gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unscented Kalman Filter Based Sensor Fusion for Robust Optical and Electromagnetic Tracking in Surgical Navigation (2013)

Computer-aided surgery systems provide visual guidance to surgeons by showing the real-time pose of surgical instruments overlaid on preoperative medical images of the patient. Surgical instrument poses are localized in space using mainly optical tracking systems (OTS) and electromagnetic tracking systems (EMTS). OTS systems require clear line-of-sight, which is difficult to ensure in current overcrowded operating rooms. On the other hand, EMTSs provide less accuracy and suffer from magnetic field distortion in the presence of metal objects. In this paper, we propose a sensor fusion algorithm to compensate for the drawbacks of OTS and EMTS, and achieve robust tracking of surgical instruments. Spatial alignment of OTS and EMTS data will be achieved through a calibration procedure. The proposed sensor fusion algorithm uses an unscented Kalman filter (UKF), an extension of the standard Kalman filter based on a deterministic sampling of nonlinear functions. Quaternion representation for rotations is used to avoid singularities of other parameterizations (e.g., Euler angles). In cases of optical marker occlusion, our algorithm will take advantage of the EMTS to estimate the position of the hidden marker(s) and feed it in the UKF. The fusion algorithm will also keep track of an error matrix between OTS and EMTS measured poses, providing an up-to-date estimate of the electromagnetic distortion. This will be used to correct EMTS measurement before using it to compensate for possible optical line-of-sight occlusions. The proposed sensor fusion (SF) method is compared to a predictive UKF based on optical data (NSF). Our results show that the SF effectively compensates for short marker occlusion (nine samples) providing a continuous estimate of the instrument pose with an error significantly lower than the NSF method, and reaching a clinically acceptable accuracy. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm increases the accuracy of EMTS in the presence of magnetic field distortion.
A Preliminary Report on the Frequency of Scrapie Susceptibility Alleles in Hampshire Sheep (1998)

Blood samples were collected from a total of 201 animals in five purebred Hampshire sheep flocks. DNA was isolated from the samples, and the protein-coding region of the prion protein gene was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. The allelic frequencies of the prion protein codons 171 and 136 were determined. Results revealed that the codon 171 alleles Q, R, and H were present at frequencies of 72%, 27% and 1%, respectively. A subset of samples (n=48) was randomly selected for codon 136 genotyping. The codon 136 V allele, an allele not frequently observed in Suffolk sheep, was present in animals from three of five flocks at a frequency ranging from 7 to 33% of the animals tested within each flock. These data comprise the first report on the prevalence of scrapie susceptibility alleles in Hampshire sheep.
Self-Adaptation Algorithm Based on Maximum A Posteriori Eigenvoice for Korean Connected Digit Recognition (2004)

This paper Presents a new self-adaptation algorithm based on maximum a posteriori (MAP) eigenvoice for Korean connected digit recognition. The proposed MAP eigenvoice is developed by introducing a probability density model for the eigenvoice coefficients. The Proposed approach provides a unified framework that incorporates the Prior model into the conventional eigenvoice estimation. In self-adaptation system we use only one adaptation utterance that will be recognized, we use MAP eigenvoice that is most robust adaptation. In series of self-adaptation experiments on the Korean connected digit recognition task. we demonstrate that the performance of the proposed approach is better than that of the conventional eigenvoice algorithm for a small amount of adaptation data.
Glioblastoma Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Subsets Express Differential Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Receptor Profiles That Can Be Targeted to Reduce Immune Suppression (2020)

The application of tumor immunotherapy to glioblastoma (GBM) is limited by an unprecedented degree of immune suppression due to factors that include high numbers of immune suppressive myeloid cells, the blood brain barrier, and T cell sequestration to the bone marrow. We previously identified an increase in immune suppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in GBM patients, which correlated with poor prognosis and was dependent on macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Here we examine the MIF signaling axis in detail in murine MDSC models, GBM-educated MDSCs and human GBM. We found that the monocytic subset of MDSCs (M-MDSCs) expressed high levels of the MIF cognate receptor CD74 and was localized in the tumor microenvironment. In contrast, granulocytic MDSCs (G-MDSCs) expressed high levels of the MIF non-cognate receptor CXCR2 and showed minimal accumulation in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, targeting M-MDSCs with Ibudilast, a brain penetrant MIF-CD74 interaction inhibitor, reduced MDSC function and enhanced CD8 T cell activity in the tumor microenvironment. These findings demonstrate the MDSC subsets differentially express MIF receptors and may be leveraged for specific MDSC targeting.
Development and Application of the PRL Single-Pass Capillary Viscometer (1962)

The design and construction of a versatile capillary high-shear viscometer is described. Use of nitrogen pressure as the driving force and of a single pass through the capillary completely eliminate all areas of nonstreamline flow from the viscometer. By using interchangeable capillaries and efflux bulbs, the viscometer has a temperature range of -65 to 300 F, a viscosity range of S to 1 million centipoises, and a rate-of-shear range of 1 to 1 million reciprocal seconds. The maximum shearing stress for the three capillaries described varies from 92,000 to 300,000 dynes per sq cm. Calibration techniques with Newtonian hydrocarbon fluids are described. Temperature and pressure effects of both Newtonian hydrocarbons and non-Newtonian polymer solutions are evaluated in capillary instruments. Non-Newtonian data for the PRL (Petroleum Refining Laboratory) single-pass viscometer, using ASTM oils 103 and 104, are compared with similar data for the Kingsbury tapered plug viscometer and for the PRL high-shear viscometer. High-shear-rate viscosity measurement of polymer solutions without permanent viscosity change is demonstrated. The effects of polymer type, polymer molecular weight, and solvent type are illustrated, using the PRL single-pass viscometer.
Thermal and Mechanical Optimization to Enable Reliable High Performance Liquid-Cooled Compute System for Level 4 Autonomous Driving (2022)

In this paper, we report an interesting case study on the thermal-mechanical design and process optimization of a liquid-cooled compute system for autonomous vehicle (AV) applications. Two different implementations for an off-the-shelf AI processor inside the AV compute are presented for comparison purposes. The first implementation imposes a great challenge on the AI processor package reliability because of the interactions between the liquid cooling system and the printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) under severe vehicle operating conditions. We observed the AI processor reaching its thermal trip during high-temperature operational reliability stress. This thermal trip event was characterized as either a time-dependent degradation or an abrupt total failure of two critical thermal interfaces along the processor thermal conduction path. The driving force to cause the AI processor thermal trips was identified to be an external loading on the GPU lid generated by motherboard deformation due to high temperature-induced thermal stress. The actual thermal trip occurrence rate is quantitatively estimated by a compound probability distribution-based stress-strength analysis. The strength was referred to as the processor lid holding strength on the TIM1/Lid and TIM2/Lid interfaces. The stress was referred to as the loading force on the processor lid due to PCBA and system interaction. On the other hand, the second implementation takes proper considerations of the motherboard straining engineering through PCBA process improvement, lid strength incoming quality pre-screen, and vehicle level coolant operation condition optimization. As a result, the second implementation addresses the stress on the processor lid generated by the motherboard deformation at high temperatures, making it meet the reliability requirements for automotive vehicle applications.
Peptidselektive Isolierung unmanipulierter T-Zellen für die adoptive Immuntherapie (2013)

Infektionen oder Reaktivierungen durch persistierende Viren, wie z. B. dem humanen Zytomegalievirus und dem Epstein-Barr-Virus, oder lytische Viren, wie z. B. dem Adenovirus, können sehr problematisch sein und durch teils schwere Verläufe zur Sterblichkeit nach Stammzell- und Organtransplantation beitragen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der adoptive Transfer von antigen- bzw. virusspezifischen T-Lymphozyten des seropositiven Spenders die spezifische Immunität im Patienten rekonstituiert und das Risiko einer Graft-versus-Host-Erkrankung minimal ist. Bereits eine geringe Zahl dieser antigenspezifischen T-Zellen führt zu klinischen Ansprechraten. Effektive Verfahren zur Aufreinigung dieser Zellen und deren klinische Effizienz wurden gezeigt.
Inhibition of fungal and mammalian sterol biosynthesis by 2‐aza‐2,3‐dihydrosqualene (1986)

2-Aza-2,3-dihydrosqualene (I) and a quaternary ammonium derivative (II) inhibited ergosterol biosynthesis in cells and cell-free extracts of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans as measured by incorporation of radiolabelled precursors. The compounds inhibited squalene epoxidase and 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase to varying degrees in microsomes from C. albicans and from rat liver. The rat liver epoxidase was 50% inhibited by I at 2.4 microM. In C. albicans cells, but not in cell-free extracts, I also inhibited lanosterol demethylation and led to accumulation of an unidentified polar product.
Multi-Task cGAN for Simultaneous Spaceborne DSM Refinement and Roof-Type Classification (2019)

Various deep learning applications benefit from multi-task learning with multiple regression and classification objectives by taking advantage of the similarities between individual tasks. This can result in improved learning efficiency and prediction accuracy for the task-specific models compared to separately trained models. In this paper, we make an observation of such influences for important remote sensing applications like elevation model generation and semantic segmentation tasks from the stereo half-meter resolution satellite digital surface models (DSMs). Mainly, we aim to generate good-quality DSMs with complete, as well as accurate level of detail (LoD)2-like building forms and to assign an object class label to each pixel in the DSMs. For the label assignment task, we select the roof type classification problem to distinguish between flat, non-flat, and background pixels. To realize those tasks, we train a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) with an objective function based on least squares residuals and an auxiliary term based on normal vectors for further roof surface refinement. Besides, we investigate recently published deep learning architectures for both tasks and develop the final end-to-end network, which combines different models, as using them first separately, they provide the best results for their individual tasks.
Unsupervised Total Variation Loss for Semi-supervised Deep Learning of Semantic Segmentation (2016)

We introduce a novel unsupervised loss function for learning semantic segmentation with deep convolutional neural nets (ConvNet) when densely labeled training images are not available. More specifically, the proposed loss function penalizes the L1-norm of the gradient of the label probability vector image , i.e. total variation, produced by the ConvNet. This can be seen as a regularization term that promotes piecewise smoothness of the label probability vector image produced by the ConvNet during learning. The unsupervised loss function is combined with a supervised loss in a semi-supervised setting to learn ConvNets that can achieve high semantic segmentation accuracy even when only a tiny percentage of the pixels in the training images are labeled. We demonstrate significant improvements over the purely supervised setting in the Weizmann horse, Stanford background and Sift Flow datasets. Furthermore, we show that using the proposed piecewise smoothness constraint in the learning phase significantly outperforms post-processing results from a purely supervised approach with Markov Random Fields (MRF). Finally, we note that the framework we introduce is general and can be used to learn to label other types of structures such as curvilinear structures by modifying the unsupervised loss function accordingly.
Elastomers with Reversible Nanoporosity (2009)

An elastomer was created via cross-linking a diene block of a polyisoprene−polydimethylsiloxane (PI−PDMS) block copolymer in the ordered state of hexagonal morphology, followed by the quantitative removal of the PDMS component. The elastomer material collapsed following etching of the PDMS and apparently showed no resulting nanoporosity or structure resembling the precursor morphology in contrast to similar polydiene-based nanoporous material. However, the collapsed elastomer displayed surprising properties when exposed to a solvent. In the gel state the material recovers the original nanostructure and displays liquid-filled cavities. Upon several cycles of swelling and drying the cavities open and close in a reversible fashion. When exposed to a nonsolvent, the material remains collapsed. This discriminating behavior of liquid-material interaction holds potential for the use of these materials in advanced separation or load-release systems.
Diode pumping of a solid state laser using evanescent field fiber optic coupling: a proposed technique (1991)

The use of optical fibers to evanescently couple pump energy from laser diodes to a solid state laser rod is proposed. This technique involves placing a series of optical fibers side-by-side around the barrel portion of a laser rod, parallel to the laser resonator mode. A large index difference between the core region of the optical fibers and the solid state material facilitates evanescent coupling of pump light into the laser rod. Efficient operation will be possible due to a high overlap between the laser resonating mode and the pumped volume.
5‐Chloro‐5‐trifluoromethyl‐3‐aryl‐4‐alkyl(aryl)‐isothiazolidines and their Dehydrochlorination Reactions (2005)

Abstract N‐Alkyl(aryl)‐C‐trifluoromethyl‐C‐chlorosulfinimides and styrenes react to give the 3+2 cycloaddition products, 5‐chloro‐5‐trifluoromethyl‐3‐aryl‐4‐alkyl(aryl)‐isothiazolidines 9a‐h . The structure of the dehydrochlorination products derived from the compounds 9a‐h is determined by the nature of the substituent near the nitrogen atom. The compounds having bulky tertiary‐butyl group ( 9c,h ) are transformed into the isothiazolines derivatives 10a,b , but compounds 9a,b,d‐g form β‐aminovinyl trifluoromethylthioketones 11a‐f .
Anreicherung von Spurenelementen zur Atomabsorptionsspektralanalyse (1970)

Abstract Zum Nachweis von Spurenelementen mit der Atomabsorptions‐analyse werden je nach Probenart und Menge verschiedene Anreicherungsverfahren vorgeschaltet. Hierzu gehören die selektive Volumeneinengung durch Extraktion und Ionenaustauscher sowie die Mitfällung im Bereich sehr niedriger Konzentration. Für die Spurenanalyse an Mikromengen haben sich besondere Verdampfungseinrichtungen anstelle der konventionellen Technik mit Zerstäuber und Flamme bewährt. Im einzelnen werden Zeitaufwand, Präzision und Nachweisgrenzen der wichtigsten Verfahren vergleichsweise diskutiert und an Hand eigener Ergebnisse erläutert.
Treatment of Base of Tongue Cancer With Paclitaxel, Ifosfamide, and Cisplatinum Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Chemoradiotherapy (2008)

The treatment regimen studied is remarkably effective in stage III and IV base of tongue cancer with 100% of patients completing the protocol alive to date. Although some patients required persistent percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy use, no patient experienced significant enough toxicity during the protocol to delay or withdraw from treatment.
New Insight into the C1 domain of Coagulation Factor VIII (2011)

Coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) comprises multiple domains that in a concerted manner mediate the role of FVIII as a cofactor for activated factor IX (FIXa) in the coagulation cascade. These domains of FVIII are grouped in a heavy chain (domains A1-A2-B) and a light chain (domains A3-C1-C2). At sites of vascular injury, FVIII is activated and assembles with FIXa on procoagulant membranes comprising phosphatidylserine (PS) in the outer leaflet of the bilayer. Defects therein are associated with the bleeding disorder hemophilia A, which can be treated with intravenous infusion with purified FVIII. Effective treatment, however, is severely hampered by the fact that FVIII is rapidly removed from the circulation. One relevant biological modifier of the FVIII half-life is von Willebrand factor (VWF), which forms a tight complex with FVIII in the circulation. In this complex, FVIII is protected from even faster clearance from plasma. The role of the A domains and the C2 domain in the interaction with phospholipid membranes, FIXa, VWF and the FVIII clearance receptors has been extensively studied. The potential function of the C1 domain in these molecular mechanisms has been hardly investigated and is therefore poorly understood. Yet, anti-C1 domain antibodies have been identified that effectively inhibit multiple FVIII functions. We investigated the role of the C1 domain in the biological processes that involve FVIII by using single chain variable domain antibody fragment (scFV) KM33 that requires residues 2092-2093 in the C1 domain for binding FVIII. Furthermore, we utilised FVIII YFP constructs in which Lys-2092 and/or Phe-2093 were replaced by alanines. The results show that this scFV is particularly effective in blocking the interaction of FVIII with phospholipid membranes and with activated platelets. We furthermore report that C1 domain residues 2092 and 2093 contribute to binding phospholipid membranes comprising a low percentage of PS. To assess the role of these residues in the interaction with physiological relevant procoagulant surfaces, we performed functional studies employing the FVIII YFP derivatives and activated platelets. The results show that residues 2092-2093 are also of major importance for the interaction of FVIII with the activated platelets. Employing LRP-expressing U87MG cells, we furthermore demonstrated that this C1 domain region is also critical for the uptake of FVIII. An intriguing finding is that there is a cell surface binding step for FVIII that is independent of LRP. This binding step is of critical importance in the mechanism of LRP-dependent uptake of FVIII. We show that the C1 domain residues 2092-2093 contribute to both cell surface binding as well as receptor binding and found that the cell binding step of FVIII is not mediated by PS. Furthermore, we determined the role of VWF in endocytosis of FVIII and investigated the inhibitory mechanism of KM33 and variants thereof on the biological processes where FVIII is involved. The results described in the present thesis contribute to the knowledge of the function of coagulation FVIII.
On-Treatment Decrease of Serum Interleukin-6 as a Predictor of Clinical Response to Biologic Therapy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2020)

In patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) undergoing biologic therapy, biomarkers of treatment response are still scarce. This study aimed to evaluate whether serum zonulin, a biomarker of intestinal permeability; soluble CD163 (sCD163), a macrophage activation marker; and a panel of serum cytokines could predict the response to biologic treatment in patients with IBD. For this purpose, we prospectively enrolled 101 patients with IBD and 19 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) as a control group; 60 out of 101 patients underwent treatment with biologics. Zonulin, sCD163, and cytokines were measured at the baseline in all patients and after 10 weeks of treatment in the 60 patients who underwent biologic therapy. We observed that zonulin levels were higher in IBD patients with active disease compared to those in remission (<i>p</i> = 0.035), and that sCD163 values were higher in patients with IBD compared to those with IBS (<i>p</i> = 0.042), but no association with therapy response was observed for either biomarker. Conversely, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha showed a significant reduction from baseline to week 10 of treatment, particularly in responder patients. By multivariate logistic regression analysis corrected for disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis), type of biologic drug (Infliximab, Adalimumab, Vedolizumab, or Ustekinumab) and disease activity, the reduction in IL-6 values was associated with a clinical response at 12 months of biological therapy (odds ratio (OR) = 4.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-18.02, <i>p</i> = 0.022). In conclusion, the measurement of serum IL-6 in biologics-treated IBD patients may allow for the prediction of response to treatment at 12 months of therapy and thus may help with tailoring personalized treatment strategies.
Frontrunner Jones and the Raiders of the Dark Forest: An Empirical Study of Frontrunning on the Ethereum Blockchain (2021)

Ethereum prospered the inception of a plethora of smart contract applications, ranging from gambling games to decentralized finance. However, Ethereum is also considered a highly adversarial environment, where vulnerable smart contracts will eventually be exploited. Recently, Ethereum's pool of pending transaction has become a far more aggressive environment. In the hope of making some profit, attackers continuously monitor the transaction pool and try to frontrun their victims' transactions by either displacing or suppressing them, or strategically inserting their transactions. This paper aims to shed some light into what is known as a dark forest and uncover these predators' actions. We present a methodology to efficiently measure the three types of frontrunning: displacement, insertion, and suppression. We perform a large-scale analysis on more than 11M blocks and identify almost 200K attacks with an accumulated profit of 18.41M USD for the attackers, providing evidence that frontrunning is both, lucrative and a prevalent issue.