (<i>n</i> = 151) and 4.8% (<i>n</i> = 58) of patients, respectively. ROC AUC values for predicting PDFF thresholds of 5%, 10%, and 15% using contrast-enhanced liver attenuation were 0.669, 0.854, and 0.962, respectively, and using contrast-enhanced liver-spleen attenuation difference were 0.662, 0.866, and 0.986, respectively. A total of 96.8% (90/93) of patients with contrast-enhanced liver attenuation less than 90 HU had steatosis (PDFF ≥ 5%); this threshold of less than 90 HU achieved sensitivity of 75.9% and specificity of 95.7% for moderate steatosis (PDFF ≥ 15%). Liver attenuation less than 100 HU achieved sensitivity of 34.0% and specificity of 94.2% for any steatosis (PDFF ≥ 5%). A total of 93.8% (30/32) of patients with contrast-enhanced liver-spleen attenuation difference 10 HU or less had moderate steatosis (PDFF ≥ 15%); a liver-spleen difference less than 5 HU achieved sensitivity of 91.4% and specificity of 95.0% for moderate steatosis. Liver-spleen difference less than 10 HU achieved sensitivity of 29.5% and specificity of 95.5% for any steatosis (PDFF ≥ 5%). <b>CONCLUSION.</b> Contrast-enhanced volumetric hepatosplenic attenuation derived using a fully automated deep learning CT tool may allow objective categoric assessment of hepatic steatosis. Accuracy was better for moderate than mild steatosis. Further confirmation using different scanning protocols and vendors is warranted. <b>CLINICAL IMPACT.</b> If these results are confirmed in independent patient samples, this automated approach could prove useful for both individualized and population-based steatosis assessment.
A low-frequency underwater sound source for seismic exploration. (2009)

A very low-frequency (1–10 Hz) sound source is needed for greater penetration in the earth below a water layer. A neutral buoyant acoustic dipole is proposed for this purpose. With the dipole positioned vertically near the pressure release surface, the upward wave produced is inverted and adds to the downward wave. A model of such a dipole to operate in the range 20–40 Hz was built. It was driven by an inertial force generator. It was tested in an 11-m deep tank under low signal/noise conditions. Only near field pressure and water loading could be measured. In order to get design parameters for a 1–10 Hz dipole, scaled experiments using dipoles operating in the 3–5 kHz region with adjustable source spacing and depth were built and tested. A trade-off between source spacing for greater sound pressure and depth for summing the two waves were studied. In the deep tank, near- and far-field pressures were measured. [This study was supported by EXXONMOBIL.]
III&#x2013;V FET high frequency model with drift and depletion charges (2011)

A formulation and implementation of the III-V FET nonlinear charge model decomposed into a combination of univariate voltage depletion charges and a bivariate mixed voltage-current dependent “drift” charge is presented. The concept is based on the principles used in well-established BJT models where depletion and diffusion charges are modeled separately. Analogous to the diffusion charge in BJT models, the drift charge represents the mobile carriers in the channel of the FET. The total charge depends on the depletion capacitances, drain current, and transit time, which links the FET charge model directly to the physical operation of the device. A measurement-based prototype model is demonstrated for a GaAs pHEMT using artificial neural networks to define the analytical constitutive relations of the depletion and drift charges.
Antiproliferative activity and apoptosis induced by retinoic acid receptor-gamma selectively binding retinoids in neuroblastoma. (1998)

Retinoids modulate several cell functions and especially inhibit the growth of tumor cells. Their biological activity is mediated by retinoic acid receptors (RARs), of which three subtypes (alpha, beta, gamma) have been identified. In human neuroblastoma (NB) reduced endogenous RAR-gamma expression was suggested to diminish the sensitivity for retinoids, to promote proliferation, and to contribute to the malignant phenotype. To correlate receptor selectivity with in vitro activity, we analysed the effect of six synthetic retinoids with selectivity for human RAR-alpha/beta/gamma on the human LAN-5 NB cell line and compared it with the natural compound all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Apoptosis was determined by flow-cytometry using terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase to end-label DNA fragments in situ in apoptotic cells. The antagonist for RAR-beta/gamma CD2665 as well as the selective agonists for RAR-alpha CD336 and RAR-beta CD2019 were less effective in growth inhibition than ATRA. In contrast, the synthetic RAR-gamma selective agonists CD437 and CD2325 induced a concentration- and time-dependent antiproliferative effect, which was similar or even more pronounced than ATRA. In contrast to ATRA, the adition of CD437 and CD2325 did not induce morphological changes typical of NB cell maturation but resulted in morphological features consistent with the occurrence of programmed cell death. Flow-cytometric analysis showed that in contrast to ATRA the addition of CD 437 and CD 2325 results in progressive time-dependent increase of apoptotic cells (25.9% and 57.7% after 72 hours). In conclusion, our study demonstrates RAR-gamma selectively binding retinoids dramatically suppress NB cell growth, primarily by inducing programmed cell death rather than by cell differentiation. Since advanced or disseminated NB tumors endogenously express low levels of RAR-gamma and lack of apoptosis is involved in tumor progression, RAR-gamma selectively binding retinoids may be more appropriate retinoids for clinical trials in NB.
Munitions Propellants Residue Deposition Rates On Military Training Ranges (2012)

Abstract Training with live munitions is an integral component of preparing the modern military for warfare. Energetic compounds, such as propellants and explosives, are consumed during the use of these munitions. These compounds are never fully consumed, however, and the deposition and accumulation of energetic residue on training ranges is the result. This paper summarizes 10 years of research into propellant deposition rates for common military munitions used in the USA and Canada. Research indicates that the firing of howitzers and tanks leave very little residue, the firing of mortars can result in moderate deposition of propellant residue, small‐arms firing positions have the potential for significant residue accumulation, and training with shoulder‐fired rockets and 40 mm machine guns can result in dangerous quantities of unburned propellants. Residue rates vary widely for the weapon systems tested, from 10 −6 % for large rocket systems to over 70 % for shoulder‐fired rockets.
A validation test for the Acoustic Footprint Mission Planning System (2008)

QinetiQ North America, Technology Solutions Group (QNA) and Wyle Laboratories have integrated two mature, proprietary technologies into a prototype Acoustic Footprint Mission Planning System. Wyle's Noise Model Simulation (NMSim) uses validated linear noise propagation routines in combination with ray-tracing algorithms based on weather data provided by QNA's Precision Airdrop System (WindPADS) to predict the time history of spectral noise levels from a flying aircraft at any number of user-defined receptor locations. Through interpolation over a ground-based receptor grid, the impact of noise propagated through a stratified atmosphere may be quantified in terms of audibility at any point inside the acoustic footprint. Weather data for the NMSim ray-tracing routines is extracted from the WindPADS three-dimensional forecast of wind, pressure, temperature and humidity in the atmosphere as a function of time. The three-dimensional field is the result of physical and dynamic assimilation of forecast and measured atmospheric data, with wind-forcing by the underlying terrain. This paper describes the results of a validation test performed at Yuma Proving Ground, AZ. It is shown that the noise propagation model predictions agree satisfactorily with the measurements of a C-130 cargo plane. [Work supported by Natick Soldier Center.]
Ultraviolet–visible ellipsometry for process control during the etching of submicrometer features (1995)

Microelectronics processing of ultralarge-scale-integration devices, which use increasingly thinner films and deep submicrometer design rules, requires sensitive diagnostic techniques to achieve tight process control. Film thickness and etched profiles are commonly characterized by postprocess and/or destructive techniques such as cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy. Because of its sensitivity and compatibility with plasma processing environments, in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry has become an extremely useful diagnostic for plasma etching applications, but until recently it was thought to require a sacrificial, unpatterned area on the wafer to provide film thickness information. We show that the applications of ellipsometry in microelectronics are no longer restricted to the control of uniform films or to unpatterned areas dedicated to film thickness measurement but extend also to monitoring the etching of multilayer stacks during the fabrication of submicrometer devices or gratings with high aspect ratios. Some new interpretation models are developed and presented.
Calibration and empirical Bayes variable selection (2000)

For the problem of variable selection for the normal linear model, selection criteria such as aic, Cp , bic and ric have fixed dimensionality penalties. Such criteria are shown to correspond to selection of maximum posterior models under implicit hyperparameter choices for a particular hierarchical Bayes formulation. Based on this calibration, we propose empirical Bayes selection criteria that use hyperparameter estimates instead of fixed choices. For obtaining these estimates, both marginal and conditional maximum likelihood methods are considered. As opposed to traditional fixed penalty criteria, these empirical Bayes criteria have dimensionality penalties that depend on the data. Their performance is seen to approximate adaptively the performance of the best fixed‐penalty criterion across a variety of orthogonal and nonorthogonal set‐ups, including wavelet regression. Empirical Bayes shrinkage estimators of the selected coefficients are also proposed.
Combined Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD) scores and response to neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy in triple-negative and/or BRCA1/2 mutation-associated breast cancer. (2015)

1018 Background: The HRD-LOH (loss of heterozygosity) score is significantly associated with favorable response to neoadjuvant platinum-based therapy in PrECOG 0105. We set out here to assess the combined HRD score, an unweighted sum of LOH, telomeric allelic imbalance (TAI) and large-scale state transitions (LST) scores. In combination, these measures are a more robust predictor of HR deficiency than the individual components. Methods: The HRD threshold was previously established by analyzing scores in a training cohort of 497 breast and 561 ovarian chemotherapy naive tumors with known defects in HR, and defining a cut-off with 95% sensitivity to detect those HR deficient tumors. This threshold, along with BRCA1/2 tumor mutation data, was used to predefine tumors from the PrECOG 0105 cohort (N = 93; 72 with molecular data) as either HR deficient (HRD score ≥ the threshold OR a tumor BRCA1/2 mutation) or HR non-deficient (HRD score < the threshold and no tumor BRCA1/2 mutation). Results: In univariate analysis, a HRD score ≥ 42 was significantly associated with both RCB 0/1 and pCR (p = 0.0086; p = 0.010). In addition, HR deficiency was significantly associated with both RCB 0/1 and pCR (OR = 5.00 [1.65, 15.2], p = 0.0029; OR = 6.65 [1.40, 31.6], p = 0.0050), and identified responders lacking a deleterious BRCA1/2 mutation. When the analysis was confined to tumors with intact BRCA1/2, HR deficiency was no longer significantly associated with RCB 0/1 or pCR; however power to detect this association was limited. HR deficiency remained a significant predictor of RCB 0/1 when the score was adjusted by clinical variables including grade, stage, cycles of chemotherapy, and age at diagnosis (p = 0.0075). Conclusions: In this study, HRD status provides significant improvement over clinical variables, or BRCA1/2 status, in identifying tumors with an increased likelihood of response to platinum-based neoadjuvant therapy among patients with TNBC. Clinical use of the HRD test has the potential to identify TNBC patients likely to respond beyond those currently identified by germline BRCA1/2 mutation screening. Prospective evaluation is warranted. Clinical trial information: NCT00540358.
Thermoregulatory responses during road races in hot-humid conditions at the 2019 Athletics World Championships (2023)

The purpose of this study was to characterize thermoregulatory and performance responses of elite road-race athletes, while competing in hot, humid, night-time conditions during the 2019 IAAF World Athletic Championships. Male and female athletes, competing in the 20 km racewalk (<i>n</i> = 20 males, 24 females), 50 km racewalk (<i>n</i> = 19 males, 8 females), and marathon (<i>n</i> = 15 males, 22 females) participated. Exposed mean skin (T<sub>sk</sub>) and continuous core body (T<sub>c</sub>) temperature were recorded with infrared thermography and ingestible telemetry pill, respectively. The range of ambient conditions (recorded roadside) was 29.3°C-32.7°C air temperature, 46%-81% relative humidity, 0.1-1.7 m·s<sup>-1</sup> air velocity, and 23.5°C-30.6°C wet bulb globe temperature. T<sub>c</sub> increased by 1.5 ± 0.1°C but mean T<sub>sk</sub> decreased by 1.5 ± 0.4°C over the duration of the races. T<sub>sk</sub> and T<sub>c</sub> changed most rapidly at the start of the races and then plateaued, with T<sub>c</sub> showing a rapid increase again at the end, in a pattern mirroring pacing. Performance times were between 3% and 20% (mean = 113 ± 6%) longer during the championships compared with the personal best (PB) of athletes. Overall mean performance relative to PB was correlated with the wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) of each race (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.89), but not with thermophysiological variables (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> ≤ 0.3). As previously reported in exercise heat stress, in this field study T<sub>c</sub> rose with exercise duration, whereas T<sub>sk</sub> showed a decline. The latter contradicts the commonly recorded rise and plateau in laboratory studies at similar ambient temperatures but without realistic air movement.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> This paper provides a kinetic observation of both core and skin temperatures in 108 elite athletes, during various outdoor competition events, adding to the very limited data so far available in the literature taken during elite competitions. The field skin temperature findings contrast previous laboratory findings, likely due to differences in relative air velocity and its impact on the evaporation of sweat. The rapid rise in skin temperature following cessation of exercise highlights the importance of infrared thermography measurements being taken during motion, not during breaks, when being used as a measurement of skin temperature during exercise.
Influence on [18F]FDG uptake by cancer cells after anti-PD-1 therapy in an enforced-immune activated mouse tumor (2020)

[<sup>18</sup>F]FDG uptake in cancer cells after anti-PD-1 treatment might be affected by the tumor immune microenvironment including immune cell infiltration, composition, and activation status.
A Kinetic Study on the Reaction of Labeled Sulfur Compounds with Steel Surfaces during Boundary Lubrication (1965)

The kinetic study of the reaction between steel surfaces and lubricants containing labeled sulfur compounds was carried out by using an NACA-type friction machine with line contact. When the line contact apparatus is used, a correction term should be added to the theoretical equation for a point contact to apply the empirical results. Apparently the effective surface concentration of sulfur compounds decreased markedly as the sliding velocity increased in speed. Elementary sulfur had less than good lubricating properties and readily made surface temperatures rise, but both dibenzyl disulfide and diphenyl disulfide behaved as effective lubricants over the whole range of sliding velocities. The increase of compressive pressure on frictional surface did not affect the chemical activity of the sulfur compounds, but did increase the reacting regions of frictional surface. The thickness of FeS film effective in the reduction of friction was calculated to be about 30–50 layers of FeS under dynamic conditions. The thickness of iron contributing to the reaction was also calculated.
Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Oligometastatic Disease in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (2019)

Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with a limited survival when treated with palliative intent platinum-based chemotherapy alone. Recent advances in imaging and therapeutic strategy have identified a subset of patients with limited metastases who may benefit from early local ablative therapy with either surgery or radiotherapy, in addition to standard treatment. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is increasingly used in the treatment of extra-cranial oligometastatic NSCLC (OM-NSCLC) due its non-invasive conduct and ability to deliver high doses. Clinical evidence supporting the use of SBRT in OM-NSCLC is emerging and consistently demonstrates significant benefit in local control and progression-free survival. Here, we discuss the definition of oligometastases (OM), review current available data on SBRT treatment in extra-cranial OM-NSCLC including evidence for site-specific SBRT in lung, liver, and adrenal metastases.
Implementation and verification of numerical model for gas bubble dynamics in electroconductive fluid (2013)

Apart from common steam reforming process the thermal decomposition of methane is regarded as an alternate route to producing hydrogen and elemental carbon with out of CO2 emissions. Chemical reaction of decarburation can be ensured by means of methane bubbly flow through a molten metal bath and additionally controlled by external electromagnetic field. This is the initial stage of research and preliminary calculation results for the single bubble rise dynamics in 2D axisymmetric consideration at different flow conditions and 2D planar consideration in the presence of external DC EM field are obtained and compared to experimental and simulation data from literature.
Using Electronic Patient Records to Discover Disease Correlations and Stratify Patient Cohorts (2011)

Electronic patient records remain a rather unexplored, but potentially rich data source for discovering correlations between diseases. We describe a general approach for gathering phenotypic descriptions of patients from medical records in a systematic and non-cohort dependent manner. By extracting phenotype information from the free-text in such records we demonstrate that we can extend the information contained in the structured record data, and use it for producing fine-grained patient stratification and disease co-occurrence statistics. The approach uses a dictionary based on the International Classification of Disease ontology and is therefore in principle language independent. As a use case we show how records from a Danish psychiatric hospital lead to the identification of disease correlations, which subsequently can be mapped to systems biology frameworks.
Non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic tonic component of the electrically-evoked contractions of guinea pig ileum. (1988)

Contractile responses of the longitudinal muscle layer of guinea pig ileum to 40-sec electrical field stimulation (0.8 msec, 20 V) applied at frequencies of 5 Hz or 30 Hz consisted in a fast phasic contraction followed by a low-amplitude tonic component. Atropin (3 microM) and prazosine (1 microM) decreased significantly the amplitude of the phasic contraction and had less influence on the tonic component. SC 19220 (50 microM) additionally lowered both the fast and the tonic contractions, the inhibitory effect being more pronounced on the tonic component. It is suggested that prostaglandins released during electrical stimulation could be involved in the non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic tonic component of the contractile responses.