gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characerizing Shrinkage Porosity in Gray Cast Iron using Microstructure Investigation (2008)

The presence of defects is of major concern in the production of grey iron castings. Some defects are merely an aesthetic problem while others can be detrimental for the performance of the component. Among the several possible defects, shrinkage porosity is one of the more challenging to understand and avoid. This type of defect can penetrate through the casting as a three-dimensional network. The purpose of this work has been to develop knowledge and understanding about the foundry process in order to increase product quality by eliminating or at least minimising the presence of shrinkage porosity in the production of vital engine components. This was done by developing fundamental knowledge concerning factors known to influence the presence of shrinkage porosity. Initially, an investigation was carried out in order to characterize shrinkage porosity commonly occurring in cylinder heads. Factors found to be important and contributing to the formation of shrinkage porosity were identified. It was found that this type of defect is formed at hot spots that have migrated during solidification. Knowledge of the migrating hot spot was used as a design criterion in the development of a geometry with the purpose of deliberately generating porosity. Based on this geometry a mechanism for the formation of this type of shrinkage porosity was proposed. The formation of shrinkage porosity depends on gases dissolved in the melt. In this work, their levels and variations in the melting process were investigated. It was shown how the solubility of oxygen depends on the temperature but not on the method used to produce the iron. On the other hand, the total amount of oxygen depends on the process but not on temperature. The discussion about gases also included hydrogen and nitrogen. The solidification of grey cast iron is complex. It is during the solidification that not only the final properties of the component but also the conditions for defect formation are established. Shrinkage porosity is formed due to volumetric changes followed by an inability to supply material to the contracting areas. The solidification of grey iron starts with nucleation and growth of the primary austenite followed by nucleation of eutectic cells. It was found that the microstructural constituents are interconnected. The importance of the macrostructure was also discussed and it was shown that shrinkage porosity can be found not only between eutectic cells but also between equiaxed crystals.
Noise-based information processing (2011)

We briefly introduce noise-based logic. After describing the main motivations we outline classical, instantaneous (squeezed and non-squeezed), continuum, spike and random-telegraph-signal based schemes with applications such as circuits that emulate the brain functioning and string verification via a slow communication channel.
Implementation of an FPGA based accelerator for virtual private networks (2003)

Virtual Private Networks (VPN) are becoming increasingly popular network architectures for corporate networks. As VPNs are built on the Internet infrastructure, the data exchange among different local area networks will be passed through the Internet and thus can be easily eavesdropped, masqueraded, etc. Therefore, certain security measures must be used to deal with these privacy issues. The Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) addresses the abovementioned security issues and the Free Secure Wide Area Network (FreeS/WAN) is an open source software implementation of IPSec for Linux which uses triple-DES as the default encryption mode. As shown in this paper, the performance of FreeS/WAN with IPSec is 50% of that without encryption. In order to improve its performance, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) based triple-DES accelerator was built on a reconfigurable computing development platform called Pilchard and achieved a throughput of more than 120 Mb/sec for triple-DES in cipher-block chaining mode, a speedup of 3 over a software implementation, Measurements show that an FPGA-accelerated FreeS/WAN offers a 30% speedup for the TCP protocol over the original software library.
A conserved uORF regulates APOBEC3G translation and is targeted by HIV-1 Vif protein to repress the antiviral factor (2021)

ABSTRACT The HIV-1 Vif protein is essential for viral fitness and pathogenicity. Vif decreases expression of cellular restriction factors APOBEC3G (A3G), A3F, A3D and A3H, which inhibit HIV-1 replication by inducing hypermutation during reverse transcription. Vif counteracts A3G at several levels (transcription, translation and protein degradation) that together reduce the levels of A3G in cells and prevent its incorporation into viral particles. How Vif affects A3G translation remains unclear. Here, we uncovered the importance of a short conserved uORF (upstream ORF) located within two critical stem-loop structures of the 5’ untranslated region (5’UTR) of A3G mRNA for this process. A3G translation occurs through a combination of leaky-scanning and translation re-initiation and the presence of an intact uORF decreases the extent of global A3G translation under normal conditions. Interestingly, the uORF is also absolutely required for Vif-mediated translation inhibition and redirection of A3G mRNA into stress granules. Overall, we discovered that A3G translation is regulated by a small uORF conserved in the human population and that Vif uses this specific feature to repress its translation.
Effect of Conocarpus Biochar Application on the Hydraulic Properties of a Sandy Loam Soil (2013)

Biochar research has received greater interest in recent years because of its potential beneficial effects on soil properties and its efficiency as a long-term C sequester. In this study, the effect of Conocarpus biochar application on the hydraulic properties of a sandy loam soil was investigated. Evaporation rate, water retention, soil water infiltration, and soil aggregate stability were measured in soil columns packed with a sandy loam soil amended with 5, 10, 15, and 20 g [BULLET OPERATOR] kg − 1 of non-activated biochar. Results showed that cumulative evaporation was reduced by 5.4% to 12.1% as a result of increasing biochar application. The application of biochar enhanced the capacity of the soil to retain water by 8.9%, 17.6%, 28.1%, and 30.9% for soils treated with biochar rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 g [BULLET OPERATOR] kg − 1, respectively. Water content at field capacity increased in the top 10 cm by 7.2% to 15.9%. Water-holding capacity was increased by increasing the application rate of biochar. The percentage of water-stable aggregates was increased, especially in the larger fractional sizes (2–0.25 mm). On the other hand, the application of biochar decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate, but had minimal effect on other hydraulic parameters. The ability of biochar to reduce water evaporation and improve water retention of coarse-textured sandy soils can help to enhance soil quality and productivity, reduce the amount of irrigation water, and maintain crop yields for crops exposed to water stress, especially in arid and semiarid regions.
CO2 Splitting via Two-Step Solar Thermochemical Cycles with Zn/ZnO and FeO/Fe3O4 Redox Reactions: Thermodynamic Analysis (2008)

Two-step thermochemical cycles for CO2 reduction via Zn/ZnO and FeO/Fe3O4 redox reactions are considered. The first, endothermic step is the thermal dissociation of the metal oxide into the metal or a reduced valence metal oxide and O2 using concentrated solar energy as the source of high-temperature process heat. The second, nonsolar, exothermic step is the reaction of the reduced metal/metal oxide with CO2, yielding CO and/or C, together with the initial form of the metal oxide that is recycled to the first step. Chemical equilibrium compositions of the pertinent reactions are computed as a function of temperature and pressure. A second-law thermodynamic analysis for the net reaction of CO2 = CO + 0.5O2 indicates a maximal solar−chemical energy conversion efficiency of 39 and 29% for the Zn/ZnO and FeO/Fe3O4 cycle, respectively. Efficiencies are lower for both cycles yielding C. Major sources of irreversibility are associated with the re-radiation losses of the solar reactor operating at 2000 K and the quenching of its products to avoid recombination.
The Influence of the Sampling Point on Testicular Steroid Concentrations in Spermatic Venous Blood: A Physiological Approach to Evaluate Testicular Secretion (1987)

In the present study, we have evaluated the influence of the location of the blood sampling in the spermatic vein on the steroid concentrations observed. Simultaneous blood sampling at two different points of the spermatic vein (iliac level and pampiniform plexus) was perfomed in the same patients during a surgical protocol for varicocelectomy. In order to further evaluate which of the two sampling points is more useful to investigate testicular secretion, we have performed both forms of sampling in 4 volunteers given an HCG stimulation 24 h before the surgical procedure. It was found that levels of testosterone (T) and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) were higher in the pampiniform plexus (scrotal) than at the iliac sampling point (T scrotal 1,168.343 +/- 142.65 nmol/l, iliac 850.63 +/- 143.411 nmol/l, n = 21, p less than 0.01; 17-OHP scrotal 260.130 +/- 43.14 nmol/l, iliac 164.46 +/- 31.02 nmol/l, n = 17, p less than 0.01). This indicates that spermatic blood collected at the scrotal sampling point has received more blood coming from the testis than the blood collected at the iliac point. We did not observe significant differences in progesterone and delta 4-androstenedione (delta 4) levels between the two samplings. The T/delta 4 ratio was significantly lower in the iliac than in the scrotal sampling (T/delta 4 scrotal 31.420 +/- 6.69; iliac 15.41 +/- 3.84; p less than 0.05). After HCG stimulation, testosterone concentrations were higher in the pampiniform plexus than in the iliac sample. This suggests that the first sampling point is more proper for studying testicular secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Probing the genome for new drugs and targets with DNA arrays (1997)

Automated fluorescent sequencers have now generated full and partial sequences of several eukaryotic genomes. How can we best use this information to discover new drugs? One important tool is mRNA expression profiling with DNA arrays. Large-scale high-density DNA arrays can be created for hybridization experiments with complex probes to determine in one experiment the level of mRNA expression of each arrayed gene. Genes regulated during a physiological response or disease state can now be quickly identified and become candidates for more intense investigation. Conversely, patterns of expression levels can be used as assays for every step in the drug discovery and development process, from target discovery through clinical evaluation. This review summarizes the opportunity presented by combining EST sequencing data with mRNA expression profiling with DNA arrays to find new ways of discovering drugs. Drug Dev. Res. 41:160–172, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fabrication of robust poly l-lactic acid/cyclic olefinic copolymer (PLLA/COC) blends: study of physical properties, structure, and cytocompatibility for bone tissue engineering (2021)

Poly (l-lacticacid) (PLLA) is an FDA approved material for bone tissue engineering but its inherent brittleness and low melting ability are major challenges for its large-scale commercial applications. This challenge can be overcome by making its blends. This study reports blends of PLLA with a relatively new class of polymer i.e. cyclic olefinic copolymer and their miscibility, thermal behavior, morphology, crystallinity, degradability, and excellent biocompatibility is evaluated. Blends were prepared by taking 5–30 weight percent COC with PLLA matrix using solvent casting method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that PLLA/COC form miscible blends up to 5–20 wt% of COC. FTIR, XRD, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data showed that addition of COC to PLLA resulted in decrease in crystallinity along with formation of new α′-crystalline phase which coexists with inherent α-phase of PLLA in the blends. The transformation of α′-form is due to the presence of Van der Waals forces of interactions of the polymer chain moieties between PLLA and COC. Interestingly, PLLA/COC blends exhibited superior mechanical properties in relation to the pure PLLA. Compressive modulus values for PLLA/COC 10wt% increased 117% as compared to pure PLLA. PLLA/COC blends at 10 wt% have maximum ultimate tensile strength, modulus, and toughness ~ 123%, 67.8% and, 18.87% respectively. PLLA/COC blends showed increased swelling and degradation results as compared to PLLA. PLLA/COC blends exhibited excellent cytocompatibility over PLLA with preosteoblast (MC3T3-E1) and bone marrow stem cells (BMSc) cell lines suggesting possible candidate for Bone Tissue Engineering.
Differential Stem Proteomics and Metabolomics Profiles for Four Wheat Cultivars in Response to the Insect Pest Wheat Stem Sawfly (2020)

Common wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) is a global staple crop, and insect pests can impact grain yield. The wheat stem sawfly (<i>Cephus cinctus</i>, WSS) is a major wheat pest, and while partial resistance has been deployed by breeding for a solid-stem trait, this trait is affected by environment. Here, a proteomics and metabolomics study was performed on four wheat cultivars to characterize a molecular response to WSS infestation. The cultivars Hatcher (hollow-stem partially tolerant), Conan (semisolid-stem-resistant), and Denali and Reeder (hollow-stem-susceptible) were infested with WSS, and changes in stem proteins and metabolites were characterized using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The proteome was characterized as 1830 proteins that included five major biological processes, including metabolic processes and response to stimuli, and the metabolome (1823 metabolites) spanned eight chemical superclasses, including alkaloids, benzenoids, and lipids. All four varieties had a molecular response to WSS following infestation. Hatcher had the most distinct changes, whereby 62 proteins and 29 metabolites varied in metabolic pathways involving enzymatic detoxification, proteinase inhibition, and antiherbivory compound production via benzoxazinoids, neolignans, and phenolics. Taken together, these data demonstrate variation in the wheat stem molecular response to WSS infestation and support breeding for molecular resistance in hollow-stem cultivars.
Solder Jet&#x2122; - Optics Jet&#x2122; - AromaJet&#x2122; - Reagent Jet - Tooth Jet and other Applications of Ink-Jet Printing Technology (2002)

Over the past twenty years, ink-jet printing technology has not only become a dominant player in the low cost color printer and industrial marking markets, it has become accepted as a precision microdispensing technology. With this broader view of the technologies encompassed by the term ink-jet, applications in electronics, optics, displays, virtual reality, medical diagnostics, and medical procedures have been developed using ink-jet fluid microdispensing as an enabling technology.This paper will survey these nontraditional applications of ink-jet printing technology and focus on solder, optical polymer, armoa, reagent, and optical absorber printing, along with unique requirements and fluid properties associated with these applications. Other applications that will be discussed include genetic diagnostics, protein based drug discovery (proteomics), light emitting polymers, organic semiconductors, and electronic materials. Issues associated with jetting fundamentals versus system requirements will be highlighted.
Enantiomeric fractionation of metoprolol and its major transformation products for quantitative biodegradation measurement and elucidation of biodegradation mechanisms (2015)

International audience
Specificity of autoantibodies for recombinant 60–kd and 52–kd ro autoantigens (1994)

Disease state can influence recognition of the recombinant 60-kd Ro antigen.
Allosteric Modulation of Human Serum Albumin Induced by Peptide Ligand (2017)

Human serum albumin ( HSA ) is an abundant protein in plasma that can bind and transport many small molecules, and the corresponding affinity‐controlled drug delivery shows great advantage in the biological system. Peptide SA06 is a reported ligand comprising 20 amino acids, and is known to non‐covalently bind with HSA to extend the lifetime and improve the pharmacokinetic performance. The structural information of the HSA ‐peptide complex is keen for obtaining molecular insight of the binding mechanism. We studied the secondary structural change and structure‐affinity relations of Peptide SA06 with HSA by using circular dichroism ( CD ) spectroscopy in solution. Noticeable allosteric effect can be identified by compositional increase of α ‐helix structures when the peptide was co‐incubated with HSA . Furthermore, the equilibrium dissociation constant of Peptide SA06 with HSA can be determined by CD ‐based method. This work provides structural evidence on the allosteric interaction between peptide ligand and HSA , and sheds light on optimization of therapeutic properties in the affinity‐controlled delivery systems.
Effect of blosozumab on bone mineral density: results of a phase 2 study of postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density (2013)

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences on calcified tissues ISSN 2052-1219 (online)
Comparative Analysis of the 15.5kD Box C/D snoRNP Core Protein in the Primitive Eukaryote Giardia lamblia Reveals Unique Structural and Functional Features (2011)

Box C/D ribonucleoproteins (RNP) guide the 2'-O-methylation of targeted nucleotides in archaeal and eukaryotic rRNAs. The archaeal L7Ae and eukaryotic 15.5kD box C/D RNP core protein homologues initiate RNP assembly by recognizing kink-turn (K-turn) motifs. The crystal structure of the 15.5kD core protein from the primitive eukaryote Giardia lamblia is described here to a resolution of 1.8 Å. The Giardia 15.5kD protein exhibits the typical α-β-α sandwich fold exhibited by both archaeal L7Ae and eukaryotic 15.5kD proteins. Characteristic of eukaryotic homologues, the Giardia 15.5kD protein binds the K-turn motif but not the variant K-loop motif. The highly conserved residues of loop 9, critical for RNA binding, also exhibit conformations similar to those of the human 15.5kD protein when bound to the K-turn motif. However, comparative sequence analysis indicated a distinct evolutionary position between Archaea and Eukarya. Indeed, assessment of the Giardia 15.5kD protein in denaturing experiments demonstrated an intermediate stability in protein structure when compared with that of the eukaryotic mouse 15.5kD and archaeal Methanocaldococcus jannaschii L7Ae proteins. Most notable was the ability of the Giardia 15.5kD protein to assemble in vitro a catalytically active chimeric box C/D RNP utilizing the archaeal M. jannaschii Nop56/58 and fibrillarin core proteins. In contrast, a catalytically competent chimeric RNP could not be assembled using the mouse 15.5kD protein. Collectively, these analyses suggest that the G. lamblia 15.5kD protein occupies a unique position in the evolution of this box C/D RNP core protein retaining structural and functional features characteristic of both archaeal L7Ae and higher eukaryotic 15.5kD homologues.
A rewriting approach to the design and evolution of object-oriented languages (2007)

Rewriting logic semantics provides an environment for defining new and existing languages. These language definitions are formal and executable, providing language interpreters almost for free while also providing a framework for building analysis tools, such as type checkers, model checkers, and abstract interpreters. Large subsets of several existing object-oriented languages have been defined, while a new research language, KOOL, has been created as a platform for experimenting with language features and type systems. At the same time, new tools and formalisms aimed specifically at programming languages are being developed.
Special Issue “Micro and Nano Flows 2016 (MNF2016) – Biomedical Stream” (2017)

In vitro replication of traumatic spinal cord injury is necessary to understand its biomechanics and to improve animal models. During a traumatic spinal cord injury, the spinal cord withstands an impaction at high velocity. In order to fully assess the impaction, the use of spinal canal occlusion sensor is necessary. A physical spinal cord surrogate is also often used to simulate the presence of the spinal cord and its surrounding structures. In this study, an instrumented physical spinal cord surrogate is presented and validated. The sensing is based on light transmission loss observed in embedded bare optical fibers subjected to bending.The instrumented surrogate exhibits similar mechanical properties under static compression compared to fresh porcine spinal cords. The instrumented surrogate has a compression sensing threshold of 40% that matches the smallest compression values leading to neurological injuries. The signal obtained from the sensor allows calculating the compression of the spinal cord surrogate with a maximum of 5% deviation. Excellent repeatability was also observed under repetitive loading.The proposed instrumented spinal cord surrogate is promising with satisfying mechanical properties and good sensing capability. It is the first attempt at proposing a method to assess the internal loads sustained by the spinal cord during a traumatic injury.
Insights into dual-functional modification for water stability enhancement of mesoporous zirconium metal–organic frameworks (2022)

This study revealed dual functions of the installed Facac ligands: enhancement of framework mechanical stability due to electrostatic interactions; and weaker capillary forces evaluated from free energies of dehydration during water evacuation.
Synthesis of guanosine and its derivatives from 5-amino-1-.beta.-D-ribofuranosyl-4-imidazolecarboxamide. II. Ring closure with sodium methyl xanthate (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of guanosine and its derivatives from 5-amino-1-.beta.-D-ribofuranosyl-4-imidazolecarboxamide. II. Ring closure with sodium methyl xanthateAkihiro Yamazaki, Izumi Kumashiro, and Tadao TakenishiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 10, 3032–3038Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01285a021https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01285a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views217Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts