gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary dynamics of feedback escape and the development of stem-cell–driven cancers (2011)

Cancers are thought to arise in tissue stem cells, and similar to healthy tissue, are thought to be maintained by a small population of tumor stem or initiating cells, whereas the majority of tumor cells are more differentiated with limited replicative potential. Healthy tissue homeostasis is achieved by feedback loops, and particular importance has been attached to signals secreted from differentiated cells that inhibit stem-cell division and stem-cell self-renewal, as documented in the olfactory epithelium and other tissues. Therefore, a key event in carcinogenesis must be escape from these feedback loops, which is studied here using evolutionary computational models. We find that out of all potential evolutionary pathways, only one unique sequence of phenotypic transitions can lead to complete escape in stem-cell-driven tumors, even though the required mutations for these transitions are certainly tissue specific. This insight, supported by data, facilitates the search for driver mutations and for therapeutic targets. Different growth patterns can result from feedback escape, which we call "inhibited," "uninhibited," and "sigmoidal," and which are found in published data. The finding of inhibited growth patterns in data indicates that besides architecture, the regulatory mechanisms of healthy tissue continue to operate to a degree in tumors.
Grb-2-Associated Binder-1 Is Involved in Insulin-Induced egr-1 Gene Expression through its Phosphatidylinositol 3′-Kinase Binding Site (2001)

The Grb2-associated binder-1 (Gab1) is one of the major adapter molecules downstream of growth factor receptor signaling. Even though insulin causes tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab1, its role in insulin signaling has not been identified yet. We have demonstrated that insulin increased expression of early growth response gene-1 (egr-1), which is one of the most important transcription factors involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. In the present study, the possible role of Gab1 in insulin-induced egr-1 expression was studied using Rat1 fibroblasts expressing human insulin receptors and wildtype Gab1 (HIRc/Gab1(WT)), Gab1 with three tyrosines in the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3'-kinase binding domain mutated to phenylalanine (HIRc/Gab1(DeltaPI3K)), or histidinol resistance only (HIRc/HIS). Insulin-induced egr-1 expression in HIRc/Gab1(DeltaPI3K) cells was much lower than in the other cells, as determined by Northern blot analysis. These results suggest that Gab1 is involved in the signaling pathway for insulin-induced egr-1 expression through increasing PI3'-kinase activity. The MAP kinase activity increased less with insulin treatment in HIRc/Gab1(DeltaPI3K) cells than in other cells. Inhibition of MAP kinase by the MEK inhibitor completely abolished insulin-induced egr-1 expression. These results suggest that Gab1 increases MAP kinase activity through its PI3'-kinase binding site, which then leads to egr-1 expression. Our results indicate that Gab1 is involved in the control of egr-1 expression regulated by insulin.
Modeling the Effects of Varying the Capacitance, Resistance, Temperature, and Frequency Dependence for HTS Josephson Junctions, DC SQUIDs and DC bi-SQUIDS (2014)

Abstract : The objective of this research was to explore the effects of altering the third junction in an array of bi-superconducting quantum interference devices (bi-SQUIDs) on the overall performance characteristics. The third junction could be altered by either fabricating it using a different method, such as ion beam milling or ion damage, or with junctions specifically designed to exploit certain properties, as with multiferroic junctions. Based on the results of this study, we determined that a modification to the third junction is a viable approach to introduce a desired frequency dependence and/or control of the linearity and voltage swing of the anti-peak. This study, while extensive, was by no means exhaustive, and a significant amount of work remains to fully examine the different effects.
High-Molecular-Weight Immunoreactive β-Endorphin in Extracts of Human Placenta Is a Fragment of Immunoglobulin G (1980)

A high-molecular-weight protein with beta-endorphin- and adrenocorticotropin-immunoreactivities was isolated from extracts of human placenta after several purification steps, including immunoadsorption with a well-characterized antiserum raised to beta-endorphin. This protein was identified as the heavy chain of the human immunoglobulin class IgG1. These results have led to the recognition of homologies in the amino acid sequences of these physiologically unrelated molecules. They also suggest caution in accepting immunological competence as the sole criterion of the chemical identity of a ligand.
Nanoparticle Photoresists: Ligand Exchange as a New, Sensitive EUV Patterning Mechanism (2013)

Hybrid nanoparticle photoresists and their patterning using DUV, EUV, 193 nm lithography and e-beam lithography has been investigated and reported earlier. The nanoparticles have demonstrated very high EUV sensitivity and significant etch resistance compared to other standard photoresists. The current study aims at investigating and establishing the underlying mechanism for dual tone patterning of these nanoparticle photoresist systems. Infrared spectroscopy and UV absorbance studies supported by mass loss and dissolution studies support the current model.
Cleanup and gettering during the Beryllium Limiter Experiment in Impurity Study Experiment-B (1986)

Changes in plasma impurities and radiated power due to cleanup and gettering during the Beryllium Limiter Experiment are related to changes of the surface composition of the torus walls and residual gases in the torus. Pulse discharge cleaning was very effective in cleaning the ISX-B vacuum vessel after installation of the beryllium limiter. As a result of discharge cleaning, areas near the limiter were soon covered with a beryllium rich deposit containing some iron, nickel, chromium, and titanium as well as oxygen, carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen. Oxygen levels on the wall were reduced to below 10 at. %. Materials transport during discharge cleaning was apparently due to sputtered neutrals. Evaporation of beryllium from the limiter and subsequent deposition on the torus walls caused by high power tokamak shots produced gettering of the machine equal or better than that previously obtained with titanium or chromium. This gettering by beryllium eliminated the need for further discharge cleaning or other gettering. Beryllium transport in this case appears to be mostly as ions in the plasma edge.
A hybrid continuous speech recognition system using segmental neural nets with hidden Markov models (2002)

The authors present the concept of a 'segmental neural net' (SNN) for phonetic modeling in continuous speech recognition (CSR) and demonstrate how than can be used with a multiple hypothesis (or N-Best) paradigm to combine different CSR systems. In particular, they have developed a system that combines the SNN with a hidden Markov model (HMM) system. They believe that this is the first system incorporating a neural network for which the performance has exceeded the state of the art in large-vocabulary, continuous speech recognition. To take advantage of the training and decoding speed of HMMs, the authors have developed a novel hybrid SNN/HMM system that combines the advantages of both types of approaches. In this hybrid system, use is made of the N-best paradigm to generate likely phonetic segmentations, which are then scored by the SNN. The HMM and SNN scores are then combined to optimize performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A model for improving microbial biofuel production using a synthetic feedback loop (2010)

Cells use feedback to implement a diverse range of regulatory functions. Building synthetic feedback control systems may yield insight into the roles that feedback can play in regulation since it can be introduced independently of native regulation, and alternative control architectures can be compared. We propose a model for microbial biofuel production where a synthetic control system is used to increase cell viability and biofuel yields. Although microbes can be engineered to produce biofuels, the fuels are often toxic to cell growth, creating a negative feedback loop that limits biofuel production. These toxic effects may be mitigated by expressing efflux pumps that export biofuel from the cell. We developed a model for cell growth and biofuel production and used it to compare several genetic control strategies for their ability to improve biofuel yields. We show that controlling efflux pump expression directly with a biofuel-responsive promoter is a straightforward way of improving biofuel production. In addition, a feed forward loop controller is shown to be versatile at dealing with uncertainty in biofuel production rates.
Robust Nitrogen oxide/Ammonia Sensors for Vehicle on-board Emissions Control (2024)

Abstract Not Provided
GaAs monolithic implementation of active circulators (2003)

A GaAs monolithic three-transistor signal circulator for 0.2- to 2-GHz applications was developed and tested. The circuit consists of three FETs with gates of 150- mu m width and 0.5- mu m length, three capacitors, and seven GaAs resistors. The resulting chip size is 1.1 mm*1.0 mm on a substrate of thickness 0.15 mm. The ability afforded by monolithic construction techniques to locate the active devices in close proximity to each other and avoid interconnecting circuitry stray capacitance is critical to the high-frequency operation of the device. The three-terminal device demonstrated a 6-dB insertion loss and an 18-dB directivity over the above frequency range.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Chemical trends of the rattling phonon modes in alloyed germanium clathrates (2000)

Alloys based on Ge clathrates are promising thermoelectric materials because of their expected “rattling” properties. We have incorporated the elements of columns I and II into the cages of (Ge, Ga)46 type-I clathrates as cation guests and have theoretically examined their “rattling” behavior using density functional theory. The potential energy curves of guest atoms in the cages are evaluated to understand the nature of the weak guest–framework interaction. Some atoms are unstable at the center of the cages, while others appear to be bonded by weak restoring forces. We calculate the phonon modes and the Raman spectra and find that heavy alkali-earth elements, such as Sr and Ba, induce low-frequency “rattling” phonon modes as predicted by Slack’s model, while heavy alkali metal atoms (K, Rb, and Cs) are less “rattler-like” since they interact less with the acoustic modes of the Ge-based clathrate framework.
Optimization of the Factor Graph for the Multiuser Superposition Transmission (2018)

In this paper we investigate the optimization of the non-orthogonal multiuser transmission through the superposition factor graph. The sum rate of the multiuser system is utilized as the performance metric. The optimization is carried out through the edge connection and the spatial coupling of the base structure. The edge connection associates with the superposition matrix and determines the layout of the joint constellation. By spatially coupling the base structure, the short girth is further removed without changing the load of the system and the complexity in the processing. The genetic algorithm is applied to realize the optimization. Numerical results reveal the characteristics of the optimal factor graphs for different SNR regions. The optimized structures demonstrate superior performance to those which have been proposed in the literature in terms of sum rate and bit error rate.
Direct numerical simulation of a passive scalar with imposed mean gradient in isotropic turbulence (1996)

Mixing of a passive scalar in statistically homogeneous, isotropic, and stationary turbulence with a mean scalar gradient is investigated via direct numerical simulation, for Taylor-scale Reynolds numbers, Rλ, from 28 to 185. Multiple independent simulations are performed to get confidence intervals, and local regression smoothing is used to further reduce statistical fluctuations. The scalar fluctuation field, φ(x,t), is initially zero, and develops to a statistically stationary state after about four eddy turnover times. Quantities investigated include the dissipation of scalar flux, which is found to be significant; probability density functions (pdfs) and joint-pdfs of the scalar, its derivatives, scalar dissipation, and mechanical dissipation; and conditional expectations of scalar mixing, ∇2φ. A linear model for scalar mixing jointly conditioned on the scalar and v-velocity is developed, and reproduces the data quite well. Also considered is scalar mixing jointly conditioned on the scalar and scalar dissipation. Terms appearing in the balance equation for the pdf of φ are examined. From a solution of the scalar pdf equation two sufficient conditions arise for the scalar pdf to be Gaussian. These are shown to be well satisfied for moderate values of the scalar, and approximately so for large fluctuations. Many correlations are also presented, including ρ(v,φ), which changes during the evolution of the scalar from a value of unity when initialized to the stationary value of 0.5–0.6.
Towards CORBA-based enterprise management: managing CORBA-based systems with SNMP platforms (2002)

Apart from the well established OSI/TMN and Internet management architectures, the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is increasingly considered as a promising framework for Enterprise Management. On the downside, management platforms being able to survey and control management agents via CORBA are still hard to find on the market while SNMP-based platforms are in widespread use. The consensus on the advantages of CORBA for managing complex system infrastructures and applications exacerbates the need to open well-established management platforms for CORBA. This paper will present a feasible and practical approach to this problem: it allows the extension of existing SNMP-based management platforms for managing CORBA-compliant agents without the need of modifying already existing platform code. Thus, it can be considered as a step towards CORBA-based Enterprise Management by ensuring the interoperability of heterogeneous management architectures. Key to our approach is the creation of a conceptually integrated management information base on the platform side where management-related information is collected and evaluated independent of the originating base architecture. The work described in this paper can be considered as a case-study on the seamless integration of legacy systems into emerging distributed object environments.
Invertible operations on a Cellular Neural Network Universal Machine (1998)

This paper is concerned with the invertibility of parallel operations definable on two-dimensional binary arrays by means of a local Boolean function. In this way, it contributes to the theory of cellular automata and may open new potentialities to cellular neural network applications. We provide a theoretically new approach to the invertibility of two-dimensional additive maps which can be used to obtain detailed information on the behaviour of these operations. Other ways to make invertible operations are also investigated, including local maps which are additive in only one of the terms, and second-order cellular automata. The discussed techniques yield a rich variety of invertible operations on infinite and/or finite two-dimensional binary arrays. When implemented on CNN Universal Chips, all of these operations, performed by TeraOPS speed, become subroutines of a 2D analogic algorithm. These operations can be used in 2D cryptography. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
53.3: Microencapsulated Electrophoretic Rewritable Sheet (1999)

Abstract An electrophoretic rewritable sheet using microencapsulated suspension (MC‐EPS) and means of imaging, on it are discussed. An experimental prototype MC‐EPS was fabricated and evaluated by printing images on with a photoconductive drum of a commercially available laser printer. In the experiment, good qualities of printing and grayscale (expressiveness were obtained. As a result, the feasibility of the MC‐EPS as a practical rewritable medium was ascertained.
ONE-YEAR SIROLIMUS USAGE IN DE NOVO AND MAINTENANCE RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS IN WESTERN EUROPE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE (2004)

P228 Aim: Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), primarily cyclosporine and more recently tacrolimus, have been the cornerstone of maintenance immunosuppression for kidney transplantation since their introduction. While CNI have allowed for great improvement in short-term outcomes and diminished rates of acute rejection, there is concern that their propensity for nephrotoxicity may cause renal injury. Immunosuppressive alternatives to CNI have begun to emerge during the last few years. The recent introduction of sirolimus has opened an opportunity to develop a CNI-free regimen, as recommended in its European Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC). This study provides the first empirical data on the use of sirolimus in Western Europe and assesses whether or not sirolimus has achieved the goal of a CNI-free regimen. Methods: In the CTS database, we identified a de novo and a maintenance sirolimus renal transplant cohort. The de novo cohort included renal transplant recipients who initiated immunosuppressive therapy with sirolimus and a CNI and whose 12-month treatments were recorded. The maintenance cohort included all patients who were on sirolimus at 12 months post-transplantation. Results: The de novo and maintenance cohorts included 220 and 366 patients, respectively. In the de novo cohort, at one-year posttransplant, 20% of the patients achieved the goal of CNI-free sirolimus therapy. Fifty percent of the patients were still receiving sirolimus in combination with CNI and 30% had discontinued sirolimus, with 93% of those still on CNI. In the sirolimus maintenance cohort, 41% of the patients (n=151) were on CNI-free sirolimus therapy whereas 59% were on sirolimus with a CNI agent (n=215). In both the de novo and maintenance cohorts, at one year posttransplant, sirolimus CNI-free patients received an average daily dose of sirolimus of 4.8 mg. Patients who were on a sirolimus-CNI regimen received a sirolimus average daily dose from 2.5 to 3.0 mg in the de novo and maintenance cohorts. Discussion: Sirolimus SmPC states that cyclosporine should be discontinued after 4 to 8 weeks. In patients for whom cyclosporine withdrawal is either unsuccessful or cannot be attempted, the combination of cyclosporine and sirolimus should not be maintained for more than 3 months post-transplantation. In such patients, when clinically appropriate, sirolimus should be discontinued and alternative immunosuppressive drugs instituted. However, in our analysis of post-transplantation empirical use of sirolimus we found that only 20% of de novo patients are CNI-free at one year and half of the patients still use a sirolimus-CNI combination. Conclusion: Although sirolimus should provide a means toward CNI-free maintenance immunosuppression, empirical evidence of its use in Western Europe shows that only one in five de novo patients achieves that target one year post-transplantation. The evolution towards CNI-free regimens probably requires additional refinement in clinical practice.
Studies on the Syntheses of Heterocyclic Compounds. CII (1964)

10-Amino-10, 11-dihydrodibenzo [b, f] oxepin (III), not possessing a methoxyl group, has a considerably strong analgesic effect. The pharmacological effect of its trimethoxyl derivative (II) has better solubility than III, although its pharmacological action is weaker than that of III. In order to obtain the dimethoxyl compound (IV), methyl (2-bromo-4, 5-dimethoxyphenyl) acetate (V) and phenol were submitted to the Ullmann condensation to VIIa, which was cyclized to VIII with polyphosphoric acid, and finally submitted to the Leuckart reaction. In this case, the formamido compound (IX) was accompanied by the by-product formation of X and XI unless a large amount of formamide was used or formic acid added in the Leuckart reaction, 10-Hydroxy compounds (XVI and XVIII), and their acetyl compounds (XVII and XIX) were synthesized.
An ultra low power, reconfigurable, multi-standard transceiver using fully digital PLL (2013)

This paper presents an ultra low power reconfigurable, multi-standard (IEEE802.15.4, BLE, 5Mbps proprietary) ISM2.4GHz band transceiver compliant to FCC, ETSI class 2 and ARIB regulations. It uses a DPLL with counter based area and power efficient re-circulating TDC, current reuse low area DCO, dynamic divider, class-AB PA, and fully integrated LDOs. The RX is reconfigurable between zero-IF/low-IF along with antenna diversity. The transceiver consumes 3.5mA (TX), 3.1mA (RX) from 3.0V battery with on-chip DCDC converter, and occupies 1.1mm2 in 65nm CMOS process. The RX front-end provides 42dB gain, 6dB NF, and -34dBm input P1dB.
Is There a Future for Adsorption Techniques in Sepsis? (2000)

During sepsis toxins released from, e.g., bacteria induce reactions of various cascade systems that may cause progression of the patient into septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiorgan dysfunction syndrome and subsequent death. The use of conventional treatments using antibiotics, fluid substitution, inotropic drugs, respiration aid and dialysis is not enough to reverse the serious prognosis. The addition of various other drugs such as antibodies against various cytokines and cytokine receptors, pentoxiphylline, immunoglobulins or high doses of steroids is usually without benefit for the prognosis of the patient. Another possibility to reduce the extent of toxins and other harmful compounds in the circulation is the use of apheresis (removal by technical devices). This can be done either in a nonselective way (plasma exchange, plasmapheresis) or more selectively using various adsorbers such as polymyxin B. The survival in studies varies between 50 and 80%. Besides the use of nonselective apheresis, the development of various selective adsorption techniques may be one approach to improve survival of these severely ill patients.
Performance Enhancement of PPMIM Drives by using 3 Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverters (2019)

In this paper, a multilevel inverter (MLI) scheme is proposed for 9-phase pole phase modulated induction motor (PPMIM) drives. The proposed inverter scheme is realized with the help of 3 three-phase four-leg inverters. In 3-phase 12-pole mode (3PH-I2PO), the proposed MLI supplies a 3-level voltage for each phase winding of the PPMIM drive with an improved harmonic profile. This will minimize the amplitude of spatial harmonics in the airgap MMF, which results in better torque ripple in 3PH-I2PO operation. In this mode, for getting the same performance the PPMIM drive in w.r.t torque ripple the conventional 3-level 9-phase MLI's requires 40 switches, while the proposed MLI requires only 24 switches, which means the switch count is reduced by 40%. On the other hand, the phase windings of the 9-phase PPMIM drive are rearranged into 3 sets of three phase winding groups, where each phase group has three balanced 120 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sup> phase displaced windings. This phase grouping will give the flexibility to use the 3-phase space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) that enhances the linear modulation of the 9-phase PPMIM drives by 15.4% in 9-phase 4-pole mode (9PH-4PO). The 4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> leg present in each three-phase four-leg inverter is used effectively for denying the circulating currents in phase windings in 9PH-4PO operation. The proposed MLI scheme is validated with the Ansys Maxwell FEM electromagnetic tool on a 5hp 9-phase PPMIM drive.