gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Melt Rheological Properties of Branched Polyethylenes Produced with Pd‐ and Ni–Diimine Catalysts (2004)

Abstract Summary: Seven branched polyethylenes differing in chain topology from hyperbranched to linear structure were synthesized with chain walking Pd‐diimine catalyst, [(ArNC(Me)C(Me)NAr) Pd(CH 3 )(NCMe)]SbF 6 ( 1 ), and Ni‐diimine catalyst, (ArNC(An)C(An)NAr) NiBr 2 ( 2 )/MMAO, respectively. An extensive rheological study, employing steady‐shear, creep‐recovery, and dynamic oscillation tests, was conducted to examine and compare the melt rheological properties of this novel series of polymers. It was found that the change of chain topology dramatically affected the polymer flow behavior, flow activation energy, and dynamic moduli ( G ′( ω ) , G ″( ω )). The hyperbranched polymers exhibited typical Newtonian flow behavior and extremely low viscosity. The polymers with chain topology intermediate between hyperbranched and linear structures, however, were essentially viscoelastic materials. All the polymers obeyed the time‐temperature superposition and exhibited enhanced flow activation energy (43.8∼57.2 kJ/mol) compared to HDPE and LLDPE. In the terminal region, these polymers had different dependencies of dynamic moduli ( G ′( ω ), G ″( ω )) on angular frequency ( ω ) and different master curves in the log( G ′) versus log( G ″) plot. The hyperbranched polymer was also blended with more linear samples as a rheology modifier and was found to significantly lower the viscosity of the blends. Structure of the Pd‐ and Ni‐catalysts used in this study. image Structure of the Pd‐ and Ni‐catalysts used in this study.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN ASSOCIATIONS OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION WITH PERCEPTIONS OF PAIN IN OLDER ADULTS (2017)

Sex-differences in pain have been shown to exist in older adults with normal cognition. It is not known if sex-differences extend throughout a range of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. We conducted a secondary analysis on data from a cross-sectional parent study of sex differences in the associations of cognitive function (MMSE) with sensory perception. Median age of males (N=38) and females (N=38) was 73 (IQR: 68–80) with similar distributions of MMSE scores (medians 27,28, ranges 11–30). Specific perceptual responses were to heat thresholds of warmth, mild pain, and moderate pain and self-reported unpleasantness of each respective percept. Similar patterns of associations of MMSE scores with perceptions of heat thresholds (temperatures) were observed for both groups. We found inverse statistically significant associations at the threshold of warmth (females: rs=-0.39,p=0.015; males: rs=-0.47,p=0.003) with weakening and not statistically significant associations for mild and moderate pain thresholds. Conversely, increasingly divergent patterns of MMSE with unpleasantness ratings were observed. Females demonstrated none/positive associations (weak pain: rs=0.09,p=0.597; moderate pain: rs=0.26,p=0.109) while males demonstrate increasing inverse associations (weak pain: rs=-0.29,p=0.075; moderate pain: males: rs=-0.22,p=0.190). The difference between males and females at the moderate pain threshold was statistically significant (z=2.05,p=0.040). Between group findings suggest that with worsening cognition, patterns of responses to thermal stimulus intensity may differ between males and females. These findings may help to explain the decreased frequency of pain reports in people with AD and consequently a lower administration of analgesics.
Catalytic aerobic production of imines en route to mild, green, and concise derivatizations of amines (2012)

The development of a general, mild, and chemoselective catalytic aerobic oxidation of amines to imines is described. The combination of a less sterically demanding and electron-deficient new N-oxyl radical (ketoABNO: 5) and copper(I) salt is key for the high catalytic activity and allows for the use of molecular oxygen as the stoichiometric oxidant producing H2O as the sole side-product. The novel method is extendable to a direct α-derivatization of secondary amines via sequential aerobic oxidation of amines to imines followed by C–C bond-formation to the resulting imines, including the novel catalytic asymmetric aerobic cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction. Mechanistic insight into the novel catalytic system is also discussed.
Simulation-Based Design Using Variable Fidelity Optimization (2022)

Simulation-based design optimization is playing an increasingly prominent role in the design of everything from spacecraft to consumer products. Applying nonlinear optimization techniques to simulation-based design becomes prohibitively expensive as computer models become more complex and increase in fidelity. A common engineering practice is to drive the preliminary design process using lower fidelity models as surrogates of expensive high fidelity simulations. Higher fidelity models are then used in the final design stages to refine the design. However, using automated optimization methods at this stage may still require enormous computational resources. Recently, variable fidelity schemes have been developed to address this problem by incorporating both models into one optimization framework. In these methods the low fidelity models are scaled to approximate the high fidelity simulations. This scaling allows the optimization to be performed using mainly low fidelity function calls, reducing the overall computational cost, while requiring only a few high fidelity evaluations to update the scaling function. Currently, two main scaling varieties are used: first order multiplicative and first order additive. In the multiplicative approach the low fidelity model is multiplied by a scaling function to approximate the high fidelity model; similarly, in the additive approach a scaling function is added to the low fidelity model. &lt;p&gt;The focus of this dissertation is on improving the efficiency and applicability of variable fidelity optimization algorithms. Highlights of original contributions made in this research include: (1) An adaptive hybrid scaling method that relieves designers from having to choose emph{a priori} which scaling method, multiplicative or additive, is most suitable to their problem with limited information. (2) Second order scaling methods which use approximate Hessian information, resulting in super-linear convergence rates. (3) A kriging-based global scaling method, which uses past design information to improve the global accuracy of the scaling model and was shown to reduce the computational cost of optimization by over 60% compared to single fidelity methods. (4) A metamodel update management strategy to reduce the cost of using kriging metamodels sequentially in large design problems. (5) Extension of the variable fidelity framework to solve reliability based design problems, which significantly lowers the computational cost, compared to traditional methods.&lt;/p&gt;
Correlation between Surface Diffusion and Molecular Diffusion in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography (2001)

Surface diffusion data previously measured for different compounds, mobile phase solvents, stationary phases, and temperatures in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) were reevaluated to derive information related to the mechanism and characteristic features of surface diffusion. First, a comparison of the surface diffusion coefficient (Ds) and the corresponding molecular diffusivity (Dm) suggests that the dependence of Ds on the RPLC conditions is a consequence of that of Dm. There is a correlation between surface diffusion coefficients and molecular diffusivity. Second, we showed that Ds correlates with the adsorption equilibrium constant (K) and the isosteric heat of adsorption (Qst). These two parameters represent the intensity of the adsorptive interactions between the sample molecules and the surface of the stationary phase. Finally, the ratio Ds/Dm increases with decreasing K and −Qst and Ds becomes of the same order of magnitude as Dm when the adsorptive interactions become small. These results imply that surface diffusion should be regarded as molecular diffusion restricted by the influence of adsorptive interactions. Other information on surface diffusion was also obtained. The value of Ds extrapolated at Qst = 0 is not equal to Dm. The difference between the two coefficients depends on the experimental conditions, e.g., the nature of the organic modifier in the mobile phase or the surface density of the C18 alkyl ligand on the stationary phase. Our results demonstrate that surface diffusion is fundamentally related to molecular diffusion.
General approach to prostaglandins via methylenecyclopentanones. Total synthesis of (+-)-prostaglandin F2.alpha. (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGeneral approach to prostaglandins via methylenecyclopentanones. Total synthesis of (+-)-prostaglandin F2.alpha.Gilbert Stork and Minoru IsobeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 16, 4745–4746Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00849a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00849a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views987Altmetric-Citations100LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dynamics of glucose in the haemolymph of female giant freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii,influences reproductive and non-reproductive moulting cycles (2016)

Glucose, when measured in haemolymph, has been found to reflect a useful predictor of energetic investment. This study evaluated the pattern of glucose in the haemolymph, with an attempt to gain a better insight into the role of glucose as nutritional source of ovarian development and energy reserves during reproductive and non-reproductive moulting cycles. The haemolymph of female giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, was obtained at eight different moulting stages, and levels of glucose were determined using an enzymatic colorimetric glucose-oxidase method in parallel with a histological examination of ovarian development. Glucose levels were relatively low (0.15 ± 0.02 mg mL−1) at D0 stage, an abrupt increase (0.52 ± 0.13 mg mL−1) during premoult D1 stage and declined (0.32 ± 0.10 and 0.31 ± 0.09 mg mL−1) during premoult D2 and D3 stages, respectively; thereafter, a slight increase (0.43 ± 0.09 mg mL−1) occurred at post-moult A stage. The progression of ovarian growth, marked by an increasing gonadosomatic index (GSI) pattern during the reproductive moulting cycle (C0–D3 stages), was directly proportionate to fluctuations in glucose levels. GSI was significantly positively correlated with glucose (R = 0.40; P < 0.05). In contrast, glucose was notably higher at post-moult A and premoult D2 stages during non-reproductive moulting cycle, the period during which glucose is crucial for exoskeletal chitin synthesis. At this particular stage, a negative correlation between body weight and glucose (R = −0.36; P < 0.05) was observed. The dynamics of glucose in the haemolymph of female M. rosenbergii correlated with ovarian growth, which signify that glucose as nutritional source for vitellogenesis, and affects the body weight of this species.
INFLUENZA VIRUS INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS BY INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MECHANISMS (2003)

It is now firmly established that apoptosis is an important mechanism of influenza virus-induced cell death both in vivo and in vitro. Data are predominantly from experiments with influenza A virus and in vitro experimental systems. Multiple influenza virus factors have been identified that can activate intrinsic or extrinsic apoptotic induction pathways. Currently there is no evidence for influenza virus directly accessing the apoptosis execution factors. The best-studied influenza virus inducers of apoptosis are dsRNA, NS1, NA, and a newly described gene product PB1-F2. PB1-F2 is the only influenza virus factor to date identified to act intrinsically by localization and interaction with the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. Both dsRNA and NA have been shown to act via an extrinsic mechanism involving proapoptotic host-defense molecules: PKR by induction of Fas-Fas ligand and NA by activation of TGF-beta. PKR is capable of controlling several important cell-signaling pathways and therefore may have multiple effects; a predominant one is increased interferon (IFN) production and activity. NS1 has been shown to be both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic. Use of influenza virus NS1 deletion mutants has provided evidence for NS1 interference with apoptosis, IFN induction, and related cell-signaling pathways. Influenza virus also has important exocrine paracrine effects, which are likely mediated via TNF family ligands and oxygen, free radicals capable of inducing apoptosis. Little is known about activation of inhibitors of apoptosis such as inhibitory apoptotic proteins. Whether all these factors always have a role in influenza virus-induced apoptosis is unknown. The kinetics of synthesis of influenza virus factors affecting apoptosis during the replication cycle may be an important aspect of apoptosis induction.
Parallel engineering of environmental bacteria and performance over years under jungle-simulated conditions (2022)

Engineered bacteria could perform many functions in the environment, for example, to remediate pollutants, deliver nutrients to crops or act as in-field biosensors. Model organisms can be unreliable in the field, but selecting an isolate from the thousands that naturally live there and genetically manipulating them to carry the desired function is a slow and uninformed process. Here, we demonstrate the parallel engineering of isolates from environmental samples by using the broad-host-range XPORT conjugation system (Bacillus subtilis mini-ICEBs1) to transfer a genetic payload to many isolates in parallel. Bacillus and Lysinibacillus species were obtained from seven soil and water samples from different locations in Israel. XPORT successfully transferred a genetic function (reporter expression) into 25 of these isolates. They were then screened to identify the best-performing chassis based on the expression level, doubling time, functional stability in soil, and environmentally-relevant traits of its closest annotated reference species, such as the ability to sporulate and temperature tolerance. From this library, we selected Bacillus frigoritolerans A3E1, re-introduced it to soil, and measured function and genetic stability in a contained environment that replicates jungle conditions. After 21 months of storage, the engineered bacteria were viable, could perform their function, and did not accumulate disruptive mutations.
The Strain Behavior of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament During Bicycling (1998)

Stationary bicycling is commonly prescribed after anterior cruciate ligament injury or reconstruction; however, the strains on the ligament or ligament graft during stationary bicycling remain unknown. In this study we measured ligament strain on eight patients who were candidates for arthroscopic meniscectomy under local anesthesia. Six different riding conditions were evaluated: three power levels (75, 125, and 175 W), each of which was performed at two cadences (60 and 90 rpm). The peak ligament strain values ranged from 1.2% for the 175-W, 90-rpm, condition to 2.1% for the 125-W, 60-rpm, condition. No significant differences were found in peak strain values due to changes in power level or cadence. Thus, the strain values were pooled across the six riding conditions tested. The mean peak strain value was 1.7%, a value that is relatively low compared with other rehabilitation activities previously tested. These data suggest that knee rehabilitation programs can be designed to include this selection of power and cadence levels without significantly changing ligament strain values. Thus, stationary bicycling is a rehabilitation exercise that permits the patient to increase muscle activity by increasing the power level or decreasing the cadence without subjecting the ligament or ligament graft to higher strain values.
Stick-slip Whirl Interaction in Drillstring Dynamics (2002)

Abstract This paper attempts to explain the complicated behavior of oilwell drillstring motion when both torsional stick-slip and lateral whirl vibration are involved. It is demonstrated that the observed phenomena in experimental drillstring data could be due to the fluid forces of the drilling mud. A Stick-slip Whirl Model is presented which consists of a submodel for the whirling motion and a submodel for the stick-slip motion, both as simple as possible. The Stick-slip Whirl Model is a simplification of a drillstring confined in a borehole wall with drilling mud. The model is as simple as possible to expose only the basic phenomena but is discontinuous. Bifurcation diagrams of this discontinuous model for varying rotation speeds reveal discontinuous bifurcations. The disappearance of stick-slip vibration when whirl vibration appears is explained by bifurcation theory. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data from a full-scale drilling rig.
The Security Mindset: Characteristics, Development, and Consequences (2022)

The globe is facing a cybersecurity skills gap as cybercrime and cyberwarfare grow in importance. One often-discussed quality that is potentially relevant to cybersecurity recruitment and education is the so-called “security mindset”: a way of thinking characteristic to the culture of some security professionals that they believe to be especially advantageous in their work. Although some employers express a desire to hire people with a security mindset, and initiatives to cultivate the security mindset are being implemented, little is known about its characteristics, its development, and its consequences. We interviewed 21 cybersecurity professionals who strongly identified as having a security mindset. Thematic analysis of the interview data suggests that the security mindset can be conceptualized as consisting of three interconnected aspects - “monitoring” for potential security anomalies, “investigating” anomalies more deeply to identify security flaws, and “evaluating” the relevance of those flaws in a larger context. These three aspects develop in different ways and have different personal and professional consequences. Participants mostly spoke positively of the security mindset, but they also mentioned several disadvantages neglected by existing security-mindset literature, such as mental health pressures, workplace tensions, and negative effects on personal relationships. We discuss the implications of these findings for future study of the security mindset and suggest practical implications for cybersecurity management, education, and recruitment.
Dopant Effect on Local Dielectric Properties in Barium Titanate Based Electroceramics Determined by Transmission EELS (2002)

Local electronic excitations of Nb‐doped BaTiO 3 electroceramic were investigated using low‐loss electron energy loss (EEL) spectroscopy with a transmission electron microscope. The variations in electronic structure of the BaTiO 3 were monitored as a function of Nb content by using Kramers‐Krönig analysis of the low‐loss EEL spectra. We found that the valence state of Nb (+5) as compared with that of the Ti (+4) introduces changes in the valence and conduction band states of BaTi 1− x Nb x O 3 samples. The real part of the dielectric function, Re(1/ɛ), displays an increasingly less negative character with higher amounts of dopant and the valence plasmon exhibits “quasi‐plasmon” characteristics with the addition of Nb (at 0.0–1.8 at.%). Further, the plasmon energy shifts (by about 0.5 eV) to higher values with Nb additions. Significant changes take place in oscillator strengths of excitations in local (nanometer‐scale) regions of the perovskite samples. This investigation demonstrates a method to quantitatively assess electronic properties, at the submicrometer scale, of doped ceramics used in electronic and electrooptical applications.
FLASH FLOOD GUIDANCE OF A TYPOON "RUSA" (2003)

The severe flood disaster by a typoon Rusa was occurred in the last year in Korea. The Rusa brought the rainfall of 870.5mm per a day in the city of Kangnung, Kangwon-do, Korea and this rainfall amount is 62% of the annual mean rainfall in this area. Our focus is to investigate the flash flood guidance and the sediment yield for the basins of small streams of Yangyang town in Kangnung area. Say, the flash flood guidance and the sediment yield by the Rusa are estimated and compared with the given informations obtained from the past flood events. As the results, the flash flood guidance and sediment yield in the study area showed much bigger values than the given informations and so we could know that the Rusa influenced the severe flood of the study area.
Trends in Surgical Patents Held by Surgeons From 1993 to 2018 (2021)

Objective: This study aims to quantify the number of patent-holding surgeons and determine their specialty demographics. Summary Background Data: The number of intellectual property filings related to surgery has exponentially increased over the past 40 years, yet surgeon inventor status among these inventions remains poorly defined. Methods: A query of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Patent Full-Text and Image Database was performed over the years 1993 to 2018. Patents related to surgery were defined as surgical devices, implantables, dressings, introducers, and sterilization equipment based on Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) code. Inventor names were cross-indexed with names of active Fellows in the American College of Surgeons (FACS) as of 2019. Surgeon inventors were identified and differences between specialty and sex were evaluated. Results: A total of 275,260 patents related to surgery were issued over the study period. The number of surgical patents has increased by 462% from 4593 per year to 21,241 per year. A total of 9008 patents were held by a total of 2164 surgeons (4% of FACS). This represents 3.3% of all surgical patents with a mean of 5 patents (range 1–346) per patent-holding surgeon. Specialties with the largest number of patent holders include neurosurgery (9%) and orthopedic surgery (8%). Ninety-seven percent of patent-holding surgeons were male. Conclusions: 3.3% of patents related to surgery involve a surgeon inventor, and although the number of surgical patents has shown an exponential increase, surgeon involvement in these inventions has grown minimally. Surgical innovation training may offer an opportunity to reduce these discrepancies and increase surgeon involvement as patent holders.