gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mobility of Four Common Mercury Species in Model and Natural Unsaturated Soils (2016)

Mercury (Hg) occurs as a myriad of species in environmental media, each with different physicochemical properties. The influence of Hg speciation on its transport in unsaturated soils is not well studied. Transport of four Hg species (dissolved inorganic Hg (II) species, a prepared Hg(II) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) complex, Hg(0), and HgS nanoparticles) was measured in sand and soil packed columns with partial water saturation under simulated rainfall (low ionic strength solution without DOM) and landfill leachate (high DOM content and high ionic strength) influent conditions. The Hg(II)-DOM species had the highest mobility among the four Hg species evaluated, and HgS particles (∼230 nm hydrodynamic diameter) had the poorest mobility, for all soil and influent conditions tested. The addition of 2 wt % clay particles to sand greatly retarded the transport of all Hg species, especially under simulated rainfall. DOM in the column influent facilitated the transport of all four Hg species in model and natural soils. For simulated rainfall, the transport trends observed in model sands were consistent with those measured in a sandy soil, except that the mobility of dissolved inorganic Hg(II) species was significantly lower in natural soils. For simulated rainfall, Hg transport was negligible in a high organic content (∼3.72 wt %) soil for all species except Hg-DOM. This work suggests that the Hg-DOM species presents the greatest potential for vertical migration to groundwater, especially with DOM in the influent solution.
Microstrip Antenna Array Design for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Detection Radar (2023)

This work presents the design and realization of four linear arrays of microstrip rectangular patch antennas. This linear array is one of the elements of a passive radar using signals from 4G base stations for UAV detection. The arrays have been validated and operate from 2.62 GHz to 2.69 GHz, with a HPBW of 82° in H-plane and a maximal gain going from 11.1 dB to 12.2 dB in the required bandwidth, with a cosecant squared pattern in the E-plane.
Tightly coupling speech recognition and search (2009)

In this paper, we discuss the benefits of tightly coupling speech recognition and search components in the context of a speech-driven search application. We demonstrate that by incorporating constraints from the information repository that is being searched not only improves the speech recognition accuracy but also results in higher search accuracy.
Re: “Obesity and hormone‐dependent tumors: cohort and co‐twin control studies based on the Swedish twin registry” (2005)

Jonsson et al.1 analyzed the association of prostate cancer with height in a cohort of 8,998 male twins. In this cohort, in which 331 prostate cancer cases occurred, height was not associated with risk of prostate cancer. We examined the association of body height with prostate cancer incidence in a cohort of U.S. twins. The National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) Twin Registry is a national population-based twin registry in the United States that includes 15,924 white male twin pairs born in the years 1917–1927, both of whom served in the armed forces.2 Zygosity of these twins was determined by questionnaires, eye and hair color, fingerprints, anthropometrics and, if possible, blood type.3 In 1972, men in this twin registry received a questionnaire in which they were asked about information on anthropometrics: 27,502 twins were mailed the questionnaire, and 83.9% sent it back.4 In our analysis, we included 9,922 men (4,961 twin pairs), among which 430 prostate cancer cases had occurred. Prostate cancer cases were ascertained up to 1994 by questionnaire, telephone screening interview, mortality records and computerized inpatient records of Medicare and the Department of Veteran Affairs.5 We used generalized estimating equations (GEEs) to calculate age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of having prostate cancer in taller compared to shorter men separately by zygosity and adjusted for zygosity overall. We observed statistically significantly higher odds of prostate cancer in taller men compared to shorter men [fourth quartile (>1.80 m) compared to first quartile (<1.72 m) OR = 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–2.03; ptrend = 0.02]. Similar, although not statistically significant, associations were seen in monozygotic (OR = 1.54, 95% CI 0.95–2.49; ptrend = 0.06) and dizygotic (OR = 1.35, 95% CI 0.85–2.14; ptrend = 0.20) twins. In the analysis, we took into account correlated individuals. When we performed a matched analysis for monozygotic twin pairs who were discordant for prostate cancer, to directly take into account shared genetics, the results were similar to those of the GEE analysis (data not shown). Height has been positively associated with prostate cancer in several cohort studies,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 with effect estimates ranging 1.14–1.80. It has been suggested that height and prostate cancer are associated because prostate development starts at the same age as adolescent growth in height. Men who are exposed to higher levels of testosterone and growth-promoting factors, such as IGF-I, are taller and might have a higher risk of prostate cancer because these same factors stimulate prostatic epithelial cell division. Yours sincerely, Sabine Rohrmann, M. Daniele Fallin, William F. Page, Terry Reed, Alan W. Partin, Patrick C. Walsh, Elizabeth A. Platz.
Effect on Platelet Functions of Derivatives of Cyclic Nucleotides (1978)

Derivatives of cyclic nucleotides were evaluated for their ability to inhibit platelet aggregation and the release reaction. Derivatives substituted in position 8 (mainly 8-Br-cyclic GMP) were more active than 3'-5' cyclic AMP, and their relative potency in inhibiting platelet aggregation and 14C-serotonin release was comparable to that of N62-0'-dibutyryl-cyclic AMP. Compounds substituted in position 6 or 2'-0 were not effective. The active compounds, which were also tested for their ability to stimulate platelet adenylate cyclase or to inhibit cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, did not modify the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. Since previous animal experiments have shown that these derivatives cause less side effects than cyclic AMP and its dibutyryl derivative in animals, it is suggested that modification of the cyclophosphate molecule might make it possible to find compounds active only on platelet function without interfering with other biological systems.
Examining mesozooplankton patch structure and its implications for trophic interactions in the northern Gulf of Mexico (2016)

Plankton patch dynamics strongly influences rates of trophic transfer and many ecological processes, yet patchiness is poorly described, especially on fine-scales (cm to 10s of m). We deployed the In Situ Ichthyoplankton Imaging System beneath the Mississippi River plume to measure horizontal distributions of zooplankton across three depth zones (10, 25 and 35 m). We found that larval fishes were significantly aggregated in the shallow (10 m) and deep (35 m) waters, but were randomly distributed at 25 m. In contrast, gelatinous organisms were typically randomly distributed, but shrimps and chaetognaths showed a strong degree of aggregation on fine-scales at all depths. One deep-water transect (35 m) was marked by a ~1.5-km zone of hypoxia (O2 < 2.0 mg L−1) that contained no larval fishes and few zooplankton that were otherwise abundant throughout the sampling area. The exceptions to this trend were the shrimps and cumaceans, which aggregated within the hypoxic zone, suggesting they were able to tolerate those conditions. Correlation analyses of zooplankton showed differing relationships of zooplankton abundance to physical variables among sampling depths; however, zooplankton were consistently positively correlated with one another, indicating the presence of taxonomically heterogeneous patches.
Genetic Polymorphisms Associated with Vincristine Pharmacokinetics and Vincristine-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Pediatric Oncology Patients (2022)

Vincristine (VCR) is an important component of curative chemotherapy for many childhood cancers. Its main side effect is VCR-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN), a dose limiting toxicity. Some children are more susceptible to VIPN, which is at least partially dependent on genetic factors and pharmacokinetics (PK). In this study, we identify and replicate genetic variants associated with VCR PK and VIPN. Patient samples from a randomized clinical trial studying the effect of administration duration of VCR on VIPN in 90 patients were used. PK sampling was conducted on between one and five occasions at multiple time points. A linear two-compartment model with first-order elimination was used, and targeted next-generation DNA sequencing was performed. Genotype–trait associations were analyzed using mixed-effect models or logistic regression analysis for repeated measures, or Poisson regression analysis in which the highest VIPN score per patient was included. Nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven genes (NDRG1, GARS, FIG4, FGD4, SEPTIN9, CEP72, and ETAA1) were associated with VIPN. Furthermore, three SNPs in three genes (MTNR1B, RAB7A and SNU13) were associated with PK of VCR. In conclusion, PK of VCR and VIPN are influenced by SNPs; upfront identification of those that lead to an altered susceptibility to VIPN or VCR exposure could help individualize VCR treatment.
1,3-Dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate: the unexpected synthesis of an ionic liquid precursor and carbene-CO2 adductElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: experimental data for 1,3-dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate. Supplemental crystal structure data. ORTEP, hydrogen bonding and packing diagrams. See http://www.rsc.org./suppdata/cc/b2/b211519k/ (2002)

1,3-Dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate is formed in good yield, rather than the anticipated organic salt, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl carbonate, as the reaction product resulting from both N-alkylation and C-carboxylation of 1-methylimidazole with dimethyl carbonate; the crystal structure of the zwitterion exhibits pi-stacked rings and two-dimensional sheets constructed by hydrogen-bonds from imidazolium-ring hydrogens to the carboxylate group.
The American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (2020)

Representing approximately 7,000 members in over 100 countries, the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) is devoted to advancing engineering research applicable to agriculture, food and biological systems. In this exclusive interview, we have had the pleasure of speaking with Dr Sue Nokes, President of ASABE, who discusses the myriad of ways that the Society accelerates this diverse research field, towards ensuring global food, energy and water security, in the face of our changing climate and growing human population. Both diabetic adults and premature babies are at risk for a similar type of eye disease that involves the growth of abnormal, blood vessels in the retina, the photosensitive layer of the eye. When this eye disease occurs in diabetics, it is called diabetic retinopathy and when it occurs in premature infants, it is called retinopathy of prematurity. The pathologic vessels, seen in both of these diseases, can pull on the retina and cause it to detach, leading to blindness. Dr Tammy Movsas (Executive Director and Principal Investigator) and Dr Arivalagan Muthusamy (Chief Scientist) at the Zietchick Research Institute, USA, are developing new therapeutics to treat these serious retinal diseases that affect both premature baby eyes and mature adult eyes, such as those of diabetic women.
The Evolution of Tools for Protein Phosphorylation Site Analysis: From Discovery to Clinical Application (2008)

The importance of the analysis of signaling pathways has been proven for many years by the elucidation of key signaling molecules. However, in most cases these pathways tend to represent a rather narrow view of the biological state under investigation. Clearly a more detailed understanding of the complexities of cross-talk between signaling pathways is required to further our knowledge of normal and disease processes. The tools that provide the framework for this increased understanding of biology, those that enable identification, characterization, and quantitation of sites of phosphorylation in proteins, have advanced over the past 25 years. This review will present a brief overview of the history of the tools used in phosphorylation analysis and the latest technologies that are being applied in this field, such as mass spectrometry (for broad-based discovery efforts) and flow cytometry (for translation to clinical applications).
CGRP receptor antagonists: design and screening (2009)

For the design of radically new antagonists, more structural information on the receptor is needed. Current screens are largely based on measuring CGRP-mediated changes in cAMP. CGRP receptors can influence other signalling pathways and pathway-selective allosteric antagonists may be useful, but more information is needed about the mechanism of action of CGRP to assess the value of this.
Performance of a micro-macrocellular system with overlapping coverage and channel rearrangement techniques (2002)

In this paper, a new way to manage users having different mobility in a two-tier cellular system, through the use of the techniques of overlapping coverage and channel rearrangement, is provided. Overlapping coverage areas of nearby base stations arise in cellular communications systems, especially in small cell high-capacity microcellular configurations. With overlap, some users may have access to channels at more that one base station. This enhanced access can be used to improve teletraffic performance characteristics. Channel rearrangements are used to benefit users who are in range of only one base station. An analytical model is developed to determine performance measures.
High-capacity and high-fidelity analog radio-over-fiber mobile fronthaul (2022)

We report our recent progress on analog radio-over-fiber technology for mobile fronthaul applications in this invited talk from two perspectives: capacity expansion and signal quality enhancement. We first introduce our high-capacity fronthaul transmission experiment achieving &gt;200-Gbps using a commercial transmitter optical subassembly (TOSA) module. Then, we introduce high-fidelity fronthaul transmission using optical angle modulation. Using these key techniques, it becomes possible to implement high-capacity and high-fidelity fronthaul systems.
Electrochemical cobalt-catalyzed selective carboxylation of benzyl halides with CO2 enabled by low-coordinate cobalt electrocatalysts (2021)

The direct, transition metal-catalyzed carboxylation of organohalides with carbon dioxide is a highly desirable transformation in organic synthesis as it utilizes feedstock chemicals and delivers carboxylic acids –among the most utilized class of organic molecules. Phenyl acetic acids, in particular, are privileged motifs that appear in many pharmaceuticals and biologically active compounds. This article reports the development of a sustainable and selective cobalt-catalyzed electrochemical carboxylation of benzyl halides with CO2 to generate phenyl acetic acids. The success of this transformation is enabled by the development of low-coordinate cobalt/pyrox complexes as electrocatalysts to convert various benzyl chlorides and bromides to their corre-sponding phenyl/heteroaryl acetic acids with high selectivity over undesired homocoupling of the benzyl halides. The combina-tion of electroanalytical methods, simulation studies, control reactions, and first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations informed the mechanistic analysis of this reaction. An EC’C-type activation mechanism of benzyl halides, which is unique to Co(II)/pyrox electrocatalysts, provides the rationalization of the exceptional observed selectivity for carboxylation. Specifically, the Co(II)/pyrox catalyst undergoes reduction to Co(I) followed by halogen abstraction and a favorable radical rebound to Co(II)/pyrox to form alkyl–Co(III) intermediates. Although voltammetry only shows a single electron transfer step, bulk electrolysis shows a two electron process and using DFT calculations, the intermediates are proposed to undergo two-electron reduction to alkyl–Co(I) followed by a ZnCl2-assisted CO2 insertion to form the carboxylated adducts with regenera-tion of Co(I)/pyrox.
Transcription-controlled gene therapy against tumor angiogenesis (2004)

A major drawback of current approaches to antiangiogenic gene therapy is the lack of tissue-specific targeting. The aim of this work was to trigger endothelial cell-specific apoptosis, using adenoviral vector-mediated delivery of a chimeric death receptor derived from the modified endothelium-specific pre-proendothelin-1 (PPE-1) promoter. In the present study, we constructed an adenovirus-based vector that targets tumor angiogenesis. Transcriptional control was achieved by use of a modified endothelium-specific promoter. Expression of a chimeric death receptor, composed of Fas and TNF receptor 1, resulted in specific apoptosis of endothelial cells in vitro and sensitization of cells to the proapoptotic effect of TNF-alpha. The antitumoral activity of the vectors was assayed in two mouse models. In the model of B16 melanoma, a single systemic injection of virus to the tail vein caused growth retardation of tumor and reduction of tumor mass with central tumor necrosis. When the Lewis lung carcinoma lung-metastasis model was applied, i.v. injection of vector resulted in reduction of lung-metastasis mass, via an antiangiogenic mechanism. Moreover, by application of the PPE-1-based transcriptional control, a humoral immune response against the transgene was avoided. Collectively, these data provide evidence that transcriptionally controlled, angiogenesis-targeted gene therapy is feasible.
Identification of a protein linked to nascent poliovirus RNA and to the polyuridylic acid of negative-strand RNA (1978)

A protein similar to that previously demonstrated on poliovirus RNA and replicative intermediate RNA (VPg) was found on all sizes of nascent viral RNA molecules and on the polyuridylic acid isolated from negative-strand RNA. 32P-labeled nascent chains were released from their template RNA and fractionated by exclusion chromatography on agarose. Fingerprint analysis using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels of RNase T1 oligonucleotides derived from nascent chains of different lengths showed that a size fractionation of nascent chains was achieved. VPg was recovered from nascent chains varying in length from 7,500 nucleotides (full-sized RNA) to about 500 nucleotides. No other type of 5' terminus could be demonstrated on nascent RNA, and the yield of VPg was consistent with one molecule of the protein on each nascent chain. These results are consistent with the concept that the protein is added to the 5' end of the growing RNA chains at a very early stage, possibly as a primer of RNA synthesis. Analysis of the polyuridylic acid tract isolated from the replicative intermediate and double-stranded RNAs indicated that a protein of the same size as that found on the nascent chains and virion RNA is also linked to the negative-strand RNAs. It is likely that a similar mechanism is responsible for initiation of synthesis of both plus- and minus-strand RNAs.
How Long to Treat Childhood Onset Absence Epilepsy (1995)

The relation between the duration of treatment and achievement of seizure-free state after stopping medication in childhood onset absence epilepsy (COAE) has not been established, and children are usually treated for periods of 2-4 years. We hypothesized that a group of patients defined by prompt total clinical and electrographic remission, verified by 24-hour ambulatory EEG, could be withdrawn from treatment without recurrence. Three patients with new onset of COAE were treated. Ethosuximide (ESM) was used as first line drug. Dosages correlated with blood levels were gradually increased until a clinical and electrographic seizure-free state was achieved. The three responded to ESM promptly at therapeutic blood levels (75-90 mcg/ml). The effects of a 5- to 6-week period of withdrawing ESM after 6 months of treatment were as follows: a 10-year-old boy remained seizure-free with recurrence of inter-ictal 3/second spike-wave bursts; 5- and 10-year-old girls remained seizure-free and their 24-hour ambulatory EEG burst-free. Our findings suggest that optimization of treatment in COAE, aimed at achieving an electroclinical and electrographic seizure-free state, may identify patients in whom therapy can be successfully ended much sooner than has been usual. Thus the same good prognosis may be reached in a shorter period of treatment with minimal risk of recurrence of absence seizures.
The source of ultrasound contrast effect (1980)

Evidence that microbubbles are the main sources of ultrasound contrast in injected solutions has been largely indirect. To investigate this directly, we examined freshly agitated indocyanine green, freshly agitated water, commercially prepared precision microbubbles (diameter 75 +/- 25 mu) in gelatin, carbonated water, "degassed" indocyanine green solution, and "degassed" water in one or more of four different assay systems. Only fluids with microbubbles produced ultrasound contrast. Injected contrast material rose in a water bath at a rate that identified it as being caused by microbubbles. Indocyanine green and gelatin surface tensions were measured and found to be low (43 dynes/cm2), thus explaining their tendency to stabilize the microbubbles that cause ultrasound contrast effect when injected and to hold foam after agitation. The force of hand injections (force similar to that used clinically through catheters and 19-gauge or 23-gauge needles) was below the force needed to cause cavitation or ultrasound contrast effect. Microbubble content could be quantified by the decrease in amplitude of the echo from a structure distant to the microbubbles. We conclude that that the ultrasound contrast effect seen in peripherally injected fluids is caused by microbubbles present in the injectant. The contrast is not due to cavitation at needle tips, and it can be quantified over a limited range. Improved design for a peripheral contrast agent is suggest.