gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Macrophage-Tropic HIV-1 Infection of Central Nervous System Cells and the Influence of Inflammation (2022)

HIV-1 infection within the central nervous system (CNS) includes evolution of the virus, damaging inflammatory cascades, and the involvement of multiple cell types; however, our understanding of how Env tropism and inflammation can influence CNS infectivity is incomplete. In this study, we utilize macrophage-tropic and T cell-tropic HIV-1 Env proteins to establish accurate infection profiles for multiple CNS cells under basal and interferon alpha (IFN-α) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory states. We found that macrophage-tropic viruses confer entry advantages in primary myeloid cells, including monocyte-derived macrophage, microglia, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia. However, neither macrophage-tropic or T cell-tropic HIV-1 Env proteins could mediate infection of astrocytes or neurons, and infection was not potentiated by induction of an inflammatory state in these cells. Additionally, we found that IFN-α and LPS restricted replication in myeloid cells, and IFN-α treatment prior to infection with vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV G) Envs resulted in a conserved antiviral response across all CNS cell types. Further, using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we found that only myeloid cells express HIV-1 entry receptor/coreceptor transcripts at a significant level and that these transcripts in select cell types responded only modestly to inflammatory signals. We profiled the transcriptional response of multiple CNS cells to inflammation and found 57 IFN-induced genes that were differentially expressed across all cell types. Taken together, these data focus attention on the cells in the CNS that are truly permissive to HIV-1, further highlight the role of HIV-1 Env evolution in mediating infection in the CNS, and point to limitations in using model cell types versus primary cells to explore features of virus-host interaction. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> The major feature of HIV-1 pathogenesis is the induction of an immunodeficient state in the face of an enhanced state of inflammation. However, for many of those infected, there can be an impact on the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in a wide range of neurocognitive defects. Here, we use a highly sensitive and quantitative assay for viral infectivity to explore primary and model cell types of the brain for their susceptibility to infection using viral entry proteins derived from the CNS. In addition, we examine the ability of an inflammatory state to alter infectivity of these cells. We find that myeloid cells are the only cell types in the CNS that can be infected and that induction of an inflammatory state negatively impacts viral infection across all cell types.
Resmethrin, the first modern pyrethroid insecticide (2014)

The discovery of resmethrin almost five decades ago was the seminal event in the development of pyrethroid insecticides as important pest management tools, the value of which endures to this day. This brief review considers the development of pyrethroids from the perspective of the discovery of resmethrin. I describe the pathway to the discovery of resmethrin and the unique properties that differentiated it from the pyrethrins and earlier synthetic pyrethroids is described. I also summarize information on metabolic fate and mechanisms of selective toxicity, first elucidated with resmethrin, that have shaped our understanding of pyrethroid toxicology since that time. Finally, I review the discovery pathway that led from resmethrin to the development of the first photostable, agriculturally useful pyrethroids that established the importance of this insecticide class.
Spontaneous Reinnervation of Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flaps after Delayed Breast Reconstruction (2015)

This study provides certain predictions for patients and surgeons, when and to which extent spontaneous reinnervation can be expected.
Headspace solid-phase microextraction (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHeadspace solid-phase microextractionZhouyao. Zhang and Janusz. PawliszynCite this: Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 14, 1843–1852Publication Date (Print):July 15, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 July 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00062a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00062a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5727Altmetric-Citations981LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Lithium fluoride recovery from cathode material of spent lithium-ion battery (2018)

Recoveries of cobalt and lithium metals from spent lithium-ion batteries are very important for prevention of environmental pollution and alleviation of resource shortage. In this study, a hydrometallurgical route for the recovery of lithium fluoride was proposed. Lithium and cobalt could be first selectively leached into solution using formic acid and hydrogen peroxide. By investigating the effects of leaching temperature, time, stoichiometric ratio, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration and solid-to-liquid ratio, the leaching efficiency of Li and Co could reach 99.90% and 99.96%, respectively. Meanwhile, the evaluation of leaching kinetics and calculation of apparent activation energies revealed that the leaching process fitted chemical control satisfactorily. After further fractional precipitation, a high purity of 99.0% lithium fluoride could be finally obtained, thus achieving the effective recovery of spent material from the lithium-ion battery.
Why is Ferrocene so Exceptional? (2016)

The appearance of ferrocene in the middle of the 20th century has revolutionized organometallic chemistry and is now providing applications in areas as varied and sometimes initially unexpected as optical and redox devices, battery and other materials, sensing, catalysis, including asymmetric and enantioselective catalysis, and medicine. The author presents here a general, although personal, view of ferrocene's chemistry, properties, functions, and applications through a literature survey involving both historical and up‐to‐date trends and including examples of his group's research in a number of these areas. The review gathers together general features of ferrocene chemistry and representative examples of the salient aspects. Its focus is on ferrocene's basic properties, ferrocene‐containing ligands, the ferrocene/ferricinium redox couple, ferrocene mixed‐valence and average‐valence systems, the ferricinium/ferrocene redox shuttle in catalysis, ligand‐exchange reactions, ferrocene‐containing polymers, ferrocene‐containing structures for cathodic battery and other materials, ferrocenes in supramolecular ensembles, liquid crystals, and nonlinear optical materials, ferrocene‐containing stars and their electrostatic effects, ferrocene‐containing dendrons, dendrimers, and nanoparticles (NPs) and their application in redox sensing and catalysis, and ferrocenes in nanomedicine.
Modeling of width-quantization-induced variations in logic FinFETs for 22nm and beyond (2011)

The nature of FinFET devices prohibits continuous width scaling and introduces a digitization of device width. As a consequence, devices are comprised of arrays of Fins ranging from one (SRAM) to a few tens of Fins. This introduces an intrinsic variation in the device that is absent in conventional planar devices. To build a reliable circuit, model parameters have to be provided that take account of the correct scaling behavior with increasing number of Fins for the composite device. For the first time we address in this paper how a composite Fin device can be modeled correctly. The statistical drive current and leakage current distribution are accurately modeled using the proposed methodology. We show that the DIBL vs. SS relationship for the composite device is an easily accessible indicator for the intrinsic variations observed in a composite device.
Supplementary Table S5 from Genetic Associations in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Systematic Review and Insights into Susceptibility Mechanisms (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Overview of genetic associations for classical Hodgkin lymphoma treatment related secondary malignancies and toxicities.&lt;/p&gt;
Swingin' the Dream – Big Band Jazz and the Rebirth of American Culture by Lewis A. Erenberg. University of Chicago Press, 1998. 293 pp, $28.00 or £22.50. (1999)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
ICSBP is critically involved in the normal development and trafficking of Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells (2003)

Interferon consensus sequence-binding protein (ICSBP) is a transcription factor belonging to the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, recently shown to play a critical role in dendritic cell (DC) differentiation. Here, we analyzed the role of ICSBP in the development and trafficking of epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal DCs and the implications for initiation of a competent immune response. ICSBP-/- mice exhibited a reduced frequency of LCs and a delayed mobility of DCs from skin that reflected a slower turnover rate in lymph nodes during steady-state conditions. Even under inflammatory changes, ICSBP-/- DCs displayed reduced mobility from skin to lymph nodes and, as a consequence, failed to induce a contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response, suggesting that these DCs were unable to initiate a competent antigen (Ag)-specific T-cell-mediated immunity. Moreover, bone marrow (BM)-derived DCs from ICSBP-/- mice exhibited an immature phenotype and a severe reduction of interleukin 12 (IL-12) expression. These BM DCs also showed a marked defect in their migratory response to macrophage inflammatory protein 3 alpha (MIP-3 alpha), MIP-3 beta, and the CC chemokine CCL21/6Ckine, which was paralleled by an impaired expression of the CC chemokine receptors, CCR6 and CCR7. Together, these results indicate that ICSBP is critically required for the development and trafficking of skin DCs, thus playing a critical role in the DC-mediated initiation of T-cell immunity.
Automatic white blood cell differentiation (2002)

There are many different classes of white blood cells present in bone marrow smears. A differential count of these various types of cells gives pathologists valuable information regarding the normalcy of the patient and clues to various cancers. It is a tedious task to locate, identify, and count these classes of cells. Besides relieving the already time intensive job from the technologists, an advantage of automation is that many more cells can be inspected, giving rise to better statistical information in the differential counts. We developed a system that can be used to differentiate white cells in bone marrow images. The system is consist of segmentation, feature extraction and classification. Our major concern is focused on segmentation. 
We present a new algorithm for object boundary extraction, called the watersnake. They seek solutions by iterative energy minimization. We use a new relaxation method that assigns labels (background, nucleus and cytoplasm) to objects in bone marrow images. Before the labeling procedure, the bone marrow image is divided into patches (homogeneous regions) using the watershed transformation. Patch-based relaxation updates the memberships of each patch based on the relationship with neighboring patches. This approach provides more robust and consistent segmentation, because it uses relatively larger context information than does pixel-based relaxation.
Enantioselective Preparation of β²-Amino Acid Derivatives for β-Peptide Synthesis (2008)

β-Amino acids with a single side chain in the α-position (β²-amino acids or H-β²hXaa(PG)-OH; i.e., homo-amino acids with proteinogenic side chains) have turned out to be important components in β-peptides. They contribute to unique secondary structures, they are required for mimicking the structure and the activity of β-turn-forming α-peptides, and they can be used for protecting α-peptides against attack by aminopeptidases. In contrast to β³-homo-amino acids, the β²-isomers cannot be obtained simply by enantiospecific homologation of the (natural) α-amino acids, but have to be prepared by enantioselective reactions or sequences of transformations, which are presented herein. The various preparative methods are ordered according to the bond at the stereogenic center, which is formed in the stereoselective step, with the four strategic bonds being the C(2)-C(3) backbone bond, the C(2)-side-chain bond, the C(2)-H bond, and the C(1)-C(2) bond between the carboxylate and the α-carbon. In the most frequently employed methods, a chiral auxiliary group is attached at the carboxyl C(1) atom or at the nitrogen in the 3-position, but there are also a number of enantioselective catalytic processes, including the hydrogenation of suitable acrylates. The alternative of stereoselective synthesis, namely resolution of racemic mixtures (for instance by biocatalysis), is also discussed. A critical comparison of the various methods and strategies is presented. For the peptide chemist, a list is included with the Cbz-, Boc-, and Fmoc-protected β²-amino acid building blocks, ready for peptide coupling. In addition, the search strategy for nonracemic β²-amino acids and their precursors from the databases is described in detail.
ChemInform Abstract: LUMINESCENT METAL COMPLEXES. PART 5. LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF RING‐SUBSTITUTED 1,10‐PHENANTHROLINE TRIS‐COMPLEXES OF RUTHENIUM(II) (1985)

Abstract Die Absorptionscharakteristika, Emissionsspektren, Lumineszenz‐Quantenausb.
Supplementary Video S7 from Unexpected Activities in Regulating Ciliation Contribute to Off-target Effects of Targeted Drugs (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Video S7. Time-lapse images of hTERT-RPE1-Arl13b-GFP cells starved in serum-free Opti-MEM for 48 hours, then incubated for 3 hours in 2.5 µM erlotinib + 20% FBS.&lt;/p&gt;
[Paradigm shift and future perspectives in rheumatoid arthritis]. (2013)

Introduction of methotrexate (MTX) and biologic agents caused a paradigm shift in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA). Development of new classification criteria for RA was established in 2010, which makes early diagnosis of RA possible. Treating to target (T2T) by setting treatment goal avoids irreversible joint damage and disability in RA. Remission, thus became a realistic goal with early diagnosis and intervention. Consequently, not only clinical but also structural and functional remission can be achieved with the current treatment. However, risk managements with the use of these agents are also of importance. In addition, there remains unmet needs in RA treatment.
Supplemental Videos and Datasets for: Three-Dimensional Neutron Far-Field Tomography of a Bulk Skyrmion Lattice (2022)

This repository contains datasets and supplemental videos used in Three-Dimensional Neutron Far-Field Tomography of a Bulk Skyrmion Lattice by M. E. Henderson, B. Heacock, M. Bleuel, D. G. Cory, C. Heikes, M. G. Huber, J. Krzywon, O. Nahman-Levesqué, G. M. Luke, M. Pula, D. Sarenac, K. Zhernenkov, and D. A. Pushin. The videos show magnetization and emergent charge defects as as a function of depth for the sample and phantom Mean Scattering Feature Reconstructions (MSFR) under various reduced fields, h, for both ideal and limited projection conditions.
Effects of Magnesium, Calcium and Wort Oxygenation on the Fermentative Performance of Ale and Lager Strains Fermenting Normal and High Gravity Worts* (1999)

The effects of increased magnesium and calcium concentrations in oxygenated and non-oxygenated conventional and high gravity worts under static conditions were investigated. The addition of 500 Mg2+ to the oxygenated 1048 OG and 1080 OG worts resulted in the most favourable changes to key fermentation parameters leading to increased ethanol production, enhanced vitality, increased cell numbers and an initial increased rate of fermentation, by an ale and lager yeast strain. Elevated Mg2+ levels in the non-oxygenated worts led to increased ethanol production, enhanced vitality and increased cell numbers but to a lesser degree when compared with the oxygenated worts. The addition of 800 ppm Ca2+ resulted in decreased fermentation rates, reduced ethanol production, decreased vitality and lowered cell numbers by both the ale and lager strain, in both the conventional and high gravity worts. The detrimental effect of added Ca2+ was exacerbated in the non-oxygenated worts.
Beyond the one-locus-one-miRNA paradigm: microRNA isoforms enable deeper insights into breast cancer heterogeneity (2015)

Here we describe our study of miRNA isoforms (isomiRs) in breast cancer (BRCA) and normal breast data sets from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) repository. We report that the full isomiR profiles, from both known and novel human-specific miRNA loci, are particularly rich in information and can distinguish tumor from normal tissue much better than the archetype miRNAs. IsomiR expression is also dependent on the patient's race, exemplified by miR-183-5p, several isomiRs of which are upregulated in triple negative BRCA in white but not black women. Additionally, we find that an isomiR's 5' endpoint and length, but not the genomic origin, are key determinants of the regulation of its expression. Overexpression of distinct miR-183-5p isomiRs in MDA-MB-231 cells followed by microarray analysis revealed that each isomiR has a distinct impact on the cellular transcriptome. Parallel integrative analysis of mRNA expression from BRCA data sets of the TCGA repository demonstrated that isomiRs can distinguish between the luminal A and luminal B subtypes and explain in more depth the molecular differences between them than the archetype molecules. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that post-transcriptional studies of BRCA will benefit from transcending the one-locus-one-miRNA paradigm and taking into account all isoforms from each miRNA locus as well as the patient's race.
Clinical Experience of Single-Session Percutaneous Aspiration and OK-432 Sclerotherapy for Treatment of Simple Renal Cysts: 1-Year Follow-Up (2009)

Percutaneous OK-432 sclerotherapy is simple, safe, and effective, and it can be an alternative first-line therapy for simple renal cysts.
A self-powered ultraviolet detector based on a single ZnO microwire/p-Si film with double heterojunctions (2014)

Recently, self-powered devices based on a p-n heterojunction have been widely reported, but there are few reports about self-powered UV detectors based on a single ZnO microwire/p-Si film with double heterojunctions. Compared with the common p-n heterojunction type devices, the fabricated devices with double heterojunctions based on a single n-type ZnO microwire and a p-type Si film exhibited excellent electrical performance such as an ideal rectification behaviour and a low turn-on voltage. At zero bias, the fabricated device can deliver a photocurrent of 71 nA, a high photosensitivity of about 3.17 × 10(3) under UV light (0.58 mW cm(-2)) illumination and a fast rising and falling time of both less than 0.3 s. Furthermore, the photocurrent increased with the rising of the optical intensity at low power intensities. The physical mechanism has been explained by energy band diagrams.
Clonal Evolution and Timing of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (2020)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide, where ~50% of patients develop metastasis, despite current improved management. Genomic characterisation of metastatic CRC, and elucidating the effects of therapy on the metastatic process, are essential to help guide precision medicine. Multi-region whole-exome sequencing was performed on 191 sampled tumour regions of patient-matched therapy-naïve and treated CRC primary tumours (<i>n</i> = 92 tumour regions) and metastases (<i>n</i> = 99 tumour regions), in 30 patients. Somatic variants were analysed to define the origin, composition, and timing of seeding in the metastatic progression of therapy-naïve and treated metastatic CRC. High concordance, with few genomic differences, was observed between primary CRC and metastases. Most cases supported a late dissemination model, via either monoclonal or polyclonal seeding. Polyclonal seeding appeared more common in therapy-naïve metastases than in treated metastases. Whereby, treatment prompted for the selection of distinct resistant clones, through monoclonal seeding to distant metastatic sites. Overall, this study reinforces the importance of early clinical detection and surgical excision of the CRC tumour, whilst further highlighting the clinical challenges for metastatic CRC with increased intratumour heterogeneity (either due to early dissemination or polyclonal metastatic spread) and the underlying risk of future therapeutic resistance in treated patients.
A Novel Approach for the Test of Active Pedestrian Safety Systems (2016)

Active pedestrian safety systems are based on a variety of sensor systems and detection algorithm approaches. The activation of, e.g., an emergency brake is a critical decision. Therefore, such applications must be tested very responsibly. This paper shows the characteristic features of pedestrians, presents current test methods, and introduces a novel test system approach and pedestrian dummy, which enables the test of advanced pedestrian detection systems. This includes also detection algorithm approaches including pre-indicators and path prediction for a complex motion pattern. The complex motion pattern can be a walking or a running pedestrian, including velocity and direction changes.
TLR-4 pathway mediates the inflammatory response but not bacterial elimination inE. colipneumonia (2005)

We examined the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 in modifying the lung inflammatory response and its effects on the bacterial recovery from the lungs following inhaled Escherichia coli in two different strains of TLR-4 mutant mice that are hyporesponsive to LPS. The C57BL/10ScN(tlr4(lps-del)) mice containing a deletion mutation in the TLR-4 gene showed lower proinflammatory cytokine levels, lower lung MPO activity, and less parenchymal and peribronchial inflammation compared with the C57BL/10ScSn mice, a related TLR-4 wild-type substrain. However, the C57BL/10ScN(tlr4(lps-del)) mutant showed lower bacterial recovery in the lungs following inhaled E. coli associated with a rapid but transient increase in air space neutrophil counts at 6 h. In comparison, the C3H/HeJ(tlr4(Lps-d)) mutant mice containing a Pro712His substitution in TLR-4 demonstrated lower proinflammatory cytokine levels, lower lung MPO activity, and lower neutrophil accumulation in the air spaces but showed no differences in the bacterial burden of inhaled E. coli at 6 h, when compared with the TLR-4 wild-type C3H/HeSnJ mice. Thus two different TLR-4 mutants showed attenuated inflammatory responses in the lungs, but the reduced inflammatory responses were not consistently associated with either improved or impaired bacterial elimination from the lungs. Our findings indicate that the inflammatory response to inhaled E. coli is TLR-4 dependent, but bacterial elimination depends on other factors in addition to TLR-4.