gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Levando os servicos de microcredito as pessoas de baixa renda : o Crediamigo no Brasil (2002)

Among policymakers and economists, there is a widely held perception that microenterprises1 face severe financing shortages that limit their growth opportunities. Resolving the problems of access to finance as well as the high cost of financing has become the main objective of many government programs. With a view to increasing access to credit for microenterprises in the Northeast Region of Brazil, the World Bank has supported Banco do Nordeste's CrediAmigo microfinance program since 1997. This note describes how Banco do Nordeste initiated CrediAmigo as part of its restructuring strategy and how the program has expanded to become the largest microfinance provider in Brazil. To date, many lessons have emerged, both from CrediAmigo and the World Bank project that supports the program. Brazilian private banks and non-bank financial institutions offer a variety of credit products targeted to micro and small enterprises. These products typically carry very high interest rates and require collateral. Banking networks also leave many areas, particularly poor and remote regions in the Northeast and North of Brazil, underserved. About 57 percent of all municipalities in these regions have no access to a bank branch, compared to a national average of around 30 percent. Although in many other Latin American countries, microfinance institutions have been able to partially fill the gap left by larger institutions, in Brazil, only a small fraction of the potential demand for microfinance appears to be satisfied by the current supply.
N ‐(Aminoalkyl)benzamides, ‐Benzoates, and Related Compounds (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Reference
Studies of Composite Anodes for the Production of Magnesium and Aluminum (1987)

The production of magnesium and aluminum in melts containing 10–20 mole percent using and composite anodes have been studied. Magnesium and aluminum were produced as metallic particles in the melt after composite anode electrolysis. No anode effect was observed using nominal current densities up to 2 A/cm2. Current efficiencies were determined as high as 90% using a current density of 0.7 A/cm2 and an anode to cathode spacing of 1 cm. The anodic gaseous products were found to be and ; no halogens, , or were detected.
Fundamentals of polymer processing (1977)

1 Processing2 Modeling Philosophy3 Continuum Mechanics4 Dimensional Analysis Spinning5 Tubular Film Blowing6 Injection Molding7 Mixing8 Heat and Mass Transfer9 Elastic Phenomena10 Stability of Flows
Spectroscopic Studies of the Anaerobic Enzyme−Substrate Complex of Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase (2005)

The basis of the respective regiospecificities of intradiol and extradiol dioxygenase is poorly understood and may be linked to the protonation state of the bidentate-bound catechol in the enzyme/substrate complex. Previous ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) and UV-visible (UV-vis) difference spectroscopic studies demonstrated that, in extradiol dioxygenases, the catechol is bound to the Fe(II) as a monoanion. In this study, we use the same approaches to demonstrate that, in catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C12O), an intradiol enzyme, the catechol binds to the Fe(III) as a dianion. Specifically, features at 290 nm and 1550 cm(-1) in the UV-vis and UVRR difference spectra, respectively, are assigned to dianionic catechol based on spectra of the model compound, ferric tris(catecholate). The UVRR spectroscopic band assignments are corroborated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, negative features at 240 nm in UV-vis difference spectra and at 1600, 1210, and 1175 cm(-1) in UVRR difference spectra match those of a tyrosinate model compound, consistent with protonation of the axial tyrosinate ligand when it is displaced from the ferric ion coordination sphere upon substrate binding. The DFT calculations ascribe the asymmetry of the bound dianionic substrate to the trans donor effect of an equatorially ligated tyrosinate ligand. In addition, the computations suggest that trans donation from the tyrosinate ligand may facilitate charge transfer from the substrate to yield the iron-bound semiquinone transition state, which is capable of reacting with dioxygen. In illustrating the importance of ligand trans effects in a biological system, the current study demonstrates the power of combining difference UVRR and optical spectroscopies to probe metal ligation in solution.
Surface properties of a segmented polyurethane containing amphiphilic polymers as additives (1994)

Abstract Two different types of amphiphilic polymers were used as surface‐modifying additives to a polyetherurethane, Pellethane 2363–75D, which has T g close to room temperature. The additives used were a segmented polyetherurethane designated Pol C, and Pluronics PE6800 and PE9400, i.e., triblock copolymers of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide. Pol C was prepared from poly(ethylene glycol), methylene diphenylene diisocyanate, and a fatty acid monoglyceride. The properties of the blends were investigated in their unhydrated state and after water immersion at 23°C and 80°C. Surface composition, water absorption, and leakage of additives to the aqueous phase have been studied. From ESCA and contact angle measurements it was concluded that Pol C was enriched in the surface layer of the matrix material after water immersion at 80°C. The Pluronics showed less effects on the surface properties of the matrix material, probably because of their high water solubility. © 1994 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of cry4 Harbouring Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates from Pakistan and Mosquitocidal Activity of their Spores and Total Proteins (2010)

The present study was aimed at screening the soil samples from the local environment for a potent mosquitocidal cry4 positive Bacilllus thuringiensis (B.t.). A total of 50 B.t. strains were isolated, of which 72% were from soil samples, 18% from animal waste and 10 % from dry wheat straw. Twenty two of these isolates were found positive for cry4 genes. The toxicity bioassays with B.t. spores and the total cell proteins showed that six B.t. isolates harboring cry4 genes (viz., SBS Bt 23, 29, 34, 37, 45 and 47) were most toxic to 3 rd instar larvae of mosquito, Anopheles stephensi. Shorter fragment of cry4 gene of six B.t. isolates was cloned and sequenced. The 16S rDNA study revealed that these isolates showed maximum homology with B.t. serovar tolworthi, B.t. str. Al Hakam, B.t. serover thompsoni, B.t. serovar konkukian, and B.t. serovar fukuokaensis. Among six B.t. isolates, SBS Bt 45 was found the most toxic and was isolated from dry soil containing decaying cattle waste. Key word: Bacillus thuringiensis, insecticidal activity, cry4 gene, total protein profile of B.t. isolates, bioinsecticide, Anopheles stephensi.
Thermoreversible Gelcasting: A Novel Ceramic Processing Technique (2002)

A new ceramic processing method, thermoreversible gelcasting (TRG), has been developed. The method uses a gelation process that can be reversed multiple times. Two Al 2 O 3 systems have been explored with the use of a specific triblock copolymer to form a binding gel network. The mixture becomes a free‐flowing liquid on heating above 60°C. However, on cooling below 60°C, the slurry instantaneously transforms to a physical gel. This process can be reversed easily (essentially with an infinite processing time window) while the solvent is present in the system, which is advantageous when trying to produce high‐quality dense pieces if initial casting irregularities occur. Near‐theoretically dense specimens have been produced with properties consistent with reported values of high‐density Al 2 O 3 .
Household Transmission of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, San Antonio, Texas, USA, April–May 2009 (2010)

To assess household transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in San Antonio, Texas, USA, during April 15-May 8, 2009, we investigated 77 households. The index case-patient was defined as the household member with the earliest onset date of symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI), influenza-like illness (ILI), or laboratory-confirmed pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Median interval between illness onset in index and secondary case-patients was 4 days (range 1-9 days); the index case-patient was likely to be < or =18 years of age (p = 0.034). The secondary attack rate was 4% for pandemic (H1N1) 2009, 9% for ILI, and 13% for ARI. The secondary attack rate was highest for children <5 years of age (8%-19%) and lowest for adults > or =50 years of age (4%-12%). Early in the outbreak, household transmission primarily occurred from children to other household members and was lower than the transmission rate for seasonal influenza.
Varying interleave patterns with iterative decoding for improved performance in MIMO systems (2005)

This paper examines an iterative decoder for reproducing transmitted data correctly and executing cancellation of interference channel signals accurately in convolutionally encoded MIMO (multi-input multi-output) systems. We propose the iterative decoder equipped with VIP (varying interleave patterns) for each transmission channel, and demonstrate the decoder can obtain a gain value close to full diversity gain in the MIMO systems. The results in a computer simulation indicate clearly that, due to mutual random interleave effect; a gain value near full diversity gain can be obtained under Rayleigh fading channels.
Discrepant Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Causing SARS-CoV-2 Persistence in a Patient Receiving B-cell-targeted Therapy with Rituximab (2021)

A 73-year-old man previously treated with rituximab for his mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma suffered a suboptimal humoral immune response against an acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection. A detailed serological description revealed discrepant antigen-specific humoral immune responses. The titer of spike-targeting, "viral-neutralizing" antibodies remained below the detection level, in contrast to the anti-nucleocapsid, "binding" antibody response, which was comparable in both magnitude and kinetics. Accordingly, viral neutralizability and clearance was delayed, leading to prolonged RNAemia and persistent pneumonia. The present case highlights the need to closely monitor this unique population of recipients of B-cell-targeted therapies for their neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2.
Noise-sustained fluctuations in stochastic dynamics with a delay (2012)

Delayed responses to external drivers are ubiquitous in environmental, social, and biological processes. Delays may induce oscillations, Hopf bifurcations, and instabilities in deterministic systems even in the absence of nonlinearities. Despite recent advances in the study of delayed stochastic differential equations, the interaction of random drivers with delays remains poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear whether noise-induced behaviors may emerge from these interactions. Here we show that noise may enhance and sustain transient periodic oscillations inherent to deterministic delayed systems. We investigate the conditions conducive to the emergence and disappearance of these dynamics in a linear system in the presence of both additive and multiplicative noise.
HIV-1 requires Staufen1 to dissociate stress granules and to produce infectious viral particles (2019)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genomic RNA (vRNA) has two major fates during viral replication: to serve as the template for the major structural and enzymatic proteins, or to be encapsidated and packaged into assembling virions to serve as the genomic vRNA in budding viruses. The dynamic balance between vRNA translation and encapsidation is mediated by numerous host proteins, including Staufen1. During HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 recruits Staufen1 to assemble a distinct ribonucleoprotein complex promoting vRNA encapsidation and viral assembly. Staufen1 also rescues vRNA translation and gene expression during conditions of cellular stress. In this work, we utilized novel Staufen1<sup>-/-</sup> gene-edited cells to further characterize the contribution of Staufen1 in HIV-1 replication. We observed a marked deficiency in the ability of HIV-1 to dissociate stress granules (SGs) in Staufen1-deficient cells and remarkably, the vRNA repositioned to SGs. These phenotypes were rescued by Staufen1 expression in <i>trans</i> or in <i>cis</i>, but not by a dsRBD-binding mutant, Staufen1F135A. The mistrafficking of the vRNA in these Staufen1<sup>-/-</sup> cells was also accompanied by a dramatic decrease in viral production and infectivity. This work provides novel insight into the mechanisms by which HIV-1 uses Staufen1 to ensure optimal vRNA translation and trafficking, supporting an integral role for Staufen1 in the HIV-1 life cycle, positioning it as an attractive target for next-generation antiretroviral agents.
Identification of multiple loci for Alzheimer disease in a consanguineous Israeli-Arab community (2003)

We have observed an unusually high prevalence of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) in Wadi Ara, an inbred Arab community in northern Israel comprising approximately 850 persons over the age of 60 years. Family studies revealed that more than one-third of the DAT cases are members of one hamula (tribal group) within Wadi Ara. To map chromosomal loci contributing to DAT susceptibility, we conducted a 10 cM scan in a series of five cases and five controls selected from this hamula. Markers from 18 chromosomal regions showed significant allelic association with DAT (P<0.05). Locations on chromosomes 2, 9 and 10 remained significant after testing additional affected and non-demented individuals. Significant associations were also observed for markers on chromosome 12 which overlap with a locus implicated in previous genome scans. Analysis of allele frequency distributions for 12 markers spanning 20 cM on chromosome 9 narrowed the possible location of an DAT susceptibility gene to a 13 cM interval between D9S157 and D9S259 (most significant result: P = 2.3 x 10(-7)). Analysis of 14 markers spanning 24 cM on chromosome 12 narrowed the possible location to a 14 cM interval distal to the LRP1 locus (most significant result: P = 1.3 x 10(-6)). Evidence for linkage on chromosome 9 stemmed primarily from excess homozygosity of marker alleles in cases compared with controls, suggesting that the gene at this location behaves in either a recessive or additive fashion. The unique characteristics of this community together with the emergent human genome data should allow for the rapid identification of DAT genes in these candidate regions.
Effect of intravenously injected gadolinium‐based contrast agents on functional lung parameters derived by PREFUL MRI (2019)

Except for quantified perfusion, all evaluated functional parameters including ventilation- and perfusion-weighted maps derived by PREFUL MRI were independent of gadolinium-based contrast agents, which is important for the design of MRI protocols in future studies.
Congestion Control in the context of Machine Type Communications in Long Term Evolution networks (2011)

Machine Type Communications (MTC) are automated applications which involve machines or devices that communicate through a network without any human intervention. They can be used today in almost everyday life applications from military to civil applications, such as: transportation, health care, smart energy, supply and provisioning, city automation... Those devices are generally spread in a wide area and should communicate through widely deployed networks. A good candidate to play the role of such a network could be cellular mobile networks. In fact, Cellular networks have been already deployed and o er a large coverage. Such a deployment is bene ficial for both mobile network Operators (i.e. more revenues) and the application developers (i.e. more opportunities). Furthermore, LTE networks are all-IP networks and off er a good support for MTC. However, cellular networks are not designed for MTC applications. Consequently, such a deployment is challenging and rises new problems. The most important of them is congestion. In fact, in MTC, a huge number of devices are deployed. This leads to contention and congestion in the the di fferent parts and nodes of the network when a lot of devices communicate at the same time. In the present work, we propose a novel Congestion-Aware Admission Control solution, which deals with the congestion in LTE networks. Our solution, which is based on control theory, e ffectively allows avoiding the core network congestion while saving the wireless scarce resources. We show its e ffectiveness through network simulations carried on the ns-3 simulator. In fact, the obtained results show that our solution is robust against di fferent traffic patterns and accommodates huge amount of devices as expected in this particular case of MTC applications. It assures a targeted utilization of the resources in the network. Furthermore, it is completely compliant with the actual protocols and standards.
Continuous monitoring of cell transfection efficiency with micropatterned substrates (2021)

The effect of cell-cell contact on gene transfection is mainly unknown. Usually, transfection is carried out in batch cell cultures without control over cellular interactions, and efficiency analysis relies on complex and expensive protocols commonly involving flow cytometry as the final analytical step. Novel platforms and cell patterning are being studied to control cellular interactions and improve quantification methods. In this study, we report the use of surface patterning of fibronectin for the generation of two types of mesenchymal stromal cell patterns: single-cell patterns without cell-to-cell contact, and small cell-colony patterns. Both scenarios allowed the integration of the full transfection process and the continuous monitoring of thousands of individualized events by fluorescence microscopy. Our results showed that cell-to-cell contact clearly affected the transfection, as single cells presented a maximum transfection peak 6 h earlier and had a 10% higher transfection efficiency than cells with cell-to-cell contact.
Fragrant Sesquiterpene Ketones as Trace Constituents in Frankincense Volatile Oil of Boswellia sacra (2016)

In a previous study, two highly potent yet unidentified odorants were detected that were present at trace levels in the volatile fraction of Boswellia sacra gum resin. These two compounds were isolated semipreparatively from the volatile oil by a sensory-guided fractionation process involving microscale bulb-to-bulb distillation, countercurrent chromatography, and preparative gas chromatography. In this manner, the two oxygenated sesquiterpenes could be identified as rotundone (1) and mustakone (2). Compound 2 is described for the first time as a potent odorant with a very low odor threshold.
A versatile CMOS linear transconductor/square-law function (1987)

A simple CMOS circuit technique for realizing both linear transconductance and a precision square-law function is described. The circuit provides two separate outputs in the linear as well as square-law modes. The linear outputs both have a range of 100% or more of the total quiescent current value. The theory of operation is presented and effects of transistor nonidealities on the performance are investigated. Design optimization techniques are developed. Experimental results measured on nonoptimized prototypes are: distortion of 0.2% for input signals up to 2.4 V/SUB p-p/ in the case of linear transfer function and 1.3% in the case of the square-law transfer function, with a DC to -3-dB bandwidth of up to 20 MHz. Improved performance is expected when the optimization techniques developed are applied. The circuit is versatile in application: diverse applications are demonstrated in the fields of linear amplifiers, continuous-time filters, and nonlinear function implementation.
Supplementary Table 4 from Modification of Ovarian Cancer Risk by <i>BRCA1/2</i>-Interacting Genes in a Multicenter Cohort of <i>BRCA1/2</i> Mutation Carriers (2023)

Supplementary Table 4 from Modification of Ovarian Cancer Risk by &lt;i&gt;BRCA1/2&lt;/i&gt;-Interacting Genes in a Multicenter Cohort of &lt;i&gt;BRCA1/2&lt;/i&gt; Mutation Carriers
Synthesis of (+)-Lithospermic Acid (2011)

(+)-Lithospermic acid was isolated in 1975 from Danshen, a herb traditionally used in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders among other medical conditions, and has recently been shown to have potent, nontoxic anti-HIV activity. The Ellman and Bergman groups completed the first total synthesis using a rhodium-catalyzed C-H activation-hydroarylation sequence (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 13496). This route uses a rhodium-catalyzed C-H insertion reaction to form the dihydrofuran core, followed by a palladium-catalyzed C-H functionalization to unite the two fragments in a convergent fashion.
Differential effects of IL-2 and IL-21 on expansion of the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T regulatory cells with redundant roles in natural killer cell mediated antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (2010)

CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells are expanded in solid and hematological malignancies including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Several cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules are required for generation, survival and maintenance of their suppressive effect. We and others have shown direct cytotoxic effect of the novel common gamma chain cytokine interleukin (IL)-21 on primary B cells from CLL patients. Since members of this family of cytokines are known to exhibit their effects on diverse immune cells, we have examined the effects of IL-21 on CLL patient derived regulatory T cell (Treg) induction, expansion and the inhibitory effect on natural killer cells in vitro. We demonstrate here the expression of IL-21 receptor in CD4(+)CD25(High) regulatory cells from CLL patients. In contrast to IL-2, the IL-21 cytokine failed to mediate expansion of regulatory T cells or induced expression of Foxp3 in CD4(+)CD25(Intermediate) or CD4(+)CD25(Dim/-) T cells in whole blood derived from CLL patients. Interestingly, in contrast to their differential effects on expansion of the CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)T cells, IL-2 and IL-21 exhibited a redundant role in Treg mediated suppression of NK cell mediated antibody dependent cytotoxicity function. Given the infusion related toxicities and pro-survival effect of IL-2 in CLL, these studies provide a rationale to explore IL-21 as an alternate gamma chain cytokine in CLL therapy.
JoDS volume 2 - Guest editorial (2005)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)
Reactions of metal carbonyl cluster complexes with multidentate phosphine ligands; the preparation and thermolysis of bis(dimethylphosphino)methane derivatives of [Ru3(CO)12], and the X-ray crystal structure of [Ru3(CO)9(H)(Me2PCHPMe2)] (1987)

The complexes [Ru3(CO)10(dmpm)] and [Ru3(CO)8(dmpm)2][dmpm = bis(dimethylphosphino)methane] have been prepared by the direct reaction between [Ru3(CO)12] and dmpm. Both derivatives undergo thermolysis reactions in refluxing benzene in which the methylene group of a dmpm ligand is metallated to yield [R[graphic omitted]HPMe2)] and [R[graphic omitted]HPMe2)(dmpm)] respectively. The crystal structure of the former derivative has been determined.
Supplementary Tables 1 through 4 from AZD2014, an Inhibitor of mTORC1 and mTORC2, Is Highly Effective in ER<sup>+</sup> Breast Cancer When Administered Using Intermittent or Continuous Schedules (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary table 1: Biochemical and cellular activity of AZD2014. Supplementary table 2: Biochemical activity of AZD2014. Supplementary table 3: Anti proliferative activity of AZD2014 in a panel of ER+, endocrine resistant and LTED cell lines. Supplementary table 4: Activity of AZD2014 in a number of ER+ breast cancer in vivo models.&lt;/p&gt;