gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generation of high order spatially coherent harmonics from solid targets by femtosecond laser pulses (2003)

Summary form only given. Laser-matter interaction at high intensity provides a variety of new schemes for the production of ultrashort pulses of short wavelength radiation. Rapid progress has been made in the generation of optical harmonics of high order in noble gases, and a few hundred harmonic orders have been observed. More recently, harmonic generation of laser light upon reflection from the plasma-vacuum boundary has attracted considerable attention both in experiment and in theory. High conversion efficiencies and no high-frequency limit are predicted for harmonic generation at the intensities approaching relativistic level. A sharp plasma-vacuum interface is essential for this type of harmonic generation. With the use of relatively long pumping pulses, when the hydrodynamic expansion of the target was counteracted by the pondermotive forces, up to 75 harmonic has been observed. However the harmonics were generated not in the specular direction, but distributed in a wide angle. This paper describes new results on the observation of high order harmonics using femtosecond pulses, when the target hydrodynamic expansion during the laser pulse can be neglected and spatially coherent harmonics are expected.
Early application of haemostatic powder added to standard management for oesophagogastric variceal bleeding: a randomised trial (2018)

NCT03061604.
Nature and specificity of amyloid fibril binding by serum amyloid P component (1999)

Serum amyloid P component (SAP) binds to amyloid fibrils in vitro, is a universal constituent of amyloid deposits in vivo (1), and contributes to their pathogenesis (2). We have previously proposed (3) that SAP recognizes exposed beta-turns connecting the beta-strands of the cross-beta core structure that is common to all amyloid fibrils, regardless of the native fold of their respective precursor proteins (4). Here we show that SAP binds equally well to ex vivo amyloid fibrils of amyloid A protein (AA), monoclonal light chain (AL) and apolipoprotein A-1 type. and to amyloid fibrils produced in vitro from pure natural or synthetic proteins or peptides, including Alzheimer's disease A beta, transthyretin (TTR), insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Binding was inhibited by amyloid fibrils composed of full length proteins or peptides but not by either the same proteins in native soluble form or by amyloid fibrils composed of shea synthetic peptides, including fragments of TTR and IAPP, that are unlikely to form beta-turns. The experimental evidence for recognition of beta-turns by SAP is supported by our capacity to precisely model the binding, in the calcium dependent ligand binding pocket of SAP, of a beta-turn with an apical aspartate residue.
An instrument for measuring the tensile properties of powders at elevated temperature and in the presence of electric fields (1976)

A new method is described for measuring the tensile strength of weak powder compacts by applying stress to a vertical powder test piece, formed and supported by the glass and metal surfaces of a split cell. Tension is applied by slowly stretching a long vertical spring to which the upper powder support is attached, until brittle fracture occurs at the unsupported waist of the test piece. Tensile strength is calculated from the spring elongation at fracture. The instrument is designed to measure tensile strengths in the range 10-2000 N m-2 at temperatures up to 200 degrees C. There are two modes of operation for separate or joint determination of shear and tensile properties. The ability to function in the presence of high electric fields (up to 2 kV mm-1) is an additional feature of the equipment.
LIDAR-based Extreme Event Control to Prevent Wind Turbine Overspeed (2013)

This paper describes a controller designed to prevent rotor overspeed in response to incoming wind gusts. A Light Detection and Ranging system is used in conjunction with a Cumulative Summation test to detect an oncoming gust. In addition, the ouput estimation error is monitored. Upon detection of a gust or a large output estimation error, the control system switches from a baseline controller to an extreme event controller that reduces the risk of rotor overspeed. Switching controllers takes place through the use of linear interpolation, a bumpless transfer technique. After the gust has passed the turbine, control switches back to the baseline controller. Finally, the switching controller is compared to a nonswitching controller in simulations using both extreme operating gusts and turbulent winds.
Energy-based method for near real-time modeling of sound field in complex urban environments (2011)

Prediction of the sound field in large urban environments has been limited thus far by the computational heaviness of standard numerical methods such as boundary element (BE) or finite-difference time-domain methods. Recently, a considerable amount of work has been devoted to developing energy-based methods for this application, and results have shown the potential to compete with conventional methods. However, these developments have been limited to 2-D models, and no real description of the phenomena at issue has been exposed. Here, the mathematical theory of diffusion is used to predict the sound field in complete 3-D complex urban environments. A 3-D diffusion equation is implemented by means of a simple finite-difference scheme and applied to two different types of urban configurations. This modeling approach is validated against BE and geometrical acoustic solutions, showing a good overall agreement. The role played by diffraction near the source is discussed, and suggestions are made on the possibility to accurately predict the sound field in complex urban environments in near real time simulations.
Treating Amblyopia with Liquid Crystal Glasses: A Pilot Study (2010)

PURPOSE. To evaluate the use of liquid crystal glasses (LCG) for the treatment of amblyopia caused by refractive errors, strabismus, or both. METHODS. In this noncomparative, prospective, interventional case series, 28 children (age range, 4-7.8 years) with monocular amblyopia participated, of which 24 completed the study. In the LCG, the occluding and nonoccluding phases of the flicker were electronically set in all patients at a fixed rate. The rate was set so that accumulated occlusion was 5 hours during 8 hours' weartime. Occlusion was applied only to the good eye. All 24 children were followed up regularly for 9 months. Best corrected VA for distance and near, fixation patterns, and binocular function were measured. VA for distance was measured with the Snellen chart and for near with the Rossano/Weiss chart. RESULTS. Mean VA for distance at the end of the study (after 9 months) was 0.59 (SD, 0.16) compared with 0.27 (SD, 0.09) at the beginning (P < 0.001). Most of the children (92%) complied well with the treatment. (Good compliance was defined as wearing the LCG for at least 8 hours per day.) Stereopsis at the end of treatment was good (better than 60 sec arc) in 21% of the children compared with 8% at the beginning. No serious adverse events were recorded. CONCLUSIONS. The use of LCG in patients with amblyopia yielded an improvement in near and distance VA and in stereopsis. Treatment was well accepted by children and parents.
Structural and physical properties of 99 complex bulk chalcogenides crystals using first-principles calculations (2021)

Chalcogenide semiconductors and glasses have many applications in the civil and military fields, especially in relation to their electronic, optical and mechanical properties for energy conversion and in enviormental materials. However, they are much less systemically studied and their fundamental physical properties for a large class chalcogenide semiconductors are rather scattered and incomplete. Here, we present a detailed study using well defined first-principles calculations on the electronic structure, interatomic bonding, optical, and mechanical properties for 99 bulk chalcogenides including thirteen of these crytals which have never been calculated. Due to their unique composition and structures, these 99 bulk chalcogenides are divided into two main groups. The first group contains 54 quaternary crystals with the structure composition (A<sub>2</sub>BCQ<sub>4</sub>) (A = Ag, Cu; B = Zn, Cd, Hg, Mg, Sr, Ba; C = Si, Ge, Sn; Q = S, Se, Te), while the second group contains scattered ternary and quaternary chalcogenide crystals with a more diverse composition (A<sub>x</sub>B<sub>y</sub>C<sub>z</sub>Q<sub>n</sub>) (A = Ag, Cu, Ba, Cs, Li, Tl, K, Lu, Sr; B = Zn, Cd, Hg, Al, Ga, In, P, As, La, Lu, Pb, Cu, Ag; C = Si, Ge, Sn, As, Sb, Bi, Zr, Hf, Ga, In; Q = S, Se, Te; [Formula: see text], 2, 3; [Formula: see text], 1, 2, 5; [Formula: see text], 1, 2 and [Formula: see text], 4, 5, 6, 9). Moreover, the total bond order density (TBOD) is used as a single quantum mechanical metric to characterize the internal cohesion of these crystals enabling us to correlate them with the calculated properties, especially their mechanical properties. This work provides a very large database for bulk chalcogenides crucial for the future theoretical and experimental studies, opening opportunities for study the properties and potential application of a wide variety of chalcogenides.
Efficient beacon placement for network tomography (2004)

Recent interest in using tomography for network monitoring has raised the fundamental issue of whether it is possible to use only a small number of probing nodes (beacons) for monitoring all edges of a network in the presence of dynamic routing. Past work has shown that minimizing the number of beacons is NP-hard, and has provided approximate solutions that may be fairly suboptimal. In this paper, we use a two-pronged approach to compute an efficient beacon set: (i) we formulate the need for, and design algorithms for, computing the set of edges that can be monitored by a beacon under all possible routing states; and (ii) we minimize the number of beacons used to monitor all network edges. We show that the latter problem is NP-complete and use an approximate placement algorithm that yields beacon sets of sizes within 1+<i>ln</i>(|<i>E</i>|) of the optimal solution, where E is the set of edges to be monitored. Beacon set computations for several Rocketfuel ISP topologies indicate that our algorithm may reduce the number of beacons yielded by past solutions by more than 50%.
Magnetic domain structures and dynamics of CoTaZr/Cr multilayered films (1994)

The permeability, domain structure, and dynamic magnetization change of CoTaZr/Cr multilayered stripes are studied. The frequency dependence of permeability is improved by lamination with Cr layers, which eliminates the closure domain structure. An edge curling wall (ECW) is observed near the edge of the multilayered stripes. The width of the ECW agrees well with calculations and is independent of stripe width. The magnetization in the ECW is difficult to rotate by the external magnetic field; therefore, the permeability of a narrow stripe is less than that of wider stripes.
Feasibility of LWR subcritical reactivity monitoring using the /sub 252/ CF-driven neutron noise method (1982)

Micromagnetometers, together with inertial sensors, are widely used for attitude estimation for a wide variety of applications. However, appropriate sensor calibration, which is essential to the accuracy of attitude reconstruction, must be performed in advance. Thus far, many different magnetometer calibration methods have been proposed to compensate for errors such as scale, offset, and nonorthogonality. They have also been used for obviate magnetic errors due to soft and hard iron. However, in order to combine the magnetometer with inertial sensor for attitude reconstruction, alignment difference between the magnetometer and the axes of the inertial sensor must be determined as well. This paper proposes a practical means of sensor error correction by simultaneous consideration of sensor errors, magnetic errors, and alignment difference. We take the summation of the offset and hard iron error as the combined bias and then amalgamate the alignment difference and all the other errors as a transformation matrix. A two-step approach is presented to determine the combined bias and transformation matrix separately. In the first step, the combined bias is determined by finding an optimal ellipsoid that can best fit the sensor readings. In the second step, the intrinsic relationships of the raw sensor readings are explored to estimate the transformation matrix as a homogeneous linear least-squares problem. Singular value decomposition is then applied to estimate both the transformation matrix and magnetic vector. The proposed method is then applied to calibrate our sensor node. Although there is no ground truth for the combined bias and transformation matrix for our node, the consistency of calibration results among different trials and less than 3(°) root mean square error for orientation estimation have been achieved, which illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed sensor calibration method for practical applications.
On the achievable rate of stationary Rayleigh flat-fading channels with Gaussian input distribution (2008)

For a Gaussian input distribution, we investigate the achievable rate of a stationary Rayleigh flat-fading channel under the assumption of unknown channel state information at transmitter and receiver side. The law of the channel is presumed to be known to the receiver. In addition, we assume the power spectral density of the fading process to be compactly supported. The contribution of the present paper is the derivation of an upper bound on the achievable rate for the special case of a rectangular power spectral density depending on the SNR and the spread of the power spectral density. For comparison, we also give a lower bound on the achievable rate which is already known from and holds for an arbitrary power spectral density.
Measurement of nitric oxide concentration in human skin in vivo using dermal microdialysis (1998)

Using microdialysis, we measured nitric oxide (NO) levels in healthy human skin, in vivo, before and during the local inflammatory response to histamine. Basal dialysate NO concentration, assayed using an amperometric technique, was 0.49+/−0.06 microM (mean+/−S.E.M., 21 probes, 14 subjects). Histamine injection produced transient increases in NO concentration within both the weal and flare which was blocked by the NO synthase inhibitor, NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine‐methyl ester (L‐NAME). Dialysate NO concentration also increased following transdermal delivery of the nitrosovasodilator, glyceryl trinitrate. Thus, using microdialysis, it is possible to quantify NO production in human skin in vivo and study its modulation during the acute inflammatory response.
A Comprehensive Analysis of the Intrinsic Visible Fluorescence Emitted by Peptide/Protein Amyloid-like Assemblies (2023)

Amyloid aggregation is a widespread process that involves proteins and peptides with different molecular complexity and amino acid composition. The structural motif (cross-β) underlying this supramolecular organization generates aggregates endowed with special mechanical and spectroscopic properties with huge implications in biomedical and technological fields, including emerging precision medicine. The puzzling ability of these assemblies to emit intrinsic and label-free fluorescence in regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as visible and even infrared, usually considered to be forbidden in the polypeptide chain, has attracted interest for its many implications in both basic and applied science. Despite the interest in this phenomenon, the physical basis of its origin is still poorly understood. To gain a global view of the available information on this phenomenon, we here provide an exhaustive survey of the current literature in which original data on this fluorescence have been reported. The emitting systems have been classified in terms of their molecular complexity, amino acid composition, and physical state. Information about the wavelength of the radiation used for the excitation as well as the emission range/peak has also been retrieved. The data collected here provide a picture of the complexity of this multifaceted phenomenon that could be helpful for future studies aimed at defining its structural and electronic basis and/or stimulating new applications.
Low impact urban design by closing the urban water cycle (2011)

Abstract Current fast urbanization and increasing quality of life result in increments on resources’ demand. Increasing resources demand implies as well increments on waste production. However, limited availability of resources such us: oil, fresh water, phosphorus, metals (Boyle et al., 2010, Gordon et al., 2006; Rockstrom et al., 2009) and limited earth’s productive and carrying capacity (Rees, 1999) are potential restrictions to urban growth and urban sustainability. These pressures, however, are drivers towards more efficient resource use. In a world of cities, urban systems play a key role to find solutions for these global pollution and depletion problems (Xu et al., 2010). To alleviate these pressures, it is needed to minimize demand and to shift from linear to circular metabolism, in which recycling and reusing are key activities (Girardet, 2003).
Review Article : Methods for Fault Detection, Diagnostics, and Prognostics for Building Systems—A Review, Part I (2005)

Part II of this article will be published in Volume 11, Number 2, April 2005. Poorly maintained, degraded, and improperly controlled equipment wastes an estimated 15% to 30% of energy used in commercial buildings. Much of this waste could be prevented with widespread adoption of automated condition-based maintenance. Automated fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) along with prognostics provide a cornerstone for condition-based maintenance of engineered systems. Although FDD has been an active area of research in other fields for more than a decade, applications for heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) and other building systems have lagged those in other industries. Nonetheless, over the last decade there has been considerable research and development targeted toward developing FDD methods for HVAC&R equipment. Despite this research, there are still only a handful of FDD tools that are deployed in the field. This paper is the first of a two-part review of methods for automated FDD and prognostics whose intent is to increase awareness of the HVAC&R research and development community to the body of FDD and prognostics developments in other fields as well as advancements in the field of HVAC&R. This first part of the review focuses on generic FDD and prognostics, providing a framework for categorizing methods, describing them, and identifying their primary strengths and weaknesses. The second paper in this review, to be published in the April 2005 International Journal of HVAC&R Research, will address research and applications specific to the fields of HVAC&R
Ken Worpole, Last Landscapes: The Architecture of the Cemetery in the West (2003)

The incidence of surgical abdominal sepsis is related to the operation, patient and skill of the surgeon, ranging from <2-3% for laparoscopic cholecystectomy to >35-40% in overt peritonitis. Aged, obese, diabetic, neoplastic, acute patients have the highest incidence of sepsis. Antibiotic prophylaxis significantly reduces the incidence of postoperative infections for Class II and II operations. The proper timing (30-60 min before incision), choice of antibiotic (related to possible pathogens) and correct duration are essential. Ultra-short prophylaxis (only one administration) may be effective in most class II procedures and a cephalosporin can be used. Class II operations (colorectal) may require a booster dose soon after surgery or during surgery exceeding 3 h. The most effective regimen may include: ampicillin, clindamycin, I- II- III- or IV-generation cephalosporins, amoxycillin, aminoglycosides, metronidazole have been used alone and in combination. Combination prophylaxis should be active against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Treatment of surgical abdominal sepsis may be primary, seconday or tertiary. Surgery should remove the pathologic lesion, and antibiotics reduce the general effects of sepsis and infectious complications. This article presents information on the general rules for correct prophylaxis and treatment.
Overcoming carbon nanotube variations through co-optimized technology and circuit design (2011)

CNT variations substantially degrade CNFET benefits. Our framework for joint exploration and optimization of CNT processing and CNFET circuit design is required to overcome this significant challenge. We present multiple CNT processing routes, which optimize multiple processing parameters together with design techniques, to achieve highly energy-efficient CNFET circuits with minimal impact of variations. Such multiple routes are essential for a successful CNFET technology to avoid potential obstacles. Our framework can be adapted for advanced nodes with proper device models, and also for a wide variety of processing techniques (e.g., CNT sorting [16]).
An Approach for Mapping Features to Code Based on Static and Dynamic Analysis (2008)

System evolution depends greatly on the ability of a maintainer to locate source code that is specific to feature implementation. Existing feature location techniques require either exercising several features of the system, or rely heavily on domain experts to guide the feature location process. In this paper, we present a novel approach for feature location that combines static and dynamic analysis techniques. An execution trace is generated by exercising the feature under study (dynamic analysis). A component dependency graph (static analysis) is used to rank the components invoked in the trace according to their relevance to the feature. Our ranking technique is based on the impact of a component modification on the rest of the system. The proposed approach is automatic to a large extent relieving users from any decision that would otherwise require extensive domain knowledge of the system. A case study is presented to support and evaluate the applicability of our approach.
Phénomènes Létallurgiques observés après irradiation au laser de l'alliage ordonné Ni3Fe (1981)

Abstract METALLURGICAL PHENOXENA IN LASER-IRRADIATED Ni3Fe ALLOY Initially ordered Hi3Fe alloy has been subjected to laser pulses of about 2 MW/cm2. The substructure has been observed by electron microscopy; it consists mainly of dislocation cells and twins. In addition Mössbauer studies have shown that the material wits disordered.
Using PET/CT imaging performance to qualify 18 F-Fluorodeoxy- glucose (FDG) uptake in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (2016)

Introduction. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a non-invasive diagnostic tool that provides tomographic images and measures quantitative parameters of cell viability and metabolic activity of tissues. The most important used tracer in PET is an 18-F-Fluorodeoxy-glucose (FDG), the glucose molecule of which is labeled with a radiotracer and allows measurement and mapping of tissue glucose uptake. There are many studies in PET/CT which rely on some mammalian species, and recently on fish. Objective. The aim of this survey by using FDG-PET/CT are to optimize and determine FDG uptake in fish, in this case, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) using three treatments: Basic fish meal, Vita Pulvis and Probiotics s with two replications were used. Sphere Volume of interest (VOI) were drawn hand for the all organs, and standard uptake value (SUV) means were calculated. Results. The SUV mean for glucose uptake in the liver and gastrointestinal tract of fish were more similar to those of humans than rats or mice. SUV mean in fish fed by Probiotics ss in the major organ were less than those fed by Vita Pulvis and basic fish meal. The results present the opportunity to focus on studies of metabolism and screening for the effects of nutrients on body development.