gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing longitudinal changes of circulating liver enzyme concentrations in subjects randomized to placebo in four clinical trials (2018)

Liver enzyme concentrations are measured as safety end points in clinical trials to detect drug-related hepatotoxicity, but little is known about the epidemiology of these biomarkers in subjects without hepatic dysfunction who are enrolled in drug trials. We studied alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT and AST) in subjects randomized to placebo who completed assessments over 36 mo in a cardiovascular outcome trial [the Stabilisation of Atherosclerotic Plaque by Initiation of Darapladib Therapy ("STABILITY") trial; n = 4,264; mean age: 64.2 yr] or over 12 mo in three trials that enrolled only subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) [the DIA trials; n = 308; mean age: 62.4 yr] to investigate time-dependent relationships and the factors that might affect ALT and AST, including body mass index (BMI), T2D, and renal function. Multivariate linear mixed models examined time-dependent relationships between liver enzyme concentrations as response variables and BMI, baseline T2D status, hemoglobin A<sub>1c</sub> levels, and renal function, as explanatory variables. At baseline, ALT was higher in individuals who were men, <65 yr old, and obese and who had glomerular filtration rate (GFR) >60 ml·min<sup>-1</sup>·1.73 m<sup>-2</sup>. ALT was not significantly associated with T2D at baseline, although it was positively associated with HbA<sub>1c</sub>. GFR had a greater impact on ALT than T2D. ALT concentrations decreased over time in subjects who lost weight but remained stable in individuals with increasing BMI. Weight change did not alter AST concentrations. We provide new insights on the influence of time, GFR, and HbA<sub>1c</sub> on ALT and AST concentrations and confirm the effect of sex, age, T2D, BMI, and BMI change in subjects receiving placebo in clinical trials. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Clinical trials provide high-quality data on liver enzyme concentrations from subjects randomized to placebo that can be used to investigate the epidemiology of these biomarkers. The adjusted models show the influence of sex, age, time, renal function, type 2 diabetes, HbA<sub>1c</sub>, and body mass index on alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations and their relative importance. These factors need to be considered when assessing potential signals of hepatotoxicity in trials of new drugs and in clinical trials investigating subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Measurements of thermal transport in low stress silicon nitride films (1998)

We have measured the thermal conductance, G, of ≈1 μm thick low stress silicon nitride membranes over the temperature range, 0.06&amp;lt;T&amp;lt;6 K, as a function of surface condition. For T&amp;gt;4 K, G is independent of surface condition indicating that the thermal transport is determined by bulk scattering. For T&amp;lt;4 K, scattering from membrane surfaces becomes significant. Membranes which have submicron sized Ag particles glued to the surface or are micromachined into narrow strips have a G that is reduced by a factor as large as 5 compared with that of clean, solid membranes with the same ratio of cross section to length.
Analysis of Lignan Glycosides in Sesame Seed by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography. (1993)

Recently, it was suggested that lignan glycosides would exist in an oil cake of sesame seed. However, until now, the amount or composition of lignan glycosides were not reported exactly. We analyzed lignan glycosides in sesame seed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A mixture of glycosides was extracted with aqueous methanol from the oil cake. The aglycons of each glycoside were identified by GC-MS and the number of sugar residues was estimated by LC-MS. Eight lignan glycosides were found, and they were eluted during reversed-phase HPLC in the expected order. Lignan glycosides could be hydrolyzed with a combination of cellulase and -glucosidase.
Alteration of the cytoskeleton of mammalian cells cultured in vitro by Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase. (1991)

The effects of Clostridium botulinum C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase and of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin were studied on the cytoskeleton of rat hepatoma FAO and human glioma U333 cells. After treatment of these cells for 24 to 48 h with C3 (3-30 micrograms/ml), the actin microfilaments disappeared, and the intermediate filament network was found to collapse, while microtubules remained intact. Similar alterations of the cytoskeletal filaments without affecting microtubules were induced by the actin-ADP-ribosylating C2 toxin. In FAO cells, C3 caused the rounding up of cells. Concomitantly, cytosolic 22 to 24 kDa proteins were ADP-ribosylated in a guanine nucleotide-dependent manner. Rounding up of cells and ADP-ribosylation of proteins in intact cells were observed at similar concentration of the transferase. These data suggest a role of the protein substrates of C3 in the regulation of the cytoskeletal integrity.
Using TFM Analysis and Memory Map Calibration for Designing Linear and Monotonic LC DCOs (2022)

This papers shows a proof-of-concept and experimental design on how to design a linear and monotonic LC DCO using a combination of Topographical Field Map (TFM) analysis (or TFMA) and a one time Programmable Memory Map (PMM) calibration (or PMMC) scheme. Linearity and monotonicity is important in (all-digital) phase-locked loops (AD-PLLs) since it helps predict the locking mechanism and system analysis better - leading to more robust timers and synchronizers; which can further be used in the implementation and improvement of better health care equipment, smart devices, and cloud hardware. For improving the linearity and monotonicity of the DCO in this paper, TFMA is first used to design the DCO in its linear region, then PMMC is used to make the DCO monotonic. The calibration process is only done once to map DCO linearity. Instead of direct access, an external stimuli is given to the memory map, which then controls the DCO. The measured DCO using the proof-of-concept calibration system had a linearity R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of 0.997, a DNL of 0.65 LSB over its entire control-bit spectrum, and a DNL of 0.11 LSB over its fine tuning spectrum.
Electromagnetic Responses from Seismically Excited Targets A: Piezoelectric Phenomena at Humboldt, Australia (1992)

AbstractCertain materials respond to a seismic stress by becoming electrically polarized. There are several different mechanisms for creating the polarization including piezoelectricity, the electrokinetic or E effect, and the triboelectric effect. We have carried out a number of laboratory and field experiments to investigate geophysical exploration techniques based on such phenomena.This paper focuses on an experiment at Humboldt, Australia, at which we made our first credible observations of piezoelectricity under field conditions. The experiment used a compressed-air jackhammer as a source and four 50-m ungrounded long-wire antennas for detectors. Despite the fact that the signals are significantly contaminated with noise, principally from a nearby radio transmitter, they demonstrate conclusively the presence of electrical responses. Seismic energy equivalent to a single hammer blow interacted with the quartz body to produce electrical fields with strengths from microvolts to tens of microvolts at the antennas. These results are in accord with earlier, unpublished results of Alan Boyle (CRA Exploration Pty Ltd). Our interpretation is limited to two dimensions, but the results suggest a quartz structure dipping at a shallow angle beneath the line of shot points. Later arrivals show a source close to the centre of the antenna array, for which there may be explanations other than piezoelectricity.Thus, our experiments support the many Soviet claims that such phenomena can form the basis of valid prospecting tools.KeywordspiezoelectricseismoelectricexplorationelectromagneticsReferences
MicroRNA534a control of BLADE‐ON‐PETIOLE 1 and 2 mediates juvenile‐to‐adult gametophyte transition in Physcomitrella patens (2010)

The Arabidopsis thaliana BLADE-ON-PETIOLE genes encode a pair of transcriptional coactivators that regulate lateral organ architecture by promoting cell differentiation in their proximal regions. To gain insight into the roles of BOP genes early in land plant evolution, we characterized the functions of Physcomitrella patens BOP1 and BOP2 and their negative regulator Pp-miR534a. We show that in ΔPpMIR534a mutants lacking mature Pp-miR534a, cleavage of PpBOP1/2 is abolished, leading to elevated PpBOP1/2 transcript levels. These loss-of-function mutants display an accelerated gametophore development thus correlating elevated levels of PpBOP1/2 with premature bud formation. This is further supported by our finding that exposure to cytokinin, which is known to induce bud formation on caulonema, downregulates PpMIR534a transcription and increases the accumulation of PpBOP1 in apical caulonema cells. Reporter gene fusions showed that PpMIR534a is ubiquitously expressed in protonema whereas PpBOP1/2 accumulation is restricted almost exclusively to potent caulonema apical cells and their side branch initials, but absent from differentiated cells. Together, our data propose that PpBOP1/2 act as positive regulators of protonema differentiation and that Pp-miR534a is required to control the timing of the juvenile-to-adult gametophyte transition by spatially restricting their expression to caulonema stem cells. As protonemata develop, increased cytokinin levels downregulate Pp-MIR534a transcription in these cells until a threshold level of PpBOP1/2 is reached that triggers cell differentiation and bud formation.
Web-Based Control And Notification For Home Automation Alarm Systems (2008)

This paper describes the project and development of a very low-cost and small electronic prototype, especially designed for monitoring and controlling existing home automation alarm systems (intruder, smoke, gas, flood, etc.), via TCP/IP, with a typical web browser. Its use will allow home owners to be immediately alerted and aware when an alarm event occurs, and being also able to interact with their home automation alarm system, disarming, arming and watching event alerts, with a personal wireless Wi-Fi PDA or smartphone logged on to a dedicated predefined web page, and using also a PC or Laptop.
Reflection spectrophotometric measurement of O2 uptake in pulmonary arterioles of cats (1980)

We have attempted to determine both experimentally and theoretically whether a significant quantity of oxygen enters the pulmonary blood before it reaches the alveolar wall capillaries. We built a microspectrophotometer that allowed us to record oxyhemoglobin saturation values with light reflected from transected frozen pulmonary arteries as small as 100 microns in diameter. We prepared anesthetized cats to provide optimal conditions for precapillary oxygenation, quickly froze their lungs with chilled liquid propane, and removed these lungs. We examined lung cross sections with the microspectrophotometer and recorded data indicating the presence of precapillary oxygenation. These data did not tell us how much this process normally contributes to total lung oxygenation because propane did not freeze the lungs fast enough to capture conditions exactly as they are in life. We therefore made several calculations to estimate the extent of precapillary oxygenation using available data on pulmonary arterial geometry and diffusing capacity. We concluded that pulmonary arterial blood may be as much as 15% oxygenated by this process at rest and as much as 100% during oxygen breathing.
An ultrawideband (UWB) switched-antenna-array radar imaging system (2010)

A low-cost ultrawideband (UWB), 1.926-4.069 GHz, phased array radar system is developed that requires only one exciter and digital receiver that is time-division-multiplexed (TDM) across 8 receive elements and 13 transmit elements, synthesizing a fully populated 2.24 m long (λ/2 element-to-element spacing) linear phased array. A 2.24 m linear phased array with a 3 GHz center frequency would require 44 antenna elements but this system requires only 21 elements and time to acquire bi-static pulses across a subset of element combinations. This radar system beamforms in the near field, where the target scene of interest is located 3-70 m down range. It utilizes digital beamforming, computed using the range migration synthetic aperture radar (SAR) algorithm. The phased array antenna is fed by transmit and receive fan-out switch matrices that are connected to a UWB LFM pulse compressed radar operating in stretch mode. The peak transmit power is 1 mW and the transmitted LFM pulses are long in time duration (2.5-10 ms), requiring the radar to transmit and receive simultaneously. It will be shown through simulation and measurement that the bi-static antenna pairs are nearly equivalent to 44 elements spaced λ/2 across a linear array. This result is due to the fact that the phase center position errors relative to a uniform λ/2 element spacing are negligible. This radar is capable of imaging free-space target scenes made up of objects as small as 15.24 cm tall rods and 3.2 cm tall metal nails at a 0.5 Hz rate. Applications for this radar system include short-range near-real-time imaging of unknown targets through a lossy dielectric slab and radar cross section (RCS) measurements.
Synthesis on N-Alkylated Maleimides (2000)

Abstract A two step synthesis of N-alkylated maleimides is presented. This method allows for the use of widely available starting materials and produces maleimides in high purity and yields. The maleimide precursors are of interest for potential thermo- and photo-setting polymerization processes.
ACO-OFDM Transmission over Underwater Pipeline for VLC-based Systems (2019)

Visible light communication (VLC) technology supports high-speed, reliable, flexible, and cost-effective designs which are demanded most of the underwater wireless communication (UWC) systems. Therefore, in this study, a comprehensive and completely adaptive asymmetrically clipped optical-OFDM based underwater VLC system is designed and demonstrated with widely used and commercially available light emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodiodes (PDs). The designed system is evaluated under twelve different test scenarios with varying fundamental system parameters such as sampling rate, modulation technique and order, and coding rates. In the light of experimental results, it is shown that the system is capable of transmitting and receiving the data supporting both QPSK and 16-QAM modulation techniques with sampling rates of 2 Mbps,5 Mbps, and 10 Mbps. The experimental results also show that bit-error-rate (BER) could still be maintained on the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> over 6.5 m long underwater pipeline channel. In addition, the performance analyses of cold white, blue and green LEDs at wavelengths of 430 nm, 470 nm, and 530 nm, respectively, are evaluated and compared. Their advantages and drawbacks are discussed in detail.
Feasibility of noninvasive transesophageal cardiac thermal ablation using an ultrasound phased array (2005)

Current, minimally invasive, treatments for cardiac arrhythmia use a transvenous radio-frequency (RF) catheter to ablate the malfunctioning cardiac muscle regions. The paper proposes a noninvasive transesophageal cardiac thermal ablation using focused ultrasound. A planar phased array (1 MHz, 60/spl times/10 mm/sup 2/, 0.525 mm element center-to-center distance, 2280 elements) was put in the esophagus. Using electronic beam steering, a matrix of 5/spl times/3/spl times/5 foci in the cardiac muscle was defined in three planes parallel to the transducer surface at short, medium and long (20, 40 and 60 mm) radial ranges and different steering angles. The transmitted ultrasound pressure distribution in a volume of 20/spl times/20/spl times/20 mm/sup 3/ centered at each focus was calculated using a multilayer acoustic wave transmission model. The thermal lesions due to the acoustic energy absorption in cardiac muscle were simulated using the bioheat transfer equation. For short, medium and long (1-, 10- and 20-second) sonications, the acoustic powers needed to achieve 60/spl deg/C and 70/spl deg/C peak temperatures in the cardiac muscle were 89-725, 25-125, 20-86 W and 128-1040, 36-179, 28-123 W, respectively. The simulated tissue lesion (thermal dose >240 min at 43/spl deg/C) lengths at these foci were 2-10, 5-12, 6-14 mm and 3-13, 7-15, 9-17 mm, respectively. The lesion widths were 2-8, 3-10, 4-11 mm and 3-11, 4-12, 5-13 mm, respectively. The simulations show that noninvasive transesophageal cardiac ablation with a planar phased ultrasound array is feasible.
Quaternary 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) with Tunable Bandgap (2017)

Alloying/doping in 2D material is important due to wide range bandgap tunability. Increasing the number of components would increase the degree of freedom which can provide more flexibility in tuning the bandgap and also reduces the growth temperature. Here, synthesis of quaternary alloys Mo<sub>x</sub> W<sub>1-</sub><sub>x</sub> S<sub>2</sub><sub>y</sub> Se<sub>2(1-</sub><sub>y</sub><sub>)</sub> is reported using chemical vapor deposition. The composition of alloys is tuned by changing the growth temperatures. As a result, the bandgap can be tuned which varies from 1.61 to 1.85 eV. The detailed theoretical calculation supports the experimental observation and shows a possibility of wide tunability of bandgap.
Zur Stereochemie des 2,6‐Diphenyl‐1‐selena‐cyclohexanon‐(4) (1971)

Abstract Die Ringschlußreaktion zum 2,6‐Diphenyl‐1‐selena‐cyclohexanon‐(4) (I) verläuft mit großer Stereoselektivität; bevorzugt wird das trans‐disubstituierte Isomer gebildet. Die Konfiguration wird mit chemischen Methoden und anhand der 1 H‐NMR‐Spektren des Ketons I, seines Oxims II sowie des von I abgeleiteten sekundären Alkohols III aufgeklärt.
ChemInform Abstract: KONDENSATIONSPRODUKTE VON CYANAMIDEN MIT HYDROXYLAMIN, AMINOOXYFORMAMIDINE (1970)

Abstract Die Cyanamide (IIa)‐(IIf) reagieren mit Hydroxylamin (III) in Dioxan zu den Hydroxyguanidinen (Ia)‐(If) in 50 ‐ 70%iger Ausbeute.
Strategy, Value and Risk — The Real Options Approach (2002)

In the 1990s shareholder value was applied to all aspects of corporate strategy and management decisions as a result of intense competition, globalization, advances in technology, deregulation and the
Preliminary evaluation of resinite recovery from Illinois coal. [Quarterly] technical report, September 1--November 30, 1994 (1994)

Resinite is a naturally occurring substance found in coal and derived from original plant resins. It is ubiquitous in North American coals. It makes up one to four percent by volume of most Illinois coals. It has been commercially exploited in the western USA for use in adhesives, varnishes and thermal setting inks. The overall objective of this project is to compare the properties of the resinite contained in Illinois Basin coals to resinite being commercially exploited in the western United States, and to recover the resinite from Illinois coals by microbubble column floatation techniques. The significance of this study is that it has the potential to show the way to recover a valuable chemical, resinite, from coal using only physical processing techniques. The value of the resinite at $1.00/kg or $0.50/lb makes it about fifty times more valuable than steam coal. The removal of resinite from coal does not decrease the value of the remaining coal in any way. The unique aspects are that: (1) it is the first examination of the resinite recovery potential of Illinois coal, (2) it integrates the latest characterization techniques such as density Gradient centrifugation, microspectrofluorometry, and gas chromatography- mass spectrometry, and (3) it uses microbubble column flotation to determine the resinite recovery potential. During this quarter samples were obtained, information from both the databases of both the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) and the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) was obtained and evaluated, and EBCSP samples from the Herrin No. 6, the Springfield No. 5 and the Colchester No. 2 seams were analyzed petrographically and the resinites in these samples were characterized by fluorescence spectral analysis.
Single-step assembly of complex 3-D microstructures (2002)

This paper describes three-dimensional microstructures fabricated in a planar process and assembled in a single step. Multiple plates are constrained by hinges in such a way as to reduce the assembly process to a single degree-of-freedom of motion. Serial microassembly of these structures is simpler; moreover, self-assembly using hydrodynamic forces during release is much more feasible than with earlier, multiple degree-of-freedom hinged structures. A 250-/spl mu/m corner cube reflector, a 6-sided closed box, and a 3-D model of the Berkeley Campanile clock tower have been demonstrated in the 4-level polysilicon SUMMiT MEMS foundry.
An Improved PSFB PWM DC–DC Converter for High-Power and Frequency Applications (2012)

In the phase shifted full bridge (PSFB) pulse width modulation (PWM) converter, external snubber capacitors are connected in parallel to insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) in order to decrease turn-off losses. The zero voltage transition (ZVT) condition is not provided at light loads, thus the parallel capacitors discharge through IGBTs at turn on which causes switching losses and failure risk of the IGBTs. Capacitor discharge through IGBT restricts the use of high-value snubber capacitors, and turn-off loss of the IGBT increases at high currents. This problematic condition occurs especially at the lagging leg. In this study, a new technique enabling the use of high-value snubber capacitors with the lagging leg of the PSFB PWM converter is proposed. As advantages of the proposed technique, high-capacitive discharge current through IGBT is prevented at light loads, the turn-off switching losses of the IGBTs are decreased, and the performance of the converter is improved at high currents. The proposed PSFB PWM converter includes an auxiliary circuit, and it has a simple structure, low cost, and ease of control as well. The operation principle and detailed design procedure of the converter are presented. The theoretical analysis is verified exactly by a prototype of 75 kHz and 10 kW converter.
Advanced traction rechargeable battery system for cableless mobile robot (2004)

Mobile robot often relies on a battery system as its power supply and such kind of mobile robot is called cableless mobile robot. In the past years, while there are many researches on automation and control techniques, mechanical and sensor designs of mobile robot, very little systematic and comprehensive work has been done in the design of rechargeable battery power system for cableless mobile robot. This paper discusses the above problem from three different aspects: selection of rechargeable battery type, battery management technique and energy renewal. In the section on selection of rechargeable battery, many different types of traction rechargeable battery are introduced and the factors that are crucial for cableless mobile robot applications are compared. The section on battery management technique focuses on battery state-of-charge (SOC) estimation. In the section on energy renewal, two typical charging techniques, conductive charging and inductive charging are discussed. In the final section, one implementation example, high power Ni-MH rechargeable battery system for TH-1 humanoid robot which is being developed by Tsinghua University, is introduced.