gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cost estimates of brain disorders in Belgium. (2006)

This article presents the data on cost of the major brain disorders in Belgium which were retrieved from "Cost of Disorders of the Brain in Europe" study sponsored by the European Brain Council and performed by Stockholm Health Economics. The disorders selected were: addiction, depression, anxiety disorders, brain tumours, dementia, epilepsy, migraine and other headaches, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, psychotic disorders, stroke and trauma. Figures for prevalence of disorders and direct medical, direct non-medical and indirect costs are based on data coming from available electronic data bases, or when missing for Belgium, best possible estimates or extrapolated data were used. All economic data were transformed to Euro's for 2004 and adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP). The results show that the total number of people with any brain disorder in Belgium amounts to 2.9 million in 2004, the most prevalent being anxiety disorders 1.1 million, migraine 860000, addiction (any) 800,000 and depression 500,000 cases. The total cost of all included brain disorders in Belgium was estimated at 10.6 billion Euros. Most costly per case are brain tumours, multiple sclerosis, stroke and dementia. Because of their higher prevalence, however depression, dementia, addiction, anxiety disorders and migraine have the highest total costs. Taken together brain disorders consume 4% of the gross national product and cost each citizen of Belgium 1029 Euros per year. The drug costs for brain disorders constitute only 10% of the total drug market in Belgium, and only 4% of the total cost of brain disorders in Belgium. This should be compared to the cost estimates and to a previous study which showed that brain disorders are responsible for 35% of the total burden of all disorders in Europe. This study suggests therefore that the direct healthcare resources, including expenses for drug therapies, allocated to brain disorders in Belgium are not leveled to the indirect costs and burden of these disorders. A comparison with data available from a direct prospective study in demented Belgian patients suggests that the mathematical estimates presented here reflect quite accurately the real average cost for dementia, although there are large variations depending on disease severity. As, in addition, subjects with brain disorders face collateral costs which have not been taken into associations, a complementary survey in the Belgian ecosystem to establish the cost profile of representative patients for the major brain disorders. Such a survey is being organized by a task force of the Belgian Brain Council.
Photoaffinity labeling with GTP of viral p21 ras protein expressed in Escherichia coli (1984)

The v-ras oncogene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus encodes a 21,000-dalton protein, p21, which mediates transformation produced by that virus. Previous work has shown that both p21v-rasH and the cellular homolog p21c-rasH appear to bind guanine nucleotides. We report here the expression in Escherichia coli of v-rasH to produce a biochemically active p21 fusion protein which retains both guanine nucleotide binding and autophosphorylating activity. Furthermore, direct interaction of this protein with GTP is unequivocally demonstrated by photoaffinity labeling it with [alpha-32P]GTP.
Deep Learning Based Defect Detection for Solder Joints on Industrial X-Ray Circuit Board Images (2020)

Quality control is of vital importance during electronics production. As the methods of producing electronic circuits improve, there is an increasing chance of solder defects during assembling the printed circuit board (PCB). Many technologies have been incorporated for inspecting failed soldering, such as X-ray imaging, optical imaging, and thermal imaging. With some advanced algorithms, the new technologies are expected to control the production quality based on the digital images. However, current algorithms sometimes are not accurate enough to meet the quality control. Specialists are needed to do a follow-up checking. For automated X-ray inspection, joint of interest on the X-ray image is located by region of interest (ROI) and inspected by some algorithms. Some incorrect ROIs deteriorate the inspection algorithm. The high dimension of X-ray images and the varying sizes of image dimensions also challenge the inspection algorithms. On the other hand, recent advances on deep learning shed light on image-based tasks and are competitive to human levels. In this paper, deep learning is incorporated in X-ray imaging based quality control during PCB quality inspection. Two artificial intelligence (AI) based models are proposed and compared for joint defect detection. The noised ROI problem and the varying sizes of imaging dimension problem are addressed. The efficacy of the proposed methods are verified through experimenting on a real-world 3D X-ray dataset. By incorporating the proposed methods, specialist inspection workload is largely saved.
Fabrication of poly(aniline‐co‐pyrrole) hollow nanospheres with Triton X‐100 micelles as templates (2008)

Abstract A one‐step route has been reported for the fabrication of poly(aniline‐ co ‐pyrrole) (PACP) copolymer hollow nanospheres via the oxidation polymerization of a mixture of aniline and pyrrole in the presence of Triton X‐100. It was found that the variations in polymerization conditions, such as the concentrations of Triton X‐100 and comonomers, and [pyrrole]/[aniline] molar ratios, could change the size and uniformity of copolymer hollow nanospheres. The result of DLS has attested the presence of the spherical Triton X‐100 micelles swelled by the comonomers in reaction system, and such micelles might play template for the formation of hollow nanospheres, followed by developing a possible formation mechanism. The chemical structures and crystallinity of products were characterized by FTIR, UV–visible, 1 H NMR spectra, and XRD patterns, respectively, to prove the copolymer chemical structures of hollow nanospheres. The thermal‐stability and solubility of PACP were improved compared with homopolymers (polyaniline and pyrrole). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3563–3572, 2008
Architecture and applications for a distributed embedded firewall (2005)

The distributed firewall is an important new line of network defense. It provides fine-grained access control to augment the protections afforded by the traditional perimeter firewall. To be effective, though, a distributed firewall must satisfy two critical requirements. First, it must embrace a protection model that acknowledges that everything behind the firewall may not be trustworthy. The malicious insider with unobstructed access the network can still mount limited attacks. Second, the firewall must be tamper-resistant. Any firewall that executes on the same untrusted operating system that it is charged to protect begs the question: who is protecting whom? This paper presents a new distributed, embedded firewall that satisfies both requirements. The firewall filters Internet Protocol traffic to and from the host. The firewall is tamper-resistant because it is independent of the host's operating system. It is implemented on the host's network interface card and managed by a protected, central policy server located elsewhere on the network. This paper describes the firewall's architecture and associated assurance claims and discusses unique applications for it.
Abstract WP215: Population Attributable Risks For Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors Of Cerebrovascular And Cardiovascular-related Mortality In The National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (2022)

Introduction: Stroke and heart disease are leading causes of mortality in the United States. We studied population attributable risks (PARs) for potentially modifiable stroke and cardiovascular-related mortality risk factors in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)-National Death Index (NDI) linked dataset. Methods: Adult NHANES participants surveyed from 1999-2014 with linked NDI data were included in this sample-level analysis. The primary outcome was death secondary to stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) or cardiovascular disease as recorded in NDI. Exposures were behavioral, environmental, clinical, and laboratory variables dichotomized at the sample median collected in NHANES. Missing data were imputed. PARs were calculated using adjusted hazard ratios from Cox proportional models. Results: We included 47,356 participants (median age 46 years [IQR 30-64]; 51.8% female; 261 stroke- and 1,112 cardiac-related deaths, 2.9%). Mean follow-up time was 97.2 months (SD 54.4 months). Among men &lt; 65 years, characteristics with the top 3 PARs were elevated cholesterol (PAR 42%), elevated systolic blood pressure (PAR 30%), and low platelet count (PAR 23%) (Table 1). Among women &lt; 65 years, not using food label nutritional fact panels (PAR 29%), prescription medication use (PAR 34%), and an elevated white blood cell count (PAR 27%) were the top 3 risk factors by PAR. Among men ≥ 65 years, not using food label nutritional fact panels (PAR 32%), elevated systolic blood pressure (PAR 22%), and cigarette smoking (PAR 20%) were the top 3 factors by PAR. Among women ≥ 65 years, not using food label nutritional fact panels (17%), elevated cholesterol (29%), and elevated creatinine (22%) were the top 3 risk factors by PAR. Conclusions: We provide age- and sex-specific adjusted PARs of potentially modifiable risk factors of stroke and cardiovascular-related mortality. These findings may inform targeted stroke and cardiovascular risk prevention strategies.
A first-order model for computation of laser-induced breakdown thresholds in ocular and aqueous media. II. Comparison to experiment (1995)

For pt. I see ibid., vol.31, no.12, p.2241-9 (1995). An analytic, first-order model has been developed to calculate irradiance thresholds for laser-induced breakdown (LIB) in condensed media, including ocular and aqueous media. A complete derivation and description of the model was given in a previous paper (Part I). The model has been incorporated into a computer code and code results have been compared to experimentally measured irradiance thresholds for breakdown of ocular media, saline, and water by nanosecond, picosecond, and femtosecond laser pulses in the visible and near-infrared. The comparison included both breakdown data from the literature and from our own measurements. Theoretical values match experiment to within a factor of 2 or better, over a range of pulsewidths spanning five orders of magnitude.
Evaluation of radiation exposure in Ir-192 brachytherapy for treatment of keloids (2017)

Nippon Medical School Hospital recently developed a high dose rate superficial brachytherapy (HDR-SBT) for keloids, which has been carried out since 2008. In this treatment, Ir-192 sources are placed on the affected area through flexible tubes, which has the advantage of providing high dose concentration to complicated shapes. Obviously, unnecessary radiation exposure to high-energy gamma rays must be reduced for vital organs around the affected area. We have developed a system which can evaluate the radiation exposure of tissues and organs in a MIRD-5 phantom using the PHITS Monte Carlo code when the prescribed dose was delivered uniformly to a flat surface based on the actual geometry in HDR-SBT. In the PHITS simulation, an affected area was assumed on the chest of the MIRD-5 phantom, then the dwell time at each dwell position was optimized to deliver 6 Gy uniformly over the affected area in the actual geometry with the lead shields and the bolus. In addition, the radiation exposures of each tissue and organ in the MIRD-5 phantom during the irradiation were calculated. The biologically equivalent dose of the thymus was the highest at 1145.60 mGy followed by the heart at 236.14 mGy and the breasts at 95.32 mGy.
Clinical Pharmacology Study of C-13 UBT Tablet for the in vivo Diagonosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection. (2002)

The urea breath test using stable isotope carbon (13C) has been proven to be a useful, non-invasive method for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. The 13C-urea breath test drug C-13 UBT is currently available as a granule formulation (UBIT®) that is dissolved in tap water immediately before ingestion. However, there is a drawback with this formulation in that patients are required to rinse their mouth several times with water immediately after ingestion of UBIT® in order to avoid the false-positive test result associated with the urease activity of indigenous buccal flora. In order to eliminate the need for this troublesome mouth rinsing, a film-coated tablet formulation of C-13 UBT is currently under development. Theoretically, the use of C-13 UBT tablets should make mouth rinsing unnecessary ;however, this hypothesis has not yet been proven. Therefore, in the present study, the influence of mouth rinsing on the 13CO2 concentration in expired breath was fully investigated in 20 healthy male adults.Prior to enrollment in the study the subjects underwent the urea breath test using UBIT®. They were then divided into 2 groups of 10 patients each (7 H. pylori-negative subjects and 3 H. pylori-positive subjects) and underwent urea breath tests using C-13 UBT tablets in a cross-over manner with or without mouth rinsing immediately after ingestion at a 1-week interval. Breath samples were collected immediately before and 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min after ingestion, and the 13CO2/12CO2 value (‰) was calculated. The change (Δ13C, ‰) in the 13CO2/12CO2 value (‰) from the pre-ingestion value was used as an index for assessment of positive (≥2.5‰) or negative (<2.5‰) for H. pylori infection.For all 14 breath tests in H. pylori-negative subjects, the Δ13C value did not exceed the cut-off value of 2.5 ‰ at any measurement point, with maximal values of 1.07‰ without mouth rinsing and 1.26 ‰ with mouth rinsing. In the H.pylori-positive subjects, the Δ13C value at 15 min following ingestion and afterwards was 5.25 ‰ or higher in all 6 breath tests.In conclusion, the results suggest that the urea breath test employing C-13 UBT tablets is capable of producing an accurate diagnosis of H. pylori infection without mouth rinsing following ingestion using breath samples collected 20 min after ingestion with a cut-off value of 2.5 ‰.
Investigation of micelles, microemulsions, and phospholipid bilayers with the pyridinium-N-phenolbetaine ET(30), a polarity probe for aqueous interfaces (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInvestigation of micelles, microemulsions, and phospholipid bilayers with the pyridinium-N-phenolbetaine ET(30), a polarity probe for aqueous interfacesKlaas A. Zachariasse, Nguyen Van Phuc, and Boleslaw KozankiewiczCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1981, 85, 18, 2676–2683Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150618a022https://doi.org/10.1021/j150618a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views567Altmetric-Citations249LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Preparation and characterization of t-BN coatings on the surface of carbon fibers (2018)

Turbostratic boron nitride (t-BN) coatings were successfully synthesized on the surface of carbon fibers by dip-coating method. Boric acid and urea were used as boron source and nitrogen source separately and the nitridation process was carried out at 850°C for 4h under the protection of N2. Dipping times were considered as variables to find out optimum amounts. The structure, chemical composition, phase and properties of BN coated carbon fibers were characterized. Results showed that continuous and uniform coatings were prepared after three times dipping and adhered well with carbon fibers. The coatings were mainly composed of the phase of t-BN. The oxidation property and high temperature resistant performance of the BN modified carbon fibers were greatly improved.
Neuronostatin accts as a counterregulatory factor to protect against hypoglycemia (2023)

Neuronostatin (NST) is a 13-amino acid hormone derived from the somatostatin (SST) preprohormone that exerts metabolic and cardiovascular actions in many tissue types. In transformed alpha cell lines and isolated rat islets neuronostatin enhanced low glucose-stimulated proglucagon transcription and glucagon secretion1. Additionally, neuronostatin inhibited high glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from isolated rat islets, which was mirrored in vivo in rats subjected to an intra-arterial glucose tolerance test. Rats that received a bolus injection of neuronostatin followed by infusion glucose exhibited delayed glucose disposal and impaired insulin release, causing an increased peak blood glucose1. We, therefore hypothesized the ability of neuronostatin to act as a counterregularoty factor to protect against hypoglycemia. We found that Neuronostatin administered prior to an insulin tolerance test significantly reduced hypoglycemia compared to the saline control. In addition, we found that administration of exogenous Insulin significantly reduced Neuronostatin plasma levels. These data suggest Neuronostatin may act as a counterregulatory factor in adult, male rats to prevent hypoglycemia. However, after menopause or OVX, a precipitous decline in insulin sensitivity parallels an increase in fat mass, suggesting estrogens at physiological concentrations may maintain insulin action and glucose tolerance. We therefore investigated the neuronostatin-induced blood glucose changes in conscious, cycling females. We found blood glucose levels following neuronostatin administration decreased on diestrus, when both estrogen and progesterone levels are low, but not on proestrus or estrus. From these data we conclude that the metabolic actions of Neuronostatin are modulated by sex hormone status. Further studies are required to determine the contributions of chromosomal sex and individual sex hormones to these metabolic effects of Neuronostatin.1. Salvatori AS, Elrick MM, Samson WK, Corbett JA, Yosten GL. Neuronostatin inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via direct action on the pancreatic alpha-cell. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014;306:E1257–E1263. Saint Louis University Internal Funds This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.
A transient analysis for the convex combination of adaptive filters (2009)

Combination schemes are gaining attention as an interesting way to improve adaptive filter performance. In this paper we pay attention to a particular convex combination scheme with nonlinear adaptation that has recently been shown to be universal -i.e., to perform at least as the best component filter- in steady-state; however, no theoretical model for the transient has been provided yet. By relying on Taylor Series approximations of the nonlinearities, we propose a theoretical model for the transient behavior of such convex combinations. In particular, we provide expressions for the time evolution of the mean and the variance of the mixing parameter, as well as for the mean square overall filter convergence. The accuracy of the model is analyzed for the particular case of a combination of two LMS filters with different step sizes, explaining also how our results can help the designer to adjust the free parameters of the scheme.
Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to CO in the Presence of H2 or CH4 as a Reductant over MgO (2003)

MgO exhibits activity for the reduction of CO2 to CO under photoirradiation in the presence of H2 or CH4 as a reductant, although MgO is an insulating material. The present study clarified the mechanism of the CO2 photocatalytic reduction in the presence of H2 or CH4 over MgO. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra show that a CO2 molecule adsorbed on MgO was activated to a CO2- radical under photoirradiation. In addition, it was confirmed by photoluminescence that new acceptor level built up between the valence band and the conduction band of MgO on CO2-adsorbed MgO. The CO2- radical was reduced to a surface bidentate formate or a surface bidentate acetate by H2 or CH4 in the dark, respectively. The surface bidentate formate anchors on MgO as a photoactive species and reduces CO2 in the gas phase to CO since the CO2 photocatalytic reduction proceeded over MgO absorbing HCHO or CH3CHO and only 12CO was formed in the presence of 12CO2 over MgO modified by a 13C-labeled formate under irradiation. The active species was generated from the side-on adsorption-type bidentate carbonate selectively, although the two types of bidentate carbonates were detected by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. On the other hand, the role of the surface bidentate acetate is under discussion. It is the first report that the substrate-modified insulating material exhibits activity in the CO2 photocatalytic reduction.
A cost-effective gain-locked erbium doped fiber amplifier (1999)

A cost-effective gain control scheme for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers is presented. By sinusoidally modulating the pump laser and monitoring its light at the end of active medium, gain control is obtained, resulting in very cost-effective realization of gain controlled optical amplifiers.
Wheat‐based biorefining strategy for fermentative production and chemical transformations of succinic acid (2011)

Abstract This contribution aims to provide an overview of various aspects of novel process strategies for biorefineries based on the production of succinic acid (SA) and its transformation into high added‐value derivatives. The focus is on recent developments of a wheat‐based biorefinery entailing upstream processing strategies to convert low cost raw materials into fermentable sugars as well as on key insights into the improvement of SA production (e.g. strain development, fermentation kinetics, and fermentation optimization). The incorporation of these processes in future biorefineries for the production of value‐added products and fuels will undoubtedly be an important contribution to the world's highest priority target of sustainable development. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd