gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calibrating the scan statistic: finite sample performance vs. asymptotics (2020)

We consider the problem of detecting an elevated mean on an interval with unknown location and length in the univariate Gaussian sequence model. Recent results have shown that using scale-dependent critical values for the scan statistic allows to attain asymptotically optimal detection simultaneously for all signal lengths, thereby improving on the traditional scan, but this procedure has been criticized for losing too much power for short signals. We explain this discrepancy by showing that these asymptotic optimality results will necessarily be too imprecise to discern the performance of scan statistics in a practically relevant way, even in a large sample context. Instead, we propose to assess the performance with a new finite sample criterion. We then present three calibrations for scan statistics that perform well across a range of relevant signal lengths: The first calibration uses a particular adjustment to the critical values and is therefore tailored to the Gaussian case. The second calibration uses a scale-dependent adjustment to the significance levels and is therefore applicable to arbitrary known null distributions. The third calibration restricts the scan to a particular sparse subset of the scan windows and then applies a weighted Bonferroni adjustment to the corresponding test statistics. This {\sl Bonferroni scan} is also applicable to arbitrary null distributions and in addition is very simple to implement. We show how to apply these calibrations for scanning in a number of distributional settings: for normal observations with an unknown baseline and a known or unknown constant variance,for observations from a natural exponential family, for potentially heteroscadastic observations from a symmetric density by employing self-normalization in a novel way, and for exchangeable observations using tests based on permutations, ranks or signs.
&lt;i&gt;Robotic Gantry for Automated Imaging, Sensing, Crop Input Application, and High-Throughput Analysis&lt;/i&gt; (2019)

<b><sc>Abstract.</sc></b> Greenhouse-level high-throughput analysis for automated plant imaging and interaction is important for the identification of productive and resource efficient genetic crop lines. This paper discusses the development of an automated gantry system that allows specification of and interaction with individual plants in a 64-square-meter (900-square-foot) greenhouse plot. The system minimizes custom hardware to allow construction using mostly Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components so that greater resources could be allotted for imaging, 3D plant mapping, and fertilizer application systems. A further improvement on existing commercial systems which is explored is an Internet-of-Things (IoT) capability with machine learning programs in the cloud. This capability allows the system to both automatically report findings of scheduled greenhouse plot checks and also respond appropriately when necessary to anomalies; taking images, for example, or additional fertilizer spraying. This system allows highly-customizable imaging and plant interaction capabilities throughout the growing period of the plants enabling exploration of previously inaccessible information about crop reactions to growing conditions. The system also makes this information immediately available to researchers who aren‘t physically present in the greenhouse, improving efficiency and expanding opportunities for collaboration.
Chemical and Chemotaxonomical Studies of Ferns. Part LXXXVII. Chemical and Chemotaxonomical Studies on Dicranopteris Species. (1995)

Clerodane glycosides and flavonoids in Dicranopteris pedata and three varieties of D. linearis were investigated. All the ferns contained a new glycoside, (6S,13S)-6-[6-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopy - ranosyloxy]-13-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-fucopyra nosyloxy]- cleroda-3,14-diene, as a chemical marker of this group. Flavonoids were limited to flavonol 3-O-glycosides. The ferns and isolated flavonoids are as follows; D. pedata: afzelin, quercitrin. D. linearis var. brevis: afzelin, quercitrin. D. linearis var. tenuis: quercitrin, isoquercitrin. D. linearis var. sebastiana: astragarin, isoquercitrin, rutin, kaempferol 3-O-(4-O-p-coumaroyl-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-alpha-L-rhamn opy ranosyl- (1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside.
2-Phase Energy-Efficient Secure Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic for CPA-Resistant IoT Devices (2020)

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are mostly areas constrained and operate on a limited battery supply and therefore have tight energy budgets. Lightweight cryptography (LWC) such as PRESENT-80 allows for minimal area usage and low energy for secure operations. However, CMOS implemented LWCs are vulnerable to side-channel attacks such as Correlation Power Analysis (CPA). Adiabatic Logic is an emerging circuit design technique that can reduce energy consumption and be CPA resistant. Many existing adiabatic logic families use a 4-phase clocking scheme which pays a large area penalty. Thus, in this paper, we propose 2-EE-SPFAL, a 2-phase clocking scheme implementation of an existing adiabatic family known as EE-SPFAL. We explore 2-phase sinusoidal waves in terms of energy efficiency and security. To demonstrate energy savings and security against CPA attacks we construct one round of PRESENT-80 in both CMOS and 2-EE-SPFAL. Simulations were conducted using 45nm technology in Cadence Spectre. At 12.5MHz, our results show an average energy saving of 50% between CMOS and 2-EE-SPFAL. Furthermore, we performed a CPA attack on both the CMOS and 2-EE-SPFAL implementation and determined that the CMOS key could be retrieved while the adiabatic key was kept hidden.
Cell type‐dependent regulation of human DNA topoisomerase IIIα gene expression by upstream stimulatory factor 2 (2001)

Here, we report that an E-box element located within the human topoisomerase III alpha (hTOP3 alpha) gene promoter acts as a cell type-specific enhancer. The upstream stimulatory factor (USF) was shown to specifically recognize the mutationally sensitive E-box element. When assayed by transient transfection with hTOP3 alpha promoter-dependent reporter genes, USF is transcriptionally active in HeLa cells but lacks transcriptional activity in Saos-2 cells. The hTOP3 alpha mRNA level in Saos-2 cells was reduced to about 30% of the level observed for HeLa cells, suggesting that the inactivity of USF in hTOP3 alpha promoter activity may be the cause of the marked reduction of hTOP3 alpha mRNA levels in Saos-2 cells. Using transient transfection assays in HeLa cells, we demonstrated that ectopically expressed USF2, but not USF1, was capable of activating hTOP3 alpha transcription through the E-box element. However, USF2 did not stimulate hTOP3 alpha promoter activity in Saos-2 cells. This cell type-specific regulation of promoter activity by USF2 may provide a mechanism for the differential expression of hTOP3 alpha in various tissues and during developmental stages.
Scission of non‐interpenetrating macromolecules in transient extensional flows (1980)

Abstract Solutions of the random coiling polymers; polystyrene, poly (methylmethacrylate), and sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS), all at concentrations well below the critical value for entanglement, were subjected to transient, high, elongational strain rates by passage from a cylinder through an orifice into a gently diverging section, driven by a piston at constant, high velocity over a short stroke. It is shown that a critical orifice flow velocity V c . exists for each polymer species, above which scission of polymer molecules occurs creating new molecules. By gel permeation chromatography, the number of additional polymer molecules created per initial polymer molecule, the scission index , was determined as M n , 0 / M n – 1 where M n is the number average molecular weight, and M n , 0 is the initial value thereof. V c is found to vary as approximately M . Above V c the scission index was found to be proportional to M , to the difference: orifice velocity V less V c , and to the number of passes N of the polymer solution through the orifice. Expansion of NaPSS coils by reducing ionic strength of their aqueous solutions, at constant polymer molecular weight, decreases the scission index, The hypothesis is proposed that intramolecular entanglements are responsible for scission. The random coiling macromolecules in the solution cannot respond to the strain rate (imposed in ca , 100 microseconds) so as to avoid having internal sections, caught by loop entanglement, pulled to nearly full extension and thus broken.
Gene therapy for vascular diseases. (1995)

Arterial injury induces the synthesis of gene products that stimulate smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation, leading to intimal hyperplasia. This process contributes to the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases, including vascular proliferative diseases and atherosclerosis. Molecular approaches to the inhibition of SMC proliferation could potentially limit intimal expansion following vascular injury. During the past five years, there has been considerable interest in developing methods for the introduction and expression of recombinant genes in the vasculature. Gene transfer offers novel approaches to the study and treatment of vascular diseases. To date, gene transfer to the vasculature has been employed largely for two purposes: (1) examination of the expression and function of recombinant genes in vivo; and (2) development of potential new therapies for vascular diseases.
Low MAD2 expression levels associate with reduced progression‐free survival in patients with high‐grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer (2011)

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has an innate susceptibility to become chemoresistant. Up to 30% of patients do not respond to conventional chemotherapy [paclitaxel (Taxol®) in combination with carboplatin] and, of those who have an initial response, many patients relapse. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular chemotherapeutic responses in EOC cells has the potential to impact significantly on patient outcome. The mitotic arrest deficiency protein 2 (MAD2), is a centrally important mediator of the cellular response to paclitaxel. MAD2 immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 82 high-grade serous EOC samples. A multivariate Cox regression analysis of nuclear MAD2 IHC intensity adjusting for stage, tumour grade and optimum surgical debulking revealed that low MAD2 IHC staining intensity was significantly associated with reduced progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.0003), with a hazard ratio of 4.689. The in vitro analyses of five ovarian cancer cell lines demonstrated that cells with low MAD2 expression were less sensitive to paclitaxel. Furthermore, paclitaxel-induced activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and apoptotic cell death was abrogated in cells transfected with MAD2 siRNA. In silico analysis identified a miR-433 binding domain in the MAD2 3' UTR, which was verified in a series of experiments. Firstly, MAD2 protein expression levels were down-regulated in pre-miR-433 transfected A2780 cells. Secondly, pre-miR-433 suppressed the activity of a reporter construct containing the 3'-UTR of MAD2. Thirdly, blocking miR-433 binding to the MAD2 3' UTR protected MAD2 from miR-433 induced protein down-regulation. Importantly, reduced MAD2 protein expression in pre-miR-433-transfected A2780 cells rendered these cells less sensitive to paclitaxel. In conclusion, loss of MAD2 protein expression results in increased resistance to paclitaxel in EOC cells. Measuring MAD2 IHC staining intensity may predict paclitaxel responses in women presenting with high-grade serous EOC.
ChemInform Abstract: Profound Catalyst Effects in the Generation and Reactivity of Carbenoid‐Derived Cyclic Ylides. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Alloreactive CD8 T Cells Process and Present Acquired MHC Class I Alloantigen To Indirect Pathway Helper CD4 T Cells. (2014)

Introduction: CD8 T cells are critical mediators of cellular rejection, but require CD4 T cell help for effector differentiation. Direct pathway CD4 T cells provide help through recognising MHC class II alloantigen on the same donor APC as presents the MHC class I allo-determinant, but how help is delivered by indirect-pathway CD4 T cells is less clear. Methods: We developed a murine heart transplant model in which rejection of BALB/c heart allografts by B6 Rag-/- recipients was mediated by adoptively-transferred B6 CD8 T cells, but essential help for their effector differentiation was limited to monoclonal populations of transferred, TCR-transgenic CD4 T cells with either direct or indirect allospecificity. Results B6 Rag-/- mice acutely rejected BALB/c grafts (MST 12.5d) when reconstituted with WT B6 CD8 T cells and TCR75 CD4 T cells (that recognize I-Ab-restricted Kd-allopeptide). Transfer of either population alone did not prompt rejection, confirming the ability of indirect-pathway CD4 T cells to provide help for effector differentiation of alloreactive CD8 T cells. Reconstitution with TCR75 T cells and with either MHC II-/-or H-2DMa (unable to process antigen) resulted in much slower heart graft rejection (MST 21 and 38d respectively). Notably, rapid rejection was restored when the MHCII-/- CD8 T cells were first ‘parked' as as a bone-marrow chimeric population in MHC II+ve hosts. Similarly, MHC II-/-and H-2DMa CD8 T cells could effect rapid rejection when CD4 T cell help was restricted to the direct pathway, presumably because this enables linked help through recognition of MHC class II alloantigen on the same donor APC as presents the alloreactive CD8 T cell determinant. Conclusions Our results suggest a novel mechanism whereby, analogous to the provision of cognate T cell help to B cells, indirect pathway CD4 T cells provide help to CD8 T cells through recognition of alloantigen that is internalized by CD8 T cells via the TCR and presented as processed allopeptide on acquired MHC II.
A novel SiGe RFIC approach towards low-cost S-band transmit/receive modules (2009)

The key components of a transmit/receive module have been integrated into a RFIC in a 0.25 mum SiGe BiCMOS technology. It suits S-band radar applications according to the IEC standard 62388. The phase shifter, being the core part of the module, consists of a novel high resolution (2 times 5 bit) direct digitally controlled dual-path programmable gain amplifier driving a successive two pole passive polyphase filter. The device is able to shift phases as well as amplitudes simultaneously. 1024 equally distributed phase/amplitude states can be achieved with this device. On-chip baluns have been integrated before and after the fully differential phase shifter for reducing the off-chip component count. Multi-tanh g <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> stages are employed to increase linearity. Transmit/receive switching at the feed network interface is done on-chip. In receive mode, the circuit features on-chip 50 Omega-compatible single-ended in- and outputs and a full 360deg phase shifting range. In transmit mode, the input stays single-ended while a differential output enables the usage of low-cost differential silicon-based power amplifiers.
Mesoscale engineering of photonic glass for tunable luminescence (2016)

Control of the optical behavior of active materials through manipulation of their microstructure has led to the development of high-performance photonic devices with enhanced integration density, improved quantum efficiencies and controllable color output. However, the achievement of robust light-harvesting materials with tunable, broadband and flattened emission remains a long-standing goal owing to the limited inhomogeneous broadening in ordinary hosts. Here, we describe an effective strategy for the management of photon emission by manipulating the mesoscale heterogeneities in optically active materials. Importantly, this unique approach enables control of dopant–dopant and dopant–host interactions on the extended mesoscale. This allows the generation of intriguing optical phenomena such as a high activation ratio of the dopant (close to 100%), dramatically inhomogeneous broadening (up to 480 nm), notable emission enhancement and, moreover, simultaneously extension of the emission bandwidth and flattening of the spectral shape in glass and fiber. Our results highlight that the findings connect the understanding of and manipulation in the mesoscale realm to functional behavior on the macroscale, and the approach to manage the dopants based on mesoscale engineering may provide new opportunities for the construction of a robust fiber light source. Manipulating the mesoscale structure enables broadband emission from glass and fibre optic cables. To produce compact light sources for applications such as broadband telecommunication and surgical microscopy, researchers are experimenting with glass and fibres with luminescent cores that are doped with transition-metal ions. Shifeng Zhou from the South China University of Technology and co-workers have discovered that medium-range interactions between dopants and their host matrix can significantly widen emitted wavelength ranges to give brighter, broader light sources. Applying mesoscale engineering approach for a tantalate glass system produced localized heterogeneous regions, which can isolate emission centres. The team demonstrated the potential of this pioneering strategy by constructing glass and optical fibre with tunable luminescent output, and extremely broad bandwidth up to ~480 nm which is the largest value ever reported in doped glass to date. A new principle for management of dopant–dopant and dopant–host interactions by manipulation of mesoscale heterogeneity in a single active material is presented. The proposed mesoscale engineering approach results in dramatically inhomogeneous broadening of dopant, and for the first time show success in simultaneously extending emission bandwidth and flattening spectral shape in a doped glass and fiber.
Reduced Macrophage Apoptosis Is Associated With Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Null Mice (2004)

The reduction of apoptotic activity in macrophages stimulates atherosclerosis in LDLR-/- mice, which is consistent with the hypothesis that macrophage apoptosis suppresses the development of atherosclerosis.
Intercomparison of snow depth retrievals over Arctic sea ice from radar data acquired by Operation IceBridge (2017)

Abstract. Since 2009, the ultra-wideband snow radar on Operation IceBridge (OIB; a NASA airborne mission to survey the polar ice covers) has acquired data in annual campaigns conducted during the Arctic and Antarctic springs. Progressive improvements in radar hardware and data processing methodologies have led to improved data quality for subsequent retrieval of snow depth. Existing retrieval algorithms differ in the way the air–snow (a–s) and snow–ice (s–i) interfaces are detected and localized in the radar returns and in how the system limitations are addressed (e.g., noise, resolution). In 2014, the Snow Thickness On Sea Ice Working Group (STOSIWG) was formed and tasked with investigating how radar data quality affects snow depth retrievals and how retrievals from the various algorithms differ. The goal is to understand the limitations of the estimates and to produce a well-documented, long-term record that can be used for understanding broader changes in the Arctic climate system. Here, we assess five retrieval algorithms by comparisons with field measurements from two ground-based campaigns, including the BRomine, Ozone, and Mercury EXperiment (BROMEX) at Barrow, Alaska; a field program by Environment and Climate Change Canada at Eureka, Nunavut; and available climatology and snowfall from ERA-Interim reanalysis. The aim is to examine available algorithms and to use the assessment results to inform the development of future approaches. We present results from these assessments and highlight key considerations for the production of a long-term, calibrated geophysical record of springtime snow thickness over Arctic sea ice.
AN IMPROVED TECHNIQUE FOR QUANTITATIVE SACROILIAC SCINTIGRAPHY (1981)

To improve detection of early sacroiliitis (SI) we used a modified technique for calculating sacroiliac joint (SIJ)/sacrum uptake ratios – sacroiliac index (SII). The study was done on 66 subjects. At 3 hours after injection of Tc-99m MDP, a posterior image of the pelvis was obtained in a 64x64 pixel array (5 min. acquisition time – approximately 1.7 million counts). The image was first smoothed (9 point smoothing); we then created multiple horizontal profiles, each only one pixel wide. This enabled us to analyze each pixel individually. For SIJ uptake measurement we selected from all the profiles that pixel which had the highest count at each joint. For sacral uptake we chose from each of 6 successive horizontal profiles the single pixel with the highest count and obtained the average. After background subtraction, SII was calculated separately for each side. Results: 1. In 40 normal controls the SII decreased with advancing age (linear correlation r = –0.53: p< 0.005). Consequently we considered the SII as abnormal only if it was more than 2 standard deviations above the average in age-matched controls. 2. None of 7 patients with noninflammatory low back pain (LBP) without evidence of SI had an abnormal SII. 3. The SII was abnormal in 7 of 15 SI patients with abnormal plain radiographs and CT scans of SIJ; among the 8 remaining patients 2 had completely ankylosed SIJ; another 3 were less than 30 years old. 4. SII was abnormal in 3 in 4 patients (all HLA B27+) with clinical SI, but no radiographic or CT abnormalities: the remaining patient was under 30 years old. Conclusions: 1. In normals, the SII decreases with increasing age. 2. SII as determined by the method described above may be useful in detecting early SI in some patients, before radiographic or CT abnormalities occur, and in separating these patients from those with LBP without SI. 3. This technique does not appear to be useful in detecting SI in individuals less than 30 years of age, perhaps because the SII is normally high at this age.
Experimental Simulation of Spacecraft Charging by Artificial Ion Beam Emission (2006)

Charging of a small electrically floated body, equipped with an unneutralized microwave ion source, was experimentally studied in a vacuum chamber. When a xenon ion beam of 16 mm in diameter was released from a cubic floating body, 10 cm on each side, the body was negatively charged at a rate of I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> /C, where I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> is the ion-beam current and C is the capacitance between the floated body and the ground. For large I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> /C parameters, the body potential changes faster than the xenon ions can react. This simulation results in space-charge-induced potential oscillations, which are detected in experimental measurements and observed in numerical simulations. The time scale of the oscillation relaxation time was found to be at least several times, corresponding to the ion movements around the body. As expected, the steady-state potential of the floated body was relatively negative to the vacuum-facility ground at a value equal to the magnitude of the ion-beam voltage