gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Divergent Evolutionary and Expression Patterns between Lineage Specific New Duplicate Genes and Their Parental Paralogs in Arabidopsis thaliana (2013)

Gene duplication is an important mechanism for the origination of functional novelties in organisms. We performed a comparative genome analysis to systematically estimate recent lineage specific gene duplication events in Arabidopsis thaliana and further investigate whether and how these new duplicate genes (NDGs) play a functional role in the evolution and adaption of A. thaliana. We accomplished this using syntenic relationship among four closely related species, A. thaliana, A. lyrata, Capsella rubella and Brassica rapa. We identified 100 NDGs, showing clear origination patterns, whose parental genes are located in syntenic regions and/or have clear orthologs in at least one of three outgroup species. All 100 NDGs were transcribed and under functional constraints, while 24% of the NDGs have differential expression patterns compared to their parental genes. We explored the underlying evolutionary forces of these paralogous pairs through conducting neutrality tests with sequence divergence and polymorphism data. Evolution of about 15% of NDGs appeared to be driven by natural selection. Moreover, we found that 3 NDGs not only altered their expression patterns when compared with parental genes, but also evolved under positive selection. We investigated the underlying mechanisms driving the differential expression of NDGs and their parents, and found a number of NDGs had different cis-elements and methylation patterns from their parental genes. Overall, we demonstrated that NDGs acquired divergent cis-elements and methylation patterns and may experience sub-functionalization or neo-functionalization influencing the evolution and adaption of A. thaliana.
2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2â²-(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl (2009)

[213697-53-1] C26H36NP (MW 393.55) InChI = 1/C26H36NP/c1-27(2)25-19-11-9-17-23(25)24-18-10-12-20-26(24)28(21-13-5-3-6-14-21)22-15-7-4-8-16-22/h9-12,17-22H,3-8,13-16H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = InChIKey = ZEMZPXWZVTUONV-UHFFFAOYAU (reagent used as a ligand for palladium catalysts in a variety of C–N and C–C bond forming reactions) Physical Data: mp 115–119 °C. Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: white crystals, commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H and 31P NMR. Preparative Methods: synthesized from 2-(N,N-dimethylamino) phenylmagnesium chloride, 2-bromochlorobenzene, and chlorodicyclohexylphosphine in the presence of magnesium (eq 1).1, 30 (1) Purification: typically used as obtained from commercial sources. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Low reactivity towards air oxidation, although commonly stored under nitrogen in a dessicator. Irritating to the respiratory tract, skin and eyes. May be harmful if swallowed. Long term effects are unknown.
Thin and hermetic packaging process for flat panel display application (2002)

Abstract This paper presents a study on the tubeless Plasma Display Panel (PDP) packaging using glass‐to‐glass electrostatic bonding with intermediate amorphous silicon. The bonded sample sealing the mixed gas with three species showed high strength ranging from 2.5 MPa to 4 MPa. The glass‐to‐glass bonding for packaging was performed at a low temperature of 180 °C by applying bias of 250 V dc in ambient of mixed gases of He‐Ne(27 %)‐Xe(3 %). The tubeless packaging was accomplished by bonding the support glass plate of 30 mm×50 mm on the rear glass panel and the capping glass of 20 mm×20 mm. The 4‐inch color AC‐PDP with thickness of 8 mm was successfully fabricated and fully emitted as white color at a firing voltage of 190V.
Study of individual trans‐ and cis‐16∶1 isomers in cow, goat, and ewe cheese fats by gas‐liquid chromatography with emphasis on the trans‐Δ3 isomer (2000)

Low-temperature gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) was applied to study the distribution profiles of isomeric trans- and cis-hexadecenoic acids in ruminant (cow, goat, and ewe) milk fat after their fractionation by argentation thin-layer chromatography (Ag-TLC). The fat was extracted from cheeses (12 samples of each species), the most common foods made with goat and ewe milks. The predominant trans-16:1 isomer is palmitelaidic acid (the delta9 isomer), but it does not exceed one-third of the total group, which itself represents 0.17% (cow), 0.16% (goat), and 0.26% (ewe) of the total fatty acids. The trans-delta3 16:1 isomer, which is reported for the first time in ruminant lipids and which likely comes from the animals' feed, is present at a level of ca. 10% of the trans-16:1 acid group. Otherwise, all isomers with their ethylenic bond between positions delta4 and delta14 are observed in the three species studied, roughly showing the same relative distribution pattern. Quantitatively, the trans-16:1 isomers only represent ca. 5% of the sum of the trans-16:1 plus trans-18:1 isomers, and they appear of little importance in comparison. It is inferred from this and recent studies that some previously reported data that were established for consumption assessments dealt in fact mainly with iso-17:0 acid, which was confused with (and added to) trans-delta9 (palmitelaidic) acid; consequently, these results were large over-estimates. Regarding the cis-16:1 acids, the delta9 isomer is the prominent constituent as expected, but the second-most important isomer is the delta13 isomer. It does not appear that trans-16:1 isomers are from ruminant milk fats of great nutritional importance as compared with trans-18:1 isomeric acids. As for trans18:1 isomers, the combination Ag-TLC/GLC is a necessary procedure to quantitate trans-16:1 acids accurately and reliably. Ag-TLC allows removal of interfering branched 17:0 acids and cis-16:1 acids, and low-temperature GLC permits an accurate measurement of all individual isomers most of which with baseline resolution.
Colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica en pacientes con asa en Y-de-Roux (2012)

The reconstruction of the digestive tract with a Roux-en-Y anastomosis has been performed more frequently in the last years mainly due to the overgrowth in the surgical treatment of obesity by gastric bypass in Roux-en-Y. The obesity pandemic is also associated with an increase in both the preoperative and postoperative diagnosis of gallstones in this population. Bearing in mind the greater complexity of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in these circumstances, the authors have reviewed the various endoscopic approaches available, evaluating 249 articles published between 1990 and 2010 obtained from Medline, Cochrane and Scielo, excluding case reports and articles outside the specifi c scope of this study. Endoscopic techniques with high success rates include the use of enteroscope, colonoscope, enteral and transgastric access combined with surgery. Even with the technological progress already made, further development of the instruments used will be necessary if greater comfort and safety is to be achieved with this procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Construction of a 2,8‐Dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Ring System via [2,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Oxonium Ylide Using Chiral Dirhodium(II) Carboxylates. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
RETRACTED: Unclicking the Click: Mechanically Facilitated 1,3-Dipolar Cycloreversions (2011)

The specific targeting of covalent bonds in a local, anisotropic fashion using mechanical methods offers useful opportunities to direct chemical reactivity down otherwise prohibitive pathways. Here, we report that embedding the highly inert 1,2,3-triazole moiety (which is often prepared using the canonical "click" coupling of azides and alkynes) within a poly(methyl acrylate) chain renders it susceptible to ultrasound-induced cycloreversion, as confirmed by comprehensive spectroscopic and chemical analyses. Such reactivity offers the opportunity to develop triazoles as mechanically labile protecting groups or for use in readily accessible materials that respond to mechanical force.
Screening for Specific Recombinant Clones (2021)

The ability to isolate and characterize specific recombinant clones from genomic and cDNA libraries has greatly advanced our understanding of the organization, intracellular localization, structure, expression, and regulation of the genetic material in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. The successful identification, isolation, and cloning of desired genes has permitted the expression of recombinant proteins for a wide range of research, agricultural, and medical applications, including the successful diagnosis of infectious and human genetic diseases, the diagnosis of animal and plant pathogens, and the identification of specific genes in animal and plant breeding.
Stable adaptive controller design, part II: Proof of stability (1980)

The paper presents a proof of stability of model reference adaptive control systems using direct control. The structure of the adaptive system is similar to that considered by Monopoli [1] and Narendra and Valavani [2] but contains an additional feedback term which ensures that the time derivative of the parameter error vector belongs to the L <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> space. The output of the plant is shown to be bounded by expressing the plant feedback loop as an exponentially stable system with a time-varying gain <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\dot{\phi}(\cdot)\in L^{2}</tex> in the feedback path.
Transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve implantation for failed aortic bioprosthesis (2012)

Percutaneous valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis has been shown to be an alternative treatment option for high surgical risk patients. We describe our first valve-in-valve procedure in a patient with a degenerated aortic bioprosthesis and severe regurgitation.
Brainstem lesions and gustatory function: III. The role of the nucleus of the solitary tract and the parabrachial nucleus in retention of a conditioned taste aversion in rats. (1997)

Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) or ibotenic acid lesions of the pontine parabrachial nuclei (PBN) failed to disrupt retention of a preoperatively acquired conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to 0.3 M alanine. For both sham- and NST-lesioned rats, the CTA persisted following 3 nonreinforced conditioned stimulus (CS) presentations. For PBN-lesioned rats, retention was more labile. The preoperatively acquired CTA was extinguished by the 3rd nonreinforced CS exposure. When assessed postoperatively using a novel CS, NST-lesioned rats acquired a new CTA, although they were rendered anosmic with zinc sulfate (P. S. Grigson, T. Shimura, & R. Norgren, 1997). Rats with PBN lesions, however, failed to acquire a second CTA postoperatively. Thus, the PBN is essential for the acquisition of a CTA, but neither of the brainstem gustatory nuclei need be intact for the retention of a preoperatively acquired CTA.
Cyclopentane Formation via the Ene Reaction of Olefinic Aldehydes (1978)

Abstract The Lewis acid catalyzed cyclization of olefinic aldehydes has now found frequent use in natural products synthesis. The literature examples, although all the formation of ortho-fused rings, fall into two distinct classes based on the nature of the fused six-center cyclic transition state: meta (A) or ortho (B).
Computer vision for homeland security: a perspective on its promise and pitfalls (2006)

In a matter of only about three decades, Computer vision as a discipline has made a significant impact on a number of diverse application domains. Beginning from the seventies through the nineties, computer vision started proving its practical value in a wide range of diverse application domains including medical diagnostics, manufacturing, environmental monitoring, space exploration, and military systems such as automatic target recognition, precision weapons, and reconnaissance.
A Trp11Arg Substitution in the β3 Signal Peptide Prevents Expression of αIIbβ3 in Patients with Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (2022)

Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) as a rare hereditary bleeding disease is linked to abnormalities in quality or quantity of the IIb3 integrin on the platelet surface. 1 The hallmark of this disease is severely reduced platelet aggregation in response to platelet agonists. 2 Numerous mutations in ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes were identified in patients with GT. 3 For ITGB3, gene mutations are categorized in three types: mutations which cause a lack of protein expression (GT type I, <5% of normal), mutations which lead to reduced expression of functional or nonfunctional IIb3 (GT type II, 5-15% of normal), and mutations which lead to the production of normal amounts of nonfunctional proteins on platelet surface (GT type III). Responsible mutations are distributed across all 3 domains. 5-7
VarietyCash: a multi-purpose electronic payment system (1998)

VarietyCash is a new electronic money system which strikes a balance between functionality, security, and user privacy. The system can encompass both network and stored-value card based payment mechanisms, with transferability between them, hence the name.
Limitations of Hyperspectral Earth Observation on Small Satellites (2012)

Small satellites offer the means for a consolidated strategy for fast, economical access to space. Their role in na tional and regional programs is of great value in today’s world, as they provide affordable means to obtain remote sensing data. This has proven to be especially useful for developing countries, many of which encompass large and remote expanses of territory. The high degree of development of small satellite technology facilitates increasing capabilities of onboard Earth Observation (EO) sensors. With missions already operating in the high resolution range (< 5 m) and several spectral bands, the performance of these sensors will be soon limited by the laws of physics. Newly envisaged small satellite missions include plans for an increasingly high number of bands – reaching up to hundreds of them – while maintaining good spatial resolution. This imposes a challenge in the coverage, the spatial resolution, and the quality of the data that can be obtained with these systems. In this paper, we analyze the restrictions facing hyperspectral sensors on small platforms caused by the limited volume and power available. The constraints imposed by the physics of optics on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the modulation transfer function (MTF) are also described, as well as the problems arising from the large amounts of data generated by such missions.
BP-MVSNet: Belief-Propagation-Layers for Multi-View-Stereo (2020)

In this work, we propose BP-MVSNet, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based Multi-View-Stereo (MVS) method that uses a differentiable Conditional Random Field (CRF) layer for regularization. To this end, we propose to extend the BP layer [16] and add what is necessary to successfully use it in the MVS setting. We therefore show how we can calculate a normalization based on the expected 3D error, which we can then use to normalize the label jumps in the CRF. This is required to make the BP layer invariant to different scales in the MVS setting. In order to also enable fractional label jumps, we propose a differentiable interpolation step, which we embed into the computation of the pairwise term. These extensions allow us to integrate the BP layer into a multi-scale MVS network, where we continuously improve a rough initial estimate until we get high quality depth maps as a result. We evaluate the proposed BP-MVSNet in an ablation study and conduct extensive experiments on the DTU, Tanks and Temples and ETH3D data sets. The experiments show that we can significantly outperform the baseline and achieve state-of-the-art results.
Managing the Neurotoxicity of Paclitaxel (Taxol®) and Docetaxel (Taxotere®) with Neurotrophic Factors (2000)

Paclitaxel and the related compound docetaxel are diterpine alkaloids (taxoids) that have demonstrated significant efficacy against a variety of different tumors, including carcinomas of the ovary, breast, head and neck, and lung (1–5). Paclitaxel was originally isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia, during a screening program looking for natural antitumor agents sponsored by the National Cancer Institute in 1971 (6). Before 1993, paclitaxel was referred to as taxol. The Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Princeton, NJ) registered the name Taxol®, and the generic name paclitaxel was approved. Paclitaxel binds to tubulin and promotes microtubule polymerization (7,8). In tissue culture, paclitaxel causes abnormal bundles of microtubules to form throughout the cytoplasm, disrupting normal cell functions such as proliferation (8). Docetaxel has a similar mechanism of action in that it also binds to the β-subunit of tubulin, inducing polymerization, but may be more potent than paclitaxel (9).
Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2014)

Background: COPD patients are at increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE however remains under-diagnosed in this population and the clinical profile of VTE in COPD is unclear. Methods: Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages II-IV participants in the COPD G
Paper test card for detection of adulterated milk (2017)

The MilkPAD can colorimetrically detect a variety of starches, urea, glucose, and sucrose with greater than 90% sensitivity and specificity.
Improved spectral robustness of triple tandem solar cells by combined series/parallel interconnection (2004)

An improved interconnection of individual solar cells within a two-terminal triple-tandem solar cell is discussed. Limiting efficiency calculations for this modified triple-tandem solar cell, in which two series-connected bottom cells are connected in parallel to the top cell, are presented and compared to the results that are obtained for a conventional fully series-connected tandem cell. It is shown that the variation of the limiting efficiency with changing illumination conditions is smaller with the improved interconnection scheme, i.e., the latter is spectrally more robust, which is particularly important for terrestrial applications. It is also shown that, fundamentally, high efficiencies may be obtained with this scheme over a much wider range of material combinations, compared to a series-connected tandem. The limiting efficiency calulations are presented for different degrees of idealization and some technical issues involved in the realization of the suggested scheme are discussed.
Functionalization of Graphene Oxide and its Biomedical Applications (2015)

Graphene oxide (GO) offers interesting physicochemical and biological properties for biomedicine due to its versatility, biocompatibility, small size, large surface area, and its ability to interact with biological cells and tissues. GO is a two-dimensional material of exceptional strength, unique optical, physical, mechanical, and electronic properties. Ease of functionalization and high antibacterial activity are two major properties identified with GO. Due to its excellent aqueous processability, amphiphilicity, surface functionalization capability, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and fluorescence quenching ability, GO chemically exfoliated from oxidized graphite is considered a promising material for biological applications. In addition, due to π-π* transitions, a low energy is required for electron movement, a property important in Biosensor and Bioimaging applications of GO. In this article, we present an overview of current advances in GO applications in biomedicine and discuss future perspectives. We conclude that GO is going to play a vital role in Biomedical applications in the near future.
Sektorkopplung - Definition, Chancen und Herausforderungen (2022)

[Einleitung und Motivation] Sektorkopplung bzw. Sektorenkopplung ist in den letzten Jahren in der Energie- und Klimapolitik als neue Begrifflichkeit aufgetaucht. Der hohe politische Stellenwert der Sektorkopplung in der heutigen energiepolitischen Diskussion spiegelt sich unter anderem im Klimaschutzplan 2050 (BMUB 2016) und in dem Grünbuch Energieeffizienz (BMWi 2016a) wider. Sektorkopplung soll einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Erreichung ambitionierter Klimaschutzziele durch den verstärkten Einsatz von erneuerbarem Strom in den Sektoren Verkehr, Wärme und Industrie zur Substitution von fossilen Energieträgern leisten (siehe BMWi 2016a; BMUB 2016; aber auch RP-Energie-Lexikon 2017; Wietschel 2015a). Auch in weiten Teilen der Energiewirtschaft besteht ein Interesse an Sektorkopplung zur Erschließung neuer Optimierungs- und Geschäftsmöglichkeiten innerhalb eines sich verändernden Energiesystems (vgl. BDEW 2017a; DVGW 2017). Nicht zuletzt widmet sich auch der wissenschaftliche Diskurs der Sektorkopplung. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen sind derzeit die Möglichkeiten und konkreten Ausgestaltungsformen einer Kopplung unterschiedlicher Sektoren bzw. Teilsysteme aus ökologischer, ökonomischer, technischer, regulatorischer und sozialwissenschaftlicher Sicht (u. a. IWES et al. 2015; Ecke et al. 2016, dena 2017a, Acatech 2017, Wietschel et al. 2015). Wenngleich die Erforderlichkeit sowie die zukünftige Ausgestaltung der Sektorkopplung seitens Politik, Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft derzeit intensiv diskutiert werden, existiert bislang keine einheitliche und umfängliche Definition. Statt-dessen liegen mitunter deutlich abweichende Auffassungen des Begriffs vor und es existieren eine Reihe von Definitionen bzw. Verständnisse des Begriffs Sektorkopplung nebeneinander. Eine Literatursichtung führt dazu, dass einige Autorinnen und Autoren Sektorkopplung eher sehr eng fassen und darunter nur die Umwandlung von Erneuerbaren (Überschuss-)Strom in Gase oder Flüssigkeiten fassen. Andere wiederum unter Sektorkopplung alle Aspekte der Verzahnung von energierelevanten Sektoren verstehen und hier lediglich eine Abgrenzung zu Lösungen sehen, die nur innerhalb eines Sektors auftreten, wie die Eigennutzung von einer Dach-PV-Anlage im Haus [...].
Fluid Tagging for CT Colonography (2010)

Oral administration of a small volume hyperosmolar oral contrast agent 2 hours before CTC results in satisfactory colonic opacification in the majority of patients. Adding same-day fluid tagging in incomplete colonoscopy patients presenting for completion CTC should result in adequate fluid opacification for most of the colon, especially proximal segments not visualized at the time of incomplete colonoscopy.
Second-harmonic generation in UV-poled germanosilicate glass (1997)

Large second-harmonic generation (SHG) in a germanosilicate glass, induced by electrical poling with UV-irradiation at 193nm, is reported. Obtained SHG coefficient, d, in a UV-poled glass was found to exceed d 22 of LiNbO 3 .