gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The contrasting role of climate variation on the population dynamics of a native and an invasive insect pest (2023)

Since 2008, spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, has become a major pest of soft, thin-skinned fruits in the USA, causing significant annual yield losses. Historically, the native blueberry maggot fly, Rhagoletis mendax, has been a key blueberry pest in eastern North America and a driver of insecticide usage. After its invasion in 2011 into New Jersey (USA), D. suzukii has supplanted R. mendax as the main target of insecticide applications in the state. However, the impact of D. suzukii on the native R. mendax has not been documented, particularly in relation to local climate. Historical monitoring data from New Jersey blueberry farms were used to assess the role of climate on R. mendax and D. suzukii populations. Seasonal trap captures of R. mendax adults have decreased after D. suzukii invasion, while D. suzukii trap captures have increased. Similarly, D. suzukii first captures have occurred earlier each year, while R. mendax has been captured later in the growing season. Winter freezing and summer growing degree days were found to significantly correlate with D. suzukii activity. Using downscaled climate simulations, we projected that D. suzukii will arrive in New Jersey blueberry fields up to 5 days earlier on average by 2030 and 2 weeks earlier by 2050 with warming temperatures, exacerbating yield losses and insecticide usage. As regional temperatures are projected to warm and the invasive range continues to expand, we predict the rate of phenological development of the invasive D. suzukii and its impact on native insects to change noticeably, bringing new challenges for pest management strategies.
Eu3+-Doped Y3−xNdxAl3O12 garnet: synthesis and structural investigation (2017)

Nd<sup>3+</sup>-Doped yttrium aluminium garnet and Eu<sup>3+</sup>-Nd<sup>3+</sup>-co-doped yttrium aluminium garnet were synthesized using an environmentally friendly sol-gel method at low temperatures. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the powders sintered at 1000 °C showed the purity and formation of monophasic compounds. The phase composition and purity confirmation of the samples were also characterized via FTIR spectroscopy. Desirable microstructural features and particle size of phosphorous materials of the polycrystalline samples were studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The local environments of Eu<sup>3+</sup> and Nd<sup>3+</sup> activator ions of the garnets structure compounds were investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The local environments of the small number of substituted phosphorous ions (Eu<sup>3+</sup> and Nd<sup>3+</sup>) in YAG were shown to critically influence optical properties. Structural features of garnets were found to correlate with their luminescence properties. The luminescence properties were characterized using the results from a photoluminescence (PL) study. Effective concentration of luminescent ion - Nd in YAG was, observed and the optimum ratio between two phosphorous (Eu<sup>3+</sup> and Nd<sup>3+</sup>) was analysed. The transition among europium and neodymium phosphorus was determined.
2-(3-Methyl-3H-diaziren-3-yl)ethyl 1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate:  A Derivative of the Stereoselective General Anesthetic Etomidate for Photolabeling Ligand-Gated Ion Channels (2003)

To locate general anesthetic binding sites on ligand-gated ion channels, a diazirine derivative of the potent intravenous anesthetic, R-(+)-etomidate (2-ethyl 1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate), has been synthesized and characterized. R-(+)-Azietomidate [2-(3-methyl-3H-diaziren-3-yl)ethyl 1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate] anesthetizes tadpoles with an EC(50) of 2.2 microM, identical to that of R-(+)-etomidate. At this concentration both agents equally enhanced GABA-induced currents and decreased binding of the caged-convulsant [(35)S]TBPS to GABA(A) receptors. In all of the above actions R-(+)-azietomidate is about an order of magnitude more potent than S-(-)-azietomidate, an enantioselectivity comparable to etomidate's. R-(+)-Azietomidate also inhibits acetylcholine-induced currents in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, with about twice the potency of the parent compound. [(3)H]Azietomidate photoincorporated into Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-rich membranes. Desensitization decreased photoincorporation into the delta-subunit and increased that into the alpha-subunit. The latter increase was confined to a proteolytic fragment containing the first three transmembrane segments. Thus, R-(+)-azietomidate is a potent stereoselective general anesthetic and an effective photolabel.
Advanced metrology techniques for the characterization of EUV mask blank defects (2012)

Characterization of defects and their sources is essential for developing mitigation solutions to support the production of defect-free extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask blanks. Enhancements to cleaning processes and the deposition tool are proving to decrease the defect density on mask blanks, and the resulting defect trends can be tracked to determine the effectiveness of these improvements. While standard defect characterization methods such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can provide useful information for large defects, sub-100 nm defects pose challenges to the current conventional metrology techniques. To address the study of these nanoscale defects, SEMATECH's Mask Blank Development Center (MBDC) houses advanced metrology capabilities that include Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both techniques are providing enhanced compositional analysis capabilities for defect reduction efforts. TEM is proving to be a valuable technique for defect mitigation and is currently supporting many other projects including substrate smoothing activities, deposition simulation development, and defect printability studies. The rising issues with the metrology of increasingly small EUV mask blank defects will be outlined, and comprehensive characterization results using TEM and AES on EUV mask blank defects will be presented.
Changes in the Endogenous Growth Regulators in Bulbous Iris in Bulb-forming and Nonbulb-forming Aspects (1981)

Bulblets of 3–4 g of Dutch iris (Iris hollandica) cv. Dominator stored at 20°C and then grown at 15°C developed only three or four leaves and bulbs formed at the base of each leaf, whereas when grown at 25°C, they continued to grow vegetatively with the development of 10 true leaves and did not form any new bulb. This demonstrated that bulb formation in bulbous plants can be controlled by environmental factors. The levels of both abscisic acid and auxin activities increased during growth under the bulb-forming condition whereas only auxin activity increased under the nonbulb-forming condition. The coexistence of both abscisic acid and auxin seems to be essential in the processes of bulb formation.
Unlocking the brain's mysteries: Meet the bioengineers behind next-generation neural devices (2014)

Bioengineers in the Neural Technologies Group at Lawrence Livermore are creating the next generation of clinical- and research-quality neural interfaces. The goal is to gain a fundamental understanding of neuroscience, treat a variety of debilitating neurological disorders (such as Parkinson's, depression, and epilepsy), and restore lost neural functions such as sight, hearing, and mobility.
Optically-Amplified Scalable WDM Networks Using Acousto-Optic Filters for Amplification Gain Equalization and Signal Routing (1997)

Abstract : This final report discusses development of Acousto Optic Tunable Filter (AOTF) technology for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in optical networks. The ability of tho AOTF to function as a digital or analog wavelength selective filter. with independent control of each wavelength channel or spectral window allows the AOTF to solve the seemingly unrelated problems of gain equalization and wavelength channel routing simultaneously. An AOTF with intrinsic gain als provides the capability for a lossless switch. Specific results of the effort include: packaged sidelobe suppressed AOTF's as hybrid polarization independent switches for gain equalization experiments requirements for passive and active filters for effective gain equalization in single and cascaded Erbium Doped Fiber Optic Amplifiers. single amplifier cascades delivery of a gain equalizer subsystem to ONTC, the development of a mathematical model for AOTFs with gain fabrication of waveguides in Er:Ti:LiNbO3, requirements for optimum pump and device packaging of AOTFs with gain. demonstration of the gain and noise properties of AOTFs with gain and determination of optimal system performance of an AOTF with gain.
Electrical diagnostics of high voltage devices via high resolution near field analysis (2016)

We here present our latest developments concerning an optical pigtailed electric field sensor dedicated to the monitoring and the analysis of medium and high voltage devices. This non invasive sensor allow to perform safely the electric field vectorial characterization in the closest vicinity of a device under test. The realized optical probe demonstrates here its potentialities for the diagnostic of a 25 kV monoconductor cable and is also exploited to analyse a default on a 100 kV insulator.
Tesla-Range Femtosecond Pulses of Stationary Magnetic Field, Optically Generated at the Nanoscale in a Plasmonic Antenna (2021)

The inverse Faraday effect allows the generation of stationary magnetic fields through optical excitation only. This light-matter interaction in metals results from creating drift currents <i>via</i> nonlinear forces that light applies to the conduction electrons. Here, we describe the theory underlying the generation of drift currents in metals, particularly its application to photonic nanostructures using numerical simulations. We demonstrate that a gold photonic nanoantenna, optimized by a genetic algorithm, allows, under high excitation power, to maximize the drift currents and generate a pulse of stationary magnetic fields in the tesla range. This intense magnetic field, confined at the nanoscale and for a few femtoseconds, results from annular optical confinement and not from the creation of a single optical hot spot. Moreover, by controlling the incident polarization state, we demonstrate the orientation control of the created magnetic field and its reversal on demand. Finally, the stationary magnetic field's temporal behavior and the drift currents associated with it reveal the subcycle nature of this light-matter interaction. The manipulation of drift currents by a plasmonic nanostructure for the generation of stationary magnetic field pulses finds applications in the ultrafast control of magnetic domains with applications not only in data storage technologies but also in research fields such as magnetic trapping, magnetic skyrmion, magnetic circular dichroism, to spin control, spin precession, spin currents, and spin-waves, among others.
Some recent advances in the design and the use of miniaturized droplet-based continuous process: Applications in chemistry and high-pressure microflows (2010)

This mini-review focuses on two different miniaturizing approaches: the first one describes the generation and use of droplets flowing within a millifluidic tool as individual batch microreactors. The second one reports the use of high pressure microflows in chemistry. Millifluidics is an inexpensive, versatile and easy to use approach which is upscaled from microfluidics. It enables one to produce hierarchically organized multiple emulsions or particles with a good control over sizes and shapes, as well as to provide a convenient data acquisition platform dedicated to slow or rather fast chemical reactions, i.e., from hours to a few minutes. High-pressure resistant devices were recently fabricated and used to generate stable droplets from pressurized fluids such as supercritical fluid-liquid systems. We believe that supercritical microfluidics is a promising tool to develop sustainable processes in chemistry.
Study of semiconductor surfaces and interfaces using electromodulation (2001)

The modulation spectroscopy technique of electromodulation (EM) is a major tool for the study and characterization of a number of semiconductor surfaces/interfaces and also for the evaluation of process-induced damage at surfaces. The most useful forms of EM are photoreflectance (PR) and contactless electroreflectance (CER) because they are sensitive to surface/interface electric fields and often yield the sharpest structure (third-derivative lineshape of the unmodulated spectrum in the case of bulk/thin-film material). For sufficiently high electric fields the PR/CER spectra may exhibit Franz–Keldysh oscillations, which are a direct measure of the relevant electric field. Furthermore, PR and CER require no special mounting of the sample and hence can be employed in situ (PR) or non-destructively on wafer-sized material. This article will discuss some recent applications of PR/CER for the investigation of a number of surfaces/interfaces, such as: process-induced effects on the surface of Si; Fermi-level pinning on a number of III–V materials, including low-temperature-grown GaAs (with excess As) and wurtzite GaN; Schottky barrier formation; process-induced damage (sputtering, reactive ion etching, chemically assisted ion beam etching) on III–V materials; homojunctions (GaAs/GaAs); heterojunctions (GaAlAs/GaAs, ZnSe/GaAs, CdTe/GaAs, AlInAs/InP, InGaAs/InP, InGaAs/InAlAs and wurtzite InGaN/GaN); and device structures such as heterojunction bipolar transistors and pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistors. A number of these studies have been performed in situ with an ultrahigh vacuum environment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A public policy strategies for electric vehicles and for vehicle to grid power (2013)

The paper aims is to define the possible efficient action of a public policy toward Electric Vehicles (EV) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) development. We will start our paper by a discussion on the market failures appealing for a public intervention in the EV and V2G activities. We then address four main dimensions of a coordinated public policy toward the development of an EV industry: 1) mitigate the currently high purchase price; 2) define a standard for infrastructure equipment, 3) facilitate development of grid services businesses, which will both improve the electric system and make EVs more economically competitive, and 4) define and initiate R&D programs to advance key EV components that still require research and development for successful EV introduction. In this paper, we will investigate current barriers to widespread EV deployment, review the state of art of public policies toward these problems, then we propose some remedies for each of the identified problems and advocate integrated public action to address these problems.
A technique for projection x-ray lithography using computer-generated holograms (1992)

X-ray projection lithography has recently been explored as a method for the manufacture of &amp;lt;200 nm linewidth integrated circuits. A method is described whereby projected lithographic images can be formed with x rays by means of a transmission hologram. The form of the hologram is computed by an algorithm that eliminates the unwanted signals normally present as systematic errors in in-line holographic images. Example calculations are shown in which holograms are constructed to generate images of a given test pattern. The holographic images are shown to have excellent fidelity with respect to both resolution and contrast. Such an approach to projection x-ray lithography requires an x-ray beam with very little coherence and is thus compatible with high wafer throughput schemes; in addition, image fidelity remains high even when moderately small contaminant particles block the light from small regions of the hologram. Fabrication limits for the single optic involved are compatible with current technological limits. The approach is applicable over a large range of soft-x-ray wavelengths, indicating the feasibility of a 100 nm resolution system with 6 μm depth of field using a carbon mask system operating at 5 nm, or other materials at shorter wavelengths.
Performance of Sunflowers in Central and Western North Dakota (1975)

In 1975, North Dakota was the leading sunflower producing state in the United States with about 400,000 acres harvested. Two tests were conducted and compared on sunflowers at two different sites. Although sunflowers are considered relatively drought tolerant and adapted to a wide range of soil types, little information was available on the performance of sunflowers outside the generally more favorable soil and moisture conditions prevailing in the eastern part of the state. Sunflower yields from variety trials conducted at Carrington, Minot Clnd Williston,
ND, under sometimes drought-like conditions. Seed oil contents of oilseed varieties at Minot and Williston were similar to those of sunflowers produced at Casselton in the Red River Valley production area. Oil contents at Carrington and percentage of large seed of confectionery varieties at all three locations were lower than at Casselton. In 1975, the prices and yields, sunflowers were promising promise as an alternative crop for portions of central and western North Dakota.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Mechanism and Efficacy of Sub–50-nm Tenfibgen Nanocapsules for Cancer Cell–Directed Delivery of Anti-CK2 RNAi to Primary and Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF - 828K, Interrogation of an HNC Affymetrix U-133a microarray database for s50-TBG-RNAi-CK2-related proteins in human HNC tumor vs. normal oral mucosa.&lt;/p&gt;
A graphical environment for change detection in structured documents (2002)

Change detection in structured documents (e.g. SGML) is important in many applications including data warehousing, digital libraries and Internet databases. The paper presents a graphical environment for detecting changes in the structured documents. The authors represent each document by an ordered labeled tree based on the underlying markup language. They then compare two documents by using previously developed algorithms for pattern matching and pattern discovery in trees. Several operators are developed to support the comparison of the documents; graphical devices are provided to facilitate the use of the operators. They believe the proposed tool is useful for not only document management, but also software maintenance, particularly configuration management and version control, where programs are represented as parse trees and detecting changes in the trees provides a way to find the syntactic differences of two program versions.
Atmospheric Outflow of Anthropogenic Semivolatile Organic Compounds from East Asia in Spring 2004 (2007)

To estimate the emissions of anthropogenic semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) from East Asia and to identify unique SOC molecular markers in Asian air masses, high-volume air samples were collected on the island of Okinawa, Japan between 22 March and 2 May 2004. Contributions from different source regions (China, Japan, the Koreas, Russia, and ocean/local) were estimated by use of source region impact factors (SRIFs). Elevated concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorcyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were attributed to air masses from China. A large proportion of the variation in the current-use pesticides, gas-phase PAHs, and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations was explained by meteorology. Chlordanes showed a technical mixture profile and similar concentrations regardless of source region. alpha/gamma HCH and trans/cis chlordane ratios did not vary significantly with different source regions and had regional averages of 2.5 +/- 1.0 and 1.2 +/- 0.3, respectively. Particulate-phase PAH concentrations were significantly correlated (p value < 0.05) with other incomplete combustion byproduct concentrations, including elemental mercury (Hg0), CO, NOx, black carbon, submicrometer aerosols, and SO2. By use of measured PAH, CO, and black carbon concentrations and estimated CO and black carbon emission inventories, the emission of six carcinogenic particulate-phase PAHs was estimated to be 1518-4179 metric tons/year for Asia and 778-1728 metric tons/year for China, respectively. These results confirm that East Asian outflow contains significant emissions of carcinogenic particulate-phase PAHs.
Mapping in dynamic environments using stereo vision (2011)

Next generation driver assistance systems demand a precise perception of the vicinity of the vehicle. Sensor readings are usually harnessed to gain knowledge of all moving and stationary obstacles. Commonly two paradigms are followed. Stationary environments are well modeled by non-parametric occupancy grids. Contrary, moving objects require a tracking and are not well suited for grid-based techniques. However, tracking objects requires some prior knowledge and parameterization which is inferior for unstructured cluttered obstacles. Herein we augment a grid-based mapping method designed for static environments with object tracking hence complementing both approaches. To this end we classify regions of stereo images into moving and stationary parts. The stationary part is fused in our static grid whereas moving parts are tracked yielding reliable motion estimates. The classifier used to distinguish moving from stationary parts is based on a Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT), a model selection method which blends well into the tracking architecture. Thereby we achieve real-time operability on modest computing hardware.
Genetics, Breeding, and Marker‐Assisted Selection for Verticillium Wilt Resistance in Cotton (2014)

ABSTRACT Verticillium wilt (VW), caused by the soil‐borne fungus Verticillium dahliae Kleb., is one of the most destructive diseases in Upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in the U.S. and worldwide. Development of VW‐resistant cultivars remains the only economic option for controlling the disease. The objective of this review was to summarize the progress in screening methods, resistance sources, and genetics, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, marker‐assisted selection (MAS) and breeding for VW resistance in cotton. Even though Gossypium barbadense L. carries high levels of resistance, its resistance has not been transferred into commercial Upland cultivars. Many Acala cotton cultivars developed in New Mexico and California between the 1940s and the 1990s, and some commercial transgenic cultivars are tolerant or moderately resistant to VW. However, due to difficulties in achieving consistent and uniform inoculation and infection with V. dahliae , both qualitative and quantitative inheritance of VW resistance have been reported in numerous studies for resistant G. barbadense and Upland genotypes. Several QTL analyses have shown the existence of VW resistance QTLs on almost all the tetraploid cotton chromosomes; however, QTLs have most frequently been detected on c5, c7, c8, c11, c16, c17, c19, c21, c23, c24, and c26. This has led to MAS for progeny with favorable QTL alleles for VW resistance in several experiments. Phenotypic selection for VW resistance has been inefficient, while the effectiveness and efficiency of MAS remain to be validated. There is an urgent need for the development of better plant inoculation and screening methods, and for more molecular mapping studies to discern the genetic basis of VW resistance in cotton.