gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase (DNA-PK) Inhibitors. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Quinolin-4-one and Pyridopyrimidin-4-one Surrogates for the Chromen-4-one Chemotype (2010)

Following the discovery of dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-4-yl)-2-morpholino-4H-chromen-4-one (NU7441) ( Leahy , J. J. J. ; Golding , B. T. ; Griffin , R. J. ; Hardcastle , I. R. ; Richardson , C. ; Rigoreau , L. ; Smith , G. C. M. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004 , 14 , 6083 - 6087) as a potent inhibitor (IC₅₀ = 30 nM) of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), we have investigated analogues in which the chromen-4-one core template has been replaced by aza-heterocyclic systems: 9-substituted 2-morpholin-4-ylpyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones and 8-substituted 2-morpholin-4-yl-1H-quinolin-4-ones. The 8- and 9-substituents were either dibenzothiophen-4-yl or dibenzofuran-4-yl, which were each further substituted at the 1-position with water-solubilizing groups [NHCO(CH₂)(n)NR¹R², where n = 1 or 2 and the moiety R¹R²N was derived from a library of primary and secondary amines (e.g., morpholine)]. The inhibitors were synthesized by employing a multiple-parallel approach in which the two heterocyclic components were assembled by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling. Potent DNA-PK inhibitory activity was generally observed across the compound series, with structure-activity studies indicating that optimal potency resided in pyridopyrimidin-4-ones bearing a substituted dibenzothiophen-4-yl group. Several of the newly synthesized compounds (e.g., 2-morpholin-4-yl-N-[4-(2-morpholin-4-yl-4-oxo-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl)dibenzothiophen-1-yl]acetamide) combined high potency against the target enzyme (DNA-PK IC₅₀ = 8 nM) with promising activity as potentiators of ionizing radiation-induced cytotoxicity in vitro.
Pakistan: scaling up rural support programs (2004)

Pakistan's Rural Support Program (RSP) movement pioneered bottom-up, community-driven development using a flexible, autonomous, politically neutral approach, which has been replicated successfully. RSPs mobilize and organize communities to stimulate more effective demand for better public goods and services, foster important linkages between the communities and service providers, and at times directly supply services. The establishment of core capital funds provides RSPs with a basis for sustainability and helps them retain autonomy. Over the long run, these programs show a substantial, direct impact on poverty reduction and per capita income growth with indirect improvement in education and health. RSPs have also had significant influence on approaches to local governance, and the adoption of microfinance and community-owned infrastructure as mainstream development strategies. The movement began in 1982 in remote, poor, and sparsely populated rural districts and gradually expanded to include larger districts and even some work in poor urban communities. Today the RSPs work with more than 43,000 community organizations that have more than one million member households. Expansion happened not by scaling up the work of a single organization but through setting up autonomous RSPs, working in different geographical areas, that replicated the RSP approach but had the advantages of being smaller and more adaptable to local needs and conditions.
Electric load forecasting: Literature survey and classification of methods (2002)

A review and categorization of electric load forecasting techniques is presented. A wide range of methodologies and models for forecasting are given in the literature. These techniques are classified here into nine categories: (1) multiple regression, (2) exponential smoothing, (3) iterative reweighted least-squares, (4) adaptive load forecasting, (5) stochastic time series, (6) ARMAX models based on genetic algorithms, (7) fuzzy logic, (8) neural networks and (9) expert systems. The methodology for each category is briefly described, the advantages and disadvantages discussed, and the pertinent literature reviewed. Conclusions and comments are made on future research directions.
Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: Incidence of Transfusion and Symptomatic Thromboembolic Disease (2010)

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty has been associated with faster recovery with less potential perioperative morbidity compared to total knee arthroplasty. This study investigates the rate of transfusion, symptomatic thromboembolic events, and length of hospital stay in 1000 consecutive, unicompartmental knee replacements performed by 2 surgeons. A rapid recovery protocol coupled with multimodal venous thromboembolism prophylaxis was used for all patients. Five patients (0.5%) received a blood transfusion for symptomatic postoperative anemia. One patient (0.1%) developed a symptomatic deep venous thrombosis within 90 days of follow-up. No patient experienced a symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Length of hospital stay averaged 1.4 days. Unicompartmental arthroplasty using less invasive surgical techniques, a rapid recovery protocol, and multimodal venous thromboembolism prevention is a safe and effective procedure associated with a low rate of morbidity.
Radar into the next millennium (1999)

The 1999 Radar Conference banquet address, in which an attempt is made to predict future developments in radar, is presented.
Phase-transfer catalysis using chiral catalysts. Influence of the structure of the catalyst on stereoselectivity. Part 3 (1981)

Some chiral catalysts have been tested in the reaction of ethyl 2-bromopropionate with potassium phthalimide and in the borohydride reduction of phenyl t-butyl ketone under phase-transfer conditions. The mechanism of the N-alkylation reaction and the influence of the molecular structure of the catalysts on stereoselectivity are analysed.
Atomically Thin Optical Lenses and Gratings (2019)

This chapter discusses giant optical path length (OPL) from thin-layer molybdenum disulphide originated from their high refractive indices. Refractive optical components rely on the OPL to modify the phase front of an optical beam. It shows that high-index two-dimensional (2D) materials have extraordinary elastic interactions with light, enabled uniquely by the combination of their ultra-thin nature and high refractive indices. 2D layered materials have emerged as promising candidates for miniaturisation of optoelectronic devices, such as photo-detectors, light emitters, absorbers, edge non-linear optics and valleytronic devices, due to their strong inelastic interactions with light. The giant scattering efficiency in high-index 2D materials makes it possible to achieve sophisticated light manipulation based on collective scattering by nanostructured patterns. 2D optical components represents a significant advantage in manufacturing compared to conventional 3D optical components, because different functionalities can all be achieved in a 2D platform sharing the same fabrication processes and this will greatly facilitate large-scale manufacturing and integration.
Rheological characterization of asphalt binders treated with bio sealants for pavement preservation (2018)

Pavement preservation is playing an increasingly significant role in maintaining our aged pavement infrastructure under severe budget constraints. One important component is the use of surface treatments based on application of sealants. Recently, a number of new products, called bio sealants, have been used to treat aging pavement surfaces. The objective of this study is to investigate rheological properties of the binders treated with these materials to understand the mechanism by which they may improve pavement performance. One plain asphalt binder and four types of sealants, two oil-based sealants, one water-based sealant, and one traditional emulsion were used in the experimental work. The results obtained using a dynamic shear rheometer and a bending beam rheometer were used to determine the changes in rheological properties and the change in performance grade. It was observed that the oil-based sealants have a significant softening effect of the control binder compared to the water-based sealants. The transverse cracking histories from field investigation were used to verify the laboratory findings.
Microwave backscatter from the sea: Modulation of received power and Doppler bandwidth by long waves (1994)

Two continuous wave microwave systems were mounted on an elevator on the German Forschungsplattform Nordsee (FPN) during the Synthetic Aperture and X Band Ocean Nonlinearities (SAXON)‐FPN experiment. Here we report on measurements of long‐wave effects in the power received by these systems and in the Doppler bandwidths recorded from the systems. The two systems operated at X and Ka bands (10 and 35 GHz) and collected HH‐ and VV‐polarized backscatter signals simultaneously. The elevator system allowed us to vary the altitude of the microwave antennas above the sea surface from 7.5 to 27 m, always in the far field of the antennas. Most data were collected at a 45° incidence angle, which implied that the Ka band system illuminated areas from 0.4 to 6.0 m 2 while the X band system viewed spots between 2.9 and 41.3 m 2 . We have attempted to characterize the modulation of both received power and Doppler bandwidth in terms of the standard modulation transfer function (MTF) concept. We find that our measurements of the MTF for received power agree well with previous measurements at X band but that the phase of the MTF for VV polarization is different from that previously reported for Ka band at a 60° incidence angle. We show how the amplitude and phase of the MTF as well as the coherence function vary with wind speed, long‐wave frequency, long‐wave propagation direction, and antenna height. In the case of the first three parameters our results agree with previous work except as noted above for Ka band. The dependence of the MTF on antenna height has not been investigated previously. Our results show that this dependence is small and well explained by the height variations induced as long waves propagate through the footprint on the surface. When we apply the MTF concept to the Doppler bandwidth, we find that the MTF of the bandwidth is small except at very low wind speeds. In view of the association of this bandwidth with velocities of subresolution‐scale, or intermediate‐scale, waves which are themselves modulated by the long waves, we find these small MTFs associated with Doppler bandwidths to be somewhat surprising. We present a simple model to attempt to draw inferences about the amplitude modulation of intermediate‐scale waves from our results. We also conclude from the small MTFs for Doppler bandwidths that the assumption of a constant correlation time in theories of synthetic aperture radar imagery of the ocean is well justified.
International Logistics (Международная логистика) (2002)

Implementing effective logistics strategies when operating internationally differs from managing domestic logistics because of specific factors such as shipping regulations, transportation concerns, and cultural differences. This indispensable guide presents a coherent perspective on contemporary global logistics from raw materials through production to the customer. Now in its second edition, the book includes sections on: the roles of governments and intermediaries, international sourcing, the application of local trade laws, ocean, air, and surface carriers and systems. Plus, this second edition has been revised with new information on supply chain management, important updates of U.S. shipping regulations, new case studies, chapter review questions, and standardized international terms of sale.
Space-Vector Modulated Multilevel Matrix Converter (2010)

A matrix converter is an ac-ac power converter topology that has received extensive research attention as an alternative to traditional ac-dc-ac converter. A matrix converter is able to convert energy from an ac source to an ac load without the need of a bulky and limited-lifetime energy-storage elements. The indirect three-level sparse matrix converter (I3SMC) is a new topology from this family that can synthesize three-level voltage in order to improve the output performance in terms of reduced harmonic content. This paper discusses the operating principles and a space-vector-modulation scheme for this topology. Simulation and experimental results are shown to prove the ability of this topology to generate multilevel output voltages as well as to maintain a set of sinusoidal balanced input currents. The performance of the converter is compared with the conventional matrix converter and an alternative multilevel matrix-converter topology in order to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of the I3SMC.
Compact high-impedance surfaces incorporated with interdigital structure (2004)

A novel compact high-impedance surface structure is presented. The periodic branched elements cross over like interdigital capacitors. This structure is adopted to increase the fringe capacitor in order to compress the overall size of the high-impedance surface. Measured results show that 30–40% size reduction could be obtained.
Impact of Different Wort Boiling Temperatures on the Beer Foam Stabilizing Properties of Lipid Transfer Protein 1 (2004)

Beer consumers demand satisfactory and consistent foam stability; thus, it is a high priority for brewers. Beer foam is stabilized by the interaction between certain beer proteins, including lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1), and isomerized hop alpha-acids, but destabilized by lipids. In this study it was shown that the wort boiling temperature during the brewing process was critical in determining the final beer LTP1 content and conformation. LTP1 levels during brewing were measured by an LTP1 ELISA, using antinative barley LTP1 polyclonal antibodies. It was observed that the higher wort boiling temperatures ( approximately 102 degrees C), resulting from low altitude at sea level, reduced the final beer LTP1 level to 2-3 microg/mL, whereas the lower wort boiling temperatures ( approximately 96 degrees C), resulting from higher altitudes (1800 m), produced LTP1 levels between 17 and 35 microg/mL. Low levels of LTP1 in combination with elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) resulted in poor foam stability, whereas beer produced with low levels of LTP1 and FFA had satisfactory foam stability. Previous studies indicated the need for LTP1 denaturing to improve its foam stabilizing properties. However, the results presented here show that LTP1 denaturation reduces its ability to act as a binding protein for foam-damaging FFA. These investigations suggest that wort boiling temperature is an important factor in determining the level and conformation of LTP1, thereby favoring satisfactory beer foam stability.
Background noise suppression in Brillouin Optical Correlation Domain Reflectometry based on optimized intensity modulation (2011)

The optimized intensity modulation is applied to Brillouin Optical Correlation Domain Reflectometry in order to modify optical power spectrum of the light source for suppressing the noise floor in Brillouin Gain Spectrum. The noise level suppression is experimentally demonstrated, and the performance of distributed strain measurement is much improved.
A survey of current software for linkage analysis (2003)

There is now a wide choice of software available for linkage analysis. The most well known packages are briefly reviewed here. The package with the most extensive range of analyses is GENEHUNTER, but for many of its functions there are other programs with better performance. These include FASTLINK and VITESSE for parametric analysis ALLEGRO and MERLIN for non-parametric analysis and SOLAR for variance components analysis. The computational limits of current approaches can be improved with SIMWALK2 and the promising new SUPERLINK program. Directions for future work include improved user interfaces and consensus formats for data input and exchange.
Decoupling of Scan Period and Control Period for Sheet Process Control Systems Employing a Scanning Gauge (1974)

This paper is concerned with the development of a simple technique for decoupling the measurements of machine direction (MD) and cross machine direction (CD) variations in sheet process production systems employing a single scanning gauge. An important consequence of the method is that machine direction control can be exercised at a much higher rate than is possible with current methods of separating MD from CD. This, in turn, can mean a significant improvement in MD control performance since the range of MD disturbances a given control system is capable of suppressing is increased.
Brain Functional Architecture and Human Understanding (2021)

The opening line in Aristotle’s Metaphysics asserts that “humans desire to understand”, establishing understanding as the defining characteristic of the human mind and human species. What is understanding and what role does it play in cognition, what advantages does it confer, what brain mechanisms are involved? The Webster’s Dictionary defines understanding as “apprehending general relations in a multitude of particulars.” A proposal discussed in this chapter defines understanding as a form of active inference in self-adaptive systems seeking to expand their inference domains while minimizing metabolic costs incurred in the expansions. Under the same proposal, understanding is viewed as an advanced adaptive mechanism involving self-directed construction of mental models establishing relations between domain entities. Understanding complements learning and serves to overcome the inertia of learned behavior when conditions are unfamiliar or deviate from those experienced in the past. While learning is common across all animals, understanding is unique to the human species. This chapter will unpack these notions, focusing on different facets of understanding. The proposal formulates hypotheses regarding the underlying neuronal mechanisms, attempting to assess their plausibility and reconcile them with the recent ideas and findings concerning brain functional architecture.
Manipulation of Nephron-Patterning Signals Enables Selective Induction of Podocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (2019)

Elucidation of signals that induce podocytes during the nephron-patterning process enabled us to establish a highly efficient method for selective induction of human podocytes from PSCs. These PSC-derived podocytes show molecular, morphologic, and functional characteristics of podocytes, and offer a new resource for disease modeling and nephrotoxicity testing.
OPA1 mutations induce mitochondrial DNA instability and optic atrophy 'plus' phenotypes (2007)

Mutations in OPA1, a dynamin-related GTPase involved in mitochondrial fusion, cristae organization and control of apoptosis, have been linked to non-syndromic optic neuropathy transmitted as an autosomal-dominant trait (DOA). We here report on eight patients from six independent families showing that mutations in the OPA1 gene can also be responsible for a syndromic form of DOA associated with sensorineural deafness, ataxia, axonal sensory-motor polyneuropathy, chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia and mitochondrial myopathy with cytochrome c oxidase negative and Ragged Red Fibres. Most remarkably, we demonstrate that these patients all harboured multiple deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in their skeletal muscle, thus revealing an unrecognized role of the OPA1 protein in mtDNA stability. The five OPA1 mutations associated with these DOA 'plus' phenotypes were all mis-sense point mutations affecting highly conserved amino acid positions and the nuclear genes previously known to induce mtDNA multiple deletions such as POLG1, PEO1 (Twinkle) and SLC25A4 (ANT1) were ruled out. Our results show that certain OPA1 mutations exert a dominant negative effect responsible for multi-systemic disease, closely related to classical mitochondrial cytopathies, by a mechanism involving mtDNA instability.
Protected DNA strand displacement for enhanced single nucleotide discrimination in double-stranded DNA (2015)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are a prime source of genetic diversity. Discriminating between different SNPs provides an enormous leap towards the better understanding of the uniqueness of biological systems. Here we report on a new approach for SNP discrimination using toehold-mediated DNA strand displacement. The distinctiveness of the approach is based on the combination of both 3- and 4-way branch migration mechanisms, which allows for reliable discrimination of SNPs within double-stranded DNA generated from real-life human mitochondrial DNA samples. Aside from the potential diagnostic value, the current study represents an additional way to control the strand displacement reaction rate without altering other reaction parameters and provides new insights into the influence of single nucleotide substitutions on 3- and 4-way branch migration efficiency and kinetics.
Structure of DNA hydration shells studied by Raman spectroscopy (1989)

We have used Raman scattering to study the water O-H stretching modes at approximately 3450 and approximately 3220 cm-1 in DNA films as a function of relative humidity (r.h.). The intensity of the 3220-cm-1 band vanishes as the r.h. is decreased from 98% to around 80%, which indicates that the hydrogen-bond network of water is disrupted in the primary hydration shell (which therefore cannot have an "ice-like" structure). The number of water molecules in the primary hydration shell was determined from the intensity of the approximately 3200-cm-1 band as about 30 water molecules per nucleotide pair. The approximately 3400-cm-1 O-H stretch band was used for determining the total water content, and this band persists at 0% r.h., implying that 5-6 tightly bound water molecules per nucleotide pair remain. The frequency of the approximately 3400-cm-1 O-H stretch mode is lower by 30 to 45 cm-1 in the primary hydration shell compared to free water. The water content as a function of r.h. obtained from these experiments agrees with gravimetric measurements. The disappearance of the approximately 3200-cm-1 band and the shift of the approximately 3400-cm-1 O-H stretch band provide a reliable way of measuring the hydration number of DNA.
Performance and resource cost comparisons for the CBT and PIM multicast routing protocols (1997)

Researchers have proposed the core-based trees (CBTs) and protocol independent multicasting (PIM) protocols to route multicast data an internetworks. We compare the simulated performance of CBT and PIM using the OPNET network simulation tool. Performance metrics include end-to-end delay, network resource usage, join time, the size of the tables containing multicast routing information, and the impact of the timers introduced by the protocols. We also offer suggestions to improve PIM sparse mode while retaining the ability to offer both shared tree and source-based tree routing.
Quinoline‐3‐Carboxamides Modulate Primary T Cell‐Dependent B Cell Responses but do not Inhibit Functional Immunity (2014)

The effect of a quinoline-3-carboxamide on the T cell-dependent B cell response was investigated in C57BL/6 mice after NP-CGG immunization. The primary serum response to the hapten was slightly inhibited by treatment with a quinoline-3-carboxamide. This inhibition was paralleled by reduced numbers of germinal centre (GC) B cells and follicular T cells in the spleen up to 21 days after immunization. Also, both the number of GCs formed and their size were reduced by quinoline-3-carboxamide treatment. In contrast to the observation in the primary immune response, there was no inhibitory effect on the secondary immune response. These data could help to explain how quinoline-3-carboxamides can modulate immune function in autoimmune diseases without being immunosuppressive.