gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The CMOS gate forest: an efficient and flexible high-performance ASIC design environment (1988)

The basic concepts of the second-generation gate arrays are described. The most important architectures that were used to implement the different concepts are discussed. An overview of the current status of a number of typical sea-of-gates masters is given. A number of quality marks have been defined along which the different architectures can be evaluated. These quality marks range from microarchitecture aspects such as isolation techniques and connectability of the core cells, to macro aspects such as distribution functions. Using these quality marks for reference, the Gate Forest is discussed. The Gate Forest is seen as a major extension of the sea-of-gates principle. It differs from the extant sea-of-gates concept in several important aspects. It is based on a hierarchical concept, both in architecture and design. It combines flexibility and efficiency in one environment by providing transistor-level optimization together with cell library support for different logic design styles. It furthermore supports the efficient implementation of different types of memory in any desired location. The current status of the second generation of the Gate Forest is also briefly described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Immunization studies with attenuated strains of Bacillus anthracis (1986)

Live, attenuated strains of Bacillus anthracis lacking either the capsule plasmid pXO2, the toxin plasmid pXO1, or both were tested for their efficacy as vaccines against intravenous challenge with anthrax toxin in Fischer 344 rats and against aerosol or intramuscular challenge with virulent anthrax spores in Hartley guinea pigs. Animals immunized with toxigenic, nonencapsulated (pXO1+, pXO2-) strains survived toxin and spore challenge and demonstrated postimmunization antibody titers to the three components of anthrax toxin (protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor). Immunization with two nontoxigenic, encapsulated (pXO1-, pXO2+), Pasteur vaccine strains neither provided protection nor elicited titers to any of the toxin components. Therefore, to immunize successfully against anthrax toxin or spore challenge, attenuated, live strains of B. anthracis must produce the toxin components specified by the pXO1 plasmid.
High-brightness and high-speed vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays (2020)

High-power vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays, which can serve as the light source in modern lidar and three-dimensional optical sensing systems, have recently attracted a lot of attention. In these types of systems, the time-of-flight (ToF) technique, based on the round-trip time of short optical pulses is usually adopted. Further enhancement of the ranging distance and depth resolution in these ToF driven systems by the incorporation of a VCSEL array with a high available power, high brightness (narrow divergence angle), and fast response time is highly desirable. However, a large number of light emission apertures (several hundreds) in the VCSEL array is usually necessary to raise the output power level to several watts. This leads to a large parasitic capacitance and the RC-limited bandwidth may become the dominant limiting factor of the speed of the high-power VCSEL array. In this work, Zn-diffusion and oxide-relief apertures are used to manipulate the optical modes and reduce the parasitic capacitance, respectively, in a unit device for a 940 nm VCSEL array. The demonstrated VCSEL array has a quasi-single-mode output, high available power (4 W; 1% duty cycle), narrow divergence angle ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>14</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∘</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> at <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) under maximum output power, and a fast rise time ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>100</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace width="thickmathspace"/> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). These results open up new possibilities for further enhancing the performance of ToF sensing systems at the 940 nm wavelength.
Model Predictive Control of Wheel Slip Towards Antilock Brake System Using Convex optimization (2021)

Model Predictive Control (MPC) has been used in the automotive domain to control powertrain, suspension, and brakes. Active Vehicle Safety Systems (AVSSs), where the brake system plays a significant role, have gained much impetus since they can potentially reduce road fatalities. Wheel Slip Regulation (WSR) is a popular methodology used in developing AVSSs such as Antilock Brake System and Direct Yaw Control using brake control. This work proposes an MPC based algorithm for WSR utilizing linear longitudinal vehicle and wheel dynamics. The MPC problem is developed as a convex optimization formulation, ensuring that the control problem has a unique solution. The problem is formulated as a Quadratic Program with linear inequality constraints, and an efficient custom MPC solver is developed. The custom MPC solver reduces the number of computations by classifying the matrix operations into three categories, namely, constant matrices, reference-dependent matrices, and feedback-dependent matrices. The proposed MPC is evaluated using IPG TruckMaker®, a vehicle dynamics simulation software, interfaced with MATLAB Simulink®. The braking distance improvement with MPC is in the range of 10% to 40%, and the custom solver decreases the computational time of one iteration by 20 times compared to CVX, a MATLAB tool for convex programming.
Fast-response high-quality rectifier with sliding-mode control (2002)

A PWM rectifier, including an uncontrolled rectifier and a Cuk power converter stage driven by a sliding-mode controller, is described. Similar to other high-quality rectifiers, this solution allows low distortion and in-phase line current. Due to the sliding-mode control, a fast and stable response is achieved, in spite of the large output filter. Control complexity is the same as standard current-mode controls, Converter analysis, design criteria, and experimental results are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
TRP Channels in Disease (2005)

The mammalian TRP (transient receptor potential) family consists of six main subfamilies termed the TRPC (canonical), TRPV (vanilloid), TRPM (melastatin), TRPP (polycystin), TRPML (mucolipin), and TRPA (ankyrin) groups. These subfamilies encompass 28 ion channels that function as diverse cellular sensors. All of the channels are permeable to monovalent cations, and most are also permeable to Ca(2+). There are strong indications that TRP channels are involved in many diseases. At this point, four channelopathies have been identified in which a defect in a TRP channel-encoding gene is the direct cause of disease. TRPs are also involved in some systemic diseases because of their role as receptors for irritants, inflammation products, and xenobiotic toxins. Other indications of the involvement of TRPs in several diseases come from correlations between the levels of channel expression and disease symptoms or from the mapping of TRP-encoding genes to susceptible chromosome regions. Finally, the phenotypes of TRP knockout mice and other transgenic models allow a degree of extrapolation to human diseases. We present an overview of current knowledge about the role of TRP channels in human disease and highlight some TRP "suspects" for which a role in disease can be anticipated. An understanding of the genetics of disease may lead to the development of targeted new therapies.
Flexible High-Speed Load Shedding Using a Crosspoint Switch (2006)

Industrial load-shedding systems must address electric power system stability criteria as well as industrial process operations requirements. An effective industrial load-shedding system must provide a method to increase survivability of both the electric power system and the industrial process being powered. With intelligent crosspoint switches, the communications system can be fully supervised to prevent false load-shed signals and communications outages from causing false trips. This paper examines the concept and application of highspeed crosspoint switches to implement load shedding in an industrial plant setting. This design is currently being installed in an oil refinery and uses a load-shedding processor, protection logic processors with crosspoint switch functions, microprocessor protective relays for status input and analog quantities, and a power management system for operator load table inputs. The load-shedding scheme uses a substation-grade computer to process the current state of the power system (e.g., generation, load, topology, etc.) and write the load-shed table into three crosspoint switches. Several contingencies are defined in relay logic that may trigger load shedding, including generator trips, utility tie-line trips, bus-tie breaker trips, and underfrequency conditions
Identifying and Exploiting Diurnal Motifs in Wind Generation Time Series Data (2014)

Wind energy is scheduled on the power grid using 0–6 h ahead forecasts generated from computer simulations or historical data. When the forecasts are inaccurate, control room operators use their expertise, as well as the actual generation from previous days, to estimate the amount of energy to schedule. However, this is a challenge, and it would be useful for the operators to have additional information they can exploit to make better informed decisions. In this paper, we use techniques from time series analysis to determine if there are motifs, or frequently occurring diurnal patterns in wind generation data. We compare two different representations of the data and four different ways of identifying the number of motifs. Using data from wind farms in Tehachapi Pass and mid-Columbia Basin, we describe our findings and discuss how these motifs can be used to guide scheduling decisions.
Measurement of the Sequence Complexity of Cloned Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus 60 to 70 S RNA: Evidence for a Haploid Genome (1974)

The sequence complexity of the 60-70 S RNA complex from Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) was determined by measuring the annealing rate of radioactively labeled virus-specific DNA with M-MuLV 60-70 S RNA in conditions of vast RNA excess. The M-MuLV RNA annealing rate, characterized by the quantity C r t ½ , was compared with the C r t ½ values for annealing of poliovirus 35 S RNA (2.6 × 10 6 molecular weight) with poliovirus-specific DNA and Sindbis virus 42 S RNA (4.3 × 10 6 molecular weight) with Sindbis-specific DNA. M-MuLV-specific DNA was prepared in vitro by the endogenous DNA polymerase reaction of M-MuLV virions, and poliovirus and Sindbis virus DNAs were prepared by incubation of viral RNA and DNA polymerase purified from avian myeloblastosis virus and an oligo deoxynucleotide primer. The poliovirus and Sindbis virus DNAs were sedimented through alkaline sucrose gradients, and those portions of the DNA with sizes similar to the M-MuLV DNA were selected out for the annealing measurements. M-MuLV was cloned on NIH-3T3 cells because it appeared possible that the standard source of M-MuLV for these experiments was a mixture of viruses. The annealing measurements indicated a sequence complexity of approximately 9 × 10 6 daltons for the cloned M-MuLV 60-70 S RNA when standardized to poliovirus and Sindbis virus RNAs. This value supports the hypothesis that each of the 35 S RNA subunits of M-MuLV 60-70 S RNA has a different base sequence.
Prediction of Physical Load Level by Machine Learning Analysis of Heart Activity after Exercises (2019)

The assessment of energy expenditure in real life is of great importance for monitoring the current physical state of people, especially in work, sport, elderly care, health care, and everyday life even. This work reports about application of some machine learning methods (linear regression, linear discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbors, decision tree, random forest, Gaussian naive Bayes, support-vector machine) for monitoring energy expenditures in athletes. The classification problem was to predict the known level of the in-exercise loads (in three categories by calories) by the heart rate activity features measured during the short period of time (1 minute only) after training, i.e by features of the post-exercise load. The results obtained shown that the post-exercise heart activity features preserve the information of the in-exercise training loads and allow us to predict their actual in-exercise levels. The best performance can be obtained by the random forest classifier with all 8 heart rate features (micro-averaged area under curve value AUCmicro = 0.87 and macro-averaged one AUCmacro = 0.88) and the k-nearest neighbors classifier with 4 most important heart rate features (AUCmicro = 0.91 and AUCmacro = 0.89). The limitations and perspectives of the ML methods used are outlined, and some practical advices are proposed as to their improvement and implementation for the better prediction of in-exercise energy expenditures.
Legends for supplementary figures and Videos from CAR T-cell Entry into Tumor Islets Is a Two-Step Process Dependent on IFNγ and ICAM-1 (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Legends for supplementary Figures and Videos&lt;/p&gt;
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced, Ionic Meerwein Arylation of Olefins. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Constructive Algorithm for Reversible Logic Synthesis (2006)

This paper presents a constructive synthesis algorithm for any n-qubit reversible function. Given any n-qubit reversible function, there are N distinct input patterns different from their corresponding outputs, where N les 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> , and the other (2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> - N) input patterns will be the same as their outputs. We show that this circuit can be synthesized by at most 2nldrN '(n - 1)'-CNOT gates and 4n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ldr N NOT gates. The time complexity of our algorithm has asymptotic upper bound O(n ldr 4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> ). The space complexity of our synthesis algorithm is also O(n ldr 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> ). The computational complexity of our synthesis algorithm is exponentially lower than the complexity of breadth-first search based synthesis algorithm.
Development of a neuromorphic computing system (2015)

Although a variety of solutions for neuromorphic systems based on different hardware technology and software programming schemes, there has yet to be a common accepted one. Based on some recent findings in brain science, we propose a new design rule for developing a brain inspired computing system. We design and fabricate a neuromorphic chip, named ‘Tianji’ chip. A multi-chip architecture-based PCB board has been demonstrated. The detailed hardware implementation and software programming scheme are presented in this paper.
Macroblock-Adaptive Residual Color Space Transforms for 4:4:4 Video Coding (2006)

Block-based video-coding for 4:4:4 color sampling is extended by an adaptive color space transform. The presented technique enables an encoder to switch between several given color space representations in order to optimize rate-distortion performance. Simulations based on the current draft of the H.264/MPEG4-AVC 4:4:4 extensions demonstrate that our technique provides a rate-distortion performance equal or better than that obtained when using any of the individual color spaces only.
Multiple facets for dynamic information flow (2012)

JavaScript has become a central technology of the web, but it is also the source of many security problems, including cross-site scripting attacks and malicious advertising code. Central to these problems is the fact that code from untrusted sources runs with full privileges. We implement information flow controls in Firefox to help prevent violations of data confidentiality and integrity. Most previous information flow techniques have primarily relied on either static type systems, which are a poor fit for JavaScript, or on dynamic analyses that sometimes get stuck due to problematic implicit flows, even in situations where the target web application correctly satisfies the desired security policy. We introduce faceted values, a new mechanism for providing information flow security in a dynamic manner that overcomes these limitations. Taking inspiration from secure multi-execution, we use faceted values to simultaneously and efficiently simulate multiple executions for different security levels, thus providing non-interference with minimal overhead, and without the reliance on the stuck executions of prior dynamic approaches.
Figure S4 from A Uniform Computational Approach Improved on Existing Pipelines to Reveal Microbiome Biomarkers of Nonresponse to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure S4: Sensitivity and specificity analysis of the Integrated Microbiome Prediction Index for response prediction in responder (R) vs nonresponder (NR), further stratified by inclusion (+) or exclusion (-) of stable disease (SD) if available.&lt;/p&gt;
Fluorescence and Raman Enhancement Effect Caused by a Chemical Mechanism in Metal-Tetraphenylporphyrin on 2D Layered Materials (2019)

Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials exhibiting a flat surface have been strong candidates for studies investigating both the fundamental Raman enhancement in these materials and their practical applications. Here, we explore the Raman and the fluorescence enhancement effects of metal-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) molecules on graphene and MoSe2. We attribute the enhancement behaviors to the charge transfer interaction between the 2D materials and the adsorbates. The enhancement factors for the two flat substrates are dissimilar due to the charge transfer ability resulting from the electronic structures. The charge transfer interaction can be explained by the adsorption probability based on Langmuir’s model.
Resource-Aware Application Execution Exploiting the BarbequeRTRM (2016)

Energy efficiency and thermal management have become ma- jor concerns in both embedded and HPC systems. The progress of silicon technology and the subsequent growth of the dark silicon phenomena are negatively a ecting the reliability of computing systems. As a result, in the next future we expect run-time variability to increase in terms of both performance and computing resources availability. To address these is- sues, systems and applications must be able to adapt to such scenarios. This work provides a brief overview of the Barbeque Run-Time Resource Manager (BarbequeRTRM) and the application execution model that it exploits, in order to deal with run-time performance and available re- sources variability.
Genetic Structure of the Population of Pepino mosaic virus Infecting Tomato Crops in Spain (2006)

ABSTRACT The population structure of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), which has caused severe epidemics in tomato in Spain since 2000, was analyzed. Isolates were characterized by the nucleotide sequence of the triple gene block and coat protein gene and, for a subset of isolates, a part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene. The full-length sequence of the genomic RNA of a Solanum muricatum isolate from Peru also was determined. In spite of high symptom diversity, the Spanish population of PepMV mostly comprised highly similar isolates belonging to the strain reported in Europe (European tomato strain), which has been the most prevalent genotype in Spain. The Spanish PepMV population was not structured spatially or temporally. Also, isolates highly similar to those from nontomato hosts from Peru (Peruvian strain) or to isolate US2 from the United States (US2 strain) were detected at lower frequency relative to the European strain. These two strains were detected in peninsular Spain only in 2004, but the Peruvian strain has been detected in the Canary Islands since 2000. These results suggest that PepMV was introduced into Spain more than once. Isolates from the Peruvian and US2 strains always were found in mixed infections with the European tomato strain, and interstrain recombinants were detected. The presence of different strains of the virus, and of recombinant isolates, should be considered for the development of control strategies based on genetic resistance.
Folic acid-modified and functionalized CuS nanocrystal-based nanoparticles for combined tumor chemo- and photothermal therapy (2016)

Recent studies have identified that CuS nanocrystal (CuS NCs) could be used as a new class of promising photo-thermal agents due to their excellent plasmonic absorption abilities in a wide near-infrared (NIR) region. However, most of nanocarriers lack target capacity for combining chemotherapy and photothermal therapy effects. Herein, we reported chitosan (CS)-encapsulated and folic acid (FA)-modified nanoparticles (NPs) simultaneously loading with functionalized CuS NCs and docetaxel (DTX) (FA-DTX-PVP/CuS-NPs). Compared with free DTX, the photothermal agent CuS NCs and DTX not only could be specially targeted to deliver into MCF-7 cancer cells via a receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway, but also could be effectively transferred into tumor tissues of S<sub>180</sub> tumor-bearing mice in vivo. More important, when combination with NIR laser irradiation, FA-DTX-PVP/CuS-NPs showed a higher antitumor efficacy than the individual therapies. Thus, as a remote and noninvasive tumor therapy strategy, these active targeting NPs may provide a great potential for tumor synergistic therapy.
Effect of combined administration of a prostacyclin analogue and adriamycin against the artificial metastasis of Meth A cell. (1988)

Antimetastatic effect of a stable prostacyclin analogue (PGI2-TEI8153) in combination use with adriamycin (ADM) was investigated. Meth A cell, which had membrane protein of 18,000 daltons specifically bound to platelets, induced platelet aggregation dose-dependently. This platelet aggregation was totally suppressed by PGI2-TEI8153. PGI2-TEI8153 also suppressed the pulmonary arrest as well as pulmonary metastasis of Meth A cells. Combined use of PGI2-TEI8153 and ADM exerted much less antimetastatic effect than that with PGI2-TEI8153 alone, indicating the counteracting effect of ADM against the PGI2-TEI8153. However, this combination use brought about additive antimetastatic effects with 2-fold reduction of pulmonary nodules compared to that of ADM alone. Consequently, even the anticancer drug itself has a negative influence on metastasis, the combined use of PGI2-TEI8153 with it is promising for the prevention of metastasis.