gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Injector Deposits on Spray and Particulate Emission of Advanced Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicle (2016)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines have developed rapidly in recent years driven by fuel efficiency and consumption requirements, but face challenges such as injector deposits and particulate emissions compared to Port Fuel Injection (PFI) engines. While the mechanisms of GDI injector deposits formation and that of particulate emissions have been respectively revealed well, the impact of GDI injector deposits and their relation to particulate emissions have not yet been understood very well through systematic approach to investigate vehicle emissions together with injector spray analysis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this paper, an experimental study was conducted on a GDI vehicle produced by a Chinese Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and an optical spray test bench to determine the impact of injector deposits on spray and particulate emissions. The vehicle, with the mileage over 13,000 km, was subject to emissions tests such as gaseous emissions, particulate mass (PM), and fuel economy on a chassis dynamometer under the new European driving cycle (NEDC), then re-tested after having its injectors replaced. Deposit morphology and spray characteristic experiments including spray angle, penetration, droplet diameter and velocity distribution as well as near-field spray imaging were also conducted for the coked injectors both before and after cleaning.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The results demonstrated GDI injectors were prone to form deposits which resulted in smaller spray angles, longer penetration, smaller droplet diameter, and higher velocity as well as severe leakage found at the end of injection. These results can well explain why injector deposits resulted in much higher particulate emissions (increased 376%) as well as higher fuel consumption (3%) after just 13,000km of mileage accumulation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Colossal Trellislike Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Structural Transformations in Two 1D Coordination Polymers (2021)

Two 1D coordination polymers exhibit a dramatic trellislike structural contraction during activation, resulting in the contortion of conceptually rigid ligands in the guest-free forms. Structural expansion may be effected by a liquid guest in both cases and by vapor in one. The vapor sorption behavior varies with changes in vapor pressure and kinetic diameter of the solvent in question.
MicroRNA Dysregulation in Gastric Cancer (2012)

Gastric carcinogenesis is a complex multistep process involving genetic dysregulation of proto-oncogenes and tumorsuppressor genes, and has recently entered the era of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression and control various cellular functions. MicroRNAs are small (approximately 22 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs that play fundamental roles in diverse biological and pathological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. MicroRNAs have been revealed to be involved in various stages of cancer development, showing that abnormal miRNA expressions play critical roles in modulating expression of known oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes during cancer progression. Therefore, microRNAs can perform the function of onco-miRs or tumor-suppressor-miRs in gastric carcinogenesis. This review summarizes a current understanding of the connection between miRNAs and gastric cancer. Additionally, this paper outlines the applications of miRNAs in clinical practice, such as diagnosis, prognosis, detection, and therapy of gastric cancer.
<title>Interferometric examination of the vibration modes on stretchable plastic membrane imaging mirrors</title> (1996)

The paper describes a simple interferometer which has been used to visualize the airborne noise induced, low frequency, very small amplitude, vibrations on thin plastic membrane mirrors. Plastic membrane concave imaging mirrors are the patented invention of the first named author and have been the subject of papers since 1983. The mirrors have already been used for inexpensive large aperture flow visualization systems and the transfer of images in holography. The mirrors are being used currently for high definition, natural color large aperture stereoscopy and self focused real imaging with no spectator glasses, i.e., 3D imaging systems. As the mirror diameter increases for the same type and thickness of membrane material then the fundamental resonant frequency decreases. For very large diameters the mirrors become susceptible to aerial noise of a few Hertz, this being equal to the fundamental resonant frequency. For the small mirror tested for this paper, the fundamental resonance was approximately 600 Hz. The mirror was, however, continually vibrating due to aerial room noise frequencies of between 1 Hz and 20 Hz. No proper nodal patterns can be seen, these only occur at frequencies above the fundamental. The vibrations are extremely small, requiring an interferometer to visualize and record amplitude and frequency. The vibration energy can be destroyed by several techniques. The mirrors have already been used for long exposure white light reflection holograms, effectively no vibrations at all on the mirror surface, achieved by destroying the vibration energy.
Sediments of the Gulf of Maine: ABSTRACT (1965)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Gray-level transformations for interactive image enhancement (1975)

A gray-level transformation method suitable for interactive image enhancement was presented. It is shown that the well-known histogram equalization approach is a special case of this method. A technique for improving the uniformity of a histogram is also developed. Experimental results which illustrate the capabilities of both algorithms are described. Two proposals for implementing gray-level transformations in a real-time interactive image enhancement system are also presented.
Aufbau und Automatisierung eines Messplatzes für piezoresistive Silizium-Hochdrucksensoren (2006)

Zusammenfassung: Die Bremsdruckuberwachung, Hochdrucksterilisation in der Lebensmittelindustrie und Common-Rail-Kraftstoffeinspritzsysteme sind die Einsatzgebiete von uberlastfesten und zugleich kostengunstigen Drucksensoren. Die Konzepte fur piezoresistive Silizium-Drucksensoren sollen deshalb um eine Hochstdruckvariante erweitert werden. Fur die Entwicklung eines neuartigen piezoresistiven Silizium-Drucksensors wird ein Messstand mit Druckquelle, Referenzdruckmessung und Datenerfassungssystem benotigt. Durch eine flexible Gestaltung des Messplatzes sollen Messungen unter konstanter Dauerlast, das Variieren der Sensortemperatur und das Hinzufugen weiterer Messkanale jederzeit moglich sein. Der fur den Messausschlag entscheidende Materialverbund des Sensors besteht aus Silizium und Glas. Die Verwendung von Glas im Materialverbund kann bei hohen mechanischen Spannungen durch das Fliesen des Werkstoffs zu einer Drift des Messwerts fuhren. Das Fugen von Silizium und Glas erfolgt dabei durch das anodische Bondverfahren. Um ein Messergebnis interpretieren zu konnen und um die Funktionalitat des Messtandes zu zeigen, werden mogliche Ursachen fur eine Drift des Sensorsignals benannt. Dabei haben die Flieseigenschaften und das Versetzungsgleiten der verwendeten Materialien einen Einfluss auf einen sich andernden Spannungszustand im Material. Dies hat direkte Auswirkungen auf das Messsignal, dass den mechanischen Spannungszustand des Siliziumverformungskorpers auswertet. Die Messergebnisse bestatigen die Annahmen, dass das Ausgangssignal des piezoresistiven Silizium-Hochstdrucksensors eine starke Drift aufweist. Eine durchgefuhrte Dauerbelastung des Sensors mit mehr als 200.000 Zyklen hat signifikanten Einfluss auf das Material und kann das Driftverhalten verringern. Bei der Konzipierung des Messstandes wird die Wahl der Datenerfassungshardware und Sekundarelektronik so getroffen, dass die Messunsicherheit des gesamten Messtands nur geringen Einfluss auf das Messergebnis hat.
New promising scintillators for gamma-ray spectroscopy: Cs(Ba,Sr)(Br,I)<inf>3</inf> (2011)

New scintillators belonging to Cs(Ba,Sr)(Br,I) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> crystal family have been grown and investigated at RMD. The crystals were grown using the melt-based vertical Bridgman method. The iodide compositions were brighter compared to the bromides. Scintillation properties of these crystals have been studied under gamma irradiation, particularly CsBaI <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :Eu in more details. CsBaI <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :Eu has a tetragonal structure, and a density of 4.8 g/cc. The primary investigations of CsBaI <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :Eu show an excellent energy resolution of 3.8% at 662 keV, high light yield of ~55,000 photons/MeV, and a primary decay time of 760 ns. For CsBaI <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :Eu, the emission occurs over a single band (400-500 nm), which is due to d → f transition of Eu <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> , with the emission wavelength peaking at 429 nm. The crystal shows high proportionality over a wide range of energies from 14 keV to up to 1.2 MeV.
A 2.63 Mbit/s VLSI Implementation of SISO Arithmetic Decoders for High Performance Joint Source Channel Codes (2012)

This paper highlights the implementation challenges faced by the current high performing error resilient joint source channel coding (JSCC) techniques based on the concept of soft-input soft-output (SISO) decoding of arithmetic codes (AC). Further, it proposes several efficient algorithmic and a very large scale integration (VLSI) architectural techniques to improve the throughput performance of SISO for JSCC. The VLSI hardware implementation of the proposed algorithm, when implemented on a 90 nm standard cells technology running at 588 MHz, achieves a decoding throughput of up to 2.63 Mbits/s capable of decoding QCIF format for video conferencing.
Zur Neurobiologie der Intelligenz (2021)

Wichtigstes biologische Korrelat von Intelligenz ist das Gehirn. Die Neurowissenschaften können deshalb dazu beitragen, ihre Naturgeschichte nachzuzeichnen, die vom Gehirn gesetzten biologischen Randbedingungen aufzuklären und kausale Mechanismen der Entstehung von Intelligenz zu finden. Sie können und sollten ihr Wissen in Bemühungen um angemessene Förderung des Potenzials von Menschen einbringen. Die neurobiologische Forschung zur Intelligenz hat Hirnregionen und Netzwerk-Eigenschaften identifiziert, die in besonderer Weise zur kognitiven Flexibilität beitragen. Keine der Erkenntnisse ist aber vollständig, vieles bleibt spekulativ oder günstigstenfalls eher deskriptiv als kausal erklärend. Alle Aussagen hängen zudem von der Definition des Begriffs Intelligenz ab, der aus der Human-Psychologie stammt und dessen Anwendung auf andere Tiere nicht trivial ist. Der anthropomorphe Blick, mit der wir oft über Tiere urteilen, könnte eine ähnliche Verzerrung erzeugen wie innerhalb der Menschheit die Messung von Intelligenz mit Instrumenten, die an einer weißen, gebildeten Mittelschicht optimiert wurden. Dennoch: Der Möglichkeitsraum unseres Denkens und Handelns ist wesentlich von der jeweiligen neuronalen Ausstattung geprägt, und das gilt sehr wahrscheinlich auch für Tiere. Von einer Reduktion der Intelligenz auf neurobiologische Vorgänge sind wir weit entfernt und sollten es auch bleiben, denn wir selbst sind die denkenden und handelnden Subjekte, nicht unser Gehirn. Neurobiologische Randbedingungen für Intelligenz zu kennen und zu beachten kann aber dabei helfen, angemessene Bildungs- und Lebensbedingungen für das zoon logicon zu schaffen.
Experimental Study on the Thermal Interactions in Novel Intelligent Lithium-Ion Modules for Electric Vehicles (2021)

Intelligent batteries are a promising solution to meet the challenges of energy storage devices on the way to future green mobility. From the thermodynamics point of view, on one hand the thermal influence of additional hardware and on the other hand the new possibilities of reconfiguration for next generation thermal management need to be determined. Therefore, in this work, a reconfigurable automotive module is presented and experimentally investigated. The prototype offers the possibility to interact with an intelligent battery management, which controls individual cells by switches. To investigate the thermal effects of the hardware, multiple tests are performed with a serial and a serial-parallel configuration under boundary conditions similar to an electric vehicle. The thermal influence during dynamic driving and fast charging is found to be a maximum temperature increase of 1K in comparison to a conventional module. The investigation of different cooling approaches reveals conventional bottom cooling with additional air based electronics cooling as promising and realistic solution. The investigation of different module configurations quantifies the possibilities for next generation thermal management to decrease or increase the local temperatures in a module via reconfiguration.
A Survey of Information-Centric Networking Research (2013)

The current Internet architecture was founded upon a host-centric communication model, which was appropriate for coping with the needs of the early Internet users. Internet usage has evolved however, with most users mainly interested in accessing (vast amounts of) information, irrespective of its physical location. This paradigm shift in the usage model of the Internet, along with the pressing needs for, among others, better security and mobility support, has led researchers into considering a radical change to the Internet architecture. In this direction, we have witnessed many research efforts investigating Information-Centric Networking (ICN) as a foundation upon which the Future Internet can be built. Our main aims in this survey are: (a) to identify the core functionalities of ICN architectures, (b) to describe the key ICN proposals in a tutorial manner, highlighting the similarities and differences among them with respect to those core functionalities, and (c) to identify the key weaknesses of ICN proposals and to outline the main unresolved research challenges in this area of networking research.
A Computational Investigation of Canted Side-by-side Rotors In Ground Effect (2023)

This study investigates the interactional aerodynamics of canted side-by-side rotors hovering in ground effect. The 5.5 ft diameter 3-bladed fixed-pitched rotors are simulated using CFD at a targeted 5 psf disk loading. Simulations are performed using the commercial Navier Stokes solver AcuSolve with a delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) model. Side-by-side rotors are simulated at a height above the ground equal to one rotor radius (z/R = 1.0) and with 2.5R hub-hub spacing. In addition to an uncanted case, side-by-side rotors are simulated in ground effect (IGE) with 10° differential lateral cant, 10° inwards cant, and 10° outwards cant. Between the uncanted side-by-side rotors IGE, a highly turbulent mixing region is identified where the wakes of each rotor collide and fountain up. As blades traverse the highly turbulent flow, strong vibratory loading is induced and a thrust loss is observed over the outboard blade sections. The associated unsteady vertical loading for uncanted, laterally canted, and canted outwards rotors is similar, ranging from 10% - 16% peak-to-peak whereas canted inwards rotors show increased vibratory loading at 22% peak-to-peak. Integrated thrust for uncanted rotors IGE is 4.3% more than if out of ground effect (OGE), though when laterally canted or canted outwards, thrust generation is reduced to within 1% of isolated OGE rotors. Canted inwards rotors produce even less thrust, generating 15.2% less thrust than isolated OGE rotors. Overall, canting side-by-side rotors IGE incurs thrust production and vibration penalties. If canting is required for improved control authority, laterally canted rotors generate the most thrust while canted outwards rotors generate the least vibratory loading.
Predictive ability of the CHADS2and CHA2DS2-VASc scores for stroke after transcatheter aortic balloon-expandable valve implantation: an Italian Transcatheter Balloon-Expandable Valve Implantation Registry (ITER) sub-analysis (2016)

In TAVI patients, CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc provided a strong correlation for in-hospital stroke but with low accuracy. Dedicated scores to properly tailor procedures and preventive strategies are needed.
ChemInform Abstract: AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES. PART 171. SYNTHESIS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF (2‐P‐FLUOROPHENYLALANINE)DEAMINO‐1‐CARBA‐OXYTOCIN AND ITS DIASTEREOISOMERIC SULFOXIDES (1981)

Abstract Das bekannte Heptapeptid (Ia) wird durch entsprechende Acylierungsreaktionen zu den Octapeptiden (Ib) bzw. (Ic) umgesetzt, die in die aktiven Ester übergeführt werden; diese werden nach Abspaltung der Aminoschutzgruppe in hochverdünnter Lösung zum Sulfoxid (IIa) (chromatographisch trennbares Gemisch von 2 Diastereomeren) cyclisiert.
Acoustically induced cavity cloud generated by air-gun arrays—Comparing video recordings and acoustic data to modeling (2018)

For seismic air-gun arrays, ghost cavitation is assumed to be one of the main mechanisms for high-frequency signal generation. Ghost cavitation signals are weak for seismic frequencies (<300 Hz) and do not contribute to seismic reflection profiling. In the current experiment, the ghost cavity cloud is monitored by a high-speed video camera using 120 frames per second. This is, as far as the authors know, the first convincing photographic evidence of ghost-induced cavitation. In addition to video recording, acoustic signals were recorded with a sampling rate of 312.5 kHz using broadband hydrophones suspended 17 m below the array. The pressure drop around the source array is estimated using air-gun modeling followed by a phenomenological modeling of the growth and collapse of each vapor cavity. The cumulative effect of cavity collapses is modeled based on linear superposition of the acoustic signals generated by individual cavities. The simulated acoustic ghost cavitation signal and the corresponding cavity cloud show good agreement with the field data.
A single phase AC-DC bidirectional converter with integrated ripple steering (2016)

Charging or discharging of batteries connected to the grid usually requires bulky capacitors on the battery side to filter out the large double grid frequency current ripple. This paper proposes a novel single phase ac-dc bidirectional (BD) converter that improves the utilization of the filtering capacitor by actively steering the ripple into it and thereby cycling it through a large portion of its operating voltage range. This greatly reduces the overall capacitance required to filter the double grid frequency current ripple and results in a low cost solution with high power density.
Strongly correlated electron behaviour in the compound CeRhSn (2002)

Abstract Electrical resistivity ρ, magnetic susceptibility χ, specific heat C, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray and neutron diffraction measurements were made on the compound CeRhSn. The measurements reveal an enhancement of the electronic specific heat coefficient γ = C(T)/T ≈ 160 mJ mol−1 K−2 at about 1 K and non-Fermi-liquid-like temperature dependences ρ(T) α T 0.75 and χ(T) α T −0.5 at low temperatures. At high temperatures, the physical properties indicate Kondo-intermediate-valence behaviour. The XPS measurements are consistent with a Ce valence of 3.07. The neutron diffraction measurements reveal anomalies in the planar Ce-Rh and Ce-Ce bond distances in the vicinity of 100 K which are apparently associated with the Ce valence instability in CeRhSn.
Efficient Non-interactive Proof Systems for Bilinear Groups (2008)

Non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs and non-interactive witness-indistinguishable proofs have played a significant role in the theory of cryptography. However, lack of efficiency has prevented them from being used in practice. One of the roots of this inefficiency is that non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs have been constructed for general NP-complete languages such as Circuit Satisfiability, causing an expensive blowup in the size of the statement when reducing it to a circuit. The contribution of this paper is a general methodology for constructing very simple and efficient non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs and non-interactive witness-indistinguishable proofs that work directly for groups with a bilinear map, without needing a reduction to Circuit Satisfiability. Groups with bilinear maps have enjoyed tremendous success in the field of cryptography in recent years and have been used to construct a plethora of protocols. This paper provides non-interactive witness-indistinguishable proofs and non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that can be used in connection with these protocols. Our goal is to spread the use of non-interactive cryptographic proofs from mainly theoretical purposes to the large class of practical cryptographic protocols based on bilinear groups.
Technology Development for the Orion Program (2009)

NASA formed the Constellation Program to achieve the objectives of maintaining American presence in low Earth orbit, returning to the Moon for purposes of establishing an outpost, and exploring Mars and beyond in the first half of the 21st century. Within Constellation, several projects have been defined to implement the various elements of the initial transportation architecture. The Orion crew exploration vehicle (CEV) Project was established to develop the spacecraft for lunar missions and to be used to carry crew to the International Space Station (ISS) after the Space Shuttle retires. This paper will introduce the range of technical developments being implemented on the Orion Program. Orion is currently in the Design, Development, Test, and Evaluation (DDT&E) phase of the program with technology development efforts applying to several aspects of the Orion program ranging from materials science for structures and solder joints, software algorithms for navigation, to better sensors for measuring propellant mass. There are 20 technology items currently being advanced. This paper will show a listing for these technologies, show different categories of development, and discuss status of several technologies in more detail. New technology advances will be defined and relevant photos of development items and summary tables will be included. Specific examples will include those from different types of development and be covered in sufficient detail to give the reader a good understanding of the range and technology readiness level in each category, and what further development and applications might be envisioned. Technological advancements throughout history often lead to applications, which, over time, improve the quality of our lives and occasionally drive history. Future prospects for technology development for the Constellation Program will also be mentioned briefly. The conclusions will cover how advancing technology is likely to increase future applications and economic value to industry and society. A glossary of terms and references will be included.