gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An investigation of functional correctness issues (1982)

Given a program and an abstract functional specification that the program is intended to satisfy, a fundamental question is whether the program executes in accordance with (i.e. is correct with respect to) the specification. A simple functional correctness technique is initially defined which is based on prime program decomposition of composite programs. This technique is analyzed and the problems of the need for each intended loop function and the inflexibility of the prime program decomposition strategy are discussed. The notion of a reduction hypothesis is then defined which can be used in the place of an intended loop function in the verification process. Furthermore, an efficient proof decomposition strategy for composite programs is suggested which is based on a sequence of proof transformations.
A heuristic technique is then proposed for synthesizing intended functions for WHILE loops in initialized loop programs. Although the technique seems to be useful in a wide range of commonly occurring applications, it is explained that the heuristic relies on the loop behaving in a reasonable manner. A model of reasonable loop behavior, a uniformly implemented loop, is defined. It is shown that, for any uniformly implemented loop, an inadequate intended loop function may be generalized (i.e. made more descriptive) in a systematic manner.
Scaling beyond the 65 nm node with FinFET-DGCMOS (2004)

Exponential growth in leakage power density with physical scaling is driving ULSI technology towards innovative device architectures. Double-gate CMOS (DGCMOS), achieved through use of the Delta Device (D.Hisamoto et al, IEDM 1989, p.833-836), or FinFET (X.Huang et al, IEDM 1999, p.67-70), provides both a tactical solution to the gate-leakage challenge and a strategic scaling advantage. FinFET fabrication is very close to that of the conventional CMOS process, with only minor disruptions, yielding the potential for a rapid deployment to manufacturing. Planar circuit designs have been converted to FinFET-DGCMOS without disruption to physical area.
Cardiovascular System (1995)

Abstract The sections in this article are: Cardiovascular Structure in Younger and Older Humans Arterial Structure and Mechanical Properties Cardiac Structure Ventricular–Vascular Coupling Myocardial and Cardiac Pump Function at Rest Integrated Regulation of Cardiac Function Cardiac Filling (Diastolic) Properties Cardiac Volumes and Ejection Fraction Myocardial Contractile Properties Heart Rate and Rhythm Cardiac Output Cardiovascular Reserve Postural Reflexes Isometric Exercise Dynamic Exercise Sympathetic Modulation of Cardiovascular Function Intact Organisms Cardiovascular Target Organ Response to β‐Adrenergic Stimulation with Aging Isolated Tissue or Cells Parasympathetic Modulation of Cardiovascular Function Cardiovascular Structure and Function in Younger and Older Animals Cardiac Structure Myocardial Stiffness Regulation of the Cardiac Contraction Similar Effects of Aging and Experimental Pressure Overload on Cardiac Regulatory Mechanisms and Gene Expression Possible Mechanisms of Altered Cardiac Gene Regulation with Aging Response of Older Rat Heart to Chronic Hemodynamic Overload Coronary Blood Flow, Oxygen Consumption, and Oxidative Metabolism Effect of Chronic Physical Conditioning on Cardiovascular Performance in Older Humans and Animals Studies in Humans Studies in Rodents Summary
Identification of epigenetic DNA modifications with a protein nanopore (2010)

Two DNA bases, 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC), marks of epigenetic modification, are recognized in immobilized DNA strands and distinguished from G, A, T and C by nanopore current recording. Therefore, if further aspects of nanopore sequencing can be addressed, the approach will provide a means to locate epigenetic modifications in unamplified genomic DNA.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of acoustic dyadic sensors (2001)

The theoretical directivity index of a single combined acoustic receiver, a device that measures acoustic pressure, each component of particle velocity and velocity gradients at a collocated point, is presented. This receiver, described here as an acoustic dyadic sensor, is highly-directional, achieving as much as 9.5 dB of directivity gain. In practice, the higher-order velocity gradient components are obtained via a finite difference approximation of measured particle velocity. The statistical behavior of the errors in estimating the pure and mixed second-order partial derivatives are given. Experimental in-water measurements were completed on a prototype dyadic sensor, developed by EDO Corporation of Salt Lake City, Utah, and confirmed theoretical predictions.
Production of MMCs on the Basis of Fibres Coated with the Metal Alloy by Magnetron Sputtering (2007)

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are attractive materials for specific technical applications. At DLR in recent years MMCs are developed making use of a CVD SiC-fibre (mainly the SCS-6 fibre of Specialty Materials, USA). SiC-fibre reinforced titanium alloys are developed and optimized in the past decade mainly for application in the aircraft gas turbine. As the composite material is light (specific weight 4.0) stiff and strong it is especially suitable for rotating components. A new development for another field of application is the production of SiC-fibre reinforced copper alloys as a heat sink material for application in fusion reactors and rocket propulsion. The technique to produce titanium and copper based MMCs is based on coating the fibre with the respective alloy by magnetron sputtering. In this way the alloy initially produced as a coating is transformed into bulk matrix material, when coated fibres stacked in a preform are hot-isostatically pressed and consolidated at a high temperature and pressure.
GTP as a biomarker of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibition, in patients with advanced hematological malignancies treated with AVN944 in a phase I trial (2008)

14515 Background: AVN944 is an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), an enzyme that catalyzes the rate- limiting step in guanine nucleotide synthesis. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is the downstream product of IMPDH and levels of GTP are directly correlated with enzyme activity. Methods: This phase I study employed open-label dose escalations in patients (pts) with relapsed, refractory hematologic cancers with safety, pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic, and efficacy endpoints. Between 12/05 and 12/07, a total of 117 cycles of AVN944 at 25 to 300 mg b.i.d. orally X 21d every 28d were administered to 60 pts. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) or leukemic blast samples were obtained from all pts pre and post-receiving AVN944 to determine effects on GTP pools, IMPDH activity and gene expression biomarkers. Nucleotide purification was accomplished by lysing PBMC followed by protein precipitation and C-18 ZIP TIP filtration. A novel LC-MS/MS method was developed and used to quantify the concentration of nucleotides. Results: The concentration of GTP was reduced in 79% of the patients after 4–8 hr of the first dose. The duration of GTP suppression higher than 50% was dose proportional at doses higher than 75 mg: 2.8 hr (100 mg), 6.3 hr (150 mg), 11.2 hr (200 mg), 13.8 hr (250 mg). This correlated with PK, which was also dose proportional. Longer GTP suppression correlated with IMPDH inhibition and gene expression biomarker movement. Conclusions: The new LC-MS/MS is a reliable method to quantify GTP suppression in clinical samples. The levels of GTP after AVN944 administration correlated with PK, enzyme activity, changes in gene expression, and disease stability. GTP is a promising biomarker for IMPDH inhibition and has potential clinical implications. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Avalon Pharmaceuticals Avalon Pharmaceuticals
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Li+ Insertion Capabilities of Na4‐xCo3 (PO4)2P2O7 and Its Application to Novel Hybrid‐Ion Batteries. (2014)

Abstract Electrochemical oxidation of Na 4 Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 P 2 O 7 yields Na‐deficient Na 4‐x Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 P 2 O 7 with both Li + and Na + insertion capabilities as a hybrid‐ion electrode material.
First total synthesis of (−)- and (+)-6-O-desmethylantofine (2010)

The first total synthesis of (-)-6-O-desmethylantofine (A) and its unnatural enantiomer (+)-6-O-desmethylantofine (B) is described. The synthetic route is efficient and practical with easily available glutamic acid dimethyl ester hydrochloride as the chiral material under mild conditions.
How the horse moves: 1. Significance of graphical representations of equine forelimb kinematics (1995)

Kinematic data of the equine hind limb are presented graphically and related to functional aspects of the hind limb in locomotion. The trot of 24 two-year-old Dutch Warmblood horses was recorded at 4 m/s on a high-speed treadmill using kinematic analysis equipment. Joint angle-time, angle-angle, stick and marker diagrams were used to present graphically the data following standardised procedures. As the kinematic data were expressed with reference to the joint angles of the horse standing squarely and were time-standardised to the duration of the stride cycle, mean joint curves for the total group could be calculated and therefore describe the function of the different segments of the equine hind limb. The motion of the hind limb in the sagittal plane appeared to be pendular around a rotation point in the acetabulum. During the stance phase the extension of the fetlock joint and stance flexion of the stifle, tarsal and coffin joints illustrate the shock absorption of the hind limb. In the swing phase the reciprocal apparatus, which forms the coupling mechanism between stifle and tarsal joint, also influences the fetlock joint because synchronous flexion and extension between these 3 joints were demonstrated. By graphically presenting hind limb motion we were able to illustrate the relation between kinematics and function. This graphic analysis can be used in clinical studies involving quantification of equine hind limb coordination in the sagittal plane.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,5‐ANHYDRO‐1‐DEOXY‐D‐LYXITOL, 2,5‐ANHYDRO‐1‐DEOXY‐D‐MANNITOL, AND 2,5‐ANHYDRO‐1‐DEOXY‐D‐TALITOL. SYNTHESIS AND ENZYMIC STUDIES (1982)

Abstract Die 2,5‐Anhydrozucker (II), die durch Desaminierung der Aminozucker (I) erhältlich sind, werden zu den Dihexyldithioacetalen (IV) umgesetzt und diese mit Raney‐Nickel zu den Anhydro‐desoxy‐ hexitolen (V) entschwefelt.
Critical Power Performance of Tight Lattice Bundle (2004)

An innovative fuel cycle system concept named BARS (BWR with an Advanced Recycle System) has been proposed as a future fuel cycle option aiming at enhanced utilization of uranium resources and reduction of radioactive wastes. In BARS, the spent fuel from conventional light water reactors (LWRs) is recycled as a mixed oxide (MOX) fuel for a BWR core with the fast neutron spectrum by means of oxide dry-processing and vibro-packing fuel fabrication. The fast neutron spectrum is obtained by means of triangular tight fuel lattice. Further study on BARS, especially on tight lattice MOX fuel, has been initiated as a joint study by Toshiba and Gifu University. The objective of this paper is to show the latest progress of the study on BARS, especially concerning the thermal-hydraulics measurements for tight lattice bundle.
Enhancing the Properties of Composites by Controlling Their Interphase Parameters (2004)

The interfacial interaction between reinforcement and polymer is of crucial importance for the performance of composites. In recent years, special attention has been focused on the exploration and comprehensive description of the relationship between the surface properties of the polymer and fiber, adhesion, and of the resulting mechanical properties.
LNK suppresses interferon signaling in melanoma (2019)

LNK (SH2B3) is a key negative regulator of JAK-STAT signaling which has been extensively studied in malignant hematopoietic diseases. We found that LNK is significantly elevated in cutaneous melanoma; this elevation is correlated with hyperactive signaling of the RAS-RAF-MEK pathway. Elevated LNK enhances cell growth and survival in adverse conditions. Forced expression of LNK inhibits signaling by interferon-STAT1 and suppresses interferon (IFN) induced cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. In contrast, silencing LNK expression by either shRNA or CRISPR-Cas9 potentiates the killing effect of IFN. The IFN-LNK signaling is tightly regulated by a negative feedback mechanism; melanoma cells exposed to IFN upregulate expression of LNK to prevent overactivation of this signaling pathway. Our study reveals an unappreciated function of LNK in melanoma and highlights the critical role of the IFN-STAT1-LNK signaling axis in this potentially devastating disease. LNK may be further explored as a potential therapeutic target for melanoma immunotherapy.
Do “adaptive frequency response” (AFR) hearing aids reduce upward spread of masking? (1990)

Speech recognition scores in noise are improved for some subjects wearing hearing aids that reduce low-frequency noise with an adjustable high-pass filter circuit. Fabry and Van Tasell (1989) argued that because speech-to-noise ratios are not altered by AFR hearing aids, improvements in speech recognition may be related to a reduction in upward spread of masking experienced by the listener [D. Fabry and D. Van Tasell, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. I 85, S25 (1989)]. To evaluate this hypothesis, pure-tone masking patterns for a low-frequency bandpass noise were measured in normal and hearing-impaired subjects. The noise skirt of the masker was very steep, with attenuation above the 1000-Hz cutoff greater than 100 dB/oct. Masking patterns for the same noise were also obtained in the presence of a high-pass filter that simulated the effects of an AFR hearing aid. Differences in the masking patterns can be taken as a measure of upward spread of masking. Subjects with high-frequency hearing loss tended to demonstrate greater amounts of upward spread of masking than did normal-hearing listeners. Further, monosyllabic speech recognition in noise testing indicated improvements in performance of the hearing-impaired subjects related to the decrease of upward spread of masking in the high-pass filtering conditions.
Microstructural investigations of light-emitting porous Si layers (1992)

The structural and morphological characteristics of visible-light-emitting porous Si layers produced by anodic and stain etching of single-crystal Si substrates are compared using transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM of conventionally anodized, laterally anodized and stain-etched Si layers show that the layers have a fractal-type surface morphology. The anodized layers are rougher than the stain-etched films. At higher magnification 10 nm sized hillocks are visible on the surface. Transmission electron diffraction patterns indicate an amorphous structure with no evidence for the presence of crystalline Si in the near-surface regions of the porous Si layers.
The tablet. Dynamic strategy to favor significant university learning (2020)

Este artículo muestra los resultados fundamentales de la investigación sobre el trabajo didáctico con las tabletas en la educación superior. En la actual era digital, en el mundo de las Tics y en la Sociedad del Conocimiento, las tabletas usadas en forma adecuada ofrecen un escenario académico para el aprendizaje universitario de forma dinámica. La investigación se ha contextualizado en una muestra de 902 estudiantes, durante los años 2015-2016, mediante un estudio descriptivo, con un muestreo no probabilístico y extraídos de ocho países y el mismo número de universidades. A través de una metodología mixta, se ha procedido a recolectar la información, utilizando la encuesta y los grupos de discusión, para posterior análisis factorial y de varianza de los datos. Los resultados demostraron que existe un desconocimiento sobre su función pedagógica, poca valoración en su uso e identificación de escenarios de aprendizaje y, además, que sirven para cambiar las prácticas pedagógicas tradicionales. Se concluye que el uso didáctico de las tabletas ayuda en la formación crítica y reflexiva mejorando metacognición como proceso autorregulador del aprendizaje, el cual puede potenciarse con una adecuada intervención docente.
New laser plasma source for extreme-ultraviolet lithography (1995)

As the demands of lithographic fabrication of computer chips push toward ever-decreasing feature sizes, projection extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography becomes an increasingly attractive technology. The radiation source of choice for this approach is a laser plasma with a high repetition rate. We report an investigation of a new candidate laser plasma source for EUV lithography that is based on line emission from ice-water targets. This radiation source has the potential to meet all the strict requirements of EUV conversion, debris elimination, operation, and cost for a demonstration lithographic system.
Ge quantum well resonator modulators (2011)

The strong electroabsorption modulation possible in Ge/SiGe quantum wells promises efficient, CMOS-compatible integrated optical modulators. We demonstrate surface-normal asymmetric Fabry-Perot and microdisk resonator modulators employing Ge quantum wells grown on silicon.
Linguistic Sukvey of India. Vol. IX, Part IV: Pahari and Gujuri. Edited by SirGeorge Grierson, K.C.I.E (1918)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
No difference between aspirin and warfarin after extracardiac Fontan in a propensity score analysis of 475 patients (2016)

No difference in the hazard rates of late thromboembolic events was observed between aspirin and warfarin beyond the first year after the extracardiac conduit Fontan procedure.
Pillararene-based host–guest recognition facilitated magnetic separation and enrichment of cell membrane proteins (2018)

A magnetic solid phase extraction strategy for the separation and enrichment of cell membrane proteins with convenience and reliability was constructed by means of pillararene-based host–guest recognition.
A framework of fuzzy hybrid systems for modelling and control (2009)

This paper presents a new approach to modelling and control of hybrid systems with both continuous variables and discrete events. Applying the fuzzy set theory, a hierarchical fuzzy hybrid structure consisting of a fuzzy discrete event dynamic system and a continuous variable dynamic system is constructed, which not only captures the hybrid continuous/discrete dynamics but also handles the uncertainties in states and state transitions. The identification of continuous and discrete components is developed, and the hybrid control is then synthesised by fuzzy IF–THEN rules embedded in the fuzzy interface. An example of the optimisation of a production line in manufacturing shows the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Diaminosuberic Acid Via a Chiral Alkynyl Oxazolidine (2000)

Abstract A novel, stereoselective synthesis of enantiomerically pure, N-protected diaminosuberic acid (6) is presented. The key step in the synthesis is the oxidative dimerization of the chiral alkynyl oxazolidine (2).
Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies in human populations of Sokodé, Togo (2022)

Abstract Background : Hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies prevalence is reported globally worldwide. However, there is still some countries where data are not well reported or even studied as in Togo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of HEV among human populations and analyze demographic variables related to the infection in the city of Sokodé, in central area of Togo. Results : A total of 289 individuals including 195 blood donors (24 women and 171 men), and 94 pregnant women were recruited from May to October 2020 and socio-economic status were assessed. All obtained sera were tested for the presence of anti-HEV antibodies with the immunochromatography test (MP Diagnostics ASSURE IgM Rapid test) and the MP Diagnostics HEV-IgM and HEV-IgG ELISA. The association between anti-HEV status and potential risk factors was assessed. Total HEV antibodies were in 5.6% (95% CI: 3.8 - 7.3%) of all samples. HEV IgM antibodies were detected in 11.7% (95% CI: 9.8-13.5%) of the samples, of which 29 (14.8%) were from the blood donors group and 5 (5.3%) from pregnant women group. Gender, water storage container, type of latrine used and washing hands after toilet were associated to anti-HEV IgM seropositivity in population. (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion : These findings from asymptomatic population suggest a probable HEV circulation at significant levels. These data are the first step to understand the epidemiology of the HEV infection in Togo that deserved to be extended both in timing and Togo’s region.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Plant‐Growth‐Regulating Steroids: Brassinolide, Castasterone, and Their 24,25‐Substituted Analogues. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Immune Responses in Parasitic Diseases. (1982)

Acquired resistance to infection and the development of sterile immunity is dependent upon specific immune responses. The responses include the proliferation of thymic or T and bursal-equivalent or B lymphocytes and their production of lymphocyte mediators and immunoglobulins respectively. Although recent evidence indicates that T and B cell cooperation modulates the total immune response and that both lymphocyte populations produce selected lymphocyte mediators, an investigation of the immune response to infection can still be approached by exploring the cellular and humoral systems independently. Monospecific reagents will be developed for the rat immunoglobulins in order to specifically measure the antibody response to Trypanosoma rhodesiense infection.
Out-of-Band Immunity to Interference of Single-Ended Baseband Amplifiers Through <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$IM_{2}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> Cancellation (2016)

The effect of second-order intermodulation (IM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) distortion produced by out-of-band, high-frequency interference on baseband/IF amplifiers is analyzed using the Volterra series. It is shown that a compensation loop designed to trap nonlinear currents improves the immunity of differential stages to IM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> distortion generated by local feedback. Measurements of a single-ended amplifier example implementing the proposed method demonstrate an IP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> increase of more than 30 dB.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance for some six-membered aromatic nitrogen heterocycles (1973)

High-resolution, natural-abundance ^(13)C spectra have been obtained for pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, and s-triazine and some methyl derivatives. Geminal and vicinal carbon-proton coupling has been related to proton-proton coupling in substituted ethylenes.
Video CAPTCHAs: Usability vs. Security (2008)

A Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computer and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) is a variation of the Turing test, in which a challenge is used to distinguish humans from computers (‘bots’) on the internet. They are commonly used to prevent the abuse of online services; for example, malicious users have written automated programs that signup for thousands of free email accounts and send SPAM messages. A number