gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural parameterizations of hard graph problems (2011)

In traditional computational complexity we measure algorithm running times as functions of one variable, the size of the input. Though in this setting our goal is usually to design polynomial-time algorithms, most interesting graph problems are unfortunately believed to require exponential time. 
Parameterized complexity theory refines this by introducing a second variable, called the parameter, which is supposed to quantify the “hardness” of each specific instance. The goal now becomes to confine the combinatorial explosion to the parameter, by designing an algorithm that runs in time polynomial in the size of the input, though inevitably exponential in the parameter. This will allow us to tackle instances where the parameter value is much more modest than the input size, which will happen often if the parameter is chosen well. 
In this work we deal with parameterized versions of intractable graph problems. Our focus will be structural parameterizations, meaning that the parameters we choose will be measures which attempt to quantify the complexity of a graph. The most important such measure in the literature is treewidth, a notion which quantifies how “tree-like” a graph is. Here, we will consider parameterizations by treewidth, but also by alternative measures of graph complexity such as vertex cover, or maximum degree. 
Our results move in two directions: First, we study the computational complexity of structural parameterizations of several specific problems. In this vein we show hardness results for Maximum Path Coloring parameterized by measures such as treewidth and maximum degree; we present algorithms for two parameterizations of Vertex Cover; and we present algorithms and hardness results for three different parameterizations of the modal satisfiability problem. 
Second, we study the algorithmic properties of structural parameters not with respect to a specific problem, but with respect to whole classes of problems. For undirected graphs we present algorithmic meta-theorems which show that large classes of problems are tractable when parameterized by vertex cover or max-leaf number. Our results strengthen a famous theorem due to Courcelle, for these special cases. For directed graphs we give hardness results for Hamiltonian Circuit and Max Di Cut which apply to essentially all the definitions of directed treewidth which have appeared in the literature, showing that none of them is as algorithmically potent as (undirected) treewidth.
Cell Nucleus Penetration by Quantum Dots Induced by Nuclear Staining Organic Fluorophore and UV‐Irradiation (2008)

The behavior of quantum dots (QDs) in penetration into cell nuclei is investigated. It is discovered that the combination of an organic fluorophore staining the nuclei and UV irradiation can cause QDs of certain size or surface modifications to be trapped inside the cell nuclei. These findings not only provide new insights for intracellular transportation of nanoparticles but also create unique opportunities for labeling biological events inside cell nuclei. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Glycemic Responses to Sweetened Dried and Raw Cranberries in Humans with Type 2 Diabetes (2010)

This study assessed the metabolic response to sweetened dried cranberries (SDC), raw cranberries (RC), and white bread (WB) in humans with type 2 diabetes. Development of palatable cranberry preparations associated with lower glycemic responses may be useful for improving fruit consumption and glycemic control among those with diabetes. In this trial, type 2 diabetics (n= 13) received WB (57 g, 160 cal, 1 g fiber), RC (55 g, 21 cal, 1 g fiber), SDC (40 g, 138 cal, 2.1 g fiber), and SDC containing less sugar (SDC-LS, 40 g, 113 cal, 1.8 g fiber + 10 g polydextrose). Plasma glucose (mmol/L) peaked significantly at 60 min for WB, and at 30 min for RC, SDC, and SDC-LS at 9.6 ± 0.4, 7.0 ± 0.4, 9.6 ± 0.5, and 8.7 ± 0.5, respectively, WB remained significantly elevated from the other treatments at 120 min. Plasma insulin (pmol/mL) peaked at 60 min for WB and SDC and at 30 min for RC and SDC-LS at 157 ± 15, 142 ± 27, 61 ± 8, and 97 ± 11, respectively. Plasma insulin for SDC-LS was significantly lower at 60 min than either WB or SDC. Insulin area under the curve (AUC) values for RC and SDC-LS were both significantly lower than WB or SDC. Phenolic content of SDC and SDC-LS was determined following extraction with 80% acetone prior to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electronspray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and found to be rich in 5-caffeoylquinic cid, quercetin-3-galactoside, and quercetin-3-galactoside, and the proanthocyanidin dimer epicatechin. In conclusion, SDC-LS was associated with a favorable glycemic and insulinemic response in type 2 diabetics. Practical Application: This study compares phenolic content and glycemic responses among different cranberry products. The study seeks to expand the palatable and portable healthy food choices for persons with type 2 diabetes. The novel use of polydextrose as a bulking agent making possible a reduction in caloric content and potential glycemic response is also characterized in this study.
Large inter- and intra-case variability of first generation tau PET ligand binding in neurodegenerative dementias (2018)

Imaging of pathological tau with positron emission tomography (PET) has the potential to allow early diagnosis of the dementias and monitoring of disease progression, including assessment of therapeutic interventions, in vivo. The first generation of tau PET tracers, including the carbazole flortaucipir and the 2-arylquinolines of the THK series, are now used in clinical research; however, concerns have been raised about off-target binding and low sensitivity.With the aim to determine the nature of tau pathology depicted by structurally distinct tau ligands we carried out a microscopic neuropathological evaluation in post-mortem human brain tissue of cases with primary and secondary tauopathies. Carbazole and 2-arylquinoline binding was only observed in cases with Alzheimer's disease and one case with frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 exhibiting a R406W MAPT mutation. In end stage Alzheimer's disease cases, fluorescent imaging with the carbazole T726 and the 2-arylquinoline THK-5117 revealed high inter- and intra-case variability of tracer binding, and this was corroborated by quantitative phosphorimaging with the PET tracer [<sup>18</sup>F]THK-5117. Microscopic analysis of the pathological inclusions revealed that the fluorescent tracers preferentially bind to premature tau aggregates. Whilst T726 binding was limited to neuronal tau, THK-5117 additionally depicted neuritic tau. Neither tracer depicted tau in pre-symptomatic disease.Our results highlight limitations of the first generation of tau PET tracers, in particular lack of correlation between pathological tau load and tracer binding, limited sensitivity to tau in early disease, and high variability in tracer binding between and within cases. Concerns remain that these limitations may also affect the next generation tracers as they target the same high affinity binding site. Therefore, it is crucial to assess inter- and intra-subject correlation of tracer binding with pathological tau load in post-mortem tissue studies, and to rigorously assess novel tau PET tracers before translation into clinical studies.
Microwave-Induced Pyroelectric Response in Ferroelectric TGS (1963)

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Simple and rapid colorimetric enzyme sensing assays using non-crosslinking gold nanoparticle aggregation (2007)

Non-crosslinking gold nanoparticle (AuNP) aggregation induced by the loss (or screen) of surface charges is applied for enzymatic activity sensing and potentially inhibitor screening.
Front Matter: Volume 9172 (2014)

This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9172, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Invited Panel Discussion, and Conference Committee listing.
Measuring the mixing time in auditoria (2008)

The goal of prediction, in Room Acoustics, is to synthesize the impulse responses (IRs) of a hall, in order to derive acoustic indices or to allow auralization. The process assumes the hall to be a time invariant linear system. Furthermore, the IR is known to behave stochastically when the sound field becomes diffuse, that is, after a certain time called mixing time. This study aims at characterizing the IR mixing time. Three methods are presented for visualizing and detecting the time evolution of the IR behaviour. The first one highlights the transition from early reflections to diffuse sound field by monitoring the phase evolution versus time. The two others exploit the gaussian distribution of pressure in a diffuse sound field, when the IR becomes statistical. These methods are applied to measurements, carried out in Salle Pleyel, and confirm the simple relationship found earlier between mixing time and volume.
Nanostructured Block-Random Copolymers with Tunable Magnetic Properties (2012)

It was recently shown that block copolymers (BCPs) produced room-temperature ferromagnetic materials (RTFMs) due to their nanoscopic ordering and the cylindrical phase yielded the highest coercivity. Here, a series of metal-containing block-random copolymers composed of an alkyl-functionalized homo block (C(16)) and a random block of cobalt complex- (Co) and ferrocene-functionalized (Fe) units was synthesized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Taking advantage of the block-random architecture, the influence of dipolar interactions on the magnetic properties of these nanostructured BCP materials was studied by varying the molar ratio of the Co units to the Fe units, while maintaining the cylindrical phase-separated morphology. DC magnetic measurements, including magnetization versus field, zero-field-cooled, and field-cooled, as well as AC susceptibility measurements showed that the magnetic properties of the nanostructured BCP materials could be easily tuned by diluting the cobalt density with Fe units in the cylindrical domains. Decreasing the cobalt density weakened the dipolar interactions of the cobalt nanoparticles, leading to the transition from a room temperature ferromagnetic (RTF) to a superparamagnetic material. These results confirmed that dipolar interactions of the cobalt nanoparticles within the phase-separated domains were responsible for the RTF properties of the nanostructured BCP materials.
Extended Multicomponent Reactions with Indole Aldehydes: Access to Unprecedented Polyheterocyclic Scaffolds, Ligands of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (2020)

The participation of reactants undergoing a polarity inversion along a multicomponent reaction allows the continuation of the transformation with productive domino processes. Thus, indole aldehydes in Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reactions lead to an initial adduct which spontaneously triggers a series of events leading to the discovery of novel reaction pathways together with direct access to a variety of linked, fused, and bridged polyheterocyclic scaffolds. Indole 3- and 4-carbaldehydes with suitable isocyanides and aminoazines afford fused adducts through oxidative Pictet-Spengler processes, whereas indole 2-carbaldehyde yields linked indolocarbazoles under mild conditions, and a bridged macrocycle at high temperature. These novel structures are potent activators of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway.
Unique Combination Openhole / Cased Hole Solid Expandable Liner Facilitates Cost Effective Conversion of Producer to Gas Storage Well (2010)

Abstract Using the enabling technology of a solid expandable liner system allowed Edison–Milan to cost effectively convert a producing well in Italy to a gas storage monitoring well. The solid expandable liner allowed for the execution of two objectives in a one step operation; sealing off old production perforations and placing a mechanical barrier over a reactive shale formation in the openhole section immediately below the shoe of the previous casing string. The larger post expanded diameter of the combination openhole / cased-hole expandable liner also facilitated the eventual installation of larger diameter gravel pack (GP) screens. This well required the isolation of old perforations in the toe of the casing as well as a need to cover an "active shale" section in the open hole. While the perforations could have been isolated by squeezing with cement and drilling out, the active shale would still cause a major problem when pumping the gravel pack. Being active means that when pumping fluids in the well, the shale could collapse or swell in on the completion equipment, causing installation problems. Mitigating the old perforations and then fighting the active shale formations would cause non-productive time (NPT) and could have a large impact to the cost of the well. Additionally, the use of smaller gravel pack screens could impact the economic viability of the well. The combination openhole / cased-hole solid expandable liner was run in order to isolate the perforations and blank off the active shale section in the open hole. The next hole section was drilled and a GP system was installed. The top of the GP packer was set above the solid expandable liner. The GP assembly and screen were run through the expandable liner into the target zone in the open hole. The screen sizing is critical on gas storage, as the larger the screen the greater the production/injection rates that can be achieved. If a select screen has a base pipe that is too small, high erosion can occur across the screen wrap/weave, causing catastrophic results including total sand control failure. The solid expandable liner allowed a 4 in. diameter screen to be utilized rather than a 3-1/2 in. diameter screen.
Single frequency, single polarization SAR data inversion based on a Kalman filter approach (2002)

An extended Kalman filter technique has been used in order to extract from /spl sigmasup 0/ measurements some bare soil features such as roughness and dielectric constant. The feasibility of the proposed approach has been first tested on simulated data generated using the geometrical optics model. Then, real data, recorded by the HUT scatterometer and by the Canadian Aviosar-580 SAR system, have been used to validate this technique. A satisfactory agreement between the computed features and the ground truth measurements has been found.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Single‐leg drop landing movement strategies 6 months following first‐time acute lateral ankle sprain injury (2014)

No research exists predicating a link between acute ankle sprain injury-affiliated movement patterns and those of chronic ankle instability (CAI) populations. The aim of the current study was to perform a biomechanical analysis of participants, 6 months after they sustained a first-time acute lateral ankle sprain (LAS) injury to establish this link. Fifty-seven participants with a 6-month history of first-time LAS and 20 noninjured participants completed a single-leg drop landing task on both limbs. Three-dimensional kinematic (angular displacement) and sagittal plane kinetic (moment of force) data were acquired for the joints of the lower extremity, from 200 ms pre-initial contact (IC) to 200 ms post-IC. Individual joint stiffnesses and the peak magnitude of the vertical component of the ground reaction force (GRF) were also computed. LAS participants displayed increases in hip flexion and ankle inversion on their injured limb (P < 0.05); this coincided with a reduction in the net flexion-extension moment at the hip joint, with an increase in its stiffness (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the magnitude of the peak vertical GRF for either limb compared with controls. These results demonstrate that altered movement strategies persist in participants, 6 months following acute LAS, which may precipitate the onset of CAI.
Expression of MUC1 in Insect Cells Using Recombinant Baculovirus (2000)

MUC1 mucin undergoes multistep posttranslational modifications before it is finally expressed on the apical surface of mammalian ductal epithelial cells. Two early precursor proteins are both N-glycosylated and differ in molecular weight owing to a proteolytic cleavage of a 20-kDa fragment. Proteolytically modified form is transported to the Golgi, where it undergoes extensive, although not complete, O-gly-cosylation on serine and threonine residues within the tandem repeat (TR) region. MUC1 is then transported to the cell surface. For additional glycosylation and sialylation, surface MUC1 is internalized and directed to trans-Golgi compartments. Mature form is again transported to the cell surface (1).
Differentiation of infection structures of the powdery mildew fungus <i>Uncinula necator</i> and adhesion to the host cuticle (2000)

Development and adhesion of infection structures of the grapevine powdery mildew fungus. U~cinu/a necator (Schw.) Burr.. were investigated during the early stages of leaf colonization. Light microscopy showed that pri­ mary appressoria occurred 3.5 h post inoculation (p.i.) and that hyphae on the leaf surface, indicative of successful host colonization, appeared 14 h p.i. Low temperature scanning electron microscopy revealed deposits of extracellular mate­ rial at the contact zone of fungal structures and plant cuticle, suggesting firm attachment of the pathogen. To investi­ gate whether or not esterase or cutinase activity is involved in establishing the fungus on the host cuticle, histochemical assays and inhibitor studies were performed. Results indicated that esterase activity was associated with conidia and infection structures. A single fungal extracellular protein was identified as a cutinase by its ability to hy­ drolyze 3H-cutin. Probing Southern blots of genomic DNA of U necalor, Magnaporlhe grisea, and Fusarium so/ani fsp. pisi with the cutinase gene of F so/ani fsp. pisi suggested that the cutinase gene of U necalor shares only lim­ ited sequence similarities with the cutinase genes of the other fungi investigated. Adhesion assays showed that the pres­ ence of esterase-cutinase inhibitors on the cuticle did not significantly affect adhesion. The role of the enzyme in fungal adhesion is discussed.
Fourteen-year final report of the randomized PDRG-UK trial comparing three initial treatments in PD (2008)

Initial treatment with the dopamine agonist bromocriptine did not reduce mortality or motor disability and the initially reduced frequency in motor complications was not sustained. We found no evidence of a long-term benefit or clinically relevant disease-modifying effect with initial dopamine agonist treatment.
Multi-Object Detection and Tracking Using Dual-Layer Particle Sampling (2014)

본 논문에서는 다중객체 검출과 동시에 추적을 수행하는 이중계층구조의 파티클 샘플링을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 다중 객체 검출을 위한 상위 계층 파티클 샘플링과 검출된 객체의 추적을 위한 하위 계층 파티클 샘플링으로 구성된다. 상위 계층에서는 빠른 객체 검출을 위해 슬라이딩 윈도우 대신 움직임 추정 기반의 부모 파티클 (parent particles; PP) 윈도우를 사용하여, 이동 객체 주위로 리샘플링된 파티클을 통해 객체를 검출한다. 하위 계층에서는 상위 계층에서 검출한 객체의 객체영역에 자식 파티클 (child particles; CP)을 생성하여 해당 객체를 추적한다. 실험결과를 통해 비디오 시스템에서 기존 객체 검출 방법보다 빠른 검출이 가능하고, 다중 객체를 효과적으로 추적할 수 있음을 확인하였다.
Low complexity linear decomposition at the disjoint cubes domain (2006)

Linear decomposition proved to be efficient technique for reducing the number of terms and literal of two-level implementation of logic functions. The decomposed system consists of linear function followed by nonlinear function of minimal realization cost. The complexity of determining the linear part makes this approach inapplicable for systems of large number of inputs when represented by truth table or decision diagrams. This paper presents a method for linearization of systems represented as a set of disjoint cubes. The reduction in complexity is achieved by a) calculation of the autocorrelation function on the disjoint cubes domain; b) representing the linear part as a superposition of linear transforms of a special form. Experimental benchmark results allow comparing the proposed technique with known linearization methods, and show the high efficiency of the proposed approach.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 8‐Methoxy‐ and 8‐Hydroxy‐1‐methylcarbostyril. (1990)

Abstract 8‐Hydroxyquinoline (I) is consecutively O‐ and N‐methylated by a known procedure to give the methoiodide (III).
Blind Feedforward Symbol Timing Estimation With Psk Signals (2006)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Florence, Italy, 2006
Effects of Waveform on Comfort During Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (1988)

Electrical stimulation is a commonly used clinical tool, but subject and patient comfort is still a major problem retarding its widespread application. Stimulus waveform in combination with pulse duration can play a major part in subject comfort. An asymmetric balanced biphasic square waveform was perceived as comfortable and was clinically effective in stimulating wrist flexor and extensor muscles. Subjects preferred the square waveforms over a paired spike monophasic waveform. In the larger quadriceps muscle group, a symmetric biphasic square wave was perceived as more comfortable than either a monophasic paired spike or any of three medium frequency waveforms. There seemed to be, however, a small subpopulation of subjects who consistently preferred the medium frequency waveforms. Medium frequency stimulation should be tried for those patients who have considerable difficulty adapting to the sensory input inherent with the use of surface electrical stimulation.
A single dose of ceftriaxone administered 30 minutes before percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy significantly reduces local and systemic infective complications (1999)

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). Methods: An open prospective, randomised, multicenter study was conducted in 141 patients; 72 received ceftriaxone 1 g i.v. 30 min preintervention, and 69 received no study medication. A standardized protocol was followed for PEG preparation, insertion, and aftercare; all patients received a 15-Fr gastrostomy tube. Follow-up of local and systemic infection and clinical course was continued to postintervention day 10. An aggregate erythema and exudation score >3 or the presence of pus was taken as indicative of peristomal infection. The pharmacoeconomics of antibiotic use were also examined. Results: In no-prophylaxis patients, wound infection rates were 25% on day 4 and 26.4% on day 10, versus 10.1% (p= 0.03) and 14.5% (p= 0.10), respectively, in prophylaxis patients. Results were disproportionally better in tumor patients: systemic infection rates were 16.7%versus 5.8% in no-prophylaxis versus prophylaxis patients (p= 0.045), and overall infection rates 38.9%versus 17.4%, respectively (p= 0.046). Pneumonia was more frequent in patients with underlying neurological disease. Antibiotic costs were the same in both groups (p= 0.792). Conclusions: Single dose ceftriaxone 1 g is an effective prophylaxis against local and systemic infection after PEG.