gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines. IV. The Grignard reaction of 3-substituted 3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines. (1979)

Grignard reactions of 3-methyl- (1m) and 3-phenyl-3H-1, 2, 3-triazolo [4, 5-d] pyrimidine (1p) resulted in the formation of 7-alkyl-6, 7-dihydro-3-methyl- (2m) and 7-alkyl-6, 7-dihydro-3-phenyl-3H-1, 2, 3-triazolo [4, 5-d] pyrimidines (2p) in moderate yields. These dihydro compounds 2m and 2p were converted into 7-alkyl-3-methyl- (3m) and 7-alkyl-3-phenyl-3H-1, 2, 3-triazolo [4, 5-d] pyrimidines (3p), respectively, by oxidation with potassium ferricyanide.
Pseudo-File-Systems (1989)

This paper describes a facility that transparently expends the Sprite distributed file system to include foreign file systems and arbitrary user services. A pseudo-file-system is a sub-tree of the distributed hierarchical name space that is implemented by a user-level server process. A pseudo-file-system fits naturally into the Sprite distributed system; the server runs on one host and access from other hosts is handled in the same way as access to regular Sprite file servers. The pseudo-file-system interface is general enough to be used for version control systems, and access to database servers, as well as access to other kinds of file systems. We currently use a pseudo-file-system server to provide access to NFS servers from Sprite workstations.
Distributed measurement of the complex modulation of a photoinduced Bragg grating in an optical fiber (1996)

A method of measuring the complex modulation of a Bragg grating is derived from a one-dimensional model of light propagating in an optical fiber. Interference fringes between the Bragg grating and a reference air-gap reflector are measured, and a Fourier transform of the interference fringes generated as a laser is swept through the wavelength is used to compute the complex modulation function of the Bragg grating over a restricted domain. Supporting data, taken by temperature tuning a distributed feedback diode laser, are shown.
SSIS-Seg: Simulation-Supervised Image Synthesis for Surgical Instrument Segmentation (2022)

Surgical instrument segmentation can be used in a range of computer assisted interventions and automation in surgical robotics. While deep learning architectures have rapidly advanced the robustness and performance of segmentation models, most are still reliant on supervision and large quantities of labelled data. In this paper, we present a novel method for surgical image generation that can fuse robotic instrument simulation and recent domain adaptation techniques to synthesize artificial surgical images to train surgical instrument segmentation models. We integrate attention modules into well established image generation pipelines and propose a novel cost function to support supervision from simulation frames in model training. We provide an extensive evaluation of our method in terms of segmentation performance along with a validation study on image quality using evaluation metrics. Additionally, we release a novel segmentation dataset from real surgeries that will be shared for research purposes. Both binary and semantic segmentation have been considered, and we show the capability of our synthetic images to train segmentation models compared with the latest methods from the literature.
Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 is expressed by skeletal muscle cells in hypertrophying muscle of mice (2010)

Our laboratory recently demonstrated that β2 integrins contribute to overload‐induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. One potential mechanism by which β2 integrin expressing leukocytes influence the hypertrophic response of skeletal muscle involves intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), the major ligand for β2 integrins. The objective of our current work is to examine ICAM‐1 expression and localization to skeletal muscle cells in hypertrophying muscle and to determine if β2 integrins influence ICAM‐1 expression and/or its localization. Plantaris muscles of wild type and β2 integrin deficient mice were exposed to 3, 7, or 14 days of mechanical overload via synergist ablation. Real‐time PCR and western blotting analysis revealed that ICAM‐1 gene and protein expression was significantly elevated in overloaded muscle. Experiments using flow cytometry and multi‐photon laser scanning confocal microscopy revealed that ICAM‐1 was expressed by mononuclear cells (satellite cells/myoblasts and leukocytes) as well as mature muscle fibers following mechanical loading. We speculate that expression of ICAM‐1 by skeletal muscle cells after mechanical loading serves as a mechanism by which neutrophils and macrophages can bind to and directly communicate with skeletal muscle cells to promote hypertrophy. This work was partially supported by The University of Toledo Interdisciplinary Grant Program.
Intangible Benefits of Team Identification, and the Factors Which Generate It, toward Intercollegiate Athletic Programs in Students' College Adjustment (2015)

Intercollegiate athletic programs have been used to facilitate Social interactions between students within the complex nature of the college environment. In particular, many researchers have discussed the benefits of intercollegiate athletic programs in higher education, examining positive aspects of team identification such as the enhancing sense of belonging, personal self- esteem, happiness, and decreasing stress, anxiety, depression, and loneliness in Social life. With the benefits of the program, it is important to scrutinize the benefits of intercollegiate athletic programs in students’ college adjustment in higher education. Therefore, the goal of this dissertation was to provide better understanding of the intercollegiate athletic programs in higher education to academic counselor and administrators. The purpose of two studies designed for this dissertation were as follows: (1) to assist to understand what role intercollegiate athletics have on students’ academic success by considering Social and emotional construct in college life, (2) to identify significant factors that generate team identification toward intercollegiate athletic programs in college environment. Researchers in the field of sport management should have a better knowledge of benefits of intercollegiate athletic programs to directly and indirectly assist students’ Social, emotional, and academic adjustment. Additionally, the predictive factors enhancing the degree of team identification, as resulted in the second study, support sport marketers to positively engage with student fans in a college. It is also evidence why students are highly identified to intercollegiate athletic programs as well as conceptual note that the predictive factors are directly and indirectly associated with the assistance of students’ better life in college environment.
The Giardia lamblia vsp gene repertoire: characteristics, genomic organization, and evolution (2010)

Giardia lamblia trophozoites colonize the intestines of susceptible mammals and cause diarrhea, which can be prolonged despite an intestinal immune response. The variable expression of the variant-specific surface protein (VSP) genes may contribute to this prolonged infection. Only one is expressed at a time, and switching expression from one gene to another occurs by an epigenetic mechanism. The WB Giardia isolate has been sequenced at 10× coverage and assembled into 306 contigs as large as 870 kb in size. We have used this assembly to evaluate the genomic organization and evolution of the vsp repertoire. We have identified 228 complete and 75 partial vsp gene sequences for an estimated repertoire of 270 to 303, making up about 4% of the genome. The vsp gene diversity includes 30 genes containing tandem repeats, and 14 vsp pairs of identical genes present in either head to head or tail to tail configurations (designated as inverted pairs), where the two genes are separated by 2 to 4 kb of non-coding DNA. Interestingly, over half the total vsp repertoire is present in the form of linear gene arrays that can contain up to 10 vsp gene members. Lastly, evidence for recombination within and across minor clades of vsp genes is provided. The data we present here is the first comprehensive analysis of the vsp gene family from the Genotype A1 WB isolate with an emphasis on vsp characterization, function, evolution and contributions to pathogenesis of this important pathogen.
Machine Learned Prediction of Reaction Template Applicability for Data-Driven Retrosynthetic Predictions of Energetic Materials (2020)

State of the art computer-aided synthesis planning models are naturally biased toward commonly reported chemical reactions, thus reducing the usefulness of those models for the unusual chemistry relevant to shock physics. To address this problem, a neural network was trained to recognize reaction template applicability for small organic molecules to supplement the rare reaction examples of relevance to energetic materials. The training data for the neural network was generated by brute force determination of template subgraph matching for product molecules from a database of reactions in U.S. patent literature. This data generation strategy successfully augmented the information about template applicability for rare reaction mechanisms in the reaction database. The increased ability to recognize rare reaction templates was demonstrated for reaction templates of interest for energetic material synthesis such as heterocycle ring formation.&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The following article has been submitted to by the 21st Biennial APS Conference on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. After it is published, it will be found at https://publishing.aip.org/resources/librarians/products/journals/.&lt;/div&gt;
Modulation of collagen production by fibroblasts. Effects of chronic exposure to agonists that increase intracellular cyclic AMP (1982)

Cultured human lung fibroblasts were evaluated for their responsiveness to isoprenaline (isoproterenol) or prostaglandin E2 before and after chronic incubation with the agonist. Cells incubated for 6 h with either agonist were suppressed in terms of collagen production and exhibited increased intracellular cyclic AMP. Cells incubated for 72 h with the agonist and then re-challenged for 6 h with the same agonist did not demonstrate suppressed collagen production or increased cyclic AMP. Cells incubated for 72 h with isoprenaline still responded to prostaglandin E2 when challenged for 6 h; however, when the order of agonist exposure was reversed, cells incubated with prostaglandin E2 did not respond to a challenge by isoprenaline. If cells were allowed to recover for 48 h without the agonist after a 72 h chronic incubation, they recovered their responsiveness to the agonist. The results indicate that, although cultured fibroblasts may become desensitized to one agonist, they may retain their sensitivity to a second agonist and chronic suppression of collagen production may be achieved by alternate exposure to isoprenaline and prostaglandin E2.
Data retention investigation in Al:HfO2-based resistive random access memory arrays by using high-temperature accelerated tests (2019)

In this work, the feasibility of using accelerated tests at high temperatures to assess the data retention on resistive random access memory devices was evaluated on Al:HfO2-based 1-transistor-1-resistor 4 kbit arrays. By annealing the samples at four different temperatures (190, 210, 230, and 260°C) for 10 h, different distributions of retention failure times were obtained and modeled by using Weibull distributions. Based on the temperature dependency of these distributions, the Arrhenius activation energy of the degradation process was calculated (1.09 eV). In addition, the maximum temperature that guarantees a retention time to failure of a 10 year lifetime was extrapolated (105°C).
Genetic Basis and Carrier Detection of Hemophilia B of Chinese Origin (1993)

We have characterized the genetic defects of 17 hemophilia B patients of Chinese origin by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. The single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) was used as an initial screening method to analyze the entire coding region and the flanking introns of each individual's factor IX gene. The abnormal exons were subsequently amplified and the nucleotide sequence determined. Of the 17 patients studied, 16 had single point mutations and one had a gross gene deletion of exons VII and VIII of factor IX. Among these 16 factor IX variants with point mutations 13 were missense and two were nonsense mutations. The remaining one had a nucleotide deleted, resulting in frame shifting at amino acid residue 97. A total of ten novel mutations, including the one with gross gene deletion, are reported in this study which have not been described previously. Five of the remaining seven variants were missense mutations with novel amino acids substituted for residues 127, 132, 180, 207, and 215, respectively. Mutations containing different amino acid residues at those positions have been reported. The last two are variants that have already been described to contain mutations at amino acid residues 333 and 365, respectively. To evaluate the efficiency of SSCP analysis in assessing the mutated exons and to further confirm our results we sequenced the entire exons of all 17 factor IX genes. The mutations detected by SSCP method were indeed the only mutation identified in each factor IX variant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC)-Producing K. pneumoniae at a Single Institution: Insights into Endemicity from Whole-Genome Sequencing (2015)

The global emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC-Kp) multilocus sequence type ST258 is widely recognized. Less is known about the molecular and epidemiological details of non-ST258 K. pneumoniae in the setting of an outbreak mediated by an endemic plasmid. We describe the interplay of blaKPC plasmids and K. pneumoniae strains and their relationship to the location of acquisition in a U.S. health care institution. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis was applied to KPC-Kp clinical isolates collected from a single institution over 5 years following the introduction of blaKPC in August 2007, as well as two plasmid transformants. KPC-Kp from 37 patients yielded 16 distinct sequence types (STs). Two novel conjugative blaKPC plasmids (pKPC_UVA01 and pKPC_UVA02), carried by the hospital index case, accounted for the presence of blaKPC in 21/37 (57%) subsequent cases. Thirteen (35%) isolates represented an emergent lineage, ST941, which contained pKPC_UVA01 in 5/13 (38%) and pKPC_UVA02 in 6/13 (46%) cases. Seven (19%) isolates were the epidemic KPC-Kp strain, ST258, mostly imported from elsewhere and not carrying pKPC_UVA01 or pKPC_UVA02. Using WGS-based analysis of clinical isolates and plasmid transformants, we demonstrate the unexpected dispersal of blaKPC to many non-ST258 lineages in a hospital through spread of at least two novel blaKPC plasmids. In contrast, ST258 KPC-Kp was imported into the institution on numerous occasions, with other blaKPC plasmid vectors and without sustained transmission. Instead, a newly recognized KPC-Kp strain, ST941, became associated with both novel blaKPC plasmids and spread locally, making it a future candidate for clinical persistence and dissemination.
Mutational Analysis of Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein: Identification of Mutations That Affect RNA Replication (1999)

The influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) is a multifunctional polypeptide which plays a pivotal role in virus replication. To get information on the domains and specific residues involved in the different NP activities, we describe here the preparation and characterization of 20 influenza A virus mutant NPs. The mutations, mostly single-amino-acid substitutions, were introduced in a cDNA copy of the A/Victoria/3/75 NP gene and, in most cases, affected residues located in regions that were highly conserved across the NPs of influenza A, B, and C viruses. The mutant NPs were characterized (i) in vivo (cell culture) by analyzing their intracellular localization and their functionality in replication, transcription, and expression of model RNA templates; and (ii) in vitro by analyzing their RNA-binding and sedimentation properties. The results obtained allowed us to identify both a mutant protein that accumulated in the cytoplasm and mutations that altered the functionality and/or the oligomerization state of the NP polypeptide. Among the mutations that reduced the NP capability to express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase protein from a model viral RNA (vRNA) template, some displayed a temperature-sensitive phenotype. Interestingly, four mutant NPs, which showed a reduced functionality in synthesizing cRNA molecules from a vRNA template, were fully competent to reconstitute complementary ribonucleoproteins (cRNPs) capable of synthesizing vRNAs, which in turn yielded mRNA molecules. Based on the phenotype of these mutants and on previously published observations, it is proposed that these mutant NPs have a reduced capability to interact with the polymerase complex and that this NP-polymerase interaction is responsible for making vRNPs switch from mRNA to cRNA synthesis.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Bourgeanic Acid Utilizing Desymmetrization Strategy (2010)

Abstract A highly stereoselective total synthesis of an aliphatic depside (+)‐bourgeanic acid via (–)‐hemibourgeanic acid and bourgeanic lactone is described. The key steps involved in this synthesis are desymmetrization of bicyclic olefin with Brown's asymmetric hydroboration, Gillman's reaction, TEMPO‐BAIB mediated selective oxidation of 1,3‐diol, Yamaguchi macro‐lactonization and LiOH‐mediated partial hydrolysis of unusually stable eight‐membered cyclic dilactone.
Design Guidelines for Radio Frequency Non-contact Vital Sign Detection (2007)

The design guidelines for non-contact vital sign detection are presented in this paper. Firstly, the choice of radio frequency and antenna beamwidth is demonstrated by numerical simulation based on ray-tracing technique and spectrum analysis. Guided by the numerical results of the first part, three typical radar architectures are recently built in one of the ISM bands (the 5.8 GHz band). The characteristics of each architecture are demonstrated and compared based on measurement results. Experiments show that direct-conversion non-quadrature architecture has DC offset and null detection point problem; direct-conversion quadrature architecture can eliminate null detection point but lead to complexity and higher power consumption in effectively combining two quadrature channels. Double-sideband indirect-conversion with simpler radio architecture and less baseband requirement can effectively alleviate the DC offset and null detection point problems.
Optical cable fault locating using Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer and cable localized heating method (2007)

A novel optical cable fault location method, which is based on Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer (BOTDR) and cable localized heating, is proposed and demonstrated. In the method, a BOTDR apparatus is used to measure the optical loss and strain distribution along the fiber in an optical cable, and a heating device is used to heat the cable at its certain local site. Actual experimental results make it clear that the proposed method works effectively without complicated calculation. By means of the new method, we have successfully located the optical cable fault in the 60 km optical fiber composite power cable from Shanghai to Shengshi, Zhejiang. A fault location accuracy of 1 meter was achieved. The fault location uncertainty of the new optical cable fault location method is at least one order of magnitude smaller than that of the traditional OTDR method.
High performance platinum-silicided p-type Schottky barrier metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors scaled down to 30 nm (2011)

Platinum-silicided p-type Schottky barrier metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors with sizes varying from 350 to 30 nm were fabricated on silicon-on-insulator substrates. Threshold voltage, subthreshold swing, drain-induced barrier lowering, and saturation current were investigated as a function of gate length and channel width. The device with a gate length of 30 nm showed excellent short channel characteristics with an on/off current ratio larger than 107, an off-leakage current less than 10 pA/μm, and a subthreshold swing of 110 mV/decades.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed CH Activation (2022)

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of cobalt‐catalyzed CH activation reactions reported from 2010 to mid‐2020. The reactions are categorized primarily by the nature of the cobalt species (i.e., low or high valent) and secondarily by the type of the reaction partner and/or the transformation. “Low‐valent” cobalt catalysts generally refer to catalysts generated in situ from Co II or Co III precatalysts and reductants or those having well‐defined structures with Co 0 or Co I oxidation state. “High‐valent” cobalt catalysts are typically Co III complexes supported by pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) or analogous ligands or cobalt species generated from Co II or Co III precatalysts under oxidative or nonreductive conditions.
Biogenesis of Geranium Oil Compounds:  On the Origin of Oxygen in cis-/trans-Rose Oxide (1998)

By feeding experiments with labeled [1,1-2H2,18O]citronellol, it could be shown that Pelargonium graveolens is able to convert the fed precursor into cis-/trans-rose oxide. The labeling pattern and diastereomeric ratio of the resulting cis-/trans-rose oxides are in agreement with a mechanism which includes the enzymatic oxidation of citronellol in the allylic position and subsequent cyclization of the resulting diol to cis-/trans-rose oxide with retention of the oxygen of [1,1-2H2,18O]citronellol. Keywords: Geranium oil; Pelargonium graveolens; rose oxide; solid-phase microextraction (SPME); stable isotope labeling
Study on Welder Training by Means of Haptic Guidance and Virtual Reality for Arc Welding (2006)

Gaining and improving welding skill is important for welders. The advent of virtual reality (VR) technology provides a new kind of medium for skill training. In this paper, a haptic arc welding training method is proposed based on VR and haptic guidance. The training method is designed to emulate the presence of a human tutor which feedbacks forces to a welder to show the proper force/position relation within pre-defined trajectories for attaining hand-mind-eye coordination skills in a virtual environment. Three basic welding operation skills, namely maintaining the proper arc length, maintaining the proper electrode angle, and maintaining the proper traverse speed are selected for training. The Phantom haptic device is used as the haptic interface. The haptic guidance is realized with proportional-plus-derivative (PD) feedback control of the error between the current and ideal trajectory. The proposed method is cost-less, effective, and environment-friend for the training of both novice and skilled welders.