gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A method to control particle size of cellulose acetate trimellitate microspheres (1993)

A method for controlling microsphere particle size by regulating the ratio of polymer to solvent concentration and volume fraction, for an emulsion-solvent removal type of microencapsulation system, has been investigated. Viscosity of the external phase was kept constant by using light mineral oil in all experiments. Viscosity of the polymer solution, the internal phase, was modified by changing the ratio of the polymer to solvent concentration. Microspheres were obtained by adding the internal phase to the external phase and stirring the mixture for 30 min. A non-solvent was then added to the system to harden the polymer and recover the microspheres. Polymer concentration was modified by adding extra solvent to the mineral oil, just before the addition of the internal phase and also by adding extra solvent to the polymer phase. Similar, but not identical, results were obtained in both of these systems. A plot of particle size versus polymer to the solvent ratio resulted in sigmoidal curves. The term solvent means the solvent available to the polymer after mixing with mineral oil. A separate curve was obtained for each polymer concentration used in the experiments. When the internal phase volume fraction was incorporated as a variable in the plot of particle size, the three sigmoidal curves merged into a single curve, irrespective of the polymer concentration. The equation developed for controlling the particle size, as a function of polymer and solvent concentration and phase volume ratio, also was tested in systems that contained tartrazine as a model drug. Dissolution experiments were carried out and dissolution rate was correlated to particle size. Microspheres size was controlled by polymer and solvent concentration and phase volume ratio.
Evidence That α-Synuclein Does Not Inhibit Phospholipase D (2009)

Alpha-synuclein (alphaSyn) is a small cytosolic protein of unknown function, which is highly enriched in the brain. It is genetically linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) in that missense mutations or multiplication of the gene encoding alphaSyn causes early onset familial PD. Furthermore, the neuropathological hallmarks of both sporadic and familial PD, Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, contain insoluble aggregates of alphaSyn. Several studies have reported evidence that alphaSyn can inhibit phospholipase D (PLD), which hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to form phosphatidic acid and choline. Although various hypotheses exist regarding the roles of alphaSyn in health and disease, no other specific biochemical function for this protein has been reported to date. Because PLD inhibition could represent an important function of alphaSyn, we sought to extend existing reports on this interaction. Using purified proteins, we tested the ability of alphaSyn to inhibit PLD activity in cell-free assays. We also examined several cell lines and transfection conditions to assess whether alphaSyn inhibits endogenous or overexpressed PLD in cultured mammalian cells. In yeast, we extended our previous report of an interaction between alphaSyn and PLD-dependent phenotypes, for which PLD activity is absolutely necessary. Despite testing a range of experimental conditions, including those previously published, we observed no significant inhibition of PLD by alphaSyn in any of these systems. We propose that the previously reported effects of alphaSyn on PLD activity could be due to increased endoplasmic reticulum-related stress associated with alphaSyn overexpression in cells, but are not likely due to a specific and direct interaction between alphaSyn and PLD.
Leveraging the Photothermal Effect for Cosmetic Applications (2017)

The photothermal effect is a phenomenon in which matter absorbs light energy and converts it into heat. This process can be leveraged to enable the application of light for biological applications, especially for otherwise benign light with wavelengths in the âoptical windowâ regime of the electromagnetic spectrum between 700-900 nm that can penetrate deeply into tissue. The objective of this dissertation work was to apply and adapt the photothermal effect in the context of cosmetic surgery in a safe and effective manner to aid in fat removal during liposuction. This thesis begins with a discussion of an area in which the photothermal effect has been applied extensively in biology, specifically, for the eradication of cancer, called photothermal therapy. Materials used for this application, known as photothermal agents, are briefly introduced. Light-matter interactions, including a variation of the photothermal effect called selective photothermolysis, are discussed in detail. Chapter One introduces an example where the photothermal effect was observed to be the key underlying mechanism enabling the release of encapsulated payloads from inherently non-light responsive polymer particles in the context of drug delivery. In Chapter Two, starting from basic engineering principles, specifically the heat equation, the photothermal effect is derived and mathematically modeled. Subsequently, the ability to achieve selective and confined photothermal heating in a target pigmented region was tested in a physical model involving a thermoresponsive polymer as an indicator to allow for simple visualization. After successful demonstration of these concepts, parameters such as photothermal agent concentration and manner of light exposure were optimized, and subsequent studies were performed in an ex vivo porcine tissue, in an in vivo porcine model, and finally, in an ex vivo human adipose tissue liposuction model. This work culminated in a single-blind study in human adipose tissue comparing photothermally assisted liposuction (dubbed NanoLipo), to a control involving saline injection and near infrared light laser-assisted liposuction absent gold nanoparticles. The results achieved in this work demonstrate the significant potential of this promising technology in making a clinical impact.
Sodium stibogluconate loaded nano-deformable liposomes for topical treatment of leishmaniasis: macrophage as a target cell (2018)

Topical drug delivery against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) signifies an effective alternate for improving the availability and reducing the toxicity associated with the parenteral administration of conventional sodium stibogluconate (SSG) injection. The basic aim of the study was to develop nano-deformable liposomes (NDLs) for the dermal delivery of SSG against CL. NDLs were formulated by a modified thin film hydration method and optimized via Box-Behnken statistical design. The physicochemical properties of SSG-NDLs were established in terms of vesicle size (195.1 nm), polydispersity index (0.158), zeta potential (-32.8 mV), and entrapment efficiency (35.26%). Moreover, deformability index, in vitro release, and macrophage uptake studies were also accomplished. SSG-NDLs were entrapped within Carbopol gel network for the ease of skin application. The ex vivo skin permeation study revealed that SSG-NDLs gel provided 10-fold higher skin retention towards the deeper skin layers, attained without use of classical permeation enhancers. Moreover, in vivo skin irritation and histopathological studies verified safety of the topically applied formulation. Interestingly, the cytotoxic potential of SSG-NDLs (1.3 mg/ml) was higher than plain SSG (1.65 mg/ml). The anti-leishmanial activity on intramacrophage amastigote model of Leishmania tropica showed that IC<sub>50</sub> value of the SSG-NDLs was ∼ fourfold lower than the plain drug solution with marked increase in the selectivity index. The in vivo results displayed higher anti-leishmanial activity by efficiently healing lesion and successfully reducing parasite burden. Concisely, the outcomes indicated that the targeted delivery of SSG could be accomplished by using topically applied NDLs for the effective treatment of CL.
Smart Hydrogels for in Situ Generated Implants (2005)

The objective of this study was to explore the use of reverse thermo-responsive (RTG) polymers for generating implants at their site of performance, following minimally invasive surgical procedures. Aiming at combining syringability and enhanced mechanical properties, a new family of injectable RTG-displaying polymers that exhibit improved mechanical properties was created, following two different strategies: (1) to synthesize high-molecular-weight polymers by covalenty joining poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(propylene glycol) chains using phosgene as the coupling molecule and (2) to cross-link poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-poly(propylene oxide) (PPO)-PEO triblocks after end-capping them with triethoxysilane or methacrylate reactive groups. While the methacrylates cross-linked rapidly, the triethoxysilane groups enabled the system to cross-link gradually over time. The chain-extended PEO/PPO copolymers had molecular weights in the 39 000-54 000 interval and exhibited improved mechanical properties. Reverse thermo-responsive systems displaying gradually increasing mechanical properties were generated by cross-linking triethoxysilane-capped (EO)(99)-(PO)(67)-(EO)(99) (F127) triblocks. Over time, the ethoxysilane groups hydrolyzed and created silanol moieties that subsequently condensated. With the aim of further improving their mechanical behavior, F127 triblocks were reacted with methacryloyl chloride and the resulting dimethacrylate was subsequently cross-linked in an aqueous solution at 37 degrees C. The effect of the concentration of the F127 dimethacrylate on the mechanical properties and the porous structure of the cross-linked matrixes produced was assessed. Rheometric studies revealed that the cross-linked hydrogels attained remarkable mechanical properties and allowed the engineering of robust macroscopic constructs, such as large tubular structures. The microporosity of the matrixes produced was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Monolayered conduits as well as structures comprising two and three layers were engineered in vitro, and their compliance and burst strength were determined.
EXAFS and diffraction studies on high (1997)

The modulated structure of the CuO2 plane in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+y (Bi2212) superconductor has been solved by joint polarized Cu K-edge extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and Cu K-edge anomalous x-ray diffraction. The statistical distribution of the Cu-O pairs has been measured by EXAFS and the spatial distribution of the lattice distortions of the CuO2 plane by anomalous diffraction. The incommensurate superstructure involves a displacement of Cu ions along the c-axis with a large anharmonic character giving a split distribution of the Cu-O(apical) bonds in agreement with the statistical distribution obtained by EXAFS. The EXAFS results show an anomalously large Cu-O(planar) distance, 1.96 Å, assigned to distorted CuO2 stripes of width W in between undistorted stripes of width L. From the measurement of L=15±0.5 Å we have calculated the energies En of the bottom of the one-dimensional subbands of the superlattice and found that the Fermi level EF is tuned to a “shape resonance” EF−En<ℏωD, where ωD is the Debye frequency, providing a mechanism for Tc amplification.
Autonomous Clocks in Sequential Machines (1965)

A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an autonomous clock in a sequential machine M is found to be the existence of a nontrivial input-independent partition on the set of internal states of M, no matter whether M is completely specified or incompletely specified. Two different techniques are given for generating the smallest input-independent partition π <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</sup> , from which all other input-independent partitions can be obtained. One is suitable for a sequential machine whose state behavior is specified in the form of a flow table, while the other is convenient for a sequential machine whose state behavior is specified in the form of a connection matrix. Both techniques are efficient, and give all possible assignments to the redundant conditions of an incompletely specified sequential machine to reach the same nontrival input-independent partition, and hence the same autonomous clock.
Application of constraint programming techniques for structure prediction of lattice proteins with extended alphabets. (1999)

We show how recently developed constraint programming techniques can be used to solve the structure prediction problem efficiently for a higher order alphabet. To our knowledge it is the first report of an exact and computationally feasible solution to model proteins of length up to 36 and without resorting to maximally compact states. We further show that degeneracy is reduced by more than one order of magnitude and that ground state conformations are not necessarily compact. Therefore, more realistic protein simulations become feasible with our model.
The reconstruction of the Si(110) surface and its interaction with Si adatoms (1997)

The reconstruction of the Si(110) surface and the chemisorption of the Si atom on this surface are investigated using a tight-binding molecular-dynamics scheme incorporating Green's-function methods. The present method belongs to a more general class of the embedding methods that have the advantage of allowing an efficient embedding of a finite subspace in an infinite or semi-infinite substrate. Our results support the rotational model for surface reconstruction of the $n\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1(n&gt;~1)$ type. The reconstruction of the Si(110) surface was found to be removed, in general, upon chemisorption with Si adatoms and selectively in the presence of surface vacancies.
Study of manganese phosphate or arsenate hydrates, MnXO4.nH2O (X = P, As), phases and synthesis and structure of the simple, novel salt MnAsO4 (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudy of manganese phosphate or arsenate hydrates, MnXO4.nH2O (X = P, As), phases and synthesis and structure of the simple, novel salt MnAsO4Miguel A. G. Aranda, J. Paul Attfield, and Sebastian BruqueCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1993, 32, 10, 1925–1930Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00062a009RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views146Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Implementation of an authenticated dictionary with skip lists and commutative hashing (2002)

We present the software architecture and implementation of an efficient data structure for dynamically maintaining an authenticated dictionary. The building blocks of the data structure are skip lists and one-way commutative hash functions. We also present the results of a preliminary experiment on the performance of the data structure. Applications of our work include certificate revocation in a public key infrastructure and the publication of data collections on the Internet.
ASR1 Mediates Glucose-Hormone Cross Talk by Affecting Sugar Trafficking in Tobacco Plants (2013)

Asr (for ABA, stress, ripening) genes are exclusively found in the genomes of higher plants, and the encoded proteins have been found localized both to the nucleus and cytoplasm. However, before the mechanisms underlying the activity of ASR proteins can be determined, the role of these proteins in planta should be deciphered. Results from this study suggest that ASR is positioned within the signaling cascade of interactions among glucose, abscisic acid, and gibberellins. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) transgenic lines with reduced levels of ASR protein showed impaired glucose metabolism and altered abscisic acid and gibberellin levels. These changes were associated with dwarfism, reduced carbon dioxide assimilation, and accelerated leaf senescence as a consequence of a fine regulation exerted by ASR to the glucose metabolism. This regulation resulted in an impact on glucose signaling mediated by Hexokinase1 and Snf1-related kinase, which would subsequently have been responsible for photosynthesis, leaf senescence, and hormone level alterations. It thus can be postulated that ASR is not only involved in the control of hexose uptake in heterotrophic organs, as we have previously reported, but also in the control of carbon fixation by the leaves mediated by a similar mechanism.
Molecular Basis of the Recruitment of the SH2 Domain-containing Inositol 5-Phosphatases SHIP1 and SHIP2 by FcγRIIB (2000)

FcgammaRIIB are single-chain low affinity receptors for IgG that negatively regulate immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-dependent cell activation. They bear one immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) that becomes tyrosyl-phosphorylated upon coaggregation of FcgammaRIIB with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-bearing receptors and that recruits SH2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatases (SHIPs) in vivo. Synthetic FcgammaRIIB ITIM phosphopeptides, however, also bind SH2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatases (SHPs) in vitro. To identify SHIP-binding sites, we exchanged residues between the FcgammaRIIB ITIM and the N-terminal ITIM of a killer cell Ig-like receptor that does not bind SHIPs. Loss of function and gain of function substitutions identified the Y+2 leucine, in the FcgammaRIIB ITIM, as determining the binding of both SHIP1 and SHIP2, but not the binding of SHP-1 or SHP-2. Conversely, the Y-2 isoleucine that determines the in vitro binding of SHP-1 and SHP-2 affected neither the binding nor the recruitment of SHIP1 or SHIP2. One hydrophobic residue, in the ITIM of FcgammaRIIB therefore determines the affinity for SHIPs. This residue is symmetrical to the hydrophobic residue that determines the affinity of all ITIMs for SHPs. It defines a SHIP-binding site, distinct from a SHP-binding site, that enables FcgammaRIIB to recruit SHIP1 and SHIP2 and that is preferentially used in vivo.
IB-01212, a New Cytotoxic Cyclodepsipeptide Isolated from the Marine Fungus Clonostachys sp. ESNA-A009 (2005)

IB-01212, a new cytotoxic cyclodepsipeptide featuring C2 symmetry, was isolated from the mycelium extract of Clonostachys sp. ESNA-A009. The amino acid sequence of the compound was determined by spectroscopy techniques. The absolute configuration of the amino acids was determined by a combination of the Marfey and menthol methods. The structure, which was confirmed by comparison of the analytical data for the natural product with a sample obtained by solid-phase peptide synthesis, was revealed to be a cyclic dimer formed by two chains of L-N,N-Me2Leu-L-Ser-L-N-MeLeu-L-N-MePhe bound by the two esters formed between the carboxylic acid of the L-N-MePhe and the hydroxyl function of the L-Ser. IB-01212 is highly cytotoxic to different tumor cell lines.
Studies on the Metal Complexes of Indoloquinoxaline Derivatives. II. : Spectrophotometric Determination of the Stability Constants of Hydroxyindoloquinoxaline Metal Complexes (1970)

The ionization constants (pKa) of 1-hydroxy-, 4-hydroxy-, 7-hydroxy-10-chloro- and 7-chloro-10-hydroxy-indo1o[2, 3-b]quinoxaline (I, II, III and IV), and the stability constants of some of the transition metal complexes were determined spectrophotometrically. The difference of pKa the UV spectrum between I and II were found to be very slight and we did not observe any significant differences of the stability constants. The prepared complexes were much different from that of oxine in solubilities, stabilities and shifts of absorption maximum in the complex formation and they were found to be less stable in aqueous solution. Because of the poor solubility of III and IV in 50% dioxane, the stability constants of their metal complexes could not be determined under the same conditions as I and II, and they have been measured in alcohol for III and in 50% alcohol for IV : they are less stable than those of I and II.
Synthesis of Acrylonitrile from Renewable Lactic Acid (2019)

Acrylonitrile (ACN) is widely used as monomer in the synthesis of polymers and carbon fibers. Nowadays, its production is based on fossil resources. Herein, an alternative process based on renewable resources is presented. Lactic acid (LA), which can be obtained by fermentation of biomass, was converted to ACN in two steps with an overall selectivity of 57 %. In the first step, a direct amidation of LA in the presence of water was conducted at 230 °C. Zeolites can catalyze the formation of lactamide, and a selectivity of 92 % was reached at 33 % conversion with NH<sub>4</sub> -ZSM-5. In the second step, the dehydration of lactamide to ACN was performed with acetic anhydride, and an ACN selectivity of 62 % was achieved at full conversion.
Demographic and Spatiotemporal Patterns of Avian Influenza Infection at the Continental Scale, and in Relation to Annual Life Cycle of a Migratory Host (2015)

Since the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in the eastern hemisphere, numerous surveillance programs and studies have been undertaken to detect the occurrence, distribution, or spread of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in wild bird populations worldwide. To identify demographic determinants and spatiotemporal patterns of AIV infection in long distance migratory waterfowl in North America, we fitted generalized linear models with binominal distribution to analyze results from 13,574 blue-winged teal (Anas discors, BWTE) sampled in 2007 to 2010 year round during AIV surveillance programs in Canada and the United States. Our analyses revealed that during late summer staging (July-August) and fall migration (September-October), hatch year (HY) birds were more likely to be infected than after hatch year (AHY) birds, however there was no difference between age categories for the remainder of the year (winter, spring migration, and breeding period), likely due to maturing immune systems and newly acquired immunity of HY birds. Probability of infection increased non-linearly with latitude, and was highest in late summer prior to fall migration when densities of birds and the proportion of susceptible HY birds in the population are highest. Birds in the Central and Mississippi flyways were more likely to be infected compared to those in the Atlantic flyway. Seasonal cycles and spatial variation of AIV infection were largely driven by the dynamics of AIV infection in HY birds, which had more prominent cycles and spatial variation in infection compared to AHY birds. Our results demonstrate demographic as well as seasonal, latitudinal and flyway trends across Canada and the US, while illustrating the importance of migratory host life cycle and age in driving cyclical patterns of prevalence.