gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tumor Engineering: The Other Face of Tissue Engineering (2010)

Advances in tissue engineering have been accomplished for years by employing biomimetic strategies to provide cells with aspects of their original microenvironment necessary to reconstitute a unit of both form and function for a given tissue. We believe that the most critical hallmark of cancer is loss of integration of architecture and function; thus, it stands to reason that similar strategies could be employed to understand tumor biology. In this commentary, we discuss work contributed by Fischbach-Teschl and colleagues to this special issue of Tissue Engineering in the context of 'tumor engineering', that is, the construction of complex cell culture models that recapitulate aspects of the in vivo tumor microenvironment to study the dynamics of tumor development, progression, and therapy on multiple scales. We provide examples of fundamental questions that could be answered by developing such models, and encourage the continued collaboration between physical scientists and life scientists not only for regenerative purposes, but also to unravel the complexity that is the tumor microenvironment.
The Anatomy of the Grid (2003)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Emergence of Virtual Organizations The Nature of Grid Architecture Grid Architecture Description Grid Architecture in Practice ‘On the Grid’: The Need for Intergrid Protocols Relationships with Other Technologies Other Perspectives on Grids Summary Acknowledgments Appendix: Definitions References
Bubble Effects on the Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) Measurements (2009)

Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) is a useful technique for measuring flow velocities with frequency variations of up to approximately 200 Hz in laboratory settings and in field applications. Although measuring velocity with ADV has advantages over other velocity measurement methods, this technique is sensitive to operating conditions: in addition to noise, the signal can contain spikes with large amplitudes, a disadvantage of ADV. In this study, the effect of bubbles on ADV signals is experimentally assessed in a laboratory setting. Bubbles can intersect the sampling volume and the acoustic beams creating spikes. The impact and amplitude of these spikes is a function of the bubble size and position when it crosses the ADV sampling volume and the acoustic beams. Bubbles that intersect the sampling volume generate spikes in all three velocity directions simultaneously; bubbles that intersect acoustic beams, which span between the sampling volume and the ADV receivers, impact the velocity data in one or two directions, and has a negligible effect in the third direction. Bubbles that intersect the X-direction acoustic beam create spikes in velocity data in both X- and Z-directions, but have no significant impact on the Y-direction; the Y- and X-directions have spikes and the Z-direction is not significantly impacted, when bubbles intersect the Y-direction acoustic beam. In addition, spikes increase the magnitude of the power spectra at high frequencies. Without bubbles, the autocorrelation in the time domain decreases in value as the time-lag increases, approaching zero after 5 seconds. The presences of bubbles cause a large peak in the autocorrelation at a zero time-lag, and no autocorrelation thereafter. Furthermore, the autocorrelation without bubbles permit turbulence length scales to be calculated because of the positive autocorrelation value; unless spikes are removed by using an appropriate filter when bubbles are present, turbulence length scales cannot be calculated because the autocorrelation is zero.
Bayesian Optimal Data Detector for mmWave OFDM System With Low-Resolution ADC (2017)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been widely used in communication systems operating in the millimeter wave (mmWave) band to combat frequency-selective fading and achieve multi-Gbps transmissions, such as the IEEE 802.15.3c and the IEEE 802.11ad. For mmWave systems with ultra high sampling rate requirements, the use of low-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) (i.e., 1-3 bits) ensures an acceptable level of power consumption and system costs. However, orthogonality among subchannels in the OFDM system cannot be maintained because of the severe nonlinearity caused by low-resolution ADC, which renders the design of data detector challenging. In this paper, we develop an efficient algorithm for optimal data detection in the mmWave OFDM system with low-resolution ADCs. The analytical performance of the proposed detector is derived and verified to achieve the fundamental limit of the Bayesian optimal design. On the basis of the derived analytical expression, we further propose a power allocation (PA) scheme that seeks to minimize the average symbol error rate. In addition to the optimal data detector, we also develop a feasible channel estimation method, which can provide high-quality channel state information without significant pilot overhead. Simulation results confirm the accuracy of our analysis and illustrate that the performance of the proposed detector in conjunction with the proposed PA scheme is close to the optimal performance of the OFDM system with infinite-resolution ADC.
Real-time effects of lateral positioning on regional ventilation and perfusion in an experimental model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (2023)

Low-volume lung injury encompasses local concentration of stresses in the vicinity of collapsed regions in heterogeneously ventilated lungs. We aimed to study the effects on ventilation and perfusion distributions of a sequential lateral positioning (30°) strategy using electrical impedance tomography imaging in a porcine experimental model of early acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We hypothesized that such strategy, including a real-time individualization of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) whenever in lateral positioning, would provide attenuation of collapse in the dependent lung regions. A two-hit injury acute respiratory distress syndrome experimental model was established by lung lavages followed by injurious mechanical ventilation. Then, all animals were studied in five body positions in a sequential order, 15 min each: Supine 1; Lateral Left; Supine 2; Lateral Right; Supine 3. The following functional images were analyzed by electrical impedance tomography: ventilation distributions and regional lung volumes, and perfusion distributions. The induction of the acute respiratory distress syndrome model resulted in a marked fall in oxygenation along with low regional ventilation and compliance of the dorsal half of the lung (gravitational-dependent in supine position). Both the regional ventilation and compliance of the dorsal half of the lung greatly increased along of the sequential lateral positioning strategy, and maximally at its end. In addition, a corresponding improvement of oxygenation occurred. In conclusion, our sequential lateral positioning strategy, with sufficient positive end-expiratory pressure to prevent collapse of the dependent lung units during lateral positioning, provided a relevant diminution of collapse in the dorsal lung in a porcine experimental model of early acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Ecological effects of short-term ciprofloxacin treatment of travellers' diarrhoea (1992)

Forty-two subjects travelling to Mexico for 11 days were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing ciprofloxacin 250 mg twice daily for three days or placebo for treatment of travellers' diarrhoea. Seventeen (41%) subjects were randomized to treatment. By the last treatment day, all seven evaluable subjects in the ciprofloxacin group, and three of eight evaluable subjects in the placebo group were cured (P = 0.04). The mean time to cure was 26 h for ciprofloxacin and 60 h for placebo-treated patients (P = 0.03). Faecal specimen were collected pre-travel, after four days in Mexico, 48 h post-travel and four weeks post-travel. Potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli strains carrying diarrhoeagenic virulence genes were detected by DNA hybridization tests, during or after travel, in 41% of treated and 31% of asymptomatic travellers. Travel, irrespective of diarrhoea and type of treatment, had a minor impact on the aerobic and anaerobic microflora. In travellers with ongoing diarrhoea, a suppression of the numbers of anaerobic bacteria was found, but the microflora was otherwise virtually unaffected. Significantly increased frequencies of E. coli resistant to ampicillin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole were found during and after travel in all categories of travellers, though more frequently in subjects who experienced diarrhoea. The susceptibility of Bacteroides spp. remained unchanged. The sensitivity of E. coli to ciprofloxacin was not affected by travel, except in four ciprofloxacin-treated subjects who acquired multiresistant E. coli with ciprofloxacin MICs of > or = 0.125 mg/L post-travel. Bacteroides strains with MICs of > or = 64 mg/L were isolated post-travel from four ciprofloxacin-treated patients, and from one of the other 34 travellers not treated with ciprofloxacin.
In Situ Characterization of Membrane Fouling and Cleaning Using a Multiphoton Microscope (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Overview Optical Techniques for Characterization of Membrane Fouling Partial Review of Fouling and Cleaning Materials and Methods Imaging Cake Fouling Imaging of Protein Fouling In Situ Characterization of Cell–Protein Fouling Conclusions References
A sub-structuring method in low- and medium-frequency ranges based on an energy formulation and a stochastic vibroacoustic computational model (2009)

International audience
Intracellular Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in Human Monocytic Cells and Induction of Apoptotic Death by Cytholethal Distending Toxin (2005)

Campylobacter jejuni 81-176 is capable of extensive replication within human monocytic cell vacuoles and induces apoptotic death via cytolethal distending toxin.
Simulations of defect-free coupled-resonator optical waveguides constructed in 12-fold quasiperiodic photonic crystals (2006)

In this paper we propose a defect free coupled-resonator optical waveguide (CROW) that is constructed based on the intrinsic localized modes in a 12-fold quasiperiodic photonic crystal (QPC). Different from the usual CROW created by introducing a serial of point defects in a periodic photonic crystal, the special CROW is fabricated by modifying the 12-fold QPC without destroying its basic cells. Our simulation results indicate that the guiding efficiency of the CROW is high. Furthermore, compared with the CROW constructed in a periodic photonic crystal, the maximal value of the group velocity of electromagnetic waves propagating in this kind of CROW can be greatly reduced.
Synchrotron characterization of deep depletion epitaxial GaAs detectors (1999)

We report the results of a series of synchrotron characterizations of two epitaxial GaAs detectors of active areas 2.22 mm2 and thicknesses 40 and 400 μm. In spite of an order of magnitude difference in depletion depths, the detectors were found to have comparable performances at ∼−40 °C, with energy resolutions of ∼1 keV full width at half maximum (FWHM) at 7 keV rising to ∼2 keV FWHM at 200 keV and noise floors in the range of 1–1.5 keV. At the lower energies, the energy resolution was dominated by leakage current and electromagnetic pickup. At the highest energies, however, the measured resolutions appear to approach the expected Fano limit; e.g., ∼950 eV at 200 keV. Both detectors were remarkably linear, with average rms nonlinearities of 0.2% over the energy range of 10–60 keV. By raster scanning the active areas with 20×20 μm2 monoenergetic photon beams, it was found that the nonuniformity in the spatial response of both detectors was less than 1% and independent of energy. The material used to fabricate the detector is extremely pure. For example, low temperature photoluminescence measurements indicate that the density of the As antisite defect (EL2) is of the order of 1012 cm−3, which is ∼2–3 orders of magnitude lower than that generally reported. This indirect measurement of material purity is confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations of the detector x-ray response, which show that in order to reproduce the observed energy-loss spectra, electron and hole trapping cross-section/density products must be ≪1 cm−1.
Supplementary Figures from Small Gene Networks Delineate Immune Cell States and Characterize Immunotherapy Response in Melanoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figures S1 and S2&lt;/p&gt;
Characteristic Variations of Graphene Field-Effect Transistors Induced by CF4 Gas (2012)

The influence of tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ) gas on the electrical characteristics of monolithic graphene field-effect transistors (FETs) is reported. Compared with the results in nitrogen ambient, FETs in CF 4 ambient exhibit a positive shift in the Dirac point voltage and an increase in drain current. These changes are ascribed to the electronegative nature of the fluorine atoms in CF 4 gas, which is found to induce p-type doping and excess charge carriers in graphene. The electrical response to CF 4 gas exposure demonstrates the feasibility of using monolithic graphene FETs as chemical sensors.
Addition Reactions of Sulfonylimidates with Imines Catalyzed by Alkaline Earth Metals (2009)

Billig und sicher: Additionen von Sulfonylimidaten an Imine können durch billige und ungiftige Alkoxide der Erdalkalimetalle katalysiert werden. Die Diastereoselektivität hängt stark vom Lösungsmittel und vom Katalysator ab; sowohl die syn- als auch die anti-Addukte sind diastereoselektiv in hohen Ausbeuten zugänglich (siehe Schema). Darüber hinaus wird die erste katalytische asymmetrische Mannich-Reaktion eines Sulfonylimidats präsentiert.
Learning to promote students’ mathematical reasoning: Lesson study contributions in initial teacher education (2023)

The aim of this study is to understand how prospective teachers can develop their knowledge about how to promote students’ mathematical reasoning in a set of sequential lesson studies. The research follows a qualitative approach and addresses the case of a prospective teacher without teaching experience. Data was analyzed according to a set of principles regarding the characteristics of tasks and the teacher’s actions that promote students’ mathematical reasoning. Reflecting on the students’ work in the lessons that the prospective teacher taught led her to understand the influence of the proposed tasks and her actions in promoting students’ reasoning, thus developing her knowledge. Furthermore, the sequential structure of the lesson studies allowed her to prepare the following lessons based on the in-depth analysis of the previous lessons and to put into practice what she planned, leading her to rethink her teaching strategies and improve her practice.
Inhibition of HIV-1 RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and cellular DNA polymerases α, β and γ by phosphonoformic acid and other drugs (1988)

Potential specific inhibitors of HIV RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP) were examined in an in-vitro test system containing purified HIV-1 RDDP, or functionally purified cellular DNA-dependent DNA polymerases alpha, beta and gamma. A wide variety of drugs were tested for their specific inhibitory activity against the viral enzyme to identify substances which, at the same concentration, did not inhibit the cellular DNA polymerases. Phosphonoformic acid and derivatives were found to be the most specific inhibitors, followed by chlortetracycline.
Nodal Recurrence in Patients With Node-Positive Breast Cancer Treated With Sentinel Node Biopsy Alone After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy—A Rare Event (2021)

<h3>Importance</h3> Prospective trials have demonstrated sentinel lymph node (SLN) false-negative rates of less than 10% when 3 or more SLNs are retrieved in patients with clinically node-positive breast cancer rendered clinically node-negative with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). However, rates of nodal recurrence in such patients treated with SLN biopsy (SLNB) alone are unknown because axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was performed in all patients, limiting adoption of this approach. <h3>Objective</h3> To evaluate nodal recurrence rates in a consecutive cohort of patients with clinically node-positive (cN1) breast cancer receiving NAC, followed by a negative SLNB using a standardized technique, and no further axillary surgery. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> From November 2013 to February 2019, a cohort of consecutively identified patients with cT1 to cT3 biopsy-proven N1 breast cancer rendered cN0 by NAC underwent SLNB with dual tracer mapping and omission of ALND if 3 or more SLNs were identified and all were pathologically negative. Metastatic nodes were not routinely clipped, and localization of clipped nodes was not performed. The study was performed in a single tertiary cancer center. <h3>Intervention</h3> Omission of ALND in patients with cN1 breast cancer after NAC if 3 or more SLNs were pathologically negative. <h3>Main Outcome and Measures</h3> The primary outcome was the rate of nodal recurrence among patients with cN1 breast cancer treated with SLNB alone after NAC. <h3>Results</h3> Of 610 patients with cN1 breast cancer treated with NAC, 555 (91%) converted to cN0 and underwent SLNB; 234 (42%) had 3 or more negative SLNs and had SLNB alone. The median (IQR) age of these 234 patients was 49 (40-58) years; median tumor size was 3 cm; 144 (62%) were<i>ERBB2</i>(formerly<i>HER2</i>)-positive, and 43 (18%) were triple negative. Most (212 [91%]) received doxorubicin-based NAC; 205 (88%) received adjuvant radiotherapy (RT), and 164 (70%) also received nodal RT. At a median follow-up of 40 months, there was 1 axillary nodal recurrence synchronous with local recurrence in a patient who refused RT. Among patients who received RT (n = 205), there were no nodal recurrences. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> This cohort study found that in patients with cN1 disease rendered cN0 with NAC, with 3 or more negative SLNs with SLNB alone, nodal recurrence rates were low, without routine nodal clipping. These findings potentially support omitting ALND in such patients.
One love : Homophobia and the Jamaican press (2009)

Jamaica is a beautiful island in the Caribbean well known all over the world for its Reggae music and its message of One love. But it is neither the songs about love nor the striking beauty of the island that awoken our interest. It was the widespread homophobia that can be found both in the Reggae lyrics, as they often promotes violence against homosexuals, the law against buggary and in almost every other corner of the society. We wanted to know if this homophobia also could be found in the press. Therefore the aim of this study is to find how LGBT-persons are being described in the Jamaican press. Do the press reflect or oppose the homophobia in the society? Our theoretical framework is about socialization, identity and the building of a nation, of which in all media is a part. It is also about how alienation is created by the media. Our material contains of all articles from the four main newspapers in Jamaica, The Daily Observer, The Gleaner, The Chat and The Star, that in someway touches LGBT-persons during a two week period, between November 10 and November 23, 2008. We use all of these 27 articles to make a quantitative analysis and four of them are handpicked for a qualitative analysis. As a complement to the articles we use qualitative interviews with the editor in chief of The Daily Observer Vernon Davidson, and the Senior lecturer of Media and Communication at University of West Indies, Canute James. We find that the homophobia in the society is in some ways reflected by the Jamaican press. LGBT-persons, especially homosexual men, are described as different, abnormal and as standing outside the Jamaican society. This strengthens the alienation. The great reggae and dancehall stars are often more defended than criticized for their homophobic lyrics in the press. What we also find is that there is an ongoing debate about the homophobic hatred as being a part of an old society that it is time for Jamaica to grow out of. In other words the proud Jamaican nation of which the homophobia is a part should change according to some, whilst others do not want their nation to adapt itself to other countries views.
Experimental Assessment of the Clique Problem in FlexRay (2013)

The FlexRay bus protocol recently adopted by the automotive industry provides both a time- and event-triggered communication paradigm, combined with communication via two independent channels, as well as optional bus-guardians in order to meet the bandwidth and reliability requirements by present and future emerging automotive applications. Despite the benefits and improvements, when compared to traditional bus systems (e.g., CAN), rare faults may still occur. In this regard, this paper presents an experimental investigation of the clique problem, where a FlexRay network gets partitioned into multiple functional domains. In such a scenario the nodes within a domain may still be able to communicate with each other, however, not across domain boundaries. As a result affected applications that rely on information from nodes of either domain may be impaired in their intended functionality as long as such a clique exists. Such an impairment affecting critical applications like the braking system may result in hazardous situations.
Analysis and Model Validation of Shock Layer Radiation in Air (2008)

This paper analyzes the shock layer radiative heating environment for a large entry vehicle on a lunar return trajectory. Modeling results show that much of the shock layer plasma is in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and is not optically thin. The ionization level is generally high (15%) and the air is almost fully dissociated. A significant amount of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation is produced due to bound-bound and bound-free transitions of N and O atoms. The sensitivity of total radiation to Stark broadening, which dominates over other line broadening mechanisms, is quantified. The latter part of this paper reports the status of ongoing validation of the current radiation models with measurements in the Electric-Arc Shock Tube (EAST) facility at NASA Ames Research Center. Model predictions are compared with the calibrated radiation spectra measured in the equilibrium portion of the shock layer at 0.3 Torr. The reasons for discrepancy between model and measurements are also discussed with possible hypotheses presented for further investigation.
An O(N) Method for Rapidly Computing Periodic Potentials Using Accelerated Cartesian Expansions (2011)

The evaluation of long-range potentials in periodic, many-body systems arises as a necessary step in the numerical modeling of a multitude of interesting physical problems. Direct evaluation of these potentials requires O(N^2) operations and O(N^2) storage, where N is the number of interacting bodies. In this work, we present a method, which requires O(N) operations and O(N) storage, for the evaluation of periodic Helmholtz, Coulomb, and Yukawa potentials with periodicity in 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensions, using the method of Accelerated Cartesian Expansions (ACE). We present all aspects necessary to effect this acceleration within the framework of ACE including the necessary translation operators, and appropriately modifying the hierarchical computational algorithm. We also present several results that validate the efficacy of this method with respect to both error convergence and cost scaling, and derive error bounds for one exemplary potential.
Epitaxial Growth Controlled in Three Dimensions. Three-Dimensional Nanostructure Fabrication by Electron Beam Induced Surface Reactions. (1995)

電子線照射によって誘起された基板表面原子と吸着分子との反応を利用した電子ビームデポジションによる3次元ナノ構造形成について述べる。まず, 電子ビームデポジションの基礎特性として, WF6ガスソースを用いたWのデポジションの基板温度依存性, オージェ分析および透過電子顕微鏡その場観察結果について述べる。これらの実験結果から, デポジション薄膜の基礎特性が明らかになった。また,集束電子線, STMを用いた3次元ナノ構造形成の実例を示す。さらに, これまで電子の粒子性を用いた3次元ナノ構造について研究を行ってきたが, 今後の展開として, 物質波の利用, つまり, 電子線描画技術によって作製されたComputer Generated Hologramを用いた電子・原子の物質波による3次元立体構造形成の可能性について言及する。