gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved Bitumen Recovery from Mined Oil Sand Ore Using Colloidal Nanosilica (2016)

Abstract Oil sand ore flotation is a primary method of bitumen recovery from mined Athabasca tar sands. In bitumen flotation, suspended biwettable ore fines, such as clays, tend to migrate to oil-water interfaces, creating slime coating on liberated bitumen droplets. Slime coating significantly reduces the efficiency of the flotation process and overall oil recovery. Ultra-dispersed hydrophilic silica nanoparticles were found to stabilize biwettable ore fines in an aqueous phase by adsorbing onto fines surfaces, even at concentrations as low as 50 ppm. As a result, fine solids move away from oil/water interfaces, reducing the slime coating and increasing bitumen recovery during flotation of low-grade ore by more than 5%. The addition of nanoparticles has no negative effect on froth quality or oil, water and solid separation in naphthenic and paraffinic froth treatment processes. Detailed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed mechanisms that improve bitumen liberation from mined oil sands in a flotation process. The studies demonstrated that colloidal nanoparticles affect many stages of the bitumen extraction process from bitumen separation to clay wettability alteration.
Optimized polar-azimuthal orientations for polarized light illumination of different Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector designs (2012)

The optimal orientations are determined for polarized substrate side illumination of three superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) designs: (1) periodic niobium-nitride (NbN) stripes standing in air with dimensions according to conventional SNSPDs, (2) same NbN patterns below ~quarter-wavelength hydrogensilsesquioxane-filled nano-cavity, (3) analogous NbN patterns in HSQ nano-cavity closed by a thin gold reflector. Numerical computation results have shown that the optical response and near-field distribution vary significantly with polar-angle, fi, and these variations are analogous across all azimuthal-angles, gamma, but are fundamentally different in various device designs. Larger absorptance is available due to p-polarized illumination of NbN patterns in P-structure configuration, while s-polarized illumination results in higher absorptance in S-structure arrangement. As a result of p-polarized illumination a global maximum appears on absorptance of bare NbN pattern at polar angle corresponding to NbN-related ATIR; integration with HSQ nano-cavity results in a global absorptance maximum at polar angle corresponding to TIR at sapphire-air interface; while the highest absorptance is observable at perpendicular incidence on P-structures aligned below gold reflector covered HSQ nano-cavity. S-polarized light illumination results in a global absorptance maximum at TIR on bare NbN patterns; the highest absorptance is available below HSQ nano-cavity at polar angle corresponding to ATIR phenomenon; while the benefit of gold reflector is large and polar angle independent absorptance.
A novel hybrid system for the direct oxidation of ethane to acetic and glycolic acids in aqueous medium (1992)

A combination of platinum(II) ion and metallic platinum is found to oxidise ethane to a mixture of acetic and glycolic acids in aqueous medium in the presence of oxygen; the platinum(II) ion is responsible for the initial C–H activation step leading eventually to the formation of ethanol and ethylene glycol, while metallic platinum catalyses the subsequent air oxidation of the alcohols to the corresponding acids.
Real-life efficacy and predictors of response to immunotherapy in pituitary tumors: a cohort study (2022)

This is the first study to assess the real-life efficacy of ICIs in pituitary carcinomas (PCs) and aggressive pituitary tumors. We also assessed potential predictors of response and are the first to assess the predictive value of CD8+ cell infiltration. We identified the tumor type as a major predictor, ICIs proving far more effective in treating PCs. Our study provides evidence that ICIs are a good option after temozolomide failure for PCs (four of six responded), especially for corticotroph carcinomas (three of four responded). We also provide evidence that negative PD-L1 staining and very low CD8+ cell infiltration in the tumor center should not preclude ICI administration in corticotroph carcinomas. Moreover, our findings point toward the need to systematically perform extension workup before starting ICIs.
Regional variations in pain to controlled mechanical skin traumas from automatic needle insertions and relations to ultrasonography (1999)

Background/aims: Variations in pain from needle insertions in different anatomical regions have not previously been investigated in relation to the mechanical parameters of needle insertions. The objective of the present study was to investigate these relations and furthermore to investigate possible relations between the skin parameters measured by high‐frequency ultrasound and the mechanical parameters of needle insertion. Methods: Forty‐eight needle insertions were performed in a randomised and blinded design into the deltoid region, the abdominal region, and the lateral region of the thigh in 30 healthy volunteers. The insertions were performed with hypodermic insulin needles 27 gauge (G) and 30G, at 19 mm/s, 90 degree angle, and 8 mm along the insertion axis. From each needle insertion the occurrence, intensity, and quality of pain as well as bleeding, and mechanical insertion parameters [maximum mechanical needle penetration force (N), indentation work load (10 ‐3 Nm), and total mechanical work load (10 ‐3 Nm)] were registered. Also, the skin of each anatomical region was characterised by 20‐MHz ultrasonographic examination. Results: The maximum mechanical penetration force was highest in the thigh and lowest in abdominal region ( P &lt;0.01). The indentation work load was lowest in the thigh ( P &lt;0.001). The total mechanical work load was highest in the deltoid region and lowest in the abdominal region ( P &lt;0.001). The occurrence of bleeding from the needle insertions was lowest in the abdominal region ( P =0.01). The occurrence of pain and the pain quality from needle insertions did not differ between the anatomical regions. However, the intensity of pain in the needle insertions reported to be painful was lowest in the deltoid region ( P &lt;0.01). Positive relations between higher mechanical parameters of insertions with 30G needles and the occurrence of pain were demonstrated. Higher total mechanical work load was related to increased pain intensity. Ultrasonographically, the thickness of the epidermal entrance echo was highest in the thigh ( P &lt;0.001), and the thickness of both the dermal echo and the total skin echo thickness were highest in the abdominal region ( P &lt;0.001). The mean ultrasonographic density of the dermal echo was lowest in the abdominal region and highest in the thigh ( P &lt;0.001). The thickness of the dermal echo, of the total skin echo and the dermal echo density were all significantly inversely related to the indentation work load ( P &lt;0.001). Conclusions: Specific mechanical parameters of needle insertions could be demonstrated in different anatomical regions. Differences in pain perception from needle insertions in different anatomical regions were not reflected by occurrence of pain but by pain intensity, with the lowest pain intensity registered in the deltoid region. Ultrasonographically, increased skin thickness and decreased density of the dermal echo were related to lower indentation work load during the needle insertions.
The structure of the CoS2(100)-(1 × 1) surface (2007)

Quantitative low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) has been used to determine the structure of the cubic CoS2 (100)-(1 × 1) surface. The clearly favoured structural model from the LEED analysis is the 1S-terminated (1 × 1) surface, in which the S–S dimer is intact and the terminal surface layer retains a complete S–Co–S sandwich structure. The surface S atoms move outwards towards the vacuum while the subsurface Co atoms move towards the bulk, by approximately 0.03 and 0.11 Å, respectively. In addition, the S atoms in the third sublayer relax outwards by about 0.12 Å, thus providing an indication of a stronger S–S dimer bond and a denser surface region. The complete atomic coordinates of the S–Co–S surface layers are determined in this analysis.
Density Gradient Analysis of Secretions Produced in Vitro by Human and Canine Airway Mucosa: Identification of Lipids and Proteoglycans in Such Secretions (1986)

Human and canine airway mucosal explants synthesize and secrete high molecular weight glycoconjugates, incorporating 14C-glucosamine, a radioactive precursor to epithelial glycoprotein. Our examination of secretions produced by several individual specimens, however, did not reveal epithelial glycoprotein of typical buoyant density (1.5 g/ml in CsBr); only a high-density component with features of glycoprotein and proteoglycan. To provide sufficient material for characterization, secretions from several specimens of human and canine explants were separately pooled and subjected to DGU in CsBr. After removal of lipids and proteins, the glycoconjugates were recovered into five fractions of different density. 14C-glucosamine had been incorporated in all five fractions. Fractions 1-4 together accounted for 88% of the radiolabel but gas chromatography indicated that none of these contained epithelial glycoprotein. Their amino acid compositions were similar to those of proteoglycans and electrophoresis confirmed the presence of chondroitin sulfates A, B, C, heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid. Sugars typical of epithelial glycoprotein were identified only in the glycoconjugate subfraction 5 of lowest density (and also lowest in yield) in which glycosaminoglycans were also identified. By addition of radioactive precursors, 14C acetate, 14C palmitate and 14C mevalonic acid to the culture medium and autoradiography of the secreted lipids we have shown that the tracheal explants actively synthesize lipids. Lipids accounted for a high proportion, almost half by weight, of the explant secretion. While neutral and phospholipids predominate, glycolipids were also identified.
The CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase complex controls adult and embryonic stem cell differentiation and homeostasis (2015)

Little is known on post-transcriptional regulation of adult and embryonic stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Here we characterize the role of Ddb1, a component of the CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase complex. Ddb1 is highly expressed in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors and its deletion leads to abrogation of both adult and fetal hematopoiesis, targeting specifically transiently amplifying progenitor subsets. However, Ddb1 deletion in non-dividing lymphocytes has no discernible phenotypes. Ddb1 silencing activates Trp53 pathway and leads to significant effects on cell cycle progression and rapid apoptosis. The abrogation of hematopoietic progenitor cells can be partially rescued by simultaneous deletion of Trp53. Conversely, depletion of DDB1 in embryonic stem cell (ESC) leads to differentiation albeit negative effects on cell cycle and apoptosis. Mass spectrometry reveals differing protein interactions between DDB1 and distinct DCAFs, the substrate recognizing components of the E3 complex, between cell types. Our studies identify CUL4-DDB1 complex as a novel post-translational regulator of stem and progenitor maintenance and differentiation.
Parameter drift instability in adaptive systems (1990)

An error model describing a variety of adaptive systems is studied, representing applications in adaptive filtering, recursive parameter identification, and model reference adaptive control. For the a posteriori or normalized type of adaptive law in the output error form, it is shown that error model instability requires a specific type of drift instability. Such drift is nonexplosive, but can lead to unbounded parameter and prediction errors. Drift is known to occur in the presence of algorithm disturbances, but a recent conjecture suggests it cannot happen in the ideal, no-disturbance case. Concrete examples are given showing drift to occur in this ideal case, provided a strictly positive real condition is violated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Decreased bacteria density on nanostructured polyurethane (2013)

As is well known, medical device infections are a growing clinical problem with no clear solution due to previous failed attempts of using antibiotics to decrease bacteria functions for which bacteria quickly develop a resistance toward. Because of their altered surface energetics, the objective of the present in vitro study was to create nanoscale surface features on polyurethane (PU) by soaking PU films in HNO3 and to determine bacteria (specifically, S. epidermidis, E. coli, and P. mirabilis) colony forming units after 1 h. Such bacteria frequently infect numerous medical devices. Results provided the first evidence that without using antibiotics, S. epidermidis density decreased by 5 and 13 times, E. coli density decreased by 6 and 20 times, and P. mirabilis density decreased by 8 and 35 times compared to conventional PU and a tissue engineering control small intestine submucosa (SIS), respectively. Material characterization studies revealed significantly greater nanoscale roughness and hydrophobicity for the HNO3-treated nanostructured PU compared to conventional PU (albeit, still hydrophilic) which may provide a rationale for the observed decreased bacteria responses. In addition, significantly greater amounts of fibronectin adsorption from serum were measured on nanorough compared conventional PU which may explain the decreased bacteria growth. In summary, this study provides significant promise for the use of nanostructured PU to decrease bacteria functions without the use of antibiotics, clearly addressing the wide spread problem of increased medical device infections observed today.
The α Subunit of Tryptophan Synthase (1989)

Our studies, which are aimed at understanding the catalytic mechanism of the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase from Salmonella typhimurium, use site-directed mutagenesis to explore the functional roles of aspartic acid 60, tyrosine 175, and glycine 211. These residues are located close to the substrate binding site of the alpha subunit in the three-dimensional structure of the tryptophan synthase alpha 2 beta 2 complex. Our finding that replacement of aspartic acid 60 by asparagine, alanine, or tyrosine results in complete loss of activity in the reaction catalyzed by the alpha subunit supports a catalytic role for aspartic acid 60. Since the mutant form with glutamic acid at position 60 has partial activity, glutamic acid 60 may serve as an alternative catalytic base. The mutant form in which tyrosine 175 is replaced by phenylalanine has substantial activity; thus the phenolic hydroxyl of tyrosine 175 is not essential for catalysis or substrate binding. Yanofsky and colleagues have identified many missense mutant forms of the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. Two of these inactive mutant forms had either tyrosine 175 replaced by cysteine or glycine 211 replaced by glutamic acid. Surprisingly, a second-site revertant which contained both of these amino acid changes was partially active. These results indicated that the second mutation must compensate in some way for the first. We now extend the studies of the effects of specific amino acid replacements at positions 175 and 211 by two techniques: 1) characterization of several mutant forms of the alpha subunit from S. typhimurium prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and 2) computer graphics modeling of the substrate binding site of the alpha subunit using the x-ray coordinates of the wild type alpha 2 beta 2 complex from S. typhimurium. We conclude that the restoration of alpha subunit activity in the doubly altered second-site revertant results from restoration of the proper geometry of the substrate binding site.
The four-element Windkessel model (2002)

In earlier studies the authors found that the three-element windkessel, although an almost perfect load for isolated heart studies, does not lead to correct estimates of the total arterial parameters such as the aortic characteristic impedance and total arterial compliance. To overcome this problem the authors add a fourth element, the total arterial inertance, to the three-element windkessel. The three- and four-element windkessels were tested against an extended model of the systemic circulation. The four-element windkessel described arterial pressure and flow most accurately and the estimated lumped parameters were typically within 10% of the actual values of the arterial system, The three- and four element windkessel model were also fit to in vivo human aortic pressure and flow waves. Again, the four-element windkessel fitted better and the estimated arterial parameter values were closer to values obtained with standard methods.
Influence of photoperiod and 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone on the reproductive axis of inbred LSH/Ss Lak male hamsters (1990)

Adult male Syrian hamsters of the inbred LSH/Ss Lak strain were maintained under a 14L:10D light cycle until 13 weeks of age. At this point, they were implanted s.c. with elastomer capsules that were either empty or packed with 30-40 mg of 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone (6-MBOA), a compound found naturally in some monocotyledonous plants; half of the animals from each treatment group were then kept in long days (14L:10D) or transferred to short days (9L:15D). Testicular size was measured and blood samples collected from each hamster immediately before capsule implantation and again 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks later. Within just 2 weeks of exposure to short days the mean plasma levels of LH and FSH had significantly declined, in both the control and 6-MBOA-treated animals, and were basal within 4 weeks. Testicular size closely followed these gonadotrophin changes; within 4-6 weeks the testes from all of the short-day hamsters had completely regressed to a prepubertal size. At the end of the experiment, at Week 8, the animals were killed and various components of the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis were compared between the treatment groups. The pituitary content of FSH and LH, testicular weight, mean serum level of testosterone, but not hypothalamic LHRH content or pituitary gland weight, were considerably lower in the short-day than in the long-day hamsters, regardless of whether or not they had been chronically treated with 6-MBOA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Simultaneous Localization and Antenna Calibration (2022)

Cooperative localization fills the gap in scenarios where global navigation satellite system (GNSS) reception is denied or impaired. Position and orientation information is then often provided based on signal round-trip time (RTT) and direction-of-arrival (DoA). Obtaining a meaningful RTT requires calibrated transceiver group delays, and accurate DoA estimation requires antenna calibration. Usually, such calibrations are performed once before operation. However, calibration parameters can change over time, e.g. due to varying temperature of RF components or reconfigurable antenna surroundings. To cope with that, we propose to estimate antenna responses and ranging biases simultaneously with positions and orientations by simultaneous localization and calibration (SLAC). We derive a SLAC algorithm based on Bayesian filtering, which is suitable for arbitrary antenna types. The algorithm is evaluated with measurement data from robotic rovers. We show, that ranging and DoA performance is improved considerably, leading to better position and orientation accuracy with SLAC.
A low noise figure K-band receiver in 130 nm CMOS (2018)

A fully integrated K-band receiver consisting of a low noise amplifier (LNA) and a Gilbert-Mixer with DC current bleeding technique is implemented in 130 nm CMOS technology. The input 24 GHz RF signal is down-converted to 10 MHz by a 24.01 GHz LO signal in the measurement. This receiver has a conversion gain of 21 dB for a LO power of 2 dBm. The measured input referred third order intercept (IIP3) point and 1 dB compression point are -17.9 dBm and -26 dBm, respectively. To the authors' best knowledge this receiver has the lowest DSB noise figure of 4.6 dB compared to other published 130 nm CMOS receivers at similar RF and IF frequencies from available literature. The presented receiver consumes 29.4 mW DC power from a 1.5 V supply and has a chip area of 1.9 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> including all the pads.
Efficient Collection and Sensitive Detection Using Conducting Magnetic Microbeads (2014)

Conducting magnetic microbeads were successfully fabricated through a simple procedure that involves coating magnetic microbeads with gold nanoparticles. The formation of a gold layer on the bead enabled the simple introduction of a biotin probe onto the bead, resulting in the binding capacity with streptavidin being 10 times greater than that of commercially available biotin-binding magnetic beads. In addition to the high recovery via magnetic forces and high dispersibility in the sample solution, the accumulation of highly conductive beads on the electrode resulted in the amplification of the electrochemical response of the detection system. This paper reports the efficient collection and highly sensitive detection of target biomolecules using Au-coated magnetic microbeads.
Small Object Augmentation of Urban Scenes for Real-Time Semantic Segmentation (2020)

Semantic segmentation is a key step in scene understanding for autonomous driving. Although deep learning has significantly improved the segmentation accuracy, current highquality models such as PSPNet and DeepLabV3 are inefficient given their complex architectures and reliance on multi-scale inputs. Thus, it is difficult to apply them to real-time or practical applications. On the other hand, existing real-time methods cannot yet produce satisfactory results on small objects such as traffic lights, which are imperative to safe autonomous driving. In this paper, we improve the performance of real-time semantic segmentation from two perspectives, methodology and data. Specifically, we propose a real-time segmentation model coined Narrow Deep Network (NDNet) and build a synthetic dataset by inserting additional small objects into the training images. The proposed method achieves 65.7% mean intersection over union (mIoU) on the Cityscapes test set with only 8.4G floatingpoint operations (FLOPs) on 1024×2048 inputs. Furthermore, by re-training the existing PSPNet and DeepLabV3 models on our synthetic dataset, we obtained an average 2% mIoU improvement on small objects.
The Pharmaceutical Industry in 2018. An Analysis of FDA Drug Approvals from the Perspective of Molecules (2019)

The Food and Drug Administration approved 59 new drugs (42 New Chemical Entities and 17 Biologics) during 2018. This number breaks the previous record of 53 approved by the same organization in 1996. The 17 new biologics approved in 2018 also represent an important milestone for this kind of drug and they clearly exceed the 12 approved in 2015 and 2017. Herein, the 59 new drugs of the class of 2018 are analyzed from a strictly chemical perspective. The classification has been carried out on the basis of the chemical structure and includes the following: Biologics (antibodies and enzymes); TIDES (peptides and oligonucleotides) and natural products; drug combinations; and small molecules.