gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Increase of Anterior Pituitary Dopamine in Aging C57BL/6J Female Mice Is Caused by Ovarian Steroids, Not Intrinsic Pituitary Aging (1986)

We describe how the increase of anterior pituitary dopamine (DA) during aging in female mice is related to altered secretion of ovarian steroids during reproductive senescence. A number of age-correlated neuroendocrine changes in female rodents result from cumulative exposure to ovarian steroids over a lifetime of estrous cycles, or from the altered pattern of ovarian steroid secretion concomitant with reproductive senescence. Pituitary DA has been shown to increase with age in female rats. To examine how the age-correlated increase of pituitary DA may depend on estradiol (E2), we measured pituitary DA and serum prolactin (PRL) in the following groups of female mice: young (7 months) cycling, middle-aged (14 months) cycling and non-cycling, old (17 months) non-cycling, old (17 months) ovariectomized (OVX) at 4 months, and young mice given 0.2 mg E2 valerate or E2 implants. Mice from some of these groups were OVX 1, 4 or 8 weeks before sacrifice. Compared with young controls, 14-month-old cycling or non-cycling mice had 3-fold higher pituitary DA, and 17-month-old non-cycling mice had 5-fold higher pituitary DA. OVX for 2 or 13 months before sacrifice abolished the effect of age; OVX of young mice had no effect on pituitary DA. Three weeks after implantation of E2 into OVX young mice or 7 weeks after injection of E2 valerate in intact young mice, pituitary DA was elevated. The E2-sensitive fraction of pituitary DA does not appear to decrease PRL secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoindentation, High‐Temperature Behavior, and Crystallographic/Spectroscopic Characterization of the High‐Refractive‐Index Materials TiTa2O7 and TiNb2O7. (2015)

Abstract Colorless single crystals of TiTa 2 O 7 and TiNb 2 O 7 are prepared by melting stoichiometric mixtures of Nb 2 O 5 or Ta 2 O 5 , and TiO 2 at 1973 and 1873 K, respectively.
Molecular biology of resistance to potato virus X in potato. (1994)

It has been proposed that plants express resistance to pathogens when the product of a resistance gene interacts with an elicitor molecule produced by the pathogen. Although there is one instance with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in which virus resistance is known to act through the same type of mechanism, it is not known whether this model accounts generally for resistance interactions with plant viruses. To address this issue the interactions of resistance genes in potato with potato virus X (PVX) have been analysed at the molecular level. PVX is an RNA virus that is affected by three different types of resistance locus in various potato cultivars. By using recombinant isolates of PVX, incorporating components of strains or mutant viruses able to overcome or avoid the effects of the resistance loci, we have identified different regions of the viral genome that determine the outcome of the resistance interaction. This information has allowed us to investigate the resistance in detail. For example, with the resistance specified by the Rx locus, it has been shown that the coat protein is an avirulence determinant and elicitor of an induced resistance. This resistance acts by reducing virus accumulation in the inoculated cell. Although the recognition component of the resistance is highly specific, the induced response is apparently non-specific and is effective against viruses unrelated to PVX in cells doubly inoculated with PVX and a second virus. The recognition function of Rx is also expressed in Gomphrena globosa which is a non-host plant of PVX. Based on these data, we propose that virus resistance fits the paradigm of resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens and that there are similarities between the mechanism of cultivar specific resistance and non-host resistance to pathogen attack. Further analysis of the mechanism of the non-specific response phase may ultimately allow genetic engineering of broad-spectrum virus resistance in crop plants.
A MEASURE OF CONNECTIVITY FOR GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS (1976)

(1976). A MEASURE OF CONNECTIVITY FOR GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 362-370.
Dynorphin B-Containing Perivascular Axons and Sensory Neurotransmitter Mechanisms in Brain Blood Vessels (1986)

This is the first report demonstrating the existence of opiate-containing nerve fibers surrounding brain blood vessels. Dynorphin B, a tridecapeptide and potent opiate analgesic, was visualized by immunohistochemistry in guinea pig cerebral arteries comprising the circle of Willis and was measured by radioimmunoassay in canine middle cerebral arteries. This peptide, reportedly present in dorsal root ganglion cells, was observed by others to decrease the depolarization-induced release of substance P from primary sensory axons and, by so doing, to retard the development of neurogenic inflammation in target tissues. Consistent with an indirect action of dynorphin B, this peptide did not relax precontracted canine middle cerebral or basilar artery segments when added in vitro, nor did it modulate receptor-mediated relaxation on the addition of substance P. The presence of opiate-containing axons in or near trigeminovascular nerve fibers suggests novel mechanisms related to the modulation of pain possibly emanating from cerebral vessels.
[Redox Transformation of Arsenic and Antimony in Soils Mediated by Pantoea sp. IMH]. (2017)

Soil contamination with co-existing arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) has become a serious environmental problem worldwide. Microorganisms play a dominant role in the redox transformation and mobilization of As and Sb. As and Sb belong to the same family; they are alike in nature and have related microbial oxidation-reduction mechanisms. However, limited knowledge is available about the impact of As-reducing bacteria on the fate of As and Sb in their co-existing soils. The purpose of this study was to explore the redox transformation and release of As and Sb in the presence of an <i>arsC</i> carrier, <i>Pantoea</i> sp. IMH, which has high As(Ⅴ)-reducing capability. In addition to the IMH incubation system, the dead cell system and abiotic control experiments were conducted. The results showed that the IMH incubation reduced all soluble As(Ⅴ) (72.7 μg·L<sup>-1</sup>) to As(Ⅲ) form, whereas soluble Sb(Ⅴ) (364.8 μg·L<sup>-1</sup>) was not reduced, indicating that the As (V)-reducing pathway mediated by <i>arsC</i> genesis was not able to reduce Sb(Ⅴ). The amounts of total As (506.8 μg·L<sup>-1</sup>) and total Sb (821.1 μg·L<sup>-1</sup>) in the dead cell system were approximately four times higher than in the living cell system (As=155.2 μg·L<sup>-1</sup>; Sb=364.8 μg·L<sup>-1</sup>) and the abiotic control (As=57.6 μg·L<sup>-1</sup>; Sb=271.1 μg·L<sup>-1</sup>) because of the biomolecules released from the dead cells which enhanced the release of As and Sb. The correlation analysis of dissolved As and Sb showed that the release of total As and Sb was correlated (<i>P</i><0.05) in three systems. Our study shed new light on the impact of bacteria on the fate of As and Sb in soils.
Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid: an evolutionary link in the origin of pospiviroids (1999)

Over 40 isolates of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) have been reported from potato, other Solanum species and greenhouse tomato. These isolates have sequence similarities in the range 95-99%. A viroid which caused chlorotic leaves and severe dwarfing of plants in greenhouse tomato crops was detected. The viroid was found to hybridize readily with PSTVd probes. It migrated faster than PSTVd in return-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was not amplified in RT-PCR by a primer pair based on the lower strand of the central conserved region of PSTVd. Nucleotide sequencing of the viroid indicated that it is a circular RNA of 360 nt, with less than 90% sequence similarities with PSTVd isolates. The Variable domain (V) has less than 60% and the Terminal Right domain less than 90% sequence similarity, while the remainder of the molecule has greater than 97% similarity with PSTVd. Because of its less-than 90% sequence similarities, unique V domain, lack of seed-transmission and lack of cross-protection by PSTVd, the viroid from tomato is proposed to be a distinct viroid species (tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid; TCDVd) which also differs from two viroids infecting tomato in nature. TCDVd may be an evolutionary link in the development of crop viroids, with Mexican papita viroid as the ancestral viroid.
Aldehydes: magnificent acyl equivalents for direct acylation (2020)

From the viewpoint of meeting the current green chemistry challenges in chemical synthesis, there is a need to disseminate how the cocktail of acylation and activation can play a pivotal role in affording bioactive acylated products comprising substituted ketone motifs in fewer reaction steps, with higher atom-economy and improved selectivity. In recent years, a significant number of articles employing the title compounds "aldehydes" as magnificent acylation surrogates which are less toxic and widely applicable have been published. This review sheds light on the compounds use for selective acylation of arene, heteroarene and alkyl (sp3, sp2 and sp) C-H bonds by proficient utilization of the C-H activation strategy. Critical insights into selective acylation of diverse moieties for the synthesis of bioactive compounds are presented in this review that will enable academic and industrial researchers to understand the mechanistic aspects involved and fruitfully employ these strategies in designing novel molecules.
Hydrogen behavior under X-ray irradiation for a-IGZO thin film transistors (2020)

We studied hydrogen (H) behavior in amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO) films under X-ray irradiation by evaluating the threshold voltage (VTH) shift in a-IGZO thin film transistors (TFTs) with different H concentrations in the active layers. We fabricated three types of a-IGZO TFTs: (i) one without a buffer layer and postannealed in N2, (ii) one with a H-resolved buffer layer and postannealed in N2, and (iii) one with a H-resolved buffer layer and postannealed in a mixture of N2 and H2. All three TFTs showed a negative VTH shift after 100 Gy of X-ray exposure. The degree of VTH shift correlated with an increase in conductivity, which, in turn, corresponds to the H concentration in the active layer of the as-fabricated TFTs. Based on spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis, we confirmed a large increase in the donorlike H related D1 state after X-ray irradiation in high-H concentration a-IGZO films. In addition, an increase in the number of H2 molecules in a-IGZO films after X-ray irradiation was observed via thermal desorption spectroscopy analysis. Therefore, we conclude that the increase in conductivity and/or the resulting negative VTH shift in a-IGZO TFTs during X-ray irradiation can be attributed not only to the state transition from acceptorlike to donorlike H in the as-prepared a-IGZO but also to the incorporation of additional H radicals generated by X-ray irradiation.
Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War (2006)

This article deals with factors that led to the outbreak of the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44, which claimed more than an estimated 3 million lives. Dealing with the extensive literature on the causes of the famine, it provides both administrative and statistical data on the role of both central and provincial governments in its aggravation. The timely installation of a proper mechanism for the prevention of the food crisis could have effectively checked spiralling of prices and hoarding of rice. It demonstrates the government's inability to provide adequate relief and rehabilitation measures to the victims of starvation during and after the official termination of food scarcity. The establishment of a new procurement system by the government proved abortive, especially due to bureaucratic delays and refusal to acknowledge in the early stages of the famine that there was a serious danger of food shortage in Bengal. Bureaucratic red tapism also took its toll on efforts at conceptualization and implementation of a new rationing policy supposedly drawn up by the policy makers to cope with the crisis.
Flexible micro-processing by multiple miniature robots in SEM vacuum chamber (2002)

We describe the newly developed flexible micro processing system organized by insect size robots in SEM. The small robots, composed of piezo elements and electromagnets, can move and control their position with submicron resolution. Also, these robots are small enough to be installed in the SEM vacuum chamber in which conventional machines cannot be easily set up without special procedures. As a basic function, one small robot which has a micro sliding table can transport it at the SEM focus point precisely and this sliding table can be also positioned by the other small robot. This two robots combination can provide x-y accurate positioning at any location within the chamber. On the sample table, the small robot with a micromanipulator can handle the small object for picking up and down. Also, as an advanced micro processing system, the fiber guided YAG-laser is also employed to provide the special material treatment. The operator can control each small robot easily with the help of real time monitoring of the SEM image. This collaboration of small robots in SEM has great benefit for providing both flexible and accurate micro processing performance with low cost.
Heterogeneity of high density lipoprotein generated by ABCA1 and ABCA7 (2005)

The assembly of HDL by helical apolipoprotein and cellular lipid was studied using HEK293 cells to which ecdysone-inducible human ABCA1 or human ABCA7 was transfected. Expression of both ABCA1 and ABCA7 was induced linearly proportional to ponasterone A concentration in the medium. In the experimental conditions used, the ABC protein expression levels limited the rate of lipid release when the apolipoprotein concentration was high, and the apolipoprotein concentration was rate-limiting when the ABC protein expression levels were high. When ABCA1 expression increased in conditions in which it was rate-limiting, relative cholesterol content to phospholipid increased in the HDL produced. In contrast, it was constant when ABCA7 expression increased. To investigate the background mechanism, the HDL particles were analyzed by density gradient ultracentrifugation and high performance lipid chromatography. The ABCA1-mediated reaction produced two distinct HDLs, large cholesterol-rich and small cholesterol-poor particles, and the ABCA7-mediated reaction generated mostly small cholesterol-poor particles. The increase of HDL assembly with the increase of ABCA1 expression was predominant in large cholesterol-rich particles, whereas only small cholesterol-poor HDL increased as ABCA7 expression increased. We conclude that ABCA1 generates cholesterol-rich and cholesterol-poor HDL and that the former is more prominently dependent on the increase of ABCA1 expression. ABCA7 produces this HDL subfraction only as a very minor component.
Dealing with non-stationarity in sub-daily stochastic rainfall models (2018)

Abstract. Understanding the stationarity properties of rainfall is critical when using stochastic weather generators. Rainfall stationarity means that the statistics being accounted for remain constant over a given period, which is required for both inferring model parameters and simulating synthetic rainfall. Despite its critical importance, the stationarity of precipitation statistics is often regarded as a subjective choice whose examination is left to the judgement of the modeler. It is therefore desirable to establish quantitative and objective criteria for defining stationary rain periods. To this end, we propose a methodology that automatically identifies rain types with homogeneous statistics. It is based on an unsupervised classification of the space–time–intensity structure of weather radar images. The transitions between rain types are interpreted as non-stationarities. Our method is particularly suited to deal with non-stationarity in the context of sub-daily stochastic rainfall models. Results of a synthetic case study show that the proposed approach is able to reliably identify synthetically generated rain types. The application of rain typing to real data indicates that non-stationarity can be significant within meteorological seasons, and even within a single storm. This highlights the need for a careful examination of the temporal stationarity of precipitation statistics when modelling rainfall at high resolution.
The inverse problem of a Gaussian convolution and its application to the finite size of the measurement chambers/detectors in photon and proton dosimetry (2003)

A Gaussian convolution kernel K is deduced as a Green's function of a Lie operator series. The deconvolution of a Gaussian kernel is developed by the inverse Green's function K(-1). A practical application is the deconvolution of measured profiles Dm(x) of photons and protons with finite detector size to determine the profiles Dp(x) of point-detectors or Monte Carlo Bragg curves of protons. The presented algorithms work if Dm(x) is either an analytical function or only given in a numerical form. Some approximation methods of the deconvolution are compared (differential operator expansion to analytical adaptations of 2 x 2 cm2 and 4 x 4 cm2 profiles, Hermite expansions to measured 6 x 6 cm2 and 20 x 20 cm2 profiles and Bragg curves of 80/180 MeV protons, FFT to an analytical 4 x 4 cm2 profile). The inverse problem may imply ill-posed problems, and, in particular, the use of FFT may be susceptible to them.
The Meaning of Quality: Expectations of Students in Pursuit of an MBA (2004)

Abstract In this study, the authors combined qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the meaning of quality in students' selection and evaluation of an MBA program. Results of the study indicate that students adopt a holistic approach, placing importance on a wide variety of issues that extend beyond the classroom learning setting. The study confirms the importance of constant examination of the expectations of key stakeholders in the educational process. The authors provide a dual-method approach for such examination.
In Vitro Phenotypic Susceptibility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Clinical Isolates to Protease Inhibitors (2008)

We determine phenotypic susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolates to amprenavir, atazanavir, darunavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, and tipranavir. Saquinavir, lopinavir, and darunavir are potent against wild-type HIV-2 isolates and should be preferred as first-line options for HIV-2-infected patients. Other protease inhibitors are less active against HIV-2 than against HIV-1.
Estimation of the Intra-Band Relaxation Time in Undoped AlGaAs Injection Laser (1980)

The intra-band relaxation time of the carriers was estimated from the spontaneously emitted profile for AlGaAs injection laser which has an undoped active region. The relaxation time is estimated in the range of τin=(0.7∼1.0)×10-13 s at 298 K by comparison between theoretical analysis and experimental measurement. The relaxation time increases slightly at low temperatures and is estimated as τin=(0.7∼1.5)×10-13 s at 100 K, but is almost constant with variation of the injection level. The band-tail effect is explained by the intra- band relaxation of electrons.
An exclusively dopamine secreting paraganglioma in the retroperitoneum: a first clinical case in Korea (2012)

Exclusively dopamine producing retroperitoneal paragangliomas are extremely rare. We have experienced the first Korean case managed successfully based on the proper evaluation. A 26-year-old female patient came to our attention after the accidental detection of an adrenal mass. She had no symptoms and denied any family history. Laboratory evaluations were normal but serum dopamine (425 ng/L) and 24-hour urine dopamine levels (1,565.3 µg/day) were elevated. She underwent laparoscopic right adrenalectomy. Histopathological diagnosis was a paraganglioma. After operation, dopamine levels in serum and 24-hour urine dropped to 0.09 ng/L and 388.4 µg/day. Dopamine producing paraganglioma elicit no clinical symptoms. Only the dopamine level is elevated in serum and 24-hour urine samples. Surgical resection without using preoperative alpha blockage is the treatment of choice. The prognosis for patients with this tumor tends to be poor because the diagnosis is usually delayed due to lack of symptoms.
Intraarterial Infusion Chemotherapy with [Sar1, Ile8]Angiotensin II for Bladder Cancer (1992)

Thirty-three patients with primary bladder cancer (nine stage T1 with multifocal tumors and 24 stage T2-4) were treated with intraarterial infusion chemotherapy including cisplatin, doxorubicin, and [Sar1,Ile8]Angiotensin II(AT II). Of the 32 evaluable patients, 12 had pathologically proven complete response (CR), 19 showed partial response (PR), and one showed no change (NC); the overall response rate (CR + PR) was 97%. The blood pressure increased in response to the administration of [Sar1,Ile8]AT II in all the patients; the mean increase in the systolic blood pressure was 36 mmHg. Most of the side effects were mild to moderate in severity, transient in nature, and included nausea/vomiting (100%), alopecia (84%), leukopenia (66%), headache (9%), nephrotoxicity (6%), diarrhea (3%), skin pigmentation (3%), and neurotoxicity (3%). One patient who dropped out of the study developed hemiplegia as a result of cerebral infarction. The findings indicate that it is necessary to exercise caution in selecting the patients to be subjected to this therapy. We conclude that intraarterial infusion chemotherapy combined with a vasoconstrictor has a significant effect not only against multifocal superficial bladder cancer but also against invasive bladder cancer.
Microarray-based rapid cloning of an ion accumulation deletion mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana (2004)

Here we describe the development of a microarray-based mapping strategy to rapidly isolate deletion mutant genes. The presented approach is particularly useful for mapping mutant genes that are difficult to phenotype. This strategy uses masking bulk segregant analysis to mask unrelated deletions, thus allowing identification of target deletions by microarray hybridization of pooled genomic DNA from both WT and mutant F2 populations. Elemental profiling has proven to be a powerful tool for isolation of nutrient and toxic metal accumulation mutants in Arabidopsis. Using microarray mapping, a sodium overaccumulation mutant FN1148 was identified as having a 523-bp genomic deletion within the second exon and intron of the AtHKT1 gene. Further cosegregation, complementation, and comparative analyses among different salt-sensitive mutants confirmed that the deletion within the AtHKT1 gene is responsible for the sodium overaccumulation in shoots and leaf sodium sensitivity of the FN1148 mutant. These results demonstrate that microarray-based cloning is an efficient and powerful tool to rapidly clone ion accumulation or other genetic deletion mutants that are otherwise difficult to phenotype for mapping, such as metabolic or cell signaling mutants.