gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance Evaluation in Transmission Neutron Tomography using Geant4 (2017)

Thermal neutron tomography is a non-destructive technique used for the investigation of the internal structure of objects. This technique provides complementary information to X-ray tomography for a wide range of applications in science and engineering. High spatial resolution of a neutron tomography system can be achieved with a thinner scintillator and a well collimated neutron beam. In this work, Geant4 is used to model and study the performance of a thermal neutron tomography system which includes a thermal neutron source, a scintillation screen and a pixilated imaging detector. The thermal neutron source is assumed to be a beam extracted from the PULSTAR research reactor at North Carolina State University (NCSU). The 6LiF:ZnS(Ag) scintillator is modelled along with the pixelated detector to record the projection data. The projection data is obtained by simulating 25 μm, 50 μm and 250 μm thick scintillators at two positions from the beam aperture yielding different L/D ratio. The filtered back projection (FBP) algorithm is used for the reconstruction of the projection data. Several FBP filters are evaluated with the Hanning filter giving the best reconstruction performance. Further simulations are carried out for the measurement of the spatial resolution of the radiographs and the scintillator screen separately. The results show that as the scintillator screen thickness decreases and/or as the object and detector distance from the beam aperture increases, the spatial resolution improves. Estimation of the contribution of tomographic image reconstruction is performed and found to be of similar magnitude to other components.
On accurately tracking the harmonic components' parameters in voiced-speech segments and subsequent modeling by a transfer function (2003)

An improved method for modeling voiced speech signals is proposed. First, a method to accurately model the signals using a linear combination of harmonically related sinewaves is described. The method fits a linear combination of sines and cosines whose frequencies are integer multiples of the unknown fundamental (pitch) frequency to the speech data in the least-square sense. The amplitudes of the sinewaves and the fundamental frequency are the unknowns and are determined simultaneously using the least-squares fit. It is shown how one can obtain smoothly varying frequency and amplitude tracks for all the harmonics and thus model the speech signal parsimoniously.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Histogram partition based gamma correction for image contrast enhancement (2012)

This paper presents an adaptive image contrast enhancement method. The proposed method is based on a local gamma correction piloted by histogram analysis. First, the image histogram is partitioned based on the local minima and the mean gray-level of each partition is calculated. Then, gamma correction is performed using the resulted mean gray-levels. By analyzing the partitioned histograms, the parameters are automatically adjusted. Experimental results show that both good contrast enhancement performance and image brightness preservation can be achieved by the proposed method.
Shadowing effect minimization in EUV mask by modeling (2004)

In Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography, the electromagnetic modeling of the mask allows to determine the influence of the mask structure on the electromagnetic field and on the aerial image. It is very useful to study the effect of the shape absorber on the CD shift. This effect, called shadowing effect, is analyzed in this paper. A simple geometrical approach to address this phenomenon is presented first. It is shown that although it can qualitatively be drawn some first orders conclusions, this over simplified view is unable to explain the complex behavior of the reflected light field. A rigorous method is still the more adapted method to assess the influence of the geometrical parameters of the features on the mask to control the CD shift on the printed resist. This study is especially focused on the absorber edges slope. It is demonstrated the choice of edge angles can minimize CD shift or keep a constant CD width.
Secondary Structure of RecA in Solution. The Effects of Cofactor, DNA and Ionic Conditions (1995)

The interactions of RecA with double-stranded DNA and with cofactor adenosine 5'-[3-thio]triphosphate (ATP[S] an analog of ATP) have been characterized by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy in a search for conformational changes associated with the formation of helical RecA . ATP . DNA fibers. Upon interaction with the RecA protein the cofactor is found to be structurally perturbed, possibly towards the syn ribose form of ATP[S], while the secondary structure of RecA remains unaffected. By contrast, when the ATP[S] . RecA . DNA complex is formed, a distinct change of the protein CD spectrum near 200 nm is observed as a result of interaction of RecA with DNA. The main change occurs upon the binding of the first DNA molecule [RecA can bind up to three DNA molecules simultaneously; Takahashi, M., Kubista, M. & Nordén, B. (1991) Biochimie (Paris) 73, 219-226] and the effect appears to be independent of DNA sequence, suggesting a general change of protein conformation upon DNA binding. The CD of DNA is changed, indicating an alteration of the DNA structure, possibly related to stretching and unwinding. A small, reversible, decrease in the CD amplitude of RecA was observed when raising the temperature from 4 degrees C to 30 degrees C. The CD of RecA increases slightly with pH (up to 7.8) but is constant between pH 6.0 and 6.8. At pH below 6.0 or higher temperature (40 degrees C) slow irreversible denaturation of RecA occurs. The CD signal is effectively independent of salt, even in 2.2 M NaCl or 1 M sodium acetate, which is relevant regarding reported ATPase and coprotease activities promoted by salt. For high concentrations of magnesium (10 mM) at 30 degrees C the CD of RecA changes markedly and the appearance of light scattering indicates aggregation.
Effect of a Loading Sequence on Threshold Stress Intensity Determination (1973)

The effect of a loading sequence on the stress corrosion cracking of AISI 4340 steel and Ladish D6AC steel in an aqueous environment has been studied with double-cantilever beam specimens. The loading sequence was found to influence an incubation time period for the initiation of crack propagation as the stress intensity (K) changed. When the stress intensity was decreased during stress-corrosion testing, the incubation time was dependent upon the change in stress intensity and the final stress intensity (Kf). When the stress intensity was increased, an incubation time was not found. However, the loading sequence did not influence the steady-state crack growth rates. The loading sequence effect is shown to cause interpretation problems when specific time periods are used for the determination of the threshold stress intensity (KIscc), especially after the specimens have been prestressed.
Crowd-Sourced Fitbit Datasets 03.12.2016-05.12.2016 (2016)

These datasets were generated by respondents to a distributed survey via Amazon Mechanical Turk between 03.12.2016-05.12.2016. Thirty eligible Fitbit users consented to the submission of personal tracker data, including minute-level output for physical activity, heart rate, and sleep monitoring. Individual reports can be parsed by export session ID (column A) or timestamp (column B). Variation between output represents use of different types of Fitbit trackers and individual tracking behaviors / preferences. <br>
Role of human factor VIII in factor X activation. (1982)

The cofactor function of human Factor VIII in Factor X activation was investigated by an initial-rate assay of 3H-Factor X activation in the presence of human factor IXa, Ca2+, and either phospholipid or fresh washed human platelets. Purified Factor VIII that has not been activated by thrombin or Factor Xa supports Factor X activation after a lag of several minutes. A specific inhibitor of Factor Xa, which had no inhibitory activity against Factor IXa, markedly prolonged this lag, whereas specific thrombin inhibitors did not prolong the lag. These data support the conclusion that unactivated Factor VIII has no ability to support Factor X activation in a purified system until it is activated by Factor Xa feedback during the lag period. When Factor VIII was optimally preactivated by thrombin, the lag was completely abolished, regardless of the order of addition of the other reactants or the phospholipid source. These data indicate that there is no slow, time-dependent ordering of the reactants at the phospholipid or activated platelet surface if Factor VIII has been preactivated. Unactivated platelets did not support Factor X activation by Factors IXa and VIII. The effect of activated Factor VIII on the kinetics of bovine Factor X activation was primarily to increase the Vmax (54-fold), whereas with human Factor X, Factor VIII both increased the Vmax 56-fold and decreased the Km sixfold to 0.14 microM, similar to the plasma concentration of Factor X. Therefore, a change in the plasma factor X concentration would be expected to have a major effect on the rate of Factor X activation in vivo.
Inflammation and Viral Infection: Chemotactic Activity Resulting from the Interaction of Antiviral Antibody and Complement with Cells Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus (1972)

Journal Article Inflammation and Viral Infection: Chemotactic Activity Resulting from the Interaction of Antiviral Antibody and Complement with Cells Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus Get access R. Snyderman, R. Snyderman From the Immunology and Virology Sections, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar C. Wohlenberg, C. Wohlenberg From the Immunology and Virology Sections, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar A. L. Notkins A. L. Notkins From the Immunology and Virology Sections, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 126, Issue 2, August 1972, Pages 207–209, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/126.2.207 Published: 01 August 1972 Article history Received: 08 March 1972 Revision received: 02 June 1972 Published: 01 August 1972
Are mice good models for human neuromuscular disease? Comparing muscle excursions in walking between mice and humans (2017)

Since progressive neuromuscular diseases, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, are known to be accelerated by damage accumulated from active muscle lengthening, these results suggest that biomechanical differences in muscle function during walking between mice and humans may impede the translations of knowledge gained from mouse models to humans. This knowledge would add a fresh perspective on how pre-clinical studies on mice might be better designed to improve translation to human clinical trials.
Interaction between ATP, oleandomycin and the OleB ATP-binding cassette transporter of Streptomyces antibioticus involved in oleandomycin secretion (1997)

The OleB protein of Streptomyces antibioticus, oleandomycin (OM) producer, constitutes an ATP-binding cassette transporter containing two nucleotide-binding domains and is involved in OM resistance and its secretion in this producer strain. We have characterized some properties of the first nucleotide-binding domain of OleB using an overexpressed fusion protein (MBP-OleB') between a maltose-binding protein (MBP) and the first half of OleB (OleB'). Extrinsic fluorescence of the base-modified fluorescent nucleotide analogue 1,N6-ethenoadenosine 5'-triphosphate (epsilon ATP) and 2'(3')-o-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate was determined in the presence of MBP and the fusion protein MBP-OleB', and it was found that epsilon ATP binds to MBP-OleB' with a stoichiometry of 0.9. Measurements of the intrinsic fluorescence of the MBP-OleB' fusion protein indicated that ATP induces a decrease in the accessibility of the MBP-OleB' tryptophans to acrylamide, an indication of a folding effect. This conclusion was confirmed by the fact that ATP also induces considerable stabilization against guanidine chloride denaturation of MBP-OleB'. Two effects were found to be associated with the presence of Mg2+ ions: (1) an increase in the quenching of MBP-OleB' intrinsic fluorescence by ATP; and (2) an increase in the accessibility of MBP-OleB' tryptophans to acrylamide. Significant changes in the intrinsic fluorescence of the fusion protein were also observed in the presence of OM, demonstrating the existence of interaction between the transporter and the antibiotic in the absence of any hydrophobic membrane component.
Increased angiogenesis in the bone marrow of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (2000)

The importance of angiogenesis for the progressive growth and viability of solid tumors is well established. In contrast, only few data are available for hematologic neoplasms. To investigate the role of angiogenesis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), bone marrow biopsies from 62 adults with newly diagnosed, untreated AML (day 0) were evaluated. Further studies were done after the completion of remission induction chemotherapy (day 16 of induction chemotherapy, n = 21; complete remission, n = 20). Microvessels were scored in at least 3 areas (x500 field, 0.126 mm(2)) of the highest microvessel density in representative sections of each bone marrow specimen using immunohistochemistry for von Willebrand factor and thrombomodulin. Microvessel counts were significantly higher in patients with AML (n = 62) compared with control patients (n = 22): median (interquartile range) 24.0 (21.0-27.8)/x500 field vs 11.2 (10. 0-12.0)/x500 field, respectively (P <.001). On day 16 of induction chemotherapy, microvessel density was reduced by 60% (44-66) (P <. 001) in hypoplastic marrows without residual blasts, in contrast to only 17% (0-37) reduction in hypoplastic marrows with >/= 5% residual blasts (P <.001 for the difference between both groups). Bone marrow biopsies taken at the time of complete remission displayed a microvessel density in the same range as the controls. In conclusion, there is evidence of increased microvessel density in the bone marrow of patients with AML, which supports the hypothesis of an important role of angiogenesis in AML. Furthermore, these findings suggest that antiangiogenic therapy might constitute a novel strategy for the treatment of AML. (Blood. 2000;95:2637-2644)
500. Gene Therapy Rescues Disease Phenotype in the Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy Mouse Model (2016)

Among triplet expansion diseases, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is an autosomal dominant, late-onset muscle disorder characterized by progressive eyelid drooping, swallowing difficulties and proximal limb weakness. OPMD is caused by a short trinucleotide repeat expansion in the polyadenylate-binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) gene that results in an N-terminal expanded polyalanine tract. PABPN1 controls several biological processes such as the length of mRNA poly(A) tails, the mRNA export from the nucleus and the alternative poly(A) site usage. OPMD is characterized by nuclear aggregates of expanded PABPN1, fibrosis and muscle atrophy. Here we demonstrate that treating mice affected by OPMD over 4 months with an AAV gene therapy strategy based on DNA-directed RNA interference to silence the endogenous expPABPN1, combined with the re-expression of a healthy sequence-optimized human PABPN1 gene, significantly reduced the amount of nuclear aggregates in affected muscles, decreased the intramuscular fibrosis and reverted the muscle strength to the level of healthy wild-type muscles. Furthermore, although muscle atrophy was not reverted, the expression of a healthy PABPN1 markedly increased the cross sectional area of muscle fibres. These results obtained in a relevant mammalian animal model of OPMD pave the way for the clinical application of a gene therapy approach as a treatment for OPMD patients.
The adaptor protein FADD and the initiator caspase-8 mediate activation of NF-κB by TRAIL (2012)

Besides inducing apoptosis, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) activates NF-κB. The apoptosis signaling pathway of TRAIL is well characterized involving TRAIL receptors, Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and caspase-8. In contrast, the molecular mechanism of TRAIL signaling to NF-κB remains controversial. Here, we characterized the receptor-proximal mediators of NF-κB activation by TRAIL. Deletion of the DD of TRAIL receptors 1 and 2 revealed that it is essential in NF-κB signaling. Because FADD interacts with the TRAIL receptor DD, FADD was tested. RNAi-mediated knockdown of FADD or FADD deficiency in JURKAT T-cell leukemia cells decreased or disabled NF-κB signaling by TRAIL. In contrast, TRAIL-induced activation of NF-κB was maintained upon loss of receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1) or knockdown of FLICE-like inhibitory protein (FLIP). Exogenous expression of FADD rescued TRAIL-induced NF-κB signaling. Loss-of-function mutations of FADD within the RHDLL motif of the death effector domain, which is required for TRAIL-induced apoptosis, abrogated FADD's ability to recruit caspase-8 and mediate NF-κB activation. Accordingly, deficiency of caspase-8 inhibited TRAIL-induced activation of NF-κB, which was rescued by wild-type caspase-8, but not by a catalytically inactive caspase-8 mutant. These data establish the mechanism of TRAIL-induced NF-κB activation involving the TRAIL receptor DD, FADD and caspase-8, but not RIP1 or FLIP. Our results show that signaling of TRAIL-induced apoptosis and NF-κB bifurcates downstream of caspase-8.
Application of carbon nanotube prepared from waste plastic to phase change materials: The potential for battery thermal management (2022)

Carbon nanotube (CNT), has been demonstrated as a promising high-value product from thermal chemical conversion of waste plastics and securing new applications is an important prerequisite for large-scale production of CNT from waste-plastic recycling. In this study, CNT, produced from waste plastic through chemical vapor deposition (pCNT), was applied as a nanofiller in phase change material (PCM), affording pCNT-PCM composites. Compared with pure PCM, the addition of 5.0 wt% pCNT rendered the peak melting temperature increase by 1.3 ℃, latent heat retain by 90.7%, and thermal conductivity increase by 104%. The results of morphological analysis and leakage testing confirmed that pCNT has similar PCM encapsulation performance and shape stability to those of commercial CNT. The formation of uniform pCNT cluster networks allowed for a large CNT loading into the PCM on the premise of free phase change, responsible for the high thermal conductivity inside the homogeneous phase. Thus, the resulting capillary forces retained a high latent heat capacity and suitable melting temperature and prohibited PCM leakage from the matrix to the outside during re-melting as the pCNT loading ratio increased. Therefore, the as-prepared pCNT-PCM composite is believed to have similar potential to cCNT and shows prominent performance as a flowable conductive filler for battery thermal management systems.
Bare finger 3D air‐touch system with embedded multiwavelength optical sensor arrays for mobile 3D displays (2013)

Abstract A camera‐free 3D air‐touch system was proposed. Hovering, air swiping, and 3D gestures for further interaction with the floated 3D images on the mobile display were demonstrated. By embedding multiwavelength optical sensors into the display pixels and adding angular‐scanning illuminators with multiwavelength on the edge of the display, the flat panel can sense images reflected by a bare finger from different heights. In addition, three axis (x, y, z) information of the reflected image of the fingertip can be calculated. Finally, the proposed 3D air‐touch system was successfully demonstrated on a 4‐inch mobile 3D display.
Proof-of-Concept Assessment of a Photofission-Based Interrogation System for the Detection of Shielded Nuclear Material (2000)

Abstract Not Provided
Perspective on This Article from Oral Iloprost Improves Endobronchial Dysplasia in Former Smokers (2023)

Perspective on This Article from Oral Iloprost Improves Endobronchial Dysplasia in Former Smokers
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Neutralizing Antibodies at Birth Predict Protection from RSV Illness in Infants in the First 3 Months of Life (2020)

Maternally acquired RSV antibodies were associated with protection of infants against community-detected cases of RSV-ILI and pneumonia. RSV titers in cord blood can predict whether an infant will be infected with RSV or remain uninfected.
A bacterial control circuit integrates polar localization and proteolysis of key regulatory proteins with a phospho-signaling cascade (2008)

Dynamic protein localization is an integral component of the regulatory circuit that drives the Caulobacter cell cycle. The ClpXP protease is localized to the Caulobacter cell pole, where it catalyzes the degradation of the CtrA master regulator at specific times in the cell cycle. Clearance of active CtrA at the G1/S transition allows the initiation of DNA replication and cell-cycle progression. The polar localization of ClpXP is dependent on the polar positioning of the CpdR single-domain response regulator. Only the unphosphorylated form of CpdR localizes and activates ClpXP. We demonstrate that another single domain response regulator, DivK, promotes the polar accumulation of unphosphorylated CpdR and that CpdR is subsequently degraded at the cell pole by the localized ClpXP protease. Thus, CpdR function is regulated by a feedback loop that incorporates its differential phosphorylation, the transient polar localization and activity of the ClpXP protease, and the clearance of the CpdR by polar ClpXP that, in turn, releases ClpXP from the pole relieving the degradation of CtrA. CtrA approximately P then accumulates and activates the transcription of cpdR, completing the regulatory loop, establishing an integrated network that controls a robust cell-cycle transition.
In situ thin film thickness measurement with acoustic Lamb waves (1995)

In situ thin film thickness measurement is an important problem in semiconductor processing, which is currently limited by the lack of adequate sensors. Most of today’s available techniques are restricted to certain type of films and many have difficulties in performing the measurement in situ. The fact that the velocity of an ultrasonic Lamb wave traveling in a silicon wafer is changed by the thin film coating on the wafer surface can be used as a monitoring method for basically any type of film—opaque, transparent, metal, or insulator. The acoustic sensors are easily implemented into plasma or CVD environments. We have demonstrated the technique in an aluminum sputtering system in which we measure Al film thickness with a resolution of ±100 Å. Even better resolution can be achieved for SiO2, copper, and tungsten films. This system has a variety of potential applications, not only in film thickness measurement, but also in characterization of film properties and multilayer deposition process control.